@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix dc: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Education, Faculty of"@en, "Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Senior, Sharon"@en ; dcterms:issued "2009-02-20T23:36:48Z"@en, "1993"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Arts - MA"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """The main purposes of this study were to determine if there were (a) correlational relationships between academic self—concept (ASC), general self—concept (GSC), attendance, (ATT), socioeconomic status (SES), and academic achievement (AA) among grades 7 to 11 students in a band—controlled school in Northwestern Ontario; and, (b) if academic self—concept, global self—concept, attendance, and socioeconomic status were predictors of academic achievement. The population sample was 70 Native students; 20 in grade 7, 27 in grade 8, 13 in grade 9, 4 in grade 10, and 6 in grade 11. The results showed: (1) significant correlational relationships between (a) ASC and GSC and SC and ATT for the grades 7—9 students; (b) ASC and ATT for the grades 10-11 students; and, (2) academic achievement was not predicted by any of the variables. Future research concerning Native education is suggested."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/4872?expand=metadata"@en ; dcterms:extent "1298164 bytes"@en ; dc:format "application/pdf"@en ; skos:note "AN ANALYSIS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONGGRADES 7 TO 11 STUDENTS IN A NORTHWESTERNONTARIO BAND-CONTROLLED SCHOOLBySHARON SENIORB.Sc., Andrews University, 1981B.Ed., Queen’s University, 1985A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OFMASTER OF ARTSinTHE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES(Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education)We accept this thesis as conformingto j.he req-t1red standardTHE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIANovember 1993(c) Sharon Senior, 1993In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanceddegree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make itfreely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensivecopying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of mydepartment or by his or her representatives. it is understood that copying orpublication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my writtenpermission.(SigDepartment of /&N4 YH&LCGY SPEC/AL 1TiA/The University of British ColumbiaVancouver, CanadaDate /“Iv. c,DE-6 (2/88)ABSTR1CTThe main purposes of this study were to determine ifthere were (a) correlational relationships between academicself—concept (ASC) , general self—concept (GSC), attendance,(ATT), socioeconomic status (SES) , and academic achievement(AA) among grades 7 to 11 students in a band—controlledschool in Northwestern Ontario; and, (b) if academic self—concept, global self—concept, attendance, and socioeconomicstatus were predictors of academic achievement.The population sample was 70 Native students; 20 ingrade 7, 27 in grade 8, 13 in grade 9, 4 in grade 10, and 6in grade 11.The results showed: (1) significant correlationalrelationships between (a) ASC and GSC and SC and ATT forthe grades 7—9 students; (b) ?SC and TT for the grades 1011 students; and, (2) academic achievement was not predictedby any of the variables.Future research concerning Native education issuggested.11TABLE OF CONTENTSAbstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiTable of Contents ...... . .. iiiList of Tables. . . . vAcknowledgement. . . . . . viChapter One The Pr oblem . . . . . . .1TheObjectivesoftheStudy 4SignificanceoftheStudy .....8Definitions of Terms 8Chapter Two Review of the Related Literature 10Factors Related to General and AcademicSelf—Concept. . . . . .10Factors Related to Attendance ..31Factors Related to Socioeconomic Status...38Statement of the Hypotheses....Chapter Three Methodology . . . 41Students. . . . . . . . . . .41School. . . . . . 42Instruments. . . . . . . . . . .42Experimental Design .48Procedure . . . . . . . .48Statistical Analyses. . . . . .49Chapter Four Results . . .51Academic Achievement Measure . .. ... .. .52Correlational Relationships among theVariables. . . . 52Predictors of Academic Achievement. 62Chapter Five Discussion and Conclusions...... . 63Discussion. . . . . . . . . . 63Academic Achievement Measure . . . . . . .63Correlational Relationships among theVariables..... ..... .64Predictors of Academic Achievement 68Recommemdations . . . . . . 68LimitationsoftheStudy ...71iiiConclusion. . . . . . . • • .71References...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74lppendix 1 . 82ivLIST OF TABLES1. Interrcorrelations of Academic Achievement (AA),Academic Self—Concept (ASC), General Self—Concept(GSC), Attendance (ATT), and Socioeconomic StatusSES) For Grades 7 to 9... .. ... 532. Interrcorrelations of Academic Achievement (AA),Academic Self—Concept (ASC), General Self—Concept(GSC), Attendance (ATT), and Socioeconomic Status(SES) For Grades 10 and 11.... 543. Michigan State General Self—Concept of Ability ScaleMean Scores by Grade •. . . . . . 554. Piers—Harris Children’s Self—Concept Scale Mean Scoresby Grade...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 565. Correlation between reading scores and both academicand general self—concept for grades 7—9 and grades10—11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586. Correlation between reading and attendance for grades7—9 and grades 10—11 . . . . . . 597. Correlation between reading scores and SES for gradesgrades 7—9 and 10—il .. . .... 608. Correlation between SES and both academic and generalself—concept for grades 7—9 and grades 10—11 ...6lvACKNOWLEDGEMENTIt is my sincere pleasure to express appreciation toeveryone who contributed to the realization of this thesis.I am especially grateful to the chairman of mycommittee, Dr. Art More, for his contribution to thisresearch. His advice and support made this thesis possible.I also wish to thank my committee members, Dr. PerryLeslie and Dr. Dave Whittaker, for their roles in correctingthe drafts and for providing me with valuable suggestions.I am indebted to Dr..Walter Boldt for his expertise inthe statistical analyses.I also wish to thank Dr. Jackie Baker—Sennett for hervaluable feedback during the initial stages of the study.Special thanks goes to UBC graduate students, RayLandry and Marie Pighini, for taking time to discuss theresearch results with me.I wish to thank my parents, Robin and Gladys Senior, andmy sister and brother—in—law, Cheryl and Robert Wall, forthe encouragement which they provided throughout this study.Special thanks goes to the administration, staff, andstudents of the Indian reserve who granted me the time tocarry out the research in their school.I am also thankful for the providential guidance of Godthroughout the research and writing.viCHAPTER ONETHE PROBLEM-INTRODUCTIONA serious challenge facing Native peoples today is theeducation of future generations. Governments and religiousgroups, in applying a policy of assimilation, have producedunsuitable results in their attempts to fulfill this self—appointed responsibility (Dawson, 1988; Kirkness, 1981;Luftig, 1983; Pauls, 1984). Inspite of these unsuccessfulefforts, in 1969, the federal government proposed throughits White Paper to grant authority for Indian education tothe provincial governments (Pauls, 1984; Ward, 1986).The National Indian Brotherhood responded in 1972 withits paper entitled, Indian Control of Indian Education(National Indian Brotherhood, 1972). There are two facets tothe concept of Indian Control of Indian Education. Onefactor consists of parental involvement, the other entailslocal control (Richardson & Richardson, 1986). “Parentalresponsibility means Indian influence on the educationalprocess” (Kirkness, 1981, p. 452; see also Pauls, 1984).“Parents who are informed, interested, and willing tocontribute their time, add a broader dimension to education.However, parents must understand their function in order for1efficient educational services to be provided” (Richardson &Richardson, 1986, P. 21). Reyhner (1992) elaborates,“greater Indian parent involvement can reduce the culturaldistance between home and school....Parents need to haveeffective input as to how and what their children aretaught” (pp. 47, 51).The paper published by the National Indian Brotherhood,which was an outline of educational policy, goals, andphilosophy of education from the Native perspective, wasaccepted by the federal government in 1973. Ward (1986)observed:The summary of the Indian position on educationas stated in the (National Indian Brotherhood,1992) policy paper is: Indian parents must havefull responsibility and control of education. TheFederal Government must adjust its policy andpractices to make possible the full participationand partnership of Indian people in all decisionsand activities connected with the education ofIndian children. Pp. 10—11One of the most important results of the NationalIndian Brotherhood’s policy paper, was recognition of theresponsibility that Native parents have in promoting2cultural awareness and cultural development in the educationof their children (Huriburt, Henjurn, & Eide, 1983; Ward,1986). In their Manitoba study, Huriburt et al., (1983),compared 50 Indian students in a local high school that had400 White students and a teaching staff of 18 Whiteteachers, with 60 Indian students in a locally controlledschool where more than 40% of the teachers and 97% of the600 students were Indians. They reported “that students in alocally controlled school run by American Indians achievedhigher academic grades than American Indian studentsattending a White school....[and they concluded] thatAmerican Indian students would be better educated in theirown locally run schools” (p. 20).To counter the argument that perhaps there aredifferences in academic standards between the two groups ofstudents, therefore a difference in academic achievement,the researchers point out that “spelling, which has beenfound by [other] researchers to be positively related toacademic achievement and mental ability was also assessed,and no difference in spelling was noted between the twogroups of students. This lack of difference supportedcomparability of the two groups, and may suggest that thequality of instruction did not vary greatly between the two3schools” (p. 20)The move towards Indian Control of Indian Educationnecessitates an analysis of some of the components that mayaffect Native students present outlook and performance inthe educational system.The Objectives of the StudyNative students’ performances on standardized tests andtheir high drop—out rates suggests that the presenteducational system is not adequately serving their needs(Persaud & Madak, 1992; Riffel, 1991). It behooves educatorsto foresee the factors contributing to this pressing problemand counteract these influences before they becomeestablished.As is documented in chapter 2, there are four prominentvariables known to affect academic achievement. Thus, thepurposes of this study are to investigate(1) intercorrelational relationships between the fivevariables of academic achievement, general self—concept,academic self—concept, attendance, socioeconomic status, andacademic achievement; and, (2) to determine if theindependent variables of general self—concept, academic4self—concept, attendance, and socioeconomic status arepredictors of the dependent variable, academic achievement.The independent variables have been linked to causes ofsuccess and failure in school, primarily in the area of astudent’s perception of locus of control (Barnes & Vulcano,1982; Chapman, Cullen, Boersma, & Maguire, 1981; Madak,1988; Persaud & Madak, 1992; Riffel, 1991) . Thus, thiscombination of variables should provide additionalunderstanding in how a student’s interest and achievement inschool is influenced by the student’s interpretation ofhis/her control within that environment.s a foundation for supporting the choice of variablesinvolved in this study, the attribution paradigm wasselected because it addresses the perception of causality orthe criterion of why a particular event occurred“and...variations in the degree to which people believe theycan determine their own success” (Riffel, 1991, p. 26); inother words, attribution theory looks at the search forcauses of successes and failures (Hunter & Barker, 1987;Kruglanski, 1975). Possible perceived causes are “luck,ability, and personal effort” (Riffel, 1991, p. 26).The assignment of accountability affects futurebehaviour (Weiner, 1972). “Perceptions of causality, rather5than reality, are critical because they influence self—concept, expectations for future situations, feelings ofpotency, and subsequent motivation to put forth effort”(italics authors) (Hunter & Barker, 1987, p. 51).Hunter and Barker (1987) argue that effort is affectedby at least two factors: locus and controllability. Althoughnot the focus of this research, a word of explanation isprovided in order to differentiate between these terms.Locus can be internal or external and a student’s perceptionof the location of the cause of his/her failure of successaffects feelings of self—concept or as Martin and Coley(1984) state, “locus of control is a concept which refers tothe degree to which individuals perceive themselves ashaving control or influence over their environment(internal) or as lacking such control (external)” (p. 517).Controllability is related to a student’s “feeling ofpotency to affect the outcome by controlling the cause”(Hunter & Barker, 1987, p. 51; see also Kruglanski, 1975).Effort is the only causal attribution completely underthe control of an individual (Frieze, 1976). A student whobelieves his/her effort will influence the outcome will bemore likely to put forth effort (Hunter & Barker, 1987).Research has demonstrated that (1) high achievers exert6effort regardless of the domain; and, (2) that there aredevelopmental trends among students from grade 5 to collegein their concepts of ability versus effort in school work(Bloom, 1985; Gardner, 1983; Raviv, Bar—Tal, Raviv, & Levit,1983; Weiner & Peter, 1973). Younger students appreciateeffort more than ability, whereas the opposite evaluationhas been detected in older students. Weiner and Peter (1973)suggest that this may be the result of a change in values asa student matures. Riffel (1991) elaborates:Virtually all students begin school with highself—expectations for academic success....Overthe long term, self—concepts are strengthenedif students are able to attribute their successto their efforts and not to external forces(for example, luck or excellent teaching) overwhich they have no control....Success is notenough——how the student interprets that successis more important to self—concept. (p.p. 26—27)It is not suggested that the variables in this studyare the only factors affecting Native education.Nevertheless, these five variables have been shown to beessential elements in the educational process (Metcalfe,1981; Riffel, 1991; Wall & Madak, 1991).7The present study does not take published test normsinto consideration when looking at students’ tests scoresfrom any standardized test. n individual student iscompared only within the sample. The use of standardizedtest scores is problematic when these tests are used incultures for which they have not been designed. However,justification for continued use of these tests lie in thefact that a satisfactory alternative has yet to be found.Significance of the studyThe main significance of this exploratory study lies inthe combination of factors to be studied. Previous studieshave looked at each of the aforementioned variables, but nostudy presently exist that draws all five variables togetherand investigates them within the Native (or non—Native)student population. The analysis of these five variablesshould provide a more complete picture of their roles andhow their interactions cortribute to Native education.Definitions of TermsDefinitions of the following terms are presented for8clarification:(1) Native/Indian. Individuals who are Native people bybirth and heritage (i.e. Indian or descendants of Indians,whether or not they are classified as such under the termsof the Indian Act).(2) Standardized test(s). Refers to any published testthat is commonly used in educational settings to assessacademic achievement, mental abilities, etc., and has astandard administration and includes norms.(3) Academic self—concept. “Behaviour in whichindividuals evaluate (publicly or privately) their abilityto achieve in academic tasks as compared with others engagedin the same tasks” (Wall & Madak, 1991, p. 44).(4) Self—concept. “In general terms, SC is ourperception of ourselves; in specific terms, it is ourattitudes, feelings and knowledge about our abilities,skills, appearance, and social acceptability” (Byrne, 1984,p. 429).9CHAPTER TWOREVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATUREThe literature review focuses on the academicachievement factors of (a) general and academic self—concepts; (b) attendance; and, (c) socioeconomic status. Itconcludes with a statement of the hypotheses.Factors Related to General and Academic Self—ConceptsSelf—concept, self—esteem, self—image, and self—worthhave all been used interchangeably in the literature. Aneffort will be made here to distinguish between these terms.It was the work of Wilbur Brookover that really set thestage for exploring self—concept. Canton (1981) observes:In the application of self—concept theories tolearning....[He] discovered that academic self—concept and grades remained solidly correlatedeven after the effects of intelligence had beenpartialled out....[however, although] as Brookoverdiscovered, virtually all high achievers hadrelatively high self—concepts...not all thosewith high self—concept had high performance levels.10(p.p. 78, 82—83)Some researchers see self—concept as a part of self—perception, with self—esteem and values being the other twocategories (Beane, Lipka, & Ludewig, 1980). Beane et al.(1980) define self—concept as how an individual woulddescribe himself/herself and self—esteem as “the level ofsatisfaction [one would] attach to that description....Self—esteem decisions, in turn, are made on the basis of what isimportant to us...our values” (p. 84). These researcherssuggests that adolescence is a period in which questions ofthe self become important as this age group “confronts theclassic identity crisis” (p. 84). They also point out thatschool achievement is one of several variables that has beenfound to be related to self—concept. Beane and Lipka (1980)further argue that “self—concept is typically defined as theperception one holds of oneself, totally and with regard toseveral dimensions, and which is influenced by environmentalinteraction” (p. 1). They see:Self—concept...[as] the descriptive perceptionof self in various roles and is judgementalonly in that one may assign some qualitativeassessment to the role performance....[and]self—esteern...as the valuative assessment one11makes regarding personal satisfaction withrole(s) and/or the quality of performance....In referring to self—concept and self—esteem,distinction must also be made in evaluativeterminoiogy....An individual’s actual orinferred self—concept is described as clear orconfused, complete or incomplete, general orspecific, or by other descriptive, but non—valuative technology. Self—esteem and inferredself—esteem are described as strong or weak,positive or negative, or by other value—relatedjudgemental terminology which suggests therelative comparative value or ranking theindividual attaches to the total self—conceptor its particular dimensions. (p.p. 2—3)Reid (1982) defines self—image as “how people seethemselves” and self—esteem as “what they put uponthemselves” (p. 179). His study investigated therelationship between persistent school absenteeism and self—concept. Self—concept was measured using “the Brookover(1967) Self—Concept of Academic Ability Scale” (p. 180).Results showed persistent school absentees as having lower12academic self—concepts than the control groups. They alsocame from lower socioeconomic backgrounds than the twocontrol groups.Martin and Coley (1984) report that “Coopersmith (1981)defined self—esteem as a set of attitudes an individualholds with regard to him— or herself” (p. 517). Hornett(1990) defines self—image or self—esteem “as an individual’sperception about self—competence, ability, goodness, anddesirability relative to other persons” (p. 43). Atherley(1990) sees self—esteem as:What a person feels about the discrepancybetween the way they are (the self—image) andthe way they would like to be (the ideal self).Thus a person whose actual and ideal self arevery distanced from each other and who thereforehas a negative perception of self is said to havelow self—esteem. Research supports a positiverelationship between the level of self—esteem andacademic achievement. (p. 225)Riffel (1991) suggests that self—concepts are “theideas that students develop about themselves——how theyunderstand themselves, what skills they think they possess,what interests they have, and how motivated they are to13develop their skills or pursue their interests” (p. 26)Further, this researcher points out that:Some empirical studies show [self—concept]...to be a relatively weak correlate of achievement(.20 or so), accounting for about five per centof the variance in student achievement....[also]academic self—concept is thought to operate asone of many variables which mediate the relationshipbetween teaching and learning. (p. 26)From her brief review, Parry (1982) states, “self—concept theorists all accept a view of the developing self—concept as being dependent on the individual’s perception ofhis total appraisal of how significant others view him”(p. 12) . Luftig (1983) stresses, “the self—concept has beendefined as the sum total of how an individual views himselfor herself” (p.p. 251—252). And according to Martin andColey (1984) “self—concept refers to the self—knowledge onepossesses regarding one’s strength and weaknesses. It isthat part of one’s personality of which one is aware”(p. 517) .Marshall (1989) sees self—concept as:The perceptions, feelings, and attitudes thata person has about himself or herself. The term14self—concept and self—image are often usedinterchangeably to designate a global conceptionof self. This global self—concept is made up ofmany dimensions.One dimension is self—esteem (or self—worth). Self—esteem refers specifically to our self—evaluations———that is, our judgments about our own worth———whereasself—concept refers to other aspects as well———physical characteristics, psychological traits,and gender and ethnic identity.As children develop, self—concept becomesincreasingly differentiated into multiple domains.(italics author’s) (p. 45)Pepper and Henry (1991) argue that:Self—esteem is about feeling good about oneself,feelings of personal worth, and feelings ofpersonal effectiveness in how a youngster valuesand regards his or her performance. Because self—esteem is a feeling, it always expresses itselfin the way a youngster acts....Self—esteem ishard to identify because it is experiencedcontinuously and constantly and changes from dayto day, from situation to situation, even from15minute to minute....self—esteem is different fromself concept. Self concept is a ‘theory’ or beliefthat youngsters have about themselves. Self conceptrefers to the individual’s personal perceptions ofhis or her view of life and of self. A child mayhold a view of himself or herself that does notcorrespond to his or her behavior. ...Self conceptis more stable than self—esteem and is alteredgradually. Self—esteem can and does change formsituationally. It is self—esteem that directlyinfluences the child’s performance or behaviorin a specific situation. (p.p. 146—148)Hoge, Smit, and Hanson (1990) seem to use self—esteemand self—concept interchangeably. They conducted a two yearlongitudinal study with 322 grades 6 and 7 students from twoschools, ranging in age from 11 to 13, looking at severalfactors including self—esteem. Each academic year thestudents completed two questionnaires, one in the fall andone in the spring. The students at school 1 had a highersocioeconomic status than the students at school 2. Globalself—esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self—Esteem Scale. Academic self—esteem was measured using theSelf—Concept of Schoolwork Ability General Scale. “At the16ort‘—iiDDI—i(ft‘.0.—..U)U)oTHMix_. .05) show that differences between grades7—9 students in relation to their reading achievement scoreswere not statistically significant (i.e. there is nodifference in the measure of academic achievement based onstandardized reading scores between the 7, 8 and 9 gradelevels). A correction made for ties in the data was notsufficient to alter the above conclusion. The result (b=1.1364; p > .05) obtained for the grade 10 and 11 studentswas also not statistically significant, even with acorrection made for ties.Correlational Relationships among the VariablesThis section outlines the findings for the53correlational analyses among the five variables.As an introduction, summary matrices are presented for thetwo grade groups. Table 1 is a presentation of theintercorrelations for grades 7 to 9 among the fourindependent variables and the dependent variable. Table 2facilitates similar information for grades 10 and 11.Table 1Intercorrelations of Academic Achievement (AA) , AcademicSelf—Concept (ASC), General Self—Concept (GSC), Attendance(ATT), and Socioeconomic Status (SES) For Grades 7 to 9AA ASC GSC APTASC 0.115GSC —0.132 0.642**ATT —0.109 _0.344** —0.078SES 0.056 —0.192 —0.244 0.162n = 60; *p < .05; **p < .0154Table 2Intercorrelations of Academic Achievement (AA), AcademicSelf—Concept (ASC), General Self—Concept (GSC) , Attendance(ATT), and Socioeconomic Status (SES) For Grades 10 and 11AA ASC GSC ATTASC 0.087GSC —0.320 0.003ATT 0.275 _0.660* 0.045SES 0.345 —0.517 —0.039 0.228n = 10; *p < .05; **p < .01As would be expected, there is a significantcorrelation between attendance and academic self—concept forboth groups. The minus sign in both tables is indicative ofthe fact that attendance was measured as the number of daysabsent from school.The grades 7—9 students also showed a significantcorrelation between general and academic self—concepts. Thiswas also expected since academic self—concept is seen as afacet of general self—concept. A zero correlation was found55between general and academic self—concept for the grade 10to 11 group although this was not predicted by theliterature.The first hypothesis tested in this section was thatacademic self—concept would decrease as grade levelincreased. Results from the Michigan State General Self—Concept of Ability Scale (SCA) are presented in Table 3.(This scale despite its name is a measure of academic self—concept).Table 3Michigan State General Self—Concept of Ability ScaleMean Scores by GradeMean Standard Deviation Range SampleGrade 7 25.5 4.35 17—34 n=20Grade 8 26.1 4.12 18—34 n=27Grade 9 23.9 3.48 17—29 n=l3Grade 10 28.8 5.32 21—33 n=6Grade 11 25.8 4.45 20—31 n=4*p < .05; **p < .0156A one—way analysis of variance of academic self—conceptacross grade levels (F = 1.1398, p > .05) revealed nostatistical significance. Thus, hypothesis one was rejected.The Spearman—Brown prophecy formula was used toestimate the internal consistency reliability of SCA for thesample. The internal consistency reliability measure for theSCA yielded a coefficient of .78 for the five grades.The second hypothesis tested was that there would be nostatistically significant difference between general self—concept and grade level. Results from the Piers—HarrisChildren’s Self—Concept Scale are presented in Table 4.Table 4Piers—Harris Children’s Self—Concept ScaleMean Scores by GradeMean Standard Deviation Range SampleGrade 7 44.7 13.53 20—65 n=20Grade 8 49.7 14.83 19—74 n=27Grade 9 47.5 15.20 21—70 nl3Grade 10 47.3 16.03 32—66 n=6Grade 11 51.0 12.73 31—69 n=4*p < .05; **p < .0157A one—way analysis of variance of general self—conceptacross grade levels (F = 0.4239, p > .05) revealed nostatistical significance. Thus, hypothesis two was acceptedas tenable.The internal consistency reliability measure (Spearman—Brown) for this scale yielded a coefficient of .94 for thefive grades.The third hypothesis tested was that (a) academic self—concept would correlate higher with academic achievementthan general self—concept with academic achievement and dueto the huge dropout rate prevalent among this population (b)these correlations would be lower for the high schoolstudents.Academic achievement scores (i.e. raw reading scores)for grades 7 to 9 were obtained from the Canadian Tests ofBasic Skills (CTBS). Since CTBS score weren’t available,academic achievement for grades 10 and 1]. was determinedfrom rankings of the students provided by the language artsteacher.As shown in Table 5, the results indicate a highercorrelation between academic self—concept and academicachievement for grades 7—9 compared to grades 10—11. Thereverse can be seen for the correlations between general58self—concept and academic achievement.At the p < .05 level of significance for criticalvalues of the correlation coefficient, neither group wasstatistically significant. Thus, hypothesis three (a) wasaccepted, although the results are not significant.Hypothesis three (b) was rejected.Table 5Correlation between academic achievement (AA) and bothacademic and general self—concept for grades 7—9 andgrades 10—11Grades 7—9 Grades 10—11(AA) (AA)Academic Self—Concept 0.115 0.087General Self—Concept —0.132 —0.320n=60 n=l0*p < .05; **p < .01The fourth hypothesis tested was that school attendancewould positively correlate with academic achievement.59In order to test hypothesis 4, attendance records foreach student were obtained from their teachers. The totalnumber of days absent was correlated with their academicachievement.The results of the correlation between attendance andacademic achievement are shown in Table 6.Table 6Correlation between academic achievement (AA) andattendance for grades 7—9 and grades 10—ilGrades 7—9 Grades 10—il(AA) (AA)Attendance —0.109 0.275n=60 n=l0*p < .05; **p < .01The correlations are low but nevertheless, in the caseof the grade 7 to 9 group, positive. This contrasts withgrades 10 to ii where the correlation is negative. (Recallthat number of days absent was correlated with academic60achievement). At the p < .05 level for critical values ofthe correlation coefficient, neither correlation wasstatistically significant. Thus, hypothesis four is acceptedfor grades 7 to 9 and rejected for grades 10 and 11.The fifth hypothesis tested was that the socioeconomicstatus (SES) of the students would positively correlate withacademic achievement, i.e. the higher the SES of thestudent, the higher his/her academic achievement.Results of the correlation of both groups are shown inTable 7.At the p < .05 level of significance, the correlationsare not significant for either group. Recalling that SES wasTable 7Correlation between academic achievement (AA) and SESfor grades 7—9 and grades 10—11Grades 7—9 Grades 10—11(AA) (AA)Socioeconomic Status 0.056 0.345n=60 n=l0*p < .05; **p < .0161coded as High = 1, Middle = 2, and Low = 3, negates thepositive correlations reported in this table. Thus,hypothesis five is rejected.The sixth hypothesis tested was that SES wouldpositively correlate with (a) academic self—concept and with(b) general self—concept.The results of hypothesis 6 are shown in Table 8.Again, recalling the method of coding SES negates thenegative signs in Table 8. At the p < .05 level ofsignificance for critical values of correlationalcoefficients these correlations are not statisticallysignificant. However, hypothesis six is still accepted.Table 8Correlation between SES and both academic and generalself—concept for grades 7—9 and grades 10—11Grades 7—9 Grades 10—11SES SESAcademic Self—Concept —0.192 —0.517General Self—Concept —0.244 —0.039n=60 n=l0*p < .05; **p < .0162Predictors of Academic AchievementIt was noted in the literature review presented inchapter 2, that academic self—concept, attendance, andsocioeconomic status have all been known to be predictors ofacademic achievement. However, general self—concept has notbeen demonstrated to be a useful predictor.A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used toexplore the relationships between the independent variables(academic self—concept, general self—concept, attendance,and socioeconomic status) as predictors of academicachievement (hypothesis # 7)The regression analysis for the grade 7 to 9 groupproduced R = 8.8% (F = 1.322, p > .05), which does notachieve statistical significance.The regression analysis for the grade 9 and 10 groupproduced = 60.8% (F = 1.935, p > .05), which is also notstatistically significant.Hence, these independent variables are not significantpredictors of academic achievement for this sample andhypothesis seven was rejected.63CHAPTER FIVEDISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSDiscussionThe purpose of this study was to investigate thecorrelational relationships between attendance, generalself—concept, academic self—concept, socioeconomic status,and academic achievement. A secondary interest was thepredictability of academic achievement by the othervariables.This chapter focuses on a discussion of the results ofthis investigation and concludes with suggestions for futureresearch in Native education.Academic Achievement MeasureThe results from the Kruskal—Wallis Analyses revealedno difference between the academic achievement readingscores of the grades within the two groups.This lack of statistical significance may be anindication that the measure of academic achievement does not64discriminate between these grades or is a reflection ofteacher instruction prior to standardized testing.In addition, unique characteristics of the populationmay be contributing to these results. For example, it wasfound that reading levels among the grades 7 and 8 studentsranged from 3 to 8 for both grades. As a result, theICruskal—Wallis procedure may not be able to distinguishbetween the grades.Correlational Relationships among the VariablesThe Michigan State General Self—Concept of AbilityScale evaluated the students’ academic self—concept (ASC).The Piers—Harris Children’s Self—Concept Scaleinvestigated the students’ general self—concept (GSC).Hypothesis 1. The results showed that there was nostatistically significant difference between ASC and gradelevel.Hypothesis 2. The results also showed that there was nostatistically significant difference between GSC and gradelevel.The conclusion here is that due to the dropout rateamong these students and due to the fact that a number of65students leave the community each year to attend high schoolin larger centres, the scales were unable to differentiatebetween the self—concepts of the students who remained inthe school, although research has shown that self—concept isaltered gradually as a student moves through adolescence(Beane, Lipka, & Ludewig, 1980; Hoge, Smit, & Hanson, 1990;Marshall, 1989; Pepper & Henry, 1991).Hypothesis 3. The results of this investigation alsorevealed that there was no statistically significantrelationship between academic self—concept and academicachievement, nor between general self—concept and academicachievement.It appears that dropping out begins earlier than wasanticipated at the start of this study. Perhaps the academicachievement abilities of the students who remained in schoolin conjunction with their cultural differences from non—Natives, negates the appearance of differences between thesevariables. In addition, the students who have not droppedout have similar self—concepts in relation to their academicabilities.Hypothesis 4. This study showed a lack of statisticalsignificance between attendance and academic achievement.This lack of significance may be due to the small sample66size obtained for the grade 10 and 11 students, and may beindicative of students’ efforts to complete their academicwork even when absent from school for the grade 7 to 9students.Hypotheses 5 & 6. The finding of no statisticallysignificant correlations between socioeconomic status (SES)and academic achievement, nor between SES and both academicand general self—concept, is probably related to the methodof determining the SES of the students.The SES was actually accessed as the form of employmentor the source of income held by the parent/guardian of thestudent. Perhaps this view of SES (the community member) , isnot held by the students themselves, and therefore, does notaffect their academic achievement or their self—concepts(Chapman, Lambourne, & Silva, 1990).Hypothesis 7. The lack of finding any of the variablesto be predictors of academic achievement is not surprisingsince the correlational results revealed almost nostatistically significance.A research result not included within the hypotheses.need to be highlighted.The lack of a statistically significant correlation wasfound between academic self—concept and general self—concept67for the grade 10 to 11 group. Actually, a zero correlationwas found. This is contrary to the expectations of theliterature. Perhaps this result more than any otheremphasizes the need for a Native model of self—concept.There are several possible explanations for theresults found in this study.One reason may be the exposure of the students toNative role models. Most of the staff at the school areNative arid original residents of the community. Theirpresence may be providing the role models with which some ofthe students are identifying. As Parry (1982) points out, “Acohesive ethnic group identity, though it may be devalued bythe dominant culture, may be a major stabilizing factor inthe formation of a positive self—concept” (p. 21).A second reason may be that the students who haveremained in school have more stable self—concepts than thosewho have already dropped out.A third reason concerns the sample sizes for eachgrade. Sample sizes decreased as grade level increased. Thismay have limited or skewed the results of the self—conceptscales for this sample because of the probability of both ahigher ASC and GSC in the students who have remained inschool.68A fourth reason pertains to the difficulties inmeasuring psychological constructs. Brookover et al., (1967)defines academic self—concept as a behavior that can bemeasured through a self—report instrument. However, Combs(1984), cited in Wall (1991) , argues that self—concept isnot a behaviour. “He defined self—concept as a perceptualorganization which generated behaviour only as a symptom ofitself. His contention was that while self—report is abehaviour affected by self—concept, it could not be acceptedas being identical with it” (Wall, 1991, p. 46).A fifth reason concerns the nature of the self—reportinstrument. Results are affected by such things as (1) therelationship of the student and researcher; (2) thewillingness of the student to cooperate; (3) the student’scomprehension of the questions; and (4) the student’semotional state (Wall, 1991). Parry (1982) aptly sums:“An individual’s reporting of his assessment of his ownself—awareness may easily be faked, or may fluctuatedepending on conditions at the time of testing....In thefinal analysis one can only have what an individual iswilling to reveal about himself, which may or may not be howhe sees himself” (p. 13).69Predictors of Academic AchievementThe sample size in this study proved to be a factor inthe running of a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Theoriginal sample had to be divided into two groups due to theassessment of academic achievement.The choice of variables and the influence of unknownvariables contributed to the lack of statisticallysignificant results of the multiple regression.It may be that the variables chosen for this study,although supported by the literature, do not have the sameinfluence within a Native context. Perhaps there are othervariables influencing these relationships. For example,parental and/or teacher expectations as perceived by thestudents.Limitations of the StudyThe limitations of the study are as follows:The study used standardized tests with a population forwhich they have not been normed. The effect of thislimitation was controlled by comparing students in the studyonly with each other. Students were not compared to the norm70group, or with any other students outside of the population.It was not possible to randomly select students becauseof the small population and logistic considerations.Furthermore, the use of self—report data was limited to thewillingness of the subjects to participate.Generalization is limited since this study focused on aspecific school and a specific community.ConclusionThe results of this study have demonstrated that thereare few significant correlational relationships among thesevariables for this sample. It may be that there are othervariables operating in this forum that were not included inthis research. In addition, the accuracy or sensitivity ofthe instruments must be taken into consideration, since apart of the data was collected from existing records (i.e.attendance and reading scores).The suggestion to continue Native educational researchcannot be overstated.71RecommendationsThe following suggestions for future research withNative students are presented as a result of this study:1. A study is needed to determine if there is astatistically significant relationship between academicself—concept and academic achievement, using the results ofan entire standardized achievement test, standardizedreading scores, and teacher assigned grades, of Nativestudents. Consideration must be given to the sample sizes,i.e. n > 30, for each grade in such a study. Since there isno research providing support for a strong positiverelationship between these two variables within a Nativecontext, any meaning as to the significance of thesevariables in Native education is presently inapplicable.Madak (1988) aptly sums, “...without knowing the importanceof the relationship, one cannot make decisions as to howmuch time, energy, or money to invest in trying to improveself—concept with the hope that academic achievement willfollow” (p. 8)The importance of this relationship can be seen inconnection to the dropout rate among Native students. Asindicated in the literature review, a student’s self—concept72is not only related to his/her attendance, but becomesincreasing a factor in whether or not that student viewsschool as a place that is of value to him/her and worthinvesting time in.2. More evidence is needed to support the notion of theeffect of parental socioeconomic status on academicachievement and on self—concept among Native students.Previous research indicates that a relationship does existbetween these variables within non—Native cultures (Barnes &Vulcano, 1982; Chapman, Lambourne, & Silva 1990). Perhapsthe communal nature of Native culture negates theeffect of this variable within the academic achievement ofthe students. Further investigation into this communalnature would perhaps shed light on other facets of educationwithin the Native culture, now perceived as important withina non—Native context. An investigation of this type may alsoreveal aspects of the educational process that are unique toNative culture.4. Some of the variables involved in this research areaccumulative. Academic self—concept, general self—concept,and academic achievement fit into this category.Socioeconomic status is relatively constant and attendancefluctuates. 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I am the bestb. I am above averagec. I am averaged. I am below averagee. I am the poorest2. How do you rate yourself in school ability compared withthose in your class at school?a. I am among the bestb. I am above averageC. I am averaged. I am below averagee. I am among the poorest3. Where do you think you would rank in your class in highschool?a. among the bestb. above averagec. averaged. below averagee. among the poorest834. Do you think you have the ability to completeuniver sity?a. yes, definitelyb yes, probablyc. not sure either wayd. probably note. no5. Where do you think you would rank in your class inuniversity?a. among the bestb. above averagec. averaged. below averagee. among the poorest6. In order to become a doctor, lawyer, or universityprofessor, work beyond four years of university isnecessary. How likely do you thik it is that you couldcomplete such advanced work?a. very likelyb. somewhat likelyc. not sure either wayd. unlikelye. most unlikely847. Forget for a moment how others grade your work. In yourown opinion how good do you think your work is?a. my work is excellentb. my work is goodc. my work is averaged. my work is below averagee. my work is much below average8 What kind of grades do you think you are capable ofgetting.a. mostly A’sb. mostly B’sc. mostly C’sd. mostly D’se. mostly F’s85"@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; vivo:dateIssued "1994-05"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0054609"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "Special Education"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "An analysis of academic achievement among grades 7 to 11 students in a Northwestern Ontario band-controlled school"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4872"@en .