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Kannan, Sushumna
The Veerashaivas are devotees of Shiva who emerged in regions that are now the modern states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the 12th century. The Veerashaiva path of devotion or bhakti was one that sought to remind its society that the mechanical performance of ritual would not help achieve 'arivu' or understanding. Arivu, led to the cessation of the cycle of birth and death. They also reminded the people around them that for moksha and for sadhana (striving towards it), all were equal, irrespective of class, caste and gender. Quite spontaneously, a number of people from different castes and communities followed this path of devotion and charted their self-transformation through a spontaneous verbalization of experience known as vachanas or simply speech. Some describe the self-transormation in terms of six phases or Shatsthalas, which are Bhaktasthala, (2) Maheshsthala, (3) Prasadisthala, (4) Pranalingi Sthala, (5) Sharanasthala and (6) Aiykasthala. Together, the Veerashaiva saints of the 12th century founded the Anubhava Mantapa, a forum for the discussion of experience, in the city of Kalyana, northern Karnataka. Anubhava literally means experience. Prominent figures of this mode of bhakti are Allama Prabhu, Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, Soole Sankavva, Ayadakki Maramma, Devara Dasimayya and others. The vachanas explicate a yogic path and are essentially oral literature. The Veerashaivas are said to have emerged from earlier Shaivite sects such as the Kaalamukha and their tradition derives much from the Agamas. Many devotees of the Veerashaiva tradition took to expressing their devotion through madhura bhava (known specifically within the tradition as satipati bhava) or, love for the chosen deity and through surrender or sharanagati. The philosophy of surrender led to the Veerashaiva devotees to become known as 'shivasharanas.' For the Veerashaivas, Shiva is composed of Guru (teacher), Linga (abstract form of Shiva) and Jangama (guru with no attachments). The Veerashaivas believe in qualified monism or qualified nondualism
Poll: Religious Group (v5) Published on: 10 September 2018Date Range: 1200 CE - 2018 CERegion: Karnataka, India, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaRegion tags: Asia, Bhakti, HinduismKarnataka is well known for the Vijayanagara Empirewhich was established in 1336.VeerashaivasBy Sushumna Kannan, San Diego State UniversityEntry tags: Religion, Indic Religious Traditions, Bhakti traditions, HinduismThe Veerashaivas are devotees of Shiva who emerged in regions that are now the modern states ofKarnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the 12th century. The Veerashaiva path of devotion or bhakti was onethat sought to remind its society that the mechanical performance of ritual would not help achieve 'arivu'or understanding. Arivu, led to the cessation of the cycle of birth and death. They also reminded the peoplearound them that for moksha and for sadhana (striving towards it), all were equal, irrespective of class,caste and gender. Quite spontaneously, a number of people from different castes and communitiesfollowed this path of devotion and charted their self-transformation through a spontaneous verbalizationof experience known as vachanas or simply speech. Some describe the self-transormation in terms of sixphases or Shatsthalas, which are Bhaktasthala, (2) Maheshsthala, (3) Prasadisthala, (4) Pranalingi Sthala, (5)Sharanasthala and (6) Aiykasthala. Together, the Veerashaiva saints of the 12th century founded theAnubhava Mantapa, a forum for the discussion of experience, in the city of Kalyana, northern Karnataka.Anubhava literally means experience. Prominent figures of this mode of bhakti are Allama Prabhu,Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, Soole Sankavva, Ayadakki Maramma, Devara Dasimayya and others. Thevachanas explicate a yogic path and are essentially oral literature. The Veerashaivas are said to haveemerged from earlier Shaivite sects such as the Kaalamukha and their tradition derives much from theAgamas. Many devotees of the Veerashaiva tradition took to expressing their devotion through madhurabhava (known specifically within the tradition as satipati bhava) or, love for the chosen deity and throughsurrender or sharanagati. The philosophy of surrender led to the Veerashaiva devotees to become knownas 'shivasharanas.' For the Veerashaivas, Shiva is composed of Guru (teacher), Linga (abstract form of Shiva)and Jangama (guru with no attachments). The Veerashaivas believe in qualified monism or qualified non-dualismStatus of Participants:✓ Elite ✓ Religious Specialists ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)SourcesPrint sources for understanding this subject:Notes: These sources comprise 1) translation of vachanas (compositions of the Veerashaiva saints)2)Theoretical work on the Veerashaivas 3) Translation of vachanas. Other important sources:Nagabhushana Swamy, O L. Ed. 2004. Vachana Saavira. Hampi: Kannada University. Rajuru, Veeranna.Ed. 2001. Shivasharaneyara Vachanasamputa, Samagra Vachana Sahityada Janapriya Aavritti: Vol 5,Karnataka Pustaka Pradhikara, Bangalore. Chaitanya, Vinaya. 2017. Songs for Siva: Vacanas of AkkaMahadevi. HarperCollins India.Notes: These sources make up the 15th century hagiographical literature on Veerashaivism. Thefollowing work can be also be included to the above list: Rao, Velchuri; Roghair, Gene (2014), Siva'sWarriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691604879The word shoonya in Shoonyasampadane means emptiness. Shoonyasampadane means theacquisition of nothing. The achievement of the highest state of being in Veerashaivism is Shoonya.Bayalu is another word the Veerashaivas use for emptiness. Though the hagiographical works aresimple and forthcoming, understanding the Veerashaivas and their vacanas can still be a challenge. Thishas mostly to do with the frameworks brought to bear upon them, some historical and cultural andSource 1: Speaking of Siva, Penguin. 1973. ISBN 9780140442700.—Source 2: Blake Michael, R. (1992), The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual andAssociational Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0776-1—Source 3: Nagabhushana Swamy, O L. Ed. 2007. The Sign: Vachanas of 12th century. Swamy, LaxmiChandrashekar, Vijaya Guttal. Trans. Hampi: Prasaranga, Kannada University.—Source 1: Halakatti, P.G., ed. 1930. Guluru Siddavirana Shoonyasampadane.—Source 2: Basavaraju, L, ed. 1969. Shivaganaprasadi Mahadevayyana Prabhudevara Shoonyasampadane.Chitradurga: Shri Brahanmatha Samsthana.—Source 3: Vidyashankar, S., and G.S. Siddalingaiah, eds. 1998. Halageyaryana Shoonaysampadane.Bangalore: Priyadarshini Prakashana.—DOI: URL: https://religiondatabase.org/browse/592This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution 4.0 International license.Please see our Terms of Use here:https://religiondatabase.org/about/creditsPage 1 of 51© 2018 Database of Religious History.The University of British Columbia.For any questions contactproject.manager@religiondatabase.orgothers, ideological. Historically, the vacanas and the bhakti period all across India’s regions evoked theinterest of colonial historians and missionaries since a similarity was perceived between Bhakti and theChristian devotional traditions. Monotheism was a major theme during this time, since, for thepredominantly Christian, European historians, who viewed India from the perspective of their culturallocations, India was a heathen culture with many gods. Any declaration to the contrary, that is, devotionto a single God, as in Bhakti, caught their attention. Today, this framework has been questioned andconsidered orientalist. That the nature of theism in India is different from that of the Judeo-Christianreligious traditions is instead recognized. A common declaration in the vacanas that Śiva is the only God,is thus to be understood, as the fervent declarations of a lover/ing devotee.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Online sources for understanding this subject:Relevant online primary textual corpora (original languages and/or translations):Notes: Source 1 points the reader to the Kannada original compositions of the Veerashaiva saints. TheVachanas are spontaneous verbalization of experience and constitute oral literature. The vachanastypically are short and lyrical pieces of verse-like sayings that end with a signature line the mentions thecomposer or his/her favourite deity (istha devatha). While Allama Prabhu is said to have composed a1300 vachanas, Akka Mahadevi composed about 350-400 vachanas.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)General VariablesMembership/Group InteractionsAre other religious groups in cultural contact with target religion:Notes: An offshoot of the Veerashaiva tradition, based in Basavanna's teachings is Lingayitism--a sectthat is demanding for separate religion status currently. There is commonality and interactionbetween these two, i.e., Veerashaivism and Lingayatism and also they interact with Hinduism, withwhich too there are numerous commonalities to the extent that both Veerashaivism and Lingayitismare largely considered sects within Hinduism. For more, see: https://thewire.in/religion/lingayat-viraishaiva-hinduism-religion Historically, the Veerashaivas engaged Jainas through violence. Theydestroyed their temples and the word Veera in Veerashaivas, which means, 'heroic' refers to thisaspect of their tradition.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CESource 1 URL: http://vachana.sanchaya.net/—Source 1 Description: This website hosts vachanas in the Kannada original.—Source 2 URL:https://archive.org/stream/AHandbookOfVirasaivismNandimathS.C.MLBD/A%20Handbook%20of%20Virasaivism%20Nandimath%20S.C.%20MLBD_djvu.txt—Source 2 Description: This book on Internet Archive provides a quick introduction to Veerashaivism—Source 3 URL:https://archive.org/stream/TheLandOfTheLingamByArthurMiles/The%20Land%20of%20the%20Lingam%20by%20Arthur%20Miles_djvu.txt—Source 3 Description: This book could help the reader gain a colonial understanding of the Veerashaivatradition.—Source 1 URL: http://vachana.sanchaya.net/—Source 1 Description: These are compositions of the saints in the original language, Kannada.—Source 2 URL:https://archive.org/stream/TheSrikaraBhashyaBeingTheVirasaivaCommentaryOnTheVedantaSutras/99999990242288+-+The+srikara+bhashya+being+the+Virasaiva+commentary+on+the+Vedanta+Sutras_djvu.txt—Source 2 Description: This text is a philosophical treatise and work of commentary that could help thereader understand the relationship of the Veerashaivas to the Vedic canon as well as the sic schools ofIndian philosophy.—Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 2 of 51Does the religious group have a general process/system for assigning religious affiliation:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is the cultural contact competitive:Notes: With Lingayats, yes.Notes: No, with Hinduism. Those who call themselves Veerashaivas generally prefer to beassociated with Hinduism and the Vedas, and identify themselves as Hindu.Yes—No—Is the cultural contact accommodating/pluralistic:Notes: In medieval India, the Veerashaivas may not have been accommodating or pluralistic.Hagiographical works mention a number of killings that were justified because they werecommitted by the shivasharanas or devotees of the Veerashaiva tradition.Notes: It resembles the Vaishnavite philosopher Ramanuja's philosophy, which indicatesintegrating and accomodating/plularistic tendencies.No—Yes—Is the cultural contact neutral:Notes: With numerous other sects of Hinduism, Veerashaivism has no points of contention andneutral.Yes—Is there violent conflict (within sample region):Notes: In medieval India, there are said to have been mass murders committed by theVeerashaivas. In modern India, there are no examples of violent conflict between this religiousgroup and others. However, recently the killing of journalist Gauri Lankesh has beenunderstood to have occurred due to her demand for a separate religion status for Lingayatism,which concertizes the teachings of Basavanna. The killer claims to have committed the act todefend Hinduism.Yes—Is there violent conflict (with groups outside the sample region):No—Yes—Assigned at birth (membership is default for this society):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Assigned by personal choice:Yes—Assigned by class:Notes: Instead, Veerashaivism and the Lingayats take great pride in the 12th century spiritualheritage wherein members across classes and castes joined the Veerashaiva mode of bhaktiunder the leadership of Basavanna and Allama Prabhu. Classlessness in 12th centuryVeerashaiva society is indicated in the signature line of the vachanas, which shows beggars,"prostitutes," (Soole Sankavva) ministers of Kings (Basava), queens (Akka Mahadevi), rejectedlovers (Allama Prabhu) and othersNo—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 3 of 51Does the religious group actively proselytize and recruit new members:Notes: Hinduism in general does not proselytize. Except for one 19th century organization, known asthe Arya Samaj, wherein one could 'convert' to Hinduism, there is no institutionalized manner ofconverting into it. Religious institutions such as the mathas have no authority to accept anyone'sconversion or dictate a conversion--such things are misnomers. Within this larger tradition, theVeerashaivas too have no mode of preaching to proselytize or converting anyone.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does the religion have official political supportSpecific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Notes: It has been implied that the Veerashaivas and Lingayats enjoy enormous support from variouspolitical groups in Karnataka. The groups' representation is vied for by political parties in Stateelections in Karnataka. See this source for more: https://thewire.in/politics/lingayat-karnataka-bjp-congressAssigned at a specific age:Notes: Historically, the Veerashaivas pride in the spiritual inclinations of their great saints at avery young age. Akka Mahadevi, for instance grew up thinking of Shiva as her husband. Herparents were ardent devotees of Shiva. The general understanding within Hinduism andVeerashaivism is that pure actions across many births makes an individual feel vairagya(disinterest in the world) at an early age. Hence, spiritual inclinations from an early age areviewed positively though no process for assigning religious affiliation based on age exists. Formore on the relationship between age and spiritual inclinations, read up on bala sanyasa.No—Assigned by gender:No—Assigned by participation in a particular ritual:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Assigned by some other factor:Notes: And also through initiation. The lingadiksha ceremony is when the guru gives theIsthalinga. During this ceremony, the guru whispers in the ears of the aspirant theShadakshara mantra: namah shivaya.Yes [specify]: Assigned through marriage. Typically, women who marry Veerashaivas or anyother sect tend to follow the traditions of the husband. As a result, they could be consideredVeerasahivas. This trend of 'adopting the husband's tradition' is however changing.—No—No—Yes—Are the priests paid by polity:No—Is religious infrastructure paid for by the polity:No—Are the head of the polity and the head of the religion the same figure:Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 4 of 51Is there a conception of apostasy in the religious group:Notes: Atheists could always claim that they abandoned the tradition.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Size and StructureNumber of adherents of religious group within sample region (estimated population,numerical):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Number of adherents of religious group within sample region (% of sample regionpopulation, numerical):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Nature of religious group [please select one]:Notes: Veerashaivism views itself as part of Hinduism.Are there recognized leaders in the religious group:Notes: Leaders of the 12th century included Allama Prabhu, Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi and others. Inrecent times, significant leaders have been Mathe Mahadevi, a jadaguru (world leader) andShivakumara Swami of the Siddalinga Matha. Specific leaders apart, the mathas or religiousNo—Are political officials equivalent to religious officials:No—Is religious observance enforced by the polity:No—Polity legal code is roughly coterminous with religious code:No—Polity provides preferential economic treatment (e.g. tax, exemption)No—Yes—Are apostates prosecuted or punished:Notes: But there could be some social and cultural flak one could face for abandoning one'sreligious tradition.No—No—Estimated population, numeric: 13361021.2—Estimated population, percentage of sample region: 20—Small religious group (seen as being part of a related larger religious group)—Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 5 of 51organizations hold authority in general. Historically, the five great teachers are called Panchacharyas,they are: Renukacharya, Marulasiddha, Ekoramaradya, Panditaradya and Vishwaradya. ThePanchacharyas each established a peetha in different parts of India. They are known asVeeashimhasana, Saddharma Shimhasana, Vairagya Shimhasana, Surya Shimhasana, JnanaShimhasana.Is there a hierarchy among these leaders:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—A single leader of a local community:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Multiple religious communities each with its own leader, no hierarchy amongthese leaders:Yes—"Regional" leaders who oversee one or more local leader(s) (e.g. bishops):Yes—A single leader for the religious group that oversees all other leaders in thesample region:No—A council or group of leaders for the religious group that oversees all otherleaders in the sample region:No—Estimate how many levels there are in the hierarchy of religious leadership:Field doesn't know—Are leaders believed to possess supernatural powers or qualities:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Powers are acquired by individual deeds carried out in past lives:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Powers are acquired by individual deeds carried out in the current life:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 6 of 51Powers are inherited:No—Powers are culturally transmitted from a supernatural being:Yes—Powers are culturally transmitted from another human (e.g. teacher):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Powers are associated with leadership office they assume:Yes—Are religious leaders chosen:Notes: Since the religious leader choosing the math's next head is considered saintly, it couldbe argued that his choice is based on communication with supernatural powers. Astrologicalpredictions, foretelling, divination and the reading of signs contribute to the selection of thereligious head.Yes—A leader chooses his/her own replacement:No—A leader’s retinue or ministers chooses the new leader:No—Other leaders in the religious group choose that leader:No—A political leader chooses the leader:No—Other members of the leader’s congregation choose the leader:No—All members of the religious group in the sample region participate inchoosing the leader:No—Communication with supernatural power(s) believed to be part of theselection process:Yes—Are leaders considered fallible:Notes: The heads of the Veerashaiva mathas are considered somewhat infallible by believersand followers. But for the State and non-believers, they are fallible.Field doesn't know—Are close followers or disciples of a religious leader required to obediently andunquestionably accept the leader's pronouncements on all matters:Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 7 of 51ScriptureDoes the religious group have scriptures:Scripture is a generic term used to designate revered texts that are considered particularly authoritativeand sacred relative to other texts. Strictly speaking, it refers to written texts, but there are also “oralscriptures” (e.g. the Vedas of India).Notes: The vachanas form an important text for the Veerashaivas, but they cannot be consideredscripture in the way the Judeo-Christian traditions understand that term. The vachanas arecompositions of the greatest and exemplary saints of the Veerashaiva way of devotion and hence arevaluable. The vachanas are used by followers of Veerashaivism to remind themselves of the greatnessof their deity, Shiva and way in which a devotee would conduct herself/himself.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Notes: Close followers or disciples may or may not unquestionably accept the leader'spronouncements on all matters. There is no requirement as such but it is considered to be adesirable quality in a follower.No—Yes—Are they written:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Are they oral:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Is there a story associated with the origin of scripture:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Notes: The vachanas are the result of the spiritual seeking conducting by the saints. This couldor could not be described as 'origin' of the scriptures.No—Yes—Revealed by a high god:No—Revealed by other supernatural being:No—Inspired by high god:No—Inspired by other supernatural being:No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 8 of 51Architecture, GeographyIs monumental religious architecture present:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Originated from divine or semi-divine human beings:Yes—Originated from non-divine human being:No—Are the scriptures alterable:Notes: Nevertheless, Mathe Mahadevi, the head of a Veerashaiva matha (organization) didalter some vachanas (oral compositions) of the Veerashaiva saints and offered an explanation.Her explanation detailed the spiritual journey of the saints and re-ordered the vachanas andshe also changed the 'ankita nama' or signature line claiming that one or another signaturewas inappropriate. She ran into controversy with other mathas, with literary scholars and theState. Her 'revised' publications were banned.No—Are there formal institutions (i.e. institutions that are authorized by the religiouscommunity or political leaders) for interpreting the scriptures:Yes—Can interpretation also take place outside these institutions:Notes: In academia, for instance.Yes—Interpretation is only allowed by officially sanctioned figures:No—Is there a select group of people trained in transmitting the scriptures:Notes: There are people associated with the mathas, often matha-heads who train theirstudents who somewhat channel the transmitting of the vachanas through commentaries.But this is not a very rigid and exclusive process.Yes—Is there a codified canon of scriptures:Notes: For the Veerashaivas, the vachanas would constitute the canon of scriptures, followedby hagiographical writing that came later.Yes—Yes—In the average settlement, what percentage of area is taken up by all religiousmonuments:Notes: Since the Veerasahiva influence was spread far and wide as well as dispersed, it is hardto determine the percentage of area taken up by its religious monuments. Moreover, templesin Kudalasangama and the Mallikarjuna temple that Akka Mahadevi worshiped at weresimply Shiva temples of an earlier era that later became important for the Veerashaivacommunity.Field doesn't know—Size of largest single religious monument, square meters:Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 9 of 51Are there different types of religious monumental architecture:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Field doesn't know—Height of largest single religious monument, meters:Field doesn't know—Size of average monument, square meters:Field doesn't know—Height of average monument, meters:Field doesn't know—In the largest settlement, what percentage of area is taken up by all religiousmonuments:Field doesn't know—Yes—Tombs:Notes: Karmayogi Siddharameshwara’s (c.1150) samadhi or burial site in Sholapur is a holyplace to visit. The saints of mathas are buried and their burial spot is regarded as holy. It isvisited by devotees and offerings of flowers and incense made. The saints of mathas havespecial burial rituals but it may be interesting to note here that Veerashaivas and Lingayats ingeneral have different rules for the dead: they bury them and do not cremate like most otherHindus.Yes—Cemeteries:No—Temples:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Altars:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Devotional markers:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Mass gathering point [plazas, courtyard, square. Places permanently demarcatedusing visible objects or structures]:Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 10 of 51Is iconography present:Notes: The iconography is mainly that which is in Shiva temples. There are also temples for AkkaMahadevi, the saint of the 12th century. In these, she is represented with long hair covering her bodybased on the stories in the hagiographies. She holds a worshipped ishtalinga in her hand. In calendarart, she is depicted in a meditative posture.Notes: A bust of Basavanna also known as Basaveshwara was inaugurated at Lambeth inLondon on 14 November 2015. http://www.lambethbasaveshwara.co.uk/ Also see this Basavastatue built by the Basava Dharma Peetha.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basava#/media/File:Basava_Gaint_Statue_108_feet,_Basava_Kalyana.JPGYes—Other type of religious monumental architecture:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Yes—Where is iconography present [select all that apply]:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)On persons—At home—Only religious public space—Are there distinct features in the religious group's iconography:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Eyes (stylized or not):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings (zoomorphic):Notes: Shiva's band of ganas are made up of a bull, ghouls and other zoomorphiccreatures.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings (geomorphic):No—Supernatural beings (anthropomorphic):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEYes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 11 of 51Are there specific sites dedicated to sacred practice or considered sacred:Are pilgrimages present:Notes: Some of the Veerashaiva places of pilgrimage are as follows: The Mallikarjuna temple in Srisaila,Andhra Pradesh The Kudalsangama temple in Bagewadi, Bijapur, Karnataka The Chennabasvatemple in Ulavi, Karwar, Karnataka The Siddharameshwara temple in Sholapur, Maharashtra Kalyanawhere Basavanna resided and where Anubhava Mantapa was founded is in an important place to visitfor Veerashaivas. Kudalasangama is said to be the place where Basava attained enlightenment andSrisailam is regarded as important because that is where both Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadeviattained their enlightenment.Status of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Supernatural beings (abstract symbol):Notes: The Linga is considered to be an abstract form of Shiva. Also the rudraksha (seedof the rudraksha tree) is considered to be the tear of Shiva.Yes—Portrayals of afterlife:Notes: In a well-known vachanas, Basavanna talks of 'iha' and 'para' or 'illi' and 'alli'indicating this world and another.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Aspects of doctrine (e.g. cross, trinity, Mithraic symbols):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Notes: The Linga could be considered a symbol, so also the scared ash and rudrakshaseeds.No—Yes—Humans:Notes: The Veerashaivas saints have temples dedicate to them, so yes, we could say thereligious group's iconography is in human form.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Other features of iconography:Notes: Tools of punishment, hand raised in blessing, Eyes closed in meditation.Yes—Yes—Are sacred site oriented to ecological features:Notes: Akka Mahadevi, a female Veerashaiva saint of the 12th century left her body in a foreston the hills of Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh. So, these hills are considered sacred by her devotees.The Akka Mahadevi caves are also located here.Yes—No—Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 12 of 51BeliefsBurial and AfterlifeIs a spirit-body distinction present:Answer “no” only if personhood (or consciousness) is extinguished with death of the physical body.Answering yes does not necessarily imply the existence of Cartesian mind/body dualism, merely thatsome element of personhood (or consciousness) survives the death of the body.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Belief in afterlife:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Reincarnation in this world:How strict is pilgrimage:Obligatory for some—Yes—Spirit-mind is conceived of as having qualitatively different powers or properties thanother body parts:Yes—Spirit-mind is conceived of as non-material, ontologically distinct from body:Yes—Other spirit-body relationship:Yes [specify]: The body is viewed as a garment that needs to be discarded. It is both a tool andimpediment to work out enlightenment.—Yes—Is the spatial location of the afterlife specified or described by the religious group:Yes—Afterlife in specified realm of space beyond this world:Yes—Afterlife in vaguely defined “above” space:Yes—Afterlife in vaguely defined “below” space:No—Afterlife in vaguely defined horizontal space:No—Afterlife located in "other" space:No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 13 of 51Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Are there special treatments for adherents' corpses:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—In a human form:Yes—In animal/plant form:Yes—In form of an inanimate object(s):Yes—In non-individual form (i.e. some form of corporate rebirth, tribe, lineage. etc.):No—Reincarnation linked to notion of life-transcending causality (e.g. karma):Yes—Other form of reincarnation in this world:No—Yes—Cremation:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Mummification:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Interment:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Cannibalism:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 14 of 51Are co-sacrifices present in tomb/burial:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Are grave goods present:Notes: A small linga is kept in the right hand. But this cannot exactly be classified as a grave good.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Exposure to elements (e.g. air drying):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Feeding to animals:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Secondary burial:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Re-treatment of corpse:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Other intensive (in terms of time or resources expended) treatment of corpse :Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—No—Yes—Personal effects:No—Valuable items:No—Other grave goods:No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 15 of 51Are formal burials present:Notes: The Veerashaivas bury themselves in the sitting posture after the burial mode of great saints inHinduism.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Supernatural BeingsAre supernatural beings present:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—As cenotaphs:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—In cemetery:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Family tomb-crypt:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Domestic (individuals interred beneath house, or in areas used for normal domesticactivities):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Other formal burial type:No—Yes—A supreme high god is present:Notes: Shiva would be the high god for the Veerashaivas.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—The supreme high god is anthropomorphic:Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 16 of 51Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)The supreme high god is a sky deity:No—The supreme high god is chthonic (of the underworld):No—The supreme high god is fused with the monarch (king=high god):Yes—The monarch is seen as a manifestation or emanation of the high god:Yes—The supreme high god is a kin relation to elites:No—The supreme high god has another type of loyalty-connection to elites:No—The supreme high god is unquestionably good:No—Other feature(s) of supreme high god:Yes [specify]: Shiva is innocent, ascetic as well as erotic.—The supreme high god has knowledge of this world:Yes—The supreme god's knowledge is restricted to particular domain ofhuman affairs:No—The supreme high god's knowledge is restricted to (a) specific area(s)within the sample region:No—The supreme high god's knowledge is unrestricted within the sampleregion:Yes—The supreme high god's knowledge is unrestricted outside of sampleregion:Yes—The supreme high god can see you everywhere normally visible (inpublic):Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 17 of 51The supreme high god can see you everywhere (in the dark, at home):Yes—The supreme high god can see inside heart/mind (hidden motives):Yes—The supreme high god knows your basic character (personal essence):Yes—The supreme high god knows what will happen to you, what you will do(future sight):Yes—The supreme high god has other knowledge of this world:Yes [specify]: Has knowledge of how to bring about cessation of the cycle ofbirth and death.—The supreme high god has deliberate causal efficacy in the world:Yes—The supreme high god can reward:Yes—The supreme high god can punish:Yes—The supreme high god has indirect causal efficacy in the world:Yes—The supreme high god exhibits positive emotion:Yes—The supreme high god exhibits negative emotion:Yes—The supreme high god possesses hunger:No—Is it permissible to worship supernatural beings other than the high god:Yes—The supreme high god possesses/exhibits some other feature:Field doesn't know—The supreme high god communicates with the living:Yes—In waking, everyday life:Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 18 of 51In dreams:Yes—In trance possession:Yes—Through divination practices:Yes—Only through religious specialists:No—Only through monarchNo—Other form of communication with living:No—Previously human spirits are present:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits can be seen:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits can be physically felt:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Previously human spirits have knowledge of this world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits' knowledge restricted to particular domain of humanaffairs:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Human spirits' knowledge restricted to (a) specific area(s) within thesample region:No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 19 of 51Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Human spirits' knowledge unrestricted within the sample region:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Human spirits' knowledge unrestricted outside of sample region:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Human spirits can see you everywhere normally visible (in public):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits can see you everywhere (in the dark, at home):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirit's can see inside heart/mind (hidden motives):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits know your basic character (personal essence):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits know what will happen to you, what you will do (futuresight):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits have other form(s) of knowledge regarding this world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes [specify]: How to stop the cycle of birth and death.—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 20 of 51Human spirits have deliberate causal efficacy in the world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits can reward:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits can punish:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits have indirect causal efficacy in the world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits have memory of life:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits exhibit positive emotion:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits exhibit negative emotion:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Human spirits possess hunger:Yes—Human spirits possess/exhibit some other feature:No—Human spirits communicate with the living:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEYes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 21 of 51Status of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)In waking, everyday life:Yes—In dreams:Yes—In trance possession:Yes—Through divination processes:Yes—Only through specialists:No—Only through monarch:No—Communicate with living through other means:No—Non-human supernatural beings are present:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These supernatural beings can be seen:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These supernatural beings can be physically felt:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Non-human supernatural beings have knowledge of this world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Non-human supernatural beings have knowledge restricted toparticular domain of human affairs:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CENo—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 22 of 51Status of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Non-human supernatural beings have knowledge restricted to (a)specific area(s) within the sample region:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Non-human supernatural beings have knowledge unrestricted withinthe sample region:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Non-human supernatural beings have knowledge unrestricted outsideof sample region:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Non-human supernatural beings have can see you everywhere normallyvisible (in public):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Non-human supernatural beings can see you everywhere (in the dark, athome):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Non-human supernatural beings can see inside heart/mind (hiddenmotives):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Non-human supernatural beings knows your basic character (personalessence):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Non-human supernatural beings know what will happen to you, whatyou will do (future sight):Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 23 of 51Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Non-human supernatural begins have other knowledge of this world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes [specify]: Knowledge of how to cease the cycle of birth and death.—Non-human supernatural beings have deliberate causal efficacy in the world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These supernatural beings can reward:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These supernatural beings can punish:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These supernatural beings have indirect causal efficacy in the world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These supernatural beings exhibit positive emotion:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These supernatural beings exhibit negative emotion:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These supernatural beings possess hunger:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 24 of 51These supernatural beings possess/exhibit some other feature:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Mixed human-divine beings are present:Notes: There is Shiva and pantheon. But also human-divine beings such as the Veerashaivasaints of the 12th century who performed miracles and had conquered death.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEYes—These mixed human-divine beings can be seen:Notes: Yes, by those who practice aspects of the tradition with a pure heart.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEYes—These mixed human-divine beings can be physically felt:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Mixed human-divine beings have knowledge of this world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Mixed human-divine beings have knowledge restricted to particulardomain of human affairs:Yes—Mixed human-divine beings have knowledge restricted to (a) specificarea(s) within the sample region:No—Mixed human-divine beings have knowledge unrestricted within thesample region:Yes—Mixed human-divine beings have knowledge unrestricted outside ofsample region:Yes—Mixed human-divine beings can see you everywhere normally visible (inpublic):Yes—Mixed human-divine beings can see you everywhere (in the dark, athome):Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 25 of 51Yes—Mixed human-divine beings can see inside heart/mind (hiddenmotives):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Mixed human-divine beings know your basic character (personalessence):Yes—Mixed human-divine beings know what will happen to you, what youwill do (future sight):Yes—Mixed human-divine beings have other knowledge of the human world:Yes [specify]: The knowledge of how to cease the cycle of birth and death fromrepeating itself over and over again.—These mixed human-divine beings have deliberate causal efficacy in the world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These mixed human-divine beings can reward:Yes—These mixed human-divine beings can punish:Yes—These mixed human-divine beings have indirect causal efficacy in the world:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These mixed human-divine beings exhibit positive emotion:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These mixed human-divine beings exhibit negative emotion:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—These mixed human-divine beings possess hunger:No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 26 of 51Notes: Since the saints in their temples exist in a transcendental form and not aphysical form, they feel no hunger. Devotees however make offerings of food, waterand flowers as a mark of respect.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)These mixed human-divine beings possess/exhibit some other feature:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes [specify]: Specific qualities like protection from distress, blessings and so on.—Mixed human-divine beings communicate with the living:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—In waking, everyday life:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—In dreams:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—In trance possession:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Through divination practices:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Only through religious specialists:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Only through monarch:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CENo—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 27 of 51Supernatural MonitoringIs supernatural monitoring present:This refers to surveillance by supernatural beings of humans’ behaviour and/or thought particularly as itrelates to social norms or potential norm violations.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Status of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Other form of communication with living:No—Does the religious group possess a pantheon of supernatural beings:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Organized by kinship based on a family model:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Organized hierarchically:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Power of beings is domain specific:Notes: The answer really is Yes and No. For instance, Ganesha, son of Shiva is domainspecific. He is the lord of beginnings and the remover of obstacles. But Shiva thoughdestroyer and punisher in some stories, is also all-capable.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Other organization for pantheon:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes [specify]: Hindu mainstream sects—Yes—There is supernatural monitoring of prosocial norm adherence in particular:Prosocial norms are norms that enhance cooperation among members of the group, includingobviously “moral” or “ethical” norms, but also extending to norms concerning honouring contractsand oaths, providing hospitality, coming to mutual aid in emergencies, etc.No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 28 of 51Supernatural beings care about taboos:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Food:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Sacred space(s):Yes—Sacred object(s):Yes—Supernatural beings care about other:Yes [specify]: Purity of devotee.—Supernatural beings care about murder of coreligionists:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about murder of members of other religions:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about murder of members of other polities:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about sex:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Supernatural beings care about lying:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about honouring oaths:Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 29 of 51Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about laziness:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about sorcery:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about non-lethal fighting:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about shirking risk:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about disrespecting elders:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about gossiping:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about property crimes:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about proper ritual observance:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 30 of 51Do supernatural beings mete out punishment:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Supernatural beings care about performance of rituals:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about conversion of non-religionists:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Supernatural beings care about economic fairness:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about personal hygiene:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural beings care about other:Yes [specify]: motivation behind actions, unselfish motives are rewarded, selfish ones punished.—Yes—Is the cause or agent of supernatural punishment known:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Done only by high god:No—Done by many supernatural beings:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Done through impersonal cause-effect principle:Yes—Done by other entities or through other means [specify]Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 31 of 51No—Is the reason for supernatural punishment known:Yes—Done to enforce religious ritual-devotional adherence:No—Done to enforce group norms:No—Done to inhibit selfishness:Yes—Done randomly:No—Other [specify]No—Supernatural punishments are meted out in the afterlife:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural punishments in the afterlife are highly emphasized by thereligious group:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Punishment in the afterlife consists of mild sensory displeasure:Yes—Punishment in the afterlife consists of extreme sensory displeasure:Yes—Punishment in the afterlife consists of reincarnation as an inferior life form:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Punishment in the afterlife consists of reincarnation in an inferior realm:Yes—Other [specify]No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 32 of 51Supernatural punishments are meted out in this lifetime:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural punishments in this life are highly emphasized by the religiousgroup:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Punishment in this life consists of bad luck:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Punishment in this life consists of political failure:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Punishment in this life consists of defeat in battle:No—Punishment in this life consists of crop failure or bad weather:No—Punishment in this life consists of disaster on journeys.No—Punishment in this life consists of mild sensory displeasure:Yes—Punishment in this life consists of extreme sensory displeasure:Yes—Punishment in this life consists of sickness or illness:No—Punishment in this life consists of impaired reproduction:No—Punishment in this life consists of bad luck visited on descendants:Yes—Other [specify]Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 33 of 51Do supernatural beings bestow rewards:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Notes: There is no clear answer as to whether all misfortunes are the result of one'spast karma. It could well be the result of one's actions in the present. Hence, it isconcluded in this tradition that the concept of karma and karma's workings areindecipherable by the human mind, which is why actions must be performed alwaysand with a good use of discernment.Yes—Is the cause/purpose of supernatural rewards known:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Done only by high god:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Done by many supernatural beings:Yes—Done through impersonal cause-effect principle:Yes—Done to enforce religious ritual-devotional adherence:No—Done to enforce group norms:No—Done to inhibit selfishness:Yes—Done randomly:No—Supernatural rewards are bestowed out in the afterlife:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural rewards in the afterlife are highly emphasized by the religiousgroup:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEYes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 34 of 51Status of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Reward in the afterlife consists of mild sensory pleasure:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Reward in the afterlife consists of extreme sensory pleasure:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Reward in the afterlife consists of eternal happiness:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Reward in the afterlife consists of reincarnation as a superior life form:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Reward in the afterlife consists of reincarnation in a superior realm:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Other [specify]Notes: Cessation of the cycle of birth and death.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Field doesn't know—Supernatural rewards are bestowed out in this lifetime:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Supernatural rewards in this life are highly emphasized by the religious group:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Field doesn't know—Reward in this life consists of good luck:Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 35 of 51Messianism/EschatologyAre messianic beliefs present:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is an eschatology present:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Reward in this life consists of political success or power:No—Reward in this life consists of success in battle:No—Reward in this life consists of peace or social stability:No—Reward in this life consists of healthy crops or good weather:No—Reward in this life consists of success on journeys:No—Reward in this life consists of mild sensory pleasure:Yes—Reward in this life consists of extreme sensory pleasure:Yes—Reward in this life consists of enhanced health:No—Reward in this life consists of enhanced reproductive success:No—Reward in this life consists of fortune visited on descendants:Yes—Other [specify]Notes: There is no clarity with regards to the working of Karma.Yes—No—No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 36 of 51Norms and Moral RealismAre general social norms prescribed by the religious group:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is there a conventional vs. moral distinction in the religious group:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Yes—What is the nature of this distinction:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Weakly present—Are specifically moral norms prescribed by the religious group:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Specifically moral norms are implicitly linked to vague metaphysical concepts:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Specifically moral norms are explicitly linked to vague metaphysical entities:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Specifically moral norms are linked to impersonal cosmic order (e.g. karma):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Specifically moral norms are linked in some way to an anthropomorphicbeing:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Specifically moral norms are linked explicitly to commands ofanthropomorphic being:Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 37 of 51Are there centrally important virtues advocated by the religious group:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Specifically moral norms are have no special connection to metaphysical:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Moral norms apply to:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Only specialized religious class—Yes—Honesty / trustworthiness / integrity:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Courage (in battle):Notes: Courage in battle was a virtue in medieval India for the Veerashaivas. In modern India, itis more generic.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Courage (generic):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Compassion / empathy / kindness / benevolence:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Mercy / forgiveness / tolerance:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEYes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 38 of 51Status of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Generosity / charity:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Selflessness / selfless giving:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Righteousness / moral rectitude:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Ritual purity / ritual adherence / abstention from sources of impurity:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Respectfulness / courtesy:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Familial obedience / filial piety:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Fidelity / loyalty:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Cooperation:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Independence / creativity / freedom:Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 39 of 51Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Moderation / frugality:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Forbearance / fortitude / patience:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Diligence / self-discipline / excellence:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Assertiveness / decisiveness / confidence / initiative:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Strength (physical):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Power / status / nobility:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Humility / modesty:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Contentment / serenity / equanimity:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 40 of 51PracticesMembership Costs and PracticesDoes membership in this religious group require celibacy (full sexual abstinence):Specific to this answer:Joyfulness / enthusiasm / cheerfulness:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Optimism / hope:Yes—Gratitude / thankfulness:Yes—Reverence / awe / wonder:No—Faith / belief / trust / devotion:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Wisdom / understanding:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Discernment / intelligence:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Beauty / attractiveness:No—Cleanliness (physical) / orderliness:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Other important virtues advocated by the religious group:No—No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 41 of 51Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require constraints on sexual activity (partial sexualabstinence):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require castration:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require fasting:Notes: Fasting is not enforced in any manner in followers though it is recommended on the festival ofShivaratri or Shiva's night. This is the most important festival for the Veerashaivas.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require forgone food opportunities (taboos ondesired foods):Notes: The Veerashaivas are not meat-eaters.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEDoes membership in this religious group require permanent scarring or painful bodilyalterations:Specific to this answer:Yes—Monogamy (males):Notes: This is recommended, not enforced by the religious community. The Indian Stateenforces monogamy on all Indian men and women.Yes—Monogamy (females):Yes—Other sexual constraints (males):Notes: Sexual activity is not recommended on auspicious days or festivals.Yes—Other sexual constraints (females):Notes: Sexual activity is not recommended on auspicious days or festivals.Yes—No—No—Yes—Yes—No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 42 of 51Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require painful physical positions or transitorypainful wounds:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require sacrifice of adults:"Adults" here referring to an emic or indigenous category; if that category is different from the popularWestern definition of a human who is 18-years-old or older and who is legally responsible for his/heractions, then please specify that difference in the Comments/Sources: box below.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require sacrifice of children:"Children" here referring to an emic or indigenous category; if that category is different from the popularWestern definition, please specify that different in the Comments/Sources: box below.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require self-sacrifice (suicide):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require sacrifice of property/valuable items:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require sacrifice of time (e.g., attendance atmeetings or services, regular prayer, etc.):Notes: Sacrifice of time is recommended, not required.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require physical risk taking:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require accepting ethical precepts:No—No—No—No—No—No—No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 43 of 51Notes: The eight ethical precepts or ashtavarana include deference to (1) Guru or Teacher (2) Linga orthe abstract form of Shiva, (3) Jangama or the unattached gurus (4) Bhasma (Vibhuti) or Sacred ash (5)Rudraksha or seed of the Rudraksha tree considered to be the tears of Shiva (6) Padodaka or waterthat washes the feet of gurus (7) Prasada or food or any other sanctified object. (8) Mantra or Sacredsounds. Ethical precepts could also include the following: (1) Lingachara (2) Sadachara (3) Shivachara(4) Bhratyachara (5) Ganachara. Achara literally means practices.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require marginalization by out-group members:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does membership in this religious group require participation in small-scale rituals (private,household):Notes: The Linga worn on the body in a thread is worshipped by being held in the palm of one's hand.This practice was introduced by Basavanna in the 12th century. He also introduced new concepts suchas dasoha (giving), kayaka (importance of work) and emphasized upon equality of men and women asa result of which women worship on their periods unlike in other Hindu sects.Does membership in this religious group require participation in large-scale rituals:I.e. involving two or more households; includes large-scale “ceremonies” and “festivals.”Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Are extra-ritual in-group markers present:E.g. special changes to appearance such as circumcision, tattoos, scarification, etc.Notes: The Lingayats wear Bhasma or Vibhuti on their foreheads like other Shaivites within Hinduism,but this practice distinguishes them from the Vaishnavites who also wear a marker on their foreheadbut differently. They also wear a small linga through a thread known as the ishtalinga.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—No—Yes—What is the average interval of time between performances (in hours):Performances here refers to large-scale rituals.Notes: It is subjective.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Hours: 0—No—Yes—Tattoos/scarification:No—Circumcision:No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 44 of 51Does the group employ fictive kinship terminology:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Society and InstitutionsFood taboos:Notes: They cannot consume meat.Yes—Hair:Notes: Religious Heads of mathas could wear their hair a bit differently. Occasionally, tied in aknot on top of the head.No—Dress:Notes: Religious Heads of mathas wear orange-colored clothing.No—Ornaments:Notes: Religious Heads of Mathas wear the Rudraksha beads. All others wear the linga on thebody with a thread, which could be considered an ornament.No—Archaic ritual language:Notes: A number of Veerashaivas are well-versed in Sanskrit. There is no compulsion thateveryone learn this and therefore it is inaccurate to view this as a marker. Nevertheless, anumber of people from this community are known for their commitment to Sanskrit-learning.Yes—Other:No—Yes—Fictive kinship terminology universal:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Fictive kinship terminology widespread:Notes: This is true of medieval India since the earliest saints are all referred to as brother orsister.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Fictive kinship terminology employed but uncommon:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEYes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 45 of 51Levels of Social ComplexityThe society to which the religious group belongs is best characterized as (please chooseone):Notes: A matha or congregation of individuals with similar beliefs in certain kinds of philosophicalthinking.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)WelfareDoes the religious group in question provide institutionalized famine relief:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Notes: The Veerashaiva mathas are known to engage in a number social work activities. Famine reliefcould well have been conducted or been on their agenda, especially if it hit local areas.Is famine relief available to the group's adherents through an institution(s) other than thereligious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does the religious group in question provide institutionalized poverty relief:Notes: A number of students are provided education and hostel facilities at subsidized rates, possiblyeven free, in dedicated institutions for followers.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEIs poverty relief available to the group's adherents through an institution(s) other than thereligious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does the religious group in question provide institutionalized care for the elderly and infirm:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is institutionalized care for the elderly and infirm available to the group's adherents throughan institution(s) other than the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Other [specify in comments]—No—Yes—No—Yes—Yes—No—No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 46 of 51EducationDoes the religious group provide formal education to its adherents:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is formal education available to the group’s adherents through an institution(s) other thanthe religious group:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)BureaucracyDo the group’s adherent’s interact with a formal bureaucracy within their group:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Do the group’s adherents interact with other institutional bureaucracies:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Public WorksDoes the religious group in question provide public food storage:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEYes—Is formal education restricted to religious professionals:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Is such education open to both males and females:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Yes—Is extra-religious education open to both males and females:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Yes—Yes—Yes—No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 47 of 51Status of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is public food storage provided to the group’s adherents by an institution(s) other than thereligious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does the religious group in question provide water management (irrigation, flood control):Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is water management provided to the group’s adherents by an institution(s) other than thereligious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does the religious group in question provide transportation infrastructure:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is transportation infrastructure provided for the group’s adherents by an institution(s) otherthan the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)TaxationDoes the religious group in question levy taxes or tithes:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Are taxes levied on the group’s adherents by an institution(s) other than the religious group inquestion:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)EnforcementDoes the religious group in question provide an institutionalized police force:No—No—No—No—No—No—No—No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 48 of 51Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Do the group’s adherents interact with an institutionalized police force provided by aninstitution(s) other than the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does the religious group in question provide institutionalized judges:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Do the group’s adherents interact with an institutionalized judicial system provided by an aninstitution(s) other than the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does the religious group in question enforce institutionalized punishment:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Are the group’s adherents subject to institutionalized punishment enforced by aninstitution(s) other than the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Does the religious group in question have a formal legal code:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Are the group’s adherents subject to a formal legal code provided by institution(s) other thanthe religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)WarfareDoes religious group in question possess an institutionalized military:No—No—No—No—No—No—No—No—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 49 of 51Notes: But the Veerashaivas are known to have been a militant group in the 12th century.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 20 CE - 21 CEDo the group’s adherents participate in an institutionalized military provided byinstitution(s) other than the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Are the group’s adherents protected by or subject to an institutionalized military providedby an institution(s) other than the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Written LanguageDoes the religious group in question possess its own distinct written language:Notes: However, those settled in different regions follow the dialects of their regions respectively. Fore.g. the Veerashaivas of North Karnataka may speak in that dialect, while those settled in AndhraPradesh may speak in Telugu language and the regional dialect of Telugu.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is a non-religion-specific written language available to the group’s adherents through aninstitution(s) other than the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is a non-religion-specific written language used by the group’s adherents through aninstitution(s) other than the religious group in question:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)CalendarDoes the religious group in question possess a formal calendar:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is a formal calendar provided for the group’s adherents by an institution(s) other than thereligious group in question:Notes: The Veerashaivas of today share their calendar for the most part with the Hindu calendar.No—No—No—Yes—Yes—Yes—Yes—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 50 of 51Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Food ProductionDoes the religious group in question provide food for themselves:Specific to this answer:Date Range: 11 CE - 12 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)Is food provided to the group’s adherents by an institution(s) other than the religious groupin question:Notes: The State provides food for this community just as it provides for all others through marketsthat then the citizens will have to purchase. But, Lingayats could traditionally be practicingagriculturalists when residing in rural areas.Specific to this answer:Date Range: 20 CE - 21 CEStatus of Participants: ✓ Non-elite (common people, general populace)No—Yes—Please characterize the forms/levels of food production [choose all that apply]:Small-scale agriculture / horticultural gardens or orchards—Large-scale agriculture (e.g., monocropping, organized irrigation systems)—Kannan, Database of Religious History, 2018 Page 51 of 51
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eng
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Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Faculty
Religion
Indic religious traditions
Bhakti traditions
Hinduism
Veerashaivas
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