Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
DSpace
Bedi, Robinder P.
Currie, Lauren N.
Sen, Debopriya
Supplementary materials supporting the results of a study submitted for publication such as tables (descriptives, frequencies) of analysis, the coding manual for the study, and specific details about each study included in the scoping review. The study is aimed at providing an evidence-based and comprehensive review of existing literature on counselling and psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs and contributing to a knowledge base necessary for dealing with Punjabi Sikh clients in the provision of mental health services.
FrequenciesStatisticsYear of PublicationN ValidMissingMeanMedianMinimumMaximum1502006.472014.0019712020FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Who Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsPublication SourceCountry in which the study conducted Study designWho Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training)Participants Disorder or Presenting IssueN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Page 1Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330StatisticsParticipant Type (check all that apply)N ValidMissing150Frequency TablePublication SourceFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid DissertationMaster's ThesisPeer Review JournalTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.72 13.3 13.3 20.012 80.0 80.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Country in which the study conductedFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid CanadaEnglandIndiaTotal4 26.7 26.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.310 66.7 66.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Study designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0DescriptivesPage 2Descriptive StatisticsN Minimum Maximum Mean Std. DeviationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study%of women/girlsValid N (listwise)15 4.00 509.00 146.2000 141.990044 15.00 44.00 23.4750 13.7393312 .00 100.00 49.6667 36.4616912 .00 100.00 50.3250 36.463433FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Number of Counselling/Therapy Sessions contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Therapy received details contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Length of the Treatment/Intervention contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsStudy designTreatment/InterventionNumber of Counselling/Therapy SessionsTherapy received detailsLength of the Treatment/InterventionN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Frequency TableStudy designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 3Treatment/InterventionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Career Vocational Counselling, Personal/Social Counselling, Family CounsellingFamily therapyGeneral CounsellingGeneral individual counsellingGroup Counselling SessionIndividual CounsellingMotivational interviewing (MI) and Traditional Health EducationPharmacological, psychoeducation, recreational and religious activities and individual counsellingPlay TherapyProgressive Muscle RelaxationSchool counselling, Career Counselling, vocational Counselling, Educational Counselling and, Personal CounsellingStage-matched repeated individual behavioural counselling , Cognitive Behavioral TherapyTechnical eclecticism: Group therapy for parents, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, group therapy for adolescents.Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.02 13.3 13.3 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.72 13.3 13.3 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 4Number of Counselling/Therapy SessionsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 11-10 follow up visits, M = 3.3 sessions102847Not applicableNot specifiedNot SpecifiedParent group therapy: Not Specified, Trauma-Focused CBT: 12-18 sessions, Adolescent group therapy: Not SpecifiedTotal2 13.3 13.3 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.32 13.3 13.3 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.32 13.3 13.3 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.33 20.0 20.0 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 5 FrequenciesStatisticsYear of PublicationN ValidMissingMeanMedianMinimumMaximum1502006.472014.0019712020FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Who Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsPublication SourceCountry in which the study conducted Study designWho Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training)Participants Disorder or Presenting IssueN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Page 1Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330StatisticsParticipant Type (check all that apply)N ValidMissing150Frequency TablePublication SourceFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid DissertationMaster's ThesisPeer Review JournalTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.72 13.3 13.3 20.012 80.0 80.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Country in which the study conductedFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid CanadaEnglandIndiaTotal4 26.7 26.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.310 66.7 66.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Study designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0DescriptivesPage 2Descriptive StatisticsN Minimum Maximum Mean Std. DeviationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study%of women/girlsValid N (listwise)15 4.00 509.00 146.2000 141.990044 15.00 44.00 23.4750 13.7393312 .00 100.00 49.6667 36.4616912 .00 100.00 50.3250 36.463433FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Number of Counselling/Therapy Sessions contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Therapy received details contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Length of the Treatment/Intervention contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsStudy designTreatment/InterventionNumber of Counselling/Therapy SessionsTherapy received detailsLength of the Treatment/InterventionN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Frequency TableStudy designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 3Treatment/InterventionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Career Vocational Counselling, Personal/Social Counselling, Family CounsellingFamily therapyGeneral CounsellingGeneral individual counsellingGroup Counselling SessionIndividual CounsellingMotivational interviewing (MI) and Traditional Health EducationPharmacological, psychoeducation, recreational and religious activities and individual counsellingPlay TherapyProgressive Muscle RelaxationSchool counselling, Career Counselling, vocational Counselling, Educational Counselling and, Personal CounsellingStage-matched repeated individual behavioural counselling , Cognitive Behavioral TherapyTechnical eclecticism: Group therapy for parents, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, group therapy for adolescents.Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.02 13.3 13.3 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.72 13.3 13.3 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 4Number of Counselling/Therapy SessionsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 11-10 follow up visits, M = 3.3 sessions102847Not applicableNot specifiedNot SpecifiedParent group therapy: Not Specified, Trauma-Focused CBT: 12-18 sessions, Adolescent group therapy: Not SpecifiedTotal2 13.3 13.3 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.32 13.3 13.3 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.32 13.3 13.3 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.33 20.0 20.0 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 5 1Punjabi/Sikh Systematic Review Coding Manual Syler Hayes & Lauren Currie May 1 2022 Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330 2Table of Contents Overview of Contribution ……………………………………………………………….………..3 Information of Interest………………………………………………………………….………….4 General Steps ………………………………………………………………………….….……….4 Saving Procedures………………………………………………………………………….……..5 Skype Folder Names ……………………………………………………………………..……….6 Eligibility Criteria …………………………………………………………...……………………7 Black Data Extraction Form ……………………………………………………………….……..8 Data Extraction Instructions…………..……………………………………………………..…..10 Data Extraction Sample Form ……………………………………………………………...……12 Reliability Form….........................................................................................................................17 Coding FAQs…………………………………………………………………………………….18 Appendix 1 – Refworks For Systematic Reviews Workbook …………………………………..20 3Overview of Contribution Based on the following PRISMA diagram, you will be assisting with the following: 4Information of Interest Using the table below, you will be collecting information regarding using the Data Extraction Form. Information collection will be on the following variables:- Nation of study - Year of study - Method of data analysis - Author of study - Number of participants - Age of participants - Population characteristics - Treatment characteristics - Method of study - Disorder of interest - Research Question - Findings It is important to reminder when filling out these forms, you include information exactly as it is presented (copy and paste if possible). Include as much information as you can. When in doubt, include it! The purpose of this section is to get as much information regarding the above variables so that we do not need to go back to the article hunting for information! Please fill out this information in the provided excel form. The exaction form will be filled in for each article 3 times. First, each research assistant (2 people) will fill it in independently. Then as a pair during reliability meetings, they will fill out a third exaction form. 5 Eligibility Criteria All of the following must be present for an article to be included in the study: Research involves psychotherapy or counselling: Attempts to make personal adjustments to life challenges facing an individual in the primary context of mental health, deployed to individuals or small groups through the use of psychological means [drawing on psychology, psychiatry, social work, or related disciplinary knowledge] provided directly (face to face) by a single clinician or small teams of clinicians [mental health or allied social service professionals or paraprofessionals]. This includes counselling/psychotherapy that occurs through video-conferencing or tele-conferencing" so long as the practice is clearly labeled as "counselling" or "psychotherapy." “Small groups” are defined as containing no more than 30 clients. “Small teams of clinicians” are defined as including no more than 5 clinicians. Some form of data collection Some description of data analysis method Participants from one of the following indigenous populations: Exclude: - Book reviews - Review articles (literature reviews, systematic reviews) - General, summary articles (e.g. textbook chapters that summarize large sets of studies) - Non-English articles - Studies that only involve the work of tribal elder or traditional helpers (unless they were involved in conjunction with professional/paraprofessionals) - Research not directly on actual counselling or psychotherapy process or outcome with actual clients (e.g. not practitioner training programs, not on generation functioning of treatment centres.) Exception is if this is for prospective clients (e.g. individual’s expectations about entering psychotherapy for the first time.) General Steps 1. You will each be assigned a paper and a reliability partner. All articles have been assigned on the Google Drive meeting minutes https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WlkI5mLgwUUk_dxhuPu7viThXCBcC6i-qxHDp4J6V9s/edit a. Code the article separately on Covidence b. Meet with your partner and fill out a consensus data extraction on Covidence 6Data Extraction Form Last Edit: Jan 22 2018 by RPK RA Name(s): _____________________________ Date: ________________________________ TITLE AUTHORS LEAD CONTACT AUTHOR YEAR OF PUBLICATION PUBLICATION SOURCE Peer Review Journal Non-Peer Review Journal Book Thesis or Dissertation Other, describe: COUNTRY OF STUDY AIM OF THE STUDY RESEARCH QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESES METHOD (be sure to both describe and check a box) Qualitative Quantitative Case Study Mixed Methods (Qualitative & Quantitative) Randomized Control Trial Describe: TYPE OF ANALYSIS (e.g., thematic analysis, ANOVA, regression, etc.) 7TREATMENT/ INTERVENTION NUMBER OF COUNSELLING/THERAPY SESSIONS NUMBER OF CANCELLED OR MISSED APPOINTMENTS WHO ADMINISERED THE TREATMENT / INTERVENTION? (i.e., training/profession) LENGTH OF TREATMENT / INTERVENTION PARTICIAPNTS DISORDER OR PRESENTING ISSUE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RATE OF DROP OUT (N, %) PARTICIPANT TYPE General population Hospital population Students Urban population Rural population Other, describe: METHOD OF RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIPANTS Phone Mail Clinic patients Voluntary Other, describe: INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS 8EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS THERAPIST AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation, Range) THERAPIST GENDER (% Male, % Female) THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) PARTICIPANT POPULATION DESCRIPTION (detailed text description) PARTICIPANTS AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation, Range) PARTICIPANT GENDER (% Male, % Female) THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) FINDINGS/OUTCOMES IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING OR PSYCHOTHERAPY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION 9Data Extraction Instructions Last Edit: May 18 2017 by RPK General Instructions  Do not leave sections blank. If information is not specified in the article, put “N/A.”  Please add other demographical information and only other exceptional information in “Other” section.  Please copy and paste information into Covidence. Copy information verbatim if copy and paste is unavailable. Please be generous (not conservative) about the amount of information you put in each section.  Please do not use abbreviations. If the content you copy and pasted included abbreviations, please type out the abbreviations when you put them into the extraction form.  In sections where you need to manually type out a label in addition to copy and pasting the information (for example, in the participant type section, you need to copy and paste information in addition to indicating if its “clients, clinicians, etc,” but this information in square brackets. This note is application in the following sections: participant type & method. Please put all labels at the beginning of the section. TITLE Full title AUTHORS Who were all the authors of the study, in APA format LEAD CONTACT AUTHOR Include all contact information available in the publication. Often found at the bottom of the first page. YEAR OF PUBLICATION What year was the study published? PUBLICATION SOURCE Select the best option for the type of publication. COUNTRY OF STUDY Where did the study take place? AIM OF THE STUDY What do the authors outline as the aim of their study. RESEARCH QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESES Include all verbatim. STUDY DESIGN Which research method was used for the study? Qualitative or Quantitative or Indigenous If Quantitative, include whether Inferential statistics or Descriptive statistics were used. 10 Put label first in square brackets. Copy and paste the information from the article after. Note: more than one method can be used, include all, separated in a list. Include information about research methods, analysis of data etc. Please provide information about Indigenous methodology. COPY & PASTE STUDY DESIGN INFORMATION Copy from the methods section. TYPE OF ANALYSIS Write what the authors indicated was the analyses used. This could include multiple types of analysis. Do not simply writher mixed-methods. Here we want to know the exact type of analysis. TREATMENT/INTERVENTION What type of therapeutic intervention was used in the study. e.g., Cognitive0behavioual therapy, DBT, talk therapy, yoga NUMBER OF COUNSELLING/THERAPY SESSIONS How many sessions were offered to the participants. NUMBER OF CANCELLED OR MISSED APPOINTMENTS How many appointments did the participants missed or cancel. WHO ADMINISTERED THE TREATMENT/INTERVENTION Describe the clinician who administered the treatment. What was their job title, level of education, qualifications, years of experience, training, etc.) LENGTH OF THE TREATMENT How long was the treatment offered for. PARTICIPANTS DISORDER OR PRESENTING ISSUE What specific diagnosis, disorder? OR Problematic issue was of interest? NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS Number of participants in study RATE OF DROP OUT (N, %) How many participants dropped out of the study. 11 PARTICIPANT TYPE Who were the target participants in the study? Examples: general population, hospital population, students, urban/rural population. Note: can include more than one type of participants, include all. METHOD OF RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIAPNTS How were the participants recruited for the study? INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS If any, what were the inclusion requirements for participants to be eligible for this study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS If any, what were the exclusion requirements for participants to be eligible for this study. THERAPIST AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation) What was the age of therapists in the study? May include means, SDs of ages Example: M = 42; SD = 2.4 THERAPIST GENDER (% Male, % Female) What was the gender of the therapists in the study? THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) What was the ethnic and racial characteristics of therapists? PARTICIPANTS GENDER (% Male, % Female) What was the gender of the participants in the study? PARTICIPANTS AGE What was the age of therapists in the study? May include means, SDs of ages Example: M = 42; SD = 2.4 PARTICIPANTS ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) What was the ethnic and racial characteristics of participants? FINDING/OUTCOMES Copy and paste the key findings. IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING OR PSYCHOTHERAPY Copy and paste the implications described by the authors of the studies findings. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMTION Add anything else you think is important. Abstract Paste the abstract here APA Citation 12 Paste APA citation here Data Extraction Example Last Edit: May 18 2017 by RPK RA Name(s): Rajeena Kumar Date: 18May2017 AUTHORS Nagel, Robinson, Condon, & Trauer YEAR 2009 COUNTRY OF STUDY Australia NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS 49 Phase II: The study recruited 49 Indigenous patients with mental illness and 37 carers. PARTICIPANT TYPE [Clients] GENDER Males, Females AGE M = 33 ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY Indigenous Australian METHOD Qualitative Quantitative (Inferential) A mixed methods design in which an exploratory phase of qualitative research was followed by a nested randomized controlled trial Phase I: A participatory action research model. Group and individual interviews were supplemented by informal observation. Field trips were recorded through field notes, audio-taped interviews and music, and hundreds of photographs Phase II: Patient participants were randomly allocated to two groups using a block randomized on random number sequence technique 13 The treatment was delivered at baseline in the first group, the ‘early treatment’ group, and at six months in the second group, the ‘late treatment’ group. Mixed model regression analysis compared the outcome scores against two variables – ‘time’ and ‘treatment condition’ Treatment condition represents the outcome scores six months post treatment. The control condition is represented by all other data collection points. TREATMENT Motivational care planning(MCP) The intervention consisted of two one-hour treatment sessions two to six weeks apart, which integrated problem-solving, motivational therapy and self-management principles. The MCP involved four steps: discussion about family support, exploration of strengths and stresses, followed by goal-setting. The second session, two to six weeks later, reviewed progress and developed new strategies as appropriate. The intervention incorporated family in three sections: first, through engagement of carers in the treatment sessions; second, through incorporation of carers on a ‘family map’ in step one of the intervention; and third, by involving family in the goal-setting phase of the care-planning. Two brief psycho-educational videos were shown in each session with distribution of matching handouts. In terms of fidelity of treatment, there were minor variations: the presence of carer and AMHWs in sessions was inconsistent, and the number of videos viewed and handouts received. The average length of a treatment session was 50 min DISORDER Substance use disorder RESEARCH QUESTION Is MCP better than treatment as usual for substance abuse? Objective: To develop and evaluate a culturally adapted brief intervention for Indigenous people with chronic mental illness. This study aimed to develop and test a brief randomize- tion for remote settings and sought to answer two ques- tions as follows: ‘can a culturally appropriate brief 14 intervention be developed that incorporates local Indig- enous perspectives of mental health and mental illness?’ and ‘does the brief intervention improve patient mental health outcomes compared with treatment as usual (TAU)?’ FINDINGS MCP with cultural adaptions was more effective than treatment as usual. Phase 1: The AMHW and patient responses were grouped into three overall themes: ‘strengths’, ‘worries’ and approaches to treatment. The responses were then incorporated into the content and process of the assessment and care-planning tools, the psycho-education resources (videos, flipcharts and information sheets) and the brief intervention. Three key themes from these perspectives were: the importance of family, the strength gained from traditional and cultural activities, and the importance of a story-telling approach to sharing information. Phase II: The results show a trend in HoNOS scores (repeated across all analyses), which suggest that MCP improved outcomes compared with TAU and that the improvements were sustained over time. The results show an advantage for MCP in terms of well-being, life skills and alcohol dependence, which is sustained over time. A similar trend is observed for cannabis dependence, which does not achieve significance. The self-management (partners in health) findings support an improvement in self-management over time that is not specific to treatment condition. These positive findings are further supported by a self-assessment questionnaire at six months post MCP, which showed that nearly one-third of patients (29%) assessed their own progress towards their goals as being ‘extremely good’, while 40% of patients rated their progress towards their goals as ‘some’, 29% as ‘a little’ and 2% as ‘none at all’. Further support for improved outcomes is provided by the assessment of AMHWs of the patient home environment. At 18-month follow-up, they reported decreased family domestic violence, substance misuse, self-harm behaviour and mental illness (19%, 16%, 26% and 26%, respectively) compared with 47%, 41%, 72% and 64% at baseline. The study findings suggest that MCP improved outcomes compared with TAU, and that the improvement was sustained over time. The patient-rated measures of wellbeing, substance dependence and self-management matched the changes in clinician-rated outcome measures. The concurrently collected qualitative data provide further support 15 OTHER What this study adds: • This paper reports the first randomized controlled trial in remote Indigenous mental health in Australia. • This study provides new evidence of effective psychological treatment in Indigenous mental health. •The culturally adapted brief intervention improved well-being and substance dependence compared with treatment as usual. •Future recommendations This is the first detailed study of the profile of mental illness and the effectiveness of treatment in a remote Indigenous setting. Abstract Objective: To develop and evaluate a culturally adapted brief intervention for Indigenous people with chronic mental illness. Design: A mixed methods design in which an exploratory phase of qualitative research was followed by a nested randomized controlled trial. Setting: Psycho-education resources and a brief intervention, motivational care planning (MCP), were developed and tested in collaboration with aboriginal mental health workers in three remote communities in northern Australia. Participants: A total of 49 patients with mental illness and 37 carers were recruited to a randomized controlled trial that compared MCP (n=24) with a clinical control condition (treatment as usual, n =25). 16 Intervention: The early treatment group received MCP at baseline and the late treatment group received delayed treatment at six months. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was mental health problem severity as measured by the health of the nation outcome scales. Secondary measures of well-being (Kessler 10), life skills, self-management and substance dependence were chosen. Outcome assessments were performed at baseline, six-month, 12-month and 18-month follow up. Results: Random effects regression analyses showed significant advantage for the treatment condition in terms of well-being with changes in health of the nation outcome scales (P < 0.001) and Kessler 10 (P=0.001), which were sustained over time. There was also significant advantage for treatment for alcohol dependence (P=0.05), with response also evident in cannabis dependence (P=0.064) and with changes in substance dependence sustained over time. Conclusions: These results suggest that MCP is an effective treatment for Indigenous people with mental illness and provide insight into the experience of mental illness in remote communities. APA Citation Nagel, T., Robinson, G., Condon, J., & Trauer, T. (2009). Approach to treatment of mental illness and substance dependence in remote indigenous communities: Results of a mixed methods study. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 17, 174-182. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2009.01060.x 17 Reliability Form Last Edit: Jan 22 2018 by RPK RA Names(2): ____________________________Date: ________________________________ Instructions: - As you are going through the article together, check off your initial agreement. For example, if you did not independently agree on Participant Type, check off disagree. - For more subjective coding variables (Treatment, Research Question, & Findings), verbatim agreement is not necessary. As long as you both have the same conceptual content, you can check off agree. - Please do not use abbreviations. If the content you copy and pasted included abbreviations, please type out the abbreviations when you put them into the reliability form. - If you both are unsure about a variable, put information regarding why in under comments. Email Rajeena at kumarrajeena@gmail.com if you input anything in this section so that she can double check. - Double click on check box, a dialog box with come up, and you can select to check the box. - Agreement occurs when partners do not have uniquely different information. Disagreement occurs if one of the partners is missing uniquely different information. - If disagreement occurs, fill out % Agreement: out of total sentences copy and pasted, how many did you both initially agree on? AGREE DISAGREE % Agreement Author ____________ Year ____________ Country of Study ____________ Number of participants ____________ Type of participant Client ____________ General Population ____________ Clinicians ____________ Community Leaders ____________ Administers ____________ Students ____________ Urban Population ____________ Rural Population ____________ Other ____________ 18 Gender ____________ Age ____________ Ethno-racial identity ____________ Method ____________ Treatment ____________ Disorder ____________ Research Questions ____________ Findings ____________ Comments: Coding FAQs Can qualitative research include inferential statistics or descriptive statistics? No, only quantitative research includes the inferential statistics (IS) or descriptive statistics (DS) code. These are the following codes: - Indigenous - Qualitative - Quantitative (DS) - Quantitative (IS) Remember that more than one type of method can be included in a study. Please list all. When emailing Rajeena all the forms, what should I title the email? Title the email the “Indigenous-Review-Author-Year-Forms” Example: “Indigenous-Review-Vicary-2010-Forms” Should I include headings from the study in the extraction form? If it makes sense, please include the headings. Also include if it makes the information easier to follow. A good place to include headings is in the “Findings” section When copy and pasting information, should I include the in-text citations? Yes. Do I put N/A in the treatment section if there is no control group and treatment group? 19 Depends. If there really is no treatment in the study, put N/A. However, there can be a treatment in studies without a control group (i.e. where nothing is compared). An example of this is a qualitative study looking at the effects of a substance abuse group treatment called “SAG Treatment.” Is the purpose/objectives the same as the research question? They are similar but not the same. Research Questions: Identify the questions whose answers will guide solving the problem. Purpose/objectives: Identify the goals associated with each of the research questions. If you are reading the purpose, there is a good chance the research question is close by! I can’t find the information! What do I do? If you can’t find the information upon a few reads, or after discussing with your reliability partner, please put N/A for the information. Not every study will include information on all the variables we are coding for. I need more information about the difference between what a qualitative and quantitative study is! (Enlarge images as needed) 20 Quantitative Inferential statistics will usually have a sentence in the discussion along the lines of “the results suggest…” Qualitative 21 What are some tips to code dissertations? Pay attention to the abstract. The introduction and background probably won’t give you anything to copy and paste into your form, expect at the very end of the introduction, the research question/purpose may be situated here. Otherwise there should be a section for research question/purpose. For findings, look in the discussion instead of results (not always but generally) I need help with references! Use this: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Appendix 1 – Refworks for Systematic Reviews Workbook 22 Content updated and revised by Sarah Parker, MLIS Candidate with permission from the University of Alberta Refworks for Systematic Reviews Workbook Objectives This workbook is designed to introduce RefWorks citation management for a systematic review. During this session we will review how to: Use RefWorks for a systematic review o Screening using RefWorks o Find and remove duplicate records It would be beneficial if you are familiar with RefWorks and these features: o Exporting references from a database into your RefWorks account o Creating and organizing references into folders 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 FrequenciesStatisticsYear of PublicationN ValidMissingMeanMedianMinimumMaximum1502006.472014.0019712020FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Who Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsPublication SourceCountry in which the study conducted Study designWho Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training)Participants Disorder or Presenting IssueN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Page 1Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330StatisticsParticipant Type (check all that apply)N ValidMissing150Frequency TablePublication SourceFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid DissertationMaster's ThesisPeer Review JournalTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.72 13.3 13.3 20.012 80.0 80.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Country in which the study conductedFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid CanadaEnglandIndiaTotal4 26.7 26.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.310 66.7 66.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Study designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0DescriptivesPage 2Descriptive StatisticsN Minimum Maximum Mean Std. DeviationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study%of women/girlsValid N (listwise)15 4.00 509.00 146.2000 141.990044 15.00 44.00 23.4750 13.7393312 .00 100.00 49.6667 36.4616912 .00 100.00 50.3250 36.463433FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Number of Counselling/Therapy Sessions contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Therapy received details contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Length of the Treatment/Intervention contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsStudy designTreatment/InterventionNumber of Counselling/Therapy SessionsTherapy received detailsLength of the Treatment/InterventionN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Frequency TableStudy designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 3Treatment/InterventionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Career Vocational Counselling, Personal/Social Counselling, Family CounsellingFamily therapyGeneral CounsellingGeneral individual counsellingGroup Counselling SessionIndividual CounsellingMotivational interviewing (MI) and Traditional Health EducationPharmacological, psychoeducation, recreational and religious activities and individual counsellingPlay TherapyProgressive Muscle RelaxationSchool counselling, Career Counselling, vocational Counselling, Educational Counselling and, Personal CounsellingStage-matched repeated individual behavioural counselling , Cognitive Behavioral TherapyTechnical eclecticism: Group therapy for parents, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, group therapy for adolescents.Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.02 13.3 13.3 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.72 13.3 13.3 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 4Number of Counselling/Therapy SessionsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 11-10 follow up visits, M = 3.3 sessions102847Not applicableNot specifiedNot SpecifiedParent group therapy: Not Specified, Trauma-Focused CBT: 12-18 sessions, Adolescent group therapy: Not SpecifiedTotal2 13.3 13.3 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.32 13.3 13.3 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.32 13.3 13.3 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.33 20.0 20.0 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 5 1Punjabi/Sikh Systematic Review Coding Manual Syler Hayes & Lauren Currie May 1 2022 Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330 2Table of Contents Overview of Contribution ……………………………………………………………….………..3 Information of Interest………………………………………………………………….………….4 General Steps ………………………………………………………………………….….……….4 Saving Procedures………………………………………………………………………….……..5 Skype Folder Names ……………………………………………………………………..……….6 Eligibility Criteria …………………………………………………………...……………………7 Black Data Extraction Form ……………………………………………………………….……..8 Data Extraction Instructions…………..……………………………………………………..…..10 Data Extraction Sample Form ……………………………………………………………...……12 Reliability Form….........................................................................................................................17 Coding FAQs…………………………………………………………………………………….18 Appendix 1 – Refworks For Systematic Reviews Workbook …………………………………..20 3Overview of Contribution Based on the following PRISMA diagram, you will be assisting with the following: 4Information of Interest Using the table below, you will be collecting information regarding using the Data Extraction Form. Information collection will be on the following variables:- Nation of study - Year of study - Method of data analysis - Author of study - Number of participants - Age of participants - Population characteristics - Treatment characteristics - Method of study - Disorder of interest - Research Question - Findings It is important to reminder when filling out these forms, you include information exactly as it is presented (copy and paste if possible). Include as much information as you can. When in doubt, include it! The purpose of this section is to get as much information regarding the above variables so that we do not need to go back to the article hunting for information! Please fill out this information in the provided excel form. The exaction form will be filled in for each article 3 times. First, each research assistant (2 people) will fill it in independently. Then as a pair during reliability meetings, they will fill out a third exaction form. 5 Eligibility Criteria All of the following must be present for an article to be included in the study: Research involves psychotherapy or counselling: Attempts to make personal adjustments to life challenges facing an individual in the primary context of mental health, deployed to individuals or small groups through the use of psychological means [drawing on psychology, psychiatry, social work, or related disciplinary knowledge] provided directly (face to face) by a single clinician or small teams of clinicians [mental health or allied social service professionals or paraprofessionals]. This includes counselling/psychotherapy that occurs through video-conferencing or tele-conferencing" so long as the practice is clearly labeled as "counselling" or "psychotherapy." “Small groups” are defined as containing no more than 30 clients. “Small teams of clinicians” are defined as including no more than 5 clinicians. Some form of data collection Some description of data analysis method Participants from one of the following indigenous populations: Exclude: - Book reviews - Review articles (literature reviews, systematic reviews) - General, summary articles (e.g. textbook chapters that summarize large sets of studies) - Non-English articles - Studies that only involve the work of tribal elder or traditional helpers (unless they were involved in conjunction with professional/paraprofessionals) - Research not directly on actual counselling or psychotherapy process or outcome with actual clients (e.g. not practitioner training programs, not on generation functioning of treatment centres.) Exception is if this is for prospective clients (e.g. individual’s expectations about entering psychotherapy for the first time.) General Steps 1. You will each be assigned a paper and a reliability partner. All articles have been assigned on the Google Drive meeting minutes https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WlkI5mLgwUUk_dxhuPu7viThXCBcC6i-qxHDp4J6V9s/edit a. Code the article separately on Covidence b. Meet with your partner and fill out a consensus data extraction on Covidence 6Data Extraction Form Last Edit: Jan 22 2018 by RPK RA Name(s): _____________________________ Date: ________________________________ TITLE AUTHORS LEAD CONTACT AUTHOR YEAR OF PUBLICATION PUBLICATION SOURCE Peer Review Journal Non-Peer Review Journal Book Thesis or Dissertation Other, describe: COUNTRY OF STUDY AIM OF THE STUDY RESEARCH QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESES METHOD (be sure to both describe and check a box) Qualitative Quantitative Case Study Mixed Methods (Qualitative & Quantitative) Randomized Control Trial Describe: TYPE OF ANALYSIS (e.g., thematic analysis, ANOVA, regression, etc.) 7TREATMENT/ INTERVENTION NUMBER OF COUNSELLING/THERAPY SESSIONS NUMBER OF CANCELLED OR MISSED APPOINTMENTS WHO ADMINISERED THE TREATMENT / INTERVENTION? (i.e., training/profession) LENGTH OF TREATMENT / INTERVENTION PARTICIAPNTS DISORDER OR PRESENTING ISSUE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RATE OF DROP OUT (N, %) PARTICIPANT TYPE General population Hospital population Students Urban population Rural population Other, describe: METHOD OF RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIPANTS Phone Mail Clinic patients Voluntary Other, describe: INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS 8EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS THERAPIST AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation, Range) THERAPIST GENDER (% Male, % Female) THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) PARTICIPANT POPULATION DESCRIPTION (detailed text description) PARTICIPANTS AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation, Range) PARTICIPANT GENDER (% Male, % Female) THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) FINDINGS/OUTCOMES IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING OR PSYCHOTHERAPY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION 9Data Extraction Instructions Last Edit: May 18 2017 by RPK General Instructions  Do not leave sections blank. If information is not specified in the article, put “N/A.”  Please add other demographical information and only other exceptional information in “Other” section.  Please copy and paste information into Covidence. Copy information verbatim if copy and paste is unavailable. Please be generous (not conservative) about the amount of information you put in each section.  Please do not use abbreviations. If the content you copy and pasted included abbreviations, please type out the abbreviations when you put them into the extraction form.  In sections where you need to manually type out a label in addition to copy and pasting the information (for example, in the participant type section, you need to copy and paste information in addition to indicating if its “clients, clinicians, etc,” but this information in square brackets. This note is application in the following sections: participant type & method. Please put all labels at the beginning of the section. TITLE Full title AUTHORS Who were all the authors of the study, in APA format LEAD CONTACT AUTHOR Include all contact information available in the publication. Often found at the bottom of the first page. YEAR OF PUBLICATION What year was the study published? PUBLICATION SOURCE Select the best option for the type of publication. COUNTRY OF STUDY Where did the study take place? AIM OF THE STUDY What do the authors outline as the aim of their study. RESEARCH QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESES Include all verbatim. STUDY DESIGN Which research method was used for the study? Qualitative or Quantitative or Indigenous If Quantitative, include whether Inferential statistics or Descriptive statistics were used. 10 Put label first in square brackets. Copy and paste the information from the article after. Note: more than one method can be used, include all, separated in a list. Include information about research methods, analysis of data etc. Please provide information about Indigenous methodology. COPY & PASTE STUDY DESIGN INFORMATION Copy from the methods section. TYPE OF ANALYSIS Write what the authors indicated was the analyses used. This could include multiple types of analysis. Do not simply writher mixed-methods. Here we want to know the exact type of analysis. TREATMENT/INTERVENTION What type of therapeutic intervention was used in the study. e.g., Cognitive0behavioual therapy, DBT, talk therapy, yoga NUMBER OF COUNSELLING/THERAPY SESSIONS How many sessions were offered to the participants. NUMBER OF CANCELLED OR MISSED APPOINTMENTS How many appointments did the participants missed or cancel. WHO ADMINISTERED THE TREATMENT/INTERVENTION Describe the clinician who administered the treatment. What was their job title, level of education, qualifications, years of experience, training, etc.) LENGTH OF THE TREATMENT How long was the treatment offered for. PARTICIPANTS DISORDER OR PRESENTING ISSUE What specific diagnosis, disorder? OR Problematic issue was of interest? NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS Number of participants in study RATE OF DROP OUT (N, %) How many participants dropped out of the study. 11 PARTICIPANT TYPE Who were the target participants in the study? Examples: general population, hospital population, students, urban/rural population. Note: can include more than one type of participants, include all. METHOD OF RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIAPNTS How were the participants recruited for the study? INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS If any, what were the inclusion requirements for participants to be eligible for this study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS If any, what were the exclusion requirements for participants to be eligible for this study. THERAPIST AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation) What was the age of therapists in the study? May include means, SDs of ages Example: M = 42; SD = 2.4 THERAPIST GENDER (% Male, % Female) What was the gender of the therapists in the study? THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) What was the ethnic and racial characteristics of therapists? PARTICIPANTS GENDER (% Male, % Female) What was the gender of the participants in the study? PARTICIPANTS AGE What was the age of therapists in the study? May include means, SDs of ages Example: M = 42; SD = 2.4 PARTICIPANTS ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) What was the ethnic and racial characteristics of participants? FINDING/OUTCOMES Copy and paste the key findings. IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING OR PSYCHOTHERAPY Copy and paste the implications described by the authors of the studies findings. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMTION Add anything else you think is important. Abstract Paste the abstract here APA Citation 12 Paste APA citation here Data Extraction Example Last Edit: May 18 2017 by RPK RA Name(s): Rajeena Kumar Date: 18May2017 AUTHORS Nagel, Robinson, Condon, & Trauer YEAR 2009 COUNTRY OF STUDY Australia NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS 49 Phase II: The study recruited 49 Indigenous patients with mental illness and 37 carers. PARTICIPANT TYPE [Clients] GENDER Males, Females AGE M = 33 ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY Indigenous Australian METHOD Qualitative Quantitative (Inferential) A mixed methods design in which an exploratory phase of qualitative research was followed by a nested randomized controlled trial Phase I: A participatory action research model. Group and individual interviews were supplemented by informal observation. Field trips were recorded through field notes, audio-taped interviews and music, and hundreds of photographs Phase II: Patient participants were randomly allocated to two groups using a block randomized on random number sequence technique 13 The treatment was delivered at baseline in the first group, the ‘early treatment’ group, and at six months in the second group, the ‘late treatment’ group. Mixed model regression analysis compared the outcome scores against two variables – ‘time’ and ‘treatment condition’ Treatment condition represents the outcome scores six months post treatment. The control condition is represented by all other data collection points. TREATMENT Motivational care planning(MCP) The intervention consisted of two one-hour treatment sessions two to six weeks apart, which integrated problem-solving, motivational therapy and self-management principles. The MCP involved four steps: discussion about family support, exploration of strengths and stresses, followed by goal-setting. The second session, two to six weeks later, reviewed progress and developed new strategies as appropriate. The intervention incorporated family in three sections: first, through engagement of carers in the treatment sessions; second, through incorporation of carers on a ‘family map’ in step one of the intervention; and third, by involving family in the goal-setting phase of the care-planning. Two brief psycho-educational videos were shown in each session with distribution of matching handouts. In terms of fidelity of treatment, there were minor variations: the presence of carer and AMHWs in sessions was inconsistent, and the number of videos viewed and handouts received. The average length of a treatment session was 50 min DISORDER Substance use disorder RESEARCH QUESTION Is MCP better than treatment as usual for substance abuse? Objective: To develop and evaluate a culturally adapted brief intervention for Indigenous people with chronic mental illness. This study aimed to develop and test a brief randomize- tion for remote settings and sought to answer two ques- tions as follows: ‘can a culturally appropriate brief 14 intervention be developed that incorporates local Indig- enous perspectives of mental health and mental illness?’ and ‘does the brief intervention improve patient mental health outcomes compared with treatment as usual (TAU)?’ FINDINGS MCP with cultural adaptions was more effective than treatment as usual. Phase 1: The AMHW and patient responses were grouped into three overall themes: ‘strengths’, ‘worries’ and approaches to treatment. The responses were then incorporated into the content and process of the assessment and care-planning tools, the psycho-education resources (videos, flipcharts and information sheets) and the brief intervention. Three key themes from these perspectives were: the importance of family, the strength gained from traditional and cultural activities, and the importance of a story-telling approach to sharing information. Phase II: The results show a trend in HoNOS scores (repeated across all analyses), which suggest that MCP improved outcomes compared with TAU and that the improvements were sustained over time. The results show an advantage for MCP in terms of well-being, life skills and alcohol dependence, which is sustained over time. A similar trend is observed for cannabis dependence, which does not achieve significance. The self-management (partners in health) findings support an improvement in self-management over time that is not specific to treatment condition. These positive findings are further supported by a self-assessment questionnaire at six months post MCP, which showed that nearly one-third of patients (29%) assessed their own progress towards their goals as being ‘extremely good’, while 40% of patients rated their progress towards their goals as ‘some’, 29% as ‘a little’ and 2% as ‘none at all’. Further support for improved outcomes is provided by the assessment of AMHWs of the patient home environment. At 18-month follow-up, they reported decreased family domestic violence, substance misuse, self-harm behaviour and mental illness (19%, 16%, 26% and 26%, respectively) compared with 47%, 41%, 72% and 64% at baseline. The study findings suggest that MCP improved outcomes compared with TAU, and that the improvement was sustained over time. The patient-rated measures of wellbeing, substance dependence and self-management matched the changes in clinician-rated outcome measures. The concurrently collected qualitative data provide further support 15 OTHER What this study adds: • This paper reports the first randomized controlled trial in remote Indigenous mental health in Australia. • This study provides new evidence of effective psychological treatment in Indigenous mental health. •The culturally adapted brief intervention improved well-being and substance dependence compared with treatment as usual. •Future recommendations This is the first detailed study of the profile of mental illness and the effectiveness of treatment in a remote Indigenous setting. Abstract Objective: To develop and evaluate a culturally adapted brief intervention for Indigenous people with chronic mental illness. Design: A mixed methods design in which an exploratory phase of qualitative research was followed by a nested randomized controlled trial. Setting: Psycho-education resources and a brief intervention, motivational care planning (MCP), were developed and tested in collaboration with aboriginal mental health workers in three remote communities in northern Australia. Participants: A total of 49 patients with mental illness and 37 carers were recruited to a randomized controlled trial that compared MCP (n=24) with a clinical control condition (treatment as usual, n =25). 16 Intervention: The early treatment group received MCP at baseline and the late treatment group received delayed treatment at six months. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was mental health problem severity as measured by the health of the nation outcome scales. Secondary measures of well-being (Kessler 10), life skills, self-management and substance dependence were chosen. Outcome assessments were performed at baseline, six-month, 12-month and 18-month follow up. Results: Random effects regression analyses showed significant advantage for the treatment condition in terms of well-being with changes in health of the nation outcome scales (P < 0.001) and Kessler 10 (P=0.001), which were sustained over time. There was also significant advantage for treatment for alcohol dependence (P=0.05), with response also evident in cannabis dependence (P=0.064) and with changes in substance dependence sustained over time. Conclusions: These results suggest that MCP is an effective treatment for Indigenous people with mental illness and provide insight into the experience of mental illness in remote communities. APA Citation Nagel, T., Robinson, G., Condon, J., & Trauer, T. (2009). Approach to treatment of mental illness and substance dependence in remote indigenous communities: Results of a mixed methods study. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 17, 174-182. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2009.01060.x 17 Reliability Form Last Edit: Jan 22 2018 by RPK RA Names(2): ____________________________Date: ________________________________ Instructions: - As you are going through the article together, check off your initial agreement. For example, if you did not independently agree on Participant Type, check off disagree. - For more subjective coding variables (Treatment, Research Question, & Findings), verbatim agreement is not necessary. As long as you both have the same conceptual content, you can check off agree. - Please do not use abbreviations. If the content you copy and pasted included abbreviations, please type out the abbreviations when you put them into the reliability form. - If you both are unsure about a variable, put information regarding why in under comments. Email Rajeena at kumarrajeena@gmail.com if you input anything in this section so that she can double check. - Double click on check box, a dialog box with come up, and you can select to check the box. - Agreement occurs when partners do not have uniquely different information. Disagreement occurs if one of the partners is missing uniquely different information. - If disagreement occurs, fill out % Agreement: out of total sentences copy and pasted, how many did you both initially agree on? AGREE DISAGREE % Agreement Author ____________ Year ____________ Country of Study ____________ Number of participants ____________ Type of participant Client ____________ General Population ____________ Clinicians ____________ Community Leaders ____________ Administers ____________ Students ____________ Urban Population ____________ Rural Population ____________ Other ____________ 18 Gender ____________ Age ____________ Ethno-racial identity ____________ Method ____________ Treatment ____________ Disorder ____________ Research Questions ____________ Findings ____________ Comments: Coding FAQs Can qualitative research include inferential statistics or descriptive statistics? No, only quantitative research includes the inferential statistics (IS) or descriptive statistics (DS) code. These are the following codes: - Indigenous - Qualitative - Quantitative (DS) - Quantitative (IS) Remember that more than one type of method can be included in a study. Please list all. When emailing Rajeena all the forms, what should I title the email? Title the email the “Indigenous-Review-Author-Year-Forms” Example: “Indigenous-Review-Vicary-2010-Forms” Should I include headings from the study in the extraction form? If it makes sense, please include the headings. Also include if it makes the information easier to follow. A good place to include headings is in the “Findings” section When copy and pasting information, should I include the in-text citations? Yes. Do I put N/A in the treatment section if there is no control group and treatment group? 19 Depends. If there really is no treatment in the study, put N/A. However, there can be a treatment in studies without a control group (i.e. where nothing is compared). An example of this is a qualitative study looking at the effects of a substance abuse group treatment called “SAG Treatment.” Is the purpose/objectives the same as the research question? They are similar but not the same. Research Questions: Identify the questions whose answers will guide solving the problem. Purpose/objectives: Identify the goals associated with each of the research questions. If you are reading the purpose, there is a good chance the research question is close by! I can’t find the information! What do I do? If you can’t find the information upon a few reads, or after discussing with your reliability partner, please put N/A for the information. Not every study will include information on all the variables we are coding for. I need more information about the difference between what a qualitative and quantitative study is! (Enlarge images as needed) 20 Quantitative Inferential statistics will usually have a sentence in the discussion along the lines of “the results suggest…” Qualitative 21 What are some tips to code dissertations? Pay attention to the abstract. The introduction and background probably won’t give you anything to copy and paste into your form, expect at the very end of the introduction, the research question/purpose may be situated here. Otherwise there should be a section for research question/purpose. For findings, look in the discussion instead of results (not always but generally) I need help with references! Use this: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Appendix 1 – Refworks for Systematic Reviews Workbook 22 Content updated and revised by Sarah Parker, MLIS Candidate with permission from the University of Alberta Refworks for Systematic Reviews Workbook Objectives This workbook is designed to introduce RefWorks citation management for a systematic review. During this session we will review how to: Use RefWorks for a systematic review o Screening using RefWorks o Find and remove duplicate records It would be beneficial if you are familiar with RefWorks and these features: o Exporting references from a database into your RefWorks account o Creating and organizing references into folders 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Descriptives[DataSet1] C:\Users\robbedi\OneDrive - The University Of British Columbia\CollaborationFolders\PunjabiSikhReview\AAA-July2023-After\ArticleData-2023-8-14.savDescriptive StatisticsN Minimum Maximum Mean Std. DeviationYear of PublicationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study%of women/girlsValid N (listwise)15 1971 2020 2006.47 15.32915 4.00 509.00 146.2000 141.990044 15.00 44.00 23.4750 13.7393312 .00 100.00 49.6667 36.4616912 .00 100.00 50.3250 36.463433FrequenciesStatisticsYear of PublicationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study %of women/girlsN ValidMissingMean15 15 4 12 120 0 11 3 32006.47 146.2000 23.4750 49.6667 50.3250Frequency TablePage 1Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330Year of PublicationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 197119821984200320042006201320142016201720182020Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.33 20.0 20.0 73.32 13.3 13.3 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Total number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 4.005.0020.0030.0040.0060.0068.00100.00155.00200.00207.00232.00240.00323.00509.00Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 2Rate of Drop out quantit info onlyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 15.0016.9018.0044.00TotalMissing -999.00SystemTotalTotal1 6.7 25.0 25.01 6.7 25.0 50.01 6.7 25.0 75.01 6.7 25.0 100.04 26.7 100.010 66.71 6.711 73.315 100.0% of men in the studyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid .0020.0040.8042.5047.0056.6073.3097.6098.20100.00TotalMissing -999.00Total2 13.3 16.7 16.72 13.3 16.7 33.31 6.7 8.3 41.71 6.7 8.3 50.01 6.7 8.3 58.31 6.7 8.3 66.71 6.7 8.3 75.01 6.7 8.3 83.31 6.7 8.3 91.71 6.7 8.3 100.012 80.0 100.03 20.015 100.0Page 3%of women/girlsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid .001.802.4026.7043.3053.0057.5059.2080.00100.00TotalMissing -999.00Total1 6.7 8.3 8.31 6.7 8.3 16.71 6.7 8.3 25.01 6.7 8.3 33.31 6.7 8.3 41.71 6.7 8.3 50.01 6.7 8.3 58.31 6.7 8.3 66.72 13.3 16.7 83.32 13.3 16.7 100.012 80.0 100.03 20.015 100.0FrequenciesStatisticsYear of PublicationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study %of women/girlsN ValidMissingMedian15 15 4 12 120 0 11 3 32014.00 100.0000 17.4500 44.7500 55.2500Page 4 FrequenciesStatisticsYear of PublicationN ValidMissingMeanMedianMinimumMaximum1502006.472014.0019712020FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Who Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsPublication SourceCountry in which the study conducted Study designWho Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training)Participants Disorder or Presenting IssueN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Page 1Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330StatisticsParticipant Type (check all that apply)N ValidMissing150Frequency TablePublication SourceFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid DissertationMaster's ThesisPeer Review JournalTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.72 13.3 13.3 20.012 80.0 80.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Country in which the study conductedFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid CanadaEnglandIndiaTotal4 26.7 26.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.310 66.7 66.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Study designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0DescriptivesPage 2Descriptive StatisticsN Minimum Maximum Mean Std. DeviationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study%of women/girlsValid N (listwise)15 4.00 509.00 146.2000 141.990044 15.00 44.00 23.4750 13.7393312 .00 100.00 49.6667 36.4616912 .00 100.00 50.3250 36.463433FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Number of Counselling/Therapy Sessions contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Therapy received details contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Length of the Treatment/Intervention contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsStudy designTreatment/InterventionNumber of Counselling/Therapy SessionsTherapy received detailsLength of the Treatment/InterventionN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Frequency TableStudy designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 3Treatment/InterventionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Career Vocational Counselling, Personal/Social Counselling, Family CounsellingFamily therapyGeneral CounsellingGeneral individual counsellingGroup Counselling SessionIndividual CounsellingMotivational interviewing (MI) and Traditional Health EducationPharmacological, psychoeducation, recreational and religious activities and individual counsellingPlay TherapyProgressive Muscle RelaxationSchool counselling, Career Counselling, vocational Counselling, Educational Counselling and, Personal CounsellingStage-matched repeated individual behavioural counselling , Cognitive Behavioral TherapyTechnical eclecticism: Group therapy for parents, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, group therapy for adolescents.Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.02 13.3 13.3 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.72 13.3 13.3 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 4Number of Counselling/Therapy SessionsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 11-10 follow up visits, M = 3.3 sessions102847Not applicableNot specifiedNot SpecifiedParent group therapy: Not Specified, Trauma-Focused CBT: 12-18 sessions, Adolescent group therapy: Not SpecifiedTotal2 13.3 13.3 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.32 13.3 13.3 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.32 13.3 13.3 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.33 20.0 20.0 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 5 1Punjabi/Sikh Systematic Review Coding Manual Syler Hayes & Lauren Currie May 1 2022 Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330 2Table of Contents Overview of Contribution ……………………………………………………………….………..3 Information of Interest………………………………………………………………….………….4 General Steps ………………………………………………………………………….….……….4 Saving Procedures………………………………………………………………………….……..5 Skype Folder Names ……………………………………………………………………..……….6 Eligibility Criteria …………………………………………………………...……………………7 Black Data Extraction Form ……………………………………………………………….……..8 Data Extraction Instructions…………..……………………………………………………..…..10 Data Extraction Sample Form ……………………………………………………………...……12 Reliability Form….........................................................................................................................17 Coding FAQs…………………………………………………………………………………….18 Appendix 1 – Refworks For Systematic Reviews Workbook …………………………………..20 3Overview of Contribution Based on the following PRISMA diagram, you will be assisting with the following: 4Information of Interest Using the table below, you will be collecting information regarding using the Data Extraction Form. Information collection will be on the following variables:- Nation of study - Year of study - Method of data analysis - Author of study - Number of participants - Age of participants - Population characteristics - Treatment characteristics - Method of study - Disorder of interest - Research Question - Findings It is important to reminder when filling out these forms, you include information exactly as it is presented (copy and paste if possible). Include as much information as you can. When in doubt, include it! The purpose of this section is to get as much information regarding the above variables so that we do not need to go back to the article hunting for information! Please fill out this information in the provided excel form. The exaction form will be filled in for each article 3 times. First, each research assistant (2 people) will fill it in independently. Then as a pair during reliability meetings, they will fill out a third exaction form. 5 Eligibility Criteria All of the following must be present for an article to be included in the study: Research involves psychotherapy or counselling: Attempts to make personal adjustments to life challenges facing an individual in the primary context of mental health, deployed to individuals or small groups through the use of psychological means [drawing on psychology, psychiatry, social work, or related disciplinary knowledge] provided directly (face to face) by a single clinician or small teams of clinicians [mental health or allied social service professionals or paraprofessionals]. This includes counselling/psychotherapy that occurs through video-conferencing or tele-conferencing" so long as the practice is clearly labeled as "counselling" or "psychotherapy." “Small groups” are defined as containing no more than 30 clients. “Small teams of clinicians” are defined as including no more than 5 clinicians. Some form of data collection Some description of data analysis method Participants from one of the following indigenous populations: Exclude: - Book reviews - Review articles (literature reviews, systematic reviews) - General, summary articles (e.g. textbook chapters that summarize large sets of studies) - Non-English articles - Studies that only involve the work of tribal elder or traditional helpers (unless they were involved in conjunction with professional/paraprofessionals) - Research not directly on actual counselling or psychotherapy process or outcome with actual clients (e.g. not practitioner training programs, not on generation functioning of treatment centres.) Exception is if this is for prospective clients (e.g. individual’s expectations about entering psychotherapy for the first time.) General Steps 1. You will each be assigned a paper and a reliability partner. All articles have been assigned on the Google Drive meeting minutes https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WlkI5mLgwUUk_dxhuPu7viThXCBcC6i-qxHDp4J6V9s/edit a. Code the article separately on Covidence b. Meet with your partner and fill out a consensus data extraction on Covidence 6Data Extraction Form Last Edit: Jan 22 2018 by RPK RA Name(s): _____________________________ Date: ________________________________ TITLE AUTHORS LEAD CONTACT AUTHOR YEAR OF PUBLICATION PUBLICATION SOURCE Peer Review Journal Non-Peer Review Journal Book Thesis or Dissertation Other, describe: COUNTRY OF STUDY AIM OF THE STUDY RESEARCH QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESES METHOD (be sure to both describe and check a box) Qualitative Quantitative Case Study Mixed Methods (Qualitative & Quantitative) Randomized Control Trial Describe: TYPE OF ANALYSIS (e.g., thematic analysis, ANOVA, regression, etc.) 7TREATMENT/ INTERVENTION NUMBER OF COUNSELLING/THERAPY SESSIONS NUMBER OF CANCELLED OR MISSED APPOINTMENTS WHO ADMINISERED THE TREATMENT / INTERVENTION? (i.e., training/profession) LENGTH OF TREATMENT / INTERVENTION PARTICIAPNTS DISORDER OR PRESENTING ISSUE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RATE OF DROP OUT (N, %) PARTICIPANT TYPE General population Hospital population Students Urban population Rural population Other, describe: METHOD OF RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIPANTS Phone Mail Clinic patients Voluntary Other, describe: INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS 8EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS THERAPIST AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation, Range) THERAPIST GENDER (% Male, % Female) THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) PARTICIPANT POPULATION DESCRIPTION (detailed text description) PARTICIPANTS AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation, Range) PARTICIPANT GENDER (% Male, % Female) THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) FINDINGS/OUTCOMES IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING OR PSYCHOTHERAPY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION 9Data Extraction Instructions Last Edit: May 18 2017 by RPK General Instructions  Do not leave sections blank. If information is not specified in the article, put “N/A.”  Please add other demographical information and only other exceptional information in “Other” section.  Please copy and paste information into Covidence. Copy information verbatim if copy and paste is unavailable. Please be generous (not conservative) about the amount of information you put in each section.  Please do not use abbreviations. If the content you copy and pasted included abbreviations, please type out the abbreviations when you put them into the extraction form.  In sections where you need to manually type out a label in addition to copy and pasting the information (for example, in the participant type section, you need to copy and paste information in addition to indicating if its “clients, clinicians, etc,” but this information in square brackets. This note is application in the following sections: participant type & method. Please put all labels at the beginning of the section. TITLE Full title AUTHORS Who were all the authors of the study, in APA format LEAD CONTACT AUTHOR Include all contact information available in the publication. Often found at the bottom of the first page. YEAR OF PUBLICATION What year was the study published? PUBLICATION SOURCE Select the best option for the type of publication. COUNTRY OF STUDY Where did the study take place? AIM OF THE STUDY What do the authors outline as the aim of their study. RESEARCH QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESES Include all verbatim. STUDY DESIGN Which research method was used for the study? Qualitative or Quantitative or Indigenous If Quantitative, include whether Inferential statistics or Descriptive statistics were used. 10 Put label first in square brackets. Copy and paste the information from the article after. Note: more than one method can be used, include all, separated in a list. Include information about research methods, analysis of data etc. Please provide information about Indigenous methodology. COPY & PASTE STUDY DESIGN INFORMATION Copy from the methods section. TYPE OF ANALYSIS Write what the authors indicated was the analyses used. This could include multiple types of analysis. Do not simply writher mixed-methods. Here we want to know the exact type of analysis. TREATMENT/INTERVENTION What type of therapeutic intervention was used in the study. e.g., Cognitive0behavioual therapy, DBT, talk therapy, yoga NUMBER OF COUNSELLING/THERAPY SESSIONS How many sessions were offered to the participants. NUMBER OF CANCELLED OR MISSED APPOINTMENTS How many appointments did the participants missed or cancel. WHO ADMINISTERED THE TREATMENT/INTERVENTION Describe the clinician who administered the treatment. What was their job title, level of education, qualifications, years of experience, training, etc.) LENGTH OF THE TREATMENT How long was the treatment offered for. PARTICIPANTS DISORDER OR PRESENTING ISSUE What specific diagnosis, disorder? OR Problematic issue was of interest? NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS Number of participants in study RATE OF DROP OUT (N, %) How many participants dropped out of the study. 11 PARTICIPANT TYPE Who were the target participants in the study? Examples: general population, hospital population, students, urban/rural population. Note: can include more than one type of participants, include all. METHOD OF RECRUITMENT OF PARTICIAPNTS How were the participants recruited for the study? INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS If any, what were the inclusion requirements for participants to be eligible for this study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR PARTICIPANTS If any, what were the exclusion requirements for participants to be eligible for this study. THERAPIST AGE (Mean, Standard Deviation) What was the age of therapists in the study? May include means, SDs of ages Example: M = 42; SD = 2.4 THERAPIST GENDER (% Male, % Female) What was the gender of the therapists in the study? THERAPIST ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) What was the ethnic and racial characteristics of therapists? PARTICIPANTS GENDER (% Male, % Female) What was the gender of the participants in the study? PARTICIPANTS AGE What was the age of therapists in the study? May include means, SDs of ages Example: M = 42; SD = 2.4 PARTICIPANTS ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY (% of Each Ethnicity/Race) What was the ethnic and racial characteristics of participants? FINDING/OUTCOMES Copy and paste the key findings. IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING OR PSYCHOTHERAPY Copy and paste the implications described by the authors of the studies findings. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMTION Add anything else you think is important. Abstract Paste the abstract here APA Citation 12 Paste APA citation here Data Extraction Example Last Edit: May 18 2017 by RPK RA Name(s): Rajeena Kumar Date: 18May2017 AUTHORS Nagel, Robinson, Condon, & Trauer YEAR 2009 COUNTRY OF STUDY Australia NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS 49 Phase II: The study recruited 49 Indigenous patients with mental illness and 37 carers. PARTICIPANT TYPE [Clients] GENDER Males, Females AGE M = 33 ETHNO-RACIAL IDENTITY Indigenous Australian METHOD Qualitative Quantitative (Inferential) A mixed methods design in which an exploratory phase of qualitative research was followed by a nested randomized controlled trial Phase I: A participatory action research model. Group and individual interviews were supplemented by informal observation. Field trips were recorded through field notes, audio-taped interviews and music, and hundreds of photographs Phase II: Patient participants were randomly allocated to two groups using a block randomized on random number sequence technique 13 The treatment was delivered at baseline in the first group, the ‘early treatment’ group, and at six months in the second group, the ‘late treatment’ group. Mixed model regression analysis compared the outcome scores against two variables – ‘time’ and ‘treatment condition’ Treatment condition represents the outcome scores six months post treatment. The control condition is represented by all other data collection points. TREATMENT Motivational care planning(MCP) The intervention consisted of two one-hour treatment sessions two to six weeks apart, which integrated problem-solving, motivational therapy and self-management principles. The MCP involved four steps: discussion about family support, exploration of strengths and stresses, followed by goal-setting. The second session, two to six weeks later, reviewed progress and developed new strategies as appropriate. The intervention incorporated family in three sections: first, through engagement of carers in the treatment sessions; second, through incorporation of carers on a ‘family map’ in step one of the intervention; and third, by involving family in the goal-setting phase of the care-planning. Two brief psycho-educational videos were shown in each session with distribution of matching handouts. In terms of fidelity of treatment, there were minor variations: the presence of carer and AMHWs in sessions was inconsistent, and the number of videos viewed and handouts received. The average length of a treatment session was 50 min DISORDER Substance use disorder RESEARCH QUESTION Is MCP better than treatment as usual for substance abuse? Objective: To develop and evaluate a culturally adapted brief intervention for Indigenous people with chronic mental illness. This study aimed to develop and test a brief randomize- tion for remote settings and sought to answer two ques- tions as follows: ‘can a culturally appropriate brief 14 intervention be developed that incorporates local Indig- enous perspectives of mental health and mental illness?’ and ‘does the brief intervention improve patient mental health outcomes compared with treatment as usual (TAU)?’ FINDINGS MCP with cultural adaptions was more effective than treatment as usual. Phase 1: The AMHW and patient responses were grouped into three overall themes: ‘strengths’, ‘worries’ and approaches to treatment. The responses were then incorporated into the content and process of the assessment and care-planning tools, the psycho-education resources (videos, flipcharts and information sheets) and the brief intervention. Three key themes from these perspectives were: the importance of family, the strength gained from traditional and cultural activities, and the importance of a story-telling approach to sharing information. Phase II: The results show a trend in HoNOS scores (repeated across all analyses), which suggest that MCP improved outcomes compared with TAU and that the improvements were sustained over time. The results show an advantage for MCP in terms of well-being, life skills and alcohol dependence, which is sustained over time. A similar trend is observed for cannabis dependence, which does not achieve significance. The self-management (partners in health) findings support an improvement in self-management over time that is not specific to treatment condition. These positive findings are further supported by a self-assessment questionnaire at six months post MCP, which showed that nearly one-third of patients (29%) assessed their own progress towards their goals as being ‘extremely good’, while 40% of patients rated their progress towards their goals as ‘some’, 29% as ‘a little’ and 2% as ‘none at all’. Further support for improved outcomes is provided by the assessment of AMHWs of the patient home environment. At 18-month follow-up, they reported decreased family domestic violence, substance misuse, self-harm behaviour and mental illness (19%, 16%, 26% and 26%, respectively) compared with 47%, 41%, 72% and 64% at baseline. The study findings suggest that MCP improved outcomes compared with TAU, and that the improvement was sustained over time. The patient-rated measures of wellbeing, substance dependence and self-management matched the changes in clinician-rated outcome measures. The concurrently collected qualitative data provide further support 15 OTHER What this study adds: • This paper reports the first randomized controlled trial in remote Indigenous mental health in Australia. • This study provides new evidence of effective psychological treatment in Indigenous mental health. •The culturally adapted brief intervention improved well-being and substance dependence compared with treatment as usual. •Future recommendations This is the first detailed study of the profile of mental illness and the effectiveness of treatment in a remote Indigenous setting. Abstract Objective: To develop and evaluate a culturally adapted brief intervention for Indigenous people with chronic mental illness. Design: A mixed methods design in which an exploratory phase of qualitative research was followed by a nested randomized controlled trial. Setting: Psycho-education resources and a brief intervention, motivational care planning (MCP), were developed and tested in collaboration with aboriginal mental health workers in three remote communities in northern Australia. Participants: A total of 49 patients with mental illness and 37 carers were recruited to a randomized controlled trial that compared MCP (n=24) with a clinical control condition (treatment as usual, n =25). 16 Intervention: The early treatment group received MCP at baseline and the late treatment group received delayed treatment at six months. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was mental health problem severity as measured by the health of the nation outcome scales. Secondary measures of well-being (Kessler 10), life skills, self-management and substance dependence were chosen. Outcome assessments were performed at baseline, six-month, 12-month and 18-month follow up. Results: Random effects regression analyses showed significant advantage for the treatment condition in terms of well-being with changes in health of the nation outcome scales (P < 0.001) and Kessler 10 (P=0.001), which were sustained over time. There was also significant advantage for treatment for alcohol dependence (P=0.05), with response also evident in cannabis dependence (P=0.064) and with changes in substance dependence sustained over time. Conclusions: These results suggest that MCP is an effective treatment for Indigenous people with mental illness and provide insight into the experience of mental illness in remote communities. APA Citation Nagel, T., Robinson, G., Condon, J., & Trauer, T. (2009). Approach to treatment of mental illness and substance dependence in remote indigenous communities: Results of a mixed methods study. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 17, 174-182. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2009.01060.x 17 Reliability Form Last Edit: Jan 22 2018 by RPK RA Names(2): ____________________________Date: ________________________________ Instructions: - As you are going through the article together, check off your initial agreement. For example, if you did not independently agree on Participant Type, check off disagree. - For more subjective coding variables (Treatment, Research Question, & Findings), verbatim agreement is not necessary. As long as you both have the same conceptual content, you can check off agree. - Please do not use abbreviations. If the content you copy and pasted included abbreviations, please type out the abbreviations when you put them into the reliability form. - If you both are unsure about a variable, put information regarding why in under comments. Email Rajeena at kumarrajeena@gmail.com if you input anything in this section so that she can double check. - Double click on check box, a dialog box with come up, and you can select to check the box. - Agreement occurs when partners do not have uniquely different information. Disagreement occurs if one of the partners is missing uniquely different information. - If disagreement occurs, fill out % Agreement: out of total sentences copy and pasted, how many did you both initially agree on? AGREE DISAGREE % Agreement Author ____________ Year ____________ Country of Study ____________ Number of participants ____________ Type of participant Client ____________ General Population ____________ Clinicians ____________ Community Leaders ____________ Administers ____________ Students ____________ Urban Population ____________ Rural Population ____________ Other ____________ 18 Gender ____________ Age ____________ Ethno-racial identity ____________ Method ____________ Treatment ____________ Disorder ____________ Research Questions ____________ Findings ____________ Comments: Coding FAQs Can qualitative research include inferential statistics or descriptive statistics? No, only quantitative research includes the inferential statistics (IS) or descriptive statistics (DS) code. These are the following codes: - Indigenous - Qualitative - Quantitative (DS) - Quantitative (IS) Remember that more than one type of method can be included in a study. Please list all. When emailing Rajeena all the forms, what should I title the email? Title the email the “Indigenous-Review-Author-Year-Forms” Example: “Indigenous-Review-Vicary-2010-Forms” Should I include headings from the study in the extraction form? If it makes sense, please include the headings. Also include if it makes the information easier to follow. A good place to include headings is in the “Findings” section When copy and pasting information, should I include the in-text citations? Yes. Do I put N/A in the treatment section if there is no control group and treatment group? 19 Depends. If there really is no treatment in the study, put N/A. However, there can be a treatment in studies without a control group (i.e. where nothing is compared). An example of this is a qualitative study looking at the effects of a substance abuse group treatment called “SAG Treatment.” Is the purpose/objectives the same as the research question? They are similar but not the same. Research Questions: Identify the questions whose answers will guide solving the problem. Purpose/objectives: Identify the goals associated with each of the research questions. If you are reading the purpose, there is a good chance the research question is close by! I can’t find the information! What do I do? If you can’t find the information upon a few reads, or after discussing with your reliability partner, please put N/A for the information. Not every study will include information on all the variables we are coding for. I need more information about the difference between what a qualitative and quantitative study is! (Enlarge images as needed) 20 Quantitative Inferential statistics will usually have a sentence in the discussion along the lines of “the results suggest…” Qualitative 21 What are some tips to code dissertations? Pay attention to the abstract. The introduction and background probably won’t give you anything to copy and paste into your form, expect at the very end of the introduction, the research question/purpose may be situated here. Otherwise there should be a section for research question/purpose. For findings, look in the discussion instead of results (not always but generally) I need help with references! Use this: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Appendix 1 – Refworks for Systematic Reviews Workbook 22 Content updated and revised by Sarah Parker, MLIS Candidate with permission from the University of Alberta Refworks for Systematic Reviews Workbook Objectives This workbook is designed to introduce RefWorks citation management for a systematic review. During this session we will review how to: Use RefWorks for a systematic review o Screening using RefWorks o Find and remove duplicate records It would be beneficial if you are familiar with RefWorks and these features: o Exporting references from a database into your RefWorks account o Creating and organizing references into folders 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Descriptives[DataSet1] C:\Users\robbedi\OneDrive - The University Of British Columbia\CollaborationFolders\PunjabiSikhReview\AAA-July2023-After\ArticleData-2023-8-14.savDescriptive StatisticsN Minimum Maximum Mean Std. DeviationYear of PublicationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study%of women/girlsValid N (listwise)15 1971 2020 2006.47 15.32915 4.00 509.00 146.2000 141.990044 15.00 44.00 23.4750 13.7393312 .00 100.00 49.6667 36.4616912 .00 100.00 50.3250 36.463433FrequenciesStatisticsYear of PublicationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study %of women/girlsN ValidMissingMean15 15 4 12 120 0 11 3 32006.47 146.2000 23.4750 49.6667 50.3250Frequency TablePage 1Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330Year of PublicationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 197119821984200320042006201320142016201720182020Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.33 20.0 20.0 73.32 13.3 13.3 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Total number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 4.005.0020.0030.0040.0060.0068.00100.00155.00200.00207.00232.00240.00323.00509.00Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 2Rate of Drop out quantit info onlyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 15.0016.9018.0044.00TotalMissing -999.00SystemTotalTotal1 6.7 25.0 25.01 6.7 25.0 50.01 6.7 25.0 75.01 6.7 25.0 100.04 26.7 100.010 66.71 6.711 73.315 100.0% of men in the studyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid .0020.0040.8042.5047.0056.6073.3097.6098.20100.00TotalMissing -999.00Total2 13.3 16.7 16.72 13.3 16.7 33.31 6.7 8.3 41.71 6.7 8.3 50.01 6.7 8.3 58.31 6.7 8.3 66.71 6.7 8.3 75.01 6.7 8.3 83.31 6.7 8.3 91.71 6.7 8.3 100.012 80.0 100.03 20.015 100.0Page 3%of women/girlsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid .001.802.4026.7043.3053.0057.5059.2080.00100.00TotalMissing -999.00Total1 6.7 8.3 8.31 6.7 8.3 16.71 6.7 8.3 25.01 6.7 8.3 33.31 6.7 8.3 41.71 6.7 8.3 50.01 6.7 8.3 58.31 6.7 8.3 66.72 13.3 16.7 83.32 13.3 16.7 100.012 80.0 100.03 20.015 100.0FrequenciesStatisticsYear of PublicationTotal number of sessions - combined quantit data onlyRate of Drop out quantit info only% of men in the study %of women/girlsN ValidMissingMedian15 15 4 12 120 0 11 3 32014.00 100.0000 17.4500 44.7500 55.2500Page 4 FrequenciesWarningsOne or more values of variable Aim of study contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Research Questions & Hypotheses contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Copy & Paste Study Design Informtion contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Number of Counselling/Therapy Sessions contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Therapy received details contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Who Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Length of the Treatment/Intervention contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Inclusion Criteria for Participation contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Exclusion Criteria for Participation contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Participant Age: contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.Page 1Bedi, R. P., Hayes, S., Currie, L. N., & Sen, D. (2024, November 30). Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]. http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0447330WarningsOne or more values of variable Age (M, SD) Total sample contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Participant Gender Male (n, %) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Gender Female (n, %) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Participant Ethno-Racial Identity (% of Each Ethnicity/Race/Nationality/Religion) contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Findings / Outcomes contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapists contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Listed Limitations of the Study contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.One or more values of variable Other Relevant Information contained a non-printing character. Each such character was replaced by a space. The data file itself was not modified.StatisticsCount Study ID Title Author(s)Publication SourceCountry in which the study conductedN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0 0Page 2StatisticsAim of studyResearch Questions & Hypotheses Study designCopy & Paste Study Design InformtionType of Analyses (e.g., thematic analysis, ANOVA, regression, etc.)N ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0StatisticsTreatment/InterventionNumber of Counselling/Therapy SessionsTherapy received detailsWho Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training)Length of the Treatment/InterventionN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0StatisticsParticipants Disorder or Presenting IssueTotal Number of ParticipantsRate of Drop Out from therapy (n, %)Participant Type (check all that apply)Inclusion Criteria for ParticipationN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Page 3StatisticsExclusion Criteria for ParticipationTh. Gender Male (n, %)Th. Gender Female (n, %)Therapist Participant Ethno-Racial Identity (% of Each Ethnicity/Race/Nationality/Religion)Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)N ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0StatisticsParticipant Age:Age (M, SD) Total sampleParticipant Gender Male (n, %)Gender Female (n, %) Gender OtherN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0StatisticsGender Unknown (n, %)Participant Ethno-Racial Identity (% of Each Ethnicity/Race/Nationality/Religion)Findings / OutcomesImplications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsListed Limitations of the StudyN ValidMissing15 15 15 15 150 0 0 0 0Page 4StatisticsOther Relevant InformationN ValidMissing150Frequency TableCountFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 123456789101112131415Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 5Study IDFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 0Chavan 2003Chawla 2020Gill-Badesha 2004Kaur 2016Kaur 2016bKaur 2017Madikiza 1984Pathak 2013Reetu 2018Sandhu 2016Virdee 2014Weinstein 2006Westwood 1982Wig 1971Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0TitleFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid "It was quite helpful": An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Indian Fathers' Experience of Family TherapyA cross-cultural comparison of East Indian and Anglo-European Expectations of CounsellingA Quasi Experimental Study to Evaluate the effectiveness of Counseling on Anxiety and Depression among Hospitalised Cancer Patients Receiving Radiotherapy1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.0Page 6TitleFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentA Randomized Control Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Counseling on Pain and Fatigue among Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy in Selected Hospital, Ludhiana, PunjabA Study to Assess the Effectiveness Of Play Therapy in Reducing Anxiety Level among Hospitalized Children Aged 6-12 Years in Selected Hospitals At Moga District, Punjab, IndiaA study to assess the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation technique on level of anxiety among patients with hypertension residing in selected areas of district Ludhiana, PunjabAttitudes and Expectations of Counselling: A Cross-Cultural PerspectiveAttitudes of South Asian Immigrants Toward Utilizing Counselling ServicesCamp approach-an Effective, Alternate Inpatient Treatment Setting for Substance Dependence: A Report from IndiaEffectiveness of Deep Breathing Exercies and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on Stress among Amputated PatientsEffects of stage-matched repeated individual behavioural counselling session (RIBCS) as an intervention for decreased and stopping smoking1 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.3Page 7TitleFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentMotivating mothers to prevent caries: Confirming the beneficial effect of counselingPsychiatric Problems in University StudentsReducing the Problem Behaviour of adolescents abused during childhood through Technical EclecticismSexual Abuse – Councelling and Prevalence in Female School Children in PatialaTotal1 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Author(s)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Bhullar D.S., Mittal P., Sidhu, B.S., Dipti B.Chavan, B. S., Gupta, N., Raj, L., Arun, P., & ChanderbalaChawla, G., Kansal, A. P., Deokar, K., Abrol, N., Chopra, V., Ish, P., Sharma, V., Kumar, N., & Bhatti, K.Gill-Badesha, D.Kaur, G.Kaur, M.,Kumar, A., Kumar, M.S.Kaur, R., Mahal, R. K., Rubia.Madikiza, B. D.Pathak, P., Mahal, R., Kohli, A., & Nimbran, V.Reetu, R., Kaur, N., Thapar, K.Sandhu, D., Kaur, S.Virdee, S.Weinstein, P., Harrison, R., & Benton, T.1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 8Author(s)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentWestwood, M. J.Wig, N.N., Nagpal, R.N., Khanna, H.Total1 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Publication SourceFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid DissertationMaster's ThesisPeer Review JournalTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.72 13.3 13.3 20.012 80.0 80.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Country in which the study conductedFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid CanadaEnglandIndiaTotal4 26.7 26.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.310 66.7 66.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 9Aim of studyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Aimed to assess the effectiveness of deep breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation technique on stress among amputated patients in selected hospitals of Punjab.Aimed to assess the effectiveness of play therapy in reducing anxiety level among hospitalized children aged 6-12 years in selected hospitals at Moga District, Punjab, IndiaAimed to evaluate the effects of stage-matched repeated individual behavioural counselling (RIBCS) on the basis of the transtheoretical model (TTM) as an intervention to reduce and stop smoking.The aim of the current research was to understand the subjective experience of Indian fathers who have completed family therapy.The aim of the study is to assess psychiatric problems in university students. The Student Counselling Centre, started in August 1967 for the Panjab University students will not only facilitate the present research but also fulfil a long felt need to attend to the psychiatric problems of university students.The aim of the study is to provide additional evidence of the efficacy of MI with mothers of young children after two years of follow-up.1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.0Page 10Aim of studyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe present study was carried out with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of counseling on anxiety and depression among hospitalized cancer patients receiving radiotherapy.The present study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate whether ‘camp approach’ could be taken as a viable inpatient alternative in lieu of the general hospital inpatient setting.1 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.3Page 11Aim of studyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe purpose of this qualitative study was to discover, understand, and describe the attitudes of five Punjabi-speaking South Asian immigrants toward seeking help from formal mental health services. For this research study, help-seeking behaviour is generally defined as one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that lead to the decision to utilize mental health services. This study has several aims: 1. To contribute to the existing research literature on help-seeking behaviour. 2. To examine the attitudes of South Asian immigrants toward help-seeking. 3. To give voice to five members of the South Asian community to express their needs and experiences. 4. To provide a contextual understanding of the influences on the decision to seek or not seek counselling services. 5. To provide mental health practitioners with increased knowledge and understanding about this group and ways to promote the utilization of counselling services, build strong counsellor-client relationships and create positive bridges with the South Asian community.The study was aimed at performing a cross-cultural comparison of East Indian and Anglo-European expectations of Counselling1 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.7Page 12Aim of studyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe study was done to evaluate the effect of counseling on pain and fatigue among cancer patients.This blind, cross-sectional study is aimed to throw light on the patterns of sexual abuse and the effect of counselling on the reporting of sexual abuse among female school children in Patiala city.This study investigates attitudes and expectations that Anglo-European Canadians and East Indian Canadians have towards counseling.To assess the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation technique on level of anxiety among patients with hypertension.To study the effectiveness of technical eclecticism in reducing the problem behaviour of adolescents abused during childhood.Total1 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 13Research Questions & HypothesesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPage 14Research Questions & HypothesesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 1. Determine the attitudes and expectancies that Anglo-European Canadians and East Indian Canadians have towards counselling 2. To focus on, analyze and compare attitudes and expectations of adults and adolescents within each cultural group toward counselling using a Structured Interview Questionnaire (SIQ) 3. Summarize attitudes and expectations towards counselling by the two cultural groups using content analysis of the SIQ. Hypothesis 1: The frequency distribution on the content categories between the east Indian and Anglo European Canadians will show no significant differences in their overall counselling expectancies on the SIQ Hypothesis 2: There will be no statistically significant differences between Anglo European adults and adolescent in their counselling expectancies on all the six questions on the SIQ Hypothesis 3: There will be no statistically significant differences between East Indian adults and adolescents in their counselling expectancies on the SIQ Hypothesis 4: A cross-cultural comparison between East Indian adolescents and Anglo European adolescents will show no statistically significant differences on the SIQ Hypothesis 5: A cross-cultural comparison between East Indian adults and Anglo European adults will show no statistically significant differences between the two groups on the SIQ1 6.7 6.7 6.7Page 15Research Questions & HypothesesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative Percent1. To assess the pre-test anxiety level among hospitalized children aged 6-12 years. 2. To assess the post-test anxiety level among hospitalized children aged 6-12 years. 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of play therapy among hospitalized Children aged 6-12 years. 4.To find out the association between post-test mean of anxiety level among hospitalized children aged 6-12 years with selected demographic variables1 6.7 6.7 13.3Page 16Research Questions & HypothesesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentIt was hypothesized, based on earlier research by Sue and Sue (1977), Fukuhara (1973), Johnson (1977) and Wolfgang (1975), that the minority groups would see the counsellor more as someone to assist primarily in the area of career and vocational counselling rather than focus on personal and social development of the individual. Second, the role of family involvement m problem-solving by the counsellor would be a high-priority expectation in that many distinct minority groups in Canada coming from Europe tend to see the family as being very involved in decision-making and problem-solving, quite unlike the majority group's approach to counselling which has a more individualistic bias. The present study sought to investigate these two questions mentioned above in order to determine whether a distinct minority group's expectations were similar or different from the majority group's attitudes.1 6.7 6.7 20.0Page 17Research Questions & HypothesesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentSpecifically, the research collected incidents using the Critical Incident Technique pertaining to the research question: What factors facilitated or hindered a small sample of Punjabi-speaking South Asian immigrants' decision to utilize formal mental health services? This study addresses the following research questions: (1) What factors facilitate or hinder South Asian immigrants' decision to utilize formal mental health services? (2) Under what circumstances was this group of South Asian immigrants likely to utilize counselling services? Under what circumstances were participants not likely to utilize counselling services? (3) If counselling services are not utilized, where, if anywhere, do these members of the South Asian community seek support or assistance to get through difficult times? (4) What would encourage participants to utilize counselling services? What can counsellors do? What can the counselling profession do? Hypotheses/assumptions: 1. East Indians rarely use counselling services for any reason. 2. South Asians will consider utilizing counselling services as a reactive measure to problems and not in a proactive manner. 3. South Asians typically use religious/spiritual beliefs and family systems to deal with stress and these supports are not sufficient. 4. Immigrant South Asians will display a strong aberrance in utilizing counselling services. 5. South Asians are not aware of the meaning of counselling services and availability in the community. 6. South Asian women are more likely to seek help than 1 6.7 6.7 26.7Page 18Research Questions & HypothesesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe objective of the study was to provide insight into Indian fathers' experiences of family therapy and advance existing literature, helping counseling psychologists working with this client group to understand better and engage them, therefore advancing the process of family therapy and development of services.The objectives so outlined were (a) to compare substance dependence patients treated by ‘camp approach’ and hospital approach, and (b) to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of either approach by measuring outcome (i.e. abstinence) at 3 months.The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of deep breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation technique on stress among amputated patients.The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation technique on the level of anxiety among patients with hypertension. It was hypothesized that progressive muscle relaxation does not have an effect on level of anxiety.The purpose of this study is to understand emotional, personality, adjustment and anxiety related issues in students going to university.1 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.0Page 19Research Questions & HypothesesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe purpose of this study was aimed at an evaluation of the effectiveness of counseling on Pain and fatigue among cancer patients receiving Chemotherapy in selected hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of stage-matched repeated individual behavioral counselling (RIBCS) as an intervention to reduce and stop smoking and to evaluate various factors like literacy, loss of motivation, and nicotine dependence which are associated with it.The study is aimed at determining whether technical eclecticism can reduce problem behaviors in adolescents. It was hypothesized that technical eclecticism will be effective in reducing the problem behavior of adolescents abused during childhood.The study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of counseling on anxiety and depression among hospitalized cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. It was hypothesized that there will be no significant effect of counseling on anxiety and depression among hospitalized cancer patients receiving radiotherapy.1 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 20Research Questions & HypothesesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentTo compare the effect of a motivational interviewing(MI) counseling visit with traditional health education for mothers of young children at high risk of developing dental caries.To study the effect of counselling on the reporting of sexual abuse in female school-going children. To assess the prevalence and knowledge of these children about sexual abuse and the changes brought in the same children following counselling.Total1 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Study designFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid QualitativeQuantitativeQuantitative (controlled trial)Total2 13.3 13.3 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 21Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid A pre-experimental research design was employed using 'one-group pretest-post-test design' on 40 patients with hypertension. The convenience sampling technique was used to draw sample from target population. The tool was organized as: Part-A: Socio-demographic profile Part-B: Clinical profile of patient Part-C: Beck Anxiety Inventory scale (1993). Pre-interventional level of anxiety was assessed in subjects by using Beck Anxiety Inventory scale (1993). Progressive muscle relaxation technique as an intervention in the form of audio instruction was given for 30 minutes once in a day continuous for 10 days to the patients with hypertension along with daily assessment of physiological parameters (pulse rate, blood pressure and respiration rate) before and after intervention. Postinterventional level of anxiety was assessed on 10th day and was compared with the pre-interventional level of anxiety.1 6.7 6.7 6.7Page 22Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentA comparitive group design was used in the study with two groups, East-Indian and Anglo-European Canadian. The Perception of Counselling Services Index (PCSI) was used to assess the perceptions and expectations of the groups involved. The PCSI is a 45- item questionnaire which is developed on the Likert scale model to which the subject responds on a five-point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Each of the items of the PCSI describes one role aspect or specific function of the counsellor. The items which are pertinent to this study were those items which reflect the following role functions of the counsellor. These are the three major subtests of the PCSI: (1) Vocational/career guidance focus - these items include such activities as job information, career assessment, employment counselling etc. (2) Personal/self-development focus - these items include such activities as assisting clients with self-understanding, discussing social-emotional concerns and assisting in interpersonal areas (3) Family-client focus - these items include those activities which describe consultation with the parents and/or direct family involvement in the counselling process The PCSI was translated into Punjabi from the English form.1 6.7 6.7 13.3Page 23Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentA prospective cohort study where all patients attending a Chest Clinic in 1 year and were smokers were enrolled. Demographic, socio-economic data along with smoking history were noted. Patients mobile phone number along with contact number of their immediate relatives were noted to strengthen the follow up. Further, smokers were classified as per exposure level, based on smoking index criteria. Each participant was further analysed for nicotine dependence according to Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) measures the severity of dependence on a scale from 0 to 10 based on the patient’s answers to a six-item questionnaire. Each subject underwent repeated counselling for period of a 6 months and each session was preceded with filling of Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence (FTND). Patients were advised to quit smoking in a clear and strong manner. It is generally accepted that the motivation to quit is one of the most significant factors associated with smoking cessation followed by family support and literacy level. All participants were subjected to a pre-formed questionnaire and were divided into four categories according to their motivation to quit. They were assigned to various stages of smoking cessation according to health belief model into Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation and Action. Those who are in stage precontemplation and contemplation were considered one with lower motivation. Smokers in each category were assigned to the intervention which was 1 6.7 6.7 20.0Page 24Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentA quantitative research approach was used. Pre-experimental design was used. In present study, the independent variable is the “play therapy” and dependent variable is anxiety of the school aged hospitalized children. Selected hospitals at Moga district, Punjab were considered. The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used for the study. Development and Description of the Tool Section A: Demographic data Section B: Modified anxiety rating scale Section A: Demographic data consist of 10 items for obtaining personal information about children i.e. Age, Gender, Birth order, Place of residence, Type of family, Monthly income, Religion, No of hospitalization, Unpleasant experiences and Diagnosis. Section B: Modified Anxiety rating scale consists of 20 items to evaluate the effectiveness of play therapy to reduce anxiety level among hospitalized children aged 6-12 years. Criterion Measures Each correct response by responded carries never (0), sometimes (1), often (2) and always (3) score. (Maximum anxiety score: 60 and Minimum anxiety Score: 0) Knowledge score categorized into 4 levels: No Anxiety, Mild Anxiety, Moderate Anxiety and Severe Anxiety.1 6.7 6.7 26.7Page 25Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentA quasi-experimental study with quantitative approach was done to assess the effectiveness of deep breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation technique on stress among amputated patients. The present study was conducted at the orthopedic wards of GGS Medical College and Hospital Faridkot, Civil hospitals of Bathinda, Sri Muktsar Sahib, and Ferozepur. After the selection of study subjects, the identification profile of the patients was filled in the record Performa. Two tools were used to collect data from the subjects. Tool 1: Socio-Demographic profile of the patient which was prepared by the investigator under the guidance of a guide and co-guide. It includes 14 variables such as age, gender, religion, marital status, religion, residence, educational status, occupation, cause of amputation, site of amputation, type of anesthesia, any previous history of amputation, presence of any other disease, and any history of addiction. Tool 2: Modified perceived stress scale which consists of 10 items. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from never (0) to almost always (4). Try out of the tools and intervention was done to ensure the reliability and understanding of the tool. A pilot study was conducted in the orthopedic ward of Guru Gobind Singh Medical Hospital, Faridkot to find the feasibility of the study and was found to be feasible. Stress level was assessed. After assessing the stress, intervention of deep breathing and PMRT was given twice (morning and evening) daily for ten minutes for two weeks to the 1 6.7 6.7 33.3Page 26Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentAn experimental (Pre test-post test control group design) research design was selected to accomplish the stated objectives for the present study. In this design, subjects have been designed randomly to the experimental or the control group. The experimental treatment is given only to those in the experimental group and the pre-tests and post-tests are those measurements of the dependent variable that are made before and after the experimental treatment is performed. All true experimental designs have subjects randomly assigned groups, have an experimental treatment introduced to some of the subjects and have the effects of the treatment observed. Research variables Independent Variables-Independent variables in the study are intervention- Counseling . Age, Gender, Education, Religion, Marital Status, Occupation, Monthly income, Type of family, Place of residence, Dietary habits, Any other treatment received. Dependent Variables-Dependent variables in the study are Pain and fatigue among cancer patients. Research setting The Present study was conducted in the Chemotherapy ward at Oswal Hospital Ludhiana, Punjab. The hospital is 350 bedded multispecialty hospital. The investigator took 20 chemotherapy patients, 10 chemotherapy patients in each Counseling group and Control group according to the research approach and design taken up for the study. The investigator first introduced herself to the chemotherapy patients, explained the purpose of the study for 1 6.7 6.7 40.0Page 27Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentFour participants were recruited from an organization, which provides family therapy for Indians within an urban area in England. The researcher was contacted by the family therapist, who was then sent copies of the participant information sheets and posters. After some time the researcher was contacted via phone by the family therapist to explain that she had spoken to some of her prior clients who were interested in participating in the study. Materials An interview schedule was created using the guidelines given by Smith et al (2009). The interview schedule provided a framework consisting of open-ended exploratory questions, including prompts to aid the interviewer to collect data. The questions within the schedule were formulated deductively based on the literature review, and aimed to elicit participants to talk freely with little prompting from the researcher. The interview schedule began with more general questions to allow the participants to become relaxed with the subject matter and then moved towards more specific questions.1 6.7 6.7 46.7Page 28Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentIn the present investigation, around 950 adolescents were screened for possible abuse during their childhood. After this long process of screening, 80 adolescents with confirmed histories of abuse and who along with their parents were willing and self-motivated to participate till the completion of the study, formed the abused or experimental group of this study. For each of the four categories of abuse (physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect), 20 adolescents were enrolled. Measures: 1. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; by Bernstein & Fink, 1998): This is a 28-item self-report inventory that provides brief, reliable, and valid screening for histories of different types of childhood abuse. 2. Youth Self Report (YSR; by Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001): YSR is a 112 items inventory completed by 11-18 years old to describe their own behavioural functioning. Procedure: The present investigation was a pre and post-intervention design, which started with the screening of adolescents through CTQ for possible histories of abuse. 947 adolescents studying in schools from different areas of Punjab were approached in groups for screening. For each respective category of childhood abuse 20 adolescents were enrolled (i.e. 20 adolescents had histories of PA, 20 had histories of SA, 20 had histories of EA and the remaining 20 had childhood histories of Ne). It is worthwhile to mention here that amongst the sexually abused adolescents only those who were “not” victimized by parents/caregivers, and those who themselves along with their parents were 1 6.7 6.7 53.3Page 29Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe authors started a Study Counselling Centre in August 1967 for the Panjab University students on the recommendation of the Mental Health Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. In establishing this service centre they had the active cooperation of university medical officers. Initially, they had most of the referrals from the medical personnel. Such students who verbally expressed psychological symptoms or those in whom the manifest physical disturbance was suggestive of psychogenic origin, were referred for psychiatric assessment and advice. Subsequently, a few students were referred by the Heads of the teaching departments, for reaons of their not working up to their capacity in their studies. In the middle of the academic session, some students voluntarily sought help for their psychological difficulties. The cases were mostly first seen and worked up by the two psychologists who were also engaged in the research project on student mental health and were familiar to the campus students. There were three work-up sessions a week and a case-discussion meeting every week, in which the referring doctors also participated. The cases were this seen by the psychiatrist and in the absence of especially significant or major pathology, returned to the worker for counselling. Throughout the continuity of contact with the patients, they were followed up under the direction of the psychiatrist. Such cases as required a more comprehensive psychiatric treatment were transferred to the psychiatric clinic of the 1 6.7 6.7 60.0Page 30Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe sample comprised two groups of substance dependence treated in two different inpatient settings viz. community setting (camp approach) and general hospital inpatient setting. The study group comprised 67 patients treated in three different camps organized over a period of three years. The comparison group included patients treated over the same time frame in the hospital setting. Patients in both groups fulfilled the ICD-10 (WHO, 1992) diagnosis for substance dependence. Following intake, both groups were evaluated as regards sociodemographic, clinical and outcome (at 3 months) profile. The camp approach comprised two phases: Phase - I (Activities prior to camp) - In collaboration with the panchayat of the villages, the hospital community team planned the logistics of the camp about a month prior to it being held in that village. Patients were identified by the community leaders and motivated jointly by them and the social workers of the community team. The community team provided the manpower and medicines while the community leaders arranged the infrastructure and basic amenities. A prominent and relatively frequented central place was identified in the villages for setting up of the camp. This was a religious centre (i.e. place of worship) of the dominant religious community of the villages viz. Gurudwara. Additionally, a few weeks prior to holding of the camp, a psychiatric social worker made home visits and discussed with the family members of the prospective patients about the activities to be carried out during the camp and to motivate them to attend the 1 6.7 6.7 66.7Page 31Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe study design was quasi-experimental pre-test post-test control group design. Enrollment of participants in the intervention and control: Total of 100 hospitalized cancer participants were enrolled in the study, 50 in each intervention and control group. As assigning intervention and control at one time could lead to contamination in the study hence, all enrolled admitted patients at one time were given similar intervention (either counseling or control) as written in slip, randomly selected by an independent person among the slips for intervention and control. At one moment of time, maximum of 25 patients were enrolled. For completing intervention for a group of 25 patients, maximum of 6 weeks time was taken, 4 weeks for completing intervention and 2 weeks additional time for lately admitted patients. Participants in intervention group received usual treatment and added Intervention (counseling). Individual counseling sessions were arranged once a week for 4weeks with each session lasting for 30 to 40min. Standardized tools were used to assess anxiety and depression among participants.For assessment of anxiety, state and trait anxiety inventory (STAI) was used. STAI contained 20 statements to assess state anxiety. Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) was used for assessment of depression.12 The BDI-II is a 21-item questionnaire.1 6.7 6.7 73.3Page 32Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe study involved the use of Critical Incident Technique (Flanagan, 1954) because this technique provides an opportunity for comprehensive discussion around the research topic - the factors that facilitated or hindered the use of counselling services by South Asian immigrants. As well, this approach supports qualitative inquiry of the experiences of the participants and provides the participants with a voice in the process and a chance to explain their ideas and experiences. The Critical Incident Technique consists of a set of simple interview procedures for collecting information from people about their direct observations of their own or others’ behavior in a way that facilitates their potential usefulness in solving practical problems and developing broad psychological principles (Flanagan, 1954). The essence of this interview technique is that participants provide a descriptive account of events that facilitate or hinder a given objective. The participants are considered knowledgeable because they have directly experienced or observed incidents that describe the general aim of the study. The incidents are extracted and categories are formed according to Flanagan’s (1954) recommendations for gathering dependable and valid information to ascertain important themes and commonalities that will be found in the research data. The themes are identified and categorized for their special clinical significance to mental health practitioners. In order to ensure a smooth flow of the interview process, the author 1 6.7 6.7 80.0Page 33Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThis cross-sectional, blind study was conducted among 509 female children. Consent for the study was obtained from the schools, students under study and their parents. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Government Medical College Patiala. The age categories were split as 12 – 13, 14 – 15 and 16 – 17 years. The children were asked to fill-up a predesignated, anonymous questionnaire regarding sexual abuse, in a language they were comfortable with. Then, an age appropriate counselling session was conducted where the children of each age category were addressed as a group. This was followed by a session in which they were asked to fill the same questionnaire again in order to assess if the counselling brought about any change in the knowledge and reporting of sexual abuse.1 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 34Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThis research represents a comparative study to compare the two groups. No treatments were given and no control groups were necessary. The current study is part of a larger study conducted by Westwood and Massey (1982) where two culturally different samples were investigated on their counselling expectancies: the East Indian Canadians and Anglo-European Canadians. To measure sample perception, attitudes and expectations of counselling, the Perception of Counselling Services Index (PCSI) was used. Due to the limitations of the PCSI, the SIQ was designed in order to tap those attitudes and expectations of counselling which could not be measured by the PCSI. The SIQ consists of six basic questions: 1. What do you think the main job of a school counsellor should be? 2. Do you think the counsellor's job in school is different from the teacher's job? Why? 3. What type of person would you like a good counsellor to be? 4. In what ways do you think the counselling services you have seen or contacted have failed to meet your needs? 5. In your opinion, how could these or other counselling services be changed to help serve you better. 6. Please give any other opinion or comment you wish on anything we have talked about. Group 1 consisted of 168 East Indian Canadians divided into 79 adults and 89 adolescents. All the subjects in Group 1 were selected from a voting list containing individuals belonging to the Punjabi-speaking (Sikh) community of Vancouver. Group 2 contained 155 Anglo-European Canadians divided into 74 adults and 81 adolescents. All subjects in 1 6.7 6.7 93.3Page 35Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentWe conducted a randomized clinical trial composed of two groups. We assigned subjects to either an [motivational interviewing] MI counseling or a health education (control) group, after stratifying the children into two age groups (6 to 12 months and older than 12 months) for each sex. We used age stratification to account for individual differences in the number of erupted teeth and the time of exposure to cariogenic foods. We used sex stratification to account for any parenting differences that may have affected caries risk. Control group: Each mother in the control group received a pamphlet (in Punjabi or English)designed by the staff of the local governmental health unit and also viewed the videotape, "Preventing Tooth Decay for Infants and Toddlers".This 11-minute educational videotape, produced by the Vancouver/Richmond Health Board with the advice of one of us (R.H.), was available in Punjabi or English. The pamphlet and videotape also encouraged mothers to take their children to PICS to have fluoride varnish applied to the children's teeth. Experimental group: Mothers in the experimental group received the same pamphlet and viewed the same videotape, received one 45-minute counseling session (discussion of the protocol is presented elsewhere), and received two brief follow-up telephone calls within six weeks. To reinforce the behavioral change, mothers in the experimental group received an additional four follow-up telephone calls during the next 20 weeks. Trained laypeople also sent two postcards to the mothers, reminding them 1 6.7 6.7 100.0Page 36Copy & Paste Study Design InformtionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentTotal 15 100.0 100.0Type of Analyses (e.g., thematic analysis, ANOVA, regression, etc.)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, standard deviation); inferential statistics (independent t-test, chi-square, ANOVA test)Chi square and Mc Nemur's Chi square testChi-square or Fisher's test (categorical data); T-test (quantitative data)Descriptive and inferential statistics, frequencies, and mean distribution, T-testFlanagan's (1954) Critical Incident TechniqueFrequency and mean distributionFrequency and mean distribution, T-testFrequency mean distribution, Pearson Chi-square test /ANOVA (for categorical variables), unpaired Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test (for continuous variables), McNemar TestInterpretative phenomenological analysisLogistic regression analysesMultiple analysis of varianceSample frequency, Chi Square analysisStudent T test, Chi-Square analysis1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 37Type of Analyses (e.g., thematic analysis, ANOVA, regression, etc.)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentT test ratio, Descriptive analysis (mean distribution and standard deviation)T-test (indep groups)Total1 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Treatment/InterventionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Career Vocational Counselling, Personal/Social Counselling, Family CounsellingFamily therapyGeneral CounsellingGeneral individual counsellingGroup Counselling SessionIndividual CounsellingMotivational interviewing (MI) and Traditional Health EducationPharmacological, psychoeducation, recreational and religious activities and individual counsellingPlay TherapyProgressive Muscle RelaxationSchool counselling, Career Counselling, vocational Counselling, Educational Counselling and, Personal CounsellingStage-matched repeated individual behavioural counselling , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.02 13.3 13.3 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.72 13.3 13.3 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.3Page 38Treatment/InterventionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentTechnical eclecticism: Group therapy for parents, trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, group therapy for adolescents.Total1 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Number of Counselling/Therapy SessionsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 11-10 follow up visits, M = 3.3 sessions102847Not applicableNot specifiedNot SpecifiedParent group therapy: Not Specified, Trauma-Focused CBT: 12-18 sessions, Adolescent group therapy: Not SpecifiedTotal2 13.3 13.3 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.32 13.3 13.3 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.32 13.3 13.3 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.33 20.0 20.0 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 39Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPage 40Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 1st session of counseling was then started after rapport building with the patient. • Each individual counseling session take 15-20 minutes. • Psychological support was provided to individual chemotherapy patients in terms of: 1. Listening to the problems 2. Exploring their feelings. 3. Providing information 4. Clarifying the doubts 5. Helping patients to cope with the symptoms • Researcher carried out individual counseling sessions for each patient in the chemotherapy ward. • The feelings of patients was explored during communication with each individual client regarding their suffering. • Then the information was provided regarding the sickness, the reason for symptoms of pain, anxiety, fatigue and depression, and any other information was asked by patient. • The doubts raised by the clients regarding the sickness, symptoms, treatment , diet etc. was clarified as asked by the patient during counseling session. • Patients were told different strategies to cope with their symptoms according to their chief problems. All the patients were told ways to cope with symptoms of pain, anxiety, fatigue and depression in addition to their chief problems. • A counseling chart was maintained in brief for each individual patient. Chart included the same columns of listening to the problems, exploring their feelings and other areas involved in counseling. The main problems told by the patient is listed briefly.1 6.7 6.7 6.7Page 41Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentAge appropriate counselling session conducted in groups for sexual abuseAs per the plan, the stress level was assessed. After assessing the stress, intervention of deep breathing and PMRT was given twice (morning and evening) daily for ten minutes for two weeks to the experimental group. Post-assessment of the stress was done after two weeks of intervention.1 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.0Page 42Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentCamp Approach The treatment consisted of both pharmacological and nonpharmacological modalities. Pharmacological therapy comprised a detoxification regime i.e. either dextropropoxyphene, clonidine, or buprenorphine for opioid dependence depending upon the type and severity of dependence and benzodiazepines (for alcohol withdrawal reactions) and vitamins (for prophylaxis of Wernicke’s encephalopathy) for alcohol dependence. Symptomatic treatment for insomnia, aches, pains, loose motions, vomiting, etc. was additionally carried out. Non-pharmacological therapy comprised psychoeducation sessions, and recreational and religious activities. Psychoeducation sessions were both patient based (eight in number) and family-based (four in number), of one-hour duration, didactic in nature but interactive towards the end addressing drug-related complications, cues, coping strategies, relapse prevention, and the role of family. Recreational and religious activities involved yoga (a form of relaxation), indoor and outdoor games, and religious songs being played for a few hours every day. Wherever deemed necessary, disulfiram therapy (as a mode of relapse prevention) was initiated after informed consent. General Hospital Approach Pharmacological treatment was similar to that in the ‘camp approach’ with the additional option of naltrexone as a relapse prevention measure. Non-pharmacological treatment comprised individual counseling and psychoeducation group sessions coupled with 1 6.7 6.7 26.7Page 43Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentCareer Vocational Counselling When seeking assistance from the counsellor, career or vocational concerns are prominent Personal/Social Counselling Assistance with solving of personal problems Family Counselling Family involvement by counsellor during counsellingFamily Therapy- Person-centred approach whilst utilizing different theoretical orientations such as CBT, solution-focused work, and transactional analysis.General individual counselling for personal problems along with the use of drugs in suitable cases, objective assessment of personality assets and limitations1 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.7Page 44Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentGroup Therapy For Parents The parents of adolescents with childhood histories of physical abuse, emotional abuse and neglect were provided group therapy. The therapy for every group started with psycho-education during the first few days. During these days the parents were provided information regarding childhood abuse, its types and its later life consequences for the victims. They were made to understand that the current problem behaviour of their teens may be attributed to earlier experiences of the abuse. The later sessions of the therapy incorporated discussions regarding parenting and subsequent improvement in the parent-child bond. The discussions focused upon nurturing characteristics towards the child, which focused on the maximum positive parent-child interactions. Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (TF CBT) was reserved only for sexually abused adolescents. TF CBT tends to focus on providing a safe and trusting environment where victimized adolescents and their parents (only if the parents are not the perpetrators) can construct skills in stress reduction, coping, and the management of overwhelming emotions and traumatic grief. TF CBT thus, consists of child-therapist, parent-therapist, and conjoint parent-child-therapists sessions. The core components of this therapy make up an acronym PPRACTICE (Cohen, Berliner, & Mannarino, 2010): Psychoeducation, Parenting skills, Relaxation skills, 1 6.7 6.7 53.3Page 45Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentNone - Prospective ClientsNone- Prospective clientsOne of the (P.W.) trained three local South Asian women as counselors. They received a detailed 15-page protocol. The author reviewed audiotapes of the interventions periodically to ensure that the MI protocol was being delivered consistently. (The entire protocol, consisting of the counseling session and follow-up procedures, is available from the corresponding author.) The protocol has three sections. the first section is focused on establishing rapport and the need for behavioral change. The second section focuses on presenting the menu of options for mothers and the third section is the list of dietary and non-dietary menu items that were identified in focus groups of South Asian women.1 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.3Page 46Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentParticipants in the intervention group received the usual treatment and added Intervention (counseling). Individual counseling sessions were arranged once a week for 4 weeks with each session lasting for 30 to 40min. A pre-intervention visit was conducted. Introduction of the session and the patient, explanation of the study and its purpose, and, pre-assessment/baseline assessment of anxiety and depression on selected tools were conducted through the use of communication, rapport building, and standardized assessment tools. The 1st session involved listening to the issues and identifying the feelings, thoughts and emotions of the participant, along with discussing their strengths. The 2nd session involved listening to the problems, providing information on cancer, radiotherapy and adverse effects of radiotherapy, supporting them emotionally and guiding and motivating them to perform self-care independently. The 3rd session involved listening to the problems, providing information and clarifying concerns, development of self-trust and self confidence by emphasizing on strengths of each participant. The final session consisted of describing ways to cope with specific problems faced due to disease and radiotherapy treatment.1 6.7 6.7 80.0Page 47Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentParticipants were assigned to various stages of smoking cessation according to the health belief model into precontemplation, contemplation, preparation and action. Those who are in the stage of precontemplation and contemplation were considered ones with lower motivation. Smokers in each category were assigned to the intervention which was repeated individualised counselling for smoking cessation (RIBCS). The advice was at times personalised for the patient, highlighting his/her situation and the impact of smoking on children. Subsequently, the patients in the early stages of readiness to change (Stage 1-3) underwent counselling sessions, an approach based on cognitive behaviour therapy, focusing on the tobacco user and designed to help resolve the ambivalence related to tobacco use and change the behavioural stage. Based on the motivational stage and presence of co-morbidities, treatment modalities offered included behavioural counselling for all patients which was personalized according to the need of the patient. Pre-contemplators and contemplators were urged to quit smoking and they were told about the positive effects of smoking cessation along with the negative effects of the continuance of smoking and effect of second-hand smoke was stressed. While those in the preparation stage were guided by setting quit date and personalized information on cognitive and behavioural strategies for quitting were provided. At follow-up sessions, if they succeeded in quitting smoking, they were first congratulated and 1 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 48Therapy received detailsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPlay Therapy (Details not specified)Progressive muscle relaxation in the form of audio instructionTotal1 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Who Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid Camp Approach The community team comprised the village sarpanch (head of the village), a local general practitioner and priest of the Gurudwara and, a psychiatric social worker. The treating staff comprised a resident doctor and a psychiatric staff nurse and a psychiatric social worker. General Hospital Approach The treating team comprises a consultant psychiatrist, senior resident (qualified psychiatrist with MD degree), graduate medical trainee, psychiatric staff nurse, clinical psychologist and psychiatric social worker.Health Care ProfessionalLocal South Asian women as counselors trained with MI [motivational interviewing] by researchers (10 hours of training in a work shop setting)Not ApplicableNot specifiedNot Specified1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.37 46.7 46.7 80.0Page 49Who Administered the Treatment/Intervention (include qualifications, organization, years of experience, training)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentNurse researcher, who had knowledge of guidance and counseling. Two hours of additional training taken by the researcher for enhancing skills in cancer counselingResearcherTwo psychologists and two psychiatristsTotal1 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Length of the Treatment/InterventionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 15-20 minutes (weekly for 4 weeks)2 times a day (morning and evening), 10 minutes each time for 2 weeks30 minutes30-40 minutes session for a maximum of 6 weeks total (4 weeks for completing the intervention, 2 weeks additional time for lately admitted patients)45 minutes6 monthsCamp Approach - Inpatient stay- 10 days; General Hospital Approach - 1-18 days (M = 12 days)1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.7Page 50Length of the Treatment/InterventionFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentGroup Therapy for Parents One single session of group therapy lasted for 30-40 minutes and consisted of 8-10 parents. A single group was contacted for 5-7 consecutive days. In all 12 groups of about 120 parents were formed. The entire task of providing group therapy to parents took a span of about four months. Trauma-Focused CBT Sessions divided into three parts: - Daily 30-45 minutes session with subject. - Daily 30-45 minute session with subject's parents. - Conjoint sessions of 30-60 minutes with both subject and his/her parents headed toward the end of the treatment This intervention period of providing TF CBT to adolescents with childhood histories of sexual abuse, lasted for about a period of six months. Group Therapy for Adolescents One single session of group therapy lasted for 30-40 minutes and consisted of 8-10 adolescents. A single group was contacted for 5-7 consecutive days. In all around 10 groups of adolescents were formed. The entire task of providing group therapy to adolescents took a span of about three months.Not ApplicableNot SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 53.32 13.3 13.3 66.75 33.3 33.3 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 51Participants Disorder or Presenting IssueFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid amputationCancer patients receiving chemotherapyChild sexual abuse, shame, sadness, guilt, discomfort, anxiety, poor academic performance, pain and health issues and reduced self-esteemChildhood history of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. Symptoms such as frequent intrusive thoughts and avoidance behaviors, an ability to cope with reminders of the trauma and associated emotions, anxiety, depression, behavior problems, and trauma-related shame.Current smokers were defined as those who have smoked cigarette, bidi (hand-rolled tobacco products smoked in south Asia) or hukkah (glass based waterpipe used for smoking) at least once in the past 30 days, had smoked at least 100 times in their lifetime, smoked for at least 1 year, smoked at their current rate (i.e., daily or non-daily) for at least 6 months, and had not participated in any smoking cessation treatment in the past 30 days.Early childhood caries (ECC) in infantshypertensionIndividuals with career, vocational, personal, social and family concernsNone Specified1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.0Page 52Participants Disorder or Presenting IssueFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPatients hospitalized and receiving radiotherapy with anxiety and depressionpresenting anxietyResearching facilitation and/or hindrance of help-seeking behaviour in Punjabi South AsiansSubstance Dependence (ICD-10)variousVariousTotal1 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Total Number of ParticipantsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 100202002072403032344055096068total: 155; 111 (Camp Approach N=67, Hospital Approach N=44)Total1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.02 13.3 13.3 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 53Rate of Drop Out from therapy (n, %)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 30, 44%35, 15%35, 16.9%General Hospital Approach- 8, 18%Not SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.711 73.3 73.3 100.015 100.0 100.0Participant Type (check all that apply)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid General/ Community PopulationGeneral/ Community; StudentsGeneral/Community PopulationGeneral/Community Population ; Hospital PopulationGeneral/Community Population ; Hospital Population ; Urban population; Rural populationGeneral/Community Population ; StudentsGeneral/Community Population ; Urban population; Other: Punjabi-speaking (South Asian) community in Surrey.General/Community Population; Urban populationGeneral/Community Population; Urban population; Other: Punjabi-speaking community in one area of VancouverHospital PopulationHospital Population ; Urban population; Rural population2 13.3 13.3 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.72 13.3 13.3 80.02 13.3 13.3 93.3Page 54Participant Type (check all that apply)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentStudentsTotal1 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Inclusion Criteria for ParticipationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid - In the age range of 18-79 years. - Hospitalized and receiving radiotherapy for treatment of cancerAge- 12-17 years, Female childrenAge- 6-12Amputated hospitalized patientsCancer Patients those who were • willing to participate • Receiving chemotherapy • Conscious patient • Able to converse in Punjabi/Hindi/English.Current smokers - defined as those who have smoked cigarette, bidi (hand-rolled tobacco products smoked in south Asia) or hukkah (glass based waterpipe used for smoking) at least once in the past 30 days, had smoked t lease 100 times in their lifetime, smoked for at least 1 year, smoked at their current rate (i.e., daily or non-daily) for at least 6 months, and had not participated in any smoking cessation treatment in the past 30 daysEast-Indian and Anglo-European CanadianEast-Indian Canadians and Anglo-European Canadians1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.3Page 55Inclusion Criteria for ParticipationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentIn this study, participants had either directly experienced or observed relevant examples that fit the general aim of the study. Thus, five criteria were used to select the participants for the study. The first criterion was that the participant must be born and raised in India and have immigrated to Canada. Secondly, the participant must have resided in Canada for a minimum of 10 years. Thirdly, the participant must have experienced a difficult time in his/her life where accessing either formal/informal support services was contemplated. Fourthly, the participant must not be currently receiving counseling services. And finally, the participant must reside in the Lower Mainland.Indian fathers that have attended and completed family therapyNot Specified - were only healthy infants between ages 6-18 months and their mothers from a Punjabi - Speaking (South Asian) CommunityPatients with hypertensionPossible abuse during childhood (physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect)Students at the Panjab University1 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.3Page 56Inclusion Criteria for ParticipationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe comparison group included patients treated over the same time frame in the hospital setting - only those patients were included in this group who hailed from the same catchment area i.e. within a radius of 3 km of Village Palsaura (and within a 10 km radius from the hospital). The participants were recruited based on whether they fulfilled the ICD-10 (WHO, 1992) diagnosis for substance dependence.Total1 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Exclusion Criteria for ParticipationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid - Not willing to participate in the study. - Terminally ill. - Having verbal, neurological impairment or unconsciousness. - Receiving chemotherapy or have undergone surgery within last 1month.Individuals with a history of a serious acute or chronic disease that would interfere with the ability to examine the child or with the ability of the child and parent to participate fully.Not SpecifiedSubjects with experience of smoking cessation medicine, previously enrolled in any smoking cessation programme, not willing to follow up for 6 months, cognitive impairment and not giving consent were excluded from the study.1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.310 66.7 66.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 57Exclusion Criteria for ParticipationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe cancer patients who were • In advance stage • Very debilitative stageThe patients who had impaired cognitive abilities, patients who were already receiving counselling sessions to reduce stress were excluded from the study.Total1 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Th. Gender Male (n, %)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 0,0%1, 50%Not ApplicableNot SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.012 80.0 80.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Th. Gender Female (n, %)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 1, 100%1, 50%3, 100%Not ApplicableNot SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.711 73.3 73.3 100.015 100.0 100.0Therapist Participant Ethno-Racial Identity (% of Each Ethnicity/Race/Nationality/Religion)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 100% South AsianNot ApplicableNot SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.313 86.7 86.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 58Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 509 female children belonging to the age group 12 to 17 years, from both government and private schools in Patiala city.80 adolescents with confirmed histories of abuse and who themselves along with their parents were willing and self-motivated to participate till the completion of the study, formed the abused or experimental group of this study. The parents who gave their consent for participation were educated at least up to the secondary school level. These subjects were matched on age, middle socioeconomic status, and two-parent nuclear families. For each of the four categories of abuse (physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect), 20 adolescents were enrolled.1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.3Page 59Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentA total of 323 subjects were included m the study, 168 East Indian (Group I) and 155 Anglo-European Canadians (Group II). Both samples were further subdivided into 79 adults and 89 adolescents for the East Indian group and 74 adults and 81 adolescents for the Anglo-European group. All subjects of Group I were drawn from the Punjabi-speakmg community m one area of Vancouver while subjects of Group II were selected from the same area of the city as Group I Both groups not only lived in the same community but their children attended the same schools.1 6.7 6.7 20.0Page 60Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentExperimental Group: The participants belonged to the age groups of, 16-25 (3), 26-35 (4), 36-45 (6), 46-55 (9), and above/ equal to 65 (8). There were 20 male participants and 10 female participants. Participants had varied causes of amputation, crush injury (20), diabetes neuropathy (8), tumor (0), and burn injury (2). The sites of amputation were AKA (7), BKA (15), AEA (4), BEA (4), and the sides of amputation, right (17) and, left (13). Control Group: The participants belonged to the age groups of, 16-25 (4), 26-35 (6), 36-45 (7), 46-55 (7), and above/ equal to 65 (6). There were 24 male participants and 6 female participants. Participants had varied causes of amputation, crush injury (26), diabetes neuropathy (2), tumor (1), and burn injury (1). The sites of amputation were AKA (4), BKA (16), AEA (2), BEA (8), and the sides of amputation, right (15) and, left (15).1 6.7 6.7 26.7Page 61Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentGeographically, all participants resided in the Lower Mainland and had immigrated to Canada from India. All participants spoke both English and Punjabi. All had experience dealing with a difficult time, with some participants having used formal support services and others having used informal support services. Participants ranged in age from 34 to 45 years old, with the average age as 39.4 years old. All participants had emigrated between 1977-1994 (10 to 27 years) with the average being 20 years of residence in Canada. Reasons for immigration included: through relative sponsorship (2); by marriage (1); arriving as a visitor (1); and having better future for the children (1). All participants were married and had children. Participants' education levels ranged from completion of Grade 11 to a University degree. Four participants were currently working and one participant was a full-time mother. All the participants were of Sikh religion and all had emigrated from Punjab, India to Canada. All participants were married and had been with their partners between seven and 24 years (average of 14.8 years) and had either two or three children (with ages varying from 3 to 27 years old). Participants have a minimum of some high school education. All had resided in Canada for a minimum of ten years with an average residential period of 20 years (ranging between 10 to 27 years).1 6.7 6.7 33.3Page 62Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentIn total 207 patients enrolled in study, majority were 202 (97.6%) males. The mean age of study subjects was 50.74±14.74 with patients belonging to the age groups 15-30 (23), 31-45 (50), 46-60 (92) and above 61 (42). There were 202 male participants and 5 female participants. 133 (64.3%) were illiterate, 24 (11.6%) had taken education up to primary level, 29 (14.0%) had completed secondary education and 21 (10.1%) were graduates. The participants were labourers (117), skilled workers (42), businessman/vendors (15), professional (25) and retired/service (8). They belonged to upper middle (20), middle (54), lower (133) socioeconomic status. Majority smoked bidi (177) 85.5 % followed by cigarettes 7.7 %, while there were other few 6.2% who used to smoke both bidi and cigarettes or hukkah. Mean duration of smoking in patients presenting and participating in study was 29.43±14.72 years. Mean age of staring smoking patient presenting and participating in study was 21.57±7.48 years. 116 (56%) of smokers started smoking in influence of friends i.e. peer pressure followed by imitating father or relatives. Cough (96.6%) followed by breathlessness (92.7%) were the most common complaints with which patients presented to clinic. Dyspepsia (21.2%) and chest pain (7.7%) were other common complaints. There were few who presented with hoarseness of voice, haemoptysis, rhinitis and fever. Each one was interviewed to determine the stage of readiness to quit smoking and it was found out 44 (21.3%) were in Pre-1 6.7 6.7 40.0Page 63Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe participants belonged to the age groups, 30-50 (18), 50-70 (19) and above or equal to 70 (3). There were 8 male participants and 32 female participants. There were 15 Hindu, 1 Muslim, and 24 Sikh participants. The education levels of the participants were illiterate (10), elementary (16), secondary (11) and graduate or above (3). 36 participants were married and 4 were widowed. The types of families they belonged to were nuclear (16), joint (23) and extended (1). There were 20 rural and 20 urban participants. 25 participants were not working and 15 were working. The professions were labour (8), business (4), private (2) and government (1). The monthly income brackets were less than 10000 (25), 10001-20000 (13), 20001-30000 (1) and above 30000 (1). 30 of the participants were vegetarian and 10 non vegetarian.1 6.7 6.7 46.7Page 64Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe participants were from selected hospitals from the Moga District of Punjab. They belonged to the age groups 6-8 (10), 8-10 (15), 10-12 (5). There were 17 males and 13 females. They belonged to the birth orders, first (7), second (18), third (5). There were 14 rural and 16 urban participants. 11 of them belonged to nuclear families. The family incomes were below 5000 (2), 5001-10000 (4), 10001-15000 (13) and above 15000 (11). There were 11 Hindu, 18 Sikh, and 1 Christian participants.1 6.7 6.7 53.3Page 65Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe sample comprised two groups of substance dependence treated in two different inpatient settings viz. community setting (camp approach) and general hospital inpatient setting. The study group comprised 67 patients treated in three different camps organized over a period of three years. The Department of Psychiatry of this Govt. Medical College & Hospital has been running community-based de-addiction services since early 1997. These were initiated in Village Palsaura and later on, extended to Village Maloya in 1999 – both within a radius of 10 km from the hospital. The initial two camps, organized at Village Palsaura in May 1997 and November 1998, treated 20 and 24 patients, respectively. The third camp, organized at Village Maloya in November 1999, comprised 23 patients. The comparison group included patients treated over the same time frame in the hospital setting. To reduce the heterogeneity of the sample and the related confounding effects, only those patients were included in this group who hailed from the same catchment area i.e. within a radius of 3 km of Village Palsaura (and within a 10 km radius from the hospital). By this parameter, 44 patients were identified in the comparison group. The same staff was involved in both treatment settings. The use of medication (nature, dose, duration) was almost similar in both groups. Patients in both groups fulfilled the ICD-10 (WHO, 1992) diagnosis for substance dependence. Socio-demographic Profile Camp Approach Participants belonged to the age groups, 1 6.7 6.7 60.0Page 66Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe sample consisted of 68 university students from the Panjab University. They were referred by medical personnel for verbal expression of psychological symptoms or if the manifest physical disturbances were suggestive of psychogenic origin. A few students were referred by the Heads of the teaching departments for limited capacity in academic studies. Students also voluntarily sought help for psychological difficulties.The sample consisted of four Indian fathers ranging from 38 to 64 years old. They were all of Indian background: "two Sikhs, one Hindu, and one Muslim.The target population was the cancer patients receiving chemotherapy on OPD bases in the Oswal hospital, Ludhiana. Total sample for the study was 20 chemotherapy patients in Oswal hospital, Ludhiana. Simple random sampling technique was used.1 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.0Page 67Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe total sample consisted of 323 randomly selected subjects divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 168 East Indian Canadians divided into 79 adults (40 males, 39 females) and 89 adolescents (38 males, 51 females) belonging to the Punjabi-speaking community in Vancouver and 155 Anglo-European Canadians divided into 74 adults (21 males, 53 females) from Vancouver. Since it was considered that the length of residency in Canada may affect attitudes towards counselling, subjects in Group 1 were also selected according to the time of immigration to Canada. Years 1968-1978 were selected because that was the peak immigration period for East Indians in Canada. Subjects in Group 2 were randomly selected from the enrollment list of selected schools in the same geographic location as Group 1. All subjects in Group 2 were described as Anglo-European and were either first and second-generation Canadians. Group 1, therefore, consists of a representative minority sample of East Indian Canadians in Vancouver since most of the city's East Indian population consists mainly of those east Indians whose native language is Punjabi and belong to the Sikh religion. Group 2 constitutes a representative sample of Anglo-European Canadians. These subjects were selected primarily as a comparative group who lived in the same geographic location as subjects in Group 1. It can be assumed that most adolescents in both groups were probably attending the same schools.1 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 68Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentTotal of 115 participants were contacted for participating in the study. Out of 115, 15 participants got excluded through exclusion criteria, 50 subjects were enrolled in each of the intervention and control group. The participant in the intervention group belonged to the ages 18-38 (1), 39-59 (13) and 60-80 (36). There were 25 male participants and 25 female participants. Participant were from Himachal Pradesh (14), Punjab (27), Haryana (7) and other states (2). The educational status of the participants was below matric (33), matric (15), intermediate (1) and graduate and above (1). The occupational status was labourer (9), home maker (25), service (16) and business (0). The nature of their work was sedentary (12), moderate (29) and, heavy (9). The financial status was upto 5000 (17), 6000-10000 (24) and 11000-15000 (4). The participant in the control group belonged to the ages 18-38 (1), 39-59 (21) and 60-80 (28). There were 22 male participants and 28 female participants. Participant were from Himachal Pradesh (19), Punjab (22), Haryana (7) and other states (2). The educational status of the participants was below matric (33), matric (15), intermediate (2) and graduate and above (0). The occupational status was labourer (6), home maker (30), service (13) and business (1). The nature of their work was sedentary (15), moderate (31) and, heavy (4). The financial status was upto 5000 (8), 6000-10000 (28) and 11000-15000 (11).1 6.7 6.7 93.3Page 69Participant Population Description (Add descriptive detail about the sample)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentYoung children of South Asian immi-grants are at high risk of developing early child-hood caries (ECC). Healthy infants aged 6 to 18 months and their mothers from the Punjabi-speaking (South Asian) community in Surrey.Total1 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Participant Age:Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 12 to 1716 to 2618 to 8034 to 4538 to 646 to 126 to 18 monthsAbove 15Above 16Above 30Adolescents: 15 to 18 Parents: 35 to 55Camp Approach 15-24: 4 (6%) 25-44: 43 (64.2%) >45: 20 (29.8%) General Hospital Approach 15-24: 11 (25%) 25-44: 30 (68.2%) >45: 3 (6.8%)Not SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 70Age (M, SD) Total sampleFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 18-38 (Control - 2%, Intervention - 2%) 39-59 (Control - 42%, Intervention - 26%) 60-80 (Control - 56%, Intervention - 72%)30-50: 18 (45%) 50-70: 19 (47.5%) Above/Equal to 70: 3 (7.5%)43.1, 8.4 months = Children in control group 40.9, 7.3 months = Children in motivational interviewing group6-8: 10 (33%) 8-10: 15 (50%) 10-12: 5 (16.6%)Adolescents: (M = 16.89, SD = 0.69) Parents: (M = 42.26, SD= 0.67)Camp Approach (M = 38.7, SD= 12.29) General Hospital Approach (M=32.3, SD = 9.05)M = 16.59M = 21.7M = 39.4M = 50.74, SD= 14.74Not specifiedNot SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.74 26.7 26.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 71Participant Gender Male (n, %)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 132,40.8%00, 0%1, 20%109, 98.217, 56.6%202, 97.6%4, 100%44, 73.3%8, 20%Adolescents: 34, 42.5%Intervention group = 25, 50% Control group = 22, 44%Not SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Gender Female (n, %)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 0100% - Mothers Infants- Not Specified13, 43.3%16, 26.7%191,59.2%2, 1.832, 80%4, 80%5, 2.4%509, 100%Adolescents: 46, 57.5%Intervention group = 25, 50% Control group = 28, 56%Not SpecifiedTotal1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.03 20.0 20.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 72Gender OtherFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 0Not SpecifiedTotal3 20.0 20.0 20.012 80.0 80.0 100.015 100.0 100.0Gender Unknown (n, %)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 0, 0%0,0%240, 100%323, 100%Not SpecifiedTotal5 33.3 33.3 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.37 46.7 46.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Participant Ethno-Racial Identity (% of Each Ethnicity/Race/Nationality/Religion)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid 100% Punjabi Speaking, South Asian100% Punjabi-Sikh100% sample from Punjab100%- Ludhiana, Punjab168 participants from Punjabi speaking community (52%) and 155 Anglo-European (48%)40 patients with hypertension residing in selected areas i.e. Shimlapuri (urban area) and Village Jarkhar (rural area) of District Ludhiana. Religion: Hindu: 15, 37.5% Muslim: 1, 2.5% Sikh: 24, 60%68 participants from the Panjab University, IndiaAll the participants were from the city of Patiala, India1 6.7 6.7 6.71 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.01 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.01 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.3Page 73Participant Ethno-Racial Identity (% of Each Ethnicity/Race/Nationality/Religion)Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentCamp Approach - 28.3% Hindu/ 68.7% Sikh/ 3% Others Hospital Approach - 38.6% Hindu/ 59.1% Sikh/ 2.3% OtherEast Indian Canadians (Punjabi speaking): 52.01% and Anglo-European Canadians: 47.98% The geographic location of both samples was in South Vancouver. This is a large residential area of Vancouver. The North-South boundary would extend from approximately 12th Avenue to South West Marine Drive and East-West to approximately Victoria Drive.Hindu- 36.6%, Sikh- 60%, Christian- 3.3%Intervention group = Himachal Pradesh 28%, Punjabi 54%, Haryana 14%, other states 4%. Control group = Himachal Pradesh 38%, Punjabi 44%, Haryana 14%, other states 4%.Most of the population in the study area belongs to Sikhism which prohibits the use of tobacco.Punjabi residentThey were all of the Indian background. Sikh: 50% Hindu: 25% Muslim: 25%Total1 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.71 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 74Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid The current study aimed to explore Indian fathers’ experience of family therapy. The analysis identified four major themes: Indian fathers and their families; East versus West; the therapist; and what is therapy. There were two main findings. Firstly Indian fathers experienced family therapy as an unfamiliar, but helpful, concept. Secondly, Indian fathers placed great importance on being matched to the therapist, which improved their experience of therapy. Collective culture, expectations of masculine roles and being stuck in silence were subthemes identified within the first major theme of Indian fathers and their family. Sub themes in the East versus West were stigma and shame attached to counseling and the foreign conceptualization of counseling. Techniques (solution-focused, didactic, and prescriptive), the therapist as a mediator, and a match with the therapist were subthemes identified in therapist characteristics. Sub-themes for what therapy is were self-growth, expectations (biases and uncertainty), outcomes (they found therapy to be beneficial), and the importance of a good therapeutic relationship for disclosure about personal difficulties to unravel.1 6.7 6.7 6.7Page 75Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentA considerable improvement was observed in 17 participants and a moderate improvement in 6 participants. The group of students with personality problems of a mild/moderate degree of disturbance responded most to counselling. The students suffering from latent schizophrenia and anxiety neuroses with predominant obsessive rumination were challenging. 54.5% were found to have emotional or personality problems and adjustment reactions such as feelings of inferiority, emotional immaturity, identity crisis, excessive concern with bodily health, and 39.5% had manifestations of anxiety, symptom patterns of free-floating anxiety, somatization, obsessive rumination, and sexual conflicts. Such cases were found to have manifestations of poor life adjustment in their previous history of physical or psychological illness. 22% (15) of cases were severely disturbed, and 47% (32) had marked impairment from symptoms. In 5 cases, the disturbance constituted a total disability of functioning. The 3 cases of latent schizophrenia and 2 cases of hysterical and affective disorder required a long-term follow-up and administration of psychotropic drugs. In 6 cases, there were suicidal fantasies and one of them attempted suicide twice. The evidence of previous psychiatric consultation and high consultation rates was found in this subgroup of students. The presenting problems were to a great extent directly related to the source of referral. The students referred by the Heads of departments generally presented 1 6.7 6.7 13.3Page 76Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative Percenta. Distribution of the subjects according to the type of school: The girl students from government schools numbered 281 (55.2 %) and 228 (44.8%) were from private schools. b. Knowledge about sexual abuse before and after counselling: Before counselling 192 (37.7 %) students knew what CSA was and the number rose to 478 (93.9%) after counselling and the increase in awareness was 56.19 percent. c. Reporting about Sexual Abuse before and after Counselling: Only 7 (1.4 %) reported sexual abuse before counselling and the figure rose to 63 (12.4%) after counselling, thus in increase of 11 percent. d. Source of Knowledge of Sexual Abuse: The sources of knowledge reported by 478 subjects under study were: Counselling - 286 (59.83 %); school - 87 (18.20%); parents – 53 (11-09%); siblings – 5 (1.05%00); media – 65 (13.60%); internet – 4 (0.84%); friends – 40 (8.37%); movies and others – nil. e. Gender profile of abusers: Out of the 63 female victims of CSA, 58 (92.06%) were abused by males and 5 (7.94%) were abused by females. Overall, the total number of female victims was 24 (16.90%). f. Age at first abuse: Out of the 63 female victims who had reported being sexually abused, the maximum were abused at 11 to 15 years i.e. 41 (65.08%) followed by 16 (25.40%) at 6 to 10 years, 4 (6.35%) at over 16 years of age and 2 (3.17%) at 0 to 5 years. g. Familiarity of the abuser: In the case of 63 female victims, 52 (82.54%) of the perpetrators were known and 11 (17.46 %) were strangers. Among the familiar abusers, 27 (51.9 %) 1 6.7 6.7 20.0Page 77Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentAfter two years in the trial, 205 (85 percent) of 240 children were available for follow-up dental examinations. The likelihood of new carious lesions (that is, decayed or filled surfaces) since the start of the study in the MI group was significantly lower than it was in the control group, confirming the protective effect of MI (odds ratio [OR] = 0.35, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.15 to 0.83). At year 2, only 35.2 percent of subjects in the MI group had new carious lesions, compared with 52.0 percent of subjects in the control group (χ2 = 5.67, P < .02, two-sided). After controlling for age and number of fluoride varnish visits in year 2, it was found that the protective effect of MI after two years had not diminished (OR = 37, CI = 0.76 to 1.76).Analysis of the objective of the study i.e to evaluate the effect of counseling on Pain, and fatigue among cancer patients. In this study counseling was found to have significant effect in reducing pain and fatigue among cancer patients. While cancer patients in control group, significant increase in mean score of pain and fatigue .In the present study, counseling was found effective in reducing pain and fatigue.1 6.7 6.7 26.71 6.7 6.7 33.3Page 78Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentCareer Vocational Counselling The adults of the two groups were not different in degree of agreement on the career and vocational role of the counsellor. Parents of both groups see this as an important function of the counsellor. It was with the adolescents that a difference in the agreement on this role became apparent The East Indian adolescents, consistent with the findings of Johnson (1977), Fukuhara (1973) and Sue and Sue (1977), indicated a stronger emphasis be placed on the vocational assistance of the counsellor than did the adolescents of the second group. On the basis of this finding, it would appear that this minority group of students, when seeking assistance from the counsellor, would be more concerned about assistance with career or vocational concerns than other students. Personal/Social Counselling The role of the counsellor in assisting with the solving of personal problems was the most strongly agreed to subtest by all four sample groups concerned. It is Important to note that the East Indian group (both adults and adolescents) tended to value this role of the counsellor as highly or higher than the career/vocational role. The role of the Family in Counselling The East Indian adolescents favoured greater family Involvement by the counsellor than did their Anglo-European counterparts. The adults of the two comparison groups were not different m their expectations of family consultation by the counsellor This suggests that adolescents tend to share with the adults their cultural group's valuing of 1 6.7 6.7 40.0Page 79Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentCategory 1 - Facilitation Factors The following clusters emerged: Participant qualities/characteristics; Participant knowledge of counselling; Aspects of the problem; and Counsellor qualities/characteristics. Theme Cluster I: Participant qualities/characteristics. Participants identified personal themes that were important variables in seeking help. Thus, a participant’s willingness to seek help, to acquire change, to trust in the process, and their level of education were important characteristics in facilitating help-seeking behaviour. Theme Cluster 2: Participant knowledge of counselling. Participants identified knowledge of counselling as an important factor in seeking help. Themes include: participants’ knowledge of counselling, previous positive experience and belief in counsellor expertise as important factors in help-seeking. Theme Cluster 3: Aspects of problem. Participants identified aspects of a problem that facilitated help-seeking. Primarily, recognition and definition of a problem (this is a problem) and the severity of the problem with increased severity fostering the need to seek support determined when one was likely to seek help. Theme Cluster 4: Counsellor qualities/characteristics. Participants identified key characteristics that would encourage help-seeking. These characteristics included empathy or the counsellor’s ability to understand the issues, shared ethnicity, having a growth perspective, normalizing or sharing personal experiences, 1 6.7 6.7 46.7Page 80Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentFirst follow-up (after 1 week): participants after initial evaluation underwent one to one counselling sessions with a healthcare professional. At first follow up after 1 week, 198 returned, 86 (41.6%) continued smoking; 81 patients (39.1%) conveyed reduction in smoking number of bidi or cigarettes, while 31 (15%) stopped smoking. Patients who reduced or stopped smoking were more than who continued at first follow up, but this observation was not statistically significant (p=0.065). Second follow-up (after 1 month): 197 participants returned for the second follow-up after 1 month, 28 (13.8%) continued smoking. 95 patients (45.9 %) conveyed a reduction in the smoking number of bidi or cigarettes, while 73 (35.3%) stopped smoking. Patients who reduced or stopped smoking were more than who continued at second follow up and this was statistically significant (p=0.005). Third follow-up (after 3 months): 192 returned for third follow up at three months, 13 (6.3%) continued smoking. 52 patients (25.1%) conveyed a reduction in smoking number of bidi or cigarettes, while 127 (61.4%) stopped smoking. Patients who reduced or stopped smoking were more than who continued at third follow up and this was statistically significant (p=0.005). Follow up after 6 months: 172 returned for follow up at six months, 36 (17.3%) continued smoking; 30 patients (14.5%) conveyed a reduction in the smoking number of bidi or cigarettes, while 106 (51.2%) stopped smoking. In the next 3 months, 21 patients relapsed but the majority continued 1 6.7 6.7 53.3Page 81Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentMean (SD) score of stress before intervention was 17± 3.05 in experimental group and 16.67± 3.16 in control group. After 2 weeks of intervention, stress score was 14.43±2.45 in experimental group and 16.43±4.11 in the control group respectively. There was no significant difference (p-value is 0.509) between the two groups with regard to pre-test stress at p-value <0.05. There was a significant difference (p value is 0.026, 0.000) between the two groups with regard to post-test stress after 2 weeks respectively at p-value <0.05. It can be concluded that amputated patient receiving deep breathing exercises and PMRT combined with conventional treatment in experimental group have less stress in comparison with receiving conventional treatment in control group (at p-value <0.05 level of significance). The findings of the present study revealed that the level of stress after two weeks of deep breathing exercises and PMRT was less in the experimental group as compared to the control group (t=2.285) at a p-value of 0.05.1 6.7 6.7 60.0Page 82Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPost-test mean of anxiety level score was 38.70. Mean score difference was 6.57. The t-test value for the degree of freedom 29 is 10.54 at 0.05 level of significance and shows effectiveness of play therapy among hospitalized children aged 6-12 year. Maximum percentage of hospitalized children 50% age group 8 -10 years and 16.6 % children belong to 10-12 years of age. 17(56.6%) were males and 13 (43.3%) were females. Maximum number of children had 60% second birth order and none of them had more than third birth order. Majority of children 53.3 % were lives in urban area and 46.6% children lives in rural area. Majority of children 63.3% belongs to nuclear family and none of them had single parent family. Maximum of children 43.3% belongs to family having 10001 – 15000 monthly income and 6.6% children belongs to family having Rs <5000 monthly income. Most of the children 60% belong to Sikh religion and none of them belong to Muslim religion. Majority of children 56.6% were not hospitalized in last one year and none of them were hospitalized more than two times in last one year. Maximum percentage of children 60% had no unpleasant experience of hospitalization and 40% children had unpleasant experience of hospitalization. All the children had medical diagnosis and none of them had surgical diagnosis. -15 (50%) pre-test of children aged 6-12 years had moderate anxiety and none of them had mild and no anxiety. -23 (76.6%) post-test of children aged 6-12 years had moderate anxiety and none of them had any anxiety. - Mean pre-test 1 6.7 6.7 66.7Page 83Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe diagnostic break-up in the study group showed that the majority were dependent on alcohol (52.2%) followed by opioids (35.8%), cannabis (4.5%), and benzodiazepines (1.5%). Four patients (6%) had a diagnosis of polysubstance dependence. In the comparison group, the majority had dependence on opioids (59%) and the rest were dependent on alcohol (41%). Patients in the study group had a significantly longer duration of dependence and were more frequently dependent on alcohol and natural opioids as compared to the comparison group being more frequently dependent on synthetic opioids. Comorbid psychiatric diagnoses (epilepsy and personality disorders) were more frequently encountered in the comparison group. Disulfiram therapy was initiated in 5 of 36 cases in study group and 4 of 18 cases in comparison group (χ2=0.60, df=1, p<0.05). Naltrexone therapy was initiated in none in the study group but in 5 patients of comparison group (χ2 =7.51, df=1, p<0.01). Both groups were comparable for the parameter- ‘status at discharge’. There was no statistical difference, but there was a trend (p=0.055) for a better outcome in the ‘camp approach’ group.1 6.7 6.7 73.3Page 84Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe overall results of the frequency distribution of client responses in this study suggest that between the two culturally dissimilar groups, there were significant differences in their overall counselling expectancies. Agreements occurred when comparisons were made on the most popular answer for each question on the SIQ. The frequency distribution revealed significant differences between Anglo-European Canadians and East Indian Canadians in their counselling expectancies. Significant differences were found between the two cultures and between adults and adolescents in each cultural group on the six questions on the SIQ. The study revealed a statistically significant difference between East Indian adults and adolescents in regard to their counselling expectancies on the SIQ. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were found in the test results. Question 1: There seems to be more agreement than disagreement between the two culturally dissimilar groups on what they consider the main jobs of the school counsellor to be. The most preferred responses by both groups were that a school counsellor's job is educational, vocational, personal counselling and problem solving. Differences between the two cultural groups were that a greater number of East Indian subjects saw the role of counsellor as advice giver and disciplinarian compared to the Anglo European sample. A greater number of East Indian adults compared to their adolescents expected the role of the 1 6.7 6.7 80.0Page 85Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe present study revealed that during pre-intervention, more than half i.e. 60% patients were having low level of anxiety followed by moderate and high level of anxiety i.e. 37.5% and 2.5% respectively whereas during post intervention, anxiety level was decreased to the lowest level, maximum of the patients i.e. 97.5% were having low level of anxiety followed by 2.5% patient who has moderate level of anxiety and none of the patients have high level of anxiety. The present study revealed that the pre and post interventional mean anxiety scores among patients with hypertension were 17.75±9.35 and 9.13±5.598 respectively at p = 0.000. It reflects the reduced level of anxiety after progressive muscle relaxation technique. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected and the progressive muscle relaxation technique had significant and positive effect on level of anxiety among patients with hypertension residing in selected areas of District Ludhiana, Punjab.1 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 86Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe t-ratio calculated between the pre-intervention and post-intervention scores of adolescents with childhood histories of abuse on YSR is 24.45 (p<0.01) and it is significant, indicating that a crucial difference exists between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores of these adolescents on YSR. Further, the mean scores also show a decline in problem behaviour scores after intervention. Hence, Technical Eclecticism seems to be effective in reducing the behavioural problems of adolescents abused during childhood. Thus, the hypothesis of this study is supported by the findings. Pre intervention scores: M = 80.02, SD = 8.27 Post-intervention scores: M = 35.22, SD = 17.59 - Incremental Changes for Physically Abused Adolescents: Average incremental reduction for each participant in this category is about 25.20 points on the problem behaviour score. On average, each participant's post-intervention score becomes 25.20 points lower than his/her pre-intervention scores on YSR. - Incremental Changes for Sexually Abused Adolescents: The average incremental reduction for each participant in this category is 34.65 points on the problem behaviour score. On average, each participant's post-intervention score becomes 34.65 points lower than his/her pre-intervention scores on YSR. - Incremental Changes for Emotionally Abused Adolescents: The average incremental reduction for each participant in this category is 38.95 points on the problem behaviour 1 6.7 6.7 93.3Page 87Findings / OutcomesFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThere was significant decrease in Pre to Post-Intervention mean anxiety and depression scores (p<0.01) of participants in intervention group. In control group there was significant increase (p<0.01) in mean anxiety and depression scores of participants. There was no significant difference in baseline mean anxiety and depression scores of participants in intervention and control group p=0.67 for anxiety scores (STAI) and p=0.10 for depression scores (B.D.I). Therefore participants in both the groups have comparable anxiety and depression before starting the intervention. In this study significant reduction in mean anxiety scores (p<0.01) and depression scores (p<0.01) were seen after 4 weeks.Total1 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 88Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPage 89Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid This study has contributed to existing knowledge on Indian people and therapy by exploring Indian fathers’ experience of family therapy. Prior to this, research has focused primarily on therapists’ experience of working with Indian families. The current findings have helped gain some insight and understanding into Indian fathers’ thoughts and feelings about the therapy they have received. Owing to masculine roles, Indian fathers found it difficult to communicate their family difficulties and feelings to the therapist. They were out of their comfort zone and within an unfamiliar environment. Gender and culture are interwoven however there is a possibility that being an Indian man can further hinder individuals from attending therapy. This is because the Indian culture places certain expectations on fathers within the family, for example being the leader and having particular responsibilities. Therapy as a “Western concept" was expressed by all the participants of the study. This finding is supported by current literature, which positions the Indian family and culture as adopting a collectivist nature, which can be defined as having agreement amongst members, interdependence and precedence for others (Hue & Triandis, 1986). The sub-theme, disclosure, explored Indian fathers’ difficulty to share their private lives with a third party. It gives the impression that the initial stage of therapy is not straightforward and simple. Over time this changed for the Indian fathers and they were able to disclose to the therapist. This has implications for 1 6.7 6.7 6.7Page 90Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative Percenta. Girl child sexual abuse is a global phenomenon but going under-reported. b. Councelling of the girl children at the appropriate time has a significant impact to sensitize them which not only increases their knowledge and awareness about the subject, but also corrects their misconceptions and encourages them to share their problem with rise in their confidence levels. c. Counsellors can be of great help in making a difference not only in the attitude of children about CSA, but also in giving them enough courage to speak out. d. Professional counsellors in the schools should be made mandatory and counselling for sexual abuse should be made compulsory in all schools in the country. e. Professional bodies like Indian Medical Association must sensitize its members towards the child victimization and play a pro-active role to address the problem.Counseling was effective in reducing pain and fatigue among cancer patients. while in control group had significant increased in pain and fatigue among cancer patients.1 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.0Page 91Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentIt would appear that the minority group of students, when seeking assistance from the counsellor, would be more concerned about assistance with career or vocational concerns than other students. With reference to this minority group's preference for personal counselling, the findings provide counsellors with a challenge to develop culturally appropriate models for assisting the minority client in the solution of personal/social problems. Perhaps what has happened in the past is minority clients appeal not to have sought counselling in this area because the approaches to providing assistance have been culturally biased away from their own experience. Perhaps for these groups, the approach of helping individuals with personal/social problems may take place, not in the individual sense but within the family concerns. It may be imperative for counsellors to reexamine and/or develop models for use with the family. If the role of the family, both nuclear and extended, is important to certain minority groups, we should rely less heavily on models of counselling which are based on the 'personality of the individual' and more on interpersonal relations in relation to intrapsychic events to provide a balanced perspective for counselling in cultures where dependency relationships are a favoured mode of maintaining mental health. In being able to adapt our practice of counselling by incorporating culturally appropriate skills into the counselling process as well as being highly aware of the differing cultural value systems, we not only help 1 6.7 6.7 26.7Page 92Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentOn the basis of the findings of study, it is concluded that deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation technique is effective in reducing stress after two weeks twice a day among amputated patients. The study recommends that deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation technique should be provided by nurses to amputated patients having stress to reduce stress.The camp approach appears to be more beneficial than the hospital approach for treating patients of substance dependence in an inpatient setting. An additional advantage in employing the camp approach is that the mental health professionals are able to promote community based psychiatry and de-addiction services by being amongst the people for treatment and dissemination of information. Such an approach, with active community participation, can be expected to reduce the stigma attached to addiction and psychiatric illnesses. Also, the hospital, through the camp approach, was bearing a cost of Rupees 15 per day in contrast to the hospital approach where the cost was nearly Rupees 600 per bed per day (Chavan & Priti, 1999).1 6.7 6.7 33.31 6.7 6.7 40.0Page 93Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe findings of the study were similar with the study conducted by Nisha K, Umarani J ( 2013 ) provided that play therapy among hospitalized children aged 6-12 year was found significant. Among the demographic variables all were not significant with the post test mean of anxiety level score. The findings of the study were similar with the study conducted by Nisha K, Umarani J (2013 ) shows that post test anxiety score was independent of all the demographic variables such as age, gender, religion, type of family, care giver present during hospital stay, past child reactions to any procedures among hospitalized children ages 6-12 years. Play therapy thus, is an effective intervention.The present study reveals the implication and importance of supportive care in the form of counseling to reduce anxiety and depression among hospitalized cancer patients and also improve their quality of life. So the inclusion of supportive care in the routine practice by nurses will greatly help to enhance the quality of life. Nursing Implications -Counseling intervention practiced by oncology nurses will help minimize anxiety and depression among hospitalized cancer patients and help improve their quality of life.1 6.7 6.7 46.71 6.7 6.7 53.3Page 94Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe study concluded that progressive muscle relaxation technique has significant positive effect on level of anxiety among patients with hypertension. Hence, null hypothesis was rejected at p<0.05 level of significance.The study has stressed that the symptoms during adolescence may be due to inappropriate experiences at the previous stage, the effect of which may still be lingering onto the present stage of development. Further, the study highlighted the role of parents in bringing out the adolescents from their past traumas. The study suggested opting for a practical approach towards counselling by combining various empirically validated psychotherapeutic techniques and then systematically selecting these techniques to specific client profiles. The study stressed that technical eclecticism is the requirement of modern-day counselling. It needs to be effective in producing maximum possible benefits for the clients and that too, in a short time. Technical eclecticism can fulfill both these expectations, and hence, the study may generate concerns over this approach towards counselling.1 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.7Page 95Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe study suggests that MI counseling has a positive effect on children’s dental health that is greater than that of traditional health education. The results appear to be clinically meaningful and confirm the findings of a recent metaanalysis of MI counseling trials. The counselors recorded the recommendations of mothers in the MI group with regard to dental visits for fluoride varnish applications. The results of comparisons between the MI and control groups show a higher mean number of fluoride varnish applications in the MI group during the second year of the study. This effect manifested itself even though the protocol did not include follow-up MI visits during year 2. Families in the MI group appeared to value their recommended fluoride varnish visits more than did those who received traditional health education alone, based on the number of visits for varnish application after the counseling follow-up was completed. This finding reflects the goal of MI: to positively influence the preventive behaviors of patients (or their parents).1 6.7 6.7 73.3Page 96Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThere is presently limited research and training done to prepare counsellors for enhancing multicultural and working with immigrant students and their families. Identifying and comparing this population's attitudes and expectations of counselling are essential components for effective cross-cultural counselling. The present cultural diversity of Canadian Society provides an enormous challenge for counsellors to develop skills, expertise and techniques of counselling that would effectively meet the needs of their clients.1 6.7 6.7 80.0Page 97Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThis study highlights the point that individualised counselling in clinical setup can be helpful and have greater effect if done repeatedly. Literacy level has no effect on counselling, against common myth. It has been shown illiterates responded better to cessation advice. Considering its dissemination into health care settings, it will be difficult for health care providers to use it in routine health services such as at an outpatient clinic or health check-up setting, because the time allotted for behavioural counselling in these settings is limited. From a public health perspective, health care settings have an excellent potential to yield many quitters if effective programs are successively combined into routine health services. It is a need of hour to develop a brief smoking intervention program tailored for use in an outpatient clinic or health check-up setting. Also, a training program needs to be developed for health care providers.Healthcare professionals should also be encouraged to take smoking cessation seriously, as interventions are less likely to be offered to one with trivial complaints. Hospitals should be encouraged to have smoking cessation clinics along with regular outpatient departments. Physician counselling plus pharmacotherapy has appeared to be better than a single approach. As India is a low-income country majority do not have resources or health insurance, that they can spare for non-emergent conditions and de-addiction measures are always last on 1 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 98Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThis study offers valuable information to individual practitioners, organizations, and the human service fields about the views and beliefs of South Asian immigrants toward utilizing mental health services. Findings can be tentatively applied to help practitioners find ways to build bridges with the South Asian community and to increase their use of counselling services. In addition, the investigation provides a contextual understanding of the influences on the process of seeking help for this specific population. The study gives voice to the actual participants through interviews, which is a missing piece in the largely quantitative-based literature. This study speaks to a group of people who have been understudied in the literature; that is, British Columbian South Asian immigrants. The results also raise awareness of counsellors about the needs of this community and add information about practice to the counsellors’ repertoire to enhance the working relationship with South Asian clients. The impact of acculturation, cultural beliefs, reliance on personal ability to resolve problems, the definition of a problem, and impact of significant others are all identified as factors that influence one’s decision to seek help. Implications for Counsellors First, several important implications are discussed, followed by steps to assist counsellors in building positive relationships with South Asian clients and the community. Impact of Acculturation This group of immigrants appear to find it difficult to adopt one value system over another or to 1 6.7 6.7 93.3Page 99Implications for Counselling or Psychotherapy - for counsellors and therapistsFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThis study suggests that a student counselling centre is an integral part of the student welfare services in a university set up. If adequate facilities for such help are available to the students and are known to exist on campus, there is adequate response too, which is suggestive of the need. An ideal mental health team for such a counselling centre should consist of a psychiatrist, a counselling psychologist and a university medical officer.Total1 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Listed Limitations of the StudyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPage 100Listed Limitations of the StudyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid The sample size consisted of four Indian fathers, which is a limitation of the current study, despite a small sample size being recommended for an IPA study. Within this IPA study the sample cannot be viewed as representative of Indian fathers, although it does present a comprehensive analysis of the accounts of a small number of participants therefore conclusions can only be applied to the group. Another limitation of this study is the fact that all four participants were recruited from the same family therapy organization and were seen by the same therapist. This can be viewed as a drawback because the fathers’ experience may reflect more on that particular service and that therapist, and perhaps not giving a broader experience of family therapy in general. In the current study there were some factors that ensured some homogeneity amongst the sample group, for example all the Indian fathers had completed their therapy and had undergone therapy at the same family therapy service. However the sub-culture/religion of the four fathers differed, which included two Sikh fathers, one Muslim father, and one Hindu father. A more homogenous sample would have included participants who were all from the same sub-culture/religion. In the current study participants were initially going to be recruited from the researcher’s placement however the family therapy service closed down and recruitment of Indian fathers was extremely difficult thereafter. Contact was made with the Indian family therapy organisation in an urban area in England; the 1 6.7 6.7 6.7Page 101Listed Limitations of the StudyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative Percent1. This study adds to our understanding of how Punjabi-speaking South Asian immigrants view help-seeking and accessing counseling services. These findings support the need for examining with-in group differences as well as across-group differences (Lynch, 1997). 2. The sample in this study was comprised of five Punjabi-speaking South Asians who live in British Columbia and therefore offers information about a small sector of the larger South Asian population. 3. Benefits of choosing a qualitative methodology, and a therefore small sample, include the quality of information accessible through this form of inquiry and the breadth of information available through the interview process. Detailed information was provided which is not possible to obtain through quantitative, large sample studies. 4. Furthermore, this study focused on a very homogenous group of Asians in order to obtain detailed and concrete information about a specific sector of the larger Asian population. The study is limited geographically because the South Asians in the Lower Mainland were solicited. The time frame of data collection only occurred between December 2003 and January 2004.1 6.7 6.7 13.3Page 102Listed Limitations of the StudyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentData used in this study was collected from the same sample using the same procedure and interviewers as in Westwood and Massey Study. It can therefore be said that the limitations found in Westwood and Massey Study apply to this study as well. Although the questionnaires appear to have content and face validity, however, statistical procedures for determining predictive or construct validity were not taken. The sample in this study was representative only of the East Indian (Sikh) population of Vancouver. The study cannot, therefore, be generalized to other East Indians nor other minority groups in Vancouver. The sample of this study consists of a larger number of women than men. The degree to which this may have affected the results is open to question. A further limitation of the study lies in the process by which data was analyzed. Questionnaires were administered to the participants, responses were then content analyzed and coded into predetermined categories. For the purpose of this study a code refers to the categories created by the researchers with which each of the responses were labelled. In using content analysis, some important information from individuals is lost.1 6.7 6.7 20.0Page 103Listed Limitations of the StudyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentFirst, the duration of the follow-up was relatively short and limited to the treatment period. Most relapses take place within 5-6 months of cessation. A point prevalence measure taken at 1 year would certainly capture the great majority of those relapse events. Second, self-reports of smoking status were believed and not biochemically validated using expired carbon monoxide (CO). Third, present study smoking cessation program was effective, but moderately intensive. Fourth there were no groups to compare the effect.Not Specified1 6.7 6.7 26.77 46.7 46.7 73.3Page 104Listed Limitations of the StudyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentSmall sample size, lack of structured instruments for measuring course and outcome, no interim follow-up on a structured basis, lack of sound techniques for corroboration of information obtained (related to abstinence), etc., yet it provides an insight into a form of inpatient setting which, if not being more effective, is at least as effective as the hospital-based setting. Hence, the camp approach is a viable and clinically effective mode of treatment for substance abuse in an inpatient setting. However, the profile of the patients attending the ‘camp’ and the ‘hospital’ was different on the parameters of age, employment, education, diagnosis, and comorbidity. This could have affected the treatment-seeking pattern and outcome substantially and cannot be ignored. Hence, the the study should, in perspective, be seen as preliminary and naturalistic.Study can be conducted on large sample to validate and to make generalization of the findings. a case Study may be conducted on quality of life among hospitalized children. - Similar Study can be conducted with using control group. - Similar Study can be conducted with all the age groups of the children.1 6.7 6.7 80.01 6.7 6.7 86.7Page 105Listed Limitations of the StudyFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThis study does have some limitations. Firstly, all the subjects considered in this study were the cases who had suffered only one kind of childhood abuse. Secondly, the extent of severity of abuse was not considered in this study. Thirdly, gender as a variable was not considered in this study. Fourthly, adolescents abused sexually by their own parents could have also been studied. All these limitations of this study were made intentionally, as otherwise it would have been an overly ambitious investigation to code these curricula as well. These curricula may be left open to deal with for any future researchVariables as social support, self efficacy level could not be controlled. Nursing Implications/Nurses role working with cancer patients. Counseling intervention practiced by oncology nurses will help minimize anxiety and depression among hospitalized cancer patients and help improve their quality of life.Total1 6.7 6.7 93.31 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 106Other Relevant InformationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPage 107Other Relevant InformationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentValid During the later sessions of the therapy it was observed that before the start of this program, these parents were less motivated to reflect upon the causes of their children’s behaviour problems. Many of these parents, before joining this treatment, did not believe in effective parent-child communication. Hence, these parents were not able to understand their child from a child’s perspective. However, during the process, the need for healthy parent-child communication, especially during the teen years of their child, was made clear. The parents were assisted in recognizing harmful parent-child interaction patterns while interacting with their teens. They were educated to create a family environment where children can freely talk with parents about the problems of their daily lives. Many of the abused adolescents in the study had the need to be listened and understood by their parents. Many of them have had never disclosed their sexual abuse to their parents prior to the study. The fear of being not understood by the parents was the prime reason. For them the disclosure of their sexual abuse and discussion about it with their parents proved to be remedial. During group therapy sessions the adolescents came up openly as they realized that there are many others who had experiences similar to them. They shed their barriers of shame and guilt that had stopped them from ventilating out their feelings. The adolescents acknowledged the efforts made by similar others to cope with abuse and hence learned to affirm themselves. With the passage of time the 1 6.7 6.7 6.7Page 108Other Relevant InformationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentFrom the findings of study following conclusions were drawn that the play therapy reduces the anxiety level among hospitalized children.Minority concerns: Accessibility and availability of counsellors, desire for more opportunity to see the counsellor, counsellors need to learn and understand a great deal about the distinct cultural groups they are serving, adults tend to want counsellors to have more contact with the home, adolescents discourage contact with home, improvement of career, vocational, educational and personal counselling,None1 6.7 6.7 13.31 6.7 6.7 20.03 20.0 20.0 40.0Page 109Other Relevant InformationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentPatients in study group had a significantly longer duration of dependence and were more frequently dependent on alcohol and natural opioids as compared to the comparison group being more frequently dependent on synthetic opioids. High frequency of use of synthetic opioids in the comparison group could be a reflection of their urban background where heroin, injectable opioids and cough syrups containing codeine are more frequently used. Comorbid psychiatric diagnoses (epilepsy and personality disorders) were more frequently encountered in the comparison group reflecting the fact that such 'difficult to treat' persons tend to seek hospital-based treatment more often. In relation to the immediate outcome of detoxification and treatment (i.e. status at discharge) and the outcome 3 months after discharge, both groups were found to be comparable though a higher percentage (69%) in the study group were abstinent at 3 months with respect to the comparison group (41%). As nearly 30% of the sample was abstinent but symptomatic (i.e. presence of withdrawal symptoms) at discharge, there appears to be a need to extend the duration of camp treatment beyond the currently stipulated 10 days.1 6.7 6.7 46.7Page 110Other Relevant InformationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentStress was more often in above or equal to 56 years of age group, widow/widower, illiterate and amputation due to crush injury, having Above Knee Amputation (AKA).The decrease in depressive symptoms can be due to the reason that supportive sessions on one hand helped them to accept their symptoms while on other realize their strengths and think of ways to manage them.The immediate consequences and the outcome in the form of different feelings in the present study included shame, sadness, anxiety and poor academic performance, pain and health issues, discomfort, reduced self-esteem and this was comparable to new problems in school such as difficulty in learning, poor concentration and declining grades. Frequently long-term effects included depression and self-destructive behaviour, anxiety, feelings of isolation and stigma, poor self-esteem, difficulty in trusting others, a tendency towards revictimization, substance abuse and sexual maladjustment.1 6.7 6.7 53.31 6.7 6.7 60.01 6.7 6.7 66.7Page 111Other Relevant InformationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe MI counseling approach used in this study can be learned readily by both lay health care workers and professionals. The counselors in our study mastered the MI techniques after 10 hours of training in a workshop setting. MI is appropriate not only for dental personnel, but also for community workers who frequently staff public health and early childhood programs (for example, Head Start and Women, Infants and Children programs). It appears that the study had a meaningful effect on the rate of new caries at a reasonable cost.The noticeable difference between the adolescent groups reflects two differing cultural heritages - the East Indian tendency to see the individual in the context of the family environment as an explainer of behavior while the Anglo-European adolescent appearing to not see others (especially the family) as assisting in his/her individual path of decision-making.1 6.7 6.7 73.31 6.7 6.7 80.0Page 112Other Relevant InformationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe participants in this study noted many factors of hindrance in help-seeking, including the impact of language ability (not being able to speak English), lack of knowledge about counselling, the definition and severity of the problem, use of internal supports and lay support systems, influence of cultural beliefs, and impact of significant others. These hindrance factors inhibited participants from utilizing counselling servicesThe present study had some methodological strengths. First, it was performed in a population recruited from smokers who visited chest clinic. Therefore, the study subjects did not actively volunteer to take part in the smoking intervention and had no special motivation to quit smoking. Second, good adherence with the intervention was also obtained. Therefore, we consider that we could evaluate the effects of repeated individual counselling in an ideal setting. Third, we used an intention-to-treat analysis; as a result, a modest abstinence rate was estimated.1 6.7 6.7 86.71 6.7 6.7 93.3Page 113Other Relevant InformationFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative PercentThe psychiatric problems of students differ considerably from a hospital psychiatric clinic as the student community has a relatively higher capacity to communicate and higher intelligence than the general patient population. The strength of instinctual forces and the relative weakness of the capacity to deal with them, together with the need for self-expression and independence and the special strain of higher education, produce reactions characteristic of young students. This study supports the viewpoint of Malleson (1954) who asserts that an element of severe emotional strain is implicit in the process of higher education. For the growing adolescent, there is already a tremendous biological load to which they try to adjust and struggle with, and the additional load of competition in the mastery of subjects adds to it. The prolonged period of psychological childhood causes implicit difficulties for students as they are unable to get settled in life.Total1 6.7 6.7 100.015 100.0 100.0Page 114
eng
Unreviewed
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Faculty
Graduate
Clinical Mental Health Counseling and Psychotherapy with Punjabi Sikhs : A (Systematic) Scoping Review : [supplementary material]
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