@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Science, Faculty of"@en, "Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Money, Peter Lawrence"@en ; dcterms:issued "2012-01-12T20:35:38Z"@en, "1959"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Science - MSc"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """Hawkesbury Island is in the Skeena Mining Division of British Columbia. It is underlain by Coast Intrusions, younger lamprophyre dykes and older metamorphic rocks. The latter form part of the Ecstall septum or roof pendant. The metamorphic rocks are mainly amphibolites and quartz-feldspar gneisses. A few bands of quartzite, crystalline limestone, kyanite-staurolite-almandine mica schist and other rock types are present. These rocks have been formed by dynamothermal metamorphism of the regional type. They generally have assemblages indicative of the staurolite-quartz and kyanite-muscovite-quartz subfacies of the almandine amphibolite facies. Shear zones are strongly sericitized. Small percentages of sericite and chlorite are common throughout the metamorphic rocks. These minerals have been formed during retrogressive metamorphism. Apart from a few small metamorphosed igneous bodies, these rocks were originally a thick eugeosynclinal sequence consisting mainly of tuffaceous sediments and semi-pelitic or arkosic sediments. The metamorphic rocks have probably undergone at least two periods of deformation, so that their structure is complex. However, the foliation has a general trend of north 50° west to north 70° west in the northern part of the septum and of north 20° east to north 55° east in the southern part. The Coast Intrusions have reached their present positions by The Coast Intrusions have reached their present positions by intrusion. They have not been formed by granitization in situ. Some assimilation of the country rock has occurred but this is a marginal feature. The Coast Intrusions have had little affect on the grade of metamorphism of the metamorphic rocks."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/40047?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "THE GEOLOGY OF HAWKESBURY ISLAND SKEENA MINING DIVISION, B R I T I S H COLUMBIA by PETER LAWRENCE MONEY B.Sc, M c G i l l U n i v e r s i t y , 1956 A t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f MASTER OF SCIENCE i n t h e De p a r t m e n t o f GEOLOGY We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s a s c o n f o r m i n g t o t h e r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d THE UNIVERSITY OF BR I T I S H COLUMBIA A p r i l , 1959 ABSTRACT Hawkesbury I s l a n d i s i n t h e S k e e n a M i n i n g D i v i s i o n o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . I t i s u n d e r l a i n by C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s , y o u n g e r l a m p r o p h y r e dykes and o l d e r m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . The l a t t e r f o r m p a r t o f t h e E c s t a l l septum o r r o o f p e n d a n t . The m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s a r e m a i n l y a m p h i b o l i t e s and q u a r t z - f e l d s p a r g n e i s s e s . A few bands o f q u a r t z i t e , c r y s t a l l -i n e l i m e s t o n e , k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t and o t h e r r o c k t y p e s a r e p r e s e n t . T h e s e r o c k s have been formed by d y n a m o t h e r m a l metamorphism o f t h e r e g i o n a l t y p e . T h e y g e n e r -a l l y have a s s e m b l a g e s i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z and k y a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s o f t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s . S h e a r z o n e s a r e s t r o n g l y s e r i c i t i z e d . S m a l l p e r c e n t a g e s o f s e r i c i t e and c h l o r i t e a r e common t h r o u g h o u t t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . T h e s e m i n e r a l s have been f o r m e d d u r i n g r e t r o g r e s s i v e metamorphism. A p a r t f r o m a few s m a l l metamorphosed i g n e o u s b o d i e s , t h e s e r o c k s were o r i g i n a l l y a t h i c k e u g e o s y n c l i n a l s e q u e n c e c o n s i s t i n g m a i n l y o f t u f f a c e o u s s e d i m e n t s and s e m i - p e l i t i c o r a r k o s i c s e d i m e n t s . The m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s have p r o b a b l y u ndergone a t l e a s t two p e r i o d s o f d e f o r m a t i o n , so t h a t t h e i r s t r u c t u r e i s complex. However, t h e f o l i a t i o n has a g e n e r a l t r e n d o f n o r t h 50° west t o n o r t h 70° west i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e septum and o f n o r t h 2 0 ° e a s t t o n o r t h 55° e a s t i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t . The C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s have r e a c h e d t h e i r p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n s by i n t r u s i o n . T h e y have n o t been f o r m e d by g r a n i t i -z a t i o n i n s i t u . Some a s s i m i l a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y r o c k has o c c u r r e d b u t t h i s i s a m a r g i n a l f e a t u r e . The C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s have had l i t t l e a f f e c t on t h e g r a d e o f metamorphism o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . I n p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r an a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I a g r e e t h a t t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and s t u d y . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may be g r a n t e d by t h e Head o f my D epartment o r by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t c o p y i n g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s i V a n c o u v e r Canada. Department o f D ate CL^iJ . tig? TABLE OF CONTENTS C h a p t e r Page I . I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 P r e l i m i n a r y S t a t e m e n t 1 F i e l d Methods 1 L o c a t i o n and A c c e s s . 2 T o p o g r a p h y and G l a c i a t i o n 4 D r a i n a g e 7 C l i m a t e 8 F l o r a 9 F a u n a 10 I I . G e n e r a l G e o l o g y 12 P r e v i o u s G e o l o g i c a l Work 12 G e n e r a l G e o l o g y 13 I I I . The M e t a m o r p h i c R o c k s 20 I n t r o d u c t i o n 20 P e t r o l o g y o f t h e P l a g i o c l a s e A m p h i b o l i t e s . . . . 20 (1) P l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s . . . 22 (2) P l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e - e p i d o t e r o c k s 32 (3) P l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - d i o p s i d e amphi-b o l i t e s 34 (4) P l a g i o c l a s e - s t a u r o l i t e a m p h i b o l i t e s . . . . 37 P e t r o l o g y o f t h e M e t a s e d i m e n t s 44 (1) P l a g i o c l a s e - q u a r t z - b i o t i t e - h o r n b l e n d e g n e i s s 44 (2) P l a g i o c l a s e - K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s . . . 47 (3) K y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t . 57 (4) S i l l i m a n i t e - q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e g n e i s s . . . 68 (5) G r a p h i t i c q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e s c h i s t . . . . 70 (6) Q u a r t z i t e 75 (7) Q u a r t z - t r e m o l i t e - z o i s i t e r o c k s 75 (8) C r y s t a l l i n e l i m e s t o n e 79 (9) S e r i c i t e - e p i d o t e s c h i s t 81 (10) A l b i t i z e d and p o t a s h - e n r i c h e d r o c k s . . . . 83 P e t r o l o g y o f t h e M e t a - i g n e o u s R o c k s 87 (1) M e t a - i e g n e o u s a m p h i b o l i t e s 87 (2) A c i d p e g m a t i t e s 92 O r i g i n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks 92 The Grade o f Metamorphism 104 (1) M e t a m o r p h i c F a c i e s 104 (2) T e m p e r a t u r e - P r e s s u r e C o n d i t i o n s I l l The C a u s e s o f Metamorphism 114 IV. The Ign e o u s Rocks 118 P e t r o l o g y o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s 118 O r i g i n and N a t u r e o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s . . . . 128 O t h e r I n t r u s i o n s 129 (1) C a r b o n a t i z e d A n d e s i t i c ( ? ) Rocks 129 (2) Lamprophyre Dykes 133 Chapter Pa%e V. Structural Geology 137 General Structure of the Northern Part of the Coast Mountains 137 Major Structural Features of the Map Area . . . 138 Small-scale Structures 149 (1) In the metamorphic rocks 149 (2) In the igneous rocks 151 VI. Conclusions 153 Bibliography 156 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Index map of Western Bri t i s h Columbia 3 2. ACF diagram showing the range in composition of the plagioclase-hornblende-biotite rocks . . 23 3. Photomicrograph of plagioclase-hornblende amphibolite 40 4. Photomicrograph of plagioclase-hornblende-epidote rock 40 5. Photomicrograph of plagioclase-hornblende-epidote rock 41 6. Photomicrograph of plagioclase-biotite-epidote rock 41 7. Photomicrograph of plagioclase-biotite-epidote-rock 42 8. Photomicrograph of plagioclase-diopside-horn-blende amphibolite 42 9. - 1 0 . Photomicrographs of plagioclase-staurolite amphibolite 43 11.-12. Photomicrographs of plagioclase-K feldspar-quartz gneiss . . . 55 13.-14. Photomicrographs of plagioclase-K feldspar-quartz gneiss 56 15. ACF diagram showing the range in composition of the kyanite-staurolite-almandine mica schists 59 16. -17. Photomicrographs of kyanite-staurolite-almandine mica schist 64 18.-19. Photomicrographs of kyanite-staurolite-almandine mica schist 65 20v-21. Photomicrographs of kyanite-staurolite-almandine mica schist 66 2 2 . - 2 3 . Photomicrographs of kyanite-staurolite-almandine mica schist . 67 24 . -25. Photomicrographs of sillimanite-quartz-pla&ioclase gneiss 69 2 6 . - 2 7 . Photomicrographs of graphitic--quart z-: . -plagioclase schist . 73 28 . -29. Photomicrographs of graphitic quartz-plagioclase schist 74 30. Photomicrograph of quartz i t e 78 31. Photomicrograph of quartz-tremolite-zoisite rock 78 32. Photomicrograph of crystalline limestone . . . 80 33. Photomicrograph of sericite-epidote schist . . 83 34. Photomicrograph of albitized rock 86 35. - 3 6 . Photomicrographs of meta-igneous amphibolite . 91 37. ACF diagram showing the compositional ranges of three: rock units 93 F i g u r e Page 38.-39. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h s o f q u a r t z d i o r i t e 126 40. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f m o n z o n i t e 127 41. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f g r a n o d i o r i t e 127 42. -43. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f ( ? ) a n d e s i t i c r o c k 132 44.-45. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f l a m p r o p h y r e . 135 46. P o l e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d 141 47. I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks i n A r e a I 142 48. I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks i n A r e a I I 143 49. I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks i n A r e a I I I 144 50. I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks i n A r e a IV 145 51. I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks i n A r e a V 146 52. The A z i m u t h and P l u n g e o f D r a g F o l d s i n t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks 147 53. Map o f t h e G e o l o g y o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d , 1 i n c h = 1 m i l e adft- pookejfc~7{Ym? 54. Map o f t h e S t r u c t u r e o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d , f >^ 1 i n c h = 1 m i l e i n poeteefr ^ ACKNOWLEDGMENT The w r i t e r w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k t h e E c s t a l l M i n i n g Company and i t s o f f i c e r s f o r t h e i r k i n d p e r m i s s i o n t o u s e f i e l d work c a r r i e d o ut f o r t h e company as a b a s i s f o r t h i s t h e s i s and f o r t h e u s e o f company maps, a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s and t h i n s e c t i o n s . A s s i s t a n c e d u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e t h e s i s by D r . W. H. W h i t e , D r . K.C . M c T a g g a r t and D r . G.V. R o s s i s g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d . The w r i t e r i s a l s o i n d e b t e d t o Mr. W.A. Padgham and Mr. C.C. S h e n g , who c a r r i e d o u t p a r t o f t h e f i e l d m a p p i n g , Mr. K. Roy and Mr. W. P h i l i p s , who a b l y s e r v e d as f i e l d a s s i s t a n t s , and t o Mr. R. Greggs f o r i d e n -t i f i c a t i o n o f f o s s i l s c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g t h e f i e l d work. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION PRELIMINARY STATEMENT T h i s t h e s i s i s b a s e d on f i e l d work u n d e r t a k e n d u r i n g t h e summer o f 1958 w h i l e t h e w r i t e r was employed by t h e E c s t a l l M i n i n g Company, and s u b s e q u e n t l a b o r a t o r y work c a r r i e d out d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r o f 1958-59. I t s o b j e c t i s t o p r e s e n t a n a c c o u n t o f t h e g e o l o g y o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r emphasis on t h e p e t r o l o g y o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s o f t h e i s l a n d and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s t o t h e s e r o c k s and t o t h e metamorphism. F I E L D METHODS Compass and a l t i m e t e r t r a v e r s e s were r u n a t i n t e r v a l s o f 2000 t o 6000 f e e t o v e r most o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d . T h e s e t r a v e r s e s were s u p p l e m e n t e d by l i m i t e d work w i t h a h e l i c o p t e r , c o n s i s t i n g o f m a k i n g c o n f i r m a t o r y c h e c k s on g e o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s a t a number o f p o i n t s . T r a v e r s e r o u t e s were c h o s e n w i t h t h e a i d o f v e r t i c a l a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s and a t o p o g r a p h i c map. Owing t o t h e s t e e p g r a d i e n t o f t h e v a l l e y s i d e s t r a v e r s e s were g e n e r a l l y r u n a l o n g r i d g e t o p s a n d , t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , on v a l l e y f l o o r s . P o i n t s were l o c a t e d on s t e e p s l o p e s by u s e o f an a l t i m e t e r , w h i c h was c o r r e c t e d a t p o i n t s o f known e l e v a t i o n . 2 T h e s e p o i n t s a r e b e l i e v e d t o be a c c u r a t e t o w i t h i n one h u n d r e d v e r t i c a l f e e t . R e f e r e n c e p o i n t s on r i d g e t o p s 5 a n d i n v a l l e y s , were l o c a t e d by use o f a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s , a l t i m e t e r r e a d i n g s , and s i g h t i n g s on l a n d m a r k s w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e . The l o c a t i o n o f p o i n t s on t h e r i d g e s i s b e l i e v e d t o be a c c u r a t e . However, owing t o t h e h e a v y t i m b e r c o v e r i n t h e v a l l e y s , p o i n t s i n t h e s e may be l o c a t e d v e r y i n a c c u r a t e l y . The p o s s i b l e e r r o r i n one c a s e i s i n t h e o r d e r o f one t h o u s a n d f e e t . The f i e l d work was c a r r i e d o u t f r o m e i g h t b a s e camps. A B e l l m o d e l G-2 h e l i c o p t e r was u s e d f o r m o v i n g camp, c a r r y i n g s u p p l i e s , and sometimes c a r r y i n g men t o s t a r t i n g p o i n t s o f t r a v e r s e s . The o n l y a l t e r n a t i v e method o f mapping t h e i s l a n d w o u l d be a c o m b i n a t i o n o f work f r o m t h e s h o r e , u s i n g a . b o a t , and b a c k - p a c k i n g . I t i s d o u b t f u l , i n v i e w o f t h e e x t r e m e l y r u g g e d t o p o g r a p h y and v e r y h e a v y u n d e r g r o w t h , and h e a v y r a i n -f a l l , i f m a pping c o u l d have been c o m p l e t e d d u r i n g one f i e l d s e a s o n by t h i s method. LOCATION AND ACCESS Hawkesbury I s l a n d i s l o c a t e d i n t h e S k e e n a M i n i n g D i v i s i o n o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . I t i s t h e l a r g e s t o f s e v e r a l i s l a n d s i n a f i o r d a t t h e head o f w h i c h K i t i m a t i s l o c a t e d . I t has an a r e a o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 95 s q u a r e m i l e s . The n o r t h e r n t i p o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d i s a b o u t 21 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t o f K i t i m a t . The i s l a n d i s a b o u t 80 m i l e s s o u t h - e a s t o f P r i n c e R u p e r t by a i r , and i t s s o u t h e r n t i p i s 85 m i l e s by t h e s h o r t e s t 3 Figure 1 w a t e r r o u t e . The g e o g r a p h i c a l c e n t r e o f t h e i s l a n d i s a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 53° 06' n o r t h and l o n g i t u d e 129° 07' West. Hawkesbury I s l a n d may be r e a c h e d by b o a t f r o m e i t h e r K i t i m a t o r P r i n c e R u p e r t . T h e r e i s a s h e l t e r e d n a t u r a l h a r b o u r between K i t s a w a y I s l a n d and Hawkesbury I s l a n d , but most p a r t s o f t h e i s l a n d a r e d i f f i c u l t t o l a n d on, p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h an o n s h o r e w i n d . I t was f o u n d t h a t a h e l i c o p t e r i s i d e a l f o r w o r k i n g i n t h i s a r e a and f o r e a s y a c c e s s t o any p a r t o f t h e i s l a n d . I t c o u l d be l a n d e d a l m o s t anywhere on t h e r i d g e t o p s and u s u a l l y i n a t l e a s t one p l a c e i n e a c h m a j o r v a l l e y . A s m a l l f l o a t p l a n e c o u l d p r o b a b l y l a n d on t h e t h r e e o r f o u r l a r g e s t l a k e s o f t h e i s l a n d , b u t i t w o u l d be i m p o s s i b l e t o map t h e i s l a n d a d e q u a t e l y u s i n g a f l o a t p l a n e a l o n e . TOPOGRAPHY AND GLACIATION Hawkesbury I s l a n d i s i n t h e C o a s t M o u n t a i n s s u b -d i v i s i o n o f t h e W e s t e r n S y s t e m o f t h e C o r d i l l e r a n R e g i o n . The t o p o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s o f t h e i s l a n d have b e e n d e v e l o p e d m a i n l y by an o v e r r i d i n g i c e s h e e t and l a t e r v a l l e y g l a c i e r s . The a r e a c o n s i s t s o f numerous U - s h a p e d , s t e e p - w a l l e d g l a c i a l v a l l e y s s e p a r a t e d by n a r r o w r o u n d - t o p p e d r i d g e s . V a l l e y t r e n d s seem l a r g e l y u n a f f e c t e d by a s t r u c t u r a l c o n t r o l , w i t h t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n o f A n g l e V a l l e y , and i t seems l i k e l y t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l c o n t r o l was l a r g e l y t o p o g r a p h i c , snow and i c e a c c u m u l a t i n g on t h e h i g h e r p a r t s o f t h e i s l a n d and g l a c i e r s d e s c e n d i n g a l o n g f o r m e r s t r e a m c h a n n e l s . 5 The r o u n d e d r i d g e t o p s , a b s e n c e o f m a t t e r h o r n p e a k s and t h e p r e s e n c e o f g l a c i a l s t r i a e , c h a t t e r marks and e r r a t i c s on t h e h i g h e s t p a r t s o f t h e s e r i d g e s s u g g e s t t h a t a t one s t a g e g l a c i e r s had c o m p l e t e l y o v e r r i d d e n t h e i s l a n d . G l a c i a l s t r i a e and c h a t t e r marks on t h e r i d g e t o p s i n d i c a t e a d i r e c t i o n o f i c e movement o f 225° t o 245° f o r t h i s o v e r r i d i n g s h e e t . O n l y t h r e e o r f o u r s e t s o f s t r i a e were s e e n i n v a l l e y s . T h e s e , as i s t o be e x p e c t e d , i n d i c a t e a movement p a r a l l e l t o t h e v a l l e y w a l l . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m a i n g l a c i a l v a l l e y s numerous s m a l l t r i b u t a r y h a n g i n g v a l l e y s a r e p r e s e n t . T h e s e have t h e t y p i c a l U -shaped p r o f i l e and were o b v i o u s l y o c c u p i e d by s m a l l t r i b u t a r y g l a c i e r s . T h e s e v a l l e y s have f l o o r s 500' t o 1700' above t h e m a i n v a l l e y f l o o r s . The s e q u e n c e o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e g l a c i e r s p r o b a b l y i n c l u d e d an e a r l y s t a g e o f v a l l e y g l a c i e r s , a s e c o n d s t a g e d u r i n g w h i c h a l a r g e g l a c i e r was f o r m e d w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y moved down V e r n e y P a s s a g e t o t h e e a s t and Sue C h a n n e l and D o u g l a s C h a n n e l t o t h e w est t o t h e o c e a n , a n d a t one s t a g e c o m p l e t e l y c o v e r e d t h e i s l a n d ; and a tfhird s t a g e d u r i n g w h i c h v a l l e y g l a c i e r s were f o r m e d , p o s s i b l y f r o m r e m n a n t s o f t h e l a r g e o v e r -r i d i n g g l a c i e r . D u r i n g t h e s e c o n d s t a g e t h e g l a c i e r i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t t o t h e i s l a n d may have been 4000' o r more i n t h i c k n e s s . The minimum f i g u r e i s 3300 f e e t . T h i s f i g u r e makes an a l l o w -a nce f o r l a t e r i s o s t a t i c r e c o v e r y and u p l i f t o f 500 f e e t , w h i c h i s b a s e d on t h e p r e s e n c e o f m a r i n e p o s t - g l a c i a l c l a y s a t 6 300+ f e e t a bove s e a l e v e l . I t makes no a l l o w a n c e f o r t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e g l a c i e r b e l o w s e a l e v e l o r i t s t h i c k n e s s above t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t on Hawkesbury I s l a n d . The G l a c i a l Map o f Canada, p u b l i s h e d i n 1958 by t h e G e o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f Canada, shows t h e 4000 f o o t c o n t o u r o f i c e t h i c k n e s s as c r o s s -i n g Hawkesbury I s l a n d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f G a l e M o u n t a i n , w h i c h has an e l e v a t i o n o f 3900+ f e e t and i s t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t on t h e i s l a n d . The t o p o g r a p h y o f a r e a s u n d e r l a i n by m e t a m o r p h i c and g r a n i t i c r o c k s has s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s , a p p a r e n t l y due t o t h e f a r more homogeneous c h a r a c t e r o f t h e i g n e o u s r o c k s . The v a l l e y s i n g r a n i t i c a r e a s have a much more s y m m e t r i c a l c r o s s - s e c t i o n and g e n e r a l l y a more r e g u l a r a p p e a r a n c e t h a n t h o s e i n a r e a s o f m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . C i r q u e s a r e p r a c t i c a l l y h e m i s p h e r i c a l i n t h e f o r m e r r o c k s and g e n e r a l l y v e r y i r r e g u l a r i n t h e l a t t e r r o c k s . On t h e m a i n l a n d t h e g r a n i t i c r o c k s f o r m c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r p e a k s t h a n t h e a d j a c e n t m e t a m o r p h i c s b u t on t h e i s l a n d t h e l o c a l r e l i e f i s a b o u t t h e same f o r b o t h t y p e s . T h i s i s p r o b a b l y due t o t h e h a r d and r e s i s t a n t n a t u r e o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d as compared w i t h t h o s e o f t h e m a i n l a n d . S e v e r a l t r u n c a t e d s p u r s were n o t e d i n v a l l e y s i n t h e g r a n i t i c r o c k s b u t none seem t o be p r e s e r v e d i n a r e a s o f m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . T o t a l r e l i e f on Hawkesbury I s l a n d i s 3950 f e e t ± 40 f e e t . The h i g h e s t p o i n t i s t h e peak o f G a l e M o u n t a i n . Over most o f t h e map a r e a t h e t o p s o f r i d g e s have e l e v a t i o n s r a n g i n g 7 f r o m 3000 f e e t t o 3200 f e e t . The o n l y m a j o r e x c e p t i o n i s t h e G a l e M o u n t a i n - S i d e b a c o n L a k e - B a c k b a c o n Lake a r e a , where r i d g e t o p s a v e r a g e 3600 f e e t . T h e s e r i d g e t o p s may r e p r e s e n t an o l d , f a i r l y l e v e l s u r f a c e , a s maximum e l e v a t i o n s a r e so r e m a r k a b l y c o n s i s t e n t o v e r most o f t h e i s l a n d t h a t i t seems u n l i k e l y t h e g l a c i e r s c o u l d be w h o l l y r e s p o n s i b l e . V a l l e y f l o o r s g e n e r a l l y have e l e v a t i o n s o f 100-500 f e e t above s e a l e v e l , b u t r e a c h up t o 1000 f e e t a t t h e i r h e a d s . A v e r a g e l o c a l r e l i e f , b e tween v a l l e y f l o o r and r i d g e t o p , i s o f t h e o r d e r o f 2000 f e e t t o 2500 f e e t . DRAINAGE D r a i n a g e on Hawkesbury I s l a n d i s by i n n u m e r a b l e t i n y r i v u l e t s w h i c h f a l l o v e r v a l l e y w a l l s and c o a l e s c e t o f o r m s t r e a m s d r a i n i n g o ut t h r o u g h t h e g l a c i a l v a l l e y s t o t h e o c e a n . The l a r g e r t r i b u t a r y s t r e a m s , and t h e m a i n s t r e a m s n e a r t h e i r h e a d s , h a ve b u i l t up v e r y l a r g e f a n s and g e n e r a l l y f l o w b e -n e a t h t h e s e , a p p e a r i n g o n l y where r i d g e s o f b e d r o c k c r o s s t h e i r b e d s . I n t h e u p p e r p a r t s o f s t r e a m s and n e a r t h e c o a s t where most o f t h e v a l l e y f l o o r s d r o p o f f s h a r p l y t o s e a l e v e l w a t e r f a l l s and r a p i d s a r e u s u a l l y p r e s e n t . T h r o u g h o u t most o f t h e i r c o u r s e t h e m a i n s t r e a m s f l o w o v e r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f a l l u v i a l m a t e r i a l and p o s t - g l a c i a l m a r i n e c l a y s . T h e y a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by numerous abandoned c h a n n e l s and t h e p r e s e n c e o f n a t u r a l l e v e e s . The l a t t e r a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l d e v e l o p e d i n r e g i o n s o f m a r i n e c l a y s . F o r t h e most p a r t t h e o l d c h a n n e l s 8 l i e only a few feet from the new ones and have rarely been abandoned for more than a few tens of feet. It is probable that the channel used varies from year to year, controlled by where the bulk of the material carried by spring floods is deposited. The main streams have an average width of ten to twenty-five feet and a maximum depth of one to five feet, except for plunge pools which may be up to twenty feet deep. A most interesting example of channel control by a l l u v i a l material is South Beaver Creek, near the west coast of the island. This stream drains into Beaver Creek through two separate channels which reach the latter creek some 2000 feet apart. During the summer of 1958, due to most of the material from the spring freshets being deposited in the middle of the channel, this stream divided and flowed through both channels, which may be termed distributaries. It seems lik e l y that during some years a l l the water flows through one of the alter-nate channels instead of forming this distributary system. Most of the lakes on the island are of the tarn type. The principal exceptions are Sidebacon and Backbacon Lakes, which are finger lakes; and possibly Evelyn Lake, Roy Lake and Beaver Lake, which are in low overburden-filled valleys and appear to be held back by marine clays, a l l u v i a l material and possibly some morainal deposits. CLIMATE Hawkesbury Island, like most of the Coast Mountains of 9 B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , has a v e r y humid and f a i r l y m i l d c l i m a t e . The a v e r a g e a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n a t m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s t a t i o n s i n Kemano, K i t i m a t and P r i n c e R u p e r t , t h e t h r e e n e a r e s t s t a t i o n s t o Hawkesbury I s l a n d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 74 i n c h e s , 94 i n c h e s and 95 i n c h e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . A v e r a g e p r e c i p i t a t i o n d u r i n g t h e summer months (May-September) v a r i e s f r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15 i n c h e s i n Kemano t o 29 i n c h e s i n P r i n c e R u p e r t . A v e r a g e m o n t h l y t e m p e r -a t u r e f o r t h e t o t a l p e r i o d o f r e c o r d f o r t h e s e s t a t i o n s i s 49° - 50° i n May, 53° - 55° i n J u n e , 56° - 61° i n J u l y , 57° - 6 1 ° i n A u g u s t and 54° - 55° i n Se p t e m b e r . The a v e r a g e number o f h o u r s o f s u n s h i n e f o r P r i n c e R u p e r t v a r i e s f r o m 136 h o u r s i n May t o 95 h o u r s i n S e p t e m b e r , i . e f r o m a b o u t 4.3 t o a b o u t 3.1 h o u r s p e r day. The summer o f 1958 was e x c e p t i o n a l l y m i l d and d r y . Most o f t h e mapping on Hawkesbury I s l a n d was c a r r i e d o u t between May 20 and J u l y 23. D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d o n l y 3 d a y s were l o s t due t o r a i n , and t o t a l r a i n f a l l was p r o b a b l y l e s s t h a n an i n c h . A b o u t o n e - t h i r d o f t h e d a y s were c l o u d y b u t t o t a l h o u r s o f s u n s h i n e was p r o b a b l y f a r above t h e a v e r a g e f i g u r e . The snow w h i c h u s u a l l y m a n t l e s t h e h i g h e r p e a k s a l l summer, o r u n t i l e a r l y S e p t e m b e r , had c o m p l e t e l y d i s a p p e a r e d , a p a r t f r o m s h e l t e r e d p a t c h e s i n some o f t h e h i g h e r v a l l e y s , by t h e end o f J u l y . FLORA The v a l l e y s s u p p o r t h e a v y s t a n d s o f hem l o c k , y e l l o w c e d a r and b a l s a m f i r t o a n e l e v a t i o n o f ab o u t 2000 f e e t . Hem-10 l o c k i s t h e most abundant s p e c i e s . S i t k a s p r u c e , j a c k p i n e , j u n i p e r and r e d c e d a r a r e a b u n d a n t l o c a l l y and a few t a m a r a c k were s e e n i n p a r t i c u l a r l y wet a r e a s . B e c a u s e o f m i l d w i n t e r s a n d h e a v y r a i n f a l l some o f t h e t r e e s r e a c h a v e r y l a r g e s i z e and t h e u n d e r g r o w t h , m a i n l y a l d e r , D e v i l ' s C l u b , h u c k l e b e r r y , and s i m i l a r s h r u b s , i s l u x u r i a n t . S e v e r a l h e m l o c k s were f o u n d t o have a d i a m e t e r o f a b o u t f o u r f e e t . L u m b e r i n g has b e e n c a r r i e d o u t n e a r t h e mouth o f E v e l y n C r e e k and a l o n g t h e s h o r e l i n e between Danube Bay and E v a P o i n t , b u t no work has be e n done e l s e w h e r e . FAUNA W i l d l i f e i s n o t p l e n t i f u l on Hawkesbury I s l a n d . Of t h e l a r g e r a n i m a l s , o n l y b l a c k b e a r s seem common. M o u n t a i n g o a t s a r e b e l i e v e d t o be p r e s e n t b u t v e r y s c a r c e . T h e y were n e v e r s e e n , b u t t h e i r t r a i l s r u n a l o n g t h e t o p s o f a l l t h e r i d g e s and t r a c k s were s e e n on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s . A l t h o u g h t h e g r i z z l y b e a r i s common on t h e m a i n l a n d , no e v i d e n c e o f i t s p r e s e n c e on t h e i s l a n d was f o u n d . O l d b e a v e r dams and c u t t i n g s were f o u n d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f E v e l y n Lake and Roy Lake and i n A n g l e and B e a v e r V a l l e y s . No f r e s h c u t t i n g s were s e e n and t h e dams a r e i n a s t a t e o f d i s r e p a i r , s o t h a t i t seems l i k e l y t h e b e a v e r s have d i e d o u t . B i r d s a r e numerous. A l l t h e l a r g e r ponds and s t r e a m s seem t o have one o r two f a m i l i e s o f b l a c k d u c k s l i v i n g on them. Geese were s e e n s e v e r a l t i m e s d u r i n g t h e summer. P a r t r i d g e a r e p r e s e n t b u t r a r e . The o n l y 11 f r e s h - w a t e r f i s h s e e n were b r o o k t r o u t , n e v e r o v e r s i x i n c h e s l o n g . T h e s e a r e n o t common. 0 CHAPTER I I GENERAL GEOLOGY PREVIOUS GEOLOGICAL WORK L i t t l e g e o l o g i c a l mapping has b e e n done i n t h e C o a s t M o u n t a i n s , p r i m a r i l y b e c a u s e o f t h e few known d e p o s i t s o f e c onomic i n t e r e s t and c l i m a t i c and t o p o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s s u c h as h e a v y r a i n f a l l , r u g g e d n e s s , s c a r c i t y o f o u t c r o p and h e a v y t i m b e r c o v e r w h i c h make t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t and mapping s l o w and e x p e n s i v e . The o n l y p r e v i o u s work on Hawkesbury I s l a n d a b o u t w h i c h a n y t h i n g i s p u b l i s h e d i s t h e m a p p i n g o f t h e s h o r e l i n e d u r i n g 1921 and 1922 by D r . V. D o l m a g e , 1 * 2 ' f o r t h e G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y o f C a nada. T h i s mapping was o f a v e r y g e n e r a l i z e d r e c o n n a i s s a n c e n a t u r e , t h e c o a s t l i n e b e i n g mapped a t an a v e r a g e r a t e o f some 20 m i l e s a d a y , and d i f f e r e n t i a t e d i n t o o n l y two d i v i s i o n s , C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s and m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . P r e v i o u s work i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d c o n s i s t s o f (1) mapping o f some 30 s q u a r e m i l e s a r o u n d t h e E c s t a l l M i n e i n 1951» w h i c h was c a r r i e d o u t i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h 1 V. Dolmage, \" C o a s t and I s l a n d s o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a Between B u r k e I n l e t and D o u g l a s C h a n n e l \" , G.S.C.Summary R e p o r t 1921, P a r t A, pp. 22-49. 2 V. Dolmage, \" C o a s t and I s l a n d s o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a B etween D o u g l a s C h a n n e l and t h e A l a s k a n B o u n d a r y \" , G.S.C. Summary R e p o r t . 1922, P a r t A, pp. 9-34. 13 extensive development work on this property, (2) the mapping of a large part of the Ec s t a l l septum between the Skeena River 3 and Douglas Channel during the summer of 1958 by W.A. Padgham and (3) the mapping of the mouth of the Skeena river along the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway in 1912 by R.G.McConnell.4 Of the reports on this work the f i r s t is not available to the public and McConnell's contains l i t t l e about the metamorphic rocks of the Ecstall septum, so that the only work of any value in dis-cussing the geology of Hawkesbury Island is Padgham's. Un-fortunately this work was carried out on so large a scale that the numerous rock types present could only be subdivided into groups rather than separate petrologic units, as w i l l be attempted in this thesis. Other reports have appeared on mines and mineral occurr-ences in the Coast Mountains, but none of these has any direct connection with the geology of Hawkesbury Island, so they w i l l not be discussed here. A l l of these reports which the writer has been able to find are listed in the bibliography. GENERAL GEOLOGY The rocks of Hawkesbury Island consist of metamorphic rocks o f the Ecstall series, both igneous and sedimentary in 3 W.A. Padgham, Geology of the Ecstall-Quaal River Area, Bri t i s h Columbia. 1958, Unpublished M.A.Sc Thesis, University of Br i t i s h Columbia. 4 R.G.McConnell \"Geological Section Along the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway from Prince Rupert to Aldermere, B.C.,\" G.S.C. Summary Report, 1912, pp. 55-62. 14 origin, which are intruded by plutons of granitic rocks of the Coast Intrusions and of at least one ahdesitic(?) s i l l . The Ecstall Series rocks and Coast Intrusions are intruded by a few late hornblende lamprophyre dykes. The youngest deposits are unconsolidated a l l u v i a l material, marine blue-grey clays and scarce glacial and g l a c i a l - f l u v i a l deposits. A table of rock units, showing the nature of the contact, the age of the units and their major subdivisions is on., the following page. The rocks of the Ecstall Series form a mass which is surrounded by granitic rocks of the Coast Intrusions. It is not known whether this mass is a roof pendant or a septum. The presence of small stocklike bodies of granitic rocks surrounded by extensive swarms of granitic dykes in the central parts of the Ecstall series in the map area suggests a gran-i t i c floor at no great depth, i.e. that this mass is a roof pendant. The rocks of the Ecstall Series, on the other hand, might actually not be floored by the Coast Intrusions but : form a \"screen\" between several of the numerous intrusions i.e. be a septum. The Ecstall septum, or roof pendant, is known to extend from north of the Skeena River south through the Ecstall River area, across Hawkesbury Island and up Gardner Canal. Its minimum length is 80 miles. Probably i t continues south of Gardiner Canal to Graham Reach or Sheep Passage and north of the Skeena River to Portland Canal, which would give i t a total length of some 180 miles. Its width ranges from less than 3 15 TABLE OF ROCK UNITS Age P l e i s t o c e n e and R e c e n t U n c o n s o l i d a t e d s e d i m e n t s C l a y , s a n d , g r a v e l , e t c . , ( i n c l u d i n g m a r i n e b l u e -g r e y c l a y s ) U n c o n f o r m i t y Age Unknown H o r n b l e n d e L a m p r o p h y r e d y k e s and s i l l s I n t r u s i v e C o n t a c t J u r a s s i c - C r e t a c e o u s ( p r o b a b l y Upper C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s : J u r a s s i c ) P e g m a t i t e G r a n i t i c d y k e s G r a n o d i o r i t e , q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e , M o n z o n i t e , q u a r t z d i o r i t e and d i o r i t e Age Unknown A n d e s i t i c ( ? ) s i l l s and d y k e s I n t r u s i v e C o n t a c t P r e - J u r a s s i e A ( p o s s i b l y O r d o v i c i a n - E c s t a l l S e r i e s R o c k s : D e v o n i a n ) \" M e t a - i g n e o u s a m p h i b o l i t e s \" I n t r u s i v e C o n t a c t \" P l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s , \" q u a r t z - K - f e l d s p a r - p l a g i o c l a s e g n e i s s e s , k y a n i t e - s t a u r o -l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t s , q u a r t z i t e s , l i m e s t o n e s , g r a p h i t i c q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e s c h i s t s , e t c . & The w r i t e r w i l l r e f e r t o t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s f o r m i n g t h e E c s t a l l r o o f p e n d a n t o r septum as t h e \" E c s t a l l S e r i e s \" t h r o u g h o u t t h i s t h e s i s . T h i s i s m a i n l y a m a t t e r o f c o n -v e n i e n c e b u t a l s o r e f l e c t s t h e w r i t e r ' s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s e r o c k s p o s s i b l y do f o r m a t i m e u n i t . m i l e s a t t h e E c s t a l l m ine t o more t h a n 11 m i l e s i n t h e Amoeba L a k e - F o c h L a k e a r e a j u s t t o t h e n o r t h o f D o u g l a s C h a n n e l . The w i d t h on Hawkesbury I s l a n d a v e r a g e s 10 m i l e s . The m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s o f t h e Hawkesbury I s l a n d a r e a may be s u b d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e b r o a d g r o u p s . T h e s e a r e t h e metamorphosed i g n e o u s r o c k s , t h e \" p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s \" and t h e metamorphosed s e d i m e n t s . The metamorphosed i g n e o u s r o c k s , t h e \" i g n e o u s a m p h i b o l i t e s \" , a r e o f v e r y m i n o r e x t e n t . The \" p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s \" , r a t h e r b a s i c r o c k s w h i c h seem t o be c o n f o r m a b l e w i t h t h e metamorphosed s e d i m e n t s , f o r m some 55 p e r c e n t o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s . The metamorphosed s e d i m e n t s c o n s i s t o f numerous r o c k t y p e s , t h e m a j o r d i v i s i o n s o f w h i c h a r e l i s t e d i n t h e t a b l e o f r o c k u n i t s . Of a l l t h e s e t y p e s , t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s e s a r e t h e most a b u n d a n t . They make up a b o u t 40 p e r c e n t o f t h e r o c k s o f t h e septum. Of t h e o t h e r t y p e s t h e q u a r t z i t e s and k y a n i t e -s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t s a r e t h e most i m p o r t a n t . E a c h o f t h e s e makes up a b o u t one p e r c e n t o f t h e r o c k s o f t h e septum. The metamorphosed i g n e o u s r o c k s a r e f o u n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s c u t t i n g t h e o t h e r r o c k t y p e s ; b u t - a r e p a r -t i c u l a r l y common i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e septum. The \" p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s \" a r e a l s o p a r t i c u l a r l y common i n t h e s o u t h e r n h a l f o f t h e map a r e a and t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s e s i n t h e n o r t h e r n h a l f . C o n s i d e r a b l e 17 i n t e r b e d d i n g between t h e s e u n i t s o c c u r s . The q u a r t z i t e s , k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - k y a n i t e m i c a s c h i s t s and l i m e s t o n e s o c c u r i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h t h e \" p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s \" i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e septum o n l y . The g r a p h i t i c q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e s c h i s t s o c c u r i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h t h e \" p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s \" i n b o t h t h e s o u t h e r n and n o r t h e r n p a r t s o f t h e septum. The one known o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e a n d e s i t i c ( ? ) r o c k s i s i n t h e T r e n c h B r o o k s a r e a where t h e y f o r m a 10 f o o t by 3 f o o t b o u d i n . T h i s r o c k t y p e i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n i n t r u d e d l a t e r t h a n t h e m a i n p e r i o d o f d e f o r m a t i o n . I t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e o t h e r i n t r u s i v e r o c k s i s unknown. The C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s examined on Hawkesbury I s l a n d c o n s i s t o f t h e N o r t h H i l l i n t r u s i o n , w h i c h i s a m a r g i n a l f a c i e s o f one o f t h e m a i n b a t h o l i t h i c masses t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e septum, and s e v e r a l s m a l l s t o c k - l i k e p l u t o n s and i n n u m e r a b l e p e g m a t i t e v e i n s and dykes and s i l l s o f g r a n i t i c r o c k s w i t h i n t h e septum. The s t o c k - l i k e p l u t o n s a r e t h e S i d e b a c o n L a k e p l u t o n , u n d e r l y i n g a t l e a s t 13 s q u a r e s m i l e s , t h e B e a v e r L a k e p l u t o n , u n d e r l y i n g a t l e a s t 4 s q u a r e m i l e s and t h e Danva p l u t o n u n d e r l y i n g a t l e a s t one s q u a r e m i l e . E a c h p l u t o n has a swarm o f g r a n i t i c d ykes a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t . The w i d t h o f t h e z o n e s i n w h i c h t h e dyke swarms a r e f o u n d i s r o u g h l y p r o p o r t i o n a l i n w i d t h t o t h e s i z e o f t h e p l u t o n . The dyke swarm a r o u n d t h e S i d e b a c o n L a k e p l u t o n i s a b o u t 4 m i l e s w i d e , t h a t a r o u n d t h e B e a v e r L a k e p l u t o n i s one m i l e w i d e and t h a t a r o u n d t h e Danva p l u t o n 2000 t o 3000 f e e t w i d e . W i t h i n t h e s e a r e a s g r a n i t i c 18 r o c k s may l o c a l l y make up as much as 75 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l o u t c r o p and a v e r a g e p e r h a p s 10 t o 15 p e r c e n t . O u t s i d e t h e s e a r e a s d y k e s a r e q u i t e s c a r c e . T h e r e a r e v e r y few dy k e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e b a t h o l i t h e x p o s e d t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e septum on Hawkesbury I s l a n d . R e c e n t d e p o s i t s a r e c o n f i n e d m a i n l y t o t h e v a l l e y s . They c o n s i s t o f t a l u s , a l l u v i a l f a n s and o t h e r a l l u v i a l d e -p o s i t s and p o s t - g l a c i a l b l u e - g r e y m a r i n e c l a y s . I t i s p r o b a b l e some m o r a i n a l m a t e r i a l i s a l s o p r e s e n t , b u t none d e f i n i t e l y was i d e n t i f i e d . G l a c i a l e r r a t i c s a r e f o u n d s c a t t e r e d o v e r t h e r i d g e s t o a n a l t i t u d e o f 3300 f e e t . The a l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s a r e u n s t r a t i f i e d o r w e a k l y s t r a t i f i e d o u twash and c o n s i s t o f w e l l - r o u n d e d t o s u b - a n g u l a r r o c k f r a g m e n t s r a n g i n g f r o m b o u l d e r s f i v e f e e t o r more i n d i a m e t e r t o s i l t s i z e p a r t i c l e s . T h e y g e n e r a l l y c a r p e t t h e v a l l e y f l o o r s i n a t h i n v e n e e r t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e b e d r o c k common-l y o u t c r o p s . T h e i r t h i c k n e s s i s b e l i e v e d t o be f i v e t o f i f t y f e e t t h r o u g h o u t most o f t h e v a l l e y s , a l t h o u g h t h e f a n s a t t h e heads o f some v a l l e y s a r e a p p a r e n t l y much t h i c k e r . The b l u e - g r e y m a r i n e c l a y s a r e f o u n d p r i n c i p a l l y i n A n g l e V a l l e y and i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f E v e l y n L a k e . T h e i r maximum r e c o r d e d e l e v a t i o n ( i n A n g l e V a l l e y ) i s 330 f e e t above . s e a l e v e l , p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t i n g a n i s o s t a t i c r e a d j u s t m e n t o f a t l e a s t 330 f e e t s i n c e t h e r e t r e a t o f t h e v a l l e y g l a c i e r i n t h i s v a l l e y . A t an e l e v a t i o n o f 250 f e e t i n A n g l e V a l l e y s e v e r a l 19 s p e c i m e n s o f S a x i c a v a a r c t i c a were c o l l e c t e d f r o m s i m i l a r c l a y s , e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e i r m a r i n e o r i g i n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h i s p e l e c y p o d has a s t r a t i g r a p h i c r a n g e o f M i o c e n e t o R e c e n t and a g e o g r a p h i c r a n g e f r o m Panama t o G r e e n l a n d , m a k i n g i t u s e l e s s f o r age d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s . The b l u e - g r e y c l a y i s b edded and i n most p l a c e s i s h o r i z o n t a l . However, a t t h e l o c a l i t y i n A n g l e V a l l e y where t h e s p e c i m e n s o r > S a x i c a v a a r c t i c a were c o l l e c t e d , i t s t r i k e s n o r t h 4 0 ° e a s t and d i p s 2 0 ° S.E. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h i s a t t i t u d e may be due t o s l u m p i n g as t h i s e x p o s u r e i s i n a s t r e a m bank. CHAPTER I I I THE METAMORPHIC ROCKS INTRODUCTION The m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s a r e s u b - d i v i d e d i n t o t h e u n i t s l i s t e d i n t h e T a b l e o f Rock U n i t s and i n t o s m a l l e r u n i t s on t h e b a s i s o f m i n e r a l o g i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n , f i e l d r e l a t i o n s h i p s and t e x t u r a l f e a t u r e s . The r o c k s i n c l u d e d i n t h e m e t a - s e d i -m e n t a r y c a t e g o r y have a l a c k o f c r o s s c u t t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s and a l l have c o m p o s i t i o n s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h p o s s i b l e s e d i m e n t a r y o r i g i n . R e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n has d e s t r o y e d any s e d i m e n t a r y f e a t u r e s w h i c h may have b e e n p r e s e n t i n t h e s e r o c k s . The \" p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s \" a r e r a t h e r a n o m a l o u s . T h e i r mode o f o c c u r r e n c e s u g g e s t s a s e d i m e n t a r y o r i g i n b u t t h e i r compos-i t i o n i s f a r t o o b a s i c f o r a n o r m a l s e d i m e n t . The \" i g n e o u s a m p h i b o l i t e s \" have c o m p o s i t i o n s and i n most o c c u r r e n c e s t e x -t u r e s w h i c h i n d i c a t e t h e y a r e n o t o f s e d i m e n t a r y o r i g i n . PETROLOGY OF THE PLAGIOCLASE AMPHIBOLITES The p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s a r e r o c k s c o n t a i n i n g more t h a n 25 p e r c e n t and l e s s t h a n 50 p e r c e n t o f combined h o r n -b l e n d e , b i o t i t e and d i o p s i d e . Rocks w i t h l e s s t h a n 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e m i n e r a l s a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e m e t a - s e d i m e n t a r y d i v i s i o n and those w i t h more t h a n 50 p e r c e n t i n t h e m e t a - i g n e o u s d i v i s i o n . The plagioclase amphibolites are subdivided into (1) plagioclase-hornblende-biotite rocks, lacking diopside and containing 5 per cent or less of epidote group minerals (2) plagioclase-hornblende-biotite-epidote rocks, similar to the above but with more than 5 per cent epidote; (3) plagioclase-hornblende-biotite-diopside amphibolites; (4) plagioclase-staurolite amphibolites, containing both staurolite and hornblende. These divisions are further subdivided on the basis of the relative proportions of these minerals. A l l the plagioclase amphibolites havec.a similar appear-ance in hand specimen and may be described together. They are dark grey, generally fine-grained ( 1 mm.) but occasionally medium-grained ( 1 mm to 5 mm) rocks most of which are grano-blastic in texture. A few specimens are porphyroblastic. The plagioclase amphibolites weather to various shades of brown or reddish brown. The weathered layer is normally quite thin, 1/4 inch or less, but in sulphide rich rocks i t may be several inches thick, making i t d i f f i c u l t to take a fresh sample. Turner defines schistosity or foli a t i o n (which he considers to be synonymous) as \"any parallel structure, of metamorphic origin, that induces a more or less planar f i s s i -b i l i t y in a rock.\"\"'' In these rocks the degree of f o l i a t i o n is determined mainly by the percentage of biotite, chlorite and, to a lesser extent, muscovite, in the rock. Those rocks 1 H. Williams, F.J. Turner, CM. Gilbert, Petrography (W.H.Freeman and Co., 1955)) p. 169. l a c k i n g b i o t i t e h a v e , i n hand s p e c i m e n , a t b e s t an extremely-weak s c h i s t o s i t y w h i c h i s m a i n l y due t o a p l a n a r a l i g n m e n t o f u n u s u a l l y f l a t and t a b u l a r h o r n b l e n d e c r y s t a l s , as w e l l as some s l i g h t t e n d e n c y f o r t h e q u a r t z and f e l d s p a r t o be f l a t t e n e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e h o r n b l e n d e . The l a t t e r t e n d e n c y i s n o t i c e a b l e o n l y i n medium g r a i n e d v a r i e t i e s and o n l y t h e n a f t e r e t c h i n g w i t h h y d r o f l u o r i c a c i d . L i n e a t i o n g e n e r a l l y i s weak o r l a c k i n g . S e g r e g a t i o n i n t o m a f i c - r i c h and m a f i c - p o o r bands i s p r e s e n t i n one o r more s p e c i m e n s o f a l l t h e s u b - t y p e s e x c e p t t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - s t a u r o l i t e a m p h i b o l i t e . I t i s q u i t e common b u t i n most o c c u r r e n c e s i s n o t w e l l d e v e l o p -ed, s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e l i g h t c o l o r e d and d a r k c o l o r e d m i n e r a l s b e i n g f a r f r o m c o m p l e t e . The a v e r a g e w i d t h o f t h e bands i s g e n e r a l l y 1 mm (1/25 i n c h ) o r l e s s . N e a r t h e e a s t e r n t i p o f E v e l y n L a k e , however, an a r e a o f a m p h i b o l i t e s e v e r a l h u n d r e d f e e t w i d e has bands up t o 15 cm (6 i n c h e s ) a c r o s s , a l t h o u g h a v e r a g i n g o n l y 5 t o 7.5 cm. (2 t o 3 i n c h e s ) . (1) The p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s The p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s f o r m t h e l a r g e s t s u b d i v i s i o n o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s . Of 24 t h i n s e c t i o n s o f t h e a m p h i b o l i t e g r o u p r o c k s , 17 b e l o n g t o t h i s s u b d i v i s i o n . T h e s e r o c k s may be f u r t h e r d i v i d e d i n t o p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e s c o n t a i n i n g 5 p e r c e n t o r l e s s o f b i o t i t e ; p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e a m p h i b o l i t e s , c o n t a i n i n g g r e a t e r t h a n 5 p e r c e n t e a c h o f h o r n b l e n d e and o f b i o t i t e , and p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s e s , c o n t a i n i n g 5 p e r 23 c e n t o r l e s s o f h o r n b l e n d e . T h e s e d i v i s i o n s a r e so s m a l l t h a t t h e y a r e n o t mappable f i e l d u n i t s , on t h e p r e s e n t s c a l e o f m apping. The p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s a r e t h e m a i n r o c k t y p e s i n t h e m a j o r s o u t h e r n band o f p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s . F i g u r e 2 shows t h e a p p r o x i m a t e r a n g e o f c o m p o s i t i o n o f F i g u r e 2. ACF d i a g r a m f o r t h e a l m a n d i n e a t a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s , s t a u r o l i t e -q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s , s h o w i n g t h e r a n g e o f c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s c o n s i d e r e d t o be made up o f s t a b l e m i n e r a l a s s e m b l a g e s . F o r e a s e o f p l o t t i n g , a r b i t r a r y c o m p o s i t i o n s o f b i o t i t e and h o r n b l e n d e , i n d i c a t e d by c r o s s e s , were assumed. The c o m p o s i t i o n c h o s e n f o r t h e h o r n b l e n d e , w h i c h w i l l be shown p r o b a b l y t o be a r a t h e r a l u m -i n o u s v a r i e t y , c o n t a i n s t h e maximum amount o f aluminum p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t m a k i n g any o f t h e s e r o c k s f a l l i n t h e s t a u r o l i t e -e p i d o t e - a l m a n d i n e f i e l d o f t h e ACF d i a g r a m . A h i g h a l u m i n a , l o w m a g n e s i a c o m p o s i t i o n was c h o s e n f o r t h e b i o t i t e a s a t r i a l and e r r o r p l o t t i n g o f c e r t a i n s p e c i m e n s showed t h i s was t h e most s a t i s f a c t o r y . P l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e and p l a g i o c l a s e -h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e a m p h i b o l i t e a r e t h e commonest s u b - t y p e s o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s . The p l a g i o c l a s e -b i o t i t e g n e i s s e s a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y r a r e . The c o m p o s i t i o n a l r a n g e o f t h e s e t y p e s a r e as f o l l o w s : 1. P l a g i o c l a s e - H o r n b l e n d e A m p h i b o l i t e ( b a s e d on 8 t h i n s e c t i o n s ) M i n e r a l T o t a l V a r i a t i o n i n P e r c e n t a g e Mean P e r c e n t a g e H o r n b l e n d e 30 - 35% W° B i o t i t e 1 - 3% 1% P l a g i o c l a s e 24 - 61% 59% (An2Qto A n 4 0 ) a Q u a r t z - w 3 - 22# 5% E p i d o t e none - 5% JO A p a t i t e S phene <1% C h l o r i t e none - 2$ S e r i c i t e none - 1% \" I r o n O r e \" <1% & A l l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f An c o n t e n t were made by m e a s u r i n g X'A010 f o r s e c t i o n s l a o r by m e a s u r i n g N x ' o n c l e a v a g e f r a g -ments u s i n g s p e c i a l i n d e x o i l s and a m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i g h t s o u r c e . 25 2. P l a g i o c l a s e - H o r n b l e n d e - B i o t i t e A m p h i b o l i t e ( b a s e d on 7 t h i n s e c t i o n s ) M i n e r a l T o t a l V a r i a t i o n i n P e r c e n t a g e s H o r n b l e n d e B i o t i t e P l a g i o c l a s e (An^o t o A n 4 3 ) Q u a r t z E p i d o t e A l m a n d i n e A p a t i t e Sphene S e r i c i t e \" I r o n O r e \" 15 - 35% 10 - 20$ 40 -5 - 15% none - 5% none - 2% < 1% < 1 - 2% < 1% none - 1% Mean P e r c e n t a g e 25$ 12% 48% 8% 2% 3. P l a g i o c l a s e - B i o t i t e G n e i s s ( b a s e d on 2 t h i n s e c t i o n s ) M i n e r a l T o t a l V a r i a t i o n i n P e r c e n t a g e s H o r n b l e n d e B i o t i t e P l a g i o c l a s e (An3i t o Anog) Q u a r t z E p i d o t e A l m a n d i n e C h l o r i t e M u s c o v i t e S e r i c i t e A p a t i t e \" I r o n O r e \" none 20 54 27$ 63% io - 15% none < 1 none 1% < 1% <1% < 1% Mean P e r c e n t a g e T h e s e s u b - t y p e s a r e q u i t e s i m i l a r i n t e x t u r e i n t h i n -s e c t i o n . Most s p e c i m e n s o f f i n e - g r a i n e d p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n -b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e s have a w e l l d e v e l o p e d g r a n o b l a s t i c t e x t u r e . I n a l l m e d i u m - g r a i n e d p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e s , and i n a l l t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e a m p h i b o l i t e s , most o f t h e h o r n b l e n d e g r a i n s and some o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e g r a i n s , commonly e n c l o s e s m a l l g r a i n s o f o t h e r m i n e r a l s , so t h a t a s i e v e o r p o i k i l o b l a s t i c t e x t u r e i s d e v e l o p e d . H o r n b l e n d e i n 26 t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s e s a l s o has . t h i s s i e v e t e x t u r e . H o r n b l e n d e i s g e n e r a l l y e u h e d r a l b u t i n some s p e c i m e n s s u b h e d r a l . I t i s r a r e l y t w i n n e d on (100) and i s b i a x i a l n e g a t i v e w i t h a l a r g e 2V. T h e r e i s a s y s t e m a t i c v a r i a t i o n i n p l e o c h r o i c f o r m u l a and Z A c as shown i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Rock Type P l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s P l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e -b i o t i t e a m p h i b o l e P l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e P l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e P l e o c h r o i c f o r m u l a X p a l e y e l l o w Y p a l e b l u e g r e e n Z b l u e g r e e n X p a l e y e l l o w Y b l u e g r e e n Z d a r k g r e e n 2 1 ° - 2 2 c 22°-23c X p a l e y e l l o w 23°-24° Y b r o w n i s h g r e e n i s h Z d a r k b r o w n i s h g r e e n X p a l e brown Y brown Z d a r k brown I n c r e a s i n g l y deep p l e o c h r o i c c o l o r s and h i g h e r ZAc w i t h i n c r e a s i n g g r a d e o f metamorphism have been n o t e d by T u r n e r 2 and Compton^. The f o r m e r f o u n d t h a t most o f t h e h o r n b l e n d e s o f t h e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s have Z = deep b l u e g r e e n b u t a t h i g h e r g r a d e s o f metamorphism ( w i t h i n t h e f a c i e s ) Z = b r o w n i s h g r e e n . 2 H . W i l l i a m s , F . J . T u r n e r , C M . G i l b e r t , P e t r o g r a p h y (W.H. F reeman and Co., 1955)> p. 242 3 R.R.Compton, \" S i g n i f i c a n c e o f A m p h i b o l e P a r a g e n e s i s i n t h e B i d w e l l B a r R e g i o n , C a l i f o r n i a , \" A m e r i c a n M i n e r a l o g i s t S e p t . 1958, pp. 890-907. 27 Both Compton4\" and Eskola^ analysed a number of horn-blendes and found an increase in A120^, MgO and CaO and decrease in FeO and F e , ^ with a higher grade of metamorphism. They suggest that the color of hornblende is controlled mainly by the amount of alumina, a deeply colored hornblende being a highly aluminous one. Biotite occurs as tabular plates, euhedral apart from ragged terminations. In thin sections containing horn-blende most of the biotite is marginal to the hornblende or cuts through i t , and is obviously a later mineral, than the horn-blende which i t replaces. Most of the biotite grains are parallel or sub-parallel to the f o l i a t i o n , but in one section of biotite gneiss, in which the biotite lies along the grain boundaries of the plagioclase and quartz, many biotite plates have developed along these boundaries at large angles to the general foliation. These are noticeably smaller than the biotite plates parallel to the fol i a t i o n . Most of the biotite is a strongly colored variety which is pleochroic from deep reddish brown (Z) to pale brown or straw yellow (X) but in some sections of plagioclase-hornblende-biotite amphi-bolite, Z is a very dark brown and in a section of plagio-clase-biotite gneiss, i t is brown with a greenish cast. In one 4 Compton, loc. c i t . 5 P. Eskola, \"On the petrology of the Orijarvd region in southwestern Finland, \"Comm. Geol. Finlande B u l l . No. 40 (1914), p. 113. t h i n s e c t i o n o f p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e a m p h i b o l i t e t h e b i o t i t e , i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f an opaque m i n e r a l , p r o b a b l y p y r i t e , i s b l e a c h e d and i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m g o l d e n y e l l o w t o p a l e s t r a w y e l l o w . The b l e a c h e d p o r t i o n has low b i r e f r i n g e n c e , p e r h a p s i n d i c a t i n g a l t e r a t i o n t o w a r d s a c h l o r i t e . B i o t i t e i s b e n t and f r a c t u r e d i n one t h i n s e c t i o n b u t i n most s e c t i o n s shows no e v i d e n c e o f s t r a i n . P l a g i o c l a s e g e n e r a l l y o c c u r s i n l a r g e s u b h e d r a l t o ( r a r e l y ) a n h e d r a l g r a i n s , but a l s o o c c u r s i n s m a l l r o u n d e d i n c l u s i o n s i n p o i M l o b l a s t i c h o r n b l e n d e . The p l a g i o c l a s e i n a l l o f t h e s e r o c k t y p e s i s , as shown i n t h e t a b l e on page 25» g e n e r a l l y medium o r s l i g h t l y s o d i c a n d e s i n e , b u t i s o c c a s -i o n a l l y h i g h l y s o d i c a n d e s i n e o r h i g h l y c a l c i c o l i g o c l a s e . The f e l d s p a r i s e x c e p t i o n a l l y f r e s h and s e r i c i t e i s v e r y s c a r c e . A few p l a g i o c l a s e g r a i n s a r e w e a k l y z o n e d . The o n l y s a t i s f a c t o r y d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n d i c a t e d a c o r e o f A n ^ i and a r i m o f An-jg, i . e . r e v e r s e d z o n i n g . Most o f t h e t w i n n e d g r a i n s have o n l y a l b i t e t w i n n i n g . Many o f t h e a l b i t e t w i n s , p r o b a b l y 60 p e r c e n t o r more, c o n s i s t o f as few as t h r e e t o e i g h t s u b -i n d i v i d u a l s . I n most g r a i n s i n d i v i d u a l t w i n l a m e l l a e a r e v e r y b r o a d , a l t h o u g h n a r r o w l a m e l l a e a r e n o t r a r e . P e r h a p s 1 o r 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e t w i n n e d g r a i n s have complex t w i n n i n g o f a t y p e i n w h i c h two s e t s o f p o l y s y n t h e t i c t w i n s d e v e l o p a t , o r n e a r l y a t , r i g h t a n g l e s t o one a n o t h e r . Where t h i s t y p e o f t w i n n i n g i s p r e s e n t one s e t o f l a m e l l a e a r e u s u a l l y q u i t e i n d i s t i n c t . I t i s n o t d e f i n i t e what t y p e s o f t w i n s a r e 29 represented here, but albite-pericline is probably the common-est combination which would have this appearance. No Carlsbad-albite twins were noted. Quartz occurs as large anhedral grains and also as small inclusions in poikiloblastic hornblende, and more rarely in plagioclase. In one thin section of plagioclase-horn-blende amphibolite vein quartz is also present. It is not a major mineral, generally forming between 5 per cent and 15 per cent of the rock. As i t is d i f f i c u l t to distinguish from untwinned plagioclase, particularly as this is unaltered or nearly so in most thin-sections, percentage estimates were checked by making optical determinations on ten grains per section, and by hydrofluoric acid etching on several specimens. Quartz only rarely shows evidence of strain. The common epidote group mineral, present, pistacite, is colorless, has a large negative 2V, anomalous \"berlin blue\" interference colors and a birefringence of approximately 0.03, which corresponds to a composition of about 18 per cent BX^Fe-^SI^O^ a n d $2 per cent HCa^l^Si^O^' T t i e c l i n o \" zoisite-pistacite boundary is drawn at about 10 per cent IK^Fe^S 130^ 2• T n e maximum known percentage of IK^Fe^Si^O-^ in pistacite is about 40 per cent, so i t would seem this is a moderately iron-poor pistacite. Turner'7 notes that the epidote 6 A.N. Winchell, Elements of Optical Mineralogy Part II (John Wiley and Sons, 1948), p. 313 7 H.Williams, F.J. Turner, C.M.Gilbert, Petrography (W.H.Freeman and Co., 1955)» p. 242. 30 ( p i s t a c i t e ) o f a m p h i b o l i t e s i s e i t h e r c o l o r l e s s o r v e r y p a l e y e l l o w i s h . I n one t h i n s e c t i o n a p l e o c h r o i c , y e l l o w t o c o l o r -l e s s p i s t a c i t e o c c u r s as a r i m s u r r o u n d i n g a g r a i n o f \" i r o n o r e \" , p r o b a b l y p y r i t e . The \" i r o n o r e \" i s l a t e r t h a n any o f t h e o t h e r m i n e r a l s , and m i g h t p o s s i b l y be h y d r o t h e r m a l , as t h i s i s a r a t h e r a l t e r e d t h i n s e c t i o n w i t h b l e a c h e d b i o t i t e and a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f o p a q u e s . I t seems p r o b a b l e t h i s e p i d o t e i s t h e r e s u l t o f h y d r o t h e r m a l a l t e r a t i o n o f p l a g i o c l a s e . An e p i d o t e o f u n d o u b t e d h y d r o t h e r m a l o r i g i n o c c u r s i n a t h i n s e c t i o n o f p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e . T h i s i s a n o n - p l e o c h r o i c , c o l o r l e s s p i s t a c i t e w i t h p r o p e r t i e s v e r y much l i k e t h o s e o f t h e u s u a l p i s t a c i t e i n t h e s e r o c k s , b u t i t o c c u r s a l o n g t h e m a r g i n s o f p y r i t e - q u a r t z v e i n s and i r r e g u l a r masses o f p y r i t e , and i s a l w a y s a n h e d r a l and c l e a r l y r e p l a c e s p l a g i o c l a s e . A l l a n i t e o c c u r s i n a t h i n s e c t i o n o f p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s . I t i s p l e o c h r o i c d a r k brown t o p a l e brown, and o c c u r s as c o r e s s u r r o u n d e d by r i m s o f c o l o r l e s s p i s t a c i t e o f s i m i l a r c r y s t a l o r i e n t a t i o n but d i f f e r e n t e x t i n c t i o n p o s i t i o n . Most g r a i n s o f e p i d o t e g r o u p m i n e r a l s a r e e u h e d r a l o r s u b h e d r a l , and o c c u r on g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s between h o r n b l e n d e o r b i o t i t e and p l a g i o -c l a s e . C r y s t a l f o r m i s p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l d e v e l o p e d when t h e e p i d o t e i s p a r t i a l l y e n c l o s e d i n b i o t i t e , w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y o f f e r e d l e s s r e s i s t a n c e t o i t s c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n t h a n h o r n b l e n d e o r p l a g i o c l a s e . A l m a n d i n e g a r n e t i s a r a r e a c c e s s o r y m i n e r a l . I t i s f o u n d i n o n l y t h r e e t h i n s e c t i o n s , two o f p l a g i o c l a s e -31 h o r n b l e n d e - b l o t i t e a m p h i b o l i t e and one o f p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s . I t o c c u r s i n c o l o r l e s s t o p a l e p i n k , i s o t r o p i c , r a g g e d a n h e d r a l g r o u p s o f g r a i n s , t o e u h e d r a l , p o r p h y r o b l a s t s w h i c h have s i e v e t e x t u r e . I n c l u s i o n s a r e m a i n l y o f p l a g i o c l a s e , b u t some a r e o f s p h e n e , a p a t i t e , q u a r t z , b i o t i t e and \" i r o n o r e s \" . The i n c l u s i o n s do n o t show any p r e f e r r e d o r i e n t a t i o n and t h e r e i s no e v i d e n c e o f any \" s n o w b a l l \" o r s i m i l a r e f f e c t s . B i o t i t e - and h o r n b l e n d e - r i c h bands a p p e a r t o f l o w a r o u n d t h e g a r n e t s . A p a t i t e and sphene a r e t h e o n l y common a c c e s s o r y m i n e r a l s . A p a t i t e , i n s m a l l , r o u n d e d g r a i n s t o e u h e d r a l , s h o r t s t u b b y , p r i s m a t i c c r y s t a l s , o c c u r s s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t c r y s t a l s o f t h e m a j o r m i n e r a l s and a l s o i s f o u n d a t g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s . Sphene i s f o u n d i n a l l t h i n - s e c t i o n s o f t h e p l a g i o -c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e and p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e amphi-b o l i t e , b u t i s a b s e n t i n t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s . I t i s a f a i n t l y p l e o c h r o i c brown v a r i e t y w h i c h o c c u r s as r o u n d e d g r a n u l e s and wedge-shaped c r y s t a l s s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r o c k , b u t p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t h e b o u n d a r i e s between l a r g e r c r y s t a l s . C h l o r i t e o c c u r s as r o s e t t e s and f i b r o u s a g g r e g a t e s r e p l a c i n g h o r n b l e n d e and b i o t i t e i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f h y d r o -t h e r m a l p y r i t e i n one s p e c i m e n o f p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s . I t i s a l s o f o u n d r e p l a c i n g b i o t i t e and a l m a n d i n e I n t h e o t h e r t h i n s e c t i o n o f t h i s r o c k u n i t . The c h l o r i t e i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m g r e e n t o c o l o r l e s s , l e n g t h f a s t , has p a r a l l e l o r n e a r l y p a r a l l e l e x t i n c t i o n , and anomalous p a l e y e l l o w g r e y i n t e r -f e r e n c e c o l o r s . 32 \" I r o n o r e s \" c o n s i s t c h i e f l y o f p y r i t e and m a g n e t i t e . The p y r i t e i s p r o b a b l y p a r t i a l l y h y d r o t h e r m a l i n o r i g i n as . i t .forms v e i n s i n one s e c t i o n and i s s u r r o u n d e d by a z o n e o f p i s t a c i t e i n a n o t h e r s e c t i o n . I n some t h i n s e c t i o n s t h e n o r m a l l y opaque \" i r o n o r e s \" a r e p a r t i a l l y o r w h o l l y a l t e r e d t o a r e d d i s h t r a n s l u c e n t m a t e r i a l w h i c h i s p r o b a b l y h e m a t i t e o r l i m o n i t e . (2) The p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e - e p i d o t e r o c k s T h i s u n i t f orms a r a t h e r s m a l l s u b d i v i s i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t a r y a m p h i b o l i t e s . On t h e b a s i s o f t h i n s e c t i o n s t h i s r o c k t y p e i s b e l i e v e d t o be p a r t i c u l a r l y abundant i n t h a t p a r t o f t h e mai n p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e band w h i c h e x t e n d s f r o m t h e west s i d e o f A n g l e V a l l e y n o r t h - w e s t t o t h e s e a , and f r o m t h e s o u t h s i d e o f I c e - C a k e Lake s o u t h - w e s t t o t h e c o n t a c t w i t h t h e S i d e b a c o n L a k e s t o c k . T h e s e r o c k s a l s o o c c u r e l s e w h e r e t h r o u g h o u t t h e m a i n p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e band, b u t t h e y a r e o f v e r y m i n o r e x t e n t . O u t s i d e o f t h i s band t h e o n l y a r e a t h e s e r o c k s a r e known t o o c c u r i n i s Wye V a l l e y where t h e y a r e f o u n d i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h p l a g i o c l a s e - q u a r t z - K f e l d s p a r augen g n e i s s . The m a j o r m i n e r a l s i n t h e f o u r t h i n s e c t i o n s made o f t h e s e r o c k s a r e as f o l l o w s : T h i n S e c t i o n Number E p i d o t e 6% 30% 15% H o r n b l e n d e 30% 28$ 3% — B i o t i t e 25% 25% P l a g i o c l a s e ^ (Anon t o An Q ) Q u a r t s & — 27% A-2% 4-3% Wo 10% 16% ft D e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r i n g X'A010 f o r s e c t i o n s l a T h i n s e c t i o n #17-5 has v e r y w e l l d e v e l o p e d b a n d i n g . The bands v a r y i n c o m p o s i t i o n f r o m 95 p e r c e n t e p i d o t e , 5 p e r c e n t h o r n b l e n d e t o 45 p e r c e n t e p i d o t e , 55 p e r c e n t h o r n b l e n d e . T e x t u r e i s g e n e r a l l y g r a n o b l a s t i c . I n some s e c t i o n s h o r n b l e n d e may be p o r p h y r o b l a s t i c and have s i e v e t e x t u r e ( s e e f i g u r e s 4 and 5) E p i d o t e i n some s e c t i o n s o c c u r s as a m o s a i c o f s m a l l , r o u n d e d t o s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s and i n o t h e r s e c t i o n s as i n d i v i d u a l s u b h e d r a l t o e u h e d r a l c r y s t a l s most o f w h i c h o c c u r on t h e b o r d e r o f b i o t i t e f l a k e s o r c o m p l e t e l y e n c l o s e d by b i o t i t e . The e p i d o t e i s p i s t a c i t e w h i c h has t h e same p r o p e r -t i e s as t h e p i s t a c i t e i n t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s e x c e p t i n one t h i n s e c t i o n where t h e b i r e f r i n g e n c e i s 0.021 t o 0.023, c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 13 m o l e c u l a r p e r c e n t o f HCa^Fe^Si^O-j^. H o r n b l e n d e i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e h o r n b l e n d e i n t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s i n o c c u r r e n c e and p r o p -e r t i e s . Z A c i s 21° - 22° and t h e p l e o c h r o i c f o r m u l a i s X = p a l e y e l l o w , Y = b l u e g r e e n and Z = d a r k g r e e n . 34 B i o t i t e i n most s e c t i o n s i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m r e d d i s h brown o r g o l d e n brown (Z) t o s t r a w y e l l o w (X) b u t i n a few s e c t i o n s i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m a v e r y d a r k brown t o s t r a w . P l a g i o c l a s e i s v e r y s i m i l a r i n o c c u r r e n c e and p r o p -e r t i e s t o t h a t i n t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s . A few g r a i n s a r e w e a k l y z o n e d . Q u a r t z o c c u r s as l a r g e a n h e d r a l g r a i n s and as s m a l l i n c l u s i o n s i n s i e v e t e x t u r e h o r n b l e n d e . I t shows no e v i d e n c e o f s t r a i n . A p a t i t e and sphene a r e t h e o n l y a c c e s s o r y m i n e r a l s . T h e y have s i m i l a r p r o p e r t i e s and o c c u r s i m i l a r l y t o t h e a p a t i t e and sphene i n t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s . S e r i c i t e r e p l a c e s f e l d s p a r s i n a l l s e c t i o n s , b u t i n m i n u t e q u a n t i t i e s . C h l o r i t e , o f t h e t y p e f o u n d i n t h e p l a g i o -c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s , i s f o u n d r e p l a c i n g b i o t i t e a r o u n d p y r i t e i n one s e c t i o n . The p y r i t e i s i n i r r e g u l a r masses o f no p a r t i c u l a r o r i e n t a t i o n and may be h y d r o t h e r m a l . A p a r t f r o m t h i s p y r i t e opaques a r e v e r y r a r e i n t h e s e s e c t i o n s . (3) The P l a g i o - c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e - d i o p s i d e a m p h i b o l i t e s The p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e - d i o p s i d e amphi-b o l i t e s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by o n l y t h r e e t h i n s e c t i o n s . T h e y a r e a v e r y m i n o r d i v i s i o n o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s . 35 The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e c t i o n s i s as f o l l o w s : T h i n S e c t i o n Numbers 8-6A 13-6 26-7 H o r n b l e n d e 30$ 20$ 6$ D i o p s i d e 3$ 25$ 7$ B i o t i t e 5$ — 22$ P l a g i o c l a s e 53$ 37$ 25$ (An -DQ t o A n A P ) Q u a r t z ^ 5$ 6$ 9$ E p i d o t e 3$ 10$ 13$ C h l o r i t e — — 2$ S e r i c i t e < 1$ <1$ 11$ Sphene < 1$ ^ 1$ < 1$ A p a t i t e < 1$ <1$ <1$ \" I r o n O r e \" < 1$ <1$ <1$ C a l c i t e — — 5$ I n t h i n - s e c t i o n t h e s e r o c k s have e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same t e x t u r e as t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e a m p h i b o l i t e s and p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e - e p i d o t e a m p h i b o l i t e s . One s e c t i o n has p o r p h y r o b l a s t i c h o r n b l e n d e and d i o p s i d e . Some o f t h e p o r p h y r o b l a s t s l i e a c r o s s t h e s c h i s t o s i t y . The o t h e r s e c t i o n s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y g r a n o b l a s t i c . H o r n b l e n d e o c c u r s as s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s r e p l a c i n g o r b e i n g r e p l a c e d by d i o p s i d e and as e u h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s e l s e w h e r e . T w i n n i n g on (100) was n o t e d b u t i s r a r e . V a r i a t i o n s i n Z A c a n d , t h e p l e o c h r o i c f o r m u l a f o l l o w : T h i n S e c t i o n s #8-6A, #26-7 X = p a l e y e l l o w Y = b l u e g r e e n Z = d a r k g r e e n Z A c = 22° - 23° 36 T h i n S e c t i o n #13-6 X = p a l e y e l l o w Y = g r e e n Z = b r o w n i s h g r e e n Z A c = 2 4 ° T h i s h o r n b l e n d e i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e h o r n b l e n d e o f t h e o t h e r p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e r o c k s . B i o t i t e r e p l a c e s b o t h h o r n b l e n d e and d i o p s i d e . I t i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m g o l d e n brown o r r e d d i s h brown (Z) t o c o l o r -l e s s o r s t r a w y e l l o w (X). I n one t h i n s e c t i o n t h e b i o t i t e i s p a r t i a l l y a l t e r e d t o c h l o r i t e and s e r i c i t e . D i o p s i d e o c c u r s as e u h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s . I t i s c o l o r l e s s o r has a v e r y f a i n t p a l e g r e e n t i n t and i s n o t n o t i c e a b l y p l e o c h r o i c . The maximum i n t e r f e r e n c e c o l o r i s s e c o n d o r d e r y e l l o w . Z A c i s - 3 9 ° t o - 4 1 ° and t h e d i o p s i d e i s b i a x i a l p o s i t i v e w i t h a m o d e r a t e l y l a r g e 2V. The p l a g i o c l a s e , q u a r t z , e p i d o t e ( p i s t a c i t e ) , a p a t i t e and sphene p r e s e n t have t h e same p r o p e r t i e s and o c c u r r e n c e as i n t h e p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e r o c k s . \" I r o n o r e \" c o n s i s t s o f s m a l l e u h e d r a l and r a g g e d g r a i n s a n d , i n #26-7, a few l a r g e a n h e d r a l g r a i n s . T h e s e opaques a r e p r o b a b l y m a i n l y p y r i t e and m a g n e t i t e . The abundant s e r i c i t e i n #26-7 (11 p e r c e n t ) i n c l u d e s 3 p e r c e n t o f a l t e r e d b i o t i t e , and 8 p e r c e n t o f f i n e f e l t y mass f o r m e d by t h e a l t e r a t i o n o f f e l d s p a r . T h i s i s a h e a v i l y a l t e r e d r o c k , as th e c h l o r i t e and c a l c i t e w h i c h a r e p r e s e n t i n i t a r e a l s o p r o b a b l y a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t s , a l t h o u g h t h e c a l -c i t e may be i n t r o d u c e d v e i n m a t e r i a l . The c h l o r i t e has 37 p a r a l l e l e x t i n c t i o n , anomalous y e l l o w g r e y i n t e r f e r e n c e c o l o r s and a m o d e r a t e r e l i e f . I t o c c u r s r e p l a c i n g b i o t i t e . The c a l c i t e o c c u r s i n e l o n g a t e a r e a s composed o f m o s a i c s o f l a r g e g r a i n s . (4) The p l a g i o c l a s e - s t a u r o l i t e a m p h i b o l i t e s T h i s u n i t i s r e p r e s e n t e d by o n l y one t h i n s e c t i o n f r o m t h e head o f S o u t h B e a v e r V a l l e y , where t h i s r o c k t y p e f o r m s a band some 20 f e e t w i de on e i t h e r s i d e o f a 5 - f o o t w i d e band o f k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t . I t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t s i m i l a r r o c k s may o c c u r e l s e w h e r e i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t s , as t h i s u n u s u a l r o c k t y p e was n o t s u s p e c t e d t o e x i s t i n t h e f i e l d and t h i s i s t h e o n l y t h i n s e c t i o n made o f an a m p h i b o l i t e f r o m h e a r t h e c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s e r o c k s . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h i s s p e c i m e n i s s t a u r o l i t e 5 p e r c e n t , h o r n b l e n d e 20 p e r c e n t , b i o t i t e 15 p e r c e n t , c h l o r i t e 5 p e r c e n t , p l a g i o c l a s e 44 p e r c e n t , q u a r t z 4 p e r c e n t , a l m a n d i n e 5 p e r c e n t and l e s s t h a n 1 p e r c e n t o f a p a t i t e s p h e n e , \" i r o n o r e s \" and s e r i c i t e . A l m a n d i n e and s t a u r o l i t e o c c u r a s p o r p h y r o b l a s t s w i t h a p o o r l y - d e v e l o p e d s i e v e t e x t u r e . A l m a n d i n e p o r p h y r o b l a s t s r e a c h 1/2 i n c h (1 .2 cm) i n d i a m e t e r . The s t a u r o l i t e g r a i n s a r e much s m a l l e r and h i g h l y a l t e r e d . The o t h e r m i n e r a l s a r e m e d i u m - g r a i n e d . D e s p i t e t h e h i g h c o n t e n t o f b i o t i t e f o l i a t -i o n i s o n l y m o d e r a t e l y w e l l d e v e l o p e d . 38 H o r n b l e n d e o c c u r s i n e u h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s . Z^e i s 2 2 ° and t h e p l e o c h r o i c f o r m u l a i s X = p a l e y e l l o w , Y = b l u e g r e e n and Z = d a r k g r e e n . T h i s i s t h e common a l u m i n -ous h o r n b l e n d e o f t h e a m p h i b o l i t e s o f t h i s a r e a . S t a u r o l i t e o c c u r s i n i r r e g u l a r g r a i n s b e i n g r e p l a c e d by c h l o r i t e . I t c o n t a i n s a few n o n - o r i e n t a t e d i n c l u s i o n s o f q u a r t z and p l a g i o c l a s e . I t i s b i a x i a l p o s i t i v e w i t h a l a r g e 2V, has weak b i r e f r i n g e n c e , h i g h r e l i e f and s t r o n g p l e o -c h r o i s m f r o m deep g o l d e n y e l l o w t o p a l e y e l l o w . B i o t i t e i s f o u n d as s u b h e d r a l p l a t e s r e p l a c i n g h o r n -b l e n d e and p o s s i b l y s t a u r o l i t e . I t i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m d a r k brown (Z) t o s t r a w y e l l o w ( X ) . C h l o r i t e o c c u r s as r a g g e d f l a k e s and a g g r e g a t e s o f f l a k e s r e p l a c i n g b i o t i t e , a l m a n d i n e , and s t a u r o l i t e . The c h l o r i t e r e p l a c i n g s t a u r o l i t e i s p a r t l y s t r u n g out p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n b u t i n p a r t p r e s e r v e s t h e shape o f t h e o r i g i n a l s t a u r o l i t e g r a i n s . A l l t h e c h l o r i t e has p a r a l l e l o r n e a r l y p a r a l l e l e x t i n c t i o n , i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m medium g r e e n t o p a l e g r e e n and has anomalous g r e y i s h y e l l o w i n t e r f e r e n c e c o l o r s . I t i s l e n g t h - f a s t . Most g r a i n s o f p l a g i o c l a s e a r e s u b h e d r a l . I t s com-p o s i t i o n ( unzoned g r a i n s ) was d e t e r m i n e d as A n ^ by f i n d i n g N x ' f o r c l e a v a g e f l a k e s w i t h i n d e x o i l s and a sodium l i g h t s o u r c e , and as An44 by m e a s u r i n g X' A 010 f o r s e c t i o n s i - t o a , i . e . t h i s i s a s l i g h t l y c a l c i c a n d e s i n e . Many o f t h e p l a g i o -c l a s e g r a i n s a r e z o n e d . G e n e r a l l y z o n e b o u n d a r i e s a r e v e r y 39 vague and i r r e g u l a r . Some o f t h e z o n i n g a p p e a r s t o be c y c l i c b u t commonly i t i s o f t h e r e v e r s e t y p e . One d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n d i c a t e d a r i m o f A n ^ £ and a c o r e o f An.^. T w i n n i n g i s s i m p l e a l b i t e i n about t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e and compl e x i n t h e r e s t . Q u a r t z o c c u r s as a n h e d r a l g r a i n s w h i c h o c c a s i o n a l l y h ave u n d u l a t o r y e x t i n c t i o n . I t a l s o i s f o u n d as i n c l u s i o n s i n s t a u r o l i t e and a l m a n d i n e . The o n l y a l m a n d i n e p o r p h y r o b l a s t f o u n d i n t h i s t h i n s e c t i o n i s a l m o s t e u h e d r a l , b u t m a r g i n a l a l t e r a t i o n t o c h l o r i t e has r o u n d e d i t . The g a r n e t has a few n o n - o r i e n t e d i n c l u s i o n s o f p l a g i o c l a s e and q u a r t z . I t i s p a l e p i n k and i s o t r o p i c . A p a t i t e o c c u r s i n u n u s u a l l y l a r g e g r a i n s i n t h i s t h i n s e c t i o n . The l a r g e s t a r e as b i g as t h e a v e r a g e p l a g i o -c l a s e g r a i n . I t forms e x t r e m e l y s h o r t , s t u b b y h e x a g o n a l p r i s m s w h i c h may be e u h e d r a l o r s u b h e d r a l . Sphene i s n o t v e r y common. I t has t h e same p r o p e r t i e s and o c c u r r e n c e as t h e s p h e n e i n t h e o t h e r t y p e s o f p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e . \" I r o n o r e \" f o r m s l a r g e , a n h e d r a l g r a i n s r e p l a c i n g c h l o r i t e and t h e o t h e r m i n e r a l s . S e r i c i t e i s f o u n d i n s m a l l amounts as a f e l t y mass r e p l a c i n g p l a g i o c l a s e and a l s o p s e u d o -morphous a f t e r b i o t i t e and c h l o r i t e . F i g u r e 3. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f p l a g i o c l a s e -h o r n b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e . P l a i n l i g h t X64. C o n t a i n s h o r n b l e n d e , p l a g i o c l a s e and q u a r t z and m i n o r sphene and a p a t i t e . F i g u r e 4. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f p l a g i o c l a s e -h o r n b l e n d e - e p i d o t e r o c k . P l a i n l i g h t X24. C o a r s e p o r p h y r o b l a s t i c h o r n b l e n d e , f i n e g r a n u l a r e p i -d o t e , q u a r t z and p l a g i o c l a s e . Figure 5. Photomicrograph of plagioclase-hornblende- epidote rock. Polarized light. X64. Same thin section as Figure 4. Figure 6. Photomicrograph of plagioclase-biotite-epidote rock. Plain light. X24 Elongate biotite laths, euhedral to subhedral epidote, plagioclase and quartz. 42 F i g u r e 7. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f p l a g i o c l a s e -b i o t i t e - e p i d o t e r o c k . P o l a r -i z e d l i g h t . X24. As F i g u r e 6. F i g u r e 8. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f p l a g i o c l a s e -B i o p s i d e - h o r n b l e n d e a m p h i b o l i t e . P l a i n l i g h t . X64. D a r k h o r n b l e n d e , l i g h t e r d i o p s i d e , p l a g i o c l a s e , q u a r t z , and m i n o r a p a t i t e and s p hene. 43 F i g u r e 9. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f p l a g i o c l a s e -s t a u r o l i t e a m p h i b o l i t e . P l a i n l i g h t . X24. S t a u r o l i t e , h o r n -b l e n d e , b i o t i t e , c h l o r i t e , a p a -t i t e , p l a g i o c l a s e and q u a r t z . F i g u r e 10. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f p l a g i o c l a s e -s t a u r o l i t e a m p h i b o l i t e . P l a i n l i g h t . X24, s i m i l a r to F i g u r e 9. 44 PETROLOGY OF THE METASEDIMENTS M a j o r s u b d i v i s i o n s o f t h e m e t a s e d i m e n t s a r e as f o l l o w s : (1 (2 (3 (4 (5 (6 (7 (8 (9 (10 P l a g i o c l a s e - q u a r t z - b i o t i t e - h o r n b l e n d e g n e i s s P l a g i o c l a s e - K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s K y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t S i l l i m a n i t e - q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e g n e i s s G r a p h i t i c q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e s c h i s t Q u a r t z i t e Q u a r t z - t r e m o l i t e - z o i s i t e r o c k s C r y s t a l l i n e l i m e s t o n e S e r i c i t e - e p i d o t e s c h i s t A l b i t i z e d and p o t a s h - e n r i c h e d r o c k s I t i s r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e d i v i s i o n s i n t h i s c l a s s i f i c -a t i o n a r e a r b i t r a r y , b u t i t i s f e l t t h a t e a c h d i v i s i o n r e -p r e s e n t s some r e a l d i f f e r e n c e i n c o m p o s i t i o n o r g r a d e o f metamorphism o f t h e r o c k and hence i s j u s t i f i e d . A d e t a i l e d p e t r o l o g i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f e a c h r o c k t y p e f o l l o w s : (1) P l a g i o c l a s e - q u a r t z - b i o t i t e - h o r n b l e n d e g n e i s s T h i s d i v i s i o n was c r e a t e d t o i n c l u d e r o c k s w h i c h do n o t c o n t a i n K f e l d s p a r b u t c o n t a i n l e s s t h a n 25 p e r c e n t o f combined b i o t i t e and h o r n b l e n d e . I t i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h r e e t h i n s e c t i o n s , f r o m w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d a r e a s , and does n o t f o r m any mappable u n i t s a t t h e p r e s e n t s c a l e o f map p i n g . I t a p p a r e n t l y r e p r e s e n t s t h e e x t r e m e s o f c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e two m a j o r m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k t y p e s , i . e . t h e K f e l d s p a r - b e a r i n g g n e i s s e s and p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s , and may be i m p o r t a n t i n a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n and c o n d i t i o n s o f f o r m a t i o n o f t h e l a t t e r . (See t h e s e c t i o n on t h e o r i g i n o f t h e m e t a -m o r p h i c r o c k s i n t h i s c h a p t e r ) . 45 In hand specimen these rocks have a close resemblance to the plagioclase amphibolites. They are fine-grained to medium grained dark grey rocks which appear to almost completely lack schistosity. Lineation is weak or lacking. Hornblende may be porphyroblastic. The composition of the three thin sections is as follows: Thin Section Number 15-3A 18-9 24T4 Plagioclase 57% 65% 55% (An,« - A n . , ) * Quartg *L 20% 15% 7% Hornblende 13% 15% 3% Biotite 8% 5% 15% Epidote <1% — 10% Sericite < 1% <1% Sphene <1% <1% < 1% Apatite <1% <1% < 1% \"Iron Ore\" <1% <1% < 1% & Determined by measuring N x' or x'A010 for sections -L a It is apparent in thin section that a l l these rocks actually have a f a i r l y strong foliation. Texturally they have l i t t l e else in common. One section has an essentially grano-blastic texture, modified by later dynamic metamorphism which has resulted in undulatory extinction In the quartz, granu-lation of quartz and plagioclase and a series of parallel fractures in the section at a large angle to the original foliation. The other sections have porphyroblastic textures. Plagioclase is usually anhedral to subhedral. Twins are of the albite type (60%-Q5%) or are complex twins. No Carlsbad or Carlsbad-albite twins are definitely identified. 46 A l l q u a r t z g r a i n s a r e a n h e d r a l . U n d u l a t o r y e x t i n c t i o n i s w e l l d e v e l o p e d i n #15-3A and i s f o u n d i n two o r t h r e e g r a i n s i n #24-4. H o r n b l e n d e i s e u h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l e x c e p t when i t o c c u r s as r a g g e d a n h e d r a l p o r p h y r o b l a s t s . I t i s t h e same t y p e as t h e common h o r n b l e n d e i n t h e p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s . B i o t i t e o c c u r s i n s u b h e d r a l p l a t e s , commonly w i t h r a g g e d t e r m i n a t i o n s . I n one t h i n s e c t i o n a few s e c t i o n s o f b i o t i t e c u t s u b p a r a l l e l t o t h e c l e a v a g e show t h a t i t i s i n t e r -grown w i t h v e r m i c u l a r q u a r t z . The b i o t i t e i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m d a r k brown t o s t r a w y e l l o w . E p i d o t e i s g e n e r a l l y e u h e d r a l b u t o c c a s i o n a l l y s u b -h e d r a l . I t i s a l m o s t a l w a y s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b i o t i t e . The e p i d o t e i s c o l o r l e s s p i s t a c i t e , b i a x i a l n e g a t i v e w i t h a l a r g e 2V, and has a b i r e f r i n g e n c e o f a b o u t 0.03> i n d i c a t i n g i t c o n t a i n s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 18 p e r c e n t o f t h e HC^Fe-^S 13013 m o l e c u l e . S e r i c i t e i s common i n t h e s e c t i o n w h i c h has u n d e r g o n e g r a n u l a t i o n . H e r e i t o c c u r s as a f i n e f e l t y mass r e p l a c i n g t h e p l a g i o c l a s e and a l s o i n a s e t o f n a r r o w f r a c t u r e s whenever t h e s e c r o s s a f e l d s p a r g r a i n . I t i s r a r e i n t h e o t h e r s e c t i o n s . Sphene i s f o u n d as wedge-shaped c r y s t a l s and r o u n d e d g r a n u l e s i n a l l t h i n s e c t i o n s . I t i s a v e r y f a i n t l y p l e o -c h r o i c ( p a l e brown t o c o l o r l e s s ) t y p e . A p a t i t e o c c u r s i n s m a l l h e x a g o n a l g r a i n s w h i c h a r e 47 e u h e d r a l o r s u b h e d r a l . \" I r o n o r e \" , f o u n d o n l y i n #18-9, o c c u r s as l a r g e a n h e d r a l g r a i n s . I t i s p r o b a b l y p y r i t e . (2) P l a g i o c l a s e - K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s e s T h i s , d i v i s i o n c o n t a i n s some 40 p e r c e n t o f t h e m e t a -m o r p h i c r o c k s o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d and f o r m s , e x c l u d i n g t h e p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s , t h e l a r g e s t u n i t o f p r o b a b l y m e t a -s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s t h e r e . T h e r e seems t o be d i s t i n c t d i f f e r -ences i n c o m p o s i t i o n and i n t e x t u r e i n t h e r o c k s o f t h i s d i v i s i o n i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e i s l a n d , so t h a t t h r e e s u b -d i v i s i o n s have been e r e c t e d . T h e s e a r e ( a ) t h e \" N o r m a l \" t y p e , (b) t h e Augen M o u n t a i n t y p e and ( c ) t h e S i d e b a c o n L a k e t y p e . The \" N o r m a l \" t y p e i s t h e common p l a g i o c l a s e - K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s o f t h e i s l a n d . I t forms t h e K f e l d s p a r g n e i s s e s w h i c h o c c u r i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s i n t h e a r e a between Augen m o u n t a i n and N o r t h m o u n t a i n . I t i s a l s o f o u n d i n t h e u p p e r p a r t o f Wye v a l l e y and i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h t h e m a i n p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e band i n t h e s o u t h p a r t o f t h e i s l a n d . The Augen M o u n t a i n t y p e forms a band some 7000* w i d e w h i c h e x t e n d s a c r o s s Hawkesbury I s l a n d . I t f o r m s a l l o f Augen M o u n t a i n e x c e p t t h e n o r t h s l o p e , and a l s o u n d e r l i e s t h e n o r t h -ernmost b r a n c h o f Wye v a l l e y and a s m a l l p a r t o f t h e r i d g e t o t h e s o u t h o f t h i s v a l l e y . The S i d e b a c o n Lake t y p e i s c o n f i n e d t o t h e a r e a i m m e d i a t e l y t o t h e n o r t h o f t h i s l a k e , where i t f orms two s e p a r a t e bands; one a b o u t 3000 f e e t w i d e and t h e o t h e r o f unknown w i d t h . The \"Normal\" t y p e and S i d e b a c o n L a k e t y p e a r e v e r y 48 s i m i l a r and w i l l be d e s c r i b e d t o g e t h e r , b u t t h e Augen M o u n t a i n t y p e i s so d i f f e r e n t i n t e x t u r e , a p p e a r a n c e and c o m p o s i t i o n i t w i l l be d e s c r i b e d s e p a r a t e l y . (a) The \"Normal\" and S i d e b a c o n Lake T y p e s o f G n e i s s I n hand s p e c i m e n t h e s e r o c k s a r e u s u a l l y medium o r f i n e - g r a i n e d , and w h i t i s h t o p i n k i n c o l o r , b u t t h e v a r i e t i e s w i t h a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e o f m a f i c s may be g r e y . The w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e has much t h e same c o l o r as t h e f r e s h r o c k . A g i v e n s p e c i m e n may show a c o m p l e t e l a c k o f f o l i a t i o n , but t h i s i s u s u a l l y p r e s e n t a l t h o u g h e x t r e m e l y weak. I n t h e f i e l d , f o l -i a t i o n i s much more e v i d e n t due t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n w e a t h e r i n g and g r a i n s i z e f r o m band t o band and t h e p r e s e n c e o f o c c a s -i o n a l m a f i c - r i c h b a n d s . S u c h f o l i a t i o n as i s v i s i b l e seems t o be m a i n l y due t o t h e p a r a l l e l a l i g n m e n t o f b i o t i t e and o t h e r p l a t y m i n e r a l s . C o m p o s i t i o n a l b a n d i n g i s l a c k i n g o r weak. Where i t i s d e v e l o p e d , t h r e e s e t s o f bands a r e p r e s e n t -m a f i c - r i c h , f e l d s p a r - r i c h , and q u a r t z - r i c h . A l l t h r e e s e t s t e n d t o f o r m e l o n g a t e l e n s e s r a t h e r t h a n c o n t i n u o u s b a n d s , w i t h a maximum l e n g t h o f an i n c h o r so and w i d t h o f a b o u t 1/10 o f an i n c h . Rocks o f t h i s t e x t u r e h a v e been r e f e r r e d t o as \" l e p t y n i t e \" , \" g r a n u l i t e \" , \" l e p t i t e \" , \" q u a r t z s c h i s t \" and \" g n e i s s \" i n the p a s t . The t e r m g r a n u l i t e i s now r e s e r v e d f o r r o c k s o f t h e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e g r a n u l i t e f a c i e s . T h e s e c h a r a -t e r i s t i c a l l y l a c k m i c a and h o r n b l e n d e . The t e r m l e p t i t e , and i t s v a r i a n t l e p t y n i t e , i m p l y t e x t u r a l f e a t u r e s l a c k i n g i n t h e Hawkesbury I s l a n d K - f e l d s p a r r o c k s . The w r i t e r p r e f e r s t o 49 c a l l t h e s e r o c k s g n e i s s e s r a t h e r t h a n s c h i s t s as he w o u l d r e s e r v e t h e t e r m s c h i s t f o r r o c k s w i t h a w e l l d e v e l o p e d f o l i a t i o n . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e \" N o r m a l \" t y p e o f p l a g i o c l a s e -K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s i s p l a g i o c l a s e 35 t o 54 p e r c e n t , mean v a l u e 48 p e r c e n t ; K f e l d s p a r 2 t o 20 p e r c e n t , mean v a l u e 5 p e r c e n t ; q u a r t z 10 t o 36 p e r c e n t , mean v a l u e 28 p e r c e n t ; and b i o t i t e l e s s t h a n 1 t o 20 p e r c e n t , mean v a l u e 8 p e r c e n t . S e r i c i t e , c h l o r i t e , e p i d o t e , a l l a n i t e , s p h e n e , a p a t i t e and g a r n e t may be p r e s e n t , b u t g e n e r a l l y o c c u r i n amounts o f l e s s t h a n 1 p e r c e n t . The S i d e b a c o n L a k e t y p e g n e i s s e s have p l a g i o c l a s e 35 t o 41 p e r c e n t , K f e l d s p a r 35 t o 42 p e r c e n t , q u a r t z 18 t o 20 p e r c e n t , and b i o t i t e l e s s t h a n 1 t o 2 p e r c e n t . H o r n b l e n d e , e p i d o t e , c h l o r i t e , s e r i c i t e , s p h e ne, a p a t i t e and opaques a r e m i n o r c o n s t i t u e n t s . The d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e two t y p e s a r e m a i n l y i n K f e l d s p a r and b i o t i t e c o n t e n t . The t e x t u r e , i n t h i n s e c t i o n , i s s e e n t o be complex. A p o o r f o l i a t i o n has d e v e l o p e d due t o a r a t h e r i n c o m p l e t e s u b - p a r a l l e l o r i e n t a t i o n o f b i o t i t e and h o r n b l e n d e , and a t e n d e n c y f o r f e l d s p a r and q u a r t z t o o c c u r i n e l o n g a t e l e a v e s s u b - p a r a l l e l t o t h e s e m i n e r a l s . S u p e r i m p o s e d upon t h i s , however, i s a w e l l d e v e l o p e d p s e u d o c a t a c l a s t i c t e x t u r e w h i c h i s f o r m e d by a r e p l a c e m e n t o f p o t a s s i u m i n K f e l d s p a r s by sodium and c a l c i u m t o f o r m p l a g i o c l a s e , w i t h a c o n s e q u e n t l i b e r a t i o n o f s i l i c a w h i c h a p p e a r s as f r e e q u a r t z . T h i s 50 r e s u l t s i n a t e x t u r e i n w h i c h l a r g e x e n o m o r p h i c g r a i n s o f q u a r t z and f e l d s p a r a r e s e t i n a f i n e - g r a i n e d m a t r i x o f t h e same m i n e r a l s . I t d i f f e r s f r o m c a t a c l a s t i c t e x t u r e i n t h a t f i n e r g r a i n s o f groundmass a r e n o t f r a g m e n t s o f t h e l a r g e r g r a i n s and a l s o i n t h a t t h e r e i s a s t r o n g s u g g e s t i o n o f c o r r o s i o n o f t h e l a r g e r g r a i n s by t h e groundmass. C a t a c l a s t i c t e x t u r e f e a t u r e s g r a n u l a t i o n o f q u a r t z and b e n t t w i n l a m e l l a e i n f e l d s p a r s . The d i f f i c u l t y i n d e c i d i n g w h i c h t e x t u r e i s p r e s e n t i n t h a t r o c k s w i t h a s u i t a b l e c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n t o d e v e l o p p s e u d o c a t a c l a s t i c t e x t u r e u s u a l l y have s u i t a b l e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s t o d e v e l o p c a t a c l a s t i c t e x t u r e . I n t h e t h i n s e c t i o n s examined, however, o n l y one f e l d s p a r g r a i n was s e e n w h i c h i s f r a c t u r e d , g r a n u l a t e d q u a r t z was n o t o b s e r v e d and t h e l a r g e r g r a i n s g e n e r a l l y a p p e a r t o have c o r r o d e d mar-g i n s . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t , a l t h o u g h m i n o r c a t a c l a s t i c e f f e c t s may be p r e s e n t , t h i s t e x t u r e i s m a i n l y p s e u d o c a t a c l a s t i c . P l a g i o c l a s e ' has a c o m p o s i t i o n o f A n ^ t o A ^ Q * M E D : I ' U M a n d e s i n e , i n b o t h t y p e s o f g n e i s s . T h e s e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e b a s e d on m e a s u r i n g X'^ 010 f o r s e c t i o n s J~ a. Most o f t h e i: -t w i n n e d g r a i n s have s i m p l e a l b i t e t w i n n i n g b u t complex t w i n s a r e a l s o p r e s e n t . Zoned f e l d s p a r s a r e p r e s e n t but r a r e . The p o t a s s i u m f e l d s p a r p r e s e n t i s u s u a l l y u n t w i n n e d i n t h e \" N o r m a l \" t y p e g n e i s s . S u c h t w i n n i n g as i s p r e s e n t i s o f t h e q u a d r i l l e t y p e , s h owing t h a t t h e t w i n n e d f e l d s p a r i s m i c r o c l i n e r a t h e r t h a n o r t h o c l a s e . T w i n n i n g i s u s u a l l y p r e s e n t a t t h e edges o f g r a i n s o n l y . Whether t h e u n t w i n n e d K f e l d s p a r 51 i s m i c r o c l i n e o r o r t h o c l a s e i s n o t known. I t has b e e n s u g g -e s t e d t h a t o r t h o c l a s e may i n v e r t t o m i c r o c l i n e u n d e r s t r e s s . I f t h i s i s t h e c a s e t h i s u n t w i n n e d K f e l d s p a r i s p r o b a b l y o r t h o c l a s e . I n t h e S i d e b a c o n Lake t y p e g n e i s s e s t h e K f e l d -s p a r i s p r a c t i c a l l y a l l t w i n n e d m i c r o c l i n e . K f e l d s p a r , where i n c o n t a c t w i t h p l a g i o c l a s e , i s o f t e n f r i n g e d by-Mlwart-8 l i k e \" by m y r m e k i t e . The p l a g i o c l a s e o f t h e m y r m e k i t e i s o p t i c a l l y c o n t i n u o u s w i t h t h e p r i m a r y p l a g i o c l a s e , e v e n t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t w i n l a m e l l a e may e x t e n d w i t h o u t change i n t o t h e m y r m e k i t e . L a r g e g r a i n s o f q u a r t z commonly have u n d u l a t o r y e x t i n c t i o n . T h i s m i n e r a l has no o t h e r u n u s u a l p r o p e r t i e s . B i o t i t e o c c u r s i n s m a l l p l a t e s w i t h r a g g e d t e r m i n -a t i o n s . I t i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m d a r k brown t o s t r a w y e l l o w , u n l i k e t h e common r e d - b r o w n b i o t i t e o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e . The m i n o r m i n e r a l s a r e h o r n b l e n d e , e p i d o t e , a l l a n i t e , c h l o r i t e , s e r i c i t e , s p h e ne, a p a t i t e , g a r n e t and o p a q u e s . H o r n b l e n d e o c c u r s as l a r g e s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s i n one t h i n s e c t i o n o f t h e S i d e b a c o n L a k e t y p e g n e i s s e s . I t i s a p l e o c h r o i c d a r k brown t y p e . The e p i d o t e g r o u p m i n e r a l p r e s e n t i s p r o b a b l y p i s t a c i t e , as i t s b i r e f r i n g e n c e v a r i e s f r o m a b o u t 0.026 t o 0.031 i n d i c a t i n g 16 t o 19 m o l e c u l a r p e r c e n t o f HCa 2Fe3Si^0]_3. I t o c c u r s as s m a l l a n h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h -o u t t h e r o c k . I n one t h i n s e c t i o n o f t h e S i d e b a c o n L a k e t y p e 8 G . H . A n d e r s o n , \" G r a n i t i z a t i o n , A l b i t i z a t i o n and R e l a t e d Phenomena i n t h e N o r t h e r n I n y o Range o f C a l i f o r n i a - N e v a d a , G . S.A. B u l l e t i n , v o l . 48, 1937, pp 37-39. 52 g n e i s s a few c o r e s o f a l l a n i t e a r e p r e s e n t s u r r o u n d e d by a p i s t a c i t e r i m . C h l o r i t e and s e r i c i t e a r e a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t s o f b i o t i t e and f e l d s p a r . T h e y o c c u r i n r a g g e d g r a i n s , a n d , i n t h e c a s e o f t h e c h l o r i t e , as f e l t y m a s s e s . B o t h a r e v e r y m i n o r c o n s t i t u e n t s . The c h l o r i t e has \" b e r l i n b l u e \" i n t e r -f e r e n c e c o l o r s , p a r a l l e l e x t i n c t i o n , and i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m g r e e n t o r e d d i s h brown. I t i s p r o b a b l y p e n n i n e , w h i c h i s t h e o n l y common c h l o r i t e w i t h t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s . Sphene i s p r e s e n t i n a l m o s t e v e r y t h i n s e c t i o n , b u t i s r a r e r t h a n i n t h e p l a g i o -c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s . I t i s w e a k l y p l e o c h r o i c f r o m p a l e brown t o c o l o r l e s s and o c c u r s as s m a l l wedge-shaped e u h e d r a l and s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s . A p a t i t e o c c u r s i n t i n y h e x a g o n a l p r i s m s . I t i s f o u n d i n most t h i n s e c t i o n s . G a r n e t i s f o u n d i n a b o u t h a l f o f t h e t h i n s e c t i o n s o f \" N o r m a l \" t y p e g n e i s s . I t i s i s o t r o p i c and i s f o u n d i n s m a l l e u h e d r a l t o s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s . I t i s a p a l e p i n k shade e v e n i n t h i n s e c t i o n . \" I r o n o r e s \" a r e v e r y s c a r c e i n a l l t h i n s e c t i o n s and c o n s i s t o f s m a l l a n h e d r a l g r a i n s , p r o b a b l y o f m a g n e t i t e . (b) The Augen M o u n t a i n Type o f G n e i s s I n hand s p e c i m e n t h e s e r o c k s a r e g r e y on b o t h f r e s h and w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e s . T h ey a l w a y s have a p o r p h y r o b l a s t i c t e x t u r e . The p o r p h y r o b l a s t s a r e o v a l f e l d s p a r augens w h i c h have a maximum d i a m e t e r o f a b o u t one i n c h (2.5 cm). A s t r o n g f o l i a t i o n and w e l l d e f i n e d b a n d i n g i s p r e s e n t i n t h e v a r i e t i e s w i t h w e l l d e v e l o p e d a u g e n s . V a r i e t i e s w i t h s m a l l augens l a c k 53 b a n d i n g and have c o m p a r a t i v e l y weak f o l i a t i o n , a l t h o u g h s t r o n g e r t h a n t h a t o f most s p e c i m e n s o f t h e \" N o r m a l \" and S i d e -b a c o n L a k e t y p e g n e i s s e s . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e Augen M o u n t a i n t y p e o f p l a g i o -c l a s e - K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s i s p l a g i o c l a s e 30 t o 50 p e r c e n t , K f e l d s p a r 15 t o 20 p e r c e n t , q u a r t z 20 t o 25 p e r c e n t , b i o t i t e 5 t o 15 p e r c e n t , e p i d o t e 4 t o 15 p e r c e n t , h o r n b l e n d e 2 t o 3 p e r c e n t . C h l o r i t e and s e r i c i t e , may be p r e s e n t . Sphene, a p a t i t e and \" i r o n o r e s \" a r e a l w a y s p r e s e n t as a c c e s s o r y m i n e r a l s . I n t h i n s e c t i o n , t h e t e x t u r e o f t h e s e r o c k s i s s e e n t o be e s s e n t i a l l y p o r p h y r o b l a s t i c , m o d i f i e d t o a m i n o r ex-t e n t by p s e u d o c a t a c l a s t i c and c a t a c l a s t i c e f f e c t s . A good example o f c a t a c l a s t i c t e x t u r e i s p r e s e n t i n one t h i n s e c t i o n ( s e e f i g u r e s 13s 14) i n w h i c h a l a r g e g r a i n f o r m i n g most o f a p l a g i o c l a s e augen i s s t r o n g l y f r a c t u r e d . P l a g i o c l a s e has a c o m p o s i t i o n o f An-^g t o An-^g, medium a n d e s i n e , as d e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r i n g X*A010 f o r s e c t i o n s l a . Twinned g r a i n s u s u a l l y have a l b i t e t w i n n i n g , a l t h o u g h c o m p l e x t w i n s a r e p r e s e n t . No z o n e d g r a i n s were n o t e d . P l a g i o c l a s e o c c u r s i n t h e groundmass as s u b h e d r a l t o a n h e d r a l g r a i n s and a l s o as l a r g e r g r a i n s f o r m i n g a u g e n s . The o n l y l a r g e p l a g i o -c l a s e augen s e e n i n t h i n s e c t i o n i s c o m p o s i t e , b e i n g composed o f one v e r y l a r g e and s e v e r a l s m a l l e r s u b h e d r a l p l a g i o c l a s e g r a i n s . K f e l d s p a r i s a l l o f an u n t w i n n e d t y p e , e i t h e r o r t h o -54 c l a s e o r m i c r o c l i n e . I t forms t h e l a r g e s t augens i n t h e s e r o c k s and a l s o o c c u r s as s m a l l a n h e d r a l g r a i n s . I t i s n o t known w h e t h e r t h e augens a r e c o m p o s i t e o r n o t as none a r e f o u n d i n t h i n s e c t i o n . T h ey were i d e n t i f i e d i n hand s p e c i m e n by e t c h i n g w i t h h y d r o f l u o r i c a c i d and s t a i n i n g i n a s o d i u m c o b a l t i -n i t r i t e s o l u t i o n . The K f e l d s p a r s a r e f r i n g e d by \" w a r t - l i k e \" m y r m e k i t e s o f t h e t y p e p r e s e n t i n t h e o t h e r p l a g i o c l a s e -K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s e s . Q u a r t z , i n a n h e d r a l l e a v e s and g r a i n s , commonly has u n d u l a t o r y e x t i n c t i o n . B i o t i t e i s f o u n d i n l a r g e s u b h e d r a l p l a t e s . I t i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m d a r k brown t o s t r a w . H o r n b l e n d e f o r m s s u b h e d r a l t o e u h e d r a l g r a i n s f r i n g e d by b i o t i t e . I t i s b i a x i a l n e g a t i v e w i t h Z A c = 2 2 ° , and a p l e o c h r o i c f o r m u l a o f X = p a l e y e l l o w Y = b l u e g r e e n , and Z = d a r k g r e e n , i . e . i s t h e common a l u m i n o u s h o r n b l e n d e o f t h i s a r e a . C h l o r i t e and s e r i c i t e o c c u r i n i r r e g u l a r s h r e d s as m i n o r a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t s . The c h l o r i t e i s p l e o c h r o i c g r e e n t o brown, and has p a r a l l e l e x t i n c t i o n and \" b e r l i n b l u e \" i n t e r f e r e n c e c o l o r s . I t i s p r o b a b l y p e n n i n e . Sphene and a p a t i t e o c c u r as s m a l l e u h e d r a l t o s u b -h e d r a l c r y s t a l s . Sphene i s t h e common w e a k l y p l e o c h r o i c ( p a l e brown t o c o l o r l e s s ) v a r i e t y . \" I r o n o r e s \" a r e s c a r c e i n most s e c t i o n s and c o n s i s t o f a few a n h e d r a l t o c u b i c e u h e d r a l ( p y r i t e ? m a g n e t i t e ? ) g r a i n s . 55 Figure 11. Photomicrograph of \"Normal\" type of plagioclase-K feldspar-quartz gneiss. Plain light. X24. Rounded garnets, plagioclase, K feldspar and quartz. Figure 12. Photomicrograph of \"Normal\" type of plagioclase K feldspar-quartz gneiss. Polarized light X24. As Figure 11. 56 Figure 1 3 . Photomicrograph of Augen Mountain type of plagioclase-K feldspar-quartz gneiss. Plain light X24. Large plagioclase augen containing small epidote grains. Some bio-tite outside of the augen. Figure 14. Photomicrograph of Augen Mountain type of plagioclase-K feldspar-quartz gneiss. Polarized light X24. As Figure 1 3 . Fracturing is evid-ent i n the augen. 57 (3) The K y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t s T h e s e r o c k s , a l t h o u g h q u i t e l i m i t e d i n e x t e n t , a r e among t h e most i m p o r t a n t o f t h e septum f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m e t a m o r p h i c f a c i e s a n d , t o a l e s s e r d e-g r e e , o f t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . T h i s u n i t i s b e t t e r known t h a n t h e o t h e r u n i t s o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s as d e -t a i l e d f i e l d mapping o f i t was c a r r i e d o u t . T h i s r o c k t y p e o c c u r s as a s e r i e s o f bands i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e s e x t e n d i n g e a s t f r o m t h e head o f S o u t h B e a v e r v a l l e y , t h r o u g h t h e I c e Cake L a k e - K y a n i t e . P o n d a r e a , a l m o s t t o E l l e n L a k e on t h e e a s t s i d e o f t h e i s l a n d . The maximum w i d t h o f t h e i n t e r b e d d e d z o n e i s 6000 f e e t . Most o f t h e k y a n i t e -s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t a r e f o u n d i n t h e s o u t h e r n h a l f o f t h i s band. I n d i v i d u a l bands v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y i n shape and e x t e n t . Some bands v a r y f r o m a few f e e t t o o v e r 100 f e e t i n w i d t h i n a v e r y s h o r t d i s t a n c e . The l o n g e s t band o f t h i s r o c k i s 7000 f e e t l o n g and has an a v e r a g e w i d t h o f 40 f e e t and a maximum w i d t h o f 89 f e e t . The t h r e e o t h e r m a j o r bands have l e n g t h s o f 2000 f e e t t o 5000 f e e t and s i m i l a r w i d t h s . T h e s e r o c k s , when s e e n f r o m a d i s t a n c e , a r e w h i t e , p i n k , o r g r e y , d e p e n d i n g on t h e r e l a t i v e p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n t m i n e r a l s . The w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e i s much l i k e t h e f r e s h s u r f a c e , b u t k y a n i t e , a l m a n d i n e and s t a u r o l i t e p o r -p h y r o b l a s t s become p r o m i n e n t as t h e m u s c o v i t e w e a t h e r s o u t f r o m a r o u n d them. The m a t r i x i s n o r m a l l y medium g r a i n e d t o 58 c o a r s e g r a i n e d . A s t r o n g s c h i s t o s i t y i s n o r m a l l y p r e s e n t due t o a p a r a l l e l o r i e n t a t i o n o f m u s c o v i t e f l a k e s and t h e f o r -m a t i o n o f e l o n g a t e l e a v e s o f q u a r t z and f e l d s p a r , b u t t h i s b e -comes much weaker when t h e p o r p h y r o b l a s t s a r e l a r g e enough and common enough t o d i s t o r t t h i s o r i e n t a t i o n . B a n d i n g i n t o musco-v i t e - r i c h and p l a g i o c l a s e - q u a r t z - r i c h bands i s o c c a s i o n a l l y w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d . A l m a n d i n e o c c u r s as deep r e d s u b h e d r a l t o e u h e d r a l p o r p h y r o b l a s t s w h i c h may r e a c h 2 i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r . The l a r g e r c r y s t a l s a r e u s u a l l y e u h e d r a l d o d e c a h e d r o n s w h i c h a r e somewhat f l a t t e n e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e s c h i s t o s i t y . S m a l l c r y s t a l s a r e commonly r o u n d e d and show no s i g n s o f t h i s f l a t t e n -i n g . T h e r e a r e e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s g e n e r a l r u l e , o f w h i c h t h e most s t r i k i n g a r e l a r g e a n h e d r a l r o u n d e d a g g r e g a t e s o f g a r n e t up t o 3 i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r , w h i c h c o n t a i n i n c l u s i o n s o f q u a r t z , f e l d s p a r , s t a u r o l i t e , and m u s c o v i t e up t o 1/4 i n c h i n d i a m e t e r . S t a u r o l i t e o c c u r s as s t u b b y b l a c k p r i s m a t i c c r y s t a l s , t h e l a r g e s t 1^ - i n c h e s l o n g , w h i c h l i e p a r a l l e l t o t h e s c h i s t o s i t y . K y a n i t e , w h i c h i s v a r y i n g s h a d e s o f b l u e , o c c u r s as a c i c u l a r c r y s t a l s a few m i l l i m e t e r s l o n g t o l a r g e f l a t b l a d e s w h i c h may be 8 i n c h e s l o n g , 1 i n c h w i d e , and 1/2 i n c h t h i c k . N e a r l y a l l o f t h e s e c r y s t a l s a r e o r i e n t a t e d w i t h t h e i r l e n g t h p a r a l l e l t o t h e s c h i s t o s i t y and a r e s u b - p a r a l l e l t o e a c h o t h e r , p r o -d u c i n g a l i n e a t i o n . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h i s r o c k u n i t i s e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e , as may be s e e n f r o m f i g u r e l5» an ACF d i a g r a m f o r t h e s t a u r o -l i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s o f t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s t o 59 Figure 15. ACF diagram for the almandine amphibolite facies, staurolite quartz subfacies, showing the range of composition of the Kyanite-staurolite-almandine mica schists. 60 w h i c h t h e r o c k s i n t h i s u n i t w i t h e q u i l i b r i u m a s s e m b l a g e s b e l o n g . Sample Number K - l 11-6A 24-7B PX-3 17-6. 11-4 K-2 P l a g i o c l a s e — 15% 31% 14% 51% 18% 50% Q u a r t z 55% 46% 23% 51% 3% 20% 4% M u s c o v i t e 14% 3% 10% 15% 15% 35% 25% K y a n i t e —— — 15% p . 9. 105 c l a s e - d i o p s i d e - q u a r t z . A l l t h e s e a s s e m b l a g e s b e l o n g t o t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s ( f o r m e r l y p a r t o f t h e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s ) . The f i r s t two a r e s t a b l e i n t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z and k y a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b - f a c i e s ( w h i c h were f o r m e r l y combined i n t o t h e s t a u r o l i t e - k y a n i t e s u b - f a c i e s ) , and t h e l a t t e r a s s e m b l a g e i s s t a b l e i n t h e s i l l i m a n i t e - a l m a n d i n e s u b -f a c i e s . I f s m a l l amounts o f s e r i c i t e and c h l o r i t e a r e d i s -r e g a r d e d , two t h i n s e c t i o n s o f p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e b e l o n g t o t h e f i r s t a s s e m b l a g e , s i x t e e n b e l o n g t o t h e s e c o n d a s s e m -b l a g e , one b e l o n g s t o t h e t h i r d a s s e m b l a g e and f i v e do n o t b e l o n g t o any o f t h e s e a s s e m b l a g e s . S e r i c i t e and c h l o r i t e , w h i c h a r e g e n e r a l l y v e r y s c a r c e , a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f s l i g h t r e t r o g r e s s i v e metamorphism as f r o m t h e i r o c c u r r e n c e i t i s o b v i o u s t h e y a r e l a t e m i n e r a l s . The s o l e t h i n s e c t i o n i n d i c a t i n g t h e s i l l i m a n i t e -a l m a n d i n e s u b - f a c i e s i s f r o m t h e head o f A n g l e V a l l e y n e a r t h e c o n t a c t o f t h e S i d e b a c o n L a k e s t o c k . A l l t h e r e s t o f t h e a r e a u n d e r l a i n by t h e s e r o c k s has a p p a r e n t l y r e a c h e d t h e s t a u r o -l i t e - q u a r t z a n d / o r o r k y a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e p a r t t h a t t h e f i v e n o n - s t a b l e assem-b l a g e s a r e f r o m . Of t h e s e f i v e , two a r e p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s e s w h i c h l a c k h o r n b l e n d e , two have a s s e m b l a g e s c o n -t a i n i n g h o r n b l e n d e , b i o t i t e and d i o p s i d e and one i s a p l a g i o -c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e s t a u r o l i t e a m p h i b o l i t e . The two p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e g n e i s s e s p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e a l o w e r g r a d e o f metamorphism. The p r e s e n c e o f b i o t i t e and 106 a n d e s i n e and l a c k o f h o r n b l e n d e i n d i c a t e s n o n - e q u i l i b r i u m c o n d i t i o n s . I t i s n o t known w h e t h e r t h e s e r o c k s r e a c h e d t h e i r p r e s e n t s t a t e by r e t r o g r e s s i v e metamorphism, o r i f t h i s , i s t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e o f metamorphism t h e y e v e r a t t a i n e d . O t h e r t h i n s e c t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t most o f t h e r o c k i n t h e a r e a s t h e s e s p e c i m e n s a r e f r o m b e l o n g t o t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z a n d / o r k y a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s o f t h e a l m a n d i n e amphi-b o l i t e f a c i e s . The h o r n b l e n d e - d i o p s i d e - b i o t i t e b e a r i n g r o c k s , p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t a t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e k y a n i t e - m u s c o v I t e - q u a r t z s u b -f a c i e s t o t h e s i l l i m a n i t e - a l m a n d i n e s u b f a c i e s o r v i c e - v e r s a . One s p e c i m e n i s f r o m u p p e r A n g l e V a l l e y n e a r a l a r g e g r a n i t i c d yke swarm and t h e o t h e r comes f r o m t h e edge o f t h e D a n v a p l u t o n . The specimen; o f p l a g i o c l a s e - h o r n b l e n d e - s t a u r o l i t e a m p h i b o l i t e , f r o m S o u t h B e a v e r V a l l e y , i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g r o c k t y p e . A l t h o u g h u n s t a b l e on t h e b a s i s o f m i n e r a l a s s e m b l a g e i t p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same g r a d e o f metamorphism as t h e o t h e r a m p h i b o l i t e s . T u r n e r 18 and V e r h o o g e n n o t e t h a t a s s o c i a t i o n s o f k y a n i t e o r s t a u r o l i t e and a m p h i b o l e s , a l t h o u g h c o m p a r a t i v e l y r a r e , have b e e n r e c o r d e d f r o m w i d e l y s e p a r a t e d l o c a l i t i e s . T h e y s u g g e s t t h i s p a r a -g e n e s i s may be c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e l i m i t e d c a p a c i t y f o r Mg t o r e p l a c e Fe i n a l m a n d i n e g a r n e t s , w h i c h , i n an MgO r i c h r o c k , 18 F . J . T u r n e r , J . V e r h o o g e n , I g n e o u s and M e t a m o r p h i c P e t r o l o g y , ( M c G r a w - H i l l Book Co. I n c . , 195D, p. 4-55. 107 w o u l d r e s u l t i n t o o much Mg b e i n g p r e s e n t t o be acc o m o d a t e d i n t h e h o r n b l e n d e a f t e r c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o f t h e a l m a n d i n e , i f a l l t h e A l i s t o be a c c o m o d a t e d . C r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o f k y a n i t e w o u l d r e s u l t i n t h e r e m o v a l o f much o f t h e A l m a k i n g i t p o s s -i b l e f o r t h e h o r n b l e n d e t o accomodate a l l t h e e x c e s s Mg. However, i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o sse how t h i s e x p l a n a t i o n c o u l d a p p l y t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s t a u r o l i t e i n one o f t h e s e r o c k s , as i t does n o t seem l i k e l y a n i r o n r i c h m i n e r a l s u c h as s t a u r o l i t e w o u l d f o r m i n a Mg r i c h (and F e p o o r ) e n v i r o n m e n t . The p l a g i o c l a s e - q u a r t z - b i o t i t e - h o r n b l e n d e g n e i s s e s a l l h ave t h e a s s e m b l a g e h o r n b l e n d e - p l a g i o c l a s e - e p i d o t e -( q u a r t z - b l o t i t e,)' and i n d i c a t e t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s , s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z a n d / o r k y a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s . S m a l l amounts o f s e r i c i t e a r e a r e s u l t o f r e t r o g r e s s i v e metamorphism. The p l a g i o c l a s e - K f e l d s p a r - q u a r t z g n e i s s e s commonly have t h e a s s e m b l a g e q u a r t z - m i c r o c l i n e - p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e -m u s c o v i t e - e p i d o t e , w h i c h i s s t a b l e i n t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z and k y a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s o f t h e a l m a n d i n e amphi-b o l i t e f a c i e s . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g r o c k s o f t h e s i l l i m a n i t e -a l m a n d i n e s u b f a c i e s w o u l d p r o b a b l y c o n t a i n s m a l l amounts o f s i l l i m a n i t e and a l m a n d i n e . No o t h e r s t a b l e a s s e m b l a g e s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e s e r o c k s . S m a l l amounts o f s e r i c i t e and c h l o r i t e , p r e s e n t i n some s e c t i o n s , a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f s l i g h t r e t r o g r e s s i v e metamorphism. The k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t s a l w a y s c o n t a i n q u a r t z , s t a u r o l i t e and m u s c o v i t e and u s u a l l y c o n t a i n p l a g i o c l a s e , k y a n i t e and a l m a n d i n e . When a l m a n d i n e i s p r e s e n t i t i s a l w a y s a c c o m p a n i e d by s m a l l amounts o f c h l o r i t e . T h i s c h l o r i t e i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be a r e s u l t o f r e t r o g r e s s i v e m e t a -morphism. D i s r e g a r d i n g t h e c h l o r i t e , however, o n l y two s p e c i m e n s , w i t h a s s e m b l a g e s q u a r t z - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e -m u s c o v i t e - b i o t i t e and p l a g i o c l a s e - q u a r t z - s t a u r o l i t e - k y a n i t e -m u s c o v i t e r e s p e c t i v e l y , have e q u i l i b r i u m a s s e m b l a g e s . B o t h o f t h e s e a r e s t a b l e i n t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s . A l l t h e o t h e r t h i n s e c t i o n s a n d / o r hand s p e c i m e n s c o n t a i n k y a n i t e , s t a u r o l i t e and a l m a n d i n e . A c c o r d i n g t o T u r n e r and V e r h o o g e n \" S t a u r o l i t e a p p e a r s t o be s t a b l e o v e r a n a r r o w l y l i m i t e d r a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e . A t t h e b o u n d a r y between t h e z o n e s o f s t a u r o l i t e and k y a n i t e , a l m a n d i n e - k y a n i t e becomes a s t a b l e a s s o c i a t i o n a t t h e e xpense o f s t a u r o l i t e . \" 1 9 3 F e A l 4 S i 2 0 l 0 ( O H ) 2 + S i 0 2 ^ F e ^ A l g ( S i O ^ + S A l g S i O ^ + S H ^ O S t a u r o l i t e Q u a r t z A l m a n d i n e K y a n i t e Water K y a n i t e - a l m a n d i n e i s s t a b l e a t a h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e t h a n s t a u r o l i t e . Any a s s e m b l a g e c o n t a i n i n g a l l t h r e e o f t h e s e m i n e r a l s i s p r e s u m a b l y u n s t a b l e , a l t h o u g h g e n e r a l l y i n d i c a t i v e o f a t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s t o t h e k y a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t one s p e c i m e n a l s o c o n t a i n s a few n e e d l e s o f a m i n e r a l t e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d as s i l l i m a n i t e . I f t h i s m i n e r a l i s a c t u a l l y s i l l i m a n i t e , i t s u g g e s t s t h e r e a c t i o n s t a u r o l i t e + q u a r t z ^ a l m a n d i n e + k y a n i t e + w a t e r i s so s l o w t h a t i t . may 19 F . J . T u r n e r , J . V e r h o o g e n , Igneous and M e t a m o r p h i c P e t r o l o g y , ( M c G r a w - H i l l Book C o . I n c . , ) 1951, p. 454. be i n c o m p l e t e when s i l l i m a n i t e b e g i n s t o f o r m . T h e r e a r e two o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t i e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e s t a u r o l i t e - k y a n i t e - a l m a n -d i n e a s s e m b l a g e s . One o f t h e s e i s t h a t t h e s e t h r e e m i n e r a l s a c t u a l l y do f o rm a s t a b l e a s s e m b l a g e . T h i s , however, i s a p p a r e n t l y n o t s u p p o r t e d by any e v i d e n c e f r o m o t h e r d i s t r i c t s . The o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h a t t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e r o c k s i s so v a r i a b l e t h e y may be r e g a r d e d as b e i n g composed o f two s e p a r a t e s y s t e m s , one o f w h i c h has a c o m p o s i t i o n w h i c h r e s u l t s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f k y a n i t e and s t a u r o l i t e and t h e o t h e r a c o m p o s i t i o n w h i c h r e s u l t s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s t a u r o l i t e and a l m a n d i n e . I f t h i s were t h e c a s e t h e s e r o c k s w o u l d a c t u a l l y be s t a b l e i n t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t s i s e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e , as may be s e e n by r e f e r r i n g t o f i g u r e 15. However, i n a t l e a s t one p l a c e ( s e e f i g u r e s 22 and 23) t h e s e t h r e e m i -n e r a l s a r e s e e n a l m o s t i n c o n t a c t w i t h one a n o t h e r , w h i c h i s h a r d l y s u g g e s t i v e o f two s e p a r a t e c o m p o s i t i o n a l s y s t e m s . The q u a r t z i t e s and c a l c a r e o u s q u a r t z i t e s h a v e t h e a s s e m b l a g e q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e - t r e m o l i t e - b i o t i t e - z o i s i t e - s e r i -c i t e . T h i s i s n o t an e q u i l i b r i u m a s s e m b l a g e b u t does c l o s e l y a p p r o a c h t h e a s s e m b l a g e q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e - t r e m o l i t e - e p i d o t e ( z o i s i t e ) , p a r t i c u l a r l y s i n c e b o t h b i o t i t e and s e r i c i t e a r e v e r y s c a r c e c o n s t i t u e n t s . The l a t t e r a s s e m b l a g e i s s t a b l e i n t h e s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z and k y a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s o f t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s . The a s s e m b l a g e o f t h e g r a p h i t i c q u a r t z o - f e l d s p a t h i c 110 s c h i s t s i s commonly q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e - g r a p h i t e - s e r i c i t e -p y r i t e . T r e m o l i t e , b i o t i t e , e p i d o t e , c a l c i t e and d i o p s i d e may be p r e s e n t . None o f t h e t h i n s e c t i o n s h a v e a s t a b l e a s s e m b l a g e , a l t h o u g h t h e i r a s s e m b l a g e s a r e c l o s e t o t h o s e s t a b l e i n t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s . The s i l l i m a n i t e - q u a r t z - p l a g i o c l a s e g n e i s s has t h e a s s e m b l a g e p l a g i o c l a s e - q u a r t z - b i o t i t e - s i l l i m a n i t e - m u s c o v i t e . The s t a b l e a s s e m b l a g e i n t h e s i l l i m a n i t e a l m a n d i n e s u b - f a c i e s i s q u a r t z - m i c r o c l i n e - s i l l i m a n i t e - a l m a n d i n e - ( p l a g i o c l a s e - b i o t i t e ) The p r e s e n c e o f abundant m u s c o v i t e i n p l a c e o f m i c r o c l i n e i n d i c a t e s t h a t e i t h e r t h i s r o c k was n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y h e a t e d t o r e a c h t h i s g r a d e o f metamorphism, o r t h a t l a t e r r e t r o g r e s s -i v e metamorphism has t a k e n p l a c e . The m u s c o v i t e and b i o t i t e a r e a p p a r e n t l y b e i n g r e p l a c e d by t h e s i l l i m a n i t e , s u g g e s t i n g t h e f o r m e r i s t h e c a s e . The a s s e m b l a g e o f t h e c r y s t a l l i n e l i m e s t o n e , c a l c i t e -q u a r t z - f e l d s p a r - m u s c o v i t e - t r e m o l i t e i s a n o n - e q u i l i b r i u m one w h i c h i s , however, a l s o s u g g e s t i v e o f t h e a l m a n d i n e amphi-b o l i t e f a c i e s . The s e r i c i t i c s c h i s t s and r e l a t e d r o c k s , w i t h q u a r t z -p l a g i o c l a s e ( a n d e s i n e ) - e p i d o t e - b i o t i t e - m u s c o v i t e ( s e r i c i t e -c h l o r i t e and s i m i l a r a s s e m b l a g e s , a r e p l a i n l y u n s t a b l e , as t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n d e s i n e i n d i c a t e s t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s o r a h i g h e r g r a d e o f metamorphism, and t h e abundant s e r i c i t e and b i o t i t e t h e g r e e n s c h i s t f a c i e s . T h e i r o c c u r r e n c e i n s h e a r z o n e s and i n t e n s e l y d r a g f o l d e d a r e a s s u g g e s t t h e s e r o c k s I l l were formed by retrogressive metamorphism, probably largely dynamic in nature. The presence of relatively abundant pyrite suggests the presence of sulphur and possibly iron bearing solutions, although there was probably sufficient iron in the original rock to account for i t s forming pyrite. The meta-igneous amphibolites a l l have assemblages similar to those of the majority of the \"plagioclase amphi-bolites\" and also indicate the staurolite-quartz or kyanite-muscovite-quartz sub-facies. To summarize, the rocks of the Ecstall series under-lying Hawkesbury Island have,on the whole, reached the alman-dine amphibolite facies, staurolite-quartz and/or kyanite-muscovite-quartz sub-facies. Locally rocks of slightly higher or lower grade exist, but only one specimen belongs to the sillimanite-almandine sub-facies. Widespread minor retro-gressive metamorphism has taken place, which may be intense locally in shear zones and strongly drag folded areas. (2) Temperature-Pressure Conditions 20 Bowen has given a series of curves for the st a b i l i t y relationships of the various minerals which form during the metamorphism of silicous limestone and dolomite. The assem-blage calcite, tremolite and quartz, found in thin section #13-4, is stable between 100° C and 200° C at 1 atmosphere, 20 N.L.Bowen, \"Progressive Metamorphism of Siliceous Limestone and Dolomite,\" Jour. Geol. 48 (1940), p. 256. 112 between 475° C and 525° C at 500 atmospheres and between 540° C and 560° C at 1800 atmospheres, estimated from these curves. Increase in pressure above 1800 atmospheres has l i t t l e effect on the temperature boundaries of the st a b i l i t y f i e l d . ?1 F.G. Smith determined the decrepitation temper-atures of 23 specimens of almandine garnets and found that their temperature of crystallization averaged 607° C and had a total range of 463° C to 707° C. A pressure correction must be made but Smith feels this is small. 22 Barth gives a figure showing the temperature of formation of equilibrium assemblages containing epidote and plagioclase of various anorthite contents. On the basis of his figures the temperature of formation of the rocks is equil-ibrium on Hawkesbury Island ranges from 395° C to 420° C. However, this figure is based on the assumption that epidote group minerals are unstable above 450° C. Clinozoisite has been observed forming at 600° C and 12,000 atmospheres and epidote has recently been synthesized at 900° C so that i t is obvious his figures must be considerably revised. Turner, Verhoogen and Fyfe place the upper limit of o 24 the greenschist facies at about 400 C and suggest that i f 21 F.G.Smith, \"Decrepitation Characteristics of Garnet\" American Mineralogist, Vol. 37 (1952), pp. 470-491. 22 T.F.W.Barth, Theoretical Petrology, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952), p. 285. 23 W.S.Fyfe, F.J.Turner, J. Verhoogen, Metamorphic red-actions and Metamorphic Facies, G.S.A. Mem. 73, 1958, pp 165-166 24 Ibid., p. 173 113 t h i s i s due t o d e p t h o f b u r i a l a l o n e l o a d p r e s s u r e s o f 3000 t o 4000 b a r s s h o u l d p r e v a i l . The a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s p r e s u m a b l y forms a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . Due t o a l a c k o f knowledge o f t h e s t a b i l i t y f i e l d s o f h o r n b l e n d e , k y a n i t e and s i l l i m a n i t e i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o g i v e any d e f i n i t e f i g u r e s b a s e d on t h e s e m i n e r a l s . I t i s s t a t e d by T u r n e r , V e r h o o g e n and F y f e t h a t f o r t h e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s \" i t w o u l d seem t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e - t e m p e r a t u r e f i e l d i s e x t e n s i v e . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f g a r n e t s , t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f s i l l i m a n i t e and a n d a l u s i t e , and t h e marked p r e v a l e n c e o f h y d r o u s m i n e r a l s .... c o n -s t i t u t e s t r o n g e v i d e n c e p o i n t t o p r e s s u r e s and t e m p e r a t u r e s l o w e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e g r a n u l i t e f a c i e s . Water p r e s s u r e s a r e h i g h enough t o a l l o w h y d r a t e d s i l i c a t e s t o c r y s t a l l i z e . A t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e o f w a t e r , i n c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e a l o n e w i l l l e a d t o a t r a n s i t i o n f r o m a m p h i b o l i t e t o h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e g r a n u l i t e and e v e n t u a l l y t o p y r o x e n e g r a n u l i t e . A t c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e , i n t h e h i g h p r e s s u r e r a n g e , a f a l l i n t h e w a t e r p r e s s u r e m i g h t i n d u c e t r a n s i t i o n o f a m p h i b o l i t e t o g r a n u l i t e , and i n l o w e r p r e s s u r e r e g i o n s t o p y r o x e n e h o r n s f e l s . \" 2 5 I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e v a r i o u s s u b - f a c i e s t h e y s t a t e 'From t h e meager p h y s i c a l d a t a a v a i l a b l e i t i s t e n t a t i v e l y c o n j e c t u r e d t h a t t h e s i l l i m a n i t e - a l m a n -d i n e s u b - f a c i e s c o r r e s p o n d s t o m a x i m a l t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s . From i t s f i e l d r e -l a t i o n s h i p s t o t h e s t a u r o l i t e - k y a n i t e s u b - f a c i e s , i t m i g h t r e a s o n a b l y be i n f e r r e d t h a t l o a d p r e s s u r e s o f t h e two a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same'.'20 To sum up, t h e p o s s i b l e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e f o r t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e s i s p r o b a b l y 400° C t o 700+°C and p r e s s u r e c o n d i t i o n s a r e unknown. The a s s e m b l a g e i n t h i n 25 T u r n e r , V e r h o o g e n and F y f e , op. c i t . , p. 170 26 I b i d . , p. 166 114 s e c t i o n #13-4 ( l i m e s t o n e ) s u g g e s t s t h i s r o c k was metamor-p h o s e d a t under 600° C. The above d i s c u s s i o n l a r g e l y i g n o r e s Y o d e r 1 s work, i n w h i c h he c l a i m e d t o have p r o d u c e d a s s e m b l a g e s s u p p o s e d l y b e l o n g i n g t o a number o f f a c i e s a t 600° C and 15000 p s i w a t e r 27 p r e s s u r e ( a b o u t 1000 b a r s ) . T u r n e r , V e r h o o g e n and F y f e f i n d most o f Y o d e r ' s s t a t e m e n t s u n a c c e p t a b l e , and g i v e d e t a i l e d r e a s o n s f o r t h i s , b u t t h e y s t a t e he has s u c c e s s f u l l y shown t h a t t h e b o u n d a r y between t h e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s and p y r o x e n e h o r n f e l s f a c i e s a t 600° C i s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e w a t e r p r e s s u r e , a f a c t o f g r e a t s i g n i f i c a n c e t o m e t a m o r p h i c p e t r o l o g y . THE CAUSES OF METAMORPHISM The p r e c e e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n has shown t h a t t h e r o c k s o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d were metamorphosed u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f r a i s e d t e m p e r a t u r e and p r o b a b l y o f s t r o n g c o m p r e s s i v e f o r c e s . I t a l s o seems p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e s e r o c k s , w h i c h seem t o be e u g e o s y n c l i n a l s e q u e n c e , have been c a r r i e d t o a g r e a t d e p t h a t some t i m e d u r i n g t h e o r o g e n y o r o r o g e n i e s w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e P a c i f i c g e o s y n c l i n e and t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s . I t wou l d seem t h e r e a r e two p o s s i b l e c a u s e s o f metamorphism. One o f t h e s e i s t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d deep b u r i a l , w h i c h was p r e s u m a b l y a c c o m p a n i e d by r a i s e d tempera-27 I b i d . , p 19-20 115 t u r e s and p r e s s u r e s . The o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e r m a l metamorphism due t o t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s , a c c o m p a n i e d by s t r o n g c o m p r e s s i o n due t o some o t h e r c a u s e -. The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s were p r o d u c e d by g r a n i -t i z a t i o n i n s i t u o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s a t d e p t h i s d i s -r e g a r d e d b e c a u s e t h e f o r m e r r o c k s have a n o b v i o u s l y i n t r u s i v e c h a r a c t e r . T h i s i s d i s c u s s e d more f u l l y i n c h a p t e r TV w h i c h d e a l s w i t h t h e i g n e o u s r o c k s . I f t h e metamorphism i s due t o t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s t h e s e must have been i n t r u d e d d u r i n g a p e r i o d o f s t r o n g c o m p r e s s i o n . The w r i t e r does n o t f e e l t h i s has o c c u r r e d as (1) t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s o f t h e map a r e a l a c k any s t r o n g f o l i a t i o n o r g r a n u l a t i o n w h i c h i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o c o m p r e s s i o n d u r i n g emplacement (2) t h e r e does n o t seem t o be any marked t e n d e n c y f o r e l o n g a t i o n o f t h e p l u t o n s p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l -i a t i o n o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s i . e . p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f maximum c o m p r e s s i o n d u r i n g t h e i r p e r i o d o f f o r m a t i o n (3) dykes o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s s e r i e s a p p e a r t o have e s s e n t i a l l y random o r i e n t a t i o n (4) t h e r e i s l i t t l e e v i d e n c e o f a d i f f e r e n c e i n m e t a m o r p h i c g r a d e n e a r t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s , and s u c h e v i d e n c e as i s p r e s e n t i s c o m p a t a b l e w i t h t h e r m a l metamorphism o f p r e v i o u s l y d y n a m o t h e r m a l l y metamorphosed r o c k s . S u c h g r a n u l a t i o n and f r a c t u r i n g o f q u a r t z and f e l d -s p a r as i s p r e s e n t i n t h e s e r o c k s i s much more i n t e n s e n e a r t h e c o n t a c t s o f t h e i n t r u s i o n s and becomes v e r y weak away f r o m t h e c o n t a c t s . I t i s most l i k e l y t h i s f e a t u r e was d e v e l o p e d 116 d u r i n g i n t r u s i o n o f a p a r t i a l l y s o l i d i f i e d magma i . e . i s n o t a t t r i b u t a b l e t o c o m p r e s s i o n d u r i n g emplacement. The o n l y e v i d e n c e o f a d i f f e r e n c e i n m e t a m o r p h i c g r a d e n e a r t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s a r e (1) t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f d i o p s i d e - b e a r i n g a m p h i b o l i t e s w i t h i n 200 t o 300 f e e t o f t h e Denva and S i d e b a c o n Lake p l u t o n s and (2) t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a s i l l i m a n i t e - b e a r i n g r o c k some 13,000 f e e t f r o m t h e S i d e b a c o n Lake p l u t o n . O t h e r samples o f a m p h i b o l i t e f r o m a l m o s t as c l o s e t o t h e p l u t o n s , i . e . a b o u t 500 f e e t , a r e n o r m a l h o r n -b l e n d e - b i o t i t e a m p h i b o l i t e s , s o t h a t t h e h i g h e r g r a d e amphi-b o l i t e s , e v e n i f t h e y f o r m a zone a r o u n d t h e p l u t o n , a r e m i n o r i n e x t e n t . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e age r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e h o r n b l e n d e and d i o p s i d e i n t h e d i o p s i d e - b e a r i n g a m phi-b o l i t e s i s n o t c l e a r , so t h a t i t i s n o t known w h e t h e r t h i s l o c a l i z e d h i g h e r g r a d e o f metamorphism was p r o d u c e d d u r i n g t h e m a j o r p e r i o d o f metamorphism o r i s l a t e r s u p e r i m p o s e d t h e r m a l metamorphism. The k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t s , t h e l o w e r g r a d e e q u i v a l e n t s o f t h e s i l l i m a n i t e - b e a r i n g r o c k s , o u t c r o p w i t h i n a b o u t 4,000 f e e t o f t h e B e a v e r V a l l e y p l u t o n and w i t h i n some 15,000 f e e t o f t h e S i d e b a c o n Lake p l u t o n , so t h a t t h e one known o u t c r o p o f s i l l i m a n i t e b e a r i n g r o c k s c a n h a r d l y be r e g a r d e d as p r o o f o f h i g h e r g r a d e metamorphism n e a r p l u t o n s . To summarize, t h e r e does n o t seem t o be -any s t r o n g p o s i t i v e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s , a c c o m p a n i e d by c o m p r e s s i o n due t o some o t h e r c a u s e , were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e metamorphism o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s r o c k s . The w r i t e r f e e l s i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e y were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r most o f t h e metamorphism, a l t h o u g h t h e d i o p s i d e - b e a r i n g a m p h i b o l i t e s (and s i l l i m a n i t e - b e a r i n g r o c k s ? ) may be t h e r e s u l t s o f l a t e r s u p e r i m p o s e d t h e r m a l metamorphism. I t w o u l d seem t h a t t h e metamorphism o f t h e r o c k s o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s i s p r o b a b l y due t o deep b u r i a l o f t h e s e r o c k s i n a h i g h p r e s s u r e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e e n v i r o n m e n t d u r i n g o r o g e n y . T h i s must have o c c u r r e d p r i o r t o t h e i n t r u s i o n o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s , as i f t h e s e were o l d e r t h e y s h o u l d show much e v i d e n c e o f c o m p r e s s i o n . The C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s may be r e l a t e d t o a l a t e r p h a s e o f t h i s o r o g e n y o r p o s s i b l y t o a s e p a r a t e o r o g e n y . CHAPTER IV THE IGNEOUS ROCKS PETROLOGY OF THE COAST INTRUSIONS The r o c k s o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s on Hawkesbury I s l a n d have c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n i n c o m p o s i t i o n . D i o r i t e , quartz,, d i o r i t e , g r a n o d i o r i t e , m o n z o n i t e and q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e (adam-e l l i t e ) a r e a l l p r e s e n t i n t h e m a j o r i n t r u s i v e b o d i e s . The dykes and s i l l s examined a r e m a i n l y q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e o r g r a n o d i o r i t e . I n a d d i t i o n q u a r t z - K f e l d s p a r p e g m a t i t e s a r e common. The dykes and p e g m a t i t e s i n t r u d e t h e p l u t o n s and a r e i n p a r t a t l e a s t , d e f i n i t e l y y o u n g e r t h a n them. The N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n p r e s u m a b l y p a r t o f t h e m a r g i n o f one o f t h e m a j o r b a t h o l i t h i c masses o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g . I t c o n s i s t s o f a 4 0 0 0 - f o o t w i d e band o f d i o r i t e and q u a r t z d i o r i t e t o t h e s o u t h w h i c h grade i n t o q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e t o t h e n o r t h . The d i o r i t e - q u a r t z d i o r i t e r o c k s a r e c o a r s e t o m e d i u m - g r a i n e d d a r k g r e y r o c k s w i t h a p r o n o u n c e d f o l i a t i o n a n d / o r l i n e a t i o n i n o u t c r o p . T h i s f o l i a t i o n o r l i n e a t i o n i s due t o a s u b - p a r a l l e l a l i g n m e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l h o r n b l e n d e c r y s t a l s , b i o t i t e f l a k e s , c l o t s o f m a f i c s and i n c l u s i o n s o f m a f i c - r i c h r o c k . The l a t t e r r e s e m b l e p l a g i o c l a s e amphi-b o l i t e . T h i s i s a c o n t a m i n a t e d b o r d e r f a c i e s o f t h e b a t h o l i t h . The f o l i a t i o n i s p a r a l l e l t o b o t h t h e m a r g i n o f t h e b a t h o l i t h and t h e s t r i k e o f E c s t a l l s e r i e s r o c k s i m m e d i a t e l y t o t h e s o u t h , so t h a t i t i s n o t known w h e t h e r i t i s a r e s u l t o f f l o w b a n d i n g f o r m e d d u r i n g i n j e c t i o n o f a p a r t i a l l y c r y s t a l l i z e d magma o r o f g r a n i t i z a t i o n and p a r t i a l a s s i m i l a t i o n o f t h e r o c k s o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s . S i m i l a r c l o t s and i n c l u s i o n s o f p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e i n t h e Danva p l u t o n a r e s u b - p a r a l l e l t o t h e s t r i k e o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e n e a r t h e p l u t o n and, i n some p l a c e s , n e a r l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e m a r g i n o f t h e p l u t o n . T h e s e must have formed by p a r t i a l a s s i m i l a t i o n o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e a m p h i b o l i t e o f t h i s a r e a . However, t h e g r a n u l a t i o n o f t h e s e r o c k s s u b - p a r a l l e l t o t h e i r c o n t a c t s and a weak l i n e a t i o n i n t h e q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e seem t o be r e s u l t s o f f l o w . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e d i o r i t e - q u a r t z d i o r i t e g r o u p i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 p e r c e n t t o 70 p e r c e n t p l a g i o c l a s e , 8 t o 15 p e r c e n t q u a r t z , 8 t o 20 p e r c e n t h o r n b l e n d e , 5 t o 17 p e r c e n t b i o t i t e w i t h m i n o r a p a t i t e , s p h e n e , z i r c o n , o p a q u e s , c h l o r i t e , e p i d o t e , a l l a n i t e and s e r i c i t e . No K f e l d s p a r was n o t e d i n t h i n s e c t i o n o r by u s i n g s t a i n i n g t e s t s . I t may be p r e s e n t i n v e r y s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e s however. The m a f i c p e r -c e n t a g e may be much h i g h e r l o c a l l y t h a n t h a t r e c o r d e d a b o v e . I n t h i n s e c t i o n p l a g i o c l a s e i s s e e n commonly t o be a n h e d r a l o r s u b h e d r a l , a l t h o u g h o c c a s i o n a l l y e u h e d r a l , and t o v a r y g r e a t l y i n g r a i n s i z e . Q u a r t z i s f o u n d as s m a l l a n h e d r a l g r a i n s i n t e r s t i t i a l t o t h e p l a g i o c l a s e . H o r n b l e n d e o c c u r s i n 120 l a r g e g e n e r a l l y s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s some o f w h i c h have s i e v e t e x t u r e . B i o t i t e i s f o u n d as s m a l l s u b h e d r a l p l a t e y g r a i n s . T h e r e i s u s u a l l y e x t e n s i v e g r a n u l a t i o n o f t h e q u a r t z and f e l d s p a r . P l a g i o c l a s e has a c o m p o s i t i o n o f A n ^ £ t o An^g (medium a n d e s i n e ) . T h i s was d e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r i n g X A 010 f o r s e c t i o n s _La a n d , i n one c a s e , by measurements on a C a r l s b a d - a l b i t e t w i n . Complex t w i n n i n g i s common a l t h o u g h C a r l s b a d - a l b i t e c o m b i n -a t i o n s a r e r a r e . Zoned f e l d s p a r s a r e v e r y r a r e , w h i c h i s u n u s u a l i n r o c k s o f t h i s n a t u r e . The z o n i n g i s o f t h e r e v e r s e t y p e i n one g r a i n t h e c o r e b e i n g a b o u t A n ^ and t h e r i m An^Q. H o r n b l e n d e i s b i a x i a l n e g a t i v e . Z A c e q u a l s 22° - 23° and t h e p l e o c h r o i c f o r m u l a i s X - p a l e y e l l o w , Y - g r e e n , and Z - deep g r e e n t o b r o w n i s h g r e e n . S i m p l e t w i n s on 100 a r e v e r y common. B i o t i t e i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m d a r k brown t o s t r a w . I t i s o c c a s i o n a l l y a l t e r e d t o a c h l o r i t e w i t h anomalous deep b l u e i n t e r f e r e n c e c o l o r s , p o s s i b l y p e n n i n e . The commonest v a r i e t y o f e p i d o t e p r e s e n t i s p i s t a c i t e . I t i s s t r o n g l y p l e o c h r o i c f r o m y e l l o w t o c o l o r l e s s , h i g h l y b i r e f r i n g e n t , and b i a x i a l n e g a t i v e w i t h a l a r g e 2V. The p i s t a c i t e o c c a s i o n a l l y e n c l o s e d c o r e s o f a l l a n i t e w i t h t h e same c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n b u t d i f f e r e n t e x t i n c t i o n p o s i t i o n . The a l l a n i t e i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m^deep brown t o c o l o r l e s s . T h e s e m i n e r a l s o c c u r as s m a l l s u b h e d r a l o r a n h e d r a l g r a i n s . 121 S e r i c i t e , n e v e r i n amounts o f g r e a t e r t h a n 1 p e r c e n t , i s p r e s e n t as s m a l l f l a k e s and f e l t y masses i n most p l a g i o -c l a s e g r a i n s . A c c e s s o r y m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t i n c l u d e a p a t i t e , s p h e n e , z i r c o n and o p a ques. A p a t i t e i s f o u n d as v e r y s m a l l s u b h e d r a l o r e u h e d r a l p r i s m s o f low b i r e f r i n g e n c e and l e n g t h f a s t c h a r -a c t e r . Sphene and z i r c o n o c c u r as somewhat l a r g e r g r a i n s , t h e f o r m e r as a n h e d r a l g r a n u l e s and s u b h e d r a l t o e u h e d r a l wedge shaped c r y s t a l s w h i c h a r e w e a k l y p l e o c h r o i c f r o m p a l e brown t o c o l o r l e s s , and t h e l a t t e r as s u b h e d r a l s q u a r i s h c r y s t a l s o f u n i a x i a l p o s i t i v e c h a r a c t e r . Opaques a r e f o u n d as a n -h e d r a l g r a i n s and s u b h e d r a l c r y s t a l s o f c u b i c s h a p e , and a r e p r o b a b l y m a i n l y m a g n e t i t e o r p y r i t e . T h e y a r e v e r y uncommon i n t h e s e r o c k s . The q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e o f t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n i s medium t o c o a r s e - g r a i n e d and i s p i n k i n c o l o r . I t commonly has a v e r y weak f o l i a t i o n . I t s c o m p o s i t i o n a v e r a g e s 39 p e r c e n t p l a g i o c l a s e , 27 p e r c e n t K f e l d s p a r , 27 p e r c e n t q u a r t z , 1 t o 2 p e r c e n t h o r n b l e n d e , 2 p e r c e n t b i o t i t e , 1 t o 2 p e r c e n t c h l o r i t e and l e s s t h a n 1 p e r c e n t o f e p i d o t e , a l l a n i t e , s e r i c i t e , a p a t i t e z i r c o n , sphene and o p a q u e s . I n t h i n s e c t i o n p l a g i o c l a s e i s commonly e u h e d r a l o r s u b h e d r a l b u t may o c c u r i n m y r m e k i t e s as a n h e d r a l g r a i n s c o n -t a i n i n g v e r m i c u l a r q u a r t z . I t i s commonly i n l a r g e r g r a i n s t h a n t h e o t h e r m i n e r a l s . Q u a r t z i s a n h e d r a l and i n t e r s t i t i a l . 122 K f e l d s p a r i s f o u n d i n l a r g e s u b h e d r a l o r a n h e d r a l g r a i n s w i t h f r i n g e s o f m y r m e k i t e . B i o t i t e and h o r n b l e n d e a r e f o u n d a s s m a l l s u b h e d r a l g r a i n s . A n e x t r e m e l y weak l i n e a t i o n i s p r e s e n t due t o a weak s u b - p a r a l l e l o r i e n t a t i o n o f b i o t i t e and h o r n -b l e n d e . Q u a r t z commonly has u n d u l a t o r y e x t i n c t i o n and t h e f e l d s p a r s may be f r a c t u r e d , b u t t h e e x t e n s i v e g r a n u l a t i o n common i n t h e q u a r t z d i o r i t e - d i o r i t e i s l a c k i n g . D e s p i t e t h e weak f o l i a t i o n and some d e f o r m a t i o n t h e t e x t u r e i s e s s e n t i a l l y h y p i d i o m o r p h i c g r a n u l a r . P l a g i o c l a s e has a c o m p o s i t i o n o f An^Q t o An^g* Complex t w i n s a r e common, i n c l u d i n g a few o f t h e C a r l s b a d - a l b i t e t y p e . Z o n i n g i s a p p a r e n t l y a b s e n t . The K f e l d s p a r p r e s e n t u s u a l l y h as w e a k l y d e v e l o p e d g r i d t w i n n i n g and so i s m i c r o c l i n e i n p a r t a t l e a s t . No C a r l s b a d t w i n s were n o t e d . H o r n b l e n d e and b i o t i t e a r e t h e same t y p e s as t h o s e f o u n d i n t h e d i o r i t e - q u a r t z d i o r i t e . T h e y a r e b o t h rimmed and r e p l a c e d by a c h l o r i t e w i t h d a r k p u r p l i s h anomalous i n t e r f e r e n c e c o l o r s . A p a t i t e , s p h e n e , z i r c o n and t h e opaques p r e s e n t a r e a l s o t h e same t y p e s as t h o s e f o u n d i n t h e d i o r i t e - q u a r t z d i o r i t e r o c k s . The s p h e n e , however, i s u s u a l l y e u h e d r a l and may be i n e x t r e m e l y l a r g e g r a i n s . I t commonly e n c l o s e s ' opaque c o r e s w h i c h may be i l m e n i t e . The e p i d o t e g r o u p m i n e r a l s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t -i n g i n t h e s e r o c k s . T hey c o n s i s t o f p i s t a c i t e and a l l a n i t e . 123 The a l l a n i t e may f o r m t h e c e n t r e o f t h e g r a i n and have a m a r g i n o f p i s t a c i t e , o r o c c u r a s i r r e g u l a r p a t c h e s i n t h e p i s t a c i t e o r as s e p a r a t e g r a i n s . P i s t a c i t e i s b i a x i a l n e g a t i v e , s t r o n g l y b i r e f r i n g e n t , and may be i n t e n s e l y p l e o c h r o i c f r o m b r i g h t y e l l o w t o c o l o r l e s s , o r w e a k l y p l e o c h r o i c . A l l a n i t e i s a l w a y s s t r o n g l y p l e o c h r o i c f r o m d a r k brown t o l i g h t brown. E p i d o t e may o c c u r i n a n h e d r a l , s u b h e d r a l , o r e u h e d r a l g r a i n s . S e r i c i t e i s much more common i n t h e s e r o c k s t h a n i n t h e d i o r i t e - q u a r t z d i o r i t e . I t o c c u r s n o t o n l y as f e l t y masses t h r o u g h o u t t h e f e l d s p a r g r a i n s b u t a l s o o c c a s i o n a l l y i n f r a c t u r e s i n t h e s e g r a i n s . The Danva p l u t o n has a w i d e v a r i a t i o n i n c o m p o s i t i o n . Of t h e f o u r t h i n s e c t i o n s s t u d i e d two a r e m o n z o n i t e , one i s q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e and one i s g r a n o d i o r i t e . I n a d d i t i o n a v e r y n a r r o w b o r d e r p h a s e , s i m i l a r t o t h e q u a r t z d i o r i t e -d i o r i t e o f t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n , i s p r e s e n t . I n b o t h hand s p e c i m e n and t h i n s e c t i o n t h e s e r o c k s a r e t e x t u r a l l y and m i n e r a l o g i c a l l y , e x c e p t f o r a d i f f e r e n c e i n p r o p o r t i o n s , a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l t o t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n q u a r t m o n z o n i t e . The m o n z o n i t e has t h e f o l l o w i n g a v e r a g e c o m p o s i t i o n : p l a g i o c l a s e 55 p e r c e n t , K f e l d s p a r 35 p e r c e n t , q u a r t z 5 p e r c e n t and l e s s t h a n 1 p e r c e n t e a c h o f c h l o r i t e , s e r i c i t e , b i o t i t e , h o r n b l e n d e , e p i d o t e , a l l a n i t e , s p h e ne, a p a t i t e , z i r c o n and opaques. The p l a g i o c l a s e i s A n ^ 2 t o A n ^ , d e t e r -mined by m e a s u r i n g X '/vOlO f o r s e c t i o n s i . a. Complex t w i n s a r e r a t h e r uncommon and no z o n i n g i s p r e s e n t . The q u a r t z monzon-124 i t e has 50 p e r c e n t p l a g i o c l a s e , 30 p e r c e n t m i c r o c l i n e , 15 p e r c e n t q u a r t z , and t h e same m i n o r m i n e r a l s as t h e monzon-i t e . I t s p l a g i o c l a s e has a c o m p o s i t i o n o f A n ^ d e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r i n g X ^ O I O f o r s e c t i o n s X a. A p a r t f r o m t h e s e f e a t u r e s t h i s r o c k i s i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e m o n z o n i t e . The g r a n o d i o r i t e h a s 55 p e r c e n t p l a g i o c l a s e , 15 p e r c e n t m i c r o c l i n e and 25 p e r c e n t q u a r t z and t h e same m i n o r m i n e r a l s as t h e above r o c k s . The p l a g i o c l a s e p r e s e n t i s An^Q, d e t e r m i n e d f o r a C a r l s b a d - a l b i t e t w i n . The B e a v e r Lake p l u t o n has n o t b e e n s t u d i e d i n d e t a i l . I n o u t c r o p , i n hand s p e c i m e n , and i n t h i n s e c t i o n , t h i s r o c k i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e r o c k s o f t h e Danva p l u t o n and t o t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e . The o n l y t h i n s e c t i o n s t u d i e d i s q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e w i t h 40 p e r c e n t p l a g i o -c l a s e , 38 p e r c e n t m i c r o c l i n e , 20 p e r c e n t q u a r t z and l e s s t h a n 1 p e r c e n t o f e a c h o f b i o t i t e , a p a t i t e , c h l o r i t e , and s e r i c i t e . No sphene, z i r c o n , o p a q u e s , o r e p i d o t e g r o u p m i n e r -a l s a r e p r e s e n t . The t e x t u r e i s h y p i d i o m o r p h i c g r a n u l a r w i t h l i t t l e e v i d e n c e o f d e f o r m a t i o n . The m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t a l l have t h e same p r o p e r t i e s as t h o s e i n t h e q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e o f t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n . C o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e i s An^o? b a s e d on m e a s u r i n g N x ' f o r c l e a v a g e f r a g m e n t s . The S i d e b a c o n L a k e p l u t o n i s a l s o i n a d e q u a t e l y s t u d i e d . I t seems t o be composed o f r o c k s i m i l a r t o t h e g r a n o d i o r i t e -q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e - m o n z o n i t e o f t h e o t h e r l a r g e m a s s e s . The o n l y t h i n s e c t i o n examined c o n t a i n s 45 p e r c e n t p l a g i o c l a s e , 125 20 p e r c e n t m i c r o c l i n e , 25 p e r c e n t q u a r t z , 5 p e r c e n t b i o t i t e , 2 p e r c e n t e p i d o t e and l e s s t h a n 1 p e r c e n t o f e a c h o f h o r n -b l e n d e , a p a t i t e , z i r c o n , s p h e n e , o p a q u e s , c h l o r i t e and s e r i -c i t e . T h i s i s a q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e b u t i s v e r y c l o s e t o t h e c o m p o s i t i o n b o u n d a r y between g r a n o d i o r i t e and q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e . The r o c k i s e s s e n t i a l l y h y p i d i o r m o r p h i c g r a n u l a r w i t h o u t any d i r e c t i o n a l t e x t u r e s . Q u a r t z commonly has u n d u l a t o r y ex-t i n c t i o n and t h e f e l d s p a r s may be f r a c t u r e d and b i o t i t e b e n t , b u t d e f o r m a t i o n i s q u i t e m i n o r . The p l a g i o c l a s e o f t h i s r o c k has a c o m p o s i t i o n o f A n ^ b a s e d on d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f N x> f o r c l e a v a g e f r a g m e n t s . I t i s n o t z o n e d . B i o t i t e i s p l e o c h r o i c f r o m g r e e n i s h brown t o c o l o r l e s s . The e p i d o t e i s n o t q u i t e as s t r o n g l y p l e o c h r o i c as t h a t o f t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e b u t does show d i s t i n c t y e l l o w t o c o l o r l e s s p l e o c h r o i s m . The o t h e r m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t a l l have t h e same p r o p e r t i e s as t h o s e i n t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e . The dykes b e l o n g i n g t o t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s a r e v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h e l a r g e r b o d i e s , a l t h o u g h t h e y t e n d t o be f i n e r g r a i n e d . Many a r e a p l i t e s . T h e i r t e x t u r e i s commonly h y p i d i o m o r p h i c g r a n u l a r . T h ey commonly l a c k f o l i a t i o n b u t may be s t r o n g l y g r a n u l a t e d , p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t i n g i n t r u s i o n i n p a r t l y c r y s t a l l i n e f o r m . T h e i r c o m p o s i t i o n r a n g e s f r o m g r a n o -d i o r i t e t o q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e . The same m a j o r and m i n o r m i n e r a l s a r e p r e s e n t as t h o s e i n t h e p l u t o n s . An i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e s e dykes i s t h a t most o f them c o n t a i n numerous i n c l u s -F i g u r e 38. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f q u a r t z d i o r i t e f r o m t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n . P l a i n l i g h t X24. The r a g g e d b i o t i t e , h o r n b l e n d e and m i n o r e p i d o t e a r e p r o b a b l y due t o a s s i m i -l a t i o n o f c o u n t r y r o c k . F i g u r e 39. P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h o f q u a r t z d i o r i t e f r o m t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n . P o l a r i z e d l i g h t X24. As F i g u r e 29. 1 2 7 Figure 40. Photomicrograph of monzonite from the Danva pluton. Polarized light X24. Microcline, plagio-clase, quartz and myrmekite are present. Figure 41. Photomicrograph of granodiorite. Plain light X24. A contaminated dyke containing biotite, horn-blende, epidote and sphene. 128 i o n s o f c o u n t r y r o c k i n v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f d i g e s t i o n , and i n c o n s e q u e n c e t h i n s e c t i o n s may be crowded w i t h s u c h m i n e r a l s as h o r n b l e n d e , b i o t i t e and e p i d o t e , and c o n t a i n some a l m a n -d i n e , a l l o f w h i c h have r e s i s t e d d i g e s t i o n . The p e g m a t i t e s c o n s i s t o f q u a r t z , K f e l d s p a r and i n some c a s e s b i o t i t e o r p a l e g r e e n i s h m u s c o v i t e . S m a l l e u h e d r a l i g a r n e t s ' were f o u n d i n one p e g m a t i t e . The q u a r t z and K f e l d -s p a r a r e commonly f o u n d i n g r a p h i c i n t e r g r o w t h s . The K f e l d s p a r i s u s u a l l y w h i t e and t h e q u a r t z g l a s s y and c o l o r l e s s . B i o t i t e and m u s c o v i t e a r e f o u n d as s m a l l s c a t t e r e d f l a k e s * O c c a s i o n a l l y m u s c o v i t e o c c u r s as \" b o o k s \" o f m i c a up t o 2 i n c h e s t h i c k and 4 i n c h e s a c r o s s . The g a r n e t i s a deep r e d t y p e s i m i l a r i n a p p e a r a n c e t o t h e g a r n e t s o f t h e meta -m o r p h i c r o c k s . I t may have b e e n f o r m e d f r o m m a t e r i a l a s s i m i l -a t e d f r o m t h e w a l l r o c k . ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE COAST INTRUSIONS The g r a n i t i c r o c k s o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d o c c u r i n m a i n -l y d i s c o r d a n t b o d i e s . The b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e p l u t o n s a r e i n some p l a c e s n e a r l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e f o l i a t i o n o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . The dykes and p e g m a t i t e s a r e g e n e r a l l y o f random o r i e n t a t i o n and i n t r u d e t h e p l u t o n s , so t h a t t h e y c a n n o t be r e g a r d e d as e v i d e n c e o f p a r t i a l g r a n i t i z a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y r o c k . The b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e p l u t o n s and d y k e s a r e q u i t e s h a r p and n o t d i f f u s e i n n a t u r e . T h e r e a r e many x e n o l i t h s i n t h e m a r g i n a l p a r t s o f t h e p l u t o n s and i n t h e d y k e s . 129 T h e s e x e n o l i t h s a p p e a r t o have t h e same o r i e n t a t i o n as t h e same r o c k t y p e o u t s i d e t h e p l u t o n s and d y k e s . T h e s e f e a t u r e s a p a r t f r o m t h e x e n o l i t h s , i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s o f t h i s a r e a a r e t r u l y i n t r u s i v e i n c h a r a c t e r and a r e n o t p r o d u c t s o f g r a n i t i z a t i o n i n s i t u . However, t h e x e n o l i t h s show t h e y have a s s i m i l a t e d a good d e a l o f c o u n t r y r o c k w i t h -out d i s p l a c i n g i t t o any g r e a t e x t e n t . T h i s a s s i m i l a t i o n i s m a r g i n a l i n t h e c a s e o f t h e p l u t o n s and may be c o n s i d e r e d t o be a c o n t a c t e f f e c t . The two m a i n modes o f o r i g i n c u r r e n t l y f a v o r e d f o r g r a n i t i c r o c k s o f d e f i n i t e l y i n t r u s i v e c h a r a c t e r a r e (1) s e l e c t i v e f u s i o n o f p r e v i o u s l y s o l i d i f i e d r o c k s c a r r i e d t o d e p t h and i n t r u s i o n o f t h e f u s e d f r a c t i o n and (2) t h e f o r -m a t i o n o f a g r a n i t i c magma by d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f a b a s a l t i c magma. The p r o d u c t s o f e i t h e r o f t h e s e p r o c e s s e s w o u l d p r o b a b l y be i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e . A t any r a t e , t h e w r i t e r has f o u n d no e v i d e n c e i n t h e map a r e a s u p p o r t i n g one o f t h e s e v i e w s a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r and w i l l n o t d i s c u s s t h i s p o i n t any f u r t h e r . OTHER INTRUSIONS (1) C a r b o n a t i z e d A n d e s i t i c ( ? ) Roc k s T h i s r o c k t y p e was n o t e d o n l y i n West T r e n c h b r o o k , a t e l e v a t i o n 390 f e e t . H e r e i t o c c u r s as a b o u d i n and has a t o t a l known e x t e n t o f some llO f e e t by 3 f e e t . A l t h o u g h t h e b r o o k f l o w s a l o n g s t r i k e no o t h e r b o u d i n s were n o t e d . i I n hand s p e c i m e n t h i s i s a p a l e b r o w n i s h g r e y a p h a n -I 130 i t i c r o c k v e i n e d by numerous c a l c i t e - f i l l e d f r a c t u r e s . I t w e a t h e r s t o a p a l e b r o w n i s h c o l o r . I n t h i n s e c t i o n i t i s f o u n d t o c o n s i s t o f a v e r y f i n e - g r a i n e d groundmass composed m a i n l y o f p l a g i o c l a s e w i t h m i n o r opaques, i s o t r o p i c m a t e r i a l ( g l a s s ? ) and a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t s . No q u a r t z o r K f e l d s p a r was n o t e d . A few l a r g e p h e n o c r y s t s c o m p l e t e l y r e p l a c e d by c a l c i t e a n d / o r a f i n e a g g r e g a t e o f u n i d e n t i f i e d m a t e r i a l a l s o o c c u r . Numerous v e i n s o f c a l c i t e and m i n o r q u a r t z a r e p r e s e n t . One a p a t i t e c r y s t a l was s e e n i n a c a l c i t e v e i n . The p l a g i o c l a s e o f t h e groundmass o c c u r s as l a t h -l i k e g r a i n s i n t e r w o v e n i n t o a f e l t y , n o n - d i r e c t i o n a l a g g r e g a t e . Two o r t h r e e ( a l b i t e ? ) t w i n l a m e l l a e c a n be s e e n u n d e r h i g h power i n some l a t h s . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p l a g i o c l a s e i s An]_3, ( o l i g o c l a s e ) d e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r i n g N x ' f o r c l e a v a g e f r a g m e n t s . I t p r o b a b l y forms a t l e a s t 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e groundmass. The opaque m a t e r i a l i s f o u n d as v e r y s m a l l a n h e d r a l and a z b h e d r a l g r a i n s and o c c a s i o n a l l y as e u h e d r a l g r a i n s w i t h c u b i c o r o c t a h e d r a l o u t l i n e s . I t i s p r o b a b l y m a g n e t i t e . I t a p p e a r s t o be s c a t t e r e d a t random t h r o u g h o u t t h e r o c k , o f w h i c h i t f o r m s p e r h a p s 1 p e r c e n t . The m a t e r i a l between t h e f e l d s p a r l a t h s i s m a i n l y i s o t r o p i c and has t h e same r e l i e f as b a l s a m . I t i s p r o b a b l y g l a s s . I t may f o r m 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e groundmass. The commonest a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t i s a b r o w n i s h s u b -s t a n c e w h i c h l o o k s opaque under medium power b u t i s s e e n t o be 131 t r a n s p a r e n t u nder h i g h power. I t o c c u r s i n e x t r e m e l y s m a l l r o u n d e d g r a i n s and i s so f i n e t h a t b i r e f r i n g e n c e and o t h e r p r o p e r t i e s c o u l d n o t be d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s m a t e r i a l i s s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s e c t i o n b u t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y common i n , and a l o n g t h e m a r g i n s o f , t h e a l t e r e d p h e n o c r y s t s . I t s p r e s e n c e a l o n g t h e i r m a r g i n s makes t h e p h e n o c r y s t s q u i t e c o n s p i c u o u s i n o r d i n a r y l i g h t . A n o t h e r a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t , c o n f i n e d t o t h e p h e n o c r y s t s , i s a f i n e - g r a i n e d , c o l o r l e s s , a n i s o t r o p i c a g g -r e g a t e w i t h low r e l i e f and maximum i n t e r f e r e n c e c o l o r s o f f i r s t o r d e r w h i t e . I t may be composed o f s e c o n d a r y f e l d s p a r s . The shape o f t h e p h e n o c r y s t s s u g g e s t s t h e y may have been p y r o x e n e s , a m p h i b o l e s , and f e l d s p a r s . Most o f them have a s h o r t r h o m b i c o u t l i n e ( p y r o x e n e o r a m p h i b o l e s ? ) b u t a few a r e s q u a r e o r n e a r l y s o ( f e l d s p a r ? ) . The v e i n m a t e r i a l i s m a i n l y s u b h e d r a l c a l c i t e . Q u a r t z o c c u r s as a few l a r g e l e n s - s h a p e d masses i n , and a s s o c i a t e d w i t h , c a l c i t e . The s i n g l e a p a t i t e c r y s t a l n o t e d i s an e l o n g a t e p r i s m a t i c g r a i n w i t h s e v e r a l c r o s s f r a c t u r e s . On a compos i t iona-^ b a s i s i t seems l i k e l y t h i s r o c k was an a n d e s i t e o r a s i m i l a r r o c k . I t seems e s s e n t i a l l y c o n c o r d e n t and may be a n i n t r u s i v e ( s i l l ) o r e x t r u s i v e ( f l o w ) . The age o f t h i s r o c k t y p e i s i n d o u b t . I t may be o l d e r t h a n , y o u n g e r t h a n o r i n t r o d u c e d d u r i n g t h e m a i n p e r i o d o f metamorphism. The t h i r d p o s s i b i l i t y may be d i s m i s s e d , as t h e g r a d e o f metamorphism i s s u c h t h a t i t i m p l i e s deep b u r i a l and h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g metamorphism. Any r ock i n t r u d e d under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d n o t have t h e g l a s s y m a t r i x and 132 Figure 42. Photomicrograph of (?) andesitic rock. P l a i n l i g h t X64. A phenocryst replaced by c a l c i t e and rimmed by extremely f i n e -grained brownish material i n a ground-mass of feldspar l a t h s , glass (?), opaques, etc. A vein of c a l c i t e i s also present. Figure 43. Photomicrograph of (?) andesitic rock. Polarized l i g h t X64. Similar to figure 42. A small phenocryst i s present i n the upper centre replaced by a f i n e -grained aggregate of secondary feldspar(?) 133 t e x t u r e t h i s r o c k h a s . I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o s e e how t h i s r o c k w o u l d r e t a i n i t s t e x t u r e i f i n t r u d e d p r i o r t o metamorphism. The t e m p e r a t u r e w o u l d p r o b a b l y n o t be h i g h enough t o s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t t h e m a i n m i n e r a l s i n t h i s r o c k b u t t h e g l a s s s h o u l d r e c r y s t a l l i z e . I f t h e a n d e s i t e ( ? ) i s l a t e r t h a n t h e m a i n p e r i o d o f metamorphism, i t must have b e e n i n v o l v e d i n some l a t e r d e f o r m a t i o n . The p r e s e n c e i n t h i s a r e a o f s l i c k e n s i d e s i n a g r a p h i t i c bed and o f m i n o r s e r i c i t e s c h i s t s , common i n s h e a r z o n e s e l s e w h e r e , s u g g e s t s t h i s may have been t h e c a s e . Due t o s e r i o u s d o u b t s as t o w h e t h e r t h i s r o c k c o u l d have s u r v i v e d , w i t h i t s p r e s e n t a s s e m b l a g e , t h r o u g h t h e p e r i o d o f r e g i o n a l metamorphism, t h e w r i t e r b e l i e v e s i t i s most l i k e l y t h i s i s an i n t r u s i o n w h i c h i s y o u n g e r t h a n t h i s metamorphism. I n t h i s c a s e i t w o u l d o f n e c e s s i t y be a s i l l o r d y k e . (2) Lamprophyre D y k e s : Lamprophyre d y k e s a r e n o t a b u n d a n t on Hawkesbury I s l a n d , b u t a r e f o u n d h e r e and t h e r e c u t t i n g t h r o u g h t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s . I n one l o c a l i t y t h e y were o b s e r v e d c u t t i n g t h r o u g h g r a n i t i c d ykes b e l o n g i n g t o t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s . I n d i v i d u a l dykes a r e g e n e r a l l y o n l y a b o u t 1 t o 20 f e e t w i d e , b u t one dyke was s e e n t h a t i s a b o u t 150 f e e t w i d e . Most dykes a r e q u i t e s t r a i g h t and o f f a i r l y c o n s t a n t w i d t h , b u t s e v e r a l were n o t e d w h i c h p i n c h e d and s w e l l e d and t h e o c c a s i o n a l dyke s p l i t s i n t o two o r more b r a n c h e s w h i c h may o r may n o t r e j o i n . The l a m p r o p h y r e i s d a r k g r e e n t o g r e y - b l a c k i n c o l o r . It commonly weathers to a rusty brown shade. It consists of numerous black hornblende phenocrysts up to 1/3 of an inch in length set in an aphanitic groundmass. The hornblende pheno-crysts are commonly long, prismatic, rod-like crystals, but may be in part short and stubby. They commonly make up some 15 per cent to 20 per cent of the rock but may reach 40 per cent. In thin section the hornblende phenocrysts are seen to be embedded in a groundmass composed of plagioclase laths, smaller hornblende crystals^\" and generally subhedral grains of magnetite. A few elongate apatite laths are also present. The magnetite grains may make up as much as 5 per cent of the rock and the plagioclase and alteration products up to 75 per cent. Secondary minerals, comprising calcite, chlorite, epidote and sericite, are always presents The hornblende is commonly in euhedral crystals. These are occasionally fractured and cemented by plagioclase or various alteration products. The hornblende is a deep brown variety which has well developed rhythmic zoning in some thin sections. It commonly has simple twins on (100). The plagioclase, generally in euhedral elongate laths, has a composition of An^Q to An^ 4 in various thin sections, determined by measuring N x'for cleavage flakes. Of the secondary minerals; calcite, epidote and se r i -cite are found replacing plagioclase and chlorite and calcite occurs replacing hornblende. These minerals vary greatly in 135 Figure 44. Photomicrograph of lamprophyre. P l a i n l i g h t X64. Elongate horn-blende phenocrysts i n a groundmass of feldspar, epidote, c h l o r i t e , apatite and opaques. Figure 45. Photomicrograph of lamprophyre P l a i n l i g h t X24. Stubby zoned hornblende phenocrysts of various sizes i n a groundmass of feldspar, epidote, apatite, c h l o r i t e , c a l c i t e and opaques. 136 amount, a t a maximum c o m p r i s i n g some 40 p e r c e n t o f t h e t h i n s e c t i o n . They a r e a l l g e n e r a l l y a n h e d r a l , e x c e p t t h a t i n c a s e s o f c o m p l e t e r e p l a c e m e n t t h e y may f o r m e u h e d r a l o r s u b -h e d r a l pseudomorphs. E p i d o t e i s a f a i n t l y p l e o c h r o i c p i s t a c i t e . C h l o r i t e has anomalous g r e y i s h y e l l o w t o g r e y i s h g r e e n i n t e r f e r e n c e c o l o r s , p a r a l l e l o r n e a r l y p a r a l l e l ex-t i n c t i o n , and i s w e a k l y p l e o c h r o i c f r o m p a l e g r e e n t o c o l o r -l e s s . C a l c i t e and s e r i c i t e have t h e u s u a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s e m i n e r a l s . CHAPTER V STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS The n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a have a g e n e r a l t r e n d o f a l i t t l e west o f n o r t h . T h i s t r e n d i s p a r a l l e l e d by numerous r o o f p e n d a n t s , s e p t a , e t c . , w h i c h g e n e r a l l y s t r i k e between n o r t h and n o r t h 15° w e s t . The E c s t a l l septum o r r o o f p e n d a n t has a g e n e r a l s t r i k e o f n o r t h 15° west i n t h e D o u g l a s C h a n n e l - S k e e n a R i v e r a r e a and p r o b a b l y a s i m i l a r s t r i k e n o r t h o f t h e S k e e n a and s o u t h o f G a r d n e r C a n a l . However, a c r o s s Hawkesbury I s l a n d t h e g e n e r a l s t r i k e o f t h e septum i s n o r t h 6 0 ° w e s t . The t r e n d o f t h e C o a s t M o u n t a i n s g e o l o g i c a l p r o v i n c e and o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s w i t h i n i t a r e r e f l e c t i o n s o f t h e f o r c e s and c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h have a f f e c t e d and a r e p r o b a b l y s t i l l a f f e c t i n g t h i s r e g i o n . The g e n e r a l n o r t h t o n o r t h - w e s t t r e n d o f t h e C o a s t M o u n t a i n s p r o b a b l y r e f l e c t s t h e e f f e c t s o f s t r o n g c o m p r e s s i v e f o r c e s w h i c h have a c t e d i n a d i r e c t i o n a p p r o x i m a t e l y a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h i s t r e n d . The bend o r warp o f t h e E c s t a l l septum a c r o s s Hawkesbury I s l a n d f i n d s p a r a l l e l s i n t h e K o o t -enay A r c h c o m p o s i t e f o l d s y s t e m , i n a s i m i l a r s y s t e m i n t h e Skeen a M o u n t a i n s between l a t i t u d e 55° and 57° N, and i n warps i n o t h e r s e p t a a n d / o r r o o f p e n d a n t s o f t h e C o a s t Range, as p o i n t e d o u t by White.\" 1' T h e s e f e a t u r e s a r e a l l c o n v e x e a s t w a r d , 1 W.H.White, \" C o r d i l l e r a n T e c t o n i c s i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a \" A.A.P.G. B u l l . , J a n , 1959 5 p. 60, et s e q . 138 and, according to White \"resemble drag folds orientated to conform with a counter-clockwise rotation of the entire con- 0 tinental margin around the North Pacific basin.\" MAJOR STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE MAP AREA The general trend of the foliation of the Ecstall series rocks on Hawkesbury Island is north 60° west to north 70° west north of a line running approximately from Backbacon Lake to Evelyn Lake. South of this line there is considerable variation in strike and dip but strikes of about north 45° east are predominant. There is a change in strike from north 60° to 70° west to north 45° east over a narrow transitional zone. The variation in strike probably is due to folding as there is no evidence of major faulting and the rocks which have the different trends are very similar in lithology. In order to determine what deformation or deformations have affected the metamorphic rocks of this area figures 46 to 52 have been constructed. If these rocks have been affected by one period of deformation, the intersections of the planes of foliation, shown in figures 47 to 51» should have one strong maxima. The position of this maxima should indicate the strike and plunge of the fold axes. A scattering of the points of intersection and the production of two or more maxima in-dicate that the area has undergone more than one period of deformation. Examination of figures 47 to 52 shows that part of the area, at least, has undergone more than one period of White, ibid, p. 60. d e f o r m a t i o n . The amount o f s c a t t e r i n g o f p o i n t s o f i n t e r -s e c t i o n d e c r e a s e s f r o m west t o e a s t i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e a r e a . T h e r e a p p e a r s t o be l i t t l e o r no s c a t t e r i n g i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e map a r e a , w h i c h c a n be i n t e r p r e t e d as i n d i c a t i n g e i t h e r (1) t h a t t h e n o r t h e r n a r e a was i n v o l v e d i n o n l y one p e r i o d o f d e f o r m a t i o n o r (2) t h a t i n t h i s a r e a t h e e f f e c t o f t h e l a s t s t r o n g p e r i o d o f d e f o r m a t i o n i s so s t r o n g as t o o b l i t e r a t e t r a c e s o f any e a r l i e r d e f o r m a t i o n . The maxima i n f i g u r e s 50 and 51 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e a z i m u t h o f t h e f o l d axes formed d u r i n g t h i s l a s t s t r o n g d e f o r m a t i o n i s n o r t h 50° west t o n o r t h 55° n o r t h w e s t . T h i s s t e e p p l u n g e p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e s r e - f o l d i n g o f a l r e a d y f o l d e d s t r a t a as i t i s u n l i k e l y s u c h s t e e p l y p l u n g i n g f o l d axes c o u l d d e v e l o p d u r i n g one p e r i o d o f f o l d i n g . Most o f t h e t r a c e s o f e a r l i e r d e f o r m a t i o n have been o b l i t e r a t e d , however, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e i s l a n d . The a z i m u t h s and p l u n g e s o f d r a g f o l d s ( f i g u r e 52) a l t h o u g h q u i t e v a r i a b l e , a r e a l s o i n d i c a t i v e o f an a z i m u t h o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y n o r t h 50 west t o n o r t h 55° west and a p l u n g e o f 50° t o 55° n o r t h w e s t f o r t h e m a j o r f o l d a x e s . However, an i n s u f f i c i e n t number o f d r a g f o l d s were measured t o p u t any i n t e r p r e t a t i o n b a s e d on them on a sound s t a t i s t i c a l b a s i s . When t h e a z i m u t h and p l u n g e o f t h e m a j o r f o l d axes d e r i v e d f r o m t h e d a t a on t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n s o f p l a n e s o f f o l i a t i o n i s p l o t t e d on f i g u r e 46, and a g r e a t c i r c l e i s drawn a t 90° t o t h i s p o l e i t i s f o u n d t o p a s s t h r o u g h t h e c e n t r e o f t h e s t r o n g e s t maxima on t h i s f i g u r e . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t an 140 a z i m u t h o f n o r t h 50 west n o r t h 55° west and p l u n g e o f 50° t o 65° n o r t h w e s t f o r t h e f o l d axes r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e d o m i n a n t p e r i o d o f d e f o r m a t i o n i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y c o r r e c t . The f a i l u r e o f t h i s g r e a t c i r c l e , o r any o t h e r g r e a t c i r c l e b a s e d on t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f p l a n e s o f f o l i a t i o n , t o p a s s t h r o u g h t h e s e c o n d maxima o f f i g u r e 46 i s p r o b a b l y due t o t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e two o r more p e r i o d s o f d e f o r m a t i o n w h i c h have a f f e c t e d t h i s a r e a . To summarize, t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s o f Hawkesbury I s l a n d have p r o b a b l y u n d e r g o n e two o r more p e r i o d s o f d e -f o r m a t i o n . The f o l d a x e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e s t r o n g e s t (? and l a t e s t ) p e r i o d o f d e f o r m a t i o n have an a z i m u t h o f n o r t h 50 west t o n o r t h 55° west and p l u n g e o f 50° t o 6 5 ° n o r t h w e s t a p p r o x -i m a t e l y . I f t h e f o l d i n g i s due t o c o m p r e s s i o n a l o n e t h i s p r o b -a b l y i n d i c a t e s a n o r t h e a s t - s o u t h west d i r e c t i o n o f g r e a t e s t c o m p r e s s i o n i . e . t h e d i r e c t i o n i n d i c a t e d by t h e g e n e r a l t r e n d o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s . The p r e s e n c e o f a s h e a r com-ponent w o u l d m o d i f y t h e p i c t u r e somewhat. 141 F i g u r e 46. P o l e s of F o l i a t i o n o f the Metamorphic Rocks of Hawkesbury I s l a n d 142 N Figure 47. Intersection of the Planes of F o l i a t i o n of the Metamorphic Rocks in Area I (bounded by the l i m i t of mapping on the south, upper Angle Valley on the east, Ice Cake Lake to Backbacon Lake on the north and Douglas Channel on the west.) 143 Figure 48. Intersection of the Planes of Foliation of the Metamorphic Rocks in Area II (bounded by the limit of mapping on the south, Verney Passage on the east, lower Angle Valley on the north, and upper Angle Valley on the west). 144 F i g u r e 49. I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c R o c k s i n A r e a I I I ( b o u n d e d b y V e r n e y P a s s a g e o n t h e s o u t h , E v e l y n C r e e k o n t h e e a s t , E v e l y n L a k e t o I c e C a k e L a k e o n t h e n o r t h a n d l o w e r A n g l e V a l l e y o n t h e w e s t . ) 145 F i g u r e 50. I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c R o c k s i n A r e a I V ( b o u n d e d b y t h e s e a o n t h e s o u t h a n d e a s t , R o y L a k e t o E v e l y n L a k e o n t h e n o r t h , a n d E v e l y n C r e e k o n t h e w e s t ) . 146 F i g u r e 5 1 . I n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n e s o f F o l i a t i o n o f t h e M e t a m o r p h i c Rocks i n A r e a V ( c o m p r i s i n g a l l t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s n o r t h o f a r e a s I t o I V i n -c l u s i v e ) 147 N F i g u r e 52. T h e A z i m u t h a n d P l u n g e o f D r a g F o l d s i n t h e M e t a m o r p h i c R o c k s o f H a w k e s b u r y I s l a n d . 148 Owing t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e mapping p r o b a b l y many s m a l l f a u l t s and s h e a r z o n e s e s c a p e d d e t e c t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g a r e t h e o n l y f a u l t s s e e n t h a t e x t e n d more t h a n a few f e e t : 1. A s h e a r zone a t l e a s t 5000 f e e t l o n g i n l o w e r A n g l e V a l l e y w i t h a s t r i k e o f n o r t h 50° e a s t , a v e r t i c a l d i p (110°) and d r a g f o l d i n g w h i c h i n d i c a t e s an up-ward and s o u t h w a r d movement o f t h e west s i d e o f t h e s h e a r r e l a t i v e t o t h e e a s t s i d e . 2. A number o f f a u l t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f I c e Cake L a k e , t h e l o n g e s t o f w h i c h i s some 5000 f e e t l o n g , w i t h s t r i k e s v a r y i n g f r o m n o r t h 1 0 ° e a s t t o n o r t h 4 0 ° e a s t and s t e e p d i p s . Most o f t h e s e have d i s p l a c e d t h e k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t bands a few f e e t . One v e r y l o n g f a u l t west o f I c e Cake l a k e has o f f s e t t h e k y a n i t e bands some h u n d r e d s o f f e e t . I n a l l c a s e s t h e r e has b e e n l e f t h and s e p a r a t i o n . As t h e map u n i t s so d i s p l a c e d moved have n e a r l y v e r t i c a l d i p s , t h i s p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e s l e f t l a t e r a l s t r i k e - s l i p movement. Some o f t h e f a u l t s have r e s u l t e d f r o m movement a l o n g t h e a x i a l p l a n e o f l a r g e d r a g f o l d s w h i c h i n v o l v e t h e w h o l e o f t h e k y a n i t e band. 3. A s i n g l e f a u l t j u s t t o t h e west o f t h e above s e r i e s w i t h a known l e n g t h o f some 300 f e e t . T h i s s t r i k e s n o r t h 50° w e s t , d i p s v e r t i c a l l y and had a n unknown amount o f v e r t i c a l movement, as i n d i c a t e d by s l i c k e n s i d e s . 4. A s h e a r z o n e , a n d / o r f a u l t z o n e i n and n e a r West T r e n c h B r o o k w i t h a known l e n g t h o f some 4000 f e e t . T h i s s t r i k e s n o r t h 60o west and d i p s v e r y s t e e p l y . S l i c k e n s i d e s i n d i c a t e v e r t i c a l movement. 5. A f a u l t o r n a r r o w s h e a r zone o f unknown l e n g t h ( g r e a t e r t h a n 200 f e e t ) c u t t i n g t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e a t e l e v a t i o n 600 f e e t above G a u d i n P o i n t . T h i s has a s t r i k e o f due n o r t h , a d i p o f 85° west and an unknown d i r e c t i o n o f movement. The s t r i k e and d i p o f t h e A n g l e V a l l e y s h e a r z o n e and t h e I c e - C a k e Lake a r e a f a u l t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e i n t e r -m e d i a t e s t r e s s a x i s was n e a r l y v e r t i c a l . A s s u m i n g an a n g l e o f 3 0 ° between t h e d i r e c t i o n o f f a u l t i n g o r s h e a r i n g and t h e g r e a t e s t s t r e s s a x i s , and t h a t a l l t h e movement n o t e d i s s i n i s t r a l , t h e s e f a u l t s w o u l d have been formed d u r i n g a p e r i o d d u r i n g w h i c h t h e a x i s o f g r e a t e s t s t r e s s v a r i e d between n o r t h o o 20 west and n o r t h 20 e a s t . The v a r i a t i o n i n d i r e c t i o n o f maximum s t r e s s may be l e s s t h a n i s i n d i c a t e d , as p a r t o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i n s t r i k e o f t h e f a u l t s may be due s i m p l y t o t h e inhomogeneous c h a r a c t e r o f t h e r o c k s i n v o l v e d . The n o r t h 50° west t o n o r t h 60° west f a u l t s ( (3) and (4) ) have v e r t i c a l o r n e a r l y v e r t i c a l movement and a r e p a r a l l e l o r s u b - p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n p l a n e s i n t h e meta-m o r p h i c r o c k s . As t h e s e f a u l t s p r o b a b l y o c c u r on f o l i a t i o n p l a n e s t h e d i r e c t i o n o f f a u l t i n g , a l t h o u g h t o some d e g r e e i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e s t r e s s e n v i r o n m e n t , i s p r o b a b l y c o n s i d e r a b l y m o d i f i e d by t h e weakness o f t h e s e r o c k s p a r a l l e l t o t h i s p l a n e . A d i r e c t i o n o f g r e a t e s t s t r e s s f a i r l y c l o s e t o v e r t i c a l i s i n d i c a t e d , however. T h e s e f a u l t s do n o t seem t o f i t t h e o v e r a l l r e g i o n a l p a t t e r n . They may p e r h a p s s i m p l y be t h e r e s u l t o f m i n o r s l i p p a g e a l o n g f o l i a t i o n p l a n e s . SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURES (1) I n t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s S m a l l - s c a l e s t r u c t u r a l f e a t u r e s o b s e r v e d i n t h e meta-m o r p h i c r o c k s i n c l u d e s c h i s t o s i t y o r f o l i a t i o n , l i n e a t i o n , d r a g f o l d s , s e g r e g a t i o n b a n d i n g , m i n o r c r e n u l a t i o n s o f f o l -i a t i o n , c a t a c l a s t i c s t r u c t u r e s , and p s e u d o c a t a c l a s t i c s t r u c t u r e s o f t e x t u r e s . 150 S e g r e g a t i o n b a n d i n g , c a t a c l a s t i c s t r u c t u r e s and p s e u d o c a t a c l a s t i c s t r u c t u r e s have b e e n d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y and w i l l n o t be c o n s i d e r e d f u r t h e r . Most o f t h e r o c k s o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s have a w e l l d e v e l o p e d f o l i a t i o n , a s has b e e n p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d . A n o t a b l e f e a t u r e o f t h i s f o l i a t i o n i s t h a t i t i s p a r a l l e l o r n e a r l y p a r a l l e l t o r e l i c t s e d i m e n t a r y b e d d i n g i n a l l t h e l o c a l i t i e s i n w h i c h t h e l a t t e r was s e e n . T h i s may be due t o ease o f r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n p a r a l l e l t o o r i g i n a l b e d d i n g . L i n e a t i o n was n o t e d i n a few p l a c e s I n t h e a m p h i b o l i t e s and i s v e r y p r o m i n e n t I n t h e k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e - a l m a n d i n e m i c a IS s c h i s t s . The l i n e a t i o n i n t h e a m p h i b o l i t e s A e x p r e s s e d by an a l i g n m e n t o f h o r n b l e n d e p r i s m s w i t h i n t h e p l a n e o f f o l i a t i o n . I t was n o t e d i n s p e c i m e n s o f p a r t i c u l a r l y c o a r s e - g r a i n e d a m p h i b o l i t e s , e s p e c i a l l y f r o m t h e E v e l y n Lake a r e a . One v e r y c o a r s e - g r a i n e d a m p h i b o l i t e has two d i s t i n c t l i n e a t i o n s , one w i t h a v e r t i c a l d i p and t h e o t h e r w i t h a d i p o f a b o u t 50° E a s t w i t h i n a f o l i a t i o n p l a n e t h a t s t r i k e s n o r t h 65° west and d i p s s t e e p l y n o r t h . The l i n e a t i o n i n t h e k y a n i t e - s t a u r o l i t e -a l m a n d i n e m i c a s c h i s t s i s e x p r e s s e d by a p a r a l l e l a l i g n m e n t o f e l o n g a t e k y a n i t e c r y s t a l s . T h i s l i n e a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y about h o r i z o n t a l . D r a g f o l d s and m i n o r c r e n u l a t i o n s a r e common and t h e a t t i t u d e s o f a number were m e a s u r e d . U n f o r t u n a t e l y many o u t c r o p s were f l a t and no good i d e a o f p l u n g e c o u l d be ob-t a i n e d , so t h a t o n l y 49 r e a d i n g s were made w h i c h c o u l d be p l o t t e d a c c u r a t e l y on t h e s t e r e o - n e t . The g r e a t v a r i a t i o n 151 i n a z i m u t h and p l u n g e i s i n d i c a t e d by f i g u r e 6. T h e r e a r e u s u a l l y one o r two d i r e c t i o n s o f m a j o r d r a g f o l d i n g i n a g i v e n e x p o s u r e , but s m a l l e r c r e n u l a t i o n s i n s e v e r a l d i r e c t i o n s a l s o o c c u r . I n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s , t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f t h e m a j o r d r a g f o l d s were f o u n d t o have a z i m u t h s o f s o u t h 85° west t o n o r t h 50° west and s t e e p w e s t e r l y p l u n g e s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e beds t o t h e n o r t h have moved e a s t r e l a t i v e t o t h e beds t o t h e s o u t h . (2) The i g n e o u s r o c k s Of t h e a r e a o f i g n e o u s r o c k s e xamined, o n l y t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n has w e l l d e v e l o p e d f o l i a t i o n a n d / o r l i n -e a t i o n . Weak l i n e a t i o n s were n o t e d i n o t h e r p l u t o n s . The f o l i a t i o n o f t h e d i o r i t e and q u a r t z d i o r i t e o f t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n i s e x p r e s s e d by a s u b - p a r a l l e l a l i g n m e n t o f i n d i v i d u a l h o r n b l e n d e c r y s t a l s , b i o t i t e f l a k e s , c l o t s o f m a f i c s and i n c l u s i o n s o f m a f i c - r i c h r o c k s . T h i s f o l i a t i o n s t r i k e s n o r t h 50° w e s t t o n o r t h 65° west and d i p s f r o m n o r t h 70° n o r t h t o v e r t i c a l l y . T h i s f o l i a t i o n , as p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d , may be due t o i n j e c t i o n o f a p a r t i a l l y c r y s t a l l i n e magma o r o f g r a n i t i z a t i o n o f p a r t o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s r o c k s , as i t i s s u b - p a r a l l e l t o b o t h t h e f o l i a t i o n i n t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s r o c k s and t h e c o n t a c t o f t h e N o r t h M o u n t a i n i n t r u s i o n . I n t h e q u a r t z m o n z o n i t e a much weaker f o l i a t i o n p r o b a b l y some f o r m o f f l o w b a n d i n g , i s common. T h i s i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n i n t h e d i o r i t e and q u a r t z d i o r i t e . I n t h e Danva p l u t o n t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e f o l i a t i o n 152 v a r i e s f r o m a s t r i k e o f n o r t h 15° west and v e r t i c a l d i p t o a s t r i k e o f n o r t h 45° ciast and d i p o f 8 0 ° n o r t h - w e s t . T h i s f o l i a t i o n i s p r o b a b l y n o t c a u s e d by f l o w b u t r a t h e r b y a s s i m i l a t i o n i n s i t u o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s . I t i s due t o a l i g n m e n t o f c l o t s o f m a f i c m i n e r a l s and i n some p l a c e s o c c u r s n e a r l y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e n e a r e s t m a r g i n o f t h e p l u t o n . The f o l i a t i o n u s u a l l y p a r a l l e l s t h e s t r i k e o f t h e m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s i m m e d i a t e l y o u t s i d e t h e p l u t o n . The B e a v e r L a k e p l u t o n r a r e l y has any n o t i c e a b l e l i n e a t i o n o r f o l i a t i o n . T h e s e a r e c o n f i n e d t o t h e m a r g i n s o f t h e p l u t o n and a r e marked p r i n c i p a l l y by a p a r a l l e l a l i g n m e n t o f m a f i c m i n e r a l s . A l l t h e l i n e a t i o n and f o l i a t i o n n o t e d had s t r i k e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e f o l i a t i o n o f t h e a d j a c e n t m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s and a r e p r o b a b l y a l s o a r e s u l t o f a s s i m -i l a t i o n i n s i t u o f t h e s e r o c k s . The S i d e b a c o n L a k e p l u t o n a p p e a r s t o l a c k l i n e a t i o n o r f o l i a t i o n . However, most o f i t s c o n t a c t w i t h t h e m e t a -m o r p h i c r o c k s was n o t examined and i t may have t h e same m a r g i n a l t y p e o f l i n e a t i o n o r f o l i a t i o n as t h e o t h e r p l u t o n s . 153 CHAPTER V I CONCLUSIONS The metamorphosed, s e d i m e n t a r y and p y r o c l a s t i c ( ? ) r o c k s o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s were l a i d down i n a eugeo-s y n c l i n a l t r o u g h . The q u a r t z i t e s o f t h e Q u a a l R i v e r - E c s t a l l R i v e r a r e a may be an e x c e p t i o n as t h e y may h a v e been l a i d down i n a s t a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t p r i o r t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e e u g e o s y n c l i n e . The s o u r c e a r e a f o r t h e s e d i m e n t s was p r o -b a b l y one o r more i s l a n d a r c s , w h i c h must have b e e n t h e s i t e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e l o c a l v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y . The age o f t h e s e s e d i m e n t s i s somewhat d o u b t f u l b u t t h e y a r e most l i k e l y t o be O r d o v i c i a n t o D e v o n i a n . The metamorphosed i g n e o u s r o c k s o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s may h a v e b e e n i n p a r t f l o w s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y o f t h e i s l a n d a r c s . I n p a r t , however, t h e y a r e i n t r u s i v e b o d i e s , p r o b a b l y o r i g i n a l l y g a b b r o i c i n compos-i t i o n , w h i c h may have been a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e above men-t i o n e d v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y o r p e r h a p s have b e e n i n t r u d e d d u r i n g t h e o r o g e n y w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n t h e metamorphism o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s r o c k s . The main metamorphism o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s i s r e g i o n a l i n t y p e . I t t o o k p l a c e u n d e r s t r o n g c o m p r e s s i o n and p r o b a b l y a t t e m p e r a t u r e s i n t h e r a n g e o f 4 0 0 ° C t o 700° C. I t p r e c e d e d t h e i n t r u s i o n o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s . The g r a d e 154 o f metamorphism g e n e r a l l y r e a c h e d i s t h e a l m a n d i n e a mphi-b o l i t e f a c i e s , s t a u r o l i t e - q u a r t z and p o s s i b l y k y a n i t e -m u s c o v i t e - q u a r t z s u b f a c i e s , i n d i c a t i v e o f q u i t e a h i g h g r a d e o f r e g i o n a l metamorphism. S m a l l amounts o f l a t e . , s e r i c i t e , c h l o r i t e and e p i d o t e a r e common t h r o u g h o u t t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s . T h e s e a r e due t o r e t r o g r e s s i v e metamorphism. R e t r o g r e s s i v e metamorphism i s v e r y i n t e n s e i n s h e a r z o n e s where s e r i c i t e -e p i d o t e a s s e m b l a g e s a r e d e v e l o p e d w h i c h i n c o m p o s i t i o n a p p r o a c h t h e g r e e n s c h i s t f a c i e s . The s e r i c i t i z e d r o c k s o f t h e s h e a r z o n e s may be due t o h y d r o t h e r m a l s o l u t i o n s w h i c h u s e d t h e s h e a r z o n e s as p a s s a g e w a y s . The C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s and r e l a t e d r o c k s i n t h i s a r e a have r e a c h e d t h e i r p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n s by i n t r u s i o n w i t h some a s s i m i l a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y r o c k . A l t h o u g h n o t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r most o f t h e metamorphism o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s r o c k s , t h e y may have c a u s e d an i n c r e a s e i n m e t a m o r p h i c g r a d e w i t h i n 300 f e e t or l e s s o f t h e i r c o n t a c t s w h i c h has r e s u l t e d i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f r o c k s b e l o n g i n g t o and a p p r o a c h i n g t h e s i l l i m -a n i t e - a l m a n d i n e s u b f a c i e s o f t h e a l m a n d i n e a m p h i b o l i t e f a c i e s . The m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s o f t h e E c s t a l l s e r i e s i n t h e map a r e a have u n d e r g o n e a t l e a s t two p e r i o d s o f d e f o r m a t i o n . The d i r e c t i o n o f c o m p r e s s i o n d u r i n g t h e d e f o r m a t i o n w h i c h a p p e a r s t o have had t h e s t r o n g e s t e f f e c t on them was p r o b a b l y n o r t h -e a s t - s o u t h w e s t . Some t i m e a f t e r ( o r b e f o r e ? ) t h e i n t r u s i o n o f t h e C o a s t I n t r u s i o n s e r o s i o n began i n t h i s a r e a and has c o n t i n u e d t o t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . The f e a t u r e t h a t has had t h e most ' 155 e f f e c t i n s h a p i n g t h e p r e s e n t t o p o g r a p h y i s P l e i s t o c e n e g l a e i a t i o n . The g l a c i e r s o f t h i s p e r i o d , a t one s t a g e , c o m p l e t e l y c o v e r e d t h e i s l a n d . 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"@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0053044"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "Geological Sciences"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "The geology of Hawkesbury Island, Skeena mining division, British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40047"@en .