Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
DSpace
UBCV
Duffell, Stanley
Master of Arts - MA
University of British Columbia
[No abstract available]
The lode Gold Dopositc of Csnt-tia by .. Stanley B u f f e l l A Thesis submitted for the cietp.'ee of HftSIEB of ARTS i n the J3apariHae.il. of Seology The U n i v e r s i t y o i v B r i t i s h Columbia A p r i l 1952 I IPart £ . • Page / ^ l a i o w l e d g n o n t — — — - ^ - ^ ^ 1 R e i s t i v e Bapoi-tanee of the Province as Gold pro due ei — 2 C&aada Corcpriret! t?itli the other c o x m t r l e s — — - — 4 J j i n e r a l e associated v l t h G o l d — — 5 R e l a t i o n o f Gold Deposits to tyg© of igneoue Bock—--—•——. 6 Suisxsary and Gone l a s iona^-*-~»»™--""-~-^--«^--^«--~--»«»->»-»«»- f Part 21 British- Columbia—. 9 I n t r o d u c t i o n * " * — — * ^ ^ 9 H i s t o r y * - — — - ^ 9 Age o f -Gold ssposit8»-~«-»«»^^--«»--^-^--«»~-«-<*»—*«— I I B e a c r l p t i o a o f Areas aad { . ^ i i s s - — » 15 S-.-luon r.ivt;r iu"!^ a-—•««=^ •««--~«~•«•»*-— 3,5 Sifcu&t ion^»^~«— " i ^ ^ * - . - - * ^ 15 G e o l o g y — — X5 x Itoeroliaatioa—•-—*——-*———*—-.~^~.»~-~»«^~<—«»~ .14 Future of'the A a x ^ C i - - - - - " " - " ^ - " ^ ^ " - ^ - - ^ ^ ^ - - — - - - * — ~ - > — • 15 Premier fcune*-—«—•—-----——«—^ 15 B i s " i s s o u r i o r o u p - - - « — • » - - • — — — — 1 © Salmon Go l d G r o u p — — " * - — — . go The B r i d g e R i v e r /irea----~---^»-"~---™--»~~~~-~"~---~---- SO S i t e fcion—»^-—----i;.---—•———>^^»----—.---« go General G•:ulc;v — » - — — — — — — . — ~~ g i Icoaor.;ic G o o l o g y - * — — — - ^ ^ ^ ~ - — . » ~ - — « . 22 B i n o r a l i K o M o n — — — — S3 Pi n c h i n g an& S w e l l i n g of V e i n s — - — — = 23 II . Bag© post Ore j u u i t e - - — - — - * — « - - — - - — - — - — — - — « - — « • 24' pe r s i s t e n c e o f Yeias v:iuiv Depth — — E 4 G r i c l a of the' Tela S o l u t i o n s - — s & iige o f V o i n s - — — * « ~ — - — - — — — — « ^ ^ 2S Future of the ;o.lr- »± i ; r u ~ - - - ~ - - - - - - > " - - - - - - - « - « « - - - - - - - S5 D e s c r i p t i o n of j%xisportiee~<»«^ «*^ ^ SO Pioneer r & n e — 2 8 Lorn© r 4 i n © — — —— - — ~ ~ — - — ^ 2? , Other p r o p e r t i e s i a the Aroa« . ~ ~ - « . _ . « _ — « . Sairao Map / ^ & a — — « « » - — - - - " » — - — S B S i t u a t i o n - — - — - ^ - — — — - — - — - — 8 8 General G e o l o g y - " - — — « . — — - — — 2 8 L l i n o r a l j 3 © p o a i t s - - — - — - — — - — — — - — - — — — - — ^ 29 D e s c r i p t i o n o f J V o p < - t i c e — — — . » « ~ , ~ _ , r » - . . . ~ . ^ ~ « , « ~ « ~ . . ~ . . . . . » . . 29 Eeao Gold : : i : i e — — — — — — - - - — - - — — - — 3 0 Queen j ^ n © — Grand Fortes District-———-^--*^-~«~-««~--«*»»»«--««»~ 31 ,Uai«R ; ; i n e ~ — — — — — — — 5 1 mail* s e c t i o n - — — — - - - - — - ^ - - — ^ — - — — — — 5 g GooUenougU" M i n e - - — - — — g g Hefiley D i s t e i e t — — — ~ - ™ - ^ « ™ . » « ^ « » ~ - » - - - » ^ ^ « ^ » « - « ~ » « » ^ 52 N i c k e l P l a t o i ^ u e « — — - . - - ^ M M I njSS A t l i n s t r i c t - — " — - — - — - — — — — — — — — — liiB^isiGor > 3 i n e — — — - - - - « - - — — - - « - ^ - » - « ^ « « - - m - - ~ - SS Surf I n l e t — — — — ^ » - . « » ^ ^ ^ « » - ~ « - - - - - * ^ — — — 35 Coquihallr, Area——-—-—«-««»-^^--«--^~-^-^-«---- 35 l&iuncipution f j i n e - — - - - - — - — — - — - — — — — — — 35 I l l .Contents p a r t I I I . page Occurrences i n the Canadian S h i e l d — - — » — « . - 37 Chapter I General S t a t e m e n t — — — — — — 57 G e o l o g y - — Table o f F o r m a t i o n s — — S S D e s c r i p t i o n of F o r m a t i o n s - — - ~ — — E S F i s s u r e Systems i n the Canadian Shield-————•——«>-.—.-—. 41 Az® of the Gold Deposits -— — — 4 2 S t r u c t u r e of the D s p o s i t s — — - — • 4S ' Type o f D e p o s i t s — - — — — — — — — - » — — » — — « . — . . — > — 43 _ Summary an:': C o n c l u s i o n s — — 4 4 Chapter I I Manitoba — ~ - m * m ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ m » * * ~ m m * ~ « — 45 Gold Areas i n the province——————.---~-~~--..---.-...»..... 45 H i s t o r y — - — — — — . 45 Beresford-Rice Lake English-Brook D i s t r i c t - — - " - — 4 6 Character o f the Gold D s p o e t i s — — - — — - — — - - — - — - — - « 48 l i i n e r a l i z a t i o n — - — — — — ~ ~ — — — ~ ^ ~ ~ » ~ ~ — ~ ~ ~ — - . . . » . » - . 48 D e s c r i p t i o n of D e p o s i t s - - - - - - - - - - - - — - - - - — — — " — — »- 49 Central Manitoba d e p o s i t - — - - - — - — - — - — — — — — — - « — — . 49 San Antonio d e p o s i t - - - — — - — » — — — — — - — — - - — - - — — - - — 51 • Chapter I I I Q n t a x d o - - - - - — — - — — - - - - - — — - • — - LS4 I n t r o d u c t i o n - — - - - — — — — ^ ^ — ~ — ^ — - « - — - — — 54 ^ Porcupine Gold A r e a — --*—•— — 5-7 IV Contents Page H i s t o r y - — — * — 5 7 Type o f D e p o s i t — — — ~ — — - ~ — — — — — 6 0 Character o f d e p o s i t - " — — — - - — . — I f i a e r a l o g y — — — — — — — • — — — - . — 6S D e s c r i p t i o n o l p r o p e r t i e s — — — — — — — * — — — — 65 C o n i a u r u a i — — - — — • — — — — — — — — — — 68 West DOMS L a k e — — ™ ^ — — » — - 69 I'utuv-o of t h e D i s t r i c t — — — — — — — 70 K i r k i a a d l a k e Gold J r e a — — - — — • — • ~ — 7 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n • — — — — — — — — 71 Table o f f o r m a t i o n s — — — • — — — — — — - 75 D e s c r i p t i o n - o f f o r m a t i o n s — — — — — - — - — 73 . S t r u c t u r e - - — — — . — — ~ « ^ — ^ — y g Post Ore Fa l i l t s — • * — — — — — — — — — — 77 General Character of the V e i n s - — — — 78 Age of the Veins and Source o f o r e - — — - — • ~ - • 79 General c h a r a c t e r o f the o r e s — — — — 79 mineralogy o f the o r e s — — - — — — • — — - 80 Summary of events l e a d i n g up t o and f ollov/ing ore depos i t i o n - • — 83 V Contents Pag© P e r s i s t e n c e o f veins t / i t h d e p t h — — — 9 5 D e s c r i p t i o n oi' Properties--—-------.—- — — - 6-i Kir l c i a n d l a k e — — — — — 84 fe c k H u g h e s - — — — — - — — - - — — « ~ * - » » ^ ^ * ^ - * ~ ~ ~ m . ~ ~ , QQ Lake S h o r e — — — ~ ~ . ^ - . ™ ~ ™ ~ « — * . SB T/right H a r g r e a v e s — — —— ——. 90 Sylvani*©--—-—- ^ — — - — — — g g Tough Oakes Bui'nsicLe——-—-—-———.——.—-.«.—.- 94 B a r r y B o l l i n g e r - - * — - — — - - - ^ — 9 5 A r g Q a s a t - — — « — . ^ - ^ - - ^ - ^ - ^ - ^ ^ ^ m ™ ^ - ^ ^ ™ - 1 96 . Northwestern O n t a r i o - ™ - — — — — » — 66 Woman Lake A r e a — * - — — — — — — ; — — — - — b 9 7 Sturgeon Lake A r e a — — — — — - • 96 C h a p t e r ! ? Quebec L o c a t i o n and extent of a r e a — — — — 1 0 0 H i s t o r y — — — . — . - — 100 Genera], s t a t e m e n t — — — - — — — « — 10s C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the Deposits • — 103 Conclusions r e g a r d i n g producing p r o p e r t i e s — — 105 Geology — — - — — — 106 Table o f F o r m a t i o n s — — — " — — — 108 De s c r i p t i o n , o f Promotions — - » - . - , - — 1 0 7 F o l d i n g i n the A r e a — — - — 108 Ore D s p o s i t s — — — — — — H O D e s c r i p t i o n o f p r o p e r t i e s — — — — --—-.»—»—..~ I l l VI Contents P o w e l l Vein- — S l s c c e Granada B o u y a — — t P B r i e n e l a t e s — — — p a r t IV Kova S c o t i a Introduction-Area and E x t e n t — History—•< General Statement Future P o s s i b i l i t i e s G e neral G e o l o g y — • — — ~ Table o f F o r m a t i o n s — D e s c r i p t i o n of F o n n a t i c n s -S t i ' u c t u r e — — — — > — • — Age of the G o l d Bearing S s r i e s -Isnoous G e o l o g y — — -G e o l o g i c a l H i s t o r y -G o l d D e p o s i t i e M i n s r a l o g y - — • <—— —»-.—.--~ Character and R e l a t i o n t o Country t Ore. D i s t r i h u t i o n -- Genesis O r i g i n o f V e i n s — Ago o f V e i n s — — D e s c r i p t i o n , o f Producing D i s t r i c t s Bocic Page 113 114 116 118 119 130 130 121 122 184 126 136 126 128 152 154 135 135. IBS 137 1SS 139 1S9 140 '. TII page Montague D i s t r i c t — — — — — — ~ « . — - 140 L i s t o f I i a j i s t r a t i o n s P l a t e I . M-'-p Snowing the Gold Mines and i r e a s o f "Canada — 6(a) Pla-ce I I . p r o d u c t i o n of l o d e Gold i n £,<;» to 19S0-- - — 10(a) P l a t e I I I . B l o c k Diagram of Bridge E l v e r Gold occurrence- 27(a) Plat© IT. B l o c k Diagram o f Ore Occurrence a t C e n t r a l Manitoba P l a t e V* V e r t i c a l S e c t i o n showing geology o f the Gem Lake P l a t e V I . Transverse S e c t i o n o f the Blucmose Mine Gold'envilie 143(a) Block Diagram o f the C e n t r a l Ore Zone of the l&rtelanfi Lake PART I INTRODUCTION C o n c i d c r i n g the importance of go l d at the present time, and the wide search t h a t i s being made f o r new sources, i t was con-s i d e r e d t h a t a c o m p i l a t i o n bring' together the dep o s i t s of the Dominion would be d e s i r a b l e . I n the p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s vforlc, the i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d -i n g the d e p o s i t s 5 has been taken from the Reports and Memoirs of the G e o l o g i c a l Survey of Canada, and the Report o f the M i n i s -t o r o f Mines o f the v a r i o u s jji-oviuces. I n some eases the l a t e n t reports a v a i l a b l e were f o r the year 1929, so t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n concerning p r o d u c t i o n and produc-i n g p r o p e r t i e s t f i l l not be s t r i c t l y up to present date* Aa attempt has been, isade t o b r i n g together under one cov-e r the more important areas and mines, and to form some i d e a of the f u t u r e o f Canada ao a gjald producer's t h e r e f o r e o n l y the p r o -ducing areas and mines have been d e a l t withe The provinces have been t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r purposes o f comparison of production,.but due t o the s i m i l a r i t y of the g e o l -ogy and occurrences i n Manitoba, O n t a r i o , and Quebec, these p r o v i n c e s have been grouped together under the heading o f "Occurr-ences i n the Canadian Shield." Some co n c l u s i o n s and g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s have been a r r i v e d at, s and these w i l l be found under the heading,"Summary and Conclusion"* To Dr. S. J. S c h o f i e i a o f the G e o l o g i c a l s t a f f of the U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, the w r i t e r -..ishes to extend h i s s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r u s e f u l suggestions and advice r e c e i v e d i n the p r o p a r a t i o n of t h i s work. TEE IgL:.u?IVE XKPOrffArCE Off THIS PBO¥IKOKS AS GOLD PPQJ.UCEPS OMTAR1Q: The g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f the g o l d production of Canada comes from the province of Ontario* For many yea r s i t has been the l a r g e s t producer i n the D-aniri-i o n , producing each year an i n c r e a s i n g percentage of the t o t a l amount u n t i l i n 1930 i t s ' output ?;as over &Qf3 of the v/hole f o r the Dominion, which i s d e r i v e d m a i n l y from the Porcupine and K i r k l a n d Lake a r e a s . U n t i l r e c e n t l y the porcupine has been r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 95^ t o 97jS o f the t o t a l f o r O n t a r i o , due t o a c t i v i t i e s a t the E o l l i n g e r Mine-. K i r k l a n d Lake Camp however has been s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s i n g i t s p r o d u c t i o n and i n 1931 exceeded the output of the porcupine d i s t r i c t , ^ e Lake Shore Mine being the c h i e f producer-. Ontario has every prospect o f i n c r e a s i n g her t o t a l , s i n c e t h e r e are good v a l u e s i n d i c a t e d a t io\;er depths e s p e c i a l l y i n the K i r k l a n d Lake area* .QUEBEC Although B r i t i s h C o l u n b i a :.or many years has been second t o Ontario i n importance> and s t i l l i n i n t o t a l production-, quebee comes second i n the l i s t as a producer of Lode g o l d . Quebee has o n l y r e c e n t l y coiao i n t o •oiv.ninence us a g o l d p r o v i n c e , the f i r s t d i s c o v e r i e s being made i n 1923* There a r c rauny g o l d quarts veins' occurring i n the Ronyn-Harricancw Region and a ;;.mall production r e s u l t s from these, but the ;;:rec-;te:-:t oiaount comes froja the copper ^ o l n ores, of Jforanda. BRITISH COiJMJlA B r i t i s h Coiunbia s i n c e 1925 h-iis decreased i n lode p r o d u c t i o n and l a s t ye-..r l o s t one of i t s most important producers when the N i c k e l P i u t e Mine c l o s e d do;.n, due t o exhaustion of i t s ore bodies. The Premier Mine which has been the mainstay o f the i n d u s t r y Bio. M i n i s t e r of' Mines' Beport 1950 i n the province has a l s o shovsn a decrease i n r e s e r v e s and grade o f ores f o r the l a s t two years} and i t seems p o s s i b l e t h a t another important source w i l l soon be worked out. However, recent develop-ment i n the B r i d g e R i v e r area show promising r e s u l t s * and an i n c r e a s -ed p r o d u c t i o n from t h i s d i s t r i c t i s assured. Add t o t h i s the increas-ed p r o d u c t i o n o f the Union and Eeno mines o f the F r a n k l i n and Salmo d i s t r i c t s r e s p e c t i v e l y * and i t i s e>rpected that the t o t a l p r oduction w i l l not show a m a t e r i a l decrease* WffiSOBL I n 1228 Manitoba s t a r t e d s e r i o u s p r o d u c t i o n of g o l d from the C e n t r a l Manitoba Mine* T h i s brought the pro v i n c e i n t o f o u r t h p l a c e as a g o l d producer of the Dominion. Since t h a t time developments at the San Antonio and Gem Lake 1'iines have i n d i c a t e d mineable q u a n t i t i e s o f ore and an i n c r e a s e i n the t o t a l output o f the prov-i n c e i s almost c e r t a i n * NOVA SCOTIA The o n l y other p r o v i n c e i n Canada which produces g o l d from l o d e -mining i s Hove S c o t i a . The g o l d areas of t h i s p r o v i n c e have been known s i n c e 1857 and s t r e t c h along the ea s t e r n coast o f the province f o r a d i s t a n c e o f 275 m i l e s * The degree of a c t i v i t y has v a r i e d f r a a time to time but s i n c e the t u r n o f the century, i n t e r e s t has been l a c k i n g and consequently p r o d u c t i o n has been low. At the present time* however, some of the o l d p r o p e r t i e s are being reconditioned «itn a vim to ttvr&tng then* Shis w i l l probably bring about a a l i g h t increase of production, but i t i s hardly l i k e -l y that any great output w i l l be obtained. Minimi and SM&fiZW*. A$ As yet i s ^ hese iw> provluee*; no iotio gold- tJepoeite have booa prospects of fi&diag goM l a Saslsjatc&wm UTB not e n t i r e l y absent* no I t s Iforthera reaches arc underlain by thecanadian shield.' i t i s i n t h i s s h i e l d tbat thus gold deposits of Oatsrio, Manitoba m& q«ol>ee occur* Gaaaagt laj?c^po^iaon g j l ^ o v ^ ^ otita^lcgj, •Siu«8 the Sl0c*vis?y of the goM deposits at Porcupine .aM K i r k -I-alro, Canada has bann one of the leading gold jsrodueero of the world. •Until r e c e n t l y , ohc has boon t h i r d i a r i d production v i t h South A f r i c a . f i r s t astl Oaltod States eoeond* Dae to the wg^anoioa Increase firoja Ontario, Canada has gradually rime, i a t o t a l prodaotioa on« i a 1S20 «x»ee«©a, thr..% of tfae Oaltefl Statea f o r th© f i r s t tis$e# Borlag 1931 GaWida"'again increased her t o t a l output and at the present t&ao i s aocoafi mil$ to Soatso A f r i c a * With farther increase,© t a aiyht Canada should e a s i l y js&iataia he* preocart? poaitioa as a prod-'aoay of nel<£« U i n e r a l s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h Gold P y r i t e and o r s e n o p y r i t e occur i n the m a j o r i t y o f the de p o s i t s and are o f t e n the most abundant m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t . S p h a l e r i t e g e n e r a l l y occurs i n s n a i l amounts and i s sonetines used as an i n d i c a t o r o f g o l d v a l u e s as a t the premier Mine i n B. C» Of the other s u l p h i d e s galena and c h x l c o p y r i t s v.va i n v a r i a b l y present i n v a r y i n g amounts I n Nova S c o t i a there i s one deposit o f a u r i f e r o u s s t i b n i t e which i s worked a t the West Gore Mine. The g o l d generally occurs i n the f r e e s t a t e but some dep o s i t s have an abundance of t e l l u r i d e s . The t e l i u r l d e s of gold v;hich occur are c a l a v e r i t e , s y l v a n i t e and p e t s i t e * G a l a v e r i t e and p e t a i t e occur a t l & r k l a n d Lake and s y l v a n i t e and p e t z i t e a t Porcupine. S y l v a n i t e i s the economic m i n e r a l a t •1 Premier. I n the N i c k e l ' P l a t e Mine a t Hedley B* Ov the gold occurs associa-ted w i t h a r s e n o p y r i t c but there i s no d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n between the tiro m i n e r a l s * GTSTCTTS P . 1 & 5 I n those mines i n which the gold i s a s s o c i a t e d v?ith p y r i t e there i s not one- case i n which there i s a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n betv.eon the two minerals.* Equal amount o f p y r i t e nay assay anything from zero t o § 1 0 0 per t o n . On the P o w e l l and Chadbourne claims i n Quebec a r e l a t i o n was found between the g o l d content and. g r a i n o f p y r i t e ; the g o l d being i n v e r s e l e y p r o p o r t i o n a l to the g r a i n of p y r i t e . The gangue m i n e r a l s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h g o l d deposits are i n v a r i a b l y , q uartz and c a l c i t e . Sometimes the q u a r t z shows a pegma'title c h a r a c t e r as a t porcupine. Porcupine Gold Area O.D.M BepoW'l934 P.41 R e l a t i o n of S o l a Deposits "Us-She Type of Igneous Books I r o n a study o f the many g o l d mines of Canada, one i s s t r u c k w i t h t h e c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n o f the de p o s i t s w i t h a c i d r o c k s . Y<V G. M i l l e r suggested that the g o l d ores of porcupine were l i k e l y the r e s u l t s o f g r a n i t i c i n t r u s i o n s and tha t the immense quant-i t y of quartz had been d e r i v e d as a d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n product from the magma, Share the quarts has been crushed, the g r a i n s show an i n t e r -l o c k i n g c h a r a c t e r such as I s seen i n g r a n i t e . A p e g m a t i t i e c h a r a c t e r o f the q u a r t s i s shown by the presence of f e l d s p a r a t H o l l i n g e r Mine, The r e l a t i o n o f qua r t s v e i n s to pegmatite, a p l i t e and g r a n i t e has been noted by s e v e r a l w r i t e r s , C* K. Tan H i s e i n the B l a c k H i l l s o f South Dakota noted t h e . P r i n c i p l e s o f North;.American ^ o ^ a m t e l a n Geology 'TS S.+S. S.u' ' 16th Annual .Rfpoffi, g r a d u a l t r a n s i t i o n from i n t r u s i v e g r a n i t e through pegmatite dykes, and a dec r e a s i n g amount o f f e l d s p a r t o q u a r t z v e i n s remote from tne g r a n i t e . J . E. Spurr i n "The Geology o f the Yukon Gold D i s t r i c t . , A l a s k a " B u l l g' S G S "~]jgg6 refers t o a set of younger quarts v e i n s -4& M i l e Creek and says, "They o f t e n c o n t a i n a l i t t l e f e l d s p a r and sometimes by an in c r e a s e i n the amount o f t h i s m i n e r a l pass i n t o a v a r i e t y o f f i n e pegmatite. This i n time seems to be t r a n s i t i o n a l I n to a course a p l i t e which i s very abundant* Lindgren i n speaking of the Gold Deposits o f Daklonega 6a*. says t h a t The (^'ld'Deposits'-' of Dahione'gg ''.OaTlfs G S B u i . Ho.'SQff" ^ "they are e n t i r e l y s i m i l a r to other a u r i f e r o u s quartz v e i n s o f C a l -i f o r n i a and A u s t r a l i a and t h a t i n n l l these i t seems a probable h&pti ..hunts Lhafc iiio g o l d van tfea g m i i t l e saagaa aafi eepuratefi f r o s i i t d u r i n g the co.-lxs-g proa-acs ana" cari'leu t o tlva ^eiita £n tbs forja of imgnstie ^ater# We G. f i l l e r end 0* I?* 25aigbt g i v e a a i s i l a r o r i g i n f o r t i l e SoM dop'**8it<: :-.vt B e l a r o Mine ana afijaaoats o r o p o r t l a s i n S» E* On t a r i o She. Pre .Qaaffilggi (teojfegy o f S.^ath jfee/jtara ^ j o y j f f i Da Lounoy l a n23ie E o r l d ' e Gold" r e f e r s t« the r e l a t i o n of g e l d t o s r a a i t i e roc&e* Ssraaorsfc i a the u&?l*$ tliurfc ©ocas c e r t a i n votas o f n i c r o g r u n i t e ^ h i c h con:..uin t h i n v*>iaa ©f auri£«rous tiuarts» 1* i l u a g the e a s t e r n contact of tho Cuaat- Bangs BsthOiith; S? Irtish CfeloaMa 2* jLlung tao e u c t o r a an& soafca&ra a&ataet o f tl» wast SJoatney B a t n o i i t h ; — S r i t i a h Gal.:»bia 3* l a t h a Canadlaa S h i e l d 4« Along the east coast o f Novo S c o t i a _E JSaca nreo i a cJ&ttrae&erl&ofl by th© pressaaoe of g r a n i t i e Sa» t r u a l v a a of S a t l i u l i t i i i o ai»e* 2, -33i© sol u t i o n i s which caused1 tho gold d e p o s i t s ropre&ont th© a w © a c i d i c o^oaatl«aa &'-rlng th® c o o l i n g atagais of the B»tholiths» JD 2frat fcha i n t w o i a n a -^Siiaii brought the g o l d bfc-.xlng o o l u t l o a a are of fou» ages* 1» Coast Jtonge BathQlith*---™''-^^ £» 'west Kootnay Bathullth*-««-«-~-^-«*»^^tri-saoic and Miocene S.» Canadian S h i e l d • •••Pro<:a-;;by-imi~«~"->Al^ c^ .aa pt^mrjy and C o a c l t i ^ l o a 33*e d e p o s i t s of o&aado « r o £oua3 to occur i a f o u r areas* 4. Nova S c o t i a - - — — ' _ —------Devonian 32 That the d e p o s i t s i n the Canadian s h i e l d are a l l found along the arer.s o f Major syne l i n e s . I t i s q u i t e probable t h a t the d e p o s i t s o f t h i s r e g i o n were f o r m e r l y of much wider extent but have s i n c e been eroded away on the a n t i c l i n e s , w h i l e those i n the s y n c l i n e s have been preserved. J? That the g o l d occurs f o r the most p a r t i n the f r e e s t a t e w i t h t e l l u r i c ! e s present i n iionor quantities<> G That the present tendency i s f o r t l i o t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n o f Canada t o i n c r e a s e r a t h e r then decrease* u u H 0) 0) O a fj 5 ttO a> o U aj 3 -H U -H O S 1-1 " \ l N"\ LTN^O mm m CCCXJSKHOS' IE BHJ35BH C M W t t B r i t i s h Columbia I n t r o d u c t i o n I n the e a r l y h i s t o r y o f the province B r i t i s h Columbia was noted f o r her r i c h p l a c e r d e p o s i t s . The d e p o s i t s are c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n t h a t they are short l i v e d , and w h i l e they are w o n d e r f u l l y r i c h f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d o f time, i t i s the lod e mines t h a t form the backbone o f the industi'y. The lode g o l d Mines o f B, C* occur i n d e f i n i t e trends throughout the p r o v i n c e . 3?rom the A t l i n d i s t r i c t i n the North they are s c a t t e r e d along the E a s t e r n s i d e o f the Coust Range B a t h o l i t h as f a r south as the Ooquehalla area,*. • ....... I n the i n t e r i o r o f B* C« they occur on the South and Eas t o f the Kootnay B a t h o l i t h i n the Osyoos and Larfieau* Grand Fortes* TJair and Nelson d i s t r i c t s . For the past f i v e years t h e lode p r o d u c t i o n has been between three and f o u r m i l l i o n d o l l a r s and i t i s q u i t e l i k e l y t h a t t h i s p r o d u c t i o n w i l l be kept up i n the .future* History. P r i o r t o 1893 the t o t a l g o l d output o f B. 0* came from P l a c e r workings * However., d u r i n g t h i s year l o d e mines produced 1170 ounces * coming from the T r a i l Creek, Osyoos and Golcen Camps* I n 1897 the Nelson comp added a p p r e c i a b l y to the t o t a l l o d e p r o d u c t i o n * The year 1901 saw the Boundary Rosslend camps begin o p e r a t i o n s * These were g o l d copper p r o p e r t i e s from which the g o l d w.aa a b s t r a c t e d by s m e l t i n g . The N i c k e l P l a t e Mine a t Hedloy, which was bein g prospected i n 1897 s t a r t e d m i l l i n g i n 1904. This became one o f the s t e a d i e s t producing mines o f t h e pro v i n c e and c l o s e d down i n 1931 a f t e r approximately 30 years o f p r o d u c t i o n * .. -10-in ±Ul£ Lcdc gold p r o d u c t i o n reached I t s peak w i t h a t o t u i o f over Sg- a i l l i o n d o l l a r s * During tho war- y e a r s t h e r e was a sharp d e c l i n e i n output with .BciEi&iry -and Rossi--.*nd- pro^aciag afcoufc of th© t o t a l * Surf I n l e t reached t h e p r o & t a i s g s t ^ g s i n 191?* and continual protraction f o r t e n yecre, d u r i n g which t i e s i t prediscsa .58 .000,000 m p t l i of g o l d * The m e t iD^artcaat f-sstnr© cis.ee the «or l i e s i n the detsiopMeat ©f tl» Bceaier isiae* 5Ms -started s s U l i a g i a and has term ©till the largest yearly predtwap of go l d - i n the pnwinee* Sine© 2927 omit i n t e r e s t h s c haoa talasa l a ths? -Bridge River a r o a r tfhers the l o r n s aad. Piwaeer Propertia® Oftm** f h o Pioneer Kline has been produ&tsg on an i n c r e a s e d scale f o r the l a s t two years a»& th© Lome at prsssufc i s c * ^ t r t t c i i a g u i a i i i * i Two other new producers -are Union, i n the Grand pork d i s t r i c t and Eon© i n the Sales area* Tho recent depression has caused a further i n t e r e s t to be taken i n gold-raining and nnny pr o s p e c t s a r e now beir.g worked* She Chief Sources o f O o l d i a B* C* at the present time are: X* BceBaior • 4*. Union 6* B i g MUfeourl 7* As a by-product frtaa the copper or--a of Aayox aad BH-tnaia 10(a) p l a t e H A sketch o f the f j e o i i g i e a l h i s t o r y of B r i t i s h Columbia, shops t h a t there was a continuous d e p o s i t i o n o f sediments u n t i l M i d dle J u r a s s i c t i n e . F o l l o w i n g t h i s t h ere was u p l i f t and f o l d i n g which In Upper J u r a s s i c t i n e s e u l a l n a t e d w i t h the i n t r u s i o n of the Coast Range and S e l k i r k B a t h o l i t h s . These b a t h o l i t h s caused eor.oi&erable metamorphosis o f the o l d e r sediments and brought with them m i n e r a l i z i n g s o l u t i o n s which have caused the l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f the ore d e p o s i t s * S* J o S c h o f i e l d gives the m c t a l l o g e n i a epochs o f B* C* "ICIyTjSel^ 'G* B S ^ i r ' ISPTPT"^ as follows.:. Deposits depending upon e r u p t i o n o f Igneous rocks., Recent. i . ... P l e i s t o c e n e . p l i o c e n e — - — ^ — - — — — — - - — — - - ' - ^ H M e r c u r y o r e s . Kamloops M i o c e n e — — — — — - — — C o p p e r o r e . Boundary D i s t r i c t - Q l i g o e e n e — — — - — — — — c o p p e r o r e s . Sunlock p r o p e r t y £ o c e n e ; — — — L e a d ores* Monarch F i e l d H a z e l t o n C r e t a c e o u s - — — — — — — -J u r a s s i c - — — — — Copper o r e s - Anyos, B r i t a n n i a , Rossland S^arble Bay, Copper Mountain S i l v e r Lead ores Salmon R i v e r , A l i c e Arm, Monarch U i n a , slocan, Ainesv.-orth Gold o r e s — - — - B r i d g e R i v e r , C o u u i h a l l a N i c k e l Slate, Salman R i v e r Iron, ores . . -12--l i a g n c t i t e s Plat.Lnium-Yancouver i s l a n d -xiilameen Carboniferous Devonian S i l u r i a n O r d i v i c i a n Cambrian B s l t i a n : Shuswap —Copper ores* -East Kootnay, ftercell, S i l l s The f o r e g o i n g t a b l e snows t h a t the m a j o r i t y o f g o l d d e p o s i t s i n B* G« belong t o the J u r a s s i c p e r i o d o f m i n e r a l i z a t i o n * Work by Gunning i n the Lardean.area showed,, however, g o l d quartz G s i > ' ' ^ ^ i ? T K r ^ p r ^ v e i n s t o be as s o c i a t e d w i t h the Kuskauarc g r a n i t e o f probable Miocene Age* Drysd a l e , showed i n the Rossland d i s t r i c t t h a t t h e r e were two periods Dry s c a l e C. irJ«" " GT ST~C« MemTT7~Kr^5-95^ of m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , the f i r s t being the copper ores belonging t o the J u r a s s i c * These copper ores he found t o be br-ecciated and cemented toge t h e r ago i n by the g o l d , thus p r o v i n g the l a t e r age of the g o l d • He p l a c e s the age o f the g o l d m i n e r a l i s a t i o n as Mioeeaa* Thus ages o f the gold, d e p o s i t s may be -grouped then as f o l l o w s : 1» p r e - C a m b r i a n — — — - — — p u r e e l l S i l l s unimportant 2o J u r a s s i c — — — — — — . — S a l m o n .River n i c k e l p l a t e Bridge R i v e r C o q u i h a l l a very important 3* Miocene — — L a r d e a n v e i n s and Rossland Copper ores R e l a t i v e l y unimportant a t present '-15- • Description o f Areas and -Mines Salmon R i v e r Area S i t u a t i o n s . • The Salmon B i v e r Area i s s i t u a t e d at the hend of the P o r t l a n d Casal and i n c l u d e s the Premier end. Big Missouri gold mines» As the P o r t l a n d C a n a l cuts r i g h t through the Coast Range B a t h o l i t h the area i s s i t u a t e d adjacent t o the e a s t e r n contact o f the b a t h o l i t h . The r o c k s outcropping i n the area are a l l Jurassic i n age hut arc covered, i n places by patches of p l e i s t o c e n e g l a c i a l d e l t e r i s . The oldest exposed rocks are the red raid green t u f f s of the Bear R i v e r formation rrhieh cover the l a r g e r part of the area sad c o n t a i n the ore d e p o s i t s . Ths epoch of the Bcwr Biver format i o n vas .followed by one of sedimentation i n ^ h i c h was l a i d ucsm the Salroon R i v e r and Baas R i v e r s e r i e s . The Salman R i v e r series consists of e few f eet of conglomerate which separates t h e t u f f o f the Bear R i v e r formation and the s l a t e s o f the JJass f o r m a t i o n . The folioviing i s a t a b l e of formations t h a t occur i n the a r e a . Quaternary : p l i o s t c c e n e and Recent • t G r a v e l s , sands : ;and G l a c i a l d r i f t : . : . i TMconformlty :?liai©r»phyre: dyfes * m^ruMvc .contact *• * * '$$mrfm d i o r i t o dykes •Jntr.us.ive contact Meaozoic * Jurassic -14-Coast Range G r a n o d i o r i t e B a t h o i i t h I n t r u s i v e contact 'iSxss formation: Slates Salmon R i v e r : Conglomerates formation : Bear R i v e r • Agglomerates formation : and t u f f s Following the .period-of .sedimentation.there x-as u p l i f t and f o l d i n g which was f o l l o w e d by i n t e n s e igneous a c t i v i t y , c o n s i s t i n g of the i n t r u s i o n of the Premier Porphyry and the Coast Range Botholith with i t s l a t e r phases. She Premier porphyry according to S c h o f i s i d and Hanson" was i n t r u d e d before the p e r i o d o f f o l d i n g i n the f o r a o f s i l l s along, the bedding planes o f the Bear .River formation. A f t e r the i n t r u s i o n o f the B o t h o l i t h igneous a c t i v i t y continxiocl u n t i l l a t e i n the J u r a s s i c , and shows i t s e l f i n the lscny d i k e s both a c i d i c and b a s i c vkich cut a l l the formations i n the a r e a . M i n e r a l i s a t i o n Mineralisetiqn of the area i s intense and c o n s i s t s c h i e f l y o f galena, sphalerite, p y r i t e , chalccpyrite and ?,-old, i n a quartz gangue. This Mineralization was probably a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the c l o s i n g stages o f the Coast.Range B a t h o i i t h . 2ho r o j u r i t y <-f the prcperties are worked f o r t h e i r s i l v e r coateat oat the r.ost important mine in the d i s t r i c t although started as a s i l v e r property hoe been one of the crentest producers of gold i a the province* l a the oxidised aone s i l v e r values have been concentrated fey secondary enricht.ie:nt, and i t i s now generally asaunod that the r i c h values i s the upper wor?singG of the Premier sSL.no vrero due to this cause. Future of the iMstyjiot ' During the past few years the output and grafts of ore at the premier have fcotfc been lower and I t i s objected that the nine w i l l aces bo worked out* She ether gold ctineo i n the area are m yet only i n the develop-ment stage and Detains definite i s known of the sise of their bodies* However there i s one promising feature of the d i s t r i c t end that i s the fact that n i l the deposits hove aoco £old ttemtesst although i t may be a a s l l * f h i s fact should be a stimulus to «old prospecting and i t would not be a surprise i f other large deposits of gold were found* Oa the whole then, i t would seaTj as though th© itaadiate future would see a decrease i n the gold output; but, though the area s&j never reach as high a production as i t has had i n the past, there i s reason to believe that i t w i l l i n tho future s t i l l contribute appreciably to the t o t a l output of tho provinces* Description of g r ^ a e r t i a s S c a l e r ffijaa - Preaier Mine i s situated about ©laves, r&les r.arfch of Stewart, at the head of the Portland Oanal. Tho workings are on tho Wectcrn elope of the Bear River Ridge on, Cascade Creek j u s t n o r t h o f the B. C. A l a s k a boundary. The p r o p e r t y has been known s i n c e 1914, and during t h e yeard t o 1919, s e v e r a l companies explored, t h e ground* I n the f a l l o f 1919 the American S m e l t i n g and B s f i n i n g Company a c q u i r e d an i n t e r e s t and f o l l o w e d out a p l a n o f development, v.hieh brought the mine i n t o p r o d u c t i o n i n 1920. S i n c e t h a t time t h e pr o p e r t y has been the l a r g e s t producer o f g o l d i n t h e p r o v i n c e . However* d u r i n g the l a s t two o r th r e e y e a r s , p r o d u c t i o n has f a l l e n o f f , due t o a lower grade o f or© and a lower tonnage* Unless new reserves; o f o r e are: found i t i s expected t h a t t h e mine w i l l soon be worked o u t. Geology She geology o f the mine c o n s i s t s o f the green e a d e s i t i c t u f f o f th e Bear E l v e r fcrp.ie.tion A t the mine t h i s r o c k i s u s u a l l y c e l l e d greenstone. The t u f f i s fine , g r a i n e d i n t e x t u r e and i s i n t r u d e d "by masses o f t h e q u a r t z porphyry .known, a s Bremiar porphyry. B i •1920 S c h o f i e l d and- Hanson c l a s s e d t h i s porphyry as s i l l s * B oth the greenstone and the porphyry have been h i g h l y sheared and a r e c u t by two s e t a o f d y k e s — A n o l d e r l i g h t c o l o r e d quartz d i o r i t e o r granodio-ride type and. a younger lamprophyro. Bu r t o n c l a s s e s these dykes as p r e * M n e r a l i n age hut S c h o f i e l d W.'-D. Burtoa'r^jre'Jteposltlon'&¥'ffi<Ser'"aine 1*. G* Geology sept* 1926 p» 53.* foil-and Hanson b e l i e v e them t o b e f o r e . S. ~J*~S~chofleld and G» Hanson ' r .Memoir138 "j>»63" Both the t u f f s and the porphyry have been g r e a t l y a l t e r e d by shearing s t r e s s e s producing much c h l o r i t e one s e r i c i t e . F u r t h e r a l t e r a t i o n has been brought about by i n t e n s e s a l i f i c a t i o n and i n spots i s almost white i n c o l o r * -1?-T h i s s i l i f i e a t l o n r a s caused by the ore b e a r i n g s o l u t i o n s . Values have been found both i n the greenstone and the porphyry but i t i s the porphyry i n which th© main v a l u e s occur, those i n the greenstone being q u i t e low. T h i s might" be e x p l a i n e d by the f a c t t h a t the porphyry b e i n g the more b r i t t l e r o c k f r a c t u r e d t o a greater- e x t e n t w h i l e t h e t u f f tended t o f l o w under the a p p l i e d p r e s s u r e . The porphyry then would form the best channel along which the ore b e a r i n g s o l u t i o n s c o u l d m i g r a t e . She v e i n s are o f the replacement type and occur i a f r a c t u r e zones developed along the t u f f porphyry c o n t a c t . We D« Burtons 'ore i m p o s i t i o n a t foamier' Mine* Economic Geology Sept 2SS6 p» §87 , ^ Y The ore occurs a l o n g two main shear Zones known as t h e K o r t h East Zone and t h e N o r t h West Zone. The f r a c t u r i n g i s concentrated a l o n g the contact between the porphyry mass end the greenstone. The main or Ivforth - ' • : . ' • ' I B •-O © «*' E a s t a r e -zone s t r i k e r s H 50 I , w h i l e the n o r t h west zone s t r i k e s 1 40 W. The N o r t h West zone i s not as w e l l d e f i n e d as the ITorth E a s t , but where i t j o i n s the main zone, m i n e r a l i s a t i o n i s i n t e n s e . At the j u n c t i o n o f the two oz"6 isones the s u l p h i d e body i s v e r y wide due t o the p e r m e a b i l i t y o f the depth, and the s u l p h i d e body becomes narrower and lower i n grade. M i n e r a l i z e t i o n The ore i s composed m a i n l y of heavy s u l p h i d e s w i t h p y r i t e being by f a r the most abundant. The gangue i s c h i e f l y q u a r t z , A d u l a r i a , w i t h some C a l c i t e and A l ' o i t e , Galena, C h a l c o p y r i t e and a goodly amount" of S p h a l e r i t e occur. «I8~ 2ae presence of s p h a l e r i t e i n placets i a a f Ir i n d i c a t i o n o f g o l d VtilGBB* f r a c t u r i n g continued duriag; d e p o s i t i o n of ta© ore w i t h the major eovesents a e c u r i a s early i n t h e process* T a t x ^ h o d r i t e i s feuad i a s&ssiv© fona i a the upper 660 feet-* ELeatrun occurs, tla^aughwut the whole deposit and alrsost say s p e c i -men, a f t e r c a r e f u l sKatsimttioa w i l l ' she® the la-eaeace of t h i s c i l l o y * Sbi*» a l l e y i s prchsMy r e s p o n s i b l e f o r tho gold alffemgh coca* frtra sold has town noted , j6#©aatdt©t Bolybhoit© a»a l ^ r a r g y r i t e occur rut a r c present ehlefly' i a tho upper m r & s & a * l l s t i v e s i l v e r ooeurs along fraeSares l a tfee vein* A f t e r t h e i r survey i a 1920 S e f c o f i o l d and Hcnson attr i b u t e d the k i r n s i I v o r v a l u e s t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n by secondory enrieheent ,nd s t a t e d that zh&y 'v-:mM d i n i n i s h v&th depth. She values occurred o a l y ei«os fjmxtotrw i a tlm jtriiauxy oro *'•**&• were not to the ©olid v e i n n a f c e r i a l * Both .ruby ellves? and n a t i v e s i l v e r oeour i a t&e upjwr I w e l e , tot /eve/ the proaance of high s i l v e r v a l u e s below the t h i r d A i e quifco r i - r e . There sesaas to be l i t t l e doubt t h a t thr, ore bt w r i a g s o l u t i o n s respaaaibl© f o r the deposit^ ©wsusated as a f i s a l |?Haso of tho coast Bcfflge J t a t b o i i t h * At .soveml p l a c e s , v i r t u a l l y on the c o n t a c t of tho b e t h o i i t h , occur v e i n i o t s of p y r r f c o t l t o , s p h a l e r i t e , p y r i t c , galeae., c h c l o o p y r i t e , c a r r y i n g iov? gold and s i l v e r v a l u e s * The occurences appear t o bo g e n e t i c a l l y connected w i t h the batholith as t o o r i g i n , and th e n a t u r a l i n f e r e n c e i a , that the viono o f p y r i t e g a l e a e — s i n c b i e n d e v e i n s found so w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d w i t h i n a d i s t a n c e o f t h r e e m i l e s e a s t o f the contact i s of s i m i l a r a r i g i n . B u rton says t h a t a rough zoning i s i n d i c a t e d , beginning w i t h W."B. Burton: "' Ore" D e p o s i t i o n a t Pr'emier~Mine Economic Geology Sept 1926 PV 601 p y r r h o t i t e v e i n l e t s coming through v e i n l e t s o f e h a i c o p y r i t s • p y r i t e , galena,, and zinehlende f i n a l l y c u l m i n a t i n g w i t h t the Beemier d e p o s i t . The mine has been developed down to t h e s i x t h l e v e l , where c a l y one stopc i s working <> B a r i n g t h e pa s t year seme f o o t w a l l and hanging w a l l s t r i n g e r s were mined out. Outside o f these the prospects of f i n d i n g nes ore bodies do not appear very b r i g h t . The output o f the M i l and the grade o f ore have been decreasing f o r s e v e r a l years and unless some new bodies ere found the end o f the mine i s i n sight« Bi g . Missouri. •&rou|f Another mine i n the Salmon R i v e r area which produced g o l d during 1951., i s the B i g M i s s o u r i . A few tons -of concentrates were, shipped t o th© ©rail Smelter from the s m a l l t e s t m i l l on the p r o p e r t y . The p r o p e r t y i s s i t u a t e d about 5 m i l e s n o r t h o f pre m i e r , on H a r r i s Creek. The claims cover both f l a n k s and the summit o f what i s known as B l g : M i s s o u r i Ridge*: She p r o p e r t y i s c o n t r o l l e d by the Consolidated J-Jinining and Smelting Co* which has done a g r e a t d e a l of development work. .AAcrosscutt t u n n e l was d r i v e n through the r i d g e from east t o west f o r a di s t a n c e o f app-r o x i m a t e l y SC'OO f e e t and a s m a l l amount of s t o p i n g has been done. The t u n n e l i s i n green sheared t u f f s o f the Bear Paver formation* -ao-Ho porphyry occurs i n the t u n n e l i t s e l f but j u s t south and east of i t there are s e v e r o l outcrops© Ihe t u f f s have been cut by s e v e r a l generations o f quartz v e i n s and have been a c t i v e l y impregnated by p y r i t e , g a l e n a , and s p h a l e r i t e * The l a t e s t i n v a s i o n o f q u a r t s , v?hich occurs or. eras 11 gash v e i n s , c a r r i e s good values i a f r e e g o l d * I t i s on these v e i n s t h a t the s t o n i n g hue been done. The v e i n s are not continuous and are hard t o f o l l o w * They s t r i k e approximately due n o r t h and south but as yot t h e i r extent has not been determined. Mining o p e r a t i o n s were suspended i n September 1931, but develop-•riant by dlaaond d r i l l was continued i n order to make a complete t e s t o f the p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f the property* ^ ghe^ Salmon Gold The Salmon Gold §roup of c l a i n s i s s i t u a t e d on the Y?eet s i d e o f Suiarait Lake about 10 .niiles n orth o f B i g M i s s o u r i , This p r o p e r t y has shorn c o n s i s t e n t g o l d v a l u e s i n the neighborhood o f $20 per t o n . The g o l d i s contained i n a l a r g e body o f p y r r h o t i t e which, i s c l o s e to;.a g r s n o d i o r i t e i n t r u s i o n * ' £aring the • sua^er o f 1931 an o p t i o n n?as takon on the propert y by the premier company and diaoond d r i l l i n g was s t a r t e d . R e s u l t s o f the d r i l l i n g are not o b t a i n a b l e but i.ere s u f f i c i e n t l y encouraging to j u s t i f y f u r t h e r work i n 1933. Brid g e B i v e r Area. S i t u a t i o n At the present t i n e a t t e n t i o n i s being focused on the Bridge-R i v e r d i s t r i c t due t o the a c t i v i t i e s o f the pioneer and Lome Gold Mines. • . Tae B r i u r e R i v e r area I s s i t u a t e d northwest o f L i l l o o e t on the o « P. G. 2. POy, 3 c :.re:-> l i e s between l a t i t u d e s 50 40 and 51 05 and longitudes 122 -9: and 123 t?» 32© raoGt important part of the area i s that along codwailrider Creek on which the Lome and Pioneer Gold mines are situated® The area i s s i t u a t e d on the Eastern contact o f tho Coast Range B - t n o l i t h and contains soae of the rugged coast d i s t r i c t and some o f the i n t e r i o r p l a t e a u . General Geology Tho o i d i e s t r o c k s o c c u r r i n g are p a l a e o z o i c sediments o f Pe n n a y l -v-f-nias and Permian age knows s s the Bridge Elver s c r i e s . ©isse occupy about 7SJS of the cr©a aad a m w e l l .. -'eloped i a the v a l l e y o f the B r i d g e R i v e r . Above these cose a s c r i e s of Selassie - m l e a s i e s * . These i n t u r n a r c o v e r l a i n unccnfoiTnably by a s o r i c s o f Spper Oh-iassic sediments c o n s i s t i n g o f Conglomerate sandotonc, c i * y s t a i l i a e l i m estone and dolomite.known as the Cadwalioder s e r i e s * Upper J u r a s s i c time i s one o f ispox'taaeo i n tho area f o r d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d there was i n t r u d e d an c a g i t e c i o r i t e s t o c k w i t h which t h e g o l d b e a r i n g v e i n s a r e b e l i e v e d t o be gene t i c a l l y connected. % • • T h i s s t o c k , i s overlain unconXormably by the Eldorado s e r i e s i T ^ t e K m ' i g ^ ^ ^ p ^ X ^ ^ v ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ° ^ ^ r t ° l ^ ^ of thin-bedded ssdimeats. .This, -series .is of Lower C r e t a c i c o s Age and i s i n t r u d e d by a sacs o f q u a r t s d i o r i t e . S h i s quarts d i o r i t o mass i s c l a s s e d as post-lower C r o t e c i o u s cjia i s known as the ©sador quarts d i o r i t o * I t has the form of a small b . t h c l i t h and i s w e l l developed i a tho 2. Ben-dor Mountains whore i t cuts both the ©ridge Elver aad Cadwallader • • • • • ~2S~ ' s«~c.~HSoii- " f f i T l f c ^ s o r i e o . In tho n o r t h e r n p o r t o r the area i t i s aeen as \7edce«sbapsdl .saasses c a t t i n g the Eldorado s e r i e s * Of approximately the same age, and c u t t i n g the stock a r e a s c r i e s of l i g h t colored porphyry dykes which consist c h i e f l y of pure a l b i t o . I hey are c l o s e l y associated w i t h the qua r t s veins and occupy the same f i s s u r e s * . Tho Oiigocene was another period of volcanic and igneous a c t i v -i t y , r;hich f i r s t l a i d down u l a y e r of t u f f and lava r e s t i n g i s places on l i g n i t e b e a r i n g "sediaeats* F o l l o w i n g t h i s there tma en in t r u s i o n of a l i g h t c o l o r e d porphyry kaoim as the Eezraount porphyry* A t approx-i m a t e l y the asise time vere i n t r u d e d d i o r i t e porphyry dykes n i t h GfciCh are a s s o c i a t e d soce antimony d e p o s i t s . She eg© of these dykes i s not d e f i n i t e l y known but tlney a r e l a t e r than •the Bender d i e - r i t e ~:hich i s cut .by. the©* • The Quaternary p e r i o d c o n s i s t s c h i e f l y o f t h e d e p o s i t i o n of g l a c i a l and stream gravels ^ i t h a l i t t l e v o l e e a i c e s h , the l a s t t o be l a i d Sotm* • Ecensgic Geoiogffi Tho nost important forraatioa i n the t$roa as regards g o l d deposits i s the A-Ugito d i o r i t e stock* According t o HaCann 'this s t o c k -eyas probably i n t r u d e d a t the close of Dpper Jurassic time and mj be g e n e t i c a l l y related t o e a r l y sjoveaenta of the Goaot Bangs B a t h o l i t h . Tills i s evidenced by the f a c t that the st o c k cuts the Ccdv.aiiuder a e r i e s of Upper ©classic age and i s o v e r l a i n by Loser C r e t a c i o u s oedinsents o f the Eldorado a e r i e s . The s t o c k being a hur;ogeneaus nacs of b r i t t l e r o ck l e n t i t s e l f e a s i l y t o deformation by s t r e s s e s . The s t r e s s e s snowed themselves i n too systems o f f i s s u r e s normal t o one another. One s t r i k e s n o r t h East and the o t h e r North West. These f i s s u r e s have been f i l l e d w i t h hydro-thermal s o l u t i o n s which caused the g o l d q u a r t s v e i n s . She s o l u t i o n s caused c o n s i d e r a b l e a l t e r a t i o n of. the • H a l l r o c k but t h e g o l d v a l u e s a r e contained o n l y w i t h i n the v e i n s * The g o l d q u a r t s v e i n s a r e r e l a t i v e l y absent i n the sourroundlng sediments* This i s prabalsly clue t o the more b r i t t l e nature 03? the s t o c k which would f r a c t u r e undex' the a p p l i e d s t r e s s e s , w h i l e the sediments would tend t o c l o s e the f r a c t u r e by flowage* M i n e r a l i z a t i o n The .gangus o f the v e i n s c o n s i s t s m a i n l y o f quarts and c a i c i t e w i t h s m a l l amounts of s e r i c i t e , s i d e i ' i t e and dolomite* The m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l s present are t e l l u r i d e , a r s e n o p y r i t e , p y r i t e c h a l c o p y r i t e , s t i b n i t e , g a l e na, s p h a l e r i t e , t e t r a h e d r i t e and f i n e golds I n p l a c e s the g o l d i s s u f f i c i e n t l y concentrated i n the f r e e s t a t e j so as t o be seen w i t h the naked eye. I t a l s o occurs i n f i n e l y d i v i d e d p a r t i c l e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h and o f the f o l l o w i n g m i n e r a l s ; p y r i t e , a r s e n o p y r i t c c h a l c o p y r i t e , t e l l u r i d e , and s t i b n i t e . A l l these minerals are c o n s i d e r e d as i n d i c a t o r s o f g o l d values Ho v a l u e s have been found i n the w a l l r o c k . P i n c h i n g and s w e l l i n g F r a c t u r e s caused by dynamic s t r e s s e s are u s u a l l y curved or warped i n s t e a d of s t r a i g h t . T h i s has been the case i n the a u g i t e d i o r i t e s t o c k and as a r e s u l t the v e i n s which f i l l e d "Ghese f i s s u r e s are i n c l i n e d t o 1 pinch, and s w e l l . The p i n c h i n g o f a v e i n t o a aero s t r i n g e r does not mean the end o f the v e i n hut f u r t h e r development g e n e r a l l y shows t h a t the v e i n widens up aga i n . p o s t - o r e f a u l t s p o s t ore f a u l t i n g has caused a pronounced shee t i n g o r r i b b o n e f f e c t i n the v e i n s . The sheets or bands are p a r a l l e l t o the w a l l s and are separated by t h e i r t h i n f i l m s o f gouge and s u l p h i d e s . I n p l a c e s *<vhere s l i k e n s i d e d s u r f a c e occur, t h i n f i l m s o f g o l d ere are present. p e r s i s t e n c e o f Veins and Ore w i t h Depth At the time McCann wrote h i s r e p o r t o n l y a depth of 300 f e e t had been reached. He s a y s , however, w i I t i s reasonably c e r t a i n t h a t the f i s s u r e s extend t o g r e a t depths as long as they s t a y i n the d i o r i t e , and t h a t , tho quartz and other m i n e r a l s w i t h which they are f i l l e d were depo s i t e d under almost uniform c o n d i t i o n s , w i t h i n the l i m i t s o f p o s s i b l e raining o p e r a t i o n s * _ • • • • 1* MfmoxTv[lS0__P. 60 £i the end of 1930, development on the Pioneer had proceeded t o the 1 0 0 0 f t . l e v e l , and v a l u e s t o t h i s depth were v e r y consistent,, averaging §14 t o 015 per t o n w i t h some assays from ribboned quarts being as h i g h as £80 per t o n . The v e i n s d i d not d i m i n i s h aa depth was reached and v a r i e d be-tween t h r e e and f i v e f e e t . T h i s development s u b s t a n t i a t e s McCann*s p r e d i c t i o n and i n d i c a t e s good p o s s i b i l i t i e s of f i n d i n g ore at s t i l l g r e a t e r depths. O r i g i n of the 7 e i n S o l u t i o n s The s o l u t i o n s from which the v e i n s m a t e r i a l s were p r e c i p i t a t e d -25-are b e l i e v e d t o be g e n i t i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o the a u g i t e d i o r i t e and t o be the l a t e s t phase uf d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of the parent magna fi'om which the d i o r i t e o r i g i n a t e d . Age o f the Yeina There must have been a s u f f i c i e n t lapse of time f o r the d i o r i t e t o s o l i d i f y before the i n t r u s i o n of the Veins occurred. The l e n g t h of time would depend on the amount of c o v e r i n g . However i t i s considered t h a t the d i o r i t e cooled soon a f t e r i n -t r u s i o n As the v e i n s are the l a t e s t d i f f e r e n t i a t e of the parent magma they would t h e r e f o r e be of the same ge n e r a l age as the d i o r i t e but s l i g h t l y younger* Future of the S i s t r i o j * As s t a t e d before tha g o l d quartz v e i n s have been found to any extent only i n the a u g i t e d i o r i t e s t o c k and are r e l a t i v e l y r a r e i n the surrounding sediments. Becent development a t the Pioneer has shown c o n t i n u i t y of the 1 v e i n s and ore values t o a depth o f lOOOfeet w i t h good i n d i c a t i o n s of f u r t h e r c o n t i n u i t y . lT~B~. C. BJIinlster~oT15n"es' Beport" 1930 p." 200 The f u t u r e o f the d i s t r i c t as a g o l d producer i s extremely promising. The v e i n s occur i n p a r a l l e l systems u s u a l l y no great d i s t a n c e a p a r t , thus making development by cross - c u t t i n g rat&er easy* The c l o s e p r o x i m i t y of the v e i n s , and the s u b s t a n t i a t i o n of t h e i r depth, together w i t h t h e i r known l e n g t h * would i n d i c a t e that any mine i n t h i s area would continue to produce f o r a lengthy periods -26-D e s c r i p t i o n of P r o p e r t i e s The Pioneer Mine The Pioneer Mine i s an o l d n i n e , having been known s i n c e 1897. Considerable development work had been done up t o 1926 s but no s e r i o u s p r o d u c t i o n had been c a r r i e d on. I n the succeeding years t o 1929, the mine was a c q u i r e d by the P i o n e e r Gold Mines of B. C. Development was c a r r i e d to f u r t h e r depths t:nd s e r i o u s production was s t a r t e d i n 1930 when the m i l l was run e n t i r e l y on ore s u p p l i e d from the mine workings. The mine i s s i t u a t e d on Cadwallader Creek, about f o u r m i l e s above i t s j u n c t i o n w i t h Hurley Greek. Geology •The propert y i s at the e a s t e r n e x t r e m i t y of the d i o r i t e mass which at t h i s p o i n t has c w i d t h o f about SOOfeet. The surrounding r o c k s are sediments o f the Cadwallader s e r i e s end i t i a not l i k e l y t hat the v e i n s continue i n t o tbem, due t o t h e i r i n -competent nature. To the end of 19S0 development had been c a r r i e d to the 100 f t . l e v e l w i t h c o n s i s t a n t v a l u e s being obtained. A l l the development has been i n ore w i t h average values o f §14 t o (515 per t o n . BTlcTTmnist^^ Tr?o v e i n s have been developed which cut one another at a v e r y acute angle. The v e i n s show pronounced ri b b o n s t r u c t u r e s and are e a s i l y cleaved along the s h e e t i n g p l a n e s . These planes arc coated w i t h f i n e l y d i v i d e d sulphides and some-times f i l m s of g o l d . -27-F a u i t i n g of the v e i n s i s apparent in the upper l e v e l s , but i s not so evident i n the lower l e v e l s . F a u l t c o n d i t i o n s .-ire not s e r i o u s and the v e i n s are g e n e r a l l y p i c k e d up again within a few f e e t . O x i d a t i o n caused c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f the g o l d i n the upper 100 f t , of the v e i n and many h i g h ^rade samples were taken out. However the average tenor of the ore as s t a t e d above i s §14 to §15 per t o n . The g o l d i s found i n the f r e e s t a t e i n c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h the e r s e n o p y r i t e , i n which i t i s i n c l u d e d as a f i n e mechanical m i x t u r e . The p r o d u c t i o n o f the mine d u r i n g 1950 v/as §280,061,but prepar-a t i o n s f o r i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g 1931 were being made. The o u t l o o k o f t h i s mine i s v e r y good, and r e s u l t s of development work i n d i c a t e an extended l i f e o f the property.. Lome .Mine Lome Mine i s s i t u a t e d on Caawallader Greek j u s t be-low the pioneer. I t a l s o has been known s i n c e 1897, but has been worked only i n a d e s u l t o r y manner and no p r o d u c t i o n of consequence has r e s u l t e d . I n A p r i l 1931 the p r o p e r t y was taken over by the B r a l c o Doveiopaenfc 1 and Investment Company. This company s t a r t e d developments and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a small t e s t m i l l which i s expected t o be completed e a r l y i n 1952. Geology A l l the workings of the mine are w i t h i n the d i o r i t e s t o c k which i s cut by the a l b i t e porphyry dykes. These dykes appear to have been planes of weakness along which fissures formed later, to be f i l l e d w i t h q u a r t s . Ten v e i n s and a few s m a l l stringers are exposed on the property of which the King, Sedge, Shaft and Uoodehuck are the more important. 27(a) Plate I I I Block Diagram Bridge River Gold Occurrence The v e i n s v a r y i n s t r i k e and d i p , and have a w i d t h averaging from 22" t o about 5 f t * The Z i n g v e i n has been the most p r o d u c t i v e and has a w i d t h v a r y -i n g from 4-^ -6 f t * Yaluea from the v e i n have averaged about §17 per ton by amalgama-t i o n , which i s a r e c o v e r y of about 60$; W i t h proper and c a r e f u l development and the i n s t a l l a t i o n o f mod-e r a m i l l i n g methods the mine has a good chance o f becoming a steady-producer* Other p r o s p e c t i v e mines i n the area are the Ida Kay, Coronation^ F o r t y Thieves; Salmo Map Area • T h i s a r e a though having produced g o l d at d i f f e r e n t p e r i o d s has been i d l e f o r some time and i t i s o n l y s i n c e 1929 t h a t i t has again s t a r t e d through t h e o p e r a t i o n s o f the Reno Mine; o o The Area l i e s between l o n g i t u d e s 117 \-l and 117 15** W and l a t i t u d e s o o 49 --49 15 * Salma i s t h e neareet town and from there roads extend t o the .mining camps*. • General Geology The g r e a t e r p a r t o f the area i s u n d e r l a i n by sedimentary r o c k s which have been i n t r u d e d by .masses of the Kelson b a t h o l i t h : ^;"ftTw'alker', M i n e r a l 'pccuSro^ fie^'jL^^ Tbe sediments i n c l u d e the Summit and pend d* O r e i l l e s e r i e s o f 1 Daly which are the same rocks mapped as the Lower S e l k i r k and U i c k o n o l i t h I T I ^ A T ^ ^ •by Brock and Mc C o n n e l l • 8* ~Y?est Xoetaay Sheet Tho sedimentary s c r i e s a p n e i s t s of ^ r i t s and qvinrt^ites f o l l o w e d by schists and has he-Jti folded into a n t i c l i n e s aad c y a c l i u e o w i t h northerly s t r i k e s . "&z*xx oast to wcut a c r o s s the a r e a there i s a s e r i o a o f thro© j s y a c l i a s s each fallowed by. aa anticline,,. .' Tm lower part o f th© s ^ d i n e a t o r y series i s exposed oa th© east a?;d ths v&pbr on the wont* l a a e r a l Deposits The gold occurs i n f i s s u r e veins which are found along the c e n t r a l q u a r t s i t c a n t i c l i n e . Sor.'.c deposits occur to the e a s t , while to the west sane sulphide deposits c m y goW.-The centre of g o l d - a c t i v i t y ssy he con s i d e r e d t o h© t h e jtmetioa of th© ffolf ijjfl- Sheep creeks? tfhich i s about ten- K i l o s from Salws. The gold b e a r i n g f i o i m r e veins c u t t h o quartette and s c h i s t s and have o .m s t r i k e ©f 1*. SO. S t o east. The f i s s u r e s .have. been, displaced caaevhat. by f & u l t i s g end .in a l l esses the south .wall aoved. west with. respect to the n o r t h w a l l * Ikes© f i s s u r e s have been f i l l e d w i t h gouge aad qua r t s and very i a w i d t h from, •alisost -nothing to. twenty f e e t . • The n i n e r a l i x a t i o n cone l e t s of p y r i t e with a l i t t l e g alena aad • s p h a l e r i t e * • . - . ' l a a l l the veins except th© Quoca,. the pritrary ore has been, found t o .be too low .grade t o sorfc but oxidation has concentrated t h e values l a the upper p a r t e of the veins. The oxidised cone raay extend down as f a r co 200ft. Tho veins o r e nor©, or l e e s confined to the harder querfcsito and a r g i l l a c e o u s rooks, the f i s s u r e being t i g h t :md a a f a v c u r a h l e f o r ore deposition in. the oehioto* -so-D e s c r i p t i o n of P r o p e r t i e s Reno Gold Mine L t d * S h i s raine i s s i t u a t e d a t the head of pawn Creek* a t r i b u t a r y of Sheep Creak and i s approximately f i f t e e n miles from Salmo by a motor road* Two v e i n s occur on the p r o p e r t y but development up. to the Autumn o f 1929 had proved o n l y one v e i n , the Beno, t o c a r r y commercial v a l u e s * The v e i n c u t s a s e r i e s o f quartaites* a r g i l l a c e o u s q u a r t z i t e a and ' .siliceous argillites.* The v e i n has been explored, over a v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e o f approximately 450 f t . I n the lowest l e v e l known, as So*. 4 the bottom of the o x i d i z e d zone •has not been reached, but t h e presence ox galena i n d i c a t e s a change and : the p r i m a r y ore may be expected at any cfepth* "'"Developments during 19530 on the JJo. 3 and Kb* 4 l e v e l s , s t r u c k the primary s u l p h i d e o r e . l T l i l n i p ^ T h i s ore c a r r i e d g o l d i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s f o r i t t o be mined a t a p r o f i t . The f i n d i n g o f p r o f i t a b l e g o l d values i n the primary ore* an e x c e p t i o n t o the r u l e o f t h e d i s t r i c t opens up p o s s i b i l i t i e s of con-s i d e r a b l e tonnage below the zone o f o x i d a t i o n and extend t h e l i f e o f the mine t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e degree* There i s a 25 t o n cyanide m i l l , at the mine which g i v e s a recovery of 95$ to 97$.. •• The p r o d u c t i o n for.1930 was (3168*259 and t o t a l production of the mine to Dec. 1930 was §199,798, Queen Mine Th i s mine i s s i t u a t e d on Wolfe Greek j u s t above i t s j u n c t i o n w i t h —31-Dheop Croc}:. I t was the c h i e f promsnar uf the d i s t r i c t k;. v i n g produced s t e a d i l y f r o * : 19GK-191G hut since then hue been i d l e * I t was f r o n the Queen vein t h a t the steady product i o n occurred and t h i s v o l n was the only one known at i u a * t i n e , which cont a i n e d s u f f i c i e n t gold values i n the p r l - ^ r y ore to cy-ke D i n i n g p r o f i t a b l e . 2hu gcol©j,4.e<*l f^aturc.v cor. e-vonc. i n gene r a l t o those of the ;«rea» with the v e i n s c u t t i n g tho argilii.ooouG and t ^ v . r t z i t e rocJcs* She a i n e has been i d l e e i n c e Wmf out during 10550 a cosp...»y iaxcrcm ce "She quouu L i n e s L t d . " , w;-.s fwreoc, t o r e c o n d i t i o n the p r o p e r t y vith a view o f bringing i t t o pr o d u c t i o n again*, Grand i p r k a I ' i s t r i c t a e ^ ^ l ^ l i n e . The Union. ?SLae Is o l t a s t o d i n what i s fa mm as tho F r t a k l i n s t a i a g Caiip .'ihcut 45 r d l e s llotth of Grand porks a in tho G-rtmd Toi-ka f i n i n g i)iv.ieioa«' - , Th® r.iine has been, i n the development ©t.'.g© f o r ataaetliBe. In 19&? the iiroporty wus taken over by tho i i c c l o Sinins C&apaiiy of Idaho and dcvoiopjiiout continued which brought i t into a ten ay produ-.ttion i n 1929. The n i n e operated c o n t i n u o u c i y tlu^ughout itf.>0 and produced 1,104 tons of eoacentrutes» op e r a t i o n s continued through 19151 mU at the present time the outlook of the wine i a oac^ur---cine* The eeolOfcjy o f the e..np \«m r e p o r t e d on by c* \.» Brysdale i n 1910« C. j : . D rysaaic (TZ£.C. nortolr bo J9J5 At t h a t ti t l e l i t t l e work had boen done on tho property and ao.eo-tii q a t e could be nude o f the s i ~ c of the ore deposit, ginco then l i t t l e h;:o been written, on the canp and ac a r e s u l t l i t e r a t u r e i s s c r e e * Tho rocks of the nine belong to the Fran-din group o f carboniferous age and are o l t e r o d u u g i t c p o r p h y r i t c v g e n e r a l l y -mown i n the r o g l e n as -32-greenstone, Tiie v e i n s a r e r e f e r r e d to Jurassic, time and vx-rc formed along shear o zones having a s t r i k e of s*BO W. ; Tmir S e c t i o n Goodenough The Goodenough g o l d mine i s s i t u a t e d on the a o r t h e a s t e r n s i d e of TDX&T Creek about 4§- " d i e s d i s t a n t from Ymix'» The p r o p e r t y i s erased hy H. Jackson and A* Hsfjoaald o f iBnir* P r o d u c t i o n was s t a r t e d in 1927 and development has continued s i n c e t h a t time. The rooks i a the w i c i n i t y of the mine ere s c h i s t s of the Pend d* O r e i l l e s e r i e s which are i n t r u d e d hy lenses of the liaison g r a n i t e * The ore c o n s i s t s of g o l d b e a r i n g p y r i t e , s p h a l e r i t e and a r g e n t i -ferous galena, w i t h the c h i e f values i n g o l d * There ar e two v e i n s on the p r o p e r t y which occur along shear zones.* These have not been developed t o any g r e a t depth hut recent i n d i c a t i o n s suggest tho p o s s i b i l i t y o f values on lower l e v e l s * During 1930., the ore shipped amounted to 1141 tons which b r i n g s the t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n up -JO £717 tons a ; The average tenor o f the ore i n g o l d would approximate §18 per ton* ; Bedleff D i s t r i c t The ffickel P l a t e Mat? N i c k e l P l a t e mountain i s which the mine occurs i s s i t u a t e d i a the Osyoos Mining D i v i s i o n at the town of Hedley. The mine has been one of the greatest producers o f g o l d i n the province and came a f t e r an a c t i v i t y of t h i r t y years t o an end i n Sept*1931 Exhaustion o r the ore reserves was fors e e n and i n 193S H« S* 1 ' Bostcck made a survey of the geology resources of the property. H. S. Bostoclgt—Geology Grtd"drFDep^^ I n v e s t i g a t i o n f a i l e d t o l o c a t e new ore bodies of any importance i n the surrounding d i s t r i c t . The n i n e continued t o produce d u r i n g 1950 and p a r t o f 1951* and an i n t e n s i v e diamond d r i l l i n g campaign was i n s t i t -uted* , This a l s o f a i l e d to produce any ore bodies of importance and the mine c l o s e d i n Sept. 1951 N i c k e l P l a t e mountain c o n s i s t s o f a s e r i e s of w e s t e r l y d i p p i n g sediments o f T r i a s s i c Age which a r e i n t r u d e d by numerous' s i l l s , dykes, and mosses of d i o r i t e and gobbro. The ore deposit i s described as being of the c o i i t a c t metamorphie type w i t h the ore c o n s i s t i n g of g o l d b e a r i n g a r s e n o p y r i t e i n a gangue o f metamorphic s i l i c a t e . M i n e r a l s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the ore ore garnet e p i d o t e , and d i o p s i d e -These i n d i c a t e the formation, o f the ore i n the deeper v e i a zone under .. fu'sh. temperature and pressure. The ore depo s i t s according t o C a a s e l l were formed at the same time Cy C a i a s e l l G.S.C;. Memoir No .3 t ffieaiey l i n i n g D i s t r i c t " as the i n t r u s i o n o f the gabbro d i o r i t e s i l l s , and dykes. A t l i n D i s t r i c t Engineer Mine i7. E« C o c k f i e l d G.S.C. Summary. Beport 1950 Pr. A ?«11 The Engineer Mine i s s i t u a t e d on Tagish Lake approximately twelve m i l e s south of Golden Gate, where the route to A t l i n t u r n s e a s t . "=34-The p r o p e r t y I s on o l d one having been f i r s t s t a r t e d i n 1902. Nothing much has been done but the pr o p e r t y has f r e q u e n t l y aroused i n t e r e s t due t o i t s s p e c t a c u l a r g o l d v a l u e s * A f e u years ago an attempt Tsas nnde t o s i n e the deposit on an ambitious s c a l e . Most o f the money however was spent i n camp improvement and some on mine development. U n f o r t u n a t e l y the h i g h grade v e i n s d i d not c o n t a i n s u f f i c i e n t t o n -nage to warrant the expenditure and the venture proved a f a i l u r e 4 S i n c e t h a t time a small- eret? has been working a t the propert y and development has i n d i c a t e d a l a r g e body o f very low grade o r e . I n 19S0 the p r o p e r t y was c l o s e d dcran due t o f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s * but i t i s expected t h a t f u r t h e r work w i l l be done i n the near f u t u r e , .geology. The r o c k s i n the v i c i n i t y o f the n i n e c o n s i s t of sediments o f the Lebarge s e r i e s o f J u r a s s i c Age* Those are cut by a stock o f grano-d i o r i t e which, forms Engineer Mountains Two' a i l i c i o u s sonee or "Hubs5* o f quarts occur near the centre o f the p r o p e r t y and i t was thought t h a t these c a r r i e d the ore but l a t e r development proved them not t o be commercial. C u t t i n g both the sediments and the g r a n o d i o r i t e i s a shear sone which has a g e n e r a l northeast s t r i k e . The v e i n s on the p r o p e r t y seem to be g i v e n o f f from the "Hubs'* as might be expected. The r e l a t i o n o f the v e i n s to the sheer sone i s not r u i t e c l e a r as none have been t r a c e d Into i t i The v e i n s have not pro%'ed themselves to c o n t a i n mineable v a l u e s * but the shear zone holds some promise of p r o v i d i n g the necessary tonnage t o make the mine a success; The zone has an i n d i c a t e d l e n g t h of about 4000 f e e t and irffly be much l o n g e r . As t h e shear aone was probably the main channel f o r the c i r c u l a t i n g o ore s o l u t i o n t here i s a good p o s s i b i l i t y of ore c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h i n the shear zone* "values a l r e a d y a b t a i n e d are encouraging and f u r t h e r work on the zone would be j u s t i f i e d . The g o l d occurs i n the f r e e s t a t e but c l o s e l y assoc-i a t e d w i t h a r s e n o p y r i t e . .Surf I n l e t lr.'''l^tolaffej P a r t " l t , T h i s p r o p e r t y I s s i t u a t e d on the western s i d e o f p r i n c e s s B o y a l I s l a n d about seven m i l e s from t h e head o f S u r f I n l e t . jTrom 1916-19S6 the mine was operated by the Belmont s u r f I n l e t Go. and d u r i n g that time y i e l d e d §8,000,000. K g T B S l e l e r ' 1 "ef Wnei%epoTJ IQWtTW. The p r o p e r t y was l a t e l y purchased by J.B.Tsooaward o f Taacouver. and Noah E* TlBzsins who intended t o reopen the isine i a c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a d j o i n i n g p r o p e r t i e s d u r i n g 1931* The ore deposit c o n s i s t s o f l a r g e quarts v e i n s i a a shear zone which c u t s the quartz d i o r i t e o f the b a t h o l i t h , and a s m a l l r o o f pendant. The m i n e r a l i s a t i o n o f g o l d b e a r i n g p y r i t e w i t h accompanying copper m i n e r a l s such as c h a l c o p y r i t e , b o r a i t e , c h a l c o c i t e and c o v e l l i t e . O e o u i h a l l a Area Emaacipation Mine A few.prospects occur i a the C o q u i h a l l a area but so f a r o n l y the Emancipation ir&ne has showa much promise. The ore occurs i n quartz v e i n s which cut across the Ladner s l a t e s and Cache Creak greenstones o f Upper J u r a s s i c and Carboniferous Age r e s p e c t i v e l y . The highest values are found i n what i s known as the Byke Ye i n . T his r e i n has a gangue o f quarts and c a l e i t e , the quarts being t u r b i d w i t h i n -c l u s i o n s o f country reek and w i t h concentrations of s u l p h i d e s . Ths most prominent m i n e r a l i s a r s e a o p y r i t e and the g o l d was found t o occur i n s m a l l d i s t i n c t p a r t i c l e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t . The source of the m i n e r a l s o l u t i o n s I s r e f e r r e d t o a d i o r i t e i n t r u s -i o n o f pr-obabie Upper J u r a s s i c A g e • -37-Chapter I I n t r o d u c t i o n General Statement The pre-Cambrian S h i e l d o f Canada i s the l a r g e s t e;q>osed area o f p r e -eambrian r o c k s on the F o r t h American c o n t i n e n t and may be t r e a t e d both p h y s i a g r a p h i e a l l y and g e o l o g i c a l l y as a u n i t . I t surrounds the Hudson Bay on the east ,south, and west i n the form 1 o f a huge horseshoe and has an area o f approximately, 1,800,000 square X717"67io^''"S m i l e s c o y e r i n g l a r g e p a r t s o f Quebec, O n t a r i o , Manitoba and Saskatchewan* In t h e n o r t h where i t s t r e t c h e s along Hudson S t r a i t and the A r t i e Ocean f o r 200 m i l e s i t has i t ' s widest e x t e n t . S t r e t c h i n g south i t narrows and f i n a l l y vanishes south o f l a k e S u p e r i o r i n the U n i t e d S t a t e s . I t s boundaries are c h a r a c t e r i z e d by l a r g e bodies o f water and 25«S of the area i s u n d e r l a i n by water making the canoe the i d e a l means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The s h i e l d has s u f f e r e d from l o n g p e r i o d s o f e r o s i o n and i s now i n an advanced stage o f peneplanation* As a r e s u l t o f t h i s pcneplanation the s h i e l d e x h i b i t s no gr e a t r e l i e f , the g r e a t e s t d i f f e r e n c e i n e l e v a t i o n being not more than 200-300feet« The rock s o f the s h i e l d r e p r e s e n t the e a r l i e s t eras i n the g e o l o g i c a l s c a l e o f time. Due t o widespread ignous i n t r u s i o n these r o c k s are very much f o l d e d and h i g h l y metamorphosed. E r o s i o n i n due course has s t r i p p e d the c o v e r i n g from the g r a n i t e i n many places and t h i s r ock now occupies by f a r the l a r g e r areas of the s h i e l d . Logan was t h e f i r s t man to do any work on these ro c k s and h i s con-clusion;; . s " I i l stand w i t h but few a l t e r a t i o n s . Many men have been i n the f i e l d and many > --38-l^aay wsix have "been i n the f i e l d and many c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s hare been attempted but none o f them d i f f e r v a r y much from Loyons o r i g i n a l work Geology . . . The present accepted c l a s s i f i c a t i o n I s Canada I s as f o l l o w s . As given by E. w.. Brock Keewanawan Animikian IntrnsiTe(.Algoman) H a i l y b u r i a a Temiskanian I n t r u s i v e L a u r e n t i a n G r a n i t e and Gneiss G r e n v i l l e sediments Keewatin Igneous coaple: Bed g r a n i t e c u t t i n g e v e r y t h i n g up t o the H a i l y b u r i a n B a s i c lamprophyre dyfeei Sediments conglomerate and q u a r t z i t e e h i g h l y d i s t u r b e d but not metamorphosed mostly gray and g n e i s s o i d h i g l i l y metamorphosed h i g h l y metamorphosed D e s c r i p t i o n o f Formations: Keewatin The Keewatin igneous complex c o n s i s t s o f both a c i d and b a s i c l a v a flows now metamorphosed t o p h y l l i t e s and s c h i s t s . When a l t e r a t i o n has not been so great the l a v a s show a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p i l l o w and ropy st r u c -t u r e . I n many p l a c e s they are accompanied by agglomerates t u f f s and some sediments. She s e r i e s I s v e r y h i g h l y f o l d e d and c o n t o r t e d due t o i n t r u s i o n s of g r a n i t e . The term Eeewatin was o r i g i n a l l y a p p l i e d by A.C. Lax/son i n 1685 t o a s e r i e s of Hornblende s c h i s t s and v o l c a n i c agglomerates i n the l a k e of the Hoods d i s t r i c t . The term was adopted i n the Lake S u p e r i o r r e g i o n and there a p p l i e d t o a l t e r e d v o l c a n i c s younger than Temiskaming. The term earns t o bs used i a the same sense when other areas were, s t u d i e d even though t h e r e were gaps which c o u l d not be bridged by c o r r e l a t i o n . . I n tensive study has proved the wide a r e a l extent and c o n t i n u i t y o f those a l t e r e d v o l c a n i c s throughout many thousands o f square m i l e s o f Quebec and Ontario and has thoroughly e s t a b l i s h e d the name Keewatin. The term Eeewatin i s now used t o designate the assemblage o f ancient l a v a s and a s s o c i a t e d sediments i n northern Ontario and Quebec as these have been proved a r e a l l y continuous. '^^io|^ i^^6*pr ^ B ^ ' & r e n v Q l e s e r i e s . Ceeurisg i n southeastern Ontario I s a s e r i e s of grey limestones g r e y o a c k i and interbedded bands o f c h e r t and jusper which c o n t a i n i r o n . T h i s sei'ies o v e r l i e s the Keewatin but has been d i s t u r b e d and metamorph-osed t o such a degree t h a t nosy o f the o r i g i n a l f e a t u r e s have been ob-l i t e r a t e d . Logan gave t h i s s e r i e s o f r o c k s the name o f G r a n v i l l e . L a u r e n t i a n A f t e r the d e p o s i t i o n of t h e G r e n v i l l e sediments there was e v i d e n t -l y an u p l i f t of mountain b u i l d i n g p r o p o r t i o n s which ivas f o l l o w e d by the i n t r u s i o n o f an enormous amount o f g r a n i t e . Logan c a l l e d t h i s g r a n i t e L a u r e n t i a n . . T h i s g r a n i t e which i s l i g h t grey i n c o l o r has not been, found t o c a r r y any m i n e r a l i z a t i o n . This l a c k of m i n e r a l i z a t i o n may be -40-due t o the deep erosion t o which the- g r a n i t e has bees, subjected i n which ceo© any d e p o s i t s r e s u l t i n g from the i n t r u s i o n would be dissipated. l a the Cobalt d i s t r i c t there i s found o v e r l y i n g the JSeewatin uacoa-. foEEsat&y a s e r i e s o f conglomerates qu&rte-ites and s l a t e s which are highly d i o i u r b r i f l but l i t t l e metamorphosed* T h i s sane series has boon found l a many parts of tho s h i e l d e-diibifcing tho sacks age r e l a t i o n s to th© Keewatin* ' ¥* Q* i i i l l e r who was the f i r s t to study these rocke c a l l e d thorn t h e Tejiistcaalng s c r i e s a f t e r the l a k e near which they occur* Hal^hngiaa The H o l l y b u r i a n period i s represented by a series o f ba s i c and lara~ jiTOTjhyrc dykes which c u t the Tamiekoming sediments* F o l l o w i n g the i n t r u s i o n o f tho b a s i c dykes there was a groat upwoll-i a g o f a r o d o r p i n k g r a n i t e which i s found c u t t i n g e v e r y t h i n g t o the H a i l y b u r i a a * T h i s granite i a v e r y widespread end i s b e l i e v e d t o be respon-s i b l o f o r t h e g o l d m i n e r a l i s a t i o n * irem the g r a n i t e macs t h e r e followed l a t e r ;:ore acid &i£i#i'zrMn*.;-.r t o farm a r r e a t naes of ccaorts v e i n s an& replacement d e u v s i t e * Th© q u a r t s v e i n s c a r r y gold aati are responsible f o r g o l d deposits o f O n t a r i o , Quebee.. and Manitoba* AaSayrlc end feweeaawas F o l l o w i n g t h e i n t r u s i o n of tho Algoaiaa g r a n i t e there was a l o n g p e r i o d ef e r o s i o n b e f o r e the d e p o s i t i o n of tho A n i n i k i c and S&weenawaa sediments aad lav a flows* .The natoikic i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d .by the jsresea- • ce of an i r o n formation while the ,2ewesnc3?an i s characterised by many-flows of b a s a l t i c lava* some of which contain native copper* •-41—' F i s s u r e systems o f t h e Canadian - s h i e l d - I n l o o k i n g over the s t r i k e s o f the g o l d hearing veins of the Cana-d i a n S h i e l d one n o t i c e s the f a c t t h a t the m a j o r i t y have a g e n e r a l s i m i l a r ! t y o f t r e n d * 33he v e i n s of the producing mines i n Manitoba s t r i k e w i t h t h e t r e n d o f the sediments so these w i l l not be considered* A l i s t o f the s t r i k e of the v e i n s o f v a r i o u s producing mines w i l l t end t o b r i n g out the p o i n t * Due t o t h e i r r e g u l a r f r a c t u r i n g o f r o c k masses some of the v e i n s may v a r y but i n g e n e r a l t h e s t r i k e i s S f . l . or I n the Porcupine d i s t r i c t the trends o f the P e a r l Lake v e i n system o o on which raost o f the mines occur i s ft. 30 t o n, 70 E. m the I & r k i a n d Lake d i s t r i c t the mines are s t r e t c h e d out along 0 a v e i n system which s t r i k e s IT* 65 E* I n the Boston. Skeed g o l d copper area the B a r r y r i o i i i n g e r v e i n has o ... a s t r i k e o f H.5? E. Tlie g e n e r a l t r e n d o f t h e shear zones and f i s s u r e s of t h i s area are Northeast and Southwest. I n Quebec the same i s n o t i c e a b l e i n the Rouyn Area. According to Cooke there are f i v e s e t s o f v e i n s the f i r s t two being complementary. o o 1. H. SO —40 V/o o " ' 2* M* 40 ' 5. North and south o o , 4. If. 75 S. t o H. So E. o o 56 45 — 55 W* From the f o r e g o i n g l i s t i t i s seen t h a t the m a j o r i t y o f v e i n s here a l s o have a Northeast o r Northwest t r e n d . Again i n t h i s r e g i o n the major f a u l t along Davidson Creek has a o " s t r i k e ^ of l i 40 i ; There are also too natural seta of dykes -hich ctriko • ©• . ,o . 1. IT. 50 — 60 E* • 3* N. 20 W* , • *• This would suggest tfcst the f i s s u r e s i n th© s h i e l d sere due t o region' a i stresses which acted probably after the period of f o l d i n g , and were due to tension caused by & relaxation of pressures after the folding and granite intrusion. In Ontario the gold deposits that are found i n numerous l o c a l i t i e s of the province from the C-uebec to the Banltoba boundary are i n many cases at least genetically connected with granites to which the name Algoman i s applied* i . • ' lT¥rg7^0S";""aBd" c l f T j ^ M The gold occurs i n quarts veins being associated usually with pyi'ite but tho ore carries considerable orsonopyrits. The gold deposits are found chiefly i n the Keewatin schists but a few occur i n the Temis kerning c l a s t i c rocks» In Quebec the occurrences arc very s toiler and are generally related to Intrusions of the Algernon period. to Manitoba the gold occurs i n several l o c a l i t i e s i n the pre-cambrian, but the rock© have not been definitely correlated and thus have different names. The chief areas are at Beresford and Piee Lakes Here the rocks are given the names of the l oca l i t i e s i n which they occur. However their properties are very similar to the Keewatin and Temiskaming ser ies i n the east. 1 Young i n his map of Canada colors these areas similar to those whieh contain the Temiskaming and Keewatin series i n the east* 1. Y o u n g G e o l o g y .and Economic minerals of panada 1926 It seems there that throughout the Canadian Shield gold occurs i n the Tendskaming and Keewatin ser ies; the solutions which brought the gold mineralization coming from the Algoman granit ic intrusion or phases there*-of... ' A survey of the general structure of the deposits show that a l l occur along the axes of major syncl ines. This seems reasonable when the long period of erosion that the shield has undergone i s taken into account. During th is period the ant ic l ines .would be eroded away f i r s t while those ly ing in the synclines would be more or less protected. Type of Deposits A l l the deposits of the shield show the presence of tourmaline and ' other high temperature minerals except Kirkland. Lakes The mineralization here resembles that of an intermediate temperature deposit more than that of a high temperature. I Lindgren c l ass i f i es these deposits as "Hypothermal", belonging to the deep vein «one with a probable temperature at time of formation o o varying betweea 300 o and 500 0. -44— Sttamgy^aaa goneltisigag 1* The g o l d bearing deposits l i e along the axes of major s y n c l i n e s * These s y n c l i a e s strife© approsdsately east and west and are occupied by Tesiskasing and. Keewatin sediiseats* 2* The deposits forned i a f i s s u r e s f a u l t s a i d shear zones along the s y n o l l n o s * . S. The m a j o r i t y of the veins have a Karfch Jisst or l i o r t h Zest s t r i k e * 4#> -23® deposits ar© i e a S i e a l e r ia shape* . S* She mineral bearing s o l u t i o n s ease from a deep seated source to f i l l the fractures and shear r.ones aad i a doing so caused a c e r t a i n asaoimt o f replacement• ©* Sh&t the age o f the depssits i s Algoaa»» Shat the deposits e r e o f the ^ gpetimmak* type except S i r k l a a d Lake which resembles t h e "IJe sothermal^Sype • •8* A l l the v o t e s c a r r y g o ld i n the free state tea* some t e l l u r i d e s occur as at Mv}&m& Lake* 9* Quarts i s the c h i e f gangoe laiaersl. hat i a place© ee£to&mtm are pres-ent* 10* The n i a e r a l i z a t i o u seems to be cone f i n e r with depth bat t h i s dees not a f f e c t tho v a l u e o f tho ore* Ohapter s Gol d Areas. I n the l^ovlnce Gold i a w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n t h o prc-Can.brxen area* S i s more important d i s t r i c t s at present are the R i c e Lake, Gem L"ke, and C e n t r a l Manitoba hut .gold occurs also at Jlbew 'dekusko, I s l a n d and Oxford Lakes* There are three o p e r a t i n g mines at present. 1B"" Central Manitoba G o l d n i n e s 2* Gen l a k e C-oId Minea S. San Antonio Gold Mines The Central Manitoba mim i s the chift producer and tho San Antonio expect to s t a r t production i n the near -future. I n merthera. Manitoba there ere large copper E l s e deposits v h i c h contain low gold v a l u e s and these are expected to add appreciably to tho t o t a l output* Eistersr ' Manitoba, | Bapiyteent^ of i f a t u r g l Becources Manitoba as a gold producer t;as rather i n s i g n i f i c a n t u n t i l 1928. Previous to t h i s date there was no d e f i n i t e source of supply and the. • r e t u r n s case from scattered sources. Ia 1027 the Central Manitoba Gold Mines started producing ail's wan the o n l y source of gold i n the p r o v i n c e during that year. In 1088 the cine f o c u s e d approximately ttc-Iee as much as th© t o t a l recorded production up to th-.t time* The chief auurcos p r o i v to 1927 ware the Mandy Copper Ulne which ' carried same gold values and the Rox Gold Mine on Herb Lake. The i&ady Mine was closed I n i&Sp and the Hex i n i.935* 1?no C e n t r a l &ta«,t.oba l%ne ban produced-steadily during the l e s t four years and fit nrf:a<mt are nx-oducins at the r a t e ' o f f.4O 9000per r:-anth*-T h i s I s a t present the c h i e f producer i n the province hut J u s t r e c e n t l y tho Gea Lake s i n e s made t h e i r f i r s t chijzacnt. She San Antonio l i n e s tiro expeeuefi t o s t a r t production s h o r t l y * B o r o s f o r ^ jEBKffie S i s t r i c t l These three n i n e s occur i a what i s known as th© Be:rasford«*Bico l a k e - S i i g i l s h Brook d i s t r i c t . T h i s d i s t r i c t was des c r i b e d by J.F.Urioht i a 19£9. J.g.VJrif'ht Gold Copper-IiicjvGi and T i a .Geology de p o s i t s . o f SoutlieostGrn Ehnltoha Tabic o f Foismtluae Diabase Gold bearing; quarts pegrrotito Granite aad g r a n i t e gneiss G r a n i t e porphyry Gebi.ro raid d i o r i t e Kanipigow I-haee •crosford phanc Llaulga tog,-a ,ac. course grained r.uortscso oefls q u i i r t a i t,(> arkono* law*e» carbonate aad > e r i c t c i.uhlet iDtorbeddod cim-t t u f f , and other pyrocls&fcice, i r o n >orsst-i o n . f i n e g r a i n e d <i.uartcot;e {.'..diaento aad a r r i v e d •;«'.rts u i e a , ...uarts g~3net (-noire aad s c h i s t . , -47-' 1 • J.S. D® Lnry and George £. C o l s ' m k c th e f o l l o w i n g statement • 1. X U ^ ' ^ J I T " I t l a reasonably c e r t a i n on grounds of l i t h o l o g i o a l resemblance and p r o x i n i t y o f -locality, that the rocks of; southeastern Manitoba correspond f a i r l y c l o s e l y t o those- of the Lake o f the v/oode r e g i o n . n ' ' . 1 . I t i s i n t h i s r e g i o n that L a w s o n * f i r s t i d e n t i f i e d the Kecwatin. oories of rocks*-' ; ... • iQrtft^^ - ,. l i i t ^ This term has s i n c e hatm w i d e l y used t o d e s c r i b e s-imilsr rocks i n a l l p a r t s of the Canadian S h i e l d . I n 1915 E.S. r,S>ore~nsde a c l a s s i f a c a t i o a of the rocks i a the Bice. Lake D i s t r i c t i n g cort-elated tkernvsiih the- Tem/sAamrnf af Ontario '• 1 » l a a net© accompanying a report by Barnash oa the' geological format-ion, along the SSaaitoba Oatavlo Boundary from Vfinjaipcg.aortimerd K i l l e r states,. • • . rtSh© -rocks classed as Oanlpigow appear - to correspond t o the Tsslaksm-ing s e r i e s o f part o f nor t h e r n Ontario* Tho granite i n t r u s i o n which- cuts the Rice Lake -eerioR and ireaipigow rocks i s b e l i e v e d to bo responsible f o r tho gold n i n e r & l l s a t i t m and i n cr-sy pays resembles the Algerian granite*-'* From the f o r e g o i n g statements i t i s reasonable t o b e l i e v e t h a t although the rocks of t h i s area are c l a s s i f i e d under l o c a l names, they represent the same g e o l o g i c a l happenings as s i m i l a r rocks i n other p a r t s of the Canadian S h i e l d . • -The lower members o f the R i c e Lake s c r i e s c o n s i s t o f both a c i d and b a s i c l a v a s which i n p l a c e s show p i l l o w s t r u c t u r e . Interbedded w i t h the l a v a s a r e beds o f c h e r t and t u f f . The Ticaipigow phase of the B i c e Lake s e r i e s c o n s i s t s o f t h i c k beds o f quartzose sediments which have a uniform s t r i k e and d i p over l a r g e a r e a s . The d i p where found i s steep t o the l?urth and suggests t. s y n c l i n a l s t r u c t u r e f o r tho a e r i e s . -These beds o f the B i c e Lake s e r i e s have a l l been very much metamorph- ; osed by I n t e r i n t r u s i o n s of g r a n i t e , and phases o f the g r a n i t e . T h i s g r a n i t e i s b e l i e v e d t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the g o l d m i n e r a l i z a t i o n Character of the g o l d d e p o s i t s Host o f the g o l d qu-irt" v e i n s occur i n the Be r e s f o r d phase of the R i c e l a k e seric-s along shear zones w i t h i n the v o l c a n i c r o c k s . The v e i n s are l e n t i c u l a r and s t r i n g e r s of quart? f r o i r r e g u l a r l y s c a t t e r e d through the j o i n t e d rocks The most f a v o r a b l e p l s c e f o r d e p o s i t i o n i s where the ro c k i s xaore j o i n t e d o r teeceicttod"'thanrjshearea. ' I . . The g o l d m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i n the Leks o f the ivoods Area i s the r e s u l t o f a g r a n i t i c I n t r u s i o n classed, as Algerian. This minsris l i g a t i o n can be t r a c e d , i a t o southeastern Manitoba where the same type has been produced 1. Manitoba Department o f Mines aad N a t u r a l Resources • Wi " i 'i$m~WM by a g r a n i t e which seems t o t e p a r t o f the b a t h o l i t h o f t h i s area. The sheering i s found v e r y o f t e n along the contacts betweea d i f f e r e n t types o f r o c k s s which were probably planes of weakness. M i n e r a l i z a t i o n The g o l d may be i a the f r e e s t a t e or may be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s u l p h i d e s . C h a l e o p y r i t e and p y r i t e are n e s t abundant s u l p h i d e s w h i l e p y e r h u t i t e s p h a l e r i t e , galena', t e t r a h e d r i t e , a r s e n c p y r i t e and raoly bdraite may be present I n ^ a n i i amounts. Gold t e l l u r i d e s are r e l a t i v e l y absent. The f r e e g o l d 'nay occur as f l a k e s c o a t i n g a j o i n t e r p l a n e or as g r a i n s i n unfi-'aetured q u a r t z . Tourmaline has been recognised i n some of the v e i n s i n d i c a t i n g f ormation a t h i g h temperatures. Three types o f v e i n s may be s a i d to occur i n the d i s t r i c t * 1. Large r o u g h l y c i r c u l a r bodies o f white t o gray pegriatic quartz c a r r y -i n g abundant c r y s t a l s o f s h i t e and pin k f e l d s p a r and muscovito* T h i s type i s not considered t o be worth investigation* 2. L e n t i c u l a r bodies o f f i n e even g r a i n e d white quarts c o n t a i n i n g c o n s i d e r -able c s l e l t e and anfcerite w i t h a s c a r c i t y o f s u l p h i d e s * T h i s type although c o n t a i n i n g some values has not been prod u c t i v e * 3* Bodies o f h i g h l y f r a c t u r e d smoky dark grey t o b l a c k quartz c o n t a i n i n g some pyrite and c h a l e o p y r i t e but o n l y s m a l l .-..mounts of f e l d s p a r s and mica* T h i s type has proved the most productive and constitutes most of the g o l d ore of the area* D e s c r i r i i u a jof | Deposits Central Manitoba. Gold Deposit (H'sTcTsumBept 1929 p t . B. P.140 The p r o p e r t y i s s i t u a t e d about 3 m i l e s north east o f Long Lake and has f i n e v e i n s of ^ h i c h the K i t c h e n e r E c l i p s e and Tene 6 are the most important* The v e i n s a l l except the Teneo occur i n a narrow bynd of c h e r t and t u f f c l o s e t o the contaet o f a mass of diabase and gabbro. The v e i n s are more or l e s s p a r a l l e l t o the contact and have a s t r i k e o o of approximately S 75 - 80 L, The. Tene 6 v e i n occurs i n the gabbro and has a • s i m i l a r s t r i k e . -Andesite and b a s a l t border the chert band on the south w h i l e the pabbro mass i s on the n o r t h . A l l the rocks are cut by dykes o f g r a n i t e porphyry and bodies of t h i s r o c k are found i n the nin e workings* The gabbro diabase body i s a medium gra i n e d b l a c k massive r o c k w i t h s l i g h t l y p r o p h y r i t i c xBases developed l o c a l l y , and i t s contact w i t h the chert bed i s i n most eases a sharp one* The c h e r t i s a f i n e g r a i n e d g r e e n i s h , grey, b l a c k and white laminated r o c k I n t e r l a y e r e d w i t h s i l i e i o n s r u c k s composed of fragments of qu a r t z f e l d s p a r and f e l s e t i c . r o c k . I n p l a c e s the c h e r t i s h i g h l y f o l d e d and b r e c c i a t e d and i t i s along thvse js-ncs t h a t the K i t c h e n e r and E c l i p s e v e i n s occur. The v e i n s are the l a t e s t rocks on the pr o p e r t y except f o r a s m a l l diseontttsudoas diabase dyke which c u t s t h e Kitchener v e i n . Tho v e i n s are l o c a t e d along a zone of f r a c t u r i n g and shearing v a r y -i n g from 15 t o 250 i n w i d t h and can be t r a c e d over 2 m i l e s I n l e n g t h * I n t h i s :;rea many smaller zones of shearing occur. The- ve i n s and shear • i ' o o zones a-»c :--:>vighiy arranged {eti echelon) and have a s t r i k e o f s 75 -80 E with steep dips e i t h e r .North or South.*- . The K i t c h e n e r v e i n I s composed o f the dark v a r i e t y o f quartz c a r r y -i n g pyrite' c h e l c o p y r i t e aad a i e t t l e p y r r h o r a t e ; The g o l d as shown by t e s t s i s c h i e f l y f i n e p a r t i c l e s i n the f r e e s t a t e The ore lenses avera. e four f e e t i n w i d t h ; The E c l i p s e v e i n v a r i e s i n l e n g t h and width on the l e v e l s explored o and the dip v a r i e s from v e r t i c a l t o 75 S. I t i s s i m i l a r to the K i t c h -ener i n mode of m i n e r a l i z a t i o n . The l e n g t h of the v e i n i s 580 f e e t on the 200 f o o t l e v e l and 330 f e e t on the 375 foot l e v e l . The Tene 6 v e i n i n the middle of the gabbro body i s l e n t i c u l a r i n 50(a) P l a t e IV Block Diagram Showing Ore Occurrence at C e n t r a l Manitoba Mine shape w i t h a w i d t h of 19 f e e t and l e n g t h of 200 f e e t . I t i s of the dark quartz v a r i e t y and c a r r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l e c h a l e o p y r i t e . This v e i n gave values f a i r l y c o n s i s t a n t l y o f $13-20 per t o n but the v e i n was shallow and d i d not develop a l a r g e ore body. Development work on the Roger and Hope ve i n s proved the ore d e p o s i t s s m a l l and r e l a t i v e l y low i n g o l d values and f u r t h e r work on these have not been done. San Antonio Mines G. S.~~07 Sum Bept 1929 P t B P.. 148 The deposit was s i t u a t e d about x of a m i l e east of the northwest corner of B i c e Lake. The deposit was f i r s t d i scovered i n 1911 when l i t t l e work was done u n t i l 1927 and i t was taken over by the San Antonio Mines L i m i t e d . Except f o r two short p e r i o d s t h i s company have c a r r i e d on e x p l o r a t i o n c o n t i n -uously and are expected t o s t a r t p r o d u c t i o n s h o r t l y * The quartz bodies occur along shear zones i n a mass of b a s a l t and diabase which probably represents a l a v a f l o w . To the south of the d i a -base mass there are outcrops of q u a r t z i t e s and arkose w i t h a s t r i k e o f ' 9 S 80 E. North of the diabase occurs a mass of p o r p h y r i t i c quartz d i o r i t e . The v e i n s are r a t h e r s h o r t , and no long and continuous shear zone occurs on the p r o p e r t y . However c l o s e to the quarts v e i n some of the d i a -base has been a l t e r e d t o a grey carbonate rock by s o l u t i o n s c a r r y i n g con-s i d e r a b l e i r o n and carbon d i o x i d e . This grey carbonate rock c a r r i e s g o l d i n s u f f i c i e n t fluantit>ies to be commercial across narrow width. Most of the development work has been done on the 600 and 725 f o o t -:• h o r i z o n s . ••Carbonate bodies;' are found., o,n these h o r i z o n s . On'' the 600 f o o t l e v e l a quartz v e i n 80 f e e t long has been explored and i t c a r r i e s f r e e g o l d -52-The quartz i s of the dark v a r i e t y and assays i n d i c a t e a s m a l l body of h i g h grade ore. On the 725 l e v e l a northeast t r e n d i n g v e i n shows values of §12.94 t per t o n over a l e n g t h of 329. I t has an average w i d t h of 3.8 f e e t and c o n s i s t s of both l i g h t and dark c o l o r e d quartz c o n t a i n i n g f i n e c r y s t a l i n e p y r i t e c l o s e to the f o o t w a l l ; Gem Lake Deposit G.S.C. Sum Pept 1929 pt B P» 153 The Gem Lake Gold Mine i s s i t u a t e d approximately a h a l f m i l e west of mileage 91 on the Ontario Manitoba boundary. The deposit was d i s c o v e r -ed i n 1926 and i n 1927 the Gem Lake Mines L i m i t e d was organized to develop the p r o p e r t y . Development and e x p l o r a t i o n has continued and j u s t r e c e n t l y the company made t h e i r f i r s t shipment, i t i s planned to keep the pro p e r t y i n steady p r o d u c t i o n . Geology The r o c k s exposed i n the v i c i n i t y of the deposit are b a s a l t and andes-i t i c l a v a w i t h beds of t u f f . Close t o the contact of the t u f f the l a v a i s a l t e r e d to a c h l o r i t e carbonate s c h i s t s The t u f f beds and l a v a are i n t r u d e d by s e v e r a l s m a l l masses of g r a n i t e porphyry. The v e i n s occur along a shear zone i n a g r e e n i s h grey s c h i s t o s e l a v a o about 400 f e e t wide. The s t r i k e of the s c h i s t o s i t y i s about S 75 E, w i t h o a dip of N 76. The band of s c h i s t o s i t y may be t r a c e d f o r approximately l | ; m i l e s but narrows toward the e a s t . The quartz i s l o c a l i z e d i n s t r i n g e r s , lenses and veins along the shear zones. The average width of the quartz s t r i n g e r s i s 2.4 f e e t over a l e n g t h of 200 f e e t * Widths of 8 f e e t and 12 f e e t occur w i t h values averaging §8.20 per t o n . These veins and lenses are more or l e s s l e n -t i c u l a r i n c h a r a c t e r . 52(a) P l a t e V TJso v e i n s l a the d i s t r i c t «?© a l l ' •ecidedly l e n t i c u l a r i a c h a r -a c t e r anS I n d i v i d u a l q u a r t s bodice a r c s e t expected t o go v e r y Coop. Jlcsever where t h e ofeeariog and s e h i s t o e i t y i s g r e a t e r s a s u c c e s s i o n o f q u a r t s b o d i e s siay o c c u r duv,n the d i p . S i c s c h i s t o s e r o c k a d j a c -ent t o t i l e , r a i n s doss not c a r r y any val u e s unions ctaunuaiit quarts i s present., o n l y t h e dark E ' x&y v a r i e t y o f c h a r t s l ias been fcuafl t o be v a l u a b l e and b o t h at^rlferw>?a and b a r r e n - u a r t a may occur along tho acre shear cone* She wide d i s t r i b u t i o n o f g o l d v e i n s I n the d i s t r i c t sugyesfco a deep s a u t e d Bourcfo o f l i i a c r a l i a a'Siuiu Howevax- s o fcofiie« of a c i d r o c t o £ros which t h e v e i n s Bight o r l e g a t e eKCt-p* £00 l o c a l mmcm o f g r a n i t e and gpoait© p ^ b ^ s y * B i o veists tJ ia t do occur i n t h e s e s a a s e s c o n t i n u e oaro tisao 600 f e o t beloc t h o preaent auinfacoo i n d i e -a'Siftg isnct f&o tafcruaiiroc. «..cre coaeoll«..-rie£ t o c o n s i d e r a b l e depth© feefore v a i n form t i o n . :t.e pre.'.oncc o f v?3itt":-?arw tioa- t o tlso®e depths i n the,(rtzmite i n d i c a t e s favxsr-fele Canuifcioas f a r g&ia d e p o s i t i o n ' a t e o n s i d o r n b l e depth h&han t h e jareccssfc s u r f a c e l a t&e I l i a c Laloo S e r i e s * . - • Chapter III Ontario jfotroditction. The g o l d d i s t r i c t s o f Ontario are s c a t t e r e d w i d e l y throughout t h o province hut i t i s from tho Porcupine and ITirkland Lake d i s t r i c t s that the b u l k of p r o d u c t i o n coaxes. The following i s a l i s t of the producing mines during 1029. I * porcupine D i s t r i c t B o l l i n g e r , Aafcerite coniaurum, Boms Hsreh* Kclntyro-, Porcupine • B a i t e d , v i p o n d j If. Bom© lake. 2. Eiritlaad Lake .District Barry B o l l i n g e r j K i r k l a n d Lake,, Lake Shore S y l v a n i t e j Tock Hughes, Wright Hargreavos. S k If^rth Western O n t a r i o a. Woman Lake (1) Bathhurst {2} Bojo b» Miehipicoten . (1) Cooper (2) p a r k h l i i c. Sturgeon Lake (1) S t . Anthony . d i Bed Lake (1) Howey Mine e. Miscellaneous (1) Babigoon Contrast Bay (2) Gold Bock ( 3 ) B i g Turtle B i v e r —55" H i s t o r y Ontario as a g o l d protiue-:r goes eaeh t o the year 1892 when S710 tons were t r e a t e d by the S i g h t companies o p e r a t i n g i a the l a k e of the woufis f i e l d . As e a r l y as 1866 g o l d was d i s c o v e r e d i n Madoe T*P« by a 1 man.named P o w e l l bat no p r o d u c t i o n r e s u l t e d . XJ^e^or^'1'of Boyal' G o m i ^ s l b a r l ^ n e r a l ^ g ^ ^ ^ j ^ f j ^ i ^ f o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ p r o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d " u n t i l 189S when i t was 27*534 ounces. Many mines were s t a r t e d during the years between 1892 and 1G99 but the bid-h a b i t o f p u t t i n g a l l f i n a n c e s I n t o a m i l l before a payable ore body was proved was p r e v e l e n t * T h i s together w i t h bad management caused a d e c l i n e u n t i l 1909 when porcupine was discovered* The devolopomnt o f p r o p e r t i e s l a t h i s area was c u r r i e d out by experienced men w i t h sound, f i n a n c i a l backings w i t h the r e s u l t t h a t hugs ore bodies were opened up and pr o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d r a p i d l y * Developments here c a r r i e d on through 1910 and 1911 and 1912 r e a l l y ushers On t a r i o i n as a g o l d producer. The pr o d u c t i o n f o r 1912 amounted t o over 02,000,000 w i t h Porcupine producing 81.8JS. I a 1913 K i r k l a n d Lake entered the f i e l d as a producer and has inc r e a s e d almost s t e a d i l y from' the f i r s t * These two camps have been producing approximately ' ,2 S8p o f the t o t a l f o r t h e province s i n c e 1914 . porcupine during the S. Ont a r i o "'De'par'tment~Q'f'IsSnes- ftep^t years from 1915 t o 1927 produced the bulk o f the g o l d but IH r k l a n d has been i n c r e a s i n g i t s output s t e a d i l y and t h i s year exceeded porcupine f o r t h e f i r s t t i n e . The war year-; had t h e i r e f f e c t upon the i n d u s t r y i n the p r o v i n c e . * Wages and the cost of pro d u c t i o n went up enormouslyj v h i c h i s a s e r i o u s handicap t o a product which has a s t a b l e value * However tho two l a r g o camps continued t o produce although i n 1918 there was a s l i g h t decrees©* 2h© a f t e r vat years brought labor troubles which i a t c r f e r e a with, operations and i t was not u n t i l 1981 and 15)33 t h a t the industry got ' back on i t s feet* She depression of 1981-23 caused gale to ise a msch sought a f t e r m e t a l s as i t i s today„ due; to tho f a c t t h a t i t s s e l l i n g price I s always s t a b l e * lies i n t e r e s t vess tvkon l a the industry'and p r o d u c t i o n speeded up t o such am extent t h a t net.1 soiirces of e l e c t r i c power nsre needed* fke shortngc -cf '-power cnused « decrease i a 2S23 Baring the f o l l o w l a g year aevcx-..! se;.* : i l * r 3 v.ore opened up-lsa the Poreupise and ICIrkland leko are~u» 5&u«e added eondidcrobly t o th© output which In thin jcta r w uho-, .vvor r.e n i l i i o a fin© ©uncos* From 1B25 t t tho present r KirH-laad loft© has beet increasing s t e a d i l y bat porcupine has decreased t o a s m a l l extent*. 3?he t o t a l output o f the ja*ovinco shows U K Increase y e a r l y s escoepfc. Jvs> "1938. She year 1029 showed an increase of 4SS£X5€- ounces -;<vor 13S8 a due to the cagjaaaian. of the Sirklanfi lake miacs* Porcupine showed a s l i g h t decrease due to a loser grad© at H o m a g e r * tSkiah i n t e r e s t was taken by pror-pectoro In IJortfeestaro Ontario and several p r a a i s i n g areas wore opened up iaeitidiftg Bcu„ and tfomoa Lakes, i J i c h i p i o u t e n and Sturgeon i ^ k e * C i i i a year caw an u n i v e r s a l d e c l i n e i a stocks and rondo t;Mch ushered In a period o f depressions and p r i c e s of base n e t a l o d e c l i n e d to a very low mark* As i n 1S2J5 gold became the nought s f t o r mineral* Shis speeded up production nnu created now Interest l a gold prospecting which showed -57-l t s e l f i n on i n c r e a s e f o r 1930. 1931 shows the l a r g e s t p r o d u c t i o n eve:, l ^ B u l l e t l n C I M M J a h ~ T 9 3 T p ^ T 1 reached by O n t a r i o w i t h an i n c r e a s e o f n e a r l y 08,000,000 over 1930 T h i s i n c r e a s e i s due t o a l a r t e i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n from K i r k l a n d Lake area of which Lake Shore Mine i s the most Important. Porcupine Gold Area The geology and the ore d e p o s i t s o f the Porcupine area have been s t u d i e d c l o s e l y 'by JL.G*Burrcws of the Ontario Department of Mines who lias p u b l i s h e d s e v e r a l r e p o r t s vn the d i s t r i c t . Ontario" .Bajf^teent' o^iKneB J ^ g g g ^ i Q i l ^ p T j I 'pntei^Bepar'Seat' ofjK-ms^eportl^5"pb^^ "Ontario;' 'Bepar'teent o f M i a e s ^ ^ These r e p o r t s ore s i m i l a r i n c h a r a c t e r with eaeh subsequent pub- ' l i c a t i o n g i v i n g a more d e t a i l e d r e p o r t of the underground workings. I t i s from these r e p o r t s t h a t the i n f o r m a t i o n on the Porcupine area has been taken. •History The porcupine g o l d area was f i r s t d i s c o v e r e d i n 1909 when g o l d was found tobbe present l a quarts v e i n s i a the v i c i n i t y o f p e a r l Lake* T i s d o l e township* I t i s here t h a t most o f the mines occur. The area i s s i t u a t e d i n northeast Ontario n o r t h o f the height of l a n d from which the water d r a i n s n o r t h i n t o James Bay, Some of the e a r l i e s t d i s c o v e r i e s have grown t o be the g r e a t e s t mines. Among these are the B o l l i n g e r , L l c l n t y r o and Bono mines which t o -day are t-moag the g r e a t e s t producers o f g o l d i n Canadai For marly years porcupine has been the l a r g e s t producing f i e l d i n Canada and i n 1925 reached i t s peak, producing over 81$ of the t o t a l f o r Ontario w i t h an economic value of over §24^500,00. The geology of the d i s t r i c t i s pre-cambriah i n c h a r a c t e r c o n s i s t i n g o f Keewatin and Tis i s k a m i n g s e r i e s v;hich .are cut by the Algoman and post Algoman i n t r u s l v e s Table o f formations Ontario Iteparfrctent o f Mines 1984 pt II P.1S P l i e s t o e e n o Pr-e-Caiabrian G l a c i a l and ftaccnt : ICeweenawan Boulder c l a y s t r a t i f i e d ; c l a y , ci?:y oand g r a v e l and iViii . . . , . peat«. . .: Olivine Diabase Post Algoroan Algoman H a i l y b u r i a n Timiskairiing quarts Diabase * Granite, Quartz, Porphyry ; ' .Serpentine ; Gonglomarate greywacIdL : 'slate and q u a r t z i t e Keewatin A complex o f b a s i c to aciu. l a v a flows The Keewatin and Tiniskcming s e r i e s l i e i n a sync l i n e whose a x i s s t r i k e s approximately east and r;est» The v e i n s i n the d i s t r i c t belong t o the P e a r l Lake system which has a northeast t r e n d * Algoman Quarts Porphyry . The most important I n t r u s i v e i n the d i s t r i c t i s a quartz porphyry of Algoman age which occurs i n the form o f st o c k s and more r a r e l y as dykes. -53-. On© o f those s t o c k s p a r t l y o M e r l i c s P a a r l Lake and extends south-west to, the Rollings ¥•• She s t r i c t u r e o f tho i n t r u s i v e janeses i s import: n t i a that i t s a l t i t u d e has an e f f e c t u,--.on the ore shoots* The porphyry i n t r n s l o n o a at the B o l l i n g e r and Kclntyrgv nisou rakae about SS to the eaot while ©IsiXar conditions are rfounu..elsewhere*• She o u t l i n e s o f the porphyry ssaosec ssro not regales? hut contain jagged structures p a r t l o u i a r i y co the ends waderaeath cad above* 2 M B c o n d i t i o n would ho expected i f the i a t r u s i e n took p l a c e i n p r e v i o u s l y seMsted or ©hoared ground* HMs i s w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d a t the K o l l l a g e r and fSclutyre n i n e s « Apophyses osfeead for oonoiaeraMe 6istsaceo be-low the pareat s t o c k * 5?he a t t i t a t e of the porphyry naoeea m 'not? seen i s probably tlk.:t which existed at the time of ia&rusloa*' Sio l a t r a s i o a of the porphyry . has farthca? a l tered the? marrpmidlas roete? i n c r e a s i n g t he errauat of. spMofcooifcy and forming shear cones f c v o r a h l e f u r t&© IceatioB of gold • deposits*. • •. The porphyry i s o ^.hypatiyaeol type of rack i n t e r p o l a t e -botwoea •. th© aeon seated p l a t -sale , ;id surface v»lcaaics» I t s p r o E i c i i t y te th© gold depaoltn w i t h which I t i s r e l a t e d ladiositxm th-jt i t was Intruded i n t o the appear portion o f tfio e a r t h crust; whoro tli e f u a a a t i o a of th© •fractures was passible* T a r i u a a stocks 'of the porphyry have been exposed by erosion while ©there my occur i n the v i c i n i t y bolow the • present surface oi-csioa not having boon c a r r i e d f a r enough t o csgpos© them* S o l d t l o p ^ i t o i n western Ontario acre generally fuuad i a q u a r t s veins l a the Keewatia s c h i s t or i a t i c g r a n i t e adjacent t a tho o e i d c i . Consequently tho granite was considered by ©ome, t o have a genetic -60-connection with, the g o l d d e p o s i t s . In e a s t e r n Ontario the g o l d s i n e s were i n p r o x i m i t y t o g r a n i t e areas. HO t y p i c a l g r a n i t e occurs i n the immediate v i c i n i t y o f the g o l d d e p o s i t s a t porcupine but outcrops i n the r e g i o n round about. Type o f Deposit ' 1 1 Lindgren c l a s s e s t h e g o l d d e p o s i t s o f Ontario as h i g h temperature or hypothermal due t o presence of such m i n e r a l s as t o u r n a l i n e and p y r r -hotite. These two m i n e r a l s occur a t the Dome mine. 1. Lindgren ElneralJp'sposits '1938^^^ Character o f the d e p o s i t s c o n s i s t o f quarts ana m i n e r a l i s e d s c h i s t i a v a r y i n g p r o p o r t i o n s , being e i t h e r l i n e a r or i n i r r e g u l a r masses'. They may be e i t h e r c l a s s e s as v e i n s o r lode or lode systems. They are not the f i l l i n g o f open fissures puoh' as are connected w i t h veins near the s u r f a c e and they do not show the c r u s t i f i c a t i o n or banded c h a r a c t e r o f the f i l l i n g of open f i s s u r e s . The quarts has boon i n j e c t e d under heavy pressure and i s pegmat.itic i n c h a r a c t e r . ' * v 1 " l " - ' ' - ' ' ' • '> L« L. 0. Graton i n d e s c r i b i n g the Southcc-a Appalachian g o l d d i s t r i c t Buys: ' 1. L.G .'Gratoa^Oold and Tin de p o s i t s o f the • Southern Appalachians Q.S.G.S. B u l l e t i n j?o»39S " I t i s even p o s s i b l e that the v e l a forming s o l u t i o n s r e p r e s e n t i n g the f i n a l product o f the.emanations from' a g r a n i t e magma were I n j e c t e d ' : under heavy pressure i n t o t h e surrounding r o c k s along l i n e s o f weaknessj . and so l i k e pegmatite dykes made spaces f o r themselves by opening t h e i r own f i s s u r e s . " T h i s node- o f formation would r e a d i l y e x p l a i n the i r r e g u l a r i t y o f the q u a r t s masses i n the Porcupine d e p o s i t s . , Veins on the B e l l i n g e r , K c l n t y r e and other p r o p e r t i e s are l i n e a r f o r s e v e r a l hundred f e e t and v e r y i r r e g u l a r i n d e t a i l . Where t h e quarts v e i n s are numerous and c l o s e l y spaced the whole o f the i n t e r v e n i n g rock mass may c a r r y much p y r i t e . Y e i n l e t s o f quartz cut across the s c h i s t w h i l e o t h e r s , f r e q u e n t l y the l a r g e r masses run w i t h i t . A rough banding o f t e n r e s u l t s from p a r a l l e l s t r i p s o f s c h i s t i n the quartz* Some f r a c t u r i n g was present a t the beginning o f ore d e p o s i t i o n but the d e p o s i t s were the r e s u l t o f enlargement by metssoraatie replacement. The quarts which brought the m i n e r a l i z a t i o n s i l i c i f i e d the surrounding s c h i s t r o c k . The a l t e r a t i o n o f the rock I s w e l l shown along separate quartz v e i n s which estend Into the w a l l r o c k * The primary quartz i n the d e p o s i t s has been much f r a c t u r e d . G r a n u l a t i o n i s frequent along the margins o f the quartz g r a i n s and such m i n e r a l s as c a l c i t e , s e r i c i t e , and c h l o r i t e are f r e q u e n t l y ; \rved i n the crushed areas* M e t a l l i c s u l p h i d e s and g o l d are o f t e n pi'omineat w i t h the m i n e r a l s i a the f r a c t u r e p l a n a . A f a v o r a b l e l o c a t i o n f o r the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of ore m i n e r a l s i s a l s o along the contact o f quartz and s c h i s t . [Fragments of the country r o c k enclosed i n the quarts show a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of g o l d e i t h e r i n o r around them. Where cr a c k s have been produced i a the quartz v e i n and l a t e r f i l l e d w i t h m i n e r a l s from s o l u t i o n secondary quartz con be d i s t i n g u i s h e d from primary quartz only w i t h d i f f i c u l t y . Due to t h i s i t i s a c t always p o s s i b l e when examining such a v e i n to say whether the v i s i b l e g o l d occurs i a the e a r l i e r or l a t e r q u a r t z * The f r a c t u r i n g of the quartz nay occur tslcng l i n e s more or l e s s p a r a l l e l to the w a l l or the v e i n , g i v i n g a s t r e a k y appearance. The seams along which the specimen breaks are o f t e n very r.iinufce showing such m i n e r a l s as carbon-te,sercite, c h l o r i t e , p y r i t e g o l d and sometimes tourma l i n e * Mineralogy o f the Ore Deposits Many m i n e r a l s both m e t a l l i c and non-metaliic occur but g o l d i s the most important economically w i t h p y r i t e and pyrrhotite important i n order of abundance* S i l v e r and copper occur i n the n a t i v e s t a t e and some of the s i l v e r i s combined w i t h t h e g o l d * The n a t i v e copper i s a r a r e c o n s t i t u e n t * The g o l d occurs predominantly i n the n a t i v e s t a t e and r a r e l y as t e l u r i d e s * I t i s sometimes v i s i b l e but i t i s g e n e r a l l y i n v i s i b l e i n the p y r i t e and o t h e r s u l p h i d e s * Gold occurs i n the f r e e s t a t e i n that some o f i t w i l l amalglmate but t h - t which occurs ultimate!;- w i t h the sulp h i d e s must be separated by cyaaidatioa, and consequently most o f the plants use t h i s process f o r recoveringtthe precious metal* At the Done mine a combination of both amalgamation and c y a a i d a t i o a i s used due to the presence o f s i l v e r .as an a l l o y * The g o l d as a whole i s about 650 f i n e and i n r i c h specimens shows a r i c h yellow color* P y r i t e i s the c h i e f s u l p h i d e present and i s g e n e r a l l y w e l l c r y -s t a l l i s e d i n the form of cubes which may be modified by the octabedre or pyritobedron* M i c r o s c o p i c examination of auriferous p y r i t e from the H c i l i n g e r mine f a i l e d t o show any g e l d i n c l u d e d I n the p y r i t e c r y s t a l s * However, E. S+ Robinson r e p o r t s having observed f l a k e s o f g o l d i n p y r i t e crystals which have not been crushed* Disseminated p y r i t e which, i s a u r i f e r o u s cannot be d i s t i n g u i s h e d from a u r i f e r o u s p y r i t e except by assay* Galena and z i n c b l c n d e occur as w e l l as c h a l c o p y r i t e i n f r a c t u r e s In the q u a r t z , p o r t i o n s of the v e i n s c a r r y i n g these minerals are l i k e l y t o c o n t a i n high g o l d v a l u e s . A r s e n o p y r i t e occurs a t the B o l l -inger and Borne n i n e s w h i l e molybdenite has been observed i n the West Dome Lake mines. Many other m i n e r a l s a l s o occur but those mentioned above the the most important* Description o f P r o p e r t i e s B o l l i n g e r Mine Ontario Bept"g"Etoeg_ Bept 1934* p t ' r j I ^ p T T B T S i t u a t e d i n the south west p o r t i o n of Tisduie riM->. , and w i t h the main p o r t i o n o f the property l y i n g t o the southwest o f P e a r l Lake* Outcrops o f v e i n s have been found on a l l claisas except one and n e a r l y a l l the v e i n s have a g e n e r a l n o r t h lastHSouta Tlest s t r i k e * The • o o main v e i n system s t r i k e s from ISO t o U 70 E* Both Keewatin l a v a s and Algernon i n t r u s i v e quartz porphyry are p r e s e n t . The Keewatin r o c k s aro h i g h l y a l t e r e d aad even tho more massive or blocky p o r t i o n s do not r e t a i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l composition* The porphyry occurs i a s e v e r a l separate stocks and as f a r as mining has been ab l e t o show* these do not j o i n on depth* o The longer axes of the s t o c k s s t r i k e IT 70 B and the p i t c h i s e a s t e r l y * The porphyry although c a r r y i n g v e i n s has not proved an important ore b e a r e r , w h i l e the v e i n s are q u i t e l i n e a r f o r the s e v e r a l hundred f e e t they are o f t e n connected and show a c h a i n l i k e arrangement. I n d e t a i l a v e i n i s f r e q u e n t l y composed of a number o f l e n s e s which are arranged echelon* The composition of a v e i n i s generally a p r o p o r t i o n of-quartz i r r e g u l a r l y d i s t r i b u t e d w i t h pyritized s c h i s t . . The v e i n s v a r y i n r;idth and average about nine f e e t but some have been worked over a -width o f f o r t y f e e t and widths o f f i f t e e n f e e t are coranon. The H o l l i n g e r i s the g r e a t e s t producer o f g o l d on the c o n t i n e n t and compares f a v o r a b l y vrith the n i n e a on the Band of South A f r i c a . I n 1929 i t produced 455 3093 f i n e ounces of g o l d valued at §9,407,627. This i s a decrease from the preceeding year duo t o a lower grade or ore and a decrease i n q u a n t i t y m i l l e d . A summary o f the ore r e s e r v e s shows t h a t there were a t the end of 1929 Ontario pept ofl-jlines ^ 3 t " j g 3 Q j p t ' . " l " P.'lo^ 775,245 tons of ore over §10 and averaging £11.85 w i t h an estimated gross v a l u e o f ^9,147,028. I n v e i n s ylO-88 there ^ e r e 2,037266 tons averaging §8.88 per t o n and having a gross v a l u e o f |524,896,223. Veins from fs8-§8 show 461,257 tons averaging §7,34 and having a gross v a l u e of #3,387,583. Th i s g i v e s a t o t a l ore r e s e r v e % : i t h probable ore under s i s d o l l a r s and s u r f a c e outcrops of 6,360,021 tons averaging $7.52 u i t h a gross value of §47 819,398* The output o f the mine during 1929 was over 1,500,000 tons* T i l l s shows then t h a t i f no durther reserves are found, at the present r a t e o f p r o d u c t i o n the known reserves would be worked out i n approximately f i v e y ears. Mcmtyre Mine Ontario Peat o f ;/anes Heat 1924 ? t . I I P* 60 The M c l n t y r e Mine i s s i t u a t e d at Schumalker on the opposite s i d e o f P e a r l Lake to the H o l l i n g e r and i s t h e next l a r g e s t producer i n the d i s t r i c t . During 1929 i t produced a t o t a l of 206,621 f i n e ounces The geology i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o the H o l l i n g e r but the main v e i n i s b:;&iy f a u l t e d i n the upper reaches * The main v e i n l i e s on the n o r t h s i d e o f p e a r l Lake n o r t h of the porphyry. This v e i n has been one o f - * th e g r e a t e s t producers o f the area* I t i s b a d l y f a u l t e d above t h e 400 l e v e l but below which i t i s f a i r l y r e g u l a r . Character o f the oi»e* " o The ere occurs along a p e r s i s t e n t f r a c t u r e s t r i k i n g E 60 E and d i p o 67 N* The ore i s o f the replacement- type c o n s i s t i n g o f a i l i c i f i e d and p y r i t o u s l a v a w i t h some v e i n q u a r t z * The v e i n averages seven feet, i n w i d t h . Development psvelopment on tJje p r o p e r t y depends on the s t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s of the p e a r l Lake porphyry s t o c k w i t h the Keevmtin Lavas* The porphyry has a s t r o n g e a s t e r l y p i t c h and as depth i s a t t a i n e d i n the mine the Eeewatin s c h i s t predominates, u n d e r l y i n g the ground be-h i n d the porphyry. The zone behind the porphyry i s f a v o r a b l e f o r the occurence o f ore shoots and t h i s area has bean developed from the lower l e v e l s * In 19S9 development- had reached the 5,875 l e v e l where t h e r e were ore 5,781 tons o f £4.50^mined» The c a p a c i t y o f the m i l l had increased y e a r l y up to March 31,1930 when i t was 550,495 tons f o r tho yea:-. Yipond Ontario "Dep't of" ihnBB^evn^SB^tT^i^T^ This mine i s s i t u a t e d to the southeast of the H o l l i n g e r ;.,n« the v e i n s have the g e n e r a l northeast-southwest s t r i k e of the P e a r l Lake system. I n 1016 the Horth Thompson mine was amalgamated w i t i i the Yipond and i n -55-th© following two years a i l tho ore m i l l e d • case f r o a the ITorth Thompson. Further work on t h i s p r o p e r t y developed aa ore reserve l a 1924 'amount-lag to $b, OCX),000. Th© r e c k i a t h i s v e l a system i s Eenv.atln schist „ Ho p-rphyry occuro ou the property oat n l a r g e laaso outcrops to tho west ?;hich has a n-...rko& e a s t e r l y dip., Cttrbonaeeous n t i t o r i a i xise-ars i n ease of th© w a l l roc-rock giving. i t a d u l l black c o l o r . Tho w a l l rock often c a r r i e s p y r i t e in a bunded, errasgaient* P y r i t e occurs abuaclaatiy coaetiiaes i a w e l l developed cubes aad a g a i n i a large c o a r s e l y c r y s t a l l i z e d masses. O h a l -o o p y r i t % S p h a l e r i t e ana galena CSPO cotaaon. V i s i b l e gold is- profusely s c a t t e r e d i n BOSK* pnrfcs of the v e i n s • Quarts i s the c h i e f goagus mineral but carbonate a l s o 'occttro i a t h i s capacity*- ' ' 8am l u s t r o u s graphite occurs and i n places v l s b i l e g o l u has he 1 soon with t h i s n o t o r i a l . Both g o l d and g r a p h i t e have been s l i c k e n s l d o d by xwvemeatss i a the vein and i t has been suggested that tho l u s t r o u s ' g r a phitic m a t e r i a l has boon derives from the d u l l carbonaceous M a t e r i a l by intense' d i p p i n g of layer on l a y e r . The gold with .tho g r - p b i t i e m a t e r i a l may be accounted f o r us possibly of a 1. t o r p e r i o d than the graphite and t o have boon precipitated tern eolation by I t . T-<$&SMB o r i g i n s f o r the carbon have been suggested by A* Borfean aad J* JSoIatosh B e l l cad Include, r e d u c t i o n from carbonates p r e c i p i t a t i o n from soluble c a r b i d e s or tho dQconr-wnition of hydre-c• .rbono. I n l e a s ¥ipc-a-J. produced 5i»5S69.25 f i n e .-un^es* Since 192? tho n i n e has isansged to extend i t s ore r e s e r v e s t o keep pace s.'ith i t s production. -67-Dome Mine Gntcrlo" Papt o f Wjip^ She Dome Mine i s s i t u a t e d i s . the Southeast p a r t of T i s d a l e town-s h i p and i n 1924 contained 440 a c r e s . The geology i s more ecmples: than i n the other p r o p e r t i e s near P e a r l Lake i s t h a t i t b r i n g s i n the Timiskamino s e r i e s 6 The major f e a t u r e c o n s i s t s o f an a s y i a i n e t r i c a l a n t i c l i n a l f o l l o w e d by a s y n c l i n a l trough on -Its south a i d e * I n the a n t i c l i n e the ICeewatin o o r o c k s outcrop t o t h e west and p i t c h JJ 60 E a t 40 under the Timiskaming sediments. To the n o r t h the contact i n c l i n e s g e n t l y northward w h i l e on the south a i e d i t i s almoat v e r t i c a l and the sediments i n t h e s y n c l i n e are c a r r i e d to great de-ptlu . The south s i d e o f the s y n c l i n c i s i n t r u d e d by a mass o f quarts porphyry* The top o f the p i t c h i n g Eeewatin i n the a n t i c l i n e i s c a l l e d the c r e s t l i n e and i t i s along t h i s p a r t l y i n the Keewatin but m o s t l y i n the o v e r l y i n g sediments and I n the deep trough t o the south that moat of the great ore bodies o f the Dome occur* A few d e p o s i t s occur e n t i r e l y i n the Xeewatin and two have been stoped from the the porphyry. The ore shoots are l a r g e i r r e g u l a r lenees which are v e r y wide i n i t t ' p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e i r l e n g t h v a r y i n g from 15*-150 i n width and 600 i n le n g t h * Tliey c o n s i s t o f .mineralised s c h i s t , sediments*, v o l c a n i c s , w i t h a p r o p o r t i o n o f v e i n quartz* The quartz i s i r r e g u l a r l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n the s c h i s t and w h i l e o c c u r i n g i n l a r g e masses i n some of the deposits the percentage i s g e n e r a l l y from 10<S-15fS* The most f a v o r a b l e rocks, are the Timiskaming greywacke and conglomerate which i n p a r t s i s cover-ed by an impermeable l a y e r of e l a t e . Some of the best ore has been obtained from j u s t below the s l a t e s which are encountered a t d i f f e r e n t «08-l e v e l s os the workings extend eastwards 2ho ore f r o n d i f f e r e n t s l o p e s v a r i e s g reatly i n appearance. Eho conglomeratic character ahowa by pebbles i s e a s i l y r e c o g n i s a b l e i n scao of the sodiiaontsry or©, but tho ore i s often eimply a dark grey*i s c h i s t s p o t t e d w i t h i r o n p y r i t e s and cut by vacuo v e i n i c to o f quarts* Replacoac-at i s recognise:: i a bands o f greywaeko i n which th© p y r i t e follows tho rock bantling• She p y r i t e i s the chief sulphide pyosoat and i s a e a r l y 5$ of the ore Hiaes* S y r r h o t i t e i s cassaoa \:hHe a r s e a o p y r l t e , c h a l e o p y r i t e and sholerite also' occur* Quarts Is th© chief gaague minora! but touEa-a l i n e i s abundant i a oomo ctopos l a d l e , t i o n higli temperatures* Toima-a l e r i z a t i o a has been carried'along tho q u a r t s v e i n d i k e s * Since 1226 the reserves have been g r a d u a l l y increased u n t i l In at the oad of. 19£9 they ^esre 1,300,©00 tons* P r o a u c t l o a ma approacinately 550,000 teas par year tat d a r i n g it?29 dropped to 480,000* gOBlg^etgtt Goaiaurtie Finos Limited were a company farmed i n 1934 to fcoke over the properties of the Bewray and fi-olclal© companies« She properties ore situated i a the township of ffiLsdale and adjoins that of tho I & i n t y r c on tho o a s t * Si©-rooks oa tho Goidaie part are v a r i e t i e s of .Keewatia s c h i s t with s e v e r a l assail stocks 'of ;>/yphyry. The, ore i s a p y r i t i s c d b l a c k • b a s a l t i c s c h i st with i r r e i - u l ? r masses and v a i n l e t s o f f r a c t u r e d qusrte* A 500 ton n i l ! vtas e r e c t e d i n 1928 Jind i a vhat year i t pro&acod lt,634*40 f i n e ounces, ' iiowovor the aarrot?acos of the v e i n s coupled with lalnoy fsuite caused a farther u i m i n u i t i o n o f ore- then was expected and tho company -69-net w i t h f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s . I n 1929 c. new company ^as formed aad prod u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d more than Sg- times being XG,640.66 f i n e ounces. West Dome hake This p r o p e r t y i s a c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f the West Dome aad Dome Lake mines, p r o d u c t i o n has been c h i e f l y from the Dome Lake p o r t i o n . The p r i n c i p a T v e l a o f the Dome Lake pr o p e r t y f o l l o w s a c o n s i s t a n t froc-tare t r a c e a b l e across the n o r t h p a r t o f th e p r o p e r t y i n an east west d i r e c -t i o n . Along the outcrop of the v e i n there I s fragmsatai m a t e r i a l r e p -r e s e n t i n g a f l o w top i n which the v e i n has been formed. Tho v e i n i s a mixture o-f carbonate and quartz of medium grey c o l o r w i t h f i n e l y d i v i d e d p y r i t e , v i s i b l e g o l d o c c a s i o n a l l y being present . The p r o p o r t i o n o f quartz and carbonate v a r i e s i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of the • t t . v e i n which averages 2-3 i n w i d t h . The p i t c h l e n g t h o f the ore shoot I s g r e a t e r than i t s l e n g t h along the d r i f t . P r i o r t o 19S9 pro d u c t i o n had been s m a l l but I n January o f that year the m i l l was turned over and a t o t a l o f 35, 142 tons was m i l l e d . U n f o r t u n a t e l y the mine was c l o s e d down In January I9E0 pending a r e -o r g a n i z a t i o n of the company. March G o l d Mines The March G o l d ISines are l o c a t e d c e n t r a l l y i a the n o r t h p o r t i o n of Belore Township. Developemnt work t/as s t a r t e d i n 192S and the geology showed s e v e r a l mussive porphyry dykes i n t r u d i n g a h i g h l y s c h i s t o s e band of r h y o l i t e bounded on the n o r t h s i d e by bas i c c h l o r i t e - c a r b o n a t e s c h i s t . Further development was done l a t e i n 1924 and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a m i l l was s t a r t e d i n 1926 and completed,but l i t t l e concentrates were produced* 1928 was the f i r s t year t h a t the mine had any a p p r e c i a b l e p r o d u c t i o n being 6,459.53 f i n e ounces. I n 1929 t h i s was almost doubled although the tonnage d i d not i n c r e a s e a t the same r a t e thus showing a higher grade of ore m i l l e d * a r e a . Two other- p o t e n t i a l producers from t h i s A a r e the A n k e r i t e and p o r c u -pine U n i t e d . These produced i n 1929 3,453 f i n e ounces and 2,135 f i n e ounces r e s p e c t i v e l y * The A n k e r i t e c l o s e d down i n 1SS0 and production, from t h i s source ceased'but the porcupine U n i t e d i s s t i l l o p e r a t i n g . Future o f the D i s t r i c t The p r o d u c t i o n of g o l d from porcupine i n the f u t u r e may show a d e c l i n e unless new mines are opened o r new.reserves are found i n the e x i s t i n g mines.: Since 1925 B e l l i n g e r has g r a d u a l l y decreased i n p r o d u c t i o n due t o a lower grade or o r e . S i n e s 192G the r e s e r v e s of t h i s s i n e have been grad-u a l l y decreasing being i n t h a t year 7,779,254 tons o f §8*52 ore w h i l e i n 192S they were 6,550,021 tons o f §7.49 ore. Borne and l l c l n t y r e n i n e s have ample res e r v e s and Lie I n t y r e have i n c r e a s e d t h e i r s d u r i n g the past few years* p r o d u c t i o n from those sources should a t l e a s t be steady and i t may i n c r e a s e * . These ore the p r i n c i p a l producers i n the d i s t r i c t and i t i s from them t h t h a t the b u l k of output comes. A decrease i n the production of the smaller mines would not a f f e c t the t o t a l p r o duction t o any great e x t e n t . I n t r o d u c t i o n This area f i r s t a t t r a c t e d a t t e n t i o n , as a g o l d area i n 1915. Since t h b t time developasnt and p r o d u c t i o n have had a more o r l e s s steady progress. E a r l y r e p o r t s of the area are contained i n the Ontario Bureau of Mines Reports for 1914. The" lir'hland'' ^^^^^ostiJ^rGolE Arias"* T h i s r e p o r t was w r i t t e n by A. G. Burrows,end.p. B. Hopkins \7ho wrote I . . a second r e p o r t i n 1020 g i v i n g a more d e t a i l e d account of the ore deposits and geology. 1. O n t a r i o " D e j a t " Q ^ I H ^ ^ ^ O ^ I I A s t i l l f u r t h e r d e t a i l e d r e p o r t was p u b l i s h e d by the same authors i n 1925 i n the Ontario Bureau o f [Mines Report f o r that year* With a f u r t h e r demand f o r more i n f o r m a t i o n 3S. V. Todd s t u d i e d the f i e l d i a 1928 and combined h i s own f i n d i n g s w i t h those of former r e p o r t s and p u b l i s h e d them i n a separate volume o f the Ontario Dap-rtraent o f Mines* 'Oaterio' p'epartaent o f ii1nes"T92Q pt.'" II I t i s from these r e p o r t s t h a t the f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n has been taken. H i s t o r y As e a r l y as 1906 during the boom days of Cobalt many claims were staked f o r g o l d ; r o u n d Swastika and n o r t h e a s t e r l y to what i s known as K i r k l a n d Lake* Many o f these claims r e v e r t e d to the Crown and i t was not u n t i l 1911 t h a t g o l d was f i r s t discovered by W. H. Wright on what i s now p a r t of the Wright Eargreoves pr o p e r t y . This w i t h the progress being -72-made i n the porcupine, i n t e r e s t was r e k i n d l e d and by the end of the year a l l the ground had been staked* p r o s p e c t i n g and developemtn work con-t i n u e d and i n 1915 Tough Oaks operated a cyanide m i l l . T h i s was p r a c t -i c a l l y the o n l y producer t i l l 1917 when Teeke Hughs commenced ope r a t i o n s * 1918-19-20-21 saw g r e a t development b r i n g i n g i n t o p r o d u c t i o n the Lake Shore* K i r k l a a d Lake and Wright Heargraves i n the order named. In-1919 Tough Oaks c l o s e d down and d i d not reopen u n t i l 1923 when i t was amalgamated w i t h the Burnside Mine* p r o d u c t i o n f l u c t u a t e d somewhat at the s t a r t but has i n c r e a s e d y e a r l y s i n c e 1919 and l a s t year e c l i p s e d production from the porcupine f o r the f i r s t time*. In 1927 a new producer S y l v a n i t e came i n t o the f i e l d and has added a p p r e c i a b l y t o the t o t a l p r oduction; G e n e r a l i Geology •> The raost e x t e n s i v e formation i n the area i s t h e Keewatia but i n the camp i t s e l f the p r o d u c t i v e v e i n s occur i n the Temiskainiag which l i e s i n a narrow a y n c i i n e l a the Keewatin basement; The i n t r u s i o n s i a the area arc considered to be o f f s h o o t s of the Algoman g r a n t i e o f which there t.re e x t e n s i v e exposures t o the south and south west; Table of formations Quaternary sand g r a v e l and swamp G l a c i a l and Recent Serpentine Pre-Cambrian Diabase d i k e s : Eampropnyre d i k e s , syen-Alcornm, i t e porphyry. Red s y e n i t e , B a s i c Syen-. -73-Temiskamian -^------m™™^^,... Volcanic t u f f . V o l c a n i c flows — ~ — - — — — — „ « „—„„ conglomerate, Rusty Carbonate Keewatia — — ~ « — — - - — . pillow l a v a , altered, diabase ««»^.-™—™«_-.««,-»M=-,_-.—^««-™-»™^«„w^»BM»-.greej1 HcMsts r u s t y carbonate • Troa formation and t u f f . I t e s e r i p t i o a of Por&ationa-geewatia ' Those rocks do not occur aduacent to the ore zone and a r e . t h e r e f o r e of no p a r t i c u l a r economic i n t e r e s t i n the camp i t s e l f . They outcrop t o the n o r t h and southwest and have the same c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s here as i n other p a r t s o f the Canadian S h i e l d . -Temiskamiaa The s e r i e s here c o n s i s t s of-eenforceable beds o f conglomerate, grey-wacki t u f f and l a v a flows occupying a s y n c l i n a l trough v.hich extends e a s t -o ward i n t o the province of Quebec* They have a s t r i k e v a r y i n g from £30 j j o " to S 30 S. -The change in strike•is probably due to a l a r g e boss of granite and syenite '..hiah outcrops in the south p a r t of Label township. The t u f f and c o n s o l i d a t e d v o l c a n i c ash extend ccross Toek township i n p e r s i s t e n t bands and makes up a considerable p o r t i o n of tho t o t a l thickness of the s e r i e s . A s e c t i o n made from n o r t h t o south across the s y n e l i n e suggests the f o l l o w i n g sequence of r o c k s . 1. B a s a l conglomerate and greywackd 2* V o l c a n i c sediments 3. Conglomerate and greywacke 4. V o l c a n i c sediments 5. Conglomerate and greywacke - -74- • The o l d e s t member of the Tcmislcasian s e r i e s i n the producing s e c t i o n i s a t h i c k deposit of sediments which appear to be water l a i n v o l c a n i c ash. The c o l o r of the t u f f (ash) v a r i e s between dark grey and r e d . Gn the whole, the t u f f I s f i n e grained i n texmire and bedding planes are r e d i l y d i s c e r n i b l e ; Seasonal banding and cross bedding are shown t o a marked degree i n c e r t a i n p l a c e s and a study o f these i n d i c a t e s t h a t the tops o f the t u f f beds f a c e southeast. In the v i c i n i t y of K i r k l a n d Lake the t u f f i s o v e r l a i n by a coarse conglomerate which passes upward i n t o a greywacke phase c o n t a i n i n g beds of conglomerate. B o r d e r i n g the t u f f the conglomerate I s , as a r u l e ex-tremely coarse; some o*' the boulders being as much as two f e e t i n d i a -meter. The t h i c k n e s s o f the coarse conglomerate o v e r l y i n g the t u f f a t T one p l a c e was measured t o be 370 of coarse m a t e r i a l w i t h o c c a s s i o n a l beds of sandy greywacke'. The g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n of the sedimentary s e r i e s In Tock township c o n s i s t s of t h e grey sandy greywacke ph^se c o n t a i n i n g narrow bands o f conglomerate. There are no igneous rocks of v o l c a n i c o r i g i n w i t h i n the area imm-e d i a t e l y surrounding the producing mines. However, castv.ard i n L e b e l township occur bands o f l a v a c o n s i s t i n g c h i e f l y of a r e d t o grey t r a c h y -t e . V a r i o u s . a t r t t c t u r s s v c f t . r a c t e r i s t i c . of - v u l c a n i c rocks occur and i n t e r -bedded w i t h the fl o w s a r c beds o f r e d d i c h s t r a t i f i e d - t u f f i d e n t i c a l w i t h the t u f f a t K i r k l c n d Luke. . The o r i g i n o f the t u f f at K i r k l a n d isdce and the .lava flows j u s t des-c r i b e d are probably I d e n t i c a l and i f the e a s t e r l y c o n t i n u a t i o n o f the t u f f bands i n Teke 'township were mapped i n -deffe-il they would 1)3 found t o l i e i n the same s t r c t i g r o p h i c h orizons as the v o l c a n i c r o c k s i n L e b e l V;hc-ro there i n a contact between the t u f f and coarse cenrjiomsrato the change i c extremely abrupt end i n places evidences of d l s c o n f o r m i t y e x i s t although the strike of tho bode i n tho two formations frem the contract i s p a r a l l e l . Boulders of t u f f havo been found i n the congloMerate and in places the conglomerate truncot'. a the t u f f ouGgosting t h a t the l a t t e r was s l i g h t l y eroded before the dc^aritica of the foxscfa Alfiai&an. . . Th© imroolojt o f the Granite of thio p e r i o d caused mak f a u l t i n g an& f o l d i n g i n the 2cr.;ielsaraing sediments aad Koc-watin l a v a o and t i l t e d thorn at h i g h e a g l c a into eloeod fold's est, a d l n g i n o nos'tlieastorly directions, Accompanying tho f o l d i n g of the older r o o k s , l i s a s of woakaeao «er© developed along- which of:."ohoota f r o u tho g r attu txmn wore injected** Coatinued p l e a s u r e protMoea I'-rge f c u l t s oven i n tho offshoots fchessoclvos end thus roade openings f o r deep seated e o l a t i o n s to cater m& form om-bodies* l a the jsp^duoias s e c t i o n tho l a t r a o l v o r:.rto '-re a i l 'of tho o f f s h o o t typo. Various ©yeaitlc phases 9 which wore d i f f e r e n t i a t e s ' i a order o f i n c r e a s i n g a c i d i t y make up the g r e a t e r p.-rt e f the i n t r u s i ^ c a . P l u t o n i c recks i a l u r g c masses outcrop on tho south margin of the Stoainfcuaian b e l t from, the middle; v f Sec:; tosmehlp onotworG t o Goafcfcier township* Tho d i s t a n c e of tho p r o d u c t i v e veins fxm the cx-scat of those outcrops i s one e M a q u a r t e r pAlea* • She i n t r u s i v e r o c k s of Kirfcl&ad Luko i t s e l f consists of v a r i o u s phases o f the iUgorv. >i invasion* !3ae f i r s t pir.se i s rcpres<-ated by a ba s i c e y o n i t e roocmbiieg c e r t a i n leapropliyrea i n composition* S h i s i s f o l l o w e d by a more a c i d phoee hig h i n putceh which i s to i c cut by a oyr.nitc porphyry hig h i n aoua* The f i n a l phase r.-us again a basic one represented by loz^rophyro and d i a -base dykes r h i c h cut the s y e n i t e s i a the cane of tho <,iab~u:c a t l e a s t be-fore tho end of the period of ore depositions .Structure.- • ; That tho Teniskaraiag and Keowtitia s e r i e s at l O r k l a m i Lake l i e l a a syaeilae has boon suggested by Borrows aad Hopkins, The a x i s o f the sync l i n e has a g e n e r a l cr.st-waot s t r i k e . Tho f o l d i n g which brought '..bout the s y u c l i a ' educed a l i n e of s t r u c -t u r a l woafcneee roughly p a r a l l e l to tho s t r i k o of the eeOinento* along t M c l i n e of weakness d i f f o r e a t i a t c s , probably coning fi'oro tho granite sass were intruded* n h i l o there c a s t novo, been f a u l t i n , f ; d u r i n g the i n t r u s i o n i t i s tho post i n t r u s i v e f a u l t s a l l i e n tar© of moot isportionce sine® it i s along, none o f these that the ore bearing Veifflo o c c u r . The vein© i a tho producing s e c t i o n arc bodice of eocenfiary nl&eralb f i l l i n g f r a c t u r o s i n aad p a r t l y replacing the country r o c k ( l o n g a f a u l t e d • '. 1 , zono vhich fefis been c a l l e d the u."*;in break" of the corap* Tho p r i n c i p a l f a u l t o follow n m r ^ b l y etx-r.igbt l i n e s otrildnc about 0 • ' JI 65 E and olea;: t a l c l i n e the producing ninoo a r c s t r e t c h e d out f o r about two a l l o c . There are two n s i a f a u l t s i a tho a r e a * a n o r t h v e l a f a u l t ..ad a. south vein f a u l t * Torth Vein Fault The north v e i n f a u l t h;c tho hast oro essoeii.'&ou with i t . P r o p o r t i o n along t h i s f a u l t are pr.rts of the K i r k l a n d Zii ;e* L-*ke shore9 Tcck Hughes and u'rivht Hargreaves. The south s i d e of t h i s f a u l t has been moved up »• - • w i t h r e s p e c t t o the north, aide a distance of a t l e a s t 800 « South V e i n F a u l t The south v e i n f a u l t i s not so important but a f f e c t s the Lake Shore and Teck Hughes p r o p e r t i e s * She f a u l t seems to diminish.on the Seek Hughes .property when i t s t r i k e s a mess of b a s i c r o c k She displacement here i s upward on the south s i d e of from SOD-BOO* Relation o f Veins t o Faults She p r o d u c t i v e v e i n s l i e along the f a u l t s mentioned above and c u t across a l l the r o c k formations* She importance o f the f a u l t s i s r e a d i l y seen* They provided openings i n t o - n i c h the s o l u t i o n s c o u l d penetrate i n s u f f i c i e n t quantity t o form ore bodies of commercial s i z e * G e n e r a l l y where the movements have been g r e a t e s t and the w a l l rock i s h i g h l y brecc-iated* the v e i n s are s t r o n g e s t * She type of r o c k i n which the f a u l t occurs i s a l s o important i n t h e formation of ore d e p o s i t s * B r i t t l e rocks such as porphyry and a c i d s y e n i t e g i v e a b r e c c i a t e d area around the f a u l t While tough p l a s t i e r a c k s such as the sediments g i v e a t i g h t f r a c t u r e vrhich i s not s u i t a b l e f o r ore d e p o s i t i o n * post Ore F a u l t i n g post ore f a u l t s are important features and occur in"two d i s t i n c t systems* She most prominent i s a s e r i e s o f "cross F a u l t s " v.'hich s t r i k e approximately n o r t h and south and the other i s a s e r i e s o f " f l a t F a u l t s " encountered i n the v e i n s * She cross faults are important i n mining operations i n that part o f the d i s t r i c t ' f r o m the Uright-Eargreaves eastward* She. f i a t f a u l t s o«eur i n both the north and South veins. Their e f f e c t i s t o s h i f t the r e i n h o r i z o n t a l l y with a s a - , i i displacement. This d i s -placement i s encountered i n sloping the v e i n and causes i t t o be n .led apart l e a v i n g a., gap. The cross f a u l t s appear to have originated from t a n g e n t i a l s t r a i n a c t i n g under tensiou caused by a push to the northward of the g r a n i t e mass i n Lebel Township. . SeaeralChara cter o f ^ t h e Veins • In the area there tire three zones o i l mere or less p a r a l l e l but • o n l y the c e n t r a l aone I s i i i a p o r t a n t as i a r as p r o d u c t i o n ' i s concerned; The v e i n system extends from eusi. to xei'l a uiotence of 14,400 i n the v i c i n -i t y of K i r k l a n d lake* Commercial ore shoots have been found at i n t e r v a l s along 13,000 of t h i s d i s t a n c e along which i s extended the six producing mines; The Central ZoiiB The veins of fche c e n t r a l sons are c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to the f a u l t movements and have the ease trend; Thecharaeter of the fissures i s imp-ortant i a c o n t r o l l i n g ore formaticn as w e l l as i-eplacement; The Main veins are regular i a d i p and s t r i k e and follow f a u l t s of l a r g e s t replacement; I n general veins consist of sheared and b r e c c i o t e d rocks p a r t i a l l y replaced by secondary minerals; I r r e g u l a r masses o f quart f i l l the openings through the csrushcu rock i n the v e i n s and the gold acc-ompanied by the t e l l u r i t e s - end sulphides occur i n streakes aad minute f r a c t u r e s i n t l . ' . i c-f the secondary m i n e r a l s ; As a r u l e the v e i n s are strongest whore displacement has been g r e a t e s t p r o v i d i n g the w a l l rock i s f a v o r a b l e ; O c c a s i o n a l l y the ore extends across the vein but more f r e q u e n t l y i t i s found only along one o f the boundaries or along some o f the minor fissures crossing between the w a l l s ; The l a r g e r movements are generally mv.rked by sean.:s of gouge which i n the ore shoots appeal's. to have been r e p l a c e d some~kat by ore forming min-e r a l s . The l a r g e s t masses of quartz and the r i c h e s t ore are found t o l i e adjacent t o the main planea of movements v;here the r o c k was f r a c t u r e d t o the g r e a t e s t e x t e n t . Around the main f a u l t s t h ere are minor p a r a l l e l branching f i s s u r e s vrhich c a r r y g o l d v a l u e s * Many o f these are of no importance but i n some c l o s e to the main fault f i s s u r i n g has been of s u f f i c i e n t magnitude t o allow f o r ore d e p o s i t i o n * Examples of these occur- on the Tack Hughes, Lake Shore and v/right Hargreaves« Ago o f Veins, jand Source o f Ore. Since the f a u l t s t;hich formed the openings f o r the d e p o s i t i o n of the ore cut the o l d e r sediments and the e a r l i e r phases of the Algerian intrusion the v e i n s a r e n e c e s s a r i l y younger i n age* However they probab-l y r epresent a f i n a l a c t i v e phase o f Algoman g r a n i t e which continued l o n g a f t e r the e a r l i e r phases had become i n e r t * The diabase dykes i n the area seem t o be the c l o s e s t t o the v e i n s i n the p o i n t of tine and age* T h i s i s a departure from.the normal view that g o l d d e p o s i t s are g e n e t i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o a more a c i d type o f i n t r u s -i v e . The v;ource o f the ore appears t o have been an u n d e r l y i n g mass o f g r a n i t e * Since a l l rocks t r a v e r s e d by the v'cins c o n t a i n ore shoots there- i s no r e l a t i o n between the ores and the rocks but the s t a t e d before the type of f r a c t u r e produced i o very important« General Character e f the Ores* The m a t e r i a l mined c o n s i s t s o f altered country rock with sm.11 amounts of quartz and other vein m a t e r i a l s . The values are i n v a r i a b l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the ctr.a-ta without the pr« scneo o f which the values ere n e g i i g a b l c . Due to there being t-.o egos of quarts the e a r l i e r of which i s barren i t i t ,';;,r.etincs found without any values* . Carbonates of calcium B magnesium and i r o n occur i a the o r e , either replacing the f e r r o n c g n e s i u : M i n e r a l s i n tho country r o c k or as s m a l l v o i n l e t e through r o c k i n aad around the v e i n s * She h i g h grade darfc streaks g e n e r a l l y c o n t a i n some carbonates along with tho l a t e r r o t r r t a and m e t a l l i c r i i a e r a l s * C a l c i t e i s o v t c a seen l a tho gouge seams with b o r i t e and o c c a s a l o n r i l l y carrying bunches o f eoare© galeae, and e h i l c u p y r i t e * S a l s a o a o c l a t l o n of laiaerals suggests deposition at low t e i ^ s r a t u r e s * £ya?it© i s th© tatmt ab*» taidaat jEineral' i a and around t h o v e i n s aad Is diosoMa«tod through the country rook* l a r e s t r i c t e d dark colored p a r t s of th©' v e i n s occur v i s -ibl© quantities of t e l l w i d e s .and ehaicopyrlte* Shese desk c o l o r e d s t r e a -kes are a o u o l l y high grade and rsolybdextiljc <*nd acsjettoe© graphite occur. i n t h i n f i l m s on ollefconsi&ed ourfaofto, ueuu-ly there the vlouc e arc high* She r i c h shoots- arc eh"-rector issed bjr tho . preseneo of the b l a c k etrouke denoting - ood v a l u e s * 2ho black st.-oiiks range i a wi d t h frcca several inches to mere f l i t i s i a which no i n d i v i d u a l m i n e r a l can bo r e -cognised without the microscope* Under tho microscope i t i s soea t h a t the dark color while p a r t l y duo to the f i n e groined sulphides i s to a large, e x t e n t caused by the presence of c h l o r i t e . This c h l o r i t e was probably derived from tho fer r o i i o g n e a i a n M i n e r a l s i n tho ro c k s end s?edepoeitod along the v e i n s aad probably aiding p r e c i p i t a t i o n of the ore m i n e r a l s . yiaeralpgy o f the.ores . The gold i-s found combined with t e l l u r i a n t o a certain e;:teat bat i t i s b e l i e v e d that tho m a j o r i t y of i t i s i a tho native c o a u i t i o a . ' -61- ' , T e l l u r i t e s of lead ana n c r c u r y occur but these • a r r y no c h e m i c a l l y combined g o l d . The t e l l u r i t e of go.'.d, c a l v o r i t e and p e t z i t c a r c -rare i a occurrence but farm a considerable p a r t c f the gold from tho U r i g h t Eargreavo, g y v a n i t e , and Tough o--i;s Burns i<>e» The percentage of gold which i s native v a r i e s on d i f f e r e n t proi>®?tieB« .Samples .takes an t h e Lake Shore showed 8-4. S',, native g o l d ~ h i l o the Tcck Hughes showed 56*4£. tiinuio p a r t i c l e s o,f £«ld are o o ^ e t i n c s found embedded i n c r y s t a l s of p y r i t e but there i s no d e f i n i t e r o l u t i o n between th© two' a i n a r a l e * l a o r d i n a r y vein materiel a section c o n t a i n i n g a uniform quantity of p y r i t e may h, ve r i d e v a r i a t i o n s of gold values* Each of the native g o l d I s es i r e r . e l y f l u e espc - i a l l y i a the lower l e v e l s of the Teak, Hughes and Eirklanfi Late o i a o s * 7a& aattv« gold appears to have been deposited s l i g h t l y l a t e r thus the s u l p h i d e s and t e l l u r i d e s and i s f r e q u e n t l y seen deposited upon end i n t e r -mingled w i t h o h u l c o p y r i t e * Tho occurence of t e l l u r i d e s are One of the most c h a r a c t o r i c t i e f e a -t u r e s of th© ores of K i r k l a n d Lake* Thes© r i i f t e r a l o ar© fouad In th© high grade sections o f t h e producing mines* A l t a i t e o r 'lead tellurid© as w a l l ' as mercury t e l i u r i d o oeeui' but do not carry, any g o l d . C a l o v o r i t o occurs and i s aost i n abundance to a l t a i t e but I s never found i n s u f f i c i e n t l y large or pure i u a ' n t i i i e s f o r olieaac;,! analysis* Another telluric!© of gold notr.ito (au ag)«: To a l s o occurs'and i s more n o t i c e a b l e i a the miaas toward tho c a s t * The occurrence of the t s l l u r i d e s and t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n varies i a d i f f o r c a t parts of the' o r e aoae the reason f o r auch not being c i e . - r l y understood* Of the sulphides p y r i t e i s tho moat abundant and occurs i a s e E formed cubea being more noticeable adjacent to the ore bodice where i t -SB-has been • ormed by tho action of sulphide solutions upon fo r r a n a g n c s i a n minerals. C h a l e o p y r i t e occurs i n small amounts anc! i s generally a good i n d i c a -t o r of values p a r t i c u l a r l y i a the high sections of tho v o i n s * Galena and c ^ l e r i t e tire comparatively rare but some. galena i s found w i t h tho lead t e l l u r i t e * I Molybdenite has been found on s l i c r t e n a i d e n s u r f a c e s . p y r r b o t i t e occurs o n l y i n Tack Hughes r:ine. Other minerals which oceur i n s n a i l amounts are hematite 3 g r a p h i t e aad selenium* • The'minerals of the veins- suggest formation of the ore at i n t e r -mediate temperature and p r e c s u r o , They do nut c o n t a i n any of the miner-a l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of-high teapefleatur© -aepoalte, such as totaasaliae," pyroxene» M o t l t a or garnet t and i n t h i s respect d i f f e r from the deposits a t porcupine* Sha c h a r a c t e r of the veins indicates formation by open space f i l l - * l a g along narrow b r o c c i a t o d sonos* This phenomena i a i t s e l f i s i n d i c a -t i v e o f intermediate pressure* iT1l»p3^ -33-Sumtaury of events l e a d i n g up to and f o l l o w i n g d e p o s i t i o n of the o r s 1» p r e s s u r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the i n t r u s i o n o f a "batholith o f Algoman g r a n i t e produced f o l d i n g i n the o l d e r rocks along an east west l i n e . 2. L i n e s o f weakness were developed approximately p a r a l l e l t o the f o l d i n g . 5. D i f f e r e n t i a t e s from the deep seated g r a n i t e magma were i n j e c t e d along the l i n e s o f weakness. 4. A r e l e a s e o f pr e s s u r e a p p l i e d from southwest t o northeast produced a s e r i e s of o v e r t h r u s t .faults t r e n d i n g i n an e a s t e r l y . d i r e c t i o n . 5. D e p o s i t i o n of ore along the f a u l t s by deep seated m i n e r a l s o l u t i o n s . I n p l a c e s f a u l t i n g and ore d e p o s i t i o n were contemporaneous. 6. P r o d u c t i o n of a s e r i e s of north south t e n s i o n f a u l t s which are. subsequent to the o r e . 7» E r o s i o n which has extended f o r l o n g p e r i o d s o f time. 8. G l a c l a t i o n d u r i n g P l e i s t o c e n e tiraes which l e f t a t h i n a u n t i e o f t i l l over the area* 9. F u r t h e r e r o s i o n . Perfeistejice of Veins w i t h depth The major f a c t o r s c o n t r o l l i n g the ors d e p o s i t i o n a r e " l . n The s i z e and extent o f the f i s s u r i n g caused by f a u l t movements preceeding ore de-p o s i t i o n . Character o f the rocks bordering the f i s s u r e zones* The f i r s t f a c t o r depends on the amount o f c/icplaccxient caused by the f a u l t i n g . T h i s has been e s t i n a t e d as approximately 2000 i n the Western and C e n t r a l p u r t a of the main v e i n . The l i k e l i h o o d of s t r u c -t u r e s r e s u l t i n g f r o n such movements disappearing a t a shallow depth i s remote; thus t h e ' p o s s i b i l i t y o f f a v o r a b l e s t r u c t u r e s f o r ore deposit-i o n at g r e a t e r depths i s good. As regards the second factor- the r o c k c h a r a c t e r has changed l i t t l 1 •with, depth, and the geology of the 1000 l e v e l i n the eastern end of the camp i s comparable w i t h that of the s u r f a c e . This comparison ?/hen extended t o the whole camp i n d i c a t e s where developemnt has been c a r r i e d f u r t h e r the same r e l a t i o n s h i p s h o l d . Since the ores are or the intermediate temperature type there should occur, as mining proceeds downward, a gradual change to a higher type of deposit b r i n g i n g about a lowering o f the grade of ore when t h i s c o n d i t i o n i s reached. D e s c r i p t i o n of P r o p e r t i e s K i r k l a n d Lake Mine Ontario Bureau of Mines Rept~'1928~pt I I p. 93 • K i r k l a n d Lake Mine i s s i t u a t e d on the western end of the ore zone along the main f a u l t s The rocks on the surface c o n s i s t of t u f f conglomerate lamprophyric s y e n i t e and porphyry. The dark lamprophyric rock i s most abundant i n the mine workings. The most important rock from an economic standpoint i s a red s y e n i t e w i t h which the ore shoots are a s s o c i a t e d . This rock does not outcrop on the surface but i s encountered i n the workings. The mass i s considered to be f a u l t e d , the upper p a r t being found on the n o r t h s i d e of the v e i n at the 1850 l e v e l and the lower p a r t p e r s i s t s on the n o r t h w a l l t o the bottom of the. mine. The ore shoots are found i n the f a u l t e d zone which dips about o ' 85 S and i s not a f f e c t e d by post ore f a u l t s . The r e d s y e n i t e seems to be an i n d i c a t o r of the commercial ore shoots as these occur where the s y e n i t e forms one of the w a l l s . This g i v e s two producing horizons one between the 300 and 1100 l e v e l s and the other from 1850 downward. As the s y e n i t e forms one of the w a l l s of the v e i n t o the bottom of the mine there i s v e r y good ore shoots -85- . . . to ectpeet commercial ore- shoots a t s t i l l f u r t h e r depths. The shoots p i t c h t o the vest v h i c h i s a l o c a l f e a t u r e caused by t h e p i t c h of the s y e n i t e masses w i t h v.'^ich they are associated> The ore c o n s i s t s o f minor amounts of quartz w i t h earbonatiaed w a i l r o c k . In the upper l e v e l s g o l d and t e l l u r i d e s are f r e q u e n t l y v i s i b l e T7ith the p y r i t e . Belov; the 1800 l e v e l there i s a change and the g o l d and t e l l u r i d e s are r a r e l y seen* Here the m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s very f i n e and p y r i t e which seems t o be more -abuaScnt w i t h depth i s the' o n l y min-e r a l r e c o g n i s a b l e * S p e c t a c u l a r patches o f ore have been found which c l o s e l y resemble the h i g h grade aSreaks o f the upper l e v e l s * I n patches the quartz i s dark and c o n t a i n s coarse g o l d T?ith Tihich i s a s s o c i a t e d t e l l u r i d e s o f l e a d and g o l d * C h a l e o p y r i t e and p y r i t e a l s o occur* At a depth c l o s e t o 3000 the m i n e r a l i s a t i o n o f the v e i n i s sir.ii.lar t o tha t i n the h i g h e r l e v e l s * T h i s g i v e s e x c e l l e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f p r o f i t a b l e mining oper-a t i o n s a t lower depths* The managers r e p o r t of the nine f o r 1224 shows t h a t a h o r i z o n t a l •i d r i l l h o l e on the S225 l e v e l s t r u c k a mass o f porphyry. A l s o on the j 3600 l e v e l t h i s porphyry mass was found to be -,.ider* This mass of red porphyry i s thought t o be a drnvrward c o n t i n u a t i o n of a w e s t e r l y p i t c h -i n g mass Rhich outcrops about | f s m i l e t o the e a s t . . In most o f the mines t o the east of the E i r k l a n d Lake property the ore i s a s s o c i a t e d T?ith a r e d porphyry and not a s y e n i t e * A d r i l l h o l e i n the nev;ly encountered porphyry crossed three g o l d b e a r i n g v e i n s w i t h i n a wi d t h of 80 f e e t * Jrom the s i m i l a r i t y of the c o n d i t i o n s w i t h high grade bodies of other mines a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the porphyryj i t i s expected t h a t f u r t h e r development at lower l e v e l s \ ? i l l -86-preduce l a r g e ore b o d i e s . Although as yet the mine has not been one of the more impox'tant producers of the a r e a , recent developments p r e d i c t an increase i n produ-c t i o n i n the f u t u r e . Tack Hughes Gold nines L i m i t e d QntarloHPjj^^ 'pT'ii^ptls T h i s p r o p e r t y i s one o f tho l a r g e r producers o f the area and i n 1&29 produced 295.774 f i n e ounces. The p r o p e r t y i s s i t u a t e d on the t;est s i d e o f E i r l d a n d l a k e and ex-tends about three q u a r t e r s of a m i l e n o r t h and t h e same d i s t a n c e south of. the ore zone.' The geology of the p r o p e r t y i s s i m i l a r to t h a t o f the K i r k l a n d Lake mine but the red s y e n i t e which i n c r e a s e s eastward i s more abundant. There i s a l s o a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n of porphyry p r e s e n t . Evidence of f a u l t i n g i n the main v e i n i s seen i n the displacement o f a diabase d i k e . This displacement shows a v e r t i c a l movement of app-* • o . • . ' r o s i m a t o l y 2000 and a h o r i z o n t a l one o f 550. The igneous r o c k s c o n s i s t of v a r i o u s phases of s y e n i t e both a c i d and b a s i c which have been i n t r u d e d by s m a l l e r masses o f porphyry. The s y e n i t e and tho porphyry are very hard t o distinguish underground. An important f e a t u r e o f the underground workings i s a l a r g e diabase d i k e , TThich occurs both n o r t h and south o f the v e i n s . o The dip i s about 75 W but flattens at lower depths. The average v/idth o f the n o r t h lower s e c t i o n o f the d i k e i s about 85 f e e t and t h e south about VOfeet. On t h i s p r o p e r t y f a u l t i n g prior t o ore d e p o s i t i o n caused wider f r a c t u r i n g than i s the average f o r the camp. This probably resulted .-87-frora the mope- b r i t t l e c h a r a c t e r o f the s y e n i t e and porphyry. The width o f the f r a c t u r e d rr,one east o f the diabase dilce i s about 150 f e e t . A t h t h spreading of the f r a c t u r i n g which i s pronounced from the 10 t o the 18 l e v e l s i s s t i l l q u i t e narked i n the lower horizons but diininushes towards the west. t h . 1 The major movement down t o the 9 l e v e l shews i t s e l f i n a s i n g l e plane but btlow t h i s spreads i n t o s e v e r a l pianos. The juovaaent has d i s p l a c e d the diabase d i k e in. a s i m i l a r wanner and as the di k e i s approached the jaain f r a c t u r e s beccsac ore b e a r i n g . This s t r u c t u r e i n d i c a t e s f a v o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r l a r g e ore bodies t h belov? the 10 l e v e l where the groxuid was opened t o a gr e a t e r degree by the major movemento. t h t h jFrom the 17 t o the 19 l e v e l i n c l u s i v e occurs a l e a n s t r e a k i n the ore due perhaps t o a narrowing o f the f r a c t u r e s which here ure f a i r l y t i g h t . This le?;n s t r e a k i s roughly c i r c u l a r i n o u t l i n e , but beyond the borders o f t h i s c i r c l e s p l e n d i d r e s u l t s have been obtained. The r e l a t i o n between the diabase dike and the o r s bodies i s an important one. The main f r a c t u r e s always d i s p l a c e the d i k e and com-m e r c i a l ore nay occur i n them up t o the n:->rgins of the di k e *.nd. i n some t p l a c e s beyone t h i s . There i s u s u a l l y a d i s t a n c e o f about 300 between the d i s p l a c e d ends of the d i k e . I n t h i s r e g i o n the values are g e n e r a l l y low and,are obtained from narrow s t r i n g e r s which l i e between the blocks o f diabase and other w a l l r o c k s . -Several d i f f e r e n t types of ore occur which are more or l e s s d i s t -i n c t . One adjacent t o t h e diabase d i k e c o n s i s t s o f a dense dark m a t e r i a l which u s u a l l y c o n t a i n s a high percentage of p v r i i . c . In t h i s ease there -S3-is nc d e f i n i t e r a t i o between the g o l d and the p y r i t e a h i g h grade type of ore o c c u r i n g i a the lower l e v e l s c o n s i s t s o f a very f i n e g r a i n e d dark e i l i c i f i e d porphyry. The m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s i n minute p a r t i c l e s . and -under the microscope whows p y r i t e w i t h f inel^r d i v i d e d g o l d and t e l l -u r i t e s * A common type -in the mine i s one which has a gangue of b l a c k quarts and f o l l o w o the o ore r e g u l a r f r a c t u r e planes. O c c a s i o n a l l y t h i s type shows coarse g o l d and t e l l u r i t e s but as a r u l e the m i n e r a l i z a t i o n i s v e r y f i n e * As depth i s a t t a i n e d there seeras t o be a change i a the m i n e r a l i z a -t i o n . I n the higher l e v e l s coarse g o l d and t s l l u r i d a s are o f t e n seen but are l e s s ecimon a t lower depths* This does not a f f e c t the v a l u e of the o r e . p y r i t e however seems t o i n c r e a s e w i t h depth and the m i n e r a l i z -a t i o n becowes f i n e r . These changes are probably due t o the i n c r e a s e i n temperature and pressure a t the time o f ore d e p o s i t i o n , which occurred t i n the 2000 of depth t h a t the v e i n s have been t r a c e d . Lake Shore Mines L i m i t e d 15ntar^ This p r o p e r t y occupies a c e n t r a l p o s i t i o n around the proved p a r t o f the ore zone. • Approximately h a l f o f the p r o p e r t y i s under the south arm of K i r k l a n d Lake. I n 1929 i t n&s the l a r g e s t producer of g o l d i n the d i s t r i c t w i t h a t o t a l of 293,586 f i n e ounces. Geology The rocks exposed on the s u r f a c e are s i m i l a r t o those on the Teck Hughes p r o p e r t y but some d i f f e r e a c e s occur. The mass o f lamprophyric -ea-sy-call; e which G&fceado eastward from th© Kirkland is&e p r o p e r t y i s here cut by a g r e a t e r number of d i k e s . To tho c a s t S u r f a c e showian indiest© an increase i n the number of porphyry d i k e s , bat do not shot? the presence of a largo mass of the porphyry which i s covered by tho l a k e * TwO d i s t i n c t types of r o c k s t r u c t u r e arc i n d i c a t e d * One i n v h l c h the v e i n s arc e n t i r e l y enclosed i n porphyry tho cobber v.hare they arc i n mixture of porphyry and various ph -sea of tho syenite* Sediments occur i n email patches or s t r i p s included i n the igneous i rveks i n the western part of tho mine dorm to tho 800 l e v e l * The geology i s the same down te the 1000 horizon and vhat work has been dona below t h i s i n d i c a t e s a further c o n t i n u a t i o n of the some con-d i t i o n s * yeiaa , There two productive veins on the p r o p e r t y , which extend through i t o p p r o x t e t t e l y p a r a l l e l to each other a t a distance of 875*apart* fheoe two veins are kaowa as the north ©win and the eeufch vain* The north vein i s part of the main break of the camp and c o r r e s -Pv.ndo to tho p r o d u c t i v e veins i a the Took Hughes* The p a r t of tho 'vela e x p l o r e d up t u tho present Indicates a s i n g l e w e l l defined„ highly pro-d u c t i v o vein with lees f r a c t u r i n g than at Tack Eugima* -The eouih vein l i e s i n a smaller f a u l t than t h e a o r t a v e i n ana has a v o r t i c a l dieplacement of about 800 Tho gi-tiKi or ore i s lower than that of tho main break but some r i c h s*r$'tt,ks xjcci*--which f i l l s u b s i d a r y fractures i n the crashed mater-i e l around the f a u l t p l a n a * Tho veins are displaced by tho cross f a u l t s and f l _ t f a u l t s which v;ero mentioned i n the iseefcioa o f ore s t r u c t u r e * Tbofre ore d e f i n i t e l y -20«' l a t e x than the ore but as y e t have not proved d i f f i c u l t in mining the v e i n s . The type of ore mined i s the g e n e r a l run of the camp. However, . 7 above the 1CGG l e v e l there occurs, perhaps more f r e q u e n t l y then i n other p r o p e r t i e s , the coarse g o l d and t e l l u r i d e s , r A change i n the ore i s noticeable'below 1400 l e v e l w i t h the miner-a l i s a t i o n becoming very f i n e s i m i l a r to the c o n d i t i o n experienced on the Teck-Hugb.es. Ore l e n s e s i n the n o r t h v e i n have been encountered over lengths o f 1500 and 1600 on the 1000 h o r i z o n . Below t h i s , ore o f s i m i l a r grade aad widths i s being encountered. The south v e i n i s not so good but ore zones up t o 600 i n l e n g t h havo been worked. Here the grade i s loccr than i n the north vein but i s as high as $8 a ton. Wright Hargreaves Mines L i m i t e d plvtiaFi^ " f l pTl1?5 This property i s s i t u a t e a o o n the main ore Kone of the camp at the Ifortheast end of K i r k l a n d Lake. It was on these claims t h a t tho o r i g -i n a l d i s c o v e r y of gold was made i n 1911, but i t was not u n t i l 1921.that tho mine entered the f i e l d as a proi-dnent producer. per a p e r i o d of f i v e years i t was the g r e a t e s t producer i n the d i s t r i c t , u n t i l 1926 when i t -J . E S exceeded by the Lake Shore. Geology The l i t h o l o g y of the mine i s simpler than those to the r e s t , con-s i s t i n g chiefly o f a l..rge mass of porphyry with i n c l u s i o n s of conglom-erate. In the northwestern p a r t o f the p r o p e r t y a masr of sediments co-nsisting of grcywaeke w i t h narrow pebbly beds, i s cut by a lomprophyre -91-d i k e . Tlisae masses o f sediments and lainprc-phyre are not out by the main v e i n s which l i e w i t h i n the mass o f porphyry.- The porphyry does not change much v/ith depth and i s g e n e r a l l y a deep r e d c o l o r rchich changes t o a l i g h t e r c o l o r adjacent t o the veins.-There'are two main p r o d u c t i v e v e i n s cm t h i s p r o p e r t y which are an e a s t e r l y c o n t i n u a t i o n o f those on the Lake shore* but her© they are 520 apart,' The g e n e r a l d i p o f the v e i n s i s v e r t i c a l but. they or© a f f e c t e d s l i g h t l y by pest v e i n f a u l t s . 1 The r e l a t i o n s between the v e i n s i s very s i m i l a r t o t h a t on t h e Lake shore p r o p e r t y w i t h the n o r t h v e i n being the most p r o d u c t i v e . How-ever here the v e i n s a r e enclosed e n t i r e l y w i t h i n t h e porphyry and are not a s s o c i a t e d w i t h other types o f reeks*- The v e i n s are a f f e c t e d by the suae post ore f a u l t s but the " f l a t f a u l t s " are a t a lower angle,- ap~ O-p r o x i m a t e l y 35. There are s e v e r a l l a r g e c r o s s f a u l t s which caused c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s -placement of the v e i n g e n e r a l l y i n a n o r t h d i r e c t i o n , the east s i d e of the v e i n moving n o r t h . In the n o r t h v e i n there i s less intense a l t e r a t i o n of the surround-i n g country r o c k than i n the mines to the west. The values are a s s o c i a t -ed w i t h quarts and ishere the porphyry i s not. s i l i c i f i e d , no values of consequence occur* The couth v e i n shows more displacement than i n the mines t o t h e v e s t , which i s probably due t o the f a u l t becoming stronger as i t pro-ceeds eastward. The ore appears d i f f e r e n t from the- n o r t h v e i n and. c o n s i s t s o f h i g h -l y crushed' s i l i c i f i e d porphyry w i t h s t r i n g e r s and bunches o f white q u a r t z accompanied an abundance of p y r i t e . The grade of ore decreases -98-below the 700 h o r i z o n although sor.;e hifth grade s t r i n g e r s hove been opened up. This ore c o n s i s t s of a dark c l i c i o u s gangue c o n t a i n i n g g o l d , c a l v e r -i t e , c h a l c o p y r i t e , and p y r i t e i n f i n e l y d i v i d e d p a r t i c l e s . I n 19S9 due to a shrinkage of t h e ore reserves p r o d u c t i o n was c u r t -a i l e d u n t i l the rese r v e s could be b u i l t up again. ?.ne development pro-gram i n s t i t u t e d i n t h i s case increased the ore reserves t o the extent t h a t the m i l l c o u l d operate at a c a p a c i t y o f 550 tons per day. However, the Eicnagement f e l t i t unwise to increv.ee p r o d u c t i o n u n t i l development f u l l y warranted i t . A stacement o f the ore rese r v e s at December 51,1929 i s as .follows: o n t ! ^ i o H 5 c ^ ^ l j ^ T T T p T Tons- —— >~> 418,877 G r a d e — — - * * - * » ^ - - ~ * - » ~ « ^ - - - - . — § 1 1 . 5 0 Value — — — — . 4,721 s 551. 53 S y l v a n i t e Gold Mines L i m i t e d O a t a r ^ ^ This i s one ot tho younger mines of the area having reached the • producing sti-ge o n l y i n 1927. The pr o p e r t y i s s i t u a t e d t c the nor t h and northeast o f the Tfright Hargreaves and i s on the main v e i n system o f the camp. The geology i s very s i m i l a r t o t h - t of the Wright Hargreaves, the vo i n s being enclosed w i t h i n the porphyry. However on t h i s property thr.-re i s a n o r t h system o f ve i n s i n contact w i t h en i n c l u s i o n of sediments i n the piophyry. The prophyry and sediments are q u i t e s i m i l a r to those on the ?'right Hargroavos. Bands of the sediments have been found t o extend downward a d i s t a n c e of 1500 o r . .^V-north s i d e o f the ore zone w h i l e f u r t h e r n o r t h l a r g e r bands probably extend deeper. Uo b a s i c rocks a r e seen i n the mine T;orkin-;S but s y e n i t e and lam-prophyre occur i n s m a l l masses n o r t h o f the v e i n s t o the v;est. Here a l s o t h e r e a r e two v e i n systems, ~;hich seem to be an e a s t -ward c o n t i n u a t i o n of those on the Lake Shore and Wright Hsrgreaves, d e s p i t e the f a c t t h a t t h e y c o n s i s t - o f a number of f r a c t u r e s i n s t e a d of one d e f i n i t e plane* The south v e i n s e r i e s has two p r o d u c t i v e v e i n s known as the main o o and south v e i n s . The main v e i n d i p s 75 - 80 South and contains a 5 1 f i n e ore shoot. T h i s shoot has a depth o f 550 from the 700 h o r i z o n and i s estimated t o be 550 long". . The ore resambles t h a t found i n the main break of the western p a r t of the camp, and not t h a t t?hich i s Sound i n the south v e i n o f other p r o p e r t i e s . The m i n e r a l i s a t i o n i n the r i c h s t r e a k s c o n s i s t s o f g o l d , a l t a i t e , c o l o r a d o i t e w i t h p y r i t e and chaleopyrite'. The second v e i n o f the south system f o l i o v j s a s t r o n g s t r u c t u r e showing much evidence of movement'. The ore i n t h i s v e i n c o n s i s t s o f h i g h l y crushed and a l t e r e d porphyry mora or l e s s r e p l a c e d by quarts c o n t a i n i n g p y r i t e as the common m i n e r a l , but g o l d and c h a l e o p y r i t e are seen i n minute p a r t i c l e s ' . K o r t h System of Jo ins . o o • This v e i n dips to the south at angles between 45 and 80 and con-s i s t of narrow and irregular quartz s p r i n g e r s surrounded by porphyry. I n p l a c e s the quarts i s c::transly high virade showing {cold, and t e l l u r i d e along the f r a c t u r e s * As these v e i n s are g e n e r a l l y narrow and have i r r e g u l a r tendencies they are not l i k e l y t o produce a l a r g e tonnage* Ss regards cross f a u l t s there i s one l a r g e one which passes thrc -94= • o the p r o p e r t y . I t has a d i p o f 75 77 and an approximate displacement o f 150. The d i r e c t i o n of displacement i s s i m i l a r t o other f a u l t s o f ' t h i s type i n the d i s t r i c t . S e v e r a l s m a l l e r f a u l t s o ccur, having a * displacement o f about 50. L o c a t i o n o f the w e s t e r l y c o n t i n u a t i o n o f the ore beyond the l a r g e c r o s s f a u l t i s o f importance to the mine. I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t w i t h f u r t h e r work i n t h i s p a r t f u r t h e r bodies o f ore w i l l be found. Tough-Oakes Burns!de Gold ;.£Lnes_ L i m i t e d The Tough-Oakes property was the f i r s t producer i n the d i s t r i c t but c l o s e d down i n 1919 from l a c k o f ore. I n 1923 i t was amalgamated ; w i t h the Burnside mine and the amalgamation company has bsen o p e r a t i n g ever since« The p r o p e r t y i s s i t u a t e d on the most e a s t e r l y p a r t o f the "m:;ia break" which has not been t r a c e d east o f tho Tough -Cakes. Geology • The S y l v a n i t e body of -povphjry outcrops over an area about 700 wide on the west s i d e o f the pr o p e r t y , east o f which i t occurs as dikes which disappear, as they progress eastward. Bands of sediments occur both on the n o r t h and south s i d e s of the pr o p e r t y . , They c o n s i s t of bands o f greywacke w i t h interbedded conglomerate and t u f f which extend downward 1250 or more. B a s i c i n t r u s i o n s occur out do not a f f e c t the Burnside p a r t o f the property* S e v e r a l post ore f a u l t s occur,the most important o f which f o l l o w a diabase d i k e having a n o r t h west s t r i k e . This appears to be one ol the strongest i n t h e d i s t r i c t but the amount o f displacement i s doul fill, The rocks were e v i d e n t l y extremely shattered i n an i r r e g u l a r f a s h i o n p r i o r t o ore d e p o s i t i o n , This i r r e g u l a r s h a t t e r i n g has eaused the ground t o be permeated by s m a l l v e i n l e t s o f quartz i n vjhich e r r o t i c shoots o f hi g h grade ore are of oomnon occurrence. The problem then a t the mine i s t o s e l e c t from t h i s type o f deposit a grade of ore t h a t can be mined w i t h a p r o f i t . Those v e i n s f i r s t opened on the Tough-Oaks propert y are o f l i t t l e importance but there a r e some v e r t i c a l f r a c t u r e s which c o n t a i n s m a l l ore ..hoots. \7h:;t i s termed as the south break a t the mine has so f a r proved unproductive but a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f i t on the S y l v a n i t e property c o n t a i n s a payable s t r e a k * The best ore i n t h i s s e c t i o n v;as a h i g h grade shoot o f good width c o n t a i n i n g the u s u a l type o f K i r k l a n f i Lake m i n e r a l i s a t i o n . The v e i n d i p -o ': pad 35 S.E* and bottomed a g a i n s t the diabase d i k e and f a u l t * The product-i v e p a r t s of the v e i n c o n s i s t e d o f quartz s t r i n g e r s and crushed porphyry c o n t a i n i n g v i s i b l e g o l d and t e l l u r i d e s . B a r r y H o l l i n g e r Gold Mines L i m i t e d ' oS^sgio l l u r e a u ^ ^ I s s i t u a t e d i n Pucand township i n the Boston Creek Gold Copper area* The d i s t r i c t i s about ten m i l e s south of the producing s e c t i o n o f E i r k l a n d Lake w i t h vrhich i t i s a s s o c i a t e d i n compiling the s t a t i s t i c s . The geology o f the r e g i o n i s t y p i c a l l y precambrian w i t h the i n t r u s i v e rocks being g r a n i t e and porphyry which are b e l i e v e d to be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the g o l d m i n e r a l i s a t i o n . The ahear-Konos, f r a c t u r e s and veins a l l huve a general northwest-southeast t r e n d adjacent t o the l a r g e g r a n i t e mass v:hich occupies p a r t of the township. Host o f the f a u l t i n g and f r a c t u r i n g throughout the area has proceeded the ore d e p o s i t i o n and i n t h i s respect i s ' s i m i l a r t o K i r i t -land Lake. The v e i n s are dominantiy of t h e f i s s u r e type and i n g e n e r a l two k i n d s of gold b e a r i n g v e i n s Kay be r e c o g n i s e d . 1. Those having, a gsnguo of c o n s i d e r a b l e q a c r t a and eosoe e ^ i c i t e c o n t a i n -i n g ^hc following, minerals: p y r i t e , c h a l e o p y r i t e , molybdenite, g a l e n a , g o l d and t e l l u r i d e * The Barry H o l l a n d e r i s of t a l e type* B* The d c s i n a n t l y m?lphid« vetna w i t h r o l a t i v o i y l i t t l e quarts o r c a l o i t e as gangue* P y r i t e i s ua«ally the mrfo abundant with chaleopyrite 9 specular I? i t e «aud jaa-lybdenite*. i The nine hue boon operated i n t e r m i t t e n t l y s i n c e 121? but i t i s o n l y s i n c e . 1S35 that it become a producer of any s i x c . The e n t i r e output o f tho G O s i n e up to 1926 had ease from one v e i n v h i c h s t r i k e s 21 5? 32 and clips 70 SS The highest p r o d u c t i o n was i a IS27 when i t reached 8,479*01 f i n e CURCOG* 2ho production for 1SS9 was 7,221*05 f i n e UURCOO. Tho tenscc-rs report f o r lv-89 chowe a r e s e r v e of 18000 tons with p o s s i b i l i t i e s of s t i l l g r e a t e r . tonnage* • • .• -f Boston Sko.-.d Gold Copper- ^ree D i s t r i c t of Teniukozaing L* V* B o l l .Argonaut- a&aa • ... Another ra.no which has boaa u f a i r l y lai-go pivdu^t-p i a the past and which i s g e n e r a l l y considered to bo p o r t c f tho K i r k l a a d Lake c r e a i s tho jSrgomaut. This had a f a i r l y l a r g e production between 19Sd and 1927 but was closed down on March S I , 19SS* Huring 1929, «i?8*58 f i a c ouacea were prodace<) fro*?. *••> o l e s n up cade of the property* ' I ^ t h w e s t o r a Ontario During 1?;29 there was c o n s i d e r a b l e &avclo;£:on& of g e l d proapects i n northwestern Ontario v;hich opened up s e v e r a l p r o r s i s i i i g areas.* Of those *07-'ii'oaan 'laho &&am to bo the etoot prominent* At sromna Late oeear the B a t h -uret and Bojo mince. At Sturgeon -Lake i o situated the S t , Anthony p r o p e r t y which d a r i n g the year produced 115 f i n e ounces. Other properties i a the d i s t r i c t are Eabigoon Contact Bsy, Gold Bock, and the Big T u r t l e B i v e r j-lining Company* Baring 1980 there was a t o t a l of 1,112 f i n e ounces produced from the section* Koman h k c Area Tho g e n e r a l geology of the W W Lako .-rea i s t y p i c a l l y jarecassteian and nredorainantay igneous 9 the A n i a i o k i a a and Exaicenowaa souimoato being absent* A c i d i c intrusions of d i f f e r e n t phases of the Al'iomou are aband-on* '..ad t o thoce, tho g o l d d o p c e i t c a r e believed to bo g e n e t i c a l l y coaa*» eetod. The veins ocettr • i a pre nlgomaa rocks which havo undergone Intrus-i o n by the Al&oman dikes p r i o r to the formation of the veins* The d i s t u r -baaces which accompanied the dikes may have SovmS. f r a e t u r e o f o r the s o l -u t l o a o which f e l l a wed or cay have provided a b r i t t l e meeker which f r a c t -ured d u r i n g l a t e r stresses*» The type of w a i l rocfc doos not aee*a t a saakc any d i f f e r e n c e ' to the ore deposition, as ••urrts v e i a s t bsarins gold valuer, havo bocn found both i n acid end basic voi£8':icft» The mineralogy of the v e i n s i s staple Essay o f thoa c o n t a i n i n g only a a s a i l amount of m e t a l l i c M i n e r a l . P y r i t o i s the -no«t abundant end occurs both i n the .Yu^rta and i a the w a l l rock. In scrae cuseo a r a c n o p y r i t c has been' found i n tho saae r e l - . t i o n s h i p . Gold occurs both as the n a t i v e metal and (lb the t e l l u r i d e p o t s i t e . The voinn arc sonplex i n char, c t e r having an e a r l i e r quarts of h i g h temperature which has boon replaced by a younger quarts bearing the m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l s . The youngor quartz; shoes u f i n e g r a i n e d unntrained character and probably oryutaliist.-d f r w : the c o l l o i d a l •-98-s t a t e from which tho g o l d separated i n v i s i b l e p a r t i c l e s . I n t h i s area the Jlathurst and ?.ajo p r o p e r t i e s v:ero the only ones to produce b u l l i o n d u r i n g tho year 1989, This was c h i e f l y from hi g h grade pockets near the surface-, Bathurst s t a r t e d operations during the summer o f 1928 and have continued a development program s i n e s t h a t tlaie -The Eojo i l i n i n g Company Lim i t e d to-, k over the I s i d l y c l a i m s i n 1928 , and have f o l l o w e d an a c t i v e program of development s i n c e t h a t time. I n 1929 the company produced 561 ounces from high grade sample s t r e a k s . I n tho M i o h i p i c o t i n d i s t r i c t the Cooper mine was i n operation' up t o March 31, 1930 3 f t e r which tl«ne i t war. abandoned). In 1929 i t produced from high grade samples 298.83 f i n e ounces. Sturgeon Lake • .- - • ^^i^^^^^^^en "pipQ<Ph_ "_19gO™pr^i~ At Sturgeon Lake i s s i t u a t e d the'property o f the S t * Anthony Gold Mines Limited,. T h i s i s an o l d property i n Which i n t e r e s t r-as reawakened i n 1928 when co n s i d e r a b l e diamond d r i l l -.-.ork -vna done* The mine was r e - -opened 5n 1929 and ore was r u n through the stamp m i l l v h i c h . \ - s on the prop-e r t y . This ore y i e l d e d 115 f i n e junces o f s o l d i The geology i s again t y p i c a l l y precambrian w i t h the s j i n e r a i i B a t i o a being a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a mass o f Algcman g r a n i t e . The main ore body i s a north-south i i s G u r e v e i n at the contact betw- • sen the Kecwatin and a dome o f g r a n o d i o r i t e . A quarts porphyry s t o c k has i n t r u d e d along t h i s contact and has canned considerable ^ i t e r a t i o n . The quartz v e i n s accompanying t h i s i n t r u s i o n have a l s o caused a l t e r a t i o n . The vein ' 3 d i p s l i g h t l y t o t h e r e s t a:.d the ore bodies rake to the southwest f o l l o w i n s the quat-tz porphyry s t o c k . The gangue mi n e r a l s are quartz,, c a l c i l o and s i d e r i t e v.hich c a r r y goldi p y r i t e , c h a l e o p y r i t e , galena and s p h a l e r i t e . The galena and s h p a l e r i t e -99-oecE t o be I n d i c a t o r s o f good g o l d values. Cuebec . l i g a t i o n and cutest of t?~-e Gold Rearing area That part of Quebec In which tho gold bearing ores ore found i s s i t -uated i a the northwest corner of the p r o v i n c e , borderlag the Quebec» Ontario Boundary aad l y i n g c h i e f l y i n the countries of A b i t i b i and T c n i s -- • • ( • . ' csraingue* . • th '• She d i s t r i c t extends from the 48 p a r a l l e l of l a t i t u d e . , n o r t h t o ' o e ' ' ' . • l a t i t u d e 46 46 and i r o n the i n t c r o r c v i n c i e l boundary east to longitude o * ' 77 SO VI taid contains an area approximately 4000 square m i l e s • g i s t g r y , p r i o r to 1924 any gold produced, C-EO eo n by-product of the lead ) jiiac o res o f the eastern townships* B a r i n g 1925 catch i n t e r e s t was taken i a Ttoyth Ticstcra nuchec and dev-elopment oa tho Eorne and Cir.dbourao ciatoa gave encouraging r e s u l t s » The Home i s s i t u - t e d ca the northwest corner o f tho Ceicko l a t e i a Rouyn county and the Chadbourno about one nil© southwest ef the Eorne* At t h i s ti;.'o i/:ko Fortune and S t a b o l l e l f i n s looked pr d i c i n g but d i d not roach tho producing stage* These claims l i e i n the. Bast e x t e n s i o n of the'Gold Bearing zono of Ontario which passes through Basso-rot, Boioehatol and Bouyn cottnties in .Quebec. • • Bur i n g l v 2 5 and 1SS6 devoi^psient aad ccaesfinent work continued with-out ouch Increase i a p r o d u c t i o n . Tho go id ^reduced* s t i l l coiae as a by-product of the copper, ioaci and c i n e ore : : - o f Portneuf county. In lt-26 the 0•Brian Kino situ-.)tod i n C a d i l l a c towadiip reported £1170 gold production c h i e f l y froia high grado r-udects found during development. Bu r i n s t i i i a year the s t r a i g h t quart;; deposits were overshadowed by the -101-copper, g o l d , zinc orea of Rouyn d i s t r i c t which came c h i e f l y from the Home isine* Development a t the Home mine showed enough ore blocked out* t o warr-ant the e r e c t i o n of a smelt e r which was s t a r t e d i n teb. s p r i n g o f 1936 at the town o f ijoranda. S m e l t i n g operations began i n December 192? and a i d -ed ^ m a t e r i a l l y i n increasing p r o d u c t i o n f o r that y e a r from S680 ounces i n 1926 t o 8S31 ounces i n 1927* "^Sa^I 'Beport j^ehee" Bureau**^ rmnes IBB? pa'§6'L"" p a r t of t h i s increase was due to the Rouya copper g o l d ores which , are t r e a t e d a t Koranda s i a e l t e r , and shipped as b l i s t e r copper from t h e r e * , 1928 showed a tremendous in c r e a s e i n production, reaching.a peak of 60 GOj066 ounces which i s over stivea t i n e s that o f 192?* • The p r o d u c t i o n came from four sources:~ i» Oopper gold sine ores of Kouyn County* 2. 2iine-lead ores of portfieaf County*-3*- P y r i t e ores of E a s t e r n Township* 4* Straight gold ores of Western Quebec* The great i n c r e a s e of this year a g a i n came from the i n c r e a s e d prod-u c t i o n of the Rouyn cum.:* Quebec B u r e a u ' l i f l l i n e s 1928 j n n u a l Repor¥l?X50. I n 1229 a p r o d u c t i o n .of 90*798 ounces was retched being an i n c r e a s e of 51$s over 1928; Quebec"1 BureatT^ jaaes i Report. 1929 p«60 The source was the saxse as the preceeding year* but s t r a i g h t g o l d ores were being a c t i v e l y developed and rained* The. Arnt f i e l d p roperty shov?s values of #8 per ton over an 8 foot s e c t i o n while encouraging e x p l o r a t i o n at the Granada property resulted i n -103-the erection of a 75.ton m i l l * I t - v a o i n t h i e y e a r t h a t the aseets o f the Home property srere t a k e n over by th© iforahaa Kiaes Limited* ' She Arsulet property recovered a s n a i l percentage of g o l d from t h e i r test m i l l bat the 100 ton cyanide m i l l o f the s i s e o e Gold fcinec «?hicb! v&B o p e r a t i n g throughout the ye:.r added c o n s i d e r a b l y t o the' t o t a l p r o -d u c t i o n . "Development was continued on the O'Brien property and the Venus Gold Mine which i?, new a producer started t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f heavier saining aaehinesy* Brospeet6ra d u r i n g the year i n d i c a t e d the p o s s i b i l i t y of there " b e i n g another body of copper £a&fi ore i s the 2?orth of the province at oiiiboagaaoa jjafee, but •-develojaent ted not teen c a r r i e d f a r enough to give say d e f i n i t e - I n f a a a a t l o a on the area* B a r i n g 1OS0- g o l d p r o d u c t i o n aoonatocl to I4-1B'M7 ounces* coming f r o a the copper, gold, s i n e o r e * of which I-Ioran&u i s the chief producer and fro© the s t r a i g h t gold epos of Western Quebec* Op to t h i s year the- load- a i n c oreo o f i w t n c a f Goasty had c o n t r i b -uted t o tho @?id ^ r e d u c t i o n bat -©Bins t o - t h o d e p r e s s i o n , and t h e to-x i c a of base ratals, operations core .suspended aafi no ehijaaent wan made. Encrouoed a c t i v i t y i B the Uestera (joebpc field© aided a p p r e c i a b l y • i n production t h e r e -boing mm t h r e e producing ojaerta g o l d E & n e e : — Venus, S i n c o e , and Granada, the l a t t e r reaching tho producing fit?:ge i a August 1930* i l i e h i s t o r y then of Quebec as a gold" province ohowo an in c r e a s e p r o d u c t i o n each year cinCo 19B1, due x>rlncipally to the -103- • . operations of tho eoppor-cald areas of Yi'ostcrn ouebac* Gener a l stateaont Tho gold d i s t r i c t of Quebec i s an eastward continuation o f tho gold areas o f O n t a r i o and c o a o i o t e i a tho s a i n of Pro-Coubrian rocks which have been covered by the debris of Pleistocene and post f l a c i c l erosion |sroducts» . -.. • Eeowatia lavas and v o l c a n i c s underlie large areas to tho Jjc r t h but . • . . • o * South of l a t i t u d e 40 15 Temiskaming conslosjerato, l a v a s , and groywaefces a r c predoHinant* C u t t i n g both formations ore intrusions -of quarts-porphyry, a u - i r t s -d i o r i t e and g r a n a d i o r i t o - v t h e granodiorite covering-the largest areas uad being the cost ir-.p-ortant e o o n o n l c a l l y * The m i n e r a l i s a t i o n i s found c h i e f l y i a the hard b r i t t l e l a v a s and t u f f s of the lower Sfeewratin -series* The outcrops of c r a n c d i o r i t e .'U»e very widespreads showing t h a t tho i a t E U s i o a was of' b a t h o l l t h l c p r o p o r t i o n s * H* C* Cooke t who has done a g r e a t deal of corfc i a t h i s croa> shows . . 1 Z . . i a M s reports o f I@2§ and 1026 # t h a t the coppe-r^golfi -ores of Bwyu county are i n t i m a t e l y r e l ated to t h l o i n t i ' u a i o n * 1,» H. c,«. pfc^^pa^mfc PMPmy' jbNg&$p t of\ yoatcgn,.cyuefoec iG»s»p*|iiiSucsy> I F T f o ^ B r o f ' ' tho Copper Circs- of Bpayn D i s t r i c t ^ Quebec *Q *Sj»G»: Gu-..jBaiy C h a j a p t e r i s t l c s o f the D o ^ o e i ^ A l l deposit a w i t h but oso or two oseopttaao arc found l a ohatt o r c f l and sheared aoneo produced by f a u l t i n g which fonacd clean open f i s s u r e s i n t o which-the ore bearing solutions c o u l d f i n d t h e i r way* -104- . •Jh-cso fault t. are of the tliruct type v>ith a lorgo horisontal cos-• ponent* Shis i s true of cone of the Siscoo Vcinn, Pot7eli B Hume, nnd ' Chadbura claiac* She veins fornsd i a the herd touch briltio rocks, which eh-ittei*1 to torn clear, breaks* Such rocks are the cocreo grained lavas -of Bubuisoon totmohip, the : granite and granodiorite of Dubule'oon end Holvrfcic totmships, and the granite, lava and. freoh r h y o i l t e of Bouya 2. p» <• :She softer roete of the area as the ^ craiakaraing greysaehea, t h i s i •altered lavas, tuffe, probably flowed una or the etrsin, instead of frccturing, and. what fracturing did occur rras sraa.il*. Thin clioeed the eolations to pass through, only i n a disconnected v.ay v?hd the type of i • • deposits tox-ma& were lode deposit© ef diceoar.eeted losses ana branch-lag stringers ceatterod over a f a i r l y nifio area* ' ! Sao f a u l t in «hieh tho veins occur f a l l into five sets* : •, 1* Tao oldest groupn ehieh are probably. coajpleKent^ry and have a otriko -l and a o o :'v:.:-. 8* of II 30-40 T? and H40 B* ' ; Bartin and St, Germ la in Bubuisson County 1 Powell veins i n aoaya county. . -3. Strike II ana S in Siecce County* :. ; 4* strihe JJ 76 —80 E» A gz-oai auMh-Pr of veins inducing Boraac^ and < <; . • " • . ' 'I Lake Fortune*,. 'nir i; - O' O' 1H 6* Is? 45-58 A few veins including the ghedbourne c l s l t . and moll j; f a u l t on the Stabell* She f a u l t s are probably the expression of sorac regional zaovescat' lat© i a pre-Uuronian tise aad caused compression :!•. along e Morthsoutl, arte between Bubuioson and fi-uya T.P« • '! II* C» Ooolos states; Sio chief tendency of nining acn and pronpeot- =. era was to look- f o r ore in the neighborhood of syenite porphyry* duo ','•/)• 1* H«C«0oot:R.:-S0|r.e Gold Deposits of Western nucboc G»S»G*m Gm^^PxppT\ . -105-1923 pt C I P. 124 and s e c t i o n t o i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o the ores i n Ontario g o l d d i s t r i c t s . Ore bodies nay be d e r i v e d frosa other sources, and evidence shows t h a t the g r a n o d i o r i t e masses are an important source of ore b e a r i n g s o l u t i o n s i n the p a s t . L a t e r evidence has shown t h a t a t l e a s t some o f the' ore-bearing s o l u t i o n s are w i t h i n the time o f porphyry i n t r u s i o n * Conclusions r e g a r d i n g producing Bines The l a r g e s t producer of g o l d i n Quebec i s the Noranda Mine whose ore i s a complex o f g o l d and copper* T h i s has shown a-continuaUd-increase i a production ,of g o l d from t h i s mine w i l l i n c r e a s e s t i l l f u r t h e r * T h i s i s the o n l y r e a l l y l a r g e mine i n the area* The others t h a t a r e producing are of the narrow v e i n type w i t h small pockets o f v e r y r i c h v a l u e * These s i n e s are not l i k e l y t o uncover a huge ore body, and .mining a c t i v i t i e s should be concentrated on e x t r a c t i n g the r i c h pockets i n the most economical Way* , F u t u r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s The f u t u r e o f Quebec as a l a r g e g o l d producer i s indeed v e r y prom-i s i n g . The p r o x i m i t y o f t h i s area and i t s c l o s e g e o l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p , t o t h e l a r g e g o l d areas o f Ontario are undoubtedly encouraging facts* The h i s t o r y o f t h i s area as a g o l d producer o f any account, extends back o n l y a matter o f f i v e or s i x years and new producers are coming t o the f r o n t each year* The areas which have been prospected are those e a s i e s t o f access and uhere the overburden and v e g e t a t i o n i s not so abundant. -106-There i s every reason to b e l i e v e that w i t h nore i n t e n s i v e and. ' i n t e l l i g e n t p r o s p e c t i n g ner; f i n d s o f r e l a t i v e importance t ; i l l be found and these T,*ith the i n c r e a s e d development and. p r o d u c t i o n from the laio-jn p r o p e r t i e s , should r a s t e r i o l l y i n c r e a s e the t o t a l y e a r l y p r o d u c t i o n of g o l d i n Quebee. Geology of the Gold D i s t r i c t , The geology of the area i s e s s e n t i a l l y pre-Ganbrian consisting of Eeevratin end Teaiskaaing r o c k s with a v e r y s n a i l area i a the south-west p o r t i o n of the d i s t r i c t covered by the Cobalt S e r i e s of Huroaian 4ge'« Sable of Furcations G.S.C. i'c-ROir 166 Eouya- Harrieanav; Beeioa. Quebec Quaternary Ke»aenaT;an Huroaian : Post g l a c i a l : G l a c i a l * : SJipplasing f; iabf.se : Cobalt Series i Clay ; 9 ' s i l t s , saads : Boulder c l a y , l-.jorre.in-': a l deposits : Dikes : Conglomerate greyv.'eckes • arkose, a r g i l l l t e s Great Unconformity P r e Huroaian I n t r u s i v e s B a s a l t i c d i k e s L a t e r Gabbro A l t e r e d P e r i d o t i t e s G r a n i t i c i n t r u s i v e s Quartz d i o r t i e ( o l d e r ) (Gabbro) P o s t > Temisksming f o l d s D i o r i t e porphyry A m p i i i b o l i t e Congloaerate greywackes l a v a s iTealskataiag s e r i e s ^ / Probable Unconformity Eeev.'atin s e r i e s B a s a l t s andesites d a c i t e s r h y o l i t e s t u f f s and metamorphosed . seds* D e s c r i p t i o n o f Formations " geevzatin The Keewatin s e r i e s o f lavas4 both b a s i c and a c i d i n t r u s i v e s and s e v e r a l bnnds o f metamorphic sediments u k i e h have been d e s c r i b e d by B. S. Buffasu B. S« g« Buffam Destor area A b i t i b i county Quebec G*S.C.TSumtaary Beport 1925~Pt0 ?gs» 83^104 Accor d i n g to h i n they occur i n s i x bands and are i n f o l d e d v.ith the ol d e r l a v a s and are considered to mark s y n c l i n a l areas i n the f o l d e d Keeraatin. I n g e n e r a l the sediments c o n s i s t s of t h i n beds o f v o l c a n i c t u f f v j i t h some s l a t e s and p h y l l i t e s * The l a v a s o f the ICeewatin are g e n e r a l l y 17611 preserved and e x h i b i t the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c flow and ropy s t r u c t u r e * -108° • Teraiakaalng S e r i e s This s e r i e s u n d e r l i e s the g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f the southern h a l f o f the area and c o n s i s t s m a i n ly o f sediments w i t h some v o l c a n i e s . They a a y be d i v i d e d i n t o three bands. 1. The Buporquet bnnd i a the n o r t h s t r e t c h i n g across the sniddle of Duparquet sad Destor T. P.s w i t h a l e n g t h o f t e n n i l e s und a width o f •1-1 mile* 2, The C l i e r e y band i n the Parose and Bousquet c o u n t i e s , 5. She xiviln or southern band s t r e t c h i n g across Ab i t i b i and Tineiscamingue c o u n t i e s v a r y i n g i a width f r c a two t o nine M i e s . The Esitn bund c o n s i s t s o f conglomerate and greywacke w i t h a l i t t l e interbedded l a v a . The type o f pebble i a the conglomerate, veries from pli.ee t o place w h i l e the greywackes are light groy t o dark i n c o l o r and appe;ir t o have been forraed froia arkoses and i i i p u r e sands* The C l i e r e y band s t r i k e s with the g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n o f the a Hsevratin which i s 1J» 60 W« These rocks o f this band c o n s i s t of the erosiraal products from t h e Keewatin. The Duparquet band of even g r a i n e d arkose end conglomerate* f o l d i n g l a t h e .Area Both the Keewatin and Teaiskoming were e f f e c t e d by f o r c e s which f l u n g them i n t o a s e r i e s o f s y n c l i n e s and a n t i c l i n e s . The age o f the f o l d i n g i s between the i n t r u s i o n o f the d i o r i t e porphyry and s y e n i t e porphyry. These are shown i n the Keewatin i n the neighborhood Dasserat Opasatika and Fortune Lakes* 1 She f o l d s i n the Temiskuising are observed a t Opasatika Lake where o o t h e i r axes have a s t r i k e ' o f I? 70-80 23 w i t h the axes converging t o the east* • -S e v e r a l major f a u l t s have been observed: 1» On the v;est end of Kekeko Lake. 2. A v e r y l o r g e one v/hich has d i s p l a c e d the Eeev;atin-Ter.iskaming contact o at Davidson Creek approximately three m i l e s and has a s t r i k e 17 40 E* S ^ C * Kamolr X O ^ f l j g 5* Another f a u l t has d i s p l a c e d the C l e r i e y band o f seds about 2000 f e e t . Igneous Geology Both formations are i n t r u d e d by numerous y l u t o n i c and hypabyssal r o c k s * Tho most important i s t h e l a r g e areas of g r a n i t e v:hich outcrop* This i s a t y p i c a l grey g r a n i t e and i s economically important because of i t s connec-t i o n -with the copper-gold ores of the' d i s t r i c t . S m a l l patches of s y e n i t e porphyry outcrop over u i d e l y separated areas but g e n e r a l l y c o n f i n e d t o the Keenatin. The term " l a t e r gabbro" i s a p p l i e d t o a l a r g e number of d i k e s younger then the Temiskaming and c o n s i s t i n g of both o l i v i n e and quartz gabbro. There i s a pronounced p a r a l l e l i s m between the dikes irhieh are l o n g and s t r a i g h t and have a constant w i d t h . There are tr?o n a t u r a l s e t s of arises which have the f o l l o w i n g s t r i k e s . o o 1* U 50-60 I o 2* N 20 ¥ T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t the f i s s u r e s were formed by general r e g i o n a l s t r e s s e s of g e n t l e p r o p o r t i o n causing p r a c t i c a l l y no f a u l t i n g * Cobalt S e r i e s The Cobalt s e r i e s outcrops i n the southwestern corner o f the area i n the southwestern corner o f the area adjacent to the Ontario boundary. -UO-It has not a v e r y g r e a t a r e a ! extent i n t h i s p a r t aad i s of l i t t l e import-ance as f a r as ore d e p o s i t s are concerned. I t c o n s i s t s of conglomerates w i t h sorae greywacke arkose and s l a t e . Ore Deposits The g o l d i n Quebec occurs l a a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h the copper ores of the . Rouyn d i s t r i c t which are ?. replacement type and i n the s t r a i g h t g o l d quarts v e i n s . I n each ease the g o l d i s e i t h e r i a the f r e e s t a t e or as a mechanical jalxture, no chemical a s s o c i a t i o n talcing p l a c e w i t h any of the s u l p h i d e s . I t s occurrence i a the s u l p h i d e ores i s v e r y e r r a t i c and i s found i n both p y r i t e and c h a l e o p y r i t e without airy degree of proportionality* I t has been suggested t h a t the g o l d was introduced i n a l o c a l and e r r a t i c f a s h i o n . a f t e r the d e p o s i t i o n of the s u l p h i d e s * , g o l d Quartz. Yeins-She s t r a i g h t g o l d d e p o s i t s may be divided i n t o v e i n s and replacement d e p o s i t s . So f a r o n l y the M a l a r t i G property i s o f the replacement type. She v e i n s may be c l a s s e d a s ' f o l l o w s . Q»S * 0'«' S p r ^ 6 " ~ p y ^ 7 1 1. High temperature type showing r u t i l e . 2* Quartz c h a l e o p y r i t e v e i n s * 3» - Quartz• tourmaline type.-4. Quarts p y r i t e . 5. S i l i c a replacements. ' 6. Carbonate replacements, g r e a t numbers of the h i g h temperature v e i n s occur of which the Gran-ada Rouyn i s an example. The quartz- tourmaline- are a l s o h i g h temperature.and -are.exemplified i n the S i s c o e p r o p e r t y . - i l l -q u artz c h a l c h o p y r i t e i s u s u a l l y h i g h l y a u r i f e r o u s and c o n t a i n s the b u l k of the g o l d . Of the s i l i c i o u s replacement type the M a l a r t l c i s the only one y e t known i n the d i s t r i c t . The s i i i e i f i c a t i o n seems t o be connected v/ith the i n t r u s i o n o f a s m a l l mass of f e l d s p a r porphyry. Some carbonate bodies ha?<5 been developed and the a l t e r a t i o n has formed soiae f a i r l y good si&ed bodies of g o l d b e a r i n g m a t e r i a l the tenor o f which i s too low. t o mine*. D e s c r i p t i o n o f p r o p e r t i e s • Korsnda ' The Horanda Mine though p r i m a r i l y a copper p r o p e r t y produces the g r e a t e r proportion of g o l d i n Quebec* I t i s s i t u a t e d j u s t west of the south end o f Qsisko La&e i n Rouyn township* Three d i s c o v e r i e s have been found on the p r o p e r t y a - the P o w e l l g o l d quartz v e i n s , the Chadbourne g o l d ; v e i n and the Korne copper-gold deposit* The property v;as f i r s t staked i n 1920 by 1 H Home and a l i t t l e d e v e l ^ opment work was done, E x p l o r a t i o n work continued u n t i l 1927 when the n i n e reached the producing s t a y s and the e r e c t i o n o f the smelter was comp-l e t e d . Since then i t s c a p a c i t y has been i n c r e a s i n g s t e a d i l y * Geology The r o c k s i n the v i c i n i t y o f the mine are Keewatin c o n s i s t i n g of l a v a s and t u f f s . A l l have been highly metamorphosed by the i n t r u s i o n o f s e v e r a l igneous r o c k s s s*ach as quartz d i o r i t e , s y e n i t e , porphyry -.;nd l a t e r gabbro* ; The rocks have been dragfaided over a d i s t a n c e o f 1800 f e e t . There has a l s o been c o n s i d e r a b l e f a u l t i n g * North of the f o l d i s a o l a r g e f a u l t s t r i k i n g IT 77 1. Numerous s m a l l f a u l t s occur g e n e r a l l y being -112-l e f t banded and v a r y i n g i n s t r i k e from n o r t h t o no r t h e a s t . !The g e n e r a l s t r i k e o f the o«?a body i s northeast and i s independent o f the bedding.' As the s t r i k e of the ore bodies and th a t o f the f a u l t -i n g p r i m a r i l y c o n t r o l l e d the ore d e p o s i t i o n . A f a u l t has caused c o n s i d e r a b l e shearing o f the l a v a s i n pl a c e s the shear" zones having a g e n e r a l s t r i k e of n e a r l y northwest, which i s p a r a l l -e l t o the f a u l t . M i n e r a l s o l u t i o n s o f quartz and c a l c i t e c a r r y i n g such p y r i t e have been deposited along the shear zones.- Both v e i n s and country r o c k are h e a v i l y p y r i t i z e d . Ore val u e s i n t h i s zone have been v e r y promising and f u r t h e r development should be done.' . Samples o f the p y r i t e were taken w i t h s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n being p a i d to the s i a e o f g r a i n and i t was found t h a t the go l d content v a r i e d i n -1 v e r s e l y as the g r a i n o f p y r i t e . The v a r i a t i o n i n the value o f g o l d probably i n d i c a t e s that i t i s deposited e i t h e r i n or on the p y r i t e and i s present i n the f r e e state.' H ^ g l ^ 'pf" Wes'tern^^ebee* a ^ s t c T s u ^ j r y S T o r ^ E ^ ^ V c f " p '116 The s u l p h i d e s are composed of p y r i t e p y r r h o t i t o and c h a l e o p y r i t e w i t h a l i t t l e magnetite and sphaleritew P y r i t e was deposited f i r s t , aad from o b s e r v a t i o n on the Aldermac proper t y j i t i s presumed t h a t i t i s o l d e r than the s y e n i t e porphyry. C h a l e o p y r i t e cuts the s y e n i t e porphyry and i s t h e r e f o r e l a t e r < The ore be a r i n g s o l u t i o n s has a l t e r e d the country rocks c o n s i d e r a b l y . The l a v a s are t i l l h i g h l y a l t e r e d being now very much c h l o r i t i z e d and having very l i t t l e o r i g i n a l f e l d s p a r l e f t . The a l t e r a t i o n proceeded i n two s t a c e s * -113-1. Pepiacement o f f e l d s p a r by quart?, s e r i c i t e and a l b i t e . 2* Heplacement o f s i l i c i f i e d rock by c h l o r i t e . The d i s t r i b u t i o n of g o l d v a l u e s i n the Horn ores i s very e r r a t i c * A'review o f the g o l d content o f the Home ore bodies shows t h a t the go l d i s i n no way connected w i t h the amount o f copper and p y r i t e present and t h a t i t has no a f f i n i t y f o r one or the other* Ore Body Copper I r o n Gold : , #8 . :„• 18 . #4-f5 f i - t a The p y r r h o t i t e was separated and found to c a r r y no g o l d whatever* Th i s leaves only the p y r i t e and c h a l e o p y r i t e ; but they d i d not c a r r y any g o l d when they were deposited. Therefore i t i s very l i k e l y t h a t the gold was int r o d u c e d i n t o the sulphide i n a l o c a l and e r r a t i c way. Beserves Up t o December 1929 the estimated blocked out ore reserve was 6*664,000 tons A Of t h i s ot 426,000 tons was d i r e c t s m e l t i n g ore w i t h an average o f $3.29 per t o n i n g o l d . Another 3^000,000 tons averaged §3.00 per t o n i n g o l d . nov;ever s i n c e t h a t time the reserves have been added t o w i t h gold values as h i g h os §15 per ton but average £3.40* Pow e l l V e i n G.S.C. Heisoir ' 166~K2^6 The P o w e l l v e i n i s s i t u a t e d south east of Here Lake and i s a l a r g e P B A-D A K very l i t t l e &fo—~10fo 10J&----15J& '' same as I 10£—-15J5 -114-g o l d b e a r i n g q u a r t z v e i n which cuts through, r o c k s o f the Eeewatin s c r i e s which are a l s o i n t r u d e d by the P o w e l l granite« » t The width averages from 3-6 and the v e i n has been t r a c e d along a o * s t r i k e of M 30 T? f o r a d i s t a n c e of 3600. The v e i n f i s s u r e was probably caused by f a u l t i n g as s t r i a e occur o along the w a l l s i n many pla c e s w i t h a dip t o the south of angles of 50-o 80. The south s i d e s of the s t r i a e have a such steeper dip than the n o r t h i n d i c a t i n g t h a t the east aide moved no r t h and upward, the f a u l t being and o v e r t h r u s t . The ore b e a r i n g s o l u t i o n s probably came from the g r a n i t e s t o c k , c a r r y i n g p y r i t e i n a gangue of white quarts:'and s e t t l e d i a the f i s s u r e s . The v e i n s are widest and c a r r y highest value*. <;iose t o the g r a n i t e . T h i s i s probably due t o the more b r i t t l e nature of the rocks c l o s e t o the g r a n i t e consequently forming a wider and c l e a n e r break. The Here a l s o the g o l d values tire found to vary i n v e r s e l y as the g r a i n of p y r i t e . Yenus Gold Mine L ^ T s e l T ' ^ IfeSo P t ' BP." "39. I s s i t u a t e d i n Barraute t o u u a h i p , A b i t i b i c o u n t y on the Quebec Coch-rane branch o f the C.H.R. about 25 m i l e s southeast of the .town of Araos. Ceology The rocks i n the v i c i n i t y belong.to the Keewatin s e r i e s and are o v e r l a i n by g l a c i a l d r i f t . There are two v e i n systems on the property which do not form a con-tinuous zone and are markedly d i f f e r e n t i n form o f occurrence. They are d i s i g n a t e d as the n o r t h v e i n system and South v e i n system. The South V e i n System The South system cuts Ileewatin lavas which are s c h i s t o s e w i t h the ° H 5 -shear plane s t r i k i n g K 6ETT: and d i p p i n g 55°to 60°rj. A second s e t of shear planes not so w e l l developed s t r i k e s i m i l a r t o the main shear G O system hut d i p i n the opposite d i r e c t i o n a t 40-50 S; 3&is corresponds t o the a t t i t u d e o f the p r i n c i p a l v e i n s . As there a r e two s e t s o f shear planes there are a l s o two s e t s o f q u a r t z veins*. Only the south d i p p i n g v e i n s are of importance* These v e i n s are composed o f v i t r e o u s quarts end commonly c u t accross the planes o f shear at an angle; They have a v a r i a b l e d i p which g i v e s r i s e t o r o i l s and f l e x u r e s * I n the south zone the v e i n s are g e n e r a l l y narrow more or l e s s l e n t i c u l a r and p a r a l l e l ; . Only f o u r are s u f f i c i e n t l y v e i l m i n e r a l i z e d t o c . 0 encourage development; They have a g e n e r a l ft 70 V: s t r i k e and d i p 50 s. iainersllzatipa -The v e i n s are r e p o r t e d t o c a r r y much p y r i t e and some toTirmaliae w i t h v e r y f i n e g o l d ; The presence of tourmaline i n d i c a t e s the h i g h temperature type o f d e p o s i t ; On account o f the narrowness and l e n t i c u l a r nature o f the v e i n s and the f a c t t h a t t h e g o l d i s p r a c t i c a l l y r e s t r i c t e d t o the q u a r t z v e r y r i c h v a l u e s would be necessary to provide ore over mining w i d t h s ; As these values have not been found i n d i c a t i o n s ' o f developing a commercial ore body i a the south system are not very prosperous. K o r t h Y e i n System The Horth v e i n system has a s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e t o the South v e i n system but has e v i d e n t l y been s h a t t e r e d to a g r e a t e r extent as there are o i n a l l t h r e e s e t s of shear p l a n e s ; There are two s e t s s t r i k i n g N 70 E o w i t h a d i p 70 N. The r o c k s a r e of Keewatin age and are i n t r u d e d by an a c i d porphyry which i s younger than the s h e a r i n g , f o r i t i s shattered to the same extent as the i n t r u d e d rock* The system c o n s i s t s of two, more -116-o r less p a r a l l e l v;:ins which are more l i k e zones as the quartz l e n s e s have l i t t l e c o n t i n u i t y and outcrop i n an i r r e g u l a r f a s h i o n . The l e n s e s v a r y i n t h i c k n e s s from 1-3 and have a s t r i k e o f N 66 -o 68 w* w i t h low d i p s such as suggest a s y n c l i n a l f o l d * They c o n s i s t o f whi t e v i t r e o u s quartz c a r r y i n g tourmaline suggesting the same type of d e p o s i t as the South v e i n system. The l e n s e s are h e a v i l y p y r i t i z e d but the p y r -i t e i s concentrated i n a narrow zone c l o s e to the w a l l rock* The g o l d i s concentrated i n t h e p y r i t e , but i s i n the f r e e s t a t e having been t o occur as a f i l m over the p y r i t e c r y s t a l s * This neans t h a t any val u e s found w i l l be i n the narrow p y r i t e zone bor d e r i n g the wall. F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n r e p o r t s t h a t values are found o n l y i n r e s t r i c t e d p o r t i o n s c f the border aone. Encouraging g o l d values have been found and development on the no r t h s et o f v e i n s was continued through 1930, A 25 t o n t e s t m i l l was completed e a r l y i n 1931. Si s c o e p o l r l Mine o X c T M e i o l T i e T p ^ The S i s c o e Gold mine i s s i t u a t e d on Siseoe I s l a n d In pe Montigny Lake. Geology The southeast p a r t o f t h e I s l a n d i s u n d e r l a i n by flows and t u f f s w h i l e i n the n o r t h , p a r t i s covered by a ranch a l t e r e d i n t r u s i v e mass r e l a t e d t o the g r a n o d i o r i t e mass i n the v i c i n i t y o f pe Montigny Lake. Diamond d r i l l i n g showed a great deal of e r o s i o n at the contact due probably to the presence of a shear zone. A l l the rocks are cut by g r a n o d i o r i t e porphyry dikes coming -117-probably from the s;cae r c s c v o i r as the larger Basses. Veins The veins arc o f the q u a r t s tourmeiine typo carrying free gold aad sees to have come from the g r a n o d i c r i t e mass« So f a r f o u r zones hsve been di s c o v e r e d namely A, 1), G, Dj, but devel-opment up t o 1928 had only been c a r r i e d on at the north end o f tho is l a n d on the D zone. Veins o f the D zone f a l l i n t o two s o t s . 1«' The older set w i t h a north-south s t r i c e . S# I'ounger set with an east-west s t r i k e . Veins of the older set do not exceed a foot 'ia width aad are com-posed of quarts w i t h l i t t l e bunches of tourmaline needles. L i t t l e or a© jiulphido may be preheat bat free gold o c c u r s . ' • Veins of the aecoad set cut and f a u l t those of the f i r s t and are therefor© y r u n G e r . Thej are generally loss than an inch l a w i d t h and c o n t a i n more tourmaline then the f i r s t t y p e * as t r e l l as a lar g e r p e r c e n t -age or pyrito» The p r i n c i p a l values ore due to th© free gold stolen i s c l o s e l y associated with the tourmaline* l a 1927 development was again started on C sone aad tho v e i n under-ground WHS r e p o r t e d t o have a length of 5G0 f e e t aad a width o f Ho f e e t with an average tenor of ££G.0o per t o n . Development continued through 1928 and i a 1929 a 100 ton cyanide m i l l s t a r t e d operations* xeo new v e i n s were discovered d u r i n g development work and i t i s planned to explore them f u r t h e r . During 10S0 the m i l l operated continuously and development work at the mine has showed a pr o s p e c t i v e i n c r e a s e o r pr o d u c t i o n which necessitates an increase- i a m i l l capacity' The presence of QuebTc^Bujeau1' of I j i n ' e ^ ^ ^ ^ t j g W ^ r T T » ^ galena o r s p h a l e r i t e g e n e r a l l y i n d i c a t e h i g h grade ore* The v e i n s o l u t i o n s have a l t e r e d the w a l l r o c k to a width o f 2-3. I n p l a c e s the dark greywackes have been bleached a l i g h t y ellow and co n t a i n a good percentage of p y r i t e . Granada Rouyn Gr-uiutia pouyn s i n e i s s i t u a t e d i n the southwest corner o f Eouyn township. The claims are u n d e r l a i n by Keewatin l a v a s I n the n o r t h and Temisk-aming sediments I n the south. Both formations are cut by a b e l t of f e l d -t spar porphyry d i k e s approximately 2000 i n width* • Numerous quartz v e i n s c a r r y i n g gold are found w i t h i n the b e l t o f o d i k e s * The s t r i k e of the zone i s I 60 S* Up t o the end of 1929 e x p l o r a t i o n was co n f i n e d to what i s 'mown as o N 2 v e i n . I t c o n s i s t s o f numerous quarts c u t t i n g the conglomerate o f the Teiaiskaming a e r i e s . Commonly along the hanging wall there i s a l a r g e r v e i n o f quarts* Coarse g o l d i s v i s i b l e i n many pla c e s and va l u e s up t o (-.100 per toi... have been found. The vein m a t e r i a l i s c h i e f l y white quartz with, a l i t t l e tourmaline and hornblende* The quartz has been gre«t3.y f r a c t u r e d and c h l o r i t e w i t h some s e r i c i t e has been During 1930 heavier machinery was i n s t a l l e d and a 75 ton m i l l erected* The ore i s f r e e m i l l i n g and the m i l l i s t h e r e f o r e q u i t e simple* The n i l ! s t a r t e d o p e r a t i n g i n Juno 1930 and operated t i l l the end of -119- .• the year a t a -capacity o f 60 tons per day w i t h an average val u e o f 014.00 per t o n . Qu^bec^Bur eauTf^ano's'RepjS^tl^^tTsTW^S Besides the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the m i l l development, nas c a r r i s d f u r t h e r on JJo2 v e i n and s t o p i n g was s t a r t e d a t the 500 and 625 l e v e l s . Free g o l d has been observed i n s e v e r a l places aad high grade values secured. The problem i n t h i s mine seems to be the e x t r a c t i n g o f the h i g h grade pockets i a the most economical way. I t i s not present but e f f i c i e n t mining c f the h i g h grade pocket may pay the operators a l i b e r a l reward. 0 f ;Brien Claims: G^»c^'mmi^6& Z^MJ? The O'Brien c l a i m s are s i t u a t e d i n the northwest corner o f C a d i l l a c township. The ro c k s i a the v i c i n i t y c o n s i s t o f Temiskaming sediments which have been cut by porphyry dikes or s i l l s . r i v e v e i n s occur on the p r o p e r t y but o n l y two o f these are important* Both veins have a s i m i l a r s t r i k e t o the rocks i n the v i c i n i t y which i s p r a c t i c a l l y due eaat.. The f i r s t v e i n , l i e s i n a band of conglomerate aad has a gungue o f quartz c a r r y i n g a r s e n o p y r i t e and coarse f r e e g o l d , which i s s c a t t e r e d throughout i t s l e n g t h . A l i t t l e p y r r h o t i t e and c h a l e o p y r i t e a l s o occur. The width o f the v e i n v a r i e s from a few inches to 15 f e e t . The o t h e r v e i n o c c u r r i n g i n the porphyry has a width o f 16-24 inches and c a r r i e s coarse g o l d along the f i s s u r e s i n the q u a r t z . I n 1927 a r i c h pocket of ore was found when developing t h i s v e i n and s t o p i n g was s t a r t e d , continued development o f the v e i n d i s c l o s e d more r i c h pockets and f u r t h e r s t o p i n g was done and heavier r/tbchlnery i n s t a l l e d . part I? Nova Scotia -120- • I n t r o d u c t i o n One o f the e a r l i e s t g o l d d i s c o v e r i e s i n the Dominion of Canada was the f i n d i n g o f t h i s p r e c i o u s metal i n mineable q u a n t i t i e s i n the s l a t e s and q u a r t s i t e s , b o rdering on the A t l a n t i c C o a s t - l i n e of the province o f ifova S c o t i a . T h i s d i s c o v e r y i n 1857, caused no l i t t l e excitement and many prosp-e c t o r s rushed t o the f i e l d i n the hope o f o b t a i n i n g fabulous w e a l t h . The ore occurs i n q u a r t z v e i n s aggregated on the- domes of plunging a n t i c l i n e s and seems t o be spread over a v e r y wide a r e a . For many years l i t t l e d e t a i l work had been done u n t i l B.R. F a r i -b a u l t of the G e o l o g i c a l Survey of Canada s t a r t e d h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n from which there was a c q u i r e d ranch important i n f o r m a t i o n . In 1929 a l l a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n of Jjova S c o t i a was compiled under one cover by W.Malcolm. wriiisSo^^ Area, and Sxtent The area and e x t e n t of the g o l d bearing formations i s approximately 10,250 square m i l e s or about h a l f the area of the p r o v i n c e . The extreme l e n g t h i s about 275 m i l e s 'varying i n width from 10 raiies i n the n o r t h t o 75 m i l e s i n the west* I t s most e a s t e r l y p o i n t i s at Canso. Erom here i t extends southward i n the form of a t r i a n g l e , along the south shore of Chedabueto Bay s and westward t o the mouth o f the Avon E l v e r . J u s t south of H a l i f a x i t i s cut by a g r a n i t e i n t r u s i o n o f f a i r w i d t h , but the formation, comes i n a g a i n a t Hahone 3ay, where i t occupies approx-i m a t e l y h - i l f of the w i d t h o f tae p r o v i n c e . I t I s continuous to thb extremity of the province, where i t extends across "the e n t i r e w i d t h t o S t , Mary*a Bay. H i s t o r y Although the f i r s t d i s t r i c t was discovered i n 1858 a t Tangier, no i n t e n s i v e mining was c a r r i e d on u n t i l 1862 and operations have been more or l e s s continuous s i n c e t h a t time* The r u s h of 1861 produced many new d i s c o v e r i e s and numerous new areas were opened up» The degree o f a c t i v i t y has v a r i e d t o a' c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t . I n the rush of 1861 many people r e g i s t e r e d claims who had l i t t l e experience i n mining and t h i s , t o g e t h e r w i t h c o s t l y o p e r a t i n g caused a marked d e c l i n e i n the i n d u s t r y . f o l l o w i n g ' t h i s , l a r g e r companies began t o .work combined h o l d i n g s . This r e v i v e d the i n d u s t r y , and the p r o d u c t i o n i n 186? reached 27,583 ounces. -S p e c u l a t i o n , however, caused the production t o f a l l o f f c o n s i d e r a b l y u n t i l i n 1874 o n l y C'141 ounces was produced. Many reasons axe given f o r the d e c l i n e , the most prominent being 1. Bash expenditures of c a p i t a l and p r o f i t s . 2. Very ine.rficie.ut m i l l i n g methods. S. Incompetency o f sraae so c a l l e d "mine manager**. 4. Lack of d e t a i l e d g e o l o g i c a l work. F o l l o w i n g t h i s depression mining v?as c a r r i e d on by the " t r i b u t e system". This kept the i n d u s t r y a l i v e , but prevented the c a r r y i n g out o f any w e l l d e f i n e d p o l i c y of development* In 1883 and 1884 s e v e r a l s u c c e s s f u l attempts were made by men o f experience t o reopen abandoned and i d l e mines. Success raa due c h i e f l y t o b e t t e r mining find M i l l i n g processes and a p p l i c a t i o n of s t r i c t e s t econony. So s u c c e s s f u l were t i i c o p e r a t i o n s , t h a t low grade bodies wore mined with a p r o f i t . T h i s period of prosp-e r i t y continued f o r a number o f yea r s . 'M . I n 1893 t h e r e was a decided decrease I n pr o d u c t i o n t o he followed by an i n c r e a s e i n 1898. ' i During these l a t t e r y e a r s , c o n c e n t r a t i o n was p l a c e d on the treat-ment o f the t a i l i n g s . The C h l o r i n a t i o n process was t r i e d but the Brojao-eyanide t r e a t -ment proved isost s u c c e s s f u l . P r o d u c t i o n dropped again i n 1903 and 1904 being o n l y 14,279 ounces^ and s i n c e then has been v e r y low. Prom 1912 to 1527 o n l y one year shows a p r o d u c t i o n of over 7000 ounces , t h a t being the year 1915. I n 1929 the p r o d u c t i o n was 1,568 ounces coming c h i e f l y from the G d l d e h v i l l e , Renfrew, Beaver Data, and Unlaeke d i s t r i c t s . B^spuTcey^and i^^^P^^J^^^^^" General S^ateaeiit Geolo The g o l d b e a r i n g area i s u n d e r l a i n by a s e r i e s of sedimentary r o c k s and igneous i n t r u s i v e s . The sedimentary or g o l d bearing s e r i e s c o n s i s t s o f two form a t i o n s , an upper and a lower. The lower or G o l d e n v i l l e formation c o n s i s t s o f 16,000 of n u a r t z l t e s and interbedded s l a t e s which axe o v e r l a i n conform-a b l y by the H a l i f a x formation c o n s i s t i n g o f 14,500 of s l a t e s . The beds are f o l d e d i n t o l o n g a n t i c l i n e s and s y n c l i n e s w i t h t h e i r axes n e a r l y p a r a l l e l - to tho A t l a n t i c Coast*:. The anticliner-: r.hlcli arc on the r.verape Z- m i l e s apart and from 0 t-c 100 nilnn loa^r vlungo at i n t e r v a l s to the oast t n d r.esl, • The dcmes on any one t - a t i c l i n o a r c 10-35 m i l e s a p a r t . She G o l d e a v i l l e f o r m t i o n i a exposed along the an f c i c l i n c e while the B a l i f a x formation forms easterly trending- h o l t s , l y i n g i n the syaolines. • Tho beds dip at high tingles and i n places arc overturned. i-iumerous f a u l t s cut the serie s i n a northwestern d i r e c t i o n and tho horizontal displacement i a some cases ewecr-ds one m i l e * She series i s probably of pre Cambrian sgn» tSie igneous rocks except f o r a few narrow basic a ikes ere granite» v a r y i n g much l a texture and - composition* v:Jierc they have cut the gold Boating series they have induced lire ease a l t e r a t i c n , near tho c o n t a c t . The folding'of the sedinento and tho in t r u s i o n o f tho g r a n i t e took place, d u r i n g tho Devonian, and t h i s was fo-.icw«d by a long p e r i o d of e r o s i o n union nnroefee the g r a n i t e before the earbonif/rour was l a i d aovm*. Ore Deposits Th© gold occurs i a the quarts vo i n c of tho Gold B e a r i n g serios* Hoot of tho veiao l i e i n tho s t r a t i f i c a t i o n pianos o f the e l a t e beds of the G o l d e a v i l l e f o r m a t i o n hut a few important veins cross the s t r i k e o f tho sediments. They s r o found on the domes and plunging a n t i c l i n e s and the outcrops form a s e r i e s o f c o n c e n t r i c e l l i p s e s o r portl o n e o f e l l i p s e s * Undorgrouafi work i n some tfistriote has r e v e a l e d the pro.-.cnco o f a s c r i e s o f saddle veins t h a t do not cone to tho sur f a c e * li'.my of the i n t e r b o d i e s v e i n s are s t r o n g l y corrugates* On the sidcE of the dome, ths c o r r u g a t i o n s • p a r a l l e l the s t r i k e o f the v e i n , but towards the end of the done th:-.-y a i t c h at aa angle between the d i p and st s t r i k e and assume l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s so that- the term " b a r r e l q u a r t z " i s a p p l i e d . The g o l d occurs i a shoots which p i t c h a t a low angle t o the east o r west. The l o c a t i o n of the shoots appears to be determined by some i r r e g -u l a r i t y o f ro c k s t r u c t u r e , such as, subordinate f l e s u r e i n the f o l d , or a f r a c t u r i n g o f the s t r a t a . LJost of the g o l d i s f r e e m i l l i n g but the a r s e n o p y r i t e found i a con-s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t i e s i n some veins c a r r i e s g o l d t h a t i s not amenable t o amalgamation^ I t i s evident t h a t the d e p o s i t i o n o f the ore i s dependent on the rock s t r u c t u r e . I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t during the f o l d i n g , there was a s l i p p i n g of the beds one upon, another w i t h a consequent f i s s u r i n g along the b i d d i n g planes o f the s l a t e s . P a r i n g the opening of these f i s s u r e s , d e p o s i t i o n o f a u r i f e r o u s quartz took p l a c e i n those p a r t s where the f r a c t u r i n g of the r o c k was BUffici&n'c i.o permit the passage of the s o l -u t i o n s . The problem of the o r i g i n o f the s o l u t i o n s has not y e t been s a t i s f a c t o r i l y worked out. Two t h e o r i e s have been a d v a n c e d . — — — 1. That the v e i n s were f i l l e d by l a t e r a l s e c r e t i o n . 2. I J i n e r a l s were deposited by ascending thermal s o l u t i o n s — This l a t e r i s the most g e n e r a l l y accepted one. Future p o s s i b i l i t i e s .< Si n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n i n 1862, the g o l d mining i n d u s t r y of Ifova S c o t i a has p l a y e d an a c t i v e and important p a r t i n the p r o v i n c e . Although i n the e a r l i e r y e a r s , p r o d u c t i o n was h i g h e r , reaching i t s peak of 51112 ounces i n 1S9S, i t has l a t t e r l y f a l l e n o f f u n t i l now only a v e r y few d i s t r i c t s are a c t i v e . 1. • f T. A. R i c h a r d s t a t e s t h a t g o l d mining in the f u t u r e as I n the past Tr"¥^^pJi'chard' " G o l d M i n i n g j u l l o ^ ^ c ^ ^ ' p u b l i c Works'"'end MXhes~Bb^ must depend m a i n l y on s m a l l e n t e r p r i s e s o f p r a c t i c a l miners, whose c h i e f c a p i t a l I s muscle and experience. That,although the s m a l l shoots o f r i c h ore found e i t h e r on the doses o r along the crunples o f the f o l d are worthy of i n v e s t i g a t i o n and development,they do not warrant a l a r g e equipment, ext e n s i v e development, or investment of l a r g e sums of money. There I s reason t o b e l i e v e , however, t h a t the a u r i f e r o u s v e i n s have not been exhausted. Most o f t h e mining o f e a r l i e r days was c a r r i e d on by i n d i v i d u a l s who had not s u f f i c i e n t c a p i t a l t o press operations t o any c o n s i d e r a b l e depth and those who had c a p i t a l a t t h e i r command allowed themselves t o be governed too f r e e l y by the p r e v a i l i n g idea t h a t the d e p o s i t s were s u p e r f i c i a l . L a t e r o p e r a t i o n s have r e v e a l e d the presence of r i c h ore nines t h a t were f o r those reasons abandoned. Ore shoots are f r e q u e n t l y found i n a s e r i e s of v e i n s i n p a r t s o f domes t h a t have been a f f e c t e d by some i r r e g u l a r i t y o f s t r u c t u r e . Vihere the i r r e g u l a r i t y o f S t r u c t u r e extends downward through the • sediments, p a r a l l e l to the a x i a l plane Gf the a n t i c l i n e , i t i s reasonable t o b e l i e v e , i f the v e i n s had t h e i r o r i g i n i n ascending thermal s o l u t i o n s t h a t the s e r i e s of deep v e i n s are a u r i f e r o u s as w e l l as those at the sur«~-f a c e . I t i s suggested t h e r e f o r e that c l o s e a t t e n t i o n be p a i d t o those p e c u l i a r f e a t u r e s o f s t r u c t u r e t h a t seen to have been i n t i m a t e l y r e l a t -ed t o ore deposition,. 1 F a r i b a u l t i n 1899 s t a t e s i n a paper, "That t he Gold B e a r i n g v e i n s o f EOva S c o t i a bear a s t r o n g resemb-lance t o the Bendigo saddle reefs and t h a t be b e l i e v e d , i f mining be c a r r i e d on a t g r e a t e r depths g o l d c o u l d be e x t r a c t e d a t a p r o f i t . General Geology Table o f jEormations G. S^CT M 6 ^ i r J ^ " T 3 o Post G l a c i a l P l e i s t o c e n e Lower Garb Devonian Pre Cambrian p l u v i a l d e a o s i t Sands.clays aad g r a v e l s Limestone, Sandstone and shale G r a n i t e s o f v a r y i n g t e x t u r e , b i o t i t e aad museovite g r a n i t e s H a l i f a x f o i m a t i o a - S l a t e s G o l d e n v i l l e formation I n t e r s t r a t i f o s l a t e s and q u a r t z i t e s D e s c r i p t i o n o f Formations G o l d e n v i l l e The G o l d e n v i l l e s e r i e s c o n s i s t of s l a t e s , conglomerates, and q u a r t -z i t e s w i t h q u a r t z i t e predominating. 1 . . The q u a r t z i t e i s des c r i b e d by Jackson and Al d e r as composed of 1. Jackson and A l d e r . "Bomar'ics on the 'fincralogy and Geology o f Kova Scotia"1833 P.521 s i l i e i o u s matter or q u a r t z i t e , which i s f i n e , g r a n u l a r , but more f r e q u -e n t l y compact and breaks, not u n u s u a l l y w i t h c o n c h o i d a l f r a c t u r e * -137-I t I s soisetiisos white una I t s g r a i n s are t r a n s p a r e n t , hut i t gener-a l l y has a g r e y i s h or b l u i s h t i n t . Woodman s t a t e s t h a t o a l e i t e i s abundant g i v i n g . i*f ervescence w i t h a c i d , but F a r i b a u l t i s o f the o p i n i o n t h a t t h i s i s the case i n o n l y a few beds and not of g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n . 1 F a r i b a u l t s t a t e s o f the s l a t e s t h a t : -TV''K&rcTln^^ "The p r i n c i p a l v a r i e t i e s are l i g h t grey, g l i s t e n i n g , mica s l a t e , al'.iost w h o l l y composed o f lAica; dark bluish,papery, s h i n i n g , f i n e mica-ceous s l a t e , d u l l greeu, d i r t " r u s t y arenaceous earthy s l a t e ; g r e e n i s h , s o f t , unctuous s l a t e v/ith l i t t l e mica, and b l u i s h b l a c k or dark b l u i s h grey, compact s i l i c e o u s s l a t e g e n e r a l l y M e t a l l i f e r o u s and h o l d i n g a r s e n -i c a l and i r o n p y r i t e s i n c r y s t a l s or nodular masses p r i n c i p a l l y i n the v i c i n i t y o f a u r i f e r o u s quarts v e i n s and w i t h which the y are o f t e n assoc-i a t e d ? • • • - . . . \7oodnan along the noose R i v e r found that the p y r i t e l e y c h i e f l y along the bedding'planes of the s l a t e . I n some pla c e s there i s no sharp l i n e of d i v i s i o n between the q u a r t -s i t e and the s l a t e s , one p a s s i n g g r a d u a l l y i n t o the o t h e r . Besides the q u a r t z i t e s and s l a t e s there i s a minor development of g r i t s and conglomerates, occurrences Of which have been noted at Mount Uniacke and Y/averly. H a l i f a x Formation T h i s c o n s i s t s c h i e f l y o f a l a t e s of v a r i o u s texvures and c o l o r s ; a few s i l i c i o u s bens and a l i t t l e l imestone. The limestone which i s arenaceous d o l o m i t i c i n c h a r a c t e r , occurs at the base of t h e f o r m a t i o n , and has been seen i n two p l a c e s . -138- • - I • F a r i b a u l t nays that, the great Ease o f the S s l i f o s formation i a the east consist o f , b l u i s h blc.ck, ferruginous ancl g r a p h i t i c s l a t e s , e a s i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d from and unlike -ay others i n the provinces having a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f i b r o u s t c s t u r e * Certain f l i n t y layers are f u l l o f {-.rso.aical and iron p y r i t e s d i s -t r i b u t e d through the mass i a s m a l l perfect c r y s t a l s * •Structure i •-. \ The structure of th© Sold B e a r i n g Series i s rather a d i f f i c u l t problem^ 2he boundary between th«? two formations i s the only h o r i z o n than may be traced throughout the f i e l d aad i n tho-west where t h i s i s unsatisfactory os the t r a n s i t i o n between the s l a t e aad quarts!t© i s very • gradual, .. Sravorses made a c r o s s the gold Bearing s c r i e s f r o a north to south. :;how a succession of a l t e r n a t e zones o f H a l i f a x aad Gcldenvilie f o r -mations, v a r y i n g l a w i d t h from a f r a c t i o n o f a mile to several m i l e s * l a the east the o u a r t z i t o nones are generally much wider than the slmtee* I n the voat both forraationo are more n e a r l y equal i n d i s t r i b u t i o n , ^he s l a t e soneo o f the e a s t - t a k e i a g e n e r a l , the fosm of much elgenstad e l l i p s e s surro.-ndofi. by quartette, i n the west the q u a r t z i t e are- e l l i p -t i c a l surrounded by s l a t e * Tho e l i i p s o s i n the l a t t e r case are much broader. In the east the zones o f c l e t e l i e i n tho troughs o f the g r e a t east and went f o l d s a long the a n t i c l i n e s o f which, the sonea o f qusrfc-• s i t e are exposed*. The chief difference between the structure of tho east and west i s t h a t i n the east tho s t r a t a are nore t i g h t l y f o l d e d arid d i p at steeper -129* o angles (GO-SO). The east e l s e shows mare e r o s i o n . The a n t i c l i n e s , though approximately p a r a l l e l , vary a great deal i n l e n g t h , from 3-4 miles- i n BOH© l o c a l f o l d s , to 10S a l i o s i n the l o v e r l y ESOUBCS B i v c r f o l d . Cases of folds uniting end others s t a r t i n g agate a f t e r o breed: have been notod. In general I t I s very u n r e l i a b l e to correlate folding i n d i f f e r e n t parts unless the f o l d has a c t u a l l y been traced* The plunge or t h e ' a n t i c l i n e s to the east and noet are s s l d o n BOI-B than SO and g e n e r a l l y they are nxieh l e s s , b;rt nay vary g r n n t l y , l a s h o r t d i s t a n c e s * I t i s probable'that t h e plunging was' produced simultaneously- with the wain folds by a*foree uetins >.% r i g h t angloa to that which caused. . tho main f o l d s * Tho structure of the western part has been more d i f f i c u l t Sue to . th© gre.-t proportion, of the H a l i f a x formation and to t h e s c a r c i t y o f ex-posure i n soma sections* The m-et important f e a t u r e o f the s t r u c t u r e i s the exposure of tho G e l d e n v i l l e formation i n broad e l l i p t i c a l demos* This i s v e r y noticeable i n Lunenburg and Queens counties. t The longer ia;cs of the doses run northeast and southwest the domes being ... - \ approximately p a r a l l e l * • The formation has experienced a groat d e a l o f f a u l t i n g w i t h two kinds o f f a u l t s and cross country f a u l t s . L o c a l f a u l t s are found i a the s e v e r a l gold d i s t r i c t s but do not continue very'far and seem to be associated with tho dosing* Tho cross country f o l O a are those t h a t p e r s i s t , and can be t r a c e d r.crfcsa several ouocoesive a n t i c l i n e s . The jfr~re important of theco a r c : 1. Hew Harbor r i v e r 2. Country Harbour -230-3, I n d i a n Harbor 4 e ahoet Harbor .Bcoifioe, f o l d i n g anfl f a u l t i n g o t h e r phenomena, such as b r e c c i a t i o a * cleavage, j o i n t i n g aad i ' i s s u r i a g occur* f h e innumerable Quarts v e i n s l y i n g i n the s t r a t i f i c a t i o n planes probably had t h e i r o r i g i n from the d e p o s i t i o n o f q u a r t z i n f i e e u r o s caused by c l o s e f o u l i n g and the consequent s l i p p i n g o f the s t r a t a on one another* . . Cross f i s s u r e s which occur a r e probably due t o orogeuie movemeats ana a r e q u i t o l o c a l . ' • There a r e a few c r o s s v e i n s which 3.1© i a f a u l t s end i t i s not always p a s s i b l e t o determine whether th© break i s o oiiaplo f i s s u r e o r a f a u l t * .• The cleavage g e n e r a l l y I s par.-Hal t o the . s t r i k e o f the rocks but i s d i p p i n g a t v e r y h i g h onglca* 2ho s l a t e o f the G o l d e n v i l l e f e m o t i o n when f o l l o w e d through any s i n g l e bad s atoms no u n i f a r a IMokn&es,, but i s g e n e r a l l y t h i c k e r oa the apex o.f a f o l d then on the l i m b s . I b i s i s due t o the more p l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f the s l a t e * Whoa f o l d i n g took x>loco tho slat© being more p l a s t i c than tho quartv.ite i n t i i s s l i d i n g o f the beds was pushed from the ItebB to tho apex o f the f o l d , which was tho p o i n t o f l e a s t p r e s s u r e . •This gave a t h i n n i n g o f tho s l ^ t c on the limbs aad a' t h i c k e n i n g on tho apox* I&ny estimates o f tho t h i c k n e s s hove been given w i t h some as h i g h as 30,ttQ0 f o r exposed rocks but i t i s j..rocf,icaiiy i m p o ssible to dctermino tho t h i c k n e s s o f the whole s e r i e s , f o r i n no p l a c e has the- bottom o f the G o l d e n v i l l e Jpen found* A l l surrounding formations 'which art; i a contact w i t h the g o l d Bear--131-Ing a e r i e s are younger. I t i s , i n t r u d e d by a s e r i e s o f b a s i c d i k e s and s i l l s , g e n e r a l l y s t r i k i n g along the s t r a t i f i c a t i o n p l a n e s . There are a l s o numerous stocks and s m a l l b a t h o l i t h s of g r a n i t e which have caused c o n s i d e r a b l e metamorphissi i n the s e r i e s and thus show a l a t e r age. I n the N i c t a u x Torbrook b a s i n and t h e Clementsport and Bear Paver b a s i n o f Annapolis County, the Gold Bearing S e r i e s i s i n contact w i t h e a r l y Devonian s l a t e s , which have s u f f e r e d metamcrphism through i n t r u s -l o n o f g r a n i t e . South o f Hew Canaan, King's County, i t i s a narrow b e l t o f h i g h l y a l t e r e d f o l d e d , f o s s i l f e r o u s , impure, limestone of S i l u r i a n Age. I n the v i c i n i t y o f Avon B i v e r 'and east o f Chedabucto Bay, the s e r -i e s i s o v e r l a i n by the sandstone, s h a l e s and congiouer.;*e of the Barton s e r i e s , which i s Lower Carboniferous. This i s r e s t i n g unconforaably on the Gold Bearing s e r i e s , and i s I t s e l f o v e r l a i n conformably by the limestone, sandstone, and ahalcs of the Windsor S e r i e s . ! Agje o f Gold Bearing S c r i e s The age o f the Gold Bearing S e r i e s i s one of the most d i f f i c u l t problems connected w i t h I t . The age has been g i v e n as anything 'from Pre Cambrian t o e a r l y S i l u r i a n and although Cambrian has been a p p l i e d f o r a number o f years the g e n e r a l conception i s that i t i s E r s Cambrian. Many markings and p o s s i b l e organic forms have been found from time t o time but these have g e n e r a l l y turned out t o be c o n c r e t i o n s , or t h e i r organic o r i g i n d i s p u t e d , so t h a t nothing has come of them. Several authors have p o i n t e d out; the marked rescmbluuce between the Gold Bearing series and the; s l a t e s o f the Avaion Peninsula of Slot-found-l a n d which ore Pre Cambrian. . Dawson i n h i s Acadian Geology e d i t i o n 1876 believes tho series to be Cambrian or primordial which Viet; i s supported by s e l i w y a and-Hind* 1 :. Tan Hise states that the series may be as l a t e os Cambrian but i n view o f the s c a r c i t y o f f o s s i l remains i n th© series w h i l Cambrian strata i s the v i c i n i t y have an abundance of f o s s i l s , he i s i n c l i n e d to b e l i e v e th© • series Ere OsmbrIan* i /7V * ? k ^ S n n l l patches of I#wer CarbonlfcroitB sedinents are scattered along the const at st»V:'.u'garet end Mahone Bays, Shoy c o n s i s t of l i i a e o t o n c , oandcuono and' shr,iei r e s t i n g unconformably upon the Gold Bearing f>oricoo lc;noous_ Geology; Basic_- i n t r u s l v p s . . Intrusive^ of basic dikes and s i l l s cut she Geld Bearing S e r i e s but are United, wholly to western port of the fields« such intrusions are quite numerous i n Kings County, where they nearly a l l l i e i n the bod&ing planes of highly i n c l i n e d s t r a t a . She most s t r i k i n g o f these dikes Is one that cuts tho Gold Bearing S e r i e s and the G r a n i t e i n the southern p a r t of Queens aud Shelburno t t . c o u n t i e s . I t i s frcsm 200-600 wide and p e r s i s t s f or u distance? of 60 H i l e s . A i l o f 'these b a s i c i n t r u s i v e e . a r e c a l l e d d i o r i t e . As f a r as t h e i r age i a concerned l i t t l e oecris t o be known eras' that they uro of remote age. ©lis i s probably from the great deg '_•£ a l t e r a t i o n that they have undergone. g r a n i t e G r a n i t e i s w i d e l y distributee!, throughout the v o i d heaving Series consisting c h i e f l y of a a s s t s s o t c.Kcutdiag .10 milo*> i n w i d t h o£ 40 m i l e s i n length. • The largest-raaas fco-isaver extends southwest i r o m Halifax i n a crescent shape, for 9i> milefe and has a width of 20 ' i d l e s * f h e t e x t u r e of the granite v a r i e s a good ae&l w h i l e tho granite i t ? s e l f i s of at least two dif f e r e n t i n t r u s i o n s . • 1 JYs r i b s u l t i n h i s report on the e a s t e r n counties says that g r a n i t e v a r i e s much i n composition and texture according to p o s i t i o n , i t i s composed o f white or p i n k fe&epor, white c o l o r l e s s o r SEwky qu a r t s , una white" mica forming u uniform towards the c e n t r e . In 'SB&4 iGe»ncr'\^ntiW$ awe'' gW.riito'that he t'xsniaed os c o n t a i n i n g 1... A.Gosner. I n d u s t r i a l Boscurces o f Koya, S o p t i a i64>9 blocks of older granite aad suggests that i t i s of at l e a s t two different Intrusion®. V* J. Wright describe© on.older and a younger granite i n 1 the Hew Boos area and wo-Sffian i s of the opinion that, the granites are not a l l o f .-the- esB«> The evidence p o i n t s t o tho i n t r u s i o n s o f tho g r a n i t e during the Devonian r o c a s e f the Hict a u x Torbroak area and was i t s e l f unroofed before t h e . d e p o s i t i o n of the Horton o o r i o s of Lower Carboniferous which d i r e c t l y o vorxieo the g r a n i t e . Metoraorphio rocks are found g e n e r a l l y e n c i r c l i n g the g r a n i t e cad i n a few l o c a l patches. They cancin t of gftciSK and s c h i s t s , the gneiss being f \ , i i * woa and c o n s i s t i n g of q u a r t s i nd mica w h i l e the schists t;ro -154-micacious and soine ahow a marked development of s t a u r o l i t e and andelus-i t e crystals. I t seems almost c e r t a i n t h a t the metamorphosis was induced by con-t a c t a c t i o n of the granite angina, and that those l o c a l areas of metamor-phosis are probably due to e g r a n i t e contact c l o s e below the s u r f a c e . G e o l o g i c a l H i s t o r y The great t h i c k n e s s of sediments contained i n the Goldenville and H a l i f a x s e r i e s suggests a l o n g p e r i o d of submergence and sedimentation during the pre Cambrian. I n the e a r l y p a r t of the epoch the sediment probably c o n s i s t e d of s i l i c i o u s material, w i t h some very f i n e muds, which, on c o n s o l i d a t i o n formed the s l a t e s and quartsites of the Oolden-x r i i l e . There was e v i d e n t l y a s l i g h t d isturbance which caused the depos-i t i o n o f a great d e a l o f mud which formed tho slabas o f the H a l i f a x s e r i e s * Evidence of what happened between the depostion of the H a l i f a x s c r i e s and Devonian sediments i s l a c k i n g , but i t i s q u i t e probable t h a t at this time the land was c l e v a t o d above sea l e v e l . Devonian eime i s one o f importance i n the d i s t r i c t f o r i t i s during t h i s p e r i o d t h a t the g o l d bearing s e r i e s r e c e i v e d i t s . economic v a l u e . The close of the period was eharaeterizt-d by intense igne-us activ-i t y during which time tho l a r g o mosses of granite now covering a l a r g e p a r t of the area were i n t r u d e d . The m i n e r a l i s i n g s o l u t i o n s which caused the g o l d deposits are gen-e r a l l y b e l i e v e d t o be connected w i t h the i n t r u s i o n of the g r a n i t e . The folding and u p l i f t accompanying the intrusion l e f t the l a n d high;, above sea, and a period of erosion set i n . -135-B u r i n g the Carboniferous times the sediments o f the Horton and Windsor S e r i e s were l a i d down, f o l l o w i n g which there was another up-l i f t c a u s ing r e j u v e n a t i o n o f the topography* L p e r i o d o f e r o s i o n f o l l o w e d t h i s u p l i f t and has continued t o the present day, r e d u c i n g the area t o a peneplans. Cold Deposits General Character Host o f the g o l d bearing s e r i e s are interbedded w i t h the sediments, but there are a few which cut across the s t r i k e . They are not l i m i t e d to any s p e c i a l h o r i z o n but occur at v a r i o u s depths i n the Goldenville. Tiie s l a t s bands seen t o have been mora favored by the m i n e r a l i s i n g s o l u t i o n s , f o r i t i s c h i e f l y along these t h a t . t h e ore d e p o s i t s occur. The s t r u c t u r e of the g o l d bearing s e r i e s has had an i n f l u e n c e on the ore 'J e i j o s i t i o n . T h i s i s shown by the c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f the d e p o s i t s around the domes along the a n t i c l i n e s . The H a l i f a x s e r i e s i s not v e r y r i c h I n paying v e i n s ^ and G o l d e n v i l l e . has s u p p l i e d most of the p r o d u c t i o n . • Mineralogy . The v e i n s c o n s i s t of a gangue of quartz and c a l c i t e , which c o n t a i n p y r i t e and a r s e n o p y r i t e w i t h some galena, p y r r h o t i t e , c h a l e o p y r i t e and s p h a l e r i t e i n subordinate amount's. The g o l d occurs e i t h e r f r e e or intermixed w i t h the sulphides and i s g e n e r a l l y most abundant alung the f o o t w a l l s . THO v a r i e t i e s o f quartz occur; one a coarse white c r y s t a l l i n e v a r i e t y and the other a smoky, g e n e r a l l y laminwted t y p e . Veins of a u r i f e r o u s s t i b n i t e occur at West Gore. The presence o f p y r r h o t i t e would seem, t o i n d i c a t e the form, t i o n of 1' the v e i n s a t a h i g h temperature, but Lindgren c l a s s e s them as resothermal . ^ T ^ ^ ^ ^ " . . . J j J J g y a ] L Deposits l928/'Pgs.^Se7635» de p o s i t s being formed a t a depth of 4000 f e e t t o 12000 f e e t below the su r f a c e . o Ehe approximate temperature would be i a th a t ease between 50 and o 135 C. Character and R e l a t i o n t o Country Bock The A u r i f e r o u s v e i n s are found c h i e f l y on the domes of the a n t i c l i n e s ' and d i s t r i b u t i o n fin such a ease i s i n t i m a t e l y r e l a t e d t o the rock struct™ are. On sharp c l o s e l y foldsfl. a n t i c l i n e s when the planes o f bedding oa one limb form an angle l e s s than 40 or 45 w i t h {-.hose on the other the ve i n s ore found, c l o s e to the apes and g e n e r a l l y curve over the a n t i c l i n e t o form a saddle* On the broader f o l d s where the angle i s more than 45 the v e i n s ore found a g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e from the axes. As a gene r a l r u l e the v e i n s are most abundant and r i c h e s t w i t h i n the l i m i t of the curvature o f the s t r a t a of the f o l d . At the apes of the f o l d the s t r a t a tire h o r i z o n t a l and t h e d i p increases w i t h distance from the ape:c u n t i l i t f i n a l l y be-comes uniform u s u a l l y a t a h i g h o n r l e * I t i s w i t h i n t h i s area o f i n c r e a s -i n g d i p th a t i s w i t h i n the area of curvature o f the s t r a t a , t h a t the v e i n s are found. Host of the v e i n s l i e i a s l a t e beds a few f e e t wide and are g e n e r a l l y conformable w i t h t h e s t r a t a bat o c c a s i o n a l l y they pass from one w u l l t o another* Corrugations appear on some of the i n t e r s t r a t i f i e d v e i n s u s u a l l y 2-ear the apex of an a n t i c l i n e and run p a r a l l e l to the a x i s o f the a n t i -c l i n e . Sometimes a p a r t o f a v e i n takes oa a r o l l which i s g e n e r a l l y r i c h e r t h a n the r e s t o f the v e i n , p o s i t i o n o f r o l l determined by some p e c u l i a r i t y o f r o c k s t r u c t u r e . Thickness o f v e i n s v a r y from a f r a c t i o n o f an i n c h t o S4" but the great g r e a t e r number are not over an i n c h , but some reach a t h i c k n e s s o f 20 . The l a r g e s t v e i n s are u s u a l l y found on sharp a n t i c l i n e s . Each l e a d has a p e c u l i a r i t y o f i t s own which d i s t i n g u i s h e s i t from other l e a d s i n the same a r e a . important, c r o s s or f i s s u r e v e i n s are the Li b b y and L i e p s i g a t e . The Liepsigate has a length o f 9000 and v a r i e s i n width from 12 w-50«. Seldom does a c r o s s v e i n l i e i n a fault- plane, ivlany o f t h e main v e i n s g i v e o f f branches; which pass i n t o 'the hanging and f o o t w a l l s . These branches are c a l l e d a n gulars. T h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n and a t t i t u d e depend e n t i r e l y oa the ro c k s t r u c t u r e * "Veins occur t h a t may .cross ox* be i n t e r - s t r a t i f i e d w i t h s l a t e s and vhtch are composed o f coarse c r y s t a l l i n e quartz c a r r y i n g no g o l d v a l u e s . These ure known a s n B u l l " v e i n s * Ore pisti'ibution Although some o f the r i c h e s t o r e , mined has been found i n pockets at the i n t e r s e c t i o n of angulars w i t h the muin l e a d , the great p r o p o r t i o n of ore occurs i n shoots having a d e f i n i t e boundary and d i r e c t i o n * As a r u l e pay shoots are composed of r o l l s , t h a t i s , where there i s some i r r e g u l a r i t y i n E l s e , form, and s t r u c t u r e . It has. been found t h a t there i s seme order to d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the pay shoots and F a r i b a u l t r e v e a l e d t h a t a l i n e a r arrangement o f the o u t -cropping pay s h o o t s , occurs i n n e a r l y every d i s t r i c t . F r e q u e n t l y tho d i s t r i b u t i o n of oro shoots depends upon subordinate crumples or flexures of the s t r a t a , and i a consequently never tho same for any two " d i s t r i c t s . -^Qjsr-Sone C e r t a i n foots point t o the existence In moat d i s t r i c t s of cones extending to aa i n d e f i n i t e depth i a which a s u c c e s s i o n o f uuriforoua-q u a r t s veins o f e l a i l e j p character and extent l i e superimposed one above the other*. The above and numerous other r e l a t i o n s l e d Steiribault t o expound the Pay Eon© theory which s t a t e s j — The subordinate fissures and p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f s t r u c t u r e upon which tho d i s t r i b u t i o n of pay shoots fiepeafe, extend t o aa us&acwa depth and I t i s claiBfcd that i n t e r bedded vei.ua oad pay shoots uou3L& succeed oao another with depth so Ions as the'sti-ucttu cs doatinue tho some 00 those which produced tho ore shoots at the s u r f a c e . These s t r u c t u r a l c o n d i t -i o n s generally extent! i n depth p a r a l l e l t o tho a x i o l plan© of the docie* Thus a pay sono i s produced that coincides ©a tho surface with th© area over which the pay shoots outcrop, and which extends p a r a l l e l with tho, a x i a l plane o f the fiaso t o an i n d e f i n i t e depth. Althou^i tho bypotaeais may bo of fair.:.y general a p p l i c a t i o n i t i s not.claimed to hold f o r o i l p a r t i c u l a r caces* The hyputhetsio was put to o successful t e a t at the Blueaoso miho G o l d e n v i l l e * &eai2c»is Burins .the folding of tho s t r a t a there was s l i p p i n g between the beds. The s l i p p i n g produced openings olonc the bedding planes which -1S9- -were widest a t the apex o f a f o l d . Barings or subsequent t o the opening s o l u t i o n s induced vein f i l l i n g , T h is shows •she dopendeneo o f vein d i s -t r i b u t i o n on-rook: s t r u c t u r e . On c l o s e l y folded coses the arching of the rocks produced fissures passing over the apox and down each l i m b . On the broad domes the arches were not st r o n g enough t o cue t a i n themselves and the f i s s u r e s wore formed only on the limbs* Origin o f the r.anorc:lisl:if? Solutions There have oeon three d i f f e r e n t opinions' G O to the o r i g i n of the m i n e r a l i s i n g s o l u t i o n s ; 1. That they wore deposited 1 from descending s o l u t i o n s * £. That they wore dissolved out of the country rock* 3* Shut they wore deposited by ascending solutions* L i t t l e evidence has been found to support tho f i r s t and of the eecond and third» the last' i s the one which i s most generally h e l d . • • • v . 1 ' G i l p i n expounds the second theory cad points wat the f a c t tans i t i s .only the s l a t e beds which c a r r y tho pay siroaks i=nd that, t h i s bright bo brought about by c u r r a n t s c i r c u l a t i n g w i t h i n the beds d u r i n g t h e i r formation* The t h i r d i s held by J'arifeault and others fron the g e n o r o l character o f the v e i n s * The ascending s o l u t i o n s found a passage upward through . the fractured portion of the domes ac r . c l l as t h o fracturing across end along the bedding* • -i f & of'.the Yeins The source of the s o l u t i o n s i s not d e f i n i t e l y imoxm and the ago o f the w i n e r a l i c o t i o n i s chill an open p o i n t . Tho .granite i n t r u e i v e a o f the area a r e considered t o be of two . d i f f e r e n t periods but are both cloe.-.cs as Devonian. -140-Some f i e l d r e l a t i o n s BUggest t he veins t o be e a r l i e r than the g r a n i t e . I f t h i s were t r u e t-he t r e n d of events would be opposite t o those which have taken p l a c e i n s i m i l a r d i s t r i c t s . There n e c e s s a r i l y must be some source from which the v e i n s ean o r i g i n a t e . As th e r e i s no known source, o l d e r than the g r a n i t e , i t probable t h a t t h i s might be the source* The c o n f l i c t i n g f i e l d r e l a t i o n s may be dur t o the two p e r i o d s o f i n t r u s i o n ; the e a r l i e r one, o f which was g o l d b e a r i n g and the l a t e r , which c u t the v e i n s * As both i n t r u s i o n s of g r a n i t e are c l a s s e s as Devonian i t seems r a t h e r l i k e l y t h a t the v e i n s are of t h i s g e n e r a l age* D e s c r i p t i o n o f producing p i s t r J c t e Although many d i s t r i c t s of Hova S c o t i a ' s area have been producers i n t h e p a s t , i n l a t e r years the number o f a c t i v e d i s t r i c t s has decreased u n t i l I n 1929 o n l y f o u r were producing, t h e r e being Eenfrew, Beaver Pain, !Uniake and Malaga* I n .1920-31 a c t i v e mining was con f i n e d to G o l d c n v i l l e d i s t r i c t i n Guysborough County.and Ilontague d i s t r i c t i n H a l i f a x County. .• Montague D i s t r i c t . ilontague d i s t r i c t i s u n d e r l a i n by the G o l d c n v i l l e formation which o forms a lon g e l l i p t i c a l dome w i t h an a x i s running IT 78 E« The plunge c O O O O t o t h e east v a r i e s from 5-8-and to the west from 5-15-26. The a x i a l plane o f the f o l d d i p s n o r t h a t about 80. F a u l t s are n e i t h e r numerous nor l a r g e , one r a d i a t i n g south, from t h e : c e n t r e o f the dome shows a displacement o f 40 f e e t while a few other p a r a l l e l f a u l t s s t r i k e w i t h the s t r a t a and dip south a t a low angle. -• These are i n the nature o f t h r u s t s * Iffippsits 23te veins f o l i o s the bedsUnc planes aad th© remunerative ones l i s i a a son© GOO wide, the northern l i m i t of v h i c k i s about 500 foot south of the a n t i c l i n a l a x i s on that part of tho south l i m b , where tho diw " o 0 ' •• " varies from 60«*90» • ' . Sane o f the most important leads a r e the . B e l t , xseEolfo, 3?/in, Pose aad sherry. In.iasiny pf the leads the pay»shoots dip vmt a t low a n g l e s , whereas i a others., e s p e c i a l l y i n tho southwest p a r t , the pay«-ohoots occur at. tho i n t e r s e c t i o n s of ongulors with the jesain l o a d * Iggg^iofi. She d i s t r i c t l i e s ' i a the Halifar, County about 6 B i l e s northeast o f Dartmouth, across the harbour from H a l i f a x , from which i t i s accessible by wagon/road* •; ii In the early h i s t o r y o f tho d i o t r i c t t i l e s * were many companies to . f tho f i e l d - l a 1938 tho C l a r k e Gold Mines C o r p o r a t i o n , enquired n e a r l y \ a l l tho prop a r t i e r , i n tho d i s t r i c t and continued o p e r a t i o n s on the |l Blcerry load*' . . . ' \ i n 1928 eerie again was carried on with the Skerry. \ Fa r i b a u l t sayo o f the luweon, jamana, Rose and S?win leads; ^Although there i s reason t o believe the l i m i t o f the pay son© has • i not been roached a t th-:- depths t o which they have been mined, i t i s • probable that i n sow© of them the l i m i t o f high &rado ore i s ' no«r a t tend.-She zone of r i c h s t r e a k s i s narrow and p a r a l l e l w i t h the a x i s . I t ' o o dips to the n o r t h at an angle of 80 while v e i n s dip south at 80. . | o . Hence the two planes g i v e a d i v e r g i n g angle of SO and thus l i m i t the l e n g t h of the pay s t r e a k s on i n d i v i d u a l v e i n s . To keep i n the pay zone i t i a necessary t o c r o s s c u t Ilo r t h when the l i m i t o f the pay zone has been reached, and no;.' v e i n s w i l l i n t h i s way be opened up, which might be barren on the s u r f a c e . I t would be a d v i s a b l e t o do t h i s i n the Annand, B e l t and Rose l e a d G o l d e n v i l l e D i s t r i c t G o l d e n v i l l e d i s t r i c t i s one of the raost important i n Guysborough County, .end l i e s about two m i l e s west of th© town o f Sherbrooke, and c l o s e t o the I 1 . ?»'* ana of St.. Mary B i v e r . I t i s about 90 m i l e s 1 of Halifax-. The G o l d e n v i l l e f ormation i s exposed here and takes i t s name from the d i s t r i c t * o. The a n t i c l i n e runs opproximutely !•]. 75 Y,'. and plunges Vest at o - o angles v a r y i n g from 0 t o SO * . - -Although the rock s t r u c t u r e appears to be a simple a n t i e l i n e t h ere are very important exceptions to I t s u n i f o r m i t y * . S e v e r a l g e n t l e u n d u l a t i o n s r a d i a t e from the main a n t i c l i n e , which p l a y an important p&rt I n the ore d e p o s i t i o n . • I n the east end of tho. d i s t r i c t s e v e r a l s m a l l f a u l t s occur, the l a r g e s t o f which g i v e s a displacement of 40 t o 42 f e e t on the south s i d e o f the f o l d . The p r o d u c t i v e v e i n s , a l l l i e i n the s t r a t i f i c a t i o n planes gen-e r a l l y i n b e l t s o f s l a t e , w i t h w a l l s of q u . r t z i t e . On the F o r t h the pay-shoota occur along w e l l d e f i n e d l i n e s , corresponding w i t h the subordinate u n d u l t t i o n s which r a d i a t e from the main a n t i c l i n e . On the South of the f o l d the pay-shoots run n e a r l y p a r a l l e l to the .,142(a,)<: Plate TI Transverse S e c t i o n •; " of-:-. -,; The Bluenose Mine G o l d e n v i l l e D i s t r i c t A to : v , • •• 1 • • • • . • . / " ' : \ '• / :—7*? [ : / Aw. - / . , 4 \ '•-:/,•-.- - o ' • - - '«;.'•• : : • ; / ^ , '4'" j... •; \ • . '••/-' \ \ \ Scale /"= .3o' oadLa, receding f r o n i t at the vest* JiiGh Tela i c richest "ehor© i t Iiac a straight course aad vsrticrvl dip j u s t iiet.-r where i t begins to ourve tov?ard the axis* In general t,:.c pay-shoots dip S'-'ect, with tho plunge or the a n t l ~ o o Clin©, approxiaateiy SS .„ On the south u few dip 36 East ami include Tory r i c h atreafes* •.u hluaioec ^ i n o , a c c r l o a of j-pudie r o c f o f o l d over the epos of. tho ontlciims and extend dot?s. oaoh li?.«h» The i. a t t a i n 1. ivcs'S :>i~e oa urt= r p t r ai.« doerc-'-nt u n t i l th-jy • ur,u«~o a V c r l - i c n i ?i".,tiiiK o '"d tho- .t.r d fj present dovci^p-.r.1^ o 2>io-.:, tiixdulrh: but l i t t l e i n s i ~ c , v l t t * dr-pt-h. i Estemaa A* IS* L i U o s t i:up Ares B r i t i s h Columbia G.S.C* 8«DEaary r.oport 1912 B e l l L« ¥*. 1. "Sfccafi Gold Copper Area, District o f Semiekaoins*. G a t e r i o pepartoertt of Mines F.eport 1QS9 p t y l S» n S i e Venus G o l d I'lino" Quebec Bureau of L'iass Report 1980 p t B Bostoek K» S*. "Geology and Ore Deposits of the n i c k e l Plate Heclloy B.C. 0»S.C* Suxanary Peport 1930 Ft A Buff an 3* S» t". "Pastor £&m A b l t l b l County quebecs? GeS.C. guna. r y Report 1035 pt. C Burrows A« G« "She porcupine Gold Aran® 1« Ontario jEtepartmcnt of nines 1911 pt I I 2. Ontario Department of nines 1015 P t I I I 3* Ontario Department o f Llinos 1924 pt I I Barrows A. G. an-.. Hopkins.p» 22, 1. " K i r k i a n r l Lake and r>vastiica Gold Areas" O n t a r i o Pop: r t n s n t o f Paineo 1914 2. ''lCLrkl.ua Lake Gold Area" Onu,,-io uepavtaent of Mines iu20 ?' Ontario Department o f ll l n o a 1925 7 Burton V/. D. Ore Deposition At Premier l i l a c Ee-ncnic Geology Sept. 1926 8-. Cairnea c. £. Cocmih-.lla i r e a B. G. G.S.C. Memoir 1<:.9 9. Carasell C. Kedley I-Tining D i s t r i c t G.S.C. lieiaoir no.2 10. Canada Year Boole l£3{ 11. c o c k f i e i d IS. x'iie K i n i n ^ Industry o f the Yukon and northern B. 0. G-.D.C. Duisaary Eeport 1930 pt A >••• * • * » ® a • *-*® « » 0 ft «i « » e « « 12. Coulee S« G» 1. Opasatika Hap i r e a Temistauaing County Quebec G.S.C. Summary Eeport 1932 pt D 2. Some Odd Deposits of Western r.uebae G*S»C, Smaaary Eeport pt 01 3. Gold and Copper Deposits of V.'ectern Quebee G.S.C. Summary Report 1925 Pt C 4. Origin, of the Copper croc of Eouyn D i s t r i c t Quebec. 13. paly E, . The 1,'orth i i m e r i c n C o r d i l l e r a For t h y - n i n t h G.S.C. Memoir S8 ' P a r a l l e l . • • • a • » • • • * • • • o • # a i 14. De Lury J. S» and Cole G-. E . M a n i t o b a Department of Mines and Natural Resources V o l . I 1928 15. Be Launay "i'he World's Gold" Doliaugo V, lo Com* and x&lanae of B„ c« bctroen Eurko ana l.'aucXao Channels G«^»c» Sunaory Report M Pt A P r y r d a l e * l* Geology and Ore Jo^o^lts of P.oaiilunu £• G< renoir 7.? tu~Qm>l&%& and Ore .s&pcsifcs of tho Pr«-jiki.te l i t i s . - vJ.cp • ?> « « * 9 0 J a r i b o u l t r,» Gold ix&tnsres of novo £voti& and reap [iixrln/ fterc&l of the ciau<6&ut fUnlng I n s t i t u t e Vol.. XI 1600 also Bopuxti- on Ilovc Scotia eo&fcoiaea i n C.£#tu Guasisry Poportu fron 160? to the proseat. OOKitcr A* I n d u s t r i a l Kcsoureeo uf Uotra g c o t l a Grahou A« x;» Dturscoa Laka Area, D i o t r i o t o f jceaoro.and Sounder Bay Ontario i>epartrteiJt of t:tmu Eteport 1GSG Gratun L, c« Gold ami Tin popor.its ef the Sou thorn Appalachians 22, Galloway J . 0= Locle U l n i n g it) B#- 0 . "The Miner". Vancouver ]B • C ® « » e » « « t. *. » s « * « ' » « B » e « c » e i « t« £3. Jackson and Aider;- Beiaai-ics on the Hiner&logy and Geography of Jlova S c o t i a 1325 24. Lav/son A. G. Report on the Geology o f the Lake of the woods Region G.S.C. Annual Eeport 1B05 p t C * o f t o * e » t f e n e a e * i o •© ® © » o ® J 25. Lindgren ft. 1* Mineral Deposits 1928 2, "The Gold PepopitF of Dohlone (~a. Ga." \ ' V.S.G.S. B u l l e t i n Mo, Z9Z 26. i.'alcoL-a U. -The Gold Pie-Ids of Bovu Scotia G.S.C. • Memoir 156 .". 27. r^tendy J . T. Minister of Mines Report 1950 >'ii'»iiif»i«<i»«.ii»Mt»M*ie«(i 28. Li&\7dsiey, James and Gooke;- The Pouyoi Earricaiia?; Region Quebec G.S.C. Memoir 166 28(a). ?/.S. McCann:- The Bridge E l v e r Area G.S.C....Memoir 150 i • « « « e 4 • « « t • > 29. I - i i l l e r ";. G. and S l i g h t C* W« 1. The Pre-cavbrian Geology of lit Ontario Ontario Department of Jlinea 1615 pt I I 2. ;;citai3.0fjonic I'&ocKa of the pre Cumbrian • ' Ontario Department of Mines 1015 130* Miaicster of; Mines Jterporte B»e» 18S&-1SS0 31* Minister of I linos Reporto Ontario 1800-1030 32. ^ u l s t e r of :;iaso Keparts <iuebc« 1026-1950 3J5* The Miner;- B*Iif*h©a Vancouver B*C* &*ptet*"ter and December iSSOJS 1$KL 34. Keore K* S* Region East of tho south end of Lake uinoipcg G.S.C. s u g a r y Paport 1612 05. Phiipot i l . s* Sio ^province of jiovo Scotia Recourcca and Development 19 SO 36* Pichara /,. Gold Hiding i n }?ova scotio novo Scotia uspsrtaaeat of public Sorks and mnoc 1026 57. Schoflolcl G. J* ana Hansen 0. Geology and Ore Popofdt^ of nulmon Piver Area* G*S»C» tteuoir 1SS 38* iJuhofleld £3. jr. CSK.M; caauuion /lining I n s t i t u t e Vol 21 11)18 29. 8, J , jstahoficld ore Sepooii,* of £ritieh Columbia G.S.C. Memoir 132 . . 40. Spurr J. E* "Geology of tho Tol-ion sold, district- .Alaska" tJ.S.G'.-S. B u l l e t i n 1896 41. rodd >3.7.'. "ia.rid.and Lake Gold Area n Ontario Department of Sines 1S28 pt 1 43. Tan Hise G» K. principles cf Jjorth American pre- Cambrian Geology -11,8.0*2. 16th Annual Hsport 45. Walker J. P. Mineral Occurrences i n the Salmo Map Area G.S.C. Summary Eeport IS23 pt A 44. Walker -J. F. and Gunning S* 0. -The Lardcau Map Area G.S.C Memoir 161 45. Ylootoan J . E. American Geologist '?ol 53 July 1904 46. ' Wright J , p. Gold Copper l l i c k e l and Sin deposits of Southeast Manitoba 'G»S.G. Summary Eeport 1929 pt B 47* Young w. G* Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada 1926 G.S.C* Iconoaie Series Ko . ... . 1
Thesis/Dissertation
eng
Geological Sciences
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Graduate
The lode gold deposits of Canada
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