@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Botany, Department of"@en, "Forest Sciences, Department of"@en, "Forestry, Faculty of"@en, "Science, Faculty of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:identifierCitation "BMC Genomics. 2008 Jan 29;9(1):57"@en ; dcterms:contributor "Michael Smith Laboratories"@en ; ns0:rightsCopyright "Ralph et al."@en ; dcterms:creator "Ralph, Steven G."@en, "Chun, Hye J. E."@en, "Cooper, Dawn"@en, "Kirkpatrick, Robert"@en, "Kolosova, Natalia"@en, "Gunter, Lee"@en, "Tuskan, Gerald A."@en, "Douglas, Carl J."@en, "Holt, Robert A."@en, "Jones, Steven J. M."@en, "Marra, Marco, 1966-"@en, "Bohlmann, Jörg"@en ; dcterms:issued "2016-01-12T23:06:08Z"@*, "2008-01-29"@en ; dcterms:description """Background: The genus Populus includes poplars, aspens and cottonwoods, which will be collectively referred to as poplars hereafter unless otherwise specified. Poplars are the dominant tree species in many forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere and are of substantial economic value in plantation forestry. Poplar has been established as a model system for genomics studies of growth, development, and adaptation of woody perennial plants including secondary xylem formation, dormancy, adaptation to local environments, and biotic interactions. Results: As part of the poplar genome sequencing project and the development of genomic resources for poplar, we have generated a full-length (FL)-cDNA collection using the biotinylated CAP trapper method. We constructed four FLcDNA libraries using RNA from xylem, phloem and cambium, and green shoot tips and leaves from the P. trichocarpa Nisqually-1 genotype, as well as insect-attacked leaves of the P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrid. Following careful selection of candidate cDNA clones, we used a combined strategy of paired end reads and primer walking to generate a set of 4,664 high-accuracy, sequence-verified FLcDNAs, which clustered into 3,990 putative unique genes. Mapping FLcDNAs to the poplar genome sequence combined with BLAST comparisons to previously predicted protein coding sequences in the poplar genome identified 39 FLcDNAs that likely localize to gaps in the current genome sequence assembly. Another 173 FLcDNAs mapped to the genome sequence but were not included among the previously predicted genes in the poplar genome. Comparative sequence analysis against Arabidopsis thaliana and other species in the non-redundant database of GenBank revealed that 11.5% of the poplar FLcDNAs display no significant sequence similarity to other plant proteins. By mapping the poplar FLcDNAs against transcriptome data previously obtained with a 15.5 K cDNA microarray, we identified 153 FLcDNA clones for genes that were differentially expressed in poplar leaves attacked by forest tent caterpillars. Conclusion: This study has generated a high-quality FLcDNA resource for poplar and the third largest FLcDNA collection published to date for any plant species. We successfully used the FLcDNA sequences to reassess gene prediction in the poplar genome sequence, perform comparative sequence annotation, and identify differentially expressed transcripts associated with defense against insects. The FLcDNA sequences will be essential to the ongoing curation and annotation of the poplar genome, in particular for targeting gaps in the current genome assembly and further improvement of gene predictions. The physical FLcDNA clones will serve as useful reagents for functional genomics research in areas such as analysis of gene functions in defense against insects and perennial growth. Sequences from this study have been deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers EF144175 to EF148838."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/56462?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "ralssBioMed CentBMC GenomicsOpen AcceResearch articleAnalysis of 4,664 high-quality sequence-finished poplar full-length cDNA clones and their utility for the discovery of genes responding to insect feedingSteven G Ralph†1,6, Hye Jung E Chun†2, Dawn Cooper1, Robert Kirkpatrick2, Natalia Kolosova1,3, Lee Gunter4, Gerald A Tuskan4, Carl J Douglas3, Robert A Holt2, Steven JM Jones2, Marco A Marra2 and Jörg Bohlmann*1,3,5Address: 1Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada, 2British Columbia Cancer Agency Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E6, Canada, 3Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada, 4Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, USA, 5Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada and 6Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202-9019, USAEmail: Steven G Ralph - steven.ralph@und.nodak.edu; Hye Jung E Chun - echun@bcgsc.ca; Dawn Cooper - dmcooper@sfu.ca; Robert Kirkpatrick - robertk@bcgsc.bc.ca; Natalia Kolosova - kolosova@interchange.ubc.ca; Lee Gunter - gunterle@ornl.gov; Gerald A Tuskan - tuskanga@ornl.gov; Carl J Douglas - cdouglas@interchange.ubc.ca; Robert A Holt - rholt@bcgsc.ca; Steven JM Jones - sjones@bcgsc.ca; Marco A Marra - mmarra@bcgsc.ca; Jörg Bohlmann* - bohlmann@interchange.ubc.ca* Corresponding author †Equal contributorsAbstractBackground: The genus Populus includes poplars, aspens and cottonwoods, which will becollectively referred to as poplars hereafter unless otherwise specified. Poplars are the dominanttree species in many forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere and are of substantialeconomic value in plantation forestry. Poplar has been established as a model system for genomicsstudies of growth, development, and adaptation of woody perennial plants including secondaryxylem formation, dormancy, adaptation to local environments, and biotic interactions.Results: As part of the poplar genome sequencing project and the development of genomicresources for poplar, we have generated a full-length (FL)-cDNA collection using the biotinylatedCAP trapper method. We constructed four FLcDNA libraries using RNA from xylem, phloem andcambium, and green shoot tips and leaves from the P. trichocarpa Nisqually-1 genotype, as well asinsect-attacked leaves of the P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrid. Following careful selection ofcandidate cDNA clones, we used a combined strategy of paired end reads and primer walking togenerate a set of 4,664 high-accuracy, sequence-verified FLcDNAs, which clustered into 3,990putative unique genes. Mapping FLcDNAs to the poplar genome sequence combined with BLASTcomparisons to previously predicted protein coding sequences in the poplar genome identified 39FLcDNAs that likely localize to gaps in the current genome sequence assembly. Another 173FLcDNAs mapped to the genome sequence but were not included among the previously predictedgenes in the poplar genome. Comparative sequence analysis against Arabidopsis thaliana and otherspecies in the non-redundant database of GenBank revealed that 11.5% of the poplar FLcDNAsPublished: 29 January 2008BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-57Received: 6 November 2007Accepted: 29 January 2008This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57© 2008 Ralph et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Page 1 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)display no significant sequence similarity to other plant proteins. By mapping the poplar FLcDNAsagainst transcriptome data previously obtained with a 15.5 K cDNA microarray, we identified 153BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57FLcDNA clones for genes that were differentially expressed in poplar leaves attacked by forest tentcaterpillars.Conclusion: This study has generated a high-quality FLcDNA resource for poplar and the thirdlargest FLcDNA collection published to date for any plant species. We successfully used theFLcDNA sequences to reassess gene prediction in the poplar genome sequence, performcomparative sequence annotation, and identify differentially expressed transcripts associated withdefense against insects. The FLcDNA sequences will be essential to the ongoing curation andannotation of the poplar genome, in particular for targeting gaps in the current genome assemblyand further improvement of gene predictions. The physical FLcDNA clones will serve as usefulreagents for functional genomics research in areas such as analysis of gene functions in defenseagainst insects and perennial growth. Sequences from this study have been deposited in NCBIGenBank under the accession numbers EF144175 to EF148838.BackgroundPoplars are keystone tree species in several temperate for-est ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere. Poplars arealso intensively cultivated in plantation forestry for theproduction of wood, pulp, and paper. Fast growing pop-lars can serve functions in phytoremediation, as a sink forcarbon sequestration, and as a feedstock for biofuel pro-duction. Poplar has also been firmly established as amodel research system for long-lived woody perennials(reviewed in [1]). Advances in functional genomics ofpoplar have been greatly enhanced by the availability of ahigh-quality genome sequence from P. trichocarpa (Nis-qually-1; [2]), combined with comprehensive genetic [3-6] and physical genome [7] maps, as well as the availabil-ity of several platforms for transcriptome analysis [8-11]and genetic transformation. Large collections of expressedsequence tags (ESTs) have also been developed from avariety of poplar species and hybrids focussing on genediscovery in wood formation, dormancy, floral develop-ment and stress response [9,11-20]. These short, single-pass EST reads have been a critical resource for gene dis-covery, genome annotation, and the construction ofmicroarray platforms.High-accuracy, sequence-verified FLcDNA sequences thatspan the entire protein-coding region of a given gene canadvance comparative, functional, and structural genomeanalysis. For example, the accuracy of ab initio predictionof protein-coding regions in genome sequences is limitedby the difficulty of finding islands of coding sequenceswithin an ocean of non-coding DNA, and by the complex-ity of individual genes that may code for multiple pep-tides through alternative splicing. More robustapproaches that unambiguously identify protein-codingregions in a genome sequence have used FLcDNA data, asdemonstrated for example in Arabidopsis thaliana [21-23].Despite their immense value, sequence-verified FLcDNAclones, where multiple passes verify the authenticity ofsets have been generated for plants; namely for rice [24],Arabidopsis [25], and maize [26,27]. In contrast, as ofSeptember 2007, there were only 1,409 completesequences from individual poplar FLcDNA clones in thenon-redundant (NR) division of GenBank, in addition toa larger number of putative full-length sequences assem-bled from EST reads of multiple cDNA clones.Our poplar FLcDNA program in the areas of forest healthgenomics and wood formation has focused on mecha-nisms of defense and resistance against insects and genesassociated with xylem development. The forest tent cater-pillar (Malacosoma disstria; FTC; [28]) is a major insect pestthat threatens the productivity of natural and plantationforests. Poplars deploy an array of combined defense strat-egies against herbivores that can be grouped as chemicaland physical defenses, direct and indirect defenses, consti-tutive and induced defenses, as well as local and systemicdefenses (reviewed in [29]). Several recent studies havebeen conducted on the molecular mechanisms underly-ing inducible defenses against herbivores in poplar[11,18,30-37].In this paper, we report on the development of fourFLcDNA libraries from poplar that served as the startingtemplate for creating a substantial genomic resource of4,664 sequence-verified FLcDNAs. We describe the overallstructural features of these FLcDNA clones, annotationbased on comparisons with other species, and the identi-fication of 536 putative poplar-specific transcripts. Map-ping the FLcDNA collection to the poplar genomesequence confirmed the overall high quality of the assem-bled genome sequence as well as the high quality of theFLcDNA resource, while also identifying 39 expressedpoplar transcripts that appear to be derived from gapregions of the current genome sequence assembly and 173new poplar genes that have not previously been identifiedin the genome assembly. By mapping 3,854 FLcDNAs to aPage 2 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)reads, have not been generated in most plant species sub-jected to genomic analysis. Only a few large FLcDNA datapoplar 15.5 K cDNA microarray platform and performinga comparison with existing transcriptome data, we identi-BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57fied 153 FLcDNAs that match transcripts differentiallyexpressed following insect attack by FTC on poplar leaves.ResultsSelection and sequence finishing of FLcDNAsFLcDNAs are defined as individual cDNA clones that con-tain the complete protein-coding sequence and at leastpartial 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) for a giventranscript. This definition distinguishes bona fide FLcDNAsfrom in silico assembled EST sequences derived from mul-tiple cDNA clones. In the latter case, it is possible thatmultiple, closely related genes or allelic variants of thesame gene are assembled into a single consensussequence. This problem is avoided when only sequencesderived from the same physical FLcDNA clone are assem-bled. We prepared four FLcDNA libraries using the bioti-nylated CAP trapper method [38]. Three librariesconstructed from xylem, phloem and cambium, andgreen shoot tips and leaves were derived from the P. tri-chocarpa Nisqually-1 genotype, for which the genomesequence has been reported [2]. An additional library wasdeveloped from the P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybridH11–11 genotype using leaves subjected to FTC herbivory(Table 1).To select candidate FLcDNAs for complete insert sequenc-ing, we used a previously described bioinformatic pipe-line for EST processing [11]. An initial set of 26,112 3'ESTs derived from FLcDNA libraries was combined with81,407 3' ESTs from standard EST libraries [11] to gener-ate a starting set of 107,519 3'-end ESTs, which resulted in90,368 high-quality ESTs after filtering to removesequences of low quality and contaminant sequencesfrom yeast, bacteria and fungi. These sequences were thenclustered using the CAP3 assembly program ([39]; assem-bly criteria: 95% identity, 40 bp window) to identify a setof 35,011 putative unique transcripts (PUTs; Figure 1). Tomaximize the capture of complete open reading frames(ORFs) and UTRs, only clones from full-length librarieswere considered further. Using this strategy, we identified5,926 cDNA candidate clones for full insert sequencing,which resulted in 4,664 sequence-verified poplar FLcDNAclones (see Additional file 1 and Figure 2). Inserts of 2,672clones were completely sequenced using end reads only,with an average sequenced insert size of 735 ± 434 bp(average ± SD) and required an average of 4.5 ± 1.3 endreads to finish to high sequence quality. Using a combina-tion of end reads and primer walking, inserts of an addi-tional 1,992 clones were completely sequenced, with anaverage insert size of 1,308 ± 567 bp requiring 5.9 ± 2.8end reads and 3.4 ± 1.8 internal primer reads per clone.Analysis of the 4,664 FLcDNA sequences using the CAP3clustering and assembly program ([39]; assembly criteria:95% identity, 40 bp window) identified 3,505 FLcDNAsas unique singletons, with the remaining 1,159 groupinginto 485 contigs, suggesting a total of 3,990 unique genesrepresented with finished FLcDNA sequences. The highpercentage of unique transcripts (85.5%) within this setconfirms the successful clone selection strategy (Figure 1)for establishing a low-redundancy clone set prior tosequence finishing.Sequence quality and \"full-length\" assessment of poplar FLcDNAsAll 4,664 finished FLcDNAs achieved a minimum ofPhred30 (i.e., one error in 103 bases) sequence quality atevery base. The majority of FLcDNAs were of even higherquality with the minimum and average Phred valuesexceeding Phred45 (i.e., one error in 3 × 104 bases) andPhred80 (i.e., one error in 108 bases), respectively (Figure3). We predicted the complete protein-coding ORFs for all4,664 FLcDNAs. The distribution of 5' UTR, ORF and 3'UTR lengths is illustrated in Figure 2 [also see Additionalfile 1]. The average sequenced FLcDNA length (from thebeginning of the 5' UTR to the end of the polyA tail) was1,045 ± 475 bp (mean ± SD), and ranged from 147 to3,342 bp, whereas the average predicted ORF was 649 ±429 bp and ranged from 33 to 2,935 bp. ORFs could notbe detected (i.e., 30 bp or less) for 96 FLcDNAs. The 5' and3' UTRs averaged 109 ± 138 bp and 228 ± 152 bp, respec-tively. These results are comparable to CAP trapperFLcDNA collections from other plant species includingmaize (cDNA insert 799 bp, 5' UTR 99 bp, 3' UTR 206 bp;[27]), Arabidopsis (cDNA insert ca. 1.2 kb; [40]) and rice(5' UTR 259 bp, 3' UTR 398 bp; [24]). Similarly, the aver-Table 1: Libraries, tissue sources and species for sequences described in this studycDNA Library Tissue/Developmental Stage Species (genotype)PT-X-FL-A-1 Outer xylema. Populus trichocarpa (Nisqually-1)PT-P-FL-A-2 Phloem and cambiuma. P. trichocarpa (Nisqually-1)PT-GT-FL-A-3 Young and mature leaves, along with green shoot tipsa. P. trichocarpa (Nisqually-1)PTxD-IL-FL-A-4 Local and systemic (above region of feeding) mature leaves harvested after continuous feeding by forest tent caterpillars, Malacosoma disstria. Local tissue was collected 4, 8 and 24 h post-treatment and systemic tissue 4, 12 and 48 h post-treatmentb.P. trichocarpa × deltoides (H11–11)Page 3 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)aHarvested May 15th, 2001 from eight year old trees within the Boise Cascade region of Washington state.bOne or two year old saplings grown in potted soil under greenhouse conditions at the University of British Columbia.BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57Page 4 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)Schematic of clone selection and complete insert sequencing of 4,664 FLcDNAsFigure 1Schematic of clone selection and complete insert sequencing of 4,664 FLcDNAs. CAP3 assembly of 90,368 high-quality 3'-end ESTs identified 35,011 putative unique transcripts (PUTs) for the identification of candidate FLcDNAs. Only those PUTs containing at least one clone from a FLcDNA library were considered further. To maximize the number of FLcD-NAs captured, candidate clones were excluded from further analysis if: (1) the 5' second strand primer adaptor (SSPA) was absent; (2) a polyA tail was absent; (3) 5'- and/or 3'-end ESTs had a Phred20 quality length (Q20) of < 100 nt; or (4) BLASTN (E < 1e-80) versus poplar ESTs in the public domain identified a candidate as potentially truncated (i.e., > 100 nt shorter) at the 5' end of the transcript relative to a matching EST. Among the 5,926 candidates selected for sequencing, only 483 (8%) were aborted at various stages of the sequence finishing pipeline due to: (1) missing cloning structures; (2) errors in re-array of glyc-erol stocks; (3) problematic sequencing such as hard stops; or (4) problematic clone features such as chimeric sequences. Through a combination of end reads and gap closing using primer walking, 4,664 (79%) sequence-verified FLcDNAs were com-pleted. An additional 779 clones (13%) from the starting set of 5,926 will be finished in future work.Candidate selectionFLcDNAfinishingA B90,368 high-quality 3’-end ESTsCAP3 assembly35,011 putative unique transcripts (PUTs)7,346 FL candidates5,926 FL candidatesPUTs lacking clones derived from FL libraries excludedFilter for FL candidate criteria• short 5’- and/or 3’-end ESTs (Q20 < 100 nt)• shorter at 5’ end than public poplar ESTs• missing 5’ SSPA• missing polyA tail5,926 FL candidatesFilter for cloning structure• missing 5’ SSPA (stringent)• missing polyA tail (stringent)5,653 FL candidatesFilter for rearrayaccuracy• mixed well• rearray to correct plate5,532 FL candidatesFilter for sequencing problems• hard stopFilter for clone features• sequence vs. gel data• chimeric5,525 FL candidates5,443 FL candidates4,664 (79%) finished779 (13%) incomplete483 (8%) aborted+BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57age transcript length of the 45,555 poplar reference genespredicted ab initio from the genome sequence was 1,079bp and 5' and 3' UTRs averaged 92 bp [2], in close agree-ment with our results obtained with FLcDNAs.To further assess the quality of the 4,664 poplar FLcDNAs,we performed reciprocal BLAST analysis against peptidesequences in The Arabidopsis Information Resource(TAIR) and against a set of 1,409 poplar sequences previ-ously identified to be full-length (collected from the NRdivision of GenBank). Reciprocal BLAST analysis was per-formed with a stringent similarity threshold [% identity ≥50%; expect (E) value ≤ 1e-20] and identified 2,774 and288 pairs, respectively, with Arabidopsis and previouslypublished poplar FLcDNAs (Figure 4). Of the 288 homol-ogous poplar transcript pairs (i.e., previously publishedpoplar sequences with high sequence similarity to FLcD-NAs reported in this study), 228 (79.2%) agreed well withregard to their ORF lengths and position of their start andstop codons (± ten amino acids; Figure 4). For the remain-ing pairs, the predicted 5' and/or 3' ORF ends did notwas either truncated or had an incorrectly predicted ORF.When comparing the poplar FLcDNA collection to recip-rocal matches from TAIR Arabidopsis peptides, weobserved a similar number of 2,151 (77.5%) pairs withsimilar ORF lengths and positions of their startingmethionine and stop codons (± ten amino acids; Figure4). These results indicate the majority of the 4,664 poplarFLcDNAs represent true full-length transcripts with com-plete ORFs and correctly annotated start and stop codons.Mapping FLcDNAs to the poplar genome sequence to reassess gene prediction and to identify possible gaps in the genome assemblyAs part of the poplar genome sequencing project [2], thepoplar FLcDNAs were used to train a series of gene predic-tion algorithms to identify coding regions in the genomesequence. To reassess the effectiveness of gene predictionin the current genome assembly and to search for possiblegenome sequence gaps, we took two approaches: 1) BLAT[41] was utilized to map FLcDNAs to the assembledgenome sequence, and 2) BLASTN was applied to alignDistribution of open reading frame (ORF) and 5' and 3' untranslated region (UTR) sizes among the finished 4,664 FLcDNAs (A), and the mean ORF and UTR length (± standard deviation) (B)Figure 2Distribution of open reading frame (ORF) and 5' and 3' untranslated region (UTR) sizes among the finished 4,664 FLcDNAs (A), and the mean ORF and UTR length (± standard deviation) (B). Each finished FLcDNA sequence was examined for the presence of ORFs using either the EMBOSS getorf program (version 2.5.0; [55]) or an in-house BLAST-aided program. The getorf program identifies the longest stretch of uninterrupted sequence between a start (ATG) and stop codon (TGA, TAG, TAA) in the 5' to 3' direction for the predicted ORF. The BLAST-aided program detects ORFs by finding the starting methionine and stop codon in a poplar FLcDNA sequence relative to the same features in the most closely related Arabidopsis protein identified by BLASTX (E values < 1e-20). For this study, ORFs identified by the BLAST-aided method were utilized except in cases where the FLcDNA sequence did not show high similarity to an Arabidopsis protein, in which case the ORF identified by the getorf program was chosen. The presence and coordinates of the 5' second strand primer adaptor sequence (SSPA) and polyA tail were also noted. The regions between the 5'SSPA and the predicted ORF start and between the predicted ORF stop and the polyA tail were taken to be the 5' and 3' UTRs, respectively. The 5' SSPA and 3' polyA tail lengths were not included when determining UTR length.No. of clone s5’ UTR: 109 ± 138 bp ORF: 649 ± 429 bp 3’ UTR: 228 ± 152 bpSize (bp) Size (bp)AB Size (bp)040080012001600200004008001200160020000400800120016002000<5050-99100-149150-199200-249250-299300-349350-399400-449450-499>499<200200-399400-599600-799800-9991000-11991200-13991400-1599>1599<5050-99100-149150-199200-249250-299300-349350-399400-449450-499>499Page 5 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)match suggesting alternative start or stop codons, splicevariants, or the possibility that one of the pair membersFLcDNAs with the 45,555 protein-coding gene loci pre-dicted from the poplar genome sequence. Using BLAT, weBMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57mapped 4,642 poplar FLcDNAs (99.5%) to the genome ata minimum threshold (tile match length ≥ 11 bp, score ≥30, sequence identity ≥ 90%; Figure 5). From this set,3,847 (82.9%) mapped to the 19 linkage groups (i.e.,chromosomes) whereas the remainder mapped to scaf-fold segments that were not incorporated into the poplargenome sequence assembly. Examination of the linkagegroup location of FLcDNAs suggests a pattern of randomdistribution when grouped by cDNA library/tissue of ori-gin, with an approximately even distribution of FLcDNAsthroughout the genome (Figure 5). When we applied amore stringent similarity threshold (sequence identity ≥95%, alignment coverage ≥ 95%), the number of poplarFLcDNAs matching to the genome was only slightlyreduced to 4,487 (96.2%).In addition to BLAT analysis, we also compared the FLcD-NAs with the 45,555 predicted protein-coding gene lociidentified in the genome sequence using BLASTN andobserved 4,452 (95.5%) matched at an E value < 1e-50 (seeAdditional file 1). In order to identify possible sequencegaps in the 7.5× coverage genome, we searched for FLcD-NAs lacking a stringent BLAT to the genome match and aBLASTN match (E value ≥ 1e-50) to the predicted geneBLASTN (E value < 1e-50) to one or more poplar ESTs inthe public domain, excluding ESTs reported in this study(Table 2 and see Additional file 1), suggesting that theseFLcDNAs represent expressed poplar genes that likely mapto gap regions within the current genome draft. We cannotexclude the possibility that the remaining 19 FLcDNAsrepresent sequences from bacterial, fungal or insect spe-cies present on poplar tissues harvested for cDNA libraryconstruction, which were not filtered as contaminantsequences in our EST and FLcDNA processing procedures.To identify expressed genes that were not predicted in theoriginal genome annotation [2], we searched among theset of 4,487 FLcDNAs with a stringent BLAT match to thegenome that did not match to any of the 45,555 predictedgene models (E value ≥ 1e-50). This analysis revealed 173FLcDNAs, 79 of which also showed strong similarity (Evalue < 1e-50) to one or more poplar ESTs in the publicdomain (see Additional file 1), suggesting that these 79FLcDNAs represent expressed genes and possibly non-coding RNAs, that were missed by gene prediction soft-ware during the annotation of the poplar genome. Thefact that these poplar transcripts had been missed couldbe due in part to the relatively short lengths of these 79Validation of sequence quality of FLcDNAsFigure 3Validation of sequence quality of FLcDNAs. Sequence accuracy was measured as the percentage of the 4,664 FLcDNAs which, with 100%, 95.0–99.9%, 90.0–94.9% or < 90.0% of their sequence length, exceeded Phred30, Phred40, Phred50 or Phred60 sequence quality thresholds. All 4,664 FLcDNAs exceeded the Phred30 quality thresholds (calculated as less than 1 error in 103 sequenced nucleotides) over 100% of their sequence length. Even at the threshold level of Phred60 (calculated as less than 1 error in 106 sequenced nucleotides) the majority (61.2%) of the FLcDNA sequences met this very high sequence quality score over > 90.0% of their length.Phred30% of FLcDNAsMinimum sequence quality score0102030405060708090100Phred40 Phred50 Phred60100%99.9-95.0%94.9-90.0%< 90%Proportion of FLcDNAsequence lengthPage 6 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)models. This approach identified only 39 candidates, ofwhich 20 (0.4%) FLcDNAs also had a strong match byFLcDNAs (average FLcDNA and predicted ORF length of555 bp and 67 bp, respectively; see Additional file 1).BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57Comparative sequence annotation of poplar FLcDNAs against Arabidopsis and other plants identifies proteins unique to poplarDespite the growing research interest in poplar as a modelangiosperm tree species and the recent completion of thepoplar genome sequence, poplar still represents a difficultexperimental system with relatively few functionally char-acterized proteins, compared to other established modelsystems such as Arabidopsis. Therefore, our effort of in sil-ico annotation of poplar FLcDNAs was largely based oncomparison with Arabidopsis together with the NR data-base of GenBank containing sequences from all plants,among other species. Using BLASTX, we found that theproportion of FLcDNAs with similarity to TAIR Arabidop-sis proteins was 87.5% (4,081) at E value < 1e-05 and55.5% (2,590) at E value < 1e-50 (Figure 6A). Similar val-ues were obtained when using BLASTX to compare againstmatches at E value < 1e-50) (Figure 6A). As expected, theproportion of poplar FLcDNAs with sequence similarityto previously published poplar ESTs (i.e., ESTs availablein the dbEST division of GenBank, excluding ESTs fromthis study) by BLASTN was very high, with 96.3% (4,496)and 94.3% (4,401) of FLcDNAs having matches with Evalues < 1e-05 and < 1e-50, respectively (Figure 6A).To identify genes that are potentially unique to poplar, wenext examined the relationship of sequence similarityamong the poplar FLcDNAs and best matching sequencesin the TAIR Arabidopsis proteins, other NR database pro-teins (which includes all plant species), and previouslypublished poplar EST datasets. Of the 4,664 poplar FLcD-NAs, 3,994 (85.6%) had at least low sequence similarityto sequences in all three databases (E values < 1e-05; Figure6B). Only 95 FLcDNAs had no similarity (E values ≥ 1e-05)Validation of poplar FLcDNAs by comparison to reciprocal BLAST matches against Arabidopsis peptides and previously pub-lished p plar FLcDNAsFigure 4Validation of poplar FLcDNAs by comparison to reciprocal BLAST matches against Arabidopsis peptides and previously published poplar FLcDNAs. The set of 4,664 poplar FLcDNAs were compared using BLASTX to both The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) non-redundant Arabidopsis peptide set (28,952 sequences [56]) and a collection of 1,409 previously published poplar sequences from the non-redundant (NR) division of GenBank ([57], the NR release of December 19th, 2006) annotated as full-length (excluding predicted proteins derived from genomic DNA). FLcDNAs were excluded from the analysis when the in-house BLAST-aided ORF detection software identified a FLcDNA as problematic according to the following categories: truncation at the 5'-end (319), truncation at the 3'-end (50), frameshift (12), stop codon in the middle of an ORF (9), or inverted insert (3) [see Additional file 1]. No problematic features were identified in the remaining 4,271 FLcDNAs. This comparison identified 2,774 homologous Arabidopsis-poplar pairs and 288 homologous poplar transcript pairs. A FLcDNA pair was considered homologous if (1) the top BLASTX match exceeded a stringent threshold (% identity ≥ 50%; expect value ≤ 1e-20) and (2) the reciprocal TBLASTN analysis identified the same poplar FLcDNA with a score value equal to or within 10% of the top match. ORF lengths for Arabidopsis and public poplar sequences were extracted from the TAIR and NR records, respectively, and poplar ORF lengths from this study were predicted using either the EMBOSS get-orf or in-house BLAST-aided programs (see Figure 2 legend). The greyscale shading of each hexagon represents poplar FLcDNA abundance. ORF lengths for three Arabidopsis-poplar pairs and eight homologous poplar transcript pairs differed by more than 500 aa and are not included in the figure.Count30929027025123221319417415513611697785940201150010005000050010001500New Poplar FL ORF Length (aa)Arabidopsis ORF Length (aa)6004002000200600800New Poplar FL ORF Length (aa)Previously Published Poplar FL ORF Length (aa)400800Count323028262422201816151311975310Page 7 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)peptides from other species in the NR division of Gen-Bank (88.0% matches at E value < 1e-05 and 56.9%to sequences in any of these databases; however, 87 ofthese strongly matched to the poplar genome using BLATBMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57(sequence identity ≥ 95%, alignment coverage ≥ 95%).Our results suggest that these 87 genes that are repre-sented with FLcDNAs and with poplar genomic sequencesare new genes that have not previously been identified inother poplar EST collections or among genes in Arabidop-sis and other plant species (see Additional file 1).In addition, we also identified 536 poplar FLcDNAs(including the 95 FLcDNAs with no similarity tosequences in the three databases examined) with no sim-ilarity to Arabidopsis or NR proteins (E values ≥ 1e-05), ofwhich 346 FLcDNAs matched with high similarity to boththe poplar genome by BLAT and to previously publishedpoplar ESTs by BLASTN (E values < 1e-50; Figure 6B andsee Additional file 1). These poplar FLcDNAs could repre-poplar, or they may also represent non-coding RNAs orsmall peptides in poplar that share limited sequence sim-ilarity with other plants. The fact that these putative pop-lar-specific FLcDNAs do not share similarity with existingplant sequence data may also reflect the limited availabil-ity of sequence data from Salicaceae species closely relatedto poplar in the current NR database. To test these puta-tively poplar-specific FLcDNAs for known functionaldomains, we performed a search of the Pfam database[42]. At a threshold of E values < 1e-05, we identified 2,908(62.3%) poplar FLcDNAs with similarity to a Pfamdomain; however, among the collection of 346 putativelypoplar-specific genes only 8 FLcDNAs in this set matcheda Pfam domain (see Additional file 1). Domain matchesincluded PF05162.3/ribosomal protein L41Mapping FLcDNAs to the poplar genomeFigure 5Mapping FLcDNAs to the poplar genome. 4,664 poplar FLcDNAs were aligned to the genome using BLAT with default parameters (match length ≥ 11 bp, BLAT score ≥ 30, sequence identity ≥ 90%). Prior to alignment, the 5' second strand primer adaptor sequences (SSPA) and polyA tails were removed. Among 4,642 poplar FLcDNAs that exceeded the minimal criteria for a match to the genome, 3,847 mapped to chromosomes whereas the remainder mapped to scaffold segments. Colored bars indicate the cDNA library of origin for those FLcDNAs mapping to one of the 19 poplar chromosomes. Applying a higher stringency threshold (sequence identity ≥ 95%, alignment coverage ≥ 95%), 4,487 or 96.2% of poplar FLcDNAs could be mapped to the genome.101Scale (Mb)PT-X-FL-A-1PT-P-FL-A-2PT-GT-FL-A-3PTxD-IL-FL-A-4Page 8 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)sent genes that were gained and then rapidly diverged insequence since the recent whole genome duplication in(WS0112_A21, WS0116_F12, WS0124_J06,WS01230_B01, and W01118_I11), PF05160.3/DSS1/BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57SEM1 family (WS0123_P21), PF06376.2/unknown func-tion (WS0112_B13), and PF04689.3/DNA binding pro-tein S1FA (WS01110_K04).Annotation of poplar FLcDNA transcripts affected by FTC herbivoryA major emphasis of the program that motivated thedevelopment and analysis of poplar FLcDNAs is the dis-covery of genes affected by insect attack. To identify her-bivore-responsive genes among the poplar FLcDNAs, wefirst mapped the FLcDNA set onto a poplar 15.5 K micro-array based on BLASTN comparison to ESTs spotted onthe array. This microarray platform was previously usedfor profiling of the poplar leaf transcriptome affected byFTC larvae feeding [11]. Using a stringent similaritythreshold of ≥ 95% identity over ≥ 95% alignment cover-age, we identified 3,854 FLcDNAs that matched with3,974 EST elements on the array (see Additional file 2).tiple FLcDNAs mapping to the same array element, itshould be noted that the in silico match stringency appliedhere is likely higher than the capability of cDNA microar-rays to discriminate among highly similar transcripts byactual DNA hybridization. Next, we identified poplarFLcDNAs with a role in the response to insect attack byscreening the 3,854 FLcDNAs against existing transcrip-tome data of differentially expressed (DE) genes in leavesthat were exposed for 24 hours to FTC feeding [11]. Thisapproach resulted in the identification of 129 and 24FLcDNAs that were induced or repressed, respectively, inFTC-treated leaves compared to untreated control leaves(Tables 3 and 4) using the DE criteria of fold-change ≥ 2.0-fold, P value < 0.05 and Q value < 0.05. A complete list ofexpression data is provided [see Additional file 2]. Each ofthe 153 FLcDNAs was translated and evaluated for thepresence of ORFs, and annotation was assigned based onmanual examination of the highest scoring and mostTable 2: Expressed FLcDNAs that identify possible gaps in the genome sequence assemblyClone ID GenBank ID FLcDNA length (bp) FL status/ORF size (aa) NR BLASTP best match dbEST BLASTN best matchGenBank accession, gene name, speciesBLAST Score GenBank accession, speciesBLAST ScoreWS0138_J20 EF148816 1444 FL/340 AAB39877.1, NMT1 protein, Uromyces fabae1572 DN493922.1, Populus tremula770WS01313_D10 EF148323 1439 FL/363 At3g20790, oxidoreductase, Arabidopsis thaliana1233 DN501083, P. trichocarpa 1318WS0127_P01 EF148143 1237 FL/299 AAD01907, methenyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, Pisum sativum1213 CV131075.1, P. deltoides 1511WS01231_K20 EF147482 1207 FL/256 At5g20060, phospholipase/carboxylesterase family, A. thaliana1026 DV464443.2, P. fremontii × P. angustifolia1479WS0135_G15 EF148633 992 n.a. No matches n.a. BU891205, P. tremula 240WS01312_F21 EF148269 946 n.a. No matches n.a. BI122644.1, P. tremula × P. tremuloides729WS01315_I11 EF148467 836 n.a. No matches n.a. BU824948.1, P. tremula × P. tremuloides339WS01312_H02 EF148274 835 n.a. No matches n.a. BU791223.1, P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides779WS01212_B01 EF146690 821 FL/88 BAB68268.1, drought-inducible protein, Saccharum officinarum147 BU879805.1, P. trichocarpa595WS0122_E05 EF147284 739 FL/131 CAB80775.1, proline-rich protein, A. thaliana340 BU866461.1, P. tremula 890WS0122_O15 EF147357 736 FL/162 At4g10300, hypothetical protein, A. thaliana444 CX181869.1, Populus × canadensis1215WS0113_C11 EF145750 722 FL/136 At3g12260, complex 1/LVR family protein, A. thaliana426 BU879375.1, P. trichocarpa1223WS0125_P18 EF147919 596 3' trunc./70 AAF71823.1, pumilio domain protein, P. tremula × P. tremuloides167 CX187487.1, Populus × canadensis722WS01123_K15 EF145357 483 n.a. No matches n.a. CK319617.1, P. deltoides 268WS01231_G04 EF147458 416 5' trunc./62 At3g18790, hypothetical protein, A. thaliana200 CX184264.1, Populus × canadensis543WS0124_L22 EF147751 360 n.a. No matches n.a. BI128250.1, P. tremula × P. tremuloides494WS0126_O09 EF148027 342 n.a. No matches n.a. CF228572.1, P. tremula × P. alba410WS01118_P04 EF144846 300 n.a. No matches n.a. CX184524.1, Populus × canadensis242WS0136_N09 EF148717 278 n.a. No matches n.a. CX179364.1, Populus × canadensis458WS0138_I14 EF148811 231 n.a. No matches n.a. CX170421.1, P. deltoides 228Page 9 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)Although we did observe some cases of individual FLcD-NAs mapping to multiple array elements, as well as mul-informative BLASTX matches in NR.BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57Among FTC-induced transcripts represented with FLcD-NAs, we identified a large number of defense-related andstress response proteins such as chitinases, Kunitz pro-tease inhibitors, dehydrins, beta-1,3-glucanases, patho-genesis related protein PR-1, and glutathione-S-transferase (Table 3). Several classes of transcription fac-tors (TFs) were also strongly affected by FTC feeding suchciated with signaling were also strongly affected by FTCfeeding, including allene oxide cyclase involved in jas-monate formation and calreticulin associated with cal-cium signaling. We also observed a substantial number ofFLcDNAs annotated as involved in phenolic metabolism,particularly flavonoid biosynthesis, including isoflavonereductase, EPSP synthase, flavonoid 3-O-glycosyl trans-ferase and flavanone 3-hydroxylase, along with severalcytochrome P450s of unknown function (Table 3).Among the FTC-repressed transcripts represented withFLcDNAs, we observed photosystem II proteins associatedwith photosynthesis, malate dehydrogenase and thiaminebiosynthesis enzyme associated with primary metabo-lism, several zinc finger TFs, and stress-responsive pro-teins such as small heat shock and universal stressproteins (Table 4). Twenty two of the 153 FTC-responsivegenes represented with FLcDNAs matched to hypotheticalproteins of unknown function and nine have no obvioussimilarity to any proteins in the NR database.DiscussionPrevious studies using the biotinylated CAP trappermethod for FLcDNA library construction have demon-strated this technique to be highly effective for capturingpredominantly true full-length clones in large-scaleprojects [24,25,27]. In this study, we generated a set of4,664 FLcDNAs, which represents the third largest plantFLcDNA resource published to date, behind only Arabi-dopsis and rice. CAP3 clustering and assembly indicatesthat more than 85% of the FLcDNAs are non-redundantwithin this collection. The average sequence length, ORFand UTR sizes of the poplar FLcDNAs were comparable tothose observed with the CAP trapper-derived FLcDNA col-lections for maize [27], Arabidopsis [40] and rice [24],and were also very similar to the ab initio predicted refer-ence genes in the poplar genome sequence [2]. Applying areciprocal BLAST strategy, we demonstrated that amongFLcDNAs with high sequence similarity to known Arabi-dopsis peptides and/or previously published poplarFLcDNAs, nearly 80% had similar ORF lengths and start-ing methionine and stop codon positions. Collectively,these data show that the poplar FLcDNA libraries are ofhigh quality and that our clone selection strategy com-bined with the CAP trapper method was effective in cap-turing bona fide FLcDNAs from poplar.Comparison of poplar FLcDNAs and the poplar genomesequence assembly confirmed both the overall high accu-racy of the current genome assembly, as well as the qualityof the FLcDNA resource described here. However, as hasbeen previously demonstrated with efforts to identify thecomplete catalogue of genes in Arabidopsis and rice, geneprediction and genome assembly is an iterative process.Sequence annotation of 4,664 high-quality poplar FLcDNAs against published databasesFig re 6Sequence annotation of 4,664 high-quality poplar FLcDNAs against published databases. Panel A shows the percentage of FLcDNAs with similarity to entries in three databases using expect (E) value thresholds of < 1e-05 and < 1e-50: matches to previously published poplar ESTs (i.e., ESTs available in GenBank, excluding ESTs from this study) identified by BLASTN; amino acid sequences in the non-redundant (NR) division of GenBank identified by BLASTX; and The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) non-redundant Arabidopsis peptide matches identified by BLASTX. Panel B shows a Venn diagram of distinct and over-lapping patterns of sequence similarity against the three data-bases (public poplar ESTs, TAIR, NR) at a BLAST E value threshold of < 1e-05. At this threshold, 95 poplar FLcDNAs had no similarity to sequences in any of the databases exam-ined.A 100806040200E < 1e-05E < 1e-50% of FLcDNAswith database matchPopulus ESTs GenBankNRTAIR Arabidopsis64 63399420 41441BTAIR ArabidopsisonlyGenBank NRonlyPopulus ESTsonly95 FLcDNAs do not match sequences in any of the three databasesPage 10 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)as bZIP domain TFs, NAC domain TFs, NAM domain TFsand ethylene response factor TFs. A number of genes asso-The results reported here for the mapping of FLcDNAs tothe poplar genome sequence reveal opportunities forBMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57Table 3: FLcDNAs corresponding to transcripts most strongly induced by forest tent caterpillar (FTC) feeding [fold-change (FC) ≥ 2.0, P value < 0.05, Q value < 0.05]NR BLASTP best match FTC feeding @ 24 h15.5 K Array ID Matching FLcDNA ID GenBank ID FL status/ORF size (aa) GenBank accession, gene name, species BLAST score FC P QWS0151_M13 WS0131_K04a EF148503 FL/202 BAB85998.1, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, Populus nigra396 60.4 <0.001 <0.001WS0132_F23 WS0133_O14a EF148554 FL/202 BAB85997.1, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, P. nigra 380 50.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0134_B13 WS0134_B13 EF148557 FL/212 AAQ84217.1, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, Populus trichocarpa × deltoides387 46.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0133_N23 WS0133_N23 EF148553 FL/197 CAJ21341.1, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, P. nigra 383 38.8 <0.001 <0.001WS0124_G12 WS0124_G12 EF147703 FL/159 AAQ08196.1, translation initiation factor 5A, Hevea brasiliensis316 29.0 <0.001 <0.001WS01223_D01 WS01223_D01 EF146918 FL/359 At1g74320, choline kinase, Arabidopsis thaliana537 28.4 <0.001 <0.001WS0134_E16 WS0134_E16 EF148571 5' trunc./124 AAA16342.1, vegetative storage protein, P. trichocarpa × deltoides239 27.4 <0.001 <0.001WS01120_O24 WS01120_O24 EF145143 3' trunc./56 At4g07960, putative glucosyltransferase, A. thaliana72 26.4 <0.001 <0.001WS01211_H19 WS01211_H19 EF146657 FL/337 CAN72815, hypothetical protein, Vitis vinifera 253 26.0 <0.001 <0.001WS0121_J16 WS0122_N13 EF147347 FL/339 AAK01124.1, vegetative storage protein, P. trichocarpa × deltoides509 25.4 <0.001 <0.001WS0141_P05 WS0132_K10a EF148516 FL/202 AAQ84216.1, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, Populus trichocarpa × deltoides386 22.7 <0.001 <0.001WS01118_D16 WS01118_D16 EF144781 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 16.8 <0.001 <0.001WS0168_C17 WS01119_J20 EF144899 FL/285 AAY43790.1, hypothetical protein, Gossypium hirsutum77 16.0 <0.001 <0.001WS01119_E18 WS01119_E18 EF144877 3' trunc./67 At5g61770, brix domain-containing protein, A. thaliana85 15.7 <0.001 <0.001WS0133_B24 WS0133_K20a EF148543 FL/202 CAH59150.1, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, Populus tremula351 15.5 <0.001 <0.001WS0155_D02 WS0138_H02a EF148810 FL/251 BAB21610.2, mangrin/allene oxide cyclase, Bruguiera sexangula336 14.4 <0.001 <0.001WS0152_M24 WS0128_J15 EF148194 FL/91 At5g24165, hypothetical protein, A. thaliana 72 13.7 <0.001 <0.001WS01118_N14 WS01118_N14 EF144837 frameshift/47 At4g27960, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 9, A. thaliana96 13.2 <0.001 <0.001WS01212_M19 WS0128_D22 EF148166 FL/509 ABA01477.1, cytochrome P450, Gossypium hirsutum726 12.3 <0.001 0.002WS01211_N06 WS0118_O23a EF146529 FL/225 ABS12347.1, dehydrin, P. nigra 167 11.8 <0.001 <0.001WS0132_A15 WS01313_N19 EF148368 FL/396 At4g18550, lipase class 3 family protein, A. thaliana385 11.6 <0.001 0.001WS01212_B20 WS0128_L03 EF148205 FL/318 CAA73220.1, isoflavone reductase, Citrus × paradise469 10.4 <0.001 <0.001WS0122_C03 WS0122_C03 EF147271 FL/133 CAN82925.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 114 9.2 <0.001 0.001WS0113_H20 WS0113_H20 EF145803 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 8.8 <0.001 <0.001WS0134_J14 WS0134_J14a EF148597 FL/202 AAQ84216.1, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, P. trichocarpa × deltoides380 7.9 <0.001 <0.001WS01120_N21 WS01120_N21 EF145138 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 6.9 <0.001 <0.001WS0114_H12 WS0114_H12 EF145947 FL/252 At4g01470, major intrinsic family protein, A. thaliana364 6.3 <0.001 <0.001WS0126_E15 WS0126_E15 EF147963 FL/325 At1g30910, molybdenum cofactor sulfurase family protein, A. thaliana444 6.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0168_F14 WS01123_O20 EF145380 FL/217 At3g18030, phosphopantothenoyl cysteine decarboxylase, A. thaliana350 6.2 <0.001 <0.001PX0019_C05 PX0019_C05 EF144379 FL/214 AAF64453.1, heat-shock protein 90, Euphorbia esula330 5.7 <0.001 <0.001WS0205_K16 WS01214_G11 EF146815 FL/387 CAN71454.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 682 5.6 <0.001 <0.001WS0152_N17 WS0114_F10a EF145928 FL/70 BAA03527.1, ATP synthase epsilon subunit, Ipomoea batatas120 5.6 <0.001 0.001WS01118_A11 WS0113_M04 EF145848 FL/97 At1g77710, ubiquitin-fold modifier precursor, A. thaliana150 5.5 <0.001 <0.001WS0132_L23 WS0132_L23 EF148518 FL/372 AAP87281.1, beta-1,3-glucanase, Hevea brasiliensis540 5.4 <0.001 0.002WS0124_C22 WS0124_C22 EF147658 5' trunc./142 CAA42660.1, luminal binding protein, Nicotiana tabacum213 5.4 <0.001 <0.001WS01116_C06 WS01123_N20 EF145376 FL/250 At4g38210, expansin A20 precursor, A. thaliana351 5.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0114_D04 WS01211_M02a EF146676 FL/414 AAB71419.1, calreticulin, Ricinus communis 556 5.0 <0.001 <0.001WS01117_O15 WS01117_O15 EF144759 FL/230 At4g11150, Vacuolar ATP synthase subunit E1, A. thaliana295 4.7 <0.001 <0.001WS0133_J24 WS0133_J24 EF148541 FL/177 At1g01250, AP2 transcription factor, A. thaliana303 4.6 0.001 0.004WS0148_P02 WS0127_F13 EF148073 5' trunc./283 At1g64660, methionine gamma-lyase, A. thaliana424 4.5 <0.001 0.001WS02010_D02 WS0126_C10a EF147943 FL/68 NP_001066879.1, hypothetical protein, Oryza sativa175 4.4 <0.001 <0.001Page 11 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)WS0155_H06 WS0125_E23 EF147828 FL/215 CAN69111.1, glutathione-S-transferase, V. vinifera415 4.3 <0.001 <0.001BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57WS01119_L18 WS01119_L18 EF144906 FL/56 NP_001068325.1, 40S ribosomal protein, O. sativa182 4.3 <0.001 <0.001WS0134_F23 WS0134_F23 EF148579 FL/312 CAN79077.1, annexin, V. vinifera 575 4.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0117_C05 WS0124_M24 EF147756 FL/538 AAA80588.1, calnexin, Glycine max 1231 4.1 <0.001 <0.001WS0175_A23 WS01125_H02a EF145504 FL/181 AAT08648.1, ADP-ribosylation factor, Hyacinthus orientalis587 4.0 0.004 0.014WS0153_O15 WS0135_A12 EF148616 FL/388 At4g24220, vein patterning 1, A. thaliana 711 4.0 <0.001 <0.001WS0141_G12 WS01312_A02 EF148234 FL/273 At1g19180, hypothetical protein, A. thaliana 160 4.0 <0.001 0.003WS0168_D23 WS01230_E07 EF147385 FL/420 ABD32854.1, hypothetical protein, Medicago truncatula670 4.0 <0.001 0.001WS0154_B02 WS01228_N21 EF147184 5' trunc./186 At5g07340, calnexin, A. thaliana 251 3.9 <0.001 <0.001WS01116_D23 WS01116_D23 EF144634 FL/84 At3g60540, sec61beta family protein, A. thaliana92 3.8 <0.001 <0.001WS0117_O22 WS0117_O22a EF146403 FL/68 At1g27330, hypothetical protein, A. thaliana 103 3.5 <0.001 <0.001WS0122_A01 WS01227_N20 EF147117 FL/399 At1g74210, glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase, A. thaliana606 3.5 <0.001 <0.001WS0144_K08 WS01119_H21 EF144889 FL/358 ABQ10199.1, cysteine protease, Actinidia deliciosa594 3.5 <0.001 <0.001WS0147_I02 WS0125_D08 EF147814 FL/444 AAS79603.1, prephenate dehydratase, Ipomoea trifida653 3.3 <0.001 0.001WS0111_C18 WS0125_B22a EF147800 FL/395 P47916, S-adenosyl methionine synthetase, P. deltoides785 3.3 <0.001 0.001WS0151_N14 WS0127_M05 EF148121 FL/485 Q01781, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, Petroselinum crispum939 3.3 <0.001 <0.001WS01212_P09 WS01212_P09 EF146734 FL/161 ABC47922.1, pathogenesis-related protein 1, Malus × domestica236 3.2 0.005 0.016PX0015_M10 PX0015_M10 EF144335 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 3.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0111_A20 WS0111_A20 EF144935 FL/360 CAN67616.1, cupin family protein, V. vinifera 474 3.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0117_P18 WS0117_P18 EF146411 FL/93 NP_001047293.1, hypoxia-responsive family protein, O. sativa122 3.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0131_J08 WS0131_J08 EF148502 FL/452 AAA70334.1, omega-3 fatty acid desaturase, Sesamum indicum708 3.1 <0.001 <0.001WS0173_J22 WS01229_P15 EF147254 frameshift/441 CAH05011.1, alpha-dioxygenase, Pisum sativum679 3.1 <0.001 0.002WS0151_H21 WS01314_F07a EF148393 FL/505 AAB05641.1, protein disulphide isomerase, R. communis786 3.1 <0.001 <0.001WS0141_E06 WS0128_M17 EF148216 FL/338 CAN79663.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 284 3.0 <0.001 <0.001WS01211_D15 WS01211_D15 EF146643 FL/258 NP_001061550.1, 60S ribosomal protein L7A, O. sativa398 3.0 0.004 0.012WS01110_A05 WS01110_A05 EF144530 5' trunc./46 AAT45244.1, EPSP synthase, Conyza canadensis87 3.0 <0.001 <0.001WS0122_A21 WS0122_A21 EF147261 FL/349 At3g62600, DNAJ heat shock family protein, A. thaliana542 3.0 <0.001 <0.001WS0154_D16 PX0019_K19 EF144475 FL/172 ABL67655.1, cyclophilin, Citrus cv. Shiranuhi 303 3.0 <0.001 <0.001WS0114_N12 WS0114_N12 EF146003 5' trunc./243 AAU08208.1, chloroplast ferritin precursor, Vigna angularis357 3.0 0.001 0.007WS0153_O16 WS0136_K07a EF148708 FL/113 CAA40072.1, hypothetical protein, P. trichocarpa × deltoides225 2.9 <0.001 <0.001WS01117_D04 WS01117_D04 EF144703 FL/137 CAN73155.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 110 2.9 <0.001 <0.001WS01120_A02 WS01120_A02 EF145080 5' trunc./105 At1g03010, phototropic-responsive NPH3 family protein, A. thaliana177 2.8 <0.001 0.001WS0178_L06 WS01211_M01 EF146675 FL/415 NP_001064428.1, no apical meristem transcription factor, O. sativa98 2.8 <0.001 0.001WS0143_C23 WS01228_M23a EF147179 FL/212 ABB89210.1, dehydroascorbate reductase, S. indicum343 2.7 <0.001 <0.001WS0127_I09 WS0127_I09 EF148095 FL/235 CAB77025.1, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, N. tabacum294 2.7 0.003 0.012PX0015_K10 PX0015_K10 EF144326 3' trunc./65 At2g15590, hypothetical protein, A. thaliana 39 2.7 0.001 0.004WS0152_M05 WS01111_A23 EF144570 FL/125 At1g69230, nitrilase-associated protein, A. thaliana80 2.7 0.001 0.006WS0134_H19 WS0134_H19 EF148589 FL/461 At5g28237. tryptophan synthase, A. thaliana 579 2.7 <0.001 0.001WS0122_P22 WS0122_P22 EF147367 5' trunc./46 AAS89832.1, flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase, Fragaria × ananassa47 2.6 0.009 0.023WS0113_E03 WS0113_E03 EF145764 5' trunc./130 At1g73600, phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase, A. thaliana198 2.6 <0.001 0.001WS02012_L20 WS01212_L02a EF146720 FL/440 AAV50009.1, N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase, Malus × domestica451 2.5 <0.001 0.001WS0116_I22 WS01119_O01a EF144919 FL/212 ABB89210.1, dehydroascorbate reductase, S. indicum360 2.5 <0.001 0.001WS0128_C01 WS0128_C01 EF148156 FL/205 CAC85245.1, salt tolerance protein, Beta vulgaris246 2.5 0.001 0.005PX0011_E19 PX0011_C19 EF144204 FL/341 At1g10840, eukaryotic translation initiation factor subunit 3, A. thaliana573 2.5 <0.001 0.002WS0128_M01 WS0128_M01 EF148209 5' trunc./197 ABN08481.1, homeodomain-related, M. truncatula103 2.4 <0.001 0.003WS01126_B13 WS01126_B13 EF145551 3' trunc./136 CAN77060.1, ubiquitin activating enzyme, V. 239 2.4 0.017 0.035Table 3: FLcDNAs corresponding to transcripts most strongly induced by forest tent caterpillar (FTC) feeding [fold-change (FC) ≥ 2.0, P value < 0.05, Q value < 0.05] (Continued)Page 12 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)viniferaWS01125_E14 WS01125_E14a EF145493 FL/207 NP_001058535.1, cyclophilin, O. sativa 340 2.4 <0.001 0.001BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57Table 3: FLcDNAs corresponding to transcripts most strongly induced by forest tent caterpillar (FTC) feeding [fold-change (FC) ≥ 2.0, P value < 0.05, Q value < 0.05] (Continued)WS01218_P22 WS01120_G07a EF145102 FL/170 NP_001050870.1, glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, O. sativa144 2.4 0.004 0.013WS01117_L06 WS01117_L06 EF144744 frameshift/136 NP_001046690.1, ribosomal protein L10A, O. sativa171 2.4 <0.001 <0.001WS01117_E15 WS01117_E15 EF144711 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 2.4 <0.001 0.001WS01110_A14 WS0122_K19 EF147330 FL/476 AAF18411.1, integral membrane protein, Phaseolus vulgaris897 2.4 <0.001 <0.001WS0156_A21 WS0127_G12a EF148080 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 2.4 0.017 0.035WS0127_G19 WS0127_G19 EF148082 frameshift/251 At4g11640, serine racemase, A. thaliana 354 2.4 <0.001 0.002WS0112_O04 WS0112_O04 EF145713 5' trunc./566 ABS01352.1, methionine synthase, Carica papaya1073 2.4 <0.001 0.001WS0155_E17 WS01212_I06a EF146705 FL/363 ABM67589.1, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, V. vinifera645 2.4 0.003 0.012WS0168_M07 WS0137_H13a EF148760 FL/62 ABF98145.1, hypothetical protein, O. sativa 57 2.4 <0.001 0.003WS0119_H18 WS0117_P08 EF146405 5' trunc./188 CAN83141.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 218 2.3 <0.001 0.003WS0157_L22 WS0128_B17 EF148154 5' trunc./388 CAN76057.1, glucosyltransferase, V. vinifera 411 2.3 0.002 0.008WS0185_E12 WS0124_A18 EF147646 FL/285 CAH60723.1, aquaporin, P. tremula × tremuloides488 2.3 0.001 0.007WS0125_I01 WS0125_I01 EF147858 FL/477 BAA36972.1, flavonoid 3-O-galactosyl transferase, Vigna mungo442 2.3 0.003 0.011PX0019_C07 PX0019_C07 EF144380 5' trunc./222 CAN74465.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 369 2.3 0.015 0.033WS01111_E24 WS0113_P06 EF145877 FL/290 AAN32641.1, short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase, Solanum tuberosum399 2.3 <0.001 0.003WS01212_B14 WS01214_D06a EF146806 FL/363 ABM67589.1, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, V. vinifera644 2.3 0.003 0.011WS0181_A04 WS01312_M14 EF148294 frameshift/232 CAN74806, bZIP transcription factor, V. vinifera152 2.3 0.002 0.009WS0116_F22 WS0116_F22 EF146228 frameshift/239 At3g05290, mitochondrial substrate carrier protein, A. thaliana283 2.3 0.004 0.013WS01121_C12 WS01121_C12 EF145159 FL/216 At2g25110, MIR domain-containing protein, A. thaliana349 2.3 <0.001 <0.001WS01214_P11 WS01214_P11 EF146849 FL/219 ABL84692, glutathione S-transferase, V. vinifera345 2.3 0.002 0.009WS0128_G16 WS01228_N10 EF147182 FL/207 AAN03471.1, hypothetical protein, G. max 99 2.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0209_J01 WS0135_O22 EF148667 FL/318 AAG23965.1, endochitinase, Vigna sesquipedalis461 2.2 0.001 0.004WS01119_M12 WS01110_H18 EF144553 FL/118 At5g04750, F1F0-ATPase inhibitor protein, A. thaliana52 2.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0205_L05 WS01228_D08 EF147142 frameshift/233 AAX85981.1, NAC4 protein, G. max 362 2.2 0.019 0.038WS0123_D13 WS0137_E08 EF148737 FL/533 At5g58270, STARK1 ATPase, half ABC transporter, A. thaliana642 2.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0112_P02 WS0116_L21 EF146273 FL/145 At5g27670, histone 2A, A. thaliana 196 2.2 <0.001 0.002WS01214_A14 WS01225_E15 EF146945 FL/330 At5g07010, sulfotransferase family protein, A. thaliana394 2.2 0.002 0.009WS01211_G15 WS01211_G15 EF146653 FL/507 AAL24049.1, cytochrome P450, Citrus sinensis677 2.2 <0.001 0.002WS0123_E09 WS0123_E09 EF147535 FL/210 ABB89210.1, dehydroascorbate reductase, S. indicum332 2.2 <0.001 <0.001WS0114_N11 WS0114_N11 EF146002 5' trunc./313 AAF73006.1, NADP-dependent malic enzyme, R. communis450 2.1 <0.001 <0.001WS0154_G22 WS0122_L10 EF147335 5' trunc./381 CAN74204.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 535 2.1 0.001 0.005WS0181_N15 WS0133_H05 EF148536 FL/283 ABG73415.1, chloroplast pigment-binding protein, N. tabacum496 2.1 <0.001 0.001WS0131_L08 WS0137_P12a EF148792 FL/214 NP_001060368.1, emp24/gp25L/p24 transmembrane protein, O. sativa288 2.1 <0.001 <0.001WS0124_N24 WS0124_N24 EF147765 FL/584 NP_001048852.1, acyl-activating enzyme 11, O. sativa750 2.1 0.017 0.036WS0116_E14 WS0116_E14 EF146213 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 2.1 0.001 0.004WS0128_N06 WS0128_N06 EF148221 FL/257 At4g18260, cytochrome b-561, A. thaliana 294 2.1 0.005 0.016WS01122_N10 WS01122_N10 EF145286 FL/91 At1g62440, leucine-rich repeat extensin, A. thaliana107 2.0 0.010 0.025WS01214_M13 WS01214_M13 EF146841 FL/378 At5g45670, GDSL-motif/hydrolase family protein, A. thaliana298 2.0 <0.001 0.001WS01213_H17 WS01213_H17 EF146756 FL/597 At4g34200, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, A. thaliana884 2.0 <0.001 0.003WS01122_N02 WS01231_J04a EF147472 FL/196 XP_001334748.1, hypothetical protein, Danio rerio59 2.0 0.003 0.010WS0156_F12 WS0118_O10 EF146525 FL/102 At2g18400, ribosomal protein L6, A. thaliana 165 2.0 <0.001 <0.001aMultiple FLcDNAs match to the same microarray EST, a complete list of matching FLcDNAs is provided elsewhere [see Additional file 2].Page 13 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57improvement of the genome sequence assembly (i.e., tar-geting apparent gaps for re-sequencing), as well as oppor-tunities to further improve tools for the in silico predictionof genes. To address the discovery of apparent gaps in thegenome assembly, the availability of 39 FLcDNAs that arenot covered in the current assembly could be used to tar-get BAC clones for re-sequencing and filling of gapregions. Similarly, the discovery of 173 FLcDNAs that donot have corresponding gene predictions in the currentgenome annotation may provide an opportunity to fur-ther improve gene prediction tools for poplar. Algorithmsused for gene prediction in the poplar genome sequenceassembly could be tested with these 173 FLcDNAs to findout why they may have initially been missed. If this leadsto an improvement of prediction tools, the assembledgenome sequence could be tested with the modified toolsto identify additional genes.lished poplar ESTs revealed that ca. 88% of poplar FLcD-NAs showed similarity to sequences in Arabidopsis orother plants. Many of the ca. 11.5% of poplar FLcDNAswithout significant sequence similarity in Arabidopsis orother plants are supported with evidence of gene expres-sion in the form of previously published poplar ESTs andmatching the poplar genome sequence, thus excluding thepossibility that they are artifacts of cDNA library construc-tion. The discovery of poplar FLcDNAs without matchesin other plant species is also in agreement with previousanalysis of the poplar genome sequence where 11% ofpredicted proteins had no similarity to proteins in the NRdatabase and 12% had no similarity to Arabidopsis pro-teins [2]. For comparison, only 64% of the 28,444 ORFsderived from rice FLcDNAs showed significant similarityto coding sequences predicted from the Arabidopsisgenome and conversely, only 75% of Arabidopsis codingsequences had similarity to rice FLcDNAs [24]. These find-Table 4: FLcDNAs corresponding to transcripts most strongly repressed by forest tent caterpillar (FTC) feeding [fold-change (FC) ≥ 2.0, P value < 0.05, Q value < 0.05]NR BLASTP best match FTC feeding @ 24 h15.5 K Array ID Matching FLcDNA ID GenBank ID FL status/ORF size (aa) GenBank accession, gene name, species BLAST score FC P QWS0162_B18 WS01227_D07 EF147075 FL/465 AAX84673.1, cysteine protease, Manihot esculenta782 0.33 <0.001 <0.001WS0112_D20 WS0112_D20 EF145637 FL/99 At1g67910, hypothetical protein, Arabidopsis thaliana69 0.34 <0.001 0.001WS0126_C06 WS0126_C06 EF147942 FL/121 At2g45180, protease inhibitor/lipid transfer protein, A. thaliana108 0.34 0.018 0.038WS0131_P03 WS0131_P03a EF148510 FL/303 CAN63090.1, zinc finger transcription factor, Vitis vinifera135 0.36 <0.001 0.001WS0178_F11 WS01228_M08 EF147174 5' trunc./106 At1g22770, gigantea protein, A. thaliana 150 0.38 <0.001 0.002WS0127_F15 WS0127_F15 EF148074 FL/173 CAN68427.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 207 0.40 <0.001 0.001WS0121_B24 WS0128_M21 EF148217 FL/139 AAU03358.1, acyl carrier protein, Lycopersicon esculentum119 0.41 <0.001 <0.001WS0147_J04 WS0134_M10 EF148605 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 0.41 0.004 0.014WS0158_G10 WS0128_E13 EF148173 5' trunc./628 At1g56070, elongation factor, A. thaliana 1239 0.41 0.001 0.005WS0152_E14 WS0112_O08a EF145715 FL/252 ABH09330.1, aquaporin, V. vinifera 375 0.42 <0.001 0.003WS0143_B24 WS01227_O15 EF147121 FL/267 At1g06460, small heat shock protein, A. thaliana146 0.42 <0.001 0.001WS0127_G18 WS0127_G18 EF148081 n.a. No protein matches n.a. 0.43 <0.001 <0.001WS0182_D02 WS01226_N23 EF147055 FL/335 CAN75691.1, methyltransferase, V. vinifera 534 0.43 0.001 0.005WS0124_D16 WS0124_D16 EF147668 FL/164 At3g62550, universal stress protein, A. thaliana188 0.44 <0.001 0.001WS0163_G24 WS0115_E02 EF146059 FL/341 AAD56659.1, malate dehydrogenase, Glycine max566 0.45 0.003 0.010WS0175_O14 WS01313_J01a EF148349 FL/239 CAN63226.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 313 0.45 <0.001 0.001WS0178_N22 WS01111_H24 EF144589 FL/161 ABG27020.1, SKP1-like ubiquitin-protein ligase, Medicago truncatula219 0.46 <0.001 <0.001WS0121_H19 WS0121_H19 EF146882 FL/350 AAW66657.1, thiamine biosynthetic enzyme, Picrorhiza kurrooa539 0.48 0.005 0.016WS0206_B21 WS0131_B11 EF148494 FL/133 CAA59409.1, photosystem II reaction center protein, Spinacia oleracea140 0.48 0.001 0.006WS0155_M12 WS0136_E20 EF148683 FL/234 CAN60736.1, hypothetical protein, V. vinifera 313 0.48 0.001 0.007WS0152_F02 WS01117_K24 EF144742 FL/384 CAN83255.1, CCCH-type zinc finger protein, V. vinifera432 0.49 <0.001 0.002WS01224_P10 WS0124_L08a EF147742 FL/137 CAA28450.1, photosystem II 10 kDa polypeptide, Solanum tuberosum191 0.49 <0.001 0.003WS0115_N05 WS0115_N05 EF146146 FL/250 AAM21317.1, auxin-regulated protein, Populus tremula × tremuloides449 0.50 0.005 0.016WS0125_F02 WS0125_F02 EF147829 FL/516 At1g60590, polygalacturonase, A. thaliana 715 0.50 0.001 0.005aMultiple FLcDNAs match to the same microarray EST, a complete list of matching FLcDNAs is provided elsewhere [see Additional file 2].Page 14 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)The comparative sequence annotation of poplar FLcDNAsagainst Arabidopsis, the NR database, and previously pub-ings suggest that a substantial proportion of protein-cod-ing sequences are not conserved among all plant species.BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57The putative poplar-specific genes could be the product ofpast local or whole genome duplications in the lineagethat led to extant poplar species [2,43] followed bysequence divergence [44,45]. Furthermore, ca. 2% of pop-lar FLcDNAs did not contain a predicted ORF suggestingthese putative poplar-specific genes likely encode non-coding RNAs (i.e., rRNAs, tRNAs, snoRNAs etc.).ConclusionWe developed a large FLcDNA resource of high sequencequality and low-level redundancy that facilitated the dis-covery of a substantial number of genes not presentamong the published sequences of other plant species,and that also facilitated the discovery of several hundredinsect-affected genes in the poplar leaf transcriptome thatwere represented by FLcDNAs. The newly establishedpoplar FLcDNA resource will be valuable for furtherimprovement of the poplar genome assembly, annotationof protein-coding regions, and for functional and compar-ative analysis of poplar genes. Specifically, the identifica-tion of FLcDNAs that are not covered in the currentgenome assembly or that were not predicted during thegenome annotation provides opportunities to furtherrefine the current genome assembly. The availability of alarge collection of FLcDNAs that show altered geneexpression following insect herbivory affords more rapidcharacterization of the role of these genes in poplar bioticinteractions.MethodsFull-length cDNA librariesPlant materials used in the construction of cDNA librariesare described in Table 1. Isolation of total and poly(A)+RNA are described elsewhere (see Additional file 3).FLcDNA libraries were directionally constructed (5' SstIand 3' XhoI) according to published methods [46,47],with modifications described in detail elsewhere (seeAdditional file 3).DNA sequencing and sequence filteringDetails of bacterial transformation with plasmids, clonehandling, DNA purification and evaluation, and DNAsequencing are provided elsewhere (see Additional file 3).Sequences from each cDNA library were closely moni-tored to assess library complexity and sequence quality.DNA sequence chromatograms were processed using thePHRED software (versions 0.000925.c and 0.020425.c)[48,49]. Sequences were quality-trimmed according to thehigh-quality (hq) contiguous region determined byPHRED and vector-trimmed using CROSS_MATCH soft-ware [50]. Sequences with less than 100 quality bases(Phred 20 or better) after trimming and sequences havingpolyA tails of ≥ 100 bases were removed from analysis.[51,52] against E. coli K12 DNA sequence (GI: 6626251),Saccharomyces cerevisiae [53], Aspergillus nidulans (TIGRANGI.060302), and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (customdatabase generated using SRS, Lion Biosciences).Sequences were also compared to the GenBank NR data-base using BLASTX. Top ranked BLAST hits involvingother non-plant species and with E values < 1e-10 wereclassified as contaminants and removed prior to ESTassembly.Selection of candidate FLcDNA clones and sequencing strategyAll 3'-end ESTs remaining after filtering were clusteredand assembled using CAP3 [39] (assembly criteria: 95%identity, 40 bp window). The resulting contigs and single-tons were defined as the PUT set. PUTs with a cDNA clonefrom a FLcDNA library were selected as candidates forcomplete insert sequencing (Figure 1). Candidate clonesfrom FLcDNA libraries were single-pass sequenced fromboth 3'- and 5'-ends and both sequences were used forsubsequent clone selection. Next, clones were screened forthe presence of a polyA tail (3'-end EST) and the second-strand primer adaptor (SSPA; 5'-ACTAGTTTAATTAAAT-TAATCCCCCCCCCCC-3'; 5'-end EST). Clones lackingeither of these features were eliminated. A polyA tail wasdefined as at least 12 consecutive, or 14 of 15 \"A\" residueswithin the last 30 nt of the 3'-end EST (5' to 3'). The pres-ence of the SSPA was detected using the Needleman-Wun-sch algorithm limiting the search to the first 30 nt of the5'-end EST (5' to 3'). The SSPA was defined as eight con-secutive \"C\" residues and a > 80% match to the remainingsequence (5'-ACTAGTTTAATTAAATTAAT-3'). In eachcase, the algorithms used to detect the 5' and 3' clone fea-tures were set to produce maximal sensitivity while main-taining a 0% false positive rate, as determined using testdata sets. Candidate clones for which either of the initial5'-end or 3'-end EST reads had a Phred20 quality length of< 100 nt were also excluded. Finally, candidate cloneswere compared to poplar ESTs in the public domain(excluding ESTs from this collection; BLASTN match E <1e-80) to identify candidate FLcDNAs potentially trun-cated at the 5' end of the transcript relative to a matchingEST. Any clone with a 5' end that was > 100 nt shorter thanthe matching public EST was excluded. For each PUT rep-resented by multiple candidate clones after filtering, theclone with the longest 5' sequence was selected for com-plete insert sequencing. Insert sizing performed on 4,848of 5,926 candidate clones using colony PCR with vectorprimers and standard gel electrophoresis revealed an aver-age insert size of ca. 1,085 bp. Based on this information,a sequencing strategy emphasizing the use of end readswas chosen.Page 15 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)Also removed were sequences representing bacterial, yeastor fungal contaminations identified by BLAST searchesBMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57Sequence finishing of FLcDNA clonesFLcDNA clones selected for complete sequence finishingwere rearrayed into 384-well plates, followed by an addi-tional round of 5'-end and 3'-end sequencing using vectorprimers. All end reads from an individual clone were thenassembled using PHRAP (version 0990329) [48-50]. Tomeet our sequence quality criteria, the resulting cloneconsensus sequence was required to achieve a minimumaverage score of Phred35, with each base position havinga minimum score of Phred30. Each base position alsorequired at least two sequence reads, of minimumPhred20, that were in agreement with the consensussequence (i.e., no high-quality discrepancies). Clones thatdid not meet these finishing criteria after two rounds ofend read sequencing were then subjected to successiverounds of sequencing using custom primers designedusing the Consed graphical tool version 14 [54] until therequired quality levels were achieved. Regardless of thefinishing strategy, all clones that did not meet the mini-mum finishing criteria according to an automated pipe-line were flagged for manual examination. Clones wereaborted if they were manually verified to lack the mini-mum finishing criteria after three rounds of customprimer design, were identified as chimeric sequences, orwere refractory to sequence finishing due to the presenceof a \"hard-stop\". FLcDNA sequences have been depositedin the NR division of GenBank [EF144175 to EF148838].Gene expression meta-analysis of FLcDNAsPoplar FLcDNA sequences were mapped to a cDNAmicroarray containing 15,496 poplar ESTs [[11]; GeneExpression Omnibus (GEO) platform number GPL5921]using BLASTN with a stringent threshold of ≥ 95% iden-tity over ≥ 95% of alignment coverage. To identify FLcD-NAs that were DE following FTC feeding, FLcDNAsmapping to the microarray were matched to an existingmicroarray dataset that examined gene expression inhybrid poplar leaves 24 hours after continuous FTC feed-ing ([11]; GEO series number GSE9522).Authors' contributionsThis study was conceived and directed by SGR, CJD andJB. Full-length cDNA libraries were developed by SGR, DCand NK. Data was analyzed by SGR, HJEC and RK withassistance from the coauthors. LG conducted DNAsequencing at the ORNL under the direction of GAT. RAH,SJMJ and MM directed sequencing and bioinformaticswork at the GSC. SGR, HJEC and JB wrote the paper. Allauthors read and approved the final manuscript.Additional materialAcknowledgementsWe thank Diana Palmquist, Brian Wynhoven, Jerry Liu, Yaron Butterfield and Asim Siddiqui of the Genome Sciences Centre for assistance with bio-informatic analyses; Jeff Stott, George Yang and many other staff at the Genome Sciences Centre for assistance with DNA sequencing; Claire Oddy and Sharon Jancsik of the University of British Columbia for assist-ance with clone insert sizing; Bob McCron from the Canadian Forest Serv-ice for access to forest tent caterpillars; and David Kaplan for greenhouse support. The work was supported by Genome British Columbia, Genome Canada and the Province of British Columbia (Treenomix Conifer Forest Health grant to J.B., and Treenomix grant to J.B. and C.J.D.), and by the Nat-ural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, grant to J.B.). Salary support for J.B. has been provided, in part, by the UBC Distin-guished University Scholar Program and an NSERC Steacie Memorial Fel-lowship.References1. Jansson S, Douglas CJ: Populus : a model system for plant biol-ogy. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2007, 58:435-458.2. Tuskan GA, DiFazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U,Putnam N, Ralph S, Rombauts S, Salamov A, Schein J, Sterck L, AertsA, Bhalerao RR, Bhalerao RP, Blaudez D, Boerjan W, Brun A, BrunnerA, Busov V, Campbell M, Carlson J, Chalot M, Chapman J, Chen GL,Cooper D, Coutinho PM, Couturier J, Covert S, Cronk Q, Cunning-ham R, Davis J, Degroeve S, Déjardin A, dePamphilis C, Detter J,Dirks B, Dubchak I, Duplessis S, Ehlting J, Ellis B, Gendler K, Good-stein D, Gribskov M, Grimwood J, Groover A, Gunter L, HambergerB, Heinze B, Helariutta Y, Henrissat B, Holligan D, Holt R, Huang W,Islam-Faridi N, Jones S, Jones-Rhoades M, Jorgensen R, Joshi C, Kan-gasjärvi J, Karlsson J, Kelleher C, Kirkpatrick R, Kirst M, Kohler A,Kalluri U, Larimer F, Leebens-Mack J, Leplé JC, Locascio P, Lou Y,Additional file 1Full-length cDNA inventory. Predicted protein-coding features and anno-tation for the poplar full-length cDNA collection.Click here for file[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1471-2164-9-57-S1.xls]Additional file 2Microarray dataset. Poplar FLcDNAs mapped to the genome-wide tran-script profile of poplar leaves 24 h after the onset of forest tent caterpillar feeding using a 15.5 K array.Click here for file[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1471-2164-9-57-S2.xls]Additional file 3Supplemental methods. Poplar methods for RNA isolation, full-length cDNA library construction, bacterial transformation with plasmids, clone handling, DNA purification and evaluation, and DNA sequencing are provided.Click here for file[http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1471-2164-9-57-S3.doc]Page 16 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)Lucas S, Martin F, Montanini B, Napoli C, Nelson DR, Nelson C,Nieminen K, Nilsson O, Pereda V, Peter G, Philippe R, Pilate G, Polia-kov A, Razumovskaya J, Richardson P, Rinaldi C, Ritland K, Rouzé P,BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57Ryaboy D, Schmutz J, Schrader J, Segerman B, Shin H, Siddiqui A,Sterky F, Terry A, Tsai CJ, Uberbacher E, Unneberg P, Vahala J, WallK, Wessler S, Yang G, Yin T, Douglas C, Marra M, Sandberg G, Vande Peer Y, Rokhsar D: The genome of black cottonwood, Pop-ulus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science 2006, 313:1596-1604.3. Yin TM, DiFazio SP, Gunter LE, Riemenschneider D, Tuskan GA:Large-scale heterospecific segregration distortion in Populusrevealed by a dense genetic map. Theor Appl Genet 2004,109:451-463.4. Zhang D, Zhang Z, Yang K, Li B: Genetic mapping in (Populustomentosa × Populus bolleana) and P. tomentasa Carr. usingAFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet 2004, 108:657-662.5. Cervera MT, Storme V, Soto A, Ivens B, Van Montagu M, Rajora OP,Boerjan W: Intraspecific and interspecific genetic and phylo-genetic relationships in the genus Populus based on AFLPmarkers. Theor Appl Genet 2005, 111:1440-1456.6. Woolbright SA, DiFazio SP, Yin T, Martinsen GD, Zhang X, Allan GJ,Whitham TG, Keim P: A dense linkage map of hybrid cotton-wood (Populus fremontii × P. angustifolia) contributes to long-term ecological research and comparison mapping in amodel forest tree. Heredity 2008, 100:59-70.7. Kelleher CT, Chiu R, Shin H, Bosdet IE, Krzywinski MI, Fjell CD,Wilkin J, Yin T, DiFazio SP, Ali J, Asano JK, Chan S, Cloutier A, GirnN, Leach S, Lee D, Mathewson CA, Olson T, O'Connor K, Prabhu AL,Smailus DE, Stott JM, Tsai M, Wye NH, Yang GS, Zhuang J, Holt RA,Putnam NH, Vrebalov J, Giovannoni JJ, Grimwood J, Schmutz J,Rokhsar D, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Tuskan GA, Bohlmann J, Ellis BE,Ritland K, Douglas CJ, Schein JE: A physical map of the highly het-erozygous Populus genome: integration with the genomesequence and genetic map and analysis of haplotype varia-tion. Plant J 2007, 50:1063-1078.8. Andersson A, Keskitalo J, Sjödin A, Bhalerao R, Sterky F, Wissel K,Tandre K, Aspeborg H, Moyle R, Ohmiya Y, Bhalerao R, Brunner A,Gustafsson P, Karlsson J, Lundeberg J, Nilsson O, Sandberg G, StraussS, Sundberg B, Uhlen M, Jansson S, Nilsson P: A transcriptionaltimetable of autumn senescence. Genome Biol 2004,5:R24.1-R24.13.9. Brosché M, Vinocur B, Alatalo ER, Lamminmäki A, Teichmann T,Ottow EA, Djilianov D, Afif D, Bogeat-Triboulot MB, Altman A, PolleA, Dreyer E, Rudd S, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Kangasjärvi J: Geneexpression and metabolite profiling of Populus euphraticagrowing in the Negev desert. Genome Biol 2005,6:R101.1-R101.17.10. Harding SA, Jiang H, Jeong ML, Casado FL, Lin HW, Tsai CJ: Func-tional genomics analysis of foliar condensed tannin and phe-nolic glycoside regulation in natural cottonwood hybrids.Tree Physiol 2005, 25:1475-1486.11. Ralph S, Oddy C, Cooper D, Yueh H, Jancsik S, Kolosova N, PhilippeRN, Aeschliman D, White R, Huber D, Ritland CE, Benoit F, Rigby T,Nantel A, Butterfield YSN, Kirkpatrick R, Chun E, Liu J, Palmquist D,Wynhoven B, Stott J, Yang G, Barber S, Holt RA, Siddiqui A, JonesSJM, Marra MA, Ellis BE, Douglas CJ, Ritland K, Bohlmann J: Genom-ics of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa × deltoides) interact-ing with forest tent caterpillars (Malacosoma disstria):Normalized and full-length cDNA libraries, expressedsequence tags, and a cDNA microarray for the study ofinsect-induced defences in poplar. Mol Ecol 2006, 15:1275-1297.12. Sterky F, Regan S, Karlsson J, Hertzberg M, Rohde A, Holmberg A,Amini B, Bhalerao R, Larsson M, Villarroel R, Van Montagu M, Sand-berg G, Olsson O, Teeri TT, Boerjan W, Gustafsson P, Uhlén M, Sun-dberg B, Lundeberg J: Gene discovery in the wood-formingtissues of poplar: Analysis of 5,692 expressed sequence tags.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:13330-13335.13. Bhalerao R, Keskitalo J, Sterky F, Erlandsson R, Björkbacka H, BirveSJ, Karlsson J, Gardeström P, Gustafsson P, Lundeberg J, Jansson S:Gene expression in autumn leaves. Plant Physiol 2003,131:430-442.14. Kohler A, Delaruelle C, Martin D, Encelot N, Martin F: The poplarroot transcriptome: analysis of 7000 expressed sequencetags. FEBS Lett 2003, 542:37-41.15. Ranjan P, Kao YY, Jiang H, Joshi CP, Harding SA, Tsai CJ: Suppres-sion subtractive hybridization-mediated transcriptome anal-ysis from multiple tissues of aspen (Populus tremuloides)altered in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Planta 2004,16. Schrader J, Moyle R, Bhalerao R, Hertzberg M, Lundeberg J, NilssonP, Bhalerao RP: Cambial meristem dormancy in trees involvesextensive remodelling of the transcriptome. Plant J 2004,40:173-187.17. Sterky F, Bhalerao RR, Unneberg P, Segerman B, Nilsson P, BrunnerAM, Charbonnel-Campaa L, Lindvall JJ, Tandre K, Strauss SH, Sund-berg B, Gustafsson P, Uhlén M, Bhalerao RP, Nilsson O, Sandberg G,Karlsson J, Lundeberg J, Jansson S: A Populus EST resource forplant functional genomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004,101:13951-13956.18. Christopher ME, Miranda M, Major IT, Constabel CP: Gene expres-sion profiling of systemically wound-induced defenses inhybrid poplar. Planta 2004, 219:936-947.19. Nanjo T, Futamura N, Nishiguchi M, Igasaki T, Shinozaki K, ShinoharaK: Characterization of full-length enriched sequence tags ofstress-treated poplar leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 2004,45:1738-1748.20. Rishi AS, Munir S, Kapur V, Nelson ND, Goyal A: Identification andanalysis of safener-inducible expressed sequence tags in Pop-ulus using a cDNA microarray. Planta 2004, 220:296-306.21. Haas BJ, Delcher AL, Mount SM, Wortman JR, Smith RK, Hannick LI,Maiti R, Ronning CM, Rusch DB, Town CD, Salzberg SL, White O:Improving the Arabidopsis genome annotation using maxi-mal transcript alignment assemblies. Nucleic Acids Res 2003,31:5654-5666.22. Castelli V, Aury JM, Jaillon O, Wincker P, Clepet C, Menard M, Cru-aud C, Quétier F, Scarpelli C, Schächter V, Temple G, Caboche M,Weissenbach J, Salanoubat M: Whole genome sequence compar-isons and \"full-length\" cDNA sequences: a combinedapproach to evaluate and improve Arabidopsis genome anno-tation. Genome Res 2004, 14:406-413.23. Alexandrov NN, Troukhan ME, Brover VV, Tatarinova T, Flavell RB,Feldmann KA: Features of Arabidopsis genes and genome dis-covered using full-length cDNAs. Plant Mol Biol 2006, 60:69-85.24. Kikuchi S, Satoh K, Nagata T, Kawagashira N, Doi K, Kishimoto N,Yazaki J, Ishikawa M, Yamada H, Ooka H, Hotta I, Kojima K, NamikiT, Ohneda E, Yahagi W, Suzuki K, Li CJ, Ohtsuki K, Shishiki T, OtomoY, Murakami K, Iida Y, Sugano S, Fujimura T, Suzuki Y, Tsunoda Y,Kurosaki T, Kodama T, Masuda H, Kobayashi M, Xie Q, Lu M, Nari-kawa R, Sugiyama A, Mizuno K, Yokomizo S, Niikura J, Ikeda R, IshibikiJ, Kawamata M, Yoshimura A, Miura J, Kusumegi T, Oka M, Ryu R,Ueda M, Matsubara K, Kawai J, Carninci P, Adachi J, Aizawa K,Arakawa T, Fukuda S, Hara A, Hashidume W, Hayatsu N, Imotani K,Ishii Y, Itoh M, Kagawa I, Kondo S, Konno H, Miyazaki A, Osato N,Ota Y, Saito R, Sasaki D, Sato K, Shibata K, Shinagawa A, Shiraki T,Yoshino M, Hayashizaki Y: Collection, mapping and annotationof over 28,000 cDNA clones from japonica rice. Science 2003,301:376-379.25. Seki M, Narusaka M, Kamiya A, Ishida J, Satou M, Sakurai T, NakajimaM, Enju A, Akiyama K, Oono Y, Muramatsu M, Hayashizaki Y, KawaiJ, Carninci P, Itoh M, Ishii Y, Arakawa T, Shibata K, Shinagawa A, Shi-nozaki K: Functional annotation of a full-length ArabidopsiscDNA collection. Science 2002, 296:141-145.26. Lai J, Dey N, Kim CS, Bharti AK, Rudd S, Mayer KFX, Larkins BA,Becraft P, Messing J: Characterization of the maize endospermtranscriptome and its comparison to the rice genome.Genome Res 2004, 14:1932-1937.27. Jia J, Fu J, Zheng J, Zhou X, Huai J, Wang J, Wang M, Zhang Y, ChenX, Zhang J, Zhao J, Su Z, Lv Y, Wang G: Annotation and expres-sion profile analysis of 2073 full-length cDNAs from stress-induced maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Plant J 2006, 48:710-727.28. Fitzgerald TD: The Tent Caterpillars Ithaca, New York: Cornell Univer-sity Press; 1995. 29. Philippe RN, Bohlmann J: Poplar defense against insect herbiv-ores. Canadian Journal of Botany 2007, 85:1111-1126.30. Constabel CP, Yip L, Patton JJ, Christopher ME: Polyphenol oxi-dase from hybrid poplar. Cloning and expression in responseto wounding and herbivory. Plant Physiol 2000, 124:285-295.31. Haruta M, Major IT, Christopher ME, Patton JJ, Constabel CP: AKunitz trypsin inhibitor gene family from trembling aspen(Populus tremuloides Michx.): cloning, functional expression,and induction by wounding and herbivory. Plant Mol Biol 2001,46:347-359.32. Peters DJ, Constabel CP: Molecular analysis of herbivore-Page 17 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)219:694-704. induced condensed tannin synthesis: cloning and expressionPublish with BioMed Central and every scientist can read your work free of charge\"BioMed Central will be the most significant development for disseminating the results of biomedical research in our lifetime.\"Sir Paul Nurse, Cancer Research UKYour research papers will be:available free of charge to the entire biomedical communitypeer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptancecited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central BMC Genomics 2008, 9:57 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/57of dihydroflavonol reductase from trembling aspen (Populustremuloides). Plant J 2002, 32:701-712.33. Arimura G, Huber DPW, Bohlmann J: Forest tent caterpillars(Malacosoma disstria) induce local and systemic diurnal emis-sions of terpenoid volatiles in hybrid poplar (Populus tri-chocarpa × deltoides): cDNA cloning, functionalcharacterization, and patterns of gene expression of (-)-ger-macrene D synthase PtdTPS1. Plant J 2004, 37:603-616.34. Wang J, Constabel CP: Polyphenol oxidase overexpression intransgenic Populus enhances resistance to herbivory by for-est tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria). Planta 2004,220:87-96.35. Lawrence SD, Dervinis C, Novak N, Davis JM: Wound and insectherbivory responsive genes in poplar. Biotechnol Lett 2006,28:1493-1501.36. Major IT, Constabel CP: Molecular analysis of poplar defenseagainst herbivory: comparison of wound- and insect elicitor-induced gene expression. New Phytol 2006, 172:617-635.37. Miranda M, Ralph SG, Mellway R, White R, Heath MC, Bohlmann J,Constabel CP: The transcriptional response of hybrid poplar(Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides) to infection by Melamp-sora medusae leaf rust involves induction of flavonoid path-way genes leading to the accumulation of proanthocyanidins.Mol Plant-Microbe Interac 2007, 20:816-831.38. Carninci P, Kvam C, Kitamura A, Ohsumi T, Okazaki Y, Itoh M,Kamiya M, Shibata K, Sasaki N, Izawa M, Muramatsu M, Hayashizaki Y,Schneider C: High-efficiency full-length cDNA cloning by bioti-nylated CAP trapper. Genomics 1996, 37:327-336.39. Huang X, Madan A: CAP3: a DNA sequence assembly program.Genome Res 1999, 9:868-877.40. Seki M, Carninci P, Nishiyama Y, Hayashizaki Y, Shinozaki K: High-efficiency cloning of Arabidopsis full-length cDNA by bioti-nylated CAP trapper. Plant J 1998, 15:707-720.41. Kent WJ: BLAT-the BLAST-like alignment tool. Genome Res2002, 12:656-664.42. Finn RD, Mistry J, Schuster-Böckler B, Griffiths-Jones S, Hollich V,Lassmann T, Moxon S, Marshall M, Khanna A, Durbin R, Eddy SR, Son-nhammer ELL, Bateman A: Pfam: clans, web tools and services.Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34:D247-D251.43. Sterck L, Rombauts S, Jansson S, Sterky F, Rouzé P, Van de Peer Y:EST data suggest that poplar is an ancient polyploid. New Phy-tol 2005, 167:165-170.44. Hughes AL: The Evolution of Functionally Novel Proteinsafter Gene Duplication. Proc R Soc Lond B 1994, 256:119-124.45. Ku HM, Vision T, Liu J, Tanksley SD: Comparing sequenced seg-ments of the tomato and Arabidopsis genomes: Large-scaleduplication followed by selective gene loss creates a networkof synteny. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:9121-9126.46. Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y: High-efficiency full-length cDNAcloning. Methods Enzymol 1999, 303:19-44.47. Carninci P, Shibata Y, Hayatsu N, Sugahara Y, Shibata K, Itoh M,Konno H, Okazaki Y, Muramatsu M, Hayashizaki Y: Normalizationand subtraction of cap-trapper-selected cDNAs to preparefull-length cDNA libraries for rapid discovery of new genes.Genome Res 2000, 10:1617-1630.48. Ewing B, Green P: Base-calling of automated sequencer tracesusing phred II. Error probabilities. Genome Res 1998, 8:186-194.49. Ewing B, Hillier L, Wendl MC, Green P: Base-calling of automatedsequencer traces using phred. I. Accuracy assessment.Genome Res 1998, 8:175-185.50. Laboratory of Dr. Phil Green: software resources [http://www.phrap.org]51. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ: Basic localalignment search tool. J Mol Biol 1990, 215:403-410.52. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lip-man DJ: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation ofprotein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 1997,25:3389-3402.53. FTP directory yeast genome [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/db/FASTA/yeast.nt.gz]54. Gordon D, Abajian C, Green P: Consed: A graphical tool forsequence finishing. Genome Res 1998, 8:195-202.55. EMBOSS [http://emboss.sourceforge.net/]56. The Arabidopsis Information Resource [http://www.arabidop yours — you keep the copyrightSubmit your manuscript here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.aspBioMedcentralPage 18 of 18(page number not for citation purposes)sis.org]57. FTP directory GenBank [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/blast/db/]"@en ; edm:hasType "Article"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0223333"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:peerReviewStatus "Reviewed"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "BioMed Central"@en ; ns0:publisherDOI "10.1186/1471-2164-9-57"@en ; dcterms:rights "Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)"@en ; ns0:rightsURI "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Faculty"@en ; dcterms:title "Analysis of 4,664 high-quality sequence-finished poplar full-length cDNA clones and their utility for the discovery of genes responding to insect feeding"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56462"@en .