@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Applied Science, Faculty of"@en, "Civil Engineering, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Singh, Inderjit"@en ; dcterms:issued "2010-09-27T22:53:24Z"@en, "1990"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Applied Science - MASc"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """Samples were taken from 72 high-rise apartment suites (6 suites in 12 individual high-rise towers) and 60 single-family houses located within the Greater Vancouver Regional District. The influence of the following factors on trace metal concentrations in 1-L first-flush drinking water samples and running hot water samples was investigated: building height, location, plumbing age, type of plumbing and type of building. Results of this survey show that with the exception of building height, all factors had a correlation with one or more of the trace metals investigated. The trace metals examined were lead, copper, iron and zinc. Lead was influenced primarily by building type, copper by plumbing age and type of plumbing and iron by location. Elevated lead levels were associated with high-rise samples. New copper plumbing systems resulted in high copper levels. Highest iron levels in the drinking water were measured in the East location. Zinc did not show a distinct correlation with any of the factors investigated. Brass faucets were the primary source of zinc in tap water. They also contributed substantially to the lead detected in the 1-L first-flush sample. Metal concentrations measured in high-rise and house samples were compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and the proposed no-action level for lead1. In high-rise samples, the 0.01 mg/L "no-action" proposed for lead was exceeded in 43% of the samples and 62% of the samples exceeded the current 1.0 mg/L MCL standard for copper. In single-family house samples, these values were 1 Compliance with the proposed 0.01 mg/L no action limit for lead is based on a sample average. Individual samples may exceed this value and still be in compliance. 47% and 73%, respectively. The average lead concentration for all high-rise samples was 0.020 mg/L and 0.013 mg/L for house samples. Regulatory levels stated above would still be exceeded in 6% of the cases for lead and 9% of the cases for copper, even after prolonged flushing of the tap in a high-rise building. In all cases associated with single-family houses, flushing the cold water tap for 5 minutes was successful in achieving compliance levels."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/28724?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "SIGNIFICANCE OF BUILDING AND PLUMBING SPECIFICS ON T R A C E M E T A L CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER by INDERJIT SINGH B A . S c , The University of British Columbia, 1988 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Civil Engineering We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1990 © Inderjit Singh, 1990 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia. I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Civil Engineering University of British Columbia 2324 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5 Date: August 1990 ABSTRACT ii Samples were taken from 72 high-rise apartment suites (6 suites in 12 individual high-rise towers) and 60 single-family houses located within the Greater Vancouver Regional District. The influence of the following factors on trace metal concentrations in 1-L first-flush drinking water samples and running hot water samples was investigated: building height, location, plumbing age, type of plumbing and type of building. Results of this survey show that with the exception of building height, all factors had a correlation with one or more of the trace metals investigated. The trace metals examined were lead, copper, iron and zinc. Lead was influenced primarily by building type, copper by plumbing age and type of plumbing and iron by location. Elevated lead levels were associated with high-rise samples. New copper plumbing systems resulted in high copper levels. Highest iron levels in the drinking water were measured in the East location. Zinc did not show a distinct correlation with any of the factors investigated. Brass faucets were the primary source of zinc in tap water. They also contributed substantially to the lead detected in the 1-L first-flush sample. Metal concentrations measured in high-rise and house samples were compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and the proposed no-action level for lead1. In high-rise samples, the 0.01 mg/L \"no-action\" proposed for lead was exceeded in 43% of the samples and 62% of the samples exceeded the current 1.0 mg/L MCL standard for copper. In single-family house samples, these values were 1 Compliance with the proposed 0.01 mg/L no action limit for lead is based on a sample average. Individual samples may exceed this value and still be in compliance. iii 47% and 73%, respectively. The average lead concentration for all high-rise samples was 0.020 mg/L and 0.013 mg/L for house samples. Regulatory levels stated above would still be exceeded in 6% of the cases for lead and 9% of the cases for copper, even after prolonged flushing of the tap in a high-rise building. In all cases associated with single-family houses, flushing the cold water tap for 5 minutes was successful in achieving compliance levels. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 V ABSTRACT i i L I S T OF TABLES v i i L I S T OF FIGURES v i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . x i 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background Information 1 1.2 Objective and Scope 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 P r i n c i p l e s of M e t a l l i c Corrosion 5 2.1.1 The Electrochemical P o t e n t i a l 5 2.1.2 Forms of Corrosion 6 2.1.2.1 The Corrosion C e l l 6 2.1.2.2 Uniform Corrosion 8 2.1.2.3 Galvanic Corrosion 10 2.1.2.4 Localized (Pitting) Corrosion .... 12 2.1.2.5 Concentration C e l l Corrosion 14 2.1.2.6 Erosion Corrosion 17 2.1.2.7 B i o l o g i c a l l y Mitigated Corrosion 18 2.2 Corrosion M i t i g a t i o n 20 2.2.1 Ne u t r a l i z a t i o n 21 2.2.2 Phosphate In h i b i t o r s 22 2.2.3 S i l i c a t e I nhibitors 23 2.3 Point-of-Use Treatment 24 2.3.1 Adsorptive F i l t e r s 24 2.3.2 Reverse Osmosis 25 2.3.3 D i s t i l l e r s 25 V 2.3.4 Ozonation ...26 2.4 Case H i s t o r i e s 28 2.4.1 Seattle, Washington 28 2.4.1.1 Aesthetic Problems 28 2.4.1.2 Health Concerns 29 2.4.2 Glasgow, Scotland 32 2.4.3 P l a s t i c Pipe A l t e r n a t i v e 34 2.5 Health Impacts of Metal I n j e s t i o n 35 2.5.1 Lead 36 2.5.2 Copper 38 2.5.3 Iron 40 2.5.4 Zinc 41 3. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 43 3.1 Survey Design 43 3.2 Sampling Protocol 46 3.3 A n a l y t i c a l Procedures 47 3.3.1 Trace Metals 47 3.3.2 Water Quality Parameters 48 3.4 Data Evaluation 49 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 51 4.1 Water Quality C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 51 4.2 Factors Investigated 52 4.2.1 Building Height (Low-Rise vs. High-Rise) .. 53 4.2.1.1 Cold F i r s t - F l u s h 53 4.2.1.2 Running Hot 53 4.2.2 Building Location (East vs. West) 54 4.2.2.1 Cold F i r s t - F l u s h 54 vi 4.2.2.2 Running Hot 55 4.2.3 Plumbing Age (New vs. Old) 56 4.2.3.1 Cold F i r s t - F l u s h 56 4.2.3.2 Running Hot 57 4.2.4 Plumbing Type (Copper vs. P l a s t i c ) 58 4.2.4.1 Cold F i r s t - F l u s h 58 4.2.4.2 Running Hot 58 4.2.5 Building Type (High-Rise vs. Single-Family) 59 4.2.5.1 Cold F i r s t - F l u s h 59 4.2.5.2 Running Hot 59 4.2.6 Flushing Trends (Contamination Sources) ... 83 4.2.6.1 High-Rise Sampling 83 4.2.6.2 Single-Family House Sampling ...... 86 4.3 Compliance Issues 94 4.4 Water Quality Sampling Program Questionnaire 98 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 102 5.1 Major Findings 102 5.2 Recommendations f o r Future Research 105 REFERENCES 107 APPENDICES I l l A. SAMPLING INSTRUCTIONS & QUESTIONNAIRES I l l B. HIGH-RISE CROSS-CHECKS 118 C. STATISTICAL COMMAND LANGUAGE & SAMPLE OUTPUT 12 8 D. HIGH-RISE & SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSE SAMPLE DATA 13 6 LIST OF TABLES vii 2-1 Galvanic Series of Metals and A l l o y s 11 2-2 Uses and Drawbacks of Various Water P u r i f i c a t i o n P r i n c i p l e s 27 2-3 Cedar River Supply: Metal Levels Before and A f t e r Treatment 30 2-4 South Fork T o l t River Supply: Metal Levels Before and A f t e r Treatment 31 2-5 Relative Contribution of Water to T o t a l Lead Intake and Uptake 37 4-1 Water Quality C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of GVRD Tap Water 51 4-2 Trace Metal Concentrations Measured i n High-Rises vs. Single-Family Houses 60 4-3 Percentage of Cold Flush Samples Exceeding EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels 95 4-4 Water Quality Sampling Program Questionnaire: Percent P o s i t i v e Response 99 LIST OF FIGURES viii 1-1 The Greater Vancouver Region's Water System 2 1-2 Seymour Reservoir 3 1- 3 Seymour F a l l s Dam 3 2- 1 P o t e n t i a l Versus Current for an Electrochemical Reaction 7 2-2 Pote n t i a l D i s t r i b u t i o n at an Electrode Surface 7 2-3 Corrosion C e l l 9 2-4 Uniform Corrosion of a Metal 9 2-5 Tuberculation Inside Corroded Galvanized Iron Pipe .... 13 2-6 F a i l u r e of a Copper Water Supply Pipe due to P i t t i n g 13 2-7 Examples of D i f f e r e n t i a l Oxygenation Corrosion 16 2-8 P i t t i n g of Iron by Tuberculation and Oxygen-Concentration C e l l s 16 2- 9 Erosion Corrosion 17 3- 1 Survey Design f o r Sampling High-Rise Apartment Towers 44 3-2 Survey Design f o r Sampling Single-Family Houses 45 3- 3 Guide to Tukey Box Plots 50 4- l a Box Plot of Lead Levels i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from High-Rises 61 4-lb Mean Lead Concentrations i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from High-Rises 62 4-2a Box Plot of Copper Levels i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from High-Rises 63 4-2b Mean Copper Concentrations i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from High-Rises 64 4-3a Box Plot of Iron Levels i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from High-Rises 65 ix 4-3b Mean Iron Concentrations i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from High-Rises 66 4-4a Box Plo t of Zinc Levels i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from High-Rises 67 4-4b Mean Zinc Concentrations i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from High-Rises 68 4-5a Box Plo t of Lead Levels i n Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 69 4-5b Mean Lead Concentrations i n Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 70 4-6a Box Plot of Copper Levels i n Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 71 4-6b Mean Copper Concentrations i n Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 72 4-7a Box Plo t of Iron Levels i n Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 73 4-7b Mean Iron Concentrations i n Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 74 4-8a Box Plot of Zinc Levels i n Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 75 4-8b Mean Zinc Concentrations i n Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 76 4-9 Box Plot of Lead Levels i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from Single-Family Houses 77 4-10 Box Plo t of Copper Levels i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from Single-Family Houses 78 4-11 Box Plo t of Zinc Levels i n 1-L Cold F i r s t - F l u s h Samples from Single-Family Houses 79 4-12 Box Plo t of Lead Levels i n Running Hot Samples from Single-Family Houses 80 4-13 Box Plot of Copper Levels i n Running Hot Samples from Single-Family Houses 81 4-14 Box Plot, of Zinc Levels i n Running Hot Samples from Single-Family Houses 82 X 4-15 Flushing of Lead from Drinking Water Taps i n High-Rises 87 4-16 Flushing of Copper from Drinking Water Taps i n High-Rises 88 4-17 Flushing of Iron from Drinking Water Taps i n High-Rises 89 4-18 Flushing of Zinc from Drinking Water Taps i n High-Rises 90 4-19 Flushing of Lead from Drinking Water Taps i n • Single-Family Houses 91 4-20 Flushing of Copper from Drinking Water Taps i n Single-Family Houses 92 4-21 Flushing of Zinc from Drinking Water Taps i n Single-Family Houses 93 4-22 Questionnaire Response: Time Allowed f o r Tap Water Flushing 100 4-2 3 Questionnaire Response: No. of Glasses of Water Consumed per Day 101 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xi This work was funded through an NSERC Operating Grant awarded to Dr. Don Mavinic; I thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Don Mavinic for being openly available for consultation during the entire length of this work. Thanks to Dr. M.C. Quick in reviewing this thesis. I acknowledge the helpful suggestions provided by Pat Coleman (Ph.D. candidate) in setting up the experimental design for this project. The laboratory expertise of Susan Liptak and Paula Parkinson of the UBC Environmental Engineering Laboratory was indispensable. I thank Doug Neden, Peter Zadorozny and David Marioni of the G V R D for providing assistance in its successful completion. Finally, the co-operation provided by homeowners and high-rise tenants in taking samples from their taps has been much appreciated. 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) supplies drinking water to the lower mainland from the Capilano, Seymour and Coquitlam watersheds (Figures 1-1 to 1-3). The degree of purity of this water is very high. However, its low pH, high dissolved oxygen content, lack of alkalinity and lack of hardness makes it very corrosive (aggressive) to the metallic distribution network. The consequence of supplying corrosive water is deleterious from both an economic, aesthetic and health stand-point. Major economic factors are listed below: (Hanson et. al., 1987) 1) Increased pumping costs as a result of the accumulation of corrosion products and tuberculation that restrict water flow; 2) Accelerated corrosion rates that lead to the more rapid replacement of water mains and associated distribution infrastructure, and house plumbing; 3) Necessity of responding to customer complaints of coloured water, stains, or bad taste, which requires flushing programs and other remedial measures to mitigate water quality problems; 4) Need for treatment facilities and treatment practices to minimize system-wide deterioration of distribution waters. Excessive levels of copper, iron and zinc are primarily of concern due to the aesthetic concerns of taste, colour and staining characteristics. Currently, consideration is being given by regulatory agencies in the United States and Canada, to regulate copper using a health risk criterion. The adverse health effects of lead, however, are well established Greater Vancouver Water Supply Sources and Systems Legend 1 1 District Mfimhers I^H Coquit lam Watershed • Reservoirs 1 1 Non Members who mmm Demonstration Forest • Storage Tanks Mountain Reservoirs # P u m p Stations Ma ins [3- — — , - . — — 1990 Additions D a m s Figure 1-1. The Greater Vancouver Region's Water System 4 and regulations are continually being upgraded to safeguard public health from unacceptable exposure. With a low pH and low alkalinity water supply, corrosion problems are made worse, since there is no possibility of forming a protective film of calcium carbonate on the inside of distribution pipes. Furthermore, pH and carbonate concentrations are low enough that a protective coating of insoluble corrosion products are also not usually formed (Ferguson, 1985). In fact, the corrosion products are released directly to the tap water. Geographic factors are largely responsible for the corrosive nature of GVRD's water supply. The region receives large amounts of rainfall, which contributes to a significant mountain runoff, with little opportunity for dissolution of soil minerals. Also, bedrock formations in the region are poorly soluble and have low amounts of mineral salts that could produce alkalinity, if dissolved. In addition, a gradual increase in the acidity of rainfall (acid rain) may also be contributing to low alkalinity found in the reservoirs. 1.2 Objective and Scope The primary objective of this study was to investigate the correlation of a limited number of key factors on the concentrations of trace metals measured in drinking water samples obtained from high-rise apartments and single-family houses. This investigation was conducted under field conditions and consequently, affirmative conclusions could not always be made due to intangibles and uncontrollable factors. In reviewing this report, the reader must be aware of analytical complications posed by unknown or missing variables, lack of control of the variables and interactions among the many variables. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Principles of Metallic Corrosion Corrosion has been defined by Uhlig and Revie (1985) as \"the destructive attack of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.\" Also, he noted that the term \"rusting\" applies to the corrosion of iron or iron-base alloys with formation of corrosion products consisting largely of hydrous ferric oxides. Therefore, non ferrous metals can corrode, but not rust. 2.1.1 The Elertrochemical Potential Metals will corrode in water if the corrosion products are at a lower free energy level than the metal itself. The driving force of the reaction is the difference in free energy levels. At the phase boundary of a metal (electrode) in an electrolyte, a potential difference exists between the solution and the electrode surface. This potential is the result of the tendency of a metal to go to the equilibrium state with the electrolyte. Therefore, the following reaction can be written: Me M e 2 + + 26\"1 This equation indicates that the metal corrodes, or dissolves, as the reaction goes to the right. This reaction will proceed until the metal is in equilibrium with the electrolyte containing ions of this metal. As the reaction goes to the right, oxidation takes place with the production of free electrons. At equilibrium, the forward reaction proceeds at 6 the same rate as the reverse reaction and thus, no net corrosion occurs at equilibrium. The velocity of an electrochemical reaction is strongly influenced by the potential difference. Figure 2-1 shows schematically the dependency of the electric current, which is equal to the velocity of the reaction, on the electrode potential (Snoeyink & Kuch, 1985). The solid curve represents the sum of the current produced by the oxidation and reduction half-reactions. The net current is zero when the rate of reduction is equal to the rate of oxidation, and the system is in equilibrium. Figure 2-2 gives a qualitative picture of the charge distribution in the phase boundary of such a metal electrode. 2.1.2 Forms of Corrosion The study of corrosion has shown that there are many different types or forms of corrosion. The kind of attack depends on the material, the construction of the system, the scale and oxide film formation, and the hydraulic conditions (Snoeyink & Kuch, 1985). The corrosion forms range from uniform to intense localized attack. The basis for understanding most of the processes is the \"corrosion cell.\" 2.1.2.1 The Corrosion Cel l For any type of corrosion to occur, an electrochemical cell must exist. Components of an electrochemical cell include an anode, a cathode, an external circuit, or a connection between the anode and cathode for electron transport, and an internal circuit, or an electrolyte solution that will conduct ions between the anode and cathode (Figure 2-3). If any one of these components are absent, a corrosion cell does not exist and Figure 2-2. Potential Distribution at an Electrode Surface (Adapted from Snoeyink & Kuch, 1985) 8 corrosion will not occur. A difference in potential exists between the anode and cathode, resulting in a migration of electrons from the anode (where oxidation and dissolution of the metal takes place) to the cathode. At the cathode, electrons are discharged to a suitable electron acceptor, such as oxygen. The positive ions generated at the anode will tend to migrate to the cathode and the negative ions generated at the cathode will tend to migrate to the anode. This occurs in response to the concentration gradients and to maintain an electrically neutral solution. The different forms of corrosion are primarily influenced by the distribution of anodic and cathodic areas over the corroding material. If the areas are microscopic and very close together, corrosion may be relatively uniform over the entire surface. However, if the areas are scattered and especially if the potential difference is large, pits may form, sometimes with the irregular deposits called \"tubercles\" (Larson, 1975). 2.1.2.2 Uniform Corrosion Uniform corrosion takes place at a generally equal rate over the surface. In this situation, any one site on the metal surface may be anodic one instant and cathodic the next.. The rate of loss of metal is relatively uniform over the metal surface, because anodic sites shift or creep about the surface. There are a number of reasons why corrosion cells can develop on a single metal. The single metals themselves may be heterogeneous, with possible difference in potential existing between different areas because of differences in crystal structure, or imperfections in the metal. Also, the concentrations of oxidants and reductants in 9 Electron F low (e Metallic Connection Figure 2-3. Corrosion Cell (Adapted from Smith, 1989) Metal Metal Oxide Solution Me r H 2 0 V Me 20 + H* Me • • Me* + e\" 0 2 A. f H 2Q OH-e- + MejO • f Me2* + H 2 0 Figure 2-4. Uniform Corrosion of a Metal (Adapted from Snoeyink & Kuch, 1985) 10 solutions may be different, thus causing momentary differences in potential (Snoeyink & Kuch, 1985) An alternative model for uniform corrosion is pictured in Figure 2-4. In this model, oxidation at the metal surface is accompanied by electron transport through an adherent film. Oxygen is reduced at the film surface and ions are transported to and away from the oxide film. The overall rate of corrosion is controlled by the presence and properties of the film or by transport of reaction products, especially hydroxide ion, away from the film-solution interface. 2.1.2.3 Galvanic Corrosion Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different types of metals or alloys contact each other, and the elements of the corrosion cell are present. The less noble metal serves as the anode and deteriorates, while the other serves as the cathode and is, in effect, protected. Galvanic series tables can be used to predict the tendency of metal to corrode (Table 2-1). Thus, when zinc-coated (galvanized) iron corrodes, the zinc is sacrificed, preserving the iron. As pictured in Figure 2-5, large amounts of zinc corrosion products can form on the inside wall of galvanized pipes. Table 2-1. Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys. 11 Corroded end (anodic, or l e a s t noble) Magnesium Magnesium a l l o y s Zinc Aluminum 2S Cadmium Aluminum 17ST Steel or i r o n Cast i r o n Chromium-iron (active) Ni-Resist 18-8 Cr-Ni-Fe (active) 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo-Fe (active) Hastelloy C Lead-tin solders Lead Tin Nickel (active) Inconel (active) Hastelloy A Hastelloy B Brasses Copper Bronzes Copper-nickel a l l o y s Titanium Monel S i l v e r solder Nickel (passive) Inconel (passive) Chromium-iron(passive) 18-8 Cr-Ni-Fe (passive) 18-8-3 Cr-Ni-Mo-Fe(passive) S i l v e r Graphite Gold Protected end (cathodic. or most noble) (Adapted from Snoeyink & Kuch, 1985) In the galvanic series table, the metals and alloys are arranged approximately in order of decreasing oxidation potentials with a few exceptions. This is because the corrosion behaviour of some metals is not dictated solely by differences in the electrode potential. For example, in Table 2-1, chromium-iron appears at two widely separated places on the list. At the higher position it carries the designation \"passive.\" These 12 metals become \"active\" (more subject to corrosion) when they are present in an oxygen-starved environment (the higher listing); they are passive (less subject to corrosion) when they are in an environment with oxygen present (the lower listing). The rate of galvanic corrosion is increased by greater differences in potential between two metals. Also, the rate of corrosion is increased by large areas of cathode relative to the area of the anode (eg. copper pipe joined by lead solder) and it is generally increased by closeness of the two metals and by increased mineralization or conductivity of the water. Galvanic corrosion is often problematic where brass or bronze faucets, or copper tubing is in direct contact with galvanized iron or iron. Copper-bearing metals are cathodic to zinc and iron and contact in the presence of water results in corrosion of the latter metals. Therefore, through careful selection of plumbing components, galvanic corrosion can be minimized. 2.1.2.4 Localized (Pitting) Corrosion Localized corrosion is often referred to as pitting. In water containing dissolved oxygen, oxide corrosion products can deposit at the pitting site and form tubercles. Localized attack may occur in conjunction with both galvanic corrosion and with corrosion of a single-metal system. In the latter case, localized corrosion occurs if there are imperfections in the metal or its oxide film or scale. Regions of high stress in the metal are potential pitting sites. Imperfections in the metal or regions of high stress are usually anodic and the potential difference between these regions and the rest of the I G A L V A N I Z E D IRON - COLD LINE 40 Y E A R S OLD G A L V A N I Z E D IRON - HOT LINE 40 Y E A R S O L D Figure 2-5. Tuberculation Inside Corroded Galvanized Iron Pipe C O P P E R - 17 Y E A R S O L D Figure 2-6. Failure of a Copper Water Supply Pipe due to Pitting 14 metal is such that the anode remains at the same location. Usually, the anode region is small compared to the cathode and a rapid localized corrosion occurs to the point of pipe failure through a pin-hole leak (Figure 2-6). 2.1.2.5 Concentration Cel l Corrosion This form of corrosion cell involves a single metal, but different portions of the metal are exposed to different aqueous environments. Such a cell could be generated by one region of an iron surface exposed to oxygen and another one nearly protected from oxygen by rust or other surface coatings. Similarly, differences in pH, metal, or anion concentrations could generate such a concentration cell (National Academy of Sciences, 1982). One of the more common causes of corrosion is the presence of different concentrations of dissolved oxygen or hydrogen ion at different sites on a metal surface. For example, the Nernst equation for corrosion of iron with oxygen as the electron acceptor, E = E° + f o . 0 5 9 l l o q f [Fe 2*] 2 ~ 0 . 05 ~ g 4 _ [[ ro2(aq)][in^ can be used to show that if two sites on an iron pipe have the same pH and Fe 2 + concentration, but the O z concentration is 5 mg/L at one site and 0.1 mg/L at the other, the potential difference between the two sites will be 25 millivolts. Some of these situations are illustrated in Figure 2-7. Common areas for this type of corrosion are between two metal surfaces, such as under rivets, under washers, or in crevices. 15 Also, common to this type of corrosion are areas beneath a bacterial slime layer, a barnacle, or a piece of mill scale. Since oxygen is not produced by either the anodic of cathodic reaction, corrosion will proceed in such a way that the higher oxygen concentration is reduced (Uhlig & Revie, 1985). In this reaction, the part of metal in contact with the higher oxygen concentration will be the cathode and the metal in contact with the lower concentration will be the anode and will corrode. Therefore, corrosion will take place underneath adhesions on metal surfaces. There are a number of ways for oxygen to be depleted at a particular location in a metal. This may occur because of the corrosion reaction, reaction of oxygen with the ionic metal corrosion product (ie Fe2 +), or possibly through microbiological reactions taking place within slime coatings. Resistance to the diffusion of oxygen to these locations and a sufficient supply of oxygen to adjacent cathodic sites maintain the oxygen concentration cell and the corrosion reaction. Slime growth, chemical precipitates, deposits of debris, or simply distance of transport (into a crevice, or to pipe threads, for example) are possible barriers to oxygen at these anodic sites. Eventually, this type of attack leads to pitting and the deepening of crevices and also the formation of tubercles, which appear as nodules on the scale. Figure 2-8 represents tuberculation of iron pipe caused by an oxygen concentration cell. According to this presentation, the H + produced from the reaction of the iron(II) corrosion products with oxygen can serve to neutralize the OH\" produced by the cathodic reaction and can accept electrons to form H 2 ( g ) within the pit (Obrecht and Pourbaix, 1967). Also, the iron (II) corrosion products reduce 0 2 , 16 Low DO High DO Piece of mill scale ron plate Figure 2-7. Examples of Differential Oxygenation Corrosion (Adapted from Snoeyink & Kuch, 1985) i Figure 2-8. Pitting of Iron by Tuberculation and Oxygen-Concentration Cells (Adapted from Obrecht & Pourbaix, 1967) 17 thereby preventing oxygen from reaching the anodic sites, so the oxygen concentration cell is sustained. 0 2 + 4Fe 2 + + 10H2O 4Fe(OH) 3 ( s ) + 8H+\" 2.1.2.6 Erosion Corrosion Erosion corrosion can result when the protective (often oxide) film is removed by abrasion occurring in fast-moving waters (Figure 2-9). Normally, many metals in contact with water will form such a protective oxide coating. One example of erosion corrosion occurs near joints and elbows of copper pipes, when water flows at high velocities. High Velocity mpingement at Wear (Eroded) Area Corrosion Site) Undisturbed Protective Film Figure 2-9. Erosion Corrosion (Adapted from Smith, 1989) 18 2.1.2.7 Biologically Mediated Corrosion There is little doubt that microbial growths affect corrosion of metallic plumbing systems. There are numerous ways in which bacteria can increase corrosion rates. Slime growths of nitrifying (and other) organisms may produce acidity and consume oxygen in accordance with the following equations: NH4+ + 3/202 > N02\" + 2H+ + H20 NH4+ + 20 2 > N03\" + 2H+ + H20 Nitrifying microorganisms (eg, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter) consume oxygen to convert ammonia to nitrates and nitrites and possibly to oxidize biodegradable organic compounds and to oxidize iron in corrosion reactions. This results in the formation of oxygen concentration cells that cause localized pitting corrosion. For example, Lee, O' Connor, and Banerjii (1980), showed that much more localized corrosion occurred when a water with extensive biological activity was exposed to cast iron, compared to the same water under sterile conditions. Tuovinen et al. (1980) conducted a similar series of experiments in which iron coupons were immersed under various aqueous conditions. He also observed that the corrosive effects were less pronounced in sterile solutions. The pipe surface, and pipe joints provide niches for the growth of many different microorganisms. Normal metabolic processes of these microorganisms can alter the chemical and physical habitat and produce conditions very different from those observed in the water passing through the pipe. Small microenvironments devoid of oxygen may result. Concentrations of organic matter promote the growth of aerobic microorganisms that deplete oxygen and create anaerobic conditions. Tuberculation, sediments, and pipe joints can yield protected environments in which neither dissolved oxygen nor disinfectant 19 residuals can penetrate (National Academy of Sciences, 1982). Under anaerobic conditions, sulfate-reducing bacteria play a significant role in pipe corrosion. Sulfate can act at the cathode in place of oxygen, S042\" + 8H+ + 8e\"1 > S2\" + 4H20 and the sulfate-reducing organisms apparently catalyze this reaction. Ainsworth, Oliphant, and Ridgway (1980) noted that sulfate-reducers have been found in the interior of tubercles. They noted that sulfate-reducers are often present regardless of whether the supply is aerated and that the activity of sulfate-reducers is controlled by TOC. Therefore, it has been suggested that a reduction in TOC should lessen their activity. Uhlig (1971) suggested that an iron surface aids the process by which sulfate-reducing bacteria function. These anaerobic bacteria generally possess hydrogenase enzymes that act on hydrogen and require ferrous iron. Possible corrosion products of iron pipe are ferrous iron and hydrogen and sulfate reducers may remove these corrosion products through their metabolic processes (Lee and O'Connor, 1975). This, in effect, will shift the equilibrium of the corrosion reaction and drive the reaction to produce more end products. Aerobic microorganisms have also been reported to contribute to corrosion. Gallionella, Sphaerotilus. and Leptothrix are the predominant members of the \"iron bacteria\" commonly found in water distribution systems (National Academy of Sciences, 1982). Iron bacteria derive energy from oxidation of soluble ferrous iron to ferric iron. Nuisance conditions often result because the ferric iron precipitates in the gelatinous sheaths of the microbial deposits and these can be sloughed off, giving rise to red water 20 complaints. Other microorganisms can remove iron from solutions directly. Strains of Pseudomonas. Aerobacter (Enterobacter). and Mycobacterium strains can form precipitates containing iron (Macrae and Edwards, 1972). Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus. Beggiatoa) may also contribute to corrosion under aerobic conditions. This discussion of microbial effects on corrosion will be concluded with a brief mention of pipe cleaning. When a water distribution pipe is cleaned, highly reduced areas of the pipe are laid open and exposed to the oxidizing influence of the drinking water. The accelerated corrosion following pipe cleaning and the abundance of corrosion products, provides a variety of metabolic niches for different bacteria to establish themselves. To cope with this problem, sufficient flushing of the cleaned pipes is necessary and an additional dose of chlorine is useful. When the reduced areas are again covered by scales, bacterial problems dimmish. 2.2 Corrosion Mitigation There are a number of corrosion control strategies available to water utilities. One widely used method is to change water quality through classical treatment, using lime and soda ash to control pH and alkalinity. Also, if possible, another option is to mix different waters to make the supply less aggressive, overall. Furthermore, a switch can be made to more common corrosion resistant materials in piping systems. The objective of using corrosion inhibitors is to minimize the deterioration of distribution piping, while maintaining the quality of the supplied water. There are a wide 21 range of corrosion inhibitors available to control corrosion; however, only a small fraction are applicable to potable water systems. 2.2.1 Neutralization Acid corrosion by a low pH water maybe effectively controlled by treatment with an alkaline material such as calcium carbonate (limestone), calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or sodium bicarbonate. It is usually necessary to adjust pH to a range of 7.5 to 8.5, as determined by titration curves and consideration of the carbonate species (Ryder & Wagner, 1985). Increasing the pH of a water is very important in reducing lead and copper corrosion, but is much less significant in reducing iron corrosion rates. For zinc, an increase in pH may actually be detrimental. Optimum levels for pH are approximately 8.0 for copper, 9.0 for lead and 7.5 for steel and zinc (Economic & Engineering Services, 1988). Calcium salts are generally much more economical than sodium salts for neutralization. However, they have relatively low solubility, and chemical handling and feeding costs are usually much more than those for sodium salts. Therefore, lime addition for neutralization is economical for large water systems, and sodium salts are preferred for smaller water systems. The use of limestone (Calcium Carbonate) requires high capitalcosts. This high cost is for the construction of granular bed filters that provide a minimum of 15-30 minutes of contact time. However, the high efficiency due to increasing buffering capacity and the lack of dosage problems to control final pH make operation costs relatively low. 22 There are however, a number of limitations associated with pH adjustment. Firstly, the use of sodium salts may not be desired, given the added potential of cardiovascular disease. High pH has the effect of increasing the trihalomethane (THM) reaction rate and reducing the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection. Another factor in buffered, soft, low mineralized water is the reduction of pH due to carbon dioxide adsorption, when the water stands still in open reservoirs. Therefore, the delivered pH may be substantially less than the pH of the water following neutralization. Also, there may be problems with excessive hardness and scale formation in pipelines. This problem is not likely with very soft waters, such as the GVRD supply. 2.2.2 Phosphate Inhibitors Phosphates react with and precipitate as iron, calcium, and zinc salts on the metal surfaces, resulting in a relatively insoluble barrier of metal orthophosphate salts. The phosphate inhibitors are much more effective on iron than on zinc, copper, or aluminum. In the presence of enough oxygen, a ferric phosphate (FeP04) layer is produced on the anodes, preventing anodic dissolution. Increasing the pH decreases the solubility of calcium salts and much of the inhibition decreases above a pH of 7.0. Zinc orthophosphate inhibitors are more versatile and protect copper and lead, as well as iron, at suitably high pH levels (Ryder & Wagner, 1985). It is important to note that an insufficient concentration of anodic inhibitor will not sufficiently cover anodic areas on the metal. As a result, the uncovered anode sites become more active and severe pitting can quickly lead to pipe leaks. Therefore, it is 23 advisable to conduct a thorough pilot scale investigation to determine the effective dosage and most effective type of inhibitor for a specific water supply. Otherwise, an insufficient inhibitor can accelerate corrosion deterioration and an excess will result in uneconomical chemical usage. The use of phosphate inhibitors, however, can also have a negative effect on water quality. Phosphate is a nutrient that can stimulate algal and bacterial growth in reservoirs, in pipelines and in receiving wastewater discharges. The orthophosphate form is the most effective in stimulating algal growth in open reservoirs. Therefore, it is not advisable to use phosphate inhibitors to treat waters which are phosphorous nutrient limiting. This is probably the case for the GVRD water supply, where complications with bacterial regrowth is a definite concern. 2.2.3 Silicate Inhibitors Silicates form a thin film layer over a layer of corroded metal. Sodium silicates are most effective against corrosion of steel and have little beneficial effects on copper or lead. Being slightly negatively charged, silica is attracted to the positively charged anodic metal surface (Ryder & Wagner, 1985). Film deposition depends on the presence of small quantities of corrosion products in order for metal-silicate compounds to form. Therefore, silicates are beneficial in reducing corrosion of existing iron, steel and galvanized steel transmission mains. Film formation is self-limiting and thick layers are not built up. The silica films will gradually breakdown and protection will cease if the dosage is stopped. 24 The use of silicate inhibitors also has negative effects. Silicates can stimulate the growth of certain diatom species in low mineralized waters. Usually, diatoms are not significant in causing water quality problems except in some instances where filter clogging may occur (Ryder, 1978). More importantly, the use of sodium silicates can increase the incidence of cardiovascular disease, due to an increased sodium intake. A similar concern is raised when adding soda ash (Na2C03) to increase alkalinity. 2.3 Point-of-Use Treatment In general, a consumer of drinking water supplied by a water utility can rely upon its quality and safety. It is the utilities mandate to provide water which meets the local drinking water regulations. Even so, no one can prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the drinking water is entirely harmless. There are those consumers who may doubt the purity of their municipal water supply and wish to protect themselves from even the slightest risk over the long term. In this circumstance, a point-of-use treatment system may be installed. There are a wide variety of water purification devices available and the purpose of this discussion will be to point out the different technologies utilized and their effectiveness in reducing specific contaminants. 2.3.1 Adsorptive Filters The most common adsorptive filter utilizes granular activated carbon (GAC). These filters reduce common taste and odours, some turbidity, residual chlorine and many organic contaminants (Rozelle, 1987). GAC filters are not effective in removing trace 25 metals from drinking water. One of the major drawbacks of carbon is the fact that it can be an excellent breeding ground for bacteria. Trapped in a dark and warm environment, some bacteria may feed on the organic materials filtered by the carbon and reproduce rapidly (de Cotret, 1988). 2.3.2 Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis (RO) is very effective in reducing dissolved inorganic contaminants and higher molecular weight organic contaminants. RO filters contain a semi-permeable membrane (most commonly used are cellulose acetate and polyamide), whose pores are so small (0.0005 microns) that they block almost all foreign bodies in the water. Only volatile gases or organic substances with low molecular weights such as chlorine derivatives pass through. There is a constant water flow around a reverse osmosis system and at least 75% of water entering must be drained off as waste. Also, the RO membranes cannot tolerate the presence of chlorine and turbidity. Therefore, a carbon and sediment pre-filter is also needed on most systems. 2.3.3 Distillation Distillation operates on a very simple principle, which has historically been known to produce contaminant-free water. Water is brought to a boil and the escaping steam is then condensed. In this way, all substances whose boiling point is higher than that of water can be eliminated, including minerals, heavy metals and most synthetic chemical 26 pollutants. Distillers also eliminate all microbes (de Cotret, 1988). A number of substances will boil at a lower temperature than water. Chloroform, for example, can escape in steam and may actually be concentrated in the treated water (Tobin, 1987). To eliminate these substances a carbon post-filter can be installed. This combination results in an extremely pure water. The biggest drawback of distillers is their electricity consumption. 2.3.4 Ozonation Ozone is being used extensively in Europe and to a lesser extent in North America to oxidize organic matter and disinfect drinking water. Ozone (03) is a gas obtained from oxygen by passing a strong electric field or ultraviolet wave through air. Ozone is 13 times more soluble in water than the 0 2 form and has an oxidation potential 15 times that of chlorine. Portable ozonators are available for home treatment and are relatively cheap to operate. They will not affect minerals or metals in the water and are primarily aimed at reducing taste, odour, colour and bacteriological problems. Table 2-2 summarizes effective uses and drawbacks of purification principles previously discussed. As mentioned in the opening of this discussion, the need for a purification device for ones tap is a personal choice. The following quote from de Cotret, however, should be remembered: \"If you do not drink a lot of water, if you live in a big city with a good water treatment system, if you live in an area close to major pollution (refineries, etc.), if you smoke, if you eat only highly refined foods, if your house is very airtight, or if you do not normally take the trouble to maintain equipment that you use, buying a water filter will make no difference to the pollution dangers you face.\" Table 2-2. Uses and Drawbacks of Various Water Purification Principles. P u r i f i c a t i o n P r i n c i p l e Carbon (granulated, powder or block) Membrane (0.45 to 0.1 u) S i l v e r Ceramic U l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t Ozone and carbon Reverse osmosis and carbon E f f e c t i v e against... Bad Taste Organic pollutants D i s t i l l a t i o n and carbon Bacteria Growth of bacteria Sediment Bacteria Bacteria Viruses Sediment Bad taste Organic pollutants Bacteria, Viruses Sediment Bad taste Organic pollutants Minerals Bacteria Viruses Sediment Bad taste Organic Pollutants Minerals Bacteria Drawbacks D i f f i c u l t to determine when carbon i s saturated. E f f e c t i v e -ness extremely v a r i a b l e depending on design. Clogs r a p i d l y without e f f e c t i v e p r e - f i l t e r . P o s s i b i l i t y of exces-sive s i l v e r released i n water. Long contact time Low flow rate. Clogs e a s i l y . Frequent cleaning required. Requires b u i l t - i n safety system. Permanent i n s t a l l a t i o n High p r i c e . Small quantities produced. High p r i c e . E f f e c t i v e p r e - f i l t e r e s s e n t i a l . Min. water pressure of 40 p s i required. Very low flows. Drain r e -quired. 3 L wastewater for each l i t r e p u r i f i e d High p r i c e . Time-consuming and frequent cleaning necessary. Produces large amounts of heat. Air-cooled models noisy. Produces hot water. Very low flow rate. High energy consumption. (Adapted from de Cotret, 1988) 28 2.4 Case Histories Corrosion problems faced by the Greater Vancouver Water District (GVWD) have been experienced by several water utilities in various parts of the world. Many utilities have proceeded with corrosion mitigation schemes and some have been more successful than others. Faced with its own need to address corrosion, the GVRD can benefit greatly from the experiences of other water suppliers. 2.4.1 Seattle, Washington The Seattle Water Department (SWD) began looking at corrosion problems in 1970. Seattle obtains its water from two main sources. These are the Cedar and Tolt rivers whose headwaters originate on the Cascade Range. In a situation similar to Vancouver, the source waters are soft, have a low pH and have little buffering capacity. The services of Kennedy Engineers were retained by the SWD to define the corrosion problems, determine the degree of corrosion damage and to come up with a mitigation scheme. The report identified the extensive aesthetic, economic and health problems created due to the corrosion of galvanized steel and copper pipe in home plumbing systems. Some specific impacts related to metal leaching are summarized below (Chapman, Hoyt and Kirmeyer, 1989): 2.4.1.1 Aesthetic Problems - Red water, a condition associated with \"standing\" water in galvanized pipes occurred in the majority of homes in Seattle. The number of complaints directed 29 to the Water Department represents only a small fraction of the population affected. - Metal leaching surveys indicated that over 65-75% of the \"standing\" water samples exceeded the 0.3 mg/L secondary standard for iron. - The average iron content in \"standing\" samples was over twice the 0.3 mg/L secondary level on the Cedar and over four times this level on the Tolt. - Copper was leached from copper plumbing and could result in objectionable taste and blue-green stains on fixtures. - Data from various metal leaching surveys indicated that about 11% of the \"standing\" water samples exceeded the secondary standard of 1 mg/L for copper. - Complaint records and corrosion tests indicated that copper leaching was a problem throughout the Seattle service area and that Tolt water was more aggressive towards copper than the Cedar supply. 2.4.1.2 Health Concerns - Results of several metal leaching surveys were analyzed and these indicated that 13% of Tolt and 14% of Cedar \"standing\" water exceeded the MCL of 0.05 mg/L for lead. - There was a higher incidence of lead above the MCL in large buildings as compared to smaller ones - probably due to the extended contact time. - Preliminary metal leaching data indicated that about 2% of the \"standing\" water samples exceeded the MCL of 0.01 mg/l for Cadmium. 30 The end result of Seattle's corrosion study was to investigate corrosion treatment at the Cedar and Tolt sources. Treatment consists of the addition of calcium oxide (CaO) at both sources plus sodium carbonate (Na2C03) on the Tolt supply. The consequence is an increase in the pH and the total alkalinity of the finished water. The treatment program was designed primarily as a means of controlling copper, lead and zinc corrosion. Protection for iron (including galvanized iron) was expected to be minimal. Seattle's \"Residential Water Quality Monitoring Program\" (RWQM) was established. to monitor metal concentrations in tap water to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Both \"standing\" (morning first flush) and fully flushed (for 5 minutes) samples were collected. The results of this survey are shown in Tables 2-3 and 2-4. Table 2-3. Cedar River Supply: Metal Levels Before and After Treatment. No. of Samples Max. (ug/L) Avg. (ug/L) Percent Before A f t e r Before A f t e r Before A f t e r reduction Lead: Standing Running 163 163 214 214 137 16.5 47.5 11 9.52 1.54 3 . 68 0.55 61 64 Copper: Standing Running 171 171 214 214 1050 220 750 110 140 34 70 15 50 56 Iron: Standing Running 171 171 214 214 6380 3500 9000 4540 1041 202 860 153 17 24 Zinc: Standing Running 171 171 214 214 3100 650 2950 90 537 84 317 38 41 55 Cadmium: Standing Running 166 163 214 214 5.8 1.1 10 1 0.77 0.18 0.48 0.05 38 72 (Adapted from Chapman, Hoyt & Kirmeyer, 1989) 31 Table 2-4. South Fork Tolt River Supply: Metal Levels Before and After Treatment. No. of Samples Max. (ug/L) Avg. (ug/L) Percent Before A f t e r Before Afte r Before A f t e r reduction Lead: Standing Running 136 133 165 165 133 16.5 62 6.5 11.84 1.91 3.82 0.37 68 81 Copper: Standing Running 143 . 143 165 165 2550 1880 730 210 456 125 118 22 74 82 Iron: Standing Running 143 143 165 165 11400 2450 6650 2100 1417 242 1051 166 26 31 Zinc: Standing Running 143 143 165 165 4450 2100 1890 810 670 144 310 35 54 76 Cadmium: Standing Running 144 144 165 165 6.0 5.3 2.4 1 0.69 0.16 0.29 0.03 58 81 (Adapted from Chapman, Hoyt & Kirmeyer, 1989) Major findings of this survey include: (Chapman, Hoyt and Kirmeyer, 1989). 1) All five metals, copper, lead, zinc, iron and cadmium were in significantly lower concentrations following corrosion treatment. 2) Standing tap water lead levels have been reduced by approximately 61%-68%. 3) Cadmium levels have been reduced by about 38%-58% in the overnight standing samples. 4) Copper levels, a cause of numerous complaints because of fixture staining, have been reduced by 50%-74% in standing samples. Blue-green staining complaints have disappeared. 32 5) Iron, Seattle's main aesthetic metal problem, is improved, but remains a problem. Average iron reduction is about 17%-26% in standing samples. 6) Zinc levels have been reduced by about 41%-54% in standing samples. 2.4.2 Glasgow, Scotland Fortunately, in most parts of North America, the use of lead piping for water distribution has been limited. Such is not the case in many parts of Scotland. Water from the Scottish uplands is usually of low alkalinity and acidic, making it aggressive to metal piping. Unfortunately, until the late 60's, it was traditional to use lead for domestic plumbing, and consequently, there are many parts of Scotland where excessive amounts of lead can be detected in drinking water (Richards, W.N.; Moore, M.R., 1984). Since 1970, the Glasgow District Council has removed all lead piping to the taps used to supply water for human consumption in houses being modernized. Also, individual property owners are strongly encouraged to replace all lead lines whenever pipe replacement or repair is undertaken. Loch Katrine is a major drinking water source for Glasgow and the surrounding area. The pH of the raw water is about 6.3. In one study, tap water sampling of 232 properties selected at random throughout Glasgow, had revealed some shocking results, thus prompting remedial water treatment. \"Random daytime\" samples (1-L first flush samples taken any time in the day) were taken from houses. Before remedial treatment was introduced, approximately 50% of water samples had a lead content exceeding 100 ug/L and it was not uncommon for individual samples to contain greater than 1000 ug 33 Pb/L. The mean lead value was 244 ug/L and one sample contained 2000 ug Pb/L (Richards, W.N.; Moore, M.R., 1984). The European Community drinking water directive gives a maximum admissible concentration of 50 ug Pb/L in running water. However, in cases in which there are lead pipes and the lead content exceeds 100 ug/L, either \"frequently or to an appreciable extent,\" measures must be taken to reduce the consumers' exposure to lead. In 1978, after laboratory and pilot-scale testing, a lime-dosing system was put in place. With the addition of a small quantity of lime (approximately 4 mg lime/L), the pH of the water entering the distribution system was raised from 6.3 to 7.8. Subsequent sampling indicated that this had reduced lead levels to the extent that 80% of random daytime samples contained < 100 ug Pb/L. In April 1980, the pH of the water from Loch Katrine was gradually raised to 9.0 and current samples taken from the distribution system usually have pH values between 8 and 9. It is estimated that at least 95% of random daytime samples now have lead concentrations < 100 ug/L (Richards, W.N; Moore, M.R., 1984). A few values, however, still exceed 100 ug Pb/L by an appreciable extent. Unsatisfactorily high levels of Pb are still obtained from houses with long lengths of lead piping and from houses where the kitchen faucet is supplied from a lead-lined cistern. In Glasgow, it was common to install a lead-lined storage tank to supply water for all domestic purposes. A lead cistern allows for a large surface area of lead to be in contact with the water for extended periods and also allows the water to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, depressing the pH. 34 2.4.3 Plastic Pipe Alternative Recently, there has been a move to using plastic pipe in new residential plumbing. Based on a GVRD survey of plumbers, it is estimated that 50 to 75% of all new residential housing contains polybutylene plumbing (Economic & Engineering Services, 1988). In the remaining cases, copper is most popular. Plastic pipe was brought into use to provide low-cost pipe material that was not subject to corrosion. Within the past few years, however, there has been some concern over possible leaching of organic compounds and other constituents of plastic pipe into the water. Most of the testing conducted on this subject have been carried out with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Plastic pipe is composed principally of polymerized organic compounds, but there can be residual unpolymerized monomer present. This is important in PVC pipe, since the vinyl chloride monomer is known to be carcinogenic in humans and animals (National Academy of Sciences, 1980). PVC pipe is made by extrusion of thermoplastic PVC at temperatures of 150°C to 200°C. Heat stabilizers and internal and external lubricants must be added during this process, since PVC is unstable at temperatures about 120°C (Health and Welfare Canada, 1983). Lead or tin compounds are the most common stabilizers added to PVC. Another source of concern in the use of PVC pipe are solvent residues. The smaller diameters of PVC pipe are joined by using a solvent composed of PVC dissolved in a mixture of solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran and cyclohexanone. Both of the solvents are toxic; however, they do not pose a health hazard to the water consumer, provided the piping is adequately flushed after installation (Health and Welfare Canada, 1983). 35 An extensive testing of PVC pipe has been conducted under the direction of the California Department of Health Services. One of the goals of the study was to determine the health risks, if any, posed by the use of plastic pipe systems in homes. Laboratory tests were conducted by James M. Montgomery Consulting Engineers in 1980 under both static and usage simulation conditions of a typical two-bedroom house. In these tests, 32 volatile halogenated aromatic organic compound identified as priority pollutants by the EPA were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Several volatile, halogenated organic compounds were detected at levels higher than those found in the raw water, suggesting that they had leached from the PVC pipe. Concentrations of chloroform in the 2 week stagnant CPVC samples were 5 to 11 times greater than those in the raw water. Levels of carbon tetrachloride were 52 to 125 times higher than the concentration in the raw water. Highest levels were those associated with surfaces bonded with excess cement and primer. Dressman and McFarren (1978), measured vinyl chloride monomer concentrations up to 1.3 ug/L in samples taken from a new PVC distribution system in Georgetown, Texas. The newest and longest system appeared to have the highest chloride concentration. 2.5 Health Impacts of Metal Ingestion It has been shown that corrosion of plumbing systems increases the concentrations of trace metals in drinking water. The health implications of ingesting limited quantities of lead, copper, iron and zinc in drinking water are not fully understood. Furthermore, 36 when research data is available, the health effects of metal intake specifically through drinking water consumption is not available. Exposure to trace metals takes place via the air we breathe, the food we eat as well as the water we drink. The following discussion will elaborate on the health affects of lead, copper, iron and zinc (presently, only lead is recognized as a health concern in the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines, 1989). 2.5.1 Lead Lead is potentially poisonous, accumulates in the body and has no known physiological functions. The concern of lead in tap water is related to the long-term effects from exposure to lead in amounts too small to give rise to classical lead poisoning. 1. Absorption/Metabolism Studies of humans have demonstrated that infants and young children are more susceptible than adult females, who are more susceptible than adult males to the biochemical effects of lead (National Academy of Sciences, 1982). Of the lead ingested from food and water, about 5-10% is absorbed in the adult and 40-50% is absorbed in children 2-3 years old (National Academy of Sciences, 1977). No data is available for very young infants, but animal data indicate that the percentage absorbed is age-related and may be higher in early infancy. Absorbed lead is excreted through both the kidneys and the intestinal tract. Some of the lead is deposited in soft tissues, nails and hair, but most finds its way into the skeleton (Depart, of the Environment, 1977). Bone lead content may increase with age up to the age of 40 or 50 years. Bone is the storage site 37 for at least 90% of the total lead body burden in adults and approximately 70% in growing children (National Academy of Sciences, 1977). The respective half-lives of lead in blood, soft tissues and bone have been estimated to be 2-4 weeks, 4 weeks, and 27.5 years (World Health Organization, 1984). Of the lead inhaled from the atmosphere, the proportion absorbed through the lungs averages 15% to 33% (Dept. of the Environment, 1977). At present, most of the airborne lead in non-industrialized cities comes from motor vehicle traffic. Estimates of weekly intake and uptake of lead by the body in adults have been provided by Drill (1979). In Table 2-5, a few simplified examples are given, where the last two columns give an estimate of the relative contribution of water to the total intake of lead and to the uptake of lead by the body. It is assumed that an average person consumes 2 litres of water per day and breathes air at the rate of 20 m3/day. Absorption from food and water is assumed to be 10% of the intake and there is assumed to be complete absorption of the 10% retained from inhalation. Table 2-5. Relative Contribution of Water to Total Lead Intake and Uptake. Daily intake of 100 ug of lead per day i n food; 1.0 ug of lead per m3 of a i r Lead weekly intake of lead (mg) Intake Uptake Cone. water a i r food r a t i o : r a t i o : i n water only only only t o t a l water/tot. water/tot (%) (%) 20 ug/L 0.28 0.14 0.70 1.12 25 18 50 ug/L 0.70 0.14 0.70 1.54 47 35 100 ug/L 1.40 0.14 0.70 2.24 63 52 (Adapted from World Health Organization, 1984) 38 Therefore, given the current maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for lead of 50 ug/L, a significant proportion of the total lead intake (47%) may be provided through tap water consumption. 2. Health Effects No beneficial effects of lead for the functioning of biological systems has yet been found. Acute lead poisoning is extremely rare, however, some symptoms are tiredness, lassitude, slight abdominal discomfort, irritability, anaemia and in the case of children, behaviourial changes (World Health Organization, 1984). The main chronic adverse effects of lead are those produced in the haematopoietic system (organs producing blood), the nervous systems and the kidneys (National Academy of Sciences, 1982). In most cases, recommended maximum daily intakes of lead are based on studies of the monitoring of lead concentrations in blood. The MAC of 50 ug Pb/L in drinking water was designed to protect people against blood levels over 40 ug/dL (dL= 100 mL). At the time, it was thought that blood levels below 40 ug/dL were not harmful to health. Recent USEPA draft proposals have recommended that a blood lead level of 10 ug/dL be adopted as the threshold for adverse effects (U.S. Public Health Service, 1988). 2.5.2 Copper 1. Absorption/Metabolism Under the present Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (1989) and the new proposed Lead and Copper Rule of the USEPA, the classification of copper as an 39 aesthetic concern is under review. Unlike lead, however, copper is recognized as an essential element for both plants and animals. It is a component of several enzymes that perform important physiologic functions. These involve the metabolism of iron and the rate of cell synthesis in the bone marrow (National Academy of Sciences, 1982). Copper also has a role in the central nervous system and in the formation of connective tissue (World Health Organization, 1984). The absorption of copper, like all essential elements, from the gastrointestinal tract is limited. About 32% of the daily intake of copper is absorbed. The net absorption is about 5% after fecal and urine excretion (National Academy of Sciences, 1977). 2. Health Effects Intake of excessively large doses of copper by man leads to severe mucosal irritation and breakdown, widespread capillary damage, hepatic (liver) and renal damage and central nervous system irritation followed by depression (World Health Organization, 1984). Severe gastrointestinal irritation and possible cell damage in the liver and kidneys could occur. However, copper poisoning is rare in man and higher animals owing to the inducement of vomiting upon ingestion of large doses. The available evidence does not support chronic toxicity in people attributed to long-term intake of low concentrations of copper by mouth (National Academy of Sciences, 1977). Therefore, the recommended guideline value for copper is 1.0 mg/L to avoid excessive staining of laundry and plumbing fixtures. Also, this limit is below the taste threshold for most people, which varies from 1-5 mg/L. 40 2.5.3 Iron 1. Absorption/Metabolism Iron is an essential element in human nutrition. It is contained in a number of biologically significant proteins and also in many oxidization-reduction enzymes. Individual iron requirements (which depend on age, sex, and physiological state) regulate the amount of iron absorbed from the diet, the amount varying from 1% to 20% (World Health Organization, 1984). Losses in faeces, urine and perspiration amount to 1 mg per day. The primary storage areas for iron are in the liver, bone marrow and spleen. 2. Health Effects Iron ingestion in large quantities results in a condition known as haemochromatosis (normal regulatory mechanisms do not operate effectively), which results in tissue damage from iron accumulation. This condition rarely develops from simple dietary overloading (World Health Organization, 1984). 3. Other Aspects The presence of iron in drinking water is objectionable for primarily aesthetic reasons. Precipitation of iron salts often produces unpalatable water which stains laundry and plumbing fixtures. The iron settles out in the distribution system, and gradually reduces water flow. Iron also promotes the growth of \"iron bacteria\". These microorganisms derive their energy from the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron, and in the process deposit a slimy coating on the pipe wall. 41 2.5.4 Zinc 1. Absorption/Metabolism Zinc is considered an essential trace element in human and animal nutrition. As far as human health in the general population is concerned, the major concern is not with toxicity, but rather with marginal or deficient zinc intake. Zinc is necessary for the functioning of various enzymatic systems! Zinc is distributed throughout the body, including the bone, and urinary excretion of zinc is generally less than 1 mg/day. 2. Health Effects Zinc may be considered nontoxic. The low toxicity of zinc and efficient homeostatic control mechanisms make chronic zinc toxicity from drinking water and dietary sources an unlikely hazard in man (World Health Organization, 1984). Symptoms of zinc toxicity in humans include vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, abdominal pain, nausea, lethargy, dizziness and lack of muscular coordination (Prasad, A.S. and Oberleas, D., 1976). There have been reports of human cases of zinc poisoning associated with the prolonged consumption of water from galvanized pipes. In two adults, irritability, muscular stiffness and pain, loss of appetite and nausea were reported when the water contained zinc in a concentration of 40 mg/L; this is well above the current secondary drinking water standard of 5 mg/L (National Academy of Sciences, 1977). Also, animal research data suggests that zinc is protective against lead toxicity. 42 3. Other Aspects Zinc gives water an undesirable astringent taste and water containing zinc, at concentrations in excess of 5.0 mg/L, may appear opalescent and develop a greasy film on boiling. 3. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 43 3.1 Survey Design Two separate surveys were conducted in the course of this research. The first survey was conducted during the months of July and August, 1989 (Figure 3-1). During this survey, tap water samples were collected from high-rise apartment towers located in two specific clusters called East and West (LOCATION effect) and analyzed for the following metals: lead, copper iron and zinc. The East apartments are fed by water from the Seymour reservoir and the West apartments by the Capilano reservoir. Water quality parameters at these two locations are essentially identical with the exception of the free chlorine residual. Higher free chlorine residuals were measured in the West apartments due to their proximity to a chlorine booster station (0.60 to 0.76 mg/L). By contrast, the East location showed free chlorine residuals ranging from 0.04 to 0.64 mg/L. Within each location, a selection was made of new and old apartment buildings (AGE effect). In the East, new apartments ranged from 0.8 to 4.0 years and old apartments ranged from 7 to 18 years. In the West, new apartments were 0.8 to 2.0 years old and old apartments were 17 to 25 years old. The third parameter to be investigated was the effect of building height. Within each building, samples were collected from both the lower and upper floors. Building heights ranged from 16 to 32 stories. The second survey was conducted during the month of January, 1990. Samples were collected from single-family houses (Figure 3-2) and analyzed for lead, copper and zinc. Iron was dropped because high-rise sampling showed that iron levels in the drinking 44 High-Rise Survey Design High-R ise Towers 12 Buildings 72 Sui tes Vancouver West End 7 Buildings 42 Sui tes Burnaby East End 5 Buildings 3 0 Sui tes New 3 Bldgs. 18 Sui tes Low- r i se •9 Suites Low- r i se -12 Suites High- r ise -9 Suites High- r ise -12 Suites Low- r i se 9 Suites High- r ise 9 Suites Old 2 Bldgs. 12 Sui tes Low- r i se - 6 Suites High-r ise - 6 Suites Figure 3-1. Survey Design for Sampling High-Rise Apartment Towers Single-Family House Survey Design Figure 3-2. Survey Design for Sampling Single-Family Houses 46 water were influenced only by LOCATION. Since houses involved in the second survey had either copper or plastic plumbing systems, only background iron concentrations were expected. In this case, a random selection was made of 60 houses, receiving water from the Seymour and Capilano watersheds. The predominant type of home plumbing system material was copper (57 sites), with 3 houses containing plastic (PVC) systems. Consequently, only a qualitative evaluation can be made regarding the effect of plumbing system material on trace metal contamination of drinking water. New houses ranged from 0.5 to 11 years of age and old houses ranged from 12 to 43 years. In old homes, where complete plumbing refits were conducted, a \"new house\" classification was issued. 3.2 Sampling Protocol In order to obtain first flush overnight standing samples, it was necessary that the individual homeowner and high-rise tenant conduct the actual sampling. Homeowners were contacted by telephone about the upcoming sampling and were individually informed of the sampling procedure. Arrangements were made with high-rise tenants' through the building manager. Sampling kits with instructions (see Appendix A) were prepared and delivered prior to the sampling date. The sampling kit contained 5 bottles: 50 ml - COLD#l • 1st f l u s h c o l d 200 ml - COLD#2 - 2nd fl u s h cold 750 ml - COLD#3 - 3rd f l u s h cold 125 ml - COLD#4 - Running Cold (5 min.) 125 ml - HOT#l Running Hot (2 min.) 47 This protocol was also used to evaluate compliance with proposed USEPA regulations. The current USEPA protocol establishes a one litre standing sample for compliance monitoring and the equation used for calculating the 1 litre concentration (LCOLD) is: Cone, of LCOLD = 0.05 x (Cone, of COLD#l) + 0.2 0 X (Cone, of COLD#2) + 0.75 x (Cone, of C0LD#3) 3.3 Analytical Procedures 3.3.1 Trace Metals Bottle Preparation: To ensure that the possibility of contamination was kept to a minimum, a rigorous bottle preparation technique was employed. Bottles were machine washed with soap, followed by a dionized rinse. Sample bottles were then soaked in a acid bath (5% nitric acid solution) overnight. The last step in the procedure was a final hand rinsing with deionized water after which the bottles were capped and labelled. Sample Preservation: Samples were preserved immediately on the date of sampling or first thing the next morning with DPD assured nitric acid. A 2.5% acid/sample matrix was utilized. This is far in excess of that required to maintain a pH < 2.0 (standard methods); however, it was felt that a higher acid concentration would compensate to some degree for the digestion step, which was not practised, due to the number of samples to be processed. Atomic Absorption: Copper, iron and zinc were analyzed using a Thermo Jarrel Ash Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with lean acetylene fuel conditions. Atomic 48 absorption with graphite furnace was used for lead analysis. Azide ammonium matrix modifier was used to eliminate chloride interferences. Instruments were frequently recalibrated and EPA test solutions were run to monitor instrument performance. Samples which were outside of the linear range of the instruments were diluted and re-analyzed. A l samples were run in duplicate and if values did not agree, the samples were repeated. Atomic absorption samples were aspirated directly out of the sample bottles. Lead samples were run on an autoanalyzer on the graphite furnace and sampling cups were acid soaked and D.I. rinsed prior to use. Quality Control: For the high-rise sampling program, 10 percent of all samples were cross-checked and verified by the GVRD (Greater Vancouver Regional District) laboratory. The complete set of cross-check results are included in Appendix B. If discrepancies were noted, samples were re-analyzed until the \"first analysis = re-checked analysis\". There was good correlation between analysis conducted at the UBC and the GVRD lab. 3.3.2 Water Quality Parameters Free Chlorine Residuals: DPD (diethyl-p-phenylene diamine) colorimetric method was selected for testing free chlorine residuals in the field. A Hack portable test kit was used. pH: A Fisher glass electrode was used with a Bechman pH meter. Due to the low ionic strength of the water being tested, an Orion buffer solution was added to the samples. 49 Total Alkalinity: Total alkalinity was determined according to Standard Methods (APHA 1985, Section 403). For alkalinities less than 20 mg/L, the low alkalinity procedure was used. Total Hardness: The calculation method (APHA 1985, Section 314A) was used to determine total hardness. In this method, hardness is computed from the results of separate determinations of calcium and magnesium using flame atomic absorption. 3.4 Data Evaluation Groupings of data were initially examined and interpreted using Tukey box plot diagrams (Figure 3-3). This type of presentation conveys to the reader the medians and percentiles, minimum, maximum and outlier values. The 95% confidence interval about the median was determined based on methodology outlined by McGill, Tukey and Larsen, (1978). One-way (one factor) analysis of variance was utilized for analysis of the house data (SYSTAT, 1988). Statistical differences between the mean metal concentrations associated with new and old copper plumbing were evaluated. General Mixed Model of Variance was utilized for analysis of high-rise data (BMDP Statistical Software, 1988). The statistical analysis was based on a 2x2 Split-Plot Factorial experiment blocked by RUN. AGE and LOCATION are the factorial treatments and the FLOOR parameter is nested within each building. Lead data was log transformed, prior to running the analysis, due to its skewed nature (bunching of data points close to the instrument detection limit). A two-tail probability of p< 0.050 represents a significant 50 effect. An example of BMDP control language and output used for data analysis are presented in Appendix C. BOX PLOT DEFINITIONS o Extreme outlier Outlier Interquartile range Maximum value (excluding outliers) 75th Percentile Median 25th Percentile Minimum value (excluding outliers) Figure 3-3. Guide to Tukey Box Plots 51 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Water Quality Characteristics Greater Vancouver's water is derived almost entirely from rainfall and snow melt and it exhibits typical characteristics of a corrosive water: soft, low pH, poor buffering capacity, low mineral content and dissolved oxygen saturation. Table 4-1 summarizes the water quality parameters monitored during the course of this study. Table 4-1. Water Quality Characteristics of GVRD Tap Water. T o t a l T o t a l F r e e p H A i k . H a r d n e s s C o n d . C h l o r i n e H i g h - R i s e 5 . 9 - 6 . 0 1 . 1 - 1 . 5 3 . 1 0 - 3 . 9 3 1 1 - 1 4 0 . 6 0 - 0 . 7 6 (West) H i g h - R i s e 6 . 1 - 6 . 3 1 . 9 - 3 . 7 4 . 3 1 - 5 . 3 8 1 4 - 1 7 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 6 4 ( E a s t ) H o u s e 5 . 5 - 6 . 1 0 . 6 - 2 . 9 2 . 1 6 - 4 . 3 9 N / A N / A ( A l l s a m p l e s ) U n i t s a r e : T o t . A l k a l i n i t y , T o t . H a r d n e s s : ( m g / L ) a s C a C 0 3 . C o n d u c t i v i t y ( u m h o s / c m ) ; F r e e C h l o r i n e ( m g / L ) . Rain water normally has a pH close to 5.5, resulting from the solution of atmospheric carbonic gas (Millette & Mavinic, 1988). Low\" pH is recognized as one of the most important factors influencing corrosion problems. The pH of GVRD tap water is well below the neutral pH value of 7.0 and was consistent throughout the sampled in this study. 52 Low alkalinity and low hardness lead to conditions which favour the dissolution of metals from the distribution piping. Alkalinity is a measure of a water's capacity to neutralize acids and, at the pH values encountered in GVRD water, it takes the form of bicarbonate alkalinity (HC03'). The buffering capacity of GVRD water is very poor and alkalinity values measured were very close to the instrument detection limit. Hardness is caused primarily by divalent metallic cations and the principal cations in the GVRD water supply are calcium and magnesium. According to Sawyer and McCarty (1978), a soft water has a total hardness between 0 and 75 mg/L as CaC0 3. GVRD water, with an average hardness less than 5 mg/L as CaC03, is extremely soft, by this standard. 4.2 Factors Investigated Statistical results are based on the 1-L first flush sample (weighted average of bottles COLD#l, COLD#2 & COLD#3) obtained from the cold water tap and the running sample (HOT#l) collected from the hot tap. High-rise samples were used to study the effect of building height (low-rise vs. high-rise), building location (East vs. West) and plumbing age (new vs. old) on trace metal concentrations in drinking water. Samples collected from single-family houses were used to evaluate the influence of plumbing age (new vs. old) and plumbing type (copper vs. plastic) on metal levels. Average metal levels were compared between the two building types (high-rise vs. single-family). Median concentration levels are represented on box plots and bar graphs represent the mean concentrations for the same groupings of data (Figures 4.1 to 4.14 inc.). 53 Also, trends associated with consecutive flushes from the cold water tap (bottles COLD#l through to COLD#4) were investigated to obtain a better understanding of the source of trace metals measured. In addition to tap water sampling, a survey questionnaire was distributed. The goal was to establish the degree of consumer complaints related to their tap water and their perception of its quality. A comparison was made between the response from high-rise buildings and single-family houses. 4.2.1 Building Height (Low-Rise vs. High-Rise) 4.2.1.1 Cold First-Flush The effect of building height on metal concentrations was investigated by collecting 1/2 of the samples from low-rise suites and the other half from high-rise suites. In most cases, this involved the lower three and upper three apartment levels. Building height proved to be statistically insignificant for lead, copper, iron and zinc concentrations measured in the 1-L first-flush samples obtained from the cold tap. 4.2.1.2 Running H o t A similar analysis conducted on the running hot sample showed that the height was marginally significant (p=0.042) in influencing lead concentrations measured at the tap. BMDP statistical analysis conducted on both the 1-L first-flush cold and running hot samples may be suspect, due to their skewed distribution. It should be noted that log transformation of the lead data may not have completely compensated for this non-normal distribution. From Figures 4-la and 4-lb, it's evident that a distinct trend does 54 not exist between lead concentrations measured from low-rise compared to high-rise suites. On the other hand, Figures 4-2a and 4-2b reveal that low-rise suites had higher levels of copper than high-rise suites. Statistically, however, this was not significant (p=0.716). The cause of this apparent difference may be influenced by temperature differences within the hot water recirculation system. Low-rise apartment suites are the first to draw off water immediately leaving the boiler. The high temperature of this water may result in rapid dissolution of copper. As the water reaches high-rise suites, it has cooled to a lower temperature and as a result, the potential to leach copper is reduced. Building height proved to be statistically insignificant for iron and zinc concentrations measured in the running hot water samples. 4.2.2 Building Location (East vs. West) 4.2.2.1 Cold First-Flush Sampling was conducted from two distinct zones - Vancouver (West) and Burnaby (East). The areas were chosen to monitor the effect of LOCATION (eg. 2 different free chlorine residual levels) on metal concentrations. The West zone is supplied with water from the Capilano watershed and the East zone is supplied from the Seymour watershed. It was suspected that metal concentrations in the West apartments would be higher due to the greater free chlorine residual. This was not the case. Lead showed a strong LOCATION by AGE interaction (p=0.006), which is apparent from Figure 4-lb. Low lead levels were associated with the EASTxOLD groupings. 55 Copper also showed a L O C A T I O N by A G E interaction (P=0.036). This is reflected in the higher copper concentrations detected in new apartment buildings in the East (Figures 4-2a & 4-2b). This has probably resulted from a building specific phenomena and generalities should not be inferred. A distinct L O C A T I O N effect was detected for iron (p=0.000). The box plot and bar graph clearly show the higher iron values in apartments located in the East over those in the West (Figures 4-3a & 4-3b). Since the primary plumbing material in most apartments sampled was copper, the buildings themselves could not have caused these differences. Higher iron levels in the East may be due to unlined cast iron pipes or fittings in the East area distribution system. More likely, however, the cause was the higher iron concentration in the Seymour source water supplying the East. The iron levels at the Seymour reservoir intake averaged 0.10 mg/L, peaking at 0.30 mg/L in August; levels at the Capilano intake averaged only 0.08 mg/L over the same sampling period. The greater variability of iron concentrations in the East also reflect the greater fluctuation of iron concentration measured at the Seymour intake. Zinc levels were not found to be influenced by L O C A T I O N (p=0.220) (Figures 4-4a & 4-4b). 4.2.2.2 Running Hot Levels of lead measured in the running hot water sample do not appear to be influenced by L O C A T I O N . Also, the copper concentrations were not influenced by location (p=0.719). Similar to the case with the 1-L cold first-flush sample, a distinct L O C A T I O N effect was detected for iron (p=0.000), where apartments in the East 56 showed higher levels than those in the West (Figures 4-7a & 4-7b). Zinc showed a strong LOCATION by AGE interaction (p=0.000). From Figure 4-8b, it can be seen that high zinc levels measured in old apartments in the West accounted for this interaction. The median value for this grouping (WESTxOLD) is consistent with the others; however, outliers associated with the WESTxOLD group resulted in mean levels to be significantly greater that the other groupings. 4.2.3 Plumbing Age (New vs. Old) 4.2.3.1 Cold First-Flush The effect of plumbing AGE was not as pronounced as initially anticipated. The high-rise sampling program showed LOCATION by AGE interactions for lead and copper. As a consequence, it can not be absolutely concluded as to which parameter was the most significant. However, it can be estimated from the box plots and bar charts (Figures 4-la to 4-2b), that AGE was the influencing factor, with newer plumbing systems giving rise to higher copper and lead concentrations. AGE had shown up as being marginally significant in the iron analysis (p=0.021). From Figure 4-3a, an apparent difference is not evident; however, Figure 4-3b indicates that older buildings contributed more iron to the drinking water. The predominent type of plumbing used in both the new and old high-rise buildings sampled was copper. The likely existence of galvanized iron pipe in some of the older buildings may have been a potential source of iron. Zinc was not influenced by plumbing age (p=0.317). The AGE parameter was also investigated utilizing the trace metal data obtained 57 from single-family houses. Iron was not analyzed in this data set. However, AGE strongly influenced copper concentrations (p=0.003). AGE had a marginal effect on lead (p=0.083) and did not influence zinc concentration (p=0.254). In the case of copper and lead, newer copper plumbing systems had the greater metal concentrations (Figures 4-9 to 4-11). 4.2.3.2 RurrningHot The effect of plumbing AGE was more evident when the hot water samples were analyzed, especially in the case of apartments located in the East. New buildings resulted in greater levels of lead (Figures 4-5a & 4-5b). When copper was analyzed, a very pronounced AGE effect was detected (p=0.000). Figures (4-6a & 4-6b) show that new apartments resulted in significantly greater copper levels in comparison to older apartments. This was the case in both the East and West locations. A similar analysis conducted on running hot water samples obtained from single-family houses showed lead (p=0.705) and copper (p=0.827) concentrations to be unaffected by AGE. From Figures 4-12 and 4-13, it can be seen that there is no discernable difference between the mean or median levels of lead and copper obtained from NEWxCOPPER vs. OLDxCOPPER plumbing systems. This leads to the conclusion that the recirculation system in a high-rise apartment building is a major contributor to the contamination of the hot water supply by lead and copper. The combination of a new plumbing system and hot water recirculation appears to result in a greater potential to leach trace metals. 58 For iron measured in high-rise apartments, a marginal LOCATION by AGE interaction (p=0.080) existed. This is not very significant, however, and as discussed previously, location of the building was the main factor influencing iron levels measured in high-rise apartments. In both high-rises and houses, AGE was not significant in influencing zinc concentrations in the running hot samples. 4.2.4 Plumbing Type (Copper vs. Plastic) 4.2.4.1 Cold First-Flush Plumbing material TYPE was investigated for single-family houses. It should be noted that differences cannot be statistically justified, since the data for the plastic pipe grouping is composed of only 3 sampling sites. A qualitative significance can be recognized from the box plots. Copper concentration levels associated with plastic pipe plumbing were well below those associated with copper plumbing (Figure 4-10). The only potential source of copper in a plastic system is that leached from the brass fixtures or background levels associated with the source water. Median lead and zinc concentrations do not appear to be different between copper or plastic plumbing systems (Figures 4-9 & 4-11). 4.2.4.2 Running Hot In the running hot water sample, plastic plumbing systems also resulted in significantly lower copper concentrations compared to copper plumbing systems (Figure 4-13). Lead and zinc levels measured in the hot water were not discernably different between the two types of plumbing. 59 4.2.5 Building Type (High-Rise vs. Single-Family House) 4.2.5.1 Cold First-Flush High-rise samples were collected during the summer months and single-family houses were sampled in January. Since water quality parameters which affect corrosion rates may have been significantly different, a detailed analytical comparison between house and high-rise samples may be suspect. Despite this caution, high-rise samples showed much greater concentrations of lead than the house samples. The mean lead concentrations for all 1-L first-flush high-rise and single-family house samples were 0.020 mg/l and 0.013 mg/l, respectively. This difference is probably due to the greater number of soldered connections in a high-rise plumbing system, allowing for a greater leaching potential of lead. Copper and zinc concentrations in 1-L first-flush samples did not appear to show any marked differences between building types. It is important to note that in the \"running\" cold sample, the mean high-rise copper concentration was 0.33 mg/L, compared with the single-family house level of 0.17 mg/L. This reveals that increased contact time associated with longer pipe runs is significant in influencing copper leaching. Table 4-2 summarizes the mean concentrations of all samples collected, as well as the recommended guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water (1989). 4.2.5.2 RuriningHot A difference in lead concentrations between high-rise and single-family house samples was not apparent in the running hot water. The mean lead level for apartments was 0.009 mg/L and for houses, 0.007 mg/L. The most significant difference was between 60 Table 4-2. Trace Metal Concentrations Measured in High-Rises vs. Single-Family Houses (mg/L). Sample Bottle Lead Copper Iron Zinc High-Rise Apartment Buildings 1 Cold#l (50 ml) 0.041 1.31 0.08 0.91 Cold#2 (200 ml) 0. 034 1.76 0.09 0.21 Cold#3 (750 ml) 0. 014 1.30 0.10 0.04 Cold#4 (Running) <0.005 0.33 0.11 <0.02 LCOLD (1000 ml) 0.020 1. 39 0.09 0.12 Hot#l (Running) 0. 009 1. 01 0.11 0.03 Single- ;Family Houses 2 Cold#l (50 ml) 0.017 1. 06 N/A 0.98 Cold#2 (200 ml) 0.028 1.76 N/A 0.20 Cold#3 (750 ml) 0. 009 1.34 N/A 0. 03 Cold#4 (Running) <0.005 0.17 N/A <0. 02 LCOLD (1000 ml) 0. 013 1.41 N/A 0.11 Hot#l (Running) 0. 007 0.47 N/A 0.02 Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines (1989) 3 MAC (mg/L) 0.010 1.00 0.30 5.00 Sampled from 72 i n d i v i d u a l suites located i n 12 high - r i s e buildings (represents average of 3 sampling runs) 2 Sampled from 60 i n d i v i d u a l homes (randomly chosen) 3 Guidelines are based on lead samples taken from a flushed tap copper concentrations. The mean copper level for high-rises was 1.01 mg/L and for houses, 0.47 mg/L. The main factors influencing the elevated copper in high-rises were probably a higher boiler temperature, increased contact time, and hot water recirculation; previous discussion has shown the significance of each of these factors in accelerating \"corrosion. It should be noted that synergistic effects may be taking place amongst these variables; however, these effects cannot be isolated, given the scope of this analysis. Since the hot sample was obtained from a flushed tap (vs. standing), both building types showed zinc levels close to the detection limit (Figures 4.8a & 4.14). 61 HIGH-RISE APARTMENTS 1-L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h 0.15 \\ 0.10 eo g o o o O ? 0.05 0.00 Bldg. Location. Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-la. Box Plot of Lead Levels in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from High-Rises (For Guide to Tukey Box Plots, see Section 3.4) H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S 1-L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h 0.03 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — Bldg. Location, Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-lb. Mean Lead Concentrations in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from High-Rises 63 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S 1-L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h £ o 2 U o o. Qi O U i r i 1 1 r T T J L Cu COPPER T J I I I L Bldg. Location. Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-2a. Box Plot of Copper Levels in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from High-Rises 64 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S 1-L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h Figure 4-2b. Mean Copper Concentrations in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from High-Rises 65 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S 1-L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h 0 .3 5 0 . 2 eo 6 u a o a I 0.1 0 . 0 1 1 f-* * J L i 1 r Fe ffiON J I I L Bldg. Location. Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-3a. Box Plot of Iron Levels in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from High-Rises 66 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S 1 -L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h 0.13 0.12 -0.11 \\ CD E 0.10 h d a o O 0.09 0.08 0.07 h 0 . 0 6 i 1 r n 1 1 r Fe IRON Bldg. Location, Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-3b. Mean Iron Concentrations in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from High-Rises 67 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S 1-L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h Figure 4-4a. Box Plot of Zinc Levels in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from High-Rises 68 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S 1 - L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h CO E 0.14 0.13 -0.12 g 0.11 O o cz N 0.10 -009 0.08 Bldg. Location, Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-4b. Mean Zinc Concentrations in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from High-Rises 69 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S R u n n i n g H o t 0.05 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r Bldg. Location. Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-5a. Box Plot of Lead Levels in Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 70 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S R u n n i n g H o t 0.015 Bldg. Location, Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-5b. Mean Lead Concentrations in Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 71 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S R u n n i n g H o t bfi s o a o © o. 0 1 1 o \" i 1 1 1 1 - i 1 r Cu COPPER J 1 I I I I I ' Bldg. Location, Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-6a. Box Plot of Copper Levels in Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 72 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S R u n n i n g H o t 1.6 1.4 . V \\ 1.2 CD d c _ ° 1 0 te | 0.8 0.6 Bldg. Location, Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-6b. Mean Copper Concentrations in Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 73 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S R u n n i n g H o t 0.4 0.3 eo 6 £ 0.2 o U d o 0.1 -0.0 * T i 1 1 1 1 1 1 r o Fe IRON T J I I I I ' ' ' ^ ^ ^ ^ Bldg. Location. Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-7a. Box Plot of Iron Levels in Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 74 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S R u n n i n g H o t 0.20 Bldg. Location. Pip© Age & Floor Figure 4-7b. Mean Iron Concentrations in Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 75 H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S R u n n i n g H o t 0.15 bldg. Location. Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-8a. Box Plot of Zinc Level in Running Hot Samples from High-Rises H I G H - R I S E A P A R T M E N T S R u n n i n g H o t Bldg. Location, Pipe Age & Floor Figure 4-8b. Mean Zinc Concentrations in Running Hot Samples from High-Rises 77 S I N G L E - F A M I L Y H O U S E S 1 - L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h 0.05 \\ 60 g 0.03 0.00 Pipe Parameters Figure 4-9. Box Plot of Lead Levels in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from Single-Family Houses 78 S I N G L E - F A M I L Y H O U S E S 1 - L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h 3 h e o o 2 U 4) O. a o U 1 h 0 C .0* Pipe Parameters Figure 4-10. Box Plot of Copper Levels in 1-L Cold First-Flush Samples from Single-Family houses 79 S I N G L E - F A M I L Y H O U S E S 1 - L C o l d F i r s t - F l u s h 0.4 0.3 h \\ 60 J £ 0.2 o : Date Received: 89/12/05 | ( • f i j Abstract: Second set of samples for cross checks from.Inder Singh. (all results mg/L) GVRD Inder GVRD Inder GVRD Inder GVRD Inder j Apartment Sample Copper Copper Iron Iron Lead Lead Zinc Zinc j 2-W1-1850 -C1 1.49 1.53 0.04 0.04 0.094 0.087 1.25 1.34 I -C2 2.50 2.58 0.04 0.04 0.19 0.18 0.52 0.57 I -C3 1.72 1.75 0.06 0.07 0.064 0.062 0.12 0.12 ; -C4 0.17 0.18 0.07 0.08 <0.005 <0.010 <0.01 <0.02 j -H1 0.74 0.74 0.07 0.09 0.016 0.021 0.03 0.03 j 2-W2-2401 -C1 1.60 1.67 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.17 0.13 0.14 j -C2 2.85 2.95 0.04 <0.04 0.18 0.17 0.25 0.27 I -C3 0.30 0.29 0.08 0.09 0.027 0.027 0.03 | 0.03 j -C4 0.18 0.17 0.07 0.08 <0.005 <0.010 <0.01 0.03 <0.02 | -H1 0.63 0.64 0.06 0.07 0.014 0.017 0.03 i i ! 2-W4-0504 -C1 1.08 1.10 0.06 0.07 0.27 0.28 3.08 | 3.C4 | -C2 2.60 2.75 0.08 0.06 0.31 0.31 1.57 1.64 i ' \" 0 J 9 \" \" | -C3 1.06 1.09 0.13 0.07 0.064 0.064 0.18 -C4 0.18 0.16 0.08 0.13 0.012 0.015 0.01 | <0.02 I -H1 0.88 0.91 0.07 0.08 0.035 0.031 0.07 | 0.07 ; { • 2-VV4-3106 -C1 1.51 1.56 0.08 0.07 0.027 0.031 0.66 | 0.66 j -C2 2.30 2.43 0.06 0.05 0.040 0.042 0.09 j 0.10 j -C3 0.85 0.87 0.07 0.07 0.013 0.017 0.03 | 0.03 i -C4 0.15 0.14 0.07 0.07 <0.005 <0.010 <0.01 <0.02 j -H1 0.55 0.55 0.10 0.09 0.009 0.010 0.04 0.03 | 2-W6-0301 -C1 1.05 1.09 Q,Q6 0.12 <- <0.005 <0.010 0.03 r 0.55 ;<--C2 0.79 0.80 0.06 0.06 . <0.005 <0.010 0.02 0.C2 i <0.02 j -C3 0.58 0.58 0.07 0.08 <0.005 <0.010 0.01 -C4 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.06 <0.005 <0.010 <0.01 <0.02 | -H1 1.35 1.42 0.05 <0.04 <0.005 <0.010 0.01 <0.02 ! S e c o n d S e l of H ighr ise Apar tment Me ta l s C r o s s - C h e c k s 124 G V R D Inder G V R D Inder G V R D Inder G V R D Inder ; Apar tment S a m p l e Copper Copper Iron Iron Lead L e a d Zinc Zinc i 2-VV7-0308 -C1 1.69 1.72 0.05 0.05 0.054 0.051 0.85 0.86 j • C 2 2.88 2.98 0.05 0.06 0.094 0.084 0.3 . „ 0 : 3 0 . J - C 3 1.79 1.87 0.07 ' 0.07 0.050 0.048 0.03 0.04 | - C 4 0.18 0.17 0.08 0.07 <0.005 <0.010 <0.01 <0.02 j -H1 1.27 1.32 0.07 0.06 0.011 0.014 0.01 6.02 I 2 - W 7 - 1 7 0 3 -C1 - C 2 2.13 3.14 • 2.20 3.22 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.096 0.062 0.091 0 . 0 6 3 * 0.77 0.81 ! 0.07 0.07 j - C 3 2.12 2.21 0.07 0.05 0.026 0.023 0.03 0.04 ! - C 4 0.15 0.15 0.08 0.07 0.005 <0.010 <0.01 <0.02 j -H1 1.33 1.36 0.08 0.08 0.013 0.013 0.05 0.05 | 2 - E 3 - 1 6 0 2 -C1 1.34 1.36 0.08 0.08 0.033 0.027 0.88 0.92 i - C 2 2.09 2.13 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.14 0.35 0.36 j - C 3 2.51 2.56 0.09 0.08 0.072 0.069 0.08 0.08 i - C 4 0.27 0.27 0.14 0.15 <0.005 <0.010 <0.01 0.02 ! -H1 1.32 1.35 0.14 0.14 0.019 0.017 0.04 0.04 | 2 -E5-0201 -C1 2.58 2.60 0.07 0.07 0.35 0.35 0.46 0.49 j - C 2 1.52 1.55 0.08 0.09 0.015 0.014 0.03 0.03 | • C 3 1.54 1.57 0.08 0.08 0.014 0 .013 0.02 0.02 ! - C 4 1.50 1.54 0.09 0.09 0.006 <0.010 <0.01 <0.02 I -H1 0.83 0.84 0.13 0.15 0.024 0.027 0.03 0.03 i 126 Lab.* : 891088 Date Sampled: 89/12/22 | i Project Name: Apartment Hi Rise Study Cross Checks Date Received: 89/12/22 Abstract: Third set of samples for cross checks for Inder Singh at U B C . Samples are from a study he is doing of corrosion In hi-rises. I I (ail results mg/L) GVRD Inder GVRD Inder GVRD Inder GVRD Inder Copper Copper Iron Iron Lead Lead Zinc Zinc 3-W1-0402 -C1 1.22 1.21 0.06 0.06 0.013 0.014 1.32 1.35 •C2 2.04 2.07 0.08 0.07 0.017 0.017 -> 0.20 0.25 -C3 1.86 1.91 0.08 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.05 0.06 -C4 0.18 0.17 0.09 0.08 <0.005 <0.005 <0.01 <0.02 -H1 1.93 2.03 0.08 0.08 0.009 0.009 0.02 0.02 3-W1-1S50 -C1 1.47 1.47 0.07 0.06 0.023 0.023 1.02 1.07 -C2 2.29 2.32 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.179 -> 0.65 0.75 -C3 2.11 2.17 0.07 0.06 0.064 0.062 0.07 0.C3 -C4 0.21 0.20 0.08 0.07 <0.005 <0.005 <0.01 <0.02 -H1 0.80 0.82 0.08 0.09 0.014 0.012 0.02 0.02 3-W3-0701 i-C1 1.20 1.20 0.06 0.06 0.013 0.015 | 0.74 0.79 •C2 1.22 1.23 0.07 0.07 0.006 0.005 0.12 0.14 -C3 0.35 0.33 0.08 0.09 <0.005 <0.005 0.03 0.04 -C4 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.07 <0.005 <0.005 <0.01 <0.02 -H1 0.75 0.78 0.06 0.06 0.006 0.005 0.05 0.06 3-W4-0505 -C1 1.99 2.05 0.06 0.06 0.38 0.412 | 0.48 0.52 -C2 0.71 0.72 0.08 0.08 0.031 0.031 0.03 0.04 -C3 0.47 0.48 0.08 0.08 0.014 0.012 <0.01 <0.02 <0.02 -C4 0.31 0.31 0.08 -0.07 <0.005 <0.005 <0.01 -H1 0.76 0.75 0.25 0.29 0.023 0.024 0.02 0.02 3-W5-0306 -C1 0.92 0.91 0.07 0.07 0.007 0.008 0.50 0.55 -C2 1.20 1.23 0.06 0.06 0.018* 0.016 •> 0.27 0.33 -C3 1.34 1.35 0.07 0.08 0.005 <0.005 0.03 0.04 •C4 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 <0.005 <0.005 I <0.01 i <0.02 -H1 0.77 0.77 0.07 0.07 0.007 0.007 j 0.02 0.C2 127 i 1 (all results mg/L) GVRD | Incsr GVRD Inder GVRD Inder GVRD Inder Copper Copper Iron Iron Lead Lead Zinc i Zinc j 3-W7-1805 -C1 1.28 1.27 0.06 0.07 0.023 0.030 <- 1.46 | 1.47 -C2 3.13 3.22 0.05 0.04 0.100 0.081 <- . 0.50 0.60 -C3 3.30 3.35 0.04 0.04 0.054 0.047 0.08 | 0.C8 -C4 0.25 0.23 0.08 0.09 <0.005 <0.005 0.02 | <0.02 -H1 1.55 1.58 0.06 0.07 0.012 <0.005 <- 0.02 | 0.02 j 3-E3-1403 -C1 2.14 2.18 0.07 0.08 0.29 0.299 2.53 j 2.42 -C2 4.34 4.34 0.06 0.07 0.088 0.080 0.27 j 0.30 -C3 2.33 2.43 0.12 0.14 0.053 0.050 0.21 0.22 -C4 0.50 0.49 0.14 0.15 0.005 0.006 0.03 j 0.03 -H1 1.18 1.18 0.15 0.18 0.014 0.014 0.03 | 0.03 [ 3-E4-0208 -C1 1.48 1.48 0.14 0.15 0.024 0.029 0.46 | 0.49 -C2 1.29 1.27 0.16 0.16 0.019 0.014 0.23 i 0.25 -C3 0.77 0.76 0.17 0.18 <0.005 <0.005 0.02 j 0.02 -C4 0.11 0.09 0.16 0.18 <0.005 <0.005 I 0.01 \\ <0.02 -H1 1.47 1.48 0.13 0.15 <0.005 <0.005 | 0.03 | 0.03 0.51 3-E5-0201 -C1 2.26 2.31 0.13 0.15 0.36 0.037 ! 0.49 -C2 2.32 2.34 0.15 0.14 0.22 0.231 j 0.07 [ 0.07 -C3 1.50 1.48 0.16 0.18 0.057 0.049 j 0.03 | 0.03 -C4 0.27 0.26 0.18 0.17 <0.005 <0.005 <0.01 | <0.C2 -H1 0.97 0.97 0.19 0.21 0.073 0.070 | 0.03 0.03 I | I ! I I I i 128 A P P E N D I X C S T A T I S T I C A L C O M M A N D L A N G U A G E A N D S A M P L E O U T P U T 129 Screen Output w i l l be w r i t t e n to f i l e A:PB_L_3V.OUT BMDP I n s t r u c t i o n s w i l l be read from f i l e A:PB L 3V.INP PAGE BMDP3V BMDP3V - GENERAL MIXED MODEL ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE Copyright 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988 BMDP S t a t i s t i c a l Software, Inc. BMDP S t a t i s t i c a l Software, Inc. 1440 Sepulveda B l v d Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA Phone (213) 479-7799 Fax (213) 312-0161 T e l e x 4972934 BMDP UI S t a t i s t i c a l Software, L t d . Cork Technology Park, Model Farm Rd Cork, I r e l a n d Phone +353 21 542722 Fax +353 21 542822 T e l e x 75659 SSWL EI V e r s i o n : 1988 (IBM PC/DOS) Manual: BMDP Manual V o l . 1 (August, 1988); V o l . 2 (December, 1988). Use 1983 or 1985 e d i t i o n u n t i l 1988 becomes a v a i l a b l e . Digest: BMDP User's D i g e s t (4th e d i t i o n ) , p l u s addendum. Updates: s t a t e NEWS, i n the PRINT paragraph f o r summary of new f e a t u r e s . DATE:11/28/89 PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS AT 20:02:37 /INPUT /VARIABLE /GROUP /DESIGN TITLE IS ' LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS VARIABLES ARE 6. FORMAT IS FREE. FILE IS 'B:LCOLD PB.DAT'. - COVARIATE (YEAR)', /END PAGE NAMES ARE RUN, LOCN, AGE, FLOOR, CONC, YEAR. LEVEL(RUN) = 2. LEVEL(LOCN) = 2. LEVEL(AGE) = 2. LEVEL(FLOOR) = 2. DEPENDANT = CONC. FIXED = LOCN. FIXED = AGE. FIXED = LOCN, AGE. FIXED = LOCN, AGE, FLOOR. FNAMES = LOCN, AGE, 'LOCNAGE', 'LA ( F ) ' . RANDOM =RUN. COVARIATE = YEAR. METHOD = REML. 2 BMDP3V LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS - COVARIATE (YEAR) PROBLEM TITLE IS LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS - COVARIATE (YEAR) NUMBER OF VARIABLES TO READ IN 6 NUMBER OF VARIABLES ADDED BY TRANSFORMATIONS. . 0 TOTAL NUMBER OF VARIABLES 6 CASE WEIGHT VARIABLE CASE LABELING VARIABLES NUMBER OF CASES TO READ IN TO END MISSING VALUES CHECKED BEFORE OR AFTER TRANS. . NEITHER BLANKS ARE MISSING INPUT FILE. . .B:LCOLD_PB.DAT REWIND INPUT UNIT PRIOR TO READING. . DATA. . . YES NUMBER OF WORDS OF DYNAMIC STORAGE 16298 130 VARIABLES TO BE USED 1 RUN 2 LOCN 6 YEAR 3 AGE 4 FLOOR 5 CONC INPUT FORMAT IS FREE MAXIMUM LENGTH DATA RECORD IS 80 CHARACTERS. *** DATA ERROR *** CASE NO. 145 WILL BE DELETED. WHILE READING VARIABLE 1, 2 RECORD(S) WOULD BE READ. AS DEFINED BY CASE ONE, THERE MUST BE 1 RECORD(S) PER CASE. VARIABLE STATED VALUES FOR NO. NAME MINIMUM MAXIMUM MISSING GROUP CATEGORY CODE INDEX NAME INTERVALS .GT. .LE. LOCN 0 .000 1.000 1 2 *0 *1 AGE 0 .000 1.000 1 2 *0 *1 FLOOR 0.000 1.000 1 2 *0 *1 RUN 0.000 1.000 1 2 *0 *1 NOTE: CATEGORY NAMES BEGINNING WITH * WERE CREATED BY THE PROGRAM. NUMBER OF CASES READ 145 CASES WITH USE SET TO NEGATIVE VALUE . . . . 1 REMAINING NUMBER OF CASES 144 CASES WITH DATA MISSING OR BEYOND LIMITS . . 3 REMAINING NUMBER OF CASES 141 PAGE 3 BMDP3V LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS - COVARIATE (YEAR) CELL INFORMATION FOR VARIABLE CONC CELL MEAN ST.DEV. COEF. OF COUNT GROUPING VARIABLES VARIATION LOCN AGE 131 A 4 1 1 0.01694 -i 0.02224 1.31225 18.00000 *0 *0 1 2 0.02650 -* 0.03112 1.17437 18.OOOOO *0 *0 2 1 0.02165 0.03512 1.62190 26.00000 *0 *1 2 2 0.01157 0.01498 1.29473 21.00000 *0 *1 2 1 0.00550 0.00131 0.23896 12.00000 *1 *1 2 2 0.00509- 0.00298 0.58570 11.00000 *1 *1 1 1 0.040247 0.06933 1.72323 17.00000 *1 *0 1 2 0.02794-J 0.02499 0.89438 18.00000 *1 *0 CELL INFORMATION FOR VARIABLE YEAR CELL MEAN ST.DEV. COEF. OF COUNT GROUPING VARIA] VARIATION LOCN AGE 1 1 1 1.26667 0.54015 0.42644 18.00000 *0 *0 1 1 2 1.26667 0.54015 0.42644 18.00000 *0 *0 1 2 1 21.53846 2.81753 0.13081 26.00000 *0 *1 1 2 2 21.42857 3.13961 0.14652 21.00000 *0 *1 2 2 1 12.00000 6.26680 0.52223 12.00000 *1 *1 2 2 2 11.45455 6.26680 0.54710 11.00000 *1 *1 2 1 1 2.10588 1.45665 0.69171 17 .00000 *1 *0 2 1 2 2.03333 1.44629 0.71129 18.00000 *1 *0 DEPENDENT VARIABLE CONC PARAMETER P E R T I N E N T OUTF'j ESTIMATE STANDARD DEVIATION EST/ST.DEV. TWO-TAIL PROBABILITY (ASYMPTOTIC THEORY) ERR.VAR. 0.001 0.000 YEAR 0.002 0.001 1.877 0.061 CONSTANT 0.004 0.009 0.447 0.655 LOCN -0.004 0.004 -1.170 0.242 AGE 0.021 0 .007 2 .872 0.004 LOCNAGE -0.001 0 .004 -0.372 0.710 LA (F) -0.004 0.003 -1.600 0.110 RAND( 1) 0.000 0 .000 -2*LOG(MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD) -540.08380000 PAGE 4 BMDP3V LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS - COVARIATE (YEAR) ASYMPTOTIC VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX OF THE PARAMETERS ERR.VAR. YEAR CONSTANT LOCN 1 2 3 4 ERR.VAR. 1 0.0000 YEAR 2 0.0000 0.0000 CONSTANT 3 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0001 LOCN 4 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 AGE 5 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0000 LOCNAGE 6 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000 LA (F) 7 0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 RAND( 1) 8 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 TESTS OF FIXED EFFECTS BASED ON ASYMPTOTIC VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX 132 SOURCE F-STATISTIC DEGREES OF PROBABILITY FREEDOM COVARIATE 3.52 1 135 0.06271 CONSTANT 0.20 1 135 0.65578 LOCN 1.37 1 135 0.24422 AGE 8.25 1 135 0.00474 LOCNAGE 0.14 1 135 0.71084 LA (F) 2.56 1 135 0.11195 CELL GROUPING VARIABLES DUMMY VARIABLES LOCN AGE FLOOR 1 1 1 *0 *0 *0 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 1 2 *0 *0 *1 1. 1. 1. 1. -1. 1 2 1 *0 *1 *0 1. 1. -1. -1. -1. 1 2 2 *0 *1 *1 1. 1. -1. -1. 1. 2 2 1 *1 *1 *0 1. -1. -1. 1. 1. 2 2 2 *1 *1 *1 1. -1. -1. 1. -1. 2 1 1 *1 *0 *0 1. -1. 1. -1. -1. 2 1 2 *1 *0 *1 1. -1. 1. -1. 1. CELL OBSERVED PREDICTED SD.DEV. MEAN MEAN PRED. 1 1 1 0.0169 0.0320 0.0099 1 1 2 0.0265 0.0408 0.0099 1 2 1 0.0217 0.0013 0.0118 1 2 2 0.0116 -0.0075 0.0120 2 2 1 0.0055 -0.0021 0.0075 2 2 2 0.0051 0.0068 0.0076 2 1 1 0.0402 0.0518 0.0094 2 1 2 0 .0279 0.0429 0.0094 PAGE 5 BMDP3V LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS - COVARIATE (YEAR) VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX OF PREDICTED CELL MEANS 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0.0001 1 1 2 2 0.0001 0.0001 1 2 1 3 -0.0001 -0.0001 0.0001 1 2 2 4 -0.0001 -0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 2 2 1 5 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2 2 2 6 -0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2 1 1 7 0.0000 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001 2 1 2 8 0.0001 0.0000 -0.0001 -0.0001 PAIRWISE TESTS FOR PREDICTED CELL MEANS 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 0. 0. -0. -0. 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.0000 1.6000 -1.5031 -2.0007 -2.6382 -1.7925 2.0604 1.4032 133 0.0000 -2 . 0007 -2.3457 -3.0606 -2 . 6382 , 4032 ,2218 1. 0. PAGE BMDP3V LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS -0.0000 -1.6000 0, -0.2597 0. 0.4459 1, 2.6428 2. 2.1076 2. COVARIATE (YEAR) 0000 4459 0528 9640 6428 RESIDUAL ANALYSIS CELL OBSERVED PREDICTED ST.DEV. OBSERVED- ST.DEV. (O-P)/ CONC CONC PRED. PREDICTED O-P ST.DEV. 1 1 1 0.008 0.019 0.006 -0.011 0 . 032 -0.323 1 1 1 0.014 0.019 0.006 -0.005 0.032 -0.142 1 1 1 0 .014 0.019 0.006 -0.005 0.032 -0.142 1 1 2 0.016 0.027 0.006 -0.011 0.032 -0.354 1 1 2 0.010 0.027 0.006 -0.017 0 .032 -0.541 1 1 2 0.088 0.027 0.006 0.061 0.032 1.885 1 2 1 0.006 0.022 0.005 -0.016 0 .032 -0.495 1 2 1 0.008 0.022 0.005 -0.014 0.032 -0.433 1 2 1 0.007 0.022 0.005 -0.015 0 . 032 -0.464 1 2 1 0.003 0.022 0.005 -0.019 0.032 -0.587 1 2 2 0.002 0.013 0.006 -0.011 0 . 032 -0.345 1 2 2 0.016 0.013 0.006 0.003 0.032 0 . 089 1 2 1 0.002 0.022 0.005 -0.020 0 .032 -0.618 1 2 1 0 .003 0 .022 0.005 -0.019 0 .032 -0.587 1 2 1 0.005 0.022 0.005 -0.017 0.032 -0.526 1 2 2 0.002 0.013 0.006 -0.011 0.032 -0.345 1 2 2 0.001 0.013 0.006 -0.012 0 . 032 -0 . 376 1 2 2 0.005 0.013 0.006 -0.008 0.032 -0.252 1 2 1 0.088 0.027 0.006 0.061 0.032 1.896 1 2 1 0.073 0.027 0.006 0.046 0.032 1.429 1 2 1 0.095 0.027 0.006 0.068 0 .032 2.114 1 2 2 0.018 0.018 0.006 0 .000 0.032 -0.007 1 2 2 0.028 0.018 0.006 0.010 0 . 032 0.304 1 2 2 0.016 0.018 0.006 -0.002 0 . 032 -0.070 1 2 1 0.001 0.013 0.007 -0.012 0 .032 -0.389 1 2 1 0.002 0.013 0.007 -0.011 0.032 -0.358 1 2 1 0.007 0.013 0.007 -0.006 0.032 -0.201 1 2 2 0.003 0.005 0.007 -0.002 0.032 -0.050 1 2 2 0.001 0.005 0.007 -0.004 0 .032 -0.113 1 2 2 0.002 0.005 0.007 -0.003 0.032 -0.082 1 1 1 0.001 0.017 0.006 -0.016 0.032 -0.493 1 1 1 0.001 0.017 0.006 -0.016 0 .032 -0.493 1 1 1 0.004 0.017 0.006 -0.013 0.032 -0.399 1 1 2 0.001 0.026 0.006 -0.025 0.032 -0.768 1 1 2 0.003 0.026 0.006 -0.O23 0.032 -0.705 1 1 2 0.007 0.026 0.006 -0.019 0.032 -0.581 1 1 1 0.053 0.017 0.006 0.036 0 . 032 1.135 1 1 1 0.014 0.017 0.006 -0.003 0 . 032 -0.078 1 1 1 0 . 078 0 .017 0.006 0.061 0 . 032 1. 912 1 1 2 0.002 0.025 0.006 -0.023 0.032 -0.726 1 1 2 0.050 0 .025 0.006 0.025 0 .032 0.767 1 1 2 0.067 0.025 0.006 0.042 0.032 1.295 2 2 1 0.004 0.012 0.009 -0.008 0.031 -0.246 2 2 1 0.003 0.012 0.009 -0.009 0.031 -0.278 134 2 2 1 0 .006 0.012 0.009 -0.006 0.031 -0.183 2 2 2 0.002 0.021 0.009 -0.019 0.031 -0.592 2 2 2 0.004 0.021 0.009 -0.017 0.031 -0 . 528 2 2 2 0.004 0.021 0.009 -0.017 0.031 -0.528 2 1 1 0.014 0.036 0.006 -0.022 0 .032 -0.694 2 1 1 0.013 0.036 0.006 -0.023 0.032 -0.725 2 1 1 0 .013 0.036 0.006 -0.023 0.032 -0.725 PAGE 7 BMDP3V LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS ~ COVARIATE (YEAR) 2 1 2 0.016 0.027 0.006 -0.011 0.032 -0.357 2 1 2 0.038 0.027 0.006 0. O i l 0.032 0 .328 2 1 2 0.027 0.027 0.006 0.000 0.032 -0.014 2 1 1 0.018 0.037 0.006 -0.019 0.032 -0.596 2 1 1 0.020 0.037 0.006 -0.017 0.032 -0.534 2 1 1 0.025 0.037 0.006 -0.012 0.032 -0.378 2 1 2 0 .035 0.028 0.006 0.007 0.032 0.208 2 1 2 0.055 0.028 0.006 0 . 027 0.032 0.830 2 1 2 0.054 0 . 028 0.006 0.026 0.032 0.799 2 2 1 0 .004 -0.009 0.009 0.013 0.031 0.403 2 2 1 0.006 -0.009 0.009 0.015 0.031 0.467 2 2 1 0 .005 -0.009 0.009 0.014 0.031 0.435 2 2 2 0.009 0 . 000 0.009 0.009 0.031 0.281 2 2 2 0 .003 0 . 000 0.009 0.003 0.031 0.091 2 2 2 0 .005 0 . 000 0.009 0.005 0.031 0.154 2 1 1 0.060 0.042 0.006 0 .018 0.032 0 .569 2 1 1 0 .023 0 .042 0.006 -0.019 0.032 -0.584 2 1 1 0 .043 0 . 042 0.006 0.001 0.032 0.039 2 1 2 0 .002 0 . 033 0.006 -0.031 0.032 -0.963 2 1 2 0 .004 0.033 0.006 -0.029 0.032 -0.900 2 1 2 0 . 004 0.033 0.006 -0.029 0.032 -0.900 1 1 1 0.003 0 .019 0.006 -0.016 0.032 -0.484 1 1 1 0.005 0.019 0.006 -0.014 0.032 -0.421 1 1 1 0 .010 0.019 0.006 -0.009 0.032 -0.266 1 1 2 0 .008 0.027 0.006 -0.019 0.032 -0.603 1 1 2 0.003 0.027 0.006 -0 . 024 0.032 -0.759 1 1 2 0.086 0 . 027 0.006 0.059 0.032 1.823 1 2 1 0.005 0 . 022 0.005 -0.017 0.032 -0.526 1 2 1 0.010 0 . 022 0.005 -0.012 0.032 -0.371 1 2 1 0.004 0 . 022 0.005 -0.018 0.032 -0.556 1 2 1 0.003 0.022 0.005 -0.019 0.032 -0.587 1 2 2 0.002 0.013 0.006 -0.011 0.032 -0.345 1 2 2 0 .062 0.013 0.006 0.049 0.032 1.516 1 2 1 0 .004 0.022 0.005 -0.018 0.032 -0.556 1 2 1 0.005 0.022 0.005 -0.017 0.032 -0.526 1 2 1 0.003 0.022 0.005 -0.019 0.032 -0.587 1 2 2 0.001 0.013 0.006 -0.012 0.032 -0 .376 1 2 2 0.001 0.013 0.006 -0.012 0.032 -0.376 1 2 1 0.070 0.027 0.006 0.043 0.032 1.336 1 2 1 0 .123 0.027 0.006 0.096 0.032 2.985 1 2 1 0.017 0.027 0.006 -0.010 0.032 -0.314 1 2 2 0.012 0.018 0.006 -0.006 0.032 -0.194 1 2 2 0.032 0.018 0.006 0.014 0.032 0.429 1 2 2 0.023 0.018 0.006 0.005 0.032 0.148 1 2 1 0.002 0.013 0.007 -0.011 0.032 -0.358 1 2 1 0 .006 0.013 0 .007 -0.007 0.032 -0.233 1 2 1 0 .011 0.013 0.007 -0.002 0.032 -0.077 1 2 2 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.000 0 .032 0.012 1 2 2 0 .006 0.005 0 .007 0.001 0.032 0.043 1 2 2 0.005 0.005 0 .007 0 .000 0 .032 0.012 1 1 1 0.001 0.017 0.006 -0 .016 0 .032 -0.493 135 1 1 1 0.000 0.017 0.006 -0.017 0.032 -0.524 1 1 1 0.003 0.017 0.006 -0.014 0 . 032 -0.431 1 1 2 0.001 0.026 0.006 -0 . 025 0.032 -0.768 1 1 2 0.001 0.026 0.006 -0.025 0.032 -0.768 1 1 2 0.003 0.026 0.006 -0.023 0.032 -0.705 1 1 1 0.055 0.017 0.006 0.038 0.032 1.197 PAGE 8 BMDP3V LITRE COLD LEAD ANALYSIS - COVARIATE (YEAR) 1 1 1 0 .021 0.017 0.006 0.004 0.032 0 .140 1 1 1 0.020 0.017 0.006 0 . 003 0.032 0.109 1 1 2 0 .031 0.025 0.006 0.006 0.032 0 .176 1 1 2 0.034 0.025 0.006 0.009 0.032 0.269 1 1 2 0.066 0.025 0 . 006 0.041 0.032 1.264 2 2 1 0 .006 0.012 0.009 -0.006 0.031 -0.183 2 2 1 0.006 0.012 0.009 -0.006 0.031 -0.183 2 2 1 0 .008 0.012 0.009 -0.004 0.031 -0.119 2 2 2 0.001 0.021 0.009 -0.020 0.031 -0.624 2 2 2 0.006 0.021 0.009 -0.015 0.031 -0.465 2 1 1 0 .012 0.036 0.006 -0.024 0.032 -0.757 2 1 1 0 .008 0.036 0.006 -0.028 0.032 -0.881 2 1 2 0.005 0.027 0.006 -0.022 0.032 -0.699 2 1 2 0 .032 0.027 0 .006 0.005 0.032 0 .141 2 1 2 0 .020 0.027 0.006 -0.007 0.032 -0.232 2 1 1 0.024 0.037 0.006 -0.013 0.032 -0.409 2 1 1 0.012 0.037 0.006 -0.025 0.032 -0.783 2 1 1 0 .022 0.037 0.006 -0.015 0.032 -0.472 2 1 2 0.056 0.028 0.006 0.028 0.032 0.861 2 1 2 0.081 0.028 0.006 0 . 053 0.032 1. 639 2 1 2 0.062 0.028 0.006 0.034 0.032 1.048 2 2 1 0.006 -0.009 0.009 0.015 0.031 0.467 2 2 1 0.006 -0.009 0.009 0.015 0.031 0.467 2 2 1 0.006 -0.009 0 .009 0.015 0.031 0.467 2 2 2 0.011 0.000 0.009 0.011 0.031 0.345 2 2 2 0 .004 0.000 0.009 0.004 0.031 0.123 2 2 2 0.007 0.000 0 .009 0.007 0.031 0 .218 2 1 1 0.030 0.042 0.006 -0.012 0.032 -0.366 2 1 1 0 .304 0.042 0.006 0.262 0.032 8.172 2 1 1 0.043 0.042 0.006 0.001 0.032 0.039 2 1 2 0.002 0.033 0.006 -0.031 0.032 -0.963 2 1 2 0.005 0.033 0.006 -0.028 0.032 -0.869 2 1 2 0 .005 0.033 0.006 -0.028 0.032 -0.869 HYPOTHESIS OPTION NOT AVAILABLE IF REML IS USED. CPU TIME USED 166. 860 SECONDS PAGE 9 BMDP3V BMDP3V - GENERAL MIXED MODEL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE DATE:ll/28/89 AT 20:05:22 PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS NO MORE CONTROL LANGUAGE. PROGRAM TERMINATED 136 A P P E N D I X D H I G H - R I S E & S I N G L E - F A M I L Y H O U S E S A M P L E A N A L Y S I S D A T A 137 HIGH-RISE APARTMENT SAMPLING PROGRAM - Set No. 1 Metal C o n c e n t r a t i o n s (mg/l) Sample Cold#l Cold#2 Cold#3 Cu Fe Pb Zn CU Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn 1 -Wl -0201 1 .31 0 .05 0. 015 0 .85 2 .32 0 .07 0. 023 0 .24 0. 48 0. 61 <. 005 0 .04 1 -Wl -0203 0 .39 0 .07 0. 020 0 .05 0 .45 0 .07 0. 008 0 .02 0. 45 0. 07 0. 015 < .02 1 -Wl -0402 1 .70 0 .04 0. 025 0 .68 0 .40 0 .06 0. 014 0 .22 1. 85 0. 08 0. 013 0 .05 1 -Wl -1604 1 .23 0 . 05 0. 016 1 .50 2 .29 0 .07 0. 016 0 . 16 2. 03 0. 08 0. 016 0 .06 1 -Wl -1703 0 .86 0 .05 0. 024 1 .43 1 .08 0 .07 0. 023 0 .21 0. 16 0. 08 0. 005 0 .03 1 -Wl -1850 1 .33 0 .05 0. 029 0 .82 2 .04 0 .05 0. 164 0 .55 2. 08 0. 07 0. 072 0 .06 1 -W2 -0301 2 .04 0 .05 0. O i l 0 .34 1 .67 0 .08 0. 006 0 .06 0. 68 0. 08 0. 006 0 .03 1 -W2 -0601 0 .99 0 .04 0. 012 1 .96 1 .42 0 .07 0. 012 0 .35 1. 31 0. 08 0. 007 0 . 14 1 -W2 -0602 1 .01 0 .05 0. 013 1 .35 1 .31 0 .08 <. 005 0 .09 1. 05 0. 07 0. 007 0 .05 1 -W2 -0702 1 .37 0 .09 <• 005 0 .05 1 .37 0 .08 <• 005 0 .03 1. 29 0. 09 <• 005 0 .03 1 -W2 -2204 0 .90 0 .05 0. 018 1 .02 0 .43 0 .06 <. 005 0 .18 0. 18 0. 05 <. 005 < . 02 1' -W2 -2401 3 .31 0 .05 0. 125 0 .11 0 .22 0 .07 0. 013 0 . 03 0. 15 0. 05 0. 009 0 .02 1 -W3 -0502 0 .96 0 .05 0. 008 0 .77 0 .16 0 .08 <. 005 0 .04 0. 14 0. 07 <. 005 0 .03 1 -W3 -0505 0 .19 0 . 07 0. 007 0 .12 0 .22 0 .07 <. 005 0 .09 0. 09 0. 06 <. 005 0 .03 1' -W3 -0701 0 .96 0 . 04 0. 009 1 . 17 1 . 62 0 . 05 0. 010 0 .29 1. 43 0. 06 <• 005 0 . 08 1 -W3 -2108 0 .62 0 . 07 <. 005 0 .02 1 .37 0 .07 <. 005 0 . 02 0. 78 0. 05 <. 005 0 . 02 1 -W3 -2302 0 .18 0 . 08 <. 005 0 .09 0 . 11 0 .07 <. 005 0 . 03 0. 10 0. 05 <. 005 0 .03 1 -W3 -2303 0 .69 0 .06 0. 023 1 .45 0 .61 0 .07 0. 008 0 .48 0. 48 0. 06 <• 005 0 .07 1 -W4 -0405 1 .58 0 .05 0. 073 0 .78 2 .45 0 . 04 0. 268 0 .31 2 . 54 0. 05 0. 041 0 .02 1 -W4 -0505 1 .59 0 .04 0. 398 0 .94 2 .21 0 .04 0. 182 0 . 29 1. 50 0. 06 0. 022 0 . 02 1 -W4 -0606 3 .33 0 .11 0. 367 1 .46 1 .62 0 .34 0. 099 0 .16 0. 60 0. 22 0. 076 0 .07 1 -W4 -2109 1 .39 < . 04 0. 072 3 .76 1 .75 0 .19 0. 029 0 . 15 1. 13 0. 10 0. O i l 0 .07 1 -W4 -3105 0 .48 0 . 07 0. 063 2 .72 2 .73 0 .04 0. 026 0 . 23 1. 21 0. 06 0. 026 0 .07 1--W4 -3106 0 .98 0 .07 0. 022 2 .88 1 .97 0 .06 0. 026 0 . 18 0. 74 0. 06 0. 013 0 .05 1 -W5 -0101 1 .07 0 . 06 0. 007 0 .21 0 .73 0 .07 <. 005 0 . 03 0. 48 0. 07 <. 005 < .02 1 -W5 -0306 0 .96 0 . 07 0. 007 0 .05 0 .43 0 .07 <. 005 < .02 0. 47 0. 07 <. 005 < .02 1' -W5 -0403 1 . 13 0 . 05 0. 027 0 .15 1 .77 0 .05 0. 020 0 .33 0. 57 0. 07 <. 005 0 .04 1' -W5 -1902 1 .10 0 .05 <. 005 0 .82 1 . 66 0 .04 0. 009 0 .31 1. 84 0. 05 <. 005 0 .03 1 -W5 -2001 1 .91 0 .05 0. 016 0 .57 2 .64 0 .04 <. 005 0 .12 0. 61 0. 07 <. 005 0 .02 1' -W5 -2101 1 .56 0 .05 0. 007 0 .91 2 .51 0 . 04 <. 005 0 . 16 2. 43 <. 04 <. 005 0 .05 1 -W6 -0301 1 .14 0 .06 <. 005 0 .02 1 .27 0 .06 005 0 .03 0. 75 0. 06 <. 005 0 .02 1' -W6 -0305 0 .35 0 .06 0. 006 0 . 13 0 .12 0 .06 <. 005 0 . 02 0. 12 0. 06 <. 005 < . 02 1 -W6 -0404 1 .35 0 .04 0. 016 1 .00 2 .33 0 .04 0. 007 0 .24 1. 91 0. 06 <. 005 0 .04 1' -W6 -2003 1 .05 0 .06 0. 012 0 .19 0 .31 0 .06 <. 005 < .02 0. 35 0. 06 <. 005 < .02 !• -W6 -2103 1 .34 0 .06 0. 020 1 .09 0 .81 0 .05 0. 005 0 .13 0. 29 0. 05 <. 005 0 .04 1 -W6 -2303 1 .53 0 .05 0. 029 1 .08 1 .85 0 .04 0. 018 0 .48 0. 94 0. 05 <. 005 0 .05 1 -W7 -0308 1 .57 0 .05 0. 051 0 .57 2 .92 0 .04 0. 095 0 .27 1. 85 0. 06 0. 042 0 .04 1' -W7 -0309 0 .22 0 .07 <. 005 < .02 2 .76 < .04 0. 024 0 . 06 0. 68 0. 07 0. 012 0 .03 1 -W7 -0406 1 .85 0 .05 0. 109 1 .11 3 .08 < .04 0. 197 0 .25 3. 11 0. 06 0. 044 0 .03 1 -W7 -1609 0 .35 0 . 07 0. 007 < .02 0 . 18 0 .05 <. 005 < .02 0. 16 0. 06 <. 005 < . 02 1 -W7 -1703 1 .21 0 .05 0. 042 1 .48 2 .76 < .04 0. 121 0 .30 2. 35 0. 05 0. 031 0 .04 1 -W7 -1805 2 .44 0 .05 0. 117 0 .25 2 .96 < .04 0. 097 0 . 08 2. 85 0. 05 0. 056 0 .04 1 - E l -0103 0 .72 0 .12 0. 006 0 .05 0 .10 0 .11 <. 005 < .02 0. 96 0. 10 <. 005 0 .06 138 l - E l - 0 2 0 5 1-E1-0301 1-E1-2501 -1-E1-2505 1-E1-2601 1-E2-0101 1-E2-0206 1-E2-0307 1-E2-1802 1-E2-1904 1-E2-2002 1-E3-0102 1-E3-0103 1-E3-0303 1-E3-1403 1-E3-1602 1-E3-1604 1-E4-0101 1-E4-0208 1-E4-0308 1-E4-2102 1-E4-2202 1-E4-2401 1-E5-0201 1-E5-0301 1-E5-0401 1-E5-1701 1-E5-1801 1-E5-1901 0.61 0 .09 1.23 0.09 0.53 0 .11 1.09 0 .10 1.26 0 .16 1.93 0.09 2 .46 0 .09 1.54 0.08 0.44 0 .15 1.32 0.07 1.27 0.08 2.58 0 .09 0.98 0 .10 1.31 0 .11 1.62 0.08 1.89 0.08 1.75 0.09 1.56 0 .10 1.14 0 .09 0.97 0.09 1.71 0.08 1.80 0.08 1.04 0.08 1.71 0.08 2.03 0.06 1.35 0.08 1.00 0.09 1.44 0.07 2.18 0.06 0.017 3.42 0.042 1.01 0.011 2 .09 0.020 1.39 0.008 0.25 0.015 0.44 0.012 0.08 0.013 1.05 0.007 0.02 0.070 1.90 0.038 1.24 0.055 0.14 0.044 1.65 0.031 1.28 0.065 1.16 0.139 0.67 0.015 0.80 0.012 0.89 0.005 0.92 0.008 1.35 0.014 1.42 0.012 0.47 0.006 1.01 0.101 1.33 0.039 0.99 0.033 1.13 0.007 0.73 0.009 1.21 0.022 0.83 0.52 0.10 2.39 0.08 1.11 0.10 0.81 0 .11 2.95 0.09 3.39 0.06 2.56 0.07 2.66 0.07 0.51 0.13 2.63 0.08 2.21 0.07 1.10 0.12 2.12 0.10 1.96 0.11. 3 .51 0.09 2.65 0.10 2.80 0.08 2.62 0.09 1.62 0.09 1.53 0.10 1.20 0.11 0.60 0.11 2.86 0.09 2.93 0.08 3.04 0.08 2.23 0.09 2.32 0.09 3.34 0.09 2.94 0.08 0.013 1.04 0.012 0.12 <.005 0.31 0.013 0.37 0.012 0.23 0.023 0.18 0.011 0.08 0.025 0.19 0.061 0.03 0.087 0.32 0.048 0.28 0.047 0.33 0.059 0.28 0.047 0.25 0.044 0.11 0.043 0.15 0.071 0.55 0.011 0.19 0.023 0.28 0.021 0.29 0.033 0.13 0.005 0.03 0.018 0.17 0.215 0.23 0.069 0.25 0.049 0.39 0.005 0.18 0.007 0.16 0.008 0.19 0.13 0.11 0.97 0.11 1.30 0.10 0.44 0.12 3.18 0.09 2.88 0.08 2.46 0.09 2.37 0.09 0.86 0.13 1.95 0.08 2 .05 0.09 0.54 0.13 2 .11 0.11 1.13 0.12 1.71 0.10 2.88 0.08 2.97 0.09 1.00 0.10 1.21 0.11 0.61 0.11 0.34 0.10 0.66 0.10 2.79 0.08 1.76 0.09 3.43 0.07 2 .60 0.07 1.68 0.08 3.16 0.08 2.88 0.07 <.005 0.07 <.005 0.02 <.005 0.06 <.005 0.03 <.005 0.05 0.012 0.02 0.013 0.07 0.010 0.03 0.005 <.02 0.023 0.06 0.021 0.05 0.008 0.07 0.014 0.07 0.019 0.07 0.031 0.06 0.052 0.07 0.052 0.10 <.005 0.04 <.005 0.02 <.005 0.02 <.005 0.02 <.005 0.02 <.005 0.03 0.016 0.06 0.014 0.03 0.042 0.04 <.005 0.03 <.005 0.05 <.005 0.04 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary Cu C o l d # l Fe Pb Zn Cu Cold#2 Fe Pb Zn Cu Cold#3 Fe Pb Mean 1.31 0 .07 0.038 0.93 S t d Dev 0.64 0.03 0.066 0.78 Max 3.33 0.16 0.398 3 .76 Min 0.18 <.04 <.005 <.02 1.75 0.08 0.037 0.20 1.00 0.04 0.055 0.17 3.51 0.34 0.268 1.04 0.10 <.04 <.005 <.02 Zn 1.35 0.09 0.013 0.04 0.97 0.07 0.018 0.02 3.43 0.61 0.076 0.14 0.09 <.04 <.005 <.02 139 HIGH-RISE APARTMENT SAMPLING PROGRAM - Set No. 1 Metal C o n c e n t r a t i o n s (mg/l) Sample Cold#4 Hot#l l L - C o l d (Calc.) Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn 1 -Wl -0201 0 .09 0 .21 < .005 <.02 1 .85 0 .10 0 .010 0 . 02 0. 89 0 .47 0 .008 0 .12 1 -Wl -0203 0 .14 0 .12 < .005 <.02 1 .73 0 .06 0 .018 < .02 0. 45 0 .07 0 .014 < .02 1 -Wl -0402 0 .32 0 .11 < .005 <.02 2 .02 0 .07 0 . 008 0 .02 1. 55 0 .07 0 . 014 0 .12 1 -Wl -1604 0 .59 0 .10 < .005 <.02 1 .07 0 .31 0 .009 0 .04 2. 04 0 .08 0 .016 0 .15 1 -Wl -1703 0 .14 0 . 14 < .005 <.02 0 .80 0 . 18 0 .005 0 .03 0. 38 0 .08 0 .010 0 .14 1 -Wl -1850 0 .28 0 .11 < .005 <.02 1 .11 0 .05 0 .022 0 .03 2. 03 -0 .07 0 .088 0 .20 1 -W2 -0301 0 .10 0 .09 < .005 <.02 0 .88 0 .05 0 .007 < .02 0. 95 0 .08 0 .006 0 .05 1 -W2 -0601 0 .70 0 .09 < .005 0.03 0 .97 0 .04 0 .005 0 .03 1. 32 0 .08 0 . 008 0 . 27 1 -W2 -0602 0 .13 0 .09 < .005 <.02 0 .86 0 .05 < .005 < .02 1. 10 0 .07 0 .007 0 .12 1 -W2 -0702 1 .25 0 .11 0 .005 0.03 1 .15 0 .05 0 .005 0 .04 1. 31 0 .09 < .005 0 .03 1 -W2 -2204 0 .17 0 . 09 < .005 <.02 0 .46 0 .05 < .005 0 .02 0. 27 0 .05 < .005 0 .09 1 -W2 -2401 0 . 15 0 . 10 0 . 008 <.02 0 . 53 0 .05 0 .015 0 . 03 0. 32 0 .05 0 . 016 0 . 03 1 -W3 -0502 0 .07 0 .09 < . 005 <.02 0 .65 0 .06 < .005 0 .05 0. 19 0 . 07 < . 005 0 .07 1 -W3 -0505 0 . 06 0 .10 < . 005 <. 02 0 .57 0 . 06 < .005 0 . 07 0. 12 0 .06 < . 005 0 .05 1 -W3 -0701 0 . 13 0 .09 < . 005 <.02 0 .80 0 .05 0 . 006 0 . 08 1. 44 0 . 06 0 . 005 0 .18 1 -W3 -2108 0 .85 0 . 10 < .005 0.05 0 .54 0 . 05 < .005 0 .04 0. 89 0 .06 < . 005 0 .02 1 -W3 -2302 0 .09 0 .09 < .005 <.02 0 .42 0 .05 < .005 0 .05 0. 11 0 .06 < .005 0 .03 1 -W3 -2303 0 .35 0 .09 < .005 <.02 0 .54 0 .06 < .005 0 .04 0. 52 0 .06 0 . 005 0 .22 1 -W4 -0405 0 .35 0 .09 0 .006 <.02 0 .82 0 .09 0 .017 0 .04 2. 47 0 .06 0 . 088 0 . 12 1 -W4 -0505 0 .24 0 .09 0 .005 <.02 0 .85 0 .09 0 .017 0 .02 1. 65 0 .06 0 . 073 0 .12 1 -W4 -0606 0 .35 0 .09 0 .163 0.02 0 .75 0 .08 0 .016 0 .14 0. 94 0 .24 0 .095 0 .16 1 -W4 -2109 0 . 16 0 .07 < .005 <.02 0 .45 0 .09 0 .005 0 . 04 1. 27 0 .11 0 . 018 0 .27 1 -W4 -3105 0 . 19 0 . 08 0 . 006 0. 02 0 .58 0 . 10 0 .031 0 . 10 1. 48 0 .06 0 . 028 0 .23 1 -W4 -3106 0 .16 0 .08 0 .006 <.02 0 .57 0 .08 0 .007 0 .08 1. 00 0 .06 0 .016 0 .22 1 -W5 -0101 0 . 10 0 .07 < .005 <. 02 0 .70 0 . 07 0 .005 < . 02 0. 56 0 .07 < . 005 0 . 02 1 -W5 -0306 0 .29 0 . 06 < .005 <. 02 0 .64 0 .08 0 .007 < . 02 0. 49 0 .07 < . 005 < . 02 1 -W5 -0403 0 . 09 0 .07 < .005 <.02 0 .56 0 .08 0 .007 < .02 0. 84 0 .07 0 .007 0 .10 1 -W5 -1902 0 .22 0 .07 < .005 <.02 0 .67 0 .07 0 .005 0 . 02 1. 77 0 .05 < . 005 0 . 13 1 -W5 -2001 0 .34 0 .07 < .005 <.02 0 . 63 0 .08 < .005 < .02 1. 08 0 . 06 < . 005 0 .07 1 -W5 -2101 0 .32 0 .07 < .005 <.02 0 .82 0 .05 0 .010 0 . 02 2. 40 < .04 < .005 0 .12 1 -W6 -0301 0 .11 0 .07 <.005 <.02 1 .55 0 .04 0 .005 < .02 0. 87 0 .06 < .005 0 .02 1 -W6 -0305 0 .12 0 .07 < .005 <.02 1 .21 0 .05 < .005 0 .02 0. 13 0 . 06 < . 005 0 .02 1 -W6 -0404 0 . 13 0 . 08 < .005 <.02 1 .55 < .04 0 .011 0 .02 1. 97 0 .06 < . 005 0 . 13 1 -W6 -2003 0 .24 0 .06 < .005 <.02 0 .57 0 .08 < .005 < .02 0. 38 0 . 06 < .005 0 .02 1 -W6 -2103 0 .20 0 .07 < .005 <.02 1 .42 0 .05 0 .005 0 . 02 0. 45 0 .05 < . 005 0 .11 1 -W6 -2303 0 . 15 0 .07 < .005 <. 02 1 .23 0 . 05 0 .009 0 .02 1. 15 0 .05 0 . 007 0 . 19 1 -W7 -0308 0 .21 0 .09 0 .005 <. 02 1 .40 0 . 05 0 . 017 0 .03 2 . 05 0 . 06 0 . 053 0 .11 1 -W7 -0309 0 .19 0 .08 < .005 <. 02 1 .30 0 .10 0 .011 0 . 02 1. 07 0 . 06 0 .014 0 .03 1 -W7 -0406 0 . 18 0 . 08 0 .005 <. 02 0 .90 0 . 08 0 .008 0 .02 3 . 04 0 .05 0 .078 0 .13 1 -W7 -1609 0 .13 0 . 08 < .005 <.02 1 .45 0 .19 0 .013 0 .03 0. 17 0 . 06 < .005 < . 02 1 -W7 -1703 0 .15 0 .07 0 .005 <.02 1 .31 0 .06 0 .013 0 .05 2. 38 0 .05 0 .050 0 .16 1 -W7 -1805 0 .22 0 .07 0 .006 <.02 1 .28 0 .07 0 .018 0 .02 2. 85 0 .05 0 .067 0 .06 1 - E l -0103 0 .10 0 .13 0 .006 0.02 0 .92 0 .11 < .005 0 .03 0. 78 0 .10 < . 005 0 .05 140 l - E l - 0 2 0 5 1-E1-0301 1-E1-2501 1-E1-2505 1-E1-2601 1-E2-0101 1-E2-0206 1-E2-0307 1-E2-1802 1-E2-1904 1-E2-2002 1-E3-0102 1-E3-0103 1-E3-0303 1-E3-1403 1-E3-1602 1-E3-1604 1-E4-0101 1-E4-0208 1-E4-0308 1-E4-2102 1-E4-2202 1-E4-2401 1-E5-0201 1-E5-0301 1-E5-0401 1-E5-1701 1-E5-1801 1-E5-1901 0.09 0.13 0.56 0.13 0.15 0.15 0 .21 0.15 0.59 0.15 0.39 0.24 1.96 0.11 0.30 0.12 0.38 0.15 0.22 0.13 0.23 0.15 0.30 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.34 0.13 0.59 0.13 0.40 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.07 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.18 0.13 0.18 0.11 0.37 0.12 1.77 0.10 0.32 0.11 0.26 0.10 0.26 0.11 0.32 0.11 0.54 0.11 <.005 <.02 0 .015 0.37 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 0.05 <.005 <.02 0.080 0.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 0.006 0.04 <.005 0.03 <.005 <.02 0.006 <.02 0 .005 0.03 0.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 0.012 <.02 <.005 <.02 0.005 0.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 0.02 0.89 0.12 0.93 0.10 0 .45 0.10 0.36 0.09 0.50 0.11 1.50 0.15 1.55 0.12 1.42 0.13 1.61 0.13 1.00 0.16 1.11 0.15 1.65 0.14 1.53 0.13 1.54 0.16 1.61 0.14 1.74 0.16 1.64 0.22 1.32 0.11 0 .91 0.12 0.84 0.12 0.54 0.13 0.59 0.17 0.44 0.12 1.36 0.15 1.44 0.11 1.16 0.12 0.98 0.12 1.08 0.11 1.33 0.11 <.005 0 .05 <.005 0.04 <.005 0.03 <.005 0.03 <.005 0.03 0.008 0.02 0.007 0.03 0.007 0.02 0.025 0 .06 0.013 0.03 0.011 0.03 0.020 0.04 0.017 0.04 0.016 0.03 0.017 0.02 0.016 0.03 0.016 0.03 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 0.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 0.014 0.02 0.012 0.02 0.010 0.03 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 <.005 <.02 0.23 0.11 1.27 0.10 1.22 0.10 0.55 0.12 3.04 0.09 2.93 0.08 2.48 0.09 2.39 0.09 0.77 0.13 2.05 0.08 2.04 0.09 0.75 0.13 2.06 0.11 1.31 0.12 2.07 0.10 2.78 0.08 2.88 0.09 1.35 0.10 1.29 0.11 0.81 0.11 0.58 0.10 0.71 0.10 2.72 0.08 1.99 0.09 3.28 0.07 2.46 0.07 1.77 0.08 3.11 0.08 2.86 0.07 <.005 0.43 0.006 0.09 <.005 0.21 <.005 0.17 <.005 0.10 0.014 0.07 0.013 0.07 0.013 0.11 0.016 <.02 0.038 0.20 0.027 0.16 0.018 0.13 0.025 0.19 0.025 0.17 0.035 0.13 0.055 0.12 0.054 0.23 <.005 0.11 0.006 0.12 0.005 0.14 0.009 0.11 <.005 0.04 0.005 0.11 0.060 0.16 0.026 0.12 0.043 0.16 <.005 0.10 <.005 0.13 <.005 0.11 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary Cu Cold#4 Fe Pb Zn Cu Hot# l Fe Pb Zn l L - C o l d ( C a l c . ) Cu Fe Pb Zn Mean 0 .31 0.10 0.006 0.02 S t d Dev 0.33 0.03 0 .021 0.04 Max 1.96 0.24 0.163 0.37 M i n 0.06 0.06 <.005 <.02 1.03 0.10 0.008 0.03 0.43 0.05 0.007 0.02 2.02 0.31 0.031 0.14 0.36 0.03 <.005 <.02 1.43 0.08 0.019 0.12 0.90 0.05 0.024 0.08 3.28 0.47 0.095 0.43 0.11 <.04 <.005 <.02 141 HIGH RISE APARTMENT SAMPLING PROGRAM - Set No. 2 Metal C o n c e n t r a t i o n s (mg/l) Sample Cold#l Cold#2 Cold#3 Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn 2 -Wl -0201 1. 53 0 .04 0 .011 1 .11 2. 58 0. 05 0. 012 0. 29 0. 57 0. 09 < .005 0. 03 2 -Wl -0203 1. 88 0 .05 0 .029 0 .77 2. 36 0. 06 0. 008 0. 19 0. 88 0. 08 < .005 0. 04 2 -Wl -0402 1. 43 0 .04 0 .012 1 .11 2. 08 0. 05 0. 020 0. 24 2. 02 0. 08 0 .007 0. 06 2 -Wl -1604 0. 93 0 .04 0 .011 1 .15 1. 66 0. 06 0. 011 0. 21 1. 46 0. 08 0 . 007 0. 03 2 -Wl -1703 0. 61 0 .09 0 .008 0 .09 0. 32 0. 11 <. 005 0. 05 0. 25 0. 10 < .005 <. 02 2 -Wl -1850 1. 53 0 .04 0 .087 1 .34 2. 58 0. 04 0. 177 0. 57 1. 75 0. 07 0 .062 0. 12 2 -W2 -0301 1. 81 0 .04 0 .022 0 .92 2. 11 0. 06 <. 005 0. 08 1. 24 0. 09 < .005 0. 02 2 -W2 -0601 0. 95 < .04 0 .009 1 .83 1. 32 0. 05 0. 014 0. 49 1. 11 0. 08 0 .009 0. 14 2 -W2 -0602 0. 98 0 .07 < .005 0 .08 0. 94 0. 07 <• 005 0. 07 0. 94 0. 10 < .005 0. 06 2 -W2 -0702 1. 17 0 .04 0 .010 1 .56 0. 42 0. 07 <. 005 0. 09 0. 29 0. 09 < .005 0. 04 2 -W2 -2204 1. 96 < .04 0 .010 0 .16 1. 68 0. 05 <. 005 0. 04 0. 20 0. 10 < .005 <• 02 2 -W2 -2401 1. 67 0 . 04 0 .171 0 .14 2. 95 <. 04 0. 167 0. 27 0. 29 0. 09 0 .027 0. 03 2 -W3 -0303 0. 66 0 .05 0 .010 1 .94 0. 56 0. 06 <. 005 0. 09 0. 55 0. 09 < .005 <. 02 2 -W3 -0505 0. 74 0 .04 0 .008 1 .28 0. 97 0. 06 0. 010 0. 33 0. 64 0. 09 < .005 0. 04 2 -W3 -0701 0. 95 0 . 05 0 . O i l 0 .45 0. 24 0. 06 <. 005 0. 05 0. 21 0. 10 < . 005 0. 03 2 -W3 -2108 0. 22 0 . 05 < . 005 < .02 0. 23 0. 07 <. 005 <. 02 0. 37 0. 09 < . 005 0. 02 2 -W3 -2302 0. 12 0 .06 < .005 < .02 0. 13 0. 05 <• 005 0. 02 0. 12 0. 08 < .005 <. 02 2 -W3 -2303 2 -W4 -0405 1. 66 0 .06 0 .058 0 .74 2. 73 0. 04 0. 207 0. 33 1. 67 0. 07 0 . 034 0. 02 2 -W4 -0504 1. 10 0 . 06 0 .283 3 .04 2. 75 0. 07 0. 306 1. 64 1. 09 0. 13 0 . 064 0. 19 2 -W4 -0505 1. 11 0 .06 0 . 017 < .02 1. 09 0. 06 0. 027 <. 02 0. 53 0. 08 0 .014 <. 02 2 -W4 -2106 1. 55 0 .06 0 .080 1 .72 1. 13 0. 06 0. 016 0. 12 0. 62 0. 07 0 .006 0. 04 2 -W4 -3105 0. 91 < .04 0 .167 2 .46 2. 31 0. 04 0. 050 0. 13 0. 72 0. 07 0 .018 0. 05 2 -W4 -3106 1. 56 0 . 07 0 . 031 0 . 66 2 . 43 0. 05 0. 042 0. 10 0. 87 0. 07 0 . 017 0. 03 2 -W5 -0101 0. 27 0 .07 < . 005 0 .03 0. 23 0. 07 <. 005 <. 02 0. 19 0. 08 < .005 <. 02 2 -W5 -0306 0. 76 0 .05 0 .016 0 .18 0. 84 0. 05 0. 009 0. 06 0. 60 0. 06 < . 005 <. 02 2 -W5 -0403 1. 20 0 .08 0 .025 1 .27 1. 69 0. 06 0. 024 0. 81 0. 33 0. 08 0 . 006 0. 04 2 -W5 -1902 1. 25 0 .05 0 .006 0 .76 1. 63 0. 05 0. 008 0. 36 1. 38 0. 06 < .005 0. 02 2 -W5 -2001 3. 16 0 .06 0 .016 1 .23 3. 74 0. 05 0. 014 0. 59 0. 17 0. 06 < .005 0. 05 2 -W5 -2101 1. 76 0 .04 0 .033 0 .91 1. 65 0. 06 0. 007 0. 11 0. 37 0. 07 < .005 <. 02 2 -W6 -0301 1. 09 0 .06 < .005 0 .03 0. 80 0. 06 <. 005 0. 02 0. 58 0. 08 < . 005 <. 02 2 -W6 -0305 0. 77 0 .07 < .005 0 . 05 0. 33 0. 07 <. 005 0. 07 0. 25 0. 07 < .005 0. 03 2 -W6 -0404 1. 78 0 .05 0 .013 0 .79 2. 18 0. 04 0. 005 0. 26 1. 96 0. 07 < . 005 0. 04 2 -W6 -2003 0. 58 0 .07 < .005 0 . 02 0. 41 0. 07 <. 005 <• 02 0. 31 0. 08 < .005 <. 02 2 -W6 -2103 0. 37 0 .06 < .005 0 .05 0. 24 0. 06 <. 005 0. 03 0. 22 0. 07 < .005 0. 02 2 -W6 -2303 1. 22 0 .04 0 .016 0 .22 0. 72 0. 07 0. 005 0. 04 0. 34 0. 07 < .005 <. 02 2 -W7 -0308 1. 72 0 .05 0 .051 0 .86 2. 98 0. 06 0. 084 0. 30 1. 87 0. 07 0 .048 0. 04 2 -W7 -0309 1. 34 0 . 06 0 .025 1 .02 2. 51 0. 04 0. 041 0. 24 1. 12 0. 07 0 .016 0. 04 2 -W7 -0406 1. 75 0 .07 0 .024 0 .04 1. 42 0. 05 0. 021 0. 03 1. 47 0. 06 0 .019 0. 03 2 -W7 -1609 2. 24 0 .06 0 . 086 0 .64 3. 10 0. 04 0. 047 0. 05 0. 97 0. 06 0 .023 0. 02 2 -W7 -1703 2. 20 0 .06 0 .091 0 .81 3. 22 0. 04 0. 063 0. 07 2. 21 0. 05 0 .023 0. 04 2 -W7 -1805 1. 30 0 .06 0 .030 0 .67 2. 62 0. 05 0. 122 0. 23 2. 88 0. 05 0 .054 0. 05 2 - E l -0103 0. 67 0 : i o 0 .027 1 .48 0. 54 0. 13 0. 014 0. 20 0. 36 0. 12 < . 005 0. 03 142 2-E1-0205 2-E1-0301 2-E1-2501 2-E1-2505 2-E1-2601 2-E2-0101 2-E2-0206 2-E2-0307 2-E2-1802 2-E2-1904 2-E2-2002 2-E3-0102 2-E3-0103 2-E3-0303 2-E3-1403 2-E3-1602 2-E3-1604 2-E4-0101 2-E4-0208 2-E4-0308 2-E4-2102 2-E4-2202 2-E4-2401 2-E5-0201 2-E5-0301 2-E5-0401 2-E5-1701 2-E5-1801 2-E5-2001 2.96 0 .10 0.86 0.08 0.57 0.09 1.08 0 .30 2 .30 0.14 1.47 0 .11 0.43 0.23 1.38 0.14 1.31 0.14 1.69 0.08 1.89 0.08 1.12 0.08 1.38 0.09 1.36 0.08 1.43 0.07 1.30 0.08 0.89 0.08 0 .71 0.08 0.84 0 .07 1.85 0.08 0.81 0 .05 2.60 0 .07 1.90 0.08 1.16 0.10 1.03 0.08 1.20 0.08 1.34 0 .07 0.044 0.59 0.027 1.15 0.012 2.03 0.028 1.-20 0.028 0.54 0.019 0.75 0.006 0.04 0.057 0.92 0.021 1.36 0.032 0.09 0.019 0.10 0.016 1.24 0.069 0.85 0.027 0.92 0.020 0.92 0.006 0.77 0.005 0.71 <.005 0.96 0.010 1.15 <.005 0.03 0.007 0.87 0.353 0.49 0.034 1.00 0.018 0.18 0.006 0.57 0.010 0.13 0.006 1.19 2.75 0.08 1.84 0.08 1.02 0.11 1.79 0.35 2.84 0.23 2.38 0.10 0.41 0.23 2.38 0.11 2.07 0.12 0 .91 0.09 1.74 0.09 1.57 0.09 2.39 0.09 2.13 0.10 2.57 0.08 2.07 0.09 1.04 0.10 0.78 0.11 1.54 0.10 1.90 0.07 2.39 0.06 1.55 0.09 2.82 0.09 2.24 0.11 2.24 0.08 3.13 0.10 2.29 0.08 0.008 0.07 0.020 0.25 <.005 0.28 0 .011 0.19 0.024 0.05 0.017 0.14 <.005 0.02 0.069 0.16 0.050 0.25 0 .065 0.43 0.015 0.07 0 .041 0.42 0.092 0.30 0.139 0.36 0.073 0.48 0.012 0.19 0.021 0.18 0.017 0.20 0.039 0.24 0.005 0.02 0.016 0.14 0.014 0.03 0.063 0.25 0.059 0.32 <.005 0.09 0.006 0.13 0.011 0.36 0.32 0.12 1.00 0.11 1.24 0.10 1.85 0.29 2.15 0.20 2 .21 0.11 1.59 0.17 1.87 0.14 2.05 0.13 0 .51 0.12 1.59 0.08 0.99 0.11 1.55 0.09 2.56 0.08 2.84 0.07 1.53 0.08 0.26 0.13 0.17 0.11 0.65 0.12 1.84 0.07 2.36 0.05 1.57 0.08 3 .20 0.07 2.60 0.08 1.48 0.07 2.98 0.07 2.65 0.06 <.005 <.02 <.005 0.03 <.005 0.06 <.005 0.03 0.008 0.04 0.005 0.04 0.006 0.03 0.020 0.05 0.012 0.06 0.013 0.08 0.011 0.04 0.018 0.07 0 .045 '0 .06 0.069 0.08 0.062 0.10 <.005 0.03 <.005 <.02 <.005 0.02 <.005 0.02 <.005 0.02 0.005 0.04 0.013 0.02 0.386 0.03 0.041 0.04 <.005 0.02 0.005 0.04 <.005 0.04 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary Cu C o l d # l Fe Pb Zn Cu Cold#2 Fe Pb Zn Cu Cold#3 Fe Pb Zn Mean 1.29 0 .07 0.035 0.79 S t d Dev 0.60 0.04 0.060 0.64 Max 3 .16 0.30 0.353 3.04 Min 0.12 <.04 <.005 <.02 1.73 0.08 0.036 0.21 0.92 0.05 0.055 0.24 1.73 0.35 0.306 1.64 0.13 <.04 <.005 <.02 1.18 0.09 0.018 0.04 0.85 0.04 0.048 0.03 3 .20 0.29 0.386 0.19 0.12 0.05 <.005 <.02 143 HIGH RISE APARTMENT SAMPLING PROGRAM - Set No. 2 Metal C o n c e n t r a t i o n s (mg/l) Sample Cold#4 Hot#l \"~ l L - C o l d (Calc.) Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn 2 -Wl -0201 0. 09 0 .09 < .005 < .02 1 .97 0. 09 0. 009 0 .02 1. 02 0 .08 <. 005 0. 14 2 -Wl -0203 0. 10 0 .09 < .005 < .02 1 .33 0. 10 0. 008 0 .02 1. 23 0 .07 0. 005 0. 11 2 -Wl -0402 0. 10 0 .08 < .005 < .02 1 .95 0. 08 0. 010 0 .02 2. 00 0 .07 0. 010 0. 15 2 -Wl -1604 0. 56 0 .09 < .005 < .02 1.21 0. 37 0. 010 0 .02 1. 47 0 .07 0. 008 0. 12 2 -Wl -1703 0. 14 0 .09 < .005 < .02 0 .66 0. 09 0. 012 0 .03 0. 28 0 .10 <. 005 0. 02 2 -Wl -1850 0. 18 0 .08 < .005 < .02 0 .74 0. 09 0. 021 0 .03 1. 91 0 .06 0. 086 0. 27 2 -W2 -0301 0. 13 0 .09 < .005 < .02 1 .09 0. 07 0. 006 0 .02 1. 44 0 .08 0. 005 0. 08 2 -W2 -0601 0. 11 0 .08 < .005 < .02 1 .07 0. 06 0. 008 0 .05 1. 14 0 .07 0. 010 0. 29 2 -W2 -0602 0. 13 0 .08 < .005 < .02 1 .04 0. 07 0. 006 0 . 02 0. 94 0 . 09 <• 005 0. 06 2 -W2 -0702 0. 12 0 .08 < .005 < .02 0 .86 0. 07 0. 007 0 .03 0. 36 0 .08 <• 005 0. 13 2 -W2 -2204 0. 22 0 .08 < .005 < .02 0 . 60 0. 07 <. 005 < .02 0. 58 0 . 09 <. 005 0. 02 2 -W2 -2401 0. 17 0 .08 0 .005 < . 02 0 .64 0. 07 0. 017 0 . 03 0. 89 0 .08 0. 062 0. 08 2 -W3 -0303 0. 54 0 .07 < .005 0 .07 0 .56 0. 06 <. 005 0 .05 0. 56 0 . 08 <. 005 0. 12 2 -W3 -0505 0. 53 0 .07 0 .005 0 .07 0 .70 0. 08 0. 005 0 . 10 0. 71 0 .08 0. 005 0. 16 2 -W3 -0701 0. 10 0 . 07 < .005 < .02 0 .68 0. 06 <. 005 0 .05 0. 25 0 .09 <. 005 0. 06 2 -W3 -2108 0. 20 0 .07 < . 005 < .02 0 .52 0. 06 <. 005 0 .05 0. 33 0 . 08 <. 005 0. 02 2 -W3 -2302 0. 09 0 .05 < .005 < . 02 0 .43 0. 06 <. 005 0 . 04 0. 12 0 .07 <. 005 <• 02 2 -W3 -2303 2 -W4 -0405 0. 31 0 .07 0 .007 < .02 0 .98 0. 10 0. 013 0 .02 1. 88 0 .06 0. 070 0. 12 2 -W4 -0504 0. 16 0 .08 0 .015 < .02 0 .91 0. 08 0. 031 0 .07 1. 42 0 . 11 0. 123 0. 62 2 -W4 -0505 0. 31 0 . 08 < .005 < .02 1 .09 0. 08 0. 026 0 . 02 • 0. 67 0 . 08 0. 017 <. 02 2 -W4 -2106 0. 14 0 . 08 < .005 < . 02 0° .48 0. 07 0. 005 0 . 05 0. 77 0 .07 0. 012 0. 14 2 -W4 -3105 0. 14 0 . 08 < .005 < .02 0 .52 0. 10 0. 024 0 . 08 1. 05 0 . 06 0. 032 0. 19 2 -W4 -3106 0. 14 0 .07 < .005 < .02 0 .55 0. 09 0. 010 0 .03 1. 22 0 .07 0. 023 0. 08 2 -W5 -0101 0. 17 0 . 08 < .005 < . 02 0 . 64 0. 06 0. 006 < . 02 0. 20 0 . 08 <. 005 <. 02 2 -W5 -0306 0. 17 0 . 06 < .005 < .02 0 .63 0. 12 0. 007 < .02 0. 66 0 . 06 0. 006 0. 02 2 -W5 -0403 0. 13 0 .13 < .005 < .02 0 .63 0. 08 0. 011 0 .02 0. 65 0 .08 0. 011 0. 26 2 -W5 -1902 0. 22 0 .07 < .005 < .02 0 .70 0. 05 0. 006 < . 02 1. 42 0 . 06 0. 005 0. 13 2 -W5 -2001 0. 30 0 .06 < .005 0 .02 0 . 66 0. 06 <. 005 0 . 04 1. 03 0 .06 0. 006 0. 22 2 -W5 -2101 0. 16 0 .07 < .005 < .02 0 .57 0. 06 0. 005 0 .02 0. 70 0 .07 0. 005 0. 08 2 -W6 -0301 0. 10 0 .06 < .005 < .02 1 .42 <. 04 0. 005 < .02 0. 65 0 . 08 <. 005 0. 01 2 -W6 -0305 0. 09 0 . 07 < .005 < .02 0 .90 0. 06 0. 019 0 .61 0. 29 0 . 07 <. 005 0. 04 2 -W6 -0404 0. 36 0 .06 0 .005 < .02 1 .40 <. 04 0. 009 0 .03 2. 00 0 .06 <. 005 0. 12 2 -W6 -2003 0. 48 0 .07 < .005 0 .02 1 .36 0. 04 0. 008 0 .03 0. 34 0 .08 <. 005 <. 02 2 -W6 -2103 0. 15 0 .07 < .005 < .02 1 .17 0. 04 0. 006 < .02 0. 23 0 .07 <. 005 0. 02 2 -W6 -2303 0. 13 0 .07 < .005 < .02 1 .25 0. 06 0. 008 < .02 0. 46 0 .07 <. 005 0. 03 2 -W7 -0308 0. 17 0 .07 < .005 < .02 1 .32 0. 06 0. 014 0 .02 2 . 08 0 .07 0. 055 0. 13 2 -W7 -0309 0. 22 0 .07 < .005 < . 02 1 . 52 0. 06 0. 010 < .02 1. 41 0 .06 0. 021 0. 13 2 -W7 -0406 0. 18 0 .07 < .005 < .02 0 .98 0. 06 0. 009 < .02 1. 47 0 .06 0. 020 0. 03 2 -W7 -1609 0. 19 0 .07 0 .005 < .02 1 .47 0. 07 0. 013 0 .02 1. 46 0 .06 0. 031 0. 06 2 -W7 -1703 0. 15 0 .07 < .005 < .02 1 .36 0. 08 0. 013 0 .05 2 . 41 0 .05 0. 034 0. 08 2 -W7 -1805 0. 22 0 .07 0 .006 < .02 1 .43 0. 08 0. 017 0 .02 2. 75 0 .05 0. 066 0. 12 2 - E l -0103 0. 05 0 ,12 < .005 < .02 0 .47 0. 10 <. 005 < .02 0. 41 0 .12 0. 006 0. 14 144 2 - E l -0205 0. 09 0. 11 < .005 < .02 0. 57 0. 09 0 .018 0 .04 0. 94 0 . 11 0. 006 0. 05 2 - E l -0301 0. 09 0. 14 < .005 < .02 0. 75 0. 11 < .005 0 .02 1. 16 0 .10 0. 008 0. 13 2 - E l -2501 0. 15 0. 15 < .005 < .02 0. 51 0. 10 < .005 0 .02 1. 16 0 . 10 <. 005 0. 20 2 - E l -2505 -o \\ 55 0. 14 < .005 < .02 0. 37 0. 10 < .005 0 .03 1. 80 0 . 3'0' 0. 006 0. 12 2 - E l -2601 2 -E2 -0101 2 -E2 -0206 0. 38 0. 24 < .005 < .02 1. 60 0. 47 0 .014 0 .02 2. 30 0 .20 0. 012 0. 07 2 -E2 -0307 1. 96 0. 12 0 .029 0 .08 1. 60 0. 15 0 .009 0 .02 2. 21 0 .11 0. 008 0. 10 2 -E2 -1802 0. 44 0. 22 0 .005 0 .04 1. 50 0. 20 0 .013 0 .02 1. 30 0 .19 0. 005 0. 03 2 -E2 -1904 0. 30 0. 25 < .005 0 .02 1. 27 0. 19 0 .021 0 .03 1. 95 0 .13 0. 032 0. 12 2 -E2 -2002 0. 25 0. 18 < .005 < .02 1. 31 0. 17 0 .013 0 .02 2. 02 0 .13 0. 020 0. 16 2 -E3 -0102 0. 15 0. 15 0 .006 0 .02 1. 34 0. 11 0 .020 0 .05 0. 65 0 . 11 0. 024 0. 15 2 -E3 -0103 0. 11 0. 12 < .005 < .02 1. 25 0. 12 0 .019 0 .03 1. 64 0 .08 0. 012 0. 05 2 -E3 -0303 0. 10 0. 14 < .005 < .02 1. 10 0. 12 0 .015 0 .03 1. 11 0 .10 0. 023 0. 20 2 -E3 -1403 0. 25 0. 13 < .005 < . 02 1. 85 0. 48 0 .027 < . 02 1. 71 0 .09 0. 056 0. 15 2 -E3 -1602 0. 27 0. 15 < .005 0 .02 1. 35 0. 14 0 .017 0 .04 2. 41 0 .08 0. 081 0. 18 2 -E3 -1604 0. 29 0. 11 < .005 < .02 1. 34 0. 19 0 .018 0 .03 2. 72 0 .07 0. 062 0. 22 2 -E4 -0101 0. 10 0. 12 < .005 < .02 1. 01 0. 11 0 .005 < .02 1. 63 0 .08 0. 006 0. 10 2 -E4 -0208 0. 09 0. 14 < .005 < .02 1. 00 0. 08 < .005 < .02 0. 45 0 . 12 0. 006 0. 08 2 -E4 -0308 0. 10 0. 12 < .005 < .02 0. 80 0. 11 < .005 0 .02 0. 32 0 . 11 0 . 006 0. 10 2 -E4 -2102 0. 16 0. 13 < .005 < .02 0. 55 0. 12 < .005 < .02 0. 84 0 . 11 0. O i l 0. 12 2 -E4 -2202 0. 19 0. 13 < .005 < .02 0. 79 0. 10 < .005 < .02 1. 85 0 .07 <. 005 0. 02 2 -E4 -2401 0. 26 0. 14 < .005 < .02 0. 45 0. 13 < .005 < . 02 2 . 29 0 . 05 0 . 007 0 . 10 2 - E 5 -0201 1. 54 0. 09 0 . 006 < . 02 0. 84 0. 15 0 .027 0 .03 1. 62 0 .08 0. 030 0. 05 2 - E 5 -0301 0. 27 0. 14 < .005 0 .02 0. 94 0. 13 0 .016 < .02 3 . 06 0 .07 0. 304 0. 12 2 - E 5 -0401 2. 67 0. 09 0 .014 0 .04 0. 81 0. 11 0 .013 0 .02 2. 46 0 .09 0. 043 0. 10 2 - E 5 -1701 0. 21 0. 13 < .005 < .02 0. 64 0. 13 0 .005 0 .00 1. 61 0 .07 <. 005 0. 06 2 -E5 -1801 0. 26 0. 14 < . 005 < . 02 0. 70 0. 12 < .005 < .02 2. 92 0 . 08 0. 005 0. 06 2 -E5 -2001 0. 48 0. 14 < . 005 0 . 02 0. 99 0. 13 < .005 < . 02 2 . 51 0 . 06 0. 006 0 . 16 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary Cold#4 Hot#l l L - C o l d ( C a l c . ) Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn 0.29 0.10 <.005 <.02 0.98 0.11 0.010 0.03 1.30 0.09 0.023 0.11 0 .41 0.04 0.004 0.02 0.40 0.08 0.007 0.07 0.77 0.04 0.042 0.09 2 .67 0 .25 0.029 0.08 1.97 0.48 0.031 0 .61 3 .06 0.30 0.304 0.62 0 .05 0.05 <.005 <.02 0.37 <.04 <.005 <.02 0.12 0.05 <.005 <.02 Mean S t d Dev Max Min 145 HIGH RISE APARTMENT SAMPLING PROGRAM - S e t No. 3 M e t a l C o n c e n t r a t i o n s (mg/ l ) Sample C o l d # l - Cold#2 Cold#3 Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn 3 - W l -0201 1. 45 0. 04 0 .007 1. 08 2 .60 0. 05 0. 014 0 .31 0. 58 0. 07 <• 005 0. 03 3 - W l -0203 1. 54 0. 07 0 .019 0. 58 1 .90 0. 07 0. O i l 0 .35 0. 67 0. 07 <. 005 0. 03 3 - W l -0402 1. 21 0. 06 0 .014 1. 35 2 .07 0. 07 0. 017 0 .25 1. 91 0. 06 0. 008 0. 06 3 - W l -1604 0. 96 0. 06 0 .011 1. 23 1 .92 0. 05 0. 012 0 .18 1. 90 0. 07 0. 007 0. 04 3 - W l -1703 3 - W l -1850 1. 47 0. 06 0 .023 1. 07 2 .32 0. 05 0. 179 0 .75 2. 17 0. 06 0. 062 0. 08 3 -W2 -0301 1. 82 0. 05 0 .025 1. 06 2 .02 0. 06 0. 005 0 .10 1. 10 0. 09 <. 005 0. 03 3 -W2 -0601 0. 95 0. 06 0 .014 1. 66 1 .43 0. 07 0. 012 0 .34 1. 35 0. 09 0. 010 .0. 14 3 -W2 -0602 1. 17 0. 06 0 .013 1. 18 1.15 0. 07 <• 005 0 .08 1. 13 0. 09 0. 006 0. 05 3 -W2 ^0702 1. 36 0. 07 0 .018 0. 71 0 .39 0. 07 <. 005 0 .06 0. 32 0. 10 <• 005 0. 03 3 -W2 -2204 0. 67 0. 08 0 .009 0. 52 0 .20 0. 08 <. 005 0 .06 1. 16 0. 09 <• 005 0. 02 3 -W2 -2401 0. 56 0. 08 0 .050 0. 28 0 .21 0. 07 0. 012 0 .03 0. 18 0. 08 0. 009 0. 02 3 -W3 -0502 0. 86 0. 04 0 .007 1. 78 0 .55 0. 08 <. 005 0 . 12 0. 30 0. 07 <• 005 0. 06 3 -W3 -0505 0. 74 0. 05 0 .009 1. 32 1 .03 0. 07 0. 010 0 .34 0. 78 0. 08 <. 005 0. 06 3 -W3 -0701 1. 20 0. 06 0 .015 0. 79 1 .23 0. 07 0. 005 0 .14 0. 33 0. 09 <. 005 0. 04 3 -W3 -2108 3 -W3 -2302 0. 23 0. 08 < . 005 0. 08 0 .14 0. 08 <• 005 0 . 02 0. 14 0. 08 <. 005 0. 02 3 -W3 -2303 0. 88 0. 06 0 .014 1. 50 0 .45 0. 08 <. 005 0 .02 0. 39 0. 06 <. 005 0. 02 3 -W4 -0405 1. 40 0. 08 0 .053 0. 65 1 .87 0. 07 0. 195 0 .58 2. 82 0. 06 0. 041 0. 03 3 -W4 -0504 1. 66 0. 05 0 .259 2. 38 2 .62 0. 05 0. 059 0 .58 0. 66 0. 07 0. 019 0. 11 3 -W4 -0505 2. 05 0. 06 0 .412 0. 52 0 .72 0. 08 0. 031 0 .04 0. 48 0. 08 0. 012 <. 02 3 -W4 -2109 1. 45 0. 07 0 . 047 2. 04 0 .25 0. 10 <• 005 0 .05 0. 25 0. 10 <. 005 0. 04 3 -W4 -3105 1. 20 0. 06 0 .202 2. 10 1 .67 0. 07 0. 034 0 . 11 0. 43 0. 11 0. O i l 0. 06 3 -W4 -3106 0. 65 0. 06 0 . 018 1. 69 2 .29 0. 06 0. 054 0 .10 0. 82 0. 09 0. 022 0. 04 3 -W5 -0101 0. 86 0. 08 < . 005 0. 03 0 .35 0. 08 <. 005 0 .03 0. 28 0. 08 <• 005 <. 02 3 -W5 -0306 0. 91 0. 07 0 . 008 0. 55 1 .23 0. 06 0. 016 0 .33 1. 35 0. 08 <. 005 0. 04 3 -W5 -0403 0. 88 0. 06 0 .023 1. 92 1 .29 0. 05 0. 016 0 .77 0. 49 0. 08 <. 005 0. 08 3 -W5 -1902 1. 22 0. 06 0 .008 0. 74 1 .79 0. 11 0. 010 0 .34 1. 80 0. 18 <• 005 0. 02 3 -W5 -2001 2. 63 0. 05 0 .020 2. 32 4 .07 0. 05 0. 007 0 .50 1. 33 0. 09 <. 005 0. 09 3 -W5 -2101 1. 57 0. 05 < .005 0. 87 2 .16 0. 05 0. 007 0 .50 2. 47 0. 07 <. 005 0. 05 3 -W6 -0301 0. 37 0. 08 < .005 0. 03 0 .29 0. 08 <. 005 0 .04 0. 27 0. 08 <. 005 0. 02 3 -W6 -0305 1. 30 0. 08 0 .029 0. 26 0 .18 0. 07 <. 005 0 .08 0. 12 0. 09 <. 005 0. 02 3 -W6 -0405 1. 41 0. 08 < .005 0. 03 0 .92 0. 07 <• 005 0 .04 0. 82 0. 07 <. 005 0. 02 3 -W6 -2003 0. 29 0. 08 < .005 <• 02 0 .33 0. 07 <• 005 0 .03 0. 31 0. 08 <. 005 <. 02 3 -W6 -2103 0. 97 0. 06 0 .012 1. 36 1 .10 0. 06 0. 009 0 .36 0. 36 0. 08 <• 005 0. 06 3 -W6 -2303 1. 07 0. 05 0 .017 1. 92 1 .81 0. 05 0. 014 0 .46 1. 02 0. 08 <. 005 0. 06 3 -W7 -0308 1. 70 0. 06 0 .049 0. 84 2 .98 0. 06 0. 078 0 .32 1. 92 0. 07 0. 046 0. 04 3 -W7 -0309 2. 00 0. 06 0 .053 0. 69 2 .65 0. 06 0. 014 0 .08 0. 76 0. 08 0. O i l 0. 03 3 -W7 -0406 3. 12 0. 05 0 .237 0. 68 3 .76 0. 05 0. 062 0 .18 3 . 29 0. 06 0. 035 0. 08 3 -W7 -1609 3 -W7 -1803 1. 55 0. 06 0 .063 1. 13 2 .67 0. 05 0. 080 0 .23 2. 71 0. 06 0. 027 0. 05 3 -W7 -1805 1. 27 0. 07 0 .030 1. 47 3 .22 0. 04 0. 081 0 .60 3. 35 0. 04 0. 047 0. 08 3 - E l -0103 0. 73 b. 14 0 .041 1. 72 0 .34 0. 18 0. 008 0 .16 0. 16 0. 17 <. 005 0. 03 146 3 - E l -0208 0. 69 0 .15 0. 172 2. 74 0 .35 0. 17 0 .022 0. 39 0 .15 0. 16 0 .005 0. 04 3 - E l -0301 1. 28 0 .14 0. 043 1. 06 2 .42 0. 16 0 .010 0. 11 0 .94 0. 19 < .005 0. 05 3 - E l -2501 0. 57 0 . 17 0. 012 1. 89 1 .15 0. 19 < .005 0. 22 1 .22 0. 18 < .005 0. 05 3 - E l -2505 0. 64 0 .12 0. 017 1. 22 0 .36 0. 21 < .005 0. 17 0 .23 0. 20 < .005 0. 03 3 - E l -2605 0. 94 0 .17 0. 026 1. 02 2 .42 0. 18 0 .006 0. 19 - 2 .36 0. 16 < .005 0. 05 3 -E2 -0101 1. 99 0 .16 0. O i l 0. 05 2 .53 0. 15 0 .015 0. 06 3 .18 0. 14 0 .015 0. 08 3 -E2 -0206 1. 97 0 .23 0. 026 1. 06 2 .99 0. 16 0 .024 0. 08 2 .17 0. 15 0 .006 0. 04 3 -E2 -0307 1. 67 0 . 12 0. 024 0. 88 2 .51 0. 14 0 .014 0. 14 2 .21 0. 15 0 .015 0. 04 3 -E2 -1802 0. 99 0 .17 0. 009 0. 09 0 .68 0. 16 0 .005 0. 03 0 .50 0. 18 < .005 <. 02 3 -E2 -1904 1. 31 0 .14 0. 067 1. 40 2 . 64 0. 24 0 .058 0. 21 2 .32 0. 29 0 . 020 0. 08 3 -E2 -2002 1. 12 0 .29 0. 056 1. 98 2 .51 0. 26 0 .056 0. 29 2 .44 0. 24 0 .017 0. 07 3 -E3 -0102 1. 50 0 .16 0. 129 1. 26 2 .37 0. 15 0 .047 0. 09 0 .17 0. 16 0 .007 0. 05 3 -E3 -0103 1. 18 0 .16 0. 019 0. 44 1 .39 0. 15 0 .029 0. 20 1 .44 0. 15 0 .008 0. 03 3 -E3 -0303 1. 53 0 .16 0. 051 0. 14 0 .76 0. 18 0 .009 0. 06 0 .38 0. 16 < .005 0. 03 3 -E3 -1403 2. 18 0 .08 0. 299 2. 42 4 .34 0. 07 0 .080 0. 30 2 .43 0. 14 0 .050 0. 22 3 -E3 -1602 2. 41 0 . 15 0. 043 0. 06 2 .56 0. 15 0 .061 0. 06 2 .29 0. 15 0 .019 0. 03 3 -E3 -1604 1. 78 0 .14 0. 021 0. 68 2 .70 0. 13 0 .068 0. 51 3 .01 0. 13 0 .044 0. 08 3 -E4 -0101 1. 56 0 .15 0. 014 1. 14 2 .80 0. 15 0 .009 0. 16 0 .84 0. 16 < .005 0. 04 3 -E4 -0208 1. 48 0 . 15 0. 029 0. 49 1 .27 0. 16 0 .014 0. 25 0 .76 0. 18 < .005 0. 02 3 -E4 -0308 1. 05 0 .15 0. 012 1. 19 1 .48 0. 17 0 . 015 0. 13 1 .05 0. 18 < .005 0. 03 3 -E4 -2102 1. 21 0 .14 0. 015 1. 62 2 .26 0. 14 0 .039 0. 35 1 . 64 0. 14 0 .005 0. 03 3 -E4 -2202 2. 04 0 . 15 0. 012 0. 04 1 .69 0. 14 < . 005 0. 02 1 . 60 0. 15 < . 005 <• 02 3 -E4 -2401 1. 17 0 .12 0. 008 1. 03 2 .78 0. 12 0 .018 0. 20 2 .79 0. 12 < .005 0. 05 3 -E5 -0201 2. 31 0 . 15 0. 374 0. 51 2 .34 0. 14 0 . 231 0. 07 1 .48 0. 18 0 .049 0. 03 3 - E 5 -0301 2. 47 0 . 13 0. 097 0. 41 3 .02 0. 11 0 . 028 0. 13 3 .34 0. 12 0 . 009 0. 03 3 -E5 -0401 1. 24 0 .14 0. 022 1. 17 2 .59 0. 13 0 .030 0. 24 2 .79 0. 14 0 . 032 0. 04 3 - E 5 -1701 0. 99 0 .16 0. 010 0. 67 2 .40 0. 15 0 .006 0. 17 1 .59 0. 16 < . 005 0. 03 3 - E 5 -1801 1. 08 0 .16 0. O i l 0. 95 3 .07 0. 14 0 . 009 0. 20 3 . 14 0. 14 < .005 0. 03 3 -E5 -2001 2 . 36 0 . 14 0. 019 0. 43 2 .77 0. 13 0 . 006 0. 10 2 .73 0. 15 < .005 0. 03 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary C o l d U Cold#2 Cold#3 Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn 1.33 0.10 0.051 1.02 1.79 0.11 0.029 0.21 1.36 0.12 0.011 0.05 0.58 0 .05 0.085 0.68 1.05 0.05 0.044 0.18 1.00 0.05 0.015 0.03 3.12 0 .29 0.412 2.74 4.34 0.26 0.231 0.77 3 .35 0.29 0.062 0.22 0.23 0.04 <.005 <.02 0.14 0.04 <.005 0.02 0.12 0.04 <.005 <.02 Mean S t d Dev Max Min 147 HIGH RISE APARTMENT SAMPLING PROGRAM - Set No. 3 Metal C o n c e n t r a t i o n s (mg/l) Sample \"Cbld#4 Hot#l l L - C o l d (Calc.)--cu Fe Pb Zn cu Fe Pb zn Cu Fe Pb Zn 3 -Wl -0201 0 .11 0 .07 < .005 < .02 1 .68 0. 07 0 .006 < .02 1 .03 0. 06 0. 006 0. 14 3 -Wl -0203 0 .09 0 .07 < .005 < .02 1 .58 0. 08 0 .011 0 .03 0 .96 0. 07 0. 005 0. 12 3 -Wl -0402 0 . 17 0 .08 < .005 < .02 2 .03 0. 08 0 .009 0 .02 1 .91 0. 06 0. 010 0. 16 3 -Wl -1604 0 .58 0 .07 < .005 < .02 1 .22 0. 27 0 .008 0 .02 1 .86 0. 07 0. 008 0. 13 3 -Wl -1703 3 -Wl -1850 0 .20 0 .07 < .005 < .02 0 .82 0. 09 0 .012 0 .02 2 .17 0. 06 0. 083 0. 26 3 -W2 -0301 1 .04 0 .07 < .005 0 .03 1 .19 0. 06 0 .009 0 .04 1 .32 0. 08 0. 005 0. 10 3 -W2 -0601 0 .41 0 .07 < .005 0 .02 1 .08 0. 06 0 .005 0 .03 1 .35 0. 08 0. 011 0. 26 3 -W2 -0602 -0 .12 0 .06 < .005 < .02 1 . 08 0. 07 0 .005 0 .02 1 .14 0. 08 0. 006 0. 11 3 -W2 -0702 0 .30 0 .06 < .005 0 . 05 0 .84 0. 07 0 . 006 0 .05 0 .39 0. 09 <. 005 0. 07 3 -W2 -2204 0 .15 0 .11 < .005 < .02 0 .43 0. 07 < . 005 0 .03 0 .94 0. 09 <. 005 0. 05 3 -W2 -2401 0 .25 0 .04 0 .006 0 . 02 0 .51 0. 07 0 . 013 0 . 03 0 .21 0. 08 0. 012 0. 04 3 -W3 -0502 0 .06 0 .08 < .005 < .02 0 .75 0. 08 0 .004 0 .06 0 .38 0. 07 <. 005 0. 16 3 -W3 -0505 0 .76 0 .08 < .005 0 .06 0 .88 0. 08 0 .005 0 . 12 0 .83 0. 08 <• 005 0. 18 3 -W3 -0701 0 . 11 0 . 07 < .005 < . 02 0 .78 0. 06 0 . 005 0 . 06 .0 .55 0. 08 0. 005 0. 10 3 -W3 -2108 3 -W3 -2302 0 . 13 0 .08 < .005 < .02 0 .46 0. 07 < .005 0 .04 0 .14 0. 08 <• 005 0. 02 3 -W3 -2303 0 .39 0 .07 < . 005 0 .03 0 .54 0. 06 < .005 0 .06 0 .43 0. 06 <• 005 0. 09 3 -W4 -0405 0 .37 0 .09 0 .005 < . 02 0 .90 0. 09 0 . 011 0 . 02 2 .56 0. 06 0. 072 0. 17 3 -W4 -0504 0 . 17 0 .08 0 . 007 0 .03 0 .81 0. 09 0 . 045 0 . 09 1 . 10 0. 07 0. 039 0. 32 3 -W4 -0505 0 .31 0 .07 < .005 < . 02 0 .75 0. 29 0 . 024 0 .02 0 .61 0. 08 0. 036 0. 04 3 -W4 -2109 0 . 14 0 .08 < . 005 0 .02 0 .42 0. 10 0 .005 0 . 04 0 .31 0. 10 0. 006 0. 14 3 -W4 -3105 0 . 13 0 . 07 < . 005 0 . 02 0 .44 0. 13 0 .026 0 . 08 0 .72 0. 10 0. 025 0. 17 3 -W4 -3106 0 . 13 0 . 08 < .005 0 . 02 0 .41 0. 10 0 . 006 0 . 04 1 . 11 0. 08 0. 028 0. 13 3 -W5 -0101 0 .21 0 . 08 < . 005 < .02 0 .59 0. 14 < .005 < . 02 0 .32 0. 08 <. 005 0. 02 3 -W5 -0306 0 .09 0 .07 < .005 < .02 0 .77 0. 07 0 .007 0 . 02 1 .30 0. 08 0. 007 0. 12 3 -W5 -0403 0 .09 0 . 08 < . 005 < .02 0 . 65 0. 08 0 . 008 0 . 03 0 . 67 0. 07 0. 007 0. 31 3 -W5 -1902 0 .23 0 .08 < .005 < .02 0 .73 0. 06 < .005 < . 02 1 .77 0. 16 <. 005 0. 12 3 -W5 -2001 0 .22 0 .09 < .005 0 . 02 0 .66 0. 09 < .005 0 . 04 1 .94 0. 08 <. 005 0. 28 3 -W5 -2101 0 .40 0 .08 < .005 < . 02 0 .82 0. 06 < . 005 < .02 2 .36 0. 07 <. 005 0. 18 3 -W6 -0301 0 .09 0 .10 < .005 < . 02 1 .22 0. 06 < .005 < .02 0 .28 0. 08 <. 005 0. 02 3 -W6 -0305 0 .14 0 .08 < .005 0 .04 1 .31 0. 05 0 .009 0 .64 0 .19 0. 09 <. 005 0. 04 3 -W6 -0405 0 .12 0 .09 < .005 < . 02 1 .16 0. 08 < .005 0 .02 0 .87 0. 07 <• 005 0. 02 3 -W6 -2003 0 .29 0 .08 < .005 < .02 1 .51 0. 05 0 .005 0 .02 0 .31 0. 08 <. 005 <• 02 3 -W6 -2103 0 .26 0 .08 < .005 < .02 1 .46 0. 04 0 .020 0 .02 0 .54 0. 08 <. 005 0. 19 3 -W6 -2303 0 .20 0 .10 < .005 < .02 1 .55 0. 04 0 .015 0 .03 1 .18 0. 07 0. 006 0. 23 3 -W7 -0308 0 .29 0 . 08 0 .005 < . 02 1 .29 0. 09 0 .005 0 .02 2 .12 0. 07 0. 053 0. 14 3 -W7 -0309 0 . 17 0 . 08 < .005 < .02 1 .34 0. 08 < .005 0 .03 1 .20 0. 08 0. 014 0. 07 3 -W7 -0406 0 .22 0 .08 < .005 < .02 0 .94 0. 09 < .005 0 .02 3 .38 0. 06 0. 051 0. 11 3 -W7 -1609 3 -W7 -1803 0 .17 0 .08 < .005 < .02 1 .47 0. 07 < .005 0 .04 2 .64 0. 06 0. 039 0. 14 3 -W7 -1805 0 .23 0 .09 < .005 < .02 1 .58 0. 07 < .005 0 .02 3 .22 0. 04 0. 053 0. 25 3 - E l -0103 0 .08 d .21 < .005 < .02 0 .60 0. 17 < .005 0 .03 0 .22 0. 17 0. 005 0. 14 148 3 - E l -0208 0 .03 0. 16 < .005 < .02 0. 36 0. 14 <. 005 0 .05 0. 22 0 .16 0. 017 0. 25 3 - E l -0301 0 .08 0. 18 < .005 < . 02 0. 83 0. 17 0. 005 0 .03 1. 25 0 .18 0. 007 0. 11 3 - E l -2501 0 .16 0. 21 < .005 < .02 0. 65 0. 16 <• 005 0 .03 1. 17 0 . 18 <. 005 0. 18 3 - E l -2505 0 . 17 0. 19 < .005 0 .02 0. 39 0. 16 <. 005 0 .04 0. 28 0 .20 <• 005 0. 12 3 - E l -2605 0 .43 0. 28 < .005 0 .03 0. 49 0. 16 0. 005 0 .04 2. 30 0 .16 <• 005 0. 13 3 -E2 -0101 1 .61 0. 15 0 .006 0 .06 1. 51 0. 17 0. 007 0 .02 2. 99 0 .14 0. 015 0. 07 3 -E2 -0206 0 .65 0. 15 < .005 0 .02 1. 38 0. 31 0. 008 0 .03 2. 32 0 .16 0. O i l 0. 10 3 -E2 -0307 2 .27 0. 14 0 .006 0 .05 1. 57 0. 16 0. 005 0 .02 2. 24 0 .15 0. 015 0. 10 3 -E2 -1802 0 .29 0. 17 < .005 0 .02 1. 59 0. 18 0. 008 0 .02 0. 56 0 .18 <. 005 0. 02 3 -E2 -1904 0 .23 0. 17 < .005 0 .02 1. 34 0. 23 0. 015 0 .05 2. 33 0 .27 0. 030 0. 17 3 -E2 -2002 0 .53 0. 16 < .005 < .02 1. 19 0. 28 0. 014 0 .04 2. 39 0 .25 0. 027 0. 21 3 -E3 -0102 0 .13 0. 16 0 .007 0 .03 1. 32 0. 17 0. 017 0 .07 0. 68 0 .16 0. 021 0. 12 3 -E3 -0103 0 .16 0. 16 < .005 0 .03 1. 35 0. 19 0. 018 0 .04 1. 42 0 .15 0. 013 0. 08 3 -E3 -0303 0 .11 0. 17 < .005 < .02 1. 33 0. 17 0. 013 0 .02 0. 51 0 .16 0. 007 0. 04 3 -E3 -1403 0 .49 0. 15 0 .006 0 .03 1. 18 0. 18 0. 014 0 .03 2. 80 0 .12 0. 068 0. 35 3 -E3 -1602 2 .05 0. 15 0 .017 0 .04 1. 56 0. 19 0. 019 0 .04 2. 35 0 .15 0. 029 0. 04 3 -E3 -1604 0 .35 0. 16 < .005 < .02 1. 53 0. 25 0. 015 0 .04 2. 89 0 . 13 0. 048 0. 20 3 -E4 -0101 0 .13 0. 17 < .005 < .02 1. 07 0. 19 0. 007 < .02 1. 27 0 .16 <. 005 0. 12 3 -E4 -0208 0 .09 0. 18 < .005 < .02 1. 48 0. 15 <. 005 0 .03 0. 90 0 . 17 0. 006 0. 09 3 -E4 -0308 0 .09 0. 16 < .005 < . 02 0. 94 0. 17 <. 005 0 .02 1. 14 0 .18 0. 005 0. 11 3 -E4 -2102 0 .19 0. 17 < .005 < .02 0. 61 0. 15 <. 005 0 .02 1. 74 0 . 14 0. 012 0. 17 3 -E4 -2202 1 . 66 0. 15 < .005 < .02 0. 58 0. 18 <. 005 0 . 02 1. 64 0 .15 <. 005 <. 02 3 -E4 -2401 0 .32 0. 16 < .005 < .02 0. 97 0. 15 <. 005 0 .02 2. 71 0 .12 0. 007 0. 13 3 - E 5 -0201 0 .26 0. 17 < .005 < .02 0. 97 0. 21 0. 070 0 .03 1. 69 0 .17 0. 102 0. 06 3 - E 5 -0301 0 .33 0. 15 0 .005 0 .04 1. 12 0. 17 0. 015 0 . 02 3. 23 0 .12 0. 017 0. 07 3 - E 5 -0401 2 .76 0. 12 0 .027 0 . 06 0. 93 0. 17 0. 010 0 .02 2. 67 0 . 14 0. 031 0. 14 3 - E 5 -1701 0 .20 0. 15 < .005 0 .02 0. 77 0. 18 0. 005 0 .02 1. 72 0 .16 <. 005 0. 09 3 - E 5 -1801 0 . 30 0. 16 < . 005 0 . 03 0. 81 0. 18 0. 005 < . 02 3 . 02 0 .14 <. 005 0. 11 3 - E 5 -2001 0 .92 0. 16 < . 005 0 .03 0. 88 0. 18 <. 005 0 .02 2. 72 0 .15 005 0. 06 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary Cold#4 Hot# l l L - C o l d ( C a l c . ) Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn Cu Fe Pb Zn Mean 0.39 0.12 <.005 S t d Dev 0.52 0.05 0.004 Max 2 .76 0.28 0.027 M i n 0.03 0.04 <.005 0.02 1.01 0.13 0.009 0.01 0.40 0.07 0.010 0.06 2.03 0.31 0.070 <.02 0.36 0.04 <.005 0.04 1.44 0 .11 0.017 0.13 0.08 0.94 0 .05 0.021 0.08 0.64 3.38 0.27 0.102 0.35 <.02 0.14 0.04 <.005 <.02 149 HIGH-RISE SAMPLING PROGRAM - Vancouver (West) Water Quality Parameters Bldg. Week PH Aik. Hardness T.H. Cond Free Code Ca Mg Chlorine Wl 1 5.9 1.30 1.10 0.14 3.32 12 0.70 2 6.0 1.40 1.27 0.15 3.78 13 0. 65 3 6.0 1.40 1.27 0.16 3.83 12 0.60 W2 1 5.9 1.10 1.06 0.14 3.22 12 0.70 2 6.0 1.30 1.22 0.15 3 . 66 13 0.70 3 6.0 1.30 1.22 0.16 3.70 11 0. 66 W4 1 6.0 1.40 1.03 0.14 3.14 12 0.70 2 5.9 1.40 1.21 0.15 3 . 63 14 0. 66 3 6.0 1.25 0.16 3.78 13 0.72 W5 1 5.9 1.20 1.06 0.14 3.22 12 0.75 2 6.0 1.40 1.20 0.15 3 . 61 13 0.75 3 6.0 1.30 1.22 0.16 3.70 11 0.70 W6 1 6.0 1.20 1.03 0.13 3 . 10 11 0.70 2 6.0 1.40 1.23 0.15 3 . 68 12 0.76 3 6.1 1.40 1.31 0.16 3.93 13 0.74 W7 1 5.9 1.30 1.19 0.16 3 . 63 12 0.70 2 6.0 1.40 1.23 0.15 3 . 68 13 0.72 3 6.1 1.50 1.30 0.16 3 .90 13 0. 68 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary pH Aik. Hardness T.H. Cond Free Ca Mg Chlorine Number 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 Average 6.0 1.34 1.19 0.15 3 .58 12 0.70 Std Dev 0.1 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.25 1 0.04 Max 6.1 1.50 1.31 0. 16 3.93 14 0.76 Min 5.9 1.10 1.03 0.13 3 .10 11 0. 60 Units are: Total A l k a l i n i t y (mg/L) as CaC03 Calcium (mg/L) Magnesium (mg/L) Total Hardness (mg/L) as CaC03 Conductivity (umhos/cm) Free Chlorine (mg/L) 150 HIGH-RISE SAMPLING PROGRAM - Burnaby (East) Water Quality Parameters Bldg. Week PH Alk. Hardness T.H. Cond Free Code .. - Ca Mg Chlorine E l 1 6.2 2.40 1.68 0.13 4.72 14 0.18 2 6.2 2.50 1.74 0.14 4.92 14 0.08 3 6.2 2.60 1.77 0.14 4.99 16 0.08 E2 1 6.3 2.90 1.86 0.12 5.13 15 0.04 2 6.3 2.60 1.82 0.14 5.11 17 0.05 3 6.3 3 .70 1.88 0.14 5.26 16 0.05 E3 1 6.3 2.70 1.54 0.13 4.38 14 0.50 2 6.2 2 .10 1.55 0.15 4/48 14 0.26 3 6.2 2.70 1.75 0.15 4.98 15 0. 14 E4 1 6.1 2.30 1.64 0.14 4.67 14 0. 60 2 6.1 1.90 1.48 0.15 4.31 14 0.36 3 6.2 2 . 60 1.71 0.15 4.88 15 0. 64 E5 1 6.2 2.40 1. 62 0.13 4.57 14 0.44 2 6.2 2 . 00 1.56 0.14 4.47 15 3 6.3 2.80 1.91 0.15 5.38 16 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary pH Alk. Hardness T.H. Cond Free Ca Mg Chlorine Number 15 15 15 15 15 15 13 Average 6.2 2.55 1.70 0.14 4.82 15 0.26 Std Dev 0.1 0.42 0.13 0.01 0.32 1 0.21 Max 6.3 3.70 1.91 0.15 5.38 17 0.64 Min 6.1 1.90 1.48 0.12 4.31 14 0. 04 Units are: Total A l k a l i n i t y (mg/L) as CaC03 Calcium (mg/L) Magnesium (mg/L) Total Hardness (mg/L) as CaC03 Conductivity (umhos/cm) Free Chlorine (mg/L) 151 HOUSE SAMPLING PROGRAM Metal C o n c e n t r a t i o n s (mg/l) Sample C o l d # l Cold#2 Cold#3 CU Pb Zn CU Pb Zn CU Pb Zn VI 0.63 0. 007 1.50 1.37 0. 047 0.45 1. 36 0. 009 <.02 V2 0.49 0. 036 2.00 3.24 0. 103 0.07 0. 83 0. 032 0.04 V3 0.37 0. 014 0.48 0.37 0. 020 0.85 1. 57 0. 016 0.16 V4 0.75 <. 005 1.43 1.56 0. 034 0.40 1. 23 0. 010 0.03 V5 1.16 0. 031 0.99 2.41 0. 101 0.14 0. 98 0. 026 0.03 V6 1.29 0. 009 0.91 2.08 0. 061 0.17 3. 02 0. 019 0.03 V7 1.31 0. 023 0.71 1.78 0. 049 0.07 1. 24 0. 010 <.02 V8 0.79 0. 007 0.94 2.10 0. 032 0.21 2. 07 0. 009 0.03 V9 1.41 0. 039 0.33 1.37 0. 042 0.52 1. 45 0. O i l 0.05 V10 2.04 0. 031 0.64 1.05 0. 030 0.08 0. 46 <. 005 0.04 V l l 1.52 0. 015 0.90 1.30 0. 068 0.18 0. 14 0. 006 <. 02 V12 1.33 0. 030 1.05 1.59 0. 049 0.09 1. 09 0. 012 0.06 V13 1.63 0. 014 0.37 2 .43 <. 005 0. 02 0. 92 <. 005 <.02 V14 0.62 0. 008 1.82 1. 68 0. 047 0.30 1. 69 0. 010 0.04 V15 1.80 0. 034 0.11 1.77 0. 017 0.02 0. 83 0. 009 0.02 VI6 1.14 0. 024 0.64 1.88 0. 082 0.12 1. 62 0. 014 0.02 V17 0.75 0. 011 0.54 1.95 0. 007 0. 09 0. 19 <. 005 <• 02 V18 1.00 0. 005 0.80 1.69 0. 016 0.19 1. 91 0. 007 <.02 V19 1.46 0. 153 0.38 1.88 0. 068 0.19 2. 49 0. 015 0.02 V2 0 1.52 0. 012 0.83 2.86 0. 062 0.32 3 . 17 0. 025 0.04 V21 0.96 0. 008 0.90 1.86 0. 024 0.22 2. 02 0. 025 0.07 V22 0.94 0. 009 0.36 0.24 <. 005 0. 04 0. 21 <. 005 0.02 V23 1.55 0. 014 1.59 2.62 0. 044 0.57 2. 76 0. 021 0.07 V24 1.94 0. 056 0.68 3.65 0. 039 0.06 2. 31 0. 009 <.02 V25 0.93 0. 007 0.94 1.33 0. 014 0 .13 1. 50 0. 007 0.02 V26 0.91 <• 005 0.82 1.54 0. 013 0.29 0. 72 <. 005 0.03 V27 1.37 0. 018 0.46 1.04 0. 006 0.05 0. 96 <. 005 0.02 V28 0.27 <. 005 0.45 1.43 <. 005 0. 06 0. 41 005 0.04 V29 0.77 0. 010 1.87 1.79 0. 008 0.43 0. 98 <. 005 0.05 V30 1.72 0. 010 0.40 2.11 0. 007 0.10 2 . 32 0. 006 <.02 V31 1.00 0. 013 1.30 2.93 0. 009 0.17 2. 17 0. 016 0. 03 V32 0.93 0. 005 0.86 1.24 <. 005 0.10 1. 61 <. 005 0.03 V33 0.69 0. 007 2.06 2.13 0. 006 0. 08 1. 46 <. 005 0.03 V34 1.63 0. 008 0.15 1.97 0. 008 0.12 2. 00 0. 017 <• 02 V35 1.70 0. 045 0.43 2.18 0. 012 0.06 0. 39 <• 005 <• 02 V36 0.73 0. 007 0.80 2.17 0. 012 0.14 2. 11 0. 006 0.04 NV1 2.33 0. 052 0.67 3.18 0. 049 0. 05 3 . 37 0. 023 0.03 NV2 0.86 0. 014 1.37 1.89 0. 073 0.42 1. 49 0. 013 0.04 NV3 1.30 0. 016 0.10 1.63 0. 012 <.02 0. 98 0. 005 <.02 NV4 0.68 0. 010 1.65 2.11 0. 049 0.13 0. 65 0. 009 0.03 NV5 0.91 0. 008 0.60 1.74 0. 010 0.11 1. 43 0. 012 0.03 NV6 1.32 0. 005 1.06 2.13 0. 017 0.24 2. 23 0. 005 0.04 NV7 1.30 0. 008 0.69 2.23 0. 017 0.26 2. 20 0. 008 0.03 152 NV8 1.69 0. 030 0. 55 1. 34 0. 010 0. 08 0. 97 0. 006 0. 03 WV1 0.57 0. 006 1. 54 1. 59 0. 073 0. 33 0. 90 0. 020 0. 02 WV2 0.93 <. 005 0. 68 1. 71 0. 026 0. 16 1. 85 0. 006 0. 02 WV3 0.99 0. 005 0. 55 1. 46 0. O i l 0. 31 1. 24 0. 010 0. 03 R l 0 .35 0. 013 1. 57 0. 26 0. 008 0. 26 0. 03 <. 005 0. 04 R2 0.62 <. 005 1. 04 1. 66 0. 005 0. 17 0. 89 <. 005 0. 02 R3 0.45 <. 005 1. 76 1. 24 0. 013 0. 13 0. 76 0. 010 0. 02 R4 0.97 0. 012 1. 08 1. 97 0. 025 0. 17 2. 04 0. 005 0. 04 R5 0.48 0. 027 1. 95 0. 14 0. 030 \\o. 33 0. 06 0. O i l 0. 07 R6 0.64 0. 007 1. 06 1. 75 0. 014 0. 20 1. 25 0. 007 0. 06 R7 0.30 <• 005 0. 81 0. 85 0. 016 0. 13 0. 71 <. 005 0. 02 BI 0.89 0. 009 1. 57 1. 85 0. 008 0. 37 1. 04 0. 005 0. 03 B2 0 .71 0. 010 1. 64 2. 52 0. 019 0. 21 1. 44 0. 006 <. 02 B3 0.86 0. 008 1. 86 1. 54 0. 015 0. 33 0. 40 <. 005 0. 03 B4 1.11 0. 005 1. 48 2. 09 <. 005 0. 03 1. 29 <. 005 <. 02 B5 0.78 <. 005 1. 08 1. 45 0. 024 0. 37 0. 22 <. 005 <. 02 B6 1.48 0. 015 0. 71 0. 62 0. 009 0. 08 0. 80 0. 013 0. 03 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary Cu C o l d # l Pb Zn Cu Cold#2 Pb Zn Cu Cold#3 Pb Zn Mean 1.06 0.017 0.98 S t d Dev 0.47 0.022 0.52 Max 2.33 0.153 2.06 M i n 0.27 <.005 0.10 1.76 0.028 0.20 0.69 0.025 0.16 3 .65 0.103 0.85 0.14 <.005 <.02 1.34 0.009 0.03 0.79 0.007 0.02 3.37 0.032 0.16 0.03 <.005 <.02 153 HOUSE SAMPLING PROGRAM M e t a l C o n c e n t r a t i o n s (mg/l) Sample Cold#4 H o t # l 1 L i t r e Cu Pb Zn CU Pb Zn cu Pb Zn V I 0. 19 <.005 <. 02 0.40 <.005 0.02 1.33 0. 017 0.17 V2 0. 16 <.005 <.02 0.73 0.013 <.02 1.30 0. 046 0.14 V3 0. 17 <.005 0.03 1.08 0.070 0.44 1.27 0. 017 0.31 V4 0. 16 <.005 <.02 0.50 <.005 0.02 1.27 0. 014 0.17 V5 0. 09 <.005 <.02 0.57 0.011 <.02 1.28 0. 041 0.10 V6 0. 14 <.005 <.02 0.45 0.005 <.02 2.75 0. 027 0.10 V7 0. 07 0 .005 <.02 0.27 0.007 0.06 1.35 0. 018 0.05 V8 0. 25 <.005 <.02 0.68 <.005 <.02 2 .01 0. 014 0 .11 V9 0. 15 <.005 0.02 0.32 0.006 <.02 1.43 0. 019 0.16 V10 0. 15 <.005 <.02 0.31 <. 005 <.02 0.66 0. 010 0. 08 V l l 0. 08 <.005 <.02 0. 66 0. 006 <.02 0.44 0. 019 0.09 V12 0. 12 <. 005 <.02 0.59 0.005 0. 02 1.20 0. 020 0.12 V13 0. 14 <.005 <.02 0.53 <• 005 <.02 1.26 <• 005 0.03 V14 0. 14 <.005 <.02 0.41 0.005 <.02 1.63 0. 017 0.18 V15 0. 10 <• 005 <.02 0.29 0.005 <• 02 1. 07 0. 012 0.02 V16 0. 20 <.005 <.02 0.40 0.005 <. 02 1. 65 0. 028 0. 07 V17 0. 13 <. 005 <.02 0.35 <.005 <.02 0.57 <. 005 0.05 V18 0. 14 <• 005 <.02 0. 63 <. 005 <. 02 1.82 0. 009 0.09 V19 0. 10 <.005 <. 02 0.48 0.010 0.02 2 . 32 0. 033 0. 07 V20 0. 33 <.005 0.02 0.77 0.018 0. 03 3 . 03 0. 032 0.14 V21 0. 22 <.005 <.02 0.47 0.008 <• 02 1.94 0. 024 0.14 V22 0. 06 <• 005 <• 02 0.31 <. 005 <. 02 0.25 <. 005 0. 04 V23 0. 19 <• 005 <.02 0.66 0. 007 0.02 2.67 0. 025 0.25 V24 0. 09 <• 005 <. 02 0.46 0. 019 <. 02 2.56 0. 017 0.05 V25 0. 18 <.005 <.02 0.44 <.005 <.02 1.44 0. 008 0. 09 V26 0. 11 <• 005 <.02 0.36 <.005 0.03 0.89 0. 005 0.12 V27 0. 30 <. 005 <. 02 0.43 <.005 0. 02 1. 00 <. 005 0.05 V28 0. 12 <.005 <. 02 0.27 <. 005 0.02 0.61 <. 005 0. 06 V29 0. 14 <.005 <.02 0.45 <.005 0.03 1.13 <• 005 0.22 V30 0. 31 <.005 <.02 0.87 <.005 <.02 2.25 0. 006 0.05 V31 0. 44 <.005 <.02 0.51 0.005 <.02 2.26 0. 014 0.12 V32 0. 18 <. 005 <.02 0.33 <.005 <. 02 1.50 <. 005 0.09 V33 0. 20 <.005 <.02 0.46 <.005 0.02 1.56 <. 005 0.14 V34 0. 19 <. 005 <.02 0.81 0.061 <. 02 1.98 0. 015 0.04 V35 0. 16 <.005 <.02 1.13 <.005 <.02 0.81 0. 006 0.04 V36 0. 13 <.005 <.02 0.36 <.005 <.02 2.05 0. 007 0.10 NV1 0. 25 <.005 <.02 0.90 0.016 0. 02 3.28 0. 030 0.07 NV2 0. 20 <.005 <.02 0.48 <.005 0. 03 1.54 0. 025 0.18 NV3 0. 15 <.005 <.02 0.32 0.012 <.02 1.13 0. 007 <.02 NV4 0. 14 <.005 <.02 0.39 0. 008 0.04 0.94 0. 017 0.13 NV5 0. 15 <.005 <.02 0. 52 <.005 <.02 1.47 0. 011 0.07 NV6 0. 26 <.005 <.02 0.43 <.005 <.02 2.17 0. 007 0.13 NV7 0. 24 <.005 <.02 0.71 0.008 <.02 2.16 0. 010 0 .11 154 NV8 0. 16 <. 005 <• 02 0. 35 <• 005 <. 02 1. 08 0. 008 0. 07 WV1 0. 17 <. 005 <. 02 0. 34 <• 005 <. 02 1. 02 0. 030 0. 16 WV2 0. 16 <. 005 <. 02 0. 54 <. 005 <. 02 1. 78 0. 010 0. 08 WV3 0. 19 <. 005 <. 02 0. 46 <. 005 <. 02 1. 27 0. 010 0. 11 R l <• 02 <• 005 <. 02 0. 04 <• 005 <. 02 0. 09 0. 005 0. 16 R2 0. 12 <. 005 <. 02 0. 46 <• 005 <. 02 1. 03 <. 005 0. 10 R3 0. 11 <. 005 <. 02 0. 35 <• 005 <. 02 0. 84 0. 010 0. 13 R4 0. 14 <• 005 <• 02 0. 47 <. 005 <. 02 1. 97 0. 009 0. 12 R5 <• 02 <. 005 0. 02 0. 11 0. 007 0. 02 0. 10 0. 016 0. 22 R6 0. 09 <. 005 <. 02 0. 27 <. 005 <. 02 1. 32 0. 008 0. 14 R7 0. 07 <. 005 <• 02 0. 18 <. 005 <. 02 0. 72 0. 005 0. 08 BI 0. 15 <. 005 0. 02 0. 32 0. 006 0. 02 1. 19 0. 006 0. 18 B2 0. 26 <. 005 <. 02 0. 52 0. 005 <. 02 1. 62 0. 009 0. 13 B3 0. 12 <. 005 <• 02 0. 39 <• 005 0. 04 0. 65 0. 006 0. 18 B4 0. 18 <. 005 0. 02 0. 45 <. 005 0. 02 1. 44 <• 005 0. 09 B5 0. 06 <. 005 <• 02 0. 31 0. 005 <. 02 0. 49 0. 007 0. 14 B6 0. 82 <. 005 0. 02 0. 42 0. 007 0. 03 0. 80 0. 012 0. 07 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary Cold#4 Cu Pb Zn Cu Hot# l Pb Zn Cu 1 L i t r e Pb Zn Mean 0.17 <.005 <.02 S t d Dev 0 .11 0.001 0.01 Max 0.82 0.005 0.03 M i n <.02 <.005 <.02 0.47 0.007 0.02 0.21 0.012 0.06 1.13 0.070 0.44 0.04 <.005 <.02 1.41 0.013 0.11 0.70 0.010 0.06 3.28 0.046 0.31 0.09 <.005 <.02 HOUSE SAMPLING PROGRAM Water Quality Parameters Sample pH Aik. Hardness T.H. Ca Mg VI 0.96 0.15 3.01 V2 5.9 2.13 0.99 0.14 3 .04 V3 0.60 0.20 2.32 V4 0.96 0.15 3.01 V5 1.09 0.14 3.29 V6 0.95 0.15 2.99 V7 6.0 2.13 1.15 0.13 3.40 V8 0.94 0.15 2.96 V9 5.9 1.88 0.99 0.15 3.09 V10 0.93 0.15 2 .94 VI1 5.9 1.38 0.85 0.15 2.74 V12 5.5 0.75 0.57 0.18 2.16 V13 0.76 0.16 2.55 V14 6.0 1.88 1. 02 0.14 3 .12 V15 5.8 1.50 0.76 0.16 2.55 VI6 0.60 0.18 2.24 V17 5.9 1.50 0.96 0.15 3 . 01 V18 5.8 1.13 0. 68 0.17 2.40 V19 5.6 1.00 0.56 0.19 2.18 V2 0 5.6 0. 63 0.62 0.18 2.29 V21 6.0 2.38 1.16 0.14 3.47 V22 5.9 1.88 0.92 0.15 2.91 V23 0.94 0.15 2.96 V24 5.9 1.88 1.01 0.15 3 .14 V25 1.20 0.13 3.53 V2 6 0.98 0.15 3.06 V27 5.7 0.88 0.64 0.18 2.34 V28 0.91 0.15 2.89 V29 1.00 0.14 3 . 07 V3 0 5.9 2.13 1.07 0.14 3.24 V31 6.0 2.63 1.25 0.12 3.61 V32 1.08 0.13 3.23 V3 3 0.92 0.14 2.87 V34 5.6 1.00 0.62 0.16 2.20 V35 0.92 0.13 2.83 V3 6 0.95 0.13 2.90 NV1 6.0 2.50 1.07 0.13 3.20 NV2 0.65 0.16 2.28 NV3 1.38 0.11 3 .89 NV4 0.94 0.14 2 .92 NV5 0.65 0.15 2 .24 NV6 6.0 2.88 1.58 0.11 4.39 NV7 1.26 0.11 3.59 NV8 5.8 1.88 0.94 0.15 2.96 WV1 0.61 0.17 2.22 WV2 5.8 1.38 0.80 0.15 2.61 WV3 5.7 0.88 0.62 0.18 2.29 Rl 1.08 0.16 3.35 R2 6.0 1.88 0.94 0.15 2.96 R3 6.1 2.38 1.48 0.12 4.18 R4 5.7 1.38 0.61 0.18 2.26 R5 5.9 1.13 0.73 0.16 2.48 R6 6.0 1.88 0.89 0.15 2.84 R7 1.24 0.13 3.63 BI 1.01 0.14 3.09 B2 0.99 0.15 3.09 B3 5.8 1.75 0.97 0.15 3 .04 B4 1.00 0.14 3.07 B5 6.0 2 . 38 1.17 0.13 3.45 B6 1.10 0.16 3.40 S t a t i s t i c a l Data Summary PH Aik. Hardness T.H. Ca Mg Number 30 30 60 60 60 Average 5.8 1.70 0.94 0.15 2.95 Std Dev 0.1 0.59 0.23 0.02 0.50 Max 6.1 2.88 1.58 0.20 4.39 Min 5.5 0. 63 0.56 0.11 2 .16 Units are: Total A l k a l i n i t y (mg/L) as CaC03 Calcium (mg/L) Magnesium (mg/L) Total Hardness (mg/L) as CaC03 "@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0062819"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "Civil Engineering"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "Significance of building and plumbing specifics on trace metal concentrations in drinking water"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28724"@en .