Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
DSpace
UBCV
Frebold, Fridtjof Albert
Master of Science - MSc
University of British Columbia
This thesis contains descriptions and illustrations of six genera and seven species of fossil corals collected by the writer on Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. A brief discussion of the fossil locality and stratigraphy of the Rundle formation in that area is given. As a result of statistical research and graphic representation, a new species Faberophyllum multiseptatum is described. The new species is closely related to F. languidum, F. leathamense, F. pisgahense, and F. araneosum. The species Ekvasophyllnm banffense is proposed, and the species Lophyphyllum ? cascadense Warren is redescribed and referred to the genus Ekvasophyllum. The genera Triplophyllites and Cyathoclisia, which previously have not been described from Canada, are recognized and briefly discussed. The descriptions of Lithostrotion whitneyi and Lithostrotionella banffensis are revised and adequately illustrated. From the study of corals from the upper Rundle formation the writer concludes that these may be important horizon markers, and recommendations are made for more extensive and detailed work on this subject.
CORALS FROM THE BUNDLE FORMATION (MISSISSIPPIAN) OF BANFF, ALBERTA by FRIDTJOF ALBERT FREBOLD A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE We accept this thesis as conforming to the standard required from candidates for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY Members of the Department of THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Ap r i l , 1955 I ABSTRACT This thesis contains descriptions and illustrations of six genera and seven species of f o s s i l corals collected by the writer on Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. A brief discussion of the f o s s i l l o c a l i t y and stratigraphy of the Rundle formation in that area is given. As a result of s t a t i s t i c a l research and graphic representation, a new species Faberophyllum multiseptatum is described. The new species is closely related to F. languidum. F. leathamense. F. pisgahense, and F. araneosum. The species Ekvasophyllnm banffense is proposed, and the species Lophyphyllum ? cascadense Warren is redescribed and referred to the genus Ekvasophyllum. The genera Triplophyllites and Cyathoclisia. which previously have not been described from Canada, are recognized and briefly dis-cussed. The descriptions of Lithostrotion whitneyi and Lithostrotionella banffensis are revised and adequately illustrated. From the study of corals from the upper Rundle formation the writer concludes that these may be important horizon markers, and recommendations are made for more extensive and detailed work on this subject. Photo by P.Harker, G e o l o g i c a l Survey of Canada (5-7-1949). douth side o f Mount Torquay as seen from Sulphur Mountain. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS '0 I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. V.J. Okulitch, Chairman, Division of Geology, for his constant willingness to discuss the problems of this thesis, and for his instruction and help in the preparation of i l l u s -trations. Particular thanks are due to my wife, Agnes Frebold, who was of great help to me i n collecting the f o s s i l s , and typing the manuscript of this paper. Thanks are also extended to Mrs. J.A. Donnan who typed the thesis. Mr. J.A. Donnan, geological technician, has been of great assistance to me in the preparation of thin sections. Finally, I am grateful to my friend Mr. Art Bowker for his help in preparing the curves in figures 3 and 4, and for his assistance in printing the illustrations of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT I INTRODUCTION II CHAPTER I. LOCATION AND ACCESS . . . . 2 CHAPTER II. STRATIGRAPHY 4 CHAPTER III. DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES . . 10 Subclass TETRACORALLA Family CLISIGPHYLLIDAE Faberophyllum 10 Ekvasophyllum 34 Cyathoellsia 41 Family HAPSIPHYLLIDAE Trlplophyllites 44 Family LITHOSTROTIONTIDAE Llthostrotion 47 Lithostrotionella . 50 CONCLUSIONS 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY 58 EXPLANATION OF PLATES 62 Figure 1. Sketch map of Banff Area . . . . 1 2. Stratigraphic Section of Rundle formation in Banff . . . . o 3. Curve No. 1 of Faberophyllum . . 22 4. Curve No. 2 of Faberophyllum . . 24 II CORALS FROM THE RUNDLE FORMATION (MISSISSIPPIAN) OF BANFF, ALBERTA INTRODUCTION This paper constitutes descriptions and i l l u s t r a -tions of tetracorals from the Rundle formation (Mississippian) of Banff, Alberta. A few of the specimens described were found i n the collections of the Division of Geology, Univer-sity of B r i t i s h Columbia, and are part of an extensive, un-identified collection of Mississippian fossils made by S. Nelson in 1951» in the Banff area. Among these the writer was particularly interested i n four large, fragmentary tetra-corals, which had not been described previously from Canada. These corals were reportedly found on the south side of Mount Norquay, in the Upper Rundle formation, Banff, Alberta. To collect further specimens and gain more detailed stratigraphic information, a v i s i t to this loc a l i t y was successfully undertaken by the writer in September 1954. The Rundle limestone was examined from base to top, and two definite coral horizons were found 200 feet and 400 feet below the top of this formation. Although the lower part of the formation contains very few corals, the two zones mentioned above have a very p r o l i f i c fauna; from these two zones the I l l specimens were collected at random. A l l the corals found are described in this paper, excepting a few belonging to the genus Caninla and the genus Syringopora, as these were too fragmentary and too poorly preserved to permit specific iden-t i f i c a t i o n . Four of the six genera described are reported for the f i r s t time from the Canadian Rockies, and two new species are proposed. After c r i t i c a l examination some specimens were referred to previously published records. These are often very inadequate and inexact; however, a revision of existing original descriptions was preferred to the establishment of new species. Modern coral terminology is used based essen-t i a l l y on Easton (1944, pp. 1 5 - 2 5 ) , H i l l (1935, PP. 481-519), and Sandford (1939, pp. 303-313). Since the largest portion of the corals found belong to the genus Faberophyllum, the main part of this paper is devoted to a s t a t i s t i c a l examin-ation of this genus. The corals were cut transversely with a diamond saw in their mature growth stages, and in well preserved specimens at successively younger stages. Longitudinal cuts were made normal to the counter-cardinal plane. Subsequently a l l cut surfaces were polished. The best specimens of each species were selected for the preparation of thin-sections, which were used later as "negatives" for illustrations. IV The holotypes and paratopes of the new species as well as a l l other specimens from the writer's collection are deposited at the University of B r i t i s h Colombia. It i s hoped that this paper w i l l be a small contri-bution to the paleontology of the Rundle formation, and help future workers in the Mississippian to correlate and identify stratigraphic horizons. The writer strongly recomm-ends the use of corals for this purpose, as they are in many cases good horizon markers. FIGURE I CHAPTER I LOCATION AND ACCESS A l l corals described in this report were collected on the south side of Mount Norquay, about five miles west of Banff in the Rocky Mountains of western Alberta, at 5 l G H ' N. l a t . and 115°3Q% W. long. (Figure I ) . Mount Norquay li e s west of the Rundle-Cascade Range and represents a separate unit of a parallel thrustblock, two and one half miles to six miles in width. It is character-ized by a westerly slope conforming to the general southwester ly dip of the rock formations, and a steep eastern face that is governed largely by joint planes normal to the bedding. The mountain is situated on the north side of the Bow River and is easily recognized by a double peak. (See frontispiece) The eastern part of the mountain is capped by Devonian lime-stone and the western summit by the Rundle formation (upper Mississippian). The col between the peaks consists of the Banff shales (lower Mississippian). These are much more readily eroded. The Rundle limestones strike 123° NW, nearly per-pendicular to the Banff-Jasper highway, and dip 53° W. The location of the Faberophyllum corals can be reached from the highway by a climb of 1500 feet. A small gully parallel to, and about 100 feet west of the prominent peakforming c l i f f leads to the 15 foot thick outcrop. The exact locality is marked by X on the frontispiece. 4 CHAPTER II STRATIGRAPHY 1. General statement and the age of the Rundle formation. The Rundle limestone was first named by Kindle (1924, pp. 113-124) after the prominent limestone c l i f f s capping Rundle Mountain, designating its northern end as the type section. He presented a revision of the formational nomenclature of previous workers in the Banff area, and assigned i t a Pennsylvanian age. Shimer (1926, p.3) who worked in the Lake Minnewanka region near Banff, where sections are badly faulted, adopted the formational name proposed by Kindle, but separated the Rundle formation into Pennsylvanian and Mississippian divisions. Thus the upper two-thirds of the Rundle formation, containing abundant Carboniferous fossils, were s t i l l regarded as Pennsylvanian in age. As the most important corals Shimer li s t s : Lophophyllum profundunu Campophyllum torquium. Triplophyllum mlnnewankensis, LithostrotIon whitneyi« and Lithostrotion pennsylvanicum. The lower one-third of the Rundle formation Shimer identified as being lower Mississippian in age on the basis of numerous indicative species of brachiopods. 5 Warren (1927, p. 29) found that the Rundle lime-stone is sparcely fossiliferous, except at certain l o c a l i t i e s , where fossils may be abundant, but poorly preserved. He studied the Rundle formation on the western slope of Tunnel Mountain, which is now considered the type section. Warren also found many corals in the upper part of the formation, but these were almost impossible to collect in a satisfactory state of preservation, as they do not weather out of the rock. A large proportion of the specimens, which Warren could definitely identify, suggest a late Mississippian age. Among these Productus lnflatns. and Splrlfer increbescens. occurring near the top of the Rundle limestone, are confined to the Chester group of the Mississippian type section. Warren, therefore, concludes that Shimer's classification of the upper Rundle limestone as Pennsylvanian could not be substan-tiated, and suggests that the whole Rundle limestone could be Mississippian in age. The identification and recognition of Faberophyllum near the top of the Rundlelimestone now permits very close correlation with the Brazer limestone formation of Utah, which is definitely of upper Mississippian age (Parks 1951, PP« 173)* In previous reports these corals have been given various names or just called "large cup corals'*. On Mount Norquay they occur abundantly only in a ten foot band of limestone about 200 feet below the contact with the Rocky Mountain Quartzite (Pennsylvanian ?) forming an excellent Fo*>il Zono by Watrtr, \9j7 rWky Min QuorlziU Hapiiphyllutn ZSm attferrm (Mull) Tr ip lophy l lum m m n r w u ' i i u n i i ( * r i i »w % C o p h c p h y l l u i u . u . ^ t i , . ( W « » « f i l L I i . i o ^ h y l l u i . . » « n | | f » l t ( U . r r « n > SynngepBi-u. - . u i , : , » , „ (fnriy) Ptntrem • 1«p> >.| rihi pi do mt l lu c a * ta , d t n » l i » CW'inLtt) F r s d u t t u l P roductu* r V o i l t tn i l x luk (Me LtwHMyl . . J* Pile., tor n o I H t Ll F r o d u ( t u » k i h u n l u i Iflirly) (Ormi i I K Uinr l l i , ) * h y n c h o » o r » t . a » | | . n , i . ( w « f r » n ) i o m i t r k i k a i « U i r t y ) i p l i i f t r I n i r c t u m h . ' ' 1700 L i ' t i . t t i o l i o n W b i t n i y l (Mark) L i t huk l i i t t i on f i i i n»yU«n ic i /m(M) innr ) 4 y ' " > » « r " » »u r t u l« . r i « . flirty) Fenckli i la »p t vi . i t l l io pmu »• i p ' i n | » i Hn | fn i> i> (Warren) O t H o d u t »p P i a m n o d u k bp 1 A d i n o t r i n u a :.p P r o d o d u * Wur hn«1onen#<» (Hall) Spu ' ip i r <. tMrono; io» (Wim.h« l | i Sp-tri^ir Icaam (H**) 4 p i r i ( c r rondr«f>»l» (Wortin" R t t i tu l anu . p m - J i l i B i «1» I Mull) FoSHl> itsttifeti in ibis report. Fcbiropbyllwiri 'Cya'tbocli^iQ, Triplopb/lliles. L i 1 b o s 1 r o 1 i o n t H a . E K v Q & o p b y l l o m FIGURE 2 horizon marker. It is therefore the opinion of the writer that the whole Rundle formation, consisting of about 2200 feet limestone, is of upper Mississippian age. 2 . Zoning of the Rundle formation. Subdivision of the formation into units and members have been attempted by various workers of the Geological Survey of Canada. Warren (1926, p. 28) separated the formation into several members, partly on faunal evidence, but to a greater extent ar b i t r a r i l y , to show the faunal changes occurring during deposition of the beds. His zones are illustrated on Figure 2. (p.6). As many of the species are new, Warren remarks that they are of l i t t l e value in determining the age of the fauna, or because of their poor preservation of l i t t l e diagnostic value. Beach (1943, p. 23) working south of Banff in the Moose Mountain area, found the formation to be divisible into lower, middle, and upper parts, each with a characteristic lithology. Douglas (1950a, p. 13) examining the Callum Creek, Langford Creek, and Gap map-areas, also based his subdivision on lithology. He established member A, overlying the Banff formation, and members B, C, and D, following in order. These members can be recognized locally, but as facies changes 8 along the strike are common, these subdivisions w i l l be d i f f i c u l t to identify in more distant l o c a l i t i e s . Erdman (1950, p. 11) describing the Rundle formation from the Alexo and Saunders map-areas, north of the Banff section, distinguishes three lithological units or members. Beales (1950, pp. 2-3) does not attempt any zonation, but makes the following remarks: The classification has grown to i t s present status through usage and lack of ah exact definition by Its original authors. The limits, therefore, of the for-mations are inadequately described and faunal zonation of the various units is s t i l l very meagre. Later, Harker of the Geological Survey of Canada spent several f i e l d seasons in the Canadian Rockies, collect-ing fossils from the Rundle formation. The results of his studies are expected with anticipation to be published i n o 1956 in a G.S.C. memoir. Harker's paleontological approach may prove to be of much greater value than any subdivisions based on lithology alone, especially i n correlating s t r a t i -graphic units over wider areas. 3 . Lithology. To date no stratigraphic sections of the Rundle formation on Mount Norquay have been published. Therefore, a very generalized column was prepared to i l l u s t r a t e this thesis. (See Figure 2 ) . The former was compiled after 9 sections described by Shimer ( 1 9 2 6 ) , Warren (1927) and Beales (195©)» from neighbouring mountains in the same area. The Rundle formation is largely a marine limestone succession, with an average thickness of 2200 feet in the Banff area. The base is characterized by alternating beds of dark grey to black, fine to coarsely crystalline, thick bedded, cherty limestones. The middle part consists mainly of coarsely crystalline grey, massive, crinoidal limestone, with occas-ional chert bands, and the upper part is thin bedded, fine to medium crystalline limestones and dolomltic limestones. The lower contact of the Rundle formation with the underlying Banff formation (Kinderhookian and Osagean ?) is transitional and a clearly defined break in lithology is d i f f i c u l t to find. Beales (1950, p. 3 9 ) , however, found a sharp change of facies at the Tunnel Mountain section, where typical crinoidal limestones overlie brown weathering, cherty dolomite and dolomitic limestone of the Banff formation. The contact between the Rundle formation and the overlying Rocky Mountain formation (Pennsylvanian ?) is reported to be better defined, and is drawn where typical fossiliferous limestones and dolomitic limestones give place upwards to fine and medium grained, arenaceous dolomites and quartzltes. CHAPTER III DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES Phylum COELENTERATA Class ANTHOZOA Subclass TETRACORALLA Family CLISIOPHYLLIDAE ? Nicholson and Thomson 1883 Genus Faberophyllum Parks Faberophyllum Parks, 1951, p. 177. Genotype: Faberophyllum occultum Parks. 1951, p .177 Original description: Solitary, large moderate-ly curved, trochoid to subcylindrical corals, with numerous septa tending toward radial symmetry except near the prominent closed cardinal fdssula where they are pinnately arranged; dlssepimentarium wide; tabulae incomplete; axial structure varying among species from a complex of one or more lamellae and tabellae, to no axial structure and sagging tabulae. Occurrence:- Faberophyllum occultum-F. aran-eosurn zone, and Lithostrotion whitneyi- Faberophyllum leathamense zone, Brazer limestone, Leatham Hollow and Dry Lake, Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Remarks: This genus differs from Dibunophyllum Thomson and Nicholson 1876; Cllsiophyllum Dana 1846; Carcinophyllnm Thomson and Nicholson 1876; and Konlnckophyllnm Thomson and Nicholson 1876 princip-a l l y in the prominent closed cardinal fossula with the pinnate arrangement of the septa i n the cardinal quadrants. Faberophyllum resembles Bothrophyllum Trautschold 1879, in possessing pinnate septa in the 11 cardinal quadrants; but in Bothrophyllnm this characteristic disappears after the young stages, and in Faberophyllum i t persists through the adult stages. Faberophyllum differs from Caninia Michelin 1840; Siphonophyllla Scouler 1844; and Canino-phyllum Lewis 1929 in possessing incomplete tabulae with upturned margins, and in i t s prominent closed cardinal fossula. Caninia. SlphonophyIlia. and Canlnophyllnm have generally complete tabulae with downturned margins, and an open caniniid cardinal fossula. Faberophyllum differs from Veslculophyllum Easton 1944 in the prominent closed cardinal fossula, in not developing lonsdaleoid dissepiments, and in the less prominent dilation of major septa. Faberophyllum resembles Cyathocllsla Dingwall 1926 i n the manner in which the septa curve towards the cardinal fossula, but this condition is more pronounced in Faberophyllum in which the axial ends of the pinnate septa are fused into the fossular wall. Cyathoclisia also has a larger and more uni-form axial complex than any of the species of Faberophyllum. Faberophyllum differs from Ekvasophyllum and Turbophyllom in i t s generally larger size, generally larger number of major septa, and wider dissepi-mentarium, but the principal difference is in the axial structures, which are simple and prominent in Ekvasophyllum and Turbophyllom and are more complex and less prominent or absent entirely in Faberophyllum. Faberophyllum multlseptatum n.sp. (Plate I, figs. 1-2; plate II, fig s . 1-6; plate III, figs. 1-3; plate IV, figs. 1-2) External form:- The corallum is moderately curved, trochoid to subcylindrical. Interseptal ridges and irregu-l a r l y spaced growthlines are present. The calyx is moderate-ly deep with the cardinal fossula on the side of convex cur-vature, (pi. IV, f i g . l ) . Transverse sections:- In late ephebic stage there are 82 major septa at a diameter of 45 mm, which in some specimens extend from the epitheca two-thirds of the way to-wards the centre, while in others they are continuous with several radiating lamellae. The septa are radially arranged in the counter quadrants and pinnate in the cardinal quad-rants. The cardinal septum is very short and thin, the alar septa are shorter than, and the counter septum equal in length to the adjacent major septa. The cardinal fdssula is narrow and closed, bounded by the fused axial ends of the major septa. Minor septa are about one-half to one-third radius long and alternate with the majors. The dissepimen-tarium reaches as far axially as the minor septa and is com-posed of numerous small, concentric dissepiments. Tabular intersections are frequent near the periphery of the tabul-arium and in the fossula. (pi. I, fig. 1; pi. I l l , f i g . l ) . In middle ephebic stage 72 major septa are present at a diameter of 40 mm, and a palmate arrangement of the septa in the counter quadrants is faintly indicated. The attenuated axial ends of the major septa are continuous with radiating lamellae. (PI. I, f i g . 2). At an earlier ephebic stage 68 major septa were observed at a diameter of 35 sua. The lengths of these de-crease in the counter quadrants, and the counter septum be-comes shorter than the adjacent majors, while the cardinal septum increases in length, (pi. II, fig. 1). 13 In a very early ephebie stage at a diameter of 25 mm there are 62 major septa, which are thickened by stereo-plasm beyond the dissepimentarium. Alar fossulae become distinct and lamellae very prominent. (PI. II, fig . 2). In late neanic stage, 30 major septa were seen at a diameter of 10 mm without any minors. The axial ends of the palmate septa are continuous with prominent lamellae, (pi. II, fig. 4 ) . In early neanic stage at a diameter of 5 mm, 20 septa were observed. The cardinal, counter and alar fossulae are very prominent and an axial complex is present. (PI.II, fig. 5 ) . Longitudinal section:- The calyx is moderately deep. The tabulae are usually incomplete, but may be com-plete in late ephebie stage. Thereare about 15 tabulae in 10 mm, which curve upwards at the periphery of the tabular-ium to merge with the dissepiments. Throughout the remainder of the tabularium the tabulae sag slightly near the axis. The dissepimentarium occupies from one-third to one-half the radius, and the dissepiments are elongate, inclined at an angle of 45 degrees, about six in ten mm. (PI. II, f i g . 6; pi. I l l , figs. 2-3; pi. IV, fig.2). Tabellae are formed only occasionally in mature specimens, but in late neanic stages an axial complex may be prominent, formed by tabellae and lamellae. (PI. II, fig. 3). Material:- specimens studied, 96. Holotype F 50; paratypes F 165» P 104, and M3. University of Brit i s h Colombia. Occurrence:- Faberophyllum zone, Rundle limestone, Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. Remarks:- Corals of this type were f i r s t described by Hall (in Stansburry, 1855 j P. 408) from the Brazer lime-stone of Utah and southeastern Idaho. Hall doubtfully assign ed his specimens to the genus Zaphrentis. suggesting two new species; Z.? multilamella and Z. stansburii. which he de-scribes very briefly and inadequately. Later Meek (1877» pp. 52-54) collected a number of large, solitary corals at the same l o c a l i t i e s . He tentat-ively referred these to the species mentioned above, adding a new species Z. excentrica, and described and illustrated a l l three species in detail, inserting Hall's old descript-ions for comparison, as follows: Zaphrentis excentrica Meek Zaphrentis excentrica Meek. 1877, pp. 52-54, p i . 4, figs. 1, l a , lb, l c , Id. Corallum obliquely subturbinate, moderately curved, very rapidly expanding. Calice apparently shallow, nearly circular, and (at least in the type specimen) remarkably eccentric on the dorsal or con-vex side. Septa thin, straight or somewhat curved, about 160 in a specimen 2.50 inches i n diameter; every alternate one continued some distance inward, but not reaching the middle, there being a rather broad, smooth, f l a t space l e f t i n the bottom of the calice; while those on each side of the fossula converge so as to intersect i t before reaching the margin of the smooth central area; secondary series of septa extending but a short distance inward between the others; a l l of both series on the dorsal or convex side, as seen in weathered specimens, divaricating upward from a line along the middle on the exterior surface. Fossula well developed, and situated on the dorsal side, but extending inwards to the margin of the flattened bottom of the calice. Outer vesicular area, as seen in vertical section from the outer to the inner side of the curve through the fossula, comparatively narrow on the dorsal side, but very wide on the inner side, where i t is occupied by numerous unequal, rather small, vesicles, ranging obliquely outward and upward within, but curving put horizontally, or even declining a l i t t l e toward the exterior; tabulae are seen in the vertical section, mentioned above, very thin, closely arranged, numerous, and passing horizontally across from the wide vesicular area, on the inner or concave side of the curve, nearly to the dorsal side, thus occupying more than half the entire breadth of the corallum; somewhat divided above, but becoming more simple, stralghter and much more crowded farther down. Length of entire corallum, measuring along the outer side of curve, about five inches; greatest diameter, 2 ,50 to 3 inches. The only specimens of this species in the collection are so much weathered that the epitheca, and at places a portion of the outer vesicles, as well as the margins of the calice, have been removed. Sections of i t , however, both horizontal and ver-t i c a l , show i t s internal structure very clearly. In i t s short, rapidly-expanding form, as well as in the divaricating arrangement of its septa along the middle of i t s dorsal side, and in the position of i t s fossula, i t nearly resembles the form I have referred to Z. multi-lamella. From that species, however, i t is readily distinguished by having i t s septa much more closely crowded, and particularly by having a very wide space within occupied by nearly straight crowded tabulae. I know of no described species, either American or foreign, with which i t is liable to be confounded. Locality and position. - Boxelder Peak, Wasatch Range, Utah; Carboniferous limestone. Zaphrentis? multilame11a Hall Zapfarentis? multilamella Hall, 1852, p. 408, p i . I, f i g . 2 . Zaphrentis? multilamella Meek, 1877, p i . 6, f i g . 4, 4a, 4b. Corallum subturbinate, slightly curved, rapidly expanding; calyx circular of moderate depth; septa thin, about 150 to 160 i n specimens measuring one and three-fourth to two inches in diameter, alternately longer and shorter, the latter extend-ing one-third to one-half way inward, and the longer apparently reaching the middle of the calice; fossula narrow, deep, and extending inward from the convex side of the corallum nearly to the middle; outer vesicular zone apparently less than half the semi-diameter; vesicles somewhat elongated, and arranged obliquely outward and upward; those of the inner area formed by the complex nature of the tabulae, arranged more or less obliquely upward and inward. Epitheca thin, and usually destroyed on weathered specimens, showing obscure septal costae, with small wrinkles and low undulations of growth; costae, and, in weathered specimens, the edges of the septa, divaricating upward at acute angles along an imaginary line up the middle of the convex side coincident with the fossula. Length, measuring along the outer side of the curve, about 3 inches; breadth, 2 inches. Professor Hall's figure of his Z. multilamella shows l i t t l e more than i t s general form, and that i t has a moderately deep calice; while his descript-ion is so brief as to give but a very limited idea of the characters of the coral. It is therefore with considerable doubt that I refer the form under consideration to his species. The fact, however, that i t came from the same formation and the same region of country, and possesses a l l of the few characters mentioned in his description, leads me to think that i t may be the same. S t i l l i n order to give those who may not have access to Stansbury's report the means of making the comparison themselves, I quote below Professor Hall's description: "Coral free, turbinate^ somewhat rapidly expanding; cells deep, lamellae numerous, thin; outer portion cellular." 17 He does not mention the number of septa (lamellae); but from his statement that they are "numerous", and the fact that they are indicated at one point of the margin of the calice, In his figure, as being very closely arranged and thin, they may be as numerous as in our specimens. That from which his figure was drawn was s p l i t longitud-inally very nearly through the middle, and appar-ently exactly coincident with one of the septa on each side, so as to show l i t t l e or nothing of the structure within. It evidently had the margins of the calice less worn away than our specimens, which makes the cavity in ours look more shallow. From the appearance of a false columella or protuberance, i n the bottom of the calice, I am not sure that this coral would not be more correct-l y called Cllsiophyllum multilamella. If I am not mistaken, however, in its apparent possession of a septal fossula, i t could hardly be properly placed in the genus Cllsiophyllum. Locality and position. - The typical specimens of Z. multilamella came from Cloth Cap and Flat Hock, Great Salt Lake. Those here referred to that species came from Strong's Knob, on an islandln the Great Salt Lake, from a dark-colored Carbonif-erous limestone. Zaphrentis stansburii Hall Zaphrentis stansburii Hall, 1852, p. 408, p i . I, f i g s . 3a, 3b. Zaphrentis? stansburii. Meek, 1877, p. pi- 6, f i g s . 3, 3a,3b,3c Corallum conical, s l i g h t l y curved; epitheca thin, with moderately distinct septal costae, and small, irregular wrinkles of growth; calice c i r c u l -ar or nearly so, rather deep, with steeply rsloping sides, and a somewhat irregularly-flattened bottom, showing some appearances, as seen in sections of a low mesial prominence and other Inequalities; septa very thin, about 150 in a specimen measuring one ineh and a half in diameter, generally nearly straight, every alternate one terminating about half way i n , while most the others continue to the middle, where they are sometimes sli g h t l y bent. Outer vesicular zone occupying from one-third to one-half the space between the wall and the middle below the bottom of the calice, occupied by numerous vesicles, which, as seen in vertical sections, are generally very narrow, and more or less elongated, with their longer axes ranging obliquely upward and outward. Inner area occupied by numerous, some-what larger vesicles, which, as seen in ve r t i c a l sections, have a general transverse arrangement, but arch upward a l l around a l i t t l e within the lateral margins of the area, and then bend down-ward, and again upward as they approach the middle. Septal fossula, as seen in transverse sections below the bottom of the calice, narrow, and extending about one-half to three-fourth of the way inward from the side of the greater curve, as seen in f i g . 3b. Length of the largest specimen seen, about 4 inches; greatest diameter of the calice, 1.80 inches; number of septa in one-tenth of an inch, at their outer ends, about 3 to 3^ . It is only provisionally that I have referred this coral to the species described by Professor Hall. It certainly presents no characters incon-sistent with his description, as far as that goes ("Turbinate, free, or attached only by a pedicel, nearly straight, or but slightly curved, cup rather deep; margin (when entire) thin; lamellae numerous, thin; intermediate ones extending from the margin one-third to one-half the semi-diameter; fossett distinct." - Hall, Stansbury's Report), and agrees with his figure, excepting in having, in a larger specimen, nearly double the number of septa.... It w i l l be seen from the description that this coral agrees rather closely in many of i t s characters with the last; so closely indeed, that I have been inclined to think i t might be only a more slender variety of the same. S t i l l i t s longer, more attenuated form, and very nearly equally numer-ous septa, in decidedly smaller specimens, as well as the apparently different form of the bottom of it s calice (see f i g . 3c.) and the direction of the vesicles formed by the complex tabulae, i f not deceptive, and constant, would certainly be of at least specific importance.... Locality and position.- Boxelders and Logans Peaks, Wasatch Range, Utah, in a dark bluish gray, Carboniferous limestone. Professor Hall's specimens of 2. stansburii came from the same horizon, on Stansbury Island", Cloth Cap, and Flat Rock Point, Great Salt Lake. Dr. Hayden's party have also found this f o s s i l quite abundant i n the same kind of dark limestone on the divide between Ross Fork and Lincoln Valley, and at other loca l i t i e s in Idaho. 19 Parks (1951» p. 171) states that the above desc-riptions were based on poorly preserved and fragmentary specimens, without adequate consideration of stratigraphic or geological occurrence. The latter collected several hundred similar, but well preserved corals from the Brazer limestone, of which one hundred were thin sectioned. After a detailed study of these, he decided that they do not belong to the genus Zaphrentis (sensu stricto) as restricted by Schlndewolf (1938, p. 4 5 2 ) , nor to the genus Zaphrentoides Stuckenberg. (1895)t and therefore established the new genus Faberophyllum. Shimer (1926, p.25) reports corals very similar to Faberophyllum from the Minnewanka region near Banff, which he named Triplophyllum minnewankense. His specimens were frag-mentary and therefore poorly illustrated. Many later workers in the Banff area have referred to TV minnewankense, but as the holotype was not examined by the writer, this coral can not with certainty be identified as synonymous with Faberophyllum. Parks' genus Faberophyllum includes five species: F. languidum. F. pisgahense. F. leathamense. F. occultum. F. araneosum. These the writer found very d i f f i c u l t to dis-tinguish as they are based merely on minor details such as the number and arrangement of septa, the presence or absence of lamellae and tabellae, and the shape of the tabulae. The d i f f i c u l t y increases with the number of specimens at hand. If only a few are studied one might recognize them as Parks' 20 species, especially when the corals are fragmentary, and can therefore be examined in ephebie stage only. Parks (1951> p. 183) remarks? Ontogenetic evidence in the Brazer corals is insufficient as a result of the general lack of preservation of the apical ends of these corals. Therefore the discussion is limited almost entirely to a morphological comparison of adult growth stages, and to stratigraphic order of occurrence. To ensure thorough study of the specimens collected in Banff, a l l corals were f i r s t cut transversely with a diamond saw about one inch below the bottom of the calyx. Then longitudinal sections were cut of the mature, upper part per-pendicular to the counter-cardinal plane. Each section ob-tained was subsequently polished, studied under microscope, and sorted into lots, roughly according to the characteristics which distinguish Parks1 species. While some of the corals could easily be identified with one of these, others had more septa, greater diameters, or were transitional between either two or three of the species. By cutting a specimen repeatedly at successively younger growth stages i t was found, that the same coral may exhibit no lamellae in late ephebie stage, numerous lamellae in earlier ephebie stages, and an axial complex consisting of lamellae and tabellae at a s t i l l younger age. Consequently a l l Faberophyllid corals were li s t e d according to their number of septa in Table I (p. 28). In i t are also tabulated the diameters, lengths, and remarks re-garding the lamellae, tabellae, tabulae, and the calyx. The lengths of the minor septa are given as percentage of the 21 radius. If a coral was cut transversely more than once the results of the examination are liste d following the f i r s t cut. To obtain a clearer picture of the information in this table, a graph was prepared (Figure 3» p. 22) on which the abcissa represents the number of septa and the ordinate the corresponding diameter of each coral. Different symbols show whether a specimen was cut in the mature region only, or whether i t was recut at successively younger stages. The symbols furthermore indicate, i f lamellae or an axial complex are present. A curve drawn through the area where points are most dense, shows a remarkable regularity. This indicates that a close relationship exists between the number of major septa and the corresponding diameter, and that this ratio decreases equally in a l l specimens with maturity. The symbols demonstrate that the general tendency of these corals is to have an axial complex in their youth stages, lamellae i n early ephebie stages, and that the septa tend to retreat from the axial region, after they have reached a diameter of 40 mm and 80 major septa. Figure 3A is a histogram representing the number of Faberophyllum corals, containing a certain number of major septa at the mature region, when found in an extensive random collection. It is apparent that most specimens have between 84 and 98 majors, and that only very few have less than 50 or 22 more than 104. This histogram also shows the general trend of the genus to have no lamellae at old age. when septa are numerous. The curves i n Figure 4 (p. 24) were drawn to show the relationship between the corals collected by the writer and the species described by Parks. The continuous light grey curve is the same as shown in Figure 3> characteristic for Faberophyllum multiseptatum. The dark rectangles i n d i -cate Parks' five species of Faberophyllum as defined accord-ing to their number of septa and their diameters. It can easily be seen that the curve passes through a l l but one of these rectangles. Furthermore, the number of specimens which Parks refers to each of his species conforms with the d i s t r i -bution of growth stages in F. multiseptatum as shown in Figure 3A. This result causes the writer to suspect that Parks' four species F. pisgahense. F. araneosum. F. languldum. and F. leathamense represent merely different growth stages of one species. F. occulturn, which Parks uses as the geno-type for Faberophyllum. obviously l i e s outside the curve, and as his collection contains 34 specimens of this species, i t appears to be the most p r o l i f i c of the Faberophyllid corals in the Brazer limestone in Utah. None of the corals collected in Banff, however, agree with the number of major septa (64 to 70) at diameters of ~41 to 44 mm. The writer concludes that F. oceultum may be a different species locally abundant in the Brazer limestone, or a group of specimens which, be-JTIJURE 4 cause of favorable conditions, grew more rapidly than the average F. multiseptatum, and died at a younger age. To show the variation of growth of Faberophyllum multiseptatum, four specimens were sectioned at successively younger ages. The results of this examination are indicated on Figure 4 by four different types of curves. Specimen No. 50 was chosen as the norm as the curve follows i t most closely. Moreover sinee this coral was very well preserved i t was taken as the holotype for the new species. Specimen No. 11? has grown much slower and No. 101 much faster than the average, while No. 115 crosses the curve twice, indicating only slight deviations from the average. Parks considers his five species to represent the evolution of Faberophyllum and gives the following character-i s t i c s indicating the trends. On page 183 of his paper four points sum up his thesis: 1. The general increase in the size of the mature c o r a l l i t e , with exceptions. 2. The general increase in the number of septa in the mature c o r a l l i t e , with exceptions. These two points the writer believes to be of ontogenetic rather than of evolutionary origin. In any group of animals one may expect some Individuals to die at a young age, while others reach maturity and old age. 26 3. The change i n the nature of the axial structure from a solid rod-like columella, to an acrocolumella formed of nesting tentshaped tabulae, to an irregular axial complex formed of radiating lamellae and tabellae, to less and less vertically continuous lamellae and the disappearance of tabellae, and f i n a l l y to the total absence of any form of axial structure. Parks assigns corals with a solid rod-like columella to his genus Ekvasophyllum. which may well be evolutionary forerunners of Faberophyllum. The writer makes no attempt to include them into the ontogenetic development of the latter, as Faberophyllum never, not even in i t s youngest stages, shows a solid columella. Corals with an acrocolumella formed of nesting tent-shaped tabulae, Parks referred to a new genus, Turbophyllum. The writer had specimens similar to that genus, but found that their characteristics agreed more closely with the genus Cyathocllsla Dingwall, and can not use them in an ontogenetic study of Faberophyllum. as the former differ considerably in most internal structures from the latter. A l l other changes in internal characteristics listed by Parks in point 3 as an evolutionary trend, have been shown to be of ontogenetic origin. 4. The change in the general trend of the tabulae, from upward inclination toward the axis to an essentially horizontal trend, and f i n a l l y to a distinct sagging of the tabulae at the axis. In cutting longitudinal sections of specimens i t was repeatedly observed, that the shape and trend of the tab-ulae in one coral may change as the axis is approached from the periphery. The tabulae always "sag" when the coral is cut beyond the axis perpendicular to the counter-cardinal plane moving toward the fossula. Parks (1951, p. 182) divides the Brazer Limestone into four coral zones, each one containing certain coral species. A l l specimens collected in Banff, except those referred to the species Ekvasophyllum cascadense, came from a ten foot thick limestone bed, occurring about 200 feet be-low the top of the Rundle Limestone. In the Banff area at least this is a very good horizon marker. TABLE I FABEROPHYLLUM arranged according to number of septa No. diam. length no. of lamellae tabellae tabulae calyx minor remarks mm mm septa radius 90 55 I 5 0 f 1 1 0 few none c. & inc. shall. . 4 3 w.p. 1 0 6 55 1 1 0 * 104 prom. none inc. shall . 4 3 w.p. ct. sht. 5 0 1 2 0 104 prom. none inc. med. .40 w.p. ct. sht. 1 0 0 6 0 1 1 0 * 104 few none 0 inc. .33 P.P. 117 4 8 1 5 0 1 0 2 none none c. & inc. shall. .35 w.p. 42 9 6 none . 4 3 some palm. 41 9 4 few .40 some palm. 3 8 8 8 few .37 some palm. 25 66 prom. .33 a. sept. sht. M3 52 no* 1 0 2 few none c. & inc. . 4 6 w.p. 40 72 few prom. inc. .33 a. sept. sht. M 4 50 HOf 1 0 2 none none inc. med. . 2 0 w.p. poor cut 104 52 1 0 0 none none wide c. .31 w.p. frgmt. 7 4 5 0 9 8 none none c. & inc. . 5 0 w.p. frgmt.palm 8 9 65 9 8 none none ° c. & inc. . 3 8 w.p. frgmt. ro CO TABLE I - continued No. diam. length no. of lamellae tabellae tabulae calyx minor remarks mm mm septa radius 57 60 - 96 none few wide c. shall. .37 w.p. palm. 98 46 96 none none main. c. .39 w.p. 99 53 125 96 none none c. & inc. shall. .41 w.p. 115 55 95* 96 none none main. c. shall. .57 w.p. 46 80 prom. none inc. .39 M6 36 70 prom. none inc. .44 52 90* 96 none none c. & inc. .35 w.p. palm. 40 some c. & inc. M5 50 140f 96 none none c. & inc. .22 w.p. ct. sht. 38 some some many c. 92 50 150 94 some none c. & inc. .44 w.p. 35 95 72 prom. 113 41 94 prom. some c. & inc. shall. . 4 5 w.p. 110 54 90* 94 none none c. & inc. shall. .41 w.p. ct. sht. 84 53 92 none none c. & inc. .42 w.p. 73 50 92 none none c. & inc. .32 w.p. frgmt.ct.sht 95 55 130 92 none none m.c. med. .33 w.p. 53 23 50 prom. . 2 5 w.p. ax. comp. 52 92 none none m.c. -33 w.p. frgmt. 86 50 120* 90 none none inc. .36 .38 w.p. ct. sht. 105 33 72 c. & inc. p.p. 60 90 none none .43 w.p. frgmt. 114 51 120* 90 none none c. & inc. .40 P.P. 66 54 90 none none inc. .37 P.P. 103 57 90 none none inc. .46 exc. p. frgmt. 97 52 120« 90 some none inc. shall. .42 w.p. palm. 67 49 90 none none .32 w.p. frgmt. ro v0 TABLE I continued No. diam mm length mm no. of septa lamellae tabellae tabulae calyx minor radius remarks 60 43 90 88 hone none m.c. med. .24 w.p. 87 21 52 prom. . 3 0 palm. 50 88 some none m.c. shall. . 4 4 w.p. 88 57 88 some none c. & inc. . 50 w.p. 94 47 120* 88 none none m.c. med. .44 w.p. 120 46 1004- 88 none none c. & inc. .3© w.p. 32 66 some .19 palm. 51 63 75 83 58 108 132 43 12 50 47 51 45 49 40 105 85* 100 86 40 86 86 86 86 86 86 prom. prom. prom. some none none prom none none none none none none none inc. med. shall. inc. c. & inc. c. & inc. c. & inc. shall. med. c. & inc. .43 P.p. a. sh. ax. comp. .56 p.p. .48 p.p. .36 p.p. .41 w.p. .44 poor cut . 3 0 poor cut 93 48 145 84 prom. none c. & inc. shall. .42 w.p. 65 32 62 v. prom. . 2 5 43 84 prom. none inc. shall. .38 w.p. 62 45 1104- 84 prom. some inc. shall. .41 w.p. 24 50 v. prom. 121 50 110 84 some none inc. .40 p.p. 119 57 1104. 84 none none inc. shall. . 5 0 w.p. 96 47 110 84 none none inc. med. .39 p.p. o TABLE I continued No. diam length no. of lamellae tabellae tabulae calyx minor remarks mm mm septa radius 5© 44 105 82 none none m.c. med. .41 exc. p. 37 76 some . 4 5 palm. 32 70 few .31 30 68 prom. .27 21 54 v. prom. .14 v. palm. 91 50 130 82 uncut 1G1 56 150* 82 none none m.c. .5© w.p. 48 80 none .46 palm. 46 78 counts.lg. .48 22 95 64 prom. .36 ax. comp. 10? 46 • 82 some none c. & inc. med. .39 w.p. 128 43 100*. 82 prom. few m.c. med. . 4 5 w.p. 59 81 64 126 76 42 35 49 50 32 41 44 100* 90* 80 65* 80 80 80 60 80 80 none none m.c. some prom. none inc. prom. none c. & inc. prom. some none c. & inc. none none c. & inc. shall, shall .48 .33 .36 . 2 5 .40 .27 p.p. frgmt. P.P. poor cut ax. comp. w.p. frgmt. 55 50 78 prom. none c. & inc. . 3 2 p.p. frgmt. 56 45 110* 78 none none m.c. .32 w.p. palm. 13 40 v.prom. v.sht. 118 35 100* 78 prom. few m. c. . 3 5 61 44 80* 78 none none m.c. .32 w.p. TABLE I continued No. diam. length no. of lamellae tabellae tabulae calyx minor remarks mm mm septa radius 69 42 80 76 some none inc. shall. .38 P.p. 71 43 76 none none inc. . 3 5 poor cut 127 40 9© 76 some none c. & inc. shall. .40 eroded 131 34 804- 76 prom. some m.c. shall. eroded, palm. 54 4© 105 74 inc. shall. P.P. 80 43 80 74 v. prom. . 4 3 w.p. frgmt.palm M8 41 74 prom. present inc. shall. . 50 exc. p. 78 39 75 74 none none inc. shall. . 50 w.p. 16 42 v. prom. a. sht. 52 40 80* 72 none none inc. poor cut 79 36 72 prom. w.p.frgmt. M13 32 72 prom. inc. .31 p.p. frgmt. 44 11© 70 prom. inc. shall. eroded, palm. 111 32 9© 70 prom. none c. & inc. shall. .31 P.P. 10 34 collum. -70 35 70 present none inc. .29 p.p. eroded Ml© 40 44 70 prom. few inc. med. .29 poor cut. 109 31 70r 68 prom. none inc. frgmt. 133 32 68 prom. no med. .25 palm. 102 26 50 68 prom. few inc. shall. .25 palm. 72 29 60* 66 v. prom. none c. & inc. palm, eroded 125 28 50* 64 v. prom. none c. & inc. palm.eroded ax cot? 171 26 504. 64 v. prom. some c. & inc. palm.eroded ax com 129 25 64 v. prom. c. & inc. palm, eroded (jj - ro TABLE I continued No. diam. mm length mm no. of septa lamellae tabellae tabulae calyx minor radius Remarks 170 116 25 30 25 70 70 62 62 54 v.prom. none v.prom. few inc. none inc. med. .27 .33 palm.eroded w.p.ax.comp. 134 166 158 32 22 21 65 60 60 60 prom. present prom. few inc. shall. .38 w.p. P.P. 159 19 23* 58 prom. 169 20 6 55 5 ? 26 prom, prom. ax. comp. 160 20 12 52 40 v.prom. v.prom. . 3 0 w.p. ax. comp. 161 20 35 50 v.prom. .40 exc.p.a.sht. 165 15 5 40 42 20 v.prom. present inc. .42 exc.p. List of Abreviatlons a: alar septum frgmt.: fragmental Sht.: short ax: comp.: axial complex p.p.* poorly preserved v.: very ct.: counter septum palm.: palmate w.p.: well preserved exc.: p. excellently preserved prom.: prominent 34 Genus Ekvasophyllum Parks . Ekvasophyllum Parks, 19511 p. 175. Genotype:- Ekvasophyllum inclinatum Parks, 1951»p.175 Diagnosis:- Solitary, slightly curved, tro-choid, medium sized corals, with numerous septa tending towards radial symmetry except near the prominent cardinal fossula where they are pinnately arranged; solid, s l i g h t l y laterally compressed, rod-like columella; incomplete tabulae areh upwards to join the columella; dissepiments present; cardinal fossula on convex side. Occurrence:- Ekvasophyllum inclinatum zone and Faberophyllum occultum - F. araneosum zone. Brazer limestone, leatham Hollow, Wasatch Moun-tains, Utah. Remarks:- This genus most closely resembles Lophophyllum Edwards & Halme 1850. However, the type specimen of Lophophyllum has probably been lost ( H i l l , 1939, p. 8 6 ) , and apparently was never sectioned, so that the internal characteristics of the genus are not well known. The columella of Ekvasophyllum is not connected to the cardinal septum, as i t is supposed to be in Lophophyllum. but may or may not be attached to the counter septum. Ekvasophyllum differs from Konlnckophyllum Thomson & Nicholson 1876, in the possession of a thicker columella, and in the pinnate arrangement of the septa i n the cardinal quadrants, and in the unusually prominent cardinal fossula. In the past many American and Canadian workers have referred different coral species to the genus Lophophyllum. but nearly always with considerable doubt, since there are three distinct opinions as to the status of this genus. Jeffords (1942, p. 202) gives the following summary of Edwards and Haime's original description of the genus Lophophyllum: Q 35 Gorallum resembling Zaphrentls, excepting that a crestiform columella occupies the centre of the calice, and is in continuity by one of its ends with a small septum, placed in the middle of the septal fosula, and by the other end with the opposite primary septum. The genotype was given as "Lophophyllum Konincki, nob." and was from lower Carboniferous strata at Tournai, Belgium. The typespecimen, however, is apparently lost (Carruthers, 1913» P. 49), and no further study of the true characters of the genotype was made until 1911. Carruthers points out (1913» p. 50) that in 1846, four years previous to the publication of Lophophyllum Edwards and Haime, a similar coral from the same locality had been described by Michelin under the name Cyathaxonia tortuosa. Carruthers gives priority to this name, but de-clares that the presence of dissepiments and the nature of the axial column in Cyathaxonia tortuosa Michelin does not permit its assignment to Cyathaxonia. He thus recognizes the genus Lophophyllum as valid, with Cyathaxonia tortuosa Michelin as the genotype, and revises the generic diagnosis of Lophophyllum after studying topotypes from Tournai in 1-911 as follows: Corallum simple and turbinate. Major septa meeting in the centre of the coral in the early growth-stages. One of the septa, usually the counter septum, is strongly thickened at the inner end, giving rise to a prominent columella which may be discontinuous. In the more mature growth-stages the columella per-sists, but the septa usually retreat from the centre and become amplexoid, while dissepiments appear be-tween the tabulae and the wall. The tabulae are 36 arched upwards in the centre to a varying degree, but unlike such genera as Dlbunophyllum. there is no central zone where the tabulae are more numer-ous or vesicular, nor is there a system of vertic-a l lamellae distinct from septa. Jeffords (194-2, p. 208) asserted that Garruthers has not shown any stage of Cyathaxonia tortuosa that resembles Edwards and Haimefs figure of Lophophyllum koninckl and be-lieves that Carruthers merely assumes the two species to be identical. The illustrations by Carruthers of the revised genotype (1913, plate 3) d i f f e r from the writer's specimens in having a smooth epitheca and a long cardinal septum. Parks' genus Ekvasophyllum* therefore is accepted as valid as the latter's description and illustrations show a marked re-semblance to the specimens studied from Banff. The genus Lophophyllidlum Grabau (1928) differs from Ekvasophyllum Parks (1951) in having a more simple septal structure and lacking dissepiments. Ekvasophyllum banffense n.sp. (Plate V, figures 1-2) External form:- Moderately curved, trochoid, medium sized corals with prominent interseptal ridges and growth-lines. The calyx is moderately deep with a prominent styliform laterally compressed columella. Transverse section:- In ephebic stage there are 62 major septa present at a diameter of 35 mm. The major septa are about three-fourth radius long, not reaching the axis, and alternating with minor septa which are one-half radius long. The cardinal septum is very short, while the counter and alar septa are somewhat shorter than adjacent major septa. The septa are radially arranged, except in cardinal quadrants where they are pinnate. The cardinal foss-ula is prominent and closed. The dissepimentarium has the same width as the minor septa, consisting of small concentric dissepiments. Tabular intersections are frequent near the periphery of tabularium. In the centre of the section a solid, laterally compressed columella is clearly visible. Longitudinal section:- The tabulae are incomplete, bending upwards steeply towards the columella, joining i t at a low angle. Throughout the remainder of the tabularium they recurve to merge imperceptibly with the dissepimentarium. The dissepiments are steeply inclined, elongate, and occupy about half the radius. Material:- Specimens studied, 6. Holotype, M9; paratype, P82. University of British Columbia. Occurrence:- Faberophyllum zone, Rundle limestone, Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. Remarks:- This species differs from E. incUnaturn 38 Parks 1951 and E. turblnium Parks, 1951 in having a larger diameter and a greater number of septa. In the six speci-mens studied 52 to 72 major septa were found at 25 to 36 mm. diameters. The writer suspects that Ekvasophyllum banffense n. sp. is synonymous with E. turblnium. None of the speci-mens, of E. banffense however, were well enough preserved in the young stages to allow ontogenetic comparison. Ekvasophyllum banffense may also be conspeciflc with Cllsiophyllum ? banffense Warren (1927, p. 46, PI. I l l , . f i g . 4), but that species was not described or figured ade-quately for close comparison. Warren's specimens, contrary to the ones just described, were poorly preserved. Ekvasophyllum cascadense (Warren) emend. (Plate VII, figures 1-4) Lophophyllum ? cascadense Warren, 1927, p. 44, p i . III. f i g , l . External form:- The corallum is simple and sharply curved with the epitheca marked by prominent interseptal ridges and septal grooves. The calyx is moderately deep with a prominent boss in the centre. Transverse section:- At late ephebie stage (dia-meters 25 to 28 mm) about 58 major septa extend one-half of radius, alternating with short minors. The cardinal and alar fossulae are well marked and the axial column is prominent and not continuous with any septa. At early ephebic stage, below the bottom of the calyx (Plate VII, f i g . 1) there are 54 major septa at a diameter of 25 mm, the inner ends of whieh are thickened by stereoplasm and continuous with the radiating lamellae of the axial column. The counter septum is longer than the adja-cent majors and thickened axially to form the columella. The alar septa are shorter, and the cardinal septum very small. The minor septa extend about one-fifth of radius. The septa in the cardinal quadrants are somewhat pinnate while those In the counter quadrants are radially arranged. The cardinal fossula is small, but prominent on the side of convex curva-ture. It is bounded by the lateral majors and widens towards the columella, showing three or four reflexed tabulae. The dissepimentarium has the same length-as the minors with about five ranges of concentric dissepiments. Tabular intersections are frequent beyond the dissepimentarium, especially near the columella. Longitudinal section:- The dissepimentarium is narrow with elongate dissepiments. These are inclined 45 de-grees from the theca and merge axially with the tabularium. Tabulae, about six in 10 mm, arch upwards towards the septal columella in the form of thin, curved plates. Occurrence:- About 200 feet below Faberophyllum zone, Rundle limestone, Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. 40 Material:- Specimens studied 16, hypotypes F185 , F186, F187, and F142. University of B r i t i s h Columbia. Remarks:- Warren (1927, p. 44) referred his specimens to the genus Lophophyllum. but did so with consid-erable doubt, as they were fragmentary, and not suited for accurate study. His description consequently is somewhat inaccurate and inadequately illustrated by an ink drawing of a transverse section only. The writer has referred his specimens to Warren*s species, since they occur very abundant-ly at the same stratigraphic horizon and agree in general with Warren's description. Parks' species Ekvasophyllum inclinatum reported from corresponding beds in Utah, is similar in a l l respects to E. cascadense. differing only in i t s smaller size and smaller number of septa. FAMILY CLISIOPHYLLIDAE Nicholson and Thomson, 1883 Genus Cyathoclisia Dingwall Cyathoclisia Dingwall 1926, p. 12 Genotype: Cyathoclisia tabernaculnm Dingwall, 1926, p. 13. Original description:- Simple, rugose corals, with a central column which is not defined by a bounding wall, but projects from the calyx as a highly pitched, tent-shaped structure formed of a median plate, of very crowded, flatened, steeply-inclined tabellae, and of septal lamellae which are continuous with the major septa. The major septa are more or less twisted d i s t a l l y . There is a well marked and long cardinal fossula occupied by a long cardinal septum, the other fossulae being absent or inconspicuous. There is a wide dissepi-mental zone, and an intermediate tabelar zone. Distribution:- Carboniferous, Tournaisian, horizons gamma and C of Vaughan. Cyathoclisia sp. (Plate VI, fi g s . 3,4,) External form:- The corallum Is trochoid to sub cylindrical with the epitheca marked by interseptal ridges and septal grooves. Constrictions at rejuvenescence are prominent. The calyx was not observed. Transverse section:- At ephebic stage (diameter 32 mm) 64 major septa extend about two-thirds of radius. These alternate with the minor septa which are about one-third as long as the majors, tending towards radial symmetry. The fossula is typically c l i s i o p h y l l i d , bounded by straight septa and occupied by a long cardinal septum (about one-half length of major septa). The dissepimentarium is half as long as the majors with about ten ranges of concentric dissepiments, which axially form a sclerotheea. The central column is about 5 mm wide and composed of very crowded tabellae and radiating septal lamellae some of which are continuous with the major septa. The median plate is axial, about 5 mm long and in the counter-cardinal plane. Longitudinal section:- The dissepimentarium is 7 mm wide composed of very elongate dissepiments inclined at an angle of 45 degrees. The remainder of the corallum is occupied by the tabularium which consists of incomplete tabulae swing-ing d i s t a l l y towards the axis (about 8 in 10 mm). The tab-ulae are reinforced by very crowded, steeply inclined tabellae before joining the median plate. Occurrence:- Faberophyllum zone, Rundle limestone, Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. Material:- Specimens studied, 3 . Remarks:- A l l specimens are fragmentary or poorly preserved. Thus a new species w i l l not be established until 43 better collections of this coral are at hand for more detailed study. The specimen described above resembles Parks' species Turbophyllum mnlticonum (1951j P« 176) . The latter, however, has a prominent closed fossula bounded by the fused axial ends of the adjoining pinnate major septa. The specimen also re-sembles Koninckophvllum Thomson and Nicholson, (1876) which, however, is characterized by a styliform columella ( H i l l , 1939, p. 8 6 ) , while Cyathoclisia has an acrocolumella. 0 FAMILY HAPSIPHYLLIDAE Grabau, 1928, emend. East on 194-4 Genus Trlplophyllltes Easton Zaphrentis of authors Triplophyllum Simpson, 19G0, p. 209 Menophyllum Milne-Edwards and Haime, Girty, 1911, p. 28 Triplophyllum. Grove, 1935, p. 339 Zaphrentoides (HapsiphyHum) Schindewolf, 1938, p. 449 Trlplophyllltes Easton, 1944, p. 35 Genotype: Trlplophyllltes palmatus Easton, 1944, p. 35. Diagnosis:- simple, small to large, nearly straight to curved, conical; asexual increase very rare; calyx generally evenly concave; septa very short i n upper part of calyx; epltheca generally thin, with rugae, striae, interseptal ridges, septal grooves; spines may be present; major septa very long in early stages; minor septa very short to rudi-mentary or absent; cardinal fossula very prominent, occupied by progressively shortened cardinal septum, bounded by generally axially fused neighboring cardinal septa; alar fossulae best developed in late neanic stage, tending to become obscure in later stages; tabulae prominent throughout; dissep-iments generally sparce, irregular, mostly in early portions of c o r a l l i t e , usually between major and minor septa and never becoming lonsdaleoid; septal stereozones may be present. Occurrence:- Abundant in Mississippian of North America; Tournaisian and Visen of Belgium, England, Russia, and Scotland. 45 Triplophyllites cf. centralis (Milne-Edwards and Haime) (Plate VI, f i g . 3) Zaphrentis centralis Milne-Edwards and Haime, 1851, p. 328 Triplophyllum centralis Simpson, 1900, p. 209 Trlplophyllum (Zaphrentis) centralis Butts, 1922, p. 84 Triplophyllites centralis. Easton, 1944, p. 39 External form:- The only specimen of this genus in the writer's collection is 50 mm long, and has a diameter of 33 mm in late ephebie stage. It is curved, ceratoid in shape, with vague interseptal ridges and septal grooves; the calyx is about 20 mm deep and the prominent cardinal fossula is on the concave side of the corallum. Transverse section:- In late ephebie stage, below the bottom of the calyx, 40 thick major septa are present. These are radially arranged and a l l extend to the centre, except the very short cardinal septum. Minor septa were not seen. The fossula is open and narrow and does not reach the centre of the corallum. Dissepiments can not be seen, possibly because the septa are thickened peripherally by sclerenchyme. Tabular intersections are distinct near the periphery. Longitudinal section:- The dissepimentarium is 46 only 1 mm wide, composed of a single row of steeply inclined oblong dissepiments. The remainder of the corallite is occupied by the tabularium, consisting of tabulae which turn upwards convexly near the periphery, then recurve towards the axis. There are about five tabulae in 10 mm. Occurrence:- Faberophyllum zone, Rundle lime-stone, Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. Material:- specimens studied, 1; No. F135» Remarks:- The specimen described above strongly resembles Trlplophyllltes centralis (Milne-Edwards and Haime), Easton, but as the preservation of the coral is poor, and the material is very fragile, no longitudinal thin section could be prepared. The internal structures are furthermore greatly obscured by the thickened septa. As no corals belonging to this genus have hitherto been described from the Canadian Rockies, i t is interesting to note that Parks (1951) also found representatives of Triplophyllites in his Faberophyllum zone in the Brazer limestone of Utah. 47 FAMILY LITHOSTROTIONTIDAE Grabau 1927, Chi 1931 Genus LithostrotIon Fleming Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828, p. 508 Genotype: Lithostrotion striatum Fleming, 1828, p. 508 - Lithostrotion sive Basaltes min- imus striatus et stellatus Edward Lhwyd, 1699, p. 124, pi. XVI; p. 125, pi. XXIII. Diagnosis: (Smith and Lang, 1930, p. 178) Phaeeloid and cerioid Rugose Corals, which have typically, a columella, long major septa, and large tent shaped tabulae, usually supplemented at the theca by smaller and nearly horizontal tabulae. Dissepiments are well developed in the larger species, but absent in the very small forms. Gemmation is non-parricidal. Diphymorphs of Lithostrotion have no columella, short septa, flat or distally arched tabulae, and, in the phaeeloid forms, parricidal gemmation. McLaren and Sutherland, (1949, p. 628) discussing Lithostrotion and the genomorph concept, add the following notes to Smith and Lang's description: Fleming's original description of Litho- strotion striatum, the genolectotype standardized by the International Commission of Zoological Nomen-clature, Opinion 117, notes that "the rays of the stars unile with a small solid central axis." In the interpretation of the genus various authors are unanimous in accepting Lithostrotion forms in which the septa f a l l short of the columella as well as forms in which the major septa merge with i t . This was noted by Vaughan (1935, p. 277) * "The septa extend: inwards, for a greater or less dist-ance, along the upper faces of the tabulae." Lithostrotion is known from the Lower Carboniferous of North America, Eurasia and Australia, The Upper Carboniferous of Russia and the Permian of China. 48 Lithostrotion whltneyi Meek (Plate V, figures 3-4) Lithostrotion whitneyi Meek, 1877, p. 58, p i . 6, f i g . 1, le Lithostrotlon whltneyi. White, 1877, p. 103, p i . 6, f i g . la-c Lithostrotion whltneyi. Shimer, 1926, p. 26. Lithostrotion whltneyi. Kelly, 1942, pp.359-360, p i . 51 , figs. 2, 5. Lithostrotion whltneyi. Parks, 1951, p. 180, p i . 33, figs.3-5 External form:- The corallum is compound, dend-roid, and rapidly expands horizontally. An almost complete specimen has a diameter of 270 mm. and a height of 190 mm. The corallites are cylindrical of unequal size, varying from 5 mm to 15 mm in diameter, the average being 10 mm. They are very unequally spaced and mostly separate, since they are slightly flexuous and irregular. Young corallites were noted to branch off at an angle of 30 degrees, and after reaching a length of 10 mm, to curve upwards sharply and continue growth nearly parallel to older corallites. The epitheca is well developed, showing faint longitudinal ridges and moderate transverse striations, which are irreg-ularly spaced about five in 10 mm. The calyx is circular and about 4 mm deep with a small compressed columella rising in the centre. Transverse section:- There are 26 to 34 major septa depending on the size of the co r a l l i t e . In mature 4 9 specimens they extend about one-third of the way from the epitheca to the columella. In young individuals the septa reach three-quarters the distance towards the centre and some may even join the columella. Alternating with the majors there is an equal number of very short minor septa (about one-sixth the length of the majors), which do not reach beyond the dissepimentarium. Tabular intersections are frequent around the columella. The dissepiments are very small, irregular, and confined to the outer zone. In young corallites not more than one row was observed, while mature individuals showed up to three rows. Longitudinal section:- The tabularium occupies three-quarters of the width of the c o r a l l i t e . The tabulae are very thin and numerous, about 15 i n 10 mm. They are tent-shaped curving steeply upwards around the columella where they are often reinforced by tabelae. From the centre they slope down at an angle of 35 degrees, occasionally divid-ing before meeting the dissepimentarium. The dissepimental zone is very narrow, occupying one-eighth of the radius of the c o r a l l i t e . The dissepiments are small, ovoid and steeply inclined, starting at an angle of 45 degrees near the wall, then turning vertically downwards. In a mature individual the columella is 0 . 5 mm wide. Occurrence:- Faberophyllum zone, Rundle limestone, Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. 50 Material:- Specimens studied 3 , hypotypes M40, M41, M50. Remarks:- The specimens from Mount Norquay are very well preserved and quite typical of L. whltneyi. This species was f i r s t described from the Carboniferous of the Wasatch Range, Utah, but has also been reported from the Mis-sissippian in Nevada, Lake Minnewanka in Banff and Jasper National Park, Alberta. Like Shimer's specimens from Lake Minnewanka, the corals from Mount Norquay appear to be transitional between those described by Meek (1877) and White ( 1877) . Kelly (194-2, p. 360) found in a transverse section of L. whltneyi the central portion of the columella to be hollow, and shows that i t is formed by the tent shaped tabulae rather than by the counter septum. This, he continues, "may represent an evolutionary state intermediate between Lithostrotion sensu strict© and Diphyphyllum." Genus Lithos trotionella (Yahe and Hayasaka) Lithos trotionella Yaibe and Hayasaka, 1915 Genoholotype: Lithostrotionella unleum Yabe and Hayasaka, 1915. Original description: Corallum composite, massive, composed of prismatic corallites with lamellar columella; distinguished from Litho-strostion by having a vesiculated peripheral zone, well bounded by an inner wall, the inside of which has essentially the same structure with Lithostrotion. The septa protruding out of the inner wall soon disappear in the vesiculated zone, without extending to the wall. Remarks:- H i l l (1934, p. 82) as well as McLaren and Sutherland (1949 pp. 625-633) do not accept this genus and suggest that Lithostrotionella might be a genomorph of Lithostrotion which had followed a lonsdaleoid trend. The genomorph concept was f i r s t introduced by Smith and Lang (1930, p. 179) who defined i t as an expression of a trend "which some external or internal stimulus has provoked to rapid development in a colony or in certain individuals of a colony." In their opinion, therefore, a genomorph does not constitute a true genus. Lithostrotionella, as defined by Yabe and Hayasaka, is recognized in this paper, since most workers have accepted the new genus. Lithostrotionella banffensis (Warren) (Plate VI, f i g s . 4,5,6,) Lithostrotion banffense Warren, 1927, p. 46, p i . 4, fig s . 5,6; PI. 5. External form:- The corallum is compound, massive and rapidly expands horizontally. A complete specimen has a width of 220 mm in the mature region and a height of 250 mm. The corallites are crowded, slightly flexuous, and mostly hexagonal. They vary greatly in diameter in the same colony depending on the age of the c o r a l l i t e . Diameters range from 3 to 12 mm, the average being 8 mm for a mature c o r a l l -i t e . The epitheca shows faint, irregularly spaced, trans-verse strlations, about 6; in 10 mm and prominent longitudinal ridges. The calyx is shallow, i t s outer area sloping gently inwards. The central area is depressed into a cup shaped cavity about 2 mm deep and one-half the diameter of the corallite wide; the bottom is slightly convex. The columella is small, slightly compressed and pierces the floor of the central cavity rising nearly to i t s top. Transverse sectiont- In the mature region 16 to 20 thin, sinuous major septa (on the average 18) generally reach the columella, alternating with minor septa which are about one-third the length of the majors. None of the septa extend to the epitheca. Tabular intersections are common in the central portion of the c o r a l l i t e . Cystisepiments occur in one to three rows in the outer zone, depending on the age of the c o r a l l i t e . They occupy one-half of the radius, and form a well marked false inner wall. The columella i s formed by the thickening of the cardinal and counter septa, but mainly by the tent-shaped tabulae. Longitudinal section:- The tabulae are numerous, about 10 in 5 mm» and are steeply inclined near the colum-e l l a . From there they gently arch outwards and downwards to meet the cystisepiments, where they may be reinforced by 53 smaller tabulae. The cystiseplments usually grow at right angles from the epitheca and then curve vertically down-wards to meet the previous cystiseplments. In 5 mm there are about five large and three short cystiseplments, the latter being inserted irregularly between the former. Occurrence:- Faberophyllum zone, Rundle limestone, Mount Norquay, Banff National Park, Alberta. Material:- Specimens studied, 8; hypotypes, M48, M49. Remarks:- Several well preserved specimens were referred to this species, although their diameters average 8 mm as compared to Warren's corallites which are only 6 mm wide. Kelly (1942, p. 356) points out that Warren, whose description and figures are very inadequate, did not c a l l attention to the series of cystiseplments in the peripheral area of Lithostrotion banffensis. Referring to the sketches accompanying Warren's description, Kelly continues: The sketch of a transverse section of his species that appears as figure 5 of his plate 3 is incomplete and gives an incorrect view of the appearance of the c o r a l l i t e . The figure f a i l s to show any type of dissepimental tissue, although the description and figure 6 (which is numbered 9 on the plate because the figure has been inverted) of the same plate indicates the presence of either dissepiments of cystisepiments. Kelly, who communicated personally with Warren in 1939 obtained a specimen from the latter for re-examination. He found that the septa did not reach the theca and thus assigned the species to the genus Lithostrotionella. 55 CONCLUSIONS In the past relatively l i t t l e has been published on the Rundle formation, although i t forms extensive out-crops varying in thickness from 100 feet i n Jasper National Park, to 2200 feet in the Banff area, and i s known to under-l i e the prairies of Alberta, where i t constitutes an import-ant o i l formation. Unfortunately, the results of widespread investigations done by o i l companies remain company secrets. Such work as has been published by the Geological Survey of Canada has been largely confined to lithological and struct-ural studies, whereas the paleontological aspect, and in particular the examination of corals has been generally neglected, as their stratigraphic value was not recognized until f a i r l y recently. Since the section in Banff studied by the writer corresponds very closely in coral assemblage to the sections of the Brazer limestones of northern Utah examined by Parks (1951) , the writer believes that the eorals described i n this thesis may be indicative of upper Mississippian strata over very extensive areas. In studying the corals collected in Banff, the writer was able to recognize most of the species reported by Parks, but believes that the valid i t y of the subdivision of the genus Faberophyllum leaves room for considerable doubt. The distinguishing characteristics of his species F, leath-amense, F. langnidnm, F. pisgahense. and F. araneosum. are suspected to be differences due to ontogenetic growth stages of a single species. A new species Faberophyllum multi-septatum is therefore proposed, which may be conspecific with the four above mentioned species. No definite decision can, however, be made without examination of Parks 1 holo-types which are deposited i n the United States National Museum, and were not available to the writer. It is further concluded that Shimer1s species Triplophyllum minnewankense described from the Banff area is conspecific with Faberophy-llum multiseptatum. The species Lophophyllum ? cascadense Warren is referred to Parks 1 genus. Ekvasophyllum, because the holotype of Warren*s species was fragmentary and doubt-f u l l y assigned to the questionable genus Lophophyllum. Under the same genus a new species Ekvasophyllum banffense is described. The writer recommends a further study of Mississ-ippian corals over more extensive areas to increase the rather limited knowledge of this subject; Descriptions and illustrations of a l l specimens should be done in great de-t a i l , with proper consideration of existing species, when-ever descriptions of these are adequate. I f , however, the proposal of a new species is found j u s t i f i e d , i t is advisable to obtain a large number of well preserved specimens which 57 permit detailed study of their ontogeny. No attempt should be made to describe and erect new genera or species from poorly preserved and fragmentary corals. This would prevent further confusion, and a reduction of the great number of synonymous species may be achieved. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Beach, F.K., 1950, Rock Formations at Banff; Canadian O i l and Gas Industries. Beach, H.H., 194-3, Moose Mountain and Morley Map-Areas, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 236. Beales, F.W., 1950, The late Palaeozoic formations of South western Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, Paper 50-27. Brown, R.A.C., 1952, Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Paleon-tology in the Mount Greenock Area, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 264. Brown, T.C., 1909, Studies oh the morphology and development of certain rugose corals; New York Acad. S c i . , Annals, vol. 19, no. 3, part 1, pp. 45-97. Carruthers, R.G., 1913, Lophophyllum and Cyathaxonia : Revision notes on two genera of Carboniferous o Corals: Geol. Mag., n. ser., dec. 5> vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 49-56, p i . 3. Dingwall, J.M.M., 1926, On Cyathoellsia. a new genus of Carboniferous coral; Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour. vol. 82, pp. 12-21. Douglas, R.J.W., 1950,Callum Creek, Langford Creek, and Gap map areas, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 225. Easton, W.H., 1943, The fauna of the Pitkin formation of Arkansas; Journ. Paleontology, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 125-154. 1943, New Chester Corals from Alabama and Tennessee; Jour. Paleontology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 276-280. 1944, Revision of Campophyllum in North America; Jour. Paleontology, vol. 18, no. 2. pp. 119-132. 1944, Corals from the Chouteau and related form-ations of the Mississippi Valley Region. 111. Geol. Surv., Report of Inv. 97. BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTINUED Easton, W.H., 194-5, Kinkaid Corals from I l l i n o i s ; Jour. Paleontology, v o l . 19, no. 4 , pp. 383-389. 1945, Corals from the Otter formation (Mississ-ippian) of Montana; Jour. Paleontology, v o l . 19, pp. 522-528. 1945, Amplexoid corals from the Chester of I l l i n o i s and Arkansas; Jour. Paleontology, v o l . 19, no. 6 , pp. 625-632. 1951, Mississippian cuneate corals; Jour. Paleon-tology, v o l . 2 5 , no. 3 , PP. 380-404. Edwards, H.M., and Haime, J . , 1850, A monograph of the B r i t i s h f o s s i l c o r a l s , Part 1. Introduction; Paleont. S o c , Pub., pp. 1-71. Erdman, O.A., 1950, Alexo and Saunders Map-Areas, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada. Mem. 254. Hage, CO., 1944, Geological Reconnaissance along the lower Liard River, B r i t i s h Columbia, Yukon, and North West T e r r i t o r i e s ; Geol. Surv. Canada, Paper 45-22. H i l l , D., 1935, B r i t i s h terminology for rugose corals; Geol. Mag., v o l . 72 , no. 11 , pp. 481-519. 1937, Type specimens of palaeozoic corals from New South Wales i n W.B. Clarke's f i r s t c o l l e c t i o n , and i n the S t r z e l e c k i c o l l e c t i o n ; Geol. Mag., v o l . 74, no. 874, pp. 145-153. 1938, Euryphyllum: A hew genus of Permian zaph-rentoid rugose corals; Royal Soc. Queensland P r o c , v o l . 49, no. 2 , pp. 23-28. 1938-1941, A monograph on the Carboniferous rugose corals of Scotland, Pts. 1-4, Palaeont. Soc. London vol s . 91, 92, 94, 95. Holland, F.D., -jr., 1952, Stratigraphic d e t a i l s of lower Mississippian Rocks of Northwestern Utah and South-western Montana; Amer. Assoc. P e t r o l . Geol. B u l l . , v o l . 36, no. 9 , pp. 1697-1734. Hudson, R.G.S., 1942, On the lower Carboniferous corals: Rylstbnia benecompacta var. brevlsepta var. N. Yorkshire Geol. S o c , P r o c v o l . 24, part 5, PP. 373-381. 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTINUED Hudson, R.G.S., 1942, Faseiculophyllum Thorns on and other genera of the "Zaphrentis" omaliusi group of Carboniferous corals; Geol. Mag., v o l . 79, no.5» pp. 258-263. Hume, G.S., 1923, A Kinderhook fauna from the Liard River, N.W.T.; Amer. Jour. S c i . , v o l . 6, p. 48. Jeffords, R.M., 1942, Lophophillld corals from the lower Pennsylvanian rocks of Kansas and Oklahoma; Kansas Geol. Surv. B u l l . , 41, pt. 5, pp. 185-260. 1943; Caninia from the lower Carboniferous of New Mexico; Jour. Paleontology, v o l . 17, pp. 545-549. 1947, Pennsylvanian lophophyllid corals; Univ. Kansas Paleont. Contrib. Coelenterata, Art 1, pp. 1-84. 1948, The occurrence of corals i n l a t e Paleozoic rocks of Kansas; Kansas Geol. Surv. B u l l . , 76, pt. 3, PP. 31-52. K e l l y , W.A., 1942, Lithostrotiontidae i n the Rocky Mountains; Jour. Paleontology, v o l . 16, no. 3» pp. 351-361. Lambe, L.M., 1899, A r e v i s i o n of the genera and species of Canadian Palaeozoic corals; Contrib. to Can. Paleont., v o l . 4, pts. 1 and 2. McLaren, D.J., and Sutherland, P.K., 1949, L i t h o s t r o t i o n from Northeast B r i t i s h Columbia and i t s bearing on the genomorph concept;' Jour. Paleontology, v o l . 2 3 , no. 6, pp. 625-634. Meek, F.B., 1877, Paleontology: U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th P a r a l l e l Rept. (King), v o l . 4, pt. 1. Moore, R.C. and Jeffords, R.M., 1941, New Permian corals from Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas; Kansas Geol. Surv. B u l l . , 33, pt. 3, pp. 65-120. Parks, J.M., 1951, Corals from the Brazer formation (Mississ-ippian of Northern Utah; Jour. Paleontology, v o l . 25 , no. 2, pp. 171-186. Sanford, W.G., 1939, A review of the families of t e t r a -corals; Amer. Jour. S c i . , v o l . 237, pp. 295-323. ° 61 BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTINUED Shimer, H.W., 1926, Upper Palaeozoic faunas of the Lake Minnewanka Section, near Banff, Alberta; Geol, Survey. Canada, Mus. Bu l l . , 42, pp. 1-84. Shimer, H.W., and Shrock, R.R., 1944, Index Fossils of North America; New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Cambridge, Mass., The Technology Press. Class Anthozoa, pp. 78-122. Shrock, R.R., and Twenhofel, W.H., 1953. Principles of Invertebrate Paleontology: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.; Class Anthozoa, pp. 120-179. Sloss, L.L., 1945, Corals from the post-Osage Mississippian of Montana; Jour. Paleontology, vol. 19, no. 3 , PP. 309-315. Smith, S., and Lang, W.D., 1930, Description of the type-specimens of some Carboniferous corals of the genera "Diphyphyllum',' "Stylastrea", Aulophyllum. and Chaetetes; Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 10, vol. 5 , pp. 177-194. Stumm, E.C., 1948, A revision of some Mississippian tetra-coral genera; Jour. Paleontology, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 68-74. Sutherland, P.K., 1954, New Genera of Carboniferous tetra-corals from Western Canada; Geol. Mag., vol. 91, no. 5, PP. 361-371. Warren, P.S., 1927, Banff Area, Alberta; Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 153. Weller, J.M., et a l . , 1948, Correlation of the Mississippian Formations of North America; Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull . , vol. 59, pp. 91-196. White, C.A., 1877, U.S. Geog. Survey West 100th Mer. (Wheeler), vol. 4, pt. 1. Yabe, H., and Hayasaka, I., 1915, Paleozoic corals from Japan, Korea and China; Geol. Soc. Japan Jour., vol. 22, nos. 261, 263-265, vol. 2 3 , no. 271. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I FABEROPHYLLUM Figures 1-2 Faberophyllum multiseptatom, n. sp. (Page 10) 1. Transverse section late ephebie stage of holotype F 5 0 , (X2); note absence of septal lamellae. 2. Transverse section of same, middle ephebie stage, (X2); note palmate grouping of septa and a few septal lamellae. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II FABEROPHYLLUM Figures 1-6 Faberophyllum multiseptatum. n. sp. (Page 10) (continued from Plate I) 1. Transverse section, slightly earlier ephebic stage than Plate I, f i g . 2., (X2). 2. Transverse section, very early ephebic stage, same specimen, (X2); note axially thickened septa, alar fossulae, and prominent septal lamellae. 3 . Diagonal section, late neanic stage, paratype F165- (X2); note axial complex. 4. Transverse section, same specimen as Figure 3 , but slig h t l y younger, (X2). 5. Transverse section, early neanic stage, (X2); same specimen; note prominent fossulae, and axial complex. 6. Longitudinal section, ephebic stage; paratype F94, (XI.5); note axially sagging tabulae. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III FABEROPHYLLUM Figures 1-3 Faberophyllum multiseptatum. n. sp. (Page 10) 1. Transverse section, late ephebic stage, paratype M3, ( X I . 5 5 ; note large number of septa, and septal lamellae. The four white lines are caused by the coverslide of thin section. 2. Longitudinal section, ephebic stage, of another very large specimen, (XI.5). Tabularium is poorly preserved, but dis-seppimentariura is characteristic of this species. 3 . Longitudinal section, ephebic stage, paratype F104, (XI.5)5 note very wide tabularium with nearly horizontal, complete tabulae. 64 PLATE H I EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV FABEROPHYLLUM Figures 1-2 Faberophyllum multiseptaturn, n. sp. (Page 10) 1. External side view of well preserved specimen, (XI). 2. Longitudinal section, late ephebie stage, holotype F 5 0 , (X2); note depth of calyx. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V EKVASOPHYLLUM AND LITHOSTROTION Figures 1-2 Ekvasophyllum banffense. n. sp. (Page 36) 1. Transverse section, ephebie stage, holotype F82, (X2); note prominent columella. 2. Longitudinal section, paratype M9, (X2); showing floor of calyx and columella. Figures 3-4 Lithostrotion whitneyi. Meek. (Page 48) 3 . Transverse section, hypotype M41, (X2); 4. Longitudinal section, same specimen, (X2). EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI CYATHOCLISIA. TRIPLOPHYLLITES. AND LITHOSTROTIONELLA Figures 1-2 Cyathoclisia sp., (Page 41) 1. Transverse section, ephebic stage, (X2). 2. Longitudinal section, same specimen, (X2); note inner wall and central column formed by steeply Inclined tabellae. Figure 3 Trlplophyllltes centralis. Milne-Edwards and Haime, (Page 45). Transverse section, ephebic stage, (X2). Figures 4-6 Lithostrotionella banffensls. Warren (Page 5D 4. Transverse section, hypotype M49, (X2) note large cystisepiments in peripheral region of c o r a l l i t e . 5. Longitudinal section, hypotype M48, (X2); note small columella in upper right hand corner and arrangement of cystisep-iments in one, two or three rows. 6. Transverse section, hypotype M48, (X2). 67 PLATE V I EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII EKVAS OPHYLLUM Figures 1-4 Ekvasophyllum caseadense Warren emend. (Page 38) 1. Transverse section, early ephebic stage, hypotype F185, (X2); note alar pseudo-fossulae, and axial thickening of septa. 2. Longitudinal section, hypotype F187, (X2); note depth of calyx and wide tabularium. The thin section is fragmental. 3. Longitudinal section, hypotype F186, (X2). 4. Transverse section, late ephebic stage, hypotype F142, (XI;. As the specimen is s i l i c i f i e d , minor details are not pre-served, but note that the columella i s not attached to any septa. PLATE V I I EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII Figure 1. View looking east from the south side of Mount Norquay, about 1000 feet above Banff-Jasper highway. In foreground limestone c l i f f where Ekvasophyllum cascadense Warren emend, was found in abundance. In the center background Tunnel Mountain, and in the upper right hand corner Mount Rundle are clearly v i s i b l e . The mountains in the distance belong to the Fairholme Range. Figure 2. Same limestone as in figure 1, exposed by roadcut on north side of Banff-Jasper high-way. Note nearly v e r t i c a l dip of thick bedded limestone. Photos by F. Frebold Sept. 1954. 69 PLATE VIII
Thesis/Dissertation
eng
Geological Sciences
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Corals from the Rundle formation (Mississippian) of Banff, Alberta
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