@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Science, Faculty of"@en, "Chemistry, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Harris, Madeleine Gibson"@en ; dcterms:issued "2010-02-17T00:39:16Z"@en, "1976"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Doctor of Philosophy - PhD"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """The acidities of 37 amino-substituted heterocyclic compounds have been determined using measurements of degree of ionization in DMSO/ water/0.011 M hydroxide ion and recently developed extrapolative procedures which are based on the Bunnett-Olseh (B.O.) and the Marziano-Cimino-Passerini (M.C.P.) methods. The compounds studied include 19 aminopyridines and pyrimidines and 18 derivatives of the biologically important nucleotide bases, cytosine, adenine and guanine. The UV/vis spectra of the neutral and anionic forms of the amino-pyridines and pyrimidines are well separated so that in evaluating the ionization ratios, changes of the spectra with medium composition were accounted for by measuring at the wavelength of maximum anionic absorption in each solution and by assuming that eA- and eHA vary linearly with HN . For the majority of the nucleotide derivatives, the neutral and anionic spectra were closely overlapping although different in shape. The ionization ratios were best evaluated by using the area under the spectral curve; spectral changes with solvent composition were accounted for by an adaptation of the method described above. Ionization ratios evaluated by the area method agreed well with those calculated by other methods as long as the anionic area was at least one and one-half times as great as the neutral area (or vice versa). The aminopyrimidines and purines define a new acidity function Hp . This function covers the range from water to 87.6 mole % DMSO and was established using 15 aminopyrimidines and purines. When Hp plotted against mole % DMSO, it rises less steeply than HN. This has been attributed to less extensive derealization of charge in the aminopyrimidine anion relative to that of an aniline (usually a nitroaniline) ionizing at the same solvent composition. The B.O. pKHA values of unsubstituted 2- and 4-aminopyridine, 2- and 4-aminopyrimidine and 2-amino-s-triazine, ranging from 23.50 to 14.91 are well-correlated by a Hammett plot using a values recently established for aza substituents and assuming the additivity of aza substituent effects, p. 4.99. The B.O. pKHA values of five substituted anilines, ranging from 25.50 to 23.13, fall close to this plot. All ten compounds are accommodated by a straight line, p value 5.10, which suggests that the aminoheterocycles may be considered to be aza-substituted anilines. It appears that the sensitivity of aniline and diphenylamine acidity to substituent effects is greater than previously believed. The findings in this work suggest that transmission of substituent effects through a heterocyclic and a benzene nucleus are equal and that an aza group may be regarded as a normal ring substituent. From the acidities of substituted aminopyridines and pyrimidines it appears that, to a first approximation, aza groups do not perturb the effects of other substituents on the same nucleus, although there may be a small resonance interaction between a +R group, such as chloro, and an aza group lying para to it. The same conclusion was reached from examination of the basicities of these compounds."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/20333?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "THE ACIDITIES OF EXOCYCLIC AMINO GROUPS IN HETEROAROMATIC SYSTEMS BY MADELEINE GIBSON HARRIS B.Sc. (Hon.), Queen's University, 1970 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Chemistry We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF, BRITISH.: COLUMBIA July, 1976 Q) Madeleine Gibson Harris, 1976 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s in p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f the r e q u i r e m e n t s f an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I ag ree tha the L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and s t u d y . I f u r t h e r agree t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may be g r a n t e d by the Head o f my Department or by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . It i s u n d e r s t o o d tha t c o p y i n g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l not be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . Depa rtment The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Co lumbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 • 6 ABSTRACT Supervisor: Professor R. Stewart The acidities of 37 amino-substituted heterocyclic compounds have been determined using measurements of degree of ionization in DMSO/ water/0.011 M hydroxide ion and recently developed extrapolative procedures which are based on the Bunnett-Olseh (B.O.) and the Marziano-Cimino-Passerini (M.C.P.) methods. The compounds studied include 19 aminopyridines and pyrimidines and 18 derivatives of the biologically important nucleotide bases, cytosine, adenine and guanine. The UV/vis spectra of the neutral and anionic forms of the amino-pyridines and pyrimidines are well separated so that in evaluating the ionization ratios, changes of the spectra with medium composition were accounted for by measuring at the wavelength of maximum anionic absorption in each solution and by assuming that and vary N linearly with H . For the majority of the nucleotide derivatives, the neutral and anionic spectra were closely overlapping although different in shape. The ionization ratios were best evaluated by using the area under the spectral curve; spectral changes with solvent composition were accounted for by an adaptation of the method described above. Ionization ratios evaluated by the area method agreed well with those calculated by other methods as long as the anionic area was at least one and one-half times as great as the neutral area (or vice versa). The aminopyrimidines and purines define a new acidity function p H . This function covers the range from water to 87.6 mole % DMSO and p was established using 15 aminopyrimidines and purines. When H_ is N plotted against mole % DMSO, it rises less steeply than H_. This has been attributed to less extensive derealization of charge in the aminopyrimidine anion relative to that of an aniline (usually a nitroaniline) ionizing at the same solvent composition. The B.O. pKj^ values of unsubstituted 2- and 4-aminopyridine, 2- and 4-aminopyrimidine and 2-amino-s-triazine, ranging from 23.50 to 14.91 are well-correlated by a Hammett plot using a values recently established for aza substituents and assuming the additivity of aza substituent effects, p. 4.99. The B.O. pK^ values of five substituted anilines, ranging from 25.50 to 23.13, fa l l close to this plot. All ten compounds are accommodated by a straight line, p value 5.10, which suggests that the aminoheterocycles may be considered to be aza-substituted anilines. It appears that the sensitivity of aniline and diphenylamine acidity to substituent effects is greater than previously believed. The findings in this work suggest that transmission of substituent effects through a heterocyclic and a benzene nucleus are equal and that an aza group may be regarded as a normal ring substituent. From the acidities of substituted aminopyridines and pyrimidines i t appears that, to a first approximation, aza groups do not perturb the effects of other substituents on the same nucleus, although there may be a small resonance interaction between a +R group, such as chloro, and an aza group lying para to i t . The same conclusion was reached from examination of the basicities of these compounds. - iv -There is no evidence of increased through-resonance between the amino group and a 4-aza substituent, as is observed between an amino and a 4-nitro group in the anilines. The effects of 2- and 4-aza groups are correlated by Hammett a values rather than by a constants. Unlike the effect of nitro groups on aniline acidity, the effect of aza groups is additive. In the aminoheterocycles, a nitro group para to the amino group exerts a large acid-strengthening effect, as in the anilines, but this effect is less than in the latter and decreases with the number of aza groups already present in the ring. The carbonyl group in cytosines and isocytosines exerts an expected acid-strengthening effect. If the aza group vicinal to the carbon bearing the amino group is methylated, the acidity is greatly enhanced. Thus 3-methylcytosine, pK^ 13.37, is a stronger acid than 1-methylcytosine, pK^ 16.69. It is suggested that the neutral form of these compounds is stabilized when a hydrogen-bonding interaction between the amino group protons and the aza group is possible. A similar explanation is advanced for the observation that 7-methyladenine derivatives are stronger acids than the corresponding 9-methyladenines. The substituent effects of C„- and Cc-substituted 7- and 9-methyl-d. o adenines were well-correlated using Hammett's a constants for C„-6 m 2 substituents and a* constants (derived for naphthalene) for Cg-substituents. In aminopurines, the imidazole ring exerts both an acid-strengthening effect, (increased derealization of charge in the purine anion) and an acid-weakening effect, (increased electron-donation into the pyrimidine ring) relative to an aminopyrimidine. In unsubstituted - V -7- and 9-methyladenine, the acid-stengthening e f f e c t predominates since they are stronger acids than 4-aminopyrimidine. Electronegative groups at _2> however, increase electron-donation into the pyrimidine r i n g . In f a c t , 1,7- and 1,9-dimethylguanine are s l i g h t l y weaker acids than 3-methylisocytosine. In the cyti d i n e examined the r i b o s y l moiety appears to exert a -I e f f e c t on amino group a c i d i t y . L i t t l e c o r r e l a t i o n i s observed between the p K ^ and PKg^+ values of the aminoheterocycles. This i s not s u r p r i s i n g since the s i t e s of protonation and deprotonation are d i f f e r e n t . - vi -TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 A. Definition of the Acid Ionization Constant 1 B. Definition of Acidity Function. The Hammett Principle of Overlapping Indicators 3 C. The H Function in Ternary Mixture of DMSO/Water/0.Oil M TMAH T 6 D. Criticisms of H Functions Established in DMSO/Water/0.011 M TMAH 7 9 E. Use of Pure DMSO as the Standard State 1 2 F. Other Methods of Determining pK 1 4 G. The Hammett Equation 1 4 1. The o~ Constant 1 2 2. The o° Constant 1 8 H. Ionization Constants of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds. 19 1. Basicities of Nitrogen Ring Systems 1 9 2. Effect of Amino and Oxo Substituents on Basicities.. 21 3. Acidities of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Systems 2 4 I. Structure of Aminoheterocycles in Solution 2 6 1. Predominant Tautomer in Solution 26 2. Site of Protonation in Aminoheterocycles 3 0 OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT RESEARCH 3 4 EXPERIMENTAL 3 7 A. Preparation and Purification of Indicators 3 7 B. Purification of Solvents 3 8 C. Preparation of Solutions 5 9 1. Solutions 0-90 Mole % DMSO 5 9 - v i i -Page 2. Solutions 90-100 Mole % DMSO 60 3. Solutions of TMAH in DMSO 6 1 4. Solutions of Potassium t-Butoxide in DMSO 61 D. Spectral Measurements in the DMSO/Water System 62 1. Cary 15 UV/vis Spectra 6 2 2. Cary 16 Spectra 6 4 3. Measurements Using Potassium t-Butoxide in DMSO .... 65 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 6 A. Calculation of Ionization Ratios from UV/vis Absorption Spectra 6 6 1. UV/vis Absorption Spectra of the Indicators 6 6 2. Correction of Medium Effects in Non-Overlapping Spectra 69 (a) The Flexser-Hammett-Dingwall Method 69 (b) Corrections for Variations in e ^ and e^- 69 (c) The Katritzky Method 7 0 (d) The Flexser-Hammett-Katritzky Method 7 1 3. Calculation of the Ionization Ratios of Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines 7 4 4. Correction of Medium Effects in Overlapping Absorption Spectra 7^ (a) The Davis and Geissman Method 80 (b) The Area Method 8 1 (i) Derivation of the Method 8 2 (ii) Difficulties Encountered Using the Area Method 8 4 (c) Comparison of Methods Used to Correct Medium Effects in Complex or Overlapping Spectra 2^ - v i i i -Page 5 . Calculation of Ionization Ratios of the Nucleotide Bases 9 9 B. Calculation of Acid Ionization Constants Using Two Extrapolative Procedures 101 1. Derivation of the Bunnett-Olsen Method 102 2 . The Marziano-Cimino-Passerini Method 109 3 . Calculation of the Acidity Constants of the Indicators Using Extrapolative Procedures 112 4 . Estimation of the Uncertainty in the pK^ Values ... 115 C. Calculation of Indicator pK 's Using the Hammett Procedure. The H^ Acidity Function 121 1. Selection of the Indicators Used to Establish the H^ Function .. 121 p 2. Anchoring the H Function 121 3 . Calculation of pK^'s Using the Overlap Procedure... ' 122 p 4 . Calculation of H . Evaluation of Acidity Constants Using Hp 7 126 P N , „ 5 . Comparison of the H_ Function to the H Function.... L i >* D. Correlation of Structure with Acidity for Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines 137 1. Correlation of P % A Values of Unsubstituted Amino-pyridines and Aminopyrimidines with Aza Substituent Constants 137 2. Transmission of Substituent Effects Through the Heterocyclic Nucleus 151 (a) Evidence From the Acidities of Aminoheterocycles 151 (b) Evidence From the Basicities of Aminoheterocycles 157 3 . The Effect of Nitro Substituents on the Acidity of Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines 167 (a) Comparison of the Effect of Nitro Groups on Amino Group Acidity in Anilines and Aminoheterocycles 167 (b) Effect of Nitro Groups on the Acidity of Aminoheterocycles 172 - i x -Page 4. E f f e c t of Ortho Substituents on Amino Group A c i d i t y of Aminoheterocycles 173 E. Co r r e l a t i o n of Structure with A c i d i t y i n the Nucleotide Bases 1 7 8 1. Cytosine Derivatives 178 (a) E f f e c t of Electron-Withdrawing Substituents on the A c i d i t y of 1-Methylcytosine 180 (b) E f f e c t of Aza Group Methylation on the A c i d i t y of Aminopyrimidones 182 2. Adenine and Guanine Derivatives . 188 (a) E f f e c t on Adenine Amino Group A c i d i t y of C2 and C Q Substituents !88 o (b) E f f e c t of Aza Group Methylation on the A c i d i t y of Adenines and Guanines 193 (c) E f f e c t of the Imidazole Ring on Adenine and Guanine A c i d i t i e s '.. 1 9 6 3. E f f e c t of the Ribosyl Group on Nucleotide Base A c i d i t y 198 F. Comparison of A c i d i t y and B a s i c i t y of Aminoheterocycles. 203 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 208 APPENDIX A. Estimation of Ionization Ratios f o r the Indicators 210 APPENDIX B. Spectral Data f o r the Indicators 229 BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 3 6 - X -LIST OF TABLES Table I Plots of the Anionic Wavelength Maximum of the Indicators against HN II Logarithms of Ionization Ratios Estimated for Indicator _31_ Using the Katritzky and Area Methods... III Least Squares Correlation of Various Estimated Log I Values with Mole % DMSO for Indicator 31_ IV Logarithms of the Ionization Ratios Estimated for 2.8- Dichloro-7-methyladenine Using the Katritzky and Area Methods V Logarithms of the Ionization Ratios Estimated for 2-Chloro-7-methyladenine Using the Katrizky and Area Methods VI Logarithms of the Ionization Ratios Estimated for 1.9- Dimethylguanine Using the FHK and the Area Methods VII Logarithms of the Ionization Ratios Estimated for 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine Using the Katritzky, FHK, Davis and Geissman and Area Methods VIII Least Squares Correlation of Various Log I Values Estimated for 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine with Mole % DMSO IX Least Squares Correlation of Log I Values with Mole % DMSO for Spectrally Non-overlapping Indicators X Least Squares Correlation of Log I Values with Mole % DMSO for Spectrally Overlapping Indicators XI Slopes, Correlation Coefficients and Intercept pK„. Values as Calculated by the B.O. and M.C.P. Methods for Indicators with Non-overlapping Spectra XII Slopes, Correlation Coefficients and Intercept P K„^ Values Calculated Using the B.O. and M.C.P. Methods for Indicators with Overlapping Spectra XIII Values of Intercept pK^ Calculated by the B.O. and M.C.P. Methods for Indicator 31_ Using Values of Log I Estimated by Several Methods - xi -Table Page XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI xxi i : XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX Values of Intercept p%^ Calculated by the B.O. and M.C.P. Methods for 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine Using Values of Log I Estimated by Several Methods.. Values of Intercept pKj^ Calculated by the B.O. and M.C.P. Methods for Indicators with Overlapping Spectra Using Log I Values Estimated by the Katritzky and Area Methods The pK--iA Values of the Indicators Used to Establish the Hp Function HP Values for the Ternary System DMSO/Water/0.Oil M TMAH Determined Using the AF pK^ Values of the Amino-pyrimidines and Aminopurines in Table XVI The pK-^ Values of Some Aminopyrimidines and Amino-purines Determined by Plotting Log I Values Against Hp_ Th e pKHA Values of the Aminopyridines Determined by Plotting Log I Values Against HN Substituent Constants of the Aza Group The pKg^ H- Values of Some Selected Heterocyclic Compounds The pKgH+ Values of Some Selected Aminopyrimidines.. The pKgij+ Values of Some 2-Aminopyridines The pKgpj+ Values of Some 2-Aminopyrimidines Substituent Constants of Aza and Nitro Groups The P % A Values of Some Nitroanilines and Amino-Heterocycles Apparent Ortho C hloro Substituent Constants in the Acid Ionization of Anilines and Aminoheterocycles... Apparent Ortho\"Nitro Substituent Constants in the Acid Ionization of Anilines and Aminoheterocycles The pKjjA Values of Substituted Adenines Acidities and Basicities of Aminoheterocycles 117 120 124 127 130 131 140 159 162 164 165 168 171 176 176 189 205 - X l l -Table XXXI Absorption Maxima and Molar A b s o r p t i v i t i e s of the •Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines i n Anhydrous DMSO XXXII.. Absorption Maxima and Molar A b s o r p t i v i t i e s of the Nucleotide Bases i n Aqueous DMSO XXXIII Absorption Maxima and Molar A b s o r p t i v i t i e s of the Indicator Anions i n Aqueous DMSO - x i i i -LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Titration Curve of 4-Amino-2,6-dichloropyrimidine... 75 2 Log I vs. Mole % DMSO for Aminopyridines 76 3 Log I vs. Mole % DMSO for Aminopyrimidines 78 4 Log I vs. Mole % DMSO for Indicator 31_ 87 5 Titration Curve for Indicator 2_3 Using Katritzky's Method : 9 3 6 Titration Curve for Indicator 23 Using the FHK Method 96 7 Titration Curve for Indicator 23 Using the Davis and Geissman Method 97 8 Titration Curve for Indicator 23 Using the Area Method 9 8 9 Log I vs. Mole % DMSO for Nucleotide Bases 100 p 10 Indicators Used to Establish the H Function. Log I vs. Mole % DMSO T 125 11 The H^ and H^ Acidity Functions for the System DMSO/ Water/0.Oil M TMAH 133 12 Tautomeric Equilibria of Isonicotinic Acid 138 13 Correlation of the Unsubstituted Aminoheterocycles with Deady and Shanks' Constants 142 14 Hammett Correlation of the Acidities of Substituted Anilines and Diphenylamines 146 15 Hammett Correlation of the Acidities of Substituted Anilines and Aminoheterocycles 156 16 Plot of pKHA vs. pKRH+ for Selected Aminoheterocycles 206 - xiv -ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Professor R. Stewart for his patience and guidance throughout this work and for financial assistance. I would also like to thank the National. Research. Council for financial assistance. - XV- -DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my three colleagues Dr. Robin A. Cox, Dr. Trevor W. (Pud) Toone and Dr. R. Srinivasan whose good friendship and guidance made completion of this work possible. - 1 -INTRODUCTION A. D e f i n i t i o n of the Acid Ionization Constant The simplest r e a c t i o n f o r studying the e f f e c t of molecular structure on r e a c t i v i t y i s the i o n i z a t i o n of Bronsted acids, or proton t r a n s f e r between solute and solvent.\"~ The Arrhenius d e f i n i t i o n of an acid i s a substance which produces protons i n aqueous s o l u t i o n and of a base, a substance which produces hydroxide ions i n aqueous s o l u t i o n . The Bronsted-Lowry concept defines an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor. The Lewis sytem defines a base 2 as an electron p a i r donor and an acid as an electron p a i r acceptor. In t h i s work the Bronsted d e f i n i t i o n s of acid and base w i l l be used. This d e f i n i t i o n includes acid i o n i z a t i o n s i n aqueous media (Arrhenius acids) as well as ion i z a t i o n s i n nonaqueous solvents such as anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide. Thus f o r a given neutral a c i d HA, the acid i o n i z a t i o n i n water may be written, HA H + + A\" (1) where A i s the conjugate base of HA. A l l species i n equation (1) are considered to be solvated. Then i t follows that - 2 -K _ [H +][A-] m K e q ~ [H 20][HA] U J where [ ] expresses the concentration of X i n moles per l i t e r . In p r a c t i c e [^O] i s incorporated i n t o the equilibrium constant such that c _ [H +J[A-] f V [HA] L J c 3 * K i s the concentration i o n i z a t i o n constant,. However, the behavior of HA a solute X i n s o l u t i o n i s better expressed by i t s a c t i v i t y a, where f i s a x = f x [ X ] (4) the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of the given solute X. The thermodynamic i o n i z a t i o n constant, which i s independent of concentration, i s expressed by the equation, V ' V KHA = — ( 5 ) HA The a c t i v i t y and concentration of X deviate more and more as the concentration of X or other solutes increases. At i n f i n i t e d i l u t i o n , however, a c t i v i t y 2 and concentration become equivalent and f i s equal to unity. When i s determined spectrophotometrically the concentration of HA i s usually very Throughout t h i s work K a w i l l represent the general a c i d i o n i z a t i o n constant, the acid i o n i z a t i o n constant of a neutral acid HA and Kg-_-+ the acid i o n i z a t i o n constant of a c a t i o n i c a c i d BH +. - 3 --3 -5 small, of the order 10 to 10 moles per litre, so that the activities of the species in (1) may be considered equal to their respective concentrations. The thermodynamic constant K A^ is thus defined as the ionization constant of HA at infinite dilution in water at 25°. For convenience, K is usually HA expressed as its negative logarithm P K^-- l 0^ KHA = PKHA C 6 ) B. Definition of Acidity Function. The Hammett Principle of Overlapping Indicators. Equation (5) may be rewritten such that; . /aHA^ . . . [HA] . / V ' f A \" \\ PKHA = l0gX^] - l 0 g V = l 0 g W J - l 0 g { - f ^ - J (7) At very low concentrations in water, the activity coefficients equal unity and (7) reduces to PKHA = l 0 g 1^ \" l 0 g aH + C 8 ) The last term in equation (8) is approximately equal to the pH of the solution, determined potentiometrically. At zero or low ionic strength equation (8) may be used to calculate the P K ^ of acids ionizing in the pH region 1-13. Very weak acids, though not detectably ionized in water, may be measurably - 4 -ionized i n strongly basic media such as ternary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water/0.Oil M tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). The deprotonating power of th i s medium towards a given i n d i c a t o r molecule cannot be expressed by the pH of the s o l u t i o n but, within a set of s t r u c t u r a l l y s i m i l a r i n d i c a t o r s , i t may be expressed by an a c i d i t y function H . H_ i s 4 5 defined, ' a H + ' ^ A~ i THAI \" l 0 g 1 f ^ ) = P KHA \" l 0 g [A=] (9) For two indicators HA^ and HA2 both measurably ionized at the same solvent composition, [HA ] [HA.] \" PKHA2 = l o gTvT \" l o g T v i + l o g f f H A 1 V \\ f A r f H A 2 i (10) I f the differe n c e i n the i o n i z a t i o n r a t i o s of the two indic a t o r s i s constant over a s p e c i f i e d range of solvent composition, the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t term of (10) may be considered to be independent of the medium i n the region considered. For two acids which ionize i n a near aqueous medium, i t i s assumed that t h i s constant difference i n the i o n i z a t i o n r a t i o s extends to 4 pure water. At i n f i n i t e d i l u t i o n i n water, the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s are unity and the l a s t term i n equation (10) i s zero. The Hammett a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t postulate or overlap assumption requires t h i s term to be zero over the whole solvent composition range i n which the indic a t o r s are both ionized, that i s , the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s of HA^ and HA2 must cancel. This i s true only within a narrow set of - 5 -structurally similar indicators. If Hammett's postulate holds then (10) reduces to, [HA] [HA2] PKHAI \" PKHA2 = l o gTvT \" l o gTvT Hammett's postulate is the basis of determining acidity constants, P^HA'S' ^ t n e m e t n o d of overlapping indicators. An anchor compound HA^ , whose thermodynamic pKUA is known and whose ionization ratios can be HA measured both in water and in dilute solutions of the basic medium, is selected. Another compound, H A 2 , ionizes measurably over a range of solvent composition in the dilute region, but not in water. However, HA^ and HA^ both ionize measurably in some of this range, that is, they overlap. If, in this region of overlap, the Hammett postulate holds, the thermodynamic pK of HA„ may be calculated using equation (11). A test of the postulate HA £• is that the difference in their ionization ratios be constant in the region of overlap. For a weaker acid HA^ , overlapping with HA^, i f the difference between its ionization ratios and those of HA^ remains constant, its thermodynamic P^HA m a ^ a * s o k e calculated from (11) using the P ^ H A of HA2 previously calculated. The procedure may be extended to include yet weaker acids, and as long as Hammett's postulate is obeyed their pKu.'s so determined will HA be the thermodynamic constants referred to standard state water. By a suitable choice of indicators, no more than 1 pK unit apart^, the whole solvent composition range may be spanned. Using the pK^'s calculated, and the measured ionization ratios, H may be calculated from equation (9). If a compound \"obeys\" H thus constructed, that is belongs - 6 -to the set of the overlapping indicators, then a plot of its ionization ratios against H will be a straight line of slope 1.00 and its pKUA will - HA be the value of H at half-ionization. C. The H_ Function in Ternary Mixtures of DMSO/water/O.QliiM TMAH The compounds whose acid ionizations were studied in this work are acids too weak to be measurably ionized in water. A strongly basic or deprotonating medium is required to generate a measurable amount of the indicator anion. The pK^'s were determined by the acidity function approach 4 5 of Hammett. ' 7 The subject of strongly basic systems has been reviewed by Rochester, 8 6 Bowden and Jones . Strongly basic systems may be created by using (a) an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, e.g. concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (b) an alcoholic solution of alkoxide, e.g. methanolic sodium methoxide (c) an aqueous solution of a basic organic compound;, e.g. hydrazine in water (d) an aqueous solution of a polar aprotic solvent made basic by the addition of small fixed amounts of base, e.g. 0.011 M TMAH in 38 aqueous DMSO. Several of these systems were investigated by Edward and 9 10 Stewart and O'Donnell ' but aqueous DMSO solutions containing small fixed amounts of TMAH offered the most promise for the construction of a wide-ranging H function. DMSO was felt to be a good choice by virtue of its 11 12 weak acidity, pK 32-33 ; its high autoprotolysis constant , its ability a 162 to dissolve a large variety of compounds and its high dielectric 13 constant (48.9) . The high dielectric constant prevents ion pair association, 14 which interferes adversely with accurate pK& determinations. - 7 -The system is usually made more basic by increasing the proportion of DMSO rather than the concentration of base. Dolman and Stewart established an H scale from pure water (H = 12) to 99.6 mole % DMSO (H = 26) using primary anilines and diphenylamines as indicators. Other H_ functions that have been established in this system include: H 16 17 18 functions for carbon acids ' and phenols ; the scale for diphenyl-19 amine carboxylic acids ; the H.,^ scale for quaternary iamine methyl 20 iodides using base concentration 0.047 M TMAH ; and the function using both 0.011 M.and 0.047 M TMAH, determined electrochemically by measuring the potential between a glass electrode and a dropping mercury electrode at which ^ . , ,21 cobalticmium ion was reduced. The strongly basic nature of the DMSO/water/0.011 M TMAH system may be explained by consideration of the equilibrium below, HA + OH (H2Q)n A + (n+l)H20 where n is the solvation number of the hydroxide ion, often taken to be equal to 3, or the difference in solvation numbers between the left and 22 right hand side of the equilibrium. As the proportion of DMSO is increased, the concentration of water is decreased and the equilibrium is shifted to the right by the mass action effect. The equilibrium is also shifted to the right by a decrease in the activity of water, brought about by association between DMSO and free water, that is, water not involved in solvating the species above. A 2:1 hydrate 22 23 of water:DMSO, postulated by Yagil and others, has been observed by studying the ESR spectrum of the di-t-butyl nitroxide radical, as a function 24 of medium composition, in aqueous DMSO. DMSO competes effectively with the hydroxide ion for water. The hydroxide ion is solvated by at least three water molecules held to i t by hydrogen bonds, but DMSO cannot solvate the ion by hydrogen bonding. At very high concentrations of DMSO, i t would be less solvated and its activity would increase, driving the equilibrium to the right. From studies of equivalent conductivities of hydroxide ion at 90 mole % DMSO, it appears that the hydroxide ion is s t i l l heavily solvated. Thus its increased activity must be due to the decrease in the activity of the water molecules solvating 25 i t , rather than to actual desolvation. To further explain the increased activity of the hydroxide ion, Dolman1*' postulated that DMSO broke down the ice-like structure of free water in these media, whereas hydroxide ion was believed to promote this structure. Such a competition would greatly increase the activity coefficient of the hydroxide ion. However, recent evidence from the spin-lattice relaxation times of both DMSO and water protons in the NMR spectra of DMSO/water mixtures suggests that DMSO actually promotes this ordering effect, contrary to Dolman's 26 explanation. In the above discussion, the effects of DMSO on altering the activity coefficients of the indicator were neglected, but these may have considerable 27 effect on the apparent basicity. It is now well-recognized that in acid systems the original H q function established by Hammett and Deyrup5 cannot describe the protonating power of aqueous sulfuric acid towards all bases. Rather a series of H q functions, each defined by a set of structurally similar indicators, is required. This fact has been termed the \"acidity 28a function failure\" by Arnett. Even structurally very similar indicators - 9 -such as primary and t e r t i a r y amines (and possibly secondary amines\"^) require 29 2 8b d i f f e r e n t a c i d i t y functions H 1 and H '\" re s p e c t i v e l y . The differe n c e was a t t r i b u t e d to differences i n the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e i r conjugate acids, due to t h e i r d i f f e r i n g degrees of so l v a t i o n . The conjugate acid of a primary amine may hydrogen-bond to three water molecules since i t possesses three protons., whereas that of a t e r t i a r y amine may bind only to one. 12 Cox and Stewart have proposed a method f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n of pK^'a of weak acids i n ba s i c DMSO/water for which the appropriate a c i d i t y function 30 H has not been determined. Bunnett and Olsen derived an extrapolative 29 procedure, re q u i r i n g the knowledge of H , for c a l c u l a t i n g pKg^ + of bases protonating i n s u l f u r i c acid, but not ne c e s s a r i l y obeying H q. The method of Cox and Stewart, adapted to basic DMSO/water media, requires that the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s of the two overlapping i n d i c a t o r s i n (10) be l i n e a r functions of one another, rather than c a n c e l l i n g each other out as required 4 15 by the Hammett postulate. Using the H function of Dolman and Stewart, good agreement was found between pK^'s calculated by t h i s method and those calculated by the method of overlapping i n d i c a t o r s , f o r both nitrogen and carbon acids. D. C r i t i c i s m s of H_ Functions Established i n DMSO/water/O.Oll M TMAH Kreevoy and Baughman have recently c r i t i c i z e d a p p l i c a t i o n of the 31 Hammett approach to ternary mixtures of DMSO/water/0.011 M TMAH. They state that i t follows from the Hammett a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t postulate that the pKg's of a given set of acids r e f e r r e d to a so l u t i o n S as standard state, namely pK , must be a l i n e a r function of the corresponding pK r e f e r r e d to a a standard state water, namely pK°, with a slope of unity. They found that cl - 10 -s pK of either carboxylic acids or phenols determined in aqueous or pure a DMSO was indeed a linear function of pK° but with a slope greater than 32 unity. The Hammett assumption, in fact, need apply only to those solutions wherein the anchor compound is less than 90% ionized. Valid pK°'s may be Si' obtained even i f deviations from unit slope appear in solutions where the 12 18 33 compounds are highly ionized. ' ' However, the right hand side of equation (11), must be constant for each pair of overlapping indicators at all solvent compositions S ranging from water to that DMSO/water solution in which the more acidic indicator is 90% ionized for the pK 's thus calculated r a to be equal to pKa-Halle- and coworkers have also criticized the use of the acidity function 34 35 approach in these media. ' They determined the pK^'s of nitrodiphenyl-amines, anilines and aminopyridines as a function of the DMSO content of the medium (weight percent) by a combination of potentiometric and spectrophoto-s metric techniques. A series of buffers was chosen such that pK& could be determined over a wide range of solvent composition. They were standardized, that is, the hydrogen ion activity determined, by using a hydrogen electrode. The ionization ratios, I, of a given indicator at composition S were determined s spectrophotometrically. The curves of pK against medium composition were cl not always parallel, as required by the Hammett postulate as expressed by (11), and often deviated sharply from one another at high DMSO content. However, as described above, i t is only necessary to establish that such parallelism exists between each pair of overlapping indicators up to compositions where the stronger acid is 90% ionized. - 11 -Halle\" 3* 5 found that extrapolation of the plots of pK 5 of diphenylamine cL carboxylic acids to pure water to give pK°, d i d not give values i n good 3 19 agreement with those determined by the a c i d i t y function method. Poor s agreement was also observed between the values of pK i n pure DMSO, obtained 3 34 by extrapolation of the plots to 100% DMSO, and those determined potentio-36 m e t r i c a l l y by Ritchie and Uschold i n pure DMSO by means of the glass 37 electrode. Bordwell has suggested that pK 's determined at high DMSO content by the Hammett procedure are closer i n value to those obtained i n pure DMSO rather than to those r e f e r r e d to . pure water (pK°) and that 3. those determined i n d i l u t e solutions of DMSO l i e closer to pK°. The absolute pK f o r a given compound may be higher or lower i n water than i n DMSO. DMSO solvates anions with d e l o c a l i z e d charge e f f e c t i v e l y and would thereby help to increase the a c i d i t y of compounds that give r i s e to such ions. Generally, i t s greater b a s i c i t y would increase the a c i d i t y over that observed i n water, but i t s lower d i e l e c t r i c constant and poorer hydrogen 36c bonding a b i l i t y would tend to decrease the a c i d i t y . In any spectrophotometric determination of the i o n i z a t i o n r a t i o , I, small changes i n the spectra due to changes i n medium composition must be separated from those larger changes due to the i o n i z a t i o n of the neutral i n d i c a t o r . F a i l u r e to account for such medium changes may r e s u l t i n 34 considerable e r r o r i n log I. Since the b a s i c i t y of DMSO/water systems i s increased by increasing the proportion of DMSO, the medium changes considerably with consequent changes i n the UV/vis absorption spectra of the neutral and ionized form of the i n d i c a t o r . Several empirical methods have been devised to correct such solvent e f f e c t s and are c r i t i c a l l y compared . . , 39-41 m t h i s work. - 12 -If the s p e c t r a l changes upon i o n i z a t i o n are s l i g h t or of comparable magnitude to the medium e f f e c t , the i o n i z a t i o n r a t i o cannot be determined 42 by means of spectrophotometry. Jones, C o c k e r i l l et a l . have proposed a ki n e t i c method for determining pK^'s i n DMSO/water/0.:011 M-TMAH based on the rate of d e t r i t i a t i o n of a standard carbon acid at a given mole % DMSO. A given i n d i c a t o r whose pK i s to be determined i s placed i n a DMSO sol u t i o n , HA wherein i t i s appreciably ionized, together with a standard carbon acid. The change i n rate of d e t r i t i a t i o n depends on the decreased concentration of hydroxide ion, used to deprotonate the i n d i c a t o r . Thus the concentration of the anion may be determined from t h i s change i n rate and hence the p K ^ of the acid i n d i c a t o r . Calculations require the knowledge of the a c i d i t y function obeyed by the given i n d i c a t o r . Good agreement was found between the pK^'s determined and those established by Hammett's method f o r a n i l i n e s and diphenylamines.^ However, i n the c a l c u l a t i o n s i t was assumed that H depended l i n e a r l y on the 8 changing hydroxide ion concentration, an assumption that has been s e r i o u s l y , 12,21,43 questioned. E. Use of Pure DMSO as the Standard State Recently, pure DMSO has been suggested as reference solvent f or the pK 's of organic compounds rather than pure water, since a wide range of l~Lr\\ ' 37a a c i d i t i e s may be measured i n t h i s medium, from 0 to 30, since the pK of DMSO i t s e l f i s about 33. HA 17 Ri t c h i e and Uschold have used the glass electrode to measure the a c i d i t i e s of several weak carbon\"^ a and n i t r o g e n \" ^ acids, standard state DMSO. The acids were potentiometrically t i t r a t e d with cesium dimsyl as base - 13 -and although the response time of the electrode was slow, i t appeared to respond reversibly over the range studied. The pK^'s of nitroanilines were 36a found to be the same whether referred to water or DMSO, this: result being attributed to cancellation of acid strengthening and weakening effects on 36c • 34 going from DMSO to water. Halle and Schaal have questioned the reversi-32 bility of the glass electrode in DMSO. Kreevoy and Baughman found that the conventional glass electrode and calomel electrode pH meter responded 21 slowly and sometimes irreproducibly in aqueous DMSO. However, Janata concluded, from his polarographic measurements of hydrogen ion activities in mixed aqueous and non-aqueous basic media, that a properly hydrated glass electrode gave results identical to a hydrogen electrode. Spectrophotometric measurements of the relative equilibrium acidities 37 of carbon acids in pure DMSO have been made by Bordwell and coworkers. The solution of a given indicator whose anion is spectrophotometrically visible is titrated with the solution of another acid whose anion is colorless. Condensation reactions were avoided by first titrating the potassium dimsyl solution with the colored indicator such that its anion deprotonated the desired compound. The pK^'s obtained agreed poorly with those obtained 36 potentiometrically, but correlated well with the heats of deprotonation observed in DMSO.1 There are several experimental difficulties involved in using pure DMSO. It is very hygroscopic and trace amounts of water can alter the basicity considerably. The curve of H_ plotted against mole % DMSO approaches 12 the y-axis beyond 95 mole % almost asymptotically. Furthermore, the conjugative base of DMSO is very sensitive to oxygen.''' Thus operations must be carried out on the vacuum line or in the dry box. For biologically - 14 -important compounds, such as are studied in this work, pK^'s are only meaningful i f referred to standard state water. F. Other Methods of Determining pK The subject of pK determinations in general have been recently reviewed cL 14 17 by Cookson and by Russian workers. The most promising new method for determining pK 's is by calorimetry and is useful for compounds whose absorption spectra show l i t t l e change upon ionization. Arnett observed a linear correlation between the pK^'s of several nitroanilines and diphenylamines, determined by the Hammett method,^ and their heats of deprotonation in DMSO at 25° with potassium dimsyl acting as base. The slope of this correlation was close to that observed between the pK^ +^'s of these compounds and their heats of protonation in 44 super acid media. Thus by measuring the heat of deprotonation of a given nitroaniline or diphenylamine in DMSO, an estimate of its P*^, standard state water, may be made using the linear relation and the assumption that AH and AG are identical in these systems. G. The Hammett Equation The Hammett equation is an empirical relation which attempts a quantitative correlation between the reactivity of a side chain R of a 4 benzene derivative and a substituent X on that nucleus. Hammett observed that the magnitude of the reaction rate constants in a given homologous series of aromatic compounds responded in the same way to the influence of a particular meta or para substituent as did the equilibrium constants of another homologous aromatic series. Hence a well-known linear free energy - 15 -equation, i s defined, log k/k Q = op (12) where k = the rate or equilibrium constant of a meta or para substituted benzene d e r i v a t i v e , k Q = the rate or equilibrium constant of the unsubstituted benzene, a = a substituent constant depending on the nature and l o c a t i o n of- X, p = a reaction constant which depends on the nature of R and on the experimental conditions. Equation (12) i s a l i n e a r free energy r e l a t i o n s h i p . Since 45 AG° = -2.3 RTlog K equation (12) expresses the change i n free energy on going from reaetants to products or, i n the case of rate c o r r e l a t i o n s , from reaetants to t r a n s i t i o n state. The standard reaction defining the substituent constants cr, i . e . for which p i s set equal to one, i s the i o n i z a t i o n o f substituted benzoic acids i n water at 25°. Thus, a = log K - log K Q ( 1 3 ) where K i s the i o n i z a t i o n constant of a substituted benzoic acid and K Q i s the i o n i z a t i o n constant of benzoic acid i t s e l f . Sigma values measure the change i n electron density at the r e a c t i o n 46 47a s i t e produced by substituent X. They are independent of solvent - 16 -except for groups such as NH^ which may hydrogen-bond to c e r t a i n solvents. They may be considered a sum of inductive and resonance e f f e c t s . The inductive e f f e c t I of X i s due to i t s e l e c t r o n e g a t i v i t y transmitted through space, the solvent or the sigma bond framework of the molecule. For example, since oxygen i s more electronegative than carbon the methoxy group -OCH_ i s expected to be electron-withdrawing, i . e . , a -I substituent. The resonance e f f e c t R i s due to the i n t e r a c t i o n of the p i - o r b i t a l s of the benzene r i n g with the o r b i t a l s of X l y i n g i n the same plane, for instance the p - o r b i t a l of N containing the non-bonding electrons. Thus the amino group -NH^ i s a +R substituent. This e f f e c t i s transmitted only to positions ortho or para to X. The inductive e f f e c t of X, a-j-, i s considered to be nearly equal at the meta and para p o s i t i o n s . Since the resonance e f f e c t i s not f e l t , to a f i r s t • - 45 approximation, at the meta p o s i t i o n , a = oT (14) m l a p = _ j + a R (15) 45 Thus the resonance contribution a of substituent X i s given by K a_ = a - a (16) R p m (a may have a small resonance contribution because of inductive charge transmission from ortho and/or para resonance forms.) Oj has been more accurately evaluated from the a c i d i t i e s of a l i c y c l i c acids such as - 17 -48 4-substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octane carboxylie acids, where resonance effects are precluded by the absence of pi-bonds. The reaction constant p was defined as unity for the ionization of benzoic acids in water at 25°. Its magnitude is a measure of the sensitivity of the equilibrium or reaction to substituent effects. Its sign determines whether the reaction is favored by low electron-density at the reaction 46 site. If p is positive then electron-withdrawing substituents favor the reaction and electron-donating substituents retard i t . 1. The o constant, The a constants thus defined do not correlate all the experimental data available, particularly where there is a large change in resonance interaction between the side chain and a para substituent from one side of an equilibrium to another. The a values of substituents whose effects are 49 50 primarily inductive do not vary within experimental error, ' i.e. meta substituents and para substituents which do not conjugate with the side chain, such as trifluoromethyl -CF^. Rather than redefine as the value for X best describing the presently-known body of experimental data as once proposed 46 by Jaffe, two new sets of a constants have been defined for -R and +R P - + substituents, a and a respectively. - 18 -In the anilinium ion resonance between the amino nitrogen and the nitro group is not possible as i t is in the neutral molecule. Thus the neutral molecule is stabilized and the basicity is reduced by the para nitro group more than would be predicted from the ionization constant of 4-nitrobenzoic acid. The marked acid-strengthening effect of the para nitro group in phenols is attributed to greater through-conjugation in the anion. The apparent a values required to f i t the pK 's of these compounds bearing a -R p a para substituent to the line (established using only meta and para - 2 4 45 substituents without a . -R effect) were defined as a \\ constants. ' ' P +R substituents in the para position also require modified a values when through-conjugation of a +R substituent with an electron-withdrawing reaction 47 site is enhanced on one side of the equilibrium relative to the other. 2. The o° constant: For +R substituents such as the methoxy group, through-conjugation is incorporated into the original a values since such para substituents will resonate in the neutral benzoic acid molecule and in the anion with the carboxylic function. To obtain values free of such through-conjugation the carboxylic group was isolated from the benzene ring by a methylene group and the o values redetermined.*^ For the most part, such CT° constants are equal to the original a values except for strong +R substituents in the para position. Wepster*5^ obtained much better correlation of experimental data with substituent constants i f para +R and -R substituents capable of resonance with the side chain were omitted. He demonstrated that the a values of such P substituents actually constitute a continuous range of values. However, the - 19 -two modified sets a and a+ correlate much data to a first approximation.^'^l H. Ionization Constants of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds 1. Basicities of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Ring Systems The first major survey of the basic ionization constants of nitrogen 53 heterocycles was made by Albert in 1948. Many of these constants lie in the pH region, pH 1-13, and are easily determined by potentiometric titration. Since 1948 the subject has been extensively r e v i e w e d . ^ Piperidine 1_ has a basicity comparable to secondary aliphatic amines, 49 pKDU+. = 11.3, but pyridine 2, pKDtJ+; = 5.2,* is a much weaker base since the BH — BH, lone electron pair of the nitrogen atom now \"occupies r 2 an.sp o r b i t a l : and is less available for conjugation with a proton. Introduction of a second nitrogen into the pyridine ring, meta to the first gives pyrimidine 3_, an even weaker base, pKg^ + '•'= 1.31, owing to the -I,-R properties of endocyclic nitrogen. The electron-withdrawing power of an aza 49 54 57 group is often equated to that of a nitro group, ' ' and the basicity of pyrimidine is, indeed, close to that of 3-nitropyridine 4, pKg^ + = 0.8. The purine ring is formed by fusion of an imidazole ring to a pyrimidine ring at positions, C^ and C^ . Purine 6_ has a somewhat greater basicity, pKg^ +-= 2.39, than pyrimidine which has been explained by the net transfer of negative charge from the electron-rich imidazole ring, 5_, to the electron 55a 57 59 deficient pyrimidine ring. ' * Unlike pyrimidine or pyridine, however, purine possesses an ionizable proton at (or N^ ).*^ '*'^ It is a stronger acid, pKj^ = 8.93 than imidazole, pK^A = 13, by virtue of the electron-* All pK 's are taken from reference 54 unless otherwise stated. F a - 20 -pK B H + H.3 P K B H + 5.2 54 I * 3 N 3 2 P K B H + 1-3! 54 4 54 P K B H + 0 . S H 5 \" K B H + 7 0 \" K HA l 3 M 54 H 7 N N 3 9 6 P K B H + 2-39 P K H A 8.93 54 54 P K B H + 9 . I7 6 ° NH, NH N H NH 2 N N 8 P K B H + 571 54 NH NH. N I CH N I CH P K B H + .7.87 20 2 H+- 2 H IO 62 - 21 -attracting pyrimidine ring. In this work ionization of this proton was precluded by substitution of the labile proton with a methyl group at N_ or N9. 2. Effect of Amino arid Oxo Substituents on Basicities 45 Substitution of a primary amino group, a powerful +R substituent, at o r ^4 °f t n e pyridine or pyrimidine ring greatly enhances the compound's basicity. The high basicity of 4-aminopyridine 7_, pKg^* = 9.17,^ and of 4-aminopyrimidine 8^ pKgpj+ = 5.71, is explained by the presence of through-resonance, illustrated for 7_, which is much preferred in the cation 54 since a similar resonance in the neutral molecule leads to charge separation. Dipole moment studies suggest a sizeable contribution of this charge 61 separated form in 4-aminopyridine.- The greater stabilization of the cation relative to the neutral molecule is the cause of this increased basicity. In the 1-methylimine derivative 9 of 7 such through-resonance is possible in the cation only, which accounts for its very high basicity, pKRH+ 17.87.' BH 20 Similarly, the enhanced basicities of 2-aminopyridine 10, pKg^ + = 62 6.71, and of 2-aminopyrimidine 1_1_, pK^t = 3.54, relative to pyridine 54 and pyrimidine is doubtless due to resonance in the cations. The increase in basicity is less in the 2-amino compounds because the charge separation in the neutral resonance form is less than for the 4-amino compounds, as illustrated for 2-aminopyridine 10. Introduction of an amino group at in purine, resulting in adenine 12, pKg^+ = 4.25, does not increase the basicity as dramatically as in the monocyclic compounds. 22 P K B H + 3.54 54 p K B H + 4.25 « pK 9.8 3 5\" H 13 H + p K ^ O . 7 5 54 54 pl< B H + I -85 P K H A 8.59 NH, 54 54 ^ N 3 N H' L? PK B H , 4 .5 8 PK H A I2 . I5 NH 54 54 N 20 •N' H p K B H + 4.5 54 54 ^ N H ^ N ^ ^ O H 54 pK + -3.4 BH „ . 9 .38 5 4 pK HA h NH 'N 18 NH. BH 4.00 54 P K H A 9.59 54 P KHA 1.98 8.94 54 54 HN 19 ,54 P K H A 9.32 - 23 -Introduction of a hydroxy group at or C^ of the pyrimidine ring is also expected to increase the basicity because of this group's +R properties. But the basicities of 2- and 4-hydroxypyrimidine are lower than expected, pKg^+ = 2.24 and 1.85 respectively. The reason is that hydroxypyridines and pyrimidines are no longer aromatic but adopt a cyclic amide form in solution as evidenced by UV,\">v'a IR,^^a and NMR*5^ spectra. The form is stabilized by a zwitterionic contribution as shown for 2-hydroxypyridine 13 and 4-hydroxypyrimidine '14.*^'^ The ortho site of the proton is favored 54b over the para form in _4_ since this involves a smaller charge separation in the zwitterionic form. Protonation occurs at the nitrogen not participating in the cyclic amide structure. In uracil15_ where both aza groups are involved, the basicity is very low, pK,* = — (3.4). Dri Hydroxypurines also adopt a cyclic amide structure, as shown for 6-hydroxypurine or hypoxanthine 16 whether the oxo group is at C^ , C^ or Cg as evidenced from TR64,65 nv*^ spectra. Unlike the pyrimidine case an oxo group at or actually lowers the basicity (pKgpj* for hypoxanthine is 1.98), but an oxo group at Cg has l i t t l e effect, pK g H + for 8-oxopurine is 2.58 and 2.39 for purine itself. This has been interpreted as evidence of protonation in the pyrimidine rather than in the imidazole ring. Aminohydroxypyrimidines and purines also adopt the cyclic amide form.^'^ Substitution of an amino group into a hydroxypyrimidine has the expected base-strengthening effect since resonance is possible with the nitrogen not participating in the cyclic amide structure. Thus pKD,T+ for 2-pyrimidone equals 2.24 and for cytosine 1_7 4.58, for 4-pyrimidone 14_ 1.85, and for isocytosine 1_8 4.00. An increase in basicity over the corresponding hydroxy-purine is also observed for guanine 19, pKg^ + = 3.0, and for isoguanine 20, -. 24 -P KBH + 4- 5-3. A c i d i t i e s of Nitrogen Heterocyclic Systems The aromatic heterocycles pyridine and pyrimidine possess no detectably ionizable protons but measurably a c i d i c compounds result from the introduc-tion into the ring of functions such as OH, SH, COOH or N^. From the equivalent electron-withdrawing powers of the aza and n i t r o groups, hydroxypyridlnes and pyrimidines might be expected to have a c i d i t i e s close to those of the corresponding nitrophenols. In fact, t h e i r a c i d i t i e s are much lower, since, as explained i n the previous section, the true structure of these \"hydroxy\" heterocycles i s that of a c y c l i c amide. Proton loss occurs from the nitrogen rather than the oxygen atom, accounting for the lower a c i d i t y . Cytosine 17 and isocytosine 1_8, being amino-pyrimidones, are expected to be s l i g h t l y weaker acids than the corresponding pyrimidone because of the +R amino group. Isocytosine 18^ , p K ^ 9.59, i s s l i g h t l y weaker than 4-pyrimidone 14_, pKpjA 8.59, but cytosine, p K ^ 12.15, i s nearly three pK units weaker than 2-pyrimidone, pK^ A 9.17. The reason f o r the weaker a c i d i t y o f cyto.sine r e l a t i v e t o i s o c y t o s i n e i s not c l e a r . There i s d i f f i c u l t y * ^ ' i n assigning the s i t e of proton loss i n hydroxypurines. The acid ionization constant of hypoxanthine 16, P*^ 8.94, i s close to that of 4-pyrimidone which suggests that f i r s t proton loss occurs at N1 of the pyrimidine ring. The second pK of 12.10 would then be loss of 1 HA a proton from the imidazole ring. The pK . of guanine 19, 9.32, i s close - 25 -to that of isocytosine 18 suggesting that proton loss also occurs f i r s t from Nj. However, the pKj^ of isoguanine i s 9.0, much closer to isocytosine 1_8 than to cytosine 17 whose p K ^ one would expect i t to approach. It was noted previously that adenine did not show the greatly enhanced b a s i c i t y over purine that did 4-aminopyrimidine over pyrimidine i t s e l f . These two observations suggest that .the through-resonance postulated f o r the aminopyrimidines and pyridines exists to a much lesser extent i n the corresponding aminopurines, i f indeed i t e x i s t s at a l l . In highly basic media, the primary amino group i s also capable of losing a proton, but acid i o n i z a t i o n of exocyclic amino groups has r a r e l y been reported. Brown observed a p K ^ of 10.57 f o r l - m e t h y l - 5 - n i t r o c y t o s i n e , ^ shown below, but considered proton loss from the amino group so u n l i k e l y that he o r i g i n a l l y suggested the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of a tautomeric equilibrium i n which the hydroxy form i s the predominant neutral species such that proton 55a loss occurred from the hydroxy group. Since that time Fox and coworkers have reported amino group deproton-67 ations f or l-methyl-5-nitrocytidine, p K ^ 9.12, 3-methylcytosine, p K ^ 13-14,^ and some secondary amino-oxopyrimidines.^ H i r a t a ^ reported the acid i o n i z a t i o n s f o r 1- and 3-methylisocytosine and for an isocytosine nucleoside, although the work i n t h i s thesis w i l l show that these values are i n error. - 26 -Halle and coworkers have reported the pK 's of 2-amino-3-nitro- and HA 2-amino-5-nitropyridine in aqueous DMSO as a function of the medium composition rather than the pK^ in pure water as standard state. In the present work interference of the acid ionization of the cyclic amide proton with the ionization of the amino group proton was prevented by replacing the labile proton of the former by a methyl group. For the same reason the imidazole proton of purine was replaced by a methyl group. Thus 1-methylcytosine was used as a surrogate for cytosine, 1,9-dimethyl-guanine for guanine and 9-methyladenine for adenine. It was assumed that the acid weakening effect of the methyl group was negligible. It is also noted that the three methylated nucleotide bases are also used to represent the corresponding nucleoside since the hydroxyl protons of the ribosyl 54 moiety are half-ionized at about pH 12. I. Structure of Aminoheterocycles in Solution 1. Predominant Tautomer in Solution Since pK^ is dependent on the type of tautomerism present in the ' 49 solution of the indicator, i t must be determined i f the aminoheterocycles studied exist predominantly in the amino or amino-oxo form in aqueous solution. From Pauling's bond energy values, amide structure (a) below is calculated to be 10 Kcal/mole more stable than the hydroxy-imine structure (b). This gain in bond energy compensates for the loss of resonance energy when hydroxypyridines and pyrimidines adopt the cyclic amide form (a). A similar gain in energy is not possible between forms (c) and (d) so that in the aminopyridines and pyrimidines the amino form (c) and aromatic - 27 -ring structure is retained. 70 -N-C- -N=C- -N—C-OH (a) (b) (c) (d) To determine the predominant tautomer in solution, as well as the site of protonation, the ultraviolet absorption or NMR spectrum of the given aminoheterocycle is compared to those of appropriately N- or 0-methylated derivatives, where the methyl group represents the location of the labile proton in a particular neutral or cationic form. The spectra of the methylated derivatives are thought to closely resemble those of the parent compound.^ The UV/vis absorption spectra of 2- and 4-aminopyridines closely resemble those of 2- and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, from which it is concluded that they adopt the amino form in solution, since the dimethylamino 57 compounds must be in the amino form. Similarly the spectra of 2- and 4-aminopyrimidine in water also closely resemble those of their N,N-dimethyl-amino derivatives,54b,63,72 s n o w n 0 resemblance to those of their 1-methylimino derivatives. Hence, these compounds also exist primarily in the amino form in aqueous solution. The ratio of amino to imino form may be estimated as follows. Both 4-aminopyridine and l-methyl-4-pyridone imine, shown below, protonate to form the same cation, i f a methyl group be considered equivalent to a proton. - 28 -NH 2 N H 2 H N T H + NH ti N H 0 II 2 A • i I * V C H 3 C H 3 The tautomeric equilibrium constant i s therefore given by, K_ = K (amino)/K (imino) l 3. d. 70 73 Using pKgH+ °f 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (9.70) to approximate the pK a of the amino form and the pKgpj+ of l-methyl-4-pyridone imine (17.87) g for the pK of the imino form, K„ i s estimated to be 10 i n favor of the r a T 20 amino form i n water. 73 Using Perrin's l i s t s of pK D + values to obtain the pK D I+ of the bn BH corresponding N,N-dimethylamino and 1-methyl imine derivatives, K T was 6 7 calculated to be about 10 and 10 i n favor of the amino form for 4- and 2-aminopyrimidine respectively. 74 75 Katritzky and Brown have compared the UV/vis absorption and NMR spectra of cytosine to some of i t s methylated derivatives both i n water and DMSO. These methylated derivatives represented the many possible tautomers of cytosine, of which the most important are given below. NH 2 N ^ O R (a) NH 2 ^ N ^ O (b) + NH 3 N (c) (d) - 29 -The imino forms were eliminated since 1,3-dimethylcytosine, (d) R,R' = 74 CH-, is a much stronger base, P K B H + 9.3, than cytosine, pKRH+ 4.58. B The spectrum of neutral cytosine in water resembled that of 1-methylcytosine, (a) R = CHg, rather than that of 3-methylcytosine, (b) R = CH_, or the anion of 2-pyrimidone, which the zwitterionic form (c) would resemble. 1-Methylcytosine is assumed to be frozen in the amino-oxo form (a) because the labile amide proton has been replaced by a methyl group. Ueda 68 and Fox have also established that 3-methylcytosine exists primarily in amino-oxo form (b) in water, rather than in the imino form, because its UV absorption spectrum is closely similar to imidazo-pyrimidine (e), below, rather than that of (f) which is fixed in the imino form. H3c^r c \\ H 2 / C H 2 N N ' C \\ H 2 («) •in - A , l m C H 3 o Adenine also exists primarily in the primary amino form, as concluded from IR studies*5^ and by comparison of its UV spectrum to its dimethyl-amino derivative. 3 4 d>65 p r o m _ i p 0 i e moment studies 7- and 9-methyladenine 76 can also be shown to exist as primary amines. From the similarity of the UV absorption spectrum of guanine to those of 1,7- and 1,9-dimethyl-77 guanine, assumed to be fixed in the amino-oxo form, i t is concluded that guanine adopts the cyclic amide structure in solution with the imidazole proton shared equally between N_ and N^ . - 30 -2. Site of Protonation in Aminoheterocycles Protonation in aminoheterocycles occurs almost exclusively on 53 the endocyclic nitrogen rather than on the exocyclic amino group. This has been rationalized as being due to the derealization of the lone electron pair of the amino group nitrogen into the aromatic system, 71 rendering i t unavailable for protonation. Attachment of a proton to the exocyclic amino group has been observed in the aminopyridines 62 78 81 at very high acidities. ' An adenine derivative, 6-dimethy1amino-3-methylpurine, has been shown to protonate at the exocyclic amino group.^ Borresen,^ from fluorescence studies of the adenine monoca-tion, suggested that a tautomer, protonated at the exocyclic amino group, contributed to the structure of the monocation. NMR spectra of these compounds, either as hydrochloride salts in 82 83 DMSO or as protonated species in super acid media ' are useful in deciding the site and order of protonation i f more than one heteroatom 82 or basic group is present. German workers have studied the protonation of aminopyrimidines and purines in superacids. In general, protonation occurs first at any available endocyclic nitrogen, namely, one not participating in a cyclic amide structure, then at the oxygens of the oxo groups. Protonation of the exocyclic amino group (or at an endo-cyclic nitrogen already bearing a proton) was not observed, even at very high acidity. 8^ The site of protonation in monoprotonated species is often hard to determine with certainty and the UV/vis absorption spectra of the cations are often compared to the spectra of methylated derivatives to elucidate the site of protonation. - 31 -The absorption spectra of the cations of 2- and 4-aminopyrimidine are s i m i l a r to those of the cations of t h e i r 1-methyl imine derivatives below. This suggests that protonation occurs at i n both pyrimidines i f the methyl group i n the imine derivatives i s considered equivalent 54 to a proton. 4-Albert has observed a q u a l i t a t i v e s i m i l a r i t y between the spectra of neutral 2-pyrimidone and monoprotonated 2-aminopyrimidine. The s i t e of the c y c l i c amide proton i s then equivalent to the s i t e of the proton i n 2-aminopyrimidine cation. No s i m i l a r i t y was observed between the spectra of 4-pyrimidone 14, whose amide proton i s at N^, and c a t i o n i c 4-aminopyrimidine. This suggests that the l a t t e r protonates at N 1, para to the amino group, rather than at N . 2-aminopyrlmidine cation 2-pyrjmidone The NMR spectra of 2-amino-4-methylpyridine and 4-aminopyridine 81 have been determined i n 100% s u l f u r i c a c i d by Katritzky, who concluded that i n i t i a l protonation occurs at N^ followed by protonation at the amino group at high a c i d i t y . - 32 -If protonation of cytosine occurred at the exocyclic amino group, resonance of the lone electron pair into the aromatic ring would be prevented and the UV/vis absorption spectrum of its cation would resemble that of neutral 2-pyrimidone, just as the spectrum of the 71 anilinium cation resembles that of benzene. No such similarity has been observed. Several NMR studies of the monoprotonated species >ccurs at 55b,74,82 indicate that protonation occur N_, the nitrogen not involved in the cyclic amide structure.' Determining the site of protonation in purines is even more difficult. Protonation of purine itself is subject to much uncertainty. 82 From NMR studies i t appears that protonation occurs at N^ . This at first appears unlikely since the pyrimidine ring is known to be electron-deficient, but can be rationalized by assuming contributions from the resonance form shown below for the cation. Electron-withdrawing groups with a pure -I effect have a much larger effect on basicity 54 57 when located in the pyrimidine ring than when in the imidazole ring. ' However, from recent detritiation studies of purine, i t is suggested 85 that protonation occurs at N_, in accord with X-ray crystallography 86 87 studies. However, Albert observed no similarity between the spectra of monoprotonated 7- and 9-methylpurine, which would be 13 expected to be identical i f protonation occurred at N_. From C NMR - 33 -studies i t is suggested that protonation occurs at all three endocyclic 88 nitrogens N^ , N_, N_ with the protonated species predominating. From theoretical calculations'^ and X-ray crystallography^ adenine is thought to protonate at although the absorption • spectrum of its monocation does not resemble that of the cation of 1-methyladenine.^ Borresen^ has suggested the existence of tautomeric species for the monocation. Guanine has been shown to protonate first at N_ rather than at N_ as previously thought. This was shown by the similarity of its cationic 77 spectrum to that of monoprotonated 1,7-dimethylguanine. 1,9-Dimethy1-77 84 guanine, however, does protonate at N_. ' Albert observed a qualitative similarity between the spectra of purine-2,6-dione and 84 monoprotonated guanine, suggesting protonation at N_. Protonation at the exocyclic amino group has been eliminated by the dissimilarity of its cationic spectrum to that of neutral hypoxanthine 1_6 or 6-oxopurine.' 5H2 H - H l-methyladenine cation purine -2,6 -dione .guanine cation - 34 -OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT RESEARCH Establishment of acidity functions in ternary mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide/water/O.Oil M tetramethylammonium hydroxide has allowed the measurement of the acidity constants of many weak nitrogen 9 13 15 18 20 and carbon acids. > > > ' The most accurately known H function for nitrogen acids is that of Dolman and Stewart,^ established by using primary anilines and diphenylamines. It seemed propitious to extend such measurements to include simple heterocyclic nitrogen acids, 5 3_ 56 whose basicities in water are well-established but whose acidities are virtually unknown. Simple aminopyridines and pyrimidines may be considered primary anilines containing an ortho or para aza substituent. Thus i t was hoped that these compounds would obey Dolman's H function and consequently that their pK^'s would be easily determined. Examination of substituted amino heterocycles would aid our understanding of the electronic effects of substituents on the acidities of exocyclic amino groups. Similar studies involving the basicities of these compounds have measured internal effects,^ since protonation occurs on the endo-5 3— 56 cyclic nitrogen. Furthermore, there is some doubt that the aza substituent can be considered an ordinary substituent in that i t may perturb the electronic effects of other substituents on the ring. This - .35 -would be demonstrated i f non-additivity of i t s effects r e l a t i v e to another aza group or to a given substituent were found.46>51 neady 91 -94 ' and Shanks, however, were able to demonstrate a d d i t i v i t y of aza substituent effects i n the basic hydrolysis of the methyl esters 93 of diazine carboxylates, using values derived from the basic hydrolysis of methyl p y r i d y l carboxylates i n 85% aqueous methanol 92 at 25°. Correlation of the p K ^ values determined i n t h i s work with Deady and Shank's constants could shed l i g h t on the problem of the a d d i t i v i t y of the aza substituent. A useful extension to include the b i o l o g i c a l l y important amino-heterocycles adenine, guanine and cytosine was made. The primary amino group of these compounds participates i n the hydrogen bonds of the double stranded DNA h e l i x . T h e amino group a c i d i t i e s of 168 these compounds are important to the investigations of von Hippel into hydrogen exchange i n DNA. Appropriately methylated derivatives of adenine, cytosine and guanine were used as models of nucleosides, the methyl group representing the sugar moiety. A substituted cytidine was also examined to test the v a l i d i t y of pK 's obtained using such methylated derivatives. HA In the course of these investigations sizeable solvent effects were discovered i n the UV/visible spectra of the indicators. Several methods of separating such changes from the actual changes occurring\"in 39-41 the spectra upon ionization were compared to each other. A range of uncertainty i n the ionization ratios as a result of these solvent s h i f t s was estimated. Two extrapolative procedures for calculating - 36 -12 pK^'s i n basic media were compared to each other and to the Hammett 4 5 method ' of overlapping indicators. - 37 -EXPERIMENTAL A. Preparation and Purification of Indicators Most of the compounds were known and their methods of preparation available in the literature. In a few cases the preparations were altered to give a better yield of the desired compound; all such preparations are given below in detail. The compounds procured from, commercial sources were purified by sublimation in vacuo or by recrystallization from an appropriate solvent. Melting points less than 300° were determined using a Thomas Hoover Unimelt melting point apparatus and were corrected using Thermometric melting point standards. Melting points greater than 300° were determined on a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. They should be regarded as approximations only. NMR spectra were run on a Varian T-60 Spectrometer with TMS (tetramethylsilane) as internal standard in DMS0-d6. Some of the compounds were poorly soluble even in DMSO so that a reliable integration of the proton signals could not be obtained because of the poor signal-to-noise ratio. Chemical shifts could be assigned without difficulty. If a compound decomposed upon heating, thus showing no well-defined melting point, or i f i t melted at a temperature differing significantly from literature values, its NMR spectrum was taken and an - 38 -e l e m e n t a l a n a l y s i s p e r f o r m e d . S e v e r a l compounds were p r e p a r e d u s i n g o l d p r e p a r a t i o n s (1880 -1930 ) and t h e p r o d u c t s o b t a i n e d were v e r i f i e d by NMR a n d / o r e l e m e n t a l a n a l y s i s . 1. 2 - A m i n o p y r i d i n e : o b t a i n e d f r o m A l d r i c h C h e m i c a l C o . The y e l l o w c o l o r o f t h e c o m m e r c i a l p r o d u c t was removed b y r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n f r o m b e n z e n e / l i g r o i n ( 1 : 1 0 v / v ) ( c h a r c o a l ) . R e p e a t e d r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n f r o m b e n z e n e / l i g r o i n gave p l i a b l e , c o l o r l e s s p l a t e s , w h i c h m e l t e d a t 95 96 53 5 6 . 5 - 5 8 ° . L i t . m .p . 56° ; 5 5 - 5 7 ° ; 57° . The compound was p r o t e c t e d f r om l i g h t and a i r t o a v o i d d i s c o l o r a t i o n . 2 . 2 - A m i n o - 5 - c h l o r o p y r i d i n e : o b t a i n e d f r o m I C N - K and K L a b o r a t o r i e s . T w o - f o l d r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n f r o m a c e t o n e / w a t e r (1 :1 v / v ) 97 gave w h i t e c r y s t a l p l a t e s m e l t i n g a t 1 3 4 - 1 3 5 . 5 ° . L i t . m .p . 1 3 5 - 1 3 6 ° . 3 . 2 - A m i n o - 3 , 5 - d i c h l o r o p y r i d i n e : o b t a i n e d f r o m A l d r i c h C h e m i c a l C o . P u r i f i e d by r e p e a t e d r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n f r o m b e n z e n e ( c h a r c o a l ) . C o n c e n -t r a t i o n o f t h e f i l t r a t e , f o l l o w e d by p r o l o n g e d s t a n d i n g a t 0° gave a 98 l a r g e , b r i t t l e , c o l o r l e s s c r y s t a l m e l t i n g a t 7 9 . 5 - 8 1 ° . L i t . m .p . 8 4 ° . The compound h a d t o be p r o t e c t e d f r o m a i r and l i g h t t o a v o i d d i s c o l o r a -t i o n . 4 . 2 - A m i n o - 3 - n i t r o p y r i d i n e : o b t a i n e d f r om A l d r i c h C h e m i c a l C o . R e c r y s t a l l i z e d f r o m w a t e r ( c h a r c o a l ) f o l l o w e d by s u b l i m a t i o n i n v a c u o t o g i v e l e m o n - y e l l o w c r y s t a l s m e l t i n g a t 1 6 3 . 5 - 1 6 5 . 5 ° . L i t . m .p . 162 -1 6 4 ° . \" 5. 2-Amino-5-nitropyridine: obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. Recrystallized from ethanol/water (1:5 v/v) (charcoal) then sublimed in vacuo to give bright yellow crystals, which melted at 185.5-188°. Lit. m.p. 188°\"; 187°10°. 6. 2-Amino-3-chloro-5-nitropyridine: 2-Amino-5-nitropyridine (1.39 gms) in ethanol (100 mis) was treated with chlorine gas for a few minutes at 0° until the solution turned bright orange. Evaporation of the solvent gave an orange o i l . Addition of 20 mis water effected the precipitation of a rust-colored solid, which was collected, washed with water and dried. Two-fold recrystallization from ethanol (charcoal), then from ethanol alone, gave light yellow needles melting at 207-209.5°. Lit. m.p. 211-213°101; 205-206° 102. • ' C H N Analysis: calc. for-G H N O.Cl 34.60% 2.32% 24.22% found 34.54% 2.42% 23.93% 7. 2-Amino-3,5-dinitropyridine: 2-Amino-3-nitropyridine was 103 converted to 2-nitramino-3-nitropyridine by the method of Talik which isomerized to the dinitro compound upon standing in concentrated 104 sulfuric acid for 24 hrs. Recrystallization from ethanol gave orange-yellow needles melting at 189.5-190.5°. Lit. m.p. 190-191°. 8. 4-Aminopyridine: obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. Repeated recrystallization from benzene or water (charcoal) gave white needles melting at 157.5-159.5°. Lit. m.p. 157-158°105;. 158° 1 0 6; 159° 1 0 7. - 40 -9. 4-Amino-3-nitropyridine: 4-Aminopyridine was converted to 4-nitroaminopyridine following the procedure of Koenigs et al., but 108 observations were quite different from those reported. 4-Aminopyridine (10 gms) was added to concentrated sulfuric acid (25 mis) at 0°. The sulfate salt of the pyridine separated out as a white solid. Fuming nitric acid (7 gms) was then added. If addition was rapid, a vigorous reaction occurred: the temperature rose to 50°, there was much fuming and the reaction mixture turned red. If the nitric acid was added slowly, no such reaction was observed. When all the sulfate had reacted after stirring at 25° for 1-2 hrs., the sludgy, reddish-brown reaction mixture, rather than a red solution, was poured onto crushed ice and a small amount of yellow solid isolated. After recrystallization from water i t melted at 231° d. The reaction mixture could be dissolved by warming on the steam bath. If the resulting red solution was poured onto crushed ice no solid precipitated. However, i f concentrated aqueous ammonia was added until the solution was weakly acidic a bright yellow compound, also melting at 231°d, was recovered. Later workers report that the nitramine must be precipitated from acidic solution with base and that its melting point is 231°d 1 0 9 or 239°d 1 1 0. The following improved preparation is suggested. To concentrated sulfuric acid (20 mis) stirred at 0° was added 4-aminopyridine (5 gms). The resulting suspension was kept at 0-10° and fuming nitric acid (3.5 gms) added over a period of 30 minutes. The reaction vessel was placed in cool water and allowed to warm to room temperature under constant stirring. After stirring at 25° for 1 hour, the red solution - 41 -was poured onto 50 gms crushed ice. The resulting yellow solution was kept at 0° overnight. The next day a light yellow solid melting at 183°d was filtered off and discarded. Partial neutralization of the filtrate with concentrated aqueous ammonia precipitated out a bright yellow compound, which after recrystallization from a large volume of water gave yellow needles melting at 235° with violent decomposition. Conversion of the nitramine to the nitropyridine was essentially 111 according to the method of Koenigs, but again the observations were quite different from those reported. 4-Nitraminopyridine (2 gms) was added carefully to concentrated sulfuric acid (10 mis) to form a dark red solution. No vigorous reaction was observed upon heating the solution to 90° and maintaining i t at 90° for over 1 hour. The solution was cooled to room temperature, left overnight, then poured onto crushed ice and made just neutral with concentrated aqueous ammonia. Upon standing at 0°, a granular dark brown solid precipitated. Recrystallization once from 80% ethanol, then twice from water (charcoal) gave a chartreuse-colored powder melting at 203-204.5°. Lit. m.p. 200°d U 1; 200-202°112; 204° 1 1 3 . . C H N Analysis: calc. for C HgN 0 43.16% 3.63% 30.21% found 43.14% 3.81% 30.24% NMR: d 6.88 6 J6Hz (1H); doublet superimposed on a multiplet at 8.13 6 J7Hz, integration of both (3H); s 8.93 6 (IH). 10. 4-Amino-3,5-dinitropyridine: prepared by the method of Koenigs et a l . ^ ^ but using an excess of sulfuric and nitric acids. - 42 -4-Aminopyridine (3 gms) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (30 mis) at 0° and fuming nitric acid (4.5 mis) added while stirring and maintaining the reaction mixture at a temperature less than 10°. It was allowed to warm to room temperature, then heated at 85-90° for 7 minutes and at 170-175° for 5 minutes. It was then poured onto 150 gms crushed ice and a yellow solid recovered. Recrystallization from water gave light yellow plates which decomposed at 333° then melted at 335-337° with gas evolution. This is presumably the hydrolysis product of 4-amino-3,5-dinitropyridine, i.e., 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyridine. The hydroxy-dinitropyridine is usually prepared from 4-aminopyridine using an excess of sulfuric and nitric acid but with prolonged heating above 100°. It formed small yellow plates melting The orange filtrate was treated with concentrated aqueous ammonia. With much foaming a beige precipitate separated, which turned purple upon drying in air. Recrystallization from a large volume of water (charcoal) gave light yellow needles melting at 169-171°. Lit. m.p. 170-171o111; 168-169°115. NMR: s 9.23 6 (2H); m 8.73 6 (2H). 11. 2-Aminopyrimidine: obtained from Eastman Kodak Co. Purified by sublimation in vacuo at 70° to give white crystals melting at 124-126°. Lit. m.p. 125-126°.116 at 325°. 114 Analysis: calc. for C H N C 50.51% H 5.30% N 44.19% found 50.50% 5.20% 44.16% - 43 -12. 2-Amino-4-chloropyrimidine: obtained from ICN- K and K Laboratories. The compound was recrystallized from ethanol, then from water (charcoal) followed by sublimation in vacuo at 50° to give white crystals. The compound turned yellow when heated to 145°, orange at 160.5° and reddish-brown at ca. 250°, but did not melt below 300°. 117 Lit. m.p.: decomposes ca. 168° ; turns brown at 160° and sinters at 118 168° with no clear-cut melting point. C H N Analysis: calc. for C H N Cl 37.08% 3.12% 32.44% found 37.04% 3.29% 32.55% NMR: d 6.65 6 J6Hz (IH); d 8.18 «S J6Hz (IH); m 7.08 5 (2H) . 13. 2-Amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine: obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company. Sublimation in vacuo at 80° gave white crystals melting at i i Q ion 223-224.5°. Lit. m.p.: 220-221° ; 221°. C H N Analysis: calc. for C4H_N_C12 29.29% 1.84% 25.63% found 29.39% 1.85% 25.82% 14. 2-Amino-5-nitropyrimidine: obtained from ICN- K and K Laboratories. The compound was recrystallized repeatedly from 50% ethanol (charcoal) to remove the yellow color of the commercial product, then from absolute ethanol. Long standing at 0°, gave the compound as beautiful long colorless needles. The compound decomposed when sublimation in vacuo was attempted. M.p. 234.5-235.5°. Lit. m.p. 236°. 1 2 1 - 44 -15. 4-Aminopyrimidine: gift from Dr. D.J. Brown. M.p. 149.5-151.5°. Lit. m.p. 149-151°116; 150-152°120; 151° 1 2 2. C H N Analysis: calc. for C4H~5N3 50.51% 5.30% 44.19% found 50.70% 5.28% 44.23% 16. 4-Amino-2-chloropyrimidine: Prepared by heating 2,4-dichloro-pyrimidine (Aldrich Chemical Co.)_ with n-butanol and aqueous ammonia 123 in a pressure bottle at 100° for 20 minutes,. The solid residue after evaporation of the solvent was recrystallized twice from water (charcoal) to give a solid which decomposed upon heating and partly melted ca. 220°. NMR and UV spectra showed that this solid was a mixture of the 2- and 4-amino isomers. Since 2-amino-4-chloropyrimidine sublimes readily at a temperature much lower than does 4-amino-2-chloropyrimidine separation was easily achieved by sublimation.rather 123 than by repeated recrystallization from ethanol as suggested by Ballweg. The mixture was heated in vacuo at 50° until no more sublimate formed (2-4 hrs.). The sublimate was recrystallized from water; its NMR spectrum was identical to that of 2-amino-4-chloropyrimidine. The residue of the sublimation was recrystallized twice from water (charcoal) to give colorless needles, whose melting point depended on the rate of heating. Above 200°, i f heated rapidly, the compound turned yellow then melted sharply to form a dark red tar. Lit. m.p. 206-207° to a red brown l i q u i d 1 1 8 ; 219-220°117; 209-210°124. NMR: d 6.40 5 J6Hz (IH); d 7.95 <5 J6Hz (IH); m 7.35 6 (2H). - 45 -17. 4-Amino-2,6-dichloropyrimidine: obtained from Biochemical Laboratories, Inc. Direct sublimation of the crude material removed a small amount of solid melting at 221°, presumably 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine. The crude product was therefore first recrystallized from 80% ethanol (charcoal), sublimed then recrystallized again from ethanol to give white needles. The compound turned yellow when heated above 250°, then melted to a red liquid at 271-273.5°. Lit. m.p. 270-.'. 271 o l 2°; 270-272°116. 18. 4-Amino-2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine: All the commercial products were of very poor quality. The compound was therefore synthesized from 2,4-dichloro-5-nitropyrimidine (ICN- K and K Laboratories). Crude 2,4-dichloro-5-nitropyrimidine (1 gm) was stirred with ether (50 mis), the solid residue filtered off by gravity and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The resulting yellow o i l crystallized upon standing at room temperature. It was redissolved in a minimum of ether then added dropwise to 50 mis of an alcoholic ammonia solution (ammonia bubbled through for 15 min at 25°). After all the ethereal solution had been added, the precipitate was collected, washed with water and dried. The yellow solid was dissolved in 2 M hydrochloric acid (charcoal), filtered, and reprecipitated with aqueous ammonia. For analysis a small portion was sublimed in vacuo at 180° to give yellow crystals. This product was shown by/NMR to be exclusively 2,4-diamino-5-nitropyrimidine, previously synthesized using much more vigorous 125 conditions such as refluxing phenol at 140° under a stream of ammonia. - 46 -M.p.: darkens when heated above 200°, 343-344° with decomposition and 125 12R gas evolution. Lit. m.p. 345-350° ;>350° . C H N Analysis: calc, for C ^ N ^ 30.97% 3.25% 45.2% found 30.94% 3.23% 45.3% NMR: m 7.43 6 (2H); m 7.92 6 (2H); s 8.83 6 (IH). Japanese workers observed that amination of 2,4-dichloro-5-nitro-pyrimidine in methanol/ether gave a mixture of mono- and diamino derivatives. The yield of the monoamino compound was increased to 60% 126 i f the reaction was performed at 0°. 2,4-Dichloro-5-nitropyrimidine (0.7 gms), purified as above, was dissolved in ethanol (30 mis), cooled to 0° and 1.5 M aqueous ammonia (2.4 mis) added dropwise. Removal of the reaction vessel from the ice-bath caused immediate formation of a white precipitate, which was collected, washed with water and dried. It was recrystallized twice from water (charcoal) to give granular white crystals, which colored upon heating at 206°, then melted with decompositon and gas evolution at 217.5-218°. Lit. m.p. colors 205°, melts 217° 1 2 7; 220-221°126. C H N Analysis: calc. for C H3N 0 CI 27.52% 1.73% 32.11% found 27.37% 1.68% 32.30% NMR: m 8.52 6 ; s 9.02 <5. 19. 2-Amino:-s-triazirie: ' obtained from Peninsular Chemresearch Calgon Corporation (PCR). Purified by recrystallization from water followed by'sublimation in vacuo at 80-90° to give colorless crystals, 129 melting at 228-230° with no decomposition. Lit. m.p. 224°d ; 228°d - 47 -, ,130 _0_ 0 0, 0131 (corr.) ; 225-226 20. 1,7-Dimethylguanine: purchased from Adams Chemical Co. Recrystallization from 95% ethanol gave white needles which were dried at 100° in vacuo for 72 hrs before analysis. M.p.: shrinks and decomposes at 330°, melts at 334-335° with gas evolution. Lit. .m.p, •; • 77.-. • 330-331° ; 338-340° '(343-345° corr.) with slight browning and gas 132 133 evolution as the liquid is heated ; 337-339° C H N Analysis: calc. for C_HgN_0 46.92% 5.06% 39.09% found 46.82% 5.07% 39.35% 21. 1,9-Dimethylguanine: purchased from Adams Chemical Co. Recrystallized twice from 95% ethanol, then dried at 100° for 72 hrs, before analysis. The white granular crystals melted at 287-289°d. Lit. m.p. 287°. 7 7 C H N Analysis: calc. for C_HgN_0 46.92% 5.06% 39.09% found 46.93% 5.18% 39.04% 22. 3,7-Dimethyl-isoguanine: prepared essentially by the method 134 of Nikolaeva and Golovchinskaya, but with some alterations -given below. - 48 -6-Ethoxy-2,6-dichloro-3,7-dimethyl-3,6-dihydropurine hydrochloride: L CH 3 J Theobromine (5 gms) was refluxed with phosphorus oxychloride (P0C1_) , (50 mis') overnight. Excess P0C1_ was distilled from the resulting brown solution, leaving a brown syrup which was then treated with \"super-dry\" ethanol (70 mis) at 0°, with careful exclusion of atmospheric moisture. After keeping the resulting solution at 0° for 24 hrs, the fluffy white precipitate was collected, washed with dry ether and dried in vacuo. Upon triturating the solid with 70 mis \"super-dry\" ethanol at 20°, a yellowish powder remained undissolved. This compound was filtered off and recrystallized from water (charcoal) to give white needles of 2,6-dichloro-7-methylpurine melting at 195° (uncorr.). Lit. m.p. 195-196°.135 Addition of 100 mis of dry ether to the filtrate precipitated the compound as a white powder, which decomposed without melting at about 200°. Lit. m.p. 218-220°d. 6-Ethoxytheobromine: The hydrochloride (3 gms) was dissolved in 40 mis of a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (8 gms bicarbonate in 100 mis water). After a few minutes a vigorous frothing occurred in the solution and a white solid precipitated. The pH was readjusted to 7-8 with more saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and the mixture extracted with chloroform (4 x 50 mis). The white solid dissolved - 49 -readily in the chloroform phase. The residue after the evaporation of the chloroform was recrystallized several times from water (charcoal) to give white needles melting at 263-265.5°. Lit. m.p. 261-263°. 3,7-Dimethylisoguanine: 6-Ethoxytheobromine (0.5 gms) was heated with 17% aqueous ammonia (15 mis) in a pressure bottle at 120-130° for 7 hrs.to give the isoguanine. Recrystallization from a small amount of water gave small white needles, which were dried at 100° in vacuo for 12 hrs before analysis. M.p.: yellows 334° then decomposes, sublimes and partially melts ca. 350°. Lit. m.p. 360° 1 3 4; decomposes 136 ca. 340°, then partially melts ca. 380° with rapid heating. C H N Analysis: calc. for C HgN'0 46.92% 5.03% 39.10% found 47.09% 4.96% 38.94% 23. 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine: prepared according to the general method of E. Fischer.'''37\"'''38 Theobromine was heated with phosphorus oxychloride and phosphorus pentachloride in a sealed tube at 150-155° for 3 hrs to give 2,6,8-trichloro-7-methylpurine. Since direct amination of this compound 139 gives predominantly the 8-amino isomer i t was necessary to convert i t to 2,6-dichloro-8-hydroxy-7-methylpurine by boiling for 15 min in 6 N hydrochloric acid. Heating the latter compound with saturated ethanolic ammonia in a sealed tube at 150° for 5 hours gave predominantly 6-amino-2-chloro-8-hydroxy-7-methylpurine, which was converted to the desired product by heating with phosphorus oxychloride in a sealed tube - 50 -at 140° for 3 hours. Repeated recrystallization from 80% ethanol (charcoal) gave white needles. M.p.: turns yellow at 269°, orange at 276°, red at 284.5° with no^melting point under 300° .. Lit. m.p.: 137 colors about 270° , then decomposes at higher temperatures. C H N Analysis: calc. for C^H_NrGl„ 33.03% 2.29% 32.12% o b b 2. found 33.09% 2.18% 31.89% NMR: s 3.93 6 (3H); m 7.55 6 (2H). 24. 2-Chloro-7-methyladenine: Theobromine (25 gms) was converted to 2,6-dichloro-7-methylpurine by refluxing with phosphorus oxychloride (P0C13) (150 mis) and N,N-dimethylaniline (27 gms).135 The P0C13 was removed by distillation under reduced pressure and the resulting red tar treated with 150 gms crushed ice to give a black solution. The pH was adjusted by the addition of solid sodium carbonate until the solution turned Congo red paper blue and an orange solid precipitated. Recrystallization of this solid from water (charcoal) gave 2,6-dichloro-7-methylpurine as white needles melting at 197-198.5° (uncorr.). Lit. m.p. 195.5-196°.135 The dichloropurine was selectively aminated to the desired adenine as follows. Methanol (50 mis) was saturated with ammonia by bubbling the gas through for 15 min at 0° , 0.9 gms of the dichloropurine added and the suspension heated in a sealed tube at 90-100° . for 19 hrs. The mixture was evaporated to dryness, triturated with 10 mis of 1 M sodium hydroxide, filtered then allowed to digest in a few mis of glacial acetic acid overnight at 0°. The next day the white solid was recovered, washed thoroughly with water and recrystallized from the - 51 -latter with slow cooling to give white needles. The crystals were dried several days at 100°C in vacuo before analysis. M.p.: 284.5° with gas evolution and yellowing. Lit. m.p.: 284° (corr.) with gas . 137,140 evolution. C H N Cl Analysis: calc. for C^ H_NC 1 39.23% 3.27%.. 38.15% 19.35% O 5 5 found 39.10% 3.22% 37.89% 19.46% NMR: s 3.99 6 (3H); m 7.42 6 (2H); s 8.21 6 (IH). 25. 2-Chloro-8-methoxy-7-methyladenine: This previously unknown derivative was prepared by Fischer's method of selective substitution 141 of chloro groups by ethoxy groups in 7-methylpurines. 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine (250 mgms) was dissolved in 150 mis of methanol with the aid of warming. To this was added 5-6 mis of a solution of 500 mgms sodium hydroxide in 50 mis methanol and the whole refluxed for 50 minutes at which time a fine white precipitate had appeared. After heating 30 more minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, 20 mis water added and left to stand overnight. The next day the white, granular solid was collected. The filtrate was no longer alkaline to pH indicator paper and gave a positive chloride ion test with silver nitrate solution. Recrystalliza-tion of the product from 80% ethanol gave white, granular crystals which turned yellow at 227° , orange at 239.5°, then melted at 248.5° with gas evolution. C H N Analysis: calc. for C_HoN_0Cl 39.36% 3.77% 32.78% / o 5 found 39.43% 3.83% 32.58% NMR: s 3.67 6 (3H); s 4.12 <5 (3H); m 7.03 6 (2H). - 52 -26. 7-Methyladenine: purchased from Cyclo Chemical Corporation. 136 Recrystallized twice from water to give a granular white powder which melted from 336.5-339° with decomposition and gas evolution. Lit. m.p.: 351°d (corr.) 1 3 7; 349-350°d142; 345° 1 4 3; 323°d; 336°d (sealed tube) 1 4 4. C H N Analysis: calc. for CMJic 48.30% 4.73% 46.96% o / b found 48.38% 4.51% 47.20% 27. 2,8-Dichloro-9-methyladenine: Uric acid was converted to 145 2,6,8-trichloropurine by the method of Davoll and Lowy, then methylated in dimethyl sulfoxide with methyl iodide in the presence of potassium carbonate to give exclusively 2,6,8-trichloro-9-methyl-146 purine. Unlike the 7-methyl isomer, 2,6,8-trichloro-9-methylpunne gives predominantly the 6-amino rather than the 8-amino isomer upon 139 treatment with ethanolic ammonia. Recrystallization from 95% ethanol gave white crystalls, which were dried at 100°C in vacuo for 139 24 hours before analysis. M.p.: 266-268°. Lit. m.p.: 260-261° ; 137 270° (corr.) H N Analysis: calc. for C^HrNrCl0 33.03% 2.29% 32.12% 6 5 5 2 found 33.08% 2.28% 32.21% N.R.C.: s 3.65 6 (3H); m 8.21 6 (2H). 28. 2-Chloro-9-methyladenine: 2,6-Dichloropurine (Sigma Chemical Co.) was methylated in dimethyl sulfoxide with methyl iodide in the presence of potassium carbonate to give a mixture of 2,6-dichloro-7- and 147 9-methyl purines. Separation of the isomers was best effected by chromatography over neutral alumina with ethyl acetate as eluant. Recrystall-ization of the crude 9-methyl isomer (Rf 0.42) from water gave 53 lustrous c r y s t a l plates which melted at 149.5-151.5° (uncorr.). l i t . m.p;.- 152-153° 1 4 7; 151.5-152.5° 1 4 8.. Recr y s t a l l i z a t i o n of the 7-methyl isomer from water gave white needles melting at 195.5-196.5° (uncorr.). L i t . m.p.: 195° 1 4 7; 195.5-196°.135 The 2,6-dichloro-9-methylpurine thus obtained was aminated by the 148 method of Falconer et a l . to give 2-chloro-9-methyladenine. Re c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n from water (charcoal) gave white crystals which were dried i n vacuo at 100° before analysis. M.p. turns yellow ca. 270° but has no melting point under 300° . C H N Analysis: calc. for C_H_NrCl 39.23% 3.27% 38.15% o o 5 found 39.26% 3.14% 38.45% NMR: S3.70 6 (3H); m 7.68 6 (2H); s 7.97 6 (IH) . 29. 2-Chloro-8-methoxy-9-methyladenine: 2,8-Dichloro-9-methyl-adenine (50 mgms) was dissolved i n methanol (30 mis) with the aid of warming, then a solution of 500 mgms of sodium hydroxide i n 25 mis methanol added. The solution was refluxed for 5 hours, then cooled to room temperature and allowed to stand overnight. Re c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n of the granular precipitate from 95% ethanol gave white granular crystals which were dried at 100° i n vacuo for 24 hours before analysis. M.p. 270-270.5°d. C H N Analysis: calc. for C_HoN_0 Cl 39.36% 3.77% 32.78% / o 5 found 39.57% 3.90% 32.96% NMR: s 3.43 6; s 4.12 6; m 7.28 6. 30. 9-Methyladenine: A solution of adenine (0.31 gms) and TMAH-51^0 (0.43 gms) i n water (50 mis) was freeze-dried. Sublimation of the - 54 -149 residue in vacuo at 170-185 for 4-5 hours gave 9-methyladenine. Recrystallization of the sublimate from 95% ethanol gave white crystals ,ol49 which melted at 305-306 with slight browning. Lit. m.p.: 301-302 300° ; 308-310° no d. ; 310°d . 31. 2,3-Dihydro-lH-5-oxoimidazo(l,2-c)pyrimidine Hydrochloride: 68 prepared by the method of Ueda and Fox. Uracil was converted to 4-thiouracil by heating in pyridine with phosphorus pentasulfide for 3 hrs. Recrystallization from water 153 (charcoal) gave orange needles, m.p. 294°d (uncorr.), l i t . m.p. 320°d 4-Thiouracil was converted to 4-methylthio-2-pyrimidohe by heating 154 4 briefly with methyl iodide in methanolic sodium methoxide. N -(B-hydroxyethyl)cytosine was synthesized by heating the pyrimidone 4 with ethanolamine in n-butanol, then converted to N -(3-chloroethyl)-cytosine by heating with thionyl chloride in chloroform. The latter compound was cyclized to the desired compound by heating in pyridine for 30 min. The compound was purified by trituration with 3 fresh portions of ethanol at room temperature. M.p.: colors slowly as heated above 260°, no melting point less than 300°. Lit. m.p.: greater than 300°. 6 8 C H N Analysis: calc. for CgH N 0.HC1 41.51% 4.64% 24.20% found 41.66% 4.75% 24.09% 32. 1-Methylcytosine: obtained from Cyclo Chemical Corporation. Recrystallization from 95% ethanol gave small, colorless plates which melted at 297-298°d (uncorr.). Lit. m.p. 299-300°74; 303° 1 5 5. - 55 -C H N 47.99% 5.64% 33.59% 47.92% 5.56% 33.74% 33. l-Methyl-5-bromocytosine: A complex between this compound and 9-ethylguanine has been reported but no details of the preparation or physical constants of i t were g i v e n . I t was prepared similarly , , • 157 to 5-bromo-l-ethylcytosine. 1-Methylcytosine (0.63 gms) was dissolved in methanol (50 mis) with the aid of warming and freshly distilled, dry triethylamine added. The white precipitate was redissolved by addition of 10 mis methanol (slight warming), then cooled to 0° with stirring. A further 10 mis of methanol kept the compound in solution at this temperature.. Bromine (0.27 mis) was added over a period of 4 minutes and the yellow solution allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Evaporation of the solution to dryness and two-fold recrystallization of the residue from methanol (charcoal) gave white crystals, m.p. greater than 200°. Since the compound did not sublime well, bromide ion was removed by chromatography over alumina using aqueous methanol as eluant. The column was washed with water, then methanol. The compound was eluted using methanol/water (80:20 v/v) and recrystallized from 50% methanol (charcoal) to give upon standing beautiful rhombic crystals, which were dried at 60° in vacuo for 6 hrs before analysis. M.p.: yellow 203°, orange 207°, melts to a red liquid at 210-211.5°; the liquid shows much gas evolution and decomposition upon further heating. Rf: (alumina, 75% MeOH) 0.74. Analysis: calc. for C^ H_N_0 found - 56 -C H N Br A n a l y s i s : c a l c . f o r C H gN 0 B r - J ^ O 28.18% 3.28% 19.73% 37.50% found 28.25% 3.30% 19.51% 37.33% 34. 1-Methylisocytosine: prepared e s s e n t i a l l y by the method of 158 D.J. Brown and N.W. Jacobsen. I s o c y t o s i n e (Sigma Chemical Co.) (1.1 gms) was d i s s o l v e d i n methanolic sodium methoxide (0.23 gms sodium i n 12 mis methanol), methyl i o d i d e (1.5 mis) added and the s o l u t i o n r e f l u x e d w i t h s t i r r i n g f o r 2_ r a t h e r than 1.5 hours. Cooling to room temperature caused the formation of a white p r e c i p i t a t e , but the r e a c t i o n mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue d i s s o l v e d i n 25 mis of water w i t h the a i d of warming. The aqueous s o l u t i o n was s t i r r e d f o r 15 minutes w i t h s i l v e r carbonate (BDH Chemicals Ltd.) (2.7 gms), f i l t e r e d by g r a v i t y then adjusted to pH 7 with concentrated h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d . The p r e c i p i t a t e of s i l v e r c h l o r i d e was removed by f i l t r a t i o n through C e l i t e , the f i l t r a t e evaporated to dryness and the white residue e x t r a c t e d w i t h hot ethanol (2 x 100 mis). The cooled ethanol e x t r a c t was reduced to 20 mis, but only a small amount o f i n o r g a n i c residue p r e c i p i t a t e d out on standing at 25°. Further r e d u c t i o n of the f i l t r a t e to 5 mis gave a white s o l i d , which was r e c r y s t a l l i z e d from ethanol, then sublimed i n vacuo at 150-160°. M.p. 280-280.5°d. L i t . m.p. 283-285 0158. 275-280 0159 A n a l y s i s : c a l c . f o r CJl-N 0 C 47.99% H 5.65% N 33.58% found 47.75% 5.70% 33.34% - 57 -\\ 35. 3-Methylcytosine: obtained from Terra Marine Bioresearch. Purified by three-fold sublimation in vacuo at 130-145° to give colorless crystals, melting at 211-212° with gas evolution. Lit. m.p.: 213°. 7 4 36. 3-Methylisocytosine: This compound may be isolated from the reaction mixture of 1-methylisocytosine i f refluxing is carried out for exactly 1.5 hours; refluxing for 2 hrs appears to favor the production of the 1-methyl isomer and precludes its isolation from the reaction mixture. Separation is effected by fractional crystallization due to 158 different solubilities of the two isomers in ethanol. It may also be synthesized unambiguously by amination of 3-methyl-2-methylthiopyrimidin-4(3H)-one with 15 N ammonia. A small sample was donated to us by Dr. D.J. Brown and was used 159 without further purification. M.p.: 257-260°. Lit. m.p.: 262-266° ; 257-260° 158. 37. 2',3'-0_-Benzylidene-5'-0-tritylcytidine: a gift from Dr. R.C. Lord and used without further purification. M.p.: darkens as heated above 200°; the actual melting point depends on the rate of heating but is about 225°d. C H N Analysis: calc. for C_5H31N_05 73.28% 5.45% 7.33% found 72.80% 5.60% 6.70% - 58 -B. Purification of Solvents Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purified essentially by the method of previous workers in this laboratory. DMSO (Mallinckrodt AR Grade) was stirred over powdered calcium hydride (Fisher Scientific Co.) under oil pump vacuum for at least 48 hours. Bubbling of the solvent, either due to degassing or to evolution of hydrogen, generally ceased after a few hours. The solvent was distilled in vacuo at 40-50°. The first and last fractions, each about 10-20% of the total volume, were discarded. The useable fractions were stored over molecular sieve 5A in 500 ml flat-bottomed flasks, sealed with ground glass stoppers and parafilm or electrical tape. DMSO purified in this manner was adequate for the preparation of aqueous solutions containing less than 90 mole % DMSO. For the more anhydrous solutions, the DMSO was further purified by a simplified zone-freezing method described by Dolman,1^ then stored in the dry box under helium atmosphere. Distilled water used in the preparation of DMSO/water solutions was made carbon dioxide-free by boiling i t for at least 30 minutes, then cooling i t with nitrogen (L-grade) bubbling through i t . The cooled water was transferred to a clean, dry glass reagent bottle under a stream of nitrogen and the bottle sealed with a rubber serum stopper. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), obtained from Eastman Organic Chemicals or from Mallinckrodt Organic Reagents as a 10% or 25% aqueous solution, was used without further purification. The molarity of each solution was exactly determined before use by titration with standardized N/10 hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein as indicator. - 59 -Each s o l u t i o n was r e t i t r a t e d every 4-5 weeks; in.no case was the molarity found to be changed. The bo t t l e s were kept t i g h t l y capped and sealed with e l e c t r i c a l tape to avoid carbonate formation. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate '(TMAH-5^0) was obtained i n s o l i d form from Eastman Organic Chemicals. Potassium t-butoxide was obtained as a s o l i d from A l d r i c h Chemical Co. ,The b o t t l e was opened and stored i n the dry box under helium atmosphere. The formation of a s o l i d crust i n the f l a s k indicated contamination with atmospheric moisture and the concomitant formation of potassium hydroxide. The s o l i d was only used i f i t was a granular, free-flowing s o l i d or a f l u f f y dry powder. C. Preparation of Solutions 1. Solutions 0-90 Mole % DMSO Stock solutions of DMSO/water were prepared i n cl e a r glass reagent b o t t l e s , which were equipped with p l a s t i c screw-caps and t e f l o n l i n e r s rather than sealed with rubber serum stoppers. DMSO r e a d i l y attacked the l a t t e r causing contamination of the solutions with a red dye. This.impurity has a small absorption at ca. 350 nm, which increased somewhat when the so l u t i o n was b a s i f i e d , thus i n t e r f e r i n g with the spectra studied. The b o t t l e and cap were weighed on a top-loading Mettler balance. Calculated amounts of DMSO and water were added to the b o t t l e v i a syringe with weighings a f t e r each addition. The exact mole % of each s o l u t i o n could thus be calculated from the known weights of DMSO and water added. The b o t t l e s were kept t i g h t l y capped and stored i n a desiccator when - 60 -not in use. Exposure of the solution to air was minimized whenever a volume was withdrawn. It was felt that contamination of the solutions by fleeting exposure to atmospheric oxygen and water was less serious than the known danger of the dissolved rubber caps. Albagli 1^ 1 observed that DMSO was not sufficiently hygroscopic to warrant the extra precaution of using a dry box in the preparation of more dilute solutions. Thus this method involved fewer manipulations and avoided contamination of the solutions. 2. Solutions 90-100 Mole % DMSO Glass reagent bottles were weighed, transferred to the dry box, a calculated amount of anhydrous DMSO was syringed in, the bottle was sealed with a rubber serum cap, then removed to the atmosphere and weighed again. Water was added via injection of a 50 mole % DMSO/water solution through the serum cap and the bottle weighed again. The solution was degassed by bubbling nitrogen through i t , via a syringe inserted through the rubber cap. The solutions were stored in a desiccator, when not in use. Contamination by water and oxygen was considered more significant for solutions rich in DMSO and warranted the use of the rubber caps; care was taken that the solutions did not splash against them, however. Karl Fischer titration of very anhydrous DMSO tends to underestimate 162 the amount of water present. In fact, titration of consecutive samples of equal volume required progressively smaller volumes of titrant. However, qualitative indications are that the \"anhydrous\" DMSO contained less than .005% water by weight. - 61 -3. Solutions of TMAH in DMSO Injection of TMAH as a 10% aqueous solution to give a DMSO/water solution 0.011 M in base, diluted 100 mole % DMSO to about 96.3 mole %. However, injection of a solution of TMAH.5^0 in anhydrous DMSO diluted i t to about 99.5 mole %. TMAH. 5^0 (1.09 gms) was suspended in anhydrous DMSO (50 mis) in a clear glass bottle equipped with a screw-cap and teflon liner. It was left under continuous stirring overnight. Next day any remaining precipitate was allowed to settle and the solution decanted into another glass bottle and sealed with a rubber serum stopper. All the above manipulations were carried out in the dry box. After removal into the atmosphere, the solution turned yellow in 1-2 days i f i t was not protected from light and oxygen. Flushing the solution with nitrogen as described in Section C(2) for 20 minutes and covering the bottle with fo i l appeared to be sufficient. Titration with standardized N/10 hydrochloric acid, using phenol-phthalein as indicator, showed that the most concentrated solution possible is about 0.12 M. Karl Fischer titration of the basic solution in methanol-acetic acid gave inconsistent results, greatly under-estimating even the minimum possible water content. 4. Solutions of Potassium t-Butoxide in DMSO Potassium t-butoxide dissolved readily in anhydrous DMSO. Any undissolved material in the solution indicated that the solid used had been contaminated with atmospheric moisture. The solutions, normally a very pale yellow, were sensitive to moisture and oxygen. Upon exposure to air a crystalline precipitate formed immediately and the - 62 -solution colored upon a few hours standing to a deep red. The solutions were made up by weight immediately before use to be as nearly equal to the molarity of the 10% TMAH solution used as possible. They could be kept for short periods of time in Erlenmeyer flasks sealed with a ground glass stopper and protected from light. The solution was never removed from the dry box. D. Spectral Measurements in the Dimethyl Sulfoxide/Water System All UV/vis absorption spectra were taken using matched 1 cm silica cells. Complete spectra were taken on a Cary 15 Recording Spectrophoto-meter and absorbance at individual wavelengths determined using a Cary 16 Spectrophotometer. Both instruments were equipped with constant-temperature cell holders, connected to a water bath, thermostatted at 25.0 ± 0.5°. Each solution was allowed to thermally equilibrate for several minutes at 25°C before the injection of the indicator since the dissociation constants of nitrogeneous bases (and presumably acids also) 3 are quite temperature sensitive. None of the indicator anions reacted appreciably with oxygen and only a few reacted irreversibly with hydroxide ion. Consistent results were obtained using the following techniques. 1. Cary 15 UV/vis Spectra Spectral curves were recorded when the absorption curve of an indicator was complicated.and when the ionization ratios were to be estimated by several different methods. - 63 -Silicone rubber discs (AR281A-48024 from Armet Industries Ltd., Guelph, Ontario), cut from a silicone rubber sheet with a cork borer, were fitted into the ground glass necks of two matched silica cells. Two syringes were inserted through the rubber disc. Nitrogen (L-grade), passed through Ascarite and silica gel to remove traces of carbon dioxide and water, was passed in through one of the syringes and each cell flushed for two minutes. The nitrogen syringe was withdrawn and about 3 mis of the appropriate DMSO/water solution injected into the cell using a 5-ml glass syringe fitted with a Chaney adaptor. The solution was degassed by flushing with nitrogen for another two minutes, care being taken that no solution was forced into the outlet syringe. Next about 30 yl of a 10% TMAH solution was injected from a 50 yl glass syringe fitted with a Chaney adaptor into each cell such that the solution would be 0.011 M in base after injection of the indicator. The basic solutions were flushed for a further two minutes with nitrogen and the two. syringes withdrawn. If a solution of TMAH in DMSO was used, about 300 yl of such a solution were required to make the final solution 0-011 M in base. Therefore, two injections of about 150 yl each were made into each cell, using a 250 yl.glass syringe equipped with a Chaney adaptor. After equilibration at 25°C, the baseline was obtained by running the two cells against each other in the range of absorption of the indicator usually from 400 nm to 260 nm where DMSO itself begins to absorb. If the baseline was satisfactory, 30 yl of a solution of the indicator in DMSO was injected from a third syringe and the spectrum taken at once. The concentration of the indicator solution was chosen so as to produce an - 64 -absorbance of 0.5-0.8 when the indicator was completely ionized. The spectrum was retaken a few minutes later to ensure that no reaction with base was occurring. In most cases no such reaction was ever observed. In fact, the spectrum often remained unchanged even after letting such a solution stand overnight. The final composition of the solution in the cell was calculated from the volumes of the solutions added and their known densities. The densities of the DMSO/water 23 solutions at 25°C were those of Cowie and Toporowski. The spectrum of the neutral molecule was obtained in a manner identical to the above except for the injection of base. A small concentration correction had to be made because of the slight difference in volume between a neutral and its corresponding basic solution. Adding a volume of water equal to the volume of base injected precluded the need for this correction. 2. Cary 16 Spectra Measurements were made using the Cary 16 i f determination of the ionization ratios was straightforward or i f greater accuracy was required, since its.reproducibility is about ± 0.005. The solutions, both basic and neutral, were prepared in exactly the same manner as described in section D(l), except that 3 cells were required: one reference blank and two thermostatted cells, one blank to establish the baseline and the other containing the indicator. Measurements were made at the desired wavelength and any slight absorption in one of the thermostatted cells (A1) recorded. The indicator solution was always injected into the cell showing minimal extraneous absorption and the absorbance (A) determined. The value - 65 -of the absorbance of the indicator at the wavelength used was thus (A + A'). A' was generally very small, less than 0.010. Three readings were made for each solution and the readings averaged to give final values of A and A'. If any detectable reaction occurred between the indicator and base, readings were taken at appropriate time intervals, then extrapolated back to the time of injection of the indicator. 3. Measurements using Potassium t-Butoxide in DMSO A few of the indicators were very weak acids, incompletely ionized even in 99.5 mole % DMSO, 0.011 M in base. To obtain the extinction coefficient of the anion, readings were taken in anhydrous DMSO, 0.011 M in potassium t-butoxide. The cells were transferred into a dry.box containing helium, fil l e d with about 3 mis anhydrous DMSO, then basified with about 30 yl of a 1 M solution of potassium t-butoxide in DMSO. The cells were fitted with silicone rubber discs, then removed from the dry box. Flushing with nitrogen as described in Section D(l) appeared to introduce more oxygen into the solutions than this method. The baseline, determined by.two blank cells before the injection of indicator, was flat in the visible and near UV region, but poor at shorter wavelengths. Fortunately, none of the anions absorbed in this region. Consistent results in the UV region would require careful degassing of anhydrous DMSO on the vacuum line, as described by F.G. 37c Bordwell in the preparation of potassium dimsyl solutions. The t-butoxide ion is considered to be in equilibrium with the dimsyl anion, i.e., the conjugate base of DMSO.^ 3 - 66 -RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Calculation of Ionization Ratios from UV/Vis Absorption Spectra To evaluate the acidity constants of the indicators two operations must be carried out. Firstly, the ionization ratio, I, is estimated from spectral data, in this work from UV/vis absorption spectra, and secondly, the acidity constant is evaluated from the 12 4 5 ionization ratio data by means of extrapolative or overlap ' procedures. 1. UV/Vis Absorption Spectra of the Indicators Most of the indicators exhibit significant spectral changes upon ionization and these changes were used to estimate each compound's ionization ratio, I = [A ]/[HA]. The spectra of both the ionized and unionized forms of the aminopyridines and pyrimidines were generally simple Gaussian bands. The changes in the absorption spectra upon ionization were large and the extinction coefficient of the unionized form HA was small or zero at ^ m a x of the anion A . For such non-overlapping spectra, I may be calculated using the expression, I [A\"] _ 6A - e, HA (1) [HA] ~ eA_ - e A - 67 -where e^ _ is the extinction coefficient of the anion at its wavelength of maximum absorption max; e ^ is the extinction coefficient of the unionized amine at A. max; e. is the extinction coefficient A\" ' A 15 39 of a solution at max in which the amine is partially ionized. ' Since the same concentration in the cell was used for each measurement of I for a particular indicator, absorbance A, rather than the extinction coefficient e, was used in the above expression. Most of the nucleotide bases studied in this work showed spectra comprising two or more transitions for both the ionized and unionized forms. For example, the spectrum of the neutral form of 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine (compound 23) could be reconstructed on a Dupont 310 Curve Resolver using a minimum of five Gaussian transitions; the ionized form required three such functions. With the exception of 1,7- and 1,9-dimethylguanine (20 and 21), the unionized and ionized spectra, though markedly different in shape from each other, overlapped to a large extent. In such overlapping spectra, the unionized form has a large absorption at max so that I cannot be evaluated accurately using the simple equation (1). Although the ionization of the indicators used in this work is manifested by a large change in molar absorptivity, e, within a narrow solvent composition range, outside this range smaller changes were observed in e due entirely to effects of changing solvent composition on the e and X values of the neutral molecule and the anion. These max small changes, or medium effects, were noted as early as 1935 by 39 Flexser, Hammett and Dingwall when spectrophotometry rather than - 68 -colorimetry was first used to obtain I values. Failure to account for such changes may cause sizeable errors in 1^4,169 a ^ consequently, erroneous pK^ values, which may, in turn, lead to wrong assumptions about adherence to particular acidity functions. Increasing basicity was achieved by maintaining the aqueous base concentration at 0.011 M and increasing the molar proportion of DMSO. The medium thus changes appreciably: 10 mole % DMSO is not equivalent to 90 mole % DMSO, just as 10% sulfuric acid is a considerably different medium than 90% sulfuric acid. As the mole fraction of DMSO is increased the wavelength maxima of both the unionized and ionized forms of all the indicators studied shift to the red. The X of the max neutral form usually shifts 1-2 nm and A of the anion 3-5 nm over max the region of 10-90% ionization, although shifts in the latter are as much as 10 nm in some cases. Furthermore the e of the unionized max and ionized forms generally increase with increasing DMSO content. For complex spectra comprising several transitions, certain transitions may become better defined with increasing DMSO content or, alternatively, well-defined transitions become smeared into one broad band. Several empirical methods have been devised for separating effects of the medium from the spectral changes accompanying ionization in non-overlapping spectra and are examined below in Section 2. Methods have also been developed for calculating values of I from overlapping spectra, as well as for compensating for medium changes. These methods are examined in Section 3. - 69 -2. Correction of Medium Effects in Nori-Overlapping Spectra (a) The Flexser-Hammett-Dingwall Method (FHD Method): Changes in ^ m a x with changing medium, or lateral shifts, are diagnosed by the lack of a single isosbestic point in the region of ionization. Lack of an isosbestic point means that eIt. and e. are not constant in r HA A~ the region of ionization. Thus, measurements made at a single wavelength and used in equation (1) would give incorrect I values. Such medium changes, consisting only of a lateral shift in ^ m a x with minimal change in the shape or height of the spectral curve, were 39 corrected by Hammett et al. by simply moving all the curves laterally to produce a single arbitrary isosbestic point, usually the point of intersection of the two curves closest to 50% ionization. However, i t has been shown that measuring at the A observed for each solution is to max equivalent to the above procedure since each curve shifts the exact amount necessary to move i t back to the arbitrary common isosbestic . _ 29,169 point. (b) Corrections for Variations in e ^ and e^. : If e ^ and e^ _ also vary with the solvent composition one cannot use a constant value of e... in water and e._ in, say, 96 mole % basic DMSO to HA A J calculate I by means of equation (1) even though the indicator may be unionized in water and fully ionized in 96 mole % DMSO. Slopes of the plots of log I against solvent composition may depend considerably on the choice of e^ _ and e^, since errors in these have a large effect on values of I corresponding to very small or very large degrees of 70 29 170 i o n i z a t i o n . ' Using values of e_ I I + or e D many H units removed Bri D O 171 from the region of i o n i z a t i o n often gives non-linear p l o t s . The e f f e c t of changing e^_ and e ^ may be corrected by choosing reference curves for e._ and e„. i n solutions as close as possible to A H A R the range of i o n i z a t i o n , yet s u f f i c i e n t l y a c i d i c or basic that the i n d i c a t o r i s present i n one form only. Values of e^_ and e ^ at the boundaries of t h i s estimated range are assumed to be constant i n the c a l c u l a t i o n of I. Values of e._ and e I T, are usually taken to be the A H A • J • e values found i n solutions two H units above and below the p K ^ of the i n d i c a t o r , r e s p e c t i v e l y . \"~*5'\"'\"72 (c) The Katritzky Method (The K Method): Katritzky has developed a straight-forward method f o r c o r r e c t i n g small changes of 40 both X and e with changing a c i d i c medium. A s u i t a b l e wave-max max b b length X i s chosen, usually the wavelength maximum of the cation or neutral molecule. The absorption at X i s p l o t t e d against H q y i e l d i n g a sigmoidal t i t r a t i o n curve over the region of i o n i z a t i o n . Measurements of absorption at X are made i n several solutions where the i n d i c a t o r i s f u l l y ionized (or unionized) to extend the shoulders of the t i t r a t i o n curve u n t i l a l i n e a r change i n e i s obtained. It i s assumed that v a r i a t i o n of e D U + and e„ with the medium i s l i n e a r i n H throughout DO D O the region of i o n i z a t i o n and that t h i s v a r i a t i o n i s the same both here and at higher and lower a c i d i t i e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Extrapolation of the l i n e a r arms of the t i t r a t i o n curve, i . e . , e n I I + vs. H and e D vs. H , B H o B o to the region o f i o n i z a t i o n gives the p r e c i s e values of eg^ + and e^ i n each s o l u t i o n where the i n d i c a t o r i s p a r t i a l l y ionized. - 71 -This method is easily adapted to basic solutions by plotting e N 15 against H and extrapolating the linear arms of the titration curve, N N e„ vs. H and eIIA vs. H to the region of ionization. It is assumed A - H A - • 6 that the H _ functions obeyed by the indicators studied were parallel N to H . This seems to be a valid assumption in the light of the 12 173 studies of Cox and Stewart. Yates and McLelland have demonstrated 29 the parallelism between H q and other acidity functions established in acidic media. (d) The Flexser-Hammett-Katritzky Method: In this work a 39 40 combination of Hammett's and Katritzky's methods was used to correct for variations of X and e with changing mole % DMSO. max b Measurements of e were made at X^_ max observed for each DMSO/water solution examined. Occasionally, in solutions where indicator was partially ionized, the spectrum of HA overlapped that of A to the extent that X^_ max could not be determined with certainty. It was observed experimentally, however, that X^_ max varied linearly with H for nearly all the indicators studied. Assuming that the rate of lateral shift of X^_ max is the same within and without the region of ionization, values of X^_ max where = 0 were plotted against N H and the least squares straight line extrapolated to give X^_ max in the desired solution. Table I lists the indicators, the range of solvent composition over which X ._ max was plotted, and the correlation N coefficients r of the plots of X^_ max against H . The correlation coefficient is usually 0.980 or better. Values of e thus obtained were plotted against yielding good - 72 -TABLE I. Plots of the Anionic Wavelength Maximum of the Indicators Against H . No. Compound DMSO concentration Correlation range used (mole %) coefficient 1 2-aminopyridine 96. 8-99. 6 0. 988 2 2-amino-5-chloropyridine 93. 4-99. 6 0. 988 Z 2-amino-3,5-dichloro-pyridine 77. 6-98. 7 0. 977 4 2-amino-3-nitropyridine 39. 2-96. 3 0. 980 5_ 2-amino-5-nitropyridine 35. 0-96. 1 0. 987 6 2-amino-3-chloro-5-nitropyridine 20. 1-96. 3 0. 981 7_ 2-amino-3,5-dinitro-pyridine 7. 8-49. 3 • 0. ,984 81 4-aminopyridine 96. 8-99. 7 0. ,872 9_ 4-amino-3-nitropyridine 30. 1-96. 3 0. ,996 11_ 2-aminopyrimidine 87. ,4-99. 6 0. ,982 12. 2-amino-4-chloropyrimidine 68. 3-96. ,8 0. .984 13 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-pyrimidine 77. ,7-96. ,3 a 14 2-amino-5-nitropyrimidine 55. .1-86. .0 0, .998E 15 4-aminopyrimidine 80. ,5-99. ,65 0, .993 16 4-amino-2-chloropyrimidine 68. ,0-96, .2 0 .996 17 4-amino-2,6-dichloro-pyrimidine 54. .1-96, .3 0, .993 u 18 4-amino-2-chloro-5-nitro-pyrimidine 30. .0-54. .5 D 2-amino-s-triazine 77 .4-96, .3 a 20 1,7-dimethylguanine 48, .8-96 .1 0 .999 21 1,9-dimethylguanine 48, .8-96 .2 0 .991 23 2,8-dichloro-7-methyl-adenine 38, .1-70 .9 0 .997 24 2-chloro-7-methyladenine 42 .7-77 .5 0 .980 25 2-chloro-8-methoxy-7-methyl-adenine .60 .8-96 .2 a 26 7-methyladenine 70 .9-96 .1 0 .994 - 73 -TABLE I. (continued) No. Compound DMSO concentration range used (mole %) Correlation coefficient 27 2,8-dichloro-9-methyl-adenine 53.5-96.3 0.987 28 2-chloro-9-methyladenine 72.1-96.7 0.930 29 2-chloro-8-methoxy-9-methyladenine 77.4-96.2 0.934 30 9-methyladenine 89.1-96.2 0.931 31 2,3-dihydro-LH-5-oxoimid-azo(l,2-c)pyrimidine hydrochloride 17.8-96.3 0.989 32 1-methylcytosine 88.5-96.3 0.796 33 l-methyl-5-bromocytosine 54.1-96.3 0.958 34 1-methylisocytosine 48.8-96.1 c 35 3-methylcytosine 25.0-96.1 0.994 36 3-methylisocytosine 49.3-96.3 0.998 37 2',3'-0-benzylidene-5'-O-tritylcytidine 67.5-96.1 c Wavelength maximum does not shift over solvent composition range examined. Wavelength maximum could not be measured due to rapid reaction of indicator with base. Wavelength maximum occurs at wavelengths shorter than 260 nm and was thus obscured by the absorption of DMSO itself. - 74 -sigmoidal t i t r a t i o n curves i n every case. The i n f l e c t i o n point was estimated by eye and was taken to correspond to 50% ionization. To ensure that the values of e A_ on the arm of the t i t r a t i o n curve corresponded to values greater than 99% io n i z a t i o n , only values of e^_ i n solutions of at least 3 units greater than Hf^ at half-ionization were used. (Plots of log I vs. mole % DMSO for the aminopyridines and pyrimidines rose less steeply than s i m i l a r plots N for the anilines and diphenylamines used to define the H function.) N Extrapolation of the line a r arm of the t i t r a t i o n curve (e vs. H ) gave the value of e^_ i n each solution where the indicator was p a r t i a l l y ionized. When using DMSO/water solutions e may be d i r e c t l y determined i n HA each solution by i n j e c t i n g a volume of water equal to the volume of base into the c e l l , or by omitting the i n j e c t i o n of extra water altogether with an appropriate correction i n e ^ due to the changed concentration. In practice, however, values of e ^ were smoothed out N by p l o t t i n g against H . 3. Calculation of the Ionization Ratios of Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines The ionization r a t i o I was calculated for these compounds using the Flexser-Hammett-Katritzky method above (the FHK method). Good t i t r a t i o n curves were obtained i n a l l cases, of which the t i t r a t i o n curve of 4-amino-2,6-dichloropyrimidine (Figure 1) i s a representative example. — i 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 T \" 1 • 1 • FIGURE 2 LOG I VS. MOLE % DMSO FOR AMINO PYRIDINES 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 • • • • • • • • • • 1 i . » 1 — - 77 -LEGEND : P 2^aminopyrimidine ^4-dminopyrlmidjne t> 2-amino-s-triazlne FIGURE \"LO T 1 LOG I VS. MOLE °/o DMSO FOR AMINOPYRIMIDINES MOLE % DMSO 50 60 Indicator nos. refer to Appendix A 00 - 79 -In the case of 2- and 4-aminopyridine and of 2-amino-5-chloro-pyridine, i t was necessary to use potassium t-butoxide in 100 mole % DMSO to obtain e^_. It had to be assumed that e^ _ was invariant in the solutions used to cover the ionization ranges of these compounds, 93.4 to 99.2 mole % DMSO, but since the change in e is usually small for the aminopyridines, this assumption should lead to very small errors in I. Appendix A contains the ionization ratio data for the aminopyridines and pyrimidines in DMSO/water/0.Oil M TMAH, with details on minor . difficulties that were encountered with individual indicators. Figure 2 contains the plots of log I against mole % DMSO for the aminopyridines and Figure 3 contains the same plots for the aminopyrimidines and for 2-amino-s-triazine. 4. Correction of Medium Effects in Overlapping Absorption Spectra When the spectral change upon ionization is small, or when the spectra of the unionized and ionized forms of the indicator overlap so closely that the measurable spectral change upon ionization is small, I is very difficult to estimate accurately. All the nucleotide bases, with the exception of 1,7- and 1,9-dimethylguanine, exhibited overlapping spectra of their neutral and ionized forms, namely, fifteen of the thirty-five indicators studied for which meaningful I values could be estimated. For such difficult spectral changes, no one method of correcting medium effects appears to be entirely satisfactory and i t 'is often useful to exploit the spectral peculiarities of an indicator to calculate I. Occasionally, the spectral change with the medium is - 80 -of the same order of magnitude as the change upon ionization, too small to permit an estimate of I. This was observed previously for anthra-170 quinone and in this work for 3,7-dimethylisoguanine. Besides the Katritzky (and FHK) method, two other methods exist for determining I from complex spectral changes and which also compensate for spectral changes due to the medium. These are the method 41 of Davis and Geissman and the method developed in this work that employs the area under the spectral curve rather than the peak height at a particular wavelength to calculate I. (a) The Davis and Geissman Method: When determining the pK D U + of substituted flavones, Davis and Geissman found no single wavelength at which there existed a regular relationship between e and I. They selected two wavelengths Ag, where eg was much greater than eg^+» a n d A n i I +, where eDU+ was much greater than e D, preferably the maxima of BH on D the ionized and unionized species. Plotting D (where D = e - e ) B H + B against H q gave good sigmoidal titration curves with inflection points whose corresponding H q values were taken to be equal to the pKg^ + values of the indicators. Alternatively, log I may be calculated directly using the following 171 expression: AD + -AD I = — (2) AD -AD *- J where ADD is D in acid solutions where the base is fully unionized, D ADni.+ is D in solutions where the base is fully ionized,AD is D where BH - 81 -the base i s p a r t i a l l y ionized. It can be shown that i n basic solutions, AD -AD. 1 = A D 7 ^ 5 RA A-where AD._ i s D i n solutions where the acid i s f u l l y ionized,AD . . i s A HA D i n solutions where the acid i s f u l l y unionized and AD' i s D i n solutions where the acid i s p a r t i a l l y ionized. This method has been c r i t i c i z e d since the magnitude of I may 169 depend on the choice of A n t I + and X n, that i s , where the boundaries BH B of the io n i z a t i o n region are set, and that linear plots are obtained 172 only i f ^ gH+ and A.R are well separated. It was o r i g i n a l l y assumed that e„„+ and e„ are invariant over the region of ionization and equal Bn B to the values of e n L ] + and e n at the l i m i t s of io n i z a t i o n , as described Bn B i n Section 2(b). To correct for l a t e r a l s h i f t s i n X D O + and X D and changes i n e D U + BH B BH 174 and eg within the ioni z a t i o n region, Farlow and Moodie combined this 172 method with that of Katritzky. D was plotted against H A i n this case and the arms of the sigmoid curve extended u n t i l they were linea r i n H^. Extrapolation of D to the ionization region gave ADg H + and AB R at solvent compositions i n this region. (b) The Area Method: Values of I often depend on the choice of wavelength at which e^, e^ A and are measured, especially i f no 175 correction i s made for the medium effect, as shown for p-nitrotoluene 176 and 6-bromo-2,4-dinitroaniline. Where spectra are complex, or - 82 -overlap appreciably, the mean I values determined at several wavelengths 29 176-179 have been used to calculate pK . ' The ultimate method of r a averaging i s to employ the area under the t o t a l s p e c t r a l curve. Although t h i s method has been applied by other w o r k e r s 4 1 , 1 7 ^ , no c r i t i c a l study of the method has as yet been made. (i) Derivation of the Method. For a given DMSO/water solut i o n l e t x + y = R (4) where x i s the molar concentration (M) of the unionized form of the indi c a t o r , y i s the molar concentration (M) of the ionized form, R i s the t o t a l concentration of the i n d i c a t o r i n the c e l l . L e t t i n g L equal the area under the unionized spectrum f o r R = 1 M and K equal the area under the f u l l y ionized spectrum, again f o r R = 1 M, then Lx + Ky •= Z (5) where Z i s the area measured under the t o t a l spectrum at the given mole % DMSO. From (4) and (5), Z - LR y = K - L - 83 -If P i s the area observed under the spectrum of the unionized species at the given mole % DMSO and Q i s the area of the f u l l y ionized spectrum calculated f o r t h i s solvent composition, then L = P/R and K = Q/R and y - R ( z - p ) (Q-P) Also, x = (R-y) - R « - Z ) (Q-P) Therefore, I = y/x = I ^ f i (6) 1 [HA] 7 / X (Q-Z) 1 J 6A \" 6HA Equation (6) i s equivalent to expression (1), I = eA\" \" eA The change i n area upon i o n i z a t i o n must be large and of much greater magnitude than changes with the medium for the method to be applicable. It was found experimentally i n t h i s work that best r e s u l t s were obtained i f Q was much larger than P - at least 1.5 times as great i f the r e s u l t s were to be meaningful. Values of Z close to P or Q could give I values considerably i n error. Thus i n plots of log I vs. mole 29 % DMSO only values of log I between +0.8 and -0.8 were used. I f the above requirement was met, good sigmoidal t i t r a t i o n curves were obtained when Z i n DMSO/water/0.Oil M TMAH solutions was plo t t e d N against H for the compounds studied i n t h i s work. An estimate of N N H at h a l f - i o n i z a t i o n , 1/2H , was made. Again only values of Q i n - 84 -solutions with H 3 units greater than 1/2H were used in the extrapolation to the region of ionization. Values of P in this region were interpolated from a smoothed-out curve obtained by plotting the N observed values of P against H . Using the measured values of Z, the extrapolated values of Q, and the interpolated values of P the ionization ratio was calculated using eqn. (6). (ii) Difficulties Encountered'Us ing the Area Method. Ideally the complete spectral curves for the ionized and unionized species should be accessible but since the nucleotide bases absorb at wavelengths shorter than 350 nm, both spectra become partially obscured on the short wavelength side of 260 nm by the absorption of DMSO itself. One is therefore limited to using a portion of the 176 total spectrum. Ryabova used the area extending from the anionic absorption maximum to \"higher\" wavelengths. Since the anionic and neutral spectra overlap, however, the anionic absorption maximum is not distinguishable in those solutions where the indicator is partially ionized. Davis and Geissman used the area between two arbitrarily selected wavelengths to calculate log\"I and found such values to be 41 in good agreement with other methods. Such values may depend on . . 180 choice of wavelength. There are two alternative methods which were felt to be appropriate for choosing these wavelengths. The first is to use as much of the unobscured spectrum as possible by measuring the area from 260 nm to longer wavelengths. The second is to employ the area on either side of the isosbestic point, defined by the two curves closest to 50% - 85 -io n i z a t i o n . For an in d i c a t o r whose spectra are unobscured by DMSO absorbance, I values calculated from areas to the short wavelength side (left-hand side, L.H.S.) of the i s o s b e s t i c point should be i d e n t i c a l to those calculated from areas to the long wavelength side (right-hand side, R.H.S.) i f I i s independent of the choice of wavelength p a i r . These two methods were investigated f o r two representative compounds: p the imidazo-pyrimidone (i n d i c a t o r 51), used to anchor the H function determined i n th i s work, and 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine (indicator 23).' The spectra of ^ Sl_ were not obscured by DMSO absorption except f o r a small part of the short wavelength t a i l i n each case. Log I was f i r s t estimated using Katritzky's method at 325 nm. From these values the curves at 2.88 mole % and 5.32 mole % DMSO were found to l i e closest to 50% i o n i z a t i o n . The i s o s b e s t i c point was thus taken to be 307.5 nm. The areas from 265 nm to 307.5 nm, the L.H.S. of the is o s b e s t i c point, and the areas from 307.5 nm to the end of the long wavelength absorption, the R.H.S. of the i s o s b e s t i c point, were then used to cal c u l a t e I using equation (6). To the R.H.S. of 295 nm the difference i n areas between neutral and anionic spectra appeared to be maximized so that the area from 295 nm to long wavelength absorption was also used to calculate I to see how I varies with a r b i t r a r y choice of wavelength p a i r . Unfortunately, the areas of the t o t a l neutral and anionic spectra (from 265 nm to longer wavelengths) were i d e n t i c a l so that I could not be calculated from the t o t a l spectra f o r comparison. - 86 -TABLE I I . Logarithms of Ionization Ratios Estimated f o r Indicator 31_ Using the Katritzky and the Area Methods. Method of Estimation Used Mole % Katritzky Area Area Area DMSO at 325 nm (295 nm —v) (265-307.5 nm) (307.5 nm —») 0.26 -0.46 -- -0.41 -0.72 1.42 -0.33 -0.59 -0.22 -0.49 2.88 -0.18 -0.32 -0.10 -0.26 5.32 0.05 -0.01 0.02 0.02 7.80 0.26 0.31 0.19 0.27 10.09 0.43 0.55 0.50 0.45 12.65 0.64 0.58 0.65 0.61 15.15 0.94 0.72 0.68 — TABLE I I I . Least Squares Correlations of Various Estimated Log I Values with Mole % DMSO f o r Indicator 31. Method of Estimation of Log I Values Cor r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t Slope Katritzky at 325 nm Area (295 nm —») Area (265-307.5 nm) Area (307.5 nm —>) 0.998 0.967 0.984 0.986 0.090 0.095 0.074 0.106 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r •-I.O MOLE °/o DMSO 5 IO 15 - 88 -Table II contains log I values obtained by the various methods for indicator _31_. The values agree roughly with one another; agreement in the region of half-ionization is good but the values of log I determined by areas deviate from each other at the extrema. This is due entirely to the closeness of the values of Z, P and Q, so that the differences (Z-P) and (Q-Z) can be in considerable error at high and low degrees of ionization. The log I values thus obtained were plotted against mole % DMSO. The correlation coefficient r and the slope of each straight line are given in Table III and the plots are shown in Figure 4. It is evident that the slopes are highly dependent on the values of log I at low and high degrees of ionization. The neutral and anionic spectra of 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine, 23, were sufficiently different from one.another that the problem of small values of (Z-P) and (Q-Z) did not arise. Using the Katritzky method at 300 nm the curves at 15.09 and 20.09 mole % DMSO were found to lie closest to 50% ionization. The isosbestic point is thus taken to be 270 nm. The area from 260 nm to 270 nm was too small for a meaningful calculation of I, but good results were obtained using the area to the R.H.S. of the isosbestic point, 270 nm to longer wavelengths, and the area of the unobscured spectrum, 260 nm to longer wavelengths. Table IV contains the log I values thus calculated. It is evident that there is good agreement between the log I values obtained by the two methods. The slopes of the plots against mole % DMSO are also in good agreement with one another: for areas to the R.H.S. of 260 nm the slope equals 0.094, and for areas to the R.H.S. of 270 nm, slope equals 0.088. - 89 -TABLE IV. Logarithms of the Ionization Ratios Estimated for 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine Using the Katritzky and the Area Methods. Method of Estimation of Log I Values Mole % DMSO Katritzky Area Area at 300 nm (260 nm —V) (270 nm —->) 10.17 -0.85 -0.74 -0.83 12.94 -0.61 -0.47 -0.52 15.09 -0.39 -0.40 -0.40 18.25 -0.05 0.00 -0.02 20.09 0.09 0.17 0.17 24.78 0.47 0.48 0.48 29.53 0.86 0.91 0.87 TABLE V. Logarithms of the Ionization Ratios Estimated for 2-Chloro-7-methyladenine Using the Katritzky and Area Methods. Mole % DMSO Method of Estimation of Log I Values Katritzky at 300 nm Area (260 nm —») Area (275,nm —») 15.09 17.48 20.50 22.08 24.76 29.85 34.00 -0.84 -0.65 -0.40 -0.26 -0.07 0.41 0.68 -0.80 -0.61 -0.37 -0.22 -0.02 0.52 0.70 -0.85 -0.65 -0.36 -0.25 -0.05 0.44 0.66 - 90 -Similar calculations were also made for 2-chl6ro-7-methyladenine, 24, which had a large difference in the neutral and anionic areas. Katritzky1s method was used at 300 nm to establish the isosbestic point at 275 nm, and log I calculated using the areas to the R.H.S. of 260 nm and 275 nm. As can be seen from Table V the agreement between the two methods is excellent. It thus appears from the above discussion that I calculated using the area method does not depend significantly on the choice of wave-length pair as long as the anionic area Q and the neutral area P are considerably different in magnitude. It was stated in (i) that, for best results, Q should be 1.5 times as large as P (or vice versa). 39 Thus the area to the R.H.S. of the arbitrary isosbestic point or the total area of the unobscured spectrum, usually the area to the R.H.S. of 260 nm, may be used. In determining log I for. complex, overlapping spectra, the latter area was found to be most convenient to use. 178 Davis and Paabo have pointed out the possibility of error in using overlapping transitions to calculate physical constants since the bands may not be equally affected by changing medium. The anionic spectrum of 1,9-dimethylguanine, 21, consists of two well-defined transitions, X 275 nm and 311 nm. Using the area under the spectral max & r curve of both transitions, I was calculated using the area to the R.H.S. of 260 nm. The values are in good agreement with the I values calculated using the FHK method at 311 nm.(Table VI). From this example i t appears that the area method is independent of the number of bands comprising the total spectrum of the indicator. - 91 -TABLE VI. Logarithms of the Ionization Ratios Estimated for 1,9-Dimethylguanine Using the FHK and the Area Methods. Method of Estimation of Log I Values Mole % DMSO FHK Area (260 nm —>) 23.68 -0.91 -0.82 29.88. -0.40 -0.36 34.46 -0.05 -0.05 43.59 0.54 0.59 - 92 -(c) Comparison of Methods Used to Correct Medium E f f e c t s In Complex or Overlapping Spectra: To estimate the uncertainties i n log I values determined from overlapping spectra, four methods were applied to the spectra of the representative i n d i c a t o r , 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine, 23. The Katritzky method was the f i r s t method examined. Three wave-lengths, 295 nm, 300 nm, 305 nm, were chosen at which the anion had a s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher absorption than the neutral molecule. As was often the case with the overlapping spectra studied, t h i s s i t u a t i o n exists only at wavelengths where the anionic spectrum has a steeply r i s i n g slope. Thus log I i s more subject to uncertainty than i f measurements could be made at wavelengths where the anionic spectrum has a broad, f l a t p ortion. Excellent t i t r a t i o n curves were obtained at a l l three wavelengths and Figure 5 shows that obtained by p l o t t i n g e300 nm a g a i n S t H - • The log I values obtained at 295, 300 and 305 nm are summarized i n Table VII together with the average log I obtained at the three wave-lengths f o r each s o l u t i o n . Table VIII contains the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s of the least squares p l o t of log I against mole % DMSO and the slopes of the s t r a i g h t l i n e s obtained. Agreement between the log I values obtained at a l l three wavelengths i s reasonably good, and i s excellent f o r 300 and 305 nm. Values at 295 nm d i f f e r at the extrema causing changes i n slope (Table VIII). At 300 and 305 nm contributions from are nearly zero, whereas at 295 nm e ^ i s f a i r l y large. It appears then that the success of the Katritzky method does not depend on the choice of wavelength as long as e„. i s much smaller than e._. HA A - 94 -TABLE V I I . Logarithms of the I o n i z a t i o n Ratios Estimated f o r 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine Using the K a t r i t z k y , FHK, Davis and Geissman, and Area Methods. Method of Es t i m a t i o n of Log I Values Mole % K. at K. at K. at Average of FHK D.G. Area DMSO 295 nm 300 nm 305 nm K. values (260 nm 10.17 -0.77 -0.85 -0.82 . -0.80 . -0.92 -0.84 • -0.74 12.94 -0.52 -0.61 -0.64 ^0.57 -0.54 -0.54 -0.47 15.09 -0.28 -0.39 -0.34 -0.32 -0.31 -0.28 -0.40 18.25 0.05 -0.05 -0.04 0.01 0.05 -0.04 0.00 20.09 0.22 0.09 0.10 0.16 0.30 0.10 0.17 24.78 0.63 0.47 0.48 0.53 0.64 0.56 0.48 29.53 1.08 0.86 0.87 0.98 0.94 0.91 TABLE V I I I . Least Squares C o r r e l a t i o n of Various Log I Values Estimated f o r 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine w i t h Mole % DMSO. Method o f Est i m a t i o n C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t Slope of Log I Values K a t r i t z k y at 295 nm 0.999 0.099 K a t r i t z k y at 300 nm 0.998 0.089 K a t r i t z k y at 305 nm 0.997 0.089 Average of K a t r i t z k y Values 0.999 0.092 FHK 0.994 0.108 Davis and Geissman 0.998 0.090 Area (260 nm — 0 . 9 9 8 0.094 - 95 -In this work, Katritzky's method was used only at wavelengths where e^ _ is large and e ^ is no greater than 10% of e^-. The Flexser-Hammett-Katritzky method was also examined but good results were not expected since the spectra were of the overlapping type. Values of A._ max between 38.1 and 70.9 mole % DMSO were plotted N against H and a straight line obtained with correlation coefficient r 0.997, slope 0.85 and intercept 272.2 nm. Extrapolation of this plot to the region of ionization gave the estimated A^_ max for each solution.. Plots of e^ measured at these wavelengths and at A^- max N observed for the fully ionized spectra against H gave reasonably satisfactory titration curves (Figure 6), and log I values (Table VII) which agree well with those obtained by Katritzky's method at 295 nm. This agreement is no doubt due to sizeable contributions by at each A^- max. The slope of the plot of log I vs. mole % DMSO is also higher than those obtained using other methods (Table VIII). Thus the FHK method is less satisfactory for calculating log I from overlapping spectra. 41 The Davis and Geissman method, with Farlow and Moodie's 174 modification to correct for variation of e.- with the medium, was A ' also used to calculate log I, using equation (3). The values of A^- max 285 nm and A... max 277 nm were those values of A found at the HA max borders of the region of ionization defined by the log I values calculated from Katritzky's method. A fairly satisfactory titration curve was obtained (Figure 7). Values of log I obtained (Table VII) and the value of the slope of log I vs. mole % DMSO (Table VIII) are in good agreement with other methods, particularly with those using the area method and the average log I's of the Katritzky method. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F I G U R E 7 T I T R A T I O N C U R V E F O R I N D I C A T O R 23 USING T H E DAVIS AND G E l S S M A N M E T H O D 13 \\A 15 16 17 18 19 - 99 -The area method was discussed in detail for 2,8-dichloro-7-methyl-adenine in Section 4(b)(ii). A good sigmoidal titration curve was N obtained by plotting Z vs. H (Figure 8). Values of log I and the slope of log I vs. mole % DMSO are in good agreement with other methods and particularly with the averaged results of Katritzky's method. This supports the premise that using areas to calculate I is equivalent to using average values of I obtained at several different wavelengths. The results are summarized in Tables VII and VIII. Thus, the area method is as good a method for calculating log I from complex, overlapping spectra as is the Davis and Geissman method. It is independent of the choice of wavelength pair between which the area is measured and does not depend on the number of transitions incorporated into the spectral curve. Medium effects may be eliminated by an adaptation of the Katritzky method i f the change in area with these is much smaller than the change in area upon ionization. However, i f the results obtained are to be meaningful the change in area from P to Q must be large. It was felt that the area method gave the best log I values for overlapping spectra. Katritzky's method also gave satisfactory results but is subject to more uncertainty since measurements must nearly always be made on a steeply sloping portion of the spectral curve. Both methods were used to calculate log I for overlapping spectra in this work. 5. Calculation of Ionization Ratios of the Nucleotide Bases Nearly all'of the nucleotide bases had complicated, overlapping spectra. For these indicators log I was determined using both I 1 1 1— FIGURE 9., LOG I VS. M O L E ° / o DMSO FOR NUCLEOTI D E , BASES Indicator numbers refer to Appendix A J Legend: ^ ami n opy rimid one O adenine Oguanine O cytidine _ MOLE o/o D M S O 3Q 36 AJ! 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 - 101 -Katritzky's method at an appropriate wavelength and the area method using the area under the s p e c t r a l curve from 260 nm to the end of the long wavelength absorption. Areas were measured by means of a planimeter. In general, the agreement between the two methods i s very good, although the log I values determined by the area method were s l i g h t l y more p o s i t i v e than those determined using the Katritzky method. The i n d i c a t o r a c i d strength thus appears to be s l i g h t l y greater when the area method i s used. Details of c a l c u l a t i o n f o r i n d i v i d u a l compounds are given i n Appendix A together with i n d i c a t i o n s of any minor d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered. Figure 9 contains the plots of log I against mole % DMSO f o r a l l the nucleotide bases. B. C a l c u l a t i o n of Acid Ionization Constants Using Two Extrapolative Procedures N 15 The compounds studied i n t h i s work di d not obey H_ . Although N pl o t s of log I of the indicators against H were i n v a r i a b l y l i n e a r , the slopes of these plots were always much less than unity. The pK HA of a given i n d i c a t o r may be a r r i v e d at without the construction of an appropriate a c i d i t y function by using two extrapolative procedures: the 30 Bunnett-Olson method (the B.O. method) and the Marziano-Cimino-181 Passerini method (the M.C.P. method). Both of these methods, o r i g i n a l l y derived f o r a c i d systems, have been adapted to basic 12 DMSO/water systems by Cox and Stewart. - 102 -1. Derivation of the Bunnett-Olsen Method (B.O. Method) The protonating power of an acid medium varies f o r i n d i v i d u a l 28 i n d i c a t o r s , hence the existence of several H functions. For a base . o B, protonation may be written B + H + ^—* BH + The logarithm of the equilibrium quotient i s therefore i n [BH +] Log Q i s a measure of the protonating power of the acid. In moderately concentrated mineral acids i t i s an experimental f a c t that log Q values of diverse bases are l i n e a r l y r e l a t e d . Bunnett and Olsen have attempted to express the v a r i a b l e protonating power of a given s o l u t i o n i n a standardized form s u i t a b l e for use with a l l i n d i c a t o r s . Since the log Q values f o r two bases are l i n e a r at a c i d i t i e s where they are both p a r t i a l l y ionized one would l i k e to have a standard i n d i c a t o r whose log Q values can be measured from 0-100% aqueous acid, f o r use as the horizontal coordinate against which to p l o t log Q of any base B. Of course no such i n d i c a t o r e x i s t s , but the H function f o r aromatic ' o 29 primary amines can be taken as a good measure of the protonating power of s u l f u r i c a cid. Bunnett and Olsen used as h o r i z o n t a l coordinate a hypothetical amine, X, of pKg^ + zero and which obeys H q p e r f e c t l y , that i s , a p l o t of log I against -H i s l i n e a r with slope 1.00. - 103 -By d e f i n i t i o n , H o = PKXH+ \" log TTT1 Thus f o r the hypothetical i n d i c a t o r X, H - - l o g i ^ J -o I 0 G [X] and log Q x = - H q - l o g [ H + ] Consider a r e a l i n d i c a t o r B. Since log Q v and log Q D w i l l be l i n e a r l y A D r e l a t e d , log - log [H +] = (l- i s a measure of the deviation of log I from H . & o - 104 -The basis of the Bunnett-Olsen treatment is that the logarithm of the activity coefficient ratio of base B is a multiple of that of a standard Hammett base X. They have shown that sub-, Indicators obeying the same acidity function must have equal values of which is really a proportionality constant between the logarithms of the activity coefficient ratios. In practice, however, these values are almost always within 0.1-0.2 units of one another. It was observed experimentally in this work that log I varies linearly with mole % DMSO up to 80 mole % DMSO. Table IX contains the correlation coefficients r of the linear plots, log I vs. mole,% DMSO, and the slopes of these straight lines for the indicators with non-overlapping spectra. Table X contains the same data for indicators which exhibited overlapping spectra. Correlation coefficients and slopes are given for both methods used to calculate log I, namely the Katritzky and the area method. In all cases where the Katritzky , or FHK method was used, only values of log I between +1.00 and--1.00 were used to establish the linear plot. Where the area method was used to calculate log I only values between +0.80 and -0.80 were used. tracting(l°g ^ + ) t 0 e ach side and rearranging gives, log - 105 -TABLE IX. Least Squares Co r r e l a t i o n of Log I Values with Mole % DMSO for S p e c t r a l l y Non-overlapping Indicators. No. Indicator Range of DMSO Cor r e l a t i o n Slope concentration C o e f f i c i e n t (mole %) -1 2-aminopyridine 97. 4-99.2 non- l i n e a r --2 2-amino-5-chloropyridine 93. 4-98.2 non- l i n e a r --3 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine 74. 4-87.4 non- l i n e a r --4 2-amino-3-nitropyridine 39. 2-58.7 0. 9998 0. 087 5_ 2-amino-5-nitropyridine 35. 0-53.6 0. 999 0. 083 6 2-amino-3-chloro-5-nitro-pyridine .20. 1-34.6 0. 9998 0. 106 7_ 2-amino-3,5-dinitropyridine 7. .79-22.1 0. 9996 0. 120 8 4-aminopyridine 93. ,4-98.2 non-•linear --9 4-amino-3-nitropyridine 30. ,1-44.65 0. 993 0. 104 n 2-aminopyrimidine 87. ,4-96.95 non-•linear — 12 2-amino-4-chloropyrimidine 68. ,3-83.9 0. 999 0. 084 11 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine 44. .3-61.9 0. ,999 0. ,080 14_ 2-amino-5-nitropyrimidine 20. ,2-32.6 0. ,9997 0. .096 _15 4-aminopyrimidine 68. ,4-87.65 0. .997 0. ,088 16 4-amino-2-chloropyrimidine 44. .3-62.8 0. ,998 0. .075 11 4-amino-2,6-dichloropyrimidine 27 .4-48.2 0. .9999 0. .082 18 4-amino-2-chloro-5-nitro-pyrimidine 7 .79-30.0 0, .998 0, .073 I 9 . 2-amino-s-triazine 34 .6-62.8 0, .9996 0 .060 20 1,7-dimethylguanine 29 .8-59.0 0, .9999 0 .063 21 1,9-dimethylguanine 23 .7-48.75 0, .998 0 .071 TABLE X. Least Squares Correlation of Log I Values with Mole % DMSO for Spectrally Overlapping Indicators. Log I Values Estimated Log I Values Estimated by K. Method by Area Method No. Indicator DMSO cone. Correlation Slope Correlation Slope range (mole %) Coefficient Coefficient 23 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine 10.2-29.7 0. 998 0. 087 0. 992 0. 089 24 2-chloro-7-methyladenine 15.1-34.0 0. 999 0. 082 0. 996 0. 083 25 2-chloro-8-methoxy-7-methyl-adenine 24.8-45.9 0. 999 0. 075 0. 999 0. 072 26 7-methyladenine 29.85-60.8 0. 998 0. 062 0. 999 0. 062 27 2,8-dichloro-9-methyladenine 30.0-49.0 0. 9998 0. 072 0. 9999 0. 073 28 2-chloro-9-methyladenine 35.1-59.05 0. 998 0. 069 0. 996 0. 069 29 2-chloro-8-methoxy-9-methyl-adenine 50.0-71.4 0. 998 0. 073 0. 999 0. 074 30 9-methyladenine 58.1-81.4 0. ,995 0. ,067 0. 998 a 0. ,065 31 2,3-dihydro-lH-5-oxoimidazo-(1,2-c)pyrimidine hydrochloride 0.26-15.2 0, .998 0. ,090 CL 32_ 1-methylcytosine 50.55-81.7 0. .999 . 0. 069 0. ,998 0. ,050 33 1-methyl-5-bromocytosine 29.7-44.3 0. .992 0. ,086 0. ,998 0. .085 34 1-methylisocytosine 17.7-35.2 0, .9998 0. .086 0. ,996 a 0, .076 35 3-methylcytosine 7.83-22.0 0, .999 0, .089 ct a 36 3-methylisocytosine 17.5-39.0 0. .999 0, .084 a 37 2',3'-0-benzylidene-5'-0-tritylcytidine 40.0-67.5 0 .996 0, .052 a Change in area upon ionization is too small to allow a meaningful estimation of the ionization ratio by this method. - 107 -As can be seen from the t a b l e s the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s are uniformly e x c e l l e n t . Non-linear p l o t s were observed only f o r i n d i c a t o r s i o n i z i n g at very high mole % DMSO. These observations suggest that log I values of the i n d i c a t o r s must be l i n e a r f u n c t i o n s o f one another as the DMSO content i s v a r i e d . Deprotonation of an a c i d HA obeying an a c i d i t y f u n c t i o n H may be represented by, HA + OH A + H 20 Whence, V • aH 20 aHA ' a0H\" HA (3) K i s defined as the a u t o p r o t o l y s i s constant o f water w r \\ a V ' a0H\" H 20 Taking logarithms of both sides of equation (3) and rearranging y i e l d s 12 equation (4) below. PKHA + 1OSTW pK w + log[OH\"] lo g a^Q - l o g f f -HA ' OH (4) For the Hammett a c i d HA, the L.H.S. of (4) w i l l be equal to H_ by d e f i n i t i o n . The f i r s t three terms on the R.H.S. o f (4) w i l l be.equal f o r two acids HA and HS, whose regions of i o n i z a t i o n overlap i n b a s i c - 108 -DMSO/water. HS i s an acid not necessarily obeying H . The equivalent of the Bunnett-Olsen treatment i n basic media would thus require, from equation (2), that log l f ^ f ) = -log L j (5) V tHS ' OH\" / VtlA ' ?OH ' If HA and HS both obey H then t h e i r a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t ratios w i l l cancel and the arbitrary parameter cj> i n the above equation w i l l be zero. Thus, , as i n the o r i g i n a l B.O. treatment i s a measure of how the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t r a t i o of an indicator HS deviates from H . Applying r e l a t i o n (5), i t can be shown that H_ - log -[Is]- = - and intercept P K Hg-The B.O. method i s subject to two major sources of error. Uncertainty i n the a c i d i t y function H i s reflected i n the pK^ A calculated. Furthermore, the method assumes that the plots using equation .(6) are linear over the range of compositions from those i n which measurements of log I are made down 'to pure water. Of course, any vari a t i o n i n the slope of t h i s l i n e owing to errors i n log I w i l l cause an error i n the intercept - the farther one must extrapolate to water, the greater the error. It was of interest to determine the magnitude of uncertainty - 109 -i n p K ' s calculated by the B.O. method when different methods were HA used to estimate log I.. The spread i n values obtained i s discussed i n Section B(4). 2. The Marziano-Cimino-Passerini Method (M.C.P. method) This method was f i r s t developed for acid systems as was the B.O. method. The basis of the two methods i s the same: the logarithms of the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t ratios for two given bases, ionizing i n the same a c i d i t y range, are multiples of one another. Thus, the M.C.P. method suggests that for two bases X and B protonating at the same solvent composition, I f X i s considered to be the standard Hammett base, then n g i s equal to the term (l-) of equation (2) i n the B.O. method. Consider a weaker base C with which base B overlaps. Applying the abo/e assumption, This may be applied to weaker and weaker bases over the whole range of ac i d i t y . Thus the logarithm of the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t r a t i o of any base may be related back to that of the standard base X. The term - 110 -may be calculated as a function of the whole a c i d i t y range f o r a given set of overlapping i n d i c a t o r s , usually those used to set up the 181 H a c i d i t y function. This function i s defined as the M function o ' c and i t i s equivalent to the negative of the ho r i z o n t a l coordinate used i n the B.O. plot s i f X obeys H . Thus, ( H q + l o g [ H + ] ) Rather than using a hypothetical amine as ho r i z o n t a l coordinate, the M.C.P. method uses the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t r a t i o of an a r b i t r a r y r e a l i n d i c a t o r , say 4 - n i t r o a n i l i n e . The M £ function of t h i s r e a l i n d i c a t o r was calculated using the set of primary n i t r o a n i l i n e i n d i c a t o r s 29 used to define H q. Thus, although the numerical values of H Q are not used i n the subsequent pl o t s to obtain pKg^+ of a given base B, the same i o n i z a t i o n r a t i o data used to construct H are used to obtain M . o c Any weakness inherent i n t h i s basic data w i l l be r e f l e c t e d i n both 181 methods. The pKg^+ of B may be calculated from the equation, •log Qg = n BM c - P K B H + B need not be s t r u c t u r a l l y s i m i l a r to the indic a t o r s used to e s t a b l i s h M£. The values of P^g^* for several d i f f e r e n t s t r u c t u r a l types of indicators calculated by the M.C.P. method were found to be i n good agreement with those calculated using the Hammett procedure and did not depend on the choice of standard base used to define M . - I l l -The M.C.P. method has a l s o been adapted to b a s i c DMSO/water systems 12 by Cox and Stewart. I t re q u i r e s that equation (5) be tru e f o r two acids HA and HS i o n i z i n g i n the same medium. Given a standard a c i d HA* and an a c i d HS which overlaps w i t h i t , equation (4) may be r e w r i t t e n , f pK Q + lo g -UJ- = pK + log [OH\"] -. l o g a H n - m* l o g L ^ XHS ^ 6 [HS] *w. i W 5 L \" \" J aH 20 ~ B \\^HA* ' f0H~ (7) The M c f u n c t i o n i s then defined as the l a s t term o f equation (7). Using 2 , 4 , 4 ' - t r i n i t r o d i p h e n y l a m i n e , whose p K ^ i s f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d i n water, as the standard i n d i c a t o r HA*, the M £ f u n c t i o n i n b a s i c DMSO/water was N 15 c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g the aromatic amines which d e f i n e the H f u n c t i o n . The pK . i^ of any given a c i d , i o n i z i n g i n these media, may. then be HS c a l c u l a t e d using the f o l l o w i n g equation (pK w + log[OH\"] - l o g Q ) - l o g = m*Mc + p K H S (8) N The a c i d HS need not obey H nor be s t r u c t u r a l l y s i m i l a r to an aromatic amine. P l o t s of the L.H.S. of equation (8) against M £ give s t r a i g h t l i n e s of slope m* and i n t e r c e p t p K u c. I n d i c a t o r s obeying the same HS a c i d i t y f u n c t i o n were shown to have very s i m i l a r m* valu e s , w i t h a v a r i a t i o n of le s s than ± 0.1 u n i t s . The pK I I A values of 80 i n d i c a t o r s were r e c a l c u l a t e d by Cox and HA Stewart using both the B.O. and M.C.P. methods. In general, good agreement was found between the pK^'s determined by each of the two - 112 methods and with those found by Hammett procedure. 12 3. Calculation of the Acidity Constants of the Indicators Using Extrapolative Procedures The pK, ,'s of all the indicators studied in this work were ^ HA 30 181 calculated using both the B.O. and the M.C.P. methods. In the B.O. procedure, the pica's of the indicators were found using equation (6). Calculations were made by means of least-squares line-fitting on a Hewlett-Packard calculator. The most accurately known H function is the H^ function of Dolman and Stewart, 1 5 , 1 8 established in DMSO/water/0.Oil M TMAH using primary anilines and diphenylamines. It was used in all the Bunnett-Olsen calculations, although any other H_ function may be used and gives comparable results. Activity coefficients of water in aqueous DMSO at 25° were those of 182 Lam and Benoit, except that values between 95-100 mole % DMSO were 12 obtained by interpolation since the necessary data are not available. The concentration of hydroxide ion was kept constant at 0.011 M for all 12 measurements. The value of pK at 25° has been taken as 13.996. w Table XI contains the values of the pK^'s for the aminopyridines and pyrimidines determined by the B.O. method, as well as the number of points used in the plots of equation (6) and the values obtained. The correlation coefficients of the B.O. plots are not significant when is 183 close to zero and have been omitted since they do not give an indication of the goodness of f i t obtained. Table XII contains the same data for the nucleotide bases (overlapping spectra). The pK^'a were found using the \"best\" log I values, that is those estimated using 12 TABLE XI. Slopes, Correlation Coefficients and Intercept pK^ Values as Calculated by the B.O. and M.C.P. Methods for Indicators with Non-overlapping Spectra. B.O. Method M.C.P. Method No. Indicator No. of Points 4> PKHA Corr. Coeff. m* PKHA Pyridines: 1 2-amino 5 a -o; 150 23.50 0.992 0.924 23.48 2 2-amino-5-chloro 7 -0. 184 21.74 0.999 0.905 21.88 3 2-amino-3,5-dichloro 7 +0. 010 20.87 0.991 1.037 20.65 4 2-amino-3-nitro 7 -0. 195 16.65 0.9998 0.887 16.76 5 2-amino-5-nitro 5 -0. 272 15.69 0.9996 0.803 15.84 6 2-amino-3-chloro-5-nitro 6 -0. 062 14.84 0.999 1.009 14.99 7 2-amino-3,5-dinitro 7 -0. 087 13.75 0.999 1.143 13.87 8 4-amino 8 -0. 156 22.26 0.990 0.927 22.33 9 4-amino-3-nitro 4 -0. 068 15.82 0.999 1.046 16.08 Pyrimidines: 11 2-amino 7 -0. 353 19.78 0.992 0.885 21.24 12 2-amino-4-chloro* 7 -0. 308 18.20 0.9997 0.715 18.07 13 2-amino-4,6-dichloro* 5 -0. 268 16.61 0.998 0.809 16.77 14 2-amino-5-nitro' 6 -0. 179 14.60 0.999 0.881 14.72 15 4-amino* 5 -0. 265 18.53 0.996 0.724 18.18 16 4-amino-2-chloro* 6 -0. 322 16.34 0.995 0.741 16.45 17 4-amino-2,6-dichloro* 8 -0. 328 15.07 0.9995 0.760 15.29 18 4-amino-2-chloro-5-nitro 9 -0. 407 13.33 0.996 0.608 13.36 19 2-amino-s-triazine 7 -0. 542 14.91 0.998 0.492 14.94 Guanines: 20 1,7-dimethyl 7 -0. 515 14.91 0.9998 0.547 15.06 21 1,9-dimethyl 6 -0. 462 14.46 0.998 0.617 14.65 a Values of log I at 98.73 and 99.19 mole % DMSO were not included in the B.O. calculations. TABLE X I I . Slopes, C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s and Intercept p K ^ Values M.C.P. Methods f o r In d i c a t o r s with Overlapping Spectra C a l c u l a t e d Using the B.O. and B.O. Method M.C.P. Method No. I n d i c a t o r Method of Estimating Log I Values No. of Points 4> pK HA Corr. Coeff. nr pK HA Adenines: 23 2,8-dichloro-7-methyl(*) Area 12 -0. 259 13. 61 0. 987 0. 793 13. 69 24 2-chloro-7-methyl(*) Area 7 -0. 313 14. 02 0. 989 0. 797 14. 24 25 2-chloro-8-methoxy-7- Area 6 -0. 421 14. 62 0. 996 0. 629 14. 70 methyl 26 7-methyl Area 6 -0. 539 14. 67 0. 998 0. 511 14. 78 27 2,8-dichloro-9-methyl(*) Area 4 -0. 374 15. 10 0. 997 0. 704 15. 27 28 2-chloro-9-methyl(;*) Area 4 -0. 406 15. 61 0. 992 0. 667 15. 79 29 2-chloro-8-methoxy-9- Area 7 -0. 353 16. 66 0. 999 0. 714- 16. 80 methyl(*) 30 9-methyl K 7 -0. 479 16. 74 0. 996 0. 554 16. 73 31 2,3-dihydro-lH-5-oxo- K 8 -0. 246 12. 42 0. 998 0. 802 12. 50 i m i d a z o ( l , 2 - c ) p y r i m i d i n e hydrochloride(*) Cytosines: 32 l-methylf*) K 7 -0. 411 16. ,69 0. 999 0. 641 16. 77 33 l-methyl-5-bromo Area 6 -0. 294 15. ,03 0. 997 0. 799 15. 25 35 3-methyl(*) FHK 6 -0. 226 13. ,37 0. 999 0. 800 13. 42 I s o c y t o s i n e s : 34 l-methyl(*) K 7 -0. 294 14. 22 0. 999 0. 775 14. 36 36 3-methyl(*) FHK 6 -0. 315 14. 28 0. 999 0. 734 14. 37 37 2',3'-0-benzylidene-5'-0- K 5 -0. 624 14. ,75 0. ,990 0. 405 14. 78 t r i t y l c y t i d i n e - 115 -the method best suited to eliminate medium effects in overlapping spectra. In the M.C.P. procedure, the pK^'s of the indicators were found using equation (8). The values of pK^ and concentration of hydroxide ion are the same as above. Here, as in the above procedure, the 12 molarity-based values of log a u _ tabulated by Cox and Stewart were 12 used. M was taken from the tables of Cox and Stewart. Tables XI c and XII contain the pK u's of all the indicators, calculated by the HA M.C.P. method. The correlation coefficients obtained from the plots of equation (8) are generally good, 0.990 or better, and are included, as are the slopes of the lines, m*. 4. Estimation of the Uncertainty in the pK^ Values By far the greatest uncertainty in the pK^ values must stem from errors in the estimation of log I. Table XI contains,the pKL 's of HA the compounds which exhibit non-overlapping spectra. Thus examination of this table will give an estimate in the uncertainty in the pK u's HA introduced by the extrapolative procedure alone, since only the FHK method was used to calculate log I. The value of the pK^'s calculated by the two extrapolative procedures give very similar results, not surprisingly, since both methods depend on the same body of ionization data - that used to N establish the H scale. The values are closely similar, as can be seen from Table XI, and the difference between the B.O. value and the M.C.P. value for a given indicator is usually no greater than 0.1-0.2 pK units, although those calculated for 2- and 4-aminopyrimidine differ by 1.46 - 116 -and 0.35 units respectively. Both compounds are weak acids requiring a lengthy extrapolation to the standard state with increased uncertainty in the intercept pK^. However, close agreement is often observed for such weak acids as 4-aminopyridine: B.O. 22.26, M.C.P. 22.33. The ionization data for the indicators in Table XI are considered\"to be accurate. However, the ionization ratio data for the indicators in Table XII are subject to much more uncertainty and i t is expected that this uncertainty will be reflected in the pKUA values. To estimate this HA calculations of P*^ values for 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine, 23, and indicator 31, the anchor compound, were made using the log I values contained in Tables II, IV and VII. Table XIII compares the values of pK^ found using different parts of the spectral curve to calculate log I for indicator 3_1_ by the area method. The values of pK^ vary somewhat with the choice of wavelength pair but the spread in value is only 0.32 pK units. The correlation coefficients of the M.C.P. method are not good when log I is estimated by areas, but excellent when estimated by the Katritzky method. Also and m* appear to vary considerably with the method chosen to estimate log I. There is a correlation, however, between the size of the deviation of these values from the average and the size of the deviation of the slope of log I vs. mole % DMSO from the average (Table III). When the area from 265 nm to 307.5 nm was used to estimate log I, the slope of the plot of log I thus determined against mole % DMSO was 0.074, much lower than the average of the slopes similarly obtained using different parts of the curve or the Katritzky method to obtain log I. Table XIII reveals that the pK H A Corr. m* p K ^ Log I Values Coeff. Katritzky at 325 nm - 0 . 246 12.42 0 .998 o\". 802 12. 50 Area (295 nm — 0 - 0 . 199 12.53 0 .955 0. 858 12. 62 Area (265--307.5 nm) - 0 . 348 12.'35 0 .984 0. 705 12. 42 Area (307, .5 nm —»)• - 0 . 075 12.59 0 .982 0. 996 12. 67 TABLE XIV. Values of Intercept p K ^ Calculated by the B.O. and M.C.P. Methods for 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine Using Values of Log I Estimated by Several Methods. B.O. Method M.C.P. Method Method of Estimating Log I Values + PKHA Corr. Coeff. m i* PKHA Katritzky at 295 nm - 0 . 138 13.77 0.998 0. 897 13.84 Katritzky at 300 nm - 0 . 237' 13.72 0.997 0. 797 13.79 Katritzky at 305 nm - 0 . 240 13.70 0.995 0. 790 13.76 FHK - 0 . 041 13.92 0.992 1. 010 14.02 Davis and Geissman - 0 . 221 13.69 0.998 0. 813 13.76 Area (260 nm —») - 0 . 261 13.61 0.987 0. 756 13.66 Area (270 nm —•) - 0 . 146 13.80 0.973 0. 885 13.87 - 118 -Similar observations were made for 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine (Table XIV). From Table VIII the average slope of log I vs. mole % DMSO is 0.094. All values of slope lie close to this except when log I values obtained by the FHK method are used, for which the slope is 0.108. The pKIIA values for the FHK method are also higher than the others. If r HA b these pKtI.'s are included the spread in pK values is 0.41 units; i f HA HA they are omitted the spread is only 0.26 units. Similarly, the and m* values of the FHK log I values are quite d i f f e r e n t from the rest (Table XIV). It should be recalled, however, that the FHK method has been used at a wavelength where there was a large contribution from the neutral form of the indicator. From Table XIV i t appears that the log I values estimated by the area, Davis and Geissman, or Katritzky method give very similar pK^ values. The FHK method, however, should not be used at wavelengths where the neutral form of the indicator absorbs to a large extent. The values of log I estimated in such cases yield greater uncertainty in the pK^ values calculated, because log I at very high or low degrees of ionization are subject to greater uncertainty. This is reflected in the divergent slopes of the plots of such log I values against mole % DMSO, and consequently in the pK^'s determined by extrapolative procedures, since the slopes of these plots are also dependent on values of log I at high or low degrees of ionization. Furthermore, from Tables XIII and XIV, the pK H A values determined from log I values estimated by the area method do not appear to depend on the choice of wavelengths between which the area change is measured. - 119 -Table XV compares the p K ^ values f o r the acids whose log I values were estimated by the area and Katritzky methods. The spread i n values i s usually 0.2-0.3 pK u n i t s , as was concluded f o r the represent-ative compounds discussed above. The spread i n values i s 0.1 units greater than f o r the ind i c a t o r s e x h i b i t i n g non-overlapping spectra, but i s not large considering the d i f f i c u l t y i n obtaining accurate log I values from overlapping spectra. This spread appears to hold for the ent i r e solvent composition range and not merely f o r i n d i c a t o r s i o n i z i n g i n media close to water i n composition, as do the representative i n d i c a t o r s 31_ and 23_. The s i z e of t h i s spread seems to depend on the accuracy with which log I i s determined. From Table XV, the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s of the M.C.P. method and the and m* values are generally very s i m i l a r whether the log I values were estimated by the area or the Katritzky method. The values of cj) and m*, however, may vary considerably i f there i s a large degree of uncertainty i n . l o g I at high or low degrees of i o n i z a t i o n . This has been noted f o r i n d i c a t o r _31_ when log I was estimated by areas. The change i n area upon i o n i z a t i o n was not large and t h i s led to errors i n log I beyond the region of h a l f - i o n i z a t i o n . Discrepancies i n and m* values are also noted f o r the compounds 1-methylisocytosine, 1-methylcytosine and l-methyl-5-bromocytosine where there was d i f f i c u l t y i n obtaining reasonable log I values (see Appendix A). A considerable difference (1.32 pK units) i s observed f o r 1-methylcytosine between p K ^ values calculated using log I values estimated by the area and Katritzky methods, the p K ^ determined from area log I values being the lower of the two. TABLE XV. Values of Intercept p K ^ Calculated by the B.O. and M.C.P. Methods f o r Indicators with Overlapping Spectra Using Log I Values Estimated by the Katritzky and Area Methods. Indicator No. B.O. Method pK HA Area HA M.C.P. Method Area Corr. Coeff. pK HA Corr. / Coeff. pK HA 21 -0.462 14. 46 -0. 474 14. 38 0. ,998 0. 617 14.65 0.9998 0.614 14. 59 24 -0.319 14. 06 -0. 313 14. 02 0. ,995 0. 783 14.26 0.989 0.797 14. 24 25 -0.416 14. 57 -0. 421 14. 62 0. ,996 0. 672 14.79 0.996 0.629 14. 70 26 -0.530 14. 82 -0. 539 14. 67 0. ,998 0. 520 14.92 0.998 0.511 14. 78 27_ -0.430 14. 97 -0. ,374 15. ,10 0. .999 0. ,647 15.15 0.997 0.704 15. 27 28 -0.431 15. ,51 -0. ,406 15. ,61 0. ,993 0. ,639 15.68 0.992 0.667 15. ,79 29 -0.358 16. 63 -0. ,353 16, ,66 0, .995 0. ,710 16.78 0.999 0.714 16. 80 30 -0.479 16. 74 -0. ,495 16. .57 0. .996 0. ,554 16.73 0.995 0.535 16. 56 32 -0.411 16. ,69 -o. .663 15. .45 0. .999 0. .641 16.77 0.988 0.360 15. ,46 33_ -0.292 15. .24 -0. .294 15. .03 0. .986 0, .806 15.47 0.997 0.799 15. ,25 34 -0.294 14. ,22 -0, .391 13. .93 0 .999 0. .775 14.36 0.990 0.670 14. ,06 o - 121 -C. Calculation of Indicator pK^'s Using the Hammett Procedure. The p . H_ Acidity Function. P 1. Selection of the Indicators Used to Establish the H Function Cox and Stewart have proposed that a given set of indicators form an adequate acidity function set i f their m* values lie within 12 a range of m* ± 0.100. Applying this criterion, the aminopyridines form such a set, m*av = 0.962 - 0.084, i f 2-amino-5-nitropyridine and 2-amino-3,5-dinitropyridine are omitted. The 2- and 4-amino-pyrimidines, with the exception of 4-amino-2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine, form another set, m* = 0.788 ± 0.097. A fair acidity function set is av J defined by the nucleotide bases, m* = 0.729 ± 0.112, i f 7- and 9-methyl-J av adenine and 1,7-dimethylguanine are omitted. Since the m*av values of the aminopyrimidines and nucleotide bases are close, a new set may be made by appropriate selection of both types of indicator. This set, p m* = 0.745 - 0.104, was used to define the H function where P av represents \"pyrimidine\" and \"purine\". The indicators selected are marked in Tables XI and XII by an asterisk (*). P 2. Anchoring the H_ Function Indicator 3_1_ is a secondary imidazo-pyrimidone whose pK^ 6 8 in water at 25° has been determined as 12.6. Even though 51 is a secondary amine, a plot of log I against mole % DMSO is parallel to those of 3-methylcytosine and 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine, both primary amines whose ionization overlaps with that of 31_. Dolman observed similar parallelism between primary and secondary aromatic amines.^ The fully ionized spectrum of 51_ was determined in 3 M sodium hydroxide, max 308 nm but measurements were made at 320 nm, in - 122 -order to maximize the spectral change upon ionization and to make the contribution of the neutral form small. After determining the unionized spectrum in water at pH 10, log I in 0.011 M TMAH at 25° was calculated to be -0.390. The pH of 0.011 M TMAH has been determined potentio-12 metrically at 25° to be 12.04, from which the pK^ of 31_ is 12.43. This value rather than that of Ueda and Fox^8 was used in subsequent calculations. It is in excellent agreement with the pK^A values determined by the B.O. (12.42) and the M.C.P. (12.50) methods (Table XII). Anchoring of the scale was also attempted in the following manner. At 25°, 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine is measurably ionized in 0.1 M TMAH, log I = -0.696 (by areas). The pH of 0.1 M TMAH is equal to 12.83, determined using 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine, pK^ 13.84^5, as indicator. The pK^A of the adenine in water is calculated to be 13.53, in good agreement with the value 13.61 calculated by the B.O. method. Plots of log I vs. mole % DMSO in 0.011 M and 0.1 M TMAH are parallel to each other but the average A log I is 1.12 when log I is determined by areas in both cases. The difference in pH is 0.79, however (12.83-12.04). In view of the non-linear variation of H_ with increasing base concentration, the first method of anchoring was considered more reliable and was used in this work. 3. Calculation of pK^'s Using the Overlap Procedure The Hammett activity coefficient postulate was found to hold p for a l l the indicators chosen to define H_. Knowing the thermodynamic p^ HA of acid HA, the pK^A of acid HS overlapping with HA can be calculated using the following equation, - 123 -PKHS = PKHA + ' l 0 g W T J ( 9 ) In p r a c t i c e , the solutions i n which two given ind i c a t o r s were both measurably ionized d i f f e r e d s l i g h t l y from each other i n DMSO composition. I f such was the case f o r HA and HS above, where HS i s the weaker acid, then log I^g was appropriately corrected by the quantity, (Amole % DMSO) x where rn^g i s the slope of the p l o t log I^g vs. mole % DMSO. Where HS overlapped with several stronger acids HA, HB, HZ, the pK given i s the weighted average of the pK 's determined using (9) with HA, HB, HZ, i n d i v i d u a l l y . Thus, „ - W + nB KB + ••• + \\ H ' W SiS ~ n A + n R + ... + n z In equation ,(10) K. i s the a c i d i t y constant evaluated f o r HS by A. overlapping i t with acid HA alone and n^ i s the number of solvent compositions at which a (Alog I) could be obtained f o r the two compounds. p Table XVI l i s t s the indicators used to es t a b l i s h H_ together with values of p K ^ determined by equation (9) and by the B.O. and M.C.P. methods. The agreement between a l l three values f o r any given i n d i c a t o r i s good, but the M.C.P. values appear to l i e closer to the a c i d i t y function (AF) values f o r the weaker acids than do the B.O. values. The average spread i n a l l three values i s usually 0.2-0.4 pK units - 124 -TABLE XVI. The pKu. Values of the Indicators Used to Establish the HA P H Function. No. Indicator pK^ (AF) pK^ (B.O.) pK^ (M.C.P.) 31 2,3-dihydro-lH-5-oxoimidazo- 12.43 12.42 12.50 (l,2-c)pyrimidine hydro-chloride 55 3-methylcytosine 13.36 13.37 13.42 23 2,8-dichloro-7-methyladenine 13.64 13.61 13.69 24 2-chloro-7-methyladenine 14.17 14.02 14.24 34 1-methylisocytosine 14.37 14.22 14.36 36 3-methylisocytosine 14.47 14.28 14.37 17 4-amino-2,6-dichloropyrimidine 15.34 . 15.07 15.29 27 2,8-dichloro-9-methyladenine 15.48 15.10 15.27 28 2-chloro-9-methyladenine 16.12 15.61 15.79 16 4-amino-2-chloropyrimidine 16.51 16.34 16.45 13 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine 16.55 16.61 16.77 29 2-chloro-8-methoxy-9-methyladenine 17.01 16.66 16.80 32 l-methylcytosine 17.34 16.63 16.69 12 2-amino-4-chloropyrimidine 18.25 18.20 18.07 15 4-aminopyrimidine 18.30 18.53 18.18 1 1 1 1 r 1 i i • o FIGURE IO. . INDICATORS USED TO ESTABLISH THE H° FUNCTION VS- MOLE °/o DMSO Indicators nos. refer to Appendix A ^ ^OLE°/qn DMSO _ << -70 -TQ ft4 3Q 36 42 48 54 6Q 66 7.2 78 84 Legend: ^ amincpyrimidcfies O adenines 04-a minopyr imid ine 02-aminO pyrimidine - 126 -and increases as the acid strength of the indicators decreases, that is, as the medium in which the degree of ionization is measured becomes farther removed from water. The largest differences occur for 2-chloro-9-methyladenine and 1-methylcytosine, 0.51 and 0.71 pK units, respectively. The m* values of these indicators, 0.667 and 0.641 respectively, are close to the limit of the range of m* values defined p + for the H_ function, m*av = 0.745 - .100 so that.these two compounds p may not \"obey\" H very well. Figure 10 contains the plots of log I against mole % DMSO for the P indicators used to establish the H function. P P 4. Calculation of H_. Evaluation of Acidity Constants Using H p • Using the AF pK 's in Table XVI, H was calculated from the HA -following equation, H- = PKHA + L 0 G {M} ( U ) p The values of H_ for the system DMSO/water/0.011 TMAH are listed in Table XVII together with the indicators (by number) used to calculate p H in a given solution. The value is usually an average of two or more indicators. Values in solutions greater than 58.7 mole % DMSO are less accurate since there is some uncertainty regarding the I values of 1-methylcytosine (52). Values in solutions of compositon greater than 74.4 mole % DMSO were determined using only one indicator and should be regarded as approximations. The pK 's of compounds have often been evaluated by assuming their - 127 -TABLE XVII. H_ Values for the Ternary System DMSO/water/0.Oil M TMAH Determined Using the AF pK^ Values of the Aminopyrimidines and Aminopurines in Table XVI. Mole % DMSO H^ Value Indicator No. 0.3 11.98 31 1.4 12.11 31 2.9 12.26 31 5.4 12.49 31 7.8 12.70 31,35 10.1 12.89 31,35,23 12.5 13.11 31,35,23 15.1 13.32 31,35,23,24 17.5 13.58 23,24,34,36 18.25 13.64 23 20.0 13.80 35,23,24,34,36 22.0 13.96 35,24,34 24.8 14.13 23,24 25.0 14.25 23,34,36 27.3 14.45 34,17 29.85 14.66 23,34,36,17,27 32.2 14.85 17 34.0 14.94 24,27 34.5 15.05 36,17 35.2 15.10 34 36.9 15.25 17 38.2 15.35 28 39.0 15.38 36,'l7,27 44.3 15.80 17,27,28,16,13 47.6 15.96 28 48.2 16.17 17 49.5 16.19 16,13,29 50.6 16.38 32 - 128 -TABLE XVII. (Continued) Mole % DMSO H Value Indicator No. 51.4 16.33 16 54.5 16.53 28,16,13 58.7 16.88 16,13,29,32 61.9 17.21 13 62.8 17.20 16,29,32 67.7 17.56 29 68.4 17.58 29,32,12,15 71.9 17.84 29,32,12,15 74.4 18.05 12 76.2 18.18 12 77.0 18.20 . 32,15 79.1 18.44 12 80.5 18.59 15 81.7 18.63 12 83.9 18.89 12 87.6 19.27 15 I - 129 -adherence to a particular acidity function. If an indicator P P \"obeys\" H , say, then a plot of its log I values against H , according to (11) will give a straight line with slope 1.00 and pK^ equal to P H_ at half-ionization. Table XVIII lists the aminopyrimidines and purines which were not used in the Hammett procedure, together with the slopes of plots of P P log I against H_ and the AF pK^'s, namely the H value of a solution in which the indicator is half-ionized. The slopes are by no means unity, but those indicators with slopes 0.9-1.1 had AF pK^'s in fair agreement (within 0.5 pK units) with the B.O. and M.C.P. values. Deviations were greater the farther the solutions in which the indicators ionized were removed from pure water. Other indicators with slopes less than 0.9 had AF pK^'s as much as 1.0 unit greater than the extrapolated values. It was of interest to plot the log I values of the aminopyridines N against H since the acidity function defined by these compounds would lie close to i t . The m* value of the anilines and diphenylamines used to define H^ is 1.09112 and that of the aminopyridines is 0.962. With two exceptions the slopes are all lower than unity and the AF pK^ estimated for the aminopyridines is usually much greater than the extrapolated values, being as large as 1.6 units greater for 2-amino-pyridine. It is noted that 2,2'-dipyridylamine has a slope of 0.85*5 N for its plot of log I against H , in general agreement with those observed for the other aminopyridines (Table XIX). TABLE XVIII. The pKUA Values of Some Aminopyrimidines and Aminopurines Determined by Plotting Log I Values H A p Against H . No. Indicator Correlation Coefficient Slope PKHA ( V a l u e o f H? at Half-ionization) PKHA (B.O.) PKHA (M.C.P.) 14 2-amino-5-nitropyrimidine 0. ,999 1. 10 14. 47 14.60 14. 72 4-amino-2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine 0. ,997 0. 80 13. 62 13.33 13. 36 20 1,7-dimethylguanine 0, .9997 0. 82 15. 88 14.91 15. 06 21 1,9-dimethylguanine 0, .999 0. 90 15. 13 14.46 14. 65 25 2-chloro-8-methoxy-7-methyladenine 0. .998 0. 91 15. 13 14.62 14. 70 26 7-methyladenine 0, .9999 0. 80 15. 72 14.67 14. 78 30 9-methyladenine 0. .998 0. 86 17. 85 16.74 16. ,73 33 1-methyl-5-bromocytosine 0, .9985 1. 11 15. 15 15.03 15. ,25 TABLE XIX. The pK Values of the Aminopyridines Determined by Plotting Log I Values Against H_. No. Substituent Correlation Coefficient Slope pK H A (Value of H~N at Half-ionization) PKHA (B.O.) PKHA (M.C.P 1 2-amino 0. .9990 0. .81 25. 07 23.50 23.48 2 2-amino-5-chloro 0, .9996 0. .87 23. ,37 21.74 21.88 _3 2-amino-3,5-dichloro 0. .9920 1. .01 20. ,80 20.87 20.65 4 2-amino-3-nitro 0, .9998 0. .85 17. ,47 16.65 16.76 5_ 2-amino-5-nitro 0, .9998 0. .79 16. ,74 15.69 15.84 6 2-amino-3-chloro-5-nitro 0. .9998 0. .95 15. ,00 14.84 14.99 7_ 2-amino-3,5-dinitro 0, .9995 1. .07 13. ,64 13.75 13.87 8 4-amino 0. .9966 0. .88 23. ,69 22.26 22.33 9 4-amino-3-nitro 0, .9994 0, .95 16. ,05 15.82 16.08 2,2'-dipyridylamine 0, ,8515 19. ,9115 18.5612 18.53 12 - 132 -From the above discussion i t appears that the AF p K ^ of a given i n d i c a t o r may vary widely from those values obtained by the extra-p o l a t i v e procedures i f i t does not obey the given a c i d i t y function c l o s e l y . In the discussions that follow the pK^'s of the indicators studied were taken to be those obtained by the B.O. procedure (Tables XI and XII) since the computations f o r the B.O. method are less tedious than f o r the M.C.P. method and the r e s u l t s of the two methods are comparable. P N 5. Comparison of the H_ A c i d i t y Function to the H_ Function P As can be seen from Figure 11, the H_ a c i d i t y function, defined by aminopyrimidines and purines, r i s e s much less steeply than N the H function when p l o t t e d against mole % DMSO. Both functions converge at low mole % DMSO, as expected, since H i s equivalent to pH i n pure water. The difference i n the two functions i n any water-DMSO mixture must be due to differences i n the a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t r a t i o s of the ind i c a t o r acids and those of t h e i r anions i n the mixture. Thus, where subscripts A and P r e f e r to a n i l i n e and aminopyrimidine-type acids r e s p e c t i v e l y . For the l e f t hand side of the above equation to be p o s i t i v e , the quotient on the r i g h t hand side must be less than unity. E i t h e r f A ~ being less than f p - or f H p being less than f could account f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e . - 134 -Consider the two compounds 4-nitroaniline (A) and 4-aminopyrimidine (B) which ionize between 54.63-71.3515 mole % DMSO and 68.43-80.52 mole % DMSO respectively. The B.O. pK^'s of these compounds are 18.11 12 for the aniline and 18.53 for the aminopyrimidine. The regions of ionization of these two compounds overlap at DMSO compositions where N P H_ is greater than H . The anilines and aminoheterocycles are expected to give anions with highly delocalized charge. A solvent change from water to DMSO does not destabilize anions of delocalized charge to nearly the same extent as occurs with anions of localized charge. Indeed, large polarizable, 34 delocalized anions may even be stabilized by such a change in medium. The activity coefficient of the delocalized type of anion should clearly be less than that of the localized type. In agreement with this notion the H function for phenols, which form anions in which the charge is largely localized on oxygen, is nearly flat when plotted against mole % 18 \" P DMSO.. The less steep rise of the H function might thus be explained i f greater localization of anionic charge exists in the anion of 4-aminopyrimidine than in the anion of 4-nitroaniline; that is, i f f -be less than f p-. A para nitro group has a very large acid-strengthening effect on aniline acidity. The apparent substituent constant for the para nitro group, as calculated by Dolman and Stewart*^ was much - 45 greater than the usual a value for a nitro group, a =1.27. Dolman explained this large acid-strengthening effect by a large degree of dispersion of the anionic charge to the nitro group, resulting in increased derealization of charge for the whole ion (A). It was found in this work that the apparent substituent constant of a 4-aza - 135 -'group is equal to its normal value,^ that is, i t did not prove necessary to use a constants for 2- or 4-aza substituents.* This suggests that the aza substituent works primarily by induction and that there is less formal derealization of charge by resonance, i.e. structures such as B' below are less important in the anion of 4-amino-pyrimidine. Thus, i t appears that the aminopyrimidine anion has, in fact, a more localized charge than the anilide ion leading to f p - being greater than f A ~ -o o -For f^p to be smaller than f the solubility of aminopyrimidines and purines in DMSO should be very much greater than the solubility in water relative to the nitroanilines. It was observed experimentally in this work that the aminopurines in particular were nearly insoluble in water but reasonably soluble in DMSO. Unfortunately no data are available on the relative solubilities of anilines and aminopyrimidines and purines. The steepness of the plot of the H_ function for a given class of aminoheterocycles against mole % DMSO may be estimated by the magnitude 12 of Stewart and Cox's m* values. It appears from consideration of the m* values for aminopyridines, m* = 0.962, pyrimidines, m* = 0.788, purines, m* = 0.729 and that of 2-amino-s-triazine, m* = 0.492, that - 136 -H decreases as the number of aza groups i n the r i n g to which the amino group i s attached increases. It i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note that the presence of a carbonyl group, as i n the cytosines, does not necessitate a new a c i d i t y function being used, although an oxygen atom might be expected to further d e l o c a l i z e the anionic charge. Nor does the presence of an imidazole r i n g require a new function f o r the aminopurines, within the l i m i t s of error assigned to m*. This points to the imidazole r i n g being much less important than the pyrimidine r i n g i n s t a b i l i z i n g the purine anion. - 137 -D. Cor r e l a t i o n of Structure with A c i d i t y f o r Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines 1. Co r r e l a t i o n of P * ^ Values of Unsubstituted Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines with Aza Substituent Constants The heteroaromatic nucleus may be considered a substituted benzene, the endocyclic nitrogens being c a l l e d aza substituents. One of the objects of t h i s work was to determine the aza substituent constants, hereafter abbreviated cr^, that c o r r e l a t e the a c i d i t i e s of the unsubstituted aminopyridines and pyrimidines and of 2-amino-s-t r i a z i n e . Primary substituent constants are determined from the i o n i z a t i o n 4 184 constants of the appropriately substituted benzoic acids. ' Thus primary values can be calculated from d i s s o c i a t i o n constants of the pyridine carboxylic acids shown below. COOH COOH COOH '3N nicotinic acid isonicotinlc acid 185 Such an evaluation was performed recently by Blanch. In water at 22° these acids p a r t i c i p a t e i n the tautomeric equilibrium i l l u s t r a t e d i n Figure 12 and so the measured i o n i z a t i o n constants K ^ and cannot be used d i r e c t l y to estimate a^. Only should be so used, and i t may be shown that, 45,51 - 138 -FIGURE 12. TAUTOMERIC EQUILIBRIA ISONICOT1NIC ACID (REF. 45 ) - 139 -For evaluation of a„XT, K_ was taken to be the dissociation constant 4N 2 of the methyl ester of isonicotinic acid, i.e. the Op value of the -COOH group was taken to be equal to that of the -COOCH^ group. The 185 values obtained by Blanch for o2N> and are listed in Table XX. The abnormally low value of cr^ was explained by invoking intra-185 molecular H-bonding between the COOH group and the endocyclic nitrogen ' as illustrated below. The neutral molecule would thus be stabilized relative to the anion and the acidity would decrease. When the ionization constants of the required benzoic acid cannot be evaluated, a substituent constant may be calculated from reaction rates, using a reaction whose p value, is known. Such a values are 184 often called secondary substituent constants. Because of the uncertainty in Blanch's values caused by the presence of tautomeric equilibria, the aza substituent constants were recalculated by Deady 92 and Shanks using the basic hydrolysis rates of methyl pyridine carboxylates in 85% methanol at.25°, and a p value of 2.26, established for the basic hydrolysis of methyl benzoates using the same reaction conditions. The values for the aza substituent were = 0.75, = 0.65 and a ^ = 0.96. They are in good agreement with the °^ values obtained previously using data for the basic hydrolysis of ethyl benzoates in 88% ethanol at 30° 5 1 (Table XX). - 140 -TABLE XX. Substituent Constants of the Aza Group. Substituent Constant 2N 3N 4N Ref. Reaction 0.08 0.45 0.76 185 ionization of pyri-dine carboxylates in water at 22° 0.81 0.62 0.93 51 basic hydrolysis of ethyl pyridine carboxylates in aqueous ethanol at 30° 0.75 0.65 0.96 92* basic hydrolysis of methyl pyridine carboxylates in 85% methanol at 25° 0.73 0.57 . 1.13 186 basic hydrolysis of pyridyldiniethyl-carbinyl chlorides in methanol at 25° 0.58 0.76 1.26 187 Wolff-Kishner reduc-tion of diarylketone hydrazones 0.81 0.72 0.95 91 hydrolysis of methyl pyridine acetates in aqueous acetone at 25° 0.24 188 intensity of IR stretching frequency at 1600 cm-1 0 „ . values used in this work. N - 141 -The additivity of aza substituent constants has been demonstrated 93 by Deady and Shanks using the basic hydrolysis rates of six methyl diazine carboxylates in 85% methanol at 10°. Excellent correlation with 92 a^, previously determined, was observed with a p value of 2.18, even i f the aza groups were adjacent to each other. This additivity was 189 further confirmed by Chan and Miller using the nucleophilic substitu-tion rates of chlorodiazines with p-nitrophenoxide ion. The additivity of aza substituent constants is not surprising because no steric inter-action is possible between the aza substituent and the reacting side chain or another substituent on the nucleus. 92 Using Deady and Shanks' values of and o ^ , a plot of pK^A was made against using the Bunnett-Olsen pK^ values of 2- and 4-aminopyridine, 2- and 4-aminopyrimidine and 2-amino-s-triazine. The additivity of the values was assumed. Figure 13 illustrates the plot obtained. The plot gave a straight line with an excellent correlation coefficient, r = 0.9996, and with a p value of 4.99. The intercept or pKQ valuer (the P^ H A of aniline) was 27.2, in excellent agreement with the value of 27.3, estimated by Dolman and Stewart.15 Estimates of the values of the aza substituent constants for ortho, meta and para positions, a^, o,^ and a^, respectively, have been made by earlier workers and are tabulated by Jaffe'. 5 1 There has been some pessimism concerning the existence of a constant set of values owing to the large spread in values previously found. For example, values of a ^ ranged from 0.20 in the nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of chloroazabenzenes to 1.6 in the basic hydrolysis of ethyl azabenzoates - 142 -1 1 1 1 1 FIGURE 13 •23 \\ ® fir--CORRELATION OF THE . UNSUBSTITUTED AMINO-HETEROCYCLES WITH •22 \\ DEADY AND SHANKS' CfN CONSTANTS •21 \\ •20 \"19 \\ P K H A Q J5 -18 -17 \\ Indicator nos. refer \\ \"•6 to Appendix A Y •15 0 12 <*N 0.5 LO 1.5 2.0 2.5 - 143 -in 88% dioxane.*^ However, in comparing literature values to his + 47 newly derived a m constants, Brown found that large discrepancies between the values for a given substituent frequently occurred when a was a secondary substituent constant. This may account for some of the variability observed for the aza constant, since many were estimated 51 using reaction rates. It has been suggested that these discrepancies in arise because o^j may depend on the extent of solvation of the heteroaromatic nitrogen 186 atom in a given reaction. Deady and Shanks have suggested that 94 may be solvation dependent in DMSO/water mixtures. They remeasured the basic hydrolysis rates of methyl pyridine carboxylates in 60% and 92 80% aqueous DMSO (by volume) at 25°.(original conditions-85% methanol). The values of o^ N and were within 0.04 of those originally determined, but the values of o ^ , 0.60 and 0.64, respectively, were about 0.10 units lower than the original value of 0.75. Brown has suggested that discrepancies of ± 0.1 may be expected for substituent constants 184 determined in mixed solvents. Thus the values determined in aqueous DMSO may be within experimental error of the value determined in 85% methanol. No such solvation dependency was observed for the pK^'s of the aminoheterocycles studied in this work since their pK^'s could be well-correlated with Deady and Shanks*' original values. The a value of a substituent may vary i f the entropy (of activation or reaction) is much different from those for other members of the series of compounds studied. A constant entropy change is sometimes 46 4 considered a requirement for the Hammett equation to be obeyed, ' 45 although this view has been criticized by Johnson. Such a variation - 144 -has been reported for a* by Fischer et a l . , * ^ when determining a* values from the basic hydrolysis rates of pyridyldimethylcarbinyl 47 chlorides in methanol at 25.5° (Brown's p value of -4.82 for the hydrolysis of cumyl chlorides in methanol at 25° was used to calculate the constants, Table XX). The values of and should be close together for a -R substituent like the aza group. Agreement between a 2 N and a^and and is good, but (1.13) is much greater + than (0.96). Calculation of AS for the hydrolysis of all three aza derivatives revealed that AS- for the 4-substituted compound is much more negative than for the others. Brown has attributed the anomalous + t o value for the charged group -NMe^ to a different AS from other members of the cumyl chloride series, since a charged substituent might be expected to have a marked effect on the ordering of the solvent 47c t molecules surrounding i t . Fischer attributed the altered AS of the 4-aza derivative to a greater degree of solvation, which increases the electron-withdrawing ability of the 4-aza group and hence the value of + a ... over o .... 4N 4N. No such discrepancy was observed for 4-aminopyridine or 4-amino-pyrimidine when the pK 's determined in this work were plotted against 92 the original a ^ values. Thus in the solvent mixtures employed in this work, the aza substituent constant appears to be independent of solvation whether i t is located ortho or para to the reacting side chain. Can the aminopyridines and aminopyrimidines studied in this work really be regarded as substituted aza-anilines? If the p values for the acid ionization of anilines and aminoheterocycles are identical, i t would suggest that the aza substituent can be regarded as a \"normal\" ring - 145 -substituent and that the aminopyridines and pyrimidines are really substituted anilines. Dolman found a p value of 4.0715 for the acid ionization of substituted diphenylamines. By plotting the pKj^ values of diphenyl-amines and anilines against those of the correspondingly substituted phenols, he obtained separate but parallel lines for the diphenylamines and anilines. Therefore the p value for the acid ionization of anilines may also be taken to be 4.07. The diphenylamine pK 's plotted by Dolman were determined using the Hammett overlap procedure. Using the same diphenylamines, but with the pK^ values calculated according to the Bunnett-Olsen method 12 ' of Cox and Stewart a new plot was made of pK against a. A straight . HA line was obtained with correlation coefficient r = 0.994 and p value 3.95. A plot was also made using only meta and para substituted anilines without nitro substituents, namely 3,4,5-trichloroaniline, 3,5-dichloroaniline, 3-cyanoaniline, 3-chloroaniline and 3,4-dichloro-aniline. Plotting the B.O. pK^'s of these anilines against a gave a straight line of correlation coefficient r = 0.970 and p value 3.92. Although the correlation coefficient is poor, the slope is identical to that obtained using the diphenylamines. The p values are, however, lower than that obtained with the aminoheterocycles, p = 4.99. A p value determined using only a few substituted compounds from a plot spanning a narrow range of either pK^ or a values is subject 190 to error. The p value for diphenylamines was established using six compounds spanning a range of 3.0 pK units and that of the anilines using five compounds spanning 2.5 pK units, whereas the plot of the - 146 -- 147 -five aminoheterocycles spanned a range of nearly 9 pKu. units. The HA B.O. values of the five substituted anilines actually f a l l close to the extrapolated plot of against for the aminoheterocycles. A straight line was obtained when the pK^'s of these anilines and the five heterocycles were plotted together against a (correlation coefficient r = 0.997 and intercept pKQ =27.4, Figure 14). The p value of 5.10 obtained from this plot is close to the p of 4.99 established using only the aminoheterocycles, and the pK (the pK of aniline) is O XTr\\ close both to Dolman and Stewart's value of 27.3*5 and to the pK of the ° previous plot, pKQ = 27.2. A line of slope 5.10 may also be drawn through the points for the diphenylamines accommodating most of the points. This suggests that the sensitivity of anilines and diphenyl-amines to deprotonation is greater than previously believed. The fact that the points for the aminoheterocycles and for the anilines f a l l on the same straight line when pK^ is plotted against a supports the assumptions that the former compounds may be treated as substituted anilines and that Deady and Shanks' values are the correct values for the aza substituent. Introduction of an aza group into the benzene nucleus does not change the sensitivity of the amino group to deprotonation. The pK„ of the very weak acid, 3-aminopyridine may thus be 92 estimated using Deady and Shanks' value for a , 0.65. From the Hammett plot of the anilines and aminoheterocycles, p is 5.10 and pKQ is 27.4. Thus, the pKj^ °f 3-aminopyridine is estimated to be 24.1. The p value of 5.10 is much greater than the value for the ionization 191 192 of anilinium ions, p = 2.81 or 2.89, and of comparable magnitude - 148 -to p values calculated for the protonation of pyridines, p° = 6.01 ^ or p = 5.77.*^ This greater sensitivity of anilines to deprotonation has been explained by increased derealization of amino group charge into the aromatic ring in the anion, whereas in the anilinium ion no such derealization is possible. Introduction of a nitro group ortho or para to the amino group greatly increases this derealization of charge in the anilide ion. The pK of 4-nitroaniline, for example, does not fa l l on the Hammett plot established using the anilines and aminoheterocycles when a = 0.78 45 or a =1.27 is used for the nitro substituent constant. Using the 12 B.O. pK^ of 18.11 for 4-nitroaniline, the apparent substituent constant for the para nitro group is 1.82 in the ionization of anilines. The acidities of the aminoheterocycles, however, are well correlated by normal a constants and do not require the use of Szmant and Harmuth's 187 constants. This suggests that derealization of anionic charge in the aminoheterocycles is not nearly as great as in nitroanilines and that resonance structures, such as (6) shown below for the anion of 4-aminopyridine cannot be much more important in the anion than similar 45 structures in the neutral molecule. + NH. H -t- H (I) (2) NEUTRAL (3) (4i CATION - 149 -This is in contrast to the accepted explanation, of the high basicity of 4-aminopyridine. Its high basicity is explained by the stabilization of the cation by resonance forms (4) above; similar forms 54 in the neutral molecule are less stable owing to charge separation. Furthermore, the greater acidity and basicity of 4-aminopyridine relative to 2-aminopyridine can be explained by the importance of forms (4) and (6) in the cation and anion respectively. Forms such as (2) in 2-aminopyridine do not involve as large a charge separation as they do in 4-aminopyridine, whereas in the anion and cation no charge separation is involved. Hence, both the anion and cation of 4-amino-pyridine will be relatively more stabilized with reference to the neutral molecule than will the anion and cation of 2-aminopyridine. This could account for the higher acidity and basicity of 4-aminopyridine relative to 2-aminopyridine. The greater acidity and basicity of 4-amino-pyrimidine relative to 2-aminopyrimidine may be similarly explained. 4-aminopyrid.ne 2-aminopyrid'me 4-aminopyrimidine 2-aminopyrin.id It will be recalled that the H function for aminopyrimidines and the H_ function for the aminopyridines, as indicated by the average of N the m* values, rose less steeply than did the H function when these p were plotted against mole % DMSO. This less steep rise of H could be explained by less extensive derealization of anionic charge in the aminopyrimidines than in the anilines, usually a nitroaniline, ionizing at the same medium composition. This was taken as evidence for the - 150 -relative unimportance of resonance structure (6) in the aminopyrimidine anion. The evidence in this work suggests that the aza group in the 2 or 4 position exerts its electrical effect on exocyclic amino group acidity primarily by induction rather than by resonance. This may be demonstrated by examining the relative contributions of inductive and 45 resonance effects to a T o a first approximation, °I = °3N °R = a4N : °3N o 91 92 Using Deady and Shanks' and values (Table XX) the resonance contributions to and were found to be 0.31 and 0.23 respectively, in agreement with a° = 0.24, as estimated by Katritzky from the K -1 188 intensity of IR stretching bands for amines at 1600 cm The azonium group, or the protonated aza group, exerts its electrical effect primarily by induction rather than by resonance because of its positive charge. Using the mean o constants for a = 185 2.09 and for a =2.34, the resonance contribution to a for the P P azonium group is estimated to be 0.25. This value is nearly identical to a° for a 4-aza substituent and not much smaller than the resonance contribution of 0.31 to a.... 4N In contrast, the resonance contribution to the substituent constant of the para nitro group is estimated as 1.11, using a = 1.82 as 45 calculated in this work and = 0.71, very much greater than the corresponding resonance contribution in - 151 -2. Transmission of Substituent Effects Through the Heterocyclic Nucleus (a) Evidence from the A c i d i t i e s of Aminoheterocycles: The 92 evaluation of by Deady and Shanks was based on the assumption that transmission of substituent effects through a heterocyclic nucleus i s 45 equal to that through the benzene nucleus. Johnson has shown that an equality between the p values of a benzene and a corresponding hetero-c y c l i c series i s a necessary consequence of the a d d i t i v i t y of substituent effects. In other words i f the aza groups do not perturb the e l e c t r i c a l effect of other substituents on the same nucleus, the t o t a l substituent effect w i l l be the sum of the aza a values plus the sum of a values of the other substituents. I f such a d d i t i v i t y does not hold for a given reaction, then p for the six-membered heterocycles studied w i l l not be equal to the p value for the io n i z a t i o n of the substituted a n i l i n e s . Thus a substituted pyridine or pyrimidine could not be treated as an a n i l i n e containing aza and other substituents. J a f f e 5 1 has given examples of reactions where the p values of a pyridyl series are both greater and less than i n the corresponding benzene series. However, one series whose p value i s 0.6 as large as that of the benzene series consists only of three compounds so that the p value found may not be accurate. On the other hand Deady and Shanks demonstrated the a d d i t i v i t y of constants using the basic hydrolysis rates of methyl diazine 93 carboxylates. The substituent effects of two or more aza groups i n a given nucleus are additive even when the aza groups are adjacent to each other. - 152 -It was shown i n t h i s work that the pK,'s of unsubstituted r HA 92 aminoheterocycles are well correlated, using Deady and Shanks' values and assuming the a d d i t i v i t y of aza substituent e f f e c t s . Furthermore the p value of these aminoheterocycles i s equal to the p value of substituted a n i l i n e s . Thus the e l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t of a given endocyclic nitrogen i s unaffected by the presence of other nitrogens i n the r i n g . In the pyrimidine and t r i a z i n e systems, the aza groups are meta to each other. In these systems perturbation of the e f f e c t s of one aza group by another would occur by induction but not by resonance. Thus the present work suggests no perturbation of aza substituent e f f e c t s occurs by induction. Deady and Shanks' observation that the e f f e c t s of two aza groups ortho to each other are independent of each other suggests that aza groups w i l l not perturb each other's e f f e c t s by induction or resonance, since both -I and -R e f f e c t s would be f e l t ortho to an aza group. I f another kind of substituent, such as a halogen, l i e s ortho or para to an aza group, the powerfully - I , -R endocyclic nitrogen atom may a l t e r the a value of the substituent. J a f f e has pointed out the severe complications that are possible i f the e l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t s of a substituent X are perturbed by the presence of an aza group. 5 1 Thus positions m^ and n^, meta to the amino group i n 4-aminopyrimidine (1) are not equivalent to each other, nor to the meta p o s i t i o n i n a n i l i n e , since m^ i s ortho to one nitrogen and para to another and m^ i s ortho to two nitrogens. - 153 -In 2-amino-5-X-pyridine (2) the X group i s meta . (g) to the aza group and para to the amino group and one may thus r e f e r to i t s s u b s t i -tuent constant as a o„ constant. The a constants f o r the two meta. Bp p o s i t i o n s i n 2-amino-4-X- (3) and 2-amino-6-X-pyridine (4) may thus be l a b e l l e d a and a , res p e c t i v e l y . I f the chloro group i s not y,m a,m r J o r affected by the aza group i t w i l l , of course, be correlated by i n 2-amino-5-X-pyridine and by i n both of the meta-substituted pyridines with p = 5.10. However, i f the X group i s affected by the aza group then o„ w i l l not be equal to a and a w i l l be d i f f e r e n t from a g,p n p a,m y,m and not equal to the value f o r X. A c o r r e l a t i o n using Hammett's sigma constants would give a p value d i f f e r e n t from 5.10. To t e s t the e f f e c t of aza groups on other r i n g substituents, the J>^HA'S of substituted 2-amino and 4-aminopyrimidines were p l o t t e d 45 against Hammett's substituent constants. ( S u f f i c i e n t data were not available to tre a t the aminopyridines i n the same way.) A l l compounds containing substituents ortho to the amino function were omitted from the correlations as were those containing n i t r o groups ortho or para to the amino group, since the n i t r o substituent constant v a r i e d with the number of other electronegative substituents on the ring.''\" 3 Thus only compounds containing chloro substituents were considered. - 154 -If aza groups do not perturb the electrical effects of halogen groups, then the p values obtained for the 2-aminopyrimidines and the 4-aminopyrimidines, plotted separately, should lie close to p = 5.10. (In the correlations, the aza groups were considered \"constant substitu-46 ents\" according to Jaffe's constant substituent concept. ) Each plot contained only three points so that the p values obtained are probably somewhat uncertain. For the 2-aminopyrimidines a straight line was obtained r = 1.00, p = 4.28. For the 4-aminopyrimidines a straight line was also obtained, r = 0.988, p = 4.68. Judging by these lowered p values, the effect of the halogen group does appear to be somewhat damped by the presence of aza groups. In 2-aminopyrimidine the para position is meta to the aza groups and the meta positions are equivalent, ortho to one aza group and para to the other. In 4-aminopyrimidine no para substitution is possible. The C-2 meta position lies ortho to both aza groups and the C-6 meta position is equivalent to the meta position in 2-aminopyrimidine, namely ortho to one aza group and para to the other. Substituting a chloro group at C-2 in 4-aminopyrimidine increases the acidity (decreases the pK^A) by 2.19 pK units. Substituting a meta ,:,chloro group in 2-aminopyrimidine increases the acidity by only 1.58 units; a second meta chloro group increases the acidity a further 1.59 units. The electrical effects of these meta chloro groups are additive as expected since their location relative to the aza groups is the same. Introduction of a second chloro group at C-6 in 4-amino-2-chloro-pyrimidine increases the acidity by 1.27 units only, much Tess than a - 155 -group at C-2, but nearly equivalent to the effect of a meta chloro group i n 2-aminopyrimidine as expected since i t s location r e l a t i v e to the two aza groups i s the same. Thus i t appears that a (-I,+R) substituent such as the chloro group has i t s e l e c t r i c a l effects more perturbed by a 4-aza group than by an 2-aza group. A 4-aza group may encourage electron-donation from the chloro group by resonance structures such as those below, thereby decreasing i t s t o t a l electron-withdrawing effect and thus i t s value. The -R effects rather than the -I effects of an aza group appear to be more effective at a l t e r i n g the e l e c t r i c a l effects of a +R substituent such as the chloro group. I f the -I effects predominated, one would expect the value of the C-2 chloro group i n 4-aminopyrimidine to be much less than that observed, since i t l i e s ortho to two aza groups. Another approach may be used to test the independence of ring substituents and aza groups. I f the halogen and aza substituent constants are additive, the points for the substituted aminopyrimidines and pyridines should f a l l close to the straight l i n e obtained by p l o t t i n g P^ HA V S ' ° u s ^ n § t n e anilines and unsubstituted aminoheterocycles. A l l compounds containing substituents ortho to the amino function were omitted from the correlations as were those containing n i t r o groups; only compounds containing chloro substituents were considered. - 156 -- 157 -Values of a„.T and a were those of Deady and Shanks. Values of a = 2N 4N J m 45 45 0.37 and ap = 0.23 were used for the chloro group depending on its location relative to the amino group regardless of the location relative to the aza group. As can be seen from Figure 15 the points for the substituted aminoheterocycles are well accommodated by the straight line p = 5.10, previously established for the anilines and aminoheterocycles. A straight line drawn through a l l the points had correlation coefficient, r = 0.995, •; . p = 5.00, and pKQ = 27.3. This p value is in excellent agreement with the value obtained using unsubstituted aminoheterocycles. These facts suggest that the perturbation of the chloro group by an aza group is small and that the electrical effects of halogen and aza substituents are additive, or independent of each other, to a first approximation. (b) Evidence from the Basicities of Aminoheterocycles: To further investigate the transmission of substituent effects through a heterocyclic nucleus relative to a benzene nucleus, the basicities of aminopyridines and pyrimidines were examined, using pK D U + values D r i available in the literature. In the previous sections the aza group was regarded as a substituent in a benzene ring; the reacting side chain was the exocyclic amino group. Since protonation of aminoheterocycles 54-57 occurs exclusively on the endocyclic nitrogen atom, the aza group must now be considered to be the reaction site with the amino group as a substituent. - 158 -The protonation of pyridines i n water at 25° was found by J a f f e to have a p value of 5.77 5 1 and by Russian workers, a value of 5.70. ^ These values are comparable to the reaction constants f o r e l e c t r o p h i l i c s u b s t i t u t i o n reactions at a r i n g carbon. The pKg^+ of a substituted pyridine i s given by the equation, p K B H + = pK Q - ap = 5.21 - (5.77)a (1) The e f f e c t i v e substituent constant a i n the reaction under consideration i s given by a = (2) In equation (1), the p value of 5.77 5 1 was used and pK Q, the pKg^+ of pyridine i t s e l f , was taken to be 5.21.^ The pKgH+ values of three aminopyridines studied i n t h i s work were calculated using equation (1) and the values obtained compared to those experimentally observed. The pKg^ + values of pyrazine and of unsubstituted pyrimidine were also calculated using Deady and Shanks' values. The r e s u l t s are tabulated below. pyrazine - 159 - . TABLE XXI. The pKgpj+ Values of Some Selected Heterocyclic Compounds. Compound P K R H + c a ^ c - P K R H + f° u nd T 4-aminopyridine 3- aminopyridine 4- amino-3-nitropyridine pyrazine pyrimidine 9.01 6.13 4.92 -0.03 1.76 9.1760;9.1562 25< 6.046°;6.0162 25< 5.05 ,58 62 25° 0.7 1.3057;1.3155a 20 For both pyrazine and pyrimidine a statistical correction of log 2 was added to the calculated pKg^ +, since both compounds have twice as many sites available for protonation as pyridine. The agreement between the values of pKg^+ calculated for the aminopyridines is good, within ± 0.15 pK unit. The agreement for pyrazine and pyrimidine, especially pyrazine, is not as good. The protonation reaction of pyridines was reinvestigated by Fischer et al. to verify the high p value and to examine resonance inter-actions between the -R aza group and other +R or -R substituents on the pyridine nucleus. They plotted the pKgH+ values of six meta-substituted pyridines against a°, obtaining a straight line with p° value 6.01 in fairly good agreement with Jaffe's value of 5.77. (Wepster*^ has suggested that a° constants be used to establish p values since o° does not incorporate minor resonance contributions included in the original Hammett a values.) For meta substituents a good correlation - 160 -i s obtained using o\"m constants, implying that there i s l i t t l e interaction between these substituents and an aza group. However, +R substituents, such as the amino and methoxy groups, lying para to the aza group appear to interact with i t to the extent of requiring a rather than a° values for correlation. The apparent substituent constants for the amino group and methoxy group were -0.65^ and -0.23^ respectively. 45 45 (a for the amino group i s -0.66 and for the methoxy group -0.27 ). This interaction i s not so pronounced as to require a+ for correlation, 193 + as i n the case of protonation of pyridine-N-oxides. A a constant for the amino group might have been expected, since greater through-resonance between the amino group and the aza group i n the cation was 54 used by Albert to explain the high b a s i c i t y of 4-aminopyridine. An effective a constant was calculated for the para chloro group by F i s c h e r . ^ I t w i l l be recalled that an aza group appears to decrease the acid-strengthening effects of a chloro group i f they are para to one another. This interaction, although weak, occurs v i a a resonance interaction between the +R chloro substituent and the -R aza group. A very s l i g h t interaction was also observed by F i s c h e r . ^ A para chloro group was better correlated using a = 0.23 5 rather than a° = 0.27^ i n the protonation of substituted pyridines. The pKgH+ of 4-aminopyridine calculated using Hammett's a constants i n equation (1) was i n good agreement with the experimental value. Using Hammett's a constants for the chloro and methoxy group the pKg^ + values of 4-chloropyridine and 4-methoxypyridine were calculated according to equation (1) to give P K B H + 3.88 and 6.77, respectively, in-good agreement with the experimental values, 3.83 and 6.58.^ Thus no - 161 -resonance interaction between the aza group and a +R substituent i s evident from the protonation of pyridines; at least i t i s no greater than the resonance contribution incorporated into Hammett's o r i g i n a l 0 constants. For a n i t r o group para to the pyridine aza group, Fischer has calculated an apparent a value of 0.63, close to the value of = 45 45 0.64 rather than to the Hammett a value of 0.78. Fischer has P interpreted t h i s as a reduction of the a contribution to the apparent substituent constant of the n i t r o group. One might then expect a s i m i l a r reduction i n the -R 4-aza substituent, i n pyrazine. Using equation (2) and substituting p° = 6.01,^ pK Q = 5.21 and pKgH+ pyrazine 58 0.7, the apparent a ^ value of the aza substituent i s estimated to be 92 0.75, less than the value of 0.96. This could also be interpreted as a reduction of the contribution to Fischer argues that an aza group may enhance the a effect of a +R substituent, but i n h i b i t K the a D effect of a -R substituent. K Using equation (1) the P K B L j + of 4-nitropyridine and 4-cyano-45 pyridine were calculated using Hammett's a constants. The calculated value of 4-nitropyridine was 0.71 as opposed to the observed value of 1.39^ and for 4-cyanopyridine the values were 1.40 and 1.86.^ These values and the values for pyrazine (Table XXI) are i n the direction one would expect i f the a value of a -R substituent were reduced. Why an aza group would have such an effect on a -R substituent i s not clear. To further examine the interaction between an aza group and a +R substituent l y i n g para to i t , the b a s i c i t i e s of some 4-aminopyrimidines were calculated using equation (1) and compared to those observed - 162 -experimentally. 4-Aminopyrimidines may be considered pyridines with a ; 54 4-amino and 3-aza substituent since they protonate at N^. The pK D+ values of four 4-aminopyrimidines substituted at C_. 45 and of 5-aminopyrimidine were calculated using Hammett values, 92 a T M = 0.65, and p = 5.77. The results are tabulated below. TABLE XXII. The pK R H+ Values of Some Selected Aminopyrimidines. Compound p K B H + calc. pK g H+ found T 4-aminopyrimidine 5.27 5.71 5 4 20° 4-amino-5-nitropyrimidine 1.17 1.98 1 9 4 20° 4-amino-5-bromopyrimidine 3.02 195 3.97 not stated 4-amino-5-cyanopyrimidine 2.04 2.54 1 9 6 20° 5-aminopyrimidine 2.68 2.83 5 3;2.51 7 3 20°;25° The' agreement of the calculated pKg^+ values with those found experimentally i s f a i r , the l a t t e r being 0.5-1.0 pK units higher than predicted. The C,_v substituents l i e meta to both aza groups so that l i t t l e perturbation of t h e i r e l e c t r i c a l effects by resonance i s expected. S i m i l a r l y the a value of the 3-aza group i s unlikely to be affected since i t l i e s meta to N^. In accordance with this the pKgH+ of 5-aminopyrimidine (with the amino group meta to both aza groups) i s close to the experimental values, after a s t a t i s t i c a l correction. Thus - 163 -the results may be interpreted as an increase in the +R effect of the amino group by the aza group para to i t , since such an interaction would be expected to increase the basicity. It is noted that most of the pKg^+ values were measured at 20° . 197 whereas the calculated values are those at 25°. Essery and Schofield measured the temperature variation of substituted 4-aminopyridines and found that the pKgLj+ value varies inversely with temperature. From 5.4° to 35° the average change in pKgLj+ is about 0.8 pK units. Assuming that the pKgH+ dependence is similar for 4-aminopyrimidines i t is possible that some of the discrepancy may be explained by the change in pKg^+ with temperature. The transmission of the effect of the positive charge to the substituent in pyrimidinium ions is through what is essentially a benzene nucleus rather than through a heterocycle. In the 4-amino-pyrimidines transmission of effects does go through a heteroatom but the pKg^+'s calculated using the same p value as for the protonation of pyridines gave values in f a i r agreement with those found experimentally. Plotting the pKg^+'s of the 4-aminopyrimidines against Hammett's a constants gave a straight line with correlation coefficient r = 0.992 and p = 5.40. This latter value is probably identical to the p value of 5.77 for the pyridines, since the plot of the aminopyrimidines involved 190 only four points. These facts then suggest that transmission of effects through a benzene and heterocyclic ring are identical. The conclusion reached above could be further tested by examining the basicities of some 5-substituted 2-aminopyrimidines. In these compounds the substituents l i e meta to both aza groups so that no resonance interaction between them is possible. Thus the basicities - 164 -would r e f l e c t the transmission of e f f e c t s through a h e t e r o c y c l i c nucleus. The amino group l i e s ortho to the two aza groups, but the b a s i c i t i e s may be calculated by assuming that 2-aminopyrimidines are r e a l l y 3-aza-substituted 2-aminopyridines. The pKg^+'s of 2-aminopyridines may be calculated using the 46 \"constant-ortho-substituent concept\". (The p value f o r the protonation of the 2-aminopyridines i s assumed to be equal to that of the protonation of meta and para substituted pyridines i f the ortho amino group has no proximity e f f e c t on the aza group.) Calculations were made for the 62 following 2-aminopyridines using p = 5.77 and pK Q =6.71 i n equation (1) and are tabulated below. TABLE XXIII. The pKgH+ Values of Some 2-Aminopyridines Compound P^BH+ c a ^ c - P^BH+ ^ o u n c * ^ 62 53 2-aminopyridine -- 6.71 ;6.86 25°;20° 199 73 2-amino-5-chloropyridine 4.58 4.71 ;4.83 25°;not stated 198 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine 2.45 2.80 20° 2-amino-5-nitropyridine 2.61 2.80 6 2;2.83 1 9 8 25°;20° 78 1 QR 2-amino-3-nitropyridine • 2.61 2.38 .. 20°;25° 2.42 6 2 198 2-amino-5-cyanopyridine 3.48 3.46 20° - 165 -As can be seen the agreement i s good: the calculated values are within 0.15-0.4 pK units of those experimentally observed. Thus the 2-amino group appears to have no proximity effect on the aza group. Calculations were then made for f i v e C-5-substituted 2-amino-92 pyrimidines, using a = 0.65 and assuming that these compounds were 2-aminopyridines. A s t a t i s t i c a l correction was required because of the two equivalent protonation sites. A factor of log 2 was added to each pK n u+ calculated. The results are tabulated below, bn TABLE XXIV. The pK + Values of Some 2-Aminopyrimidines. Compound P KBH + calc. pK D + found Bn T 2-aminopyrimidine 3. 26 3.54 5 3;3.45 7 3 20° 2-amino-5-chloropyrimidine . 1. 13 1.73 1 9 6 20° 2-amino-5-nitropyrimidine -0. 83 0.35 7 3 20° 2-amino-5-bromopyrimidine 1. 01 1.95 7 3 20° 2-amino-5-cyanopyrimidine 0. 03 0.66 1 9 6 20° 2-amino-5-iodopyrimidine 1. 24 2.23 1 9 6 20° The agreement between the calculated and observed values i s as good as for the 4-aminopyrimidines but again the calculated values are about 0.5-1.2 pK units lower than those observed experimentally suggesting resonance interaction between the amino and aza groups. I t i s conceivable that a -R group, such as N0 ? at C ;j: para to the amino group may - 166 -increase electron-donation into the ring and thus increase the b a s i c i t y . In accordance with t h i s , the b a s i c i t y of 2-amino-5-nitropyrimidine i s much higher than predicted. A s i m i l a r increase i n b a s i c i t y over that predicted was not observed for the corresponding 2-aminopyridine, 2-amino-5-nitropyridine, however. Thus the lower values of the calculated b a s i c i t i e s for 2- and 4-aminopyrimidines l i e i n the direction expected i f there were a resonance interaction between the amino group and the 2- or 4-aza groups. In summary, i t appears that the transmission of substituent effects through benzene and unsubstituted azine nuclei are equal since the effects of two or more aza groups on the a c i d i t i e s of unsubstituted 45 aminoheterocycles are additive. Although there i s some evidence from the a c i d i t i e s of substituted aminoheterocycles to suggest that an aza group may interact with a +R substituent lying para to i t , to a f i r s t approximation the aza groups do not perturb the effects of chloro substituents on the ring by either induction or resonance. From the b a s i c i t i e s of pyridines there appears to be l i t t l e resonance interaction between an aza group and a +R substituent since these are w e l l -correlated using Hammett's a constants rather than o + constants. However, the aza group may i n h i b i t the resonance effects of a -R substituent lying para to i t . ^ From an examination of the b a s i c i t i e s of 5-substituted 2- and 4-aminopyrimidines one can conclude that the transmission of substituent effects through a substituted pyrimidine and benzene ring are approximately equal, although the b a s i c i t i e s of the pyrimidines l i e i n the direction one would expect i f there were a small resonance interaction between the +R amino group and the aza groups. Hence the - 167 -b a s i c i t i e s of substituted aminoheterocycles support the conclusion drawn from the a c i d i t i e s of aminoheterocycles: to a f i r s t approximation the transmission of substituent e f f e c t s through benzene and azine n u c l e i are equal, whether the rings are substituted or not. Aza groups do not perturb the e f f e c t s of other substituents on the r i n g by induction but they may i n t e r a c t with other +R or -R substituents to'a small degree. Aza groups may thus be treated as \"normal\" r i n g substituents 92 with CT^ values those of Deady and Shanks. The b a s i c i t y of 2-amino-s-triazine (19) has not been experimentally determined, but may be estimated by assuming that i t i s a substituted pyridine ( i . e . , i t protonates at N^) and that the transmission of substituent e f f e c t s through the t r i a z i n e nucleus i s the same as through a benzene nucleus. Using equation (1) the b a s i c i t y i s estimated to be 1.52. 3. The E f f e c t of Nitro Substituents on the A c i d i t y of Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines (a) Comparison of the E f f e c t of Nitro Groups on Amino Group A c i d i t y i n A n i l i n e s and Aminoheterocycles: A commonly used concept i n h e t e r o c y c l i c chemistry i s that i n s e r t i o n of a nitrogen atom into the aromatic r i n g has the same e f f e c t as introducing a n i t r o group into 49 58 the r i n g . ' And, indeed, a comparison of the published substituent constants of aza and n i t r o groups (Table XXV) shows that they are s i m i l a r i n magnitude, except f o r the high a+ constant for the 4-aza 186 group. In general, the meta constants f o r the n i t r o group are somewhat greater and the para constants s l i g h t l y less than the correspond-- 168 -ing constants for the aza group. TABLE XXV. Substituent Constants of Aza and Nitro Groups. Aza a values Nitro a values 2N 3N 4N ref. ortho meta para ref. a 0.75 0.65 0.96 92 0.80 0.71 0.78 45 + a 0.73 0.57 1.13 186 — 0.67 0.79 45 a 0.58 0.76 1.26 187 -- — 1.27 45 o a 0.81 0.72 0.95 91 0.70 0.82 60 One of the objects of the present research was to compare the effects of aza and nitro groups on the acidities of anilines. For this comparison, the pK^ values of the nitroanilines considered were 12 those recalculated by Cox using the Bunnett-Olsen method. The effects of aza and nitro groups are very different. The electrical effects of aza groups on aniline acidity were shown in this work to be additive whereas those of the nitro groups are not. 1 5 The effects of a para nitro or 4-aza group on the acidity of aniline are large. Using the value of 27.4 for the pK^ of aniline (Section D(l)), the pKu. of 4-aminopyridine, 22.26 (Table XI), and the nA 12 pKH. of 4-nitroaniline, 18.11, a 4-aza group appears to increase the acidity of aniline by 5.1 pK units, much less than the increase of 9.3 units caused by a para nitro group. Whereas a for the nitro group 45 in phenols and anilinium ions is 1.27, the apparent a constant in - 169 -anilide ions is 1.82 (re-evaluated in Section D(l) using the B.O. 12 value of 18.11 for 4-nitroaniline and p = 5.10). Such abnormally large values are due to increased resonance between the nitro and amino groups in the anilide ion with respect to the neutral molecule.3^ 45 Using the equation, R p m the resonance contributions to the nitro substituent constants may be 45 estimated. Thus a„ for the Hammett a constant 0.78 is 0.07, for R P 45 -0 ^ (phenols, 1.27 ) 0.56 and for (anilines) 1.11. The resonance 92 contribution to o^, 0.96 , which correlates the acidities of the aminoheterocycles, is only 0.31. The greater importance of through-resonance in the nitroanilide ion (1) over that in the nitrophenolate ion (2) was attributed to the smaller electronegativity of nitrogen than oxygen, so that the negative charge resides to a greater extent in the nitro substituent in the anilide ion than in the phenolate ion.* 3 NH I N -f NH A A o o - - o O\" Y V N -f* N -+-A A o o o o NH N ^ (I) (2) (3) 170 -The greater acid-strengthening e f f e c t of a para n i t r o group r e l a t i v e to a 4-aza group must be due to the greater a b i l i t y of the n i t r o group to s t a b i l i z e a negative charge by resonance. The n i t r o group possesses two oxygen atoms which can d e l o c a l i z e the increased negative charge. Structures such as (3), i l l u s t r a t e d f o r the 4-aminopyridine anion cannot be important i n d e l o c a l i z i n g charge by resonance since the a c i d i t i e s of the aminoheterocycles were w e l l -correlated using normal constants. Ortho-nitro groups also have a great e f f e c t on the a c i d i t y of a n i l i n e s . Using the P * ^ of a n i l i n e , 27.4, and the p K ^ of 2-nitro-12 a n i l i n e 17.54 i t appears that an ortho n i t r o group increases the a c i d i t y by 9.9 u n i t s , s l i g h t l y more than a para n i t r o group. A s i m i l a r e f f e c t was noted for the i o n i z a t i o n of anilinium ions (pKgj_,+ 4-nitro-a n i l i n e 1.00, p K g H + 2 - n i t r o a n i l i n e -0.26 1 5) and f o r the i o n i z a t i o n of diprotonated 2-aminopyridines (pKgpj ++ 2-amino-5-nitropyridine -12.1 2 g2 and pKg^, ++ 2-amino-3-nitropyridine -12.4 ). An ortho aza group increases the a c i d i t y of a n i l i n e by only 3.9 units ( the p K ^ of 2-aminopyridine i s 23.50). A 2-aza group must exert i t s e l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t p r i m a r i l y by induction, with the resonance e f f e c t being less than that of a 4-aza group. The powerful acid-strengthening e f f e c t of an ortho n i t r o group must be due both to inductive and resonance e f f e c t s , comparable to the corresponding e f f e c t s of a para n i t r o group. The f i r s t n i t r o group introduced into the a n i l i n e r i n g may d r a s t i c a l l y a l t e r the resonance structure of the a n i l i d e ion such that most of the negative charge i s located on the n i t r o group rather than 9 15 on the amino nitrogen. ' Introduction of subsequent n i t r o groups causes l i t t l e increase i n the d e r e a l i z a t i o n of charge because a sin g l e - 171 -n i t r o group de l o c a l i z e s the charge by resonance so e f f e c t i v e l y . Thus, the e f f e c t s of several n i t r o groups on the same r i n g are not additive whereas the e f f e c t s of aza groups within the same r i n g have been demonstrated previously i n Section D(l) to be additi v e . Using the value 27.4 f o r the p K ^ of a n i l i n e , 23.50 for 2-amino-pyr i d i n e , 22.26 for 4-aminopyridine, 18.11 for 4 - n i t r o a n i l i n e , and 17.54 f o r 2 - n i t r o a n i l i n e , the pK^'s of several polysubstituted n i t r o -and aza-anilines were calculated, assuming a d d i t i v i t y of substituents, and are tabulated below. TABLE XXVI. The p K ^ Values of Some N i t r o a n i l i n e s and Aminoheterocycles. Compound P KHA C a l C - pK„, found r HA 2-aminopyrimidine 4-aminopyrimidine 2-amino-s-triazine 2 , 4 - d i n i t r o a n i l i n e 2 , 4 , 6 - t r i n i t r o a n i l i n e 19.6 18.4 14.5 8.2. -1.7 19.8* 18.5* 14.9* ,15b 15.0 12.2 15b This work As can be seen above, the calculated values f o r the aminohetero-cycles give excellent r e s u l t s , but the values calculated for the. n i t r o a n i l i n e s are grossly i n error. (b) Effect of Nitro Groups on the Acidity of Aminoheterocycles: It is interesting to examine the effect of a nitro group, ortho or para to the amino group, upon the acidity of an aminoheterocycle. It is observed that the acid-strengthening effects of such a nitro group are large but not as great as on the acidity of aniline. Substitution of a nitro group para to the amino group in 2-amino-pyridine (pK^A 23.48) increases the acidity by 7.8 pK units (the pK^ of 2-amino-5-nitropyridine is 15.69). This increase in acidity, though sizeable, is not as great as in the anilines where a para nitro group causes a 9.9 unit increase, owing, presumably, to the presence in the pyridine compound of the -I,-R aza group which can also accommodate part of the anion's negative charge. The increase is even less in amino-pyrimidines where there are already two aza groups; a para nitro group increases the acidity of 2-aminopyrimidine (pKH4 19.78) by only 5.2 units (the pKj^ of 2-amino-5-nitropyrimidine is 14.60). The increase in acidity upon introduction of an ortho nitro group is less than the effect of a para nitro group in the aminoheterocycles, in contrast to the relative effects observed in anilines, phenols and anilinium ions. An ortho nitro group increases the acidity of 2-aminopyridine by 6.8 units, (pK^ of 2-amino-3-nitropyridine is 16.65) and the acidity of 4-aminopyridine (pK H A 22.26) by 6.4 units (the pK^ of 4-amino-3-nitropyridine is 15.82). The effect of an ortho nitro group is even less in the aminopyrimidines: an ortho nitro group increases the acidity of 4-amino-2-chloropyrimidine (pK 16.34) by only 3.0 HA. units (the pK^A of 4-amino-2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine is 13.33). As observed in the anilines and diphenylamines,*3 the effect of two nitro groups within the same ring is not additive in the aminopyridines. - 173 -A pK^ of 8.84 can be calculated for 2-amino-3,5-dinitropyridine, based on values of 23.50 for 2-aminopyridine, 15.69 for 2-amino-5-nitropyridine and 16.65 for 2-amino-3-nitropyridine. It is in fact 13.75. This observation of non-additivity as well as the large acid-strengthening effect of a nitro group, ortho or para to the amino group, suggests that there is a large through-resonance between i t and the amino group. A large amount of the anionic charge is delocalized onto the nitro group although some will reside on the -I,-R aza groups. The aza groups are evidently much less effective than a single nitro group at delocalizing anionic charge by resonance. 4. Effect of Ortho Substituents on Amino Group Acidity of Aminoheterocycles The Hammett equation is not generally obeyed by ortho-4 45 substituted benzenes. ' Since ortho substituents lie close to the reaction centre, proximity effects, which vary with the given reaction, will contribute to the observed ortho substituent effect. Bulky ortho groups, for example, may force the reacting side chain out of the plane of the aromatic ring. If the side chain is in resonance with the ring, the neutral or ionic form (in an acid-base equilibrium) may be destabil-ized, thus altering the ionization constant. This effect is known as steric inhibition of resonance. Bulky groups may also interfere with the solvation of, or with the approach of a reagent to, the reaction site. Furthermore, hydrogen-bonding is sometimes possible between the reacting side chain and a given ortho substituent. Attempts have been made to separate and evaluate the electronic and steric factors contributing to ortho substituent constants,^00,201 - 174 but no one set of ortho a values exists which can correlate all 4 45 49 available rate data of ortho-substituted compounds. ' ' Charton has shown that in general the electrical effects of ortho substituents are linearly related to those of para substituents for 201b 202 reactions occurring at an exocyclic reaction site. ' Using several sets of apparent OQ constants, Charton plotted them against a , a or a T for the same substituents. Correlation was best with a p m I p 190 202 except for 2-substituted pyridines which correlate best with a ' m suggesting that correlation of (T with a m may be generally true for endocyclic reaction sites, although Katritzky observed a good correlation . + + by setting GQ equal to in the hydrogen exchange of monosubstituted , . . . . 203 benzenes in sulfuric acid. Some workers have assumed that in the absence of proximity effects the electrical effects of ortho and para substituents are equal and good correlations have been obtained by setting O q equal to a . 204 Sbarbati found that the rates of piperidino-dechlorination of 2,6-disubstituted chlorobenzenes correlated with a i f the ortho substituents P o were of van der Waal's radius less than 1.9 A, below which point steric 205 effects were considered negligible. Spinelli obtained good correlation of the rates of piperidino-debromination of 2-bromo-3-R-5-nitrothiophens for several substituents, R, by setting OQ = a\". Only o the bulky bromo group with van der Waal's radius greater than 1.9 A failed to correlate. Charton's work, however, suggests that the observation of.equality of O q and a is purely coincidental and that no conclusion should be drawn about the relative o T and a contributions 1 R to an apparent O q constant even i f correlation is observed by setting 201,202 o p - 175 -In t h i s work the ortho substituents used were chloro and n i t r o groups, both of which have been correlated with a or a p p It was of i n t e r e s t to examine whether the substituent e f f e c t s of fhese compounds were constant i n the acid i o n i z a t i o n of a n i l i n e s and amino-heterocycles and whether the apparent O q values were correlated with The apparent ortho substituent constant was calculated f o r compounds containing ortho chloro and n i t r o substituents by using the B.O. pK O A values calculated i n t h i s work (Table XI) or by Cox and HA 12 Stewart i n the equation below, 2 7 - 4 - PKHA E a = — s H o ( 1 ) The a d d i t i v i t y of ortho, meta and para substituent constants was assumed. Indicators containing a n i t r o group para to the amino group were omitted i n view of the v a r i a b i l i t y of a\" of t h i s group when other electronegative groups are present i n the r i n g , e s p e c i a l l y aza and other n i t r o groups.* 5 For 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine, pK^ A 20.9, which contains a 2-aza, para chloro and ortho chloro group, Eo\" from equation 92 45 (1) i s 1.27. Using the value 0.75 f o r the 2-aza group and 0.23 for the para chloro group, ~ o for the 3-chloro group i s calculated to be 0.29. Table XXVII contains the apparent oQ values, cT, f o r the chloro groups i n the acid i o n i z a t i o n of a n i l i n e s and aminoheterocycles and Table XXVIII contains the same data f o r ortho n i t r o groups. From Table XXVII i t i s apparent that the e f f e c t of ortho chloro substituents on the a c i d i t y of a n i l i n e s and aminoheterocycles i s not - 176 -TABLE XXVII. Apparent Ortho Chloro Substituent Constants in the Acid Ionization of Anilines and Aminoheterocycles. Indicator pK HA 2.3- dichloroaniline 2.4- dichloroaniline 2.5- dichloroaniline 2.6- dichloroaniline 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine 22.03 22.64 22.84 22.61 12 12 12 12 19.47 12 20.87 0.69 0.71 0.53 0.94 (value for two o-Cl groups) 0.81 (value for two o-Cl groups) 0.29 TABLE XXVIII. Apparent Ortho Nitro Substituent Constants in the Acid Ionization of Anilines and Aminoheterocycles Indicator P*\"HA ~o 12 4-chloro-2-nitroanilme 16.62 1.89 12 2-nitroaniline 17.54 1.94 12 2-nitrodiphenylamme 17.92 1.86 2-amino-3-nitropyridine 16.65 1.36 4-amino-3-nitropyridine 15.82 1.31 4-amino-2-chloro-5-nitro- 13.33 0.69 pyrimidine - 177 -constant, unlike the s i t u a t i o n with anilinium i o n s . ^ Hence no c o r r e l a t i o n would be expected by s e t t i n g O q equal to a . (The e l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t s of given meta and para substituents on the a c i d i t y o f a n i l i n e s and aminopyridines and pyrimidines were shown to be equal i n Section D(l).) The values of o~o f o r the f i r s t two a n i l i n e s i n Table XXVII l i e close to the value of 0.67 for o\"o i n the protonation of a n i l i n e s , which at f i r s t might suggest that the e f f e c t of an ortho chloro group on the a c i d i t y of a n i l i n e s i s s i m i l a r to the e f f e c t on the a c i d i t y of anilinium ions. However, the e f f e c t of two ortho chloro substituents on the a c i d i t y of a n i l i n e s , assuming O q = 0.67, i s obviously not additive from the apparent value of two ortho chloro groups i n 2,6-dichloro and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline. Furthermore the ortho value of 0.29 i n 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine i s much lower than i n the chloro a n i l i n e s , no doubt due to the presence of the 2-aza group. The e l e c t r i c a l e f f e c t of the ortho chloro group at C ^ may not be f e l t as greatly by the amino group because of competition with the nearby strongly -I,-R aza substituent. From Table XXVIII i t can be seen that the e f f e c t of an ortho n i t r o group on a n i l i n e a c i d i t y i s somewhat greater than i t s e f f e c t on — 49 a n i l i n e b a s i c i t y , i . e . a =1.72 i n the l a t t e r case and 1.9 i n the J ' o former. These values do not d i f f e r markedly from the value of IT of 1.82 calculated i n Section D(l) f o r the e f f e c t of a para n i t r o group on the a c i d i t i e s of a n i l i n e s . The OQ value f o r the n i t r o group i n the two aminopyridines i s less than that found i n the n i t r o a n i l i n e s . This i s i n accord with the conclusion that the e f f e c t on amino group a c i d i t y - 178 -of introducing a n i t r o group into a h e t e r o c y c l i c r i n g i s less than that of introducing i t into a benzene r i n g . A si n g l e ortho or para n i t r o group i s able to accommodate most of the negative charge of the a n i l i d e ion by increased through-resonance with the amino group - hence, the very large value of t h i s group i n the a c i d i t y of a n i l i n e . In the aminopyridines the aza group already accommodates a portion of t h i s negative charge so that introduction of the n i t r o group does not have as great an e f f e c t . In fact the apparent ortho constant of the n i t r o group - 45 i n aminopyridines approaches 1.27, the a value f o r the n i t r o group. In the aminopyrimidine, the presence of two aza groups have reduced cT of the n i t r o group to 0.69, not markedly d i f f e r e n t from the Hammett a 45 value of 0.78. E. Co r r e l a t i o n of Structure with A c i d i t y i n the Nucleotide Bases 1. Cytosine Derivatives The cytosines and isocytosines examined i n t h i s work are 4- and 2-aminopyrimidones, respectively. These compounds are not s t r i c t l y aromatic (although s t a b i l i z e d by a minor z w i t t e r i o n i c contribution, as i l l u s t r a t e d f o r cytosine (I)) because they adopt a c y c l i c amide form i n 54 55 aqueous s o l u t i o n . ' The a c i d i t i e s of these compounds are much greater than the corresponding unsubstituted aminopyrimidines. Since the -I,-R e f f e c t s of the aza groups i n both types of compound are probably comparable, the greater a c i d i t y must be due to the presence of the carbonyl group i n the r i n g . (Methylation of the aza group may have a s l i g h t acid-weakening e f f e c t due to the +1 properties of the methyl - 179 -NH. ^ N A 0 H ~54 PK -.4.58 ° r 1 54 P K H A 12.15 NH. / C H 3 r 7 68 35 P K Q H + 7.38 P K H A 13.37 N N H O \" 32 3 p W 4 . 0 \" 1& pK H 14.22 H A N H , NH. p K B H + 3.54 P K H A .9.78 54 15 C H 3 p K ^ 4.5S 6 8 P K H A 16.69 •2 , 6 9 p K H A 14.28 P K B H + 4 ' 2 54 p K ^ 18.53 3J B H * HA 6.99 68 pK. 1 4 12.42 II P K B H + 7.97 pK , . ca. 14 HA 68 68 - 180 -g r o u p . ) D e p r o t o n a t i o n o c c u r s a t t h e amino g roup w h i c h l i e s \" m e t a \" t o t h e c a r b o n y l g roup so t h a t ' b o t h t h e - 1 , - R e f f e c t s o f t h e . c a r b o n y l g roup .are f e l t . The i n c r e a s e i n a c i d i t y o f 1 - m e t h y l c y t o s i n e , p K ^ 1 6 . 6 9 , o v e r 4 - a m i n o p y r i m i d i n e , p K H . 1 8 . 5 3 , i s 1.84 pK u n i t s . Howeve r , when an a z a g r o u p l y i n g o r t h o t o t h e i o n i z i n g amino g roup i s m e t h y l a t e d t h e a c i d i t y i s even more e n h a n c e d . F o r 3 - m e t h y l c y t o s i n e , p K ^ 1 3 . 3 7 , t h e i n c r e a s e i n a c i d i t y i s 5 . 1 6 u n i t s . The i n c r e a s e o f 1 - m e t h y l i s o c y t o s i n e , p K ^ 1 4 . 2 2 , o v e r t h e a c i d i t y o f 2 - a m i n o p y r i m i d i n e , p K ^ 1 9 . 7 8 , i s 5 . 5 6 u n i t s and f o r 3 - m e t h y l i s o c y t o s i n e , p K u . 1 4 . 2 8 , 5 . 5 0 u n i t s . An e x p l a n a t i o n HA * * o f t h i s e f f e c t i s p u t f o r w a r d i n S e c t i o n ( b ) . (a) E f f e c t o f E l e c t r o n - W i t h d r a w i n g S u b s t i t u e n t s on t h e A c i d i t y 54 o f 1 - M e t h y l c y t o s i n e : The p K ^ o f c y t o s i n e , 1 2 . 1 5 , c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e l o s s o f t h e p r o t o n a t i n t h e p r e d o m i n a n t n e u t r a l s p e c i e s . To p r e v e n t t h i s l a t t e r d i s s o c i a t i o n f r o m i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e a c i d i o n i z a t i o n o f t h e e x o c y c l i c amino g r o u p , t h e l a b i l e p r o t o n was r e p l a c e d by a m e t h y l g roup i n t h e p r e s e n t wo rk . M e t h y l a t e d P r o t o n a t i o n o f t h e s e compounds o c c u r s a t t h e e n d o c y c l i c n i t r o g e n s w h i c h l i e \" o r t h o \" and \" p a r a \" t o t h e c a r b o n y l g r o u p . 1 - M e t h y l c y t o s i n e ( 3 2 ) , p K B H + 4 . 5 5 6 8 , 1 - m e t h y l i s o c y t o s i n e ( 3 4 ) , p K B H + 4 . 0 6 9 , and 3 - m e t h y l i s o c y t o s i n e ( 3 6 ) , pKgpj+ 4 . 2 ^ , w h i c h p r o t o n a t e \" o r t h o \" t o t h e amino g r o u p , as does 2 - a m i n o p y r i m i d i n e ( 1 1 ) , pKgLj+ 3 . 5 4 , ^ 4 a l l have g r e a t e r b a s i c i t i e s t h a n 11_. S i m i l a r l y t h e pKgLj+ 7 . 3 8 ^ 8 o f 3 - m e t h y l c y t o s i n e ( 3 5 ) , i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e b a s i c i t y o f 4 - a m i n o -p y r i m i d i n e ( 1 5 ) , pKg H + 5 . 7 1 . 5 ^ I n t h e D i m r o t h r e a c t i o n a m i n o p y r i m i d i n e s p o s s e s s i n g a m e t h y l a t e d a z a g roup o r t h o t o t h e e x o c y c l i c amino g roup r e a r r a n g e i n a l k a l i t o t h e m e t h y l a m i n o d e r i v a t i v e . 5 5 3 - M e t h y l c y t o s i n e does n o t u n d e r g o r e a r r a n g e -ment i n a l k a l i . 2 0 6 Thus t h e s p e c t r a l changes o b s e r v e d i n t h i s work a r e n o t due t o t h e D i m r o t h r e a c t i o n t a k i n g p l a c e . - 181 -nucleotide bases may also be used as models f o r nucleosides. Thus the p>iKpiA of 1-methylcytosine provides an estimate of the p K ^ of c y t i d i n e as well as of cytosine i t s e l f . It appears that the e l e c t r o n i c e f f e c t s of a methylated aza group are very s i m i l a r to the unmethylated group since the b a s i c i t i e s of cytosine pKg^+ 4.58^^ and 1-methylcytosine, pKg^ + 4.55^ are nearly i d e n t i c a l . Both compounds protonate at N^, or \"meta\" to N^, the aza group i n question. Electron-withdrawing groups ortho to the amino group produce the expected increase i n a c i d i t y and the e f f e c t s of these substituents i s comparable to the e f f e c t s of ortho chloro and ortho n i t r o substituents on the a c i d i t y of aminopyridines. The P^ H A of l-methyl-5-nitrocytosine i s 10.55, an increase of 6.14 pK units over 1-methylcytosine pK^ A 16.69. An ortho n i t r o group increases the a c i d i t y of 2-aminopyridine by 6.85 units and of 4-aminopyridine by 6.44 u n i t s . However, an ortho group increases the a c i d i t y of 4-amino-2-chloropyrimidine by only 3.0 u n i t s ; the smaller decrease was a t t r i b u t e d to the presence of a second aza group and possibly the electron-withdrawing chloro group (Section D(3)). The electron-withdrawing carbonyl function and the second aza group i n 1-methylcytosine do not appear to reduce the e f f e c t of an ortho n i t r o group. An ortho bromo group increases the a c i d i t y of 1-methylcytosine by 1.66 units (pK u. of l-methyl-5-bromocytosine i s 15.03), but the ortho HA chloro group increases the a c i d i t y of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine, p K ^ 21.74, i n which electron-withdrawing groups are already present, by only 0.87 units (pK^ A of 2-amino-3,5-dichloropyridine i s 20.87). The larger s i z e of the bromine atom may increase s t e r i c i n t e r a c t i o n between i t and the - 182 -amino group, thus d e s t a b i l i z i n g the neutral molecule and increasing 204 205 the a c i d i t y . Sbarbati and S p i n e l l i were unable to f i t ortho-bromo-substituted compounds to t h e i r l i n e a r free energy c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r ortho substituted compounds and at t r i b u t e d t h i s to bromine's large van der Waal's radius. (b) E f f e c t of Aza Group Methylation on the A c i d i t y of Amino- pyrimidones: The structures of the cytosines and isocytosines studied i n t h i s work are c l o s e l y s i m i l a r and on t h i s basis one might expect t h e i r a c i d i t i e s to be nearly i d e n t i c a l . In f a c t , the p K ^ of 3-methylcytosine (35) was determined i n th i s work to be 13.37, the P^^'s of 1- and 3-methylisocytosine C54) and (36) to be 14.22 and 14.28, * r e s p e c t i v e l y , and the pKj^ of 1-methylcytosine (32) to be 16.69. The pK value of 32_ used i n th i s discussion was calculated by the B.O. method from i o n i z a t i o n r a t i o s determined by Katritzky's method. This compound showed a large discrepancy between I values (and hence pKj^ values) estimated by d i f f e r e n t methods. Using I values estimated by the area method, the B.O. pKj^ i s 15.45, but th i s value i s also s i g n i f i c a n t l y greater than the p K ^ values of the other aminopyrimidones. * The pKya's of the isocytosines 34_ and 36 have been estimated by Hiratao9 to be 12.4 and 12.5 res p e c t i v e l y , much lower than the values obtained i n t h i s work. For the anion of 3-methylisocytosine (36) the anionic spectrum i n 96.1 mole % DMSO showed A m a x 318rm,log e m a x 3.84 and f or 1-methylisocytpsine (34) i n 63.4 mole % DMSO sh285nm, log-. . e m a x 3.25. H i r a t a reports f o r 34, A m a x 258nm,log e m a x 3.59 and f o r 36, A m a x 287-8nm,log e m a x 3.89 at pH 14 f o r both. However, the neutral spectra f o r these compounds i n 50 mole % DMSO are: 34_ A m a x 258nm, log e m a x 3.67 and 36, A m a x 288rm,log e m a x 3.88. Thus the spectral changes Hirata has assigned to i o n i z a t i o n are probably small changes due to a solvent e f f e c t . - 183 -That these differences i n a c i d i t y are r e a l may be i l l u s t r a t e d by determining the mole % DMSO of the s o l u t i o n i n which each compound i s h a l f - i o n i z e d . From the plo t s of log I vs. mole % DMSO, the solvent compositions are, thus, f o r 3-methylcytosine 15.4 mole %, 1-methyl-isocytosine 26.6 mole %, 3-methylisocytosine 27.9 mole %, and 1-methylcytosine 65.0 mole % (using I estimated by Katritzky's method; 68.3 using I estimated by the area method). The large difference i n 68 a c i d i t y between 1- and 3-methylcytosine was observed by Fox. He estimated the pK of the l a t t e r compound as being between 13-14, i n HA agreement with the value 13.37 found i n t h i s work. The spectral curve of 1-methylcytosine corresponding to the neutral species was the same i n 6 M sodium hydroxide as i n water, pH 7-14 and i t s pK^ A was estimated to be n „ 68 greater than 14. The differences i n a c i d i t y are not r e a d i l y explicable i n terms of resonance s t a b i l i z a t i o n of the anions. The anions of the four compounds are i l l u s t r a t e d on page 184. On the basis of the extent of d e r e a l i z a -t i o n of anionic charge one might expect the a c i d i t i e s to be 35 ^ 36 > 32 ^ 34_ since 35' and 36' both have one additi o n a l atom to which the negative charge can be dispersed by resonance. The additi o n a l structure, i n each case, has the negative charge located on carbon and such structures, of course, w i l l make the smallest contribution to the character of the resonance hybrids. In fa c t , the a c i d i t i e s follow the order ^ 35_ > 34 = 36 > 32_. The greater a c i d i t y of 3-methylcytosine r e l a t i v e to 1- and 3-methyl-isocytosine can be explained by the l o c a t i o n of the amino group r e l a t i v e to the endocyclic nitrogens. In the f i r s t compound the amino - 184 -- 185 -group l i e s ortho to one aza group and para to the other and i n the l a t t e r two compounds ortho to both aza groups. From Deady and Shanks' 92 aza substituent constants, a 2-aza group, a = 0.75, i s less electron-withdrawing than a 4-aza group, a = 0.96. Since the e f f e c t s of aza groups have been shown to be additive, i t i s obvious that the e f f e c t of two 2-aza groups on the exocyclic amino group w i l l be less than the combined e f f e c t of one 2-aza and one 4-aza group. Thus, 2-amino-pyrimidine (11) i s a weaker acid than 4-aminopyrimidine (15) by 1.25 pK units and t h i s difference i s comparable to the difference of 0.91 pK units between 3-methylcytosine (35) and 3-methylisocytosine (36). From the lo c a t i o n of i t s amino group r e l a t i v e to the endocyclic nitrogens, one might expect the a c i d i t y of 1-methylcytosine (32) to be equal to that of 35_ but i t i s the weakest of a l l the four acids, 3_2 and 34-36. The only s t r u c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e between _32 and the other acids i s that i t does not possess a methyl substituent on the aza group adjacent to the carbon bearing the exocyclic amino group. The higher a c i d i t y of 35, 34 and 36_ appears, thus, to be due to an i n t e r a c t i o n between the methyl and the amino group. Small increases i n the a c i d i t i e s of ortho-alkylated-4-nitroanilines 15b over that of unsubstituted 4 - n i t r o a n i l i n e were noted by Dolman. One ortho methyl group decreased the p K ^ by 0.1 un i t , two ortho methyl groups by 0.2 units and two ortho t-butyl groups by more than 1.0 u n i t . On the basis of the inductive e f f e c t s of a l k y l groups, the alkylated a n i l i n e s would be expected to be s l i g h t l y weaker acids than 4-nitro-a n i l i n e . A d e s t a b i l i z a t i o n of the neutral molecule due to s t e r i c hindrance of s o l u t i o n was f e l t to be the cause of t h i s increase. - 186 -Anilines containing electron-withdrawing groups were thought to be solvated as illustrated below. Alkylation at the ortho position would interfere with such solvation, destabilizing the neutral molecule relative to the anion and thus increasing the acidity. The interaction between the exocyclic amino group and an \"ortho\" aza group may be important in the neutral molecule of aminoheterocycles. There is evidence from dipole moment studies of interaction between the amino group protons and the lone electron pair of the aza group in 207 the diazine (b) below. Hydrogen-bonding between the hydroxyl group proton and the aza group in pyridine-2-carboxylic acids (c) was thought 185 to be the reason for the weak acidity of these compounds. The 2-hydroxypyridines may hydrogen-bond with a molecule of water forming a 185* stable six-membered ring (d) . H yH H P 'V H ' ^ Any disruption of the powerful interaction \"•\"4 (b) H O (c) N^ 9 H H (d) of the amino and \"ortho\" aza groups, such as would be caused by methylation of the aza group, could destabilize the neutral molecule and cause a sizeable increase in acidity. In 1-methylcytosine interaction between the amino and ortho aza group is unhindered. The interaction may involve a molecule of water such that the amino group, the aza group and the water molecule form a However, 2-hydroxypyridine is mainly 2-pyridone in aqueous solution 215 - 187 -hydrogen-bonded six-membered r i n g as i l l u s t r a t e d below i n (e). In 3-methylcytosine such an i n t e r a c t i o n would be hindered because of the methyl group at (f) so that the neutral molecule of 3-methylcytosine i s d e s t a b i l i z e d r e l a t i v e to the neutral form of 1-methylcytosine., This could explain the r e l a t i v e l y greater a c i d i t y of 3-methylcytosine. In isocytosine i n t e r a c t i o n s between the amino group hydrogens and the two aza groups are poss i b l e . In 1- and 3-methylisocytosine one such i n t e r a c t i o n i s disrupted because of the presence of the methyl group at N., and respectively. The e f f e c t of one such disruption must d e s t a b i l i z e the neutral molecules of 34_ and 36^ to a large extent since these compounds are stronger acids than 1-methylcytosine, even though the l a t t e r compound possesses an aza group para to the amino group which 34 and 3J5 do not. It would be i n t e r e s t i n g to investigate the order of a c i d i t y of these compounds i n anhydrous DMSO to determine whether or not a molecule of water i s important i n t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n . The greater a c i d i t y of the secondary cytosine 31_ which was used P to anchor the H scale may also be explained by absence of i n t e r a c t i o n between the protons of the amino group and the v i c i n a l aza group. Because of the inductive e f f e c t of the methylene groups one would expect i t s a c i d i t y to be less than that of 3-methylcytosine, but i n fa c t ( f ) - 188 -i t i s about one pK unit greater. An increase i n a c i d i t y of about 0.5 15b pK units was observed by Dolman i n a n i l i n e s i n which the exocyclic amino group bore one a l k y l group. He suggested that the a l k y l substituent destroys a p o t e n t i a l hydrogen-bonding s i t e and thus prevents s o l v a t i o n by a molecule of water. This d e s t a b i l i z e s the neutral molecule and increases the a c i d i t y . The anchor compound has only one amino proton a v a i l a b l e f o r s o l v a t i o n by a water molecule whereas 3-methylcytosine has two (f) even though s o l v a t i o n of one amino proton w i l l be r e s t r i c t e d by the methyl group at N-3. In _31_ i n t e r a c t i o n between the amino proton and the \"ortho\" aza group i s impossible and solva t i o n i s only possible by one molecule of water. Thus i t s neutral form i s d e s t a b i l i z e d with respect to that of 3-methylcytosine, accounting f o r i t s greater a c i d i t y . When the a l k y l r i n g contains three methylene units rather than two as i n 51, the inductive e f f e c t of the a l k y l r i n g overcomes the acid-strengthening e f f e c t due to s o l v a t i o n differences and the p K ^ of II l i e s closer to that of 3-methylcytosine.^ 2. Adenine and Guanine Derivatives (a) E f f e c t on Adenine Amino Group A c i d i t y of and Cg Substituents: Table XXIX l i s t s the pK„. values of the substituted 7-r HA and 9-methyladenines determined i n t h i s work. A chloro group, whether at C 2 or Cg, exerts an expected acid-strengthening e f f e c t . A methoxy group at Cg exerts an acid-weakening e f f e c t suggesting that i t s +R e f f e c t must be f e l t by the exocyclic amino group. 45 Using Hammett1s value of 0.37 for the chloro group at C 2 and the a values of 0.23 and -0.27 f o r the Cg chloro and methoxy groups - 189 -TABLE XXIX. The pK Values of Substituted Adenines. Substituent H 2 CH. N 2 ' R P^ HA 7-methyladenine N C H P^HA ^-methyiadenine R=R'=H R=C1, R'=OCH, R=C1, R'=H R=R'=C1 14.67 14.62 14.02 13.61 16.74 16.66 15.61 15.10 respectively, a plot of vs. a was made using the pK^ values in Table XXIX. A good correlation was found for the 7-methyladenines, r = 0.994 and p = 1.86 and a reasonable correlation for the 9-methyl-adenines, r = 0.989 and p = 2.94. Since both plots were made using only four derivatives whose pK^ values ranged over 1.06 and 1.64 pK units, respectively, there may be some uncertainty in the p values of 190 these plots. Nonetheless, i t appears that both p values are much less than the p of 5.10 calculated in this work for the acid ionization of substituted anilines and aminoheterocycles, and that the p value of 9-methyladenines is greater than that of the 7-methyladenines. - 190 -Since adenine is a bicyclic system there is no theoretical reason why the effects of CQ substituents should be correlated by substituent o constants derived for benzene systems. Attempts have been made to 45 191 derive a values for naphthalene (a) ' and these may be extended to 191 include the purine ring system. For a reacting side chain at substituents at and are well-correlated by Hammett's a values. Substituent constants C5-C-7 may be estimated from non-bonding molecular 45 191 orbital theory and are listed by Johnson and Perrin. Let us consider 9-methyladenine to be a substituted naphthalene with the amino group equivalent to a reacting side chain at (b). Obviously a substituent in the adenine will be correlated using o^. For Hammett correlations of substituted five-membered heterocycles such as thiophen, the heteroatom is often regarded as replacing a -CH=CH- portion of a benzene ring. For the adenine to be considered a substituted naphthalene one of the endocyclic nitrogens in the imidazole ring may be considered as having replaced a -CH=CH- grouping in a benzene ring. If the methylated aza group, Ng, is regarded as having 7 8 A' ST2 ^N-4^ Ni VJV' N H 2 s o that the increased derealization provided by the imidazole ring is less important. If both of these acid-weakening effects are important, a meta chloro group in the adenines will appear to be less acid-strengthening than in the aminopyrimidines. In contrast to the adenines, the imidazole ring actually appears to decrease the acidity of the methylguanines relative to 3-methyliso-cytosine (pK... 14.28). The acidity of 1,9-dimethylguanine (pK... .14.46) HA HA is decreased by 0.18 pK units, a value which is probably not significant considering the errors inherent in extrapolated pK^ values. 1,7-Dimethylguanine (pK^ 14.91), however, has its acidity decreased by 0.63 units relative to 3-methylisocytosine. That this difference is real is shown by the DMSO concentrations of the solutions in which the indicators are half-ionized. 3-Methylisocytosine is half-ionized at 27.9 mole % (section E (l)(b)), 1,9-dimethylguanine at 35.6 mole % and 1,7-dimethylguanine at 45.85 mole %. Possibly, the anionic charge is so well-accommodated by the carbonyl group that increased derealization of the charge by the imidazole ring would have l i t t l e importance. This - 198 -is analogous to the case of the nitroanilines where the anionic charge is well accommodated by a single nitro group and subsequent substitution of further nitro groups into the ring does not increase the aniline acidity as greatly as does a single nitro group.*3 Furthermore, the powerfully electronegative carbonyl group may increase charge-transfer into the pyrimidine ring to such an extent that the guanines actually become slightly weaker acids than 3-methyl-isocytosine. 3. Effect of the Ribosyl Group on Nucleotide Base Acidity. To test the validity of using the acidities of methylated nucleotide bases as a measure of nucleotide acidity in the DNA molecule, the pKj^ y of a nucleoside was determined. In nucleosides the sugar 54 hydroxyl protons at and ionize in strong base (P^ H A ca. 12 ) and the hydroxyl proton might also be expected to ionize at high 209 alkalinity. Fox observed spectral shifts for cytidine, in the absorption due to the pyrimidine ring, upon ionization of the sugar hydroxyl protons which was interpreted as an interaction between the aglycon and the 2'-OH group. Small spectral shifts were also observed for 2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine and were attributed to ionization of the 5'-OH group. To eliminate the possibility of these ionizations, the 2', 3' and 5'-OH groups were blocked with base-resistant groups. The nucleoside derivative used in this work is 2',3'-O-benzylidene-5'-0-tritylcytidine (I). The spectral changes observed as the basicity of the aqueous DMSO solution was varied could thus be interpreted as the ionization of the amino group. The spectral changes upon ionization of the cytidine were small - 199 -NH. 4 N 3 N N. HOCH HO OH 1- p^ - D-ribofuranosyl-2- oxypurinc (II) benzylidcne-5-O-tritylCytidine (I) HOCH |-( 2',3'-«.pOxy-/J-D-lyxofuranosyl) isocytosine (III) - 200 -but a reasonably reliable pK of 14.75 was calculated (indicator is HA half-ionized at 51.0 mole %), considerably lower than the pK of 1-methyl-cytosine (PK[_JA °f 16.69 and half-ionized at 65.0 mole % ) . The stronger acidity of a nucleoside relative to the N-methylated nucleotide base has been observed by other workers.^>^ Fox^7 determined the acidity of l-methyl-5-nitrocytosine to be 10.55 and the acidity of 5-nitrocytidine to be 9.12, an increase in acidity of 1.4 pK units. The nucleoside l-B-D-ribofuranosyl-2-oxypurine (II) is a stronger acid by 0.25 pK units than 1-methyl-2-oxypurine. The pK^ of the 69 nucleoside 1-(2',3'-epoxy-6-D-lyxofuranosyl)isocytosine (III) is 12.9, 1.3 pK units stronger than the amino group acidity of 1-methyliso-cytosine, pK 14.2. The cytidine studied in this work was 1.9 pK HA units stronger than 1-methylcytosine, comparable to the differences observed by Fox^7 and Hirata.^ Fox^^ suggested that the increase in acidity was due to some interaction between the unionized 2'-OH group and the carbonyl group of the pyrimidine ring since spectral changes in the pyrimidine spectrum occurred upon the hydroxy1 ionization. No such shifts were observed in 2'-deoxyribosyl derivatives where the 2'-OH group is replaced by a proton, nor in the oxyribosyl derivative of 2',3'-adenylic acid, even though hydroxyl ionization was detected potentiometrically. In these derivatives no interaction is possible between the 2'-OH group and the ring. However, the nucleoside examined in this work contained no 2'-OH proton and its acidity was s t i l l lower than that of 1-methylcytosine. Thus the increased acidity is not due to such hydrogen-bonding interaction. It is felt that the most likely explanation is that the ribosyl group exerts a -I effect on the - 201 -nucleotide base, by virtue of its many oxygen atoms, whereas the methyl group exerts a small +1 effect. There is thus some uncertainty, roughly 1-2 pK units, in using the pKu. of an appropriately methylated cytosine or isocytosine as HA the pK^A of the corresponding nucleoside. A similar estimate cannot be made for the purine nucleosides since the spectral changes upon ionization of 21,3'-0-benzylidene-51-O-tritylguanosine were too small to allow a meaningful estimate to be made of its pK^. It is assumed in the following discussion that the -I inductive effect of the ribosyl moiety is the same as that for l-g-D-ribofuranosyl-2-oxypurine, i.e. 0.25 pK units acid-strengthening relative to the methylated aglycon, since the acidic site in adenosine and guanosine is farther removed from the sugar group than in cytidine. The pK^'s of 1-methylcytosine, 9-methyladenine and 1,9-dimethyl-guanine may be used to estimate the pK^ values of cytidine, adenosine and guanosine, respectively. The pK^ of cytidine is taken to be 14.8, the pK... determined for the substituted cytidine. The pK of guanosine HA HA is probably higher than the value 14.46 obtained for 1,9-dimethylguanine, since the methyl group at in the latter will increase its acidity. This increase is estimated to be 3.32 pK units, the difference between the acidity of 1-methylcytosine and 3-methylcytosine. Subtracting .the pK unit correction for the ribosyl moiety, an estimate of 17.5 is made for the amino group ionization in guanosine. Applying the correction for the sugar ring to the pK„. of 9-methyladenine gives an HA estimate of the pK^ of adenosine of 16.5. These pK„. values may be used to estimate the strength of the - 202 -Adenine-thymine base pair (IV) Cytosinerguanine base pair (V) - 203 -hydrogen-bonding interaction of the nucleotide bases in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. The strength of hydrogen-bonding depends directly 210 on acid strength and the stronger the hydrogen bond the greater the 208 association constants between the given base pairs. Adenine bonds exclusively via two hydrogen bonds to thymine (5-methyl-uracil) in DNA and to uracil in RNA (IV). Cytosine always bonds to guanine via three 167 hydrogen bonds in both nucleic acids. (V) Thus of the interactions (1), (3) and (4) the strength of the hydrogen bonds are (1) > (4) > (3), assuming that the strength depends solely on the acidity of the proton donor. The acidity of N^ in thymidine 54 54 54 is 9.8 and in uridine 9.3 ; the acidity of in guanosine is 9.3. Thus bonds (2) and (5) are probably of comparable strength. From these data i t is then concluded that the association between guanine and cytosine (V) is stronger than the association between adenine and uracil (or thymine) (IV) not merely because the first pair possesses three hydrogen bonds whereas the second possesses two, but because the actual strength of one of the former pairs of hydrogen bonds is greater. F. Comparison of Acidity and Basicity of Aminoheterocycles Plotting the pK^ values against the corresponding P Kg H + values for a given series of homologous indicators helps to determine the relative effects of substituents on the acidity as compared to effects on basicity. For meta and para substituted diphenylamines, excluding • • • • , i 15c those containing nitro groups, a straight line was obtained, pK M =• 21.4 + 1.30 PK B H + - 204 -The c o e f f i c i e n t i n t h i s equation indicates that the a c i d i t y of a given diphenylamine i s more s e n s i t i v e to substituent e f f e c t s than i s i t s b a s i c i t y . For a n i l i n e s and diphenylamines containing ortho and para 9 n i t r o substituents, however, such a p l o t has a slope less than one, owing to the anomalously large e f f e c t of a sin g l e n i t r o group on 15 a c i d i t y . It was of i n t e r e s t to determine whether s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n s e x i s t between the a c i d i t i e s and b a s i c i t i e s of aminopyridines, pyrimidines and purines. Table XXX l i s t s the b a s i c i t i e s a v a i l a b l e i n the l i t e r a t u r e for the indicators studied together with the B.O. p K ^ values determined herein. Examination of the table and Figure 16 reveals that there i s l i t t l e c o r r e l a t i o n between p K ^ and pKg,_j+ for the aminopyridines, aminopyrimidines, cytosines or aminopurines. This i s doubtless due to the fac t that a l l aminoheterocycles protonate at the endocyclic 54-57 71 nitrogen rather than at the exocyclic amino group. ' Deprotonation, however, must occur at the exocyclic amino group i n the indicators studied. Thus comparison of substituent e f f e c t s on a c i d i t y and b a s i c i t y i s probably not meaningful since the l o c a t i o n of substituents r e l a t i v e to the reaction s i t e i s d i f f e r e n t i n each case. This i s not so with a n i l i n e s and diphenylamines. Second protonation of the aminopyridines does occur at the exocyclic 81 amino group as v e r i f i e d by NMR. An attempt was therefore made to correlate the pKg H ++ values of the aminopyridines with the p K ^ values. The pKgj_j^ + + v a ] _ u e s a r e those of Bellobono and F a v i n i . ^ Since the diprotonated aminopyridine has three ionizable protons whereas the neutral molecule has two a s t a t i s t i c a l f a c t o r (log 1.5) was subtracted 205 TABLE XXX. Acidities and Basicities of Aminoheterocycles. Indicator pKu. pKDU+ ref. pK D U ++ ref. HA BH r BH2 2-aminopyridine 23.50 6.71 62 -7.65 62 2-amino-5-chloro- 21.74 4.71 199 pyridine 2-amino-3,5-dichloro- 20.87 2.80 198 pyridine 2-amino-3-nitro- 16.65 2.42 62 -12.4 62 pyridine 2-amino-5-nitro- 15.69 2.80 62 -12.1 62 pyridine 4-aminopyridine 22.26 9.15 62 -6.60 62 4-amino-3-nitropyridine 15.82 5.05 62 -11.9 62 2-aminopyrimidine 19.78 3.54 54 2-amino-5-nitropyrimi- 14.60 0.35 73 dine 4-aminopyrimidine 18.53 5.71 54 1,7-dimethylguanine 14.91 3.40 77 1,9-dimethylguanine 14.46 3.28 77 7-methyladenine 14.67 3.6 211 9-methyladenine 16.74 3.25 211 2,3-dihydro-lHr5-oxo- .. imidazo.(l, 2-c)pyrimi-dine hydrochloride 12. 42 6. 99 68 1-methylcytosine 16. 69 4. 55 68 3-methylcytosine 13. 37- 7. 38 68 1-methylisocytosine 14. 22 4. 0 69 3-methylisocytosine 14. 28 4. 2 69 1 1— — i 1 1— 1 1— — i 1 1 1 1 1 O i •23 • •22 •21 0 8 . B>2 FIGURE 16 . P L O T O F P K U a VS. HA P K B H + FOR S E L E C T E D AMINO--20 on H E T E R O C Y C L E S •19 P K H A •18 ©is; t> Aminopyridinc •17 0 3 2 O Aminopyrimidine OAminopyrimidone •16 OAminopurinc -15 O I 4 •14 •13 21 ^3*>3£ \"~ 34 Indicator nos. refer to Appendix A 0 3 5 O 1 2 3 4 P K B H + 6 - 8 9 IO 11 12 - 207 -from a l l pK D++ values before p l o t t i n g them against pK . DH^ HA The c o r r e l a t i o n between the two i o n i z a t i o n constants i s poor, r = 0.957, m = 1.3. Possibly the n i t r o - s u b s t i t u t e d compounds form a d i f f e r e n t c l a s s , as with the a n i l i n e s , since a s i n g l e n i t r o group appeared to greatly enhance the a c i d i t y of aminopyridines, although not to the same extent as i n the a n i l i n e s . P l o t t i n g only the 2-aminopyridines gave a s l i g h t l y better c o r r e l a t i o n , r = 0.986, m = 1.6, but since t h i s p l o t only included three points i t cannot be considered p r e c i s e . The i n d i c a t i o n i s , however, that the a c i d i t y of neutral aminopyridines i s more s e n s i t i v e to substituent e f f e c t s than i s the a c i d i t y of the corresponding d i c a t i o n i c acids. - 208 -SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK Arnett has found a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n between the pK... values of r HA an i l i n e s and diphenylamines, standard state water, and t h e i r heats of deprotonation i n pure DMSO.* It i s possible that a s i m i l a r r e l a t i o n exists f o r the compounds investigated i n t h i s work because of t h e i r s t r u c t u r a l s i m i l a r i t y to a n i l i n e s . Such a r e l a t i o n being established, Arnett's method would prove valuable i n determining the pKpjA values of indicators which show l i t t l e or no spe c t r a l change upon i o n i z a t i o n , such as l-methyl-5-bromocytosine and 3,7-dimethylisoguanine. Since the heat of deprotonation i s measured i n pure DMSO, the p K ^ values standard state water of very weak acids l i k e 3-aminopyridine (whose p K H A was estimated as 24 i n t h i s work), which are not detectably ionized i n aqueous DMSO, could be estimated. The unsubstituted aminopyridines and pyrimidines are weak acids and the pK... values were determined for derivatives r HA containing only electron-withdrawing substituents. In pure DMSO with potassium dimsyl as base the a c i d i t i e s of aminoheterocycles containing electron-donating substituents could also be determined, giving a more complete p i c t u r e of the e f f e c t of substituents on amino group a c i d i t y . 36 37 Using the method of Rit c h i e and Uschold or of Bordwell the P^HA v a ^ u e s °f t n e i n d i c a t o r s could be redetermined i n anhydrous DMSO with pure DMSO as the standard state. It would be valuable to investigate the v a r i a t i o n of p K ^ with solvent p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r the methylated cytosine and adenine derivatives whose order of a c i d i t y may depend on solvat i o n by a molecule of water. - 209 -It has been suggested that an H function be established in the aprotic solvent hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) since hydroxide and t-butoxide ions are very strong bases in this solvent and it is often 15b used as a reaction medium in organic synthesis. During the research for the work in this thesis this solvent was investigated. Aqueous HMPA/water/0.011 M TMAH appears to be a very strongly deprotonating system, stronger than DMSO/water/0.011 M TMAH. However, the HMPA commercially available in North America is contaminated by an impurity which absorbs at wavelengths less than 350 nm. This impurity cannot be removed by distillation or by treatment with metallic sodium or calcium hydride in vacuo. If supplies of HMPA free of this impurity are available or some method of its removal can be devised, establishment of an H_ function in HMPA should be straightforward. - 210 -APPENDIX A: Estimation of Ionization Ratios for the Indicators. 1. 2-Aminopyridine Method: Flexser/Hammett/Katritzky (FHK) Mole % DMSO 97.37 97.71 98.16 98.73 99.19 Log I* -0.926 -0.727 -0.523 -0.148 0.285 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 98.9 (estimated graphically) 2. 2-Amino-5-chloropyridine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 93.38 94.29 . 95.35 96.82 97.37 97.71 98.16 Log I -0.571 -0.390 -0.112 0.302 0.518 0.693 0.940 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 95.8 (estimated graphically) 3. 2-Amino-3,5-dichloropyridine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 74.37 77.65 79.14 81.50 83.89 86.18 87.39 Log I -0.791 -0.500 -0.342 -0.161 0.205 0.540 0.762 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 81.65 4. 2-Amino-3-nitropyridine The anionic spe-.tiuir consist:; of several transitions. These bands are smeared out between 77.7 and 86.6 mole % DMSO but are well-defined at 96.3 mole % with two peaks of equal e at 502 and r n max 523 nm and a shoulder at 560 nm. The peak at 523 nm was used to calculate log I. _ Log I values are given to three decimal places when the spectra were measured on the Cary 16 and to two decimal places when measured on the Cary 15. The mole % DMSO at half-ionization was calculated from the plots of log I vs. mole % DMSO unless :Otherwise stated. Where two alternative methods exist to estimate log I, the I values used in calculating the pK H i are marked with an asterisk (*). - 211 -Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 39.18 42.22 44.65 49.32 51.45 54.46 58.73 Log I -0.940 -0.680 -0.443 -0.040 0.142 0.411 0.761 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 50.1 5. 2-Amino-5-nitropyridine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 35.01 39.34 44.67 48.96 53.62 Log I -0.692 -0.277 0.150 0.498 0.863 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 43.0 6. 2-Amino-3-chloro-5-nitropyridine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 20.08 22.10 25.13 27.31 30.28 34.60 Log I -0.759 -0.528 -0.205 0.027 0.340 0.777 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 27.05 7. 2-Amino-5,5-dinitropyridine The anion was reasonably stable up to 50 mole % DMSO then decayed rapidly in solutions of higher DMSO content. At 96 mole % DMSO, the red color of the anion is visible immediately upon injection of the sample into the basic solution, but the color of the solution changes within seconds to a pale yellow. A peak at 398 nm flog e 4.37: sh 325 nm, log e 3.99) was observed, which ^ & max decreased slowly with time. Neutralization with 1.0 M acetic ' acid did not restore the neutral molecule's spectrum, but gave an orange solution instead (X 334 nm, 488 nm; sh 385 nm). 6 ^ max - 212 -The anion decays much less rapidly in solutions of less than 50 mole % and neutralization of the basic solution gives the unionized species back unchanged. Readings of absorption for each basic solution were taken at two minute intervals for 10-15 min., then extrapolated to the time of injection of the sample. Since the anionic peak is broad and flat, error resulting from difficulties A-in estimating A will be small, max Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 7.79 10.27 . 12.85 15.15 17.46 19.85 22.06 Log I -0.848 -0.571 -0.279 0.000 0.274 0.571 0.871 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 15.0 8. 4-Aminopyridine The ta i l edge of the neutral spectrum overlaps the absorption maximum of the fully ionized spectrum to a small extent. A ^ was considered to be negligible i f log I was greater than 0.6 so that X observed in solutions where log I is greater than 0.6 is max . probably A of the anion. After estimating log I, using in 3.x ^ Katritzky's method (K) at 290 nm, ^ m a x was plotted against H^ for solutions where log I was greater than 0.6. Log I values obtained by both methods were nearly identical. Mole % DMSO 93.38 94.29 95.35 96.30 96.82 97.37 97.71 98.16 *Log I (FHK) -0.877 -0.657 -0.402 -0.028 0.055 0.195 0.423 0.695 Log I (K at 290 nm) -0.874 -0.668 -0.416 -0.035 0.041 0.189 0.404 0.669 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 96.8 (estimated graphically using' FHK I values). - 213 -9. 4-Amino-3-nitropyridine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 30.10 34.52 42.22 44.65 Log I -0.700 -0.177 0.580 0.832 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 36.6 10. 4-Amino-3,5-dinitropyridine When a sample of indicator was injected into basic solution, the ini t i a l red color disappeared within seconds for all solutions from 10 to 55 mole % DMSO with a yellow color then appearing. The red species is most stable in solutions of about 50 mole % with a low, flat peak in the UV/vis spectrum at ca. 500 nm. The spectrum decreased continuously with concomitant formation of the yellow product (A 412, 322 and 275 nm; log e 4.49, 3.88, and I f l c lX IT) 3 . X 3.76 respectively; sh 350 nm). Neutralization of the yellow or red solution with 1.0 M acetic acid recovered the unchanged neutral spectrum. This suggests that the spectral changes are due to formation of Meisenheimer adducts. Meisenheimer adducts have been observed for 3,5-dinitro-4-methoxypyridine with methoxide ion in methanol/DMSO mixtures, the 164 formation being favored by increasing DMSO content. When the concentration of methoxide is greater than 0.01 M, I, illustrated below, is the kinetically favored product and is the one first observed, but II is thermodynamically more stable and eventually prevails. - 214 -II III IV V It is possible that the red color first observed for the amino-pyridine may be due to III, which rapidly disappears rearranging to IV. Alternatively, the red color may be due to the anionic form of the indicator, since 1,3-adducts such as I have lifespans of 1-2 sec, and the red color persists for a somewhat longer interval. In 96 mole % DMSO the compound reacts irreversibly with base after in i t i a l formation of the red color. The species exhibited a maximum at 354 nm (log e 4.32) which decreased slowly with 6 max J time. Neutralization about 5 min. after appearance of the pale yellow color did not restore the neutral spectrum but, rather, a species with A 417 nm, sh 325 nm was formed which decayed r max rapidly with time. The yellow color may be due to a hydrolysis product V. 2-,Aminopyrimidine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 87.39 89.61 91.58 93.38 94.29 95.35 96.95 Log I -0.994 -0.698 -0.410 -0.085 0.099 0.448 0.768 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 94.0 (estimated graphically) - 215 -12. 2-Amino-4-chloropyrimidine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 68.31 71.90 74.37 76.18 79.14 81.24 83.89 Log I -0.673 -0.409 -0.198 -0.069 0.189 0.381 0.635 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 76.5 13. 2-Amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 44.26 49.32 54.46 58.73 61.86 Log I -0.771 -0.383 0.018 0.356 0.661 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 54.35 14. 2-Amino-5-nitropyrimidine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 20.20 22.04 24.88 27.60 30.01 32.61 Log I -0.712 -0.528 -0.262 0.000 0.207 0.490 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 27.5 15. 4-Aminopyrimidine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 68.43 71.86 76.96 80.52 87.65 Log I -0.739 -0.429 -0.102 0.291 0.966 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 77.1 16. 4-Amino-2-chloropyrimidine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 44.32 49.47 51.41 54.50 58.45 62.7,8 Log I -0.695 -0.335 -0.182 -0.011 0.330 0.710 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 54.2 - 216 -17. 4-Amino-2,6-dichloropyrimidine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO V\"' 27.42 29.90 32.23 34.52 36.93 39.18 44.26 48.21 Log I -0.873-0.675-0.487 -0.292-0.086 0.083 0.482 0.834 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 38.0 18. 4-Amino-2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine The anion of this indicator is not stable in basic DMSO/water solutions. The red color, which formed immediately upon injection of the indicator into the basic solution, was assumed to be that of the anion. (The spectrum showed a broad flat peak at about 430 nm.) In solutions with less than 55 mole % DMSO the anion persisted for 1-2 min., so that e^ _ could be estimated by extra-polation to the time of injection. The rate of decay is low in solutions of less than 10 mole % DMSO, then increases up to 25 mole % and decreases slightly for solutions 40-55 mole %. Above 55 mole %, the rate increases rapdily, at 95 mole % the anion disappears almost immediately. As the anionic spectrum disappears another peak appears in the UV region, whose maximum shifts to shorter wavelengths and whose e 6 ' & max increases with time. The same product appears to be formed in all solutions examined, from 5-96 mole % DMSO. At 96 mole % i t has a maximum at 353 nm, log e 4.18, but there is a bathochromatic ' 6 max ' shift and an increase in e with increasing DMSO content. max b Neutralization with 1.0 M acetic acid gives a species whose X 6 r max is at 337 nm and 276 nm. - 217 -Meisenheimer complexes have been observed for 3,5-dinitro-pyridines*^ and for 2,4-dinitroanisoles. It is possible that the red color is not due to the anion but to a kinetically favored species, I, which is rapidly converted to the more stable adduct II. Attack by the hydroxide ion on I would probably occur at or since base addition has not been observed at chlorine-bearing carbons (C2 in this case). The irreversibly formed product may be III, an analog of the compound formed by reaction of 2,4-dinitro-• i 1 6 5 anisole with base. Taylor and Thompson, however, observed that 4-amino-2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine is completely hydrolysed by 0.5 M sodium 128 hydroxide at 100° to 5-nitrocytosine within 45 minutes. That is, the chloro group is removed under these conditions and attack must occur at C^ . However, the product observed in this work is not 5-nitrocytosine because the spectrum of the latter in basic 96 mole % DMSO is different from that of the product obtained. In fact, 5-nitrocytosine itself appears to undergo an irreversible change in basic 96 mole % DMSO yielding a red species, ^ m & x 357 nm (log emax s^ 420 nm (log e 3.74). Its spectrum in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide was reported as X 219 nm, 253 nm, 353 nm (log e 3.98, 3.76, 4.16 respectively). Neutralization of the red solution produced by 5-nitrocytosine gave a species with ^ m a x 566 nm. - 218 -NH, HN;QH 2 O N 2 H O ^ N ' 'Iff O N 2 N ; II III IV i° each s o l u t i o n , i . e . the extrapolated value at t Q , i s the Measurements were made i n solutions less than 55 mole % at 430 nm where there i s no contribution from the unionized spectrum nor from the i r r e v e r s i b l e reaction product. The anionic decay was assumed to be a pseudo-first order reaction and plots of l n A.__ r ^ 430 vs. time gave excellent s t r a i g h t l i n e s (r..> 0.990). The value of AA average of two runs. Log I was calculated using Katritzky's method. Method: K at 430 nm Mole % DMSO 7.79 10.18 .12.86 15.00 17.60 20.20 22.50 24.88 30.01 Log I -0.792 -0.559 -0.346 -0.211 -0.058 0.112 0.298 0.452 0.898 Mole % DMSO at h a l f - i o n i z a t i o n : 18.1 The low slope r e l a t i v e to the other pyrimidines i s due to interference by product formation. Such divergent slopes were noted by 0'Donnell under s i m i l a r conditions.*^ - 219 -2-Amino-s-triazine Method: Katritzky at 315 nm ' Mole % DMSO .34.62 38.96 44.65 49.32 54.46 58.68 62.84 Log I -0.767 -0.506 -0.167 0.120 0.456 0.667 0.900 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 47.05. 1,7-Dimethylguanine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 29.84 34.73 38.80 44.07 48.82 53.61 59.01 Log I -0.996 -0.699 -0.422 -0.092 0.202 0.517 0.843 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 45.9. 1,9-Dimethylguanine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO. 23.69 29.88 34.46 39.29 43.59 48.75 Log I -0.908 -0.400 -0.045 0.252 0.545 0.879 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 35.85. 3,7-Dimethylisoguanine This is an example of medium effects being of the same order of magnitude as the spectral changes that accompany ionization, although both are small. The unionized and ionized spectra overlap greatly so there is no part of the ionized spectrum where there is not a sizeable contribution from the neutral compound. At 96 mole % DMSO (0.011 M TMAH), the ionized species has a maximum at 293 nm, e 10,500 and the unionized species 295 nm, e 9,500. ' max ' r ' max The spectrum of the latter varies from this value to 289 nm, e v c max - 220 -9,800 iin 49.3 mole % DMSO to 285 nm, e 10,800, i n water. ' ' ' max The i n d i c a t o r appears to ionize between 20 mole %-50 mole %. N I f a t i t r a t i o n curve using e at 285 nm i s plo t t e d against H_, poor r e s u l t s are obtained because Ae i s never large enough to give meaningful r e s u l t s and does not vary r e g u l a r l y with solvent composition. The difference i n areas i s also too small to calculate log I. 2,8-Dichloro-7-methyladenine (i) DMSO/water/0.011 M TMAH: Two sets of measurements were made on Z3 to test the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the measurements. The data sets agree well with each other. Set A Mole % DMSO 10.17 12.94 15.09 18.25 20.09 24.78 29.53 Method: K at 300 nm Log I -0.85 -0.61 -0.39 -0.05 0.09 0.47 0.86 *Method: Area-Log I -0.74 -0.47 -0.41 0.00 0.17 0.48 Set B Mole % DMSO 10.29 12.52 15.18 17.53 20.13 25.01 29.67 Method: K at 300 nm Log I -0.78 -0.58 -0.40 -0.14 0.06 0.53 0.82 *Method: Area Log I -0.71 -0.46 -0.34 -0.04 0.17 0.66 Mole % DMSO at h a l f - i o n i z a t i o n : 18.4 (Set A and B pl o t t e d together using I values estimated by area method). - 221 -(ii) DMSO/water/0.1 M TMAH: Again two sets of measurements were made to test the reproducibility of the data. The extinction coefficients of the anion and the neutral molecule increased with increasing ionic strength. In the first set the spectrum of the unionized molecule was taken in DMSO/water solutions 0.1 M in tetramethylammonium bromide, in the second tetramethylammonium fluoride (TMAF) was used. The fluoride ion is closer in size to the hydroxide ion than is the bromide ion. Agreement between the two sets of data were good however. Since one cannot assume that the acidity function obeyed by the adenine in 0.1 M base is parallel to an acidity function established 12 in 0.011 M base, titration curves were plotted against mole % DMSO rather than H^ . Set A Mole % DMSO 0.22 1.21 2.94 5.61 '8.22 9.83 12.48 14.53 17.53--Method: K at 300 nm Log I -0.885 -0.72 -0.54 -0.29 0.00 0.14 0.40 0.54 0.72 Method: Area Log I -0.67 -0.51 -0.44 -0.13 0.10 0.40 0.74 Set B Mole % DMSO 0.24 1.30 2.67 5.05 7.60 9.93 12.07 14.61 16.84 Method: K at 300 nm Log I -0.84 -0.68 -0.55 -0.32 -0.10 0.12 0.33 0.55 0.76 - 222 -Method: Area Log I -0.73 -0.55 -0.48-0.19 -0.03 0.22 0.48 0.79 24. 2-Chloro-7-methyladenine Mole % DMSO 15.09 17.48 20.50 22.08 24.76 29.85 34.00 Method: K at 300 nm Log I -0.84 -0.65 -0.40 -0.26 -0.07 0.41 0.68 *Method: Area Log I -0.80 -0.61 -0.37 -0.22 -0.02 0.52 0.70 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 24.8 (Area method) 25. 2-Chloro-8-methoxy-7-methyladenine Mole % DMSO 24.76 29.98 34.17 38.64 42.62 45.90 Method: K at 295 nm Log I -0.76 -0.41 -0.12 0.23 0.53 0.84 *Method: Area Log I -0.78 -0.47 -0.12 0.17 0.46 0.74 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 36.0 (Area method) 26. 7-Methyladenine Mole % DMSO 29.85 33.95 38.36 42.65 49.14 53.89 58.77 60.77 Method: K at 300 nm Log I -1.00 -0.71 -0.40 -0.12 0.27 0.57 0.765 0.96 *Method: Area Log I -0.85 -0.57 -0.31 -0.04 0.40 0.64 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 43.2 (Area method). - 223 -27. 2,8-Dichloro-9-methyladenine Mole % DMSO 29.96 34.18 38.64 44.46 49.00 Method: K at 295 nm Log I -0.82 -0.53 -0.20 0.21 0.56 *Method: Area Log I -0.83 -0.45 -0.12 0.31 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 40.3 (Area method). 28. 2-Chloro-9-methyladenine Mole % DMSO 35.09 38.21 44.85 47.56 ,54-13 59.05 Method: K at 290 nm Log I -0.95 -0.80 -0.27 -0.17 0.32 0.69 *Method: Area Log I -- -0.77 -0.25 -0.16 0.36 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 49.1 (Area method). 29. 2-Chloro-8-methoxy-9-methyladenine Mole % DMSO 48.98 53.46 58.77 60.76 63.09 67.74 68.86 71.44 Method: K at 295 nm Log I -0.77 -0.51 -0.11 -0.03 0.19 0.56 0.69 0.83 *Method: Area Log I -0.82 -0.50 -0.12 -- 0.18 0.55 0.65 0.83 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 60.3 (Area method) 30. 9-Methyladenine Because of its weak acidity, the upper arm of the titration curve is not long enough to allow a meaningful extrapolation to the - 224 -. region of ionization, when areas are plotted against H . The anionic area increases with increasing DMSO content because of the \\ lateral red shift (measurements are within a fixed frame from 260 nm to the end of long wavelength absorption and because of augmentation of It cannot be assumed that the anionic area is constant.throughout the ionization region. Katritzky's method is more reliable since measurements are made at a broad, flat shoulder. Mole % DMSO 58.13 63.09 67.74 68.87 71.44 77.49 81.42 *Method: K at 305 nm Log I -0.84 -0.56 -0.29 -0.20 -0.05 0.45 0.66 Method: Area Log I -0.78 -0.45 -0.21 -0.12 0.02 0.51 0.71 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 71.5 (K method). 2,3-Dihydro-lH-5-oxoimidazo(1,2-c)pyrimidine Hydrochloride HCl 68 This secondary amine, pKUA 12.6, was chosen as the anchor HA p compound for the H acidity function. As it was isolated as the hydrochloride salt a slight excess of TMAH in the cell was necessary to fully remove the hydrochloride proton. In pure DMSO, the unionized spectrum is that of the salt, but the desired spectrum is that of the unprotonated species. To obtain its spectrum in - 225 -dilute DMSO solutions without any further deprotonation, a small volume (29 ul) of sodium sesquicarbonate buffer (pH 10.1)*^ was injected into the cell for neutral solutions less than 5 mole % DMSO. For solutions greater than 5 mole %, 120 ul of a saturated sodium bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.5)*^ was sufficient to maintain the indicator in unionized form. Method: K at 325 nm Mole % DMSO 0.26 1.42 2.88 5.32 7.80 10.09 12.65 15.15 Log I -0.46 -0.33 -0.18 0.05 0.26 0.43 0.64 0.94 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 5.00. 1-Methylcytosine This indicator shows l i t t l e spectral change upon ionization and the slope of log I vs. mole % DMSO, when log I is calculated by areas, differs widely from that obtained using log I values determined by Katritzky's method. Log I values found using the two methods diverge badly from each other in solutions greater than 62.8 mole % DMSO. If e^ _ or Q is not extrapolated to the region of ionization and a value or e._ or Q determined for each solution therein, but A an average, constant value of e^ _ or Q used throughout to calculate log I, then the slope of log I vs. mole % DMSO will be lowered. Since 32_ is a weak acid, the fully ionized portion of the titration curve cannot be meaningfully extended. This may account for the deviation in values of log I. Because of the small change in area upon ionization, the Katritzky values are considered the - 226 -more reliable. Mole % DMSO 50.55 53.60 58.71 62.77 68.43 71.86 77.03 81.73 *Method: K at 305 nm Log I -0.96 -0.80 -0.46 -0.14 0.22 0.46 0.87 Method: Area 265 nm —> Log I -0.87 -0.765 -0.53 -0.28 0.06 0.20 0.43 0.65 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 65.0 (K method). l-Methyl-5-bromocytosine This compound exhibits very l i t t l e spectral change upon ionization and has no broad sections of the curve suitable for an accurate Katritzky calculation. Estimation of log I was made at 320 nm using Katritzky's method, but the measurements were taken on a steeply sloping portion of the curve and Ae is very small. Hence any error in Ae will greatly affect log I. Values of e^-in solutions greater than 77.7 mole % DMSO diverge from the flat upper arm of the titration curve defined by e^ _ in more dilute solutions and were omitted from the extrapolation. Log I values determined by area are probably more reliable but should, nevertheless, be regarded as approximate. Mole % DMSO 29.72 29.90 34.52 36.93 39.65 44.26 Method: K at 320 nm Log I -0.76 -0.67 '-- -0.20 0.04 0.57 *Method: Area 265 nm —> Log I -0.57 -0.50 -0.15 0.085 0.35 0.67 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 36.05 (Area method). - 227 -34. 1-Methylisocytosine The anionic spectrum consists of a large absorption at wavelengths less than 260 nm and a low broad one at 285 nm (log e 3.25 at 63.4 mole % DMSO). In solutions greater than 68.2 mole max ' 6 %, the short wavelength transition shifted to the red more rapidly than that at 285 nm. In fact, at high mole % DMSO, the latter becomes a small shoulder on the former, X290 nm, log e 3.13. When performing the Katritzky calculations, all values of e^- in solutions greater than 68.2 mole % were omitted from the extrapolation. However, all spectral curves up to 96 mole % were used in the area calculation since this method is insensitive to the number of transitions comprising the spectral curve. Mole % DMSO 17.69 20.04 22.37 25.02 27.31 29.67 35.23 *Method: K at 285 nm Log I -0.769 -0.560 -0.360 -0.135 0.081 0.273 0.725 Method: Area Log I - T — • -0.46 -0.28 0.03 0.07 0.29 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 26.4 (K method). 35. 3-Methylcytosine The indicator's pK D U + is 7.0.^ To maintain the compound D n in its neutral, unprotonated, state in dilute DMSO/water solutions, 31 pi of a sodium sesquicarbonate solution was injected into the cell before measuring e„.. HA Method: . FHK Mole % DMSO 7.83 10.07 12.49 15.07 20.00 22.01 Log I -0.648 -0.471 -0.258 -0.051 0.436 0.602 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 15.4\" - 228 -3-Methylisocytosine Method: FHK Mole % DMSO 17.46 19.85 25.09 30.10 34.52 38.96 Log I -0.896 -0.699 -0.225 0.206 0.575 0.883 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 27.9 2',3'-O-Benzylidene-5'-O-tritylcytidine The absorption maxima of both the unionized and ionized forms were at wavelengths less than 260 nm so that only a portion of the total spectrum was visible. Since the change in area between ionized and unionized forms was small, Katritzky 1s method was used to calculate log I at 300 nm. Method: K at 300 nm Mole % DMSO 40.02 50.97 53.45 59.99 67.49 Log I -0.605 0.02 0.21 0.465 0.83 Mole % DMSO at half-ionization: 50.8. - 229 -APPENDIX B. Spectral Data for the Indicators. TABLE XXXI. Absorption Maxima and Molar Absorptivities of the Aminopyridines and Aminopyrimidines in Anhydrous DMSO. Observed Values Literature Values Indicator A (nm) max log e to max A (nm) max log e b max ref. Aminopyridines : 2-amino 29.8.5 3.58 229 4.08 287.5 \"• 3.61a 62 2-amino-5-ch1oro 314 3.54 303.5 3.56b 207 2-amino-3,5-dichloro 321 3.72 240 4.04 198 312 3.65° 2-amino-3-nitro 398 3.86 . 396 3.86d 34 2-amino-5-nitro sh300 3.57 360 4.18d 34 362 4.22 2-amino-3-chloro-5- sh305 3.68 nitro 359 4.20 2-amino-3,5-dinitro 329 4.16 318.5 4.016 212 sh375 3.94 4-amino sh275 3.25 253 4.10a 62 sh279 3.21 4-amino-3-nitro sh270 3.60 264 3.56a 62 368 3.69 361.5 3.64 4-amino-3,5-dinitro sh295 3.39 383 3.85 Aminopyrimidines u 2-amino 298 3.52 224 4.13b 54b 292 3.50 2-amino-4-chloro 300 3.57 .. 229 4.14b 213 296 3.62 2-amino-4,6-dichloro 301 3.60 296 3.966 214 - 230 -TABLE XXXI (Continued) I n d i c a t o r Observed Values X (nm) l o g e max v . • max L i t e r a t u r e Values X (nm) l o g e max V / s max Aminopyrimidines (continued) 2-amino-5-nitro 333 4.16 4-amino 274 3.49 4-amino-2-chloro 277 3.60 4-amino-2,6-dichloro 278 3.55 4-amino-2-chloro-5- 348 3.78 n i t r o 233 268-9 232 272 4.26 3.72 t 3.93 3.70 r e f . 54b 213 2-amino-s-triazine 266 3.29 a b c d e f n e u t r a l form i n water i n water at pH 11.5 i n water at pH 7.0 i n 80.4% DMSO by weight i n ethanol i n water at pH 13.0 - 231 -TABLE XXXII. Absorption Maxima and Molar Absorptivities of the Nucleotide Bases in Aqueous DMSO. Substituent Observed Values Literature Values X log e Mole % X log e Ref. max max max max DMSO Guanines 1,7-dimethyl 285 3.84 49.6 250 3.75a 77 283 3.87 1,9-dimethyl 258 4.15 50.0 255 4.09a 77 sh273 3.99 sh269 4.00 3,7-dimethyliso- 289 3.99 49.3 guanine Adenines 2,8-dichloro-7-methy1 2-chloro-7-methyl 2-chloro-7-methyl-8-methoxy 7-methyl 2,8-dichloro-9-methyl 2-chloro-9-methyl 2-chloro-8-methoxy-9-methyl 9-methyl 2,3-dihyd\"rb-lH-5-oxo-imidazo(l,2-c)pyri-midine hydrochloride sh273 3.99 30.2 279 4.01 sh290 3.81 sh274 4.00 43.6 278 4.01 sh294 3.79 275 4.07 50.2 271 4.01 50.4 sh285 3.78 270 4.22 50.2 266 4.15 48.5 267.5 4.15 49.9 262 4.18 54.9 297 4.01 0.0 sh310 3.80 270 4.02 54b 262 4.08b 54b 297 4.03d 68 - 232 -TABLE XXXII (Cont'd.) Substituent Observed Values \\. log e Mole % max max n M m DMSO Literature Values X log e Ref. max \" max Cytosines 1-methyl 1-methy1-5-b romo 3-methyl 276 291.5 293 3.85 3.84 4.07 54.5 49.3 o.o c 278 294 3.83 4.08 74 54b Isocytosines 1-methyl 3-methyl 258 288 3.67 3.88 50.1 49.6 260 225 284 3.74g 54b 3.86h 54b 3.96 2',3'-0-benzylidene-5'-O-tritylcytidine in water at pH 6.0 b pH 11.0 C pH 10.0 d pH 9.45 6 100 mole % DMSO £ pH 12.0 g pH 13.0 h pH 9.8 1 No absorption maximum at wavelengths greater than 260 nm. - 233 -TABLE XXXIII. Absorption Maxima and Molar Absorptivities of the Indicator Anions in Aqueous DMSO. Substituent Observed Values Literature' Values ^ log e Mole % max D M S Q max log e Ref. ° max Aminopyridines 2-amino 2-amino-5-chloro 2-amino-3,5-dichloro 2-amino-3-nitro 2-amino-5-nitro 2-amino-3-chloro-5-nitro 2-amino-3,5-dinitro 4-amino 4-amino-3-nitro 288 378 293 395 282.5 397 502* 523 445 439 489 291 468 3.48 3.39 3.59 3.31 4.22 3.54 3.96 3.96 4.46 4.46 4.02 4.18 3.84 100 ioo a 96.1 96.3 510 3.97b 34 96.1 440 4.43b 34 96.3 49.3 ioo a 96.3 Aminopyrimidines 2-amino 373 3. 30 ioo a 2-amino-4-chloro 262 4. 62 96. 1 360 3. 33 2-amino-4,6-dichloro 351 3. 38 96. 3 2-amino-5-nitro 412 4. 38 96. 2 4-amino 267 4. 19 96. 1 324 3. 27 4-amino-2-chloro 262 4. 19 96. 1 319 3. 35 4-amino-2,6-dichloro 320 3. 27 96. 3 4-amino-2-chloro. 430 3. 76 49. 1 5-nitro 2-amino-s-triazine ,316 3. 06 96. 3 - 234 -TABLE XXXIII.(Cont'd.) Substituent Observed Values max log e max Mole DMSO 9-\\ Guanines 1,7-dimethyl 343 3. 72 96. 1 1,9-dimethyl 275 311 4. 3. 13 .80 96. 2 3,7-dimethylisoguanine 293 4. ,02 96. 3 Adenines j 2,8-dichloro-7-methyl 291.5 4. .02 85. 9 d 290 4. .03 71. 1G 2-chloro-7-methyl 289 4. .07 77. 5 2-chloro-7-methyl-8-methoxy 278 4. .13 96. 2 7-methyl 300 4. .06 96. 1 2,8-dichloro-9-methyl 285 sh310 4. 3, .05 .89 96. 2 2-chloro-9-methyl 282 4, .17 96. 7 2-chloro-8-methoxy-9-methyl 274 sh305 4, 3 .16 .64 96. ,2 9-methyl 286 sh310 3 3 .99 .89 96. .2 2,3-dihydro-lH-5-oxo- 323 3 .89 96. .3 Literature Values max log e Ref. \" max imidazo(l,2-c)pyri-midine hydrochloride 309 3.85 68 Cytosines 1-methyl 288 3.82 96.3 l-methyl-5-bromo 297 3.77 96.3 4.04g 3-methyl 307 4.00 96.1 294 68 - 235 -TABLE XXXIII (Cont'd.) Substituent Observed Values Literature Values ^ log e Mole % X max b max max DMSO log e Ref. max Isocytosines 1-methyl 3-methyl 285 sh290 318 3.25 3.13 3.84 63.4 96.1 96.1 2',3'-0-benzylidene- sh275 5'-O-tritylcytidine 3.89 96.1 0.011 M potassium t-butoxide in anhydrous DMSO 80.4% DMSO by weight log e f f l a x obtained by extrapolation to time of injection of sample 0.011 M TMAH 0.01 M TMAH 3 M sodium hydroxide g X and log e estimated from spectral curve in 3 M sodium max & max r hydroxide given in ref. 68. - 236 -BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. E.M. Arnett, T.C. Moriarity, L.E. Small, J.P. Rudolph and R.P. Quirk, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 95, 1492 (1973). 2. E.S. Gould•, \"Mechanism and Structure in Organic Chemistry\", Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, N.Y., 1959. 3. A. Albert and E.P. Serjeant, \"Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases\", Methuen, London, 1962. 4. L.P. Hammett, \"Physical Organic Chemistry\", 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1970, Chapter 9. 5. L.P. Hammett and A.J. Deyrup, J. 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