Forestry, Faculty of
Non UBC
DSpace
Buildings 15 (5): 743 (2025)
Kong, Deyi
Li, Ziyi
Fei, Xinhui
Chen, Zujian
The colors of traditional dwellings are an extremely intuitive manifestation of regional culture and an important reference for guiding rural housing. This study takes the Gutian district as the research region and explores the internal influence mechanism of the “color perception–preference–supportive behavior” of the indigenous residents towards traditional dwellings, specifically rammed earth dwellings. After constructing a structural equation model, the results were as follows: (1) The color perception of the indigenous residents towards traditional dwellings has two dimensions: distinctiveness and rootedness. (2) The color perception of the indigenous residents towards traditional dwellings can significantly enhance their color preference, but the two dimensions of color perception have different effects on color preference. (3) Color perception has a direct impact on color supportive behavior, mainly reflected in the dimension of the perception of distinctiveness. On the other hand, the mediating role of color preference has a positive impact on color— supportive behavior, mainly reflected in the dimension of the perception of rootedness. This study constructs a positive—cycle model that goes from the strengthening of color perception to the promotion of color preference and finally to the enhancement of color supportive behavior. The aim is to deeply analyze the multiple values contained in the colors of traditional dwellings, which not only demonstrate regional characteristics but also closely meet the emotional needs of the indigenous residents and have broad application potential in rural housing and cultural inheritance significance.
Academic Editor: Adrian PittsReceived: 6 February 2025Revised: 21 February 2025Accepted: 23 February 2025Published: 25 February 2025Citation: Kong, D.; Li, Z.; Fei, X.;Chen, Z. Color Preference and ColorSupportive Behavior: The After Effectsof Color Perception of Rural HousingAmong the Indigenous Residents inGutian District, Fujian Province, China.Buildings 2025, 15, 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050743Copyright: © 2025 by the authors.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access articledistributed under the terms andconditions of the Creative CommonsAttribution (CC BY) license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).ArticleColor Preference and Color Supportive Behavior: The AfterEffects of Color Perception of Rural Housing Among theIndigenous Residents in Gutian District, Fujian Province, ChinaDeyi Kong 1, Ziyi Li 2, Xinhui Fei 1,3 and Zujian Chen 1,*1 College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002, China; kongdeyizi@fafu.edu.cn (D.K.); xfei03@student.ubc.ca (X.F.)2 Department of Architectural Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Seoul 518118, Republic of Korea;20236588@office.deu.ac.kr3 Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada* Correspondence: zujianchen@fafu.edu.cnAbstract: The colors of traditional dwellings are an extremely intuitive manifestation ofregional culture and an important reference for guiding rural housing. This study takes theGutian district as the research region and explores the internal influence mechanism of the“color perception–preference–supportive behavior” of the indigenous residents towardstraditional dwellings, specifically rammed earth dwellings. After constructing a structuralequation model, the results were as follows: (1) The color perception of the indigenousresidents towards traditional dwellings has two dimensions: distinctiveness and rootedness.(2) The color perception of the indigenous residents towards traditional dwellings cansignificantly enhance their color preference, but the two dimensions of color perceptionhave different effects on color preference. (3) Color perception has a direct impact on colorsupportive behavior, mainly reflected in the dimension of the perception of distinctiveness.On the other hand, the mediating role of color preference has a positive impact on color—supportive behavior, mainly reflected in the dimension of the perception of rootedness.This study constructs a positive—cycle model that goes from the strengthening of colorperception to the promotion of color preference and finally to the enhancement of colorsupportive behavior. The aim is to deeply analyze the multiple values contained in thecolors of traditional dwellings, which not only demonstrate regional characteristics but alsoclosely meet the emotional needs of the indigenous residents and have broad applicationpotential in rural housing and cultural inheritance significance.Keywords: traditional dwelling; color perception; color preference; color support; structuralequation model1. IntroductionTraditional dwellings, as unique material cultural heritages, bear the profound cultureand long history of a specific country or region. They embody rich characteristics of ruralculture and are typical material manifestations of regional culture in architecture [1]. Inrecent years, the rapid progress of rural revitalization has brought about drastic changes inthe rural landscape, with both human settlement construction and landscape destructioncoexisting. Traditional dwellings are facing issues such as demolition, abandonment, andwanton wall painting. Meanwhile, newly built rural houses often feature color abuse andchaos, which are usually incompatible with the color styles of traditional dwellings thatBuildings 2025, 15, 743 https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050743Buildings 2025, 15, 743 2 of 22have developed over a long time and embody regional cultural characteristics, severelydamaging the regional characteristics [2].The Department of Housing and Urban–RuralDevelopment of Fujian Province released a notice on negative cases of beautiful ruralconstruction, which announced instances of rural landscape destruction caused by unrea-sonable rural building construction (Figure 1). Color design, as the most crucial element oftraditional village landscapes, objectively impacts rural architecture. A color scheme thataligns with regional characteristics and suits villagers’ preferences can not only enhancethe village landscape but also endow villagers with a sense of satisfaction, identity, andhappiness [3]. The colors of traditional dwellings, an important external expression ofregional culture, blend harmoniously with the surrounding natural environment, strength-ening the architectural–environmental synergy. Moreover, they carry unique local culturalconnotations and can effectively guide the color selection of rural architecture [4].Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 23 destruction coexisting. Traditional dwellings are facing issues such as demolition, aban-donment, and wanton wall painting. Meanwhile, newly built rural houses often feature color abuse and chaos, which are usually incompatible with the color styles of traditional dwellings that have developed over a long time and embody regional cultural character-istics, severely damaging the regional characteristics [2].The Department of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of Fujian Province released a n tice on eg tive cases of be u-tiful rural construct o , which announc instan s of rural landscape destruc on caused by unreasonable rural b ilding construction (Figure 1). Color design, as the most crucial elem nt of traditional village la dscapes, objectively mpacts rural ar hitectur . A color scheme that ligns with r gi nal characteristic and suits villagers’ prefe enc s can not only enhance the village landscape but also endow villag rs with a se se f satisfaction, identity, and hap iness [3]. The c lors of traditional dwellings, an imp rtant extern l ex-pression of regional culture, blend h rmoniously with the surrounding natural envir n-ment, strengtheni g the architectural–environme tal synergy. Mo eover, they carry u ique local cul l conn tatio s and can effectively guide the color s lection of rural architecture [4]. Figure 1. Prominent color problems of traditional dwellings in Fujian Province. The color selection of traditional dwellings stems from the observations of the natural environment and the life experiences of the ancestors. Without the guidance of complex art theories, it inherently aligns with people’s simple pursuit of beauty, representing the most primitive form of esthetic creation. After long-term accumulation, it has formed the symbolic color symbols of the local dwellings in this region [5]. The color customs of each regional community have accumulated rich connotations, such as regarding the collective subconscious, spirit, and concepts of people in various regions, and have been stably and continuously passed down. This is a collective identity and memory, which shows obvi-ous esthetic commonality and has convergent color preferences [6]. According to color psychology, colors can arouse people’s emotional responses, and indigenous people will develop preferences for colors based on their own life experiences and emotional needs [7]. For example, in regions with intense sunlight and high temperatures, indigenous peo-ple prefer to use light colors. For instance, the houses of the Dai ethnic group are mostly Figure 1. Prominent color problems of traditional dwellings in Fujian Province.The color selection of traditional dwellings stems from the observations of the naturalenvironment and the life experiences of the ancestors. Without the guidance of complexart theories, it inherently aligns with people’s simple pursuit of beauty, representing themost primitive form of esthetic creation. After long-term accumulation, it has formed thesymbolic color symbols of the local dwellings in this region [5]. The color customs of eachregional community have accumulated rich connotations, such as regarding the collectivesubconscious, spirit, and concepts of people in various regions, and have been stablyand continuously passed down. This is a collective identity and memory, which showsobvious esthetic commonality and has convergent color preferences [6]. According tocolor psychology, colors can arouse people’s emotional responses, and indigenous peoplewill develop preferences for colors based on their own life experiences and emotionalneeds [7]. For example, in regions with intense sunlight and high temperatures, indigenouspeople prefer to use light colors. For instance, the houses of the Dai ethnic group are mostlydominated by light bamboo colors, combined with white or light-yellow decorations, whichcan reduce heat absorption and relieve the high temperature, while in cold northern regions,dark colors such as black and dark brown are more common in traditional dwellings. Thesecolors can absorb more solar heat and help to keep the indoors warm. Indigenous peopleBuildings 2025, 15, 743 3 of 22have gradually formed esthetic concepts regarding color harmony and balance in long-term living environments. And the color combinations of traditional dwellings are oftenharmonious combinations that have been tested in practice and that conform to the estheticorientations of local residents [8]. Traditional dwellings colors can trigger the sense ofbelonging and identity of local residents [9]. Alexander also put forward the same view inhis treatise The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe,Book 4—The Luminous Ground. He believed that when a building or an object possesses an“inner light”—that is, a phenomenon where the object or space seems to radiate vitalityfrom within—it can evoke deep emotional resonance in people. He emphasized that colorsshould emerge naturally through a bottom-up “generative process” rather than being theresult of pre-designed schemes. Therefore, he criticized the superficial use of colors inmodern architecture (such as solid color blocks and industrial coatings), arguing that thissevers the deep-seated connection between colors, materials, and emotions [10].The theory of environmental behavior is a kind of social psychology based on the inter-action among people’s attitudes, behaviors, and environmental cognition. It mainly focuseson the relationship between individuals’ mental states and behavioral performances [11].This theory puts forward that there is a close correlation among cognition, emotion, andintentional behavior. Cognition is the foundation for constructing attitudes under theinfluence of specific situational elements. Emotion is at the core of attitude formation, andbehavioral expression is the reaction tendency shown towards attitude objects and is thefinal result produced by attitudes [12]. These elements intermingle and exert influence onthe development trend and conservation work of the village [13]. Taking rural areas insouthern China as an example, Coggins Chris et al. studied the history of Feng Shui forestconservation in China and found that strong rural self-management not only maintainedand increased the diversity of Feng Shui forests but also protected the local garden ecol-ogy [14]. Dou Yindi et al. believe that it is necessary to pay attention to the reaction of localresidents, who are the group inheritors of regional cultural landscape and its colors, bearthe heavy responsibility of spreading local knowledge, and deserve full respect and valuerecognition [15]. Shahrul Yani Said et al. believe that in the process of protecting traditionalculture, public awareness of protection should be enhanced [16]. Jiang Yong believes thatit is necessary to inherit traditional ways of production and life, develop characteristicindustries, and establish villagers’ participation mechanism [17].According to the relevant research and discussions in the above-mentioned colorpsychology and environmental behavior science, the perceived value of the colors oftraditional dwellings by indigenous people can be regarded as the cognitive result ofthe color situation in the human settlement environment, and color preference preciselyreflects the unique emotional bond between indigenous people and local colors, whilecolor supportive behaviors can be seen as the original behavioral intention tendency ofresidents [18]. Therefore, in our study, color perception was set as the color cognitionof traditional dwellings, color preference was set as the emotional attitude, and colorsupport was set as the intentional behavior (Figure 2). In recent years, color perceptionresearch that has been vigorously discussed on an international scale has conducted in-depth investigations into various phenomena presented by color changes, the influencingfactors behind them, corresponding evaluation methods and applications in managementand many other aspects, thus attracting widespread attention from all walks of life. Amongthem, some related studies have covered local groups and focused on the perception formedby environmental color changes and the evaluation research conducted accordingly [19];there are also a series of important issues such as the perception status of indigenous peopleregarding environmental color changes over a long time span and how they construct itsmeaning [20]. For example, after conducting research on the Saru River in Japan, NakamuraBuildings 2025, 15, 743 4 of 22Naohiro proposed that if indigenous people can be spontaneously involved in the work ofenvironmental impact perception evaluation, it will play a more powerful role in promotingthe protection of local culture [21]. However, there are relatively few studies on the influenceof indigenous people’s color perception of traditional dwellings, color preference, and theintention of color support behavior. In China’s academic community, it is still necessaryto further explore whether the color perception value of indigenous people on traditionaldwellings in different dimensions will have an impact on color preference and whether itcan arouse indigenous people’s color support behavior so as to promote citizens to activelyparticipate in the maintenance work of the color ecology of traditional dwellings.Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 23 them, some related studies have covered local groups and focused on the perception formed by environmental color changes and the evaluation research conducted accord-ingly [19]; there are also a series of important issues such as the perception status of in-digenous people regarding environmental color changes over a long time span and how they construct its meaning [20]. For example, after conducting research on the Saru River in Japan, Nakamura Naohiro proposed that if indigenous people can be spontaneously involved in the work of environmental impact perception evaluation, it will play a more powerful role in promoting the protection of local culture [21]. However, there are rela-tively few studies on the influence of indigenous people’s color perception of traditional dwellings, color preference, and the intention of color support behavior. In China’s aca-demic community, it is still necessary to further explore whether the color perception value of indigenous people on traditional dwellings in different dimensions will have an impact on color preference and whether it can arouse indigenous people’s color support behavior so as to promote citizens to actively participate in the maintenance work of the color ecology of traditional dwellings. Figure 2. Cognitive–emotional–behavioral framework. The colors of traditional dwellings with rich local characteristics and regional cul-tures are an important part of the locality and uniqueness of traditional villages. D.R. Wil-liams et al. pointed out that there is an emotional connection generated in the long-term interaction between people and specific places. The stronger the preference is, the more likely residents will take actions that are beneficial to the environment [22]. Currently, some scholars have discussed the impact of local attachment or local identity of traditional villages on residents’ development behaviors [23,24]. However, the relationship among indigenous people’s color perception of traditional dwellings, color preference, and color support still needs to be further clarified. The indigenous residents’ perception of the col-ors of traditional dwellings, through the mediating role of their preferences, profoundly influences their color supportive behaviors. On the one hand, this perception–preference connection plays a crucial role in the comprehensive restoration of the colors of traditional dwellings. On the other hand, it enables the skillful integration of traditional dwelling colors into rural housing construction. For example, decorating rural house exterior walls with rammed earth panels or applying rammed earth coatings can restore the color tex-ture of rammed earth, satisfying people’s emotional longing for regional culture and thus achieving the organic renewal and sustainable development of the colors of traditional dwellings. Therefore, in taking the Gutian district, China, as a case study, this study ex-plores the relational mechanism among indigenous people’s color perception, color pref-erence, and color support behaviors towards rammed earth traditional dwellings. It aims to construct a positive cyclic model that ranges from strengthening color perception to enhancing color preference and finally promotes the improvement of color support be-haviors. It also explores the multiple values contained in the colors of traditional dwell-ings and proves their extensive application potential and significance in cultural inher-itance with sustainable development. Figure 2. Cognitive–emotional–behavioral framework.The colors of traditional dwellings with rich local characteristics and regional culturesare an important part of the locality and uniqueness of traditional villages. D.R. Williamset al. pointed out that there is an emotional connection generated in the long-term inter-action between people and specific places. The stronger the preference is, the more likelyresidents will take actions that are beneficial to the environment [22]. Currently, some schol-ars have discussed the impact of local attachment or local identity of traditional villages onresidents’ development behaviors [23,24]. However, the relationship among indigenouspeople’s color perception of traditional dwellings, color preference, and color support stillneeds to be further clarified. The indigenous residents’ perception of the colors of tradi-tional dwellings, through the mediating role of their preferences, profoundly influencestheir color supportive behaviors. On the one hand, this perception–preference connectionplays a crucial role in the comprehensive restoration of the colors of traditional dwellings.On the other hand, it enables the skillful integration of traditional dwelling colors into ruralhousing construction. For example, decorating rural house exterior walls with rammedearth panels or applying rammed earth coatings can restore the color texture of rammedearth, satisfying people’s emotional longing for regional culture and thus achieving theorganic renewal and sustainable development of the colors of traditional dwellings. There-fore, in taking the Gutian district, China, as a case study, this study explores the relationalmechanism among indigenous people’s color perception, color preference, and color sup-port behaviors towards rammed earth traditional dwellings. It aims to construct a positivecyclic model that ranges from strengthening color perception to enhancing color preferenceand finally promotes the improvement of color support behaviors. It also explores themultiple values contained in the colors of traditional dwellings and proves their extensiveapplication potential and significance in cultural inheritance with sustainable development.2. Research Review and Hypothesis2.1. Color PerceptionThe colors of traditional dwellings are the unique color characteristics of a certainregion, which can be manifested as distinctiveness, rootedness, and subjectivity [24]. Dis-tinctiveness is the basic meaning of the colors of traditional dwellings. It refers to thedifferent traditional dwelling color systems bred by different local natural geographical en-vironments and historical social cultures over a long period of time. Rootedness means thatthe formation of the traditional dwellings colors is closely related to a specific geographicalBuildings 2025, 15, 743 5 of 22scope, and their cognition and understanding need to be placed in a specific regionalcontext, reflecting their inherent immovability [25]. Subjectivity is manifested in the factthat different individuals have different experiences and cognitions regarding the colors oftraditional dwellings in a certain place and thus endow the colors of traditional dwellingswith different meanings and local descriptions [26]. The colors of traditional dwellingshave a strong external perceptibility. As an abstract perception of colors by the subject, thecolors of traditional dwellings are closely related to local culture and the perceiving subject.To study the significance of the colors of traditional dwellings, it is necessary to discuss theperception and interpretation at the subjective level of rural members [27].Our study focuses on the concept of the color perception of traditional dwellings, thatis, the perception of the local manifestations of the colors of traditional dwellings by rele-vant subjects. Different subjects perceive the colors of traditional dwellings differently. Theindigenous residents, as the main creators of the colors of local rural dwellings and the corebearers of local characteristics, have a more comprehensive and profound understanding ofthe uniqueness of traditional dwelling colors, and their emotional connection is also deeper.Therefore, our study selected indigenous people as the perceiving subjects of the colors oftraditional dwellings. Their color perception of traditional dwellings can be divided intotwo aspects: distinctiveness and rootedness [28]. Among them, the perception of distinc-tiveness refers to the result presented by the characteristics of the local natural geographicalenvironment and social–cultural environment through the colors of traditional dwellings.The strength of its perception will be affected by factors such as the degree to which thebuilders of the dwellings explore local characteristics, the perspective of understanding,and the mode of presentation. The perception of rootedness is the perception of indigenouspeople on the attachment relationship between the colors of traditional dwellings and thelocal place. What it reflects is the symbiotic relationship between the colors of traditionaldwellings and the local place, emphasizing the integration and exclusivity with the place,and is mainly affected by the local cultural context and the overall atmosphere on whichthe traditional dwellings rely [29].2.2. Color Perception and Color PreferenceEnvironmental behavior science holds that place identity is determined by the complexinteraction of thoughts, beliefs, preferences, emotions, values, goals, behavioral tendencies,and skills that people have, both consciously and unconsciously, based on the cognitiveconnection between the self and the physical environment, and it is used to define personalidentity related to the physical environment [30]. Based on this, the color preference fortraditional dwellings can be understood as the emotional recognition and affirmation ofpeople towards the colors of traditional dwellings. This kind of feeling combines pleasantmemories and cultural identity, and can give people a stable sense of happiness, security,and belonging [31]. Although the connotation of color preference originates from theconcept of place identity, the extension of the concept has been continuously expandedwith the deepening of research. The common core connotation is people’s emotionalattachment to something. Drawing on the theoretical perspective that place identity isa process of dynamic construction through cognition, emotion, and behavior [30]. Thisstudy further infers that color preference also undergoes a dynamic construction processcomposed of cognition, emotion, and behavior. Based on this, the following hypotheses areput forward:H0a–c: In the color preference for traditional dwellings, cognitive preference has a direct positiveimpact on emotional preference, emotional preference has a direct positive impact on behavioralpreference, and cognitive preference has a direct positive impact on behavioral preference.Buildings 2025, 15, 743 6 of 22The formation of color preference is a process based on the unique elements of thecolors of traditional dwellings in specific regions and the essence of the emotional interac-tion of residents. According to the distinctiveness theory, the construction of preferencerelies on the distinctive features with significant attractiveness [32]. Therefore, if the colorsof traditional dwellings exhibit significant distinctiveness, indigenous people will show astronger color preference. The construction process of color preference involves the role ofa series of cultural symbols and metaphors. With the help of these cultural symbols andmetaphors, indigenous groups can distinguish their own identities from those of others inthe process of socialization and then form an identity and collective preference based onlocal color culture [33]. The close combination of the colors of traditional dwellings anddistinctive features helps to construct a sense of place and enhances indigenous people’scolor preference for traditional dwellings. That is to say, indigenous people’s cognitionof the colors of traditional dwellings directly affects their color preference emotions [34].Based on this, the following hypothesis is put forward:H1a–f: Indigenous people’s color perception of traditional dwellings (including distinctiveness androotedness) has a direct positive impact on their color preference (including cognitive preference,emotional preference, and behavioral preference).2.3. Color Perception and Color SupportThe indigenous people’s color support behavior towards traditional dwellings isa dynamic and complex concept. It is not merely a simple expression of their positiveattitudes towards the colors of traditional dwellings. Instead, it reflects, at a deeperlevel, the intentions and actions of indigenous people to protect, develop, and inheritthe colors of traditional dwellings [18]. Color support behaviors can be reflected in thepositive evaluations and practical participation of indigenous people when using thecolors of traditional dwellings for regional development. Specifically, they are manifestedas attitudes towards the protection of the colors of traditional dwellings, intentions torecommend the colors of traditional dwellings, and the application and inheritance of thecolors of traditional dwellings. In conclusion, the color support behaviors in our studyrefer to the positive intentions and actions of indigenous people towards the protectionand development of the colors of traditional dwellings. Indigenous people’s perceptionof the colors of traditional dwellings focuses on local characteristics, which is one ofthe key factors for understanding the formation of indigenous people’s color supportbehaviors [35]. If the indigenous residents perceive the colors of traditional dwellings withstrong regional characteristics, they will be more inclined to protect, apply, and developthese traditional colors. Conversely, if the colors of the dwellings appear chaotic andlack regional characteristics, they will gradually be abandoned [23]. The local perceptionof the colors of traditional dwellings has a significant positive impact on color supportbehaviors. That is to say, the stronger the indigenous people’s color perception of thelocal characteristics of traditional dwellings, the more actively they will treat color supportbehaviors such as protection, development, and inheritance [36]. In view of this, thefollowing hypotheses are put forward:H2a–b: The color perception of traditional dwellings (including distinctiveness and rootedness)has a direct positive impact on the color support behaviors of traditional dwellings.2.4. The Mediating Effect of Color Preference on Color Perception and Color SupportPreference is a collection of complex processes of individual self-expression. An in-dividual’s preference for a specific object not only shapes their attitude but also has aprofound impact on subsequent behaviors [37]. Preference theory is a widely applicableBuildings 2025, 15, 743 7 of 22behavioral explanation framework. In numerous research fields and practical applicationscenarios, preference theory has demonstrated its powerful explanatory and predictivepower. Whether it is in the field of economics for analyzing consumers’ purchasing de-cisions [38] or in the sociological domain for interpreting group behavior patterns [39],preference theory plays an indispensable and important role. Focusing on the specificconcept of color preference for traditional dwellings, its meaning is profound and rich. It isnot merely a simple reflection of the psychological feelings such as the love or attachment ofindigenous people to the exterior colors of traditional dwellings but also a deep emotionalbond that is closely intertwined with regional culture, historical memories, and personalidentity. This kind of color preference bears the rich emotional experiences and culturalcognitions accumulated by indigenous people during long-term rural life [40]. The colorsof traditional dwellings are often intuitive visual manifestations of the characteristics ofrural regional culture, containing cultural connotations in multiple aspects such as theesthetic tastes, religious beliefs, living customs, and social values of the ancestors [33].Indigenous people’s preference for the colors of traditional dwellings is, to a large extent,an instinctive emotional response and psychological identification to the inheritance oflocal culture. Specifically, the higher the degree of indigenous people’s preference for thecolors of traditional dwellings, the more proactive color support attitudes and behaviorsthey will show when facing a series of related matters such as the protection, development,application, and inheritance of the colors of traditional dwellings [41]. Based on this, thefollowing hypotheses are put forward in this paper:H3a–c: The color preference for traditional dwellings (including cognitive preference, emotionalpreference, and intentional preference) has a direct positive impact on color support behaviors(including protection and inheritance).Individuals’ color preference for traditional dwellings is significantly influenced bythe characteristics of the human–environment relationship, and it subtly shapes individuals’performance of color support behaviors for traditional dwellings. Specifically, when peoplecan perceive color resources that can meet their esthetic requirements and emotionalneeds in their living environment, it will trigger positive color preference emotions amongpeople, which will then influence people’s continuous use of such color resources [15].The sense of place resources contained in the colors of traditional dwellings, that is, thedifferences in indigenous people’s cognitive and emotional connection ways towardslocal colors, determines individuals’ different perceptions and attitudes towards colordevelopment. The perception of color locality encompasses multiple important elementssuch as the characteristics and individuality of local colors themselves, as well as people’sattachment emotions and sense of identity towards local colors [42]. The applicationof color is a complex psychological process in which people subjectively perceive theobjective characteristics of local colors. That is, people gradually cultivate color preferencesthrough their perception of the locality of colors, and these preferences in turn influencesubsequent behavioral decision-making chains [43]. The colors of traditional dwellings arethe activation and representation of local color culture. Indigenous people’s perception andevaluation of the locality of the colors of traditional dwellings will psychologically affecttheir preference emotions for the colors of traditional dwellings, and such color preferenceemotions are important factors influencing indigenous people’s color support [44,45].Therefore, it can be considered that color preference plays an intermediary role in theperception of the colors of traditional dwellings and color support behaviors. In view ofthis, the following hypotheses are put forward in this paper:Buildings 2025, 15, 743 8 of 22H4a–f: The color preference for traditional dwellings (including cognitive preference, emotionalpreference, and intentional preference) plays an intermediary role in the impact of color perception(including distinctiveness and rootedness) on color support.In summary, based on the above theories and hypotheses, the conceptual model isconstructed as shown in Figure 3.Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 23 subsequent behavioral decision-making chains [43]. The colors of traditional dwellings are the activation and representation of local color culture. Indigenous people’s percep-tion and evaluation of the locality of the colors of traditional dwellings will psychologi-cally affect their preference emotions for the colors of traditional dwellings, and such color preference emotions are important factors influencing indigenous people’s color support [44,45]. Therefore, it can be considered that color preference plays an intermediary role in the perception of the colors of traditional dwellings and color support behaviors. In view of this, the following hypotheses are put forward in this paper: f: e color refere ce for tra itio al elli s (i cl i co iti e refere ce, e otio al refere ce, a i te tio al reference) plays a i ter e iar role i t e i act of color erce tio (including distinctiveness and rootedness) on color support. I s r , base on the above theories an hypot eses, t e co c t l l is str cte s s i ig re 3. Figure 3. Conceptual model. 3. Research Area 3.1. Research Scope Gutian district is located in the northeastern part of Fujian Province, China. Sur-rounded by mountains and featuring a complex terrain, it is known as “eight parts moun-tains, one part water, and one part farmland”. The unique geographical environment has nurtured a distinct rural culture, giving rise to rammed earth dwellings. These dwellings, with yellow as the main color tone, have become highly representative regional color char-acteristics of the Gutian district [46]. Gutian district has several world-class intangible cul-tural heritages and is one of the main components of traditional villages in Fujian. As of 2024, there are 37 traditional villages in total (Figure 4). The extensive samples and diverse types in this area have provided favorable conditions and rich empirical materials for re-search. Figure 3. Conceptual model.3. Research Area3.1. Research ScopeGutian district is located in the northeastern part of Fujian Province, China. Sur-rounded by mountains and featuring a complex terrain, it is known as “eight parts moun-tains, one part water, and one part farmland”. The unique geographical environment hasnurtured a distinct rural culture, giving rise to rammed earth dwellings. These dwellings,with yellow as the main color tone, have become highly representative regional colorcharacteristics of the Gutian district [46]. Gutian district has several world-class intangiblecultural heritages and is one of the main components of traditional villages in Fujian. Asof 2024, there are 37 traditional villages in total (Figure 4). The extensive samples anddiverse types in this area have provided favorable conditions and rich empirical materialsfor research.3.2. Traditional Dwelling3.2.1. Definition of Traditional DwellingThe dwelling in this study refers to folk buildings other than official-style buildings(mainly palaces) and religious buildings (mainly temples). They are mainly the “homes” ofvillagers that meet the needs of living and production. Due to the destruction of ancientdwellings and the idleness caused by their own lifespan, many early buildings no longerexist. Therefore, the conceptual scope of “traditional dwelling” in this study is relativelybroad, referring to Chinese dwelling buildings that were not influenced by Western culturebefore and during the modern period (1840–1919), have survived to this day, or have beenrestored to their original appearance [47].Buildings 2025, 15, 743 9 of 22Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 23 Figure 4. Map of Gutian district. 3.2. Traditional Dwelling 3.2.1. Definition of Traditional Dwelling The dwelling in this study refers to folk buildings other than official-style buildings (mainly palaces) and religious buildings (mainly temples). They are mainly the “homes” of villagers that meet the needs of living and production. Due to the destruction of ancient dwellings and the idleness caused by their own lifespan, many early buildings no longer exist. Therefore, the conceptual scope of “traditional dwelling” in this study is relatively broad, referring to Chinese dwelling buildings that were not influenced by Western cul-ture before and during the modern period (1840–1919), have survived to this day, or have been restored to their original appearance [47]. 3.2.2. Characteristics of Rural Housings in Gutian District The traditional dwellings widely distributed in the Gutian district are rammed earth dwellings. Their construction process is relatively simple. First, soil is selected, materials are prepared, and the construction site is leveled. Then, formwork is set up, soil is filled and rammed in layers, and reinforcement materials are added at the right time. After reaching the designed height, the formwork is removed, and the wall surface is trimmed [48]. The roofs of the buildings are made of black tiles without additional decorations. The tile roofs are hard and durable in texture, with a calm color and a black-gray appearance, which complement the overall architectural style well. The colors of the rammed earth walls are mainly in the warm yellow color system, which makes people feel warm and rustic. It is an important regional characteristic that distinguishes Gutian district from other regions (Table 1). Table 1. Traditional dwellings in Gutian district—rammed earth dwellings. Building Site Examples Figure 4. Map of Gutian district.3.2.2. Characteristics of Rural Housings in Gutian DistrictThe traditional dwellings widely distributed in the Gutian district are rammed earthdwellings. Their construction process is relatively simple. First, soil is selected, materialsare prepared, and the construction site is lev led. Then, formwork is set up, soil is filled andrammed in layers, and reinforcement materials are added at the right time. After reachingthe designed height, the formwork is removed, and the wall surface is trimmed [48]. Theroofs of the buildings are made of black tiles without additional decorations. The tile roofsare hard and durable in texture, with a calm color and a black-gray appearance, whichcomplement the overall architectural style well. The colors of the rammed earth walls aremainly in the warm yellow color system, which makes people feel warm and rustic. It isan important regional characteristic that distinguishes Gutian district from other regions(Table 1).Table 1. Traditional dwellings in Gutian district—rammed earth dwellings.Building Site ExamplesRoofBuildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 23 Roof Color block Lab (48.32, 0.11, 2.31); (28.19, −1.98, −4.01) Rammed earth wall Color block Lab (63.62, 7.43, 21.50); (73.21, 4.11, 32.07) In modern rural housings, the roof colors are diverse. High-lightness and high-satu-ration colors such as bright red and bright blue are widely used. From an aerial view, these colors stand in sharp contrast to the gray-black color of the roofs of rammed earth dwellings. Their wall colors often present a chaotic situation. With a rich variety of wall construction materials, there are even more diverse color choices. Some houses are painted with different colored coatings, some are veneered with tiles, and some have raw materials such as cement and red bricks exposed directly, which seriously affects the land-scape appearance (Table 2). Table 2. Modern rural housing. Building site Examples Roof Color block Lab (62.15, −8.09, −21.31); (49.27, 46.58, −3.02); (48.31, 49.15, 36.04) Color blockBuildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 23 Roof Col r block Lab (48.32, 0.11, 2.31); (28.19, −1.98, −4.01) Rammed earth wall Color block Lab (63.62, 7.43, 21.50); (73.21, 4.11, 32.07) In modern rural housings, the roof colors are diverse. High-lightness and high-satu-ration colors such as bright red and bright blue are widely used. From an aerial view, these colors stand in sharp contrast to the gray-black color of the roofs of rammed earth dwellings. Their wall colors often present a chaotic situation. With a rich variety of wall construction materials, there are even more diverse color choices. Some houses are painted with different colored coatings, some are veneered with tiles, and some have raw materials such as cement and red bricks exposed directly, which seriously affects the land-scape appearance (Table 2). Table 2. Modern rural housing. Building site Examples Roof Color block Lab (62.15, −8.09, −21.31); (49.27, 46.58, −3.02); (48.31, 49.15, 36.04) Lab (48.32, 0.1 , 2.31); (28.19, − 4.01)Buildings 2025, 15, 743 10 of 22Table 1. Cont.Building Site ExamplesRammed earth wallBuildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 23 Roof Color block Lab (48.32, 0.11, 2.31); (28.19, −1.98, −4.01) Ram ed earth wall Color block Lab (63.62, 7.43, 21.50); (73.21, 4.11, 32.07) In modern rural housings, the roof colors are diverse. High-lightness and high-satu-ration colors such as bright red and bright blue are widely used. From an aerial view, these colors stand in sharp contrast to the gray-black color of the roofs of rammed earth dwellings. Their wall colors often present a chaotic situation. With a rich variety of wall construction materials, there are even more diverse color choices. Some houses are painted with different colored coatings, some are veneered with tiles, and some have raw materials such as cement and red bricks exposed directly, which seriously affects the land-scape appearance (Table 2). Table 2. Modern rural housing. Building site Examples Roof Color block Lab (62.15, −8.09, −21.31); (49.27, 46.58, −3.02); (48.31, 49.15, 36.04) Color blockBuildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 23 Roof Color block Lab (48.32, 0.11, 2.31); (28.19, −1.98, −4.01) Rammed earth wall Col r block Lab (63.62, 7.43, 21.50); (73.21, 4.11, 32.07) In modern rural housings, the roof colors are diverse. High-lightness and high-satu-ration colors such as bright red and bright blue are widely used. From an aerial view, these colors stand in sharp contrast to the gray-black color of the roofs of rammed earth dwellings. Their wall colors often present a chaotic situation. With a rich variety of wall construction materials, there are even more diverse color choices. Some houses are painted with different colored coatings, some are veneered with tiles, and some have raw materials such as cement and red bricks exposed directly, which seriously affects the land-scape appearance (Table 2). Table 2. Modern rural housing. Building site Examples Roof Color block Lab (62.15, −8.09, −21.31); (49.27, 46.58, −3.02); (48.31, 49.15, 36.04) Lab . , . , . ; . , . , .In modern rural housings, the roof colors are diverse. High-lightness and high-saturation colors such as bright red and bright blue are widely used. From an aerial view,these colors stand in sharp contrast to the gray-black color of the roofs of rammed earthdwellings. Their wall colors often present a chaotic situation. With a rich variety of wallconstruction materials, there are even more diverse color choices. Some houses are paintedwith different colored coatings, some are veneered with tiles, and some have raw materialssuch as cement and red bricks exposed directly, which seriously affects the landscapeappearance (Table 2).Table 2. Modern rural housing.Building site ExamplesRoofBuildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 23 Roof Color block Lab (48.32, 0.11, 2.31); (28.19, −1.98, −4.01) Ram ed earth wall Color block Lab (63.62, 7.43, 21.50); (73.21, 4.11, 32.07) In modern rural housings, the roof colors are div rse. High-lightness and high-satu-ration col rs such as bright red an bright blue ar widely used. From an erial view, thes col rs stand in sharp contrast to the gray-black col r of the roofs of ram ed earth dwellings. Their wall col rs often pres nt a chaotic situation. With a rich variety of wall construction materials, t er re even more diverse color hoices. Some houses are painted with different colored coatings, some are veneered with tiles, and some have raw materials such as cement and red bricks exposed directly, which seriously affects the land-sc e appearance (Table 2). Table 2. Modern rural housing. Building site Roof Color block Lab (62.15, −8.09, −21.31); (49.27, 46.58, −3.02); (48.31, 49.15, 36.04) C l r blockmeLab (62.15, − . , 21.31); (49.27, 46.58, 3.02); (48.31, 49.15, 36.04)Rammed earth wallBuildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 23 Rammed earth wall Color block Lab (71.15, 1.08, 0.11); (53.02, 22.17, 19.83); (80.04, 0.15, −4.05) 4. Methodology 4.1. The Structural Equation Model The structural equation model (SEM) is a multivariate statistical method based on the covariance matrix of variables. Integrating factor analysis and path analysis, it is used to analyze the complex relationships between observed variables and latent variables. The SEM consists of a measurement model and a structural model. The measurement model defines the relationship between latent variables and observed variables, while the struc-tural model describes the causal relationships among latent variables. The SEM has sig-nificant advantages. It can handle complex relationships such as multiple causes and mul-tiple effects, mediating and moderating effects. By integrating measurement errors, it en-hances the explanatory power of the model. Moreover, it can verify theoretical models through fit indices. In research, the SEM can quantify the mediating effects, construct la-tent variables that cannot be directly observed, and incorporate multivariate analysis to avoid the limitations of traditional regression analysis. Therefore, in this study, the appli-cation of the SEM can clearly reveal the mechanism by which “color perception” affects “supportive behavior” through the mediating role of “color preference”. 4.2. Research Tool The software tools utilized in this study were SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 25.0. SPSS 26.0 was employed for conducting a descriptive statistical analysis of the respondents’ basic information, as well as reliability testing, validity testing, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for the main section of the questionnaire. Meanwhile, the AMOS 25.0 software was used to conduct an analysis of the structural equation model (SEM), including Confirma-tory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test the construct validity, convergent validity, and discri-minant validity, as well as the hypothesis testing of direct paths (H0a–c, H1a–f, H2a–b, H3a–c) and mediating paths (H4a–f). 4.3. Questionnaire Design The questionnaire in this study consists of two parts: personal basic information and main variable measurement scales. Among them, personal basic information covers de-mographic and sociological attributes (gender, household registration, age, length of res-idence, occupation, education level, personal monthly income). The main variable meas-urement scales have three constructs: (1) the color perception construct, which is mainly divided into distinctiveness and rootedness; (2) the color preference construct, which is mainly divided into three dimensions, namely cognitive preference, emotional preference, and intentional preference, with a total of 11 measurement indicators; and (3) rhe color support construct, including protection attitude, inheritance significance, and application behavior. All of the above variable measurements adopted a 5-point Likert scale, where 1–5, respectively, represent “strongly disagree”, “disagree”, “neutral”, “agree”, and “strongly agree” (Table 1). Color blockuildings 2025, 15, x F I 11 of 23 rt ll l r l c ( . , . , . ); ( . , . , . ); ( . , . , . ) . t l . . e tr ct ral atio o el str ct r l ti l ( ) is lti ri t st tistic l t s t c ri c tri f ri l s. I t r ti f ct r l sis t l sis, it is s t l t c l r l ti s i s t s r ri l s l t t ri l s. c sists f s r t l str ct r l l. s r t l fi s t r l ti s i t l t t ri l s s r ri l s, il t str c-t r l l scri s t c s l r l ti s i s l t t ri l s. s si -ific t t s. It c l c l r l ti s i s s c s lti l c s s l-ti l cts, i ti r ti cts. i t r ti s r t rr rs, it -c s t l t r r f t l. r r, it c rif t r tic l ls t r fit i ic s. I r s rc , t c tif t i ti cts, c str ct l -t t ri l s t t c t ir ctl s r , i c r r t lti ri t l sis t i t li it ti s f tr iti l r r ssi l sis. r f r , i t is st , t li-c ti f t c cl rl r l t c is ic c l r rc ti cts s rti i r t r t i ti r l f c l r r f r c . . . esearc ool s ft r t ls tili i t is st r . . . . s l f r c cti scri ti st tistic l l sis f t r s ts’ sic i f r ti , s ll s r li ilit t sti , li it t sti , l r t r f ct r l sis ( ) f r t i s cti f t sti ir . il , t . s ft r s s t c ct l sis f t str ct r l ti l ( ), i cl i fir -t r ct r l sis ( ) t t st t c str ct li it , c r t li it , iscri-i t li it , s ll s t t sis t sti f ir ct t s ( c, f, , c) i ti t s ( f). . . estio aire esi sti ir i t is st c sists f t rts: rs l sic i f r ti i ri l s r t sc l s. t , rs l sic i f r ti c rs -r ic s ci l ic l ttri t s ( r, s l r istr ti , , l t f r s-i c , cc ti , c ti l l, rs l t l i c ). i ri l s-r t sc l s t r c str cts: ( ) t c l r rc ti c str ct, ic is i l i i i t isti cti ss r t ss; ( ) t c l r r f r c c str ct, ic is i l i i i t t r i si s, l c iti r f r c , ti l r f r c , i t ti l r f r c , it t t l f s r t i ic t rs; ( ) r c l r s rt c str ct, i cl i r t cti ttit , i rit c si ific c , lic ti i r. ll f t ri l s r ts t - i t i rt sc l , r , r s cti l , r r s t str l is r , is r , tr l , r , str l r ( l ). Lab (71.15, 1.08, 0.11); (53.02, 22.17, 19.83); (80.04, 0.15, −4.05)Buildings 2025, 15, 743 11 of 224. Methodology4.1. The Structural Equation ModelThe structural equation model (SEM) is a multivariate statistical method based onthe covariance matrix of variables. Integrating factor analysis and path analysis, it is usedto analyze the complex relationships between observed variables and latent variables.The SEM consists of a measurement model and a structural model. The measurementmodel defines the relationship between latent variables and observed variables, while thestructural model describes the causal relationships among latent variables. The SEM hassignificant advantages. It can handle complex relationships such as multiple causes andmultiple effects, mediating and moderating effects. By integrating measurement errors, itenhances the explanatory power of the model. Moreover, it can verify theoretical modelsthrough fit indices. In research, the SEM can quantify the mediating effects, construct latentvariables that cannot be directly observed, and incorporate multivariate analysis to avoidthe limitations of traditional regression analysis. Therefore, in this study, the application ofthe SEM can clearly reveal the mechanism by which “color perception” affects “supportivebehavior” through the mediating role of “color preference”.4.2. Research ToolThe software tools utilized in this study were SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 25.0. SPSS 26.0was employed for conducting a descriptive statistical analysis of the respondents’ basicinformation, as well as reliability testing, validity testing, and exploratory factor analysis(EFA) for the main section of the questionnaire. Meanwhile, the AMOS 25.0 software wasused to conduct an analysis of the structural equation model (SEM), including ConfirmatoryFactor Analysis (CFA) to test the construct validity, convergent validity, and discriminantvalidity, as well as the hypothesis testing of direct paths (H0a–c, H1a–f, H2a–b, H3a–c) andmediating paths (H4a–f).4.3. Questionnaire DesignThe questionnaire in this study consists of two parts: personal basic informationand main variable measurement scales. Among them, personal basic information coversdemographic and sociological attributes (gender, household registration, age, length ofresidence, occupation, education level, personal monthly income). The main variablemeasurement scales have three constructs: (1) the color perception construct, which ismainly divided into distinctiveness and rootedness; (2) the color preference construct,which is mainly divided into three dimensions, namely cognitive preference, emotionalpreference, and intentional preference, with a total of 11 measurement indicators; and (3)rhe color support construct, including protection attitude, inheritance significance, andapplication behavior. All of the above variable measurements adopted a 5-point Likertscale, where 1–5, respectively, represent “strongly disagree”, “disagree”, “neutral”, “agree”,and “strongly agree” (Table 1).After soliciting the opinions of relevant practitioners, experts in the fields of landscapearchitecture, design, and postgraduate students majoring in landscape architecture, wefinally determined the questionnaire, as shown in Table 3.Buildings 2025, 15, 743 12 of 22Table 3. Questionnaire design.Construct Factor Measurement Item ReferenceColor perceptionDistinctivenessperception (DP)DP1 It is the unique color of this traditional dwelling in thisregion.Tang Wenyue [49];Wang Liguo [42];Liu Xiaotong [43]DP2 The color of this traditional dwelling reflects the uniquecolor usage habits in this region.DP3 The color of this traditional dwelling reflects the uniquecultural customs in this region.Rootednessperception (RP)RP1 The color of this traditional dwelling is unique to this region.RP2 The color of this traditional dwelling looks good only in theenvironment of this region.RP3 The color of this traditional dwelling is inseparable fromthis region.Color preferenceCognitivepreference (CP)CI1 The color of this traditional dwelling belongs to the typicalregional colors.Ding Shan [50];Wang Ping [24];Wang Shuai [18]CI2 The color of this traditional dwelling is rather interesting.CI3 The color of this traditional dwelling contains rich localcultural elements.Emotionalpreference (EP)EI1 I like the colors of the traditional dwellings in my hometownmore than those of other residential buildings.EI2 The colors of traditional dwellings remind me of wonderfulmemories.EI3 The colors of traditional dwellings have a charm that cannotbe replaced by those of other residential buildings.EI4 When seeing traditional dwellings, a strong sense ofbelonging and happiness will be generated.Intentionalpreference (IP)II1 In this region, I’m looking forward to the reappearance of thecolors of these traditional dwellings.II2 When building a new house, I will apply the colors oftraditional dwellings.II3 When others are building houses, I will recommend the colorsof traditional dwellings to them.Color support Support attitudefor apply (SA)SA1 The colors of traditional dwellings should be protected andnot be randomly damaged or modified. Hua Honglian [51];Xu Bo [40]SA2 The colors of traditional dwellings are of great significance tothe construction and development of this region.SA3 The color combinations of newly built buildings should referto the colors of traditional dwellings.4.4. Data Collection and Demographic CharacteristicsThis questionnaire survey selected 37 national-level traditional villages in Gutiandistrict. Sample collection was carried out from March to October 2023. During the fieldinvestigation, the “snowballing” method was adopted, that is, questionnaires were dis-tributed to local indigenous residents with the help of the social relations of the researchers.A total of 900 questionnaires were distributed, and 852 valid questionnaires were retrieved,with an effective rate of 94.67%. As shown in Figure 5, among the respondents, femalerespondents accounted for 46.80%, and male respondents accounted for 53.20%. Those bornlocally accounted for 83.70%. Age was mainly concentrated in the range of 45–59 years,with a proportion of 53.80%. Most of the people had lived there for 41–60 years, accountingfor 51.20%. A total of 63.8% of the people occasionally worked outside the village, and therest were mainly engaged in farming (36.20%). People with an education level of primaryschool or below accounted for 67.30%. People with a monthly income of less than CNY2000 accounted for 82.20%.Buildings 2025, 15, 743 13 of 22Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 23 Figure 5. Demographic characteristics. 5. Data Analysis 5.1. Test of Measurement Model A validation factor model was employed to examine each study variable, primarily assessing the scale’s aggregate validity and discriminant validity. Polymerization validity is predominantly evaluated through mean variance extraction (AVE) values and compo-site reliability (CR) values. Previous research [35,43] suggests that polymerization validity testing should meet the following criteria: standardized factor loadings exceeding 0.7; CR values surpassing 0.7; and AVE values higher than 0.5. Discriminant validity mainly de-tects the absence of correlations between items from different constructs by comparing the correlation coefficient with the square root of AVE for each construct. If any construct’s 453,53.2%399,46.8%713,83.7%139,16.3%59,6.9%32,3.8%83,9.7%458,53.8%220,25.8%78,9.2%75,8.8%109,12.8%436,51.2%154,18%308,36.2%131,15.8%190,22.3%72,8.5%44,5.2%107,12%573,67.3%126,14.8%87,10.2%66,7.7%310,36.4%390,45.8%82,9.6%28,3.3%42,4.9%0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800malefemalenativeoutlanderunder 18 years old18~29 years old30~44 years old45~59 years oldover 60 years oldless than 5 years6~20 years21~40 years41~60 yearsover 60 yearsfarmerworkerpeasant workersindividual householdstudentinoccupationprimary schoolmiddle schoolcollegiatepostgraduate and aboveless than 1000 yuan1001~2000 yuan2001~3000 yuan3001~4000 yuanOver 4000 yuanSexPlace ofBirthAgeDuration of residenceOccupationEducationalbackgroundMonthly incomeFigure 5. Demographic characteristics.5. Data Analysis5.1. Test of easure ent odelA validation factor odel as e ployed to examine each study variable, primarilyassessing the scale’s aggregate validity and discriminant validity. Polymerization validityis predominantly evaluated through mean variance extraction (AVE) values and compositereliability (CR) values. Previous research [35,43] suggests that polymerization validitytesting should meet the following criteria: standardized factor loadings exceeding 0.7;CR values surpassing 0.7; and AVE values higher than 0.5. Discriminant validity mainlyBuildings 2025, 15, 743 14 of 22detects the absence of correlations between items from different constructs by comparingthe correlation coefficient with the square root of AVE for each construct. If any construct’ssquare root of AVE exceeds the correlation coefficient with other constructs, it indicatesgood discriminant validity among all dimensions.As shown in Table 4, the factor loads of observed variables corresponding to latentvariables in the model are all greater than 0.5, which means that these explicit variables canexplain their corresponding latent variables. In addition, the AVE values and CR values ofall latent variables were greater than 0.5 and 0.7, respectively, indicating good convergencevalidity of the scale. The α coefficients of each variable were all >0.7, indicating goodinternal consistency and high reliability. As shown in Figure 6, the AVE square root value ofeach variable is greater than its corresponding correlation coefficient, which indicates thatthe variables have good discriminant validity. At the same time, the correlation coefficientamong the variables was between 0.237 and 0.496 and was significant at the level of 0.01;that is, there was significant correlation between the variables.Table 4. Results of aggregation validity and reliability tests.Construct Factor Measurement Item Mean Value Factor Loading AVE CR αColor perceptionDPDP1 3.896 0.7470.558 0.791 0.787DP2 3.769 0.756DP 3.773 0.736RPRP1 3.941 0.680.521 0.765 0.761RP2 3.784 0.722RP3 3.800 0.761Color preferenceCICI1 3.836 0.7170.562 0.794 0.789CI2 3.745 0.739CI3 3.681 0.792EIEI1 3.873 0.7060.554 0.832 0.830EI2 3.785 0.752EI3 3.740 0.762EI4 3.704 0.756IIII1 3.787 0.6510.546 0.782 0.775II2 3.773 0.789II3 3.706 0.769Color support SASA1 3.886 0.6910.555 0.789 0.785SA2 3.769 0.762SA3 3.771 0.7795.2. Structural Model CheckingIn this study, AMOS 23.0 software was used to test the structural equation model, andthe test results are shown in Table 5. Among them are the Chi-square degrees of freedom(CMIN/DF) = 1.234, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.023, goodnessindex (GFI) = 0.98, fit index (AGFI) = 0.972, approximate root mean square residual (RM-SEA) = 0.017, and standardized fit index (NFI) = 0.974, as well as the incremental fittingindex (IFI) = 0.995, unnormed fitting index (TLI) = 0.994, and comparative fitting index(CFI) = 0.995. These indicate that the model has a high degree of fit and is reliable. Theoutput structural equation model is shown in Figure 7.Table 5. Model-fitting degree.Evaluation Criteria <3.00 <0.05 >0.80 >0.80 <0.08 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90Degree of fitting CMIN/DF SRMR GFI AGFI RMSEA NFI IFI TLI CFIValue 1.234 0.023 0.98 0.972 0.017 0.974 0.995 0.994 0.995Result Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal IdealBuildings 2025, 15, 743 15 of 22Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 23 Figure 6. Differential validity heat map: Pearson’s correlation and AVE square root values. 5.2. Structural Model Checking In this study, AMOS 23.0 software was used to test the structural equation model, and the test results are shown in Table 5. Among them are the Chi-square degrees of free-dom (CMIN/DF) = 1.234, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.023, good-ness index (GFI) = 0.98, fit index (AGFI) = 0.972, approximate root mean square residual (RMSEA) = 0.017, and standardized fit index (NFI) = 0.974, as well as the incremental fit-ting index (IFI) = 0.995, unnormed fitting index (TLI) = 0.994, and comparative fitting index (CFI) = 0.995. These indicate that the model has a high degree of fit and is reliable. The output structural equation model is shown in Figure 7. Table 5. Model-fitting degree. Evaluation Criteria <3.00 <0.05 >0.80 >0.80 <0.08 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 >0.90 Degree of fitting CMIN/DF SRMR GFI AGFI RMSEA NFI IFI TLI CFI Value 1.234 0.023 0.98 0.972 0.017 0.974 0.995 0.994 0.995 Result Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Ideal Figure 6. Differential validity heat map: Pearson’s correlation and AVE square root values.Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 23 Figure 7. Structural equation model diagram. According to the results of a path effect test in Table 6, among the three dimensions of color preference and cognitive preference vs. emotional preference, β = 0.309, p < 0.05; emotional preference vs. intention preference, β = 0.202, p < 0.05; cognitive preference vs. intention preference, β = 0.276, p < 0.05. There are significant positive effects on each other, so the hypothesis is supported. This indicates that color preference is a process of dynamic construction at three levels, cognitive preference, emotional preference, and intention preference, and H0a–c is verified. In the color perception of traditional dwelling by indigenous residents, the β values of distinctiveness perception on cognitive preference, emotional preference, and intention preference were 0.505, 0.310, and 0.308, respectively, with p < 0.05, indicating significant positive impact. The hypothesis was supported, and H1a–c was established. Rootedness perception had a significant positive effect on cognitive preference (β = 0.188, p < 0.05), and emotional preference had a significant positive effect (β = 0.15, p < 0.05). Therefore, hypothesis H1d–e was established. Rootedness perception did not have a significant effect on intention preference (β = 0.063, p > 0.05), so the H1f hypothesis was not supported. Distinctiveness perception had a significant positive effect on support attitude for application (β = 0.245, p < 0.05), and the hypothesis was supported. However, there is no significant effect of rootedness perception on support attitude for application (β = 0.058, p > 0.05), and the hypothesis was not supported, so H2a was valid and H2b was not. The three dimensions of color preference had significant positive effects on support attitude for application, namely, cognitive preference: β = 0.199, p < 0.05; emotional preference: β = 0.241, p < 0.05; and intention preference β = 0.221, p < 0.05. The hypothesis is supported, indicating that the three dimensions of color preference have direct and significant posi-tive impact on the support attitude of color application in traditional dwelling of indige-nous people, and H3a–c is confirmed. Table 6. Results of path effect test. Path B β Se t p Result H0a CP→EP 0.277 0.309 0.046 6.061 *** support H0b EP→IP 0.198 0.202 0.048 4.141 *** support H0c CP→IP 0.243 0.276 0.047 5.214 *** support Figure 7. Structural equation model diagram.According to the results of a path effect test in Table 6, among the t ree dimensio sof color preference and cognitive preference vs. emotional preference, β = 0.309, p < 0.05;emotional preference vs. intention preference, β = 0.202, p < 0.05; cognitive preferencevs. intention preference, β = 0.276, p < 0.05. There are significant positive effects on eachother, so the hypothesis is supported. This indicates that color preference is a processof dynamic construction at three levels, cognitive preference, emotional preference, andintention preference, and H0a–c is verified.Buildings 2025, 15, 743 16 of 22Table 6. Results of path effect test.Path B β Se t p ResultH0a CP→EP 0.277 0.309 0.046 6.061 *** supportH0b EP→IP 0.198 0.202 0.048 4.141 *** supportH0c CP→IP 0.243 0.276 0.047 5.214 *** supportH1a DP→CP 0.584 0.505 0.055 10.566 *** supportH1b DP→EP 0.322 0.31 0.052 6.179 *** supportH1c DP→IP 0.313 0.308 0.054 5.816 *** supportH1d RP→CP 0.21 0.188 0.048 4.39 *** supportH1e RP→EP 0.151 0.15 0.041 3.648 *** supportH1f RP→IP 0.062 0.063 0.04 1.559 0.119 nonsupportH2a RP→SA 0.272 0.245 0.057 4.782 *** supportH2b RP→SA 0.063 0.058 0.041 1.546 0.122 nonsupportH3a CP→SA 0.191 0.199 0.048 3.951 *** supportH3b EP→SA 0.257 0.241 0.05 5.158 *** supportH3c IP→SA 0.241 0.221 0.057 4.229 *** supportNote: *** indicates a significant correlation.In the color perception of traditional dwelling by indigenous residents, the β valuesof distinctiveness perception on cognitive preference, emotional preference, and intentionpreference were 0.505, 0.310, and 0.308, respectively, with p < 0.05, indicating significantpositive impact. The hypothesis was supported, and H1a–c was established. Rootednessperception had a significant positive effect on cognitive preference (β = 0.188, p < 0.05),and emotional preference had a significant positive effect (β = 0.15, p < 0.05). Therefore,hypothesis H1d–e was established. Rootedness perception did not have a significant effecton intention preference (β = 0.063, p > 0.05), so the H1f hypothesis was not supported.Distinctiveness perception had a significant positive effect on support attitude forapplication (β = 0.245, p < 0.05), and the hypothesis was supported. However, there is nosignificant effect of rootedness perception on support attitude for application (β = 0.058,p > 0.05), and the hypothesis was not supported, so H2a was valid and H2b was not. Thethree dimensions of color preference had significant positive effects on support attitudefor application, namely, cognitive preference: β = 0.199, p < 0.05; emotional preference:β = 0.241, p < 0.05; and intention preference β = 0.221, p < 0.05. The hypothesis is supported,indicating that the three dimensions of color preference have direct and significant positiveimpact on the support attitude of color application in traditional dwelling of indigenouspeople, and H3a–c is confirmed.5.3. Intermediate Effect TestThe mediating effect of color preference between color perception and color support intraditional dwelling was tested using AMOS 23.0 software for Bootstrap analysis. Specifi-cally, the analysis focused on whether the confidence interval contained 0. If the confidenceinterval does not include 0, it indicates a mediating effect; if 0 is included, there is nomediation observed. The sampling times were set to 5000 with a confidence interval of 95%.The test results are presented in Table 7.Based on Tables 6 and 7, it can be seen that indigenous residents’ color perception oftraditional dwellings has a significant indirect impact on support attitude for applicationthrough color preference (0.243), and the mediating effects of cognitive preference, emo-tional preference, and intention preference are all significant. Since color perception has adirect and significant impact on support attitude for application, color preference and itsthree dimensions play a partial mediating role between color perception and color support,and the overall mediating effect is moderate (0.243/0.578). The rootedness perception hasa significant indirect effect on support attitude for application through color preference(0.088). And because the direct effect of the rootedness perception on the support attitudeBuildings 2025, 15, 743 17 of 22was not significant, the color preference completely mediated the influence of rootednessperception on the support attitude for application. The overall mediating effect was strong(0.088/0.181), and the mediating effect of cognitive preference and emotional preferencewas significant, while the mediating effect of intention preference was not significant.Therefore, H4a–e was verified, while H4f was not. The verification results of the modelstructure are shown in Figure 8.Table 7. Test of mediating effect.Path Effect Size Se Lower Upper pDP→SA 0.578 0.041 0.496 0.655 0DP→Colorpreference→SA 0.243 0.032 0.184 0.311 0DP→CP→SA 0.101 0.028 0.048 0.158 0.001DP→EP→SA 0.075 0.02 0.042 0.122 0DP→IP→SA 0.068 0.02 0.035 0.116 0RP→SA 0.181 0.045 0.096 0.270 0.001RP→Colorpreference→SA 0.088 0.02 0.053 0.131 0RP→CP→SA 0.037 0.014 0.015 0.072 0RP→EP→SA 0.036 0.014 0.014 0.07 0RP→IP→SA 0.014 0.011 −0.003 0.041 0.097Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 23 Figure 8. Structural model validation junction. 6. Results (1) The perception of indigenous residents towards the colors of traditional dwellings covers two dimensions: the distinctiveness and the rootedness. The local characteristics shown by the colors of traditional dwellings in these two dimensions have been recog-nized by indigenous residents. The distinctiveness possessed by the colors of traditional dwellings is the result of the in-depth exploration of local characteristics by indigenous residents over a long period of time, representing the input relationship of local charac-teristics and culture to the content of the colors of traditional dwellings [52]. And the root-edness is the substantial manifestation of the colors of traditional dwellings taking root in the local area, and what it represents is the symbiotic feedback connection between the colors of traditional dwellings and the local area, that is, the so-called deep-rooted nature of local colors [43]. It can be seen from this that both distinctiveness and rootedness jointly explain the two-way interactive relationship between the sense of place and the colors of traditional dwellings and can display the inner essence of the sense of place in the colors of traditional dwellings more completely. (2) The perception of indigenous residents towards the colors of traditional dwellings can significantly strengthen their own color preferences. However, there are differences in the impact effectiveness of the two dimensions included in color perception on color preferences. Regarding the perception of distinctiveness, it has a significant positive pro-moting effect on all three dimensions of color preferences, with the positive effect on cog-nitive preference being the dominant one. The perception of rootedness has a direct posi-tive impact on cognitive preference and emotional preference, and the degrees of these two impact effects are quite similar. However, it has no significant direct impact on inten-tional preference. The perception of distinctiveness of the colors of traditional dwellings actually reflects the unique features of the natural and humanistic environment as well as folk customs within a certain regional scope, and it is presented in the form of the super-ficial colors of traditional dwellings. Therefore, when residents perceive this aspect, they will first form more color cognitions of traditional dwellings. Meanwhile, emotional pref-erences and intentional preferences will also be generated concomitantly [53]. The percep-tion of the rootedness of the colors of traditional dwellings is closely related to the local context, the temperament of the color vein, and the background environmental atmos-phere of traditional dwellings. After the indigenous residents’ perception of the symbiosis between the colors of traditional dwellings and the local area promotes them to form color cognitions, it will also make them pour in more emotional factors [54]. After all, individ-uals usually form extremely strong emotional preferences for the places where they have grown up, lived, or had special experiences. Precisely because of this, the positive impact of the perception of rootedness on the emotional preference for colors is highlighted, while Figure 8. Structural model validation junction.6. Results(1) The perception of indigenous residents towards the colors of traditional dwellingscovers two dimensions: the distinctiveness and the roote ness. The local ch racteristicsshown by the colors of traditional dwellings in these two dimensio s have b en recognizedby indigenous residents. The distinctiveness possessed by the colors of traditional dwellingsis the result of the in-depth exploration of local characteristics by indigenous residentsover a long period of time, representing the input relationship of local characteristics andculture to the content of the colors of traditional dwellings [52]. And the rootedness isthe substantial manifestation of the colors of traditional dwellings taking root in the localarea, and what it represents is the symbiotic feedback connection between the colors oftraditional dwellings and the local area, that is, the so-called deep-rooted nature of localcolors [43]. It can be seen from this that both distinctiveness and rootedness jointly explainthe two-way interactive relationship betw en the sense of place and the colors of traditi naldwellings and can display the inner essence of t e sense of place in the colors of traditionaldwellings more completely.Buildings 2025, 15, 743 18 of 22(2) The perception of indigenous residents towards the colors of traditional dwellingscan significantly strengthen their own color preferences. However, there are differencesin the impact effectiveness of the two dimensions included in color perception on colorpreferences. Regarding the perception of distinctiveness, it has a significant positivepromoting effect on all three dimensions of color preferences, with the positive effect oncognitive preference being the dominant one. The perception of rootedness has a directpositive impact on cognitive preference and emotional preference, and the degrees ofthese two impact effects are quite similar. However, it has no significant direct impacton intentional preference. The perception of distinctiveness of the colors of traditionaldwellings actually reflects the unique features of the natural and humanistic environmentas well as folk customs within a certain regional scope, and it is presented in the formof the superficial colors of traditional dwellings. Therefore, when residents perceive thisaspect, they will first form more color cognitions of traditional dwellings. Meanwhile,emotional preferences and intentional preferences will also be generated concomitantly [53].The perception of the rootedness of the colors of traditional dwellings is closely related tothe local context, the temperament of the color vein, and the background environmentalatmosphere of traditional dwellings. After the indigenous residents’ perception of thesymbiosis between the colors of traditional dwellings and the local area promotes them toform color cognitions, it will also make them pour in more emotional factors [54]. After all,individuals usually form extremely strong emotional preferences for the places where theyhave grown up, lived, or had special experiences. Precisely because of this, the positiveimpact of the perception of rootedness on the emotional preference for colors is highlighted,while its direct impact on the intentional preference is not significant, as intention is usuallygenerated by the combined effect of an individual’s cognition and emotion [55].(3) The positive impact of indigenous residents’ color perception of traditionaldwellings on color support behaviors is mainly reflected in two aspects. On the onehand, indigenous residents’ color perception of traditional dwellings can directly promptthem to carry out color support behaviors (which is mainly reflected in the dimension ofdistinctiveness perception). This is because the display of local characteristics by the colorsof traditional dwellings meets the discourse expression needs of local cultural subjects [56],so it can directly win the support of indigenous residents. On the other hand, color per-ception indirectly influences color support behaviors through color preferences (mainlyreflected in the dimension of rootedness perception). Rootedness means the symbiosisbetween the colors of traditional dwellings and the local area. The original ecologicalpresentation of local color culture in the local area is more likely to prompt the subjectsto generate local emotions and then influence their attitudes and behaviors towards thelocal area [41]. Therefore, the mediating effect of color preference between the rootednessperception of the colors of traditional dwellings and color support behaviors is stronger,which is in line with the interpretation of the mechanism of color preference in environ-mental behavior theory and color psychology theory. This not only indicates that the colorsof traditional dwellings can directly win the support of indigenous residents by presentinglocal characteristics and meeting the discourse expression of local cultural subjects but alsoreflects that the perception of local distinctiveness plays a powerful role when influencingcolor support behaviors.7. DiscussionThis study conducted research on the relationship mechanism among indigenousresidents’ color perception, color preference, and color support for traditional dwellingsand constructed a positive cycle model that ranges from strengthening color perceptionto enhancing color preference and finally promoting the improvement of color supportBuildings 2025, 15, 743 19 of 22behaviors. It explored the multiple values contained in the colors of traditional dwellingsand concluded that as an intuitive representation of regional culture, the colors of traditionaldwellings highlight unique regional characteristics, can better meet the emotional needs ofindigenous residents in a deeper way, and possess broad application potential and culturalinheritance significance.When carrying out regional planning and design, especially architectural design, it isof great significance to reproduce the colors of traditional dwellings. Designers must attachimportance to the multiple functions of the colors of traditional dwellings, especially theirfunctions of displaying and spreading the local context and color veins, so as to leveragetheir social effects in prompting indigenous residents to develop color preferences andoffer color support [57]. When reproducing the colors of traditional dwellings, designersshould take the in-depth exploration of local characteristic colors as a prerequisite [53].For example, when designing the colors of modern buildings, it is necessary to fullyconsider the elements related to people in local color culture and attach importance tothe feedback from local color subjects so as to dynamically judge whether the buildinghas reproduced local colors and to what extent. When grasping the reproduction of thecolors of traditional dwellings, attention should be paid not only to the presentation of localdistinctiveness but also to the attributes of rootedness, that is, the application of the colorsof traditional dwellings needs to be closely and inseparably connected with the specificlocal atmosphere [24]. For example, in the Gutian district, the warm yellow color system oframmed earth can be widely applied to urban and rural residential buildings. On the onehand, it showcases the regional characteristics of the Gutian district. On the other hand,it enhances the positive emotions of indigenous residents and also helps to improve thesense of collective belonging and cohesion (Figure 9). However, applying such a warmyellow color system in other areas may not achieve the desired effect. Indigenous residentsnot only experience visual pleasure from the perceived colors of traditional dwellings butalso feel a profound emotional investment. Such color interactions deepen the emotionalconnection between indigenous residents and the region and significantly improve thesatisfaction and happiness in the human living environment [29].Buildings 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 23 improve the sense of collective belonging and cohesion (Figure 9). However, applying such a warm yellow color system in other areas may not achieve the desired effect. Indig-enous residents not only experience visual pleasure from the perceived colors of tradi-tional dwellings but also feel a profound em tional investment. Such col r i teractions deepen the emotional co nection be ween indigenous re idents and the region and sig-nific ntly improve th satisfaction and happiness in the human living environment [29]. Figure 9. Example of reproducing the colors of traditional dwellings in modern buildings in Gutian district. 8. Conclusions Based on the focus on the colors of traditional dwellings, this study can be regarded as a microscopic analysis of environmental behavior theory in the context of the colors of traditional dwellings. Meanwhile, in taking into account the mechanism effect of color preference in it, the explanatory power of the color psychology theory for color support behaviors has been strengthened. Since the colors of traditional dwellings are the results obtained through artistic creation based on local color culture, the locality contained therein essentially belongs to the locality that is reconstructed and reproduced. Therefore, in this study, the perception of the colors of traditional dwellings has added the dimension of rootedness based on the distinctiveness. However, how this two-dimensional structure performs in terms of stability and universality still needs to be tested and determined by more empirical studies. The subsequent effects generated by the perception of the colors of traditional dwellings mainly consider color preferences and color support behaviors in accordance with the theories of color psychology and environmental behavior. The cur-rent research’s conclusions have a certain explanatory power. In subsequent research, other perspectives such as social representation theory and emotion theory can be further integrated, and other reasonable explanatory variables and outcome variables can be in-corporated to carry out model verification work so as to make the research more compre-hensive and in-depth. The conclusions of this study are obtained through the empirical analysis of indige-nous residents, with a focus on the social benefits generated by the colors of traditional dwellings for the indigenous resident group. As mentioned earlier, local colors have the characteristics of subjectivity. When evaluating products related to the reproduction of the colors of traditional dwellings, other subjects also need to be taken into consideration. For example, whether tourist groups will have an emotional resonance with the colors of Figure 9. Exa ple of reproducing the colors of traditional dwellings in modern buildings inGutian district.Buildings 2025, 15, 743 20 of 228. ConclusionsBased on the focus on the colors of traditional dwellings, this study can be regardedas a microscopic analysis of environmental behavior theory in the context of the colors oftraditional dwellings. Meanwhile, in taking into account the mechanism effect of colorpreference in it, the explanatory power of the color psychology theory for color supportbehaviors has been strengthened. Since the colors of traditional dwellings are the resultsobtained through artistic creation based on local color culture, the locality contained thereinessentially belongs to the locality that is reconstructed and reproduced. Therefore, in thisstudy, the perception of the colors of traditional dwellings has added the dimension ofrootedness based on the distinctiveness. However, how this two-dimensional structureperforms in terms of stability and universality still needs to be tested and determined bymore empirical studies. The subsequent effects generated by the perception of the colorsof traditional dwellings mainly consider color preferences and color support behaviorsin accordance with the theories of color psychology and environmental behavior. Thecurrent research’s conclusions have a certain explanatory power. In subsequent research,other perspectives such as social representation theory and emotion theory can be fur-ther integrated, and other reasonable explanatory variables and outcome variables canbe incorporated to carry out model verification work so as to make the research morecomprehensive and in-depth.The conclusions of this study are obtained through the empirical analysis of indigenousresidents, with a focus on the social benefits generated by the colors of traditional dwellingsfor the indigenous resident group. As mentioned earlier, local colors have the characteristicsof subjectivity. When evaluating products related to the reproduction of the colors oftraditional dwellings, other subjects also need to be taken into consideration. For example,whether tourist groups will have an emotional resonance with the colors of traditionaldwellings and subsequent market impacts that this will cause are factors that cannotbe ignored either. Subsequent research can conduct expanded investigations on colorperception groups and deeper explorations of the reaction mechanisms shown by differentaudiences towards the reproduction of the colors of traditional dwellings so as to enrichand improve the comprehensive understanding and research system of local color culture.Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.K. and Z.C.; methodology, D.K.; software, Z.L.; formalanalysis, Z.L. and X.F.; investigation, D.K., Z.L. and X.F.; writing—original draft preparation, D.K.;writing—review and editing, Z.C.; supervision, Z.C.; funding acquisition, Z.C. All authors have readand agreed to the published version of the manuscript.Funding: Industry-University Cooperation Project in the field of Social Development of FujianProvincial Department of Science and Technology “Construction and Application of Color Map ofTraditional Dwellings in the Minjiang River Basin Based on Color Preference of Indigenous Residents”(No. 2023Y4003).Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in thearticle. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.References1. Cheng, Y.; Hu, S.; Yang, R.; Tao, W.; Li, H.; Li, B.; Liu, P.; Wei, F.; Guo, W.; Tang, C.; et al. Protection and utilization of traditionalChinese villages for rural revitalization: Challenges and prospects. J. Nat. Resour. 2024, 39, 1735–1759.2. Xiao, F.; Huang, Y.; Ma, X.; Wu, Q. 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Color Preference and Color Supportive Behavior : The After Effects of Color Perception of Rural Housing Among the Indigenous Residents in Gutian District, Fujian Province, China
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