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TRIUMFANNUAL REPORT SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES2004CANAD A’S NATIO NAL LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE A N D NUCLEAR PHYSICSOPERATED AS A JOINT VENTUREMEMBERS:THE UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTATHE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIACARLETON UNIVERSITYSIMON FRASER UNIVERSITYTHE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTOTHE UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIAASSOCIATE MEMBERS:THE UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA McMASTER UNIVERSITY L'UNIVERSITE DE MONTREAL QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY THE UNIVERSITY OF REGINA SAINT MARY’S UNIVERSITYU N D ER A C O N T R IB U T IO N FR O M T H E N A TIO N A L RESEARCH C O UN CIL O F C AN ADA OCTOBER 2005TRIUMFANNUAL REPORT SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES 2004Postal Address:TRIUMFPublications Office 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3Canada http ://w ww .trium f.ca/annrepBEAM LINES ANDEXPERIM ENTALFA C ILITIESISAC - I & ISAC - IIEXPERIMENTALHALLSFutureTR30 - 1 ISOTOPE ' PRODUCTION CYCLOTRONCP 42 ISOTOPE PRODUCTION CYCLOTRONH"OPTICALLY PUMPED POLARIZED ION SOURCE (OPPIS)M15(M-)The contributions on individual experiments in this report are out­lines intended to demonstrate the extent of scientific activity at TRIUMF during the past year. The outlines are not publications and often contain preliminary results not intended, or not yet ready, for publication. Material from these reports should not be reproduced or quoted without permission from the authors.FOREWORDFor all of the TRIUMF community, 2004 was a year o f satisfaction as a result of the very positive response that the Five Year Plan 2005-2010 received. Prime Minister Martin responded to his copy of the plan in a letter to me dated October 25, 2004. The letter includes the following comment on TRIUMF accomplishments:“The work undertaken by the TRIUMF laboratory, housed at the University of British Columbia, is a tremendous example of the world-class research facilities Canada has been able to build and operate in the last decade. I am especially pleased at the level of domestic and international cooperation among scientists and researchers which TRIUMF promotes and encourages. ”The Board of Management was impressed with the many TRIUMF supported scientific achievements that were reported in 2004. It was particularly satisfying to congratulate Donald Fleming on his Seaborg Award for pioneering work in muonium chemistry. This is a prestigious US award not often given for work originating outside that country. Also of special note was the publication of first results on the Michel parameters rho and delta from the TW IST experiment.The success TRIUMF enjoys relies on the dedication and hard work o f many groups and individuals and it is important to acknowledge contributions that do not always make the headlines. One example is the vital work of the Safety group. The Board of Management is pleased that TRIUMF continues to have a very good safety record and I wish to acknowledge Lutz Moritz and his staff for their leadership in this regard and for all TRIUMF staff for making sure that safety is practised in all TRIUMF activities. I also wish to encourage continued efforts on the part o f staff and visitors to make TRIUMF safety practices as professional and effective as possible.It was a special pleasure to welcome the University o f Toronto as a full member at the June Board meeting which was held in Toronto to mark the occasion. The University o f Toronto has a long association with TRIUMF and its researchers have made major contributions to the science program. Its representatives on the Board have also made important contributions and will be of even more help as full voting members. The Joint Venture was further strengthened in December when St. M ary’s University became an associate member.W. John McDonald Chair, Board of ManagementTRIUMF was established in 1968 as a laboratory operated by the University of Alberta, the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University and the Univer­sity of Victoria under a contribution agreement from the National Research Council o f Canada. The initial consortium has been expanded to include Carleton University and the University of Toronto as a full members, and the University of Guelph, the University of Manitoba, McMaster University, the Universite de Montreal, Queen’s University, the University o f Regina, and St. M ary’s University as associate members. The facility is operated for all Canadian as well as foreign users.The experimental program is based on a cyclotron which is capable of producing four simultaneous beams of protons, two of which are individually variable in energy from 180—520 MeV, the third from 472—510 MeV, and the fourth between 70 and 110 MeV. The potential for high beam currents - 100 pA at 500 MeV to 300 /iA at 400 MeV - qualified this machine as a “meson factory” . The third high intensity beam line feeds the new isotope production facility, ISAC, which started operation in 1998 and qualifies as a second generation radioactive beam facility.Fields of research include basic science, such as particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, and condensed matter research, as well as life sciences based primarily on isotope research. There is also a biomedical research facility which uses protons for treatment of ocular melanomae. TRIUMF is providing the Canadian con­tribution to the Large Hadron Collider at CERN and TRIUMF resources are also available to support the Canadian subatomic program at other laboratories.The ground for the main facility, located on the UBC campus, was broken in 1970. Assembly of the cyclotron started in 1971. The machine produced its first full-energy beam in 1974 and its full current in 1977.The laboratory employs approximately 350 staff at the main site in Vancouver and 19 based at the participating universities. The number o f university scientists, graduate students and support staff associated with the present scientific program is about 625.CONTENTSINTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1SCIENCE DIVISION ................................................................................................................................................................. 3Introduction and O verview ....................................................................................................................................................... 3Particle Physics ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5(Expt. 614) TW IST - the TRIUMF weak interaction symmetry t e s t ................................................................. 5(ATLAS) The ATLAS Experiment at the LHC ..................................................................................................... 6(BNL 787/949/KOPIO) Measurement of K —■» nuu and other rare decays ........................................................ 9(HERMES) The HERMES E xperim ent....................................................................................................................... 14(J-PARC) T2I\ long baseline neutrino experiment ............................................................................................... 19(SNO) Sudbury Neutrino Observatory .............................................................................................................. 21(TJNAF 00-006) Measurement of the flavour singlet form factors of the proton (G0) ........................................ 21(TJNAF 02-020) Q^eak: a search for physics at the TeV scale via a measurement o f theproton’s weak charge ........................................................................................................................ 29Nuclear P h y sics ............................................................................................................................................................................ 34(Expt. 715) Weak interaction symmetries in (3+ decay of optically trapped 3,>38mK ..................................... 34(Expt. 823) Pure Fermi decay in medium mass nuclei ............................................................................................ 36(Expt. 893) The hyperfine field o f rubidium in i r o n ................................................................................................. 37(Expt. 909) Isospin symmetry breaking in superallowed Fermi /3-decays .......................................................... 41(Expt. 921) High-A' isomers in the neutron-rich Dy-Hf n u cle i.............................................................................. 43(Expt. 956) Search for tensor interactions in recoil nucleus singles in decay of polarized 80R b ..................... 44(Expt. 964) TACTIC - TRIUMF annual chamber for tracking and identification of charged particles .. 47(Expt. 968) Ortho-para effect o f muon catalyzed fusion in liquid deuterium .................................................... 48(Expt. 973) Study of coexisting collective phases far from stability: systematic decayspectroscopy of the N — 90 isotones ................................................................................................... 49(Expt. 984) Fast lifetime measurements with the 87T spectrometer and nuclear structurebelow N = 82 ............................................................................................................................................ 51(Expt. 985) Half-life and branching-ratio measurement of 18Ne superallowed Fermi (3 d e c a y ...................... 52(Expt. 989) Astrophysical studies using 26A1 ground-state and isomeric beams ............................................... 53(Expt. 992) Lifetime of the 4.033 MeV state in 19Ne ............................................................................................. 54(Expt. 995) An alternate approach to radioactive beam production for volatile elements ............................ 56(Expt. 1008) A new look at the (3-decay o f n Li ........................................................................................................ 57(LANSCE NPDGamma) Measurement of the parity-violating gamma asymmetry A 1 in thecapture o f polarized cold neutrons by para-hydrogen, n + p —>■ d + 7 ................... 58Molecular and Materials Science ............................................................................................................................................ 63(Expt. 782) Non-Fermi liquid behaviour and other novel phenomena in heavy-fermion alloys ..................... 63(Expt. 815, 816, 817, 897 and 913) /3 -N M R ................................................................................................................ 65(Expt. 847) Electron-doped high-Tc superconductors ............................................................................................. 69(Expt. 917) Correlation between magnetism and transport properties of thermoelectric oxides ................. 71(Expt. 932) Improving /rSR performance .................................................................................................................... 74(Expt. 938) Muonium formation and ionization in semiconductors and insulators ......................................... 78(Expt. 942) Magnetic fluctuations near metal insulator transitions in ruthenate pyrochlores...................... 80(Expt. 944) Muonium in silicon carbide ..................................................................................................................... 81(Expt. 945) Muoniated radicals formed from carbenes and carbene analogues................................................. 82(Expt. 949) pSK study of magnetic order in high-Tc superconductors under high pressure .......................... 85(Expt. 951) Magnetism and flux line lattice structure of oxychloride superconductors .................................. 87(Expt. 960) Hydrogen (Mu) defects in II-VI chalcogenides .................................................................................... 88(Expt. 998) Muon spin relaxation and dynamic scaling in novel magnetic materials ..................................... 89(Expt. 1000) Measurements of the vortex core size in type-II superconductors ................................................. 90(Expt. 1001) Mu defect levels in III-V semiconductors .............................................................................................. 92(Expt. 1012) Organic free radicals under hydrothermal conditions ....................................................................... 93(Expt. 1013) Superconductivity o f /3-pyrochlore oxides ............................................................................................ 95Life Sciences ......................................................................................................................................................................... 97(Expt. LSO) PET facilities ........................................................................................................................................... 97(Expt. LS3) Synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography ..................................... 99(Expt. LS4) PET targets ............................................................................................................................................ 99(Expt. LS8 ) Radiotracers for the physical and biological sciences ................................................................... 101(Expt. LS35) Development of 18F labelled nitroimidazole PE T imaging agents for tissue hypoxia ......... 101(Expt. LS39) Positron emission profiling (PEP) for pulp and paper fluid dynamic stu d ies ........................ 102(Expt. LS50) Antisense imaging nucleic acids for Parkinson’s disease ............................................................. 102(Expt. LS51) Auger therapy for prostate cancer ..................................................................................................... 103(Expt. LS53) Synthesis of " mTc and 186’188Re sugar derivatives ....................................................................... 103(Expt. LS56) Synthesis of radiolabelled nucleotides and oligonucleotides ........................................................ 104(Expt. LS57) Quantitative imaging with the Concorde m icroPET® ............................................................... 104(Expt. LS60) The physiological role of copper in marine phytoplankton ......................................................... 105(Expt. LS63) Non-invasive monitoring o f tumour progression in the Shionogi tumour modelfor prostate cancer .................................................................................................................................. 105(Expt. LS69) In-vivo studies on regulation of dopamine turnover using a Parkinson’s diseaserat model and a m icroP E T ................................................................................................................... 106(Expt. LS70) Quantification of high resolution brain imaging ............................................................................ 107Theoretical P rogram ............................................................................................................................................. 10gIntroduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 10gNuclear Structure and Reactions .................................................................................................................................... 108Nuclear Astrophysics, C osm ology.................................................................................................................................... HOLattice QCD ......................................................................................................................................................................... H 2Effective Field Theories and Chiral Perturbation T h e o ry ......................................................................................... 112Few-Body and Medium Energy Processes..................................................................................................................... 113Particle Physics .................................................................................................................................................................... H 4Miscellaneous .................................................................................................................................................... H 5Experimental Facilities ............................................................................................................................................................ H 6Proton and Neutron Irradiation Facilities ..................................................................................................................... 116Proton Therapy Facility .................................................................................................................................................... 116Centre for Molecular and Materials Science (/rSR + /3-NMR) User Facility ....................................................... 117Computing Services ............................................................................................................................................................ H gData Acquisition Systems ................................................................................................................................................. 122Detector Facility ................................................................................................................... 125GEANT4 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 127Laboratory for Advanced Detector Development (LADD) ....................................................................................... 128Scientific Services ....................................................................................................................................................... 12gThe DRAGON Facility ...................................................................................................................................................... 13187r Spectrometer .............................................................................................................................. 134TIGRESS ................................................................................................................ 135Status of the TITAN System ........................................................................................................................................... 13gLinear Collider TPC Development .................................................................................................................................. 143TPC R&D for the International Linear Collider ........................................................................................................ 145CYCLOTRON OPERATIONS DIVISION ......................................................................................................................... 149Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 149Beam Production ....................................................................................................................................................................... 150Winter Shutdown ................................................................................................................................................................ 154Beam Schedule 105 .............................................................................................................................................................. I55Fall Shutdow n....................................................................................................................................................................... 150Beam Schedule 106 .............................................................................................................................................................. 156Beam Development ............................................................................................................................................... I57Cyclotron Beam Development ......................................................................................................................................... 157ISIS Beam Dynamics Development ............................................................................................................................... 158BL2A Beam Dynamics Development ............................................................................................................................ 158Probes and Diagnostics Mechanical MRO .......................................................................................................................... 159Cyclotron Diagnostics MRO ............................................................................................................................................. 159Beam Line Monitor MRO ................................................................................................................................................ 159IS AC Diagnostics ............................................................................................................................................................... 159HE Probe Refurbishment .................................................................................................................................................. 159Radio Frequency Systems ........................................................................................................................................................ 160RF Operation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 160RF Power Amplifiers .......................................................................................................................................................... 160Anode H V P S ......................................................................................................................................................................... 160RF Combiners and Coaxial Switch ............................................................................................................................... 161Transmission Line ............................................................................................................................................................... 162Cyclotron .............................................................................................................................................................................. 163RF Booster .......................................................................................................................................................................... 164Cyclotron Simulations ........................................................................................................................................................ 164RF Support .......................................................................................................................................................................... 165Radio Frequency Controls ...................................................................................................................................................... 165Cyclotron Diagnostics ....................................................................................................................................................... 165Tank Broadband Diagnostics ........................................................................................................................................... 165Beam Line Diagnostics ...................................................................................................................................................... 166Diagnostics MRO ............................................................................................................................................................... 166Cyclotron Vacuum and C ryogenics....................................................................................................................................... 166Beam Line Vacuum ................................... 167Vacuum and Cryogenic Support ..................................................................................................................................... 167ISIS ......................... 167Primary Beam Lines ................................................................................................................................................................. 168Beam Line 2C ....................................................................................................................................................................... 170Prompt Radiation Hazards .................................................................................................................................................... 170Controls ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 170Introduction and Sum m ary.............................................................................................................................................. 170CCS Facilities ....................................................................................................................................................................... 171Secondary Beam Lines ...................................................................................................................................................... 172Other Systems ..................................................................................................................................................................... 172Operational Services ................................................................................................................................................................. 172Remote H andling................................................................................................................................................................. 172Magnets and Power Supplies ........................................................................................................................................... 174Mechanical Services ........................................................................................................................................................... 174Electrical Services ............................................................................................................................................................... 174IS AC D IV IS IO N ......................................................................................................................................................................... 177Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 177ISAC Operations ....................................................................................................................................................................... 177IS AC Ion Sources ....................................................................................................................................................................... 187Operation of the 2.45 GHz ECRIS at ISAC ................................................................................................................ 187OLIS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 188Charge State Booster (C S B )............................................................................................................................................. 190RIB Development: Resonant Ionization Laser Ion S ou rce ........................................................................................ 190ISAC Polarizer .......................................................................................................................................................................... 193ISAC Remote Handling ........................................................................................................................................................... 194ISAC Controls ............................................................................................................................................................................ 194New Systems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 194Functionality Enhancem ents............................................................................................................................................ 195ixExperiment S u p p o r t ........................................................................................................................................................... 196System Support ................................................................................................................................................................... 196Development and Q A S u p p ort......................................................................................................................................... 196Operation .............................................................................................................................................................................. 196Vacuum ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 196ISAC-I .................................................................................................................................................... 196ISAC-II .................................................................................................................................................................................. 197ISAC-I RF Systems ................................................................................................................................................................... 197LEBT Pre-buncher ............................................................................................................................................................. 197RFQ ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 198Bunch Rotator ..................................................................................................................................................................... 198M EBT Rebuncher ............................................................................................................................................................... 198D TL ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 198HEBT High Beta B uncher................................................................................................................................................ 199RF C on tro ls ........................................................................................................................................................................... 199ISAC Diagnostics ....................................................................................................................................................................... 199Cryomodule Alignment Hardware ................................................................................................................................. 199Alpha Acceleration H ardware........................................................................................................................................... 199Stripline FFC ....................................................................................................................................................................... 200Other Activities ................................................................................................................................................................... 200ISAC-I Conventional Facilities and Infrastructure ........................................................................................................... 200Mechanical Services ........................................................................................................................................................... 200ISAC Planning ........................................................................................................................................................................... 201ISAC-I ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 201ISAC-II .................................................................................................................................................................................. 201TIGRESS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 202T I T A N .................................................................................................................................................................................... 202Actinide Target Test ......................................................................................................................................................... 202Shutdown Activities ........................................................................................................................................................... 202Contract A dm inistration .......................................................................................................................................................... 203Personnel Resources ........................................................................................................................................................... 203ISAC-II Conventional Facilities and Infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 205ISAC-II A ccelerators................................................................................................................................................................. 205Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 205Cavity Testing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 205Medium Beta C ryom odu le................................................................................................................................................ 205Cryomodule Testing ........................................................................................................................................................... 206Alpha Acceleration ............................................................................................................................................................. 208High Beta Cavities ............................................................................................................................................................. 210Cryogenics ............................................................................................................................................................................. 211Beam Lines ........................................................................................................................................................................... 212ISAC-II HEBT and Experimental Hall ............................................................................................................................... 212ACCELERATOR TECH NOLOGY DIVISION ................................................................................................................ 214Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 214Beam Dynamics ......................................................................................................................................................................... 214Muon and Electron Acceleration in FFAGs ................................................................................................................. 214Magnet Lattices ................................................................................................................................................................... 214A cceleration ........................................................................................................................................................................... 215Electron M o d e l ..................................................................................................................................................................... 215EURISOL Beta Beam ........................................................................................................................................................ 215Magnets ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 216Magnet M easurem ents........................................................................................................................................................ 216Kickers .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 216xMechanical E ngineering........................................................................................................................................................... 219ISAC-I ................................................................................................................................................................................... 219ISAC-II .................................................................................................................................................................................. 219Engineering - O th e r ........................................................... 221Engineering - Victoria ..................................................................................................................................................... 222Engineering - Carleton ..................................................................................................................................................... 223Planning ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 224Shutdown Activities ........................................................................................................................................................... 224Design Office .............................................................................................................................................................................. 225Machine Shop ............................................................................................................................................................................ 225Building P rog ra m ...................................................................................................................................................................... 226Electronics Services .................................................................................................................................................................. 226O verview ................................................................................................................................................................................ 226Electronics Repair Shop ................................................................................................................................................... 227PC Support/Desktop Services ........................................................................................................................................ 227Experimental and Target Technical Support .............................................................................................................. 227High Level Software Support .......................................................................................................................................... 227Technical Support ............................................................................................................................................................... 228Site Communications ......................................................................................................................................................... 228Electronics Shop ................................................................................................................................................................ 228Electronics Development ......................................................................................................................................................... 228ISAC Support ...................................................................................................................................................................... 228CERN .................................................................................................................................................................................... 228Engineering Support ......................................................................................................................................................... 229Experiment Support ........................................................................................................................................................... 229Secondary Channel Support ............................................................................................................................................ 229New Hardware Designs ..................................................................................................................................................... 229CERN C O L L A B O R A T IO N ................................................................................................................................................... 230Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 230Beam Dynamics ........................................................................................................................................................................ 230Beam Optics and Collimation ........................................................................................................................................ 230Beam Optics and Stability .............................................................................................................................................. 230Controls and Instrum entation................................................................................................................................................ 231LHC Orbit System Components .................................................................................................................................... 231Kicker Magnets .......................................................................................................................................................................... 231TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER DIVISION ......................................................................................................................... 233Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 233Technology Transfer ................................................................................................................................................................ 233Applied Technology G r o u p ..................................................................................................................................................... 233500 MeV Isotope Production Facility ........................................................................................................................... 233CP42 Facility ...................................................................................................................................................................... 233TR30-1 Facility .................................................................................................................................................................. 233TR30-2 Facility .................................................................................................................................................................. 235ATG Development Projects ............................................................................................................................................ 235Radioisotope Processing (MDS Nordion) ........................................................................................................................... 235ADMINISTRATION DIVISION .......................................................................................................................................... 237Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 237Human Resources and Administration ............................................................................................................................... 237Environment Health and Safety ............................................................................................................................................ 237Licensing ................................................................................................................................................................................ 237xiPersonnel Dosimetry .......................................................................................................................................................... 238Interlocks and Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................. 238Occupational Health and Safety ..................................................................................................................................... 238Administration Computing and Com m unications............................................................................................................. 238Management Information Systems .................................................................................................................................. 238Public Web Services ............................................................................................................................................................ 238Telephones ............................................................................................................................................................................. 239TRIUMF Outreach P rogram .................................................................................................................................................. 239TRIUM F/ISCBC High School Fellow ship..................................................................................................................... 239Future D irections................................................................................................................................................................. 239CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS AND MEETINGS .................................................................................................... 240ORGANIZATION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 246APPENDICESA. Publications..................................................................................................................................................................... 250B. Seminars ........................................................................................................................................................................... 267C. Users G rou p s ................................................................................................................................................................... 270D. Experiment Proposals ................................................................................................................................................... 271E. Life Sciences Project Proposals ................................................................................................................................... 291xiiINTRODUCTIONThis has been an exciting year for TRIUMF. Groundbreaking results are emerging from the scien­tific program and new facilities are coming on line. In addition, during the year the University of Toronto joined TRIUM F’s consortia o f universities as a full member and Saint Mary’s University joined as an as­sociate member. TRIUMF now has six full member universities and seven associate member universities, representing every region of Canada.At the core of the ISAC scientific program is the production of intense beams o f radioactive nuclei. At ISAC unstable nuclei are produced by nuclear reactions initiated by a 500 MeV proton beam on a thick target. After production, atoms of the unstable nuclei diffuse from the target where they are then directed through an ionizer; the radioactive ions are controlled by elec­tric and magnetic fields. A surface ionizer can produce alkali ions with high efficiency. In particular there is considerable scientific interest in the production o f un­stable lithium isotopes. 11Li is an isotope that is of considerable interest to many people around the world and since ISAC has developed the most advanced 11 Li beam, various international teams are exploiting this capability. For example, during the year this beam has been used to probe the electrical charge distribution of this very exotic nucleus. The Canadian-German scien­tific team undertaking this work has produced ground­breaking results concerning the fundamental structure of u Li.Another unstable isotope, 8Li, is proving to be an excellent probe to study nanostructures of materials. In collaboration with scientists from BC universities, TRIUMF has developed a special technique, /3-NMR, using an intense beam of 8 Li to undertake such in­vestigations. During the year, important new results demonstrated the tremendous power of this technique which will undoubtedly contribute very significantly to the development of this new field of nanostructures.A surface ionizer produces intense beams of alkali atoms, but to extend the range of species of isotopes other ionizing methods are needed. A particularly good method for producing isotopes, but technically very challenging, is to use high-powered lasers to selectively ionize the short-lived isotopes once they have been pro­duced in the target. During the year, experimenters at TRIUMF used the first laser-ionized, pure isotopic beam. The laser ionization project is over a year ahead of schedule and shows great promise to be the method of choice to produce such beams in the future.During the year, significant milestones were reached and passed in the construction of the new ISAC-II ac­celerator. Reaching and passing these milestones is par­ticularly significant because a new type of technology, involving superconducting accelerating cavities, had to be mastered by the TRIUMF Accelerator Division. It is immensely pleasing that during the year a section of the accelerator was completed and shown to accelerate alpha particles successfully from a radioactive source. The challenge ahead for TRIUMF is to build all the necessary sections required to complete the full ISAC- II accelerator.Along with facility enhancements, excellent progress has been made in the development o f two important ISAC experimental facilities: TIGRESS and TITAN. Both these instruments, when completed, will be world leading so it is perhaps no surprise that large international collaborations are building around them.The 500 M eV cyclotron has worked well during the year with an actual beam delivery of over 90% o f the scheduled delivery. The cyclotron proton beams are not only used to produce isotopes for ISAC, but also to pro­duce intense beams of muons for various experimental purposes. The TW IST experiment to study the decay properties o f the muon to high precision had a suc­cessful year with the completion of the first phase of the experiment, the results o f which are now published. The muon beams are also used for a wide variety of ex­periments within the molecular and materials science area. The muon spin rotation technique is an excellent method to probe the magnetic nature of materials. A particular highlight of this method is its use in the in­vestigation o f the physical parameters that determine the magnetic vortex size in type-II superconductors.A vital part of TRIUM F’s mission is not only to provide support for the subatomic physics program within Canada, but also to support the subatomic physics program based at facilities outside Canada. During the year, TRIUMF provided continued support for the CERN program, the HERMES experiment at DESY, the G0 and Qweak programs at the Jefferson Laboratory, and the rare kaon decay experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory.Canada’s contribution to CERN has been substan­tial over the last 10 years. For the LHC accelera­tor complex, TRIUMF has been involved in various projects. The largest of these projects has been the design, manufacture, and testing of 52 twin aperture quadrupoles. During the year, the final shipment o f the magnets occurred and so now the whole project has been successfully completed. TRIUMF is also respon­sible for two o f the LHC injector kicker magnet sys­tems, and during the year about half of the components needed for this were shipped to CERN. On the detec­tor side, Canada is making substantial contributions tothe ATLAS detector; in particular, the hadronic end- cap calorimeters. O f particular note is the successful in-beam tests of components of this calorimeter sys­tem.During the year, TRIUM F established a collabo­ration with the Japanese accelerator facility J-PARC to undertake an experiment that will help explain the enigmatic nature o f one of the most populous particles in the universe, the neutrino. This experiment follows on from the successful work carried out at the Cana­dian Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) - work that TRIUMF has supported for many years.One o f TRIU M F’s main successes in the area of technology transfer is the long-standing collaboration with MDS Nordion. Using TRIUMF-run cyclotrons, MDS Nordion produces medical isotopes, which are distributed across North America and internationally. These isotopes are used for medical therapy and di­agnostic purposes. Currently, over two and a half mil­lion patient procedures are carried out each year with isotopes produced at TRIUM F. The Natural Sciencesand Engineering Research Council (NSERC) recog­nized this unique collaboration and its achievements by awarding the 2004 University-Commercial Synergy Award to TRIUMF and MDS Nordion. TRIUMF will use the financial portion of the prize to award schol­arships to life sciences students involved in TRIUMF- based life sciences research.Students, undergraduates and postgraduates are our future. As in previous years, TRIUMF was host to many student groups during the year. In particular, a successful Summer Institute was hosted by TRIUMF for young scientists fascinated by the nuclear processes that drive the dynamics o f stars. The summer school was planned to coincide with a TRIUMF-hosted inter­national conference on astrophysics, the same subject the students were studying.TRIUMF has had a very successful year. That TRI­UMF is attracting young students and scientists is par­ticularly pleasing to all of us at TRIUMF; our success is their future.h o/ M ?A. Shotter, Director2SCIENCE DIVISIONIN T R O D U C T IO N A N D O V E R V IE WIn 2004, TRIUMF produced some very exciting new results exploiting past investments in major facilities at ISAC, in the base program, and supporting a carefully selected set of experiments at other high energy labo­ratories, meanwhile defending its future five-year plan at the government level. It has been a very satisfying year by all accounts, and this Annual Report attempts to capture the highlights o f the scientific program.In ISAC science, a m ajor effort was devoted to the exploitation of the world’s most intense n Li beams, derived from operating Ta foil production targets with up to 60 pA o f proton beam intensity. Experiment 991 used a technology developed by the GSI group to de­termine the charge radius o f the typical halo nucleus of 11 Li. This tour de force experiment was commis­sioned on a new dedicated beam line in June, and data-taking on all Li isotopes took place in Septem­ber and October. By measuring the isotope shift of 2S —> 3S transitions in this series o f isotopes, one hopes to follow the redistribution o f the 3 protons in the nu­cleus as more neutrons are added. The 87T group stud­ied the decay of 11 Li into 10 Be via /3-neutron emission. Neutron energy information is obtained by measuring the Doppler-broadened 7 -ray lines in the de-excitation of 10Be. This technique has been developed at ISAC and is used to assess the survival probability of the halo neutrons in the decay sequence. This effort pro­vides new information on the nature of the 8.81 MeV state in 11Be leading to a possible excited halo state in 10Be. This information complements the nuclear struc­ture studies undertaken on polarized 11 Li by the Osaka group, which also published their spin and parity as­signment for several 10Be levels.The 87t detector proved its versatility in studies of y-ray spectroscopy of N — 90 nuclei searching for coex­isting collective phases in 156Ho and also finding new K-isomers in 174Tm. It was also used to get a more precise lifetime measurement of 18Ne, one of the su­perallowed Fermi decays used to test the conserved vector current hypothesis and extract a value for Vud, the first element of the quark mixing matrix. This pro­gram will study several other such transitions in heav­ier nuclei, and a new branching ratio measurement was made in December on 62 Ga using, for the first time, the laser resonant ion source, TRILIS, on-line. This new tool, developed in record time by J. Lassen and his team, will be the main source of radioactive beam at ISAC in the future, providing versatility and selectiv­ity for many isotopes. For the nuclear astrophysics pro­gram, a commissioning run o f a 26 A1 beam took placein July and showed that, with further improvement in yield and ionization efficiency, DRAGON could di­rectly measure the strength of an important but weak resonance in 26Al(p, 7 ) which controls the destruction o f 26 Al. This came right in time to be showcased at the Nuclei in the Cosmos conference hosted by TRIUMF in Vancouver in July.Two publications in Physical Review Letters were generated by the /3-NMR group. The facility is now well understood and has matured in producing high quality data on their thin samples or their layered structures. A complementary facility for low magnetic field mea­surements of nuclear quadrupole resonances (/3-NQR) is being developed.In the base program, the highlight has been the an­nouncement of the first results from the TW IST collab­oration. Culminating a 12-year effort of attempting the high precision measurement of the Michel parameters governing the decay spectrum from polarized positive muons at rest, the sophisticated blind analysis revealed a factor 3 improvement in the determination of p and 6, respectively the first new such measurements in 40 and 20 years. These results help constrain possible modi­fications of the standard model of weak interactions and every indication is that the ultimate precision en­visaged for the experiment is within reach in the next few years. Two Ph.D. theses will be based on these first results.The rest of the muon program is devoted to muon spin resonance studies (/nSR) of material and molecular species. The main theme o f the program is to elucidate the interplay between magnetism and superconductiv­ity in many types of high temperature superconduc­tors, either electron or hole doped. Other studies are searching for correlations between magnetism and ther­moelectric charge transport properties, linkages be­tween magnetic order and superconductivity under ex­ternal pressure, magnetic fluctuations and metal to in­sulator transition, etc. The studies of semi-conductors and the role of hydrogen-like impurities continue us­ing muonium, while the chemistry program is focusing on the studies o f muoniated radicals in carbenes and carbene analogues.In the life sciences, the year was devoted to bring­ing on-line the two new cameras funded through CFI. A large demand is developing for the microPET ani­mal camera, bringing new user demand for radiotrac­ers. The human program is delayed by the commission­ing of the new high resolution camera (which is proving very demanding) and by a delay in the acceptance test3of the patient bed.Major progress is also reported in the studies of ma­rine phytoplankton related to the regulation o f CO 2 in the marine atmosphere interface with the delivery of radiocopper to the UBC group.For our infrastructure support component o f the program, 2004 has seen the completion of major con­struction commitments towards the ATLAS experi­ment at CERN, with the effort shifting to installation and commissioning at CERN. Beam tests were also conducted for evaluation of the performance and cali­bration procedure for the combined end cap calorime­ters. Coupled with a major shift towards software sup­port at TRIUMF, this represents a new phase in the program. In anticipation of the development o f a ma­jor data analysis centre at TRIUMF to support the ATLAS-Canada collaboration in accessing the physics of ATLAS, two new hires were made. This is the start of a major commitment, which will be the centrepiece of the next Five-Year Plan program in Canada.The T2K experiment moved quickly after the an­nouncement of approval by Japan in December, 2003, and the Canadian team grew to encompass 20 physi­cists from across Canada. The Canadian contribution to the near detector is being formulated and will likely involve building a TPC type tracker and a water-based fine grain detector.The KOPIO experiment is still in the RAT) phase, pending approval o f funding in the US. New technolo­gies are being tested for scintillator manufacturing, and fibre and wire chamber readouts, which have already impacted other experimental programs at TRIUMF - most notably in ISAC (TIGRESS readout electronics,TACTIC detector, etc.).HERMES is producing beautiful results on the spin structure o f the nucleon and will take data until 2006. The small, but very visible, Canadian team is at the centre o f the data analysis effort.Two experiments at the TJNAF facility in New­port News, VA have benefited from TRIUM F’s in­frastructure support. The G0 backward configuration Cerenkov detectors were produced at TRIUMF and de­livered to TJNAF after extensive testing at TRIUMF. The first data-taking run in that mode is scheduled for the end o f 2005. In the meantime, data from the first phase o f the G0 experiment is being analyzed. The new Qweak experiment relies on TRIUMF to produce the coil of the sector toroidal magnet, and TRIUMF is managing that contract for the collaboration.Our theory group consists o f 4 permanent staff members and 7 research associates. The focus o f the group is shifted towards nuclear astrophysics with good interaction with some o f the experimentalists. The nu­clear structure component is still embryonic and will be further developed with the search for a new staff mem­ber approved during the fall. The group also covers QCD studies and physics beyond the standard model to match some o f the experimental program as well.Overall, this was a very satisfying year, and the re­sults presented here support our ambitious plans for­warded to the government for the next five years. T his Annual Report helps demonstrate the high quality of our staff and the commitment of our scientists to oper­ate and contribute at the forefront o f research in their respective fields. We only hope that our funding mas­ters will agree with this observation.4PARTICLE PH YSICSExperiment 614T W IS T — the T R IU M F weak interaction sym­metry test(G. Marshall, TRIUMF)Normal positive muon decay (/i + —+ e+ ue V^) is an ideal process to investigate the electroweak interac­tion in the standard model. The reaction involves only leptons, obviating the need for uncertain strong inter­action corrections, thus making it a clean probe of the theory’s purely left-handed (V-A) structure. A high- precision determination o f the parameters describing the muon decay spectral shape explores physics possi­bilities beyond the standard model, for example those involving right-handed interactions. The world’s most precise such determination has been the goal of Expt. 614, the TRIUMF weak interaction symmetry test (TW IST). The collaboration has recently completed its first phase by directly measuring the muon decay parameters p and S, improving on the accepted Par­ticle Data Group (PDG) [Eidelman et a i, Phys. Lett. B592, 1 (2004)] values for the two spectral shape pa­rameters by factors of 2.5 for p and 2.9 for S [Musser et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, in press) TRI-PP-04-21, hep-ex/0409063; Gaponenko et al. (Phys. Rev. D, in press) TRI-PP-04-22, hep-ex/0410045].The four so-called Michel parameters describe the distribution in energy and angle of positrons from po­larized muon decay. The spectrum’s isotropic part has a momentum dependence determined by p plus an ad­ditional small term proportional to a second parame­ter, p. The asymmetry is proportional to a third pa­rameter £ multiplied by the muon polarization, while a fourth parameter, 6, determines its momentum dependence. Within the standard model, the param­eters are predicted to be p = 3 /4, 6 = 3 /4, £ = 1, and 77 = 0. These values are shown in Table I along with best experimental measurements prior to the new TW IST results.Beams of positive muons are used by TW IST since they can be produced with high polarization and high stopping density. The high intensity TRIUMF pro­ton beam produces 7r+ , some of which decay at rest at the surface of a production target to create aTable I. Theoretical and measured values of the muon de­cay parameters.SM (V-A) PDG current valuep 3 /4 0.7518 ±0.0026V 0 -0 .0 0 7 ±0 .0136 3 /4 0.7486 ± 0.0026 ± 0.00281 1.0027 ±0 .0079 ±0 .0030Fig. 1. The TWIST muon-decay spectrometer.highly polarized “surface” muon beam with momen­tum 29.6M eV /c, which is subsequently transported by the M13 beam line into a 2 T superconducting solenoid. A schematic diagram o f the TW IST spectrometer is shown in Fig. 1.Most of the muon beam stops in a thin target, lo­cated at the centre of a symmetric array of 56 low mass, high precision planar drift chambers [Henderson et al. (Nucl. Instrum. Methods, in press) TRI-PP-04-20, hep- ex/0409066]. Limitations on final errors are dominated by systematic effects since the statistical precision is very high.The measured momentum and angle distribution o f the decay positrons is shown in Fig. 2. The drop inSurface \x decay spectrumTW IST Spectrom eter(cutaway view)B e a m p ip e— S u p e rc o n d u c tin g m a g n e t a n d c ry o s ta t S u p p o r t c ra d leP r o p , a n d d r i f t c h a m b e r T a rg e tFig. 2. The observed momentum and angular distribution of positrons from muon decays in the TWIST spectrometer.5acceptance near |cos#| = 0 is due to the poor recon­struction efficiency in that region. To extract the muon decay parameters, a two-dimensional fit is made to a fiducial region where the detector acceptance is essen­tially uniform, utilizing a blind analysis technique. The results are based on 6 x 109 muon decays, spread over sixteen data sets. Four sets were analyzed for both p and 5. A fifth set of low polarized muons from pion decays in flight ( “cloud” muons) was also analyzed for p. The remaining data sets, combined with further MC simulations, were used to estimate the sensitivities to various systematic effects.TW IST ’s new measurement of p = 0.75080 ±0.00032(stat) ± 0.00097(syst) ± 0.00023 (last uncer­tainty due to the current PD G error in rf) sets an upper limit on the mixing angle |£| < 0.030 (90% CL) of the W boson with a possible heavier partner W 2 with right- handed coupling. Combining p with the new measure­ment of 5 = 0.74964 ± 0.00066(stat) ± 0.00112(syst), and the PDG value o f P^^S/p, an indirect limit is set on P ^ : 0.9960 < P ^ < £ < 1.0040 (90% CL). The lower limit 0.9960 < P slightly improves the limit on the mass of the heavier boson, W 2 > 420 G eV /c2. Finally, an upper limit is found for the muon right- handed coupling probability, Q^ R < 0.00184 (90% CL).In parallel with the major effort to analyze and publish the first data from TW IST, additional new data were taken to establish a direct measurement of This was made possible following the replacement of the original Mylar muon stopping target by a very high purity aluminum foil o f 71 pm thickness, which should minimize muon depolarization in the target af­ter the muon stops. Another source o f depolarization is the muon’s passage through the fringe field of the spectrometer solenoid. We are continuing to extend our understanding o f the field map in this region, and also o f the muon beam characteristics upon which the de­polarization depends. An essential tool for the latter is a detector which measures the position and angle of each muon’s track by transverse drift in a very low density gas. This device, know as a TEC (time expan­sion chamber), operates in the beam line vacuum with DME gas at a pressure o f 60 torr, contained in a gas box with entrance and exit windows of 6 pm mylar, so as to introduce very little scattering to the low momen­tum muon beam. The TEC consists o f modules (see Fig. 3) to measure tracks in both vertical and horizon­tal directions, each with up to 24 points, to determine precisely both the location and direction o f each muon.A significant effort is continuing to improve the pre­cision of the analysis software in preparation for final TW IST data, which should become available over the next two years.The ATLAS Experiment at the LH C(C. Oram, TRIUMF)As described in detail in the 1996 Annual Report, ATLAS is building a general purpose pp detector which is designed to exploit the full discovery potential of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The TRI­UMF group is responsible for the management and en­gineering of the hadronic endcap (HEC) calorimeters, and the feedthroughs for the endcap cryostats. For the HEC, this year has seen the insertion of the two wheels o f the second (and final) endcap into their cryostat (see Fig. 4), and the successful cold test of the first endcap. Final engineering for the transport of the 300 ton end­cap cryostats from the assembly hall to the ATLAS pit is under way. The team at CERN responsible for the insertion o f the wheels into the cryostats and the cryostat transport is led by a TRIUMF staff member.Physics goalsThe present theoretical understanding o f elemen­tary particles is in the context o f the standard model. It is a remarkably successful model, providing predictions which have been consistently confirmed by experiments for over two decades. Its agreement with experimental results, to enormous accuracy in some cases, makes it the most accurately verified model in science. Of the many elementary particles contained in the standard model, only the Higgs remains to be discovered. The central goal of ATLAS is the search for the Higgs par­ticle.There are good theoretical reasons to believe that the discovery of the Higgs will at least contain hints of, and more likely direct evidence for, what lies beyond the standard model. If the Higgs is composite, its ex­istence requires as yet unknown ultra-strong forces. If it is elementary, it would be the only spinless particleGas BoxDownstream T£C ModuleVacuum Box Upstream TEC ModuleFig. 3. The TEC, a device which provides characterizations and allows optimization of surface muon beams.Gas Inlet and Pumping Ports 24 Channel Preamp CardSignal Feedthru Card , HV BlockG 10 Ground Isolator6Fig. 4. The second and final cryostat immediately prior to final closure with the cold cover.to be discovered so far. There is a theoretical “natu­ralness” problem for the masses o f spinless particles. In the standard model, which is a highly nonlinear dy­namical system, the elementary particles tend to take on the heaviest o f all possible mass scales, which in such a model are at inaccessible energies and inconsis­tent with other requirements of the model. All other particles discovered thus far have natural mechanisms, such as gauge and chiral symmetries, for protecting their masses so that they can lie in the observable range. For the Higgs particle, there is no such sym­metry in the present model. The only theoretical sce­narios which leave the Higgs particle light enough to be observed are hypothetical ones, either technicolour or supersymmetry, both radical departures from the present structure of the standard model. If the Higgs is observed at the LHC, one o f these scenarios should be seen at the same time.Particle theory has progressed enormously over the last few decades with many appealing scenarios for physics beyond the standard model. The most likely of these is supersymmetry and the boldest o f these is su­perstring theory. These theories are intimately related and are both radical ideas which promise a new concep­tual framework for understanding elementary particles. Though far from being complete theories at present,there are superstring models which resemble the stan­dard model in their low energy limit. These models have a great appeal as they contain a unification of fun­damental forces which includes gravity. They have al­ready had substantial impact on gravitational physics where, for example, in addition to the long sought rec­onciliation of gravity with quantum mechanics, they have been used to derive a fundamental understand­ing of black hole thermodynamics. Superstring theory is still in its infancy, but progress has been dramatic and the promise of great things to come has captured the imagination of a substantial fraction of the world’s theoretical particle physicists.The present theoretical view is that the conven­tional grand unification of the strong, weak and elec­tromagnetic forces can only work in the supersymmet- ric extension of the standard model. In that model, the grand unified energy scale is only two decades be­low the Planck scale, the ultimate energy where space­time itself has quantum fluctuations. It is not out of the realm of imagination that, at energy scales where supersymmetry would be observed, evidence for an ul­timate theory of everything, or at least everything that can exist once space-time is formed, is within human grasp.Experiments at the LHC, where the ATLAS de­tector will take data, will probe the energy region where the Higgs particle and possibly supersymmetry or other structures will be visible. This will be the first experimental probe in many years o f an energy region where fundamentally new physics is expected to occur. There is every reason to believe that the results will be among the most dramatic ever.Basic ATLAS design considerationsThe most prominent issue for the LHC is the quest for the origin o f the spontaneous symmetry-breaking mechanism in the electroweak sector o f the standard model. This is related to one of the most fundamental questions of physics: What is the origin of the differ­ent particle masses? New direct experimental insight is required to answer this question.One of the possible manifestations of the sponta­neous symmetry-breaking mechanism could be the ex­istence of a standard model Higgs boson (H ), or of a family o f Higgs particles (H ± , h , H and A) when con­sidering the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model (MSSM). The Higgs search is therefore used as a first benchmark for the detector optimization. For the SM Higgs, the detector has to be sensitive to the following processes (£ = e or p) in order to cover the full mass range above the discovery limit set by the final LEP operation in the fall o f 2000:7H —> 66 from W H , Z H and ttH using a and6-tagging,mass range 80 < m # < 1 0 0 GeV;H — > 7 7mass range 90 < m n < 1 5 0 GeV;H -► HTU* ->mass range 150 < m # < 200 GeV;# 4^±mass range 130 GeV < m g < 2m2 ;H —► Z Z —> 4 ^ , 2/ 1*1 + 2r> mass range m u > 2m ^;H —> W W , Z Z —+ l^ v + 2 jets, 2(± + 2 jets from W W , Z Z fusion using tagging of forward jets for m u up to about 1 TeV.In addition to signatures similar to these, the MSSM Higgs searches also require sensitivity to pro­cesses such as:A —> t + t ~ —> e/i + is’s—> (T + hadrons + p ’s;—* t ~^v from tt —> H ^W ^bb and —-> 2 jets using a tag and 6-tagging.The observable cross sections for most of these pro­cesses are small over a large part o f the mass range to be explored at the LHC. Hence it is important to oper­ate at high luminosity, and to maximize the detectable rates above backgrounds by high-resolution measure­ments o f electrons, photons, and muons.Figure 5 shows the estimated signal significance for the standard model Higgs discovery in ATLAS over the presently theoretically favoured region: 100-200 G e V /c2. From 100-190 G eV /c2, the most significant discovery channels are those where the Higgs is pro­duced by vector boson fusion [see Asai et al, Prospects for the search for a standard model Higgs boson in ATLAS using vector boson fusion, ATLAS Note SN- ATLAS-2003-24]. While the production cross section is lower in these channels, the ability to cleanly tag the Higgs production using forward jets that enter the endcap calorimeters more than compensates, yielding superior signal to noise. The need to use the endcap calorimeters for this tag puts a premium on obtaining an early robust calibration for the calorimeters over the entire angular range.Canada’s participation in ATLASThe Canadian group consists o f about 35 grant eli­gible physicists from TRIUMF, University o f Alberta, Carleton University, Simon Fraser University, Univer­sity o f British Columbia, Universite de Montreal, Uni­versity of Toronto, University o f Victoria, McGill Uni­versity, and York University. We have been stronglymH (GeV/c2)Fig. 5. ATLAS sensitivity for the discovery of a standard model Higgs boson for an integrated luminosity of 30fb_1. The signal significances are plotted for individual channels, as well as for the combination of all channels.involved in three construction projects centred around detecting hadrons in the endcap region: the hadronic endcap project, the hadronic portion o f the for­ward calorimeter project, and the pipeline electron­ics for calorimetry. In addition, as part o f our com­mon project contribution, we delivered the cryogenic signal feedthroughs for the two liquid argon endcap cryostats. The calorimeter projects are currently in the final stages o f installation. TRIUM F has been directly involved in all o f these projects, and is also centrally involved in the detector control sys­tem (DCS) for the liquid argon calorimeters. This year Chris Oram was elected to be the ATLAS Col­laboration Board (deputy) chair (see the ATLAS or­ganization chart at http://atlas.w eb.cern.ch/Atlas/- Management/Organization.gif). This appointment is for four years, and makes him deputy chair in 2005, chair in 2006/7, and then deputy chair again in 2008. He sits ex officio on the ATLAS executive board for these four years.The hadronic endcap projectThe hadronic endcap (HEC) calorimeter is a liq­uid argon sampling calorimeter with copper absorbers [ATLAS Collab., ATLAS Liquid Argon Technical De­sign Report (1996)]. A concise overview o f this de­sign was provided in the 1996 TRIUM F Annual Re­port. An artist’s impression of a module can be seen in Fig. 6 . Four detector systems sit in each endcapFig. 6 . Artist’s impression of a hadronic endcap module.cryostat: the presampler is closest to the interaction region and is followed by the electromagnetic endcap calorimeter (EMEC) and the HEC. At the inner di­ameter, the forward calorimeter (FCAL) is installed around the beam pipe.Hadronic endcap module production and testingAs described in last year’s Annual Report, all modules have been manufactured and individually cold tested. This year the first endcap, predominately assembled with Canadian modules, was successfully cold tested, essentially bringing to an end this era of construction and testing of equipment.ATLAS endcap signal feedthroughs The TRIUMF group contributes to the production of high den­sity cryogenic signal feedthroughs for both endcap cryostats. The feedthroughs are critical to the success of ATLAS. They have been built and tested at the Uni­versity of Victoria by TRIUMF and Victoria staff. The last shipment to CERN took place in January, 2003. The endcap signal feedthroughs have been installed on the two endcap cryostats between December, 2002 and September, 2003. Cabling and tests were finalized in October, 2003, with no failures out of 96,000 electrical channels. Tasks accomplished in 2004 included finaliz­ing the inventory, the storage of spare parts, and the decommissioning o f the feedthrough production equip­ment. The interfacing o f component details and elec­trical test results with the ATLAS database is nearly complete. Readiness for some repairs is being main­tained until the endcap cryostats are in operation in the ATLAS cavern. A paper describing the ATLAS LAr signal feedthroughs has been written in collabora­tion with colleagues from Brookhaven National Labo­ratory (who produced the barrel signal feedthroughs), and has been accepted for publication in Review of Scientific Instruments.Test beam measurements of the hadronic endcap modules This year we undertook the joint test o f the three calorimeters in the endcap. An engineering run of the test beam set-up was undertaken in February, 2004, with beam runs in the spring and fall o f 2004. This test of the EMEC, HEC and FCAL was successful, and pre­liminary results are in agreement with expectations. In addition, it was a full test of the hardware, electronics and software associated with the calorimeter. As such it was a first test of the complete system, and provided a useful pre-test for the up-coming commissioning and initial data-taking era.BN L 7 8 7 /9 4 9 /K O P IOMeasurement of K —*• tzuD and other rare decays(D. Bryman, UBC)The rare decays of K and B mesons play an impor­tant role in the search for the underlying mechanism of flavour dynamics and in particular in the search for the origin of C P violation. Among the many K and B de­cays, the rare decays K + —> n+ uV and —> n0uP are very special because their branching ratios can be com­puted to an exceptionally high degree of precision, not matched by any other flavour-changing neutral-current (FCNC) process involving quarks. While the theo­retical uncertainties in the branching ratios of other prominent FCNC processes are at the level of 10% or larger, the theoretical uncertainty in B(A"° —» tt° vP) is only 1-2%. The non-negligible charm contribution leads to a slightly larger theoretical error in the case of B (A '+ —> 7t+ pp): 8%, which may soon be reduced significantly. Remarkably, the clean access to underly­ing parameters in K + —» n+ uu and K\ —> suchas for new C P violating phases, remains available in most extensions to the standard model including many examples of supersymmetry.Although the A'£ —> n°uu reaction is extremely rare with the standard model prediction at B(A '° —> 7r0vp) = (2.9 ± 0.6) x 10—11, the new KOPIO experi­ment has been designed to observe and study it. KO­PIO will have unprecedented sensitivity representing an experimental improvement o f a factor of 100,000 over previous measurements. (An experiment is cur­rently under way at KEK aimed to reach B < 10 which is an order o f magnitude above the SM predic­tion.) W ith this new technology and remarkable sensi­9tivity, KOPIO has the capability of discovering entirely unanticipated phenomena, of revealing discrepancies in existing theory, or inferring inconsistencies by compar­ison with B meson experiments. KOPIO builds on the success of the E787/E949 measurements of the decay K + —+ -k+ vv at BNL.Results from the E949 measurement of K + —>■7T+ l/PIn 2004, E949 reported new results [Anisimovsky et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 031801 (2004) TRI-PP-04- 07] from data acquired in 2002 using beams, apparatus, and procedures similar to those o f E787. Measurements of charged decay products were made in a 1 T magnetic field using an active target, a central drift chamber, and a cylindrical range stack (RS) o f scintillator de­tectors. Photons were detected in a 47rsr calorimeter. Measurement of K + —> ir+ v& decay from kaons at rest involved observation of the n+ in the momentum region 211 < P < 229M eV /c in the absence o f other coinci­dent activity. Primary background sources were pions from the two-body decay K + —> n+ n °(K n2 ), muons from K + —> /r+ ^(A'Al2) and other decays, pions scat­tered from the beam, and charge exchange reactions followed by K ° —» Tt+iv , where £ = e or [i.Each background source was suppressed by two groups o f complementary but independent selection criteria (cuts), and the desired level of background re­jection was obtained by adjusting the severity o f the cuts. After extensive verification of backgrounds, the total number of background events expected in the sig­nal region was 0.30 ± 0.03.Examination of the signal region for the new data set yielded one event with P = 227.3 ± 2.7 M eV /c, R = 39.2 ± 1.2 cm (range in equivalent cm of scintilla­tor), and E = 128.9 ± 3.6 MeV. The event (2002A) has all the characteristics o f a signal event although its high momentum and low apparent time o f n —* /i decay (6.2 ns) indicated a higher probability than the two previously observed (E787) candidate events that it was due to background, particularly 2 decay.The combined result for the E949 and E787 data is shown in Fig. 7 with the range and kinetic en­ergy o f the events surviving all other cuts. The re­sult obtained using a likelihood method described in http://w ww.kopio.bnl.gov/ was B (A '+ —► n + vv) = 1-4715 ;|glO 10 incorporating the three observed events and their associated weights W given in Table II. This result is consistent with the SM expectation although the central value is nearly twice the prediction. The quoted 68% C.L. interval includes statistical and es­timated systematic uncertainties. The estimated sys­tematic uncertainties do not significantly affect the confidence levels. The estimated probability that back­ground alone gave rise to the three observed events (or<Si 40363432302890 100 110 120 130 140 ISOE n e rg y (M eV )Fig. 7. Range versus energy distribution of events pass­ing all other cuts. The circles represent E787 data and the triangles represent E949 data. The group of events around E = 108 MeV was due to the K + —> 7r+7r° background. The simulated distribution of K + —* n+vv events is indi­cated by dots. The solid line (dashed line) box represents the signal region for E949 (E787).Table II. Numbers of kaons stopped in the target Nk, total acceptance, total numbers of estimated background events for the E949 and E787 data samples, signal-to-background ratio (S/b) and weight (W) for each observed candidate event calculated from a likelihood analysis, and the esti­mated probability that the background alone gave rise to each event (or any more signal-like event).E787 E949N k 5.9 x 1012 1.8 x 1012Total 0.0020 ± 0.0002 0.0022 ± 0.0002acceptanceTotal 0.14 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.03backgroundCandidate 1995A 1998C 2002AS /b 50 7 0.9W 0.98 0.88 0.48Background 0.006 0.02 0.07probabilityto any more signal-like configuration) was 0 .001.The E787 and E949 data were also used to set a limit on the branching ratio for K + —> 7r+ X where X is a neutral weakly interacting massless particle. The new result was B (A + —> n+ X o) < 0.73 x 10~ 10 (90%C.L.), based on the inclusion of event 2002A, which was observed within 2 standard deviations of the expected pion momentum.;E787/E94910Further analysis of E949 data is being pursued vig­orously to study the lower energy phase space region (P < 205M eV /c) for K + —> n+ vv which became ac­cessible due to the E949 upgrade. The potential exists for doubling the sensitivity of E949. In addition, we are using E949 data to study improvements in pho­ton detection efficiency relevant to KOPIO, to search for several non-SM processes (e.g. 7r° —► X X ) , and to study several important radiative K decays including K + —► 7T+7 7 , K + —> 7r°/(i+ ^7 ) and K + —■» 7r+ 7r°7 .History of E949 E949 grew out of the successful pre­cursor experiment, E787, which took data from 1995- 98 and improved the sensitivity to K + —* 7r+ vv by four orders o f magnitude beyond previous attempts. E787 discovered the first two K + —» it+vv events as well as several other important rare K decays and performed many non-SM searches. E949 was fully operational and poised to collect 10-20 SM-level events when the DOE suspended funding for AGS operations in 2002.KOPIOThe experimental aspects of measuring K + —•> 7r°i^ £> are challenging. —* n°vv is a three body de­cay where only the n° is observed. There are many competing decays that also yield 7r°s but with branch­ing ratios that are billions o f times larger. Thus, an approach must be developed with these features: an intense source of K mesons, a detector with maximum possible redundancy for observing the kinematically unconstrained decay, a capability for ensuring that the 7T° is the only observable particle emanating from the decay, and multiple handles for identifying small back­grounds. It is with these issues in mind that KOPIO, shown in Fig. 8 , has been designed. The beam and de­tectors for KOPIO employ well-established technolo­gies in novel configurations. New aspects have beenFig. 8 . An engineering perspective of the KOPIO exper­iment. The apparatus occupies approximately 15 m along the beam line.25 CJtA I'toioissI SOft-'paL I tI 40 rssKmtm IA r 1Fig. 9. Schematic of the KOPIO experiment. The time- bunched neutral K meson beam enters from the left. K decays are imaged using the detection of two photons that interact in the preradiator and the calorimeter on the right. The decay region is surrounded by veto detectors.confirmed in beam measurements, with prototypes, and with simulations.The concept for KOPIO is shown schematically in Fig. 9. The 24 GeV primary proton beam from the AGS is presented to the production target in 200 ps wide pulses at a rate of 25 MHz. A 360 psr solid an­gle neutral beam is extracted at 42.5° to produce a “soft” K {[ spectrum peaked at 0.65 G eV /c. The low energy, time-structured neutral beam allows determi­nation of the incident K® momentum using the time- of-flight technique. The vertical acceptance of the beam (4 mrad) is kept much smaller than the horizontal ac­ceptance (90 mrad) so that effective collimation can be applied to severely limit neutron halos and to obtain another constraint on the decay vertex position. Down­stream o f the final beam collimator is a 4 m long decay region which is surrounded by the main detector. The beam region is evacuated to a level of 10“ 7 torr to sup­press neutron-induced pion production. The decay re­gion is surrounded by an efficient charged particle veto detector and Pb/scintillator photon veto detector.The detection system for 7r° —> 7 7 decay allows a fully constrained reconstruction of the decay vertex, and mass, energy, and momentum measurements in the K ([ centre o f mass system. This is accomplished by measuring the position o f interaction, angle, and en­ergy of each individual photon in a fine grained prera­diator (PR) detector followed by an efficient calorime­ter.The PR is a high resolution, high efficiency 7 -ray imaging device under development at TRIUMF. Using an array of plastic scintillation counters and dual coor­pmxm msm* AEROGELchmmmb*W W K SSAM mXH NEUTRONS:"saammmmwvKMMrmis£2 mcnac «?oi wsm'ISRASRiYr11dinate drift chambers, the PR will accurately measure positions, energies and angles o f photons in the range of 50 to 500 MeV. The resolutions expected are 250 yum, /^E(GeV) ’ and 25mrad> for position, energy and angle(at 250 MeV), respectively, based on KOPIO prototype and other measurements and simulations. Efficiency of detection for photons in the preradiator is expected to be 70%.The goal of the KOPIO experiment is to explore new physics such as CP-violating phases with a sen­sitivity equivalent to measuring 100 standard model events. The present plan calls for running o f the ex­periment to commence in 2011 with three years of data acquisition. In addition to the —> tt° up de­cay, many other radiative type K decays o f significant interest and searches for non-SM processes will also be accessed simultaneously. At the conclusion o f the KO­PIO experiment, either the SM picture of C P V will be shown to be consistent with present knowledge and the relevant parameters measured accurately, or a new approach to understanding quark mixing and C P vio­lation will have been shown to be required.The preradiatorThe preradiator (PR) is at the heart of the KOPIO signal detection technique designed to efficiently mea­sure the position, angle, time, and energy o f photons. The P R will be arranged in four quadrants o f modules shown in Figs. 10 and 11. A module consists o f eight1.5 m x 1.5 m drift chambers and 9 scintillator sheets. Preradiator R&DDrift chambers Several stages of prototype cham­bers have been constructed to verify the position res­olution and develop compatible electronics. A stack of five chambers was used to measure the position reso­lution of cathode strip arrangements. The resolution for a chamber with 5 mm wide strips was a = 213 ± 14 yum, compatible with the requirements, and anode- wire position resolution a = 199 ± 14 /im was ob­tained. There was no drift time dependence to the res­olutions indicating that contributions such as misalign­ment dominated. Further cathode resolution tests ac­commodating larger angles up to 45° are being carried out and two full length test chambers, with 2 m long anode wires (short strips - see Fig. 12), and with 2 m long cathode strips (short wires), were constructed and have been used for the development o f front-end elec­tronics to study efficiency, timing distributions, pulse shape variations, and other parameters. Signal charac­teristics as a function o f position, signal-to-noise ratios, and efficiencies are being studied and modelled.Prototypes of the KOPIO anode and cathode read­out cards were also manufactured and tested. Each channel is composed o f an amplifier and level adaptor.Fig. 10. PR detector composed of 32 modules organized in Fig. 11. Module with the chamber stack (pink), Shashlyk4 quadrants of 8 modules surrounding the beam pipe. (red), and electronic crates (blue).12Fig. 13. Scintillator during extrusion process.Fig. 12. 2 m long anode wires with short strips.For the cathodes, six octal flash ADCs sample the sig­nals and deliver the digital data to their corresponding FPGAs for data processing. The eight channels of each flash ADC are processed in the associated FPG A and sent through a single LVDS output to another FPGA for data merging and data transmission. Self-triggering or an external trigger can be selected in each mode of operation: time window mode, time offset mode, and algorithm mode. Forty prototype cathode readout cards will be assembled and used in the full scale KO­PIO PR module prototype set-up. Anode cards con­sist of front end amplifier-discriminators followed by pipeline TDCs and FPGAs.Scintillator studies During the past two years we have been perfecting the production o f extruded polystyrene scintillator in conjunction with a local company, CELCO Industries (Surrey, BC). The ex­trusions have dimensions 1 cm x 7 cm x 2.5 m with six 1 mm holes for WLS fibres. A recent product is shown in Fig. 13. After achieving the dimensional and flat­ness tolerances and hole extrusion techniques, we stud­ied properties including light output, attenuation, and hole dimensional tolerance. The tests indicate that the amount of the scintillation light from the extruded scintillator was comparable to that of St. Gobain com­mercial scintillator BC408, though the measured 15 cm attenuation length affected the yield o f photo-electrons via WLS readout; the quality of the extruded hole did not have much impact on the photo-electron yield; and MC calculations reasonably describe the WLS readout. To match the precision required for the PR module construction, the extrusions will be machined with tongue and groove on the edges for gluing into1.5 m x 1.5 m sheets using a gluing jig. The first thirty- five satisfactory planks were produced in September.After basic tests on the extruded scintillators, the test set-up was modified to accommodate five scintilla­tor pieces, each with six 1 mm diameter holes for WLS fibres which were bundled and read out by a Hama­matsu 3178X photo-multiplier from one end. Using an X — Y readout drift chamber, data were taken simul­taneously for the five scintillators and for position de­pendence across the scintillator. The average number of photo-electrons was 8 p .e./M eV per end with a slight (10%) dependence on the coating/wrapping material. This statistically corresponds to ere = energyresolution and we expect to read out both ends. The observed time resolution of approximately 2 ns corre­sponds to at 120 ps for minimum ionizing parti-VE(GeV)cles. Both resolutions conform to KOPIO requirements and are expected to be improved.KOPIO neutral beam design work at TRIUMFThe neutral K £ beam line is a system o f collimators that defines a highly asymmetric beam. During 2004, many studies were made at TRIUMF including inves­tigation of the optimal aspect ratio where a better halo was obtained; minimizing the length of the beam with­out substantially increasing the neutron halo; reducing the thickness o f the photon attenuator to increase the K flux; using a magnetic field in the last collimator to reduce the charged kaon contamination to 10“ ' of the neutral beam; adding another collimator to limit the entrance aperture just before the decay region to decrease the neutron halo by a factor o f 2 ; and, studies of the material o f the collimators which showed that W is best. Our conclusion is that the many aspects of the beam are now well understood.AGS upgrade work for KOPIO at TRIUMFThe AGS will be upgraded for KOPIO to pro­vide higher beam intensity with a significantly mod­13ified time structure. Three upgrades to the AGS are planned: (1) extraction of a micro-bunched proton beam; (2) increasing the proton intensity by a factor o f 1.5 or more to 1014 protons (100 Tp) per AGS cy­cle; and (3) constructing a new proton beam line to bring the intense micro-bunched beam to a new K meson production target. The TRIU M F/U BC team was awarded a CFI International Access grant for the Canadian portion o f this work, contingent on NSF funding of the KOPIO experiment in the US. In 2004, the CFI provided initial funds for advanced planning to initiate the R&D effort to meet the Canadian re­sponsibilities for items (1) and (2) while the NSF pro­vided funds for items ( l ) - (3 ) . This work will allow the designs and specifications for these upgrades to be ad­vanced to the point where detailed design, fabrication and placement of contracts can be initiated. Ewart Blackmore (TRIUMF) is coordinating the Canadian AGS upgrade efforts.25 MHz microbunching cavity The specifications for the 25 MHz microbunching cavity to be provided by TRIUMF include a cavity centre frequency of 24.8694 MHz (67th harmonic of revolution frequency) and a gap voltage o f 150 kV. The RHIC 28 MHz cavity de­sign is to be used for reference. The R&D work also involves simulations of the cavity using the HFSS radio frequency design code in order to study the resonant frequency, tuning and coupling to the amplifier. A full- scale 3D model of the 25 MHz cavity will be fabricated for low power rf tests and optimization.AGS injection kicker Two new kicker modules will be installed in the AGS ring to add to the existing kicker strength in order to provide the 3mrad deflec­tion required for 2 GeV protons into the AGS. The TRIUMF group has proposed a new design o f trans­mission line kicker to accomplish this task. Detailed specifications have been developed. Proposed proto­type work includes computer modelling to gain a good understanding o f the performance o f the kicker system. In addition, we will design and test a prototype trans­mission line type kicker.The H E R M E S Experiment(C.A. Miller, S. Yen, TRIUMF)IntroductionThe HERMES experiment was designed to compre­hensively study the spin structure o f the nucleon. It has been running at the 27.5 GeV HERA electron acceler­ator at the DESY Laboratory in Hamburg, Germany since 1995, measuring spin asymmetries for deeply in­elastic electron scattering (DIS) as well as a wealth of unpolarized observables. The combination of a polar­ized high energy electron beam in a storage ring with undiluted polarized atomic gas targets is unique inthis field, and has important experimental advantages. Furthermore, the spectrometer detecting the scattered electrons has substantial acceptance and the capabil­ity to identify all types of hadrons produced in coinci­dence.This was a very productive year o f running at HERA while HERMES continued to accumulate data with a transversely polarized hydrogen target. As was explained in some detail in last year’s Annual Report, the asymmetries for the semi-inclusive deep-inelastic events found in these data are sensitive to the previ­ously unmeasured transversity quark distribution. T his sensitivity arises through a feature of the fragmenta­tion process described by the Collins function. It acts as a “quark polarimeter” through the appearance of an asymmetry in the distribution o f produced pions in the azimuthal angle about the virtual photon direction with respect to the linear polarization o f the virtual photon in the lepton scattering plane. Such data from the 2002/03 running years were the basis for a Physics Review Letter, which was published in 2004. Because o f the much improved performance o f the accelerator, the 2004 running added about three times as much again. Results from these new data will be released in 2005. Running with transverse target polarization will continue until late 2005.While the new data accumulates, the collaboration continued to complete analyses o f the data o f previous years, release new preliminary results and publish final ones. Space permits only some highlights to be men­tioned here. One publication in Physics Review D was a detailed account o f the extraction of quark helicity distributions from the measurements of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering with longitudinally polarized hydrogen and deuterium targets in 1996-2000. The po­larizations of the three light flavours of sea quarks are independently determined. This fulfills one o f the main original goals of the experiment.Deeply virtual Compton scatteringOne of the dramatic developments o f the last decade in the field o f nucleon spin physics is the emer­gence of hard exclusive production o f photons and mesons as a new window on nucleon spin structure. New factorization theorems relate observables in such processes to generalized parton distributions (GPDs), which encode both the contribution o f parton orbital angular momenta to the nucleon spin, as well as the correlation between the longitudinal momentum of partons and their transverse position. This year, HER­MES released new results for the kinematic depen­dence of beam-charge asymmetries for the hard exclu­sive deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) pro­cess on the hydrogen and deuterium targets. Figure 14 shows their dependence on the momentum transferred14O.T- ILL£0 ) 0.75 0.5 0.25 0■a t-0.6■O T-O)0.40.20CM>a>10ACM-110-4 -3 -2 -110 10 10 10 1XFig. 14. The virtual-photon asymmetry gi (x )/F\ (a;) for the proton and the deuteron, compared to world data, each at its measured value of Q2 shown in the lower panel.to the target nucleon, which remains intact even after one o f its quark absorbs a hard virtual photon and then re-emits an energetic real photon. The asymmetries arise from interference with the well-understood Bethe- Heitler process (radiative elastic scattering), giving sensitivity to the DVCS amplitudes. Hence the deu­terium asymmetry arises almost entirely from the pro­ton, as the Bethe-Heitler cross section on the neutron is negligible except in the last t-bin. The more precise new deuterium results now confirm the earlier observa­tion on hydrogen of a significant asymmetry at inter­mediate i-values. These data can be compared to the predictions of various models for GPDs. The asymme­tries with respect to transverse target polarization for the events now being recorded from both DVCS and exclusive production of pions will introduce new inde­pendent constraints on GPDs.Interference fragmentation functionsAnother new result released this year is the first observation of an asymmetry with respect to longitudi­nal target polarization in the semi-inclusive productionHERMES |l 0 E 1432* E 155 (Q -averaged by HERMES) jfl* SMC iW$ .* .........m l i i i i 11 ill i i i, i i i.i11, i— i i. i.i.i.ui-.COMPASS: , I i 1 i i t L #—|.........I- -J- • • ?' • • j • i j- • f •?* 1 ....................I | Im l i i i m i l l i 11.l.j-ImU iJ i i i i 11ill--------- 1— i i i 1111o ° • A *9*■n -I.--.J-h U ' ■ • - , ’ : ; i 1 ! - ■- > !-..i • • 1 i : T.LLG :of 7T+7T- pairs in deep-inelastic scattering. Theoretical predictions of such a possible asymmetry based on an “interference fragmentation function” were motivated by the role it could play as another polarimeter for transverse quark polarization, potentially yielding an independent signal of transversity. An asymmetry did appear in this data, although not with conclusive sta­tistical significance. A larger asymmetry is expected to appear in the data now being recorded with transverse target polarization.The spin structure function giA primary goal of the HERMES experiment was the precise measurement o f the inclusive spin-structure function g i(x ), in deep-inelastic scattering on both hy­drogen and deuterium targets. Results for hydrogen were published several years ago. This year, final re­sults for deuterium were also released, together with a reanalysis of the hydrogen data using the refined tech­niques that have since been developed. These structure functions have been measured in other experiments at both SLAC and CERN. However, the new deuterium data are the most precise available. Furthermore, when all of the available data measured over a significant range in Q 2 representing the hard scale of the process are combined in global analyses, the <5 2-evolution of the structure functions can be extracted. Due to the coupling of quarks and gluons described by QCD, this evolution constrains the polarization o f gluons with re­spect to the nucleon longitudinal spin orientation. The new results for the ratio g\ (x )/ F\ (x ) o f structure func­tion (closely releated to virtual-photon asymmetries) are compared to world data in Fig. 14. This ratio is expected and found to have little dependence on Q 2. The corresponding values o f gi(x ) from HERMES are shown in Fig. 15. The HERMES error bars in these plots cannot be compared directly to those of other ex­periments, as only the HERMES analysis includes full unfolding o f the kinematic smearing due to instrumen­tal resolution and QED radiation, which inflates the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. However, the compensating interbin correlations represented by the negative off-diagonal elements are accounted for in the calculation o f first moments o f g i, which are shown in Table III. The statistical precision o f the HERMES data on the proton is competitive and on the deuteron it is superior.FragmentationParton distribution functions are not the only ob­servables relevant to understanding confinement in QCD. Equally important are fragmentation functions that describe how an energetic quark ejected from a hadron in a hard collision becomes incorporated into a new hadron together with quarks found in the15Table III. Comparison of the first moments of the structure function g\ measured by various experiments with that measured by HERMES, in a common measured x-range in each case. The references in the last column appear in Table IV.Experiment Q 2[GeV2]x-range Target Moment Our moment in the same x-rangeReferenceHERMES 5 0.021-0.9 P 0.1246 ±0 .0032 ±0 .0074 — 1E143 5 0.03-0.8 P 0.117 ± 0 .0 0 3 ±0 .006 0.1174 ±0 .0027 2SMC 5 0.03-0.7 P 0.128 ± 0 .0 0 6 0.1141 ±0 .0026 2 0SMC 10 0.003-0.7 P 0.131 ± 0.005 ± 0.006 ± 0.004 (**) 3HERMES 5 0.021-0.9 d 0.0452 ±0 .0015 ±0 .0017 1E143 5 0.03-0.8 d 0.043 ± 0 .0 0 3 ±0 .002 0.0433 ± 0.0013 2E155 5 0.01-0.9 d 0.0408 ± 0.0025 ± 0.0024 (**) 4SMC 5 0.03-0.7 d 0.043 ± 0.007 0.0416 ±0 .0013 2 0SMC 10 0.003-0.7 d 0.037 ± 0.006 ± 0.003 ± 0.003 3O 0.06 X0.040.0200.040.0200.020- 0.02-0.04XFig. 15. The spin structure function gi(x) for the proton and the deuteron.vacuum. A wealth of information about fragmentation has been extracted from e+e~ collider data. However, most of these data are not sensitive to the full flavour dependence o f fragmentation. Deep-inelastic scattering on both hydrogen and deuterium targets can provide this sensitivity when complete hadron identification is available. HERMES is equipped with a dual-radiator ring-imaging Cerenkov detector that provides thisprotonHERMESsmearing unfoldedIII I__ i i . I I I 11111deuteronMl I I I _I I I I Ineutron11■JT"$ f i | j i j !from gP and g?□ He (not smearing unfolded)—i—i—i i 1111-------- 1— i—i i i 1111_____i__ i i ........Table IV. References for the moments shown in Table III.1 HERMES g\ paper in preparation2 E143, Abe et al., Phys. Rev. D58, 112003 (1998)2(*) Same as above, results calculated by E143 in a smaller x-range than SMC3 SMC, Adeva et al., Phys. Rev. D58, 112001(1998)4 E155, Anthony et al., Phys. Lett. B463, 339(1999)(**) A comparison value is not calculated becauseit would mean using our data at Q 2 < 1 GeV2capability over the full kinematic acceptance. Further­more, as the HERMES energy regime is lower than col­lider energies, it is important to compare the results in the two regimes to ensure that they are universal, as expected from factorization theorems.A fragmentation function represents the number density o f hadrons of a particular type that are pro­duced by a struck quark of a particular flavour, ex­pressed as a function of the scaling invariant z. In the target rest frame, z is the hadron energy Eh as a frac­tion of the energy v of the virtual photon. The first step towards extracting fragmentation functions is to measure hadron multiplicities for both hydrogen and deuterium targets. New precise multiplicity results for hydrogen were released this year, and are shown as a function o f z in Fig. 16. As the contributions from the decay o f exclusively produced vector mesons (p and <f>) may not be regarded as a legitimate part of semi- inclusive DIS, results are also shown after their sub­traction using simulations tuned to measured exclusive cross sections.The DIS factorization theorem implies that hadron multiplicities should be independent of x, the momen­tum fraction of the struck parton in the target. Fig­ure 17 shows the measured multiplicities as a function1610HERMES Preliminary• excl. VM subtracted □ excl, VM included11.. 11111111111111proton targetQ2=2.5 GeV2/c2i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . .-210HERMES Preliminaryt • excl, VM subtracted : □ excl. VM includedproton target0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Fig. 16. Hadron multiplicities as a function of 2 measured by HERMES on the hydrogen target, corrected to 47r acceptance and evolved to a fixed scale Q2 = 2.5 GeV2. The statistical error bars are typically too small to be visible, and the systematic uncertainties are shown as the error bands. Values are shown both with and without subtraction of the simulated contribution from exclusive production of vector mesons.■3 i oz■ax■az+10; • : 0.25 < z < 0.35 a : 0.45 < z < 0.60 0.35 < z < 0.45 ▼ : 0.60 < z < 0.75”W *jt0 4HERMES 2000 Preliminary* excl. VM subtracted o excl, VM included• EMC (charged had.)proton target! = 2.5 GeV2/c210 1 , 1x bjFig. 17. Charged pion multiplicities as a function of x in four intervals in z, corrected to 47r acceptance and evolved to a fixed scale Q2 = 2.5 GeV2, as measured by HERMES at 27.57 GeV and by the EMC experiment at CERN at 100-280 GeV [Ashman et al., Z. Phys. C52, 361 (1991)]. (The EMC data includes all charged hadrons.)of x, for several bins in 2 . They are compared to results from measurements at higher energy at CERN, the x dependence of which has been a long-standing puzzle. The new HERMES results after subtraction o f the ex­clusive “contamination” show little such dependence. Hence the puzzle may be more experimental than the­oretical.W hen quark fragmentation occurs in the nuclear environment, it becomes possible to study the sequen­tial stages of this process via the dependence of the effects o f the nuclear medium on the nuclear size and the kinematics o f the process. The understanding of quark propagation in the nuclear medium is crucial for the interpretation o f ultrarelativistic heavy ion colli­sions. Deeply inelastic scattering (DIS) o f charged lep- tons is an ideal tool for this study, as it provides di­rect measurement o f the kinematic properties of the struck quark. It turns out that the ideal range of en­ergy transfer to the struck quark is 10 to 20 GeV, where the hadron formation length is similar to a typical nu­clear size. Hence the HERMES experiment at 27.5 GeV beam energy is well placed to pursue these studies. The usual observable o f interest is the multiplicity ra­tio R a (v , z) - the ratio of the DIS hadron multipli­city measured on a target nucleus to that measured on deuterium. In the absence of nuclear effects on frag­mentation, this ratio will be unity. An extensive set of precise data for identified pions and kaons, protons andantiprotons was published by HERMES the previous year [Airapetian et al, Phys. Lett. B577, 37 (2003)], giving the dependence of the nuclear ratio on both v and 2 . Various theoretical models aref able to explain the main features of those data, namely that the ratio decreases as the target mass increases, as v decreases, or as z increases. These models variously account for energy loss by the energetic struck quark via gluon bremsstrahlung as it propagates through nuclear mat­ter, nuclear absorption of the embryonic colour-singlet “pre-hadron” , and/or absorption o f the hadron if it is fully formed within the target. These data revealing the effects of cold nuclear matter of moderate density have constrained interpretations in the context o f hot dense nuclear matter of the discovery at RHIC o f complete suppression of back-to-back jet pairs in central A u+A u collisions, while two-hadron correlations in the same jet survive. One such interpretation is that fragmenta­tion at RHIC is occuring mostly outside the nucleus, and the jet suppression is due to parton energy loss in the medium [Wang, Phys. Lett. B 579, 299 (2004)]. It was proposed to test this hypothesis by extracting two-hadron attenuation at HERMES. A useful observ­able here is the super-ratio of the nuclear suppression of two-hadron production to that for one-hadron pro­duction:'R'2h(z2) —. Ntnry(*)If parton energy loss were dominant, then in terms of the Lund string model of fragmentation, this ratio can be expected to be reduced only moderately below unity via the further energy loss by the lower energy remnant quark after the first string break. Most o f the gluon ra­diation is done by the more energetic leading quark. On the other hand, if nuclear absorption o f (pre-)hadrons were dominant, then there would be roughly twice as much absorption suppressing two-hadron production.HERMES has now released the first such measure­ments of the two-hadron to one-hadron attenuation super-ratio. The results for nitrogen and krypton tar­gets are shown in Fig. 18 as a function o f the 22 value o f the slower o f the two hadrons, while the leading hadron is required to have a z\ value greater than 1/2. The values are indeed only marginally below unity, perhaps somewhat more so for the heavier target. This supports the dominance of energy loss via gluon bremsstrahlung. A recent theoretical calculation o f this quantity within such a model is in fair agreement with these nitrogen data [Majumder, nucl-th/0503019]. In this picture, the rise at small values of zi can be understood in terms of both small energy loss by the slower quark as well181.30.7HERMES Prelim inary (z t> 0 .5 )KryptonNitrogenSystematic uncertainty 3% (2%) Kr (N). . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . .0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Fig. 18. The super-ratio of the nuclear attenuation of two- hadron production in DIS on nitrogen or krypton to the nu­clear attenuation of one-hadron production, as a function of the 2 2 value of the slower hadron. The leading hadron is required to have a Zi value exceeding 1 / 2 .PS1.3 1.2 1.110.90.81.3 1.2 1.110.90.80.7: HERMES Preliminary (z i>0 .5 ): f i iO Nitrogen all h■ Nitrogen nori ' f 3iP1A |; Systematic uncertainty 2%.. . __ . i - .1 ._■_.: O Krypton all h: j # Krypton no + 71 1 itL f *0f; Systematic uncertainty 3%I1 . . . . 1 . . . .0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5Fig. 19. As in Fig. 18, but additionally the effect of ex­cluding oppositely charged hadrons is shown.as hadron formation by a radiated gluon. Figure 19 shows the effect o f excluding hadron pairs with oppo­site charge which, in the context of the Lund string m odel of fragmentation, requires that the two hadrons differ in “rank” by more than unity, i.e. they cannot be separated by only one string-break. (The effect of excluding hadron pairs from decay o f exclusively pro­duced p mesons was shown to be negligible by restrict­ing the invariant mass of the pair to not fall near the p mass.) The requirement that the slower hadron have a lower rank appears to only slightly suppress two- hadron production. This requirement might be naively expected to increase nuclear absorption of the hadron, as such a hadron will be formed closer to the original interaction point and hence further inside the nucleus. However, detailed model calculations are needed, and can be tested by these data.The ongoing HERMES programDESY has promised beam for HERMES until mid- 2007. The present running plan is to continue until late 2005 on the transversely-polarized hydrogen target to complete the first measurement o f quark transversity in the proton. Meanwhile, HERMES has assembled and is testing a new recoil detector to surround the tar­get cell and detect the recoiling intact target nucleon from hard exclusive processes, in order to guarantee their exclusivity. This detector will be installed in late 2005 and will be the centre-piece for the following two years o f running on high density unpolarized targets in 2006/07. This will yield the first really high quality data on asymmetries in both beam spin and charge for DVCS, the process that holds the most promise to shed light on the orbital angular momentum of partons.HERMES collaborators in 2004: J. Lu, C.A. Miller, S. Yen (TRIUMF), G. Gavrilov (TRIUMF, visiting from DESY), K. Garrow (Alberta/SFU).J-PAR CT 2K long baseline neutrino experiment(A. Konaka, TRIUMF)The T2K long baseline neutrino experiment has been approved by the Japanese government, and the neutrino beam line construction started in April, 2004. Sending a beam from the new 1 M W class accelerator at J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Com­plex) to the existing water Cerenkov detector, Super- Kamiokande, it aims at determining the lepton mixing angle 013 and greatly improving the precision on the mixing parameters Arn|3 and #23- The commissioning of the J-PARC accelerator is scheduled for 2008 and the first T2K neutrino beam is expected in the begin­ning o f 2009.The T2K collaboration in Canada consists o f accel­erator scientists at TRIUMF and physicists and stu­dents across Canada from TRIUMF, Alberta, UBC, Carleton, Montreal, Toronto, Victoria, and York Uni­versity. The Canadian group has been involved in T2K from the very beginning stages o f the conceptual de­sign. In particular, we introduced essential design con­cepts, such as the idea of the —* ve analysis and thenarrow band off-axis beam, and contributed to the ac-19celerator beam dynamics study, dual abort/extraction kicker design, and the combined function magnet de­sign.The neutrino beam is produced by a high inten­sity proton beam hitting the target to produce pions, which decay in the following decay volume to produce neutrinos (n -> /u u). The T2K neutrino beam line is the first megawatt beam line. One of its most chal­lenging areas is the target station where a large frac­tion o f the megawatt energy is released. Full remote maintenance is required for the target and the focus­ing horn magnets. Although the T2K target station is much larger, the structure is very similar to the ISAC target station. The T2K beam line construction group has visited TRIUMF to learn from it, and the TRI­UMF experts have contributed to reviewing the con­ceptual design of the target station. Detailed engineer­ing design of the target station will take place in the next couple of years, and TRIUMF is expected to con­tribute to the remote handling designs under the new TRIUMF Five-Year Plan. An accelerator contribution, namely the beam damper system in the main ring, is also expected in the Five-Year Plan.Monitoring the neutrino source is essential in un­derstanding and controlling the neutrino beam. It is done in three places: the primary proton beam mon­itor, a muon monitor at the beam dump, and a neu­trino monitor (on-axis neutrino detector). The Cana­dian group is in charge o f the proton beam profile monitor right in front o f the target (target monitor) based on an optical transition radiation (O TR) detec­tor. O T R detectors have been used for electron ma­chines and recently adopted for proton machines at CERN and FNAL. An O T R would likely be the only profile monitor that would work under the extremely high radiation environment in front of the target.The neutrino oscillations are observed by mea­suring the neutrino flux in the far detector, Super- Kamiokande, compared with that in an off-axis near detector which is placed in the same direction as the far detector. The off-axis near detector (see Fig. 20)+ Side-MRDPODJT P C T P CoT P C+ Side-MRDFig. 21. Prototype design of the TPC.consists o f fine grained calorimeters (FGD, POD) and time projection chambers (TPC), and an electromag­netic calorimeter (Ecal), which are placed inside the large dipole magnet used for the U A l experiment at CERN.The Canadian group is in charge o f the TPCs and two FGDs, one based on plastic scintillator and the other based on water-soluble scintillator. There will be three TPCs, each of which is 2.4m x 2.4 m x 0.9 m with an electron drift distance of 1.2m (see Fig. 21). A leading candidate for signal readout is the gas electron multiplier (GEM), which has been studied for linear collider detector R&D.The FGD (Fig. 22) serves as the neutrino target mass. The required granularity is about 1 cm x 1 cm in cross section to be able to detect recoil protons from the quasi-elastic scattering process v^n —> [i~y.Fig. 20. Conceptual schematics of off-axis near detector.20Because the far detector is water, a scintillator with high water content is desired. We have achieved a water content of 70% with a water-soluble scintillator (Quick- safe A) by adding surfactants. The water-mixed scintil­lator is contained in polypropylene corrugated plastic sheets with a cell size of 1 cm x 1 cm and the emitted light is read out by wavelength shifting fibres.A leading candidate for the FGD photosensor is a multipixel Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (silicon photomultiplier). R&D for the scintillator and photo­sensor is under way.The design o f the manipulator for the optical cali­bration of the 1 kton front detector in the ongoing K2K experiment was completed, and construction begun. The manipulator will be deployed in the coming year.R&D for the Canadian contributions to the T2K detector, TPC, FGD, and OTR, as well as Canadian participation in K2K, has been funded by NSERC.Sudbury Neutrino Observatory(R. Helmer, TRIUMF)As noted in last year’s Annual Report, discrete 3He counters were installed in the heavy water during 2003. Unfortunately, there were several problem strings of counters and it wasn’t until the summer (2004) that these were all resolved well enough to begin routine operation. Commissioning continued until late Novem­ber, at which time a period of running began with the data set open to full analysis. At the end o f the year this mode o f operation ended and full production run­ning, including a blindness scheme for analysis o f the data, is to begin at the start of 2005.The upgraded glove box, referred to in last year’s report, was installed in June. The analysis o f the first part of the salt data, also referred to in last year’s re­port, was published [Ahmed et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 181301 (2004)]. Meanwhile, analysis has progressed on the full salt data set, with publication expected early in 2005.Two other papers were published by the collabora­tion during 2004. In one [Ahmed et al., ibid. 102004 (2004)], constraints were placed on nucleon decay into “invisible” modes, e.g. n —> 3u. The analysis was based on a search for y-rays from the de-excitation of the residual nucleus that would result from the disappear­ance of either a proton or a neutron from 16O. A limit of TmV > 2 x 1029 years was obtained at 90% confi­dence for either decay mode, an order o f magnitude more stringent than previous constraints on invisible proton decay modes and 400 times more stringent than similar neutron modes.The other published result [Aharmim et al., Phys. Rev. D70, 09301 (2004)] concerned a search for elec­tron antineutrinos. These could possibly arise in thesolar flux or from neutron induced fission of naturally occurring elements. It has been suggested that antineu­trinos could be produced either by spin flavour preces­sion in the magnetic field of the sun or by decay of a heavier neutrino mass eigenstate into a lighter antineu­trino. The signal is distinctive, Ve + d —>• e+ + n + n—4.03 MeV, and the triple coincidence permits a search with low background. In the case of Fes from nuclear fission, the positron energies from the charged current interaction are below the threshold for detection in an analysis which includes the positron, but it is possi­ble to search for these events nonetheless by looking only at two-neutron coincidences. The latter analysis includes (e+ ,n ) coincidences, as it is not possible to separate neutron from positron signals on an event by event basis. Hence these signals add to the triple coincidence detection of solar Ve, and in fact are 10 times more likely to be detected than either (n, n) or (e+ ,n , n) coincidences. The time coincidence window was set to 150 ms to optimize the sensitivity to 2-fold coincidences in the presence of a background of ac­cidental coincidences. The total background from all sources to these signals was estimated to be 1.7^ 9 coincidences.Two candidate events were observed - one 3-fold and one 2-fold coincidence. Integral limits on the Fe flux in the energy ranges from 4-14.8 MeV and below 8 M eV were derived from these events, and spectrally independent differential limits were also obtained. The limit from 4-14.8 MeV shows that less than 0.81% of the solar ve flux converts to Ve (90% C.L.), and is comparable to, and consistent with, a similar limit ob­tained by Super-Kamiokande. The limit obtained for neutron induced fission Ves in the energy range 4-8 M eV (2.0 x 106 cm ~2s_1 at 90% C.L.) is consistent with, but not as constraining as, a similar limit from KamLAND. Similarly, limits on neutrino decay were obtained that were consistent with KamLAND results, but again the SNO results were not as constraining.The ®Li source has been sent to TRIUMF for re­furbishing before it is used again for calibration. The inside of the spherical source chamber was painted sev­eral years ago to enhance the light yield from 4He scin­tillation events, and it is feared some of the paint has flaked off.T J N A F Experiment 00-006Measurement of the flavour singlet form factors of the proton (G0)(W .T .H . van Oers, Manitoba)The structure of the nucleon at low energies in terms o f the quark and gluon degrees of freedom is not well understood. The G0 experiment is to mea­sure two proton ground state matrix elements which21are sensitive to point-like strange quarks and hence to the quark-antiquark sea in the proton. The matrix ele­ments o f interest are the elastic scattering vector weak neutral current charge and magnetic form factors, G f and G fj, respectively. These can be extracted from a set o f parity-violating electron-proton scattering mea­surements. If one assumes a relationship between the proton and neutron structure in that the proton and neutron differ only by the interchange o f up and down quarks, i.e., isospin symmetry, the strange quark (as well as the up and down quark) contribution to the charge and magnetic form factors of the nucleon can be determined. This would result from taking appro­priate linear combinations o f the weak neutral form factors and their electromagnetic counterparts.Determinations o f both the charge and magnetic strange quark form factors are of fundamental inter­est, as these would constitute the first direct evidence o f the quark sea in low energy observables. It is the ob­jective o f the G0 experiment to determine these con­tributions to the proton form factors at the few per cent level. Observations at high energy suggest that the strange quarks carry about half as much momentum as the up and down quarks in the sea. It is important to determine both the role of the quark sea and the rel­evance of strange quarks at low energy where there are voids in understanding the theory o f the strong in­teraction (quantum chromo dynamics, QCD). Even if the strange quark contributions do not amount to the level o f sensitivity o f the experiment, upper limit de­terminations at this level are as valuable as non-zero results. The matrix elements, G § and G ff , are also rel­evant to discussions o f the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule and the pion-nucleon sigma term; there is uncertainty in both of these about the strange quark contributions. The G0 experiment will allow the determination o f the strange contributions to the proton charge and magnetic form factors in a much more straightforward manner than is possible with regard to the corresponding observables in the above two deduced relations.A z = (1/P) -(*)]where P is the polarization of the incident electron beam and the + and — signs indicate the helicity state. Making pairs o f measurements at forward and backward angles will allow the separation of G f and G m . Predicted longitudinal analyzing powers range from about (-3 to -35 ) x 10~6; it is planned to measure the longitudinal analyzing powers with sta­tistical uncertainties of A A /A = 5% and systematic uncertainties related to helicity correlated effects of A A/A < 2.5 x K T 7.The heart of the G0 detection system is a spectrom­eter which consists o f an eight-sector toroidal magnet, with an array of scintillation detectors located at the focal surface of each octant and, for the backward angle mode, additional arrays of scintillation detectors and a Cerenkov detector located near the magnet cryostat exit window of each octant. In the first phase o f the experiment longitudinal analyzing powers have been measured concurrently at several values o f the momen­tum transfer in the range 0.1 < Q2 < 1.0 GeV2. It must be realized that the length of the experiment is in part governed by making rather elaborate control mea­surements to determine the corrections that have to be made to the measured asymmetries and to assess sys­tematic errors. In the second phase of the experiment each subsequent backward angle analyzing power mea­surement would require one month of continuous run­ning time. The results o f the SAMPLE experiment at the MIT-Bates laboratory have shown the importance of measuring the axial form factor corrections. There­fore, companion measurements of quasi-elastic scatter­ing from deuterium will also be made at the backward angles. W ith these measurements, the effective axial current of the nucleon will also be determined. This current includes effects from the effective axial cou­pling of the photon to the nucleon or anapole moment, which are relevant also in other processes, e.g. parity violating Moller scattering and atomic parity violation.The past year culminated in a very successful data- taking run completing the first phase, forward an­gle mode, of the G0 experiment (December, 2003 to May, 2004). Preliminary results have been presented at the Gordon Research Conference on Photonuclear Reactions (Tilton, NH, August 1- 6 , 2004) and at the DNP Fall Meeting (October 28-30, 2004). Consider­able progress has also been made in the design, pro­totyping, fabrication, testing, and installation o f criti­cal components for the second phase, backward angle mode, of the experiment, in particular the cryostat exit detectors, the aerogel Cerenkov detectors, and the sup­port structure for these. The Canadian contributions to these efforts have been significant.An enumeration o f the various Canadian contribu­tions to the G0 experiment is given below. As well, a brief description o f the recently completed G0 forward angle run is provided, followed by a summary o f the progress made in preparing for the second-phase back­ward angle measurement.Canadian contributionsThe Canadian members of the G0 collaboration, based at the Universities o f Manitoba, Northern British Columbia, and TRIUMF, have made the fol­lowing contributions:221. Develop and produce specialized photomultiplier tube bases for the focal plane detector arrays;2. Design, build, and commission an automated magnetic field measuring ( “magnetic verifica­tion” ) apparatus complete with its own data ac­quisition system;3. Prototype and fabricate the cryostat exit detec­tor arrays for the backward angle measurements;4. Prototype and fabricate (together with the Grenoble group) the aerogel Cerenkov arrays for background rejection in the backward angle mea­surements;5. Design the support structure for the aerogel Cerenkov and cryostat exit detector arrays;6 . Coordinate the implementation of TJNAF built beam monitors and control apparatus with TRI­UMF built parity electronics.The forward angle runThe G0 experiment ran in forward angle mode from December 1, 2003 to May 9, 2004. The run was origi­nally scheduled to begin in mid October, but Septem­ber’s hurricane Isabel caused a major power outage at Jefferson Lab and delayed the startup by six weeks. The periods in December and January were devoted to engineering runs in preparation for 13 weeks of pro­duction running from February 9 to May 9, 2004. Uni­versity o f Manitoba personnel staffed a total of ap­proximately 30 person-weeks of shifts. The experiment accumulated approximately 10 Tbytes of good produc­tion data corresponding to 94 Coulombs of beam on the liquid hydrogen target.To extract the final physics asymmetry, the data must first be corrected for deadtime, helicity correlated beam properties, leakage, and background under the elastic peak.A blind data analysis is now under way. Preliminary blinded data were presented in August at the Gordon Photonuclear Conference.An overview of the G0 equipment is shown in Fig. 23. The 3 GeV electron beam enters from the lower right where it first encounters the G0 beam monitors. Continuing from right to left, one sees the liquid hy­drogen target service module, the eight-sector super­conducting magnet system (SMS), and the focal plane detectors mounted in the eight sector “Ferris wheel” structure between the SMS and the green wall. The principle o f the forward angle measurement is illus­trated in Fig. 24. Longitudinally polarized electrons scatter from the liquid hydrogen target, and the spec­trometer accepts recoil protons in the angular range 62° to 78° (corresponding to 15° to 5° electrons). The spectrometer magnet is designed so that protons cor­responding to a given momentum transfer (Q 2) areFig. 23. The G0 apparatus installed in Hall C at Jefferson Lab. The beam enters from the lower right. From right to left, we see the G0 beam monitoring girder, the LH2 target service module, the 8-sector superconducting magnet, the detector Ferris wheel, and the green shielding wall.Fig. 24. Principle of the forward angle measurement. The 3 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam enters the 20 cm liquid hydrogen target from the left. Recoil protons in the angular range 62° to 78° are deflected to the fo­cal plane detectors, which are arranged along contours of constant Q2. The magnet sorts the protons by Q2, regard­less of where in the target they originate. Q2 from 0.16 to1.0 (GeV/c) 2 can be measured with one magnet setting.directed to a specific focal plane detector regardless of where in the target they originate. Q 2 from 0.16 to1.0 (G eV /c ) 2 can be measured with one magnet set­ting. The experiment uses a beam time structure with beam bunches 32 ns apart. This is 16 times the usual Jefferson Lab spacing of 2 ns, and permits the protons from elastic scattering to be separated by time of flight from pions and inelastic protons.Helicity correlated beam properties The helicity of the longitudinally polarized electron beam was se­lected every 1/30 second. The spin states were chosen in quartets, either -| f o r — M — , the first state of23Table V. Helicity correlated beam properties for the February-May production run compared to G0 specifica­tions. These must be multiplied by the sensitivity to these quantities to give the false signal. In the end, the false asymmetry from helicity correlated beam parameters was < 0 .0 1 ppm.Beam parameter Achieved SpecificationCharge asymmetry —0.3 ± 0.3 ppm 1 ppmx position difference 6 ± 4 nrn 20 nmy position difference 8 ± 4 nrn 20 nmx angle difference 2 ± 0.3 nrad 2 nrady angle difference 3 ± 0.5 nrad 2 nradEnergy difference 58 ± 4 eV 75 eVthe quartet being chosen at random. Ideally, no other beam property would be affected, but in practice small changes in beam properties other than helicity occur. Thanks to good design practices such as cylindrical symmetry, the sensitivity of the experiment to helicity correlated beam properties was very small. Neverthe­less, it was necessary to constantly monitor helicity cor­related beam properties and to correct for the resultant false asymmetry. Table V shows the helicity correlated beam parameters for the forward angle data. Charge and position feedback were used. The helicity corre­lated beam properties are all very small and, taken together, produced a false asymmetry < 0.01 ppm.Leakage An unanticipated effect was the leakage of beam from the Hall A and B lasers. Hall A and B beams are 499 MHz, but the Hall C beam is 31 MHz. Unfortunately, the beam current monitors which are used to measure the charge asymmetry measure all the time and respond to the total A + B + C beam, whereas the G0 time-of-flight cut sees only the 31 MHz beam. This meant that the correction for charge asymmetry was not right. The situation is illustrated in Fig. 25. We were able to measure the effect by looking in a “forbidden region” of the TO F spectrum where the signal could not come from the G0, 32 ns spaced beam bursts. The leakage was typically 50 nA (c.f. 40 fiA Hall C) with 340 ppm charge asymmetry. Corrections were made for the effects of beam leakage. The leakage cor­rection is estimated to contribute ~ 0.1 ppm systematic uncertainty.Background The measured asymmetry can be writ­ten as a weighted sum of the true elastic asymmetry and the asymmetry of the background.a A ei -f- ,/bac k^back■^meas — Z ! Z------------ ■i t J backTo correct for the background, we must know both the background fraction, / , and the asymmetry, Aback, under the elastic peak.fr„tof405 |ToF(1/4ns)Fig. 25. Contamination of G0 spectra by leakage beam. Some beam from the Hall A and B lasers was found to be leaking into Hall C. The leakage beam was small, about 50 nA compared to the G0 40 yA main beam, and had the 499 MHz time structure of Halls A and B rather than the 31 MHz Hall C beam.Following the 2002-2003 engineering run, the target exit window was thinned from 11 mil to 3 mil, which re­duced the background under the elastic peak by almost a factor of 2. To better understand the remaining back­ground, an insertable tungsten radiator and insertable dummy entrance and exit windows were provided. Fig­ure 26 shows window backgrounds measured in the 2003-2004 run. In addition to these backgrounds, back­grounds from inelastic LH2 processes must be taken into account. Using both the measured backgrounds and the results o f Monte Carlo simulation, the back­ground fraction can be determined. The fractions were found to vary from about 10% to 40% depending on detector number.Fig. 26. Estimation of background from entrance and exit widows. The dummy window data have been scaled by charge, thickness and photon flux to match reality in the actual cryogenic cell.24asymmmetry (leakage corrected) vs ToF FPD 8 IN-OUT | asymmmetry (leakage corrected) vs ToF FPD 13 IN-OUT|Fig. 27. Estimation of background asymmetry under the peak. The asymmetry is measured on each side of the elastic peak and an interpolation is made. The background correction is more difficult for the higher numbered (higher Q2) detectors.Figure 27 shows how the background asymmetry under the peak is estimated by measuring the asym­metry on each side of the peak and interpolating. This method works well for the lower numbered detectors.Monte Carlo simulations, and investigations of al­ternative background fitting methods are continuing to make sure that backgrounds are properly understood. The systematic uncertainty in the final result is ex­pected to be dominated by background corrections.Preliminary data To avoid unintentional bias in the analysis, a blinding factor of from 0.075 to 1.25 has been applied. This is done in such a way as to have the same effect as the wrong beam polarization. Figure 28<n(8o-6-10-12-140 W 4 6 8 10 12 14 16detector numberFig. 28. Preliminary data. The data are not fully corrected and are blinded by an as yet undisclosed factor of 0.75 to 1.25. No data are shown for the highest detectors because the background corrections are not complete.GO extracted asymmetries11 r1 , * iDATA ARE BUNDED . 1foctor=0.75, 1.25 . DO NOT QUOTEIt .. ..........................shows the data presented at the Gordon Photonuclear Conference in August. The background corrections are still being studied for the highest detector numbers, so these data are not included.Backward anglesBackward angle running involves detecting elec­trons at 110°. While at forward angles there was a large variation o f Q 2 over the G0 acceptance, in the backward angle configuration the kinematics are such that there is very little variation of Q2 with angle. For this reason the experiment plans separate runs at beam energies o f 424, 576, and 799 MeV, corresponding to Q2 = 0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 (G eV /c)2. This will be done for both LH2 and LD 2 targets for a total of 6 runs of 700 hours each. The back angle run will use the normal Jeffer­son Lab 2 ns bunch spacing. We also hope to raise the beam current to 80 p.A.Now that the forward angle data-taking is com­plete. The experiment is being reconfigured in back­ward angle mode. The detector Ferris wheel and spec­trometer magnet were turned around in August.The backward angle running also requires some ad­ditional detectors. The cyrostat exit detectors (CED) are scintillators that will be used to separate elastic and inelastic electrons. These detectors have been built by Manitoba scientists in collabration with TRIUMF and are now at Jefferson Lab. To reject pion background (primarily in the LD2 target run), aerogel Cerenkov detectors have been built by the French and Mani- toba/TR IU M F/U N B C collaborators and were deliv­ered to Jefferson Lab in the fall.Progress for the backward angle runCryostat exit detectors For the backward angle sec­ond phase o f the G0 experiment, the addition o f a sec­ond array o f scintillation detectors, located near the25Fig. 29. Layout of a cryostat exit detector (CED) array for a single octant.spectrometer cryostat exit windows, will be required in order to separate the elastic and inelastically scattered electrons. The geometry of these cryostat exit detector (CED) arrays (see Fig. 29) has been studied in detail and a reference design was completed. W ith the resi­dent expertise at TRIUMF in producing high quality scintillation detectors and lightguides, the Canadian subgroup was asked to play the lead role in the proto­typing and production of the CEDs. A set o f prototype CEDs was built at TRIUMF and delivered to the G0 collaboration for studies with cosmic rays. Results from these studies showed that the reference design and the prototype detectors met the specification requirements for these arrays. Production o f a full set of CED pro­totypes was then completed at TRIUMF to aid in the design o f the CED support structure. After finalizing the CED design, construction o f the “production” ver­sions o f the CED arrays began. Fabrication o f the CED scintillators for all 8 octants was completed and deliv­ery was made to TJNAF in late 2001, and fabrication of the special helical-bent lightguides began in 2002. In order to achieve the unique helical bend required in the G0 backangle geometry, customized bending jigs were designed and constructed at TRIUMF and tested on a first set o f prototype CED lightguides. Produc­tion of a full set of lightguides for the first CED octant was completed with delivery to TJNAF in 2003, where they underwent further quality-control tests. Produc­tion of the lightguides for all 8 octants was completed with delivery to TJNAF in early 2004. Presently, the CED arrays are being assembled and tested on spe­cial support frames, which were designed at TRIUMF. These support frames (the mini Ferris wheel) will be mounted onto the existing G0 detector support struc­ture in 2005. The CEDs will make use of the same typesof photomultiplier tubes and specialized TRIU M F/G 0 bases as the focal plane detectors.Aerogel Cerenkov detectors Monte Carlo simula­tion results have shown that backgrounds from neg­ative pions will be problematic for the second phase backward angle measurements involving the deuterium target. The G0 Simulation subgroup focused on char­acterizing this n~ background and provided options regarding the design of an additional set of detec­tors to reject the background pions. The G0 Canadian and French (Grenoble) subgroups have been asked to jointly undertake the prototyping and construction of this crucial set of detectors, which will be made up of an array of aerogel Cerenkov counters. Much effort went into the design of this detector array and a con­ceptual design was evolved into a first prototype at TRIUMF.In October-November, 2003 a last run was per­formed with the prototype box to investigate the effect of variations in box geometry and the effect o f pulling back the PMTs to a more realistic position for the purpose of magnetic shielding. The final design of the Cerenkov detector was completed, allowing for more realistic shielding of the PM Ts and better matching o f the acceptance to the distribution of scattered elec­trons. Four such detectors were built in the TRIUMF Machine Shop.In addition, newly designed PM T housings were constructed for the 16 PM Ts. Tests were also done within a large C-magnet on the requirements and effect of the magnetic shielding.Three of the four boxes were sent to Jefferson Lab; one was kept at TRIUMF for later tests. The Jefferson Lab boxes were loaded with aerogel tiles, including cut angled pieces at the edges. The retention system con­sisting of a harp of wire-chamber wires threaded onto an insertable frame was assembled and shown to func­tion properly (see Figs. 30 and 31). A test was also conducted to show that the Cerenkov detectors would fit onto the support frames.At TRIUMF, further tests are planned in the M il beam fine to calibrate the light output with 7r//z/e beams, using the final production detector. Following these tests, this last detector will be delivered to Jef­ferson Lab.Backangle support structure Considerable effort has gone into the engineering design of a support struc­ture for the G0 Cerenkov and CED arrays. Although the Canadian subgroup was initially responsible only for the design of the Cerenkov support structure, it was soon realized that the CED support structure would be closely coupled to the former due to the physical proximity of the two detector subsystems. As such, an integrated design for the two detector subsystems was26Fig. 30. The new G0 production version of the aerogel Cerenkov box after arrival at Jefferson Lab. The box is full of aerogel with retainer in place.Fig. 31. The new boxes and PMT housings after arrival at Jefferson Lab and ready to go.pursued. The support structure centres around the use o f prefabricated aluminum extrusions from Bosch be­cause o f their strength, versatility, and relatively low costs. A series of detailed finite-element analysis stud­ies was carried out at TRIUMF, using the program ANSYS, to identify potential problems and to opti­mize the strength and cost of the support structure. The design consists of a second Ferris wheel type sup­port structure, which will couple to the existing FPD support structure (also a Ferris wheel type design) and to the linear rails on the existing G0 detector plat­form. A conceptual illustration of the G0 backward angle configuration is shown in Fig. 32, with the super­conducting magnet, the 3 detector arrays (FPD, CED, Cerenkov) in each of the 8 sectors, and their respective support structures.In the spring of 2003, the parts for a single oc­tant o f the support frame were procured and success­fully assembled at TJNAF (see Fig. 33). As various components of the backward angle detectors arrived at TJNAF over the summer of 2003, work began on a “test assembly” of one octant of the backward an­gle system to validate the overall design and assembly procedure. In particular, the positions of the CED scin­tillators had to be accurate to ± 2 mm, and the scintil­lators themselves could only be directly supported by a low-density material. Furthermore, the CED scintilla­tors would have to be glued in situ to their respective lightguides and any potential interferences between ad­jacent detectors would have to be identified and recon­ciled. An assembly to locate and hold the CED scintil­lators was designed and built (see Fig. 34). This assem­bly was constructed from a structural foam material, Rohacell-71, which is light-weight (ss71g/cm 3) and is easily machinable. To help complete the test assembly,Fig. 32. Conceptual layout of the G0 backward angle con­figuration.27Fig. 33. A single octant of the backangle detector support frame.Fig. 34. The Rohacell assembly which both positions and supports the CED scintillators.Fig. 35. The first completed octant of CEDs, assembled in situ within its octant support frame.both the Canadian and French groups supplied mock- up Cerenkov detectors for test mounting in the support structure frame. Both Cerenkov mock-ups were test fit­ted and met the nominal mechanical design specifica­tions. In late 2003, the test assembly was completed and the overall support frame design was validated.In the spring of 2004, procurement of parts for the remaining 7 octants of the support structure began. At the same time, final assembly o f the first octant of CEDs also began. By late summer, all parts for the CED octant support frames were delivered to Jeffer­son Lab, and assembly o f the remaining octant sup­port frames was well under way. As well, the first oc­tant of CEDs was successfully assembled (see Fig. 35) and a first set of tests, using cosmic rays, was carried out to quantify the light yield in these detectors. Over the fall, efforts focused on completing the assembly of the remaining octant support frames and assembling the CED arrays in situ within these frames. Presently, cosmic ray calibrations o f the CED arrays are under way and will continue into early 2005.Future It is expected that set-up of the backward angle configuration will be completed in the fall, 2005, with a first run possible in late 2005.Canadian subgroup o f the 6'0 collaboration: J. Birchall, W .R. Falk, B. Jasper, Z. Ke, L. Lee, S.A. Page, W .D. Ramsay, G. Rutledge, M.J. Steeds, W .T.H. van Oers (Manitoba); E. Korkmaz, T. Porcelli (UNBC); C.A. Davis (TRIUMF).28T JN A F Experiment 02-020The Qweak experiment: a search for physics at the TeV scale via a measurement o f the pro­ton’s weak charge(S.A. Page, Manitoba)IntroductionThe standard model of electroweak interactions has been confirmed with impressive precision in a variety o f experiments, ranging in energies from the eV scale in atomic parity violation to a few hundred GeV in collisions at HERA, LEP, SLC, and the Tevatron.An essential, but not well tested, prediction of the standard model is the variation of sin2 (Ow) with mo­mentum transfer Q 2, referred to as the “running of sin2(#w )” (see Fig. 36). Because the radiative correc­tions which result in the running of sin2(#vv) can re­flect contributions from additional force carriers be­yond the standard model, a precision measurement ofweak mixing anglescale dependence in MS-bar schemeFig. 36. Calculated running of the weak mixing angle in the standard model [Erler et al, Phys. Rev. D68, 016006 (2003)]. The data points shown are those from the atomic parity violation experiment on Cs (APV), the SLAC exper­iment (E158), the FNAL (NuTeV) experiment, and from several leptonic and semi-leptonic experiments at the Z° pole. Also shown is the anticipated error bar of the Qweak experiment at Jefferson Lab. Mpller and deep inelastic scat­tering experiments at low Q2 with different extensions to the standard model may follow the upgrade of CEBAF to 12 GeV.sin2 (6w ) at low energy will provide a surprisingly sen­sitive test for new physics.The very precise measurements at the Z ° pole (at LEP and SLC) set the overall scale of the running of sin2 (0p-). Shown in Fig. 36 are the precise Z ° pole point and three other measurements which test the running of sin2(#vr): an atomic parity violation ex­periment, the SLAC E158 parity violating electron- electron (Mpller scattering) experiment and the Fer- milab NuTeV neutrino-nucleus scattering experiment. The Jefferson Lab Qweak experiment will have signif­icantly smaller statistical and systematic errors and has a much cleaner theoretical interpretation than the other low Q2 measurements. It is worth emphasizing that it is extremely useful to have both the SLAC elec­tron measurement and the Jefferson Lab QWeak proton measurement, as the two are affected differently by dif­ferent extensions to the standard model. This is illus­trated in Fig. 37 [Erler et al., op. cit.}. For example, SUSY loops and a 1 TeV Z' would affect both measure­ments in the same direction, whereas R P V SUSY has effects in opposite directions. Only Q ,^eak is sensitive to leptoquarks.Qweak will measure the parity violating asymme­try in the scattering of longitudinally polarized elec­trons from protons at very low momentum transfer, Q 2 = 0.03 (G eV /c)2, and an energy of 1.12 GeV. Un­der these conditions, the asymmetry arises almost entirely from the proton’s weak charge. The results of earlier electron-proton parity violating experiments will be used to constrain the small corrections from hadronic form factors. A 2200 hour measurement em­ploying 180 yuA o f 80% polarized beam on a 0.35 m liq­uid hydrogen target is expected to determine the pro­ton’s weak charge with a 4% combined statistical andJLats QweakQ4V :::: 0.07X6SLAC E 158-Q w1 (proposed)± 0.0020fS Tv!S U S Y B* Z 1 R P V S U S YRun I + XI + I I I{prelim inary)±0.006Fig. 37. A comparison of the anticipated error for the Qweak (Qw) experiment and the SLAC E158 (Qw) experiment and the addition of various new physics additions to the standard model that are allowed by fits to existing data at a 95% confidence level. SUSY loops and a 1 TeV Z' would have effects in the same direction for both measurements and could result in evidence for new physics. RPV SUSY has effects in opposite directions. Only Q\v is sensitive to leptoquarks, while Qw would serve as a control.29systematic error. A toroidal magnetic field will focus elastically scattered electrons onto a set of eight quartz Cerenkov detectors coupled to photomultiplier tubes, which will be read out in current mode to achieve the high statistical precision required for the measure­ments. The acceptance averaged asymmetry in the de­signed experiment is predicted to be —0.3 ppm. This will be measured to ±1.8% statistical and ±1.3% sys­tematic error, leading to the determination of sin2(#iy) at the 0.3% level. The Canadian group is leading the magnetic spectrometer construction project and are also designing, developing, and fabricating the elec­tronics for the main detector system. Jeff Martin, from the University o f Winnipeg, has recently joined the group which now includes members from Winnipeg, Manitoba, UNBC, and TRIUMF. Further responsibil­ities of the Canadian group are in systematic error evaluations and in beam line monitoring and control apparatus.The QWeak magnetic spectrometer QTORThe resistive toroidal magnet with eightfold sym­metry has been defined by the magnet working group of physicists and engineers from Jefferson Lab, Louisiana Tech, Manitoba, MIT-Bates, and TRIUMF. The magnet, the coil holders, and the support structure have been designed at MIT-Bates (see Fig. 38). TheFig. 38. Three-dimensional view of the QWeak resistive toroidal magnet with its support structure.copper conductor has been purchased by Jefferson Lab from Phelps-Dodge and delivered to the coil manufac­turer. The contract for fabrication of nine coils was awarded to Sigma Phi in Vannes, France. Construction has started and the finished coils are to be delivered to MIT-Bates by the end of July, 2005. The aluminum plate for the coil carriers or holders has been ordered with delivery by March 1, 2005. The current timetable calls for construction o f the coil carriers between April 1 and June 30, 2005. A review of the support struc­ture took place in October, 2004. The contract will be awarded in early 2005.QTOR magnetic field calculations and field map­pingThe magnetic field calculation has been updated to reflect information from the latest technical draw­ings (March, 2004). In this latest design, the coil leads have been modified considerably from the earlier de­sign. The changes result in only very minor differences in the calculated trajectories.In order to investigate the implications of the lat­est field calculations and how best to achieve the de­sired coil placements, sets of ray-trace calculations for a bundle of electron trajectories and absolute field cal­culations were performed. They were carried out with the coils in their nominal positions and the coils dis­placed randomly with a normal distribution of a = 3.5 mm in the x, y, and 2 directions, and a = 4.4 mrad (0.25°) in rotation. Some sample displacements, in the direction transverse to the bar, are shown in Table VI for sectors 1, 3, 5 and 7. As can be seen, the random coil misalignments generally resulted in unacceptably large displacements o f the electron trajectories on the detector bars.Table VI. Effect of coil misalignment on the position of var­ious rays on the main detector bar. The coil misalignments were chosen randomly from distributions of a = 3.5 mm in the x, y , and 2 directions, and a = 4.4 mrad (0.25°) in rotation. Results are shown for octants 1, 3, 5, and 7.Ray Transverse displacement on bar (cm)6>(deg) <Mdeg) 1 3 5 76.00 - 10.00 0.025 -0.193 -0.018 0.7306.00 0.00 0.112 -0.160 -0.153 0.9596.00 10.00 0.049 -0.139 -0.297 1.2389.00 - 10.00 -1.004 -0.287 0.351 0.2229.00 0.00 -0.872 -0.149 0.265 0.3649.00 10.00 -1.162 0.106 0.343 0.38412.00 - 10.00 -0.928 -0.630 0.473 0.06012.00 0.00 -0.896 -0.318 0.369 --0.03312.00 10.00 -1.175 -0.094 0.564 --0.37830Since the field at any point depends on the total current distribution of all eight coils, measurements of the absolute field are of limited value in ascertaining coil misalignments. They will, however, still be neces­sary to verify the overall field strength.Measurements of the zero-crossings of selected field components in the planes at approximately Z = ±180 cm would permit determination of the coil positions to about 1.5 mm and rotations to about 1.8 mrad (0.1°) Corrections to the coil positions could then be made, reducing to an acceptable level the asymmetries that would be recorded by the detector bars.The Q w e a k current mode electronicsThe QWeak experiment detects electrons elastically scattered from the liquid hydrogen target at a labo­ratory angle of 9°. The experiment will measure the parity-violating difference in scattering cross section for electrons of right-handed and left-handed helicity, expressed as A z = (<r+ - <r~)/(<x+ ± cr~) where a+ and cr~ refer to the cross sections for electrons of right- handed and left-handed helicity. It is expected that A z ~ —0.3 ppm, and it is desired to measure this toa statistical precision of 5 x 10 - 9 2200 hours. Todo this requires a count rate o f ~800 MHz in each of the 8 octants. This is too high for conventional pulse counting techniques, so the experiment will operate in current mode. Custom made electronics for this pur­pose are being designed and built at TRIUMF.Figure 39 shows a block diagram of the front end electronics. The current signal from the photomulti­plier tube goes to a current to voltage preamplifier fol­lowed by a VME based digital signal integrator. These parts, shown in blue on the figure, are the sections to be made at TRIUMF.g = 1000Current M ode Electronics <TRRJMF) 1 Pulsed Mode Beoiroma; (T&AmicroA \Fig. 39. Qweak front end electronics, showing the division of responsibility for different sections.50 p.e. 50,000 eper event per event ^ j^ q |_y\ 1c n n t i i\ TIPwv\H: 5 JiA 5 Vin shieldingVME digitalsignalintegrator• to DAQoutside hallFig. 40. Nature of the Qweak signals. The charge quantum of the 5 pA signal is 50,000 times the electronic charge. The rms shot noise is hence much larger than if the 5 pA was from a battery.The nature of the signal Figure 40 indicates how a 5 pA current signal to the TRIUMF electronics is produced from the high count rate at one of the 8 de­tectors. It is expected that 50 photoelectrons will be re­leased at the photomultiplier tube (PM T) cathode for a typical event. The gain of the photomultiplier is ad­justed to yield 5 pA at the anode under normal running conditions. In this example, the count rate is 650 MHz; this will require a PM T gain of approximately 1000 (if the count rate is 800 MHz, the current at this gain will be 6.4 pA). The 5 pA signal will be considerably nois­ier than 5 pA from a battery because it is made from large, 50,000 e charge lumps rather than from single electrons. This “shot noise” is given by i2 = 2Q IB [A2], where I is the current, Q the charge quantum, and B the equivalent noise bandwidth.The analogue section of the electronics will be placed in Hall C near the main detectors, but shielded as much as possible from radiation. We hope to reduce the total dose to the analogue electronics to ~ lk ra d . The VME digital signal integrators will be located out­side the hall in the Qweak electronics cage.The custom VM E signal integrators must integrate the signal for a time set by the data acquisition and make the result available on the VME bus. The in­tegration time will depend on the spin flip rate. Two schemes have been considered. In the “120 Hz” scheme, each spin state will last 1 /30 s. The current mode elec­tronics will integrate the current over the spin state as four 1/120 s integrals. The scheme would be insensitive to noise at multiples of the 60 Hz ac line frequency; the 4 times over sampling would let us check if significant line noise was being cancelled by the 1/30 s integral. In the “1 kHz” scheme, each spin state will only last 1/250 s and the charge will be digitized as four, 1 ms long, integrals. The argument for the 1 kHz scheme is that it may be difficult to produce a non-boiling liquid hydrogen target to handle 2kW . Target boiling data31from Hall A indicate that the frequency spectrum of the noise from target boiling is such that bubbling is not seen on a time scale of a few ms.Method of integration To perform the integration, the VME module divides the integration period, T, into n equal time bins of width A t and samples the signal at the middle of each bin. The integral is A t times the sum of the samples.Analogue bandwidth Integration by this simple method assumes that the sampling rate is high com­pared to the analogue bandwidth, so that the signal looks like a straight line over one time bin. If this is not the case, either the analogue electronics must be slowed down, or the sampling rate increased. Another important reason to limit the analogue bandwidth is so that signal frequencies higher than half the sampling rate do not “alias” back into the passband. In practice, the digital integrator will have an appropriate sharp cutoff “anti-aliasing” filter built in.Although, as just explained, we want to restrict the analogue bandwidth, it cannot be made too low. Too low a bandwidth will give too little spread in the indi­vidual samples so “least bit” ADC noise will not aver­age out. In addition, the signal we are looking for is a small current signal synchronized with the spin state; an extremely low bandwidth could slow the response to the extent that the electronics would not follow the real signal. Looked at in the time domain, the signal risetime should be fast enough compared to the dead time between spin states that the current is steady on its new value before integration begins.Noise budget Table VII summarizes the main sources of noise under different running modes. The main noise source during data-taking is shot noise due to the random arrival o f electrons at the detectors (i.e. counting statistics). This noise is reduced dur­ing beam OFF tests when the charge quantum of the 5/rA signal is smaller. The numbers in Table VI as­sume Q = 50,000 e for beam ON, Q = 1000 e for LED tests, and Q = e for battery tests. If other sources of noise are small compared to shot noise, then the time to achieve a given statistical precision is proportional to the charge quantum. Beam OFF tests in particular, for which the charge quantum is small, benefit greatly from low electronic noise.Preamp noise cannot be lower than the thermal noise (Johnson noise) in the 1 MD feedback resistor. This white noise, with a density ejj = 127nV/\/Hz at room temperature, appears added to the output volt­age. The input resistor also contributes noise, the size of which depends on the capacitance of the input ca­ble. Pspice simulations at TRIUM F indicate around 400n V /a/H z . Since the amplifier noise for a modernpreamp is several factors of ten below this, we as­sume the resistor noise dominates. As a fraction of 5 V, this is 0.7 ppm for a 1/120 s integration or 2 ppm for a 1/1000 s integration.For the VME based digital signal integrator being designed at TRIUMF, the noise will depend on details o f the design, but will be effectively one or two least significant bits on a 20 bit number. Internally, the in­tegrators will use 16 or 18 bit ADCs (probably 18 bits) with typically 0.5 LSB rms noise that is further reduced by averaging 500 to 1000 samples over the integration period.Dithering In order for the averaging o f ADC “least count” noise to work, the raw signal must be spread over sufficient bins in the input ADC. For example, if the input signal was so quiet that it sat in one bin o f the ADC, an artificial noise, or “dithering” would have to be added so that the average o f many sam­ples could be taken to determine where in the bin the signal was sitting. The analogue signal will be quieter in the 120 Hz scheme as, due to the slower sampling rate, the bandwidth has to be more limited than in the 1000 Hz scheme. Table VIII summarizes the situ­ation for the worst case of 1/120 s integration times (assuming an equivalent analogue noise bandwidth of 15.7 kHz ( f 3db = 10 kHz), and a 16 bit ADC operating at half-scale. One sees that there is only a potential problem if beam OFF tests are made with a battery. Only the shot noise contribution is shown. A move to higher bandwidth or 18 bit ADCs, will further reduce any problem. Table IX shows the improvement when the analogue bandwidth is increased to a value appro­priate for the 1000 Hz scheme. One can see from the last column that high frequency operation, combined with an 18 bit ADC will ensure that even a quiet signal is spread over sufficient bins.Required modules In addition to handling the sig­nals from the main detectors, we plan to use TRI­UMF electronics for a variety o f other instrumentation, for example, luminosity monitors and beam line moni­tors. Some of these deliver voltage signals and will only need digital integrators while others will need both I-V preamplifiers and digital integrators. Initially, we plan to build 28 dual I-V preamplifiers and 14 octal inte­grators. This will be adequate to handle the main elec­tronics and essential beam line instrumentation. De­pending on funding, it may be possible to supply more modules to upgrade other beam line monitors and to provide spares.Schedule The following schedule has been adopted:• 2005 - Preliminary design ready for preamplifiers and integrators. Prototype preamplifier built and tested for radiation hardness.32• 2006 - Prototype VM E integrator built and tested.• 2006 - Design finalized and required modules built• 2007 - Install and commission detectors and elec­tronics.List o f Qweak collaborators: M.J. Ramsey-Musolf, Caltech; D. Armstrong, T. Averett, J.M. Finn, K.H. Grimm, College of William and Mary; T. Smith, Dart­mouth College; C. Keppel, Hampton University; P. Bosted, A. Bruell, R.D. Carlini, S. Chattopadhyay, R. Ent, D.J. Gaskell, A. Lung, D. Mack, S. Majewski,D. Meekins, H. Mkrtchyen, M. Poelker, J. Roche, G.R. Smith, S. W ood, C. Zorn, Jefferson Lab; J.D. Bowman, G. Mitchell, S. Penttila, W .S. Wilburn, Los AlamosNational Lab; T. Forest, K. Johnston, N. Simicevic,S. Wells, Louisiana Technical University; J.A. Dunne, Mississippi State University; T. Botto, K. Dow, M. Farkhondeh, W . Franklin, M. Khol, S. Kowalski, Y. Prok, E. Tsentalovich, T. Zwart, MIT; Y. Liang, A.K. Opper, Ohio University; C.A. Davis, J. Doornbos, TRI­UMF; J. Erler, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; R. Jones, K. Joo, University of Connecticut; J. Birchall, W .R. Falk, M. Gericke, L. Lee, S.A. Page, W .D. Ramsay, W.T.H. van Oers, University o f Mani­toba; S. Covrig, F.W. Hersman, M. Holtrop, H. Zhu, University of New Hampshire; E. Korkmaz, T. Por- celli, University of Northern BC; J. Martin, University of Winnipeg; J. Mammei, R. Mammei, N. Morgan, M. Pitt, R. Suleiman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Ex­periment status: in preparation.Table VII. Noise contributions from different sources.Condition Noise on 1/120 s integral (ppm)Noise on 1/1000 s integral (ppm)Beam ON shot noise 430 1240Shot noise during LED tests 61 175Shot noise during battery tests 1.9 5.5Preamplifier noise 0.7 2.0Digital integrator noise 1-2 1-2Table VIII. Number of front end ADC bins covered by the analogue signal for an equivalent noise bandwidth of 15.7 kHz ( / 3<ji> = 10 kHz), appropriate for 8.3 ms inte­gration times. The calculation assumes a 16 bit ADC operating at half of full scale. The last column shows the FWHM with an 18 bit ADC.Condition Q(e)rms noise (mV)Bins Bins(FWHM)18 bit bins (FWHM)Beam ON 50,000 36 240 557 2228LED test 1,000 5 33 79 316Battery test 1 0.16 1 2.3 9.2Table IX. Number of front end ADC bins covered by the analogue signal for an equiv­alent noise bandwidth of 130 kHz (f 3db = 83 kHz), appropriate for 1.0ms integration times. As in Table VIII, a 16 bit ADC operating at half scale is assumed. The last column shows the FWHM with an 18 bit ADC.Condition Q(e)rms noise (mV)Bins Bins(FWHM)18 bit bins (FWHM)Beam ON 50,000 104 684 1607 6428LED test 1,000 15 97 227 968Battery test 1 0.46 3 7 2833N U C L E A R P H YSIC SExperiment 715Weak interaction symmetries in /3+ decay o f op­tically trapped 37>38mK(J.A. Behr, M.R. Pearson, TRIUMF; K.P. Jackson, TRIUMF/SFU)We update our progress in testing the standard model using optically trapped 38mK and 37K. The pure Fermi /3+ decay of 38mK is a sensitive probe o f scalar contributions to the weak interaction, while the de­cay o f polarized 37K can be used to search for right- handed currents and time-reversal symmetry violating interactions. The background and experimental set-ups for these experiments have been described elsewhere (Expt. 715, TRIUMF 2002 Annual Report), so we pro­vide here only a brief report on recent progress. Our tensor interaction experiment, Expt. 956, is described elsewhere in this Annual Report.Scalar search statusOur result for the f3-v correlation parameter a= 0.9981 ± 0.00301q]qq33 is an improvement over pre­vious results in the literature. It is therefore the best limit on general scalar interactions coupling to the first generation. It is now in press [Gorelov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett, (in press)].Scalar interactions can generally be divided into those that couple only to standard model left-handed ^s and those that couple to right-handed vs. Recent theoretical progress has pointed out that indirect lim­its from the pseudoscalar decay 7r —> ev constrain most of the parameter space at a better level than our ex­periment, but scalars coupling to particular combina­tions of left- and right-handed vs are left unconstrained [Campbell and Maybury, Nucl. Phys. B (in press)].We usually place this in the context o f other physics by quoting a sensitivity to scalars with mass to cou­pling ratios compared to the ratio of the W mass to the electroweak coupling. This requires a form factor g s relating the quark-lepton scalar interaction to the nucleon- and nucleus-lepton interactions, defined by the equation {p\ud\n) = gs{<l2)upUn. Although there are now lattice gauge calculations for this quantity at zero momentum transfer, to compare such numbers to particle searches can require this form factor as a func­tion of momentum transfer. The scaling is thought to be well-understood [Pospelov, private communication], but the details are best left up to constraints on partic­ular models of particular particle interactions, rather than attempting to cite general limits.Future: extraction of Fierz interference term Thepresent publication was for data with Ep> 2.5 MeV, half the Q-value. Experimentally, this avoids a numberof complications, including backscattered /3s and sin­gles backgrounds in the (3 detector from the 2.17 MeV y-ray from decay of the 38K ground state.There is great value in extending the experiment to lower E^, because the Fierz interference term b depends on m /E^. This term is linearly dependent on scalar in­teractions that couple to left-handed vs, so isolating it from a is useful. The limits from the Q-dependence of the superallowed f t values are very stringent, but these do require isospin mixing corrections to be rel­atively correct across different m ajor shells, a stricter requirement than needed for Vud. So it is worthwhile to search for this effect within one experiment. Based on an analysis o f the TOF spectra, our statistical error on b in the present data set is about four times the recent limits o f Towner and Hardy. Systematic error analysis is proceeding, along with an extension of the angular distribution reconstruction to lower energies as a systematic check.ISAC is now producing five times as much 38mK as when we took this data. A larger M CP would gather a higher fraction o f /3-Ar+1 recoils (currently 89% for Tp > 2.58 M eV), which would reduce one source of sev­eral systematic errors. We are considering whether an upgrade o f the experiment might be worth pursuingPolarized measurementsOur result for the neutrino asymmetry in the de­cay of polarized 37K is B v = -0.771 ± 0.020 ± 0.011, consistent with the standard model prediction B u = -0.7692. The largest error is from knowledge o f the displacement o f the trap position for the two different polarizations. We could measure this better in the fu­ture by taking more snapshots o f the cloud expansion with the M O T light.This is the only measurement o f a v asymmetry other than in neutron decay, and has achieved simi­lar accuracy. This constrains a Wp boson coupling to right-handed vs to have mass >170 G e V /c2 (90% con­fidence), a result which is not yet competitive with the world average o f other /3-decay experiments. D. Mel- conian is completing his SFU Ph.D. and a publication on this topic.Data were taken under a variety o f exploratory ex­perimental conditions, and about 2 /3 o f the data set was compromised by a combination o f poor overlap of the optical pumping beam with the cold atom cloud and imperfect alignment of the magnetic field with the optical pumping axis. We are working experimentally to correct these deficiencies. The present method used (switching off the M O T and optically pumping the atoms on millisecond timescales) can be projected to produce better than 0.5% errors if we pursue it with34modest upgrades. It would be preferable to do these experiments in a trap environment, and we describe these efforts in the next section.CFORT We are working to develop a circularly- polarized far-off resonance trap (CFORT) which promises extremely high polarizations because only the M p — F state is trapped and all others are repelled. It is expected that we can achieve >99.9% polarization. This type of trap was developed and loaded efficiently with Rb atoms by JILA [Miller et al., Phys. Rev. A66, 023406 (2002)].As a first step, we have recently succeeded in load­ing 39K atoms into a far off-resonance dipole force trap (FORT) using linearly polarized light. We have loaded «4 % of the M O T atoms into the FORT, and achieved FORT lifetimes between 1 and 2 s. This is the M.Sc. thesis data of E. Prime. Work is progressing to improve the loading efficiency and to cool the atoms within the FORT. Light for the M O T for this set-up comes from the 899-21 ring (the MOPA chip has died). The M OT light must be carefully tuned in frequency and power to minimize the temperature of the atoms in order to successfully load the FORT. The FORT uses 700 mW of light from the MBR-110 ring, after first order diffrac­tion in an acousto-optic modulator.We show the FORT lifetime as a function of detun­ing from resonance in Fig. 41. The lifetimes are con­sistent with expected heating from real absorption of photons near the resonance. At larger detunings, an­other effect is dominating that is not understood. This could be some combination of heating from pointing effects, power, and frequency instability o f the FORT laser, or resonant photoassisted dimer formation. Note that the trap has very short lifetimes and trapping ef­ficiency in between the D1 and D2 resonances.The eventual goal is to use circularly polarized light for the FORT. An intermediate goal would be to op­tically pump within the FORT environment to polar­ize the atoms, to produce a better-controlled polarized cloud localization.MBR-110 upgrade The commercial upgrade to the fully frequency-locked system is incomplete, due to un­reliable commercial electronics and etalon hardware and poor support from the company. In the 899-21, the lock to the ring mode is maintained by one ( “thick” ) etalon with 10 GHz free spectral range, and the mode o f that etalon is selected by a 200 GHz ( “thin” ) etalon. In the MBR both functions are combined in a single 200 GHz etalon with narrow finesse. This is a very finicky system, and after a great deal o f struggle with hardware and electronics, the lock to one cavity mode is made difficult for potassium because it lies close to an oxygen molecular resonance. Complete nitrogen purging of the laser cavity is necessary to obtain anetalon lock (in the 899-21 this merely decreases the power, and the lock is robust over an order o f magni­tude o f output power). It is possible this will be satis­factorily resolved soon.Potassium 5P i / 2 lifetime We have measured the natural decay lifetime o f the 5Pi/ 2 state in potas­sium by pulsed excitation using our 405 nm narrow diode laser, followed by non-resonant photoionization to monitor the state population. The result for the lifetime is r = 137.6 ± 1 . 3 ns, an improvement com­pared to previous results in the literature. If we were to measure the 5P3/ 2 lifetime with similar accuracy, a detailed comparison and test of the oscillator strength anomaly could be made, and this is one small test of detailed many-body calculations in alkali atoms of use for atomic parity violation. In reality, we pursued this as a test of experimental methods to be used in fran­cium. Our probe of the excited-state population using non-resonant photoionization has a number of prob­lems, including subtle coherent effects induced by this active probe, and we do not intend to use this method in the future. A paper on the lifetime has been submit­ted.Fig. 41. FORT lifetime r and loading efficiency e as a func­tion of detuning from the D1 resonance.35Experiment 823Pure Fermi decay in medium mass nuclei(G.C. Ball, TRIUMF)Precise measurements of the intensities for super­allowed Fermi 0+ —> 0+ /3 decays have provided a de­manding test of the CVC hypothesis at the level of 3 x 10~4 and also led to a result in disagreement with unitarity (at the 98% confidence level) for the CKM matrix. Since this would have profound implications for the minimal standard model, it is essential to ad­dress possible “trivial” explanations for this apparent non-unitarity, such as uncertainties in the theoretical isospin symmetry-breaking correction. Uncertainties in the calculated Coulomb corrections can be studied by extending the precision /3-decay measurements to heav­ier {A > 62, T 2 = 0) odd-odd nuclei where these cor­rections are predicted to be much larger [Towner and Hardy, Phys. Rev. C 6 6 , 035501 (2002)]. The primary goal o f the Expt. 823 experimental program is to mea­sure the half-lives and branching ratios for the superal­lowed /3-decay of these radioactive nuclei produced at ISAC. The early measurements focused on 74Rb (see TRIUMF 1999-2002 Annual Reports).High precision decay measurements of the superal­lowed /3-emitter 62 GaA preliminary measurement of the half-life o f 62 Ga, the first in the series o f (A > 62, Tz = 0 ) odd-odd su­perallowed /3-emitters was carried out in the spring of 2003. The long-lived (9.74 m) isobar 62Cu was a sig­nificant contaminant that limited the precision of this measurement. A preliminary analysis of these data was reported previously (see TRIUMF 2003 Annual Re­port). The final result, 116.01 ± 0.19 ms, is statistically consistent with all previous measurements [Canchel et al., Eur. Phys. J. (in press)] and references therein]; and the world average is 116.17 ± 0.04 ms. Approval has been obtained to substantially improve the preci­sion o f the present measurement to the required pre­cision of 0.05% once the TRIUMF resonant ionization laser ion source (TRILIS) is fully operational.Non-analogue Fermi and Gamow-Teller branches in the super allowed /3-decay o f 62 Ga have been inves­tigated recently at ISAC using the 87r spectrometer. Since the Q ec value for this decay is large, there are a large number of excited 1+ states in the daughter nucleus predicted to be populated through G T tran­sitions. These transitions, together with non-analogue Fermi (F) branches must be taken into account to de­termine the partial half-life o f the superallowed tran­sition. However, their individual intensities are verysmall and many of them cannot be detected with high- resolution gamma spectroscopy. In a previous study [Piechaczek et al., Phys. Rev. C67, 051305(R) (2003)] of the superallowed /3-emitter '4Rb we have shown that this problem can be overcome with the help of the­ory. It is not necessary to reconstruct the G T strength function of the decay, only the total amount of non­superallowed feeding must be determined. The low- lying levels in 62 Zn act as collector states for a large fraction of the non-superallowed feeding and by observ­ing their de-excitation, the larger part o f their feeding can be determined. The remaining component, which directly feeds the 62 Zn ground state, can be estimated from shell-model calculations provided they reproduce well the relative feeding to excited levels in 62Zn. In previous studies o f the /3-decay of 62Ga [Hyman et al., Phys. Rev. C68, 015501 (2003)] it was only possible to observe the y-decay of the first excited 2+ level in 62 Zn.A beam of ~160 0 62Ga ions/s was produced dur­ing the first beam development run with TRILIS (see ISAC Ion Source Development, TRIUMF 2003-2004 Annual Reports for details). A production target of 24 g /cm 2 ZrC was bombarded with 500 MeV protons at an intensity o f 35 fj,A. TRILIS used an ionization scheme that required frequency tripling o f the tita­nium sapphire laser light. Although the laser-ionized 62 Ga beam intensity was only increased by a factor of two over that obtained with a surface source in the pre­vious high-precision lifetime measurement, the isobaric contaminant 62Cu was reduced by a factor o f ~20. The activity was implanted into the 87r collector tape that was moved every 14 s to prevent the build-up o f longer- lived contaminants. The /3 particles were detected by the SCEPTAR array and recorded cycle by cycle us­ing multichannel scalers. In addition, prescaled /3 sin­gles, and f3 — 7 coincidence events were recorded event by event. Portions o f the coincident 7 -ray spectra ob­tained when the beam was on and one second after the beam was turned off, but before the tape was moved, are shown in Fig. 42. The peaks observed at 851 and 954 keV correspond to the decay of the first and sec­ond 2+ levels in 62 Zn, respectively. The 7 -ray at 1387 keV is attributed to the Oj —> 2+ transition. From a preliminary analysis of these data it was possible to observe the decay o f the lowest five known 2+ levels in addition to the feeding o f several 1+ levels up to ^ 5-6 MeV excitation in 62 Zn. As a result, from these data it should be possible to determine the superallowed branching ratio with the required precision o f < 0 .1%.36-*->33OU800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300Energy (keV)1400Fig. 42. Portions of the coincident 7 -ray spectra obtained in the /3-decay of 6“Ga: a) during the time in the cycle when the beam was on and b) one second after the beam was turned off. Known transitions in 62 Zn as well as peaks resulting from the decay of long-lived isobaric contaminants in the mass 62 beam are identified.Experiment 893The hyperfine field o f rubidium in iron(P.P.J. Delheij, TRIUMF)IntroductionThe goal of this experiment is the measurement of the hyperfine field for dilute Rb implanted in Fe. The latest theoretical calculations for the elements from Rb to Xe were able to reproduce the experimental values at the few per cent level [Cottenier and Haas, Phys. Rev. B62, 461 (2000)]. The only exception is Rb for which a discrepancy o f a factor -5 exists. The NMRON (nuclear magnetic resonance with oriented nuclei) tech­nique can deliver reliable experimental values for the hyperfine field with errors at the 10“ 3 level or bet­ter. A beam of 79Rb, the most suitable isotope for this measurement, can be produced at TRIUMF-ISAC with sufficient intensity. Leading up to a measurement with Rb, considerable effort was spent on NMRON develop­ment. Test measurements with 5'C o and 60Co followed. In view of the beam schedule, an exploratory experi­ment with 22Na was brought forward and encouraged by the EEC. W ith this measurement a new mass region was entered for NMRON, being the first one below the element manganese. In addition a new technique was developed by applying NMRON in zero external mag­netic field. This avoids the uncertainty from the ex­trapolation if the zero field resonance frequency must be derived from the field dependence o f measurements in non-zero fields. Another new development was the observation of the beta asymmetry through the mea­37surement of the positron annihilation gammas. This provides, independently, the sign o f the hyperfine inter­action. In such a situation, the simultaneous relaxation o f the polarization and the alignment in the sample can be compared.For these measurements the geometry consisted of a 0.25 mm thick and 10 mm diameter sample disk in the horizontal plane, soldered with W ood’s metal on the vertical cold finger that is attached to the dilu­tion refrigerator. A magnetic field up to 1.5 T can be applied horizontally in the east-west direction. So, the cold finger reaches the centre o f the magnet through the split. HP-Ge detectors were located east, west and north at a distance of 100 mm from the centre of the sample. A two loop NMR coil with a diameter o f 20 mm and a separation of 20 mm between the loops (the axis of the loops is aligned along the north-south direction) produced the rf field for the NMRON measurements.NM R ON developmentAt the start of 2004 there were indications that the NMRON efficiency at 300 MHz was a factor 10 lower than the 50% we had measured several times for 60CoFe at 166 MHz. A mockup of our NMR probe assembly showed 1) a rather small variation of the sig­nal from the pickup loop as a function of the relative orientation of the transmitter coil and the pickup loop, and 2 ) a poor agreement of the frequency dependence o f the observed and the calculated impedance. Then, it was suggested to remove the pickup loop and split the damping resistance, which is mounted in series with the transmitter coil, in such a way that it would in­clude a 50 G resistor. The voltage drop over this resis­tor was brought out of the cryostat as a measure of the rf current in the transmitter coil and consequently the rf magnetic field amplitude.Tests with Co sourcesAfter implementing the new NMR arrangement, it was tested with new sources o f 57CoFe at 295 MHz and 57CoNi at 123 MHz.Thereafter, the cold beam line was connected to the cryostat. The test with 57CoFe was repeated and our old 60CoFe was measured. The purpose of these tests was to demonstrate the performance of the LTNO sys­tem at ISAC by reproducing previously measured pa­rameters like the resonance frequency and especially the NMRON efficiency. For these long lived sources NMRON efficiencies varied from 50% to 70%. By in­creasing the rf amplitude the off-resonance anisotropy decreased but the destroyed fraction increased. This can be explained by the larger amplitude depolariz­ing the nuclei near the surface on-resonance as well as off-resonance. At the same time the larger rf am­plitude reaches further into the sample destroying on-resonance a larger fraction o f the Co orientation. It implies that the diffusion depth o f our thick samples is limited to about 1 /mi, the penetration depth of the rf field at these frequencies. This was accomplished by a short diffusion time when the samples spend only approximately 5 min on the temperature trajectory 600 °C -> 800 °C -> 600 °C.Furthermore, the spin-lattice relaxation time was measured for 60CoFe in an external magnetic field of 0.2 T, 0.8 T, and 1.4 T. For 51 CoFe it was measured in a field of 0.2 T, 0.4 T and 0.6 T. The data in the lowest field are shown in Figs. 43 and 44. This relaxation time is related to the spin dynamics, which is sensitive to the sample structure. The good agreement with values in the literature gives confidence that the quality of our sample preparation procedure is adequate.Fig. 43. Relaxation curve of 60CoFe. At time = 0 the fre­quency modulation of the rf field is turned off.Relaxation Fit fo r 57CoFeFig. 44. Relaxation curve of 5 7 CoFe. At time = 0 the fre­quency modulation of the rf field is turned off.Relaxation Fit fo r 60CoFe1332 + 1173 keV 7 -ra y s in Detectors East and West — I---------------- 1---------------- 1---------------- 1__________I__________LH-= °*2 TT, = 7 7 .4 ± 3 .7 seconds A = 1.0936 ± 0 .0 3 37o 0.4 -0 . 2 -Time38The experiment with 22NaFeAt this stage it was considered to explore the low mass region and provide accurate and reliable NMRON data to achieve a comparison with theoretical calcula­tions o f the hyperfine field at the same level as in the Rb-Xe region. This is appropriate at ISAC because sev­eral astrophysics experiments require beam develop­ment efforts near mass 20. In this mass region partic­ularly for dilute oxygen in Fe there exist large discrep­ancies between the values o f the hyperfine field from different experimental techniques. Theoretical calcula­tions give a hyperfine field with the opposite sign, see for example the review in Severijns et al. [Hyp. Int. 60, 889 (1990)]. But no NMRON measurements have been reported previously for impurities with a lower mass than manganese. To explore the feasibility in this mass region an experiment with long-lived 22NaFe was considered. 22Na, with a lifetime of 2.7 years, is avail­able copiously at the ISAC facility and the required resources to produce a sample are fairly limited. A challenge was the rather low expected anisotropy (the nuclear magnetic moment is +1.746(3) n.rn.) of 1% to 2% for the 1274 keV gamma transition. Therefore, we explored with 57CoFe whether accuracies at the ICR3 level could be obtained for the y-ray peak areas dur­ing a NMRON scan. When this turned out favourably, the pilot measurement with 22NaFe was submitted to the EEC and it received a positive judgement. Subse­quently, these measurements were carried out over the summer. One of our standard Fe disks, polished and annealed as usual, was mounted in the ISAC collec­tion station. Then this sample was cooled in the low temperature nuclear orientation set-up at ISAC to a temperature near 8 mK.In view of the long relaxation time, 16 runs of 15 min duration were taken at each frequency leading to approximately 24 hours for a complete rf scan. At all magnetic fields a scan stepping up in frequency and a scan stepping down in frequency were taken. For each frequency in the plots frequency modulation with a range o f ± 1 /2 , the frequency step size was applied. The modulation consisted of ramping up the frequency with a sawtooth pattern at a repetition rate of 15 Hz. Res­onance frequencies were determined in external mag­netic fields of 0.2 T, 0.4 T, 0.6 T and 1.4 T. Scans for the lowest and highest magnetic field are plotted in Figs. 45 and 46. These graphs show that, as expected, the intensity change for the 1274keV y-ray has the same sign for the detectors along the external magnetic field and the detector perpendicular to the magnetic field shows a resonance amplitude with the opposite sign.In contrast, for the 511 keV gammas, the east and west detectors, parallel and antiparallel to the mag­netic field, show resonance amplitudes with oppositeFig. 45a. NMRON resonance in the anisotropy of the 1274 keV gamma transition with Hext = —0.2 T.Fig. 45b. NMRON resonance in the asymmetry of the 511 keV gammas, that originate from the annihilation of positrons coming from the beta decay, with Hext = - 0 .2 T.“ NaFeDET1762---------Fig. 46a. NMRON resonance in the anisotropy of the 1274 keV gamma transition with Hext = -1.4 T.39“ NaFe gamma EP51 511 keV; H—- 1.4 T; 18.5 - 20.1 MHz; 0.4 MHz ' DET WEST " "Fig. 46b. NMRON resonance in the asymmetry of the 511 keV gammas, that originate from the annihilation of positrons coming from the beta decay, with Hext = -1.4 T.sign. For the north detector, perpendicular to the mag­netic field, the amplitude is an order o f magnitude smaller. This can be understood if it is realized that the positrons, which are emitted asymmetrically from this polarized sample, meet only a substantial mate­rial mass at the cryostat wall. Therefore, the cryostat wall in front of the Ge detectors serves as a converter of positrons propagating towards a particular detector. As a consequence the rate o f the 511 keV gammas re­flects the positron asymmetry. To our knowledge this effect has never been applied in LTNO or NMRON ex­periments. A lowering of the resonance frequency ver­sus increasing external magnetic field implies a neg­ative sign for the hyperfine interaction. The data at1.4 T show a negative frequency shift which also deter­mines the negative sign for the hyperfine field. It should be noted that the width is approximately a factor 1.5 larger and the amplitude a factor 2 smaller in compar­ison with the resonance data at 0.2 T. These factors were considerably smaller than could be expected for this ratio of 7 in the external magnetic fields.The direction of our external magnetic field was calibrated against the magnetic field o f the TRIUMF main cyclotron. This provides, through the positron asymmetry, an independent measurement of the sign of the hyperfine interaction for NaFe.NMRON scans were also taken without an exter­nal magnetic field applied to the sample as is shown in Fig. 47. We have observed in the past that, with­out an external magnetic field, the nuclear spins are confined to the plane of the Fe disk. This provides an oriented nuclear spin ensemble with a rather uncom­mon character. There is no axial symmetry. W ith this nuclear orientation it was neverthelesss possible to ob­serve an NMRON resonance. In this geometry all threeFig. 47. NMRON resonance in the anisotropy of the 1274 keV gamma transition without an external magnetic field, Hext = 0 T.Ge detectors occupy equivalent positions for the angu­lar distribution.In this way the hyperfine field can be determined without errors from an extrapolation versus the mag­netic field requiring an estimate of the external field that saturates the magnetization and also the estimate o f the demagnetizing factor. Our data gave a resonance frequency of 25.200 ± 0.013 MHz. With a magnetic mo­ment of 1.746 ± 0.003 n.m., this leads to a measured magnetic field o f -5.67 ± 0.01 T where the size of the error is determined by the uncertainty in the magnetic moment. After applying the correction for the Lorentz field, which is 1 /3 x the saturation magnetization in Fe (which is 2.196 T) under the assumption of a spherical cavity for the impurity atom, the result is a value of 6.40 ± 0.01 T. This value is consistent with the result -5 .8 ± 0.5 from a previous integral LTNO experiment with 24Na [Vanderpoorten et al, Hyp. Int. 75, 331 (1992)] which had a considerably larger uncertainty. Furthermore, the relaxation time was determined in an external field o f 0.2 T as shown in Fig. 48a for the gam­mas and Fig. 48b for the positrons. Within the errors there is no significant difference in relaxation times of the dipolar nuclear orientation component (positrons) and quadrupolar orientation component (gammas).The experiment with 79RbFe and 79KrFeIn the fall, NMRON was attempted with 79RbFe. The anisotropy for the intensity ratio of the 688 keV and 622 keV gamma transitions turned out a factor two smaller than we had observed previously. In this con­text it was not so surprising that the NMR linewidth was a factor 10 larger than expected and consequently the amplitude, by the same factor, smaller. About 30 hrs of beam time was available to get to the result shown in Fig. 49, leaving no opportunity to confirm“ NaFeDET EAST3.524gamma NA2240Relaxation Fit fo r 22NaFeFig. 48a. Relaxation curve from the 1274 keV transition for 22NaFe. Shown is the normalized rate, averaged for D E T east and D E T w est ■ At time = 0 the frequency modulation of the rf field is turned off.Relaxation Fit fo r “ NaFeFig. 48b. Relaxation curve from the annihilation gam­mas for 2 2NaFe. Shown is the normalized ratio of D E T West/D E T east- At time = 0 the frequency modulation of the rf field is turned off.it with a different external field. In view of the re­duced integral anisotropy (while the temperature was certainly not worse than previously) a reasonable con­clusion was that the sample surface had been damaged in the last stages of the mounting procedure.Plans were made for a procedure such that the sur­face could be inspected with XPS and/or auger elec­tron spectroscopy to prevent a repeat of this ocurrence.After the 79Rb had decayed, the intensity o f the 511keV gamma from the positron decay of 79 Kr was measured. The intensity was sufficient to observe the asymmetry on cooldown but too low to obtain NM­RON results. The results are listed in Table X for two measurements with a magnetic field o f —0 .2 T79RbFe DETO and DET180 wgt aver fo r 7 scans688622 keV; H _= 0.2 T; RF at 800 mV; 232.00-272.50 MHz; 1.5000 MHz Step.FREQUENCY (MHz)Fig. 49. The measured intensity ratio for the 6 8 8 keV and 622 keV transitions is shown versus rf frequency. The dotted line is a least squares fit to the data points at the three high­est and three lowest frequencies. Also the cold and warm ratio without rf field are shown.Table X. Change of the positron decay asymmetry on cool down of the sample for two values of the external magnetic field.Hext Warm Cold Delta-0 .2 T 2.548(7) 2.504(7) +0.044(10)+0.8 T 3.243(14) 3.319(14) -0.078(20)and +0.8 T. The first field was the same as used for the measurement on 22Na that is shown in Fig. 45. Since the sign of the magnetic moment (+1.124(10)) is the same too, it is straightforward to derive that the sign o f the hyperfine field for 79KrFe is negative confirming the result from a previous measurement [Severijns et al, Hyp. Int. 43, 415 (1988)].SummaryWith 22NaFe a beam implanted sample was pro­duced that extended the mass range and frequency range for NMRON considerably. For mass 79, a not yet convincing NMRON result was obtained. The observa­tion of NMRON without an external magnetic field and the measurement of the beta asymmetry through converted positrons were methods (to our knowledge) not applied previously.Experiment 909Isospin symmetry breaking in superallowed Fermi (3-decays(G .F Grinyer, Guelph)Precision measurements of the f t values for su­perallowed 0+ —» 0+ Fermi /3-decays between isobaric analogue states provide demanding tests of the stan­dard model description of electroweak interactions. To date, superallowed f t values have been determined at the ±0.1% level for nine nuclei between 10C and4154Co. Once corrected for small radiative and isospin symmetry-breaking effects, their consistency has con­firmed the conserved vector current (CVC) hypothe­sis at the level o f 3 x 10~4. From these studies, the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix element, Vud, can be derived by comparing the /3-decay data with pure leptonic muon decay. Combining the results from superallowed Fermi beta decay studies with the present knowledge o f Vua and Vub, indicates a violation of CK M unitarity at the 98% confidence level [Towner and Hardy, Phys. Rev. C 6 6 , 035501 (2002)]. Although recent measurements indicate the accepted value of Vus may be the cause o f this discrepancy, these results are still under intense scrutiny and must be confirmed by independent measurements.Should this discrepancy be firmly established, it would indicate the need for new physics, either in terms of explicit quark effects in nuclear structure or an ex­tension o f the minimal electroweak standard model. Before a definitive conclusion can be reached, all uncer­tainties contributing to the unitarity test must be care­fully scrutinized and, if possible, reduced. For Vud, the dominant uncertainties are those associated with the­oretical corrections to the f t values, and the search for systematic effects has focused on the nuclear-structure dependent Sc corrections that account for the break­ing o f isospin symmetry by charge-dependent forces in the nucleus.Experiment 909 involves a series o f measurements with the 87r spectrometer and the scintillating elec­tron positron tagging array (SCEPTAR) aimed at constraining the above-mentioned isospin symmetry- breaking corrections in superallowed Fermi /3-decays. This program will take advantage o f the unique beams of radioactive ions available at ISAC to study particu­lar decays in which the predicted 5C corrections show the greatest model sensitivity. An initial focus o f Expt. 909 will be on lifetime and branching ratio measure­ments for 34 Ar, with the aim of establishing the super­allowed f t value at the ±0.1% level. The first objec­tive will be to improve the current half-life precision by approximately one order of magnitude. These mea­surements will be carried out by collecting samples of 34Ar at the centre o f the 87r and following their de­cay for ~30 half-lives by time-stamping y-rays emitted from excited states in the daughter 34C1 populated in Gamow-Teller decay branches of 34Ar.In anticipation o f 34Ar beams from the ISAC ECR ion source in spring, 2005, tests of the experimental techniques to be employed in Expt. 909 were carried out with radioactive 26Na beams. This isotope was cho­sen because: i) high yields were available from ISAC surface ion sources, ii) the half-life (~1.07 s) is simi­lar to 34Ar, iii) the daughter 26Mg is stable, and iv)~99% o f 26Na /3-decays are followed by an 1809 keV 7 -ray transition in 26Mg, facilitating tests of the y-ray lifetime technique to be employed for 34Ar. The first requirement was to determine a precise value for the ~6Na lifetime. To this end, a 26Na beam was delivered in 2002 to the fast tape system at the ISAC general purpose station (GPS) and its lifetime determined to high precision by the well-established /3 counting tech­nique with a 47r gas proportional counter. The analysis of these data (a sample of which is shown in Fig. 50) is now complete, and the 26Na half-life has been estab­lished as T\j2 = 1.07128 ± 0.00013 ± 0.00021 s, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic.The second requirement for measurements of preci­sion partial lifetimes is the beta branching ratios to the excited states in the daughter nucleus. In August, 2002 , a beam o f 26Na at ~105 s-1 was delivered to the 87r from a Ta target coupled to a surface ionization source. From the data obtained, a total o f 84 y-rays from 20 excited states in 26Mg were identified (see Fig. 51) with energies between 240 keV and 7.370 MeV and intensi­ties ranging from 0.99 to below 10-5 per /3-decay. This extends previous work in which 20 y-rays from 11 pop­ulated levels were identified. Combining the precision lifetime measurement from the beta counter at GPS, with the beta branching ratios from the 8n y-ray spec­trometer, and the previously known Q-value allowed a calculation of the f t values for each o f 20 excited states in 26Mg. These data in addition to the precision life­time measurement are reported in a recent publication [Grinyer et al., Phys. Rev. C (in press)].In April, a beam of 26Na was delivered to the 87r spectrometer to test the methodology and techniques for a y-ray lifetime measurement o f 26 Na which willFig. 50. Decay curve from a single run of (3 counting 2eNa samples with the 47r gas proportional counter at the ISAC GPS. The second (longer lived) decay component results from a small 26mAl contamination of the beam. A total of 24 runs of similar precision were obtained which yielded an overall statistical precision of ±0.03%.42Fig. 51. 7 -ray singles spectrum from 26Na decay recorded with the 8n spectrometer at ISAC. In this experiment, the 877 spectrometer was sensitive to beta branching ratios of 2 x 10~5.later be employed for 34Ar. These data are currently being analyzed for a comparison with the precise 26 Na half-life result determined through (3 counting. This comparison will provide fundamental insight into sys­tematic effects such as detector pile-up corrections that have not allowed previous 7 -ray lifetime measurements to achieve the level o f precision (~0.05% ) necessary for distinguishing between the model dependencies of the isospin symmetry breaking corrections described above.Another key detector that will be employed for the measurements described is SCEPTAR, an array o f 20 plastic scintillators which is situated at the centre of the 877 spectrometer. A commissioning run for SCEP­TAR using a beam of 26Na took place in June, 2003. Although SCEPTAR will not be essential in the 34 Ar lifetime measurement, /3-^y coincidences will provide a crucial normalization necessary to perform the 34 Ar su­perallowed {3 branching ratio determination. In another experimental program (Expt. 985 led by M.B. Smith) which aimed to measure the lifetime and superallowed /3 branching ratio in 18Ne, SCEPTAR provided an in­valuable tool in the identification of small beam con­tamination components o f 18F and 1'F during a June, 2004 experiment.Following measurement of the 34Ar lifetime and branching ratio, subsequent measurements with the 877 and SCEPTAR will focus on an improved deter­mination of these quantities in several other super­allowed nuclei. Large, and model-dependent, isospin symmetry-breaking corrections are also predicted for the A > 62 odd-odd N = Z nuclei. A program of pre­cision lifetime measurements (Expts. 823 and 1028) for these nuclei with the 477 gas proportional counter at GPS is being led by G.C. Ball o f TRIUM F. Future experiments with the 877 spectrometer and SCEPTARwill provide branching ratio measurements for these short-lived isotopes. Weak non-analogue Fermi decay branches that provide direct and absolute information on one component of the isospin symmetry breaking will also be measured. The first such measurement with the 877 was performed in December with a beam of ~1600 s_1, 62Ga delivered by the TRIUMF reso­nant ionization laser ion source (TRILIS). Several 7 - ray transitions following weak Gamow-Teller and non­analogue Fermi branches were identified. These data should allow for a determination of the superallowed branching ratio at the <0.1% level. W ith the contin­uing development of ion source technology at ISAC, these superallowed and non-analogue Fermi /3-decay branching ratio studies will be extended to include2 6 m A 1 , 3 8 m K j 6 6 ^ 7 0 a n d 7 4 R bExperiment 921High- K isomers in the neutron-rich D y-H f nuclei(R.S. Chakrawarthy, TRIUMF; P.M. Walker, Surrey)The detection and study of high-A' isomers is an active area of current nuclear structure research. In particular, one of the goals of a future study involv­ing neutron-rich nuclei in the Dy-Hf region is to search for the possible existence of an “island” o f /3-decaying high-A' isomers. The close proximity of high-A' states to the Fermi surface in neutron-rich A = 170-190 nuclei makes this region very attractive to search for high- K isomers [Walker and Dracoulis, Hyp. Int. 135, 83 (2001)]. In two sets of experiments several o f the known high-A' isomers in the Dy-Hf region, with half-lives ranging from a few ms to several minutes, could be accessed [Smith et al., Nucl. Phys. A746, 617 (2004)]. We report here the discovery of a new isomer in the neutron-rich nucleus 174Tm. The A = 174 isobaric beam was implanted onto a moveable tape transport facility, with beam-on/beam-off cycling times of 2 s/2 s, 3 s /3 s ( “short” ), 10 s/10 s and 100 s/50 s. In the short cycling times q-ray transitions with energies of100.3 and 152.1 keV were observed, which are known to be present in the ground-state /3-decay o f 174Er (U /2 =3.3 min) [Becker et al., Nucl. Phys. A 522, 557 (1991); Chasteler et al., Z. Phys. A332, 239 (1989)].In the present experiment we found no evidence for the production o f 174Er. A new half-life of 2.29(1) s was deduced from q-time matrices gated by the 100 and 152 keV q-ray transitions (Fig. 52). A “short” time- gated singles spectrum, obtained by subtracting out the long-lived /3 decays, shows prominently only the Tm K X-rays and the 100 and 152 keV q-ray tran­sitions (Fig. 53). Based on the singles and the coin­cidence data, a new isomer in 174Tm with a half-life43Fig. 52. Time spectrum gated by the 100.3 keV 7 -ray tran­sition. The beam-off/beam-on/beam-off tape-cycling times correspond to 2 s-3 s-3 s.Fig. 53. Singles spectrum in the “short” cycling time of 2 s-3 s-3 s corresponding to the beam-off/beam-on/beam- off periods. The dominant component due to the longer lived ll4Tm /3-decay (T1/2 = 5.4 min) has been subtracted. The peak marked by the asterisk is a remnant of the sub­traction procedure.o f 2.29(1) s is established unambiguously. From the coincidence data the A'-conversion coefficients for the 100 and 152 keV 7 -ray transitions were deduced to be 3.1(1) and 1.13(6) respectively, suggesting mainly M l multipolarity with an E2 admixture. The new data are in close agreement with the theoretically expected val­ues o f 2.69 and 0.82 for M l multipolarity, respectively, but differ from the values 1.7(3) and 0.54(6), respec­tively, reported by Becker et al. [Nucl. Phys. A522, 557 (1991)].A careful analysis of the singles spectrum (Fig. 53) did not yield any new 7 -ray transitions that could be candidate 7 -ray transitions between the isomer and the known states. These data suggest the possibility of the existence of very low-energy and highly-converted tran­sitions in the decay of the isomer and the excited states. Furthermore, if the origin of isomerism is presumedto be partly due to A'-hindrance (in line with several known examples in this mass region) then this level could possibly have a high I< value. Based on systemat- ics and Nilsson model calculations of the single-particle levels in 174Tm, the isomer is tentatively assigned to have a A r = (8~)7r7/2~[523]<g>i'9/2+[624] Nilsson con­figuration, while the other excited states may be based on A '7r = ((4 /5 )+)Trl/2+ [411] ® 1/9 /2+[624] configura­tions. The levels involved in the isomer decay may have spins greater than the low values suggested from the previous works. The present interpretation would be consistent with the earlier data only if the decay through the 100 and 152 keV transitions originates from a high-spin /?-decaying isomer in 174Er instead o f the ground-state /3-decay o f 174Er. The pro ceed in g results have been reported at the ENAM04 confer­ence [Chakrawarthy et al., Proc. ENAM04, Pine Moun­tain, USA (Eur. Phys. J. A, in press)]. Preparations for an experiment to detect the low energy/highly- converted transitions, using a Si detector-array, are in progress.Experiment 921 is a collaboration o f scientists from TRIUMF, University o f Surrey, Colorado School o f Mines, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Louisiana State University, McMaster University, Saint Mary’s University and University o f Guelph.Experiment 956Search for tensor interactions in recoil nucleus singles in decay of polarized 80R b(J.A. Behr, M.R. Pearson, TRIUMF; K .P . Jackson, TRIUMF/SFU)Scientific motivationThe recoiling daughter nuclei from the (3 decay of polarized nuclei have spin asymmetry A recoii ~ 5 /8 (A p + B v) [Treiman, Phys. Rev. 110, 448 (1958)], in the limit Q p > > m g. This vanishes in the allowed approxi­mation for pure Gamow-Teller decays, making it a very attractive experimental observable because knowledge o f the nuclear polarization at 1 to 10% level is sufficient to be competitive. Our novel capability o f measuring the recoil nuclei from laser-polarized cold atoms allows this observable to be measured now.Right-handed currents do not contribute, so Arecoii is uniquely sensitive to lepton-nucleon tensor interac­tions. A renormalizable interaction that Lorentz trans­forms like a tensor can be generated by the exchange of spin-0 leptoquarks [Herczeg, Prog, in Part, and Nucl. Phys. 4 6 /2 , 413 (2001)].“Recoil-order” corrections beyond the allowed ap­proximation do produce a nonzero A recoii within the standard model. These produce corrections to the (3 asymmetry A0 for 80Rb of order 0.01, and we expect similar effects on A recoii, so the result will depend on44calculation of the nuclear structure-dependent weak magnetism and first-class induced tensor terms (6 and d in Holstein’s notation). Our knowledge of these could be tested by measuring the momentum dependence of the recoil asymmetry. We are negotiating for theory support.The PIBETA collaboration has reported hints of a finite tensor interaction [Frlez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 181804 (2004)] in 7T —> I'ey decay, though at a level con­siderably smaller than that reported at Dubna [Bolotov et al., Phys. Lett. B243, 308 (1991)]. Experiment 956 would become competitive with other nuclear /3-decay measurements if it achieves 0.01 accuracy in the re­coil asymmetry [Herczeg, Phys. Rev. D49, 247 (1994)], while ~ 0.001 level is needed to reach similar sensitiv­ity to the tensor interaction indicated by the n decay experiments. Since the recoil asymmetry vanishes, the degree and knowledge of polarization achieved in Expt. 715 is already sufficient for Expt. 956.“Resolution” of nucleon form factor questionTo interpret (3 decay results in terms of quark- lepton interactions, the form factor <?t(0 ) defined by: < p\ua^\d\n > = gT(q2)upcr^\un is needed, and there has been controversy over this quantity [Herczeg, op. cit.]. This situation is now in good shape both theo­retically and experimentally, because the quantity is related by simple isospin rotation to the “transverse spin” function of the nucleon. This is the last of the nucleon spin functions to be measured, is a source of intense theoretical and experimental (at HERMES) ef­fort, and should be known at the 20% level or better soon [Pospelov, private communication]. This would be more than good enough to allow comparison of a nonzero tensor in nuclear (3 decay to n decay.ExperimentIn the Expt. 956 apparatus (Fig. 54) the TRINAT /3 telescope is replaced with a 7.5 x 7.5 cm Nal(Tl) detector. An electric field collects much of the angu­lar distribution from charged recoils into a microchan- nel plate (M CP). The Nal detector tests the exper­imental practicality of y-recoil coincidences. It also serves as a /3 detector for polarization diagnostics, since /3-recoil coincidences in this geometry are pro­portional to the neutrino asymmetry B v. The Nal de­tects 617 keV ys from the 22% (3 branch to the first excited 2+ state of 80Rb. The intent is to measure the “singles” asymmetry for decays to the 2+ state separately via the y-ray coincidence. The angular dis­tribution of y ’s with respect to the spin direction is given by W {61) = 1 — 0.25 P 2(cos0), so there is no re­coil asymmetry induced. That allows measurement of a correction to the total asymmetry to deduce the sin­gles asymmetry for the 1+ to 0+ transition, which hasH 15 cm HFig. 54. TRINAT apparatus as modified for Expt. 956. A Nal(Tl) detector for y-rays replaces the main f3+ telescope. D2 light is used to optically pump 80Rb.only two recoil-order form factors (6, weak magnestism, and d, induced first-class tensor). That simplifies the nuclear structure corrections needed.The recoil order effects are expected to enter at ~0.01 level. To reach 0.001 level it will be necessary to measure the momentum-dependence o f the recoil asymmetry. This could be done by detecting atomic shakeoff electrons in coincidence with recoils to pro­vide a bias-free TO F trigger.Another possibility would be a measurement of 4'K decay, a much better case for recoil-y experiments. The /3~ decay always produces a measureable charged re­coil, increasing count rates and recoil//3 ratios by 6 x over /3+ decay. The 81% | —► | transition will alsoonly have two form factors, and always produces a y. A complication will be isospin mixing of this fi­nal state with the analogue state, which would pro­duce a nonzero Fermi matrix element and a nonzero .^recoil that is constant with recoil momentum. The plan would be to measure both isospin mixing - an interesting observable in its own right - and tensor in­teraction effects.Data-taking An 80Rb beam of 6 x 1 0 '/s from a Ta target was delivered for several days, enough to make a large start towards the first goal o f 0.01 in the in­tegrated singles measurement. This was a thin target optimized for 11 Li production. Yields adequate for the final experiment have been produced by 20 pA on 44 g /cm 2 Ta (2 x 109/s ) and 40 pA on 22 g /cm 2 NbNal(Tl)Y detector45(3 x 1010/s ) in the past, and unpolarized tests were handled by TRINAT data acquisition in 1999 at one hundred times the present count rate. It is also pos­sible to do an experiment in 82 Rb, which has similar Gamow-Teller decay branches and ten times greater yields, although the 1.26 minute half-life and the ex­istence of a 6.5 hour isomer will make backgrounds larger.Nuclear and atomic level diagrams are shown in Fig. 55. The /3 decay scheme is a relatively simple Gamow-Teller decay. The atom structure has narrow hyperfine splitting, and we trapped it with one 899-21 ring laser. We also use transitions at similar wavelength for the optical pumping.Our usual atomic physics probe o f the polarization is to optically pump with circularly polarized light to the P 1/2 state. The fluorescence will vanish once the atoms are fully polarized, because the total angular momentum of the initial and final states is the same and the atom no longer absorbs photons. We do not have a 795 nm D1 laser for rb, so for 80Rb we use the P 3/2 state with the light tuned on resonance for F = 3 /2 to F ' = 3 /2. Since we pump at about 5 times saturation intensity, there will always be 10- 20% of the initial fluorescence by off-resonant excitation of the F = 3 /2 to F' = 5 /2 transition.Signals in nuclear detectors We show in Fig. 56 a Nal spectrum in coincidence with the Kr+1 recoils. The low-energy bremsstrahlung tail is reasonably well- correlated with the /3+ direction, providing some on­line diagnostics for polarization with reasonable statis­tics; however, this will require a full Monte Carlo GEANT simulation to quantify. The 617 keV gamma can be seen as a shoulder on the 511 keV gamma; coin­cidences with the MCP would let us measure the recoil asymmetry as a function of momentum.50080Nuclear1+Rb Levels 34 s80 RbRelatively clean G a m o w -T e lle r d e cay2 .1 % 5.90 2_ + 616 .6 ^ 2 1 .6 % 5 .2n + ___________ ^ 7 4 . 4 % 4 .9Atomic F=1/2404 P „ , „ ----------- F = 5 /23 /2 36— — F =3 /2Can use D2 for both trapping and optical pum pingF = 1 /2 ■5S1/2 2 3 2 M H z ,J I80 Kr F = 3 /2 .Nal in coincidence with Kr+UA4BremssJ V Kj v V /Ss (Q = 4 MeV)0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.20.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 MCP— Nal time [/us]10000 20000300004000 MCP Pulse HeightFig. 55. 80Rb nuclear and atomic level schemes.Fig. 56. Nal energy spectrum, time-of-flight spectrum from Nal-MCP coincidences, and singles pulse height spectrum in the MCP for various types of events. See text.Also shown is a typical TO F spectrum of the re­coils in coincidence with all MCP events. The various ion charge states produced in the (3+ decay are sepa­rated by the electric field. The third part of the figure shows the MCP pulse heights for the various types of events, as determined with the Nal coincidences. High pulse heights are dominated by Kr ion recoils, so a cut on pulse heights can suppress backgrounds from /3s and 7 s.Polarization and trap motion systematic Our anal­ysis of 3'K data was made very difficult by this effect. In Expt. 715, we switched off the M O T quadrupole coils as well as the trap laser light, with 2 ms off/on duty cycle. We optically pumped during the cloud ex­pansion to polarize the atoms. The atom cloud expands from 2 to 4 mm FWHM in this time. We can mea­sure this in all 3 dimensions by photoionizing a small fraction of the atoms with a pulsed 355 nm laser and measuring their position and TO F information with the MCP. The analysis is complicated by the small number o f trapped atoms, and a systematic error is introduced.For Expt. 956 such a systematic error would go di­rectly into the asymmetry and not be suppressed by the vanishing observable. So we chose to minimize it by switching the MOT off for 20 /us, which does not allow the atoms to expand. We must leave the M OT 10 G /cm quadrupole field on to do this, and optically pump in the presence of this field. We have achieved 80% polarization in 37IC in the past by this method, which would be adequate for the vanishing observable in Expt. 956.We successfully measured the trap motion system­atic. The trap shifted by 0.51 ± 0.02 mm between cr+ and a~ optical pumping light. This produces a false A A reCoii = 0.0100 ± 0.0004.46The polarization achieved, however, was only 0.55 ± 0.11, as measured by asymmetries of /3-MCP coin­cidences using the Nal and the additional CaF detec­tors. The earlier 37K 80% polarization was achieved in the horizontal plane of the M O T quadrupole field, so displacing the atoms horizontally by unbalancing the M O T beams produces a local B field that points toward the origin. The mistake we made was to opti­cally pump instead along the 30° axis determined by the CaF detectors. In the future we will either pump horizontally (sacrificing accuracy in the CaF detector asymmetries, which are not essential to Expt. 956) or we can optically pump with the M O T off as in Expt. 715.Data were taken that would determine AreCoii to 0.01 statistical error. Analysis is proceeding to quan­tify systematic errors from the background in the MCP, as well as a subtle effect caused by saturation of the position-determining resisitive anode data.Future In December we received EEC approval for shifts to complete data-taking for this experiment. This experiment constitutes the main component o f the M.Sc. for students R. Pitcairn and D. Roberge, UBC.Experiment 964T A C T IC - T R IU M F annular chamber for tracking and identification o f charged particles(G. Ruprecht for the TACTIC collaboration)TACTIC is a cylindrical ionization chamber for the detection o f ejectiles from nuclear reactions. It allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of particle tracks by means of a two-dimensional anode array combined with a time-of-flight measurement of the drift elec­trons. For more details see the TACTIC Web site: http://tactic.trium f.ca.One key element of TACTIC is a gas electron mul­tiplier (GEM) foil [Sauli and Sharma, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sc. 49, 341 (1999); Sharma and Sauli, Nucl. In­strum. Methods A 350, 470 (1994)] which acts as a preamplifier inside the chamber and therefore provides low-noise signals requiring only one further stage of amplification. In order to determine the operational parameters of this relatively new device a planar test chamber including a 5 MeV a particle source has been assembled. Different gas mixtures have been applied and the signals were measured with the results shown in Fig. 57. It was found that a 90% helium-10% C O 2 gas mixture (as required in the 8Li(a, n )n B experi­ment, see below) is very well suited to achieve a high gain.The test chamber has a drift volume o f about 20 x 20 x 2 cm3 and an active GEM area of 8 x 8 cm 2, covering 16 active anode strips with 5 mm width each.1008060S 4020Anode+GEM voltage [V]Fig. 57. Pulse heights vs. GEM+anode voltage. The GEM voltage is a factor of 3.3 smaller.Measuring the time differences between the signals on 4 consecutive strips, we have been able to gain a pro­jected image of the particle tracks, as can be seen in Fig. 58. The source was 5 cm before the first strip but due to a missing trigger the tracks are normalized to the first strip.In a second phase a gas handling system has been set up. This allows a continuous regulation of the pres­sure down to 100 mbar while keeping the He-C02 mix­ture at a constant ratio (below 100 mbar the oxygen contamination becomes too high and quenches the sig­nals) and the flow rate at 200 cm3/m in. This enabled the dependence of the GEM gain on the pressure and the applied GEM voltage to be determined.The geometry for the planar as well as for the cylin­drical chamber has been entered in the particle simula­tion program GEANT4 which allows a better separa­tion o f geometrical side effects from the actual physics. The simulated spectra are in good agreement with the test chamber measurements. Particle track simulation2 - -1I- 2 - - -3 - 4 - --5« * * * » » \ s - S • £ * * ~ B s ! : ! ! i. ISl “0Strip Nr.Fig. 58. Electron drift times w.r.t. the first strip, con­verted to distances assuming a drift velocity of 12 mm/fjs. The electrons are released along the tracks of the a ’s. The dashed lines stem from a GEANT4 simulation, the solid, purple lines from the measurement.Vdri„ = 400 V V * * - 600V Vd[if t = 900V V6im= 1200 V90% HeliumArgon1000 1200 1 4 0 0 1600 180047for the cylindrical chamber is and will be an indis­pensable tool for the design of the prototype chamber. The process will involve modifying the low energy stop­ping algorithm o f GEANT4 to give accurate ranges for heavy ions, an effort which will result in a contribution to GEANT4 development.For a precise calculation of the electrical drift field and fringe effects o f the chamber end-caps, we are us­ing the FEM LAB code which can model the field of the chamber in 3 dimensions. A two dimensional code, GARFIELD, has been used to model the field in the target region to investigate the beam ionization prob­lem; electrons produced in the target region can drift into the tracking region of the chamber. It was found that a cylindrical ring o f guard wires at slightly higher potential than the cathode wires would eliminate the unwanted electrons.For the data acquisition we will use a 48 channel flash-ADC VM E board. The pulses will be sampled with a rate o f 10-100 MHz and the required time and charge information will be extracted in real time by a user-defined algorithm in the on-board firmware. For the collection, storage, and on-line analysis o f the data we will use the TRIUM F DAQ packages, MIDAS and ROM E (see http://m idas.trium f.ca).TACTIC is useful in particular for experiments with gas targets and low-energy ejectiles that cannot penetrate a gas cell window, or for experiments with a high number o f background particles that cannot be separated by conventional methods. The first planned experiment is the measurement of the 8Li(a, n )11B re­action. Since helium can be used very well as a detector gas in combination with a GEM, no separation foil be­tween target and detection region is necessary and the low-energy 11B recoils can easily pass out of the target through the cathode wires and into the drift region to be tracked.Other planned experiments are to measure the pro­ton elastic scattering length on 7Be which can be used to pin down the S i7(0) value of the 7Be(p, 7 )8B re­action, and to measure the cross section of 12C + 12C fusion reactions which play an important role in many stellar environments.The TACTIC collaboration: P. Amaudruz, L. Buchmann, D. Gigliotti, T. Kirchner, R. Openshaw, M. Pavan, J. Pearson, G. Ruprecht, P. Walden (TRI­UMF), S. Fox, B. Fulton, A. Laird (University o f York, UK).Experiment 968Ortho-para effect o f muon catalyzed fusion in liquid deuterium(H. Imao, N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, K EK )The ortho-para state o f the hydrogen isotope affects resonant molecular formation in muon catalyzed fusion (pCF). Controlling the ortho-para composition is a key technique to enhancing the cycling rate o f yuCF. In addition, pCF experiments with ortho-para controlled deuterium provide helpful information in order to un­derstand muonic-atomic and muonic-molecular pro­cesses. The aim of the present work is to comprehen­sively understand the nature o f condensed-matter ef­fects and ortho-para dependent phenomena on gCF in pure deuterium (dd-gCF). In dd-gCF, there have been some unsolved problems concerning the condensed- matter effects. An understanding o f the unexpectedly high resonant molecular formation rates for solids, observed in several experiments, has not yet been achieved. Also, the ortho-para effect for solids observed by Toyoda et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 243401 (2003)] has not yet been explained by the recent theory [Adam- czak and Faifman, Phys. Rev. A 64, 052705 (2001)]. To understand these unexpected gC F phenomena in the solid phase, experiments with liquid deuterium are a key because the gCF phenomena can be observed without specific solid-state effects. We observed the dependence of dd-gCF phenomena on the ortho-para composition in solid, liquid and gaseous deuterium.The main observable quantity in our experiment was a fusion neutron emitted from the d - d fusion re­action, which has a monochromatic energy o f 2.5 MeV. Our experiments were performed at M9B using a back­ward decay 52 M eV /c g~ beam. A schematic o f our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 59. To detect2.5 MeV fusion neutrons, four NE-213 liquid scintil­lators (N1-N4) were placed perpendicular to the in­coming g~ beam axis. NE-213 was chosen for its pulse shape discrimination properties. Muon-decay electrons were also detected by four pairs o f plastic scintillatiors (E1-E8) placed around the target. The time spectraFig. 59. Experimental set-up for solid and liquid deu­terium.48of muon-decay electrons provided information about the distribution of muons stopping around the tar­get. In addition, the number o f electrons from the tar­get was used to normalize the muon stopping num­ber. The preparation of ortho-para controlled targets and the measurements of the ortho-para composition were essential procedures. The ortho-rich deuterium was prepared by employing a paramagnetic conversion method. In order to determine the ortho-para compo­sition o f deuterium, a rotational Raman spectroscopy method was employed for the first time in gCF. The com pact Raman laser system was installed near the experimental area for in situ measurements. In the present study, both ortho targets and normal targets were successfully produced.Table XI provides our results for the ddg resonant molecular formation rate A |, the dg hyperfine tran­sition rate, A n , and the non-resonant molecular for- 2 2mation rate, A i, for normal and ortho deuterium in solid and liquid phases. The decrease in the resonant molecular formation rates and in the hyperfine transi­tion rates with ortho-rich deuterium has been observed in these phases. On the other hand, the non-resonant molecular formation rate is independent of the ortho­para state o f deuterium within experimental errors.The ortho-para effect on the rates for A 3 and A 31 inr 2 2 2the solid phase is qualitatively consistent with that in Toyoda’s experiment. It is worth noting that the de­crease in ortho was observed even in the liquid phase, although the better resonant condition for the molec­ular formation process in ortho deuterium was pre­dicted by the theory for gas. Our lower resonant molec­ular formation rate in liquid ortho deuterium cannot be described only by the non-thermalization effect ofTable XI. Results of the ortho-para effect on the resonantmolecular formation rate, A 3 , the hyperfine transition rate,2A3 1 , and the non-resonant molecular formation rate, A i .2 2 2T (K) O (%) A| (yUS * ) A3 1 (us -1)2 2 Ai (gs 1)25.5 67 (2) 2.35(5) 31.6(4) 0.044(fix)99 (1) 1.98(5) 28.3(4) 0.043(2)11.7 67 (2) 2.61(9) 32.0(8) 0.040(3)99 (1) 2.15(8) 30.1(8) 0.041(3)18.2 67 (2) 2.46(5) 33.2(4) 0.043(2)99 (1) 2.11(5) 30.8(4) 0.045(2)18.8 67 (2) 2.70(6) 32.4(4) 0.044(2)99 (1) 2.32(5) 30.2(4) 0.045(2)21.2 67 (2) 2.91(8) 33.0(6) 0.048(3)99 (1) 2.34(7) 29.1(6) 0.046(3)23.2 67 (2) 2.86(6) 32.6(4) 0.047(2)99 (1) 2.38(5) 29.8(4) 0.048(2)Fig. 60. The temperature dependence of the yield of fusion neutrons via resonant molecular formation.dg in normal deuterium, because the experimental rates in liquid deuterium are not higher than those of the conventional theory which assumes the rapid thermalization of dp. While in the gaseous phase, the yield o f the resonant fusion neutron from an ortho-rich target is significantly enhanced (Fig. 60). The ortho­para effect without condensed matter effects was ob­served in the gas phase. However, the neutron time spectra with gaseous ortho targets were quite strange. The unexpected bump structure was found only in neu­tron time spectra with gaseous ortho deuterium. The cause o f this structure is not yet determined. A de­tailed analysis is in progress. Our experimental results will provide a breakthrough in the understanding of condensed-matter effects in dd-gCF.Experiment 973Study of coexisting collective phases far from stability: systematic decay spectroscopy o f the N — 90 isotones(W .D. Kulp, J.L. Wood, Georgia Tech.)The structure of nuclei far from stability is primar­ily addressed using the shell model, the pairing model, and collective models. Collective models such as the model o f Bohr and Mottleson [Nuclear Structure Vol. II (World Scientific, Singapore, 1998)], the dynamic pairing plus quadrupole model [Kumar, Nucl. Phys. A231, 189 (1974)], and the interacting boson model [Arima and Iachello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 1069 (1975)] have been explored extensively, but all of these mod­els rely on parameters determined systematically from data on nuclei near stability. Further from stability, the collective structure o f nuclei will be more difficult to understand as the systematic trends become less clear.It is the goal of this experiment to map the evo­lution o f structural trends, not only to recognize nu­clear structure far from stability, but also to provide data constraining the collective models near stabil­49ity and help to discriminate between models. One of the richest regions for comparing collective models is found at N = 90, where the shape o f the nucleus changes from nearly spherical to well deformed very abruptly as the neutron number increases from N = 88 to N = 92. In the N = 90 transitional region, this investigation targets the doubly-even isotones, 146Ba, 148Ce, 150Nd, 152Sm, 154Gd, 156Dy, 158Er, and 160Y b for detailed 7 — 7 , 7 — e~, and e~ — e~ coincidence spectroscopy using the 8n 7 -ray spectrometer and the PACES conversion-electron detector array.A study of the (3 decay o f 156Ho to 156Dy was the first stage in Expt. 973 and was the first pairing o f the 8n spectrometer with the PACES array. The focus of this run was to identify excited states in 156Dy popu­lated in the decay of three isomers 156gHo (J n = 4, T i = 56 m), 156m‘ Ho (J - = 1 , Ti = 9.5 s), and iS6m2Ho ( j* = g+) = 7.8 m). Nearly 750 Gb of7 -ray and conversion-electron data were recorded in an 11 day experiment. The 156Ho beam was extracted from a tantalum target and implanted onto a moving>Oi_G)CLC/3-Mc3OoEy(keV)Fig. 61. 7 -ray spectra from the 115 minute tape cycle re­veal transitions in the ground-state band of 156Dy: 138 keV (2+ -> 0+), 266 keV (4+ -» 2+), and 366 keV (6 + -> 4+) consistent with the decay of the 156®Ho (Jn = 4,77 =56 m) isomer. Additional labelled transitions are associated with decays from other A = 156 nuclides.tape at the centre of the 87r spectrometer. Tape move cycles o f 115 minutes, 10 minutes, and 10 seconds were used to focus on the decay of the 156gHo, 156m2Ho, and i56mi Ho isomers, respectively.Preliminary spectra reveal 7 -ray and conversion- electron transitions in 156Dy associated with the decays of lo6s jf0 anc[ lj6m2 j j 0 . Data from the 115 minute tape cycles clearly show the 138 keV (2+ —> 0+ ), 266 keV (4+ —* 2+ ), and 366 keV (6+ —■> 4+ ) 7 -ray transitions associated with the decay o f 156gHo (as illustrated in Fig. 61). A spectrum from the 10 minute tape cycle (Fig. 62) shows enhanced 156m2Ho decay transitions, including the 445 keV (8+ —» 6+ ) 7 -ray. However, other contaminating lines from other short-lived activities in the A = 156 chain complicate the spectrum shown in Fig. 62 and elucidation of the full decay scheme re­quires detailed coincidence spectroscopy.O f particular interest in this study is the place­ment o f weak, low-energy transitions for identification of band structures and the measurement o f E0 transi­tions for interpretation o f the nature o f the bands. The 675 keV E0 transition from the first excited 0+ to the 0+ ground state, shown in Fig. 63, is observed in the decay o f 156gHo. Thus far only an internal transition from the 156miHo isomer is observed with the strong decays from short-lived isobars (cf. Fig. 64), but weak decay branches may be found in further analysis with the fine tuning of timing and coincidence gates on 7 —7 , 7 - e ~ , and e~ — e~ coincidence events. It will be such12x10s200 500300 400Ey(keV)Fig. 62. The 138 keV (2+ — 0+), 266 keV (4+ -► 2+), 366 keV (6 + —♦ 4+ ) and 445 keV (8"1" —■ 6 "*") 7 -ray transi­tions in 156 Dy are highlighted using a 10 minute tape cy­cle, indicating the presence of the high-spin isomer 156m2Ho (Jw = 9+ ,T i = 7 .8 m). Additional labelled transitions are associated with decays from other A = 156 nuclides.50350a>i 30005£ 250Q)CO 200-4-*c3400100 502^00 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000Channel numberFig. 63. The conversion electron associated with the 675 keV E 0 transition (0 j —> Of) observed in the decay of 156gHo to 156Dy (90 minute tape cycle).7x105> 5x10s 0U<Da■g 3x10s31x10s1 00 2 00 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0Ey(keV)Fig. 64. While the 138 keV (2+ -> 0+) and 266 keV (4+ —> 2+) 7 -ray transitions in 156Dy are visible in the 10 second tape cycle, transitions associated with decays from other A = 156 nuclides dominate the spectrum.detailed 7 — 7 , 7 — e~ , and e~ — e~ coincidence data of nuclides further from stability using the 87r spectrom­eter and PACES which will help discriminate between models and understand the physics of this transition region.Experiment 973 is a collaboration of scientists from Georgia Tech., Colorado School of Mines, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Louisiana State Uni­versity, McMaster University, Oregon State University, Saint Mary’s University, Simon Fraser University, TRI­UMF, University o f Guelph, University of Surrey, Uni­versity of Toronto, and University of Vienna.Experiment 984Fast lifetime measurements with the 877 spec­trometer and nuclear structure below IV = 82(P.E. Garrett, Guelph)Lifetimes o f nuclear levels provide crucial informa­tion on nuclear structure. Since the transition rates are determined by matrix elements of the well understood electromagnetic operator, they provide sensitive infor­mation on the charge distribution. Under the exper­imental program, an array of 10 BaF2 detectors, the world’s fastest scintillator, will be implemented into the 87T spectrometer to enable lifetime measurements. Experience has shown that time-delayed measurements following (3 decay have provided a wealth of critical level lifetimes in exotic nuclei over a wide range of nu­clei in all regions of the nuclei chart. O f particular im­portance are studies of odd-A to locate single-particle states, and side-bands or isomeric quasi-particle states in even-even ones, that are strongly populated in beta decay but very weakly in Coulomb-excitation studies. Consequently a wide range of applications is envisaged for this timing array, with the flexibility guaranteed by a simultaneous measurement of f3(t) — 7 (t) — 7 (t) and 7 (t) — 7 (t) — 7 (t) coincidences with the Ge and BaF2 detectors.The array of 10 BaF2 detectors will be mounted in available open positions on the 87r spectrometer. For standard 87T spectroscopy experiments, the time dif­ference between the /3 particle detected in the plastic scintillators o f SCEPTAR and the 7 -ray detected in a BaF2 detector will be used to measure lifetimes down to the sub-100 ps range. The particular decay path of the 7 -ray cascade will be chosen by the high-resolution Ge detectors of the 87T. For experiments aimed at the shortest lifetimes, down to the 10 ps level, the time signal from the SCEPTAR array will be replaced with that from a single fast-plastic scintillator, mounted im­mediately behind the beam spot o f the moving tape collector, coupled directly to a fast photomultiplier tube. These very fast lifetimes may also be measured by recording the time difference between two BaF2 de­tectors, provided that the decay path can be isolated sufficiently.As a proof of principle, a test experiment was per­formed in June using 4 BaF2 detectors borrowed from the University o f Surrey. A beam o f 26Na was deliv­ered to the 8n spectrometer. The trigger logic was set up such that both BaF2-SCEPTAR coincidences and BaF2-BaF2 coincidences could be recorded. The spec­trum shows the timing of a single crystal with respect to any one of the four BaF crystals in the array. The rightmost peak in Fig. 65 is the “self timing” peak, where the same detector acts as both the start and stop for the TAC. The width of this peak indicates the51BaF2 03 TAC22000 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0Fig. 65. Results from a test experiment using the 87r spec­trometer and four borrowed BaF2 detectors. The timing FWHM for BaF2 -BaF2 coincidences was «200 ps.amount of jitter contributed by the trigger logic for the system. The FW HM was determined to be 40 ps, which is much less than the timing resolution of the detectors themselves. The remaining peaks in this spectrum cor­respond to coincidences with the three other detectors, with selected delays o f 3, 6 and 8 ns (respectively, left to right of the self-timing peak) for the stop pulse. The FW HM resolution for timing between separate BaF2 crystals was «2 0 0 ps. Provided sufficient statistics, a precision of a few ps on the centroid position can be readily achieved.W ith the addition o f an array of BaF2 detectors, the 8n spectrometer and its associated equipment will be a world-unique facility for the study of (3 decay in that y-ray singles, 7 7 coincidences, conversion elec­trons, (3 tagging, and lifetimes can be measured simul­taneously for all proposed experiments. Equipment is currently being acquired, and it is expected that the first elements o f the array will be in place in the fall,2005.Experiment 985Half-life and branching-ratio measurement of 18N e superallowed Fermi f3 decay(M .B. Smith, TRIUMF)Precision measurements of f t values for superal­lowed Fermi (3 decays between isobaric analogue states provide stringent tests o f the electroweak standard model. Currently f t values have been measured to a precision of ± 0 .1% or better for nine superallowed transitions in nuclei between 10C and 54Co, confirm­ing the conserved vector current (CYC) hypothesis2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400at the level of 3 x 10 4. These data, together with the Fermi coupling constant G F obtained from muon- decay experiments, also provide the most accurate value for the up-down quark mixing matrix element, Vud, o f the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CK M ) ma­trix. Combining the Vud measurement with the rec­ommended values o f Vus and Vub from the Particle Data Group [Eidelman et al., Phys. Lett. B 592, 1 (2004)] leads to the well-known result that the sum of the squares of the three matrix elements fails to meet unity by more than two standard deviations [Hardy and Towner, Phys. Rev. Lett, (in press)]. Unitarity of the CKM matrix is a strict requirement o f the standard model and the failure o f this test, should the result be firmly established, would imply the need for important new physics.A definitive conclusion on CKM unitarity can only be reached after the elimination of “trivial” expla­nations for the current discrepancy. For nuclear /?- decay, the role of the theoretical corrections which must be applied to the experimental results has come under considerable recent scrutiny, particularly for the isospin-symmetry-breaking (Coulomb) term 5C - The theoretical calculations can best be tested by measur­ing the f t values (by determining the half-lives, branch­ing ratios and Q-values) for decays with particularly large predicted Coulomb terms or for cases where the predictions differ significantly. An example is the su­perallowed decay o f 18Ne, for which a large Sc correc­tion, relative to other decays with A < 30, has been cal­culated [Towner and Hardy, Phys. Rev. C66, 035501(2002)]. The objective of Expt. 985 is to precisely de­termine the 18Ne half-life and superallowed branching ratio. First beams were taken during 2004 and a pre­cision measurement o f the half-life was performed.The technique o f precisely measuring lifetimes by detecting 7 -rays using the 87r spectrometer, an array of 20 Compton-suppressed HPGe detectors, is being pioneered at ISAC and has been investigated in great detail for the /3 decay of 26Na (Expt. 909). The cur­rent measurement is the first to use this technique for a superallowed Fermi (3 decay. Beams o f lsNe were ex­tracted during the first development run o f ISAC’s elec­tron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source and ~ 4 x 105 ions/s were delivered to the 87r spectrometer for approximately 90 hours. The 30 keV beam was col­lected using a Mylar-backed aluminum tape, o f thick­ness 40 /itm, moving through the centre o f the array. Samples were implanted for approximately four half lives and the subsequent decay was measured for ~24 half lives before the tape was moved and the cycle re­peated.Time-stamped singles 7 -ray events were recorded during the entire implantation and decay cycle for 1552runs, each run typically lasting three hours. The half- life was determined by selecting events correlated with the 1042 keV 7 -ray, which follows the superallowed de­cay o f 18Ne and connects the analogue 0+ state in 18F to the 1+ ground state. Dead-time-corrected de­cay curves associated with these data were fitted us­ing a maximum-likelihood ^-m inim ization technique developed for Expt. 909 [Grinyer et ai, Phys. Rev. C, in press]. Experimental conditions were changed between runs in order to investigate systematic un­certainties. The 8n data acquisition system provides software-selectable pile-up and/or Compton suppres­sion and variable (measured event by event) or fixed dead-time. These settings were varied throughout the experiment and systematic errors were also investi­gated by varying the shaping times of the amplifiers and thresholds o f the constant-fraction discriminators. No systematic effects were found at the level of the statistical errors.The preliminary value of the half-life of 18Ne, ob­tained from a weighted average of the 15 runs, is 1.6676 ± 0.0016 s. This result agrees with three of the four previous half-life measurements and is five times more accurate than the currently-accepted value (1.672 ± 0.008 s) based on these determinations. Af­ter finalizing the half-life result, a publication will be submitted during 2005.Experiment 989Astrophysical studies using 26 A l ground-state and isomeric beams(C. Ruiz, TRIUMF: for the DRAGON collaboration) MotivationRecent advances in space-based 7 -ray astronomy have led to the mapping out of the galactic 26Al dis­tribution. The ground state of 26 Al is a f3+ emitter decaying to the first excited state of 26Mg with a half- life o f 717,000 years. This decay is then characterized by the decay o f the first excited state of 26 Mg with a single 7 -ray at 1809 keV. Because of its relatively long half-life, 26Al persists in the interstellar medium long after the particular stellar cataclysm which has pro­duced it has subsided or ended, allowing us to observe it. However, 717,000 years is a short time on the galac­tic star-formation timescale. The 26Al distribution is then a useful indicator o f the history of nucleosynthe­sis averaged over the last million years.Concentrations of 26Al in the galactic plane and spiral arms indicate a young, high-mass star origin o f its nucleosynthesis. Candidates for this production are: core-collapse supernovae, AGB stars and classical binary-system novae. Hydrodynamic and reaction net­work models o f supernovae and novae have produced intriguing results. The supernovae models show that100% of the measured 26Al in the galaxy can result from nucleosynthesis in the pre-collapse hydrogen-rich shell of such a star. The largest uncertainties in this model are the galactic supernova rate, the model com­plexity, and the nuclear reaction rates involved in the production and destruction of 26 Al. For novae, there is a similar uncertainty. It is still o f great debate whether novae can produce a significant fraction of the galac­tic 26Al or not. Present models say they can, however, the uncertainty in the low-temperature reaction rate of 26gAl(p, 7 )27Si gives rise to a factor 2 uncertainty in the amount of 26Al produced. The models require that this uncertainty be reduced in order to make bet­ter predictions on the nova contribution to the galactic 26 Al abundance that future space based 7 -ray missions such as INTEGRAL will study.At present the uncertainty in the 26gAl(p, 7 )27Si reaction rate at nova temperatures is dominated by a single isolated resonance at Ecm = 188 keV. There has only been one direct measurement of the resonance strength of this state which has to date remained un­published. Such a dominating resonance is required to be experimentally measured at least twice by different methods to ensure confidence in this parameter’s inser­tion into hydrodynamic models. The previous measure­ment was made at Caltech in 1989 using a “traditional” (p, 7 ) method o f impinging a low energy proton beam onto a purified radioactive 26 Al target and observing the 7-rays resulting from reactions using a germanium detector.The development of intense 26 Al beams at TRIUMF-ISAC has provided us with the opportunity to measure the 188 keV resonance in 26gAl(p, 7 )27Si at the DRAGON recoil separator using inverse kinemat­ics.ExperimentThis year, DRAGON performed test studies for the 26Al(p, 7 )27Si reaction in order to determine the feasibility of measurement of the 188 keV resonance strength. A silicon carbide target at ISAC provided an accelerated 26Al beam with currents reaching a max­imum of 3 x 10s particles per second, and an average of 0.7 x 108 particles per second.The level o f 26Na and 26mAl contaminants in the beam were monitored using a diagnostic set-up at the separator mass slits, the point where unreacted beam is deposited. Two diametrically arranged sodium io­dide detectors were used to detect annihilation 7 -rays from (3+ decay o f the 6 second lifetime decay of the 26Al isomeric state, while a high purity germanium de­tector was used to detect the decay o f the 26 Na via the 1809 keV 7 -ray from the first excited state o f 26Mg. In this way, contamination levels of 0.4 ± 0.07% for 26Na and 0.004 ± 0.0007% for 26mAl were determined.53DRAGON’s ionization chamber was used to detect particles at the end of the separator in an attempt to separate “leaky” unreacted beam particles from true recoils using A E - E information from the separate an­ode segments in the chamber. Particles were detected in coincidence with 7 -ray signals from the BGO array surrounding D RAGO N ’s windowless gas target.Runs were taken primarily at a higher beam energy in order to see the “strong” resonance at Ecm = 363 keV. 5 x 1012 ions were received on target for this en­ergy, and 117 27Si recoils were detected in coincidence with cascade 7 -rays. The ion chamber anode informa­tion showed that at this energy, leaky beam and true recoils are just separable using the A E - E method (Fig. 66). 2'Si recoils are easily identified, however, us­ing the time of flight round the separator between a coincident prompt 7 -ray and particle detected in the ion chamber (Fig. 67). By extrapolation it was deter­mined that recoils from the 188 keV resonance would not be separable using the A E - E method. A local time-of-flight system in conjunction with the separator time o f flight would be necessary. Runs taken on the 188 keV resonance yielded no recoil particles because only 2 x 1013 ions were incident on target, insufficient to produce any recoils due to the low yield of 4 x 10“ 14 reactions per incoming ion.The conclusions o f this running period were that:• A local time-of-flight method would be prefer­able in the attempt to separate recoils and leaky beam.27Si recoilsI leaky beam0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Total Energy of Heavy San (arb- u nits}Fig. 6 6 . Ion chamber total pulse height versus anode 1 pulse height for the 26gAl(p,7 )27Si reaction, showing 27Si recoils and “leaky” beam.40003500?3000random coinc. leaky beam2GQ0 -050027Si recoils 2.5 f is TOF2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 SOQD 6 00 0 10GO0 12000 14000Coincident gaRiffiia-Heiwy ton Tims of Right units)Fig. 67. Heavy ion - 7 coincident separator time of flight for the ~6gAl(p,7 )2'Si reaction, showing 27Si recoils and randomly coincident “leaky” beam.• Insufficient beam intensity sustained for a rea­sonable duration was obtained, leading to the conclusion that a high-power silicon carbide tar­get in combination with the TRIUMF resonant ionization laser ion source would be required to provide order o f magnitude higher beam intensi­ties.With the improvements listed above due to be oper­ational at ISAC over the coming year, DRAGON will attempt to make the direct measurement of the 188 keV resonance strength of the 26 Al(p, 7 )27Si in the pe­riod of running in 2005.Experiment 992Lifetime of the 4 .033 M e V state in 10Ne(G.C. Ball, B. Davids, TRIUMF)Novae are thermonuclear runaways resulting from the accretion o f hydrogen- and helium-rich material onto the surfaces o f white dwarfs in binary systems. X-ray bursts result from a similar accretion process on neutron stars, during which the temperature and density are sufficiently high to initiate breakout from the hot CNO cycles into the rp process, dramatically increasing the luminosity o f outbursts and synthesiz­ing nuclei up to masses of 100 u. Several reactions have been suggested as pathways for this breakout, but only two are currently thought to be possibilities: 150 (a ,7 ) 19Ne and 18N e(a,p)21Na. In astrophysical en­vironments the lsO (a ,7 ) 19Ne reaction proceeds pre­dominantly through resonances lying just above the 150 + a threshold at 3.529 MeV in 19Ne. The reaction54rate in novae is determined by the resonance strength of the 4.033 MeV 3 /2 + state. This state may also make the largest contribution to the reaction rate at the higher peak temperatures reached in X-ray bursts.Direct measurements of the low energy cross sec­tion, which require high-intensity radioactive lsO beams, are planned at TRIUMF. Until such beams are available, the best information on the reaction rate will come from indirect measurements of the decay properties of the relevant resonances. These states lie beneath the proton and neutron separation energies, and can therefore decay only by a and 7 emission. By populating these states and observing the subse­quent a- and 7 -decays, one can deduce the branching ratio B « = r a/(FQ + F7). If T7 is also known, one can then calculate the resonance strength and thereby the contribution of each state to the astrophysical rate of the lsO (a ,7 ) 19Ne reaction. In a recent experiment at the KVI, the a branching ratios have been measured. However, experimental data on the radiative widths of these states are sparse. An effort to measure the life­time of the 4.033 MeV state by the Doppler shift at­tenuation method (DSAM) resulted in an upper limit. A complementary measurement o f the Coulomb exci­tation to this state at intermediate beam energies re­sulted in an upper limit on the radiative width, corre­sponding to a lower limit on the lifetime. The 95% confidence level allowed region for the lifetime, and therefore the reaction rate, spans two orders of mag­nitude. TRIUMF Expt. 992 aims to measure the life­time of this state using the DSAM, populating it via the 3He(20N e,a)19Ne reaction at a 20Ne beam energy o f 34 MeV. A measurement o f this lifetime will defini­tively settle the question of whether this reaction plays any role in novae, and substantially reduce the uncer­tainty on the reaction rate in X-ray bursts.Preparations for the lifetime measurement are pro­ceeding along several lines simultaneously. Implanta­tion of Al, Zr, and Au foils with 3He is being carried out at the Universite de Montreal. Si surface barrier detectors have been ordered and will soon arrive. Aschematic design for the cold trap and vacuum cham­ber assembly has been completed, and detailed designs will be completed shortly. Fabrication of the chamber can proceed promptly upon completion of these draw­ings. Ion optical calculations for the transport of the beam to the experiment at the end of the medium en­ergy beam transport line have been completed and in­dicate a good beam spot can be achieved without any additional focusing elements. This experiment will be the subject of the master’s thesis of a new UBC stu­dent, Mythili Subramanian.EM M AIon optical design work has been completed for EMMA, an electromagnetic mass analyzer for ISAC- II at TRIUMF. EMM A is a recoil mass spectrome­ter that will be used to separate the recoils of nuclear reactions from the beam, and to disperse them ac­cording to mass/charge. ISAC-II will provide intense, low-emittance beams of unstable nuclei with masses up to 150 u and maximum energies of at least 6.5 MeV/nucleon. EMM A will be used in many differ­ent types o f experiments with radioactive beams, espe­cially those involving fusion-evaporation and transfer reactions. As such, it must be both efficient and selec­tive, possessing large acceptances in angle, mass, and energy without sacrificing the necessary beam suppres­sion and mass resolution.EMM A is based on a symmetric configuration of electric and magnetic dipoles, a proven design that allows for energy dispersion cancellation. (Fig­ure 68 schematically depicts the layout of electro­magnetic components.) However, the design repre­sents a significant improvement over existing instru­ments o f this type. In particular, EMMA has the largest energy and angular acceptances o f any re­coil mass spectrometer, while simultaneously provid­ing high mass resolving power due to the design of its quadrupole lenses and the curvature of its magnetic dipole field boundaries. This combination of large ac­ceptance and high resolution will make EMM A the most advanced instrument of its kind. It will be anFig. 6 8 . Schematic view of EMMA, showing the target, quadrupole and dipole magnets, and electric dipoles. The detector box is also indicated.55indispensable part o f the ISAC-II experimental facility, and will be used extensively in conjunction with the TIGRESS 7 -ray detector array as well as the TUDA charged particle detectors.The design of EMMA underwent both internal (TRIUMF) and external (NSERC) technical reviews in 2004 in order to ascertain the soundness of its ion op­tics as well as its suitability for the anticipated users. A paper describing the design has been accepted for publication by Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A.Experiment 995A n alternate approach to radioactive beam pro­duction for volatile elements(J. D ’Auria, S. Lapi, SFU)OverviewThe goal of this experiment is to demonstrate that certain radioactive beams o f volatile elements, which have proven to be difficult to produce using the stan­dard ISOL approach at the ISAC facility, can be pro­duced using low energy protons. If successful, the pro­duced species could be transferred in the gas phase to ISAC (either to OLIS or the on-line system), ionized using an appropriate ion source (ECR or FEBIAD) and the ionized beam accelerated to required energies using the ISAC accelerator. This approach has been success­fully demonstrated at the BE AR facility at LBL [Pow­ell et al, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 204, 440 (2003)]and could allow ISAC to have two methods of produc­ing beams, perhaps simultaneously (if OLIS is used). The experiment received approval at low priority in 2003 and initial studies have been performed in 2004.BackgroundThe proposed method of production is the irradia­tion of gaseous targets with 13 M eV protons using the TR13 facility. This facility (H“ cyclotron) is located in the TRIUMF accelerator building and is primarily used to produce radioisotopes for medical purposes. Possible beams available with this approach are given in Table XII along with information on target material, reaction and rate of production.This method of production and transfer was tested in the M.Sc. study of S. Lapi who measured the produc­tion and transfer efficiency for 140 [Lapi, Development of an intense 15 O radioactive beam using low energy protons, M.Sc. thesis, Simon Fraser University (2003)] using the TR13 facility.Table XIII presents some of the beam requirements of approved ISAC experiments.Studies in 2004Approximately 1 Ci of n C as CH4(g) was produced in a (p , a) reaction using the TR13. Following chemical manipulations, the active methane was hand delivered to the injection port of the on-line ECR ion source at ISAC, on two occasions. Stable methane had been in­jected previously into the ECR to study the operationTable XII. Calculated production rates in a target using 50 uA of 13 MeV protons (TR13).Isotope Half-lifeTargetmaterialProductionreactionSaturation rate of production14C 20.3 m 14n 2 (g) 14N(p, a ) n C 2.4 x 10n /s14 o 70.6 s 14n 2 (g) 14N(p, n )140 2 x 1010/s15 o 122.2 s 15N2 (g) 15N (p ,n )150 2.1 x 10n /s13n 9.97 m 0 2 (g) leO(p, a ) 13N 4.8 x 1010/s18p 1.83 h Enriched lsO (g) lsO (p ,n )18F 5.2 x 1011/s17f 64.5 s Neon gas 20Ne(p, a ) 17F 1.5 x 10n /sTable XIII. Beam requirements for ISAC experiments approved or to be presented.Beam Experiment #OptimalintensityMinimumintensityU C new 108’914 0 924 106 5 x 10515 0 813 1011 101015 o 900 109 10813n 805 109 10817F 946 109 10819Ne 811 108 10756of the source for ionizing methane, e.g. the optimal ion was C H j. A Nal(Tl) gamma detection system was set up at the ISAC collection station (on the mass separa­tor floor), and a stable beam was optimized onto the FC positioned just before this station. The result of these two studies was not completely successful. While there was an indication o f n C possible activity at the collection station (104 cps), this represented an overall efficiency of ~0.01%. This includes but is not limited to decay losses prior to the observation, losses due to the transfer through a mass transfer value prior to the ECR, the ECR efficiency, beam tuning transmission losses and perhaps others. Apparently most of the ac­tivity did not make it into the ion source efficiently but seemed to remain in the gas inlet system prior to the source. While the exact cause of this is not clear, nev­ertheless, the manipulations with the ECR were useful and may have played a role in the ultimate successful operation of this new system. It should be noted that the tests for Expt. 995 were limited to a narrow one week window during which the ECR was available for such types of tests, in order not to interfere with its use for RB production for experiments.A series of tests are planned for 2005 at the off-line ECR test system (essentially the same ECR source). Initial studies will use a 13CC>2 gaseous source to un­derstand the ionization efficiency o f the ECR for CO2. In addition a series of gaseous dilutions will be studied which will attempt to mimic the concentrations of 11C in an actual production cell. Following these tests, ap­proval will be sought to perform some low activity tests with an actual 11C production cell in order to fully un­derstand this system prior to seeking time with the on-line system.Experiment 1008 A new look at the /3-decay of 1 1 Li(F. Sarazin, Colorado School o f Mines)Last year, a measurement of the 11 Li yield out of a tantalum target reached a record breaking 44000 11 Li per second, making TRIU M F/ISAC the facility deliv­ering the most intense n Li beam in the world. Follow­ing an already successful measurement of the /3-decay of n Li in August, 2002 [Sarazin et al., Phys. Rev. C70, 031302(R) (2004)], the time was right to investigate again the complex decay of 11 Li, using the enhanced 11 Li yield available and also utilizing the new addition to the 87r: SCEPTAR, an array o f 20 plastic scintil­lators allowing the detection of /3-y coincidences. The experiment took place in October. A beam of about 15000 pps was delivered to the 877 and implanted on an aluminum foil at the centre of the 87r/SCEPTAR arrays. Most of the u Li /3-decay strength is observed to proceed through unbound states in 11 Be, which sub­sequently decay by one-neutron emission to 10Be. This results in the observation o f a 7 -spectrunr dominated by the decay of the excited states in 10Be. These tran­sitions exhibit characteristic Doppler-broadened line- shapes, due to the recoiling effect induced by the neu­tron emission. The main objective of this measurement was, by means of lineshape analysis, to look for weak branches in the /3-delayed one-neutron emission to ex­cited states in 10Be. In particular, good statistics are required to determine the precise lineshape of the 5.96 MeV peak, which is crucial to resolve unanswered ques­tions left from the first experiment. Moreover, some re­sults of the first analysis are in disagreement with re­sults reported recently by Hirayama et al. [Phys. Lett. B611, in press] on another experiment performed at TRIUM F/ISAC, using a polarized 11 Li beam and neu­tron detectors. About 15 times more data were ob­tained with an improved signal to background ratio due to the measurement in /3-y coincidences. This ratio was further improved by the rejection of bremsstrahlung events, e.g. high-energy electrons slowing down in the plastic scintillators and emitting one or more 7 -rays in the forward direction, firing the nearby germanium de­tector (see Experimental Facilities: 877 Spectrometer, this Annual Report). The improvement in the line­shape quality is particularly impressive for the 5.96 MeV peak, as can be seen in Fig. 69.The improved statistics obtained in this experiment also allowed us to look at 7 -7 coincidences. The line­shape of the 2.59 MeV and 5.96 MeV peaks results from the decay of a doublet of states ( I - , 2 "^) in 10Be only 1.7 keV apart. The sharp contribution originates from the decay of the relatively long-lived second 0 j state to the 1“ state in 10Be located at 6.180 MeV. ByFig. 69. Compton suppressed 7 -spectrum following the (3- decay o f 1 1 Li. The lineshape of the 5.96 MeV peak obtained in / ? - 7 coincidence with bremsstrahlung correction is shown. The lineshape obtained in the first experiment is shown in the inset. One can see that background 7 -ray lines, unre­lated to the /3-decay of 1 1 Li, have disappeared in the new spectrum.57Fig. 70. 7-7 coincidences gated with the 219 keV 0 j —>1 “ transition. The sharp component is singled out by the coincidence (continuous line) and is shown together with the scaled-down original lineshape at 2.59 MeV (top) and 5.96MeV (bottom).gating on the 219 keV transition linking both states, it is possible to isolate this sharp contribution, as seen in Fig. 70.More analysis is in progress to actually fit the var­ious lineshapes with a Monte Carlo simulation devel­oped during the analysis o f the first measurement. This will be the main body o f the Ph.D. thesis o f Caleb Mat- toon at the Colorado School of Mines.L A N SC E Experiment NPDG am m a Measurement o f the parity-violating gamma asymmetry A-f in the capture of polarized cold neutrons by para-hydrogen, n + p —► d + 7(S.A. Page, W.D. Ramsay, Manitoba)IntroductionThe n + p —» d + 7 experiment had a very success­ful commissioning run from February to April. All the equipment except the liquid hydrogen target was suc­cessfully commissioned during the run. It was intended to install the liquid hydrogen target during the su m m er of 2004, with another data-taking starting again in the fall, but a site-wide “stop work order” at Los Alamos National Laboratory put all work not related to secu­rity or safety on hold and normal activities were very slow to resume. We now expect the liquid hydrogen target to be commissioned in late 2005. A Manitoba M.Sc. student is now completing his thesis on work performed for the 2004 commissioning run.The np —> d'y collaboration involves 13 institutions, with Canadian collaborators from the University of Manitoba, and infrastructure support from TRIUMF. The authors of this report, S.A. Page and W .D. Ram- say, took responsibility for precision monitoring of theneutron beam flux, and designed a new current mode beam monitor that was first tested in the fall o f 2001 at LANSCE. Three additional beam monitors based on this new design were subsequently constructed and used with great success in the 2004 commissioning run. Canadian participation in n + p —► d + 7 includes vi­tal infrastructure support from TRIUMF on the design and construction of a computer controlled motion sys­tem for the gamma detector array and liquid hydrogen target to be used for calibration of the effective detec­tor alignment in situ. This procedure requires that the entire one-tonne detector array be moved accurately in the vertical and horizontal directions by up to ± 5 mm. TRIUMF also designed and built custom VM E mod­ules that permit the gain o f each of 48 detector chan­nels to be adjusted under computer control. A proto­type was tested at Los Alamos in 2003 and 6 more were built at TRIUMF in 2004 and delivered to Los Alamos.The experiment is designed to measure the very slight up-down asymmetry, A 1, in the capture of verti­cally polarized cold neutrons on liquid parahydrogen. If parity is conserved in the reaction, A 1 will be zero. The reason for doing this is that it provides a very clean measure o f the weak pion nucleon coupling, f ) . In fact, to a very good approximation, A 7 = -0 .1 1 /* . The value o f /* is somewhat controversial [Wilburn and Bowman, Phys. Rev. C5T, 3425 (1998)]. The ex­perimental and theoretical situation is summarized in Fig. 71. 18F gamma circular polarization experiments give zero. Haxton interprets the results to indicate /* = 0 ± 1.0 x 10~ 7 [Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 3 5 , 501 (1985)]. The 133Cs anapole moment, on the other hand, gives a non-zero value. Flambaum interprets the resultEvans ef al, Sin et al. (19S5SWood et &i.„ Fi&mbaum I & Murray (1997}j Ca'singnac et al. (1977) j j NPDGamma - 1000 hr | | NPDGamma - Goal jj rumamn-2 -1 8 ! 2Kf x/1Fig. 71. Experimental and theoretical limits on the weak pion-nucleon coupling f ) . The expected precision of an ini­tial run of the NPDGamma experiment at LANSCE, as­suming 1 0 0 0 hours of data, is shown, as is the statistics- limited final result planned for the experiment.58to give f l = 7 ± 3 x 10” 7 [Phys. Rev. C56, 1641 (1997)]. Because NPDGamma is based on a simple two-nucleon system without the complex many-body dynamics of the 18F and 133Cs experiments, the LAN- SCE experiment has a good chance of laying this con­troversy to rest. The goal of the experiment, as indi­cated in Fig. 71, is to measure to ±0.5 x 10” ', which is approximately 1 /1 0 o f the mid-range theoretical es­timates. The “ 1000 hour” point in Fig. 71 is based on test run results [Mitchell et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth­ods A 521, 468 (2004)] and shows the uncertainty we might reasonably expect to achieve in the first data run with hydrogen at LANSCE, which is expected in2006.The NPDGamma experimentThe experiment set-up at LANSCE is shown schematically in Fig. 72. An 800 MeV proton beam pulsed at 20 Hz impinges on a tungsten spallation tar­get; M eV neutrons emerging from the target are cooled in a liquid hydrogen moderator and transported via a supermirror guide to the experimental apparatus, where they emerge from the (9.5 x 9.5) cm 2 guide at 21 m from the source. The m = 3 supermirror guide enhances the total neutron flux in the desired energy range 0-15 meV with respect to the Maxwellian distri­bution of neutrons emerging from the moderator. The pulsed nature o f the beam enables the energies of the neutrons to be determined from their times of flight, which is an important advantage for diagnosing and reducing many types of systematic error. Neutrons are polarized in the vertical direction by selective trans­mission through a polarized 3 He gas cell which acts as a spin filter, producing an energy dependent polariza­tion spectrum.The three beam monitors (marked “Monitor” inFig. 72) are 3He ionization chambers provided by the University of Manitoba collaborators, supported by NSERC. In Fig. 73, two of these monitors are shown mounted for testing at the start of the 2004 commis­sioning period at Los Alamos. The three monitors mea­sure the neutron beam intensity upstream and down­stream of the polarizer cell, and at the end o f the beam line. The transmission of the 3He cell serves as an on­line measurement o f its polarization and hence that of the neutron beam, and the transmission through the liquid hydrogen target is an on-line monitor o f the or- thohydrogen/parahydrogen ratio in the target.A uniform vertical guide field, B 0 = 1 mT, preserves the neutron beam polarization as it is transported to the liquid hydrogen target, where the incident neutrons are captured to produce the 2.2 MeV y-rays o f inter­est. Low energy neutrons depolarize rapidly in ortho­hydrogen, while those below 15 meV retain their polar­ization in a parahydrogen target; hence, it is important to ensure that the liquid hydrogen target is prepared and maintained with the very low equilibrium ortho­hydrogen concentration of 0.1%. By placing monitors before and after the target, the ortho-hydrogen concen­tration can be monitored on-line, since the scattering cross sections for ortho- and para-hydrogen differ by about a factor of 20 in the energy range o f interest. Approximately 60% of the beam neutrons will be cap­tured in the target.The 2.2 MeV y-rays from neutron capture in the target are detected with an array of 48 (15 x 15 x 15) cm3 CsI(Tl) crystals surrounding the target. The detectors are read out in current mode by vacuum photodiodes coupled via low noise current-to-voltage preamplifiers to transient digitizers sampling the diode signals every 10 [is. A resonant radio frequency (rf)Proton BeamI L H ,Shutterf B IN eutron Guide.^ Biological Shieldp S f t ;P i E iIChopperPreamps Vacuum Photo Diodes DetectorsMonitor Monitor Spin FlipperPolarizerFig. 72. Schematic of the NPDGamma apparatus on flight path 12 at LANSCE.59Fig. 73. Manitoba 3He neutron monitors installed on FP12 near the start of the 2004 commissioning run. Later in the run, the monitors were used to measure neutron flux, neu­tron polarization, and spin flip efficiency.spin flipper, consisting of a 30 cm diameter by 30 cm long solenoid whose magnetic field amplitude is tai­lored as a function of time of flight to flip neutron spins of all energies, is located upstream of the tar­get. The spin flipper reverses the direction of the neu­tron spin on successive beam pulses according to an 8-step [h 1----- b d— ] reversal pattern, which cancelssystematic drifts of detector efficiencies and electronic gains to second order. The spin flipper efficiency has been measured in tests runs to be in excess of 98% across a large area as appropriate to the beam size in our experiment.The statistical uncertainty in the measurement of Ay is ultimately determined by counting statistics, set by the beam intensity, the detector solid angle, and the counting time. Care has been taken to identify all possible sources o f error, to minimize the sensitivity of the apparatus, and to work out a program of ancillary measurements to quantify individual error sources. The overall conclusion of these studies is that it should be possible to measure Ay to ±0.5 x 10~ 8 with system­atic errors no larger than 10% of the statistical error quoted above. Several key features of the experimental design should be noted here, namely:1. three independent magnetic field reversals can be employed to manipulate the neutron spin and should give identical results for Ay (3He cell, rf spin flip, holding field in the experimental area);2 . the pulsed beam allows systematic effects to be isolated by their different time-of-flight depen­dences;3. the use o f vacuum photodiodes for detector read­out reduces the gain sensitivity to magneticfields as compared to conventional photomulti­plier tubes by 4 orders o f magnitude, and the detector gains are essentially independent of bias voltage;4. the depolarization o f the beam above 15 meV allows a number o f systematics associated with interaction o f polarized neutrons in the target to be isolated;5. the very small value of the electronic noise com­pared to counting statistics (1/ 100) makes it pos­sible to test for instrumental effects with a stan­dard uncertainty o f 10~9 on a timescale of one day.Systematic errors arising from interactions of the neutron spin are potentially the most serious for the experiment. Spin dependent effects can lead to either up-down or left-right asymmetries which could leak into the up-down signal from which Ay is deduced. To limit contributions from left-right asymmetries at or below 5 x 10_1°, we require a means of determin­ing the detector alignment with respect to the neutron spin direction to 20 mrad or better. To accomplish this, TRIUMF, in collaboration with the University o f Man­itoba, has designed and built a computer controlled de­tector stand capable o f moving the entire 1000 kg Csl array by a few millimetres horizontally and vertically with the target in place. The effective position of each detector can be determined by the 7 yield in that de­tector as a function o f the array position. Figure 74 shows the array in place on the TRIUMF/Manitoba motion controller.Fig. 74. Csl array mounted on the Manitoba/TRIUMF de­tector motion stand in the NPDGamma cave. The 1000 kg detector can be moved ± 1 0 mm in x and y under computer control.60Progress toward data-takingThe new FP12 beam line for NPDGamma was com­pleted late in 2003, and the experimental apparatus, exclusive of the liquid hydrogen target, was installed in the new FP12 cave early in 2004 (Fig. 74). We have just completed a very successful first commissioning run, during which the beam line, chopper, beam mon­itors, magnetic guide field, 3He polarizer and analyzer cells, rf spin flipper, full Csl detector array and data acquisition systems were exercised. Following a tune up and commissioning of each element of the apparatus, time was devoted to measurements o f parity violating asymmetries from solid targets that will contribute to backgrounds in the NPDGamma measurements, e.g. from the aluminum target vessel, and measurements with a boron target were used to confirm that the full array operates at the counting statistics limit. High­lights o f the commissioning run are discussed briefly below.A very important demonstration was that the elec­tronic noise was insignificant compared to counting statistics. Figure 75 compares the electronic noise to the counting statistics. One sees that the detector elec­tronics performed well and that the electronic noise is indeed small.The neutron guide and frame overlap chopper were also commissioned. Figure 76 shows the measured neu­tron time-of-flight distribution using the 3He ioniza­tion chamber mounted at the end o f the flight path 12 neutron guide. Agreement with the Monte Carlo calculation as normalized to the measured moderator brightness is excellent. Ultimately, the FP12 neutron flux will limit the precision in A7 that we can obtain in a reasonable amount of running time at LANSCE.The experimental counting rate asymmetry is given by e = PnA y where Pn is the beam polarization; the performance of the 3He spin filter cell thereforeFig. 75. Performance of the detector electronics during the commissioning run. Electronic noise alone is insignificant compared to counting statistics.30 25E 20 In c o§ 15“o105 00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50tof (ms) at 21 metersFig. 76. Neutron time-of-flight distribution at the exit of the neutron guide compared to a Monte Carlo calculation. The large red dots are measured by the first Manitoba mon­itor and the small blue dots are a Monte Carlo calculation. The measured time-of-flight distribution falls off sharply around 30 ms when the frame overlap chopper enters the beam. The two sharp dips near the peak of the curve are Bragg edges from aluminum in the beam.has a crucial influence on the statistical precision of the A 7 result. W ith precision beam monitors located upstream and downstream o f the 3 He polarizer cell, the neutron beam polarization can be inferred directly from a comparison of the polarized and unpolarized cell transmissions - this allows for a continuous on-line measurement o f the neutron beam polarization during NPDGamma data-taking. An example under commis­sioning run conditions (the 3He polarization was not yet fully optimized) is shown in Fig. 77. It is worth noting that, with the spin filter technique, the neutron polarization can be considerably more than the 3 He polarization.9080 | 70CO NI 60Q.Co3 500) c40 3015 20 25 30 35neutron time of flight at 21 meters (ms)Fig. 77. Polarization measured with the Manitoba beam monitors during the 2004 commissioning run. By measuring the transmission through the 3He cell with the cell polar­ized and unpolarized, the absolute neutron polarization can be determined without knowing the 3 He polarization.Polarization Measurement Using the Beam Monitors 1 1------------------1------------1---------calculated from the data * theoretical tit ...... .Neutron Flux Deduced From Front Monitor Signal.61During the commissioning run, we repeated our earlier measurements o f the parity violating up-down 7 asymmetry following neutron capture on 35 Cl and confirmed the earlier results to much higher precision in a few hours o f integration time. The NPDGamma detector array is such a precise instrument that we were able to use this small parity-violating asymme­try to tune the rf spin flipper, although use of a po­larized 3 He analyzer cell and a third beam monitor downstream o f the cell is the preferred method. Dur­ing NPDGamma data-taking, we plan to periodically measure this asymmetry with a Cl target to monitor the consistency of the detector performance.To study a possible background, we also measured the asymmetry using a solid aluminum target. The Csl detector array performed superbly. The y-ray asym­metry histogram was Gaussian over at least 4 orders of magnitude, with only very loose cuts on the inci­dent neutron beam intensity. The conclusion from this preliminary analysis is that the parity violating asym­metry following neutron capture on aluminum is small enough that it will result in a negligible background correction with the liquid hydrogen target running. Summary and future outlookThe NPDGamma experiment has just completed a very successful first commissioning run on flight path 12 at LANSCE. We have demonstrated that the full Csl detector array, instrumented for current mode readout, achieves a statistical error consistent with counting statistics. In late 2005, the liquid hydrogen target will be installed, followed by first data-taking as soon as possible, probably during the 2006 run cy­cle. We have determined that the physics asymme­try A7 can be measured at LANSCE with the full NPDGamma apparatus with a statistical error o f ± 4 x 10~4 per beam pulse with 120 pA proton beam on the spallation target - unfortunately this falls short of our original ± 1 x 10-4 per beam pulse goal that would en­able us to measure A 7 to 10% of its predicted value in one calendar year o f running time. Our test measure­ments have shown that expectations o f the available neutron flux from the upgraded LANSCE facility were too optimistic by almost a factor o f 4, with roughly equal contributions from reduced moderator brightness and reduced production beam current.In view of the ultimate limit on the statistical ac­curacy that we can hope to achieve at LANSCE, the NPDGamma collaboration plans to complete commis­sioning of the apparatus and carry out a first measure­ment in 2006, which would provide a statistics-limited result for A 1 accurate to a standard uncertainty of 5 x 10-8 or better, improving on existing measurements in the neutron-proton system by a factor of 4 , as shown in Fig. 71. In the longer term, the collaboration has carefully considered its options for relocating the ex­periment to achieve a 10% measurement o f A 7. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a particularly attractive alternative to LANL by virtue of its two state-of-the-art neutron beam facilities - the upgraded High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) which is currently in operation, and the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), which is under construction. Both facilities would of­fer 1-2 orders o f magnitude higher beam flux than is presently available at LANSCE. While HFIR manage­ment had initially offered to build a new cold neutron beam line to accommodate the NPDGamma experi­ment in the short term, the US DOE Office of Nuclear Physics has recently indicated a strong preference to relocate NPDGamma at the SNS as a high priority element of the SNS nuclear physics program [DOE Re­view o f the NPDGamma Experiment, Los Alamos Na­tional Laboratory, October 5-7, 2004].Collaborators (spokesman is underlined): M. Ger- icke, G. Hansen, M.B. Leuschner, B. Losowski, H. Nann, S. Santra, W .M. Snow (Indiana University); J.D. Bowman. G.S. Mitchell, S.I. Penttila, P.-N. Seo, W.S. Wilburn, V .W . Yuan (Los Alamos National Lab­oratory); R.D. Carlini (Thomas Jefferson National Ac­celerator Facility); T.E. Chupp, K.P. Coulter (Uni­versity of Michigan); T.R. Gentile (National Institute of Standards and Technology); T. Case, S.J. Freed­man, B. Lauss (University of California, Berkeley); T. Ino, S. Ishimoto, Y. Masuda (KEK National Lab­oratory, Japan); G.L. Jones (Hamilton College); M. Dabaghyan, F.W . Hersman, H. Zhu (University of New Hampshire); R.C. Gillis, S.A. Page, W .D. Ramsay (University of Manitoba); E.I. Sharapov (Joint Insti­tute for Nuclear Research, Dubna); T.B. Smith (Uni­versity of Dayton); D. Desai, G.L. Greene, R. Mahurin (University o f Tennessee).62M O L E C U L A R A N D M A T E R IA L S SC IEN CEExperiment 782Non-Fermi liquid behaviour and other novel phenomena in heavy-fermion alloys(D.E. MacLaughlin, California, Riverside)Penetration depth in time-reversal symmetry- breaking superconductorsPrOs4Sbi2 is a superconductor (Tc = 1.85 K) with a number of extraordinary properties. It is the only known Pr-based heavy-fermion superconductor, the p r3+ ground state is nonmagnetic, a novel ordered phase appears at high fields and low temperatures, there are multiple superconducting phases, and time- reversal symmetry (TRS) is broken in the supercon­ducting state. Our previous pSR measurements of A in the vortex state of a powdered sample found evi­dence for a BCS-like activated dependence at low tem­peratures, suggesting the absence o f gap nodes. But radiofrequency (rf) inductive measurements o f the sur­face penetration depth indicate point nodes in the gap, in disagreement with the pSR results.We have carried out new gSR experiments on ori­ented PrOs4Sbi2 crystals, and compared gSR and “surface” penetration-depth measurements (e.g., from rf inductance measurements) in PrOs4Sbi2 and a num­ber o f other superconductors. The discrepancy between these measurements noted above is found in TRS- breaking superconductors but not otherwise, and is therefore correlated with TRS breaking.Time-differential TF-pSR experiments were car­ried out at the M l5 channel on a mosaic of oriented i|PrOs4Sbi2 crystals. The crystals were mounted on a pthin GaAs backing, which rapidly depolarizes muons in transverse field and minimizes any spurious signal Bfrom muons that do not stop in the sample. ^SR asym- ccmetry data were taken for temperatures in the range 0.02-2.5K and goH between 10 m T and 100 mT ap­plied parallel to the (100) axes o f the crystals. The data were fitted with the functional form G (t) cos(u>t + <j>), J_where the frequency u> and phase 4> describe the av- ^erage g + precession and the relaxation function G(t) .^describes the loss o f phase coherence due to the distri- 7bution o f precession frequencies. The relaxation rate ®associated with G(t) is a measure o f the width of this a:distribution and hence o f the width 5B of the vortex- lattice field distribution.Neither of the commonly-used exponential or Gaus­sian functional forms accurately fit the asymmetry data in the normal state, due to g + coupling to both nuclear and Pr3+ moments. Data from both the normal and the superconducting states are well fit, however, by either o f two slightly more com plex functional forms:the “power exponential”G(t) = e x p [-(A t)A ] , (1)and the damped GaussianG(t) = e~wt exp(—\cr2t2) . (2)These functions are both phenomenological and have no theoretical motivation. We shall see that the su­perconducting-state properties obtained from these fits are similar for both functions, which indicates insensi­tivity to details of the fitting function and justifies aposteriori these otherwise arbitrary choices.Figure 78 gives the temperature dependence of the corrected superconducting-state g+ relaxation rates for poH = 10, 20, and 100 mT. It can be seen that the qualitative behaviour of the rates is remarkably in­dependent of the fit function. At 10 and 20 mT both As and as are nearly temperature-independent below ~ 1 K . At the lowest temperatures the rate is field-in­dependent to within a few per cent between lOm T and 100 mT. In an isotropic superconductor such as cubic PrOs4Sbi2, vortex-lattice disorder is expected to increase the low-field rate; increasing field (increasing vortex density) then decreases the rate as intervortex interactions stabilize the lattice. Thus the field inde­pendence of the rate indicates a substantially orderedPrOs4Sb120.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0Temperature T (K)Fig. 78. Temperature dependence of superconducting- state relaxation rates in PrOs4Sbi2 , corrected for normal- state relaxation (see text), (a) power exponential rates As. (b) damped Gaussian rates as ■ Circles: applied field goH = 10 mT. Squares: goH = 20 mT. Triangles: goH = 100 mT. The curves are guides to the eye.63vortex lattice, in which case the temperature depen­dence o f the rate is controlled solely by the temper­ature dependence o f the vortex-lattice field distribu­tion PV(B ). We can also conclude that the field depen­dence expected as H HcX plays no role.The expressionSB2(T) = 0.00371 <^A -4( T ) , (3)where <f>0 is the flux quantum, relates the second mo­ment SB2 of PV(B) to A for a triangular vortex lattice in the London limit. The second moment of the cor­responding /i+ frequency distribution is 6u2 — 'y25B 2, where is the //+ gyromagnetic ratio. Then the /xSR estimate A^sr of the penetration depth from Eq. (3) isAmsr W = 0 .328/y/dui (/us-1 ) . (4)Now the rms width crs o f the best-fit Gaussian is not necessarily Su>, and replacement of Sw in Eq. (4) by as is not completely justified. Nevertheless as should scale with Slo and, within its range o f validity, Eq. (4) should give the correct temperature dependence of X^sr - T his is because under these circumstances effects of nonzero £ are restricted to the high-field tail of PV(B ), which is not heavily weighted in a Gaussian fit. PrOs4Sbi2 is a strongly type-II superconductor (Ginzburg-Landau « = A/£ « 30), and this picture should be applicable.Figure 79(a) compares AAsurf(T) = Asurf(T ) - Asurf(O), obtained from rf inductance measurements in the Meissner state, with AAaiSr (T ) obtained using relaxation rates for ^0H = 10 mT in Eq. (4). At low temperatures the difference AAsurf(T) - AAms r(T ) increases markedly with increasing temperature; this » 1 » 1 “U.UJ __ I ■ » . -10.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6Fig. 79. Dependence of difference AAsurf — AAmsr (see text) on reduced temperature T/Tc in six superconduc­tors. (a) PrOs4Sbi2 (this work). Triangles: A ms r from A3 (Fig. 78(a)). Circles: Amsr from as (Fig. 78(b)). (b) Sr2R u04. (c) CeCoIn5. (d) YNi2 B2 C. (e) YBa2 Cu3 0 6.95.(f) Lai.gsSro.isCuOzi.is the discrepancy between the measurements noted above. It is the same whether A S(T) (Fig. 78(a)) or ^s(T) (Fig. 78(b)) is used in Eq. (4); the compar­ison does not depend on the choice of fitting func­tion. Figure 79(b) gives AAsurf(T ) - A A ^sr(T ) for the TRS-breaking superconductor Sr2Ru0 4 , using data from the literature. Again there is a discrepancy, which is very similar to that in PrOs4Sbi2. Small- angle neutron diffraction experiments also found a temperature-independent vortex-lattice field distribu­tion in Sr2R u 0 4 at low temperatures.Figures 7 9 (c)-(f) give AAsurf(T ) - AAmSr (T ) from literature data for the heavy-fermion com­pound CeCoIns, the borocarbide YNi2B 2C, and the high-Tc cuprates YBa2Cu30 6.95 andLai.85Sr0.i5CuO4. None of these superconductors exhibit TRS break­ing, and none exhibit the temperature dependence o f AASurf — AAmsr seen in Figs. 79(a) and (b). There is a significant difference between AAsurf(T) and A A m s r (T ) only for the TRS-breaking supercon­ductors PrOs4Sbi2 and Sr2R u 0 4. This is in spite of a wide range o f experimental methods and analysis techniques. In Figs. 79(a), (b), (c) and (f) AAsurf was obtained from rf measurements, in (d) from magne­tization, and in (e) from microwave impedance; in Figs. 79(a) and (c) A^sr was obtained from Eq. (4), in (b), (e) and (f) from fits to the expected vortex-state field distribution, and in (d) from a generalization of Eq. (4) to low and high fields.The origin of this discrepancy and its relation to TRS breaking is not clear. Low-field, low-temperature phase transitions between superconducting states have been reported in both PrOs4Sbi2 and Sr2R u 0 4, and may be involved in the discrepancy. The TRS-breaking state may couple to rf or microwave fields, necessitating a revised interpretation of the surface measurements. A mechanism of this sort, in which subgap chiral sur­face states affect the surface penetration depth, has been proposed for Sr2R u 0 4. A T 2 power law is found for surface measurements even though the bulk energy spectrum is gapped. The theory requires A ss £, how­ever, and thus seems inapplicable to PrOs4Sbi2. It has also been noted that surface scattering breaks pairs in an odd-parity superconductor. To our knowledge the surface penetration depth has not been calculated tak­ing this effect into account, but pair breaking would de­crease the gap and therefore increase the temperature dependence o f A. The discrepancy might be related to a breakdown o f the relation 6B (T ) oc 1/A2 due to non­linear/nonlocal effects, or to the spontaneous magnetic field in the vortex state (although the measured field is not large enough to have a significant direct effect on 6B).64SmRuOj and PrOs4Sbi2 are both TRS-breaking superconductors but are otherwise very different. Tetragonal Sr2RuC>4 is an anisotropic transition-metal- oxide superconductor that is weakly type-II for H | c (.nab = 2.3), whereas cubic PrOs4Sbi2 is an isotropic strongly type-II heavy-fermion superconductor. The fact that a similar discrepancy between /rSR and sur­face measurements of A (T) is found in such different materials, but not in a variety of non-TRS-breaking superconductors, strongly suggests that TRS breaking is involved.Experiment 815, 816, 817, 897 and 913 /3 -N M R(W .A . MacFarlane, UBC)The development of /3-NMR at ISAC is one of the major efforts at TRIUMF to employ radioactive ion beams in the fields of condensed matter and materi­als science. These experiments use implanted beta ra­dioactive ions as NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) probes o f local magnetic fields in materials. The beam energies at ISAC are such that 1) the ions penetrate at most a few hundred nanometres (nm) into conven­tional solids and 2 ) it is possible to electrostatically decelerate the incident beam (by biasing the target at a high voltage) to vary the implantation depth down to the level of a few nm. Thus many technologically rele­vant and scientifically interesting phenomena occuring near surfaces and in synthetic thin film heterostruc­tures can be studied with /3-NMR. Moreover, there are very few competing depth-resolved probes o f such ef­fects. The /3-NMR group is pursuing these questions in a variety of materials under several TRIUMF EEC proposals. Some o f the recent results in these areas are highlighted below. It should be noted that simultane­ously with these measurements, we have been making important technical advances in the instrumentation in order to carry out these measurements with the lim­ited beam time available at ISAC. Some o f these are detailed in the last section.Conventional metalsAs part of the initial testing and commissioning of the /3-NMR spectrometer at ISAC, we have studied some simple elemental metals, for example silver [Mor­ris et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 157601 (2004)]. These measurements are important in establishing the be­haviour of the probe in simple materials, for example. There is also fundamental interest in these materials (see Expt. 815 and the new TRIUMF EEC proposal Expt. 1042). As part of this ongoing effort we recently studied a thin film of copper. The behaviour is very similar to that of Au and Ag (reported previously), but the resonances are broader, due to the copper nuclear magnetic dipoles. Similar to Au and Ag, we find a tran­sition from a cubic interstitial site for the implanted 8Li at low temperature to a substitutional site at higher temperature. The transition occurs at a slightly lower temperature than for Ag (see Fig. 80).Palladium is another cubic close packed elemental metal which we have previously used to measure 8Li spin relaxation. We have now extended these measure­ments to the resonances, where we find a remarkably large and negative frequency shift (see Fig. 81). This behaviour is distinct from all the other simple metals we have measured so far and is the subject of active investigation (Expt. 1042).Niobium is an elemental superconducting metal with the body-centred cubic structure which differs from the cubic close packed structure in that there are no interstital sites of cubic symmetry. Like the otherT [K]Fig. 80. The resonance amplitudes of the 8Li implanted in a thin Cu film as a function of temperature reflecting the site transition above 100 K, from the octahedral (O) interstitial site to the substitutional (S) site.> 1 1 125800 25900Frequency (kHz)Fig. 81. The resonances of 8Li implanted in a thin foil of Pd as a function of temperature. The foil was wrapped around a crystalline substrate of MgO and pierced with a pin. Centring the beamspot on the pinhole resulted in the composite spectrum including the MgO resonance at the right of the broader Pd resonance.65Outer SatellitesFrequency (kHz)Fig. 82. The resonance of ®Li implanted in an oriented thin film of niobium on a sapphire substrate.elemental metals we find that the 8Li stops in an inter­stitial site at low temperature, and at higher tempera­ture it moves to a substitutional site. In niobium this situation is dramatically confirmed as the sites differ in symmetry, and, due to the electric quadrupole moment of the 8Li nucleus, the resonance of the interstitial site is split into quadrupolar satellites (see Fig. 82). This demonstrates the potential to use the quadrupole in­teraction to identify the 8Li site.Magnetic heterostructuresAs part of Expt. 815, we have been studying a va­riety o f epitaxial metallic heterostructures o f iron and silver on GaAs substrates. These kinds o f structures are important as they can exhibit giant magnetoresis- tance and are for this reason used in magnetic storage applications. The effect is a consequence o f the depth- dependent magnetic polarization of the nonmagnetic layer by the ferromagnetic layer. A detailed under­standing of this polarization (which would represent a significant advance in the field) requires a depth sen­sitive magnetic probe such as /3-NMR.We have made preliminary studies on several struc­tures o f this type, one o f which is shown schematically in Fig. 83. This structure had a thick A g layer de­posited on top of a thin magnetic Fe layer. The Ag is then capped with 20 monolayers (4 nm) o f Au to protect it. In order to vary the implantation depth the sample was biased to a series of positive voltages. The implantation energy is thus the beam energy minus this bias voltage. In Fig. 84 the resonances are shown at a temperature o f 280 K as a function of the bias voltage. The changes in the resonance as a function o f voltage clearly show the depth sensitivity o f this technique. In particular, at 25 kV the signal is primarily that of un­perturbed Ag. At this bias the stopping energy (about0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Depth (Angstroms)Fig. 83. A schematic of the heterostructure for which a platform bias scan is shown in Fig. 84. The thicknesses are to scale.Bias = 30 kV Bias = 28.5 kVBias = 27 kV Bias = 25 kVBias = 24 kV Bias = 23.5 kV' I25820 25830 25840 25850Frequency [kHz]25860Fig. 84. A bias scan of the 8Li resonances in the het­erostructure of Fig. 83 at 280 K. As the bias goes up the implantation energy goes down. The change in the reso­nance with bias thus demonstrates the depth resolution of the technique.600 eV) is such that Li stops mainly in the Ag which is too far from the Fe to be perturbed. At the maximum bias (about 100 eV implantation energy), the signal is nearly that o f pure gold, i.e. we are stopping all the probe ions in a 4 nm overlayer! This sample is not the ideal geometry to study the polarizing effects o f the Fe film, however, so other samples have been and will be studied. One example is shown in Fig. 85. The struc­ture is analogous to that shown in Fig. 83, except the Ag layer is only 20 nm thick. Measurements were taken at room temperature, in an applied external field of 4.5 T, for a range of implantation energies where most of the 8Li stops within the Ag layer. The distribution of66<0.06-1 , , . , 1 i . 14.490 4 .495 4.500 4 .505 4.510Field (T)Fig. 85. The resonances as a function of implantation in energy in a thin Fe/Ag heterostructure (see text) - courtesy of T.A. Keeler.magnetic fields in the Ag layer is reflected in the reso­nance lineshapes in Fig. 85. The hyperfine coupling is predicted to have an oscillating spatial dependence for a perfectly sharp interface, however, roughness at the interface will introduce random phases that will tend to suppress these oscillations upon averaging over a large lateral area determined by the beam spot, several mm in diameter. Using the stopping distribution of 8Li in the sample, and the form of the hyperfine field decay, it was possible to model the resonance and extract the form of the hyperfine field decay in the Ag layer, which was determined to be a power law x -1 '2. Detailed anal­ysis is ongoing and will be used to compare with theory and other types o f measurements.SemiconductorsAs part of Expt. 816 and Expt. 913 we have been studying high purity crystalline semiconductors. Here the implanted lithium is interesting as an electronically active impurity. Also since these materials are often used as substrates (e.g. for the magnetic heterostruc­tures above) a proper characterization o f the /3-NMR will be very important for interpreting such measure­ments correctly.We have made initial studies of the structure and dynamics associated with 8Li+ in the semiconductors GaAs, Si and Ge. In GaAs (as previously reported) at low temperatures, the amplitude of the 8Li+ resonance indicates that a large fraction (at least 70%) o f the Li end up in locations with cubic symmetry (such as the tetrahedral interstitial and substitutional sites). The linewidth of the /3-NMR 8Li+ resonance increases dra­matically above 150 K, reaches a maximum at about 290 K, and decreases again. This suggests a site-change transition for Li, probably from an interstitial to a sub­stitutional site, at «1 5 0 K, similar to what is found in metals. The picture is similar in germanium, but the line is much narrower at all temperatures, exhibiting only a slight broadening up to room temperature. Ad­ditionally, at room temperature there appears a smallFrequency (kHz)Fig. 8 6 . The resonance of 8Li implanted in a crystal of Ge as a function of temperature.satellite line shifted to high frequency from the main resonance (see Fig. 86).SuperconductorsThe magnetic field distribution in NbSe2 was mea­sured using /3-detected NMR of 8Li with a variable implantation energy of 1-30 keV. Figure 87 shows the /3-NMR lineshape above and below the superconduct­ing transition temperature (Tc = 7.0 K) in a magnetic field of 0.3 T parallel to the hexagonal c-axis. In the normal state at T = 10 K a symmetric lineshape is ob­served with a linewidth attributed to nuclear dipolarFrequency (kHz)Fig. 87. /3-detected nuclear magnetic resonances in NbSe2 above and below the superconducting transition tempera­ture of 7.0 K.67broadening from the Nb nuclear moments. Surprisingly there is no evidence for a quadrupolar splitting in the resonance even though NbSe2 is noncubic. At T = 0.5TC (3.5 K) the characteristic lineshape from a vortex lat­tice is clearly evident; the peak frequency, from the region between vortices, shifts to a slightly lower fre­quency and a high frequency develops from the vortex core region. The lineshape was fitted to a modified Lon­don model with a Gaussian cutoff function yielding a penetration depth of 272 nm and a coherence length of 12 nm which can be compared with fiSR measurements from deeper inside the material. The dependence on implantation energy has also been studied.While NbSe2 is a very well studied conventional su­perconductor, its transition temperature is quite low. The recent discovery of high temperature “conven­tional” superconductivity in MgB2 may provide an­other important test case. A preliminary room tem­perature resonance in a thin film o f hexagonal MgB2 on a sapphire substrate is shown in Fig. 88 . The reso­nance is broad but shows no large quadrupolar effects./3-detected nuclear quadrupole resonanceAs previously reported, the first /3-detected nu­clear quadrupole resonances (/3-NQR) o f 8Li at zero field were observed using the newly developed /3-NQR spectrometer [Salman et al., Phys. Rev. B70, 104404 (2004)]. The resonances were detected in SrT i03, AI2O 3 and Sr2RuC>4 single crystals by monitoring the /3-decay anisotropy as a function o f a small audio fre­quency magnetic field (see Fig. 89). The resonances show clearly that 8Li occupies one site with non-cubic symmetry in SrT i03, two in A120 3 and three sites in Sr2RuC>4.The resonance amplitude and width are surpris­ingly large compared to the values expected due to the transition between 2 —» 1 spin states o f the 8Li nuclei. The main reason for the enhanced amplitudes is the effect of small, non-axial electric field gradient, which1 1 1 1 1------1------'------1------ '------1------125750 25800 25850 25900 25950Frequency (kHz)Fig. 88. The resonance lineshape of 8Li implanted in a thin film of MgB2 deposited on a sapphire substrate.C0osN1£•—cS' o£Frequency [kHz]Fig. 89. /3-detected nuclear quadrupole resonances in SrTiOs, AI2 O3 and S^RuCR single crystals.mixes the ± 2 and the ± 1 states, enabling a larger loss of the polarization compared to that expected with vanishing non-axial electric field gradient (i.e. without mixing of the different spin states).Zero field /rSR measurements have proven to be very useful in studies o f magnetism. Similarly, we ex­pect that zero field /3-NQR will provide a very useful addition for studies o f magnetism in thin films and nano-structures.Summary of technical advancesWe have in the past several years transformed the polarimeter station into the /3-NQR spectrometer, a second instrument capable o f measurements in low fields up to about 150 G. This spectrometer is equipped with its own cryostat and pulsed radio-frequency mag­netic system, and we are in the process o f design­ing and implementing a deceleration system similar to the high field platform. We are moving towards near-simultaneous operation of the two spectrometers. For polarization monitoring, we have implemented the “neutral beam monitor” which intercepts the neutral 8Li atoms that are not reionized in the helium vapour cell at the end of the polarizer. Numerous advances have also been made in the data acquisition software, laser polarizer, detector and rf components o f the spec­trometer. We have also identified problems with ISAC beam stability as well as advanced our understanding o f the beam dynamics near the sample. W e have in situ capability to monitor the beamspot using a sap­phire scintillating crystal and a CCD camera. We iden­S rT i0 3M gB2 Film 290 K, 5keV68tified a problem with discharge electrons produced in the final Einzel lens in the beam line being accelerated and focused by the high magnetic field in the /3-NMR spectrometer. We have recently addressed this problem with a negative ring barrier electrode in consultation with M. Olivo. Technical advances such as these will allow us to make maximal use of the scarce ISAC beam time.Experiment 847Electron-doped high-Tc superconductors(J.E. Sonier, F.D. Callaghan, SFU)All high-temperature superconductors have an in­sulating antiferromagnetic (AF) phase, and have rem­nants of this magnetism in the superconducting phase. Determining the role magnetism plays remains the most important fundamental issue in the problem of high-Tc superconductivity. It is still unknown whether magnetism competes or cooperates with superconduc­tivity, and whether these two phases coexist microscop­ically or are spatially separated. The electron-doped cuprates R 2Ce;rCu0 4 _ y (R = La, Pr, Nd, Eu or Sm) present an interesting situation by having rare-earth moments that strongly couple to the Cu spins resid­ing in the superconducting CuC>2 layers. One purpose of Expt. 847 has been to use the extreme sensitivity of the muon to probe the local magnetic properties of these compounds. The other goal has been to investi­gate the nature of the low-energy quasiparticle excita­tions in the vortex state, in an effort to directly address the controversial issue of the symmetry of the pairing state in this class of superconductors. This is a nontriv­ial task, given that there is no established phase dia­gram for the vortex state o f electron-doped cuprates. In fact, the first direct observation of the vortex lattice in the bulk of an electron-doped superconductor was reported on just this past year [Gilardi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 217001 (2004)]. It is worth noting that prior to this, our own sophisticated analysis of Expt. 847 data determined that the vortex lattice has the square symmetry observed in Gilardi et al. [op. cit.] by neutrons.Given that the magnetic exchange interactions in electron-doped cuprates are anisotropic, and that ac­curate analysis of pSK data in the vortex state must account for all sources of lineshape broadening, it is essential to study single crystals. It is only in recent years that single crystals o f reasonable quality have been available in the sizes required for fiSR experi­ments.The ground state of the Nd3+ ion in Nd2_ 2Ce2:Cu0 4 is a Kramer doublet, which is split by the interaction with the Cu spins. Doping with Ce introduces itinerant electrons, which are believed topredominantly occupy the Cu dx2 _ y 2 orbitals o f the adjacent CuC>2 plane. The Ce doping is expected to reduce the magnitude o f the Cu-Nd exchange field at the Nd site, thus decreasing the splitting of the Nd- ground state doublet. To further understand the role of magnetism in NCCO, we performed zero-field pSR measurements on an as-grown (non-superconducting) and reduced (superconducting) single crystal with near optimal Ce concentration. The single crystal exhibited a fairly sharp superconducting transition at 23 K.In the as-grown crystal we determined that there are at least two spatially separated regions with dif­ferent magnetic character. One of the regions is char­acterized by slow spin fluctuations, occupying an in­creasing volume fraction as the temperature is reduced below ~40 K. Below ~ 6 Iv, magnetic order is observed (Fig. 90). The other spatial region exhibits fast spin fluctuations down to low temperatures. The temper­ature dependence o f the slow spin-fluctuation volume fraction suggests that the Nd-Nd and Nd-Cu exchange couplings are qualitatively similar to that found in the parent compound Nd2Cu0 4 (in which uniform mag­netic order exists). In other words, in a large volume of the sample the exchange couplings are not drastically altered by Ce doping. On the other hand, Ce appar­ently frustrates magnetic interactions in nearby spatial regions. Thus, the two distinct magnetic regions are most likely due to the disordered spatial distribution of Nd and Ce ions.(as-grown)Tim e (^is)Fig. 90. Temperature dependence of the zero-field /LtSR asymmetry spectrum of as-grown Nd2 _ xCexCu0 4 .69(annealed)Tim e (^is)Fig. 91. Temperature dependence of the zero-field pSR asymmetry spectrum of reduced Nd2-xCe^Cu0 4.Recently, it has been determined that reduction of highly doped Nd2_ xCexCu04 creates 0 (1) vacancies in the Cu02 planes. This is contrary to the widespread belief that the reduction process removes 0 (3 ) api­cal oxygen [Richard et al., Phys. Rev. B 70 , 064513 (2004)]. The 0 (1 ) vacancies likely affect long-range AF order. Consistent with this, after annealing the NCCO crystal we observed only fast spin fluctuations through­out the volume of the sample and no magnetic order (Fig. 91).In transverse-field (TF) /.(SR. experiments on electron-doped cuprates, the rare-earth paramag­netism produces a large muon-spin depolarization rate, proportional to the strength of the applied field and inverse temperature, 1 /T . In the past, this has pre­vented accurate measurements of the magnetic pen­etration depth Aab in the vortex state. The ultimate goal of Expt. 847 is to determine the limiting low- temperature behaviour of \ab. In 2004, we carried out TF-/iSR measurements on the reduced single crystal of Nd2-a;CexCu0 4 at a field of 1 kG. The field strength was chosen as a compromise between the paramagnetic broadening effects and the vortex density. A consider­able amount o f time has already been devoted to ana­lyzing the data. The need to account for the paramag­netism of the Nd moments makes the task more diffi­cult than comparable studies on hole-doped cuprates. Even so, at low temperatures we determined that the vortices form a square lattice. While a square vor­tex lattice is consistent with theories based on dx2 _ y 2T (K)Fig. 92. Temperature dependence of the paramagnetic con­tribution to the lineshape in Nd2- a-Cea;Cu04 at H = 1 kG. The curve is a fit to the data assuming a Curie-Weiss tem­perature dependence.superconductivity, it could also arise from strong cou­pling to the underlying Fermi surface (as is the case in the conventional s-wave superconductor VsSi) or other sources of anisotropy. Recently, the square vortex lat­tice at low fields has been confirmed by neutron scat­tering [Gilardi et al., op. cit.}. The neutron study shows that the vortex lattice at ~ 2.5 K is highly disordered in fields below 0.5 kG and above 2 kG. Thus, it seems our choice o f 1 kG was ideal. However, the simplest theory function for the magnetic field distribution of a square vortex lattice contains two additional fitting pa­rameters, and there are additional fitting parameters needed to account for the paramagnetism.In Fig. 92 we plot the relaxation rate of the term which accounts for the paramagnetism. The data are well described by a Curie-Weiss function indicating that we have successfully extracted the paramagnetic contribution to the /iSR lineshape. In Fig. 93 we plot the temperature dependence o f the magnetic penetra­tion depth A determined from our analysis. The data only goes up to T = 11 K as the asymmetry of the lineshape decreases at higher temperatures making it more difficult to fit. It can be seen that A exhibits a steep linear temperature dependence at this field (1 kG). Although the extracted absolute values of A are very large, a steep linear temperature dependence has recently been observed in the related compound Sm2_ xCexCu0 4 (SCCO) [Prozorov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 147001 (2004)], the physical cause of which is not yet clear. The behaviour in Fig. 92 may be related to the behaviour in SCCO, and further //SR experi­ments to investigate this possibility will be undertaken later this year.70Fig. 93. Temperature dependence of the penetration depth in Nd2- a:Cea:Cu0 4 at H = 1 kOe.Experiment 917Correlation between magnetism and transport properties of thermoelectric oxides(J. Suqiyama, Toyota CRDL Inc.; J.H. Brewer, UBC/TRIUMF)Recently, a homologous series of A ra_|_2Cora-|-i0 3 n+3 {A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) was discovered, in which charge carrier transport is restricted mainly to a one­dimensional (ID ) C0O3 chain [Boulahya et al., J. Solid State Chem. 142, 419 (1999)]. Each chain is sur­rounded by six equally spaced chains forming a tri­angular lattice in the a6-plane. As seen in Fig. 94, the C0O3 chain in the n = 1 compound consists o f alter­nating face-sharing C0O6 trigonal prisms and CoC>6 octahedra. As n increases, only the number o f CoC>6 octahedra increases so as to build the chain with n CoC>6 octahedra and one CoC>6 trigonal prism.The n = 1 compound, Ca3Co2C>6, in particular, has attracted much attention for the past eight years [Aasland et ai, Solid State Commun. 1 0 1 , 187 (1997); Kageyama et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 6 6 , 1607 (1997)](a) (b) (c)Fig. 94. Structures of the quasi one-dimensional cobalt ox­ides An+2 Con+i 0 3 „ + 3 (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba). (a) n = 1, (b) n = 3 and (c) n = 0 0 .because it is considered to be a typical quasi-ID sys­tem. It was found that Ca3Co206 exhibits a transi­tion from a paramagnetic to an antiferromagnetic state below 24 K (= Tn), although the magnetic structure is not fully understood even after neutron scattering studies, probably due to the competition between the intra-chain ferromagnetic (F) and inter-chain antifer­romagnetic (AF) interactions. The valence state of the Co ions was assigned to be +3; also, the spin config­uration of Co3+ ions in the CoOg octahedron is the low-spin (LS) state with 5 = 0 and in the CoC>6 prism the high-spin (HS) state with S = 2. At lower temper­atures, magnetization and Co-NMR measurements suggested the existence of a ferrimagnetic transition around 10 K [Sampathkumaran et al., Phys. Rev. B70, 14437 (2004)] which, however, was not seen in the spe­cific heat (Cp) [Hardy et al., Phys. Rev. B 6 8 , 14424 (2003)]. Furthermore, the Cp measurement revealed an indication of either a short-range magnetic order or a gradual change in the spin state of Co ions at higher temperatures (100-200 K).The other end member, BaCoOs (n = 00), crystal­lizes in the hexagonal perovskite structure, in which the face sharing C0O6 octahedra form a ID C0 O 3 chain. The chains locate on a corner of the two- dimensional triangular lattice separated by Ba ions [Takeda, J. Solid State Chem. 15, 40 (1975)]. Although a weak ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic or spin-glass-like behaviour was observed below ~100 K in the suscep­tibility [Yamaura et al., J. Solid State Chem. 146, 96 (1999)], so far there are no reported studies using neu­tron scattering, NMR or /i+ SR on BaCoOs.For the compounds with 2 < n < 00 , there are very limited data on physical properties, except for the structural data. Very recently, Takarni et al. re­ported transport and magnetic properties for the com ­pounds with n — 2-5 [Takami et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 8208 (2004)]. According to their susceptibil­ity (%) measurements, there are no drastic changes in the y (T ) curve below 300 K for all these compounds, while the slope o f \ ~ l changes at around 180 K for the compounds with n = 2 and 3. As n increases from 1, the Co valence increases from + 3 and approaches + 4 with increasing n up to 00 ; i.e., BaCoOs- Also the ratio between prism and octahedron in the ID C0O3 chain reduces from 1/1 for n = 1 to 0 for n = 00. Further systematic research on Ara+ 2Cora+i 03 n+3 is therefore needed to provide more significant information con­cerning the dilution effect of HS Co3+ in the ID chain on magnetism. In particular, muon spin spectroscopy, as it is very sensitive to the local magnetic environ­ment, is expected to yield crucial data in a frustrated low-dimensional system, as was the case for the 2D layered cobaltites.71n = 1, 2, 3 and 5 compoundsFigures 95(a)—(c) show the temperature depen­dences o f (a) normalized .4Tf (N A t f ), (b) ATf , and (c) x -1 in Ca3C o20 6 (n = 1), Sr4Co30 9 (n = 2 ), Sr5Co4 0 12 (n = 3), and (Bao.5Sr0.5)7Co6O i8 (n = 5). The w TF-p+SR spectrum below ~100 K was well fit­ted in the time domain with a combination o f three signals; a slowly relaxing precessing signal caused by the applied field, a slowly non-oscillatory and a fast non-oscillatory background signal, namely:A 0 P ( t ) = -4 t f exp(-AxF^) cos(w^iTFi + <^tf)+ A iast exp(—Afastf) ,T A siow exp( AsiowO •In order to compare the value o f ATf for these samples, N A tf is defined as NA tf = AxF(T)/AxF,max, in which ^TF,max is the maximum value of A T f - Since A TF,max0 50 100 150 200TEMPERATURE (K)Fig. 95. Temperature dependences of (a) normalized A tf, (b) A tf, and (c) inverse susceptibility x _1 in Ca3Co2 0 6 (n = 1), Sr4Co30 9 (n = 2), SrsCo4 0 i2 (n — 3), and (Bao.5Sro.5)7Co60i8 (n = 5).corresponds to A x f for the paramagnetic state, NAtf is roughly equivalent to the volume fraction of the paramagnetic phase in the sample.All four samples show the magnetic transition be­low 100 K; the onset temperatures o f the transition (Tcon) are estimated as 100 ± 25 K for n = 1, 90 ± 10 K for n = 2, 85 ± 10 K for n = 3 and 50 ± 10 K for n = 5, respectively. The magnitude o f T °n is thus found to decrease with n. It should be noted that there are no marked anomalies in the \~l (T) curve measured with H = 10 kOe at T °n for the four compounds. Although Na t f for the n = 1 compound levels off to its mini­mum value (~ 0) below 30 K, the N Atf (T ) curve for the other three compounds never reaches their minimum even at 1.8 K, indicating that the internal magnetic field is still fluctuating. Indeed, ATf for the samples with n = 2, 3 and 5 increases monotonically with de­creasing T, whereas the A xf(T ) curve for Ca3Co20 6 (n = 1) exhibits a sharp maximum around 55 K.In spite o f the large decrease in A x f below 100 K for the samples with n = 2, 3 and 5, the ZF-^+SR spectra exhibit no oscillations even at 1.8 K, whereas a clear oscillation is observed in Ca3Co2C>6. Figures 96(a)-(b ) show the muon precession frequency uaF(= <ajM)a f / 27t) and x _1 in Ca3Co2C>6. The oscillating signal has a finite intensity below 27 K, while the slow exponen­tial relaxed signal disappears below around 30 K. This"i i i 1---- 1---- 1---- 1 i---- 1---- 1---- 1---- rC a o C O o ONxu.<. (3=0.18± 0.12r H_i L-1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0 -ZF-jiSR log[(VT)/rN ] (a)fx)l 1---- 1---- 1---- 1---- 1---- 1---- 1---- 1_3E0)oE151050l 1---- 1---- r-H=10 Oe ZFC"i 1---- 1---- 1----•“1 •(b)-■— i— i— i— i___i i ■ i0 50 100TEMPERATURE (K)Fig. 96. Temperature dependences of (a) muon precession frequency i^ a f27t = cjM:a f and (b) x -1 measured in a zero field cooling mode with H = 10 Oe in Ca3Coo06.72means that the magnetic moment fluctuating at high temperatures slows down with decreasing T and then orders below 27 K, and becomes quasi-static (within the experimental time scale). The T dependence of i 'A F 5 which is an order parameter of the transition, is in good agreement with the T dependence o f the intensity of the AF magnetic diffraction peak determined by a neutron experiment [Aasland et al., Solid State Com- mun. 1 0 1 , 187 (1997)]. Actually, the va.f{T) curve is well fitted by the following expression:^ a f ( T ) = I'A F (O K ) xTN - TTn0This provides i'afCO K) = 14.6 ± 0.8 MHz, /? = 0.18 ± 0.12, and Tn = 29 ± 5 K. The critical exponent (/?) obtained lies between the predictions for the 2D and 3D Ising models (/? = 0.125 and 0.3125). The value of Tn is also in good agreement with the results of \ and neutron diffraction measurements (Tn = 24 K). These results confirm that muons experience the inter­nal magnetic field due to the long-range 2D AF order. n = oo compound, BaCoOsFigures 97(a)-(e) show the temperature depen­dences o f (a) A T f , (b) A t f , ( c ) (d) specific heatCp, and (e) its temperature derivative dCp/d T for BaCoC>3 (n = oo). Both A t f and A tf were obtained by fitting the wTF-^u+ SR spectra, the same way as the compounds with n — 1-5. The curve indicatesthe existence of an AF transition at 14 K (= T n ) with H — 10 kOe, but a weak F or ferrimagnetic behaviour below 53 K with H = 100 Oe. Also, the CP(T) curve shows a sharp maximum at 15 K, indicating the ex­istence o f a magnetic transition. However, at around 53 K, there are no clear anomalies in the CP(T) curve, although the slope (dCp/d T ) increases slightly around 50 K with decreasing T. The lack of a clear anomaly around 50 K in the CP(T) curve suggests that the tran­sition at 53 K is induced by the ID F order, as in the case for the ID F order in CasCo2 0 6 .The w TF-/i+ SR experiment with 90 Oe shows that as T decreases from 100 K, A t f drops suddenly down to ~ 0 at T n , indicating that the whole sample enters into an AF state. Such abrupt change in A t f is very different from those for the other quasi-ID cobalt ox­ides with n = 1-5, which typically show a large transi­tion width of 50-80 K. On the other hand, the A t f ( T ) curve exhibits a small increase below ~50 K with de­creasing T, probably associated with the complicated magnetism observed in \ with low magnetic fields. As T decreases further from 50 K, A tf increases rapidly below 17 K, showing typical critical behaviour towardsTn .The ZF-^x+ SR spectrum at 1.7 K exhibits a clear but complex muon spin oscillation, displayed inTEMPERATURE (K)Fig. 97. Temperature dependences of (a) weak transverse field asymmetry A t f , (b) exponential relaxation rate A t f , (c) inverse susceptibility X_1, (d) specific heat Cp, and (e) its temperature derivative dCp/d T for BaCoOs (n = oo). x was measured with magnetic field H = 10 kOe and 100 Oe in both zero-field cooling (ZFC) and field cooling (FC) mode.73g 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5TIME (us)z> ‘.•'..'••" 1 • :.'.. ........... "" 1 1O ”0 5 10..‘.... 15... 20..FREQUENCY (MHz)Fig. 98. (a) ZF-p+SR spectrum for BaCoC>3 (n = oo) at 1.7 K and (b) Fourier transform of (a).Fig. 98(a). The Fourier transform o f the ZF-^+SR time spectrum indicates that the ZF-p+SR spectrum has five frequency components = 14.4, 13.5, 6.4, 5.1 and 3.5 MHz), even though the sample is structurally single phase at room temperature and there is no in­dication of any structural phase transition down to 77 K in resistivity (p) and thermopower (TE P) mea­surements; nor are there any anomalies in the y (T ) curve down to 4 K, except around TN. The ZF-spectra were well fitted by the following equation:5A 0 P (t) = ^ d_AF,i exp( — \AF,jt) cos(jjJu.jt + <j>)i—1 2+ ^ A * e x p (-A i t ) ,i = 1where A q is the empirical maximum experimental muon decay asymmetry, A aF,i and AAF,i (i - 1-5) are the asymmetries and exponential relaxation rates as­sociated with the five oscillating signals, and A* and A* (i = 1 and 2 ) are the asymmetries and exponen­tial relaxation rates of the two non-oscillating signals (for the muon sites experiencing fluctuating magnetic fields).SummaryMagnetism o f quasi one-dimensional (ID ) cobalt oxides Hn+2Con+i 0 3n+3 (A = Ca, Sr and Ba, n = 1, 2, 3, 5 and oo) was investigated by susceptibility (y) and muon spin rotation and relaxation (p+SR ) mea­surements using polycrystalline samples, at tempera­tures from 300 K down to 1.8 K. The y measurement confirmed a systematic change in the charge and spin distribution in the ID C0O3 chain with n. The weak transverse field (w TF-)p+ SR experiments showed the existence of a magnetic transition in all five samples investigated. The onset temperature of the transition (T °n) was found to decrease with n; that is, 100 ± 25 K, 90 ± 10 K, 85 ± 10 K, 50 ± 10 K, and 15 ± 1 K for n = 1, 2, 3, 5, and oo, respectively. In particular, for the samples with n = 2-5, T °n was detected only by the present p+SR measurements. A muon spin oscilla­tion was clearly observed in both Ca3C o20 6 (n = 1) and B a C o0 3 (n = oo), whereas only a fast relaxation is apparent even at 1.8 K in the other three samples (n = 2, 3 and 5).A large negative paramagnetic Curie temperature for the samples with n = 2 and 3 indicated that the transition at T °n is caused by an inter-chain two- dimensional (2D) antiferromagnetic (AF) interaction. Considering the structural similarity among the quasi ID cobalt oxides, the transitions at Tcon for the sam­ples with n = 1 and 5 were therefore most likely due to the appearance o f the short-range 2D AF order. This suggested that the ID ferromagnetic order in the C o 0 3 chain o f Ca3Co2C>6 (n = 1) would occur at higher tem­peratures (~200 K ) than proposed previously (~80 K).For B aC o0 3 (n = oo), the y measurement con­firmed that T °n = Tn = 15 K and Tc = 53 K, which corresponds to the ferromagnetic (F) transition caused by an intra-chain ID interaction. Nevertheless, the wTF-asymmetry (A TF) did not exhibit a marked anomaly at Tc, while A t f is very sensitive to the for­mation of magnetic order. This is likely to be caused by a domain motion in the ID chain, as in the case for CsCoCl3. In spite of the fact that the sample is struc­turally homogeneous, the ZF-p+SR spectrum showed a complex of at least five frequency components below Tn, which require further detailed studies.Experiment 932Improving fi~ SR performance(J.H. Brewer, UBC/TRIUMF)The surface /x+ beams that now dominate most ap­plications of nSR can be “spin-rotated” using Wien filters to orient the muon spins perpendicular to their momenta, thus allowing injection of the beam into ar­bitrarily high magnetic fields parallel to the momenta74but still perpendicular to the spin polarization. Un­fortunately, there are no surface p - beams, because negative pions stopping in the production target are immediately captured by positive nuclei. All polarized negative muon beams come from “decay channels” in which the n~ decays in flight. Even “backward” muons generally have higher momentum than the surface fi+ from 7t+ decay at rest, so no “spin rotators” exist for negative muon beams.In 2004 it was discovered that TRIUM F’s M9B su­perconducting muon channel can be tuned to produce a substantial (roughly 50%) transverse spin polariza­tion in its backward fj,~ beam. Although this was not among the new yU~SR techniques originally proposed for Expt. 932, it represents a significant advance for transverse field (TF)-/i~SR, one o f whose disadvan­tages relative to TF-/i+SR has previously been its lim­itation to weaker transverse magnetic fields.We have utilized this new capability to make im­proved TF-yiUSR measurements o f several fundamen­tal phenomena. The magnetic field strength was lim­ited to about 2 T in this experiment by our time res­olution of ~ 1 ns (which must be a small fraction of the muon precession period) and by the large radius of the cylinder formed by the electron counters (decay electrons have a radius of curvature of about 5 cm at 2 T and may not reach the detectors at higher fields). Neither of these limitations is intrinsic, but the minia­turization required to go to larger fields conflicts with the sample thickness required to stop backward muons, so it would be difficult to work at fields higher than about 5 T.Relativistic shifts of g,x in muonic atomsA lepton bound in a deep Coulomb potential ex­periences a relativistic shift of its spin precession fre­quency in a magnetic field. This effect was first calcu­lated by Breit in 1928 assuming pointlike nuclei, and later improved upon by Margeneau and later by Ford et al. in papers accompanying the first experimental measurements of such shifts for negative muons. Sub­sequent measurements of bound /i- frequency shifts were made by Yamazaki et al. in heavier muonic atoms where the finite size of the nucleus is comparable to the mean radius of the muon wavefunction, causing the relativistic shift to level off toward a constant value as a function of atomic number. Since then there have been few measurements or calculations, except for some recent experiments by Mamedov et ai, in which Yamazaki’s experimental result for Cd/i- atoms was called into question.We have now remeasured many of these shifts in a 2 T magnetic field. The “raw” fitted frequencies are given in Table XIV.Table XIV. Measured frequencies in a constant magnetic field. Only statistical uncertainties are exhibited in this ta­ble, to illustrate that the potential accuracy of this tech­nique is much higher than we have achieved in this modest effort.Sample Frequency (MHz)in graphite 271.69888 ± 0.00072in Al metal 271.58520+0.00038on 12C (graphite) 271.3684 + 0.0016on ieO (H20 ) 271.258+0.010on 24Mg (metal) 270.9259 ± 0.0027on 28 Si 270.6502 ± 0.0069on 32 S (powder) 270.406 ± 0.008on 40 Ca (metal) 270.164 + 0.069lL~ on Ti (metal) 269.719 + 0.066on Zn (metal) 268.440 + 0.072on Cd (metal) 265 .73^ ;4^on Pb (metal) 264.50Atomic Number ZFig. 99. Fractional shifts of bound spin precession fre­quencies in various muonic atoms, relative to the p+ pre­cession frequency in vacuum, assuming a g + Knight shift of +80 ± 4 ppm in Al, which was used as a reference.All samples were measured in a transverse magnetic field of 2 T. Unlike those in Table XIV, the error bars shown in Fig. 99 include all known systematic uncer­tainties, but not diamagnetic or paramagnetic shifts, hyperfine anomalies or other phenomena. The largest systematic uncertainty arises from the dependence of the field on the position in the magnet combined with the finite range straggling of the beam. This was esti­mated using positive muons by intentionally moving a graphite sample back and forth several cm along the beam direction, producing a frequency shift on the or­der o f 20 ppm per cm at the point o f steepest slope within the sample region. For dense samples, the muon stopping position could be controlled with confidence only to within about 1 cm, so the purely statistical uncertainties shown in Table XIV have been added75in quadrature with a systematic uncertainty of about 0.006 MHz to obtain the net uncertainties shown in Fig. 99.Further work is required to convert our raw data into corrected magnetogyric ratios that can be criti­cally compared with the predictions o f theory. A thor­ough analysis o f these corrections is beyond the scope of this Annual Report. We are therefore not in a po­sition to make a definitive statement about the rela­tivistic shift in Cd/j ~ where the disagreement between previous measurements is largest. However, such cor­rections would have to account for more than half the net shift in cadmium to bring it into agreement with the (0.67 ± 0.22)% value claimed by Mamedov et al.We invite others to make free use o f the improved precision of our measurements.Hyperfine transition in 2 3 Nap~When a negative muon reaches the Is ground state of a muonic atom with a nucleus of non-zero spin, it experiences a strong hyperfine (HF) interaction with that nucleus; for heavier odd-A nuclei the effective HF magnetic field can be as high as 5 x 1010 T. This HF coupling makes the total spin F = / ± A an exceed­ingly good quantum number. If the muonic atom forms initially in the lower HF state (which will be the F~ state as long as the nuclear magnetic moment is posi­tive), it will remain in that state and precess at the cor­responding characteristic frequency u>_ in a transverse magnetic field until the muon decays or captures. The upper (F + ) state, however, is subject to radiative or (much more often) Auger transitions to the F~ state, which in heavy elements is ~keV lower. (The radiative lifetime is much longer than that of the muon.) This Auger-mediated transition rate, R, was calculated for numerous nuclei by Winston, who also made the first direct measurement of R„ = 6.1 ± 0.7 us-1 in muonic 19F.In lighter nuclei, especially those consisting of an odd proton outside a closed shell, the weak capture rate from one HF state is usually much faster than that from the other, reflecting the “V — A ” charac­ter o f the weak nuclear current. Precise measurements of these differences offer access to the induced pseu­doscalar coupling constant at large q2. In addition, they provide a superior method for direct determina­tion of the HF transition rate R, since the rate of “neu­trals” (photons and neutrons) from muon capture can actually increase with time if the slow-capturing HF state de-excites to the fast-capturing HF state. (The opposite situation will cause a neutrals rate that de­creases more rapidly than the muon decays — which is also easy to interpret, but somehow seems less mirac­ulous.) Such measurements thus inform us simultane­ously o f R and the differential capture rate.If the F + and F ~ capture rates are small or similar, or if R is very slow, it is often easier to measure R inde­pendently by observing the decay in time of the asym­metry of muon decay electrons in the F + state. As long as R < u>+ (the characteristic precession frequency of the F + state in a transverse magnetic field) it is easy to distinguish this asymmetry from that o f the F~ state or various backgrounds; this “/u_ SR method” was used by Favart et al. in 1970 to measure R B in muonic 10B and UB and to set upper limits on R in muonic 6Li, 7Li and 9Be. That experiment established a new standard for (j,~SR measurements of R (< 0.02 /rs-1 in muonic Li) and is unlikely to be much improved upon by that method, since spin relaxation by dipolar fields from neighbouring nuclei should have a rate ~ 0.01 /zs-1 . A more recent experiment by W iaux et al. overcame that limitation by directly observing the 320 keV 7 - ray from the excited state of n Be created by nuclear muon capture on 11B, an effect independent of dipolar relaxation. In this way they measured R = 0.181 ± 0.017 /zs_1 in muonic 1XB.For R > w+ it is sometimes feasible to measure R by a “residual polarization” method where the dephas- ing of the muon polarization (due to the exponential distribution of HF transition times) is measured as a function o f magnetic field. This method was used to determine R Al = 41 ± 9 fis-1 in muonic 27Al, in em- barassingly good agreement with W inston’s prediction.When R ~ u>+, one can use the fj.~SR method only if w+ is increased by applying a stronger mag­netic field. For the HF transition rate o f muonic 23Na, where Winston predicted R Na « 14 /us- 1 , this requires a transverse magnetic field of ~1 T or higher, in which the radius of curvature of 60 M eV /c muons is ~ 2 m or less, causing deflection of the muon beam relative to its path in weak fields. As a result, the entire experi­ment must be designed and reconfigured for each tar­get magnetic field, drastically reducing the versatility o f the apparatus. This is one reason why no previous IJ-SR measurements have been made o f R,, in muonic 23Na.In 2002 we made a preliminary measurement in a magnetic field of 0.7 T where a precession signal from the F + HF state o f muonic 23Na was just detectable for about one full period. That measurement gave a tentative value of i?Na = 13 ± 4 ytzs-1 , consistent with W inston’s prediction.We have now made a more precise measurement in a transverse magnetic field of 2 T, using the newfound transverse polarization of M9B.Combining this new value of I?Na with our previous preliminary measurement gives a best experimental es­timate of R Na = 13.7 ± 2.2 yus-1 . This result is quite consistent with that measured by Gorringe et al. in76metallic sodium (15.1 ± 1.1 /us- 1 ) by observing char­acteristic 7 -rays from 23Ne (a product of fi~ nuclear capture), but less so with their previous result in NaF (8.4 ± 1 .9 /us- 1 ), and even less with the measurements o f Stocki et al. who found R = 38 ± 9 /us-1 in Na metal and R = 28 ± 5 ps-1 in NaH using the time de­pendence o f capture neutrons. The latter three num­bers disagree significantly with W inston’s prediction of# Na ~ 14 /^ _1-It has been suggested that the HF transition rate may be altered by processes that depend on the chem­ical environment. One possibility would be delayed re­filling of vacant electronic orbitals in insulating mate­rials. A related medium-dependent mechanism might be external Auger.The fitted frequencies of the F + and F~ states can be compared with the p + frequency in aluminum at the same field, namely 271.5852 ± 0.0004 MHz. Correcting for a ±80 ± 4 ppm Knight shift in the latter gives a ref­erence frequency of 271.5635±0.0012 MHz. Comparing w-t with this reference gives u!+ /u}^ = 0.1878 ± 0.0012 and — -0.3534 ± 0.0001, in good agreement<DEE>,(0<■O<D-t-* ro<uL_k _oo0 .0 5 0.1TIME |> s ]0 .1 5with the frequencies predicted by simply combining the spins and magnetic moments of the muon and the nucleus, namely lo+/ui^ = 0.18765 and u1-/^^ = —0.35392. The F + signal disappears within a few hun­dred ns but is visible in all four histograms; it is dis­played in Fig. 100 with two histograms combined at a time to form the “real” (top) or “imaginary” (bottom) parts of the precession signal. This serves to reduce the statistical scatter for display purposes; the global fit to all four histograms simultaneously was used for the final results in Table XV.Figure 101 shows the much smaller but longer-lived signal from the F~ state. For the figure, the complex asymmetry spectra were transformed into a reference frame rotating at a frequency slightly lower than LO- and then packed to much coarser bins; this again serves to clearly display a signal that is otherwise (in the lab frame) invisible to the eye.The signal amplitudes (muon decay asymmetries) can be compared with that o f the positive muon in alu­minum at the same field, Ao = 0.133 ± 0.001, to give the products of the residual /r- polarizations P± and the fractional populations f± o f the two HF states: f+ P + = A+/A0 = 0.0638 ± 0.0083 and /_ P _ = A -/ A 0 = 0.0090 ± 0.0015. These numbers have not been corrected for the frequency dependence of the ob­served asymmetry; due to the finite time resolution of the detectors, higher frequency signals suffer an ampli­tude reduction. The reference asymmetry Ao is there­fore suppressed slightly, so that f+P + and f~P~ are slightly overestimated. For comparison, the asymmetryTable XV. Results of fitting /r- SR spectra in metallic sodium at 2 T. Only the physically relevant parameters are shown and only statistical uncertainties are given. Here rNa is the muon lifetime in muonic 2 3Na, is the muon decay asymmetry in the F ± HF state of muonic 23 Na, R is the F + —+ F~ HF transition rate, uj± is the precession fre­quency of the state, <j>f is the apparent initial phase of the precession in the F ^ state and A is the spin relaxation rate of the F~ state, presumably caused by a combina­tion of spatial inhomogeneity of the applied field, random fields from nearby magnetic moments and the effect of lo­cal electric field gradients on the 23Na electric quadrupole moment. The asymmetric errors in R are returned by the MINOS command in MINUIT.Fig. 100. “Real” (top) and “imaginary” (bottom) parts of the precession signal of the F + hyperfine state in muonic 2 3Na, showing the rapid decay into the F~ state.Tla = (1.1955 ±0 .0012) x 10-6 sA + — 0.00848 ±0.0011R = ( 1 3 .9 7 ^ ) x 106 s-1UJ+ = 2n x (51.0 ± 0 .3 MHz)4>+ = -1 8 .6 ° ± 11°A~ = 0.0012 ± 0.0002A = (0.024 ± 0 .1 ) x 106 s-1U - — 2tt x (-95.9676 ± 0.015 MHz)4>- = -175 .4° ±1 3 .4 °77TIME [ms]TIME [//s ]Fig. 101. Precession signal of the F~ hyperfine state in muonic "aNa, viewed in the rotating reference frame at exactly fiRRF = —95.3 MHz. The apparent frequency of —0.6676 ± 0.015 MHz is added to H r r f to obtain the re­sult shown in Table XV.in muonic carbon (graphite) at the same field, A c = 0.0256 ±0 .0008, gives Pc = A c /A0 = 0.1925 ± 0.0062, generally regarded as one of the highest residual polarizations available.In muonic atoms, negative muons lose polarization due to L • S couplings in atomic transitions down to the ground state; in the case of nuclei with spin, this is complicated by the HF structure o f the atomic lev­els, which can also lead to partial polarization of the nuclei themselves. This makes the populations and po­larizations o f the final F ± states difficult to predict. If we were to assume the same initial polarization for both states, P+ = P _, then we could conclude that (87.6 ± 11.4)% o f muonic 23Na atoms are initially in the F + state and (12.4 ± 2.1)% are initially in the F~ state. Such experimental values should be useful for an unambiguous interpretation of muon capture results in terms o f the effective weak couplings ga and gp.Experiment 938Muonium formation and ionization in semicon­ductors and insulators(V.G. Storchak, Kurchatov Inst.; J.H. Brewer, UBC/TRIUMF)To date, most muonium studies in semiconductors have been focused on the lowest electronic states with­out considering the details of how these states are formed: spectroscopic experiments have revealed two quite different types of Mu centres. These centres are characterized by their different muon-electron hyper­fine interactions. So-called “normal” muonium has an isotropic hyperfine interaction with a hyperfine fre­quency A about half o f that in the free Mu atom (%0 = 4463 MHz) and is located at the tetrahedral interstitial site; it is therefore denoted MuS[. “Bond- centred” muonium, with a small anisotropic hyper­fine interaction (A ~ A 0/ 50) because o f somewhat ex­tended electron distribution, is located near the centre of the relaxed crystal bond and is thus denoted M u L .T> xl £50Both centres are associated with quite deep energy lev­els in the gap.Experiments in electric fields designed for detailed studies o f muonium formation processes in semicon­ductors have revealed an essential difference between M ugc an<4 Mu° : while the former is found to form via the electron capturing initially into a very excited state and then cascading down through the weakly bound (shallow) short-lived hydrogenic effective-mass state (EMS) into a deep ground state, the latter is be­lieved to form directly into a deep state.No matter how the muonium atom is formed, it may act as a trapping centre or a recombination cen­tre depending on the host material and the tempera­ture range in the same manner as other impurities in a semiconductor. Indeed, Mu (or a filled trap) is typ­ically found at lower temperatures, while a diamag­netic state (which could be an ionized trap or, alter­natively, a recombination centre) is observed at higher temperatures. This “general trend” o f muonium spec­troscopy (high probability of Mu formation at low tem­peratures along with the absence o f muonium at high temperatures) has so far been explained as Mu ioniza­tion at elevated temperatures: the muonium atom loses its electron into the conduction band in an activated Arrhenius-like mechanism - a process which suggests that the Mu atom is a trapping centre. Although it is easy to understand such muonium ionization for a shal­low Mu centre (either for a long-lived state or a short­lived one), thermal ionization of a deep-level Mu state encounters certain difficulties. Indeed, the binding en­ergy of a shallow Mu state typically amounts to about 10 meV, which is less than the typical Debye energy (several tens o f meV), while the typical binding energy78of a deep Mu state significantly exceeds the Debye en­ergy. Under these circumstances, Mu ionization via an activated Arrhenius-like mechanism requires simulta­neous absorbtion o f many phonons - a process which is severely suppressed. These features o f Mu forma­tion and ionization processes make it hard to consider certain shallow (and the majority of deep) muonium centres as trapping centres.Deep muonium state in InSb: recombination centre vs. trapping centreTo date, various muonium centres in semiconduc­tors (as well as in the above discussion) have been con­sidered to have their energy levels (either deep or shal­low, lying below the conduction band minima either a few tenths or a few hundredths of an eV, respectively) in the forbidden gap. In this case certain Mu centres may be treated as trapping centres. Another situation is realized in narrow-gap semiconductors where deep Mu energy level cannot be accommodated in the gap.Here we present new results on the deep-level muo­nium centre in InSb - a semiconductor with an ex­tremely narrow energy gap. We argue that this cen­tre can be better considered as a recombination centre rather than a trapping centre.Last year our experiments in high magnetic field in both to- and p-type InSb revealed several signals which were identified as those corresponding to a para­magnetic muonium state and diamagnetic state (prob­ably a bare muon). In last year’s Annual Report we showed the magnetic field dependence of muonium pre­cession frequencies v \2 and ^34 which correspond to muon spin flipping in states with electron spin “down” and “up” , respectively, along with the diamagneticMuonium in InSb at 2.3 KMagnetic Field [T]Fig. 102. Magnetic field dependences of two Mu frequen­cies (^1 2 : circles and 3^ 4 : triangles) and the diamagnetic frequency (squares) in n-type (1012 cm-3 ) InSb. Solid lines for Mu frequencies present fit according to isotropic muo­nium hyperfine interaction.frequency (Fig. 102). Fitting to a Breit-Rabi Hamil­tonian showed that such field dependence o f the precession frequencies corresponded to a muonium centre with an isotropic hyperfine interaction A = 2464(1) MHz.This value for the hyperfine interaction parameter A is characteristic of tetrahedral muonium centre Mu“ observed in other III-V semiconductors GaAs and GaP as well as in elemental group-IV semiconductors Si, Ge and C. The high value of A is taken as evidence for a highly localized Mu centre in InSb; the characteristic radius is expected to be on the order of the Bohr ra­dius. In accordance, the energy level of such centre is expected to lie quite deep below the conduction band minimum, a rough estimate being about 1 eV. Such a high value for the binding energy of a Mu centre does not allow one to accommodate this energy level in the extremely narrow forbidden gap o f InSb (0.24 eV at 80 K ). No matter how weird it looks, we probably have to admit that this Mu energy level lies in the va­lence band. It is worth noting that several theoretical attempts to account for the observed high value for the hyperfine frequency A o f Mu^ in semiconductors have come to the same conclusion.No matter where one can accommodate the energy level for such a deep Mu state in a semiconductor (in the forbidden gap or in the valence band), the high value o f its binding energy ensures that the ionization of this state is expected to occur only at very high temperature. In contrast to all other deep Mu centres in semiconductors, experiments in InSb show that Mu centre starts to disappear at about 20 K. Figure 103 presents temperature dependence o f the relaxation rate of Mu signals in magnetic field 3 T. Above about 60 K we found no Mu signal at all.Fitting this temperature dependence with an Ar­rhenius law yields Ea = 75(15) K for the activationTe m p e ra tu re (K )Fig. 103. Temperature dependence of the exponential spin relaxation rate of the Mu signal in n-InSb (circles) and p- InSb (stars) in a transverse magnetic field of 3 T.79energy. Neither this activation energy nor the tem­perature range o f Mu disappearance in InSb are con­sistent with thermal ionization of a deep Mu centre. Both the activation energy and the temperature range, on the other hand, might indicate that this centre is formed via initial electron capture into very excited or­bit - a process analogous to M ugC formation in GaAs and GaP. Then thermal ionization of Mu might take place from an intermediate weakly bound highly ex­cited state. The key to distinguishing this scenario from prompt muonium formation is an application o f electric field. Unfortunately, our InSb samples do not hold even very weak electric field (probably due to activation of very shallow impurity centres). However, we argue that the possibility of electron capture into (and thus ther­mal ionization from) some weakly bound excited state of the observed Mu centre in InSb can be ruled out: we found no electron freezeout effect - a characteristic signature of an intermediate weakly bound Mu state.We further argue that the observed disappearance of Mu signals at low temperatures may be consistent with recombination of the Mu electron with thermally activated holes in InSb: the binding energy o f shallow acceptors in InSb amounts to about 100 K. This pro­cess, however, requires absorbtion of energy in the eV range, which is much higher than the Debye energy. Therefore neither acoustic nor optical phonons can be effective here. Then the only energy bath which can de­posit this energy for hole capture by the Mu atom is the electron subsystem. We suggest that processes analo­gous to impact ionization may be responsible for the disappearance of the Mu centre at low temperatures in InSb. Such electron-hole recombination is commonly observed for deep-level defects in semiconductors.E xp erim en t 942Magnetic fluctuations near metal insulator transitions in ruthenate pyrochlores(S.R . Dunsiger, McMaster; R.F. Kiefl, UBC)The nearly free electron model may often success­fully describe the band structure of a crystal, the highest band being completely filled for insulators or only partially so for metals. However, many transition metal oxides with partially filled d-electron bands have nonetheless been found to be poor conductors or indeed insulators. The origin of this behaviour is thought to be the Coulomb repulsion between electrons: strong electron-electron correlations. Indeed, an otherwise in­sulating material may be driven into a metallic state in a controllable way with doping, chemical composition, pressure or magnetic field. Such metal-insulator transi­tions are widely observed in condensed matter physics. The scientific interest in these materials is based on the fact that near the transition point the metal shows fluc­tuations o f spin, charge and orbital degrees o f freedom.The focus of Expt. 942 is the study of pyrochlores with chemical composition A 2B2O 7 where only the B site is occupied by a magnetic ion, in particular Y 2- a:Bia;Ru2 0 7 . This system may be driven in a con­trolled manner from a geometrically frustrated insu­lator to a Pauli paramagnetic metal with increasing Bi doping. Susceptibility measurements on insulating Y 2Ru20 7 by Yoshii and Sato [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 6 8 , 3034 (1999)] show evidence of an ordering transition at Tg ~ 76 K. Doping with Bi on the Y site increases the lattice constant and the system becomes progressively more metallic as the Bi 6p states mix with 4d states of Ru via the framework oxygen [Cox et al., J. Solid State Chem. 62, 360 (1986)]. There is a metal-insulator transition at x = 0.9. The ordering transition temper­ature is also progressively suppressed and broadened. From published work [Yoshii and Sato op. c it], T G is expected to go to zero in Y iB iiR ^ C R . It is important to note that, while this Mott-Hubbard system is tuned through a bandwidth controlled metal-insulator tran­sition, the concentration of magnetic Ru ions is not altered. In other words, the magnetic sublattice has not been diluted.Muon spin relaxation is one of the principal meth­ods we have used to characterize the dynamic be­haviour, since it is uniquely sensitive to the low fre­quency magnetic fluctuations which are often present in these systems. Longitudinal field measurements have provided insight into the ordering transition in this family of compounds. Alternatively, in a tranverse field configuration, measurements of the muon spin preces­sion frequency with respect to the applied field probe the contact hyperfine and dipolar fields within these materials and yield information on the local spin sus­ceptibility. Anomalous behaviour has been observed in (V i_ xCra:)2 0 3 , the archetypal system undergoing a bandwidth controlled metal-insulator transition [Gos- sard et al., Phys. Rev. B 3, 3993 (1991)], where the frequency shift as measured with NMR does not track the bulk susceptibility y. We have therefore recently undertaken a series o f studies of the shift in the muon spin precession frequency as a function of temperature in Y 2_ xBixRu20 7 to compare the local and bulk sus­ceptibilities.Transverse field muon spin rotation measurements on sintered powder samples were carried out on the M15 beam line at TRIUMF, using the Belle mag­net with high timing insert. The frequency shift mea­sures the real part o f the dynamic susceptibility y ', while the linewidth may be related to the imagi­nary part x " through the fluctuation-dissipation the­orem. The frequency shift is then given by (^sample - t/C a C 0 3 ) / ^ C a C 0 3 - Calcium carbonate is used as a refer­80ence material as it induces only negligibly small chem­ical shifts in the muon spin precession frequency. The temperature variation o f the paramagnetic frequency shifts in an applied magnetic field of 40 kOe is shown in Fig. 104 for four Bi concentrations {x = 0, 0.9, 1.0, 2.0). Note that a negative frequency shift is observed. Naively one might expect a positive shift in a param­agnetic material. However, in general, in an isotropic system of point magnetic dipoles and assuming axial symmetry, the frequency shift in a polycrystalline para- rnagnet is solely a measure of the local contact hyper­fine field at the muon site, since the dipolar field con­tributes nothing in an isotropic powder material [Ibers et al, Phys. Rev. 121, 1620 (1961)]. The sign o f the hyperfine coupling may take either positive or negative values. More generally, dipolar fields will also typically contribute, given an anisotropic g tensor.The measurements of the paramagnetic frequency shifts may be compared with those of the bulk suscep­tibility, shown in Fig. 105. These data were also col­lected by field cooling (FC) the samples in an applied magnetic field of 40 kOe. The magnetic history of the samples during the bulk and local probe measurements is thus equivalent. There are several features o f inter­est. As may be seen in Fig. 105, the bulk susceptibility decreases with increasing Bi concentration, despite the fact that the magnetic Ru4+ ion concentration has not been altered. Rather, the size of the permanent mag­netic moment of the Ru ion is decreasing as the valence electrons become more itinerant in character. Surpris­ingly, the paramagnetic frequency shifts do not show this same monotonic trend. The magnitude o f the shift in Y 2RU2O7 is anomalously small. This is unlikely due to an instrumental effect, since the data shown are a combination of two sets taken approximately one weekECL CLw - 5 0 ■+-*H—JZ(f)0-4—'CD C CDI -100 oL_D C L0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0T e m p e ra tu re (K )Fig. 104. Temperature dependence of the paramagnetic frequency shift in Y 2- xBixRu2 0 7 in an applied transverse magnetic field of 40 kOe.x = 2** 11x = 0 j t t i 8 $x= 0 .9* ti H n S m* x=1.0T e m p e ra tu re (K )Fig. 105. Temperature dependence of the bulk suscepti­bility in Y 2 -.xBixRu2 0 7 in an applied magnetic field of 40 kOe.apart, the remaining samples being studied in the in­tervening period.Another interesting anomaly is observed in Y 2RU2O7: the paramagnetic frequency shift undergoes a change in the slope of its temperature dependence. Initially increasing with temperature, the frequency shift starts to decrease again above 200 K. No such effect is observed in measurements of the bulk suscep­tibility, which decreases monotonically with increasing temperature. This disparity could arise either because o f a muon induced effect or temperature dependence in the contact hyperfine and/or dipolar field. One might anticipate such a change in the local field in the neigh­bourhood of the metal-insulator transition, by anal­ogy with (V i - z C r ^ O s . However, its origin in pure Y 2RU2O7 is still under investigation.Finally, the low temperature upturn in both the bulk susceptibility as well as the magnitude of the fre­quency shift o f all four samples is likely due to param­agnetic impurities.Currently, we are working to quantify the various contributions to the bulk and local susceptibilities. We would like to compare these results with our exist­ing data on Y 2M 02O7. The latter compound is an isostructural geometrically frustrated 4d electron sys­tem. A comparison of the two could thus provide in­sight into the role of the 4d magnetic species on the metal-insulator transition.Experiment 944 M uonium in silicon carbide(R.L. Lichti, Texas Tech; K.H. Chow, Alberta)The goal o f Expt. 944 has been to investigate the muonium states formed in the three most common structures of SiC, the cubic 3C and the 4H and 6H hexagonal polytypes. We initially focused on the Mu°81signals observed in the 4H and 6H structures, examin­ing n-type, p-type and high-resistivity samples of each.Following the initial hyperfine spectroscopy using the HiTime spectrometer, we tentatively identified likely sites for the observed Mu° states [Lichti et al., Phys Rev B 7 0 , 165204 (2004)]. Figure 106 shows a section of the 4H structure with various theoretically predicted sites marked and labelled. Based on the lat­est predictions and the acceptor behaviour we observe for one of the paramagnetic signals in 4H-SiC, hyper­fine values ranging from 3010 to 3030 MHz extrapo­lated to zero temperature have been assigned to a Ts; site which is predicted to be the stable locations for both Mu° and M u- in 4H-SiC. There are two slightly inequivalent Tsi sites in the 6H structure, leading to two signals in this range in the high-resistivity 6H-SiC samples. We have also assigned HF values below 2900 MHz to the A B Si locations near the centre o f the 2H- like channels for one signal in each of the 4H and 6H structures. Additionally, a second signal in this region seen only at very low temperatures in n-type 6H-SiC is suggested to be formed via electron capture by a Mu+ at its predicted stable site, A B q, which should then quite easily switch to Tsi at relatively low tempera­tures.In the most recent beam time we investigated the dynamics reported earlier for 6H samples. In the high resistivity 6H sample, high frequency spin precession data imply a large dip in amplitude for all of the Mu° signals near 150 K and a peak in the associated relax­ation rates. Longitudinal relaxation rates also show a peak near 170 K and a second one near 280 K in n- type 6H, as reported previously. Figure 107 shows theFig. 106. Possible sites for Mu in the 4H structure of SiC. 6H-SiC will have an additional step in the zig-zag channel and a second type of Tsi site, but is otherwise similar.100 200 300 400 500Temperature (K)Fig. 107. The composite Mu° relaxation rates (top), and the amplitudes for the diamagnetic (open squares) and triplet Mu° signals (filled squares) (bottom), in TF-^SR data for high-resistivity 6H-SiC taken at 15 G.amplitudes and Mu° relaxation rate for low-field data taken to explore the composite Mu° dynamics above 300 K. These data suggest at least partial ionization o f Mu° states above room temperature as suggested from the high-frequency results, but do not distinguish which Mu° state is involved (all three showed an in­crease in relaxation rate on approach to 300 K in the HiTime data). We plan to investigate this region fur­ther with rf or microwave driven resonance experiments in the near future in order to separate the dynamics arising from each neutral muonium centre.Experiment 945Muoniated radicals formed from carbenes and carbene analogues(P. W. Percival, SFU)Experiment 945 has its origins in Expt. 883, which concerns muoniated methyl and its derivatives. One method for creating such a-muoniated radicals involves addition o f Mu to carbenes (see Fig. 108a). Carbenes82a)ci-Pr/N\P '-N\i-Pri-PrMu/-Na)C i\•>—MuNb)ct-Bu/N\,Si =Nt-BuMu ci-Prt-Bu/N. .Si-Mut-BuFig. 108. (a) Muonium adds to a carbene to form a sub­stituted methyl radical, (b) Muonium adds to a silylene to form a silyl radical.(R 2C:) are molecules that possess a neutral dicoordi­nate carbon atom with six valence electrons, which generally results in high reactivity, so that carbenes tend to be considered only as reaction intermediates. However, over the past decade several singlet carbenes have been synthesized and isolated. The addition of a hydrogen atom to a dicoordinate carbon corresponds to a very significant chemical process - the isolated creation of a new chemical bond - and Expt. 945 was conceived to explore this fundamental chemistry.A preliminary account of our experiments with car­benes was included under Expt. 883 in the 2002 TRI­UMF Annual Report; full details have since been pub­lished [McKenzie et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 11565(2003); McKenzie, Ph.D. thesis, SFU (2004)]. A new aspect of Expt. 945 is the extension of this novel chem­istry to analogous molecules containing other Group 14 elements at the carbene site, such as the silylene de­picted in Fig. 108b. Stable molecules containing a di­valent silicon atom were synthesized for the first time only a few years ago. Nevertheless, they have been hy­pothesized as intermediates in many thermal and pho­tochemical reactions of organosilicon compounds, so questions concerning their reactivity are of consider­able import. W hen Expt. 945 was first proposed there was no literature at all on radical reactions of stable silylenes. However, a short communication has since appeared reporting the first ESR spectra of radical adducts of a silylene [Tumanskii et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 7786 (2004)]. Relatively large radicals were chosen so that the silyl radical products are stabilized by electron delocalization. Our own experiments com­plement this work since we employ Mu as an isotopic substitute for H. Instead of creating a carbon-silicon bond at the reaction site, we form a silicon-hydrogen bond. The resulting radicals are short-lived and much closer to the intermediates posited in industrial pro­cesses.50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400Frequency / MHzb)Magnetic Field /GFig. 109. (a) TF-pSR and (b) ^LCR spectrum of the silyl radical formed from the reaction of muonium with a stable silylene.To date we have been successful in detecting one muoniated silyl radical; the transverse-field pSR and level-crossing spectra are shown in Fig. 109.The second theme pursued in Expt. 945 during 2004 concerns an investigation of muonium addition to azulene (Fig. 110). Azulene, CioHs, is a polycyclica)b) H ,H HHH H HFig. 110. (a) Azulene is an isomer of naphthalene, (b) The bridgehead carbons do not have attached H atoms, (c) Five of the six chemically distinct carbon sites are expected to be more reactive than the bridgeheads.83aromatic hydrocarbon consisting o f fused 5- and 7- membered rings. It is an isomer of naphthalene, to which it rearranges at high temperature. A recent com­putational study [Alder et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 5375 (2003)] suggests that the mechanism for this reac­tion involves bond formation at a bridgehead carbon, i.e. at a carbon shared by the two rings. Our own ex­perience (Expt. 749) led us to doubt this hypothesis, so we decided to investigate the reactivity of azulene towards H atom attack by identifying the radical prod­ucts formed by Mu addition.Preliminary calculations suggested preferential ad­dition at two sites on the 5-ring. However, /rSR ex­periments soon showed the situation to be more com­plicated. It is evident from Fig. I l l that there are at least five distinct radical products, each characterized by a pair o f precession frequencies. Since this is a power spectrum, the amplitudes are proportional to the yields squared. Thus, the five strongest pairs of lines rep­resent radicals with relative yields of approximately 1:2:2:2:2. Our previous work with pyrene and fluoran- thene [Brodovitch et al., Can. J. Chem. 77, 326 (1999); ibid. 8 1 ,1 (2003)] clearly showed a preference for car­bon sites bearing a hydrogen, suggesting that the radi­cal signals in Fig. I l l are the products of Mu addition to the sites indicated by the arrows in Fig. 110c. These have degeneracies 1:2:2:2:1. The deviation of the ex­perimental yields from these ratios could be explained by differential reactivity of the sites, but there is also the possibility that Mu does indeed add to one of the bridgehead carbons.To resolve this question we need to assign molecu­lar structures to each o f the radical signals. This can be done by calculating the structures and properties o f the radical isomers. The calculated muon hyperfine constants can be compared with values derived from the /iSR spectrum, and the associated proton hyper­fine constants can then be used to predict resonance positions in the /iLCR spectrum. However, this is not trivial, since the spectrum obviously contains many sig­nals (see Fig. 112). Detailed analysis is under way.IU .............. ............I100 200 300 40015055 60 65 70Frequency / MHz75Fig. 111. TF-/j,SR spectrum obtained from a solution of azulene in tetrahydrofuran. Each muoniated radical gives rise to a pair of precession frequencies, as indicated in the top panel.+ + + H -14 1 1 1 1 * -4 6 8 10 12Field /kGFig. 112. A synthesis of pLCR spectra obtained from a solution of azulene in tetrahydrofuran.—I1684Experiment 949HSR study of magnetic order in high-Tc super­conductors under high pressure(J. Arai, T. Goko, Tokyo U. Science)Anomalous suppression of superconducting transi­tion temperature Tc observed in a narrow range of x ~ 1 /8 for La2- sM xCu0 4 (M = Ba, Sr), which is called the “1 /8 problem” , is one o f the most important issues to understand the relation between supercon­ductivity and magnetism in high-Tc cuprates. At the beginning, the 1 /8 problem was considered to be par­ticular to La-214 compounds. However, 1 /8 anomaly is also observed in Bi-2212 and Y-123, suggesting that the 1 /8 problem is a common property of high-Tc su­perconductors.Structural instability is inherent in La-214 com ­pounds, which are the most typical system in high- Tc superconductors. The crystal structure is closely related to the electronic state in this system. W ith decreasing temperature, La-214 compounds undergo a well-known phase transition from a high-temperature tetragonal (HTT) structure to a low-temperature or- thorhombic (LTO) structure except for the overdoped region. In addition, La2- xBaxCu0 4 (LBCO) displays a second transition to a low-temperature tetragonal (LTT) structure around x = 1 /8 at low temperatures. Because superconductivity is strongly suppressed in LBCO around x = 0.125 and slightly suppressed in La2- xSrxCu04 (LSCO) around x = 0.115, it is widely believed that the LTT structure plays an important role in suppressing superconductivity around x ~ 1/ 8 .On the other hand, in La-214 compounds around x ~ 1/ 8 , magnetic order has been observed by neutron scattering experiments and /iSR experiments. These results indicate the close relation between the suppres­sion o f superconductivity and the appearance o f mag­netic order.In order to clarify the relation among superconduc­tivity, the magnetic order and the LTT structure, we have performed the zero-field pSR measurement and the resistivity measurement in LBCO with x = 0.125 and 0.135 under high pressure up to ~1.5 GPa by us­ing a pressure cell which we have developed. The LTT phase o f LBCO with x = 0.125 is suppressed by ap­plying pressure up to ~0.6 GPa [Katano et al., Phys. Rev. B48 (1993)]. In La-214 compounds, the carrier concentration hardly depends on pressure [Tanahashi et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 28 (1989)] in contrast to other high-Tc cuprates. We can control the LTT struc­ture by applying pressure without changing the carrier concentration.Figures 113 and 114 show the /iSR spectra for LBCO with x = 0.125 at P ~ 0.5 GPa and 1.5 GPa, respectively. The LTT structure spreads over the£uSaC3OzTime (usee)Fig. 113. ZF-pSR spectra of LBCO with x = 0.125 at P ~ 0.5 GPa. The spectra are vertically offset for clarity.&usi0313<L>N"c3OzTime (psec)Fig. 114. ZF-/rSR spectra of LBCO with x = 0.125 at P ~ 1.5 GPa. The spectra are vertically offset for clarity.sample at ~0.5 GPa and vanishes at ~1.5 GPa. An oscillation component is observed at low temperatures under both pressures. Since the oscillation component indicates the magnetic order, this result suggests that the LTT structure is dispensable for the appearance of the magnetic order. These spectra include contribu­tions from the sample and the pressure cell. The ratio of the sample signal to the background is typically 1 : 2 . The slow relaxation observed over a wide temperature range is due to the pressure cell. Here we define the magnetic ordering temperature Tm as the temperaturei— '— [— T— i— T i T r La2_sB a vC u 0 4 (x = 0.125)40 K 35 K30 K 25 K 20 K 15 K 6 K30 K 25 K 20 K 15 K 6 K.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.240 K35 K85where an oscillation component starts to appear in the HSR spectra. For example, in the case o f P ~ 1.5 GPa, Tm exists between 35 and 40 K.The values o f Tc and Tm for LBCO with x = 0.125 are plotted as a function of pressure in Fig. 115. Here Tc is determined by zero resistivity. With in­creasing pressure, Tc increases linearly with an initial rate of dTc/dP ~ +8.1 K /G P a. At Pd ~ 1.1 GPa, dTc/dP changes to +1.9 K /G P a. It seems that Pd cor­responds to the LTT-LTO phase transition pressure, since dTc/dP is affected by the crystal structure in La-214 compounds, and dTc/dP observed in the or- thorhombic phase of LSCO is ~ + 2 K /G P a . On the other hand, Tm does not decrease but increases, sug­gesting that the suppression o f Tc has no correlation with Tm in LBCO with x — 1/8.Figures 116 and 117 show the pSR spectra for LBCO with x = 0.135 at ambient pressure and at P ~1.1 GPa, respectivly. The LTT structure spreads over the sample at ambient pressure and vanishes at P ~1.1 GPa. An oscillation component is observed at low temperatures under both pressures, suggesting that the LTT structure is dispensable for the appearance of the magnetic order also in LBCO with x = 0.135. The ra­tio of the sample signal to the background is typically 1 : 4, because of failure in tuning o f muon momentum. The magnetic volume fraction estimated from the am­plitude of the oscillation component in the pSR spectra is reduced from ~100% to ~30% by applying pressure up to 1.1 GPa.5040 -i i i i | i i i i | i i i i | i i i i | iLa2_AB avC u04 (jc = 0.125)' p 305-h 5 f - " T ,c3<D£OJH20 -10 -T,0 I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 ' I ' ' i i I i i 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0Pressure (GPa)Fig. 115. Pressure dependence of Tm and Tc for LBCO with x = 0.125. Pd indicates the LTT-LTO phase transi­tion pressure.-7 | i | i 1 t 1 i—La, vBavCu04 (jc = 0.135)-b L 4 -C/1<T3<0NoZ0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (usee)Fig. 116. ZF-/[tSR spectra of LBCO with x = 0.135 at am­bient pressure. The spectra are vertically offset for clarity.^ i T— i— T— rLa2 vBatCu04 (jr = 0.135)£ L 41/3<C<U13a■—oZi.2 y35 K 30 K0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Time (usee)Fig. 117. ZF-/rSR spectra of LBCO with x = 0.135 at P ~ 1.1 GPa. The spectra are vertically offset for clarity.For LBCO with x = 0.135, Tc drastically increases with increasing pressure, as shown in Fig. 118. At Pd ~1.0 GPa, Tc reaches ~30 K and dTc/dP changes to + 2.1 K /G P a which corresponds to the pressure depen­dence of Tc in the orthorhombic phase. On the other hand, Tm hardly changes. The suppression of Tc there­fore has no correlation with Tm. We speculate that the suppression o f Tc is closely related to the magnetic vol­ume fraction.86Pressure (GPa)Fig. 118. Pressure dependence of Tm and Tc for LBCO with x = 0.135. Pa indicates the LTT-LTO phase transi­tion pressure.Experiment 951Magnetism and flux line lattice structure of oxychloride superconductors(K. Ohishi, R. Kadono, KEK-IMSS)The Ca2- xNaxCuO2Cl2 (Na-CCOC) compounds used in this study were synthesized under high pres­sure [Hiroi et al, Nature 371, 139 (1994); ibid., Phys- ica C 266, 191 (1996)]. The samples were characterized by means of magnetization and powder X-ray diffrac­tion. The lattice parameters were determined by using a Rietveld analysis for all samples in order to evalu­ate the sodium concentration dependence of the lat­tice parameters. The ZF-pSR measurements were con­ducted at TRIUMF and at the Muon Science Labora­tory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK-MSL). We prepared eleven sets of Na-CCOC polycrystalline specimens, x = 0, 0.0025, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15, and 0.20, having a di­mension of about 100 ~ 250 mm2 with ~1 mm thick­ness. These samples were mounted on a thick silver sample holder (KEK-MSL) or on a thin sheet o f my­lar film (TRIUMF, where one can obtain background free spectra) and loaded to the 4He gas flow cryo­stat. ZF-^SR measurements were mainly performed at temperatures between 2 K and room temperature, and additional measurements were performed at ambi­ent temperature under a transverse field (c;2 mT) to calibrate the instrumental asymmetry. The dynamics of local magnetic fields at the muon sites was inves­tigated by longitudinal field (LF)-^uSR measurements [Schenck, Muon Spin Rotation: Principles and Appli­cations in Solid State Physics (Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1986)].100uH3c5<DQ-sCJH10— o.o1 -0.4 & -0.8 |X -1 .2 \ -1.6.y = 0 10qooo□ D ▼Ta■¥=0.12 V ANa-CCOCx = 0.15 V0H= 1 mTCa, NaCuO.Cl,2-x x 2 2tAF\15 20 25T [K]"~~A____SG-like3 0 , # 'SC- ■ - T n- A- Tu- • - T▼ T.0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15Na concentration x0.20Fig. 119. Magnetic phase diagram of Na-CCOC. The tran­sition temperature for the SG-like state (Tb) is defined as an onset temperature where the spin fluctuation rate be­comes lower than 109 s-1 . The spin freezing temperature (Tf) was determined only for x = 0.10. The inset shows the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility mea­sured for x = 0.10, 0.12, 0.15 and 0.20 in an applied field p0H = 1 mT after field-cooling process.Figure 119 shows the magnetic phase diagram of Na-CCOC (0 < x < 0.20) determined by /iSR mea­surements. As we reported in last year’s Annual Re­port, we have observed clear muon spin precession sig­nals in the lightly doped samples (x < 0 .02), indicat­ing the appearance of a long range antiferromagnetic (AF) order. While no precession signal was identified in those with 0.05 < x < 0.12, evidence was found for a quasi-static spin glass(SG)-like state at lower tempera­tures. It suggests a general trend that the suppression o f long range AF order is strong but incomplete over the relevant range of sodium concentration. In partic­ular, the present result is the first example for a good correspondence between such an inhomogeneous mag­netic state and the nanoscale electronic inhomogene­ity revealed by STM /STS [Kohsaka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 097004 (2004); Hanaguri et al., Nature 430, 1001 (2004)]. ZF-^SR time spectra in the specimen with x = 0.15 and 0.20 exhibit the least tempera­ture dependence down to 2 K. Besides the signature of the static nuclear magnetic moments described by the Kubo-Toyabe function, we obtained no evidence for any kind of additional magnetic moments in the specimen with x = 0.15 and 0.20.In summary, our pSR measurements on Na-CCOC revealed a magnetic phase diagram as a function of carrier doping x, which shares many features in com­mon with other hole-doped cuprates [Niedermayer et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3843 (1998)]. The AF order observed in the sample with 0 < x < 0.02 is drasti­cally suppressed in those with x > 0.02. However, the suppression is incomplete so that a SG-like phase ap­pears over a region 0.05 < x < 0.12. The present result87strongly suggests that the inhomogeneous magnetic state commonly found in the underdoped cuprates has an intrinsic origin related to the nanoscale electronic inhomogeneity observed by STM /STS measurements.Experiment 960Hydrogen (M u) defects in II-V I chalcogenides(R.L. Lichti, Texas Tech; J.M. Gil, Coimbra)In this run, we focused our attention on the com­pound ZnSe, which is the most interesting zinc chalco- genide both from the fundamental and the technologi­cal point of view. We had previously identified, in the 2003 run, the existence of two possible Mu states in high transverse field, in two different, nominally un­doped, ZnSe single crystals, obtained from Crystec and from Alpha Aesar. In this run, we have pursued the spectroscopic study o f these Mu states and the respec­tive interconversion dynamics, together with the study of the missing fraction.Anisotropy vs. two isotropic states hypothesisWe have performed high-transverse field experi­ments on two other single crystals from Crystec, ori­ented 110 and 111, from the same batch as the 100 sam­ple used previously. The results preclude the hypoth­esis that the two observed lines arise from anisotropy of a single Mu state. The existence of two isotropic Mu states in ZnSe has thus been firmly established. As pointed out previously, the obtained hyperfine in­teractions are consistent with those calculated theo­retically by Van de Walle and Blochl [Phys. Rev. B47, 4244 (1993)], suggesting that the observed states are located in the tetrahedral interstitial sites. Thus, the signal (Mui) with hyperfine interaction Ai = 3423.99 MHz is tentatively assigned the Tzn location and the signal (Mun) with hyperfine interaction An = 3255.3 MHz is tentatively assigned the Tse location.Detailed study of the interconversion of the statesWe have performed a detailed temperature scan at a high transverse field (6 T ), in order to investigate the thermal stability o f both states. A single crystal of ZnSe obtained from Alpha-Aesar, nominally undoped, was used. We have verified the conversion of one of the states (named M up) to the other (Mui) at around 50 K. This conversion is accompanied by a characteris­tic peak in the phase o f the frequency o f Mui (shown in Fig. 120), together with an increase of the relaxation rate o f Mup. Above 50 K, only the Mui line is seen up to 300 K, with a temperature dependent formation probability (Fig. 121).Missing fractionWe have also undertaken studies in high longitudi­nal fields in order to investigate the behaviour of the observed missing fraction. The data are well describedZnSe^ocCb° (^ o Mua-Aesar50 100 150 200 ' 250 300Temperature (K)Fig. 120. Phase of the Muj frequency, peaking at about 50 K.ZnSe0.030 .0 2 -0 .0 1 -0 .00-,r. ..--p - -r— T -j-oI I 1 IMu° 6.9 To ® '8 ©Q QQ_ o oo© _ooO > oa -Aesar <po c o0 50 100 150 200 250 300Temperature (K)Fig. 121. Asymmetry of the Mui state as a function of temperature.ZnSe0.300.250 . 20 -0.15-• Fast componenti i i i . i r , --------.----->—■t- . ■ ■O Slow component□ Total"5 KCL>s<Daa o. i oC/30.05-0 .0 0 -0 0□5 ©CD□Q© ©• 'Crystec 111 ■0.01 0.1 1LF (T)Fig. 1 2 2 . Asymmetry dependence with longitudinal field for the two components observed in the Crystec 111 ZnSe sample, at 5K.ZnSeLF (T)Fig. 123. Relaxation rate dependence with longitudinal field for the two components observed in the Crystec 111 ZnSe sample, at 5K.with two-component fits, where an extremely fast re­laxation component is superimposed to an almost non­relaxing component. The corresponding asymmetries and relaxation rates at 5K are depicted in Figs. 122 and 123, respectively. As illustrated in these figures, full asymmetry is recovered at low temperatures, the TF missing fraction corresponding to the fast relaxing component observed in LF.Experiment 998M uon spin relaxation and dynamic scaling in novel magnetic materials(D.E. MacLaughlin, California, Riverside; R.H. Heffner, JAERI-ASRC)Magnetic materials provide flexible and universal systems in which to study the dynamics o f interact­ing electron spins. Critical behaviour is a well-known example that has been fairly well characterized for simple ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, but less is known about exotic quantum, glassy, and frustrated spin systems, in which spin fluctuations are slowed sig­nificantly. We have begun /xSR experiments to study spin dynamics in a number of such systems./iSIt is a low-frequency probe of spin dynamics and hence is particularly sensitive to slow spin fluctua­tions. It is therefore ideally suited to studies of long- lived spin correlations in these novel spin systems. Un­der certain conditions, the muon spin relaxation func­tion G (t,H ) can be shown to obey the time-field scal­ing relation G (t,H ) = G (t/H v), where y is related to the form of the spin correlation function and low- frequency divergences in the fluctuation spectrum. In the case of critical fluctuations near a phase transition, this in turn gives information on the dynamical scaling exponent z.In 2004, ^xSR experiments were carried out to study slow spin dynamics in the non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) heavy-fermion alloy Ceo^Lao.gRhlnr, and geometri­cally frustrated antiferromagnet Gd2Ti2C>7. We did not observe time-field scaling in either of these systems, and Ceo.2Lao.8RhIn5 showed no evidence at all for slow fluctuations. The results are interesting in their own right, however, as described below. Papers on both these experiments are currently in preparation.Spin freezing and non-glassy dynamics in Ceo.2Lao.8R.hIn5Specific heat and magnetization studies of the Cei-^La^RhlnB alloy series give evidence for the Griffiths-phase theory disorder-driven NFL behaviour of Castro Neto and co-workers. In this picture quan­tum tunneling of RKKY-coupled local-moment clus­ters dominate the low-temperature properties of the system. Our zero-field muon spin relaxation (/LtSR) ex­periments on Ceo^Lao.gRhlns show that this alloy ex­hibits disordered spin freezing with a sharp transition at 0.16 K, and thus does not remain a paramagnetic metal, NFL or Fermi-liquid, as T —> 0.Figure 124 shows the evolution of the zero-field muon spin relaxation from high-temperature Kubo- Toyabe behaviour due to nuclear dipolar fields to faster relaxation as T —> 0. This behaviour is well fit by an ex­ponentially damped Kubo-Toyabe function. The tem­perature dependence o f the exponential rate is given in Fig. 125, where it can be seen that a sudden onset occurs at T = 0.16 K. Assuming that this additional re­laxation is due to a static distribution of local fields, the frozen moment at T = 0 is estimated as ~0.13 /xe/C e ion. This is an order of magnitude smaller than found from thermodynamic data, which indicates substantial compensation of the local moments by a Kondo effect with a characteristic temperature considerably higher than the freezing temperature.That the zero-field relaxation is indeed static is in­dicated by the behaviour o f the longitudinal-field /xSR0.08 0.06 | 0.04 ETime (/xs)Fig. 124. Zero-field yuSR asymmetry functions in Ceo.2Lao.8RhIn5.89Fig. 125. Temperature dependence of the exponential muon spin relaxation rate in Ceo.2 La0.8RhIn5, H = 0.1 ■ 1 1 1Ce02La0gRhln5 T = 5 0 m KL 1 1%1111L , * * * * * * * i f * * ! 11* * Tm rWV SZE&• 20 Oe 1A A 32 Oe ‘J. ■ 50 OeV 80 Oe (l-♦ 320 Oe, 1m 111— ,— i . i . iTime (/is)Fig. 126. Longitudinal-field muon spin relaxation functions at T = 50 mK in Ceo.2Lao.8R.hIn5 .shown in Fig. 126, where it can be seen that the re­laxation of the long-time component is extremely slow and the applied field decouples the relaxation. No dy­namic relaxation is observed at any temperature; the spin freezing is not accompanied by the slow spin fluc­tuations found in spin glasses above the glass tempera­ture and in a number o f disordered NFL systems. This suggests that the freezing process never generates slow spin fluctuations, which seems inconsistent with the Griffiths-phase model.Field dependence of critical slowing down in the frustrated pyrochlore Gd2 Ti2 0 7In the pyrochlore titanate Gd2Ti20 7 the G d3+ lo­cal moments occupy corner-shared tetrahedra, lead in g to geometrical frustration, enormous ground-state de­generacy, and extreme sensitivity to mechanisms that break this degeneracy. G d2Ti20 7 exhibits a magnetic phase transition around 1 K, and a com plex field- temperature phase diagram is found below this tem­perature. The 1 K transition is depressed slightly with field, and at ~2.5 T and ~0.86 K a pentacritical point is observed.Fig. 127. Field dependence of the longitudinal-field muon spin relaxation rate in Gd2 Ti2 0 7.We have carried out LF-^SR in Gd2T i20 7 at tem­peratures just above the phase transition in longitu­dinal fields of up to 4 T. As can be seen in Fig. 127, at low fields the exponential relaxation rate increases markedly as the freezing temperature is approached from above. Similar behaviour is often observed in the neighbourhood of a magnetic transition, and is inter­preted as evidence for critical slowing down o f the spin fluctuations. In this case the rate increase is suppressed by applied field. This is surprising if the high- and low- temperature phases are separated by a line of second- order phase transitions, since then there should be crit­ical slowing down at any applied field as the transition line is approached.Our results suggest that only the zero-field transi­tion is of second order, a situation that is reminiscent of ferromagnetism (which o f course has no transition in nonzero field), and that to our knowledge has not been anticipated theoretically. No relaxation-rate anomaly is seen in the neighbourhood of the pentacritical point at ~2.5 T even at the lowest temperatures.Experiment 1000Measurements of the vortex core size in type-II superconductors(J.E. Sonier, F.D. Callaghan, SFU)Muon spin rotation (/iSR) has emerged as the lead­ing experimental probe o f the effective size o f mag­netic vortices in type-II superconductors. /xSR data on several different classes of type-II superconductors show that the size o f the vortex core can depend quite strongly on temperature and the strength o f the exter­nal magnetic field. These behaviours are attributable to the quasiparticle excitation spectrum both inside and outside of the vortex cores. Recently, we clearly demonstrated that the vortex-core size in the conven­tional superconductor V 3Si changes as a function of magnetic field due to the intervortex transfer of quasi­particles [Sonier et a l, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 017002(2004)]. The result confirms a key prediction of recent901/H1/2 (kO e1/2)Fig. 128. The magnetic field dependence of the vortex core size ro measured by pSR (solid circles) at T = 3.8 K from Sonier et al. [op. cit.], and the electronic thermal conductiv­ity Ke/T (open triangles) from Boaknin et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 117003 (2003)]. The open circles indicate the re­duction of ro due only to the superposition of spatial cur­rent density profiles from individual vortices, and not the delocalization of vortex bound states. The data are plotted as a function of 1/H1''2, which is proportional to the inter­vortex spacing. The dashed vertical lines indicate the field range over which the vortex lattice undergoes a continuous hexagonal-square transition.microscopic theories for strongly interacting vortices (Fig. 128). The effects of vortex-vortex interactions on the magnetic and electronic structure of the vortex state are o f crucial importance to the interpretation of experiments on both conventional and exotic super­conductors in an applied magnetic field.The aim of Expt. 1000 is to apply our present un­derstanding of quasiparticle core states in conventional superconductors to the investigation o f the vortex-core size in unconventional type-II superconductors - keep­ing in mind that comparatively little is known about the structure of vortices in many o f the exotic su­perconductors, including high-temperature cuprates. From theoretical considerations, one expects the elec­tronic structure of a vortex to be strongly influenced by anisotropy of the superconducting energy gap, and anisotropy o f the Fermi surface. W ith the discovery of MgB2 has come particular interest in the effects of multi-band superconductivity (MBSC) on vortex structure. The presence of different superconducting gaps on separate Fermi sheets may lead to abnor­mally large vortices at low temperatures and magnetic fields. Such multi-band effects appear to be important in a number of type-II superconductors. This includes NbSe2, and even the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu307_<5.In 2004 we carried out transverse-field /rSR mea­surements on several type-II superconductors. The de­termination of the vortex-core size from these mea­surements requires extensive data analysis. A consider­able amount of time was spent this past year writing amore powerful analysis code that takes full advantage of today’s high-speed computers. Very recently we have completed our anlaysis of low-temperature data for the multi-band superconductor NbSe2-The measurements on NbSe2 were performed in a dilution refrigerator at T = 20 mK. Such low temper­atures suppress thermal excitations of the electronic vortex core states, which tend to obscure the effects of MBSC on the field-dependence of the core size. The results of our data analysis are presented in Fig. 129. We see that £ (the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length, which is a measure o f the vortex core size) decreases rapidly at low fields before saturating at H « 5 kOe. The rapid shrinkage at low field is due to the more extended nature of the loosely bound core states asso­ciated with the smallest energy gap. This leads to rapid quasiparticle delocalization, as evidenced by the rapid increase in electronic thermal conductivity in the same field range. This behaviour is consistent with recent theoretical calculations o f the local density of states in a multi-band superconductor. The rapid suppression of core states associated with the smaller energy gap means that the behaviour o f the core size above 5 kOe is determined solely by the larger gap. The observed field-independent behaviour o f the core size for 5 kOe > H < 16 kOe indicates no significant delocalization of core states associated with the large gap in this field range.We have also established a direct relationship be­tween the vortex core size and the electronic thermal conductivity in both single-band and multi-band type- II superconductors. In the conventional picture of ant x i — >----------1 ■ 1 ' 1 ■ rH (kOe)Fig. 129. The magnetic field dependence of the vortex core size £ measured by /iSR (solid squares) at T = 20 mK, and the electronic thermal conductivity Ke/T (solid circles) from Boaknin et al. [op. cit.]. The dashed line is a guide for the eye. The shaded region indicates the field range in which the form of the field-dependence of both quantities changes due to the multi-band nature of the superconductivity in this material.911/H1/2 (kOe'1/2)Fig. 130. The total reduction in core area (left axis, solid squares) and the electronic thermal conductivity (right axis, solid cirlces) for NbSe2 plotted against 1/VH which is proportional to the intervortex spacing.s-wave type-II superconductor, the density o f bound core states is proportional to the vortex core area. Ex­tending this to the scenario o f a field-dependent core size, we have shown that the electronic thermal con­ductivity is directly proportional to the field-induced reduction in core area in the sample ( ~ 0 £o - n £ 2)-H , where £0 is the measured low-held value o f the co­herence length). This is demonstrated in Fig. 130 where we plot both quantities for NbSe2 against 1 / y/H (which is proportional to the intervortex spacing). For both materials the two data sets show the same field- dependence. This agreement is also observed in V 3Si. Coupled with earlier work [Sonier et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4914 (1999)] that established the effect of core size on the specific heat of NbSe2, we have now established an intimate relationship between the vortex core size and the thermal properties o f s-wave type-II superconductors.Experiment 1001M u defect levels in III-V semiconductors(R.L. Lichti, Texas Tech)The main experimental goal of Expt. 1001 is to ac­curately measure ionization rates for the bond-centred (BC) and tetrahedral (T ) muonium species in III-V compounds in order to determine the muonium ana­logue o f the donor and acceptor defect energy levels for hydrogen impurities in these compounds. If both of these defect levels fall within the bandgap, their mid­point locates the primary hydrogen level that has been predicted to be pinned at a universal energy with re­spect to vacuum, independent of the host material [Van de Walle and Neugebauer, Nature 423, 625 (2003)]. The purpose o f this experiment is to test these pre­dictions and locate that energy as accurately as pos­sible for materials where the neutral charge state of Mu is observed for both the BC (donor) and T (accep­tor) sites. Both Mu° centres are well known to occur in GaAs and GaP; however, previous data did not pro­vide any o f the required ionization energies to sufficient accuracy.During the first week of beam time for this experi­ment, we have concentrated on obtaining the Mu donor energy level in GaAs and GaP by obtaining the ioniza­tion energy for M ubC. This is best done by extracting the lifetime broadening from the relaxation rate for the hyperfine lines for that species in spin-precession measurements. We used the HiTime apparatus, tak­ing spectra at 5 T with relatively small temperature steps across the region where the spectra for MugC was known to disappear. We chose to apply the field along a (111) direction where one set o f BC hyperfine lines is for a single bond orientation. In fact, for GaAs we were able to use all of the lines even though the field was not precisely aligned.Figure 131 shows the activated part of the relax­ation rates for a semi-insulating GaAs sample, sepa­rately extracted for each BC (0°) line and each set o f slightly misaligned 70° lines. These data yield an ionization energy of 165 ± 6 meV for Mu^c in GaAs from an average o f the four separate measurements. A similar treatment gives about 150 meV for MugC in GaP, although a final analysis o f that data is not yet completed. Figure 132 shows the preliminary analysis for one of the BC hyperfine lines in a semi-insulating sample of GaP. Assuming that the BC site lies low­est in energy for Mu° and the disappearance is due to1 0 0 0 K / TFig. 131. Ionization rate for MugC in GaAs extracted from the relaxation rates for the various lines in the BC hyperfine spin-precession signals. Open squares are the raw data for one line, filled symbols have the non-lifetime contributions removed.921000 K /TFig. 132. Preliminary result for the ionization rate of MugC in GaP from one of the BC hyperfine lines.ionization via thermal promotion o f an electron to the conduction band, these numbers accurately define the Mu donor level in GaAs and GaP, providing half the information required to experimentally define the hy­drogen pinning energy in each case.The energy for the Mu^ transition to M u- via “hole ionization” (promotion o f an electron from the valence band onto the T-site Mu species) would yield the ac­ceptor energy level as the other half o f the necessary experimental information. The initial data imply that, in the semi-insulating GaP sample used for the BC re­sult, the Mu® signal persists to above the upper tem­perature limit for the HiTime spectrometer. The lower temperature data that were acquired indicate that the atomic muonium centre may be localized at a single T-site in GaP near 100 K, while in GaAs this centre is very mobile at all temperatures. There may also be a second atomic-like Mu° signal in GaP in addition to the Mu® spectra previously reported. Specifically, between roughly 15 and 90 K a new and very narrow isotropic Mu° signal was observed with a HF constant roughly 250 MHz lower than that reported for Mu®. The origin of this signal is not identified at this point and the nature o f this new paramagnetic muonium state in GaP will be pursued in future experiments, in addition to obtaining accurate ionization energies for the standard Mu® centres in both GaAs and GaP.Experiment 1012Organic free radicals under hydrothermal conditions(P.W . Percival, SFU)Research on organic chemistry under hydrothermal conditions is motivated by many different applications, including geochemical production o f fossil fuels, biol­ogy of submarine volcanic vents, corrosion in pressur­ized water nuclear reactors, destruction of chemical weapons and other hazardous materials, and “green” industrial processes. However, fundamental investiga­tions of chemical reactions require the detection and monitoring of intermediates, often transient free radi­cals, which are difficult to detect under the extremes of pressure and temperature that define near critical and supercritical aqueous systems. In Expt. 842 we demon­strated the ability to study chemistry in aqueous sys­tems up to 400°C and 400 bar, and in last year’s An­nual Report we reported the first muon level-crossing spectra of muoniated free radicals under such condi­tions. Experiment 1012 was specifically designed to capitalize on this success, and to apply the combination of transverse-field /rSR and level-crossing spectroscopy to investigate organic free radical chemistry in super­heated water. To date we have explored applications in two areas: dehydration of alcohols and the enolization of acetone. The radicals detected, and their means of generation in superheated water, are listed in Fig. 133.Examples of spectra are shown in Fig. 134 for the 2-propyl radical. The muon hyperfine constant is read­ily determined from the transverse-field /uSR spectrum, being the difference between the two radical precession frequencies, as indicated by the double-headed arrow. The proton hyperfine constants can then be calculated from the /zLCR resonance fields. There are three chemi­cally distinct H atoms in 2-propyl, and this gives rise to three resonances, of which two are close enough to over­lap. The hyperfine constants are sufficient to confirm the identification of the radicals produced in various chemical systems. For example, 2-propyl was identi­fied as a product of the dehydration o f both 2-propanol-OHAMuH3C'CHX CH2Mu.OHOHO^HA/ AOHAMuHH3C'"k''CH2Mu( 1 )(2 )(3)(4)Mu OHX <5>H3C CH2MjO OMuA — A <6)Fig. 133. Generation of muoniated radicals in superheated water.93a)Q)£O□la>o0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400Frequency / MHzb)c )17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0Field / kGFig. 134. Muon spectra of the 2-propyl radical in water at 350° C: (a) TF-/rSR spectrum, (b) CH3 and CH2Mu reso­nances from the /itLCR spectrum, and (c) ct-H resonance.and 1-propanol. A summary o f muon and proton hy­perfine constants, and their assignments, is given in Table XVI.Sometimes identification of the radical intermedi­ate is sufficient to resolve a particular question, such as the detailed mechanism of a reaction. In other cases the radical may merely play the role o f a useful, identifiable “marker” . For example, the keto-enol tautomerism of acetone may be investigated by “labelling” the isomeric molecular forms as indicated in reactions (5) and (6 ) o f Fig. 133.Yet a third class of investigation involves the prop­erties of the muoniated radical itself. By analyzing the temperature dependence o f free radical hyperfine con­I ' I ' 1------1------1------ '------1—W \ - V * ! ......V i+H 1J I L10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2Field / kG..J. ...stants it is possible to deduce details o f intramolecular motion as well as potential interactions with the sol­vent. We emphasize that there is currently no other technique available to study organic free radicals un­der hydrothermal conditions. The subject o f our first detailed study is the tert-butyl radical, which we have previously studied at much lower temperatures in or­ganic media [Percival et al., Chem. Phys. 127, 137 (1988)]. Our new data are summarized in Fig. 135. Consistent with the earlier study, we find that the muon hyperfine constant falls with temperature and that this is matched by an increase in one o f the pro­ton hyperfine constants. To aid comparison, a reduced muon hyperfine constant is defined, A'„ = 0.31413A,,7 A4 A45to account for the ratio of proton to muon magnetic moments. It is then possible to calculate an average hy­perfine constant for the CH2Mu group: (A'^ + 2Ap)/3 . As is evident from Fig. 135 this quantity is essentially temperature-independent, indicating that the temper­ature dependence of the separate muon and proton hy­perfine constants is due to the rotational motion of the CH2Mu group about a C -C bond. The second proton hyperfine constant is also temperature invariant, con­sistent with its assignment to the CH3 groups, whose C3 symmetry results in an average value regardless of the motion. Detailed modelling o f the results should provide the potential barrier for CH2Mu rotation.Temperature / °CFig. 135. Hyperfine constants for ierf-butyl in water: o re­duced muon constant (from CH2 Mu), <> proton constant from CH3 , A proton constant from CH2Mu, □ average for the CH2Mu group.94Table XVI. Assignments and hyperfine constants for muoniated radicals detected in aqueous solutions of organic compounds at high temperature.Sample Radical T /°C P/ bar BLCR/kG A J MHz Ap/M H z Assignment1 M t-BuOH (CH3)2CCH2Mu 250 250 10.47 258.14 62.4 c h 3250 250 10.66 249.95 59.8 CH2Mu0.01 M t-BuOH (CH3)2CCH2Mu 350 260 10.03 249.95 62.4 c h 3350 260 10.17 249.95 59.8 CH2Mu0.7 M i-BuOH (CH3)2CCH2Mu 350 260 10.03 249.95 62.4 c h 3350 260 10.18 249.95 59.7 CH2Mu1 M 2-PrOH CH3CHCH2Mu 350 258 10.76 269.3 68.1 c h 3350 258 10.91 269.3 65.4 CH2Mu1 M 1-PrOH CH3CHCH2Mu 350 251 10.75 269.3 68.2 c h 3350 251 10.91 269.3 65.4 CH2Mu350 240 17.55 269.3 -57.7 a-HExperiment 1013Superconductivity of /3-pyrochlore oxides(A. Koda, R. Kadono, KEK)Very recently, it was revealed that KOs2C>6, having a /3-pyrochlore structure, exhibits a bulk superconduc­tivity below Tc ~ 9.6 K [Yonezawa et ai, J. Phys. Cond. Matter 16, L9 (2004)]. Subsequently, a series of /3-pyrochlore superconductors, RbOs206 (Tc ~ 6.3 K) and CsOs20 6 (Tc ~ 3.3 K ), were discovered [Yonezawa et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 819 (2004); ibid., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 1655 (2004).] In the /3-pyrochlore struc­ture, it is notable that the formal oxidation state of the Os ion is 5.5+ (5d2'5). Such a mixed valence state has scarcely been studied in pyrochlore oxides so far, because of difficulty in the crystal synthesis. Another intriguing aspect is that the superconductivity occurs under a geometrically frustrated condition. This is in marked contrast to the case of Cd2Re207 which has been the only pyrochlore oxide known as a supercon­ductor until the discoveries of /3-pyrochlore supercon­ductors; the superconductivity in Cd2Re2C>7 occurs af­ter a structural phase transition which is presumed to lift the degeneracy due to the geometrical frustration. Thus, there is an interesting possibility that the super­conductivity in /3-pyrochlore oxides might be realized on the spin-liquid ground state, as predicted for the tri­angular lattice by Anderson a long time ago. In order to obtain the clue to the pairing mechanism o f super­conductivity on pyrochlore lattice, we have conducted pSR measurements on KOs2C>6 under a high transverse field.In Fig. 136, the temperature dependence of the transverse relaxation rate (a) o f KOs2Oe at B = 2 T is shown. According to the Gorter-Casimir two-fluid model, the magnetic penetration depth A is inversely proportional to yG — (T /T c)4. From a relation <7 oc A-2 , we obtain cr oc 1 — (T /T c)4. As shown in Fig. 136,1</5orecrco<DcrTem perature (K)Fig. 136. Temperature dependence of transverse spin relax­ation rate (a) under a field of 2 T. The results of fitting anal­ysis using the relation cr oc 1 — (T /T ’c)'3 are shown, together with the weak-coupling BCS case (dot-dashed curve). The dotted curve is for (3 = 2, whereas the dashed curve is for (3 = 4. The best fit is obtained when (3 = 2.39, which is represented by the solid curve.our data exhibit significant deviation from this rela­tion. The fitting analysis was then made with an arbi­trary power,with Tc as a free parameter. Here, the contribution from the nuclear magnetic moments like 39K and 189Os seen at T > Tc was subtracted by a fixed amount prior to the fitting analysis. While the best fit is obtained when (3 = 2.39(7) and Tc = 8.91(3), the observed tem­perature dependence is nearly reproduced by /3 = 2 and Tc = 9.07(2). The results are shown in Fig. 136 together with the fitting result by the weak-coupling BCS model. As seen in Fig. 136, it is quite difficult to distinguish those power-laws from the fully gapped case (weak BCS) only by analyzing the present data points above 2 K.K 0 s20 6 (B0 = 2T)-e - ..................... e — .(1 = 2.0 (3 = 4.0 (3 = 2.39(7) ■ weak BCS -95Fig. 137. Field dependence of (a) the transverse relaxation rate at 2K and (b) the penetration depth (A) deduced by assuming Bc2 = 40 T. The broken curve in the upper panel is a guide to the eye. A clearly obeys a linear dependence below B ~ 3 T, whereas it shows a saturating tendency at higher fields. By fitting data below 2.5 T with the relation A = Ao(l + r/(B/BC2)), we obtain r\ = 2.58.In order to examine the low-lying quasiparticle ex­citations of K 0 s20 6, we measured the field dependence of A at the lowest temperature o f 2 K. In Fig. 137(a), the field dependence of a is shown. Although the ex­act value of the upper critical field B c2 in the presentspecimen is unknown, we deduced A versus the external field by assuming B c2 ~ 40 T as suggested by bulk mea­surements. As shown in Fig. 137(b), the obtained A is clearly field-dependent, showing a slight negative cur­vature with respect to the applied field. In particular, an approximately linear tendency is seen below ~ 3 T. Such increase of A with increasing field indicates the oc­currence of quasiparticle excitation due to the Doppler shift (i.e., so-called nonlinear effect) in the flux line lat­tice state and thereby strongly suggests the presence o f low-lying quasi-particle excitations characterized by a small energy scale less than 2 K (~0.2 meV).It is interesting to note that the observed tendency o f saturation for A against applied field has been re­ported in the case of YBa2Cu3 0 7 , which is explained by a combination of nonlinear and nonlocal effects [Sonier et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4156 (1999); Amin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5864 (2000)]. However, we cannot exclude the multiple-gap scenario in KOs2Oe, as it has been found in M gB2 [Ohishi et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 29 (2003)], with one being a smaller en­ergy gap than the thermal excitation energy at the temperature where the measurements were performed.In summary, we have investigated the quasiparti­cle excitation in KOs2Oe by measuring the tempera­ture/field dependence o f A. Our result demonstrates that A increases markedly with applied external field up to 6 T, suggesting the presence of nonlinear and nonlocal effects. In particular, the presence o f the nonlinear effect strongly suggests that the supercon­ducting order parameter in K 0 s20 6 has a significant anisotropy or multigapped structure with a small gap energy. It is o f particular interest to see whether or not the superconductivity in the other /3-pyrochlore oxides is conventional.96LIFE SC IEN CESExperiment LSO P E T facilities(K.R. Buckley, TRIUMF)The PET facilities comprise the TR13 13 MeV H- cyclotron, the ECAT 953B/31, HRRT, and microPET tomographs, and ancillary equipment such as counting and data acquisition systems. The HRRT (high res­olution research tomograph) has been used for some primate studies over the past year. The patient bed was installed in the spring. The microPET scanner has been used routinely for the past year. The ECAT 953B continues to be the most used scanner despite its ad­vancing age though the number of scans did decrease this year. The TR13 cyclotron continues to reliably produce radioisotopes for the varied projects under­taken by the Life Sciences program.PersonnelCaroline Williams returned from maternity leave this fall. Due to limited funding from CIHR she is work­ing reduced hours and Shilpa Shah, who had replaced Caroline during her maternity leave, is currently avail­able on an hourly basis.Siobhan McCormick o f the Pacific Parkinsons Re­search Centre has taken over the routine operation of the microPET scanner to provide consistent scanning support to the varied groups making use o f this scan­ner.Rabbit lineThis fall a new rabbit system controller was in­stalled to replace the old controller that had shown some anomalous errors. Incorporated in this new con­troller, constructed by the TRIUMF Controls group, are new sensors installed in the 9 manholes between TRIUMF and the hospital. These sensors replace the old method of passive counting o f pulses from parallel coils placed around the transfer line (the rabbits have magnets inside) with active sensors that send out a digital id when the rabbit passes. This method allows for better tracking o f the rabbit even when a sensor fails since it is known which sensor detected the rab­bit. In the old system if one sensor was not detected subsequent sensors were misidentified. The active sen­sors are constructed of robust parts that (we trust) will operate for many years.TR13 cyclotronUsage of the TR13 cyclotron was stable this year in delivered beam and the number of irradiations. The total number of runs was 942 vs. 970 in total last year and delivered beam is 454438 /rA min vs. 430630 fiA min total for 2003.Unscheduled downtime this year was quite minor. The cryocompressor internal controls continue to func­tion poorly, occasionally turning the compressor off for no reason. This is an inconvenience but does not gener­ally cause downtime. A one-week scheduled shutdown allowed for the installation of a new controller for the rf amplifier restoring automatic operation of the am­plifier after nearly 2 years without. This controller was made and installed by the TRIUMF RF group. This extended shutdown was also used to replace seals in the vacuum valve on the injection line that had begun to leak, and to service the mechanical vacuum pumps.The target selector lid assembly on side 1 of the cy­clotron required a complete overhaul in the spring to restore electrical isolation among the 4 sector collima­tors in front o f each target. These collimator mount­ings gradually build up carbon deposits that need to be removed.One extraction foil change was required through the year and only the fluoride production target was rebuilt. Four ion source filament changes have been done along with other miscellaneous service items.At year end all eight target locations are occupied. These consist of• one 180 -0 2 gas target (aluminum body)• one 18 O water target (niobium body)• one 160 water target (aluminum body)• one N2/H 2 gas target (niobium body)• one experimental flow through gas target (alu­minum body)• one experimental gas target (tantalum body)• one experimental gas target for scattering mea­surements• one location used for various solid targets.A number of irradiations took place this year in support of LS8 , in particular the production of 64 Cu for Oceanography. Similar beam to last year was de­livered to LS4 in support of target development.ECAT tomographGantry electronics have been the dominant fail­ures for the camera this year. In the past years re­placement of some programmable logic chips in the buckets was sufficient to fix this problem. This past year some errors persisted in some boards even after changing these chips necessitating replacement of these boards. At the beginning of this year CTI gave no­tice that the supply of ECAT 953 and 951 parts would be discontinued at the end of March, 2004. A signifi­cant discount on an assortment of parts for the gantry electronics was negotiated, including 6 position/energy boards that have been the most failure prone item97lately. These parts were all installed in the gantry by the fall. Over the summer we received notice from the Hammersmith PE T group that they were decommis­sioning their ECAT 953B and would sell parts to us. We have placed an order for an assortment of parts and are anxiously awaiting delivery. W ith receipt of these parts we hope to be able to assemble a test stand to troubleshoot a growing assortment o f malfunctioning boards.We are routinely repairing blocks in-house but have replaced only 1 block this year.High resolution research tomographWe are still learning our way around the HRRT scanner and interacting extensively with both CTI and other HRRT users to bring this system into routine use. The scanner has been used for some preliminary in­vestigations with non-human primates. With the very large number o f detectors in this camera (120000) the set-up and calibration is quite time consuming and the tools to do these tasks and evaluate the quality o f the results are in their infancy (or non-existent). One concern for us and all HRRT users is the stabil­ity o f the camera calibration but even in determining this we have encountered other obstacles. We expe­rienced several failures of the acquisition disk array which resulted in losing some data for both stabil­ity measurements and normalizations. We believe this may have been caused by the combination of SCSI raid card and network card in the acquisition computer as determined by our computer system manager, Kelvin Raywood. The inconsistency of various software pro­grams has also made evaluation o f the camera diffi­cult. In November the HRRT project manager visited for a few days and we were able to deal with several issues. The m ajor task we began at that time was a complete detector set-up with a new lower gain on the phototubes. This lower gain appears to have resulted in much better position profiles but the process of the set-up for all 120000 detectors is tedious, taking 3.5 weeks. Fortunately this resulted in improved camera performance.The patient bed arrived in June and was easily in­stalled. Some difficulties exist with the bed motion con­trol and we are working with CTI and the bed man­ufacturer to resolve these. The bed was shipped with a head holder but this holder is not adequate so an outstanding item on the to do list is to design an ap­propriate head holder.MicroPETThe microPET scanner was used routinely through­out the year. The major difficulty encountered was with the transmission point source behaviour and with software updates. We have been acting as a beta testsite for Concorde which necessitates an investment of time to test and evaluate the software.The point source mechanism is used in singles mode to generate the blank and transmission scans. Occa­sionally the reported source position was not accurate and these files were unusable. Attempts by Concorde to fix this were prolonged but an intermediate solution is in place now.The microPET room underwent some additional modifications to add oxygen service, anesthetic gas withdrawal, and additional cooling. This has made the room much more comfortable.In some cases microPET scans are scheduled to co­incide with tracer deliveries for the ECAT scanner to minimize load on the chemists. Two scans were thus lost this year when the ECAT scans did not proceed and the production o f tracer for the m icroPET alone was not deemed appropriate.StatisticsTable XVII. TR13 run statistics.2004 2003Total runs conducted 942 970Total runs lost 6 18Total beam delivered (fj,A min) 454438 430630Delivered to - LS 3 310309 294090- L S 4 63925 63279- LS 8 78518 55636- LS 13 0 14066- LS 24 0 3559- L S 56 1210 -- LS 60 18 -- L S 73 458 -Table XVIII. ECAT scanning statistics.2004 2003Total scans conducted 257 388Total scans lost 64 75Lost to - patient 31 23- cyclotron 6 18- chemistry 8 3- scanner 12 20- staff sick/away 7 11Table XIX. HRRT scanning statistics.2004 2003Total scans conducted 36 23Total scans lost 9 2Lost to - chemistry 1 2- scanner 8 098Table X X . M icroPET scanning statistics.2004 2003Total scans conducted 142 66Total scans lost 19 10Lost to - cyclotron 1 1- subject 12 6- staff sick/away 0 3— scanner 4 0- ECAT 2 0Experiment LS3Synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography(S. Jivan, A. Studenov, TRIUMF)The PET group at TRIUMF continued to produce 2 to 3 radiopharmaceuticals on any given day despite the fact that the CIHR grant was not funded. This absence of funding resulted in the termination of two chemistry staff members.In collaboration with TRIUMF, the BC Cancer Agency has hired two chemists to set up and routinely produce [F-18]fluorodeoxy glucose. They will use the TR13 cyclotron and PET lab space until their eventual move to the BC Cancer Agency in downtown Vancou­ver.Routine productionTable XXI summarizes the total number of deliver­ies to UBC hospital and other facilities, and the num­ber o f development runs.O f the 355 deliveries sent to UBC, 17% were pro­cessed for the microPET scanner only and 9% were shared with ECAT and microPET. 14% of the total were synthesized for the HRRT scanner.13 N deliveries for the Botany Department at UBC were reduced but still continue on demand. An increase in development runs was due to graduate students do­ing target development and researching new materials for increasing production demands.We continue to use tetrabutylammonium fluoride, a base source in most of the 11C methyl iodide reactions, to enhance and stabilize yields and lower the amount of precursor used. Most precursors are made in-house by JML Biopharm Inc. except Raclopride which is do­nated by ASTRA ZENECA AB.Table XXI. Total number of deliveries for 2003 and 2004.2003 2004UBC 406 355Others* 75 57Development runs 177 226*UBC Botany, Chemical Engineering, PETScan Centre.Two new tracers, [F-18]FHBG and [F-18]FLT, were successfully developed and routinely produced for mi­croPET scanning. FHBG is used as a reporter probe to image expression o f herpes simplex virus type-1 thymi­dine kinase (HSVl-tk) reporter gene and FLT is used as a marker for cell proliferation in cancer cells. Devel­opment continues in upgrading the methyliodide sys­tem and improving yields from targets.Experiment LS4 P E T targets(T.J. Ruth, TRIUMF)The development of targets for the production of the neutron deficient isotopes 18F (Xi/ 2 = 109.8 min), n C (T1/2 = 20.4 min), 13N (T1/2 = 10.0 min) and lsO (T1/2 = 2.05 min) on the TR13 has been a major task for the TRIUMF PE T group during the last sev­eral years and has been supporting a number o f other projects as indicated in LS8 - Radiotracers.ProgressStatus of high current 1 8 C> 2 gas target The high current target for the production o f 18F-fluoride from 180 -0 2 is presently going through the detailed design stage. The overall internal target dimensions have been specified based on beam size and scatter, gas pressure, stopping power, and heat transfer. The raw niobium has been purchased as has the pressure transducer, 180 - 0 2 gas, and the cold trap vessel. The CP42 cy­clotron can deliver beam down to an energy of 23 MeV. The initial concept was to irradiate at 20 MeV and, af­ter an analysis o f the target parameters required for this energy, it was decided to incorporate a degrader to bring the beam to 20 MeV. Once the detailed target drawings are complete the target will be sent out for machining. The ATG group is currently assembling a wire scanner to be placed in front of the target to allow the beam spot to be measured and controlled.Status of heat transfer tests Gas target heat trans­fer is not optimized in most gas target designs nor is it readily predictable when designing a target. Vari­ous works have looked at pressure rise behaviour as a means to determine thick target conditions and some have sought an empirical relationship between pressure and power deposition. None have proven to be gener­ally applicable over a broad range of target designs or energies. We have begun some measurements with a heating assembly that can be inserted into a gas tar­get to deposit a known power while observing pressure rise. With these data, heat transfer properties can be measured and ultimately optimized.New development991 1 C-CH 4 productionStatus of methane production As reported at last year’s LSPEC meeting, we discovered that niobium is a very good target chamber material for the pro­duction of 11C-methane. This result was published in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology mid-year along with the observation that an equation o f the form Y = A Ie~ atx SF accurately describes the “ C-methane yield from the target where A and a are fitted param­eters, t is the length of irradiation, I the beam current (pA ) and SF is the saturation factor (1 — e~ xt). This observation implies that a first order reaction com­petes for the n C. Since tantalum exhibits very similar properties to niobium, it is expected to provide simi­lar methane yields. However, a gas target constructed from tantalum provided very good n C -C 0 2 yields but exceptionally poor n C-CH4 yields (see Fig. 138). It is not understood why this is.Interaction of the proton beam with the target chamber wallsGas targets are the most common form o f tar­get used in the production of short-lived radioisotopes for positron emission tomography (PET). Many re­searchers, however, have reported a non-linear relation­ship between radioisotope production yield and par­ticle beam current. This lowered yield has been at­tributed to several factors including the scattering of beam particles into the target body walls, radioactive species becoming trapped in the target body walls, and gas density reduction due to the deposition o f heat from the incident ion beam. In this study we investi­gate the last factor. A 13 MeV proton beam from the TRIUMF TR13 cyclotron was used to measure the en­ergy of scattered protons in a gas target. The average proton energy reaching the target body walls was de­termined by measuring the ratio of radioactivity o f two simultaneously produced radioisotopes in a metal foil lining the wall o f the target. The relationship between11CH4 Yield vs Irradiation TimeTime (minutes)Fig. 138. Tantalum bodied target yields for 11C-C02 (A = 85; a = NA) and 1:lC-CH4 (A = 41; a = 42) with / = 20 pA.the ratio of radioactivities (production of 63Z n /65Zn from copper foils) and proton energy was determined using a stacked foil calibration technique. These exper­iments were compared to theory using a Monte Carlo program (SRIM) to model the interactions of a proton beam within a gas target.Production of 64CuNatNi foils were irradiated with 6.9 MeV protons for the production o f 64Cu via the 64Ni(p, n) reaction. This energy was achieved by means of an Al degrader to reduce the incident proton energy o f 13 MeV to 6.9 MeV. This reduced proton energy was used to sup­press the (p, a) reactions and hence the production of undesirable Co isotopes. Irradiations were nominally 4 hours with a beam intensity o f 7-8 pA. After ir­radiation the short lived copper isotopes (60>61>62Cu) were allowed to decay overnight to reduce radiation exposure to personnel. After this decay time the foils were dissolved in concentrated HC1. An AG1-X8 an­ion exchange column was used to separate the copper isotopes from the nickel target. The nickel was eluted with 100 ml 0.2 N HC1 in 95% ethanol and the cop­per isotopes were eluted with 25 ml 0.1 N HC1 in 75% ethanol. The solution containing the copper isotopes was evaporated and an AG1-X8 anion exchange col­umn preconditioned with HC1 was used for further pu­rification. The remaining nickel was eluted with 25 ml concentrated HC1 and the copper isotopes were eluted with 20 ml 2 N HC1. Separation using a single column was not satisfactory for this application.Production of 66,68Ga for sugar labellingNatZn foils were irradiated with 13 MeV protons for the production o f 66,68Ga via the 66Zn (p,n) and 68Zn (p,n) reactions. Typical irradiations were 10-15 min with a beam intensity of 5 pA. After irradiation, the target foil was removed and dissolved in concen­trated HC1. The gallium isotopes were extracted from this solution with isopropyl ether. The dissolved zinc target and several copper isotopes (61,64Cu), which are co-produced with the gallium, remained in the acidic aqueous phase. The gallium isotopes were back- extracted with water containing a few drops of HC1. The final aqueous phase was evaporated to a few ml in volume. This production method resulted in approxi­mately 3 mCi of 66Ga and 4 mCi of 68Ga two hours after the end of irradiation.In 2004 four batches of 66,68Ga were produced for sugar labelling (LS53).100Experiment LS8Radiotracers for the physical and biological sciences(T.J. Ruth. TRIUMF)Many o f the projects formerly associated with LS8 have been spun off into their own separate Life Sciences projects. For historical reasons, the collaboration with Botany remains the major focus of LS8 and progress in this project is reported below along with an indica­tion of the supply of tracers for other uses within the TRIUMF community as shown in Table XXII.Increased nitrogen uptake(Collaboration with CELLFOR: M. Y. Siddiqi, M. Shariati, W. Li, J. Vidmar)Our goal o f increasing nitrate uptake in tobacco plants and poplar seedlings by over-expressing the high-affinity NOg transporter gene (AtNRT2.1) was initially unsuccessful. Following upon our discovery that a second family of genes (the NAR2 family) must be co-expressed in order to achieve efficient NO-7 up­take, we have successfully demonstrated that knock­out mutants of Arabidopsis lacking a functional NAR2 gene fail to absorb nitrate. We have now developed strains o f tobacco over-expressing both the AtNRT2.1 gene and the AtNAR2 gene. Using 13N O j to mea­sure nitrate uptake, we have obtained increased nitrate uptake and our preliminary growth measurements in­dicate increased growth in these lines. This work is now proceeding to the next stage, namely pseudo- agricultural testing in greenhouse studies being con­ducted by agronomists in Alberta.1 3 NOs influx in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans: a structure function study of the NRTA gene se­quence and NO 3 uptake(Collaboration with S. Unkles, J. Kinghom, St. Andrews, Scotland; T. Glass, Y. Siddiqi, W. Ye, UBC)W ith our Scottish collaborators, we have generated clones of Aspergillus modified at specific (putatively critical) arginine loci of the nitrate transporter protein. These arg sites are highly conserved in this gene fam­ily from fungi to higher plants. Our data have been accepted for publication in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Replacement of arg 87 or 386 converts the protein from a high-affinity transporter with K m’s for nitrate uptake around 10 yitM to a low-affinity trans­porter with a K m around 15 mM. We believe that this positively charged amino acid is critical in the transmembrane uptake of nitrate. We are continuing to probe gene structure/function by replacing puta­tive phosphorylation sites (serine and other amino acid residues) o f the Aspergillus nitrate transporter. We be­lieve that these phosphorylated amino acid residues are responsible for regulating nitrate uptake. The geneti-Table XXII. Miscellaneous runs on the TR13 for 2004. 88Y point sources for 87r group (SrCC>3 target) Date fiA min /rCi producedJune 4 61 9.2June 11 300 117(1 yuCi and 2 yitCi sources were prepared from the second run for the 87t group)48V pins for microPET sources (Ti pin target) Date /rA min pCi producedMay 26 304 5 x 50June 8 35 5 x 11cally modified fungal strains will be tested for nitrate uptake using 13NO^.The role of the NAR2 gene familyDuring his Ph.D. studies at UBC, Mamoru Okamoto isolated an Arabidopsis mutant disrupted in the NAR2 gene. We have demonstrated that this mu­tant is unable to grow normally when nitrate is the sole source o f N and that 13NO^~ uptake is dramatically re­duced. Thus high-affinity nitrate uptake requires the participation of both the NRT2 and the NAR2 gene families. Using molecular methods we have evidence that the two proteins are associated in the plasma membrane for normal function. This evidence (based on the yeast hybrid method) is being tested at a bio­chemical level by use of affinity chromatography. We have expressed the NAR2 protein in E.coli and have made an affinity resin by conjugating this protein to an immobilized cobalt affinity resin. This will be used to “fish out” the putative NRT2.1 protein. If we can suc­cessfully bind NRT2.1 to the resin via its interactions with the bound NAR2 protein, we will have strong sup­port for the molecular evidence that the two proteins interact in the cell membrane.Experiment LS35Development of 1SF labelled nitroimidazole PET imaging agents for tissue hypoxia(M.J. Adam, TRIUMF; D. Yapp, BCCA)Hypoxia in cells and tissues is an important compo­nent o f various pathological states (e.g. ischemia and stroke). Hypoxic tumour cells are extremely important within cancer treatment because they are more likely to survive radiation and chemotherapy, leading to an increase in tumor resistance to treatment. More recent evidence suggests that hypoxia is related to the aggres­siveness o f disease. Such studies employed a microelec­trode, used in many centres, but were limited because of invasiveness and requirement for an accessible tu­mour.101Derivatives o f 2-nitroimidazole are used extensively as hypoxia markers. The 2-nitroimidazoles are not me­tabolized in oxygenated tissues, but bind to macro- molecular proteins after reduction in hypoxic cells. This permits detection by a variety of techniques. For example, the products of such binding for the (pentafluoropropyl)acetamide (EF5) and (trifluoro- propyl)acetamide (EF3) derivatives of 2-nitroimidazole can be detected by specific fluorescent antibodies.The synthesis of 18F-EF5 has now been developed and was achieved by preparing the allyl precursor and fluorinating it with 18F elemental fluorine in triflu- oroacetic acid. The radiochemical yield is 17% after HPLC purification.We have made considerable progress on the use of 18F-EF5 as a PE T tracer for imaging hypoxia in malig­nant tumours. The installation and commissioning of the M icroPET® scanner at the UBC hospital sparked a series o f studies with animal models for cancer. The logistics involved in performing these experiments (ra­diotracers from TRIUMF, animals from the BC Cancer Agency, scans at the PET suite in the UBC hospital) have been resolved. We now have funding for two stud­ies in animal tumours.We intended to submit a clinical trial application (CTA) with Health Canada in 2004 for a pilot study to examine hypoxia in resectable lung cancer tumours. Unfortunately, this was delayed while Health Canada finalized its regulations on the human use of positron emitting radiopharmaceuticals (PERs). Thus, our orig­inal plan to carry out human PET imaging was de­layed. However, Health Canada has now provided our group with guidance on the combined (labelled and unlabelled) EF5, and Dr. Laskin has taken the lead in preparing a CTA for submission. We anticipate the application will be submitted in the second quarter of 2005. In preparation for this application, all pyrogen and sterility testing has been completed and all QC and production data are available so the Quality In­formation Summary (QIS) portion o f the CTA can be finalized.The animal studies first described in LS35 have gone well in 2004. We have also successfully obtained funding from the Cancer Research Society to carry out studies in a colorectal cancer model (HT-29); prelimi­nary data and scans from LS35 were used to support this application.Experiment LS39Positron emission profiling (PEP) for pulp and paper fluid dynamic studies(1VI. Martinez, UBC)Over the past year, we have attempted to extend the PET technique and measure the activity distribu­tion in pulp suspension flowing in a tube with a sud­den expansion in its area. Three preliminary scans have been conducted and a numerical simulation of the ex­periment has been developed.BackgroundIt is widely known that pulp suspensions do not flow until a certain critical shear stress (or yield stress) is exceeded. W ith traditional papermaking, the sus­pension is initially fluidized by turbulence created lo­cally from a sudden change in flow area in a device called a “head box” . In this case, the fibre network is broken down into smaller floes and single fibres with weakly correlated velocities. Suspension fluidization is attained by inducing turbulence and is aided by the addition of chemical deflocculants. Characterizing this event is difficult as these suspensions are opaque. ProgressOver the past 12 months we have built the exper­imental apparatus, performed three preliminary scans on the microPET, and started developing a numerical algorithm to simulate the experiment.The flow loop used in the experiments consists o f a 30 gallon tank, a 1.5 hp centrifugal pump, two magnetic flow meters, two pressure transducers, a recirculation path, and valves for control. The test section is made o f clear polycarbonate and has a 2.75 in. inner diameter and is 46 in. long. The inlet diameter is 0.55 in. forming a 1:5 sudden expansion on one end and a 5:1 sudden contraction on the other. The flow reaches and leaves the test section through 15 ft. lengths o f 0.55 in. inner diameter reinforced hose. Both ends o f the test section are terminated with a pair of full bore ball valves and a full bore quick disconnect coupling to facilitate place­ment and removal of the test section into the gantry of the scanner. The test section is mounted to a 30 in. linear stage on both sides o f the scanner so that the test section can be moved along its axis. To shield the scanner’s detector blocks from events originating out­side of the camera, 3 /4 in. lead shielding is positioned concentrically with the test section up against the scan­ner. Three scans were conducted last year.Experiment LS50Antisense imaging nucleic acids for Parkinson’s disease(H. Dougan, TRIUMF)A sizable literature exists demonstrating the anti­sense action o f short DNA sequences on brain messen­ger RNAs. W ith the loss of such mRNAs, production o f specific proteins is knocked down, leading to observable changes in animal physiology and behavior. We have a specific interest in mRNAs related to Parkinson’s disease. We wish to image such mRNAs using radio­tracer DNA molecules. So far, our labelled DNAs have102been unsuccessful in this application. A classical prob­lem with pharmaceuticals is crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB), and this is probably related to our diffi­culties. We are currently studying two technologies for crossing the BBB. One technology is infusion of the DNA into the brain through a fine capillary. The sec­ond technical approach to the BBB problem is trans­port o f the DNA using an antibody directed to the iron transportation mechanism in the BBB.Experiment LS51Auger therapy for prostate cancer(H. Dougan, TRIUMF)Experiment LS51 examines the possibility of killing prostate cancer cells using an iodoandrogen steroid (EM IVNT labelled with 125I or 1231) brought into prox­imity with cancer cell DNA by the androgen recep­tor. The graduate student M. Fedoruk believes that he made the preliminary observation that [125I]EMIVNT results in small but detectable Auger killing of a line of prostate cancer cells in tissue culture. This was pre­sented at 5ISR in Whistler, BC in September. A mul­tidisciplinary group of scientists has formed from the BC Cancer Agency and the Prostate Centre to find the strengths and liabilities of EMIVNT for prostate can­cer therapy. At present there is optimism that a drug similar to EMIVNT may be developed for practical cancer therapy.Experiment LS53Synthesis of " mTc and 186,188Re sugar deriva­tives(M.J. Adam, TRIUMF; C. Orvig, UBC)A n NSERC strategic grant was awarded (Octo­ber, 2001) (M.J. Adam, PI, $78,200/year for 3 years) to carry out research on the synthesis o f technetium and rhenium labelled carbohydrates for use in nu­clear medicine imaging and therapy. An extension to September 30, 2005 was granted. Dr. Adam is collabo­rating with Dr. Orvig in the UBC Chemistry Dept., AnorM ED (M. Abrams, CEO), and MDS Nordion (Brian Abeysekera). Post doctoral fellows (Dr. Simon Bayly and Nathaniel Lim) and two graduate students (Cara Fisher and Charles Ewart) have also been work­ing on this project for approximately three years. Cara Fisher was awarded an NSERC IPS scholarship for two years, starting in September, 2004, with MDS Nordion as the sponsoring company.Radiolabelled carbohydrates have been of signifi­cant interest to nuclear medicine due to the success of 2 -18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose (FDG) as an imaging agent in positron emission tomography (PET). This success has naturally raised the question of whether a single-photon emitting glucose analogue with similar properties to FDG can be developed for use with single­photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In fact, just this year another group demonstrated that a glucosamine Tc complex does indeed get taken up into tumours. The mechanism for this uptake is as yet un­known. Because of the relatively short half life o f 18 F (110 min) its use is limited to facilities that have an accelerator in close proximity to chemistry laboratories and medical facilities. 99mT c is the most widely used isotope in SPECT due to the fact that it is a generator produced, commercial isotope which makes it conve­nient to use and relatively inexpensive. It also has ideal physical properties for imaging. The drawback to this isotope is that it must be attached to the molecule via a chelate or organo-metal conjugate, which may perturb the system being studied. A SPECT analogue based on a widely available isotope such as " mTc would make these agents available to the broader medical commu­nity. Among elements of the same series as T c the isotopes 186Re and 188Re show promise in the devel­opment o f therapeutic strategies. For a /3~ emitting radioelement to be therapeutically useful, a half-life of between 12 hours and 5 days is preferred: moreover, for a 1 MeV /3~ particle, the depth of penetration into tissue is approximately 5 mm. Furthermore, if some of the disintegrations are accompanied by 100-300 keV gamma photon, the behaviour of the radioelement can be conveniently followed by using a gamma camera. The nuclear properties of 186Re and 188Re are optimal for these purposes.For the last three years we have been develop­ing two synthetic approaches to the preparation of sugar-metal derivatives because o f the known avid­ity of glucose to tumours. One approach forms com­pounds containing a Cp-M-tricarbonyl moiety (M = Tc or Re) and the other forms chelate compounds with /ac-[M (H 20 )3(CO )3]+ metal cores. W ith the first approach several ferrocenyl sugars have been synthe­sized. Attempts to synthesize the corresponding Cp- M-tricarbonyl products have been successful and we are now employing a single ligand transfer reaction. As a side project we have observed that several of these ferrocenyl sugar conjugates have shown cytotox­icity towards mouse lymphoma cells with I C 5 0 val­ues less than 20 pm. They are now being tested for cytotoxicity towards human breast cancer cells and are being examined for antimalarial activity. The sec­ond approach involving sugar-pendent ligands has been even more productive and we have now synthesized and characterized several new glucose and glucosamine Tc-99m and Re-186 complexes. The first of these has been published recently in Bioconjugate Chemistry [Bayly et al., 15, 923 (2004)]. These complexes with Tc and Re radionuclides were formed by using the /ac-[M (H 2 0 )3(C0 )s]+ aqueous reagent originally de­103veloped by Alberto and co-workers. Since this first glucosamine compound we have synthesized several pyridinone, diamime and bipyridyl sugar chelate com­plexes with " mTc and 186Re and are now focusing on developing other tridentate and Cp-tricarbonyl ligand compounds. These are expected to be the most stable and thus, more likely to be better candidates as ther­apy and imaging agents. Several of these chelate lig­ands have also been complexed with positron emitting Cu-61,64 and Ga-66 . Complexes with these isotopes are structurally different than the Tc or Re tricaronyl derivatives giving us a broader range o f agents to evalu­ate. W ith this combination o f SPECT and PE T agents, coupled with the recent findings that similar agents are indeed taken up into tumours, we feel these compounds have significant potential as therapy and imaging in oncology.Experiment LS56Synthesis of radiolabelled nucleotides and oligonucleotides(M.J. Adam, T. Ruth. H. Dougan, TRIUMF; D. Per­rin, UBC)This is a progress report on the development of chemistry for the F-18 labelling o f oligonucleotides. One o f the strategies that we are pursuing is to de­velop a general method to label the phosphorous atom directly with nca F-18 fluoride so that there is little structural change to the molecule. Thus, the biological activity of the oligo will be preserved. Model compound systems were developed this year to determine if P(III) and P (V) containing derivatives could be labelled with nca fluoride. We were able to successfully incorporate F-18 into both P(III) and P (V ) model compounds. An­other approach, undertaken by Dr. Perrin’s group in UBC Chemistry, makes use of the fact that fluoride anion reacts readily with boron containing derivatives o f oligonucleotides. A grant application to the CIHR to support this work was successful. An abstract to the 2004 Society of Nuclear Medicine meeting was pre­sented and a manuscript on the P-F chemistry was submitted.Experiment LS57Quantitative imaging with the Concorde m icroPET®(V. Sossi, UBC)Several issues were addressed in relation to the m icroPET®: detector normalization, attenuation cor­rection and scanning protocols.NormalizationDetector normalization has been identified as one of the major contributors to image non-uniformity. A new component based normalization method in collab­oration with D. Newport from CTI-Concorde has been developed and tested on phantom and rat data [Cam- borde et al, Proc. IEEE/M IC, Rome, Italy (2004)]. During the course o f this study a direct application of the measured attenuation correction factors was con­firmed to be another very important source o f image non-uniformity. Image uniformity was found to im­prove greatly if yU-map images were first segmented into air and tissue and the segmented regions were assigned pre-defined /j- values.Attenuation correctionPresently, the attenuation correction factors are obtained using a rotating 68Ge point source. These data result in an incorrect attenuation correction, be­cause the effect o f photon scatter in the transmission scan is not properly accounted for. Using simple water phantoms, we find a 50% overestimation o f the recon­structed linear-attenuation coefficients for water using the reconstruction software and scatter correction (SC) currently provided by the manufacturer. Linear atten­uation coefficients without the SC data are underes­timated by 25%. These errors have also been found to vary with the size of the object being imaged and spatially over the extent o f the object. Currently, we must segment the attenuation maps to obtain reason­able attenuation correction factors (ACFs). However, noise in the reconstructed attenuation map is a signif­icant problem, which causes this segmentation to be difficult and highly user dependent. We are currently investigating scatter correction methods for transmis­sion data.We have also performed a preliminary investigation of a post-injection transmission protocol using the 68 Ge transmission source. It was found that the key step in this procedure was to apply segmentation to the p-maps obtained from the post-injection transmission scan and to assign pre-defined /it values.Dead time correctionAs part o f our collaboration with CTI-Concorde, we have also investigated the dead-time correction cur­rently applied by the m icroPET® acquisition program. During these studies we have identified and resolved an error in this software.Development and validation of bloodless scanning procedures and analysisIn this study we have investigated the possibility of obtaining an estimate of the BP using only 30 minutes of data [Sossi et a l, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Neurore­ceptor Mapping, Vancouver (2004)].The practical impact of this study is the fact that we will be able to perform two scans on rats with the same D TBZ delivery, since we produce DTBZ with a typical SA o f 5300 Ci/m m ol at end of synthesis (EOS).104Preliminary results indicate that specific activities as low as 600 Ci/m m ol do not cause significant receptor occupancy.Impact of measurement uncertainties on the deter­mination of the DVR, and BPThis work was prompted by a need to evaluate the(R)feasibility of biological studies on the m icroPET , i.e. to obtain an estimate of the expected accuracy with which parameters related to neuro-receptor studies can be determined on the microPET®. We thus investi­gated the effect of measurement uncertainty on the determination of the distribution volume ratio (DVR) and binding potential (BP) as estimated using the tis­sue input Logan (DVR/,, BP/.) and the ratio (DVRr,(R)BPr) methods for two tracers, with the microPET R4 camera. Parameter coefficients o f variation (COV) were estimated from a combination of rat and phantom data. For 11C-dihydrotetrabenazine the CO V was 11% for the BP/, and 13.4% for the BPr when using TACs obtained from individual regions of interest (ROIs) and segmented attenuation correction. The COVs were re­duced to 7.5% (B P /,) and 8 .6% (BPr) when the stri­atal and cerebellar TACs were estimated as averages of 3 and 2 ROIs respectively. Results obtained for 11C-methylphenidate (MP) yielded approximately 30% higher COVs. W ith measured attenuation correction the COVs were on average 100% higher [Sossi et al., Proc. IEEE/MIC, Rome, Italy (2004); Sossi et al. (sub­mitted to Phys. Med. Biol.)]. The practical impact of this study is the fact that we were able to obtain an estimate of the measurement accuracy which will guide us in the determination of the feasibility o f various rat studies as well as a determination of the superiority of the segmented attenuation correction method com­pared to the measured one.Experiment LS60The physiological role of copper in marine phytoplankton(M .T. Maldonado, UBC)The short-lived radionuclides 64,67Cu are used to in­vestigate the physiological role of copper in Fe-limited phytoplankton. Physiological research during the last two years in our laboratory suggests that Fe-limited di­atoms have a higher demand for Cu than Fe-sufficient cells, and that Cu limitation impairs their high-affinity Fe transport system. These results are the first to demonstrate Cu limitation of marine phytoplankton growth and a role for Cu in phytoplankton Fe uptake. During 2004, we have investigated the mechanistic role of Cu in high-affinity Fe transport systems in coastal and oceanic diatoms, using the radioisotope 64Cu pro­vided by TRIUMF.Using the methods we have developed in our lab­oratory, we have measured rates of Fe uptake, Fe oxi­dation, and Fe reduction. Since the summer, we have measured intracellular levels of Cu in Fe-limited and Fe-sufficient coastal and oceanic phytoplankton using 64 Cu. In 2005 we hope to focus on determining Cu lev­els in various cellular compartments, and the kinetics o f Cu transport of these microorganisms will be deter­mined using 64Cu.During 2004, we processed a limited number of the samples we have collected to determine preliminary cel­lular Cu and Fe requirements of our diatom species using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrome­try (GFAAS). The samples were obtained from lab­oratory diatom cultures grown under various Fe and Cu levels, as well as from offshore, Fe-limited regions in the Antarctic and sub-Arctic Pacific Ocean. These data are limited, given how time consuming it is to process these samples and the high demand for these analytical instruments. However, these GFAAS data have been invaluable to validate the use of 64 Cu to determine intracellular Cu levels of Fe-limited marine phytoplankton.An examination of published estimates of Cu:C ra­tios (based on linear relationships between dissolved Cu and P O /~ concentrations in oceanic nutriclines and Redfield ratios) in Fe-deficient waters determined that they are twice as high as those from other oceanic re­gions, suggesting that Cu uptake by the biota is sig­nificantly elevated in low Fe waters. This puzzling re­sult is consistent with a physiological role of Cu in Fe acquisition. Yet, at present, no direct comparison has been made between particulate Cu:C ratios in low and high Fe waters. Our measurements o f intracellular Cu concentrations, using 64 Cu, have allowed us to demon­strate that indeed the cellular Cu levels in low Fe cul­tures are elevated relative to Fe-replete cultures, and that phytoplankton in Fe-limited open ocean waters have high particulate copper values relative to those in non Fe-limited regions. A manuscript summarizing these findings will be submitted during the summer, 2005.Experiment LS63Non-invasive monitoring of tumour progres­sion in the Shionogi tumour model for prostate cancer(M.J. Adam, TRIUMF; D. Yapp, BCCA)In the first 8 months of this project, efforts were fo­cused on optimizing the synthesis o f 18F-EF5 and time for distribution of the radiolabelled tracer to obtain images with the best signal-to-noise ratios. In addi­tion, we have also used 18F-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) to image viable tumour tissue and thus locate the po­105sition o f the tumour on the mouse image.Mice bearing androgen dependent (AD) and an­drogen independent (AI) tumours have been imaged with 18F-EF5 followed by 18F-FDG. In a typical ex­periment, the animals were anesthetized (halothane), and placed on the scanning bed. 18F-EF5 was injected intravenously (tail vein) and the animal was scanned, initially for 4 hours; subsequent scans were carried out3 hours after injection o f the labelled EF5 for 30 min­utes. Once the EF5 scans were completed, 18F-FDG was injected and the animal was re-scanned.These experiments indicated that ~60 /xCi of 18F- EF5 was appropriate for imaging tumour hypoxia in Shionogi tumours grown in D D /S mice. A similar dose for 18F-FDG was also used in the same animal. The4 hour scan was done to obtain a time-activity curve (TAC) to determine the kinetics of EF5 uptake in tu­mour tissue. The ratio o f 18F-EF5 activity between tu­mour and non-tumour areas was found to be as high as 1.9. Areas of uptake in AI tumours were gener­ally more consistent and well distributed compared to AD tumours. FDG uptake was useful for delineating the edges o f the tumour, differentiating between viable and necrotic areas in the tumour. No significant dif­ferences between FDG uptake in AD and AI tumours were found. Funding has been provided by a one year grant from the Prostate Cancer Research Foundation.Experiment LS69In-vivo studies on regulation of dopamine turnover using a Parkinson’s disease rat model and a m icroPET(V. Sossi, UBC)In preparation for the initiation of this study two aspects were examined: PE T estimate of lesion severity and effect of anesthesia.A key aspect o f the studies described in this proposal is the determination o f relative changes in vesicular monoamine transporter (VM AT2) marker 11 C-dihydrotetrabenzine (DTBZ) and dopamine trans­porter (DAT) marker n C-methylphenidate (M P) bind­ing in rat striata. It was thus essential to determine if lesion severity could be properly assessed by PET and not be confounded by instrumental limitation such as the finite PE T resolution. One o f the methods to quan­tify lesion severity in a rat model with PET is to com­pare tracer binding in the lesioned side to that of the healthy side. In a preliminary study we have scanned 6 unilaterally 6-HODA lesioned rats with DTBZ and MP, and determined the BP for both striata. Sub­sequently we sacrificed four of the six rats and per­formed post-mortem [3H]WIN35,428 (for DAT) and [U C]DTBZ (for VM AT2) binding. The PET studies were done in identical conditions for two anesthetics:isofluorane and ketamine/xylazine. This was done to compare the effect o f two anesthetics on the PE T mea­sures, since anesthesia is known to influence binding potential (BP) measures in a tracer and receptor type dependent manner.Lesion severity was estimated as BPiesion/B P heaithy for both PET and post-mortem measures. Results are shown in Fig. 139. Excellent correlation was found be­tween PET measures and post-mortem measures indi­cating that lesion severity can be accurately assessed with PET. For DTBZ the linear correlation coefficient (r2) between the two PET estimates was 0.98 with BPiso = 1-22 BPket + 0.1662. r2 between B Piso (BPket) and BPpOSt_mortem was 0.93 (0.91) with BP;so (BPke, ) = 0.0077 (0.0055)BPpost_ mortem + 0.19 (0.16). For MP the r2 between the two PET estimates was 0.92 with BPiso = 1-47 BPket - 0.0939. r2 between B Piso (B Pket) and BPpost—mortem was 0.99 (0.96) with BPjso (B Pke^ ) = 0.16 (0.093)BPpost—mortem ~f" 0.036 (0.141).We thus found that for both tracers there is an excellent linear relation between the two PE T BP es­timates and between PET BP and post-mortem mea­sures. We also found that the coefficients o f the lin­ear relation are different for each tracer and anes­thetic (even accounting for a different scale in the post­mortem BP assessment). Anesthesia effects thus need to be accounted for when comparing relative changes in ligand-receptor BP between different tracers. To this end we are now planning to extend this study to 10 rats.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2Post-mortemLesion severity - MPPost-mortemFig. 139. Relation between lesion severity assessment with PET (under isofluorane anesthesia) and post-mortem mea­sures for DTBZ (above) and MP (below).106These results have been submitted as an abstract to the 2005 AMI meeting [Sossi et al., Proc. AMI meeting (in press)].Most o f the instrumentation and methodological advances described in LS57 will be directly applicable to the studies proposed in this research description. In particular the short scanning protocol will be used for DTBZ scans in conjunction with post-injection trans­mission scanning (see LS57).Experiment LS70Quantification of high resolution brain imaging(V. Sossi, UBC)Implementation of cluster and data archival systemAn IBM blade server composed of 8 blades with two xenon 2.8 GHz processors and 1 MB of RAM has been installed and configured to run a parallelized ver­sion of OSEM3D (provided by CPS) under Windows. Performance tests have been done and the cluster is now ready for routine reconstructions. Likewise an au­tomated archiving procedure has been developed.List mode image reconstructionThe development of the list mode reconstruction was published this year [Rahmim et al., Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 4239 (2004)]. In continuation of that work we have focused on the study of convergent algorithms;i.e. iterative algorithms which (with further iterations) consistently improve such figures of merit as resolution and contrast, relevant to research and clinical tasks [Rahmim et al., Proc. IEEE/M IC, Rome, Italy (2004)]. We have furthermore investigated various interpolation techniques, used in the forward- and back-projection operations in statistical list-mode reconstruction: 1) Siddon interpolation (fastest), 2) bilinear and 3) trilin- ear (most accurate) interpolation techniques. We havedemonstrated that bilinear interpolation results in an approximately 15% improvement in resolution (2.7 mm as opposed to 3.1 mm in the centre o f the field of view), while increasing the reconstruction time only by 20%.We are currently performing final testing o f the quantification accuracy of the list mode reconstruction (both the ordinary and convergent subset versions, us­ing bilinear interpolation and a comparison of image reconstruction algorithms.Patient motion correctionThe paper describing the inclusion of motion cor­rection into image reconstruction has been published [Rahmim et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. (in press)]. We have now acquired the Polaris™ tracking system and are currently in the process o f setting it up and defining its optimum position with respect to the HRRT field of view. We found that with the current marker plate the sensor was able to see the passive marker tool in the scanner at distances of 155 cm and greater, how­ever, often only three of the four markers were visible. These experimental results agree with the calculated FOV values. We are currently investigating the possi­bility o f building a smaller plate, which would decrease the required distance between the Polaris system and the scanner.The current Polaris marker geometry has a maxi­mum distance of 164.0 mm between the markers. The restrictions on the marker separation and positions are that each segment is at least 5 mm apart from all oth­ers, and that the minimum distance between mark­ers is 50 mm. Using these guidelines, we could have a smaller tool with a maximum distance between mark­ers of 91.2 mm thus making the use of the marker plate more practical.107T H E O R E T IC A L P R O G R A MIntroductionThe TRIUMF Theory group provides a centre for theoretical research at TRIUMF and a group of ac­tive people involved in research in a wide variety o f ar­eas. Some of these areas are of direct relevance to the on-site experimental program. Others are more closely related to projects elsewhere involving TRIUMF and other Canadian scientists. Still others are more gen­eral, contributing to, and participating in, the efforts o f the subatomic physics community both in Canada and elsewhere.At present the group consists o f four permanent staff members, six to seven research associates and a number of students and visitors. Currently the main research interests are nuclear structure and reactions, nuclear astrophysics and cosmology, lattice QCD, effec­tive field theories and chiral perturbation theory, few- body systems, and particle physics beyond the stan­dard model.The four permanent staff members o f the group are: Harold W . Fearing, Byron K. Jennings (group leader), John N. Ng, and Richard M. Woloshyn. Erich W. Vogt (professor emeritus, UBC) is an associate member. Research associates during 2004 were: R. Allahverdi,S. Ando, C. Barbieri, P. Capel (from November), W . Chang (until September), R. Cyburt, W . Liao (from October), J.-M. Sparenberg (until September), and L. Theussl. The graduate students associated with the group during 2004 were: N. Supanam, supervised byH. Fearing, and K. Wong, supervised by R. Woloshyn. B. Barrett (University o f Arizona) was on sabbatical with the group for several months.The short term visitors to the Theory group this year included: J. Al-Khalili, K. Amos, C. Aubin, N. Auerbach, S. Bogner, J. Bowers, M. Buechler, W . Dick- hoff, B. Fields, K. Foley, H.W. Hammer, S. Hands, D. Harnett, W . Haxton, I. Horvath, F. Khanna, A. Krass- nigg, D. Lin, H. Lipkin, M. Mebel, D. Renner, M. Sav­age, A. Schwenk, A. Steiner, M. Toharia, E. Tomusiak and D. WilkinsonAs usual members o f the group have been quite ac­tive, and below we briefly describe some of the many projects undertaken during the year by members o f the group and longer term visitors.Nuclear Structure and ReactionsTime-dependent analysis of the breakup o f 1 1 Be on 12C at 67 M eV /nu cleon(P. Capel; G. Goldstein, D. Baye, Brussels Free Univ.)The breakup o f 11Be on 12C at 67 MeV/nucleon has recently been studied experimentally at RIKEN [Fukuda et al., Phys. Rev. C70, 054606 (2004)]. Weanalyze this dissociation reaction in a semi-classical framework. The resulting time-dependent Schrodinger equation is solved numerically by expanding the pro­jectile wave function upon a three-dimensional spheri­cal mesh. The nuclear interaction between the projec­tile fragments and the target are modelled by optical potentials. The low-lying |+ resonance o f n Be induces a narrow peak in the breakup cross section. The nuclear interactions between the projectile and the target are found to be responsible for the transition towards this resonance. The good agreement with recent experimen­tal data confirms the validity of the model and leads us to suggest that nuclear induced breakup o f halo nuclei may be used as a quantitative probe o f their internal structure.Coupling-in-the-continuum effects in Coulomb dissociation of halo nuclei(P. Capel; D. Baye, Brussels Free Univ.)Coulomb dissociation is one o f the main tools used to study the halo structure. It also provides an indi­rect method for determining the astrophysical S'-factor of radiative capture reactions at stellar energies. In both cases, the experimental data are usually inter­preted with a first-order approximation restricted to the E l multipole with a possible E2 correction. In this perturbative technique, the breakup is assumed to oc­cur in a single-step transition from the initial bound state towards the continuum. However, higher-order effects corresponding to multi-step transitions occur­ring in the continuum may still be non-negligible, even at high energies. It is therefore o f great importance to assess the validity o f the first-order approximation so as to avoid biased analyses of experimental results.We investigated these higher-order effects by com­paring the first-order perturbation theory to the nu­merical resolution o f a time-dependent Schrodinger equation. The calculations have been performed for the breakup on a lead target o f 11Be and 8B. The populations of the different partial waves composing the 10Be-neutron or 7Be-proton continuum reveal that couplings in the continuum remain significant even at high impact parameters and high projectile-target relative velocities. Although the total breakup cross section is fairly well described at a first-order ap­proximation, its partial-wave components reached by the first-order transitions are significantly depleted to­wards other partial waves after the closest approach. The information extracted by assuming the validity of the first-order approximation is affected by an energy distortion. Another distortion is caused by the pres­ence of a resonance as exemplified by the |+ resonance108of 11 Be. Such effects may partly explain discrepancies between direct and indirect measurements of the astro- physical R-factor of the 7Be(p,7 )8B reaction at stellar energies.Determination of Si7(0) from published data(R.H. Cyburt, B. Davids, B.K. Jennings)The experimental landscape for the' B e+p radiative capture reaction is rapidly changing as new high preci­sion data become available. We present an evaluation of existing data, detailing the treatment of systematic errors and discrepancies, and show how they constrain the astrophysical S factor (S17), independent of any nuclear structure model. W ith theoretical models ro­bustly determining the behaviour of the sub-threshold pole, the extrapolation error can be reduced and a con­straint placed on the slope of S17. Using only radiative capture data, we find Si7(0 ) = 20.7 ± 0.6 (stat) ±1.0 (syst) eV b if data sets are completely indepen­dent, while if data sets are completely correlated we find Si7(0) = 21.4 ± 0.5 (stat) ± 1.4 (syst) eV b. The truth likely lies somewhere in between these two limits. Although we employ a formalism capable o f treating discrepant data, we note that the central value of the S factor is dominated by the recent high precision data of Junghans et al., which imply a substantially higher value than other radiative capture and indirect mea­surements. Therefore we conclude that further progress will require new high precision data with a detailed er­ror budget.Universal energy dependence of radiative cap­ture cross sections(R.H. Cyburt, B.K. Jennings)We continue the work by Jennings, which deter­mined that the low energy shape of radiative capture cross sections to be dominated by the non-linear nature of the sub-threshold pole. We show that these cross sections, or equivalently the astrophysical S-factor is determined primarily by the sub-threshold pole and the normalization of the regular Coulomb function. With this behaviour established, we provide simple functional forms that can be used to fit cross sec­tion data. We also show that this analysis is consistent with other studies of the E—>0 behaviour o f S-factors, though such expansions have a small radius of con­vergence, making them ill-suited for determining the shape outside the radius of convergence. We present results for 3He(a, q )7Be, 3H (a, 7 )7Li,7Be(p, 7 )8B, and 7L i(n ,7 )8Li.Three-particle model for halo/deform ed nuclide reactions(R.H. Cyburt, B. Davids, B.K. Jennings)We set out to describe two particle systems, one a composite o f two particles, being either a halo nucleus or deformed by its interaction with the third. We find a set of 2-body potentials describing each 2-body chan­nel. Using these potentials, we solve the three-body problem for several benchmark nuclei, including 6He, 6Be, 8Li and 8B. We show that we can reproduce the structure of these compound nuclei as well as their pro­duction cross sections.Hybrid potential/R -m atrix models for the 12C + a system(J.-M. Sparenberg)Hybrid models which combine the potential model, for the description of the background, with the R- matrix model, for the description of discrete states, have been developed. Physical parameters of discrete states are converted into formal R-matrix parameters, taking into account the potential background. The nu­clear part of this potential is constructed by a new vari­ant of an inversion method based on supersymmetric quantum mechanics. The method has been applied to 12 C + a S-wave elastic phase shifts.Construction of a A -A effective interaction for the calculation of hypernuclei(J.-M. Sparenberg; Y. Fujiwara, K yoto; K. Miyagawa, Okayama Science Univ.; M. Kohno, Kyushu Dental College; Y. Suzuki, Niigata; D. Baye, Brussels Free Univ.)The 1S’o A-A phase shifts generated by a QCD- inspired spin-flavour SUe quark model have been an­alyzed by a supersymmetric inversion method. This leads to a local potential which has been approximated by the sum of two Gaussian functions. This effective potential, together with A-N effective interactions ob­tained in the same way, has been used in microscopic calculations o f the and ®Be hypernuclei with anew three-cluster Fadeev formalism based on the two- cluster resonating-group-method kernel.Rescattering contribution to (e, e'p) cross sec­tion at high missing energy and momenta(C. Barbieri; L. Lapikas, NIKHEF; D. Rohe, Basel, for the E97-006 collaboration)The contribution of rescattering to final state inter­actions in the (e, e'p) cross section was studied using a semi-classical model. This approach considers a two- step process with the propagation of an intermediate nucleon and uses Glauber theory to account for the reduction o f the experimental yield due to N — N scat­tering. This calculation has relevance for the analysis109of data at high missing energies and in particular at the kinematics o f the E97-006 experiment done at Jefferson Lab. It is found that rescattering is strongly reduced in parallel kinematics with respect to perpendicular ones.The one-hole spectroscopic function has been mea­sured at Jefferson Lab for different nuclei, by the E97- 006 collaboration. This experiment focused on the re­gion at high missing energy and missing momenta, where the effects o f short-range and tensor correlations can be studied directly. The data obtained show that a sizable contribution to the experimental cross section comes from processes involving the rescattering of the detected proton, against other nucleons in the target. These effects are to be subtracted in order to obtain meaningful results.Comparison of the experimental data with both theoretical predictions o f short-range correlated strength and our rescattering calculations suggests that the results in parallel kinematics are reliable up to the pion emission threshold for 12C. Other effects, such as meson exchange currents, will have to be ad­dressed in order to explain the data in perpendicular kinematics.Nucleon-nucleus optical potential at low energy and proton capture(C. Barbieri, B.K. Jennings)Nucleon capture reactions at low energy like ' Be(p, y )8B play an important role in the understand­ing o f stellar evolution. In this regime, the nuclear op­tical potential that describes the nucleon-nucleus in­teraction can present substantial energy dependence and is expected to be sensitive to the surface of the target nucleus. Such low-energy correlations have been considered for 16 O in earlier works, based on the self- consistent Green’s function theory (SCGF).We have considered the nuclear self-energy ob­tained from SCGF calculations in a restricted model space and extended it the full momentum or coordi­nate spaces. This has been applied to proton scatter­ing and the leO (p ,7 )17F reaction. The results show that this method can lead to a simultaneous descrip­tion o f the bound nucleons (both particle and hole or­bitals) and scattering states. However, the phase shifts for the 1=1 partial waves present difficulties analogous to those encountered in reproducing the corresponding hole spectroscopic factors.Hadron masses in medium and neutron star properties(C .Y . Ryu, C.H. Hyun, S.W. Hong, Sungkyunkwan Univ.; B.K. Jennings)We have investigated the properties of the neutron star with relativistic mean-field models. We incorpo­rate in the quantum hadrodynamics and in the quark-meson coupling models a possible reduction of meson masses in nuclear matter. The equation o f state for neutron star matter is obtained and is employed in the Oppenheimer-Volkov equation to extract the max­imum mass o f the stable neutron star. We find that the equation o f state, the composition and the properties o f the neutron stars are sensitive to the values of the meson masses in medium.The shell model and projection operator for­malisms(B.K. Jennings)Shell models try to solve the nuclear many-body problem in a restricted space and take into account the restricted space by using effective interactions. In this paper two different approaches to generating the effective interaction are considered, one based on the projection operator formalism and the other on uni­tary transformations. The two approaches are derived in a parallel manner so that the difference becomes apparent. The effective interaction obtained in the two approaches is very different. For example in one ap­proach it is energy independent while in the other it is energy dependent.Effective operators within the ab in itio no-core shell model(B.R. Barrett, I. Stetcu, Arizona; P. Navratil, Lawrence Livermore National Lab; J.P. Vary, Iowa State)We implement an effective-operator formalism for general one- and two-body operators, obtaining results consistent with the no-core shell-model (NCSM) wave functions. In the NCSM formalism, we compute elec­tromagnetic properties using the two-body cluster ap­proximation for the effective operators and obtain re­sults which are sensitive to the range o f the bare op­erator. To illuminate the dependence on the range, we employ a Gaussian two-body operator of variable range, finding weak renormalization of long range op­erators (e.g. quadrupole) in a fixed model space. This is understood in terms o f the two-body cluster approx­imation which accounts mainly for short-range correla­tions. Consequently, short-range operators, such as the relative kinetic energy, will be well-renormalized in the two-body cluster approximation.Nuclear Astrophysics, CosmologyPrecision primordial 4He measurement with C M B experiments(R.H. Cyburt; G. Huey, B.D. Wandelt, UIUC)Big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and the cosmic mi­crowave background (CMB) are two major pillars of cosmology. Standard BBN accurately predicts the pri­mordial light element abundances (4He, D, 3He and1107Li), depending on one parameter, the baryon den­sity. Light element observations are used as a bary- orneter. The CMB anisotropies also contain informa­tion about the content o f the universe which allows an important consistency check on the big bang model. In addition CMB observations now have sufficient ac­curacy not only to determine the total baryon den­sity, but also resolve its principal constituents, H and 4He. We present a global analysis of all recent CMB data, with special emphasis on the concordance with BBN theory and light element observations. We find 0 Bh2 = 0.025 + 0.0019 - 0.0026 and Yp = 0.250 + 0.010 — 0.014 (fraction o f baryon mass as 4He) us­ing CMB data alone, in agreement with 4He abun­dance observations. W ith this concordance established we show that the inclusion of BBN theory priors sig­nificantly reduces the volume of parameter space. In this case, we find HBh2 — 0.0244 + 0.00137 — 0.00284 and Yp = 0.2493 + 0.0006 — 0.001. We also find that the inclusion of deuterium abundance observations re­duces the Yp and HBh2 ranges by a factor of ~ 2 . Fur­ther light element observations and CMB anisotropy experiments will refine this concordance and sharpen BBN and the CMB as tools for precision cosmology.New B B N limits on physics beyond the stan­dard model from 4He(R.H. Cyburi; B.D. Fields, UIUC; K.A. Olive, E. Skill- man, Minnesota)A recent analysis of the 4 He abundance determined from observations of extragalactic HII regions indicates a significantly greater uncertainty for the 4He mass fraction. The derived value is now in line with predic­tions from big bang nucleosynthesis when the baryon density determined by W M A P is assumed. Based on this new analysis of 4He, we derive constraints on a host of particle properties which include: limits on the number of relativistic species at the time o f BBN (com­monly taken to be the limit on neutrino flavours), lim­its on the variations of fundamental couplings such as a em and Gjv, and limits on decaying particles.Exotic particle decay scenarios in the early uni­verse(R.H. Cyburt; J. Ellis, CERN; B.D. Fields, UIUC; K.A. Olive, V.C. Spanos, Minnesota)We generalize our treatment of the radiative de­cay of an unstable particle in the universe to include decay channels which can produce hadrons as well as electro-magnetic radiation. Just as the EM-decay case, the highly non-thermal injection spectra o f in­jected particles are rapidly “cooled” and brought into a quasi-static or thermal equilibrium with the back­ground plasma. Further interactions with the plasma, either n — p conversion or nuclide dissociation, willchange the predictions of the standard big bang nu­cleosynthesis (BBN) scenario. Due to the general con­cordance between standard BBN and observations, this non-standard model of the early universe is highly con­strained. We present detailed discussions of the ther- malization history of the particle spectra, and the sub­sequent change to the light element abundances. By adopting these constraints and a particular model for the decaying particle, we can place strong limits on its mass and the temperature of reheating.W h a t’s next for big bang nucleosynthesis?(R.H. Cyburt)Big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) plays an impor­tant role in the standard hot big bang cosmology. BBN theory is used to predict the primordial abundances of the lightest elements, hydrogen, helium and lithium. Comparison between the predicted and observation- ally determined light element abundances provides a general test of concordance and can be used to fix the baryon content in the universe. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies now supplant BBN as the premier baryometer, espe­cially with the latest results from the W M AP satellite. With the W M A P baryon density, the test of concor­dance can be made even more precise.Any disagreement between theory predictions and observations requires careful discussion. Several possi­bilities exist to explain discrepancies: (1) observational systematics (either physical or technical) may not be properly treated in determining primordial light ele­ment abundances, (2) nuclear inputs that determine the BBN predictions may have unknown systematics or may be incomplete, and (3) physics beyond that in­cluded in the standard BBN scenario may need to be included in the theory calculation. Before we can be absolutely sure new physics is warranted, points (1) and (2) must be addressed and ruled out. All of these scenarios rely on experimental or observational data to make definitive statements of their applicability and range o f validity, which currently is not at the level nec­essary to discern between these possibilities with high confidence. Thus, new light element abundance obser­vations and nuclear experiments are needed to probe these further.Assuming concordance is established, one can use the light element observations to explore the evolution from their primordial values. This can provide use­ful information on stellar evolution, cosmic rays and other nuclear astrophysics. When combined with de­tailed models, BBN, the CMB anisotropy and nuclear astrophysics can provide us with information about the populations or environments in which the light ele­ments are observed. Precision cosmology becomes pre­i l lcision astrophysics.Primordial nucleosynthesis and the age of cos­mological enlightenment(R.H. Cyburt)Big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) theory has long- predicted the light element abundance pattern pro­duced during the first minutes after the big bang. These predictions rely on careful analyses o f nuclear cross section data to accurately and precisely describe this early epoch. We review the current status of BBN, discussing its concordance with light element abundance observations and the parameter determi­nations from the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. The future o f primordial nucleosynthesis hinges on new experimental and observational data. BBN remains a powerful probe of the early universe, which can help illuminate and constrain fundamental questions in nuclear and particle astrophysics.Lattice Q CDA n alternate smearing m ethod for W ilson loops(F. Okiharu, Nihon; R.M. Woloshyn)A gauge field link smearing method developed for calculations with staggered fermions, namely the use of unitarized fat7 links, is applied to mesonic and bary- onic Wilson loop calculations. This method is found to be very effective for reducing statistical fluctuations for large Wilson loops. Examination of chromo-electric field distributions shows that self-interactions of the static sources are reduced when unitarized fat7 smear­ing is used but long-distance inter-quark effects are un­changed. This method was applied to the calculation o f the static quark-antiquark potential and the three- quark potential in the baryon. The colour field distri­bution in the baryon was calculated but there was not enough sensitivity to see, unambiguously, the forma­tion o f flux tubes in the three quark system.Staggered fermions and topology in lattice Q C D(K .Y . Wong, SFU; R.M. Woloshyn)The spectral properties o f a variety of improved staggered operators are studied in quenched QCD. The systematic dependence o f the infrared eigenvalue spec­trum on i) improvement in the staggered operator, ii) improvement in the gauge field action, iii) lattice spac­ing and iv) lattice volume, is analyzed. It is observed that eigenmodes with small eigenvalues and large chi­rality appear as the level o f improvement increases or as one approaches the continuum limit. These eigen­modes can be identified as the “zero modes” which contribute to the chirality associated, via the index the­orem, with the topology o f the background gauge field.This gives evidence that staggered fermions are sensi­tive to gauge field topology. After successfully identify­ing these would-be chiral zero modes, the distribution o f the remaining non-chiral modes is compared with the predictions o f random matrix theory in different topological sectors. Excellent agreement is obtained.Lattice simulations with twisted mass Q C D(A. Abdel-Rehim, R. Lewis, Regina; R.M. Woloshyn)Recently a new variation o f Wilson-like fermions has been proposed for lattice QCD. It features an axial rotation of the Wilson term relative to the mass term. This removes the possibility of accidental zero modes at non-zero quark mass thus solving the “exceptional configuration” problem. However the new action vio­lates invariance and quark-flavour symmetry at non­zero lattice spacing. A quenched QCD simulation with the twisted mass action is being undertaken to inves­tigate questions such as the effect of using different definitions of the twist angle and the size of flavour symmetry breaking in the hadron mass spectrum. The scaling of hadron masses with lattice spacing is also being investigated.Effective Field Theories and Chiral Perturba­tion TheoryNeutron beta-decay in effective field theory(S. Ando, H.W. Fearing; V. Gudkov, K. Kubodera, F. Myhrer, South Carolina; S. Nakamura, T. Sato, Os­aka)Radiative corrections to the lifetime and angular correlation coefficients o f neutron beta-decay are eval­uated in effective field theory. We also evaluate the lowest order nucleon recoil corrections, including weak- magnetism. Our results agree with those of the long- range and model-independent part of previous calcu­lations. In an effective theory the model dependent ra­diative corrections are replaced by a well-defined low energy constant. The effective field theory allows a sys­tematic evaluation of higher order corrections to our results to the extent that the relevant low-energy con­stants are known.Radiative corrections and internal degrees of freedom in ChPT(N. Supanam, Suranaree Univ. o f Technology; H.W. Fearing)In the usual approach photons, leptons, and weak currents are included in ChPT as fixed external fields. For radiative corrections however, and for calculat­ing things like electromagnetic isospin violation, such fields have to be included as explicit degrees o f free­dom so that they can be included as internal lines in diagrams. To do this one first needs to derive the most general ChPT Lagrangian involving nucleons, pions,112photons, leptons, W s and Zs all as internal degrees of freedom. As a first application we intend to apply this Lagrangian to radiative corrections to neutron beta de­cay, which should give as a result expressions for the two constants of the EFT approach in terms of the low energy constants o f ChPT. This should resolve a ma­jor flaw in the EFT approach, namely the fact that the EFT constants are specific to the given process whereas the ChPT LECs can be obtained from other processes, thus in principle allowing a prediction of the radiative corrections to beta decay.Ordinary muon capture in RelChPT and rela­tivistic renormalization schemes(S. Ando, H.W. Fearing)A major effort this past year has been devoted to understanding the various approaches to relativistic chiral perturbation theory (RelChPT) and specifically to a calculation o f ordinary muon capture in this for­malism. RelChPT has the advantage over the standard heavy baryon ChPT o f allowing one to easily obtain a result to one higher order. However there are difficul­ties with the renormalization and there have been sev­eral proposals to resolve these difficulties. One of our primary goals has been to explore in the context of a practical calculation these various proposals and to try to understand what is best for doing real calculations.We have now completed the main calculation of or­dinary muon capture on the proton in the sense that we have results for the weak form factors g v , 9a , 9 m , and gp and for the isovector and isoscalar nucleon electro­magnetic form factors in terms of the low energy con­stants (LEC’s) of the relativistic theory. We are now looking at and comparing the additional finite renor­malizations required by the various proposed schemes. The longer term goal is to apply these same techniques to radiative pion capture, RMC, and perhaps other simple processes.Effective field theory of the deuteron with dibaryon field(S. Ando; C.H. Hyun, Seoul/Sungkyunkwan)Pionless effective field theory with dibaryon fields is reexamined for observables involving the deuteron. The electromagnetic form factors of the deuteron and the total cross section o f radiative neutron capture on the proton, np —» dy, are calculated.The low energy constants of vector (photon)- dibaryon-dibaryon vertices in the effective Lagrangian are fixed by the one-body vector(photon)-nucleon- nucleon interactions. This scheme for fixing the values o f the low energy constants satisfactorily reproduces the results of the effective range theory. We also show that, by including higher order corrections, one canobtain results that are close to those of the accurate potential model.The np —*■ dy cross sections at the B B N ener­gies(S. Ando, R.H. Cyburt; S.-W. Hong, Sungkyunkwan; C.H. Hyun, Seoul/Sungkyunkwan)The total cross sections for the radiative neutron capture on a proton, np —► dy, and its inverse reac­tion dy —> np are evaluated at the big bang nucleosyn­thesis energies. We employ the effective field theory with dibaryon field to describe the two-nucleon reac­tions with external electromagnetic probe. Electromag­netic transition amplitudes are obtained up to next-to leading order and the total cross sections for the in­verse reaction are calculated up to 2.3 MeV above the threshold photon energy. We compare our results with relevant experimental data and other theoretical cal­culations, and discuss the impact on BBN predictions. We show that the error in the cross section at BBN en­ergies is not lower than 1%. Higher order calculations do not improve this accuracy.Few-Body and M edium Energy ProcessesExact numerical solution of a 3-body Bethe- Salpeter equation(L. Theussl)We present a benchmark calculation o f binding en­ergies and wave functions of a bound state composed of three equal-mass, scalar particles in the Bethe-Salpeter framework. Ground and excited states, including dif­ferent orbital angular momenta, as well as different masses of the exchanged particle are considered.Bethe-Salpeter equation with non-planar dia­grams(L. Theussl)We present a formalism that allows the inclusion of an infinite number o f crossed diagrams in a Bethe- Salpeter equation. The method is illustrated and nu­merical benchmark results are presented for a simple two-body system of scalar particles.Form factors in the “point-form” of relativis­tic quantum mechanics: single- and two-particle currents(B. Desplanques, Grenoble; L. Theussl)Electromagnetic and Lorentz-scalar form factors are calculated for a bound system of two spin-less par­ticles exchanging a zero-mass scalar particle. Differ­ent approaches are considered including solutions of a Bethe-Salpeter equation, a “point form” approach to relativistic quantum mechanics and a non-relativistic one. The comparison of the Bethe-Salpeter results, which play the role o f an “experiment” here, with113the ones obtained in “point form” in single-particle approximation, evidences sizable discrepancies, point­ing to large contributions from two-body currents in the latter approach. These two-body currents are con­structed using two constraints: ensuring current con­servation and reproducing the Born amplitude. The two-body currents so obtained are qualitatively very different from standard ones. Quantitatively, they turn out to be insufficient to remedy all the shortcomings of the “point form” form factors evidenced in impulse approximation.Particle PhysicsToward precision measurements in solar neutri­nos(P.C. de Holanda, Campanis State; W. Liao; A. Yu. Smirnov, Moscow/INR)Solar neutrino physics enters a stage of precision measurements. In this connection we present a precise analytic description of the neutrino conversion in the context of LMA MSW solution of the solar neutrino problem. Using the adiabatic perturbation theory we derive an analytic formula for the ve survival proba­bility which takes into account the non-adiabatic cor­rections and the regeneration effect inside the Earth. The probability is averaged over the neutrino produc­tion region. We find that the non-adiabatic corrections are o f the order 1CT9 - 1CT7. Using the formula for the Earth regeneration effect we discuss features of the zenith angle dependence of the ve flux. In particular, we show that effects of small structures at the surface of the Earth can be important.Lepton flavour violation in extra dimension models(W .-F. Chang, J.N. Ng)Models involving large extra spatial dimension(s) have interesting predictions on lepton flavour violat­ing processes. We consider some 5D models which are related to neutrino mass generation or address the fermion masses hierarchy problem. We study the signa­tures in low energy experiments that can discriminate the different models. The focus is on muon-electron conversion in nuclei, p —> ey and p —> 3e processes and their r counterparts. Their links with the active neutrino mass matrix are investigated. We show that in the models we discussed, the branching ratio of p —> ey-like rare process is much smaller than the ones o f p * 3e-like processes. This is in sharp contrast to most of the traditional wisdom based on four dimen­sional gauge models. Moreover, some rare tau decays are more promising than the rare muon decays.Charged lepton electric dipole moments from TeV scale right-handed neutrinos(W .-F . Chang, J.N. Ng)We study the connection between charged lepton electric dipole moments, di (I = e ,p ,r ) , and seesaw neutrino mass generation in a simple two Higgs dou­blet extension o f the standard model plus three right- handed neutrinos (RHN) Na, a = 1 ,2,3. For RHN with hierarchical masses and at least one with mass in the 10 TeV range we obtain the upper bounds of \de \ < 9 x 1 (T 30 e-cm and |dM| < 2 x 10“ 26 e-cm. Our scenario favors the normal mass hierarchy for the light neutrinos. We also calculated the cross section for e~e~ —> W ~ W ~ in a high luminosity collider with constraints from neutrinoless double beta decay of nu­clei included. Among the rare muon decay experiments we find that p —> ey is most sensitive and the upper limit is < 8 x 10-13.Leptogenesis from a sneutrino condensate re­examined(R. Allahverdi; M. Drees, Munich)We re-examine leptogenesis from a right-handed sneutrino condensate, paying special attention to the .B-term associated with the see-saw Majorana mass. This term generates a lepton asymmetry in the con­densate whose time average vanishes. However, a net asymmetry will result if the sneutrino lifetime is not much longer than the period o f oscillations. Supersym­metry breaking by thermal effects then yields a lepton asymmetry in the standard model sector after the con­densate decays. We explore different possibilities by taking account of both the low-energy and Hubble B- terms. It will be shown that the desired baryon asym­metry of the universe can be obtained for a wide range o f Majorana mass.Scenarios o f modulated perturbations(R. Allahverdi)In an alternative mechanism recently proposed, adi­abatic cosmological perturbations are generated at the decay o f the inflaton field due to small fluctuations o f its coupling to matter. This happens whenever the coupling is governed by the vacuum expectation value o f another field, which acquires fluctuations during in­flation. We discuss generalization and various possible implementations of this mechanism, and present some specific particle physics examples. In many cases the second field can start oscillating before perturbations are imprinted, or survive long enough so as to dominate over the decay products of the inflaton. The primordial perturbations will then be modified accordingly in each case.114Enhanced reheating via Bose condensates(R. Allahverdi; R. Brandenberger, A. Mazumdar, McGill)In supersymmetric extensions of the particle physics standard model, gauge invariant combinations of squarks and sleptons (flat directions) can acquire large expectation values during a period of cosmolog­ical inflation. If the inflaton sector couples to matter fields via these flat directions, then new channels for efficient reheating, in particular via parametric reso­nance instabilities, are opened up. These can lead to efficient reheating induced by the flat directions even if the bare coupling constants are small. We discuss various channels which yield this “enhanced reheating” effect, and we address some cosmological consequences.Leptogenesis as the source of dark matter and density perturbations(R. Allahverdi; M. Drees, Bonn)We investigate the possibility that the entropy pro­ducing decay of a right-handed sneutrino condensate can simultaneously be the source of the baryon asym­metry, of gravitino dark matter, and of cosmological density perturbations. For generic values of soft su­persymmetry breaking terms in the visible sector of 1-10 TeV, condensate decay can yield the dark mat­ter abundance for gravitinos in the mass range 1 MeV to 1 TeV, provided that the resulting reheat temper­ature is below 106 GeV. The abundance of thermally produced gravitinos before and after sneutrino decay is then negligible. We consider different leptogenesis mechanisms to generate a sufficient asymmetry, and find that low-scale soft leptogenesis works most natu­rally at such temperatures. The condensate can easily generate sufficient density perturbations if its initial amplitude is ~ O(Mqut), for a Hubble expansion rate during inflation >109 GeV. Right-handed sneutrinos may therefore at the same time provide a source for baryogenesis, dark matter and the seed of structure formation.Gravitino production from reheating in split supersymmetry(R. Allahverdi; A. Jokinen, A. Mazumdar, NORDITA)We discuss gravitino production from reheating in models where the splitting between particle and sparti- cle masses can be larger than TeV, as naturally arising in the context o f split supersymmetry. We show that such a production typically dominates over thermal contributions arising from the interactions of gauginos, squarks and sleptons. We constrain the supersymmetry breaking scale of the relevant sector for a given reheat temperature. However, the situation changes when the gravitinos dominate the universe and decay before nu­cleosynthesis. We briefly describe prospects for a suc­cessful baryogenesis and a viable neutralino dark mat­ter in this case.MiscellaneousCreating nuclear data representations and er­ror budget accounting(R.H. Cyburt)Great effort is exerted by experimentalists to beat down and understand the overall error budget in their experiments, in particular nuclear cross section data. In principle, an equally rigorous formalism for combin­ing data should be used when determining data repre­sentations and their uncertainties. We present such a formalism here. We detail the treatment of statistical and systematic uncertainties, showing how correlations impact a maximum likelihood analysis. We also clar­ify the nature of discrepant data and how to quantify the magnitude o f the discrepancy. Though the precise definitions presented here are not set in stone, their re­sults are particularly robust, thus other types of anal­yses should agree quantitatively. Data analysis is lim­ited directly by the data, and can be improved upon in two ways: (1) new, more accurate and precise data are obtained, and (2) old data can be excluded given suffi­cient reason. We conclude with a discussion of propa­gating cross section representations into thermal rates and uncertainties, which are then readily available for use in nuclear astrophysics calculations.115EXPERIM ENTAL FACILITIESProton and Neutron Irradiation Facilities(E. W. Blackmore, TRIUMF)This year was the busiest year yet for proton and neutron irradiations. TRIUMF has become recognized as a premier test site for space radiation effects using variable energy protons and now, with the capability of providing a neutron energy spectrum similar to that found at aircraft altitudes and at ground level, neu­tron beam time is also becoming heavily subscribed. A large fraction of the proton users are Canadian space- related companies, while the neutrons are used primar­ily by foreign companies for avionics and microelec­tronics testing.Proton irradiation facilityDuring the year there were five scheduled periods for proton testing on the low energy beam line BL2C and during two of these periods the high energy beam line BL1B was also available.The group from Sandia National Laboratories and CEA in France carried out Expt. 948, Proton Radi­ation Effects in Silicon-on-Insulator and Bulk-Silicon Devices, in two beam periods, one on BL2C at lower energies in May and then on BL1B at energies up to 500 MeV in December. This experiment had a number of studies, including investigating the effects o f total dose on single-event upsets, the effects of proton energy on single-event latchup and simulating the terrestrial neutron environment using protons. The Sandia group also used commercial time for single event testing of various devices.Groups from MD Robotics visited the facility five times during the year, testing components o f a LIDAR system, and various other cards and devices. A special set-up with a 15 cm by 15 cm proton beam spot was used for one test. Other Canadian space companies us­ing beam this year included Routes Astro Engineering and Xiphos. Tests o f radiation effects on fibre optic cables were carried out for the space group at the Uni­versity of Calgary. Foreign users included QinetiQ and BAE Systems from the UK.Neutron irradiation facilityA schematic o f the neutron facility is shown in Fig. 140. Protons are stopped in an aluminum plate beam dump located at the end of BL1A. The pro­ton beam - 500 M eV and typically 120-140 fiA - is degraded to about 400 MeV by passing through the T I and T2 meson production and a series o f isotope production targets. The beam dump is immersed in a cylindrical water tank and four horizontal neutron beam channels emerge from the steel shielding sur­rounding the beam dump. These 20 cm wide by 8 cmSteel sh ie ld ing. mmTNFWaterTankVertical access through sh ie ld ing Access f lo o r 16 n \ above neutronbeam lineConcretesh ieldingNeutron channel located 15cm be low * to f p ro ton beam dum pDevice to be test m ounted on p late and lowered in to beamNeutron m onitor BF3 / polyethylene***1^ Neutron beamFig. 140. The TRIUMF neutron irradiation facility.tall channels are offset vertically from the proton beam line so that they look at the water moderator below the beam dump. Neutrons must scatter in the water mod­erator at least once in order to enter the beam pipe. Thermalized neutrons are also present in this beam. One of the channels can be accessed through a verti­cal slot in the shielding and this is where devices are tested.The neutron spectrum follows the terrestrial spec­trum from below 1 MeV to the highest neutron en­ergies around 400 MeV. The rate is about 109 times higher than the ground level neutron fluence o f about 20 neutrons/cm -2 s-1 above 10 MeV, so accelerated testing can be carried out very efficiently. The only other similar facility is at LANSCE in Los Alamos but it was shut down through most of 2004.The users in 2004 included avionics testing by a Swedish/UK collaboration called SPAESRANE and a US company Smiths Aerospace, along with two micro­electronics testing companies, HIREX from France and IROC Technologies from US/France.Proton Therapy Facility(E. W. Blackmore, TRIUMF)In 2004 there were 6 patients treated with protons during four scheduled treatment sessions. This brings the total number of patients treated at TRIUMF to 95. This is a lower number than in previous years but seems to be just a statistical variation.There were no significant changes made to the treatment system or the treatment planning software during 2004.116A radiobiology experiment was carried out using 50 MeV protons to compare the RBE (relative biolog­ical effectiveness) of protons to antiprotons to deter­mine the effectiveness of antiprotons for cancer ther­apy. The antiproton measurements were carried out using the AD (antiproton decelerator) at CERN. The biological samples were Chinese hamster V-79 W NRE immobilized in gelatin, using a technique developed by L. Skarsgard o f the BC Cancer Research Centre. To match the antiproton energy spread a one-step mod­ulator was designed for the protons. This work is a collaboration o f institutions in Europe, Canada and the United States. A publication o f the results is being pursued.Centre for Molecular and Materials Science (^S R + /3 -N M R ) User Facility(S. Kreitzman, TRIUMF)OverviewProposals and funding The primary news regarding Centre for Molecular and Materials Science (CMMS) operations was the coupled results of our 2004 Major Facilities Access Grant (MFAG) submission and the TRIUMF Five-Year Plan, also submitted in 2003. For the second time, our MFAG was renewed only for a sin­gle year, due to exactly the reasons that this occurred during our previous MFA application. The MFAG se­lection committee simply was not aware of the fund­ing status of the Five-Year Plan, as this was to be announced after the MFAG selection committee con­cluded its decision making process.As o f the end of 2004, the TRIUM F Five-Year Plan is advocating two major /j,SR beam line facility up­grades. The M9A beam line is the highest priority and will provide a new high luminosity surface muon beam fitted with an achromatic spin rotator/separator. Fur­ther plans include a state-of-the-art turnkey spectrom­eter at the end of this beam line, suitable for the broad range of general researchers who wish to use /jSR as one of many tools in the investigation o f their materials of interest. The second /zSR proposed beam line upgrade is to split M20 into two legs, one o f which supports “muons on request” , a configuration which allows one to do /iSR experiments on a longer time scale. With these TRIUMF plans in place, the CMMS will again submit an expanded MFAG application to support the new planned infrastructure.Funding support for our user groups continues to be strong, and major funding in the 2004 competitions has been received (including equipment and group op­erations) to support condensed matter high pressure work in exotic materials.Beam utilization Browsing the beam schedul­ing Web pages http://tcm m s.ca/sched/schl05a.htm land http://tcm m s.ca/sched/schl06a.htm l shows that apart from some lost time on M9B (due to solenoid dif­ficulties) no other significant beam delivery losses im­pacted the CMMS /zSR schedule in 2004. However, the /3-NMR//3-NQR schedule was reduced from historical levels due to technical difficulties with targets. Sum­marizing this data, the schedules reflect experiments, taking 882 12 hour shifts or 73.5 beam weeks on four beam lines. The breakdown for the major spectrom­eters was (in weeks): OM NI'/SFUM U - 9; DR - 10; LAM PF - 12; HiTime - 14; Helios - 24.5; /3-NMR//3- NQR - 4.DevelopmentsSignificant facility developments may be catego­rized into two broad components, the first with evolu­tions in beam line operation and the second regarding technical progress on specific instruments or inserts.Operational evolutions• Spin rotated tunes for high-momentum muons in M9B are being developed utilizing a differen­tially powered split quad after the solenoid sec­tion. This allows for high muon momentum (but lower rate) tunes with predominantly left/right polarization. Such tunes are now routinely being used to do transverse field /tSR in moderate to high fields without suffering the beam steering effects of injecting into a magnetic field perpen­dicular to the beam momentum.• Switched and/or simultaneous /3-NMR//3-NQR operation has led to much more efficient use of the precious ISAC unstable beams. Now T i spin lattice relaxation measurements can be done on one leg while simultaneous frequency scan (or T i) techniques are carried out on the other.Technical progress and developments• The new high field, high timing front end for our D R is now in fabrication. It utilizes wave shifting technology for the backward and veto counters, and an optimized HiTime-like muon counter (see Fig. 141).• W ith the significant field modelling efforts of Bassam Hitti, the problems at very high fields with respect to beam steering and inhomogeneity have been identified and corrected in the HiTime spectrometer. The field steering was due to a 1° misalignment of the magnet within the bore. A reorientation of the magnet now predominantly removes this effect. High field homogeneity (ca­pability to lock an NMR probe from 2-7 T) has been achieved by appropriately placed magnetic shims within the bore.117Fig. 141. A cut away view of the new high timing reso­lution front end for the DR. The back, muon and active collimator scintillators are shown.• A high pressure cell cryogenic alignment insert for our gas flow cryostats has been designed and built. It contains two in-cryostat scintilla­tors which help define and range the muon beam. Additionally, a dummy cell with a sanitization counter in the sample space o f the high pressure cell is available to establish appropriate muon momenta for different cells (see Fig. 142).• Design of a dual walled high pressure cell (capa­ble of 2.5 GP) continues.• A third generation temperature stable vari­able frequency microwave (0.8-2.5 GHz) trans­mitter/cavity system has been designed, and is now in fabrication.• The new OMNI' fabrication and assembly is com­plete and the spectrometer is in operation.• A second generation /3-NMR//3-NQR frequency synthesizer has now been designed and proof o f principle tests successfully conducted. This allows for a single module to be utilized to generate the 1 /3 /5 F /3-NQR pulses and the 0 /90/180/270° /3-NMR pulses with the change o f a switch and appropriate software initializa­tion parameters.• On a more prosaic level, scheduled maintenance on critical subsystems to minimize start-up or beam time problems is now being more widely implemented.Future perspectivesThe most significant future initiatives are the preparations to operate fj,SR at a higher level of user mode, initiated by the building of the new M9A beam line and spectrometer. The beam line will be unique at TRIUMF in so far as having extensive diagnostic and warning elements built into it so that nascent prob-Fig. 142. The pressure cell insert showing muon entry and exit counters, with the centre removable cell rod.lems can be detected before they become serious. Its achromatic dual spin rotator/separators will yield high luminosity (comparable to M l 5) in both spin polariza­tions. The spectrometer will be a turnkey operation and it is anticipated that additional MFAG personnel increases will allow full facility support for novice users, including first pass data analysis.The model set by this beam line will then filter into the operation o f our legacy facilities, leading to increased efficiency and utility in the CMMS opera­tion.Information and documentationPlease refer to our Web site http ://tcm m s.ca for full access to a broad range o f facility resources and information.Computing Services(C. Kost, TRIUMF)OverviewWhile 2003 was the year o f the massive migration of Computing Services to the new ISAC-II building, 2004 was the year o f consolidating and expanding the new network and computing infrastructure.The UBC-TRIUMF component o f WestGrid, the core of which is the 1008 3.06 GHz Xeon CPU cluster called Glacier, came into full operation in 2004 and was heavily used by TW IST - which was often the catalyst for both hardware and software upgrades to enable sta­ble operation o f Glacier. Migrating from NFS to IBM ’s GPFS and requiring raiding o f the pair o f disks in each node (due to the high failure rate o f the Toshiba 40 GB drives) were just two examples.The decision to have TRIUM F as the CERN AT­LAS Tierl for Canada is expected to have a significant impact on our group (and TRIUM F) as there are many elements that need to be integrated between our small118service group and the expected much larger ATLAS team planned for TRIUMF.To improve performance and reliability several servers were replaced with more powerful machines - mostly Dell 2650s.NetworkWe successfully configured and tested the TRIUMF new secure wireless LAN (WLAN) router from Colu- bris. This device will be used to automate IP assign­ments to the TRIUMF users in general and visitors in particular, once the single flat B space IP addresses have been separated into VLANs.To address the vulnerability of a single point of failure to all non-commodity network traffic to/from TRIUMF via the coarse wave division multiplexer (CW DM ) a second, more powerful pair o f CW DM s (see Fig. 143) was installed between TRIUMF and BCNET (located in downtown Vancouver). Contrary to plans envisioned last year, commodity traffic continued to be serviced via (now upgraded to a 1 Gbit link) UBC (which is supported by 3 redundant service providers) as the bandwidth manager effectively maintains this at an acceptable low rate.Additional fibres were laid from the main office building to ISAC-II - providing full redundancy be­tween almost all main nodes at TRIUMF.Two students spent most of their summer designing and implementing Web based tools to build a network database of most o f the equipment connected to the network backbone at TRIUMF.Computer securityThe reliability and regulation of the air- conditioners cooling the main compute server room in ISAC-II continue to be questionable and plans are under way for 2005 to address this with improvedFig. 143. New and old coarse wave division multiplexer (CWDM) connecting TRIUMF to BCNET.monitoring and supplementary heating to further re­duce temperature excursions.In accordance with TRIUMF policy all Linux ma­chines on the network now require “back-door” access - preferably privileged, but minimally with a normal user account to readily allow examination of any er­rant machine. It is also required that critical Windows updates be performed in a timely manner. The manda­tory move to Windows SP2 has been deferred till some­time in 2005.Although we avoided being infected by the My- doom virus attacks of January, August was a busy month for viruses with some 20 PCs, either through lack of appropriate updates or the unauthorized use o f KaZaA, infected with the w32.spybot.worm, while some were infected with W 32.M ydoom , or W32.Beagle by running e-mail attachments before Symantec re­leased a “cure” .To further improve security we now require Linux on networked computers to be updated as much as pos­sible to the latest Red Hat version or Scientific Linux (released on May 10, 2004 and generously provided through the joint efforts o f Fermilab and CERN). Com­puting Services provides local users with the required kickstart CDs as well as maintains an on-site mirror of Scientific Linux.E-mailDue to both aggressive e-mail filtering (typically re­jecting 6000 messages/day) before e-mail is passed to the end user, and increased use o f e-mail filtering by the end user, unwanted e-mails have been steadily de­clining. Early in the year a dual CPU Dell 2650 mail server running Redhat 9 was installed to address poor disk I /O performance. However, due to heavy growth in this area, the long term solution will likely require two or more machines - splitting the load by having one machine handle incoming mail, AntiVirus, and An- tiSpam filtering to a second machine for user mail ac­cess. A third machine would handle outgoing mail.ServersFigure 144 shows the current status of the main components of the Computing Services facilities. Al­most all servers have two or more power supplies which are connected to two or more networked power bars so as to provide redundancy, remote current monitoring, and power control to the servers. As the year-end ap­proached it was clear that more circuits would need to be provided than were available in the main server room. Plans are to double the number to this room by mid-2005.1191 RAID S TO R A G E -O L D MAILER2 LIGHTPATH TE S T SERVER3 IBM PUBLIC CLU STER4 O LD -M A IL SERVER5 WE8/APPLIC. SERVER6 SHARED FILES SERVER7 KOPIOOOC FILE SERVER8 O L D -B A C K U P SERVER9 2TB SHARED STORAGE10 TIME SERVER11 PRINT SERVER1? MAIL SERVER18 BACKUP SERVER19 LCG STORAGE21 LIGHTPATH SENDER22 LIGHTPATH RECEIVER13 NAME SERVER14 DOCUSHARE SERVER15 NEW FILE SERVER16 NEW SHARE FILES SERVERFig. 144. Status of main components of the Computing Services hardware facilities.CER N/ATLAS service challenges / IGT and 10 GbE developmentsIn order to develop an LCG presence at TRIUMF (reported elsewhere in this Annual Report) and in preparation for dealing with the upcoming service chal­lenges relating to the CERN ATLAS experiment sched­uled to start production mid-2007, two new staff mem­bers were hired. Hardware, based largely on the experi­ences acquired with the high-speed, long distance data transfers relating to the IG T developments (described below), is being ordered for delivery in early 2005.A great deal o f experience has been acquired as a result of various tests run over a 10 GbE linking TRIUM F and CERN. TRIUMF acquired two power­ful servers with dual 3.2 GHz Xeon processors on a Su- perMicro X5DPE-G2 motherboard with 4 GB o f mem­ory and 16 SATA150 120 GB disk drives connected to four 3Ware-9500S-4LP (later two 9500S-8) controllers as shown in Fig. 145.Disk to disk I /O for the machines connected back- to-back via 10 GbE S2IO network cards transferred 10 TB in about 17 hours - an average rate o f 180 M B /s. To test robustness a pair o f 80 GB files were read continuously for 67 hours - some 120 TB , at an average rate o f 524 M B /s. A short test was done to a single disk machine at CERN - limiting the rate toFig. 145. Servers used for back-to-back and TRIUMF- CERN data transfers over a 10 GbE lightpath.30 M B /s - over a 10 GbE lightpath that was available for a limited time. Much was learned from back-to-back tests conducted between the two local servers in order to achieve sustainable, reliable, and cost effective high speed transfers across long distance networks.Software developmentsPhysica and other data analysis Physica, is an internationally popular, general purpose data anal­ysis/visualization program running on UNIX/Linux. The enhanced version for Windows, called Extrema, has now been largely ported back to Linux and con­verted to Open Source, making it more accessible to the global community.Locally, this code was instrumental in merging the various field maps o f the cyclotron’s extraction region, contributing to the resolution of a long standing er­ror in the transfer matrices used for extracted beam tuning.User requested enhancements to Physica were added, including a new user interface based on the readline (FSF, Inc.) package and a new fitting tech­nique based on the Marquardt algorithm. The libraries and executables are updated regularly on multiple platforms, and made available via anonymous ftp and download via the Internet.Work continued on ROODY, a GUI written in C + + based on CERN-ROOT, which displays his­tograms and other objects (especially useful for mon­itoring on-line histograms). Significant enhancements were made to ROODY, including an XML save ses­sion facility, many on-line histogram display and con­trol features, and context sensitive menu additions.120Beam dynamicsACCSIM The multiparticle simulation code ACC- SIM continues to be used in a wide variety of accel­erator applications, principally for high-intensity syn­chrotrons and storage rings.Consultation and support activities with new and existing users continued. New ACCSIM applications emerging during the year included:• J-PARC 50 GeV ring space charge studies;• Beta beam decay ring for radioactive ions; and• CERN-PS injection and acceleration o f radioac­tive ions for beta beam.The latter two applications are being prepared as part o f TRIUMF’s participation in the EURISOL beta beam study. This study, part of the four year EU- funded EURISOL project, will develop the design for a new type of neutrino factory using radioactive light ions, which are produced in an ISOL front end, ac­celerated to highly relativistic energies, and then in­jected into a racetrack-shaped storage ring where co­pious neutrinos will be produced from the ions via the beta decay process.Numerical computingFEMLAB The multi-physics PDE solver FEMLAB has a small but growing community of users at TRI­UMF. It offers an interactive 2D and 3D modelling facility to define the geometry of the problem domain and boundary conditions, as well as the ability to im­port geometries from CAD systems. Via finite-element methods, solutions to a wide variety o f physics prob­lems can be efficiently obtained. The built-in graph­ics includes sophisticated 2D and 3D visualization and plotting capabilities.For TRIUMF applications, there is a need for a scripting mechanism to control FEMLAB runs, and an efficient access mechanism to FEM LAB’s data struc­tures for accurate field interpolation and other post­processing. At present these functionalities are pro­vided only through a third party product, Matlab, which fortunately is already licensed and available at TRIUMF. We have been in ongoing consultation with the maker of FEMLAB regarding performance and compatibility issues arising from this Matlab link. In the course of our discussions and local tests we up­graded FEMLAB to the new release 3.1 and Mat­lab to its latest release 7.0, which brought some per­formance improvement. Given effective scripting and application-programming aspects, and continued com­petitive pricing and support, FEMLAB has potential as an important scientific and engineering tool at TRI­UMF.Parallel computing Using a parallel application BeamX which simulates LHC beam-beam effects (see the CERN Collaboration section of this Annual Re­port), we conducted a benchmark survey of available parallel computing resources including the WestGrid Lattice CLUMP (CLUster of Multiprocessors) system at the Univ. of Calgary, the WestGrid Glacier facil­ity at UBC, and the new Openlab cluster at CERN. Of these, the Lattice cluster was the clear leader, with performance at least a factor 2 better than the other clusters in a series of timing trials. The CLUMP archi­tecture is designed to support rapid low-latency com­munication among small groups of processors in shared memory configurations, whereas the WestGrid-UBC and CERN clusters are based on commodity proces­sors in blade or white-box packages, respectively. Ad­ditional performance tests on the blade system showed that the interprocessor communication speed for this application was independent of the location of proces­sors. There was no performance advantage in allocating all processors within a single blade unit, utilizing only the blade’s internal networking, as opposed to having them distributed among two or more blade units.Infrastructure softwareAgenda The TRIUMF Central Document Server Agenda was installed. It is a multi platform (Linux, Windows and Mac OS) tool used to help plan meet­ings, workshops and conferences, and associate for a long-term storage all possible attachments such as min­utes of meetings, slides and even multi media. Agenda is used both to display schedules of meetings, and cre­ate and modify new ones. This tool, originally created at CERN for the CERN environment, required exten­sive modifications to many scripts and PHP files to make it useful for the TRIUMF users community.The TRIUMF Central Document Server (TCDS), a product based on CERN’s central document server (http://cdsweb.cern.ch) which uses a powerful search engine with Google-like syntax, electronic submissions and uploading o f various types of documents, was ini­tially proposed as the Central Document Server for hosting various kinds of collections. Creating it re­quired a MySQL database, compiled PHP and Python applications. However, it was decided that Docushare, which can be found at http://documents.triumf.ca, would be used on site instead of TCDS until some real needs exceed Docushare’s capabilities.Docushare The document management system from Xerox, Docushare, was chosen largely because it was accessible for all platforms: Linux, Mac OS, as well as Windows. About $25 k was spent for a 100 user license and the Dell 2650 server running Redhat 8. So far the system has run smoothly for 6 months and it is planned121to expand to a 200 user license early in 2005. There are currently about 3000 documents on the system.Printing-Scanning-CopyingThe new Kyocera colour printer has proven to be a reliable, cost effective alternative to the costly to run HP colour laser printers. In addition, a Xerox Pro40C colour laser printer/scanner/copier, installed in the of­fice building mail room, is providing printing at a re­duced overall cost - in the same manner as was done last year for monochrome printing. Due to the prob­lematic and costly nature of printing, there is an on­going process to review site printing-scanning-copying needs with the goal of reducing overall costs while im­proving capabilities.MiscellaneousAfter many years of neglect the public TRIUMF W eb pages have been completely revamped - setting the stage for all the internal pages to be upgraded to this new style and standard in 2005.TRIUMF, along with 11 other laboratories, sub­mitted proposals to become the host site for a Cen­tral Design Team (CDT) of the next generation ma­chine known as the International Linear Collider (ILC). This potentially enormous future project would have initially a very small management team coordinating resources in major laboratories around the world. If the CDT is awarded to TRIUMF, Computing Ser­vices would be involved with setting up infrastructure - mostly desktop computing and network connections to Paprican, a facility adjacent to TRIUMF.Expanded support for videoconferencing included operating a Web cast server to record and transmit a number of events, including the EMMA review, TUG meetings, and some EEC sessions. In further support o f videoconferencing at TRIUMF a second H.323 video appliance and projector were installed in the main of­fice conference room, along with AccessGrid software on the PC used for VRVS video, which was moved from the adjacent small office. We continued to participate in the SLAC pinger and other network measurement efforts.D ata Acquisition Systems(R . Poutissou, TRIUMF)OverviewIn 2004, the DAQ group continued to expand the number of DAQ systems around the site. Most of the new hardware deployed came from LADD pur­chases (see LADD section, p. 128, this Annual Re­port). It now stands at 35 PCs (Table XXIII), 10 VM E PowerPCs 604 and 9 VME VMICs, all managed by members o f the group. These machines also pro­vide some off-line analysis resources and disk storage(h ttp ://daq.trium f.ca/triumLnodeinfo) . Performance is monitored via Ganglia (http://daq.triumf.ca/ganglia).Development of an on-line analysis package based on RO OT (http ://root.cern .ch) continued. The pack­age is now called ROODY.MIDAS and ROODYThe basic MIDAS data acquisition package is in a stable condition and it is used throughout TRIUMF. Although its operation is stable, constant efforts are dedicated to improve MIDAS in order to keep it up- to-date with current analysis packages such as ROOT. This year this has been achieved with the help o f Dr. Stefan Ritt and Matthias Schneebeli from PSI who came to TRIUMF for two weeks in September. The main improvements added are listed here. The MIDAS data logger can now produce ROO T files. On-line DAQ access to external databases such as MySQL (equiva­lent to the “runlog” option) has been added. The tran­sition scheme has been modified allowing better con­trol o f the run transition sequences. The event builder scheme has been improved for simplified and more flex­ible handling of frontend equipment.In parallel to these tasks, Matthias Schneebeli, the author of ROME, gave an introduction to this latest ROOT based stand-alone analyzer. ROME (http://m idas.psi.ch/rom e) is an OO generic analyzer framework builder, where the analysis definition is pro­vided in XML format. The experiment specific class templates are then generated automatically, ready to receive the user code. ROME is fully MIDAS compati­ble for on-line and off-line data retrieval, and contains an interface to a standard database.The other main project o f the DAQ group is the development of a R O O T based GUI for histogram dis­play. This is a continuation o f the MIROODAS project started in 2003. This application has been renamed RO O D Y (ROOT display) to reflect the disconnect from MIDAS (http://m idas.trium f.ca/roody/htm l). While ROODY can be used for on-line data display through the MIDAS analyzer, MIDAS is not a prereq­uisite for running ROODY. RO OD Y can also be cou­pled with the user specific ROME analyzer. Develop­ment and maintenance o f RO O D Y is managed mainly by Joe Chuma.DAQ systems/3-NMR and /3-NQR at ISAC The operating system on all the DAQ machines for /3-NMR and pSR. experi­ments, and the test systems (dasdevpc, daqlabpc) were updated to Linux Red Hat 9. The DAQ systems had to be upgraded to work correctly under the new OS.The “Dual Channel M ode” was proposed by the /3-NMR group, where the beam will be alternated be­tween the /3-NMR and /3-NQR beam lines. Required122hardware modifications to the P P G boards for this mode were determined and made. The frontend codeTable XXIII. Computer systems managed by the DAQ group.Name Location Typedaqlabpc DAQ lab machine PII/232dasdevpc DAQ development Web server PIV/1700e614slow TW IST Slow Control 2xPIII/750epicsdragon DRAGON EPICS Display P11/300epicsml5 M15 /zSR EPICS PIII/871epicsm20 M20 /iSR EPICS PIII/400epicsm9b M9B fiSR EPICS PIII/550isdaqOl ISAC-LE /3-NMR TRINAT 2xPIII/450isdaq02 ISAC-LE, GP2, LTNO Cel/795isdaq03 ISAC-HE, TUDA 2xPIII/550isdaq04 ISAC-HE, DRAGON 2xAMD Ath/2000isdaq05 ISAC-LE, ISAC users PIII/1000-256isdaq06 ISAC-HE ISAC users PIII/1000isdaq08 ISAC-LE, 8tt 2xAMD Opt/2000laddOO LADD server 2xAMD Opt/1800linml5 M15 /iSR users AMD Ath/1500linm20 M20 /iSR users AMD Ath/1500linm9b M9B fiSR users AMD Ath/1500ltnoOl LTNO CR DAQ 2xPIII/600midml5 M l 5 /iSR DAQ 2xPIII/1000midm20 M20 fiSR DAQ 2xPIII/1000midm9b M9B /ISR DAQ 2xPIII/1000midmesOl Detector Facility PIII/500midmes03 RMC DAQ 2xPIII/550midmes04 M il DAQ 2xPIII/750midmes05 Detector Facility Celeron/335midmes07 Neutrino Development DAQ PII/400midtisOl TRINAT DAQ 2xPIII/550midtis02 Detector Facility 2xPII/450midtis03 LTNO platform DAQ PII/350midtis04 G P 2D A Q 2xPIII/550midtis05 8tt Cryo PII/300midtis06 Osaka DAQ AMD Ath/2000midtis07 Pol/C FB S Slow Control Cel/375midtwist TW IST DAQ 2xPIII/1000was modified to incorporate the Dual Channel Mode, and to ensure that the “Single Channel Mode” works in a similar way to the old code. Work began on the “ran­domized frequency scan” and the requested change in helicity flipping for mode lg.Syd Kreitzman designed a new Pol Synth Module (PSM) which was built by the Electronics group. With the help of Syd, a new mode called the “Quadrature Modulation M ode” was implemented to exploit this new module, and the PSM was thoroughly debugged for use in the /3-NOR experiment. The frequency scan code in the frontend was rearranged to incorporate the PSM code.For POL, a new DAC scan was added to control the power supply for Expt. 920, replacing the old CAMP DAC scan. A readback of the DVM and Wavemeter was implemented. Support for a new experiment (P. Levy) to scan the NaCell was added, with a readback of the Faraday cup. A jump in the scan values (i.e. a discontinuous scan) was implemented for POL, also an up/dow n scan and a variable offset for the NaCell readback.During 2004, Dave Morris continued to offer some much appreciated support to the DAQ group. In par­ticular, we used his expertise with GPIB drivers on Linux and his knowledge of Agilent DVM instruments123to set up hardware and software slow control for a high voltage unit. This HV provides retardation voltage for the collinear fast beam spectroscopy set-up and was a crucial element in the DAQ system used by Expt. 920 last year.lu.SH. systemsW ith the help of Stefan Ritt, during his September visit, the annoying /uSR fragmented buffer problem for large data buffers was finally solved. The lastest ver­sion o f MIDAS (1.9.5) was installed on all /iSR DAQ machines. The /uSR DAQ systems seemed to be quite stable throughout 2004, with relatively small modifi­cations required.No progress was made to commission a MULTI type /xSR system due to the lack o f a /uSR software expert to write a suitable filter. In MULTI mode, the detector is segmented in 8 sections and the DAQ has to handle the equivalent o f 8 parallel experiments.TW IST DAQ activitiesOngoing modernization o f the slow controls soft­ware was the main development activity on the TW IST DAQ in 2004. In particular, improvements to the M13 BI and B2 dipole regulators were implemented. High precision measurements o f muon polarization by the TW IST experiment require that the M13 beam line elements be controlled with precision and stability higher than that provided by standard TRIUMF mag­net power supplies and power supply controls. We see 0.5-1 G changes in the magnetic field of the BI and B2 dipoles caused by day-and-night temperature vari­ations. We also see long term drifts in BI and B2, up to 1-2 G over half a week. To improve the long term stability o f BI and B2, in 2002-2003, high precision fine DACs were added to the BI and B2 magnet power supply controls and a closed-loop software regulation scheme was implemented. The MIDAS-based slow con­trols frontend reads the NMR probes installed inside the M13 BI and B2 dipoles, filters the NMR readings, compares them with the NMR setpoints and minimizes the difference by adjusting the fine DAC controls via the M13 EPICS control system. Special care had to be taken to monitor and filter the NMR readings in order to avoid misregulation in the presence of spurious NMR readings caused by NMR signal degradation from ra­diation damage of the NMR probes. During the 2003 running of TW IST, BI and B2 were regulated with a precision o f 0.1 G, compared to the precision of 1-2 G without using the regulators. In early 2004 a hardware problem was identified and corrected in the implemen­tation o f the fine DAC controls, resulting in the im­provement of controls precision from 0.03 G /LSB to0.003 G /LSB. This resulted in an improvement of reg­ulation precision from 0.1 G during 2003 to 0.02 Gduring the 2004 running o f TW IST. The achieved reg­ulation precision is better than what is required for TW IST. Further precision improvements are limited by the very-short-term stability of the magnet power supplies and by the quality of NMR measurements. The regulator system is highly robust and reliable and is now routinely used by experiment operators with minimal training and minimal expert intervention.Another important improvement was the develop­ment of a “muon stopping position regulator” . The TW IST experiment stops the beam muons in a stop­ping target in the middle of the TW IST detector. To minimize the systematic errors in TW IST measure­ments, it is important to always stop the muons in the same place, to minimize any variation o f the muon stopping position. The muon stopping position is con­trolled by adjusting the mixture o f C 0 2 and He gases in the gas degrader volume in the muon path: be­cause muon loses more energy in C 0 2, compared to He, increased C 0 2 content makes the muons stop faster, moving their stopping position upstream. During off­line analysis, the muon stopping position is measured using one of several methods. While analyzing the 2003 data, we observed a correlation between the atmo­spheric pressure and the muon stopping position: the C 0 2/H e gas degrader is at atmospheric pressure and higher atmospheric pressure yields increased density of the C 0 2 gas, with a bigger muon stopping power, so the muons stop faster and the stopping position moves upstream. This effect was estimated to be big enough to affect the ultimate precision of the experiment and, based on our positive experience with the B I/B 2 mag­net regulators, we decided to implement a regulator for the muon stopping position. This task turned out to be harder than expected. There is no direct control over the C 0 2/H e gas mixture: one controls only the gas flow rates into the degrader volume; gas mixture follows changes in flow rates, but the exact relation is unknown. There is no direct measurement o f the muon stopping position: to obtain an adequate measurement, one has to analyze about 10-20 minutes worth of data, fill histograms and compute the average stopping posi­tion. Meanwhile, the atmospheric pressure changes and the stopping position moves. These difficulties with both controls and measurements reduce the reliabil­ity and robustness of normal proportional regulation schemes, like those used to control BI and B2. Instead, a very simple relay regulator was used. If the muons stop too fast (too far upstream), the C 0 2 flow is re­duced by 1%, otherwise the C 0 2 flow is increased by 1%. The gas flows are adjusted each time a new mea­surement o f the stopping position is available from the on-line data analysis (QOD), with at least 20 minutes between subsequent adjustments, to let the gas mix­124ture settle. The TW IST experimenters are presently assessing the effectiveness o f this regulation scheme. Preliminary results indicate improved stability com­pared to 2002 operation.Other experimental stationsThe DRAGON system was upgraded from a stan­dalone CAMAC system to a mixed V M E /CAM AC sys­tem for additional functionality and speed increases.The Canadian T2K Neutrino group which occupies the former ATLAS clean room continued their program of detector development studies. One of the standard CAMAC DAQ test stations deployed last year was re­placed by a VME LADD system where software drivers were developed for the new hardware as well as support for on-line analysis and ROODY.Support for external MIDAS users is still ongoing. Pierre Amaudruz spent one week at Los Alamos as a consultant on MIDAS.Detector Facility(R.S. Henderson, TRIUMF)The TWIST experiment at TRIUMF (Expt. 614) is a sophisticated attempt to measure the Michel param­eters to ten times the precision they are now known. The various subsystems of this experiment continued to function extremely well, but unfortunately, a hu­man error with the gas system resulted in broken wires in 14 wire-planes from 11 detector modules. The cra­dle and detector stack were brought back to the fa­cility for several months of module repair and bench testing. This has been completed. The cradle was re­turned to TWIST, the services connected. All detec­tors and readout channels are being tested prior to re- installation in the magnet for upcoming data-taking.A low pressure time expansion chamber (TEC) has also been built for use just upstream of the TW IST spectrometer. It will be used to measure the muon beam properties. The TEC was built and tested in the facility. These tests led Grant Sheffer to make some de­sign changes that greatly improved performance. The TEC has also been thoroughly tested in the muon beam and will be used in the next data-taking run. A spare TEC will be fabricated and tested. This will mark the completion of the facility participation in the TW IST experiment, except for maintenance and re­pair.The facility also had two other major repair efforts this year. The large drift chamber built and used for the RMC suffered major damage. The cause isn’t certain, but a problem with the HV software is suspected. Many wires were broken and the repair took many months. This chamber has been re-installed and the readout is being checked for an upcoming experiment. Coin­cidentally, two of the M W PCs we built for the KVIspectrometer (Netherlands) also suffered damage. This was caused by the quenching gas running out. The two damaged chambers were shipped to TRIUMF, repaired and sent back to KVI.The scintillator shop continues to function as the heavily used machining centre for the facility. This year has seen a wide variety of scintillators fabricated for /iSR and the G0 experiment (at TJNAF). The small 4-axis NC mill (refitted) in the shop allowed us to ma­chine the complex curved scintillator pieces for G0. All seven scintillator sectors have been completed and shipped to TJNAF. Steve Chan also helped design a new yield station for the ISAC beam line and it was fabricated in the shop. More KOPIO prototype detec­tors were also fabricated in this shop, as were various pieces for the T2K liquid scintillator R&D.The KOPIO experiment has been down-sized, the inner region (called the detector unit) was previously planned to have an active area o f 2.1 m x 2.1 m. This has now been reduced to 1.5 m x 1.5 m, cutting the number of readout channels by approximately 25%. The updated design of the KOPIO module and com­ponents is complete and design studies for the difficult KOPIO installation issues are under way.The KOPIO design (see Fig. 146) has four quad­rants o f preradiator modules, each quadrant eight mod­ules deep, for a total o f thirty-two modules (plus two spares). Each of the modules would consist of two parts. The detector unit consists o f eight drift chamber layers sandwiched between nine layers o f extruded scin­tillator. The outer region (called the L-unit) will con­nect to, and support, the preradiator unit at the two or­thogonal readout faces. Thirty-six Shashlyk calorime­ter blocks will be mounted on these two edges o f this L-unit, giving full calorimeter coverage in the exper­iment. Miniature coax cables will transport the 4608 anode/cathode signals past the Shashlyk blocks to six readout crates also mounted on the L-unit. In addition, both ends of approximately 1370 WLS fibres will pass the Shashlyk blocks to 40 PM Ts (or APDs).With each of the thirty-four preradiator modules3.3 m x 3.3 nr x 0.17 m in size and weighing approx­imately 1.8 tonnes, the scale o f the project becomes apparent. A great deal of development and testing is required. The detector facility is already contributing much of its manpower to this project in areas of design, prototyping, thermal expansion testing, wire-chamber structural tests and scintillator painting tests. A full size module is scheduled for completion in early 2006.KOPIO is awaiting approval by the US funding agencies and NSERC. If approved, the KOPIO project will be a very large detector project at TRIUMF, considerably larger and more complex than previous projects such as the ATLAS calorimeter fabrication, the B A BA R drift chamber or the HERMES TRDs.125Detector— Unit(j2) WLS X2L— Unit(u ) WLS Y1(Q7) Support straps130(03) Lap plates(Q6) Base /Lid plate- (OS) Patch panel ( incom plete )(of) Readout crates (Q2) AC dxuctsFig. 146. Present design of KOPIO preradiator module.(w ) Adapter cards (09) WLS XI(/?) AL edge plates(05) Signalcables+WLSs(04) Shashlyk(f6) Shashlyksupport stripA second major project is the T2K experiment planned for J-PARC in Japan. The TRIUMF T2K group and the detector facility are responsible for two of the major detector components. The first is the six large tracking TPCs (2.2 m x 1.25 m x 0.67 m). Asmall prototype of this TPC has been designed and is scheduled for fabrication by early 2006 (see Fig. 147).The second is the two types o f fine grain detectors (FGDs) that are between the three double-ended TPC gasboxes. These FGDs are ~ 2 m x 2 m x 0.3 m. The126-1848.35m m -141. :'8mm-1566.00m m --1253 .50 m m - -312 .50m m - 141.18 m mV iew o f - dovetailPCBl-Drift d i s ta n c e -1263.32m m - To f ir s t GEMPCB PC2Vievu o f non— dovetail-327 .0m m -Jigs®first type is made from thirty layers (alternating X and Y ) made from extruded scintillator. Each layer would consist of two hundred 10 mm x 10 mm pieces with central holes). These 6000 scintillator pieces would be read out with WLS fibres and APDs. The second type o f FGD would be thirty layers (alternating X and Y), each layer made from two extruded plastic panels (1 nr x 2 m), each having one hundred 10 mm x 10 mm cells. These panels would be filled with liquid scintil­lator and read out with 1.5 mm diameter W LS fibres. Again, the 6000 fibres will be read out with APDs.CFI funding for LADD has been approved and spending has started. This money will be used to boost the detector development infrastructure at TRIUMF. LADD will take considerable time and effort to set up, and is planned to give TRIUMF a world class facil­ity for continuing development o f detector technolo­gies, not just for physics experiments, but potentially for a wide range of R&D projects including a variety of medical detectors. An important item that LADD will provide is a large (3 m x 3 m) router that will be used for both inspection and fabrication of the KOPIO and T2K detectors. Another LADD item already pur­chased and installed is a precision 5 ton crane in the large clean room.G E A N T 4(P. Gumplinger, TRIUMF)Modern particle and nuclear physics experiments require large-scale, accurate and comprehensive simu­lations of the particle detectors used in these experi­ments. The same is true for other disciplines, such as space science, nuclear medicine, accelerator design and radiation physics. In response to this demand, a new object-oriented toolkit, GEANT4, has been developed for the simulation o f particles passing through matter. It provides a comprehensive, diverse, yet cohesive set of software components which can be employed in a va­riety of settings, from small standalone applications to large scale detector simulations for experiments at the LHC and other facilities. At the heart of this software system is an abundant set of physics models, including electromagnetic, hadronic and optical processes, over a wide energy range starting, in some cases, from 250 eV and extending in others to the TeV energy range.GEANT4 was designed and is being developed by an international collaboration, formed by individuals from a number of cooperating institutes, HEP experi­ments, and universities. It builds on the accumulated experience in Monte Carlo simulations of many physi­127cists and software engineers around the world. The ma­jor players in the current collaboration are the inter­national organizations CERN and ESA/ESTEC, the national laboratories INFN (Italy), IN2P3 (France), Helsinki Institut o f Physics (Finland), Karolinska In- stitutet (Sweden), KEK (Japan), PPARC (UK), SLAC (USA) and TRIUMF (Canada), with strong support from these HEP experiments: BaBar (SLAC), ATLAS, CMS, HARP, LHCb (CERN). Additional expertise comes from 14 European, 4 Japanese, and 5 North- American universities and 4 Russian institutes, for a total o f about 150 collaborators. The TRIUMF group is active in some o f the core activities o f the collabo­ration, in areas o f user support, documentation, test­ing and quality assurance. We have representation in the Technical Steering Board and in the Collaboration Board.GEANT4 is an ideal framework for modelling the optics o f scintillation and Cerenkov detectors and their associated light guides. This is founded in the toolkit’s unique capability o f commencing the simulation with the propagation o f a charged particle and completing it with the detection of the ensuing optical photons on photo sensitive areas, all within the same event loop. This functionality of GEANT4 is now employed world-wide in experimental simulations as diverse as ALICE, ANTARES, AMANDA, Borexino, ICARUS, LHCb, HARP, KOPIO, the Pierre Auger Observatory, and the GATE (Imaging in Nuclear Medicine) Collab­oration. This functionality is also exploited as part of the investigation to understand the optical properties o f extruded plastic scintillator tiles for KOPIO and for the Near Detector of the Long Base-Line Neutrino Experiment at J-PARC/SuperK. We are constantly responding to inquiries posted on the G4 Users Fo­rum regarding the optical photon tracking. Questions and feedback arrive from people working in medical P E T research, cosmic shower research, neutrino de­tectors, HEP experiments and also from cooperate re­search laboratories. During the last year alone, we re­sponded to inquiries from EXO (Enriched Xenon Ob­servatory for Double Beta Decay), Milagro Gamma- Ray Observatory (a Water-Cherenkov detector in the Jemex mountains near Los Alamos), ICARUS (a LAr T P C proton decay and neutrino interactions de­tector at the Gran Sasso), from the LHC Physics Center (LPC) at FNAL, from CAST (CERN Ax- ion Solar Telescope), n_TOF collaboration at CERN, the MACFLY project studying air fluorescence, the Panda experiment at GSI, Borexino, the LLNL/SNL Applied Antineutrino Physics Project, LHCb and CMS. We collected links to these experiments at http: / / www.triumf.ca/g4triumf/users / users.htmlA computer science coop student from SFU, TrevorMacPhail, worked in our group for the first six months of 2004. As a result of his efforts, the G4 source distri­bution now comes with an excellent, extended, optical photon example. This application also helps the design of an advanced next generation LXe PE T camera with improved background rejection. A phi-angle correla­tion exists in polarized Compton scattering between the two scattered annihilation photons because o f their definite relative polarization at birth. This information becomes accessible in an active tracking medium where the photon interaction points can be observed individ­ually. We also finalized the capability o f spin tracking in GEANT4, spin precession at rest, followed by Michel decay relative to the momentary spin direction. This was a vital development before the TW IST experiment at TRIUMF could adopt GEANT4 as their simulation engine.The G4 toolkit is now in public release version 7.0 and is available for a variety of operating systems.GEANT4 collaborators at TRIUM F: P.Gumplinger, F.W. Jones and C.J. Kost, M. Losty.Laboratory for Advanced Detector Develop­ment (LA D D )(J. McKay, TRIUMF; D. Bryman, UBC)During the past year, LADD funds were used to purchase equipment to support a variety of detector development directions as indicated in the LADD CFI proposal.The electronics laboratory component o f LADD continued development o f infrastructure for design and development of electronics readout systems. The KO­PIO and Liquid Xenon projects will make particular use o f this equipment. Purchases this year have focused mostly on additional test and measurement equipment (such as waveform/pulse generators and power sup­plies), tools, and parts storage. There have also been some new software items purchased to aid in design tasks.The LADD electronics equipment has been exten­sively used for development and evaluation o f detec­tor components. KOPIO and T2K have instrumented their prototypes with LADD equipment such as NIM and VM E crates, VME data acquisition modules, high voltage systems, etc. as well as auxiliary devices such as oscilloscopes, multimeters, power supplies and comput­ers. The nature of this development requires advanced electronic equipment which is essential to a proper development set-up. The contribution o f LADD has significantly facilitated this development by providing state o f the art electronic infrastructure.Equipment has also been purchased for the detec­tor facility. Major purchases include a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a crane for the clean room. This128equipment will be used to facilitate projects with large complex detectors such as KOPIO, Liquid Xenon, and neutrino detector projects.As mentioned above, equipment purchased for the electronics laboratory and the detector factility are being used to support the KOPIO project. KOPIO chamber development and prototyping has been tak­ing place. Mechanical development and prototype work has been aided by various hand tools, computers, and software. One large development project has been the fibreglass wire chamber frames and sheets. The maxi­mum size of G10 sheets commercially available is too small for our chambers if we want to keep them joint free. Working with a Vancouver Island company (Pro­file Composites), a method has been developed to make G 10 sheets and chamber frames as large as the wire chambers. This will result in chambers with higher me­chanical strength and make the assembly easier and more economical.Another part o f KOPIO is scintillator development. KOPIO is developing a technique to produce extruded scintillator at a local company (Celco Plastics). The scintillator planks will be glued using a tongue and groove method to make large sheets of scintillator of the desired size. There is substantial cost savings in us­ing this extrusion technique over buying cast scintilla­tor sheets. These sheets will be machined at TRIUMF using a machine purchased by LADD. Research and testing to determine the best type of machine has been taking place. The machine will also be used to machine wire chamber frames and cathode strips, among other things. G ood results have been achieved with a router, which will likely be purchased in 2005, and will double as an inspection table.The Liquid Xenon facilities development project has also been made possible by LADD. Various mate­rials (such as ceramic feedthroughs, UHV valves, UHC flanges, vacuum fittings, macor, and stainless) and in­strumentation were purchased for building a cryostat and gas handling system. A control system has been developed, and assembly of the cryostat and gas han­dling system are well under way, with testing to start in 2005.In addition, equipment has been purchased for DAQ systems, including VME scalers, high voltage modules, TDCs, ADCs, and VME crates. Another ad­vanced detector development area that that is being enhanced by LADD infrastructure involves neutrino detectors.During 2004, LADD funds were used to purchase extensive computing, real time data acquisition, high voltage supply equipment, and advanced photodete- tors. This equipment was used to evaluate different photosensors for use in the fine-grained neutrino de­tector (FGD) to be built for the T2K neutrino oscil­lation experiment at Tokai in Japan. As part of the reference design for this detector, it is planned to use extruded bars o f scintillator with either an active or passive water component, and with wavelength shift­ing (WLS) fibre used to transport the light to some kind of photon detector.Measurements were carried out with this apparatus to compare the performance o f the SiPMs with multi- ianode PMTs (M APM Ts). Work using LADD facilities has reached the following conclusions:1. The SiPMs work best at a bias voltage o f around 52 V, where the gain is a few x lO 5. This is about an order o f magnitude lower than that of a M APM T, and will necessitate the use of a preamp with a gain of 20-30 if the SiPM is cho­sen.2. The quantum efficiency o f the SiPM is about 30% better than the M APM T, and is about equiva­lent to that o f a good green-extended PM T.3. The pulse height resolution o f the SiPM is much better than the M APM T, and clear peaks corre­sponding to 1 pe, 2 pe, 3 p e ... can be seen.4. The timing resolution of the SiPM is adequate, and almost certainly better than the time spread produced by the WLS fibre at low light levels.5. The single photoelectron noise (or dark current) count rate is substantially higher for the SiPM compared with the M APM T. It is a function of bias voltage, and was measured to be about 1 MHz at 52 V.Scientific Services(M. Comyn, TRIUMF)The Scientific Services group encompasses the Pub­lications Office, Library, Information Office, and Con­ferences. Its activities during 2004 included: producing the 2003 Annual Report, conference abstract booklet and proceedings, and the TRIUMF preprints; main­taining the Library; coordinating TRIUMF tours and assisting with the production o f public relations ma­terials; and supporting eleven past, present and fu­ture conferences and workshops. The primary focus of the group throughout the year concerned all aspects of hosting the NIC8 conference in Vancouver in July.Publications OfficeThe TRIUMF Annual Report Scientific Activi­ties has been truly electronic since 1998. Electronic files have been used throughout, from initial contribu­tor submission, through editing, transmission to the printer, and subsequent direct printing on a Xerox Docutech system. The same files are used for the W W W versions of the report which are available at129http://www.trium f.ca/annrep in both Portable Docu­ment Format and PostScript file formats. Unlike the monochrome paper version, the electronic versions al­low those figures which were submitted in colour to be both viewed and printed in colour. The W W W ver­sion of the 2003 report was available to readers five weeks before the printed version. It contained a record 331 pages and 320 figures. The Annual Report mail­ing list has been reduced and the trend is expected to continue as people become more accustomed to access­ing the information over the W W W . This will result in less copies having to be printed and mailed, with subsequent major cost savings.TRIUMF preprints are only produced electron­ically, and immediately posted on the W W W at http://www.trium f.ca/publications/home.htm l to al­low rapid dissemination of the publications. This has replaced the traditional distribution of paper copies by mail, resulting in significant savings o f both cost and labour.The year began on two fronts with the kickoff for the TRIUMF Annual Report Scientific Activities 2003 submissions, and the receipt and processing o f ab­stracts for the Eighth International Symposium on Nu­clei in the Cosmos (NIC8 ), which was held in Vancou­ver, July 19-23. Many aspects o f handling the abstracts were based on those developed for the EMIS-14 con­ference in 2002. However, this time the abstracts were ranked by the International Advisory Committee via a secure Web form to determine which should be pre­sented orally rather than as a poster. Although the ab­stract submission deadline was April 2, half o f the 211 accepted abstracts were submitted later. A draft pro­gram was produced in late May by the local organizing committee, and an almost final version was posted on the conference Web site in early June. However, the program remained fluid with late cancellations, addi­tions and changes, resulting in the final 224 page ab­stract booklet only being sent to the printer a week before the conference began. Publications Office staff manned the Proceedings Office during the conference, accepting manuscripts in both hardcopy and electronic formats. As the proceedings will be published as an edition of Nuclear Physics A in 2005, all contributions had to be refereed. This is a complex, time-consuming procedure which had still not been completed at year end. Unlike EMIS-14, no manuscripts were assigned to referees at the conference. Therefore, to speed up the process, nearly all communications with the ref­erees were via e-mail with scanned manuscripts and referee information sheets being sent as PDF attach­ments. By avoiding the use of conventional mail (which often added a month in transit time for the EMIS-14 refereeing, even within North America), communica­tions were much faster. All transactions were logged on a database.Web site and other support was provided for the TRIUMF Summer Institute, held July 5-16.Due to the workload this year, activities on the Joint Accelerator Conference Website (JACoW ) com­mittee were completely curtailed.LibraryThe Library budget was increased in 2004 to com­pensate for rising journal subscription costs, thereby maintaining the list of journals which have been ac­quired since the last cutbacks in 1998. However, the journal subscription budget and electronic access al­ternatives are constantly under review. The Library continues to rely on donations for most o f its book ac­quisitions. The Library operates on a self-serve basis and manages with minimal support for day-to-day op­erations.Information OfficeThe Information Office coordinated 194 tours for 1663 people during 2004. The general public tours were conducted by a summer student during the June to Au­gust period when tours were offered twice a day. 153 people attended one o f the 46 tours conducted during the three month period. Throughout the remainder of the year for the twice weekly general public tours, and for the many pre-arranged tours given to high school students and others, a small, dedicated group of TRI­UMF staff acted as tour guides.Table XXIV shows the number o f people taking tours, the number of tours, and the number of tour guides required to conduct them (groups of more than 15 require multiple tour guides) for each of the years 1999-2004. 2004 saw a decline in all numbers in all cat­egories, except for science, compared to recent years. The 2004 numbers were very similar to those for 1999. This can be ascribed to many factors. For the general public, TRIUMF had not featured so prominently in the local media during 2004. For students, the lack o f a professional development day event for the BC physics teachers in October, 2003 undoubtedly had an effect. Finally, there were fewer VIP visitors in 2004 following increased numbers in the previous three years associ­ated with ISAC-II construction and the Five-Year Plan review in 2003. The four categories are defined as fol­lows:• General public: tours provided for members of the general public twice a week September-May and twice a day June-August, on a drop-in basis.• Science: pre-arranged tours conducted for uni­versity/college physics, chemistry or science stu­dents with a specific interest in TRIUMF, scien­130tists at TRIUMF for a conference or workshop, and scientific groups.• Students: pre-arranged tours conducted for ele­mentary and high school students and univer­sity/college non-science students.• VIP: specific tours, often conducted by senior management personnel, arranged for VIPs, re­view/advisory committee members, and the me­dia.The summer student also assisted with the produc­tion of presentation materials, with the TRIUMF Sum­mer Institute, and as the coordinator o f many student activities throughout the summer.The TRIUMF Welcome Page, which is accessi­ble directly at http://www.trium f.ca/welcom e, con­tinues to receive well over 5000 visits each year. No maintenance was performed during the year as the content is being superceded by the new public Web site http://www.trium f.info which became operational during the year.Various TRIUMF images found on the Web pages continue to be in demand for use in text books and on other Web pages.Substantial support was provided to the TRIUMF Users’ Group throughout the year by the TUEC Liai­son Officer.Table XXIV. Breakdown of TRIUMF tour numbers for the period 1999-2004.Category 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004GeneralPublic# people 350 368 421 499 482 399# tours 96 107 110 131 126 109guides 96 107 111 134 126 111Science# people 384 294 383 592 651 729# tours 18 20 30 23 34 36# guides 33 26 43 57 59 70Studentspeople 794 612 839 894 626 440# tours 46 40 30 40 38 23# guides 70 53 60 70 50 35VIP# people 145 171 258 193 260 95# tours 37 37 59 53 63 26# guides 38 40 65 55 71 26Total# people 1673 1445 1901 2178 2019 1663# tours 197 204 229 247 261 194# guides 237 226 279 316 306 242ConferencesSupport was provided for four conferences and workshops, along with preparations for seven confer­ences and workshops in 2005 and beyond. Registration databases were created and managed for all o f the con­ferences and workshops.TRIUMF hosted or supported the following confer­ences and workshops in 2004:• Fixed Field Alternating Gradient Workshop (FFAG 2004), TRIUMF, April 15-21 (23 del­egates).• TRIUMF Summer Institute 2004 (TSI2004), TRIUMF, July 5-16 (38 delegates plus 8 lec­turers).• Eighth International Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos (NIC8), Vancouver, July 19-23 (237 del­egates).• Fifth International Symposium on Radiohalo­gens (5ISR), Whistler, September 11-15 (74 del­egates).• TRIUMF Users’ Group Annual General Meeting, TRIUMF, December 8 (58 delegates).In addition, preparations were made for the follow­ing future conferences and workshops.• ICFA Workshop, February 10-11, 2005.• Western Regional Nuclear and Particle Physics Conference (W RN PPC’05), Banff, AB, February 18-20, 2005.• 2005 CAP Congress, UBC, June 5-9, 2005.• TRIUMF Summer Institute 2005, TRIUMF, July 11-22, 2005.• Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental In­teractions (TCPFI 2006), Parksville, September, 2006.• Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC08), Van­couver, September 29 — October 5, 2008.• Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC09), Van­couver, May, 2009.The D R A G O N Facility(D. Hutcheon, TRIUMF)DRAGON is a facility at ISAC for the study of radiative capture reactions by inverse kinematics, in which the beam is the heavy reactant and the target is the lighter one. The focus of study is to measure reac­tion strengths of relevance in nuclear astrophysics, but the facility has been used for nuclear structure experi­ments as well.The principal parts of the facility are a windowless gas target, an array of scintillators around the target to detect capture y-rays, a mass separator to transmit131heavy recoil products while suppressing beam parti­cles, and a gaseous or solid-state detector of the recoil ions.D RAGON was used to study radiative capture of protons by unstable beams o f 21Na (Expt. 821) or 26Al (Expt. 989), capture of alpha particles by a stable beam o f 12C (Expt. 952) and capture o f 12C target nuclei by nuclei o f a 12 C beam. Results from these experiments are presented elsewhere in this Annual Report. Here we describe improvements in the DRAGON facility in 2004 and tests aimed at possible future improvements.Data acquisition systemNoise problems with elastic-scattering surface- barrier detectors were fixed, with implementation of a second surface-barrier detector at a higher lab angle with respect to the beam axis.Electronics housed in one crate near the gas tar­get were split between two crates, one still at the gas target and one at the tail o f DRAGON. All required signal exchange between the two crates is now per­formed via ECL. Both crates are housed in racks which have improved cooling to suppress erratic behaviour of the electronics at high temperatures, a problem which can occur with hot weather in the summer months. The number o f ADCs and TDCs in the tail crate was doubled to allow a more permanent addition of extra detectors. The existing scaler modules were upgraded, doubling the number of available scaler channels. The DSSSD electronics have been upgraded to allow read­out o f both front and back strips providing complete detector pixelization. MCP local time of flight has also been implemented and can be used in conjunction with other heavy-ion detectors at the tail of DRAGON to improve ion separation.Traditional CAM AC readout of the data has been replaced in favour of readout through a vxWorks-based VM E interface, decreasing dead-time on each mem­ory module readout. The frontend software has been changed to run on the vxWorks system to enable the new readout scheme. The on-line analysis was rewrit­ten using the R O O T framework in a totally object- oriented manner.The HV calibration program has been rewritten to allow interaction with the new on-line system and to provide a quick means to change the BGO detector- array voltages rapidly.Ion chamber gas control systemThe ion chamber detector o f recoil ions uses isobu­tane gas at pressures that are typically in the range 5 to 15 torr with gas flow o f about 100 cc/m in. Ions enter the gas through a window which must be as thin as possible to minimize energy straggling. The pump- down, filling, operation and venting of the ion chambermust be carried out very carefully to avoid destruction of the thin window. Initially, these operations were car­ried out by users operating manual valves and following a lengthy written procedure.In order to make ion chamber operation easier and safer, the manual system was replaced by one con­trolled through EPICS and having interlock protection provided by a programmable logic controller (PLC). Some interlocks on valves had to change in a state- dependent way, according to whether the chamber was being roughed, filled, operated or vented. A different set of conditions had to be applied when the ion cham­ber was replaced by the vacuum box for solid-state detectors.The connection of vacuum and gas handling de­vices to the PLC was accompanied by installation of a “burst-puck” and shield, as a safety measure for the (unlikely) scenario of formation and ignition o f an air- isobutane mixture in the ion chamber. High voltage to the ion chamber grid wires is enabled only when there is an expected isobutane flow rate, indicating the ab­sence of dangerous air leaks into the system.Monitors of beam contaminationFor certain experiments it is necessary to monitor the level of beam contamination. We have installed two additional diagnostics at the mass slit box to accom­plish this feat: 1) a germanium detector mounted be­side mass slit box at beam height, and 2 ) a positron- catcher plate coupled to two Nal detectors mounted oppositely in close geometry surrounding the plate on top of the mass slit box. These detectors take advan­tage of the mass dispersion at the mass slit box which causes the beam to be deposited on the left mass slit plate while passing recoils through the slit opening. These new detectors complement the pre-existing plas­tic scintillator for counting betas that is sensitive to both electrons and positrons. The positron catcher as­sembly can be used to identify positron emission only, while the germanium detector can be used to identify characteristic y-rays emitted from either the beam or a contaminant thereof.As an example, in the case of Expt. 989 (26Al(p, 7 )), two beam contaminants were identified in early run­ning, first by our beta counter then later at the yield station and finally using our new set-up. The possible beam contaminants are 26Na(/?~, T i / 2 = 1.08s, E7 = 1.809 MeV), 26mAl(EC, T1/2 = 6.34 s, /?+), 26Si(EC, T1/2 = 2.23 s, /?+, E1 = 0.829 MeV (BR = 21%)), and 26Mg(stable). Due to the nature o f the SiC surface ion source, the magnesium and silicon components are ab­sent. Thus, the positron-catcher is used to determine the level o f 26m Al contamination only, while the germa­nium detector monitors the level o f 26 Na (via detection of E1 = 1.809 MeV) and 26mAl (via detection of Ey132= 0.511 M eV). The 26Al beam with its 720,000 year half-life is effectively stable.For a more detailed description visit http: / / dragon.triumf.ca/nai.html.A “switchyard” for end detectorsTwo vacuum enclosures have been used to contain recoil ion detectors: a machined box in the form of a 20 cm cube housed silicon strip detectors, and a 25 1 cylinder enclosed a low-pressure gas ionization cham­ber. The two types of detector have been exchanged frequently, sometimes during the course of a single ex­periment. The ionization chamber was mounted on a trolley which could be rolled forward when that detec­tor was to be used, but the heavy strip detector box had to be lifted into place by hand in a procedure that required two people.The installation of the strip detector box was sim­plified by the addition o f a linear bearing running at right angles to the trolley track. It allows the box to be moved into the correct position without lifting, so that one person can carry out a change of detectors much more easily and quickly than before.Improved ion chamber energy resolutionStandard mylar windows with a thickness of 130 /j,g /cm 2 and thin polypropylene (PP) windows of 55 p g /cm 2 have been used as entrance window for the DRAGON ion chamber (IC) at higher energies with sufficient resolution (e.g. A E/E = 1.7% FWHM for 28Si at 750 keV/u) [Chen for the DRAGON collab­oration, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B204, 614 (2003)]. However, for A > 20 ions at low energies the energy- loss straggling in the entrance window, about 24% for PP and 45% for mylar, degrades the energy resolution to 5-10% , not enough for a separation of recoils from leaky beam at the end detector. In order to improve the separation power of the IC at low energies (e.g. 188 keV /u 26Al), new foils were tested.Amorphous silicon nitride (SiN) membranes can be made as thin as a few times 10 nm. For our tests we used 50 nm (=17 p g /cm 2) SiN membranes with a size o f 5 x 5 cm 2 up to pressures of a few 10s of torr. The anode o f the IC was modified to have two main seg­ments each of 10 cm length and a third segment of 5 cm length at the end as an optional veto. First spec­tra o f 12C and 160 at 179 keV/u show the improved energy resolution of 3.1% and 2.6% (Fig. 148). Due to the high homogeneity of the SiN membranes, low- energy tails are significantly reduced. This is particu­larly important for proton capture reactions where the expected recoils have slightly less energy than the leaky beam. W ith this set-up the resolution is dominated by electronic noise, mainly from the preamplifier, which is in the order of 40 keV. As a next step we plan toDRAGON Ion Chamber, 6Torr Isobutane, 50 nm SiN windowFig. 148. DRAGON segmented ionization chamber re­sponse to C and O ions.install new low-noise preamplifiers directly onto the an­ode board, which will greatly reduce input capacitance and noise pick-up. For heavier ions at low energy it has been shown [Doebeli et al, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B219-220, 415 (2004)] that an improved ion chamber with thin SiN entrance window can outperform silicon solid-state detectors, which suffer from relatively large intrinsic dead layers (about 600 nm Si equivalent).Local time of flight (TO F) can provide better sep­aration than energy measurement at low ion energies, since flight time increases at lower energies, while the time resolution is independent o f the flight time. Even with a moderate TOF resolution of 1.5 ns FWHM and a 0.5 m flight path, TO F gives better separation than E-detectors with 3% resolution for energies below 500 keV /u [Lamey, M.Sc. thesis, Simon Fraser Univer­sity (2004)]. However, thin carbon foils (20 /rg/cm 2) used for the start MCP detector can introduce sig­nificant energy-loss straggling and angular scattering. To improve the detector performance, we tested ultra- thin diamond-like carbon (DLC) foils having a thick­ness o f only 0.6 /rg/cm 2, which are supported by a mesh of about 80% transmission [Liechtenstein et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 521, 197 (2004)]. W ith 21Ne beam we could demonstrate negligible angular scatter­ing compared to 20 p g /cm 2 carbon foils. However, the thickness of these DLC foils is less than the escape length of secondary electrons (about 5 nm), reducing the number o f secondary electrons and thus the pulse height at the MCP anode, which is used for a position signal. For our planned second MCP we will install a large DLC foil with a thickness of about 4 /rg /cm 2 and supported by a mesh of 99% transmission, a com ­promise between secondary electron yield and angular scattering.Solid target mountThe 9-position solid target system was used suc­cessfully by Expt. 947, which required a target o f 12CTotal energy (anode 1 + 2) [channels]"28 S j 7 + - = 1 2 C + 1 6 QE = 5.012 MeV centr.= 1545 FWHM/M = 1.6 % 1 = 1100. .........1600 1800 200012(2 3+m/q = 4.0E/m = 0.179 MeV/u133in the form of a thin foil. Mounted on a plate which could replace the standard side-plate of the windowless gas target box, the chain o f targets could be driven un­der EPICS control of a stepping motor to any one o f 9 pre-set positions. Two target positions were dedicated to collimators used in beam tuning. A third target, a microscope glass slide coated by a thin carbon layer, gave a visible spot when struck by beam and was an additional beam-tuning diagnostic.Beam visualization by CCD cameraA CCD camera viewing the target cell along the zero-degree axis is able to detect light produced when ion beams of nanoampere intensity pass through hy­drogen or helium in the gas target. It is displayed using commercial software designed for amateur as­tronomers. Thanks to a custom modification o f the software, it is possible to log beamspot intensities and x - y centroids while data-collection runs are in progress.87r Spectrometer(G.C. Ball, TRIUMF)During the past year the ancillary detector sys­tems for the 87T spectrometer were further augmented with the fabrication, installation and commissioning of PACES, a pentagonal array o f SiLi detectors for con­version electron spectroscopy measurements. A view of PACES, which replaces the upstream half o f SCEP­TAR, is shown in Fig 149. The first experiment to use PACES and SCEPTAR was the study o f coexisting col­lective phases in 156Dy from a detailed measurement o f the /3-decay o f 156 Ho. The results of this experiment led by D. Kulp are reported separately (see Expt. 973, this Annual Report).Fig. 149. Photo o f PACES installed on the 87t beam line.In June a 26 Na beam was used to measure the time response o f SCEPTAR and characterize the per­formance o f BaF2 detectors when integrated into the 87t array. A proposal led by P. Garrett (see Expt. 984, this Annual Report for details) to build an array of 10 BaF2 detectors for fast (down to 10 ps) lifetime measurements o f gamma-decaying excited states pop­ulated in the /3-decay of exotic nuclei was submitted to NSERC in October.Once again, the 8-7T data acquisition system (see TRIUMF 2002 Annual Report for details) was ex­tended to include separate FERA readout buses and VME triple port memory modules for both the PACES and BaF2 arrays.During the initial running o f Expt. 921 (see Expt. 921, TRIUMF 2003 Annual Report) it was determined that to prevent contaminating the 87r vacuum cham­ber with small quantities of long-lived isobaric contam­inants the vacuum in the section o f LEBT immediately upstream o f the 87T spectrometer had to be improved to reduce the probability o f charge exchange co llis ions and subsequent loss of beam. As a result, an additional 550 1/s turbo pump was added and the 550 1/s turbo pump on the LEBT box connected to the 87r vacuum chamber was replaced with a 1000 1/s pump. In addi­tion, the SCEPTAR array was removed and replaced with a simplified chamber with removable liners. In the spring, extensive measurements were carried out searching for new high-K isomers in the mass 170 re­gion. A new 2.3 s isomer was discovered in 174Tm (see Expt. 921, this Annual Report).The use o f the 87r 7 -ray spectrometer for high- precision /3-decay lifetime measurements is also being pioneered at ISAC. This lifetime technique has been investigated extensively for the /3-decay o f 26 Na (see Expt. 909, TRIUM F 2002—2003 Annual Reports). The first high-precision lifetime measurement of a superal­lowed /3-emitter was carried out for the Tz = 1 nucleus 18Ne for which the Fermi decay to the analogue 0+ level in 18F at 1042 keV is only a 7.7% branch. A beam of ~ 4 x 105 18Ne ions/s was obtained during the first ECR ion source development run (see Expt. 985, this Annual Report for more details).Two other 87T experiments received beam in 2004, namely a study of the beta-delayed neutron decay of u Li (Expt. 1008) and a high-precision measurement o f the branching ratio for the superallowed /3-emitter 62Ga (Expt. 823). These experiments demonstrated that SCEPTAR, in combination with the 87r spectrom­eter, is a powerful tool for studying the beta decay of exotic nuclei. In particular, since the SCEPTAR array has approximately the same geometry as the HPGe de­tector array, by vetoing those events where the (3 par­ticle and the 7 -ray are detected in the corresponding134>3OO1 0 41 0 31 0 2101000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000keV Y singles—— p-y coincidencesI— P»y + Bremsstrahlung vetoFig. 150. 7 -ray spectra observed in the /?-decay of 1 1 Li: 1) the upper (black) histogram is 7 singles, 2) the middle (blue) histogram is the 7 spectrum obtained in coincidence with /3s detected in SCEPTAR, and 3) the lower (red) histogram is the 7 spectrum obtained in coincidence with SCEPTAR and with the bremsstralung veto condition applied.plastic and HPGe detectors, the bremsstrahlung back­ground can be reduced substantially. This is illustrated in Fig 150. Both of these experiments are reported in more detail elsewhere in this Annual Report.There are currently 15 approved ISAC experiments that will use the 87r spectrometer (Expts. 823, 909, 921, 929, 954, 955, 957, 961, 973, 984, 985, 988, 1007, 1008, 1028) including three which were approved by the TRIUMF EEC in 2004. During the past year a total of 40 collaborators from 14 institutions actively participated in the development and/or use o f the 8n spectrometer, including: 3 undergraduate students, 7 graduate students and 10 post-doctoral fellows.TIG R ESS(G. Hackman, TRIUMF)To take full advantage of the physics opportuni­ties presented by ISAC-II beams, a state-of-the-art 7 - ray detector array with high efficiency and high en­ergy resolution is needed. TIGRESS (TRIUMF-ISAC gamma-ray escape suppressed spectrometer) will sat­isfy this need. Two key features of TIGRESS are: a)rapidly reconfigurable escape suppression, and b) digi­tal sampling of waveforms from high-purity germanium signals. These have been discussed in previous Annual Reports.In 2004 the collaboration has built on last year’s ac­complishments, highlighted by: 1) continued testing of the high-purity germanium (HPGe) clover, and specifi­cation and ordering of twelve clover germanium units; 2) assembly o f the prototype support structure; 3) sup­pressor performance testing; 4) signal simulations; 5) production of the first, revision 0 TIG-10 card. Many of the details of these developments may be found in re­cent publications [Scraggs et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth­ods A 54 3 , in press; Svensson et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 540 , in press].HPGe cloversThe prototype HPGe was returned to France for installation of two retrofits, one for the side- and back- suppressor mounting hardware, and one for electro­magnetic shielding between outer-contact FETs. On return, integrated noise spectra and position sensitiv­ities were measured. The full results of all the proto-135type clover tests have now been published [Scraggs et al, op. cit.; Svensson et a l, op. cit.}. Based on these tests, the production HPGe clover units were specified and ordered, to be delivered at a constant rate with the twelfth unit scheduled for arrival in 2009.Support structureOne o f the key features of TIGRESS is its ability to be redeployed from a close-packed, high-efficiency configuration to a fully-suppressed, high peak-to-total configuration (Fig. 151). This presents a mechanical design challenge, and a prototype single-detector stand was fabricated for this purpose. Components for the single-detector stand were fabricated at TRIUMF and the University of Guelph (Fig. 152).The prototype identified several operational defi­ciencies, primarily in the motion o f detectors in their Fig. 153. Prototype suppressor shields,fully-inserted configurations. For the clovers, this has been addressed by repositioning the stop rods on their carriages. The side shield mechanisms continue to be reviewed. Nevertheless, the overall support system is adequate, and a mechanical engineering analysis will be performed in parallel with detailed design in 2005.Suppressor testsThe single-unit prototype support structure also facilitated measurements of suppressor performance.Prototype suppressor shields (Fig. 153) were mountedCsI(Tl) “Backplug” HPGe “ forward” HPGe “ back”for high-energy Maximum Efficiency Optimized Suppression7 r a y s M o d e M o d eFig. 151. Suppression scheme comprising three compo­nents: A) back-catcher, B) side shields, and C) front shields.Fig. 152. Single-detector stand for testing mechanical mounting scheme and suppressor performance.Fig. 154. Close-up view of clover and front plates. The side and bottom plates in the picture are withdrawn to show the clover and top plate in their high peak-to-total configuration.in the single-unit stand (Fig. 154). Figure 155 com­pares the spectral shapes for a typical monoenergetic source, while Table X X V gives efficiency and peak-to- total performance for the prototype clover and shields in the fully-suppressed, collimated, configuration. The full details of the analysis with a variety o f sources and detector configurations are to be published in the Master’s thesis of Mike Schumacker at the University o f Guelph.Revision 0 TIG-10 cardBecause ISAC-II beams will approach 10% the speed of light, any nuclear reactions involving these beams will emit y-rays from sources moving up to that speed as well. The Doppler shift in the resulting y-rays can be corrected and transformed back to the source frame if the angle of emission relative to the source velocity direction is known. This requires knowledge136Fig. 155. Spectrum of a 13' Cs source with the detectors in the fully suppressed configuration, in single-crystal mode, addback mode, and addback with suppression.Table XXV. Experimentally determined peak-to-total ra­tios (P /T) for test sources, measured with the prototype TIGRESS detector in the back (optimized peak-to-total) configuration, with hevimetal collimation.Source Parameter Value137Cs P /T crystals 24.9%P /T clover 39.7%Add-back factor 1.340P /T suppressed clover 59.9%Photopeak veto probability 0.19%60 Co P /T crystals 16.5%P /T clover 28.8%Add-back factor 1.437P /T suppressed clover 49.9%Photopeak veto probability 1.58%88y P /T crystals 16.0%P /T clover 27.7%Add-back factor 1.435P /T suppressed clover 47.7%Photopeak veto probability 1.39%of the first interaction location of the 7 -ray. The electri­cal waveforms generated by the nuclear event carry in­formation about interaction locations, so that one can measure the emission angle o f the 7 -ray, in principle, with enough precision that the uncertainty introduces an error in energy comparable to the intrinsic energy resolution of germanium. The two key elements needed to realize this are sufficiently segmented outer contacts [Svensson et al., op. cit.] and waveform sampling and analysis.In the case o f TIGRESS, waveforms will be sam­pled and events compiled using technologies similar to those developed for KOPIO (see the Particle Physics section of this Annual Report). The TIGRESS data acquisition will be built on “TIG-10” modules, ten-channel 14-bit 100 MHz digitizers in VXI-C packages. The single-channel 14-bit 100 MHz flash-ADC sampler developed and tested last year has been integrated into a Rev 0 prototype T IG -10 module. This was delievered from Universite de Montreal in late 2004. The proto­type is configured and read out by a VM E interface. By the end of the year, the TIG -10 prototype was in­corporated into a TRIUMF-standard MIDAS set-up. Waveforms were captured and logged, demonstrating the basic functionality o f the module. Futher testing to improve pole-zero corrections and to implement a low-voltage differential serial (LVDS) communication to so-called “collector” (TIG-COL) and master trigger cards will continue in 2005.Signal simulationsTo fully exploit the pulse shape analysis potential of TIGRESS, it is necessary to understand the response of the detector at all positions. While these responses can be measured, it is very time consuming, and it is impossible for the inner quadrants of each detector. In­stead, the pulse shapes must be simulated. Although the theory for pulse shape generation is well estab­lished, the simulations must nevertheless be verified.Work in 2004 focused on two major efforts. The first was to rewrite the codes to be more maintainable, in particular to perform the electrostatics calculations with FEMLAB and the charge-carrier dynamics and signal generation in C + + . The second was to directly compare the simulations to selected data from the co­incidence scans [Svensson et al., op. cit.].Figure 156 demonstrates how the simulations com­pare to measurements of the centre-contact rise times in the outer quadrant of one crystal along the diago­nal. Nominally these data points are along the (100)Core ContactDistance from Centre (mm)Fig. 156. Simulated vs. measured times to rise from 10% to 30%, 60%, and 90% of maximum, and to the time of steepest slope, for the core contact of one crystal.137crystallographic axis where the drift velocities are best known and are parallel to the electric field axis. The agreement is best near the outer edge o f the crystal. Sources o f error near the core continue to be investi­gated. Work in 2005 will include full implementation of the anistropic drift velocities, including lateral de­flection of charge carriers when the electric field is not along a crystallographic axis, improved treatment of edge effects, and improved modelling o f the impurity distribution in the crystals.This work earned undergraduate student Nick Cowan the award for Best Student Talk and an oppor­tunity to present his results at the 2005 Western Re­gional Nuclear and Particle Physics Conference. Nick is currently a graduate student at the University of Washington.CollaborationThe TIGRESS family grew with the addition of three NSERC grant-eligible collaborators: Prof. Roby Austin (St. M ary’s), Prof. Paul Garrett (Guelph), and Prof. Jo Ressler (SFU). O f the three research asso­ciates who were part of the TRIUMF-based TIGRESS team last year, Prof. Fred Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines) remains an active member o f the collaboration. Andrei Andreyev, Colin Morton and Chris Pearson have joined TIGRESS as research scientists, working with staff scientists Gordon Ball and Greg Hackman. A workshop is planned for University of Guelph in early 2005 to invite and encourage American and European involvement in TIGRESS auxiliary detectors.Status of the T IT A N System(J. Dilling, TRIUMF, fo r the TITAN Collaboration)TITAN (TRIU M F’s ion trap for atomic and nuclear science) is a facility for a variety o f high precision ex­periments. The main goal is accurate atomic mass mea­surements on short-lived radioactive isotopes. In order to achieve this the nuclei, produced at ISAC, undergo various preparations, before the actual mass measure­ment in a Penning trap. What sets this facility apart from all other Penning trap mass spectrometers for ra­dionuclei is the fact that we boost the charge state of the ions. The atomic mass of the ions is determined by measuring the cyclotron frequency vc = q/m- B o f the ions with q/m being the mass-to-charge ratio and B the magnetic field strength of the Penning trap. The precision o f this determination is limited by the ob­servation or preparation time available, and is propor­tional to K-T-q. To overcome this limitation of observa­tion time for short-lived isotopes, one can make use of charge bred highly charged ions. The charge breeding is done employing a high current EBIT (electron beam ion trap). In order to achieve a high efficient charge breeding process, the beam has to be converted from adc beam to a bunched beam, and an additional reduc­tion of the phase space or emittance is desired. These two important steps are carried out by a gas-filled lin­ear Pauli trap or radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ).After the charge breeding additional cooling is re­quired. A dedicated cooler Penning trap is foreseen for this task. The TITAN system comprises in total 4 main components: the RFQ cooler and buncher, the EBIT charge breeder, a Penning trap for cooling of highly charged ions, and the Penning trap for high precision mass measurements. The sub-systems can be tested independently using the off-line ion source and will be installed on a platform in the low energy area of the ISAC-I experimental hall. Figure 157 shows a rendered drawing outlining the location o f the different compo­nents with respect to the ground-level ISAC beam line. Figure 158 shows a recent photograph o f the TITAN platform.In the following, the various components will be described in more detail.CoolerPenning Trap ■‘ / V IFig. 157. Rendered drawing of the TITAN system located on, or just below, the platform in the ISAC-I experimental hall. The four main components are identified.Fig. 158. Photograph o f the recently installed TITAN plat­form in the low-energy ISAC area.138The TITAN RFQ beam cooler and buncherThe motivations for beam handling arise from the need to manipulate the beam properties for a variety of post processes, in our case charge breeding in the TITAN EBIT. Cooling and bunching of beams are of most interest. In this method, the incoming radioac­tive ion beam is cooled and subsequently delivered in bunches at a prescribed repetition rate, adjusted to the breeding cycle of the EBIT. Cooling the incom­ing beam reduces the energy spread both in the lon­gitudinal and transverse directions. This improves the quality of the beam which allows us to match the emit- tance of it to the acceptance of the EBIT, and hence achieve an increased efficiency. The RFQ beam cooler is the first beam processing device in the TITAN ex­perimental set-up as it processes and delivers the ISAC beam to a variety of experimental end stations, both on and off the TITAN beam line. The TITAN RFQ beam cooler is currently undergoing operational tests in the TITAN test stand (see Fig. 159). The initial tests are designed to characterize the system prior to the final coupling o f the beam cooler to the ISAC beam line. The TITAN beam cooler is a radio-frequency quadrupole device that is driven by an oscillating square wave­form as opposed to traditional sinusoidal driven de­vices. The RFQ driver developed (in collaboration with the Kicker group) for the TITAN system is capable of generating a rectangular voltage waveform of peak to peak amplitudes up to 600 V with a variable duty cycle and pulse repetition rates up to 3 MHz. This system is frequency agile as it has a flat frequency response over the entire operational range. This allows for frequency scanning without the tedium of changing circuit com­ponents as required in traditional tuned circuit sys­tems.Fig. 159. The RFQ off-line test stand. Composed of an off-line source, the RFQ inside the high voltage cage, and a Faraday cup diagnosis system behind the exit, on ground potential.Initial injection tests, comparing the beam on a Faraday cup straight up from the ion source, compared to a cup on the high voltage platform, behind the fi­nal retardation electrode, have shown that around 70% of the incident beam has been successfully decelerated into the RFQ confines. Of this, 20% has been trans­mitted through the length of the RFQ with the RFQ operated in continuous (transmission) mode, without buffer gas. For the latter measurements a Faraday cup was mounted on ground potential behind the extrac­tion system o f the RFQ. The first test using buffer gas at a pressure of j>Ne ~ 4 x 10-3 mbar showed a rise in transmission efficiency, indicating cooling of the beam. Proper optimization o f the parameters, like dc gradient, buffer gas pressure and rf parameters, are un­der way. Trapping and subsequent ejection of a cooled bunched beam will follow shortly. Transverse and lon­gitudinal emittance measurements will be performed to measure the extent of beam cooling and to assess the quality o f the extracted bunched beam. A specially engineered support structure will hold the RFQ beam cooler in the vertical position above the ISAC-I exper­imental floor in the final set-up. In this position, the beam cooler will couple the TITAN beam line, situ­ated on the recently constructed platform, to the ISAC beam line. In addition to delivering the beam to the TITAN EBIT, the beam bunches can be extracted at the bottom end. This allows the experiments along the ISAC beam line to be provided with cooled bunched beams. Experiments that would benefit from this in­clude the collinear laser spectroscopy and the /3-NMR system. Detailed ion transport calculations based on the standard ISAC matrix code were carried out to in­sure that a proper injection and extraction from and into the ISAC beam line are possible. The same code was used to determine the ion optical needs for the beam transfer to the upper level of the TITAN plat­form. Further simulations for the complete beam line will follow.Figure 160 shows details of how the RFQ will be mounted in the vertical position, and how the removal could be done. The concept is based on a rails system, that will allow a careful extraction o f the RFQ struc­ture from the vacuum tank, and a precise insertion, reproducing the position on a sub-millimetre level.The TITAN high-current EBIT progressThe TITAN electron beam ion trap (EBIT) for charge breeding of radionuclides is currently under con­struction in the EBIT group at the MPI for nuclear physics in Heidelberg. An electron beam is produced with a thermionic cathode and then electrostatically accelerated and injected into a strong magnetic field. Here the electrons are radially confined by the Lorentz139Fig. 160. Rendered drawings of the side view of the TITAN beam line, connecting the upper level (on the TITAN plat­form) to the ISAC beam line. Picture a) shows the RFQ in the planned location, together with the high-voltage cage frame, and support for the beam line. The lower pictures (b and c) show details of the support system for the RFQ, based on high-voltage insulators and the concept of remov­ing the system from the vacuum tank for servicing pur­poses.force, and the beam is compressed as the electrons en­ter the region o f high magnetic field. A field of 6 T is generated by a cryogen-free superconducting mag­net operating at a temperature o f 3.5 K. The elec­tron beam acceleration voltage will be variable up to 80 kV, and a beam current of 5 A is envisaged. With these parameters a compression o f the electron beam down to 150 /Tm is expected. The confinement of such an amount of negative electric charge provides a space charge potential, which is more than 5 kV deep. This space charge potential traps the ions radially. Axial confinement is accomplished by applying appropriate potentials to cylindrical electrodes, which are lined up coaxially in the bore of the magnet. While trapped in the dense electron beam, the ions undergo further ion­ization through successive electron impact processes. To obtain highly charged ions in charge states such as Xe44+, typical ionization times are in the order of 10 to 50 ms.Figure 161 shows a schematic overview of the TI­TAN EBIT. The radionuclides enter the EBIT as cooled bunches o f singly charged ions (in the figure, from the left side through the collector). The extrac­tion after charge breeding takes place along the same path in the opposite direction. The extraction and theFig. 161. Schematic overview of the TITAN EBIT. A su­perconducting 6 T magnet with cold bore houses the actual trap set-up. Both the electron gun head and the electron collector unit are adjustable with respect to the magnetic field and relative to each other to provide an optimal elec­tron beam performance. The electron gun and the collector are floating on negative high voltage whereas the trap is held at ground potential.transport to the precision Penning trap will be accom­plished by means o f floatable drift tubes and pulsed cavities.Recently the TITAN EBIT assembly was com­pleted (see Fig. 162). Some last components are ex­pected shortly, including the final version of the trap electrodes. Using a prototype trap assembly in the first test, an electron beam current of more than 180 mA and a kinetic energy of 14 keV was achieved. Besides trapping and ionizing, the electron beam gives rise to excitation o f the trapped ions and recombination. A germanium detector was placed on one of the seven radial ports to observe X-rays from the trap region through a beryllium vacuum-window. A sample X-ray spectrum taken during the first week of operation is shown in Fig. 163. Barium (and tungsten) which isf " \i n f i l lFig. 162. P h oto o f the TIT A N EB IT set-up.140L-M (transitionEnergy [keV]Fig. 163. X-ray spectrum from trapped highly charged Ba ions. On top of the bremsstrahlung-continuum (dashed line) spectral lines can be seen. Besides direct transitions, of which the L-M transition is the most prominent one, resonances at energies much higher than the kinetic energy (16.5 keV) of the electrons are observed. They are emitted by electrons which are captured in radiative recombination processes from the continuum into the n = 4, 3 and 2 shell of Ba.evaporated from the cathode surface makes its way as neutral atoms into the trapping region where it gets ionized to high charge states. The spectrum gives clear evidence for trapping and ionizing of Ba. The most prominent excitation and recombination lines were ob­served.In the near future the TITAN EBIT will be equipped with a gas injection system to increase the va­riety of elements to test with and to allow for insertion of cooling gas such as argon or neon. Furthermore a test ion source, a position sensitive particle detector and a charge-to-mass ratio analyzing magnet, all o f them be­ing operational already, will be attached to the set-up. Charge breeding and extraction of externally produced ions will be proven in the fall of 2005 and quantita­tive values for breeding times, temperature and beam emittance of extracted highly charged ions will become available. Shipping of the TITAN EBIT and its incor­poration into the TITAN set-up is foreseen to occur in early 2006.TITAN cooler Penning trapThe energy spread of highly charged ions (HCI) ex­tracted from the EBIT has not been measured yet. In fact, it is rather difficult to estimate since experience with such high electron charge densities doesn’t ex­ist. However, it will most likely be too high for direct injection into the mass measurement trap. Typically, energies of <1 eV/q are required for the cyclotron res­onance technique (q is the charge of the ion). Currentexperience with EBITs indicates that energy spreads o f >10 eV/q must be expected. In addition, the TI­TAN EBIT is designed to provide currents up to 5 A, leading to significantly higher electron densities and collisional heating rates compared to current devices. To remedy this, we plan to insert a cooler Penning trap between the charge breeding and the mass mea­surement. The proven method of buffer gas cooling is ruled out by the unacceptably large charge transfer; resistive cooling requires a cryogenic environment and is highly q/m specific. We are currently exploring two promising routes towards cooled HCI - sympathetic cooling with electrons and light, cold ions such as pro­tons or He2+. Electron cooling is attractive as electrons are easily produced and self-cool to the temperature of the environment via the emission of synchrotron radi­ation with a time constant of «100 ms in a 6 T field. A complication is the possibility of electron-ion recom­bination. For typical parameters such as an electron temperature of 300 K, an electron density o f 10' cm -3 , and q = 50, the radiative recombination rate amounts to ssO.l s- 1 . This would be tolerable; however, higher electron densities, effects of dielectronic recombination and three-body recombination could shorten the life­time significantly. In addition, the opposite charge of electrons and ions requires the use of a nested trap, where electrons are trapped in one or multiple inverted wells inside a larger ion trap. At ion energies corre­sponding to the height of the inverted well, the two species start to decouple spatially, halting the cooling process. As an alternative, we are looking into light-ion cooling o f HCI. In this scheme, sub-eV protons from an ion source are injected into the trap. Preliminary cal­culations show (see Fig. 164) that this method can cool HCI at time scales much shorter than 1 s.The Manitoba group has recently received a CFI grant to build the cooler trap. The set-up will be flexible to explore electron-ion and ion-ion cooling. For effective synchrotron radiation cooling, the magnet needs to produce at least a 6 T field. Efficient capture0 .2 o .4 o .6 o .8 i i . 2 t in sFig. 164. U90+ with an initial energy of 200 eV/q and dif­ferent numbers of injected ions. Cooled by 10' protons with a density of n = 10' cm-3 .141of HCI bunches from the TITAN EBIT requires a long trap («5 0 cm). A cylindrical electrode structure with about a dozen separately controllable electrodes can produce various geometries for a nested trap potential. Construction will start in 2005.TITAN mass measurement Penning trapPenning trap design Mass measurements in a Pen­ning trap are carried out by determining the cyclotron frequency of the charged particles in the magnetic field of a strong homogeneous magnet. Naturally, special care has to be taken in selecting the magnet, since deviations from the homogeneous field couple directly to the uncertainty in the mass determination. One of the first things for the precision Penning trap project was to establish the specifications o f the Penning trap magnet. In the first round o f negotiations with mag­net manufacturers it was determined that the desired parameters would put the price o f the magnet outside the budget goal. Since the highly charged ions used for mass measurements at TITAN would not require as high a field to achieve the desired accuracy, the de­cision was made to acquire a magnet with magnetic field strength o f 4 T. The magnet is scheduled for de­livery in December, 200-5. Measurements on the highly charged ions require UHV to XH V (10~9 —10~12 mbar) vacuum conditions in the vacuum chamber. Additional stringent requirements from the magnetic field homo­geneity restrict the choice o f materials for the Penning trap vacuum system. The main vacuum chamber that will contain the measurement trap has been designed from pure titanium and is currently being manufac­tured. To achieve the required vacuum conditions, a vacuum system concept was developed that consists o f two pumping stations with the ion getter pumps and NEG pumps. A support structure design for the Penning trap and the ion optics electrodes has been finalized.Figure 165 shows the rendered overview drawing of the Penning trap, including the magnet, the titanium vacuum chamber, with feedthrough vessel and vacuumFig. 165. Mechanical and vacuum design of the Penning trap: a) vacuum system concept; b) main vacuum chamber; c) Penning trap support structure.a10-8- b4 , - ~ - - c6■ " - f 4 ( 21 0i/1 , • o -2• ^8 10 Z, mm-8--10-Fig. 166. a) Section view of the electrode design of the pre­cision Penning trap; b) disturbance to the magnetic field homogeneity by the Penning trap electrodes.pumps (a). Figures 165b and c show details of the vac­uum chamber and the Penning trap electrode structure support.The electric and magnetic field homogeneity in the mass measurement Penning trap is crucial for achiev­ing the target accuracy. Therefore, a series of electro­static calculations was performed to achieve the best electric field parameters. The material along the trap electrodes was then redistributed by successive opti­mizations to obtain the best possible magnetic field homogeneity. The magnetic field calculations were in­corporated into a CAD design program (SolidWorks). The produced trap geometry and the corresponding magnetic field inhomogeneity are shown in Fig. 166. The calculations indicate that the required field homo­geneity of w lOppb can be reached or surpassed.Ion injection and extraction simulations Careful ion transport into the precision Penning trap through the fringe field of the superconducting magnet is very important for the mass measurement. The magnetic field gradient can produce a magnet mirror, reflecting the incoming ions, and leading to substantial losses of the radioactive isotopes. Hence, extensive simulations of the ion injection into the trap to optimize the ion optical parameters and to determine the position o f the optical elements were performed. Under the conserva­tive assumption of a beam of charge bred ions with an emittance of 100 7r mm mrad (beam without cooling), it is impossible to achieve the necessary initial ion distri­bution in the Penning trap. Similar calculations were carried out with a beam emittance of 10 7r mm mrad (employing the cooler Penning trap). The results o f the simulations for the 100 7r mm mrad beam are shown in Figs. 167 and 168.Test ion source and emittance meter For the cali­bration of the Penning trap during the mass measure­ments, an off-line ion source is desired. It should supply the reference ions with a mass-to-charge ratio close to that o f a highly charged ion, hence probing the same phase space inside the Penning trap. Ions that could be used as reference ions are the hydrogen molecular ions H2+ and H'3+, and helium ion He+ with mass to charge142( (mm)Fig. 167. Ion injection into the precision Penning trap as a function of final focal point before the Penning trap. Graph: size of the injected beam inside the trap (initial size top dots).f (mm)Fig. 168. Cyclotron energy of the ions inside the magnetic field as a function of final focal point (initial energy bottom dots).ratios o f 2, 3, and 4 respectively. A cooler Penning trap based on protons as a coolant would, of course, also require a source o f protons. We have pursued a dc plasma discharge ion source based on a commercial design. The initial version of the ion source was quickly put together and successfully tested for Xe ion beam delivery. The design was then modified to conform with UHV requirements o f the TITAN transfer beam line and ability to be used as a multi-purpose unit with differential pumping station and built-in Faraday cup diagnostics. The source is now undergoing tests and delivering 3 /iA o f Xe ion beam. It can be used for all four traps at various locations in the TITAN set-up.A device to measure the emittance of a charged particle beam was designed and built, in order to char­acterize the ion beam from the test ion source, theFig. 169. Photo of the ion source test stand, with Wien- filter and emittance meter.RFQ cooler and buncher, and the EBIT. It is based on the ISAC emittance meter rig design. The original design was modified in the following way: the materi­als used in the device are UHV compatible, the design was lightened, and made significantly more compact (it fits into the standard 8 in. conflat 4-way cross). First measurements of the emittance o f the Xe beam from the plasma ion source have been carried out. Figure 169 shows a photograph o f the test set-up with the ion source (inside the high voltage cage), extraction op­tics, a Wien-filter and the emittance meter on a linear feedthrough.Summary and conclusionThe TITAN facility set-up and construction is well under way. Some of the main components, the gas- filled RFQ cooler and buncher, and the charge breeder EBIT are already in the test or operational phase. The progress on the Penning trap project allows a projec­tion to first tests in early 2006, after the mass mea­surement Penning trap magnet is received in Decem­ber, 2005. The key infrastructure component, the TI­TAN platform, is already erected. The move o f the RFQ system to the ISAC hall is foreseen for later in 2005. First laser spectroscopy experiments are possi­ble at this stage. The advantage of having an off-line ion source built into the system will become evident during the set-up and commissioning phase of the in­dividual components and the test of the transfer of beam from one subsystem to the next. This is planned for the coming year.Linear Collider TP C Development(D. Karlen, Victoria/TRIUMF)The Victoria time projection chamber (TPC ) pro­totype, designed for use in magnetic fields at TRI­UMF and DESY, had a successful data-taking run at143DESY in the summer. The prototype was operated with GEMs and micromegas gas amplification and its performance was investigated with cosmic and laser tracks. This work was performed in order to demon­strate the capabilities of such a device as a large volume gaseous central tracking system for a linear collider ex­periment. As a result of the success o f this program, the long baseline neutrino experiment, T2K, now includes these types of devices in the design of the near detector tracker, and the Victoria/TRIUM F groups are leading the T2K TPC project.IntroductionGiven the precise three dimensional information it provides, a large volume TPC is a leading candidate for the central tracker for an experiment at the Inter­national Linear Collider. Starting in 2003, the Victo­ria prototype TPC has demonstrated the performance o f TPCs with micropattern gas detectors operated in magnetic fields. The TPC is of modest scale, with an active drift volume of about 300 mm x 85 mm x 64 mm, read out with 256 channels o f modified STAR prototype electronics. From data taken in 2003, it was shown that up to the full drift distance, 30 cm, the pro­totype had a space point resolution of approximately 100 /mi for a 7 mm sample in P5 gas at magnetic fields above about 1.5 T.This year, the TPC was modified to allow UV laser pulses to enter the drift volume, which would produce a straight line o f ionization, in a repeatable fashion. A laser delivery system was designed and built at the Uni­versity of Victoria in order to control the beams sent to the TPC during operation in the DESY magnet. For personnel safety reasons, the system was designed for remote control. Pictures of the laser delivery sys­tem are shown in Fig. 170. The YAG laser, provided by DESY, produced a 266 nm wavelength beam.Fig. 170. Photographs of the laser delivery system designed for TPC operation in the DESY magnet. The left image shows the optical components, with movable mirrors and blockers to produce one or two beams of variable separa­tion. The right image shows the TPC holder that includes movable mirrors to direct the laser beams through the TPC at different drift distances.Results from 2004 DESY runThe prototype was operated with laser and cosmic triggers in P5 (Ar:CH4 95:10) and the so-called TDR (AnCtLjpCCU 93:5:2) gas mixtures. The laser intensity was adjusted to give mean ionization density similar to that o f minimum ionizing particles. Primarily it was operated using a double GEM; only a short test using micromegas with a resistive anode was performed.The laser track position in the TPC was very sta­ble, typically drifting less than 10 /tm over a period o f 24 hours. The laser was found to be very useful to quickly measure the drift velocity, and thereby monitor the equilibrium time after gas changes or after periods o f opening the TPC.Since the laser tracks were stable in location from pulse to pulse, they provide an excellent control sam­ple to demonstrate the techniques used to estimate the tracking resolution for cosmic ray tracks. By using 8 rows of 2 mm x 7 mm pads, the standard deviation o f the horizontal track parameters o f the track fits to the laser pulses was typically 28 /mi, corresponding to a single row resolution o f 79 /mi. The technique used for cosmic ray tracks (comparing single row fits with all row fits) gives 77 /tm, in good agreement.By bringing two parallel laser beams close together at the same drift distance, the two track resolution ca­pability o f the device was investigated. The two remote control blockers allowed one or the other laser beam to pass through the TPC, or both. Single fits o f the indi­vidual tracks were compared to a simultaneous fit to the two tracks. For 2 mm wide pads, the resolution of the two track fits was found to only degrade signifi­cantly for track separations less than 2 mm, as shown in Fig. 171.Two track resolution at 4T500c 4000 b1O 300j|o <Dx ° 2 0 05 ooO)£ 100 tn00 1 2 3 4 5two track separation (mm)Fig. 171. The two track resolution capability of the TPC is shown for 2 mm wide pads. The horizontal line shows the single pad row resolution for single tracks. The points show the single pad row resolution for two parallel tracks at different separation distances. This represents the first measurement of this property for GEM-TPCs.144To better understand the results from cosmic ray samples, a full GEANT3 simulation of the cosmic events was developed. The energy loss of charged par­ticles as they pass through the gas is simulated by GEANT, and the values are passed to the jtpc TPC simulation package. The simulated events are analyzed with the same program as the real data. The resolution measured in the simulated samples is in good agree­ment with the real data. The momentum distribution of the muons as estimated by the radius of curvature is in good agreement.The ionization energy loss, dE/dx, was also exam­ined, and the relativistic rise with momentum is clearly visible. The dE/dx resolution was measured to be 17% for the 85 mm track length, consistent with the ex­pectation from an extrapolation o f traditional large gaseous tracking systems.A set o f narrower readout pads, 1.2 mm pitch in­stead o f 2 mm pitch, were also tested. This was done because the defocusing of the GEMs for P5 gas at high fields provides less than optimal charge sharing for the larger pads. For P10, the defocusing is larger, but the use of this gas was not allowed in the DESY set-up.An initial study showed biases in the data, as if pad rows were offset from their nominal locations by various amounts o f order 100 pm. The original gerber file for the PCB layout was reviewed, and it was found that the pads were, in fact, not correctly placed. Af­ter correcting for this in the analysis, the biases were found to be less than 5 pm.The single row resolution for the narrow pad cosmic data is shown in Fig. 172, and compared to the result from the GEANT-jtpc simulation. Single row resolu­tion of approximately 60-80 pm is found. It appears that systematic effects, not included in the simulation, are not influencing the resolution at this level.Future workA full analysis o f these data is under way for pub­lication. The results and experience gained with the Victoria prototype will be very helpful in designing a large Linear Collider prototype TPC, in collaboration with physicists from Europe and the US, and in de­signing the T2K TPC modules over the coming year.University o f Victoria LC TPC group in 2004: Dean Karlen, Mark Lenkowski, Chris Nell, Paul Pof- fenberger, Gabe Rosenbaum.T P C R & D for the International Linear Collider(M. Dixit, Carleton/TRIUMF)IntroductionThe time projection chamber (TPC ) for the fu­ture international linear collider will need to measure about 200 track points with a resolution o f better than 100 pm. The resolution goal, close to the fundamental limit from ionization electron statistics and transverse diffusion in gas, is nearly two times better than has been achieved by conventional wire/pad TPCs. A TPC with a micro pattern gas detector (MPGD) readout could, in principle, reach the target resolution. How­ever, it may require sub-millimetre width pads result­ing in a large increase in the number o f electronics channels and detector cost and complexity over con­ventional TPCs.In the recent past, the R&D at Carleton has focused on exploring new ideas to improve TPC resolution (see Fig. 173). We have recently developed a new readout concept based on the phenomenon o f charge disper­sion in MPGDs with a resistive anode. With charge dispersion, wide pads similar in width to the ones used with wire/pad TPCs can be used without sacrificing resolution.We have proven the concept o f charge dispersion for a collimated X-ray source earlier. We have recentlydata resol vs drift me resol vs drift0.090- - 0.095-- 0.080-‘ 0.Q75-- 0.C7Q- - 0 .055-- i 0.060-' 0.055-' 0.050-—50 100 1500.090-0.085-0.080-0.075-G.07Q-0.065-0.060-0.055-0.050-50 100 150Fig. 172. The single row resolution (mm) of cosmic tracks is shown for 1.2 mm wide pads for 7 mm samples in P5 gas as a function of drift distance (time bins - range from 0 to 300 mm). The figure on the left shows the result from data, and the figure on the right is from the full simulation.145Fig. 173. Cosmic ray GEM-TPC set-up at Carleton.measured the spatial resolution o f a small prototype TPC using the charge dispersion readout as proof of principle. In cosmic ray tests with no magnetic field, we have measured the resolution for a number of gases with different diffusion. The dependence of measured resolution on drift distance was consistent with dif­fusion in all cases. This is the first time a TPC has achieved a spatial resolution close to the fundamen­tal limit from diffusion. The resistive anode GEM in the TPC endcap was recently replaced with a resis­tive anode micromegas. Preliminary results from the micromegas TPC with the charge dispersion readout are quite encouraging. These activities are described below.GEM-TPC resolution from charge dispersionA small cosmic ray test TPC used earlier with a conventional direct charge GEM readout was modi­fied for charge dispersion studies. The GEM endcap was altered to accommodate a resistive anode. Sig­nals on 60 pads, 2 mm x 6 mm each, were read out using Aleph TPC wire preamplifiers and digitized by 200 MHz FADCs.Figure 174 shows TPC pulses for two pads. Both the pulse rise time and the decay time depend on the position of the charge with respect to the pad. The charge collecting pad has a fast signal. The signal on the adjacent pad has a slower rise and decay time. Fig­ure 175 shows track signals for all the pads for a cosmic ray track.Since the risetime and the pulse height both depend on the charge position, there are many possible ways to define and use the pad response function (PRF). For the present analysis, we have used only the pulse height information. We used part o f the cosmic ray data to de­termine the PRFs (see Fig. 176). The remaining data were used for resolution studies.The charge dispersion signals are affected by non­uniformities in the anode resistivity and the capaci­tance per unit area. Positions measured from PRF needR un 92, Event 44Fig. 174. Charge dispersion signal on a charge collecting pad and its neighbour for a cosmic ray track in the TPC. Ar:CO2/9Q:10. _________________________i,P " j j1 l :- ]r j- : r : " jr : T F ^ -------;...... itimebin / 5 nsFig. 175. FADC charge dispersion signals on 2 x 6 mm2 readout pads for a cosmic ray track. The TPC fill gas was Ar:COo/90:10.x / nunFig. 176. Example pad response functions (PRF). The PRFs were determined from a subset of the cosmic ray data set.to be corrected for local RC distortions. The bias cor­rections were also determined from the calibration data set.Figure 177 shows the resolution measurements for Ar:CC>2 with and without charge dispersion. P10 re­sults are shown in Fig. 178. The resolution from charge dispersion is significantly better than for the direct charge readout for both gases. Apart from a constant term, the dependence of resolution on drift distance is consistent with diffusion.A detailed simulation has been done to understand the characteristics of charge dispersion signals. Initial ionization clustering, electron drift, diffusion effects, the MPGD gain, the intrinsic detector pulse-shape and electronics effects have been included. All aspects of1461.1m sDirect Charge Ar/CO, 90/10— — ti*1Charge Dispersion ' Ar/tXX 90/10I®, 15©,10,05MlICFo + ^ !) ALi f'at / ( »Fig. 177. Charge dispersion improves TPC resolution over that from direct charge for low diffusion gases like Ar:C0 2 with limited charge sharing between pads.charge dispersion phenomena can be simulated includ­ing pulse shapes (see Fig. 179) and the PRF. The sim­ulation is in good agreement with the experiment and can be used to optimize the charge dispersion readout for the TPC.In summary, the charge dispersion on a resistive anode improves the GEM -TPC resolution significantly over that achievable with conventional direct charge readout. Bias errors due to RC inhomogeneities can be corrected. W ith no magnetic field, the measured de­pendence o f resolution on drift distance is consistent with diffusion and electron statistics. Charge disper­sion resolution studies with a micromegas TPC are in progress. Preliminary results are are quite encouraging and are similar to those with the GEM readout.Future plansTPC resolution studies for a micromegas TPC with a resistive anode readout will be completed. Beam tests in a magnet are planned for the summer of 2005 in a0.40.3O.l: D i r e c t c h a r g e7 P10_ j*• — — fity o 0 = 88 u m , Cj> = 0.60 ± 0.01 ." MagboJtz predL: Cj) = 0.561_____ 1_____ L.____i __ 1_____I_____1---------- i---------- i-----------<---------- i ----------10 1,50.40.30.20.I: C h a r g e d i s p e r s io n: P10 x *’**----------- fit* 0 (! = 134 pm , CD = 0.50 ± 0.0 LMagboitz pred.: C 0 = 0.56...1.....a.....-a........... a.....I.....a L --L 1---0 10 15Z / C!HFig. 178. Charge dispersion improves TPC resolution even if the track charge is spread over several pads due to trans­verse diffusion, as is the case for P10.Run (03. Event 2S74Fig. 179. Simulated and experimental cosmic ray charge dispersion signals on a row of cosmic ray TPC readout pads.KEK test beam. W ith the announcement of the choice of superconducting rf structures for the ILC last sum­mer, the TPC R&D effort worldwide is gaining momen­tum. The time scale is driven by the expectation that the ILC will be operational by 2015. A major ILC-TPC147goal is to choose the readout technology and build and test a large prototype by 2007. If a TPC resolution o f less than 100 /zm for all drift distances (diffusion limit in a magnet) can be reached, it will have a ma­jor impact on the ILC detector design. We expect tocontribute significantly to this effort.IILC TPC R&D group in Canada: A. Bellerive, K. Boudjemline, R. Carnegie, H. Mes, J. Miyamoto, K. Sachs (Carleton), M. Dixit (Carleton/TRIUM F), J.-P. Martin (Montreal), and D. Karlen (Victoria).148CYCLOTRON OPERATIONS DIVISIONIN T R O D U C T IO NDuring 2004 the cyclotron was available for 92% of the hours scheduled, which is 4% better than last year. The total number of available hours was 5565, exceed­ing the 5176 hours available in 2003. The total beam charge delivered was 687 mAh, up 6% from last year, of which 437 mAh were delivered to BL1A for meson production and 108 mAh were delivered to BL2A for RIB production. Beam was delivered for the first time down BL2A3 to the east target station (ITE) o f ISAC. Approximately 142 mAh were delivered at 85 MeV to rubidium targets in the solid target facility (STF) in beam line 2C4 for the production of radiopharmaceu­tical generators.The cyclotron beam development shifts concen­trated on reproducing, understanding and improving the ~300 fj.A tune being developed to satisfy the users’ requirements for beam in 2007 when ISAC is sched­uled to begin operating at 100/rA. After several im­provements in diagnostics and alignment of the centre region correction plates, the best 2004 high current re­sult achieved was a stable beam with an equivalent cur­rent o f 320/iA at 50% duty cycle with 64% cyclotron transmission and reasonable spills.The annual downtime o f 407 hours was only slightly higher than average, of which the inflector problems cost 138 hours of the total. Most impressive was the lowest ever rf downtime of 77 hours, which is about 1/3 of the long-term average. Site power and power supply problems were the next largest contributors to downtime, followed by beam trips which became a nui­sance in 2A operation.During the winter shutdown, the major beam line activities were the repair o f four major vacuum leaks (M20Q1, upstream of Q14, 1AT2-M8 blank-off plate, O-ring at M20B2) in the T2 area of BL1A. Last year’s crumbling block replacement program continued this year. However, because of the extent and complexity of the above jobs in mostly high radiation fields, we had to postpone the removal of the M il septum and the repair of the small M15 vacuum leak. There were many other meson hall activities, which are covered in detail in the Beam Production section. The major vault and tank activities included jack-station main­tenance, diagnostic maintenance activities, periscope improvements, installation of new inflector cables and connectors, and chore pad replacements in Q3 and Q4. Removing the STF in BL2C4 to repair limit switches and to correct a skew misalignment, that had caused problems for years, proved to be a very difficult job with mechanical obstacles and persistent water leaks along the way. A new and improved STF is being de­signed to replace the present one. The new STF will be a water vessel with no water joints to be made up in the vault. The target insertion will be done on rails located in the vessel and the insertion mechanism will be removable to the hot cell for MRO.In the fall mini shutdown the vault activities in­cluded both X I and X2A foils being replenished, vault BL monitors being gassed, 2C4 protect monitor being repaired, upper correction plate external cabling being repaired, and many other M RO jobs. In BL1A there was the repair of vacuum leaks at 1AVA8 and 1AQ14, a water leak at 1AQ15 and many other MRO jobs, which are covered in more detail in the support group sections. As well as vault and beam line activities, the support groups were also very busy in their own re­spective areas.The efforts of the RF group are reflected in the low downtime of 77 hours compared to 234 hours last year. The major activities contributing to this reliabil­ity are the upgrade of the HVPS (which includes new thyrite varistor stacks, new water connections to the water-cooled resistors and a newly designed crowbar driver protection board), a new final combiner, major upgrades to the 9 in. and 11 in. transmission line sys­tem, and general upgrades in the rf power amplifiers.In the Probes and Diagnostics group great progress was made on the HE probe refurbishment, including the completion of the probe detailed design and fab­rication and testing of the m ajor sub-assemblies. The group was also involved in ISAC work which is covered in that section.The newly formed Diagnostics Electronics group had a very busy year. The m ajor priority was given to fast signal acquisition from internal probes in the cyclotron. A real step forward in beam measurements in the time domain can be expected with the imple­mentation of broadband signal acquisition and analy­sis. Improvements were made to the electronics pro­cessing the signal from the beam line capacitive probe to make the TO F measurements on the cyclotron more automatic.The vacuum/cryogenics system operated reliably over the year. Upgrades were made to both B-20 cryo- generators to improve their reliability. Improvements were made to the B-20 cooling water system to im­prove turn around time during cryogenerator regener­ation. Both cyclotron and beam line vacuum systems were efficiently maintained during the year.In ISIS the CUSP ion source and injection line con­tinued to operate well for the past year. A major effort was unexpectedly required to realign the II motor gen­erator set that provides power to the ion source termi-149nal. Variable aperture slits were successfully commis­sioned and now provide improved beam quality to the cyclotron. Some effort went into restoring the CRM ion source test stand to allow testing o f CUSP ion sources by ISIS, Nordion and Dehnel Consulting, and to allow us to study our ion source characteristics.The Controls group carried out many new devel­opments on the CCS facility, secondary beam lines and other systems, which are too numerous to mention here. The low loss of scheduled beam time attributed to control systems is noteworthy and is a result o f the new developments and maintenance efficiently carried out by the Controls group.Operational Services, which includes Remote Han­dling, Magnet Power Supplies, Electrical Services and Mechanical Services, continues to play a vital role in the reliable operation of the cyclotron. Their services extend to the whole TRIUMF site and are appreciated site wide.As part of the ongoing work for safety-critical mon­itoring for prompt radiation hazards, the reliable ter­mination of beam production in response to beam spill, neutron, access, and emergency safety trip conditions was implemented during the 2004 shutdown. Each sec­ondary channel area safety unit test procedure was written and approved. The operation of nine safety- critical pairs of radiation detectors was checked out on thirty-five maintenance days with no failures reported. The ISAC BI level electrical room was made an inter­lock exclusion area and now must be locked up and unoccupied when beam line 2A is on.325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0B E A M P R O D U C T IO NBeam delivery for the year was reasonably success­ful with a total charge production of 687 mAh deliv­ered to the high current proton lines (1A, 2A and 2C4), up 6% from last year although still 5% lower than the 2002 record of 723 mAh. Performance o f the cyclotron was excellent for the most part (barring an emergency inflector repair in August) with a typical operating transmission of 64% and a measured tank beam spill around 1% o f the circulating current. These parameters were achieved partly with the help of the rf booster that was sometimes unavailable due to de­velopments in its control system, partly due to a more reproducible ISIS beam (with newly installed slits cut­ting back a high output source as needed), and partly because of the continuing tuning efforts of the opera­tors. Thirteen weeks of shutdown left 6058 scheduled operational hours (in this 53 week year) of which 5565 were achieved for an availability of 92%, 4% better than last year. These totals, including 316 hours used for development and tuning, are shown in Fig. 180. Note that the 2 week periods preceding shutdowns were dedicated to lower intensity operation, usually involv­ing beam delivery to ISAC with the proton irradia­tion facility (PIF, using BL1B and BL2C1) running in parallel. BL2C1 was also used at 74 MeV for ocular melanoma treatments for 6 patients during 4 proton therapy (PT) sessions. These PT sessions, with the high intensity source on-line, required the use of the ISIS pepperpot to limit the injected beam current dur­ing patient treatment times. Again this year there was no BL4 operation and no polarized source operation.. 6500 r 6000 r 5500 r 5000 r 4500 r 4000 r 3500 r 3000 r 2500 r 2000 r 1500 - 1000 - 500 ' 0WEEKcocr=)01>-_ lLLILLI£CODCZD01_J< I—oFig. 180. Operational hours for 2004.150As Fig. 181 shows, the total beam charge delivered to meson hall experiments along BL1A was 437 mAh or 88% of the scheduled amount, down marginally from last year because of vacuum and target considerations described below. In addition to the BL1A charge, there were a significant 142 mAh delivered at 85 M eV to ru­bidium targets in the solid target facility (STF) in beam line 2C4 for the production of radiopharmaceu­tical generators and another 108 mAh, 30% more than last year’s record, delivered to the two target stations on BL2A for the production of radioactive ion beams (RIB) for experiments in ISAC. A total extracted cur­rent exceeding 220 /jA was sometimes shared by the three proton lines, although 200/r A or less was more normal for extended production periods. This was par­ticularly true for the month when graphite targets were used at 1AT1 for the TW IST experiment, lim­iting BL1A currents to 100 /iA.The annual downtime of 407 hours (Fig. 182) was only slightly higher than average even though inflec­tor problems cost 138 hours or 34% of the total. Most impressive was the lowest ever rf downtime, 77 hours or less than 2 hours per operational week, about one- third of the long term average. Site power and power supply problems followed at 9% and 8% respectively while beam trips, particularly a nuisance in 2A oper­ation, came in at a costly 5%. The operational record and beam to experiments for the year are given in Ta­bles XXVI and XXVII.cnX*<£LLICDDC<Xo<LLIm>-_iLLILU4035 -30 -25 -20 -1510Scheduled 1A Charge (498 mAh) Delivered 1A Charge (437 mAh) Delivered 2C4 Charge (142 mAh) Delivered 2A Charge (108 mAh)TOTAL Deliv Charge tnX*<LLICDDC<Xo<LUCQ< I—oHOURS200150Fig. 181. Beam delivery for 2004.TOTAL = 407.2 HOURS138.1505 5 65 3.6 3.5 2.75 1.8 0.75 0.65 -T i i n* $ § g £ gp s <r/ //o°SYSTEMFig. 182. Cyclotron downtime for 2004.20015010050151Table X X V I. Operational record for 2004.*Scheduled hours Actual hoursCyclotron off:Maintenance 528.0 535.25Startup 178.0 178.30Shutdown 2,140.0 2,155.50Other 0.0 0.00Cyclotron downtime 0.0 407.20Overhead 0.0 62.75Totals 2,846.0 3,339.00Cyclotron on:Development 202.5 173.15Cyclotron tuning 525.0 143.30Beam to experiments 5,330.5 5,248.55Totals 6,058.0 5,565.00Actual / Scheduled = 5,565.0 / 6,058.0 = 91.9% availabilityBeam to experiments:1A Production 4,155.0 3,987.651A Development/tuning 10.0 35.201A D ow n/open/no user 807.5 854.15IB Production 335.0 69.45IB Development/tuning 0.0 3.50IB D ow n/open/no user 23.0 298.60Total 1A+1B production 4,490.0 4,057.102A Production 5,029.5 3,577.752A Development/tuning 0.0 18.252A D ow n/open/no user 301.0 1,652.552C1 Production/tests 1,431.5 192.952C1 Development/tuning 0.0 8.902C1 D ow n/open/no user 405.0 1,463.552C4 Production/tests 3,378.0 2,523.652C4 Development/tuning 0.0 18.002C4 D ow n/open/no user 116.0 1,041.501A Beam charge (/rAh) 498,320.0 437,178.002A Beam charge (/rAh) 148,903.0 107,875.502C4 Beam charge (/rAh) 155,750.0 141,530.00There was no BL4 production this year and the polarized source was not used.152614614(614(614782842847877881881891891912917917932938938939939943944945945945949949950951951953953958959960960962968968969974975976976977978979981997998Table X X V II. Beam to experiments for 2004.Scheduled DeliveredChannel Schedule # Hours nAh. Hours /xAhM13 105 2,542 330,460 2,451.50 275,762M13 106 1,108 124,570 1,048.60 117,473M l 3 105 404 35,220 403.25 33,550M l 3 106 101 7,070 80.30 5,612M15 105 150 19,500 156.75 19,291M9B 105 150 19,500 150.05 19,716M15 105 273 35,490 276.60 35,300M9B 105 123 15,990 139.65 17,113M15 105 81 10,530 81.15 9,637M15 106 79 5,530 58.30 4,080M15 105 127 16,510 124.00 12,565M20B 105 196 25,480 208.25 22,744M15 106 127 16,390 110.60 13,718M20B 105 427 55,510 446.85 51,536M20B 106 273 26,730 239.25 23,729M9B 105 150 19,500 169.90 20,095M15 105 273 35,490 265.85 29,481M15 106 127 16,510 127.45 16,616M20B 105 254 33,020 275.80 34,569M20B 106 277 31,390 238.70 26,373M9B 105 273 35,490 273.45 30,649M20B 106 151 15,100 151.50 14,839M20B 105 150 19,500 147.30 17,971M9B 106 79 5,530 73.45 5,495M20B 106 127 16,510 127.45 16,616M9B 105 300 39,000 278.85 24,210M9B 106 381 49,410 368.55 47,875M15 105 150 19,500 152.65 11,842M20B 105 75 9,750 79.05 7,893M15 106 69 8,970 69.30 8,966M15 105 127 16,510 121.65 15,722M l 5 106 127 12,700 120.25 11,970M l 5 105 127 16,510 142.05 18,250M20B 105 150 19,500 150.05 19,716M20B 105 150 19,500 86.30 5,697M15 106 127 12,700 125.25 12,255M20B 105 150 19,500 155.80 20,191M9B 105 438 56,940 371.20 31,995M9B 106 277 27,700 249.35 24,672M15 105 150 19,500 146.90 15,065M15 105 277 36,010 198.50 20,750M15 105 150 19,500 142.30 12,008M15 105 46 5,980 54.95 6,125M15 106 58 7,540 61.20 8,575M20B 105 150 19,500 126.20 12,368M20B 105 63 8,190 63.55 6,397M20B 105 127 16,510 121.65 15,722M20B 106 127 16,510 130.50 17,541M20B 105 150 19,500 152.65 11,842M l 5 105 127 16,510 143.20 17,180153Table X X V II (con t’d.)Scheduled DeliveredExperiment* Channel Schedule # Hours p A h Hours p A h999 M20B 105 123 15,990 139.65 17,1131000 M15 105 300 39,000 303.10 38,1621000 M20B 106 127 12,700 121.25 12,0171000 M l 5 106 127 16,510 120.20 14,9611001 M15 105 138 17,940 142.60 14,2901002 M l 5 105 277 36,010 227.65 23,3291003 M20B 105 127 16,510 142.05 18,2501004 M20B 105 123 15,990 126.55 15,5841005 M20B 105 150 19,500 142.30 12,0081006 M20B 105 150 19,500 64.05 3,8131011 M l 5 106 151 15,100 151.50 14,8391012 M9B 106 127 16,510 120.20 14,9611013 M15 106 67 4,690 60.75 4,6881015 M l 5 106 150 15,000 128.10 12,6551016 M20B 106 127 12,700 120.25 11,970M9 test M9B 105 173 5,190 174.85 10,315Setup9 M9B 106 151 15,100 151.50 14,839TBA15 M15 105 173 5,190 174.85 10,315TBA20 M20B 105 231 12,730 226.70 15,898TBA9 M9B 105 1,339 174,070 1,296.80 55,219TBA9 M9B 106 194 17,390 165.85 15,243* See Appendix D for experiment title and spokesman.W inter ShutdownShutdown activities got under way at the beginning of the year, particularly in BL1A which was scheduled to be off until just before the Easter weekend. Work there was again long and involved, starting with the re­moval of 60 to 70 large shielding blocks to outside stor­age. One of the main 1A jobs was the repair o f T2 area vacuum leaks, the main one at M20Q1 and another, trickier one discovered just upstream of Q14 that was sensitive to the loading o f shielding blocks above it and which proved very challenging to fix because of align­ment issues. A third leak was repaired by replacing the 1AT2-M8 blank-off plate and a fourth leak involved re­placing a 20-year-old rubber O-ring at M20B2. After these were repaired the best vacuum that area has seen in years was achieved. While the area was accessible, a remote video survey of the front end o f M20 was made in preparation for the future installation o f new rad-hard components there. At M9Q1 it was discovered that water from a weeping solder joint was getting into hairline cracks on an insulator just below and causing a ground fault. This was fixed by epoxying the joint and insulator, but a residual ground fault was attributed to track marks left on the insulator.To help reduce dose to the technical experts, volun­teers were used to continue last year’s crumbling block replacement program, this time starting with the re­moval o f the 1AM10 smokestack monitor to access and replace six blocks in that area. The extent and com­plexity of the above jobs, most of them in high ra­diation fields, made it impossible to complete all the scheduled shutdown work so the removal of the M il septum and the repair of a small M l5 vacuum leak were postponed for yet another year. Still, there were numerous other meson hall activities, among them be­ing the replacement of the M20VA5 valve, 1AT1 and 1AT2 water package upgrades and servicing, 1AT2 beam blocker servicing (both M9 and M20), the ad­dition of a gate valve in M13 to remove the vacuum valve functionality of the existing beam blocker there, hose replacements and water leak repairs in M9, M20 and M l3, replacement of the TNF resin can, routine filter changes, and so forth.As in the previous year, the cyclotron was sched­uled to start up a month earlier than BL1A in order to deliver beam to PT, PIF and ISAC while shut­down work in the meson hall continued. In the vault some jack-station maintenance took place before the lid was raised for 5 weeks of cyclotron repairs in resid­154ual fields similar to those o f the previous year. Di­agnostics activities there consisted of the usual probe maintenance as well as probe position measurements. Also some considerable effort was put into improving the periscopes by replacing radiation damaged pen­taprisms and wiring. New cables and connectors were installed for the inflector and some maintenance o f the inflector was done. RF inspections, chore pad replace­ment (Q3 and Q4 upper resonators) and thermocouple work went as planned. However resonator adjustments, transmission line improvements and correction plate work (where some subsequent shorts in the tank had to be located and repaired) were more involved than originally considered and pushed the schedule a little.Remote handling work in the vault consisted of jack-station maintenance before the lid went up and alignment checks after the lid was down. In between were the usual remote installation and removal of shadow shields and copper beam blockers as well as assistance with probes work. Operations group activi­ties consisted mostly of support work for rf resonator and correction plate work as well as overhead for lid cycling and tank inspections.The main objectives of BL2C4 shutdown work were to remove the STF for limit switch repairs and to cor­rect the misalignment that has caused tuning problems over the last couple of years. The latter proved to be a very difficult exercise with mechanical obstacles each step o f the way including a persistent water leak at the seal between the STF target housing and the water col­umn above it. Finally a mock-up in the hot cell and a different style clamp helped get the job done albeit a few weeks into the beam schedule. A new and improved STF is being designed to replace the present one in a couple of years. BL2C4 work ultimately contributed 50mSv to the total shutdown dose of approximately 190 mSv distributed among 105 workers.Beam Schedule 105Startup was relatively straightforward although there was a problem with some upper correction plates that turned out to be environmentally damaged ca­bling. Quick repairs were made by cutting off the last metre and installing new connectors while planning for a more thorough job for the next shutdown. Beam was first injected and extracted in the middle of March with a notable change in the safety system logic that has reduced the number of beam-tripped devices to three (the ISIS vertical bends, beamstop 165 and the fast target) with the rf now notably removed from the list.Availability of the cyclotron for this operating pe­riod was quite good at 91% o f the 4267 scheduled hours and would have been even better had there not been an emergency lid up in mid-August to repair the inflector.An insulator had become dirty enough to prevent sta­ble high voltage operation in a failure similar to that of the previous spring. Downtime totalled 299 hours, nearly half o f which (137 hours) was for the inflector while rf was a distant second at less than 2 hours per week. The cyclotron tune was quite good with a typ­ical transmission of 64% and measured spills around 2 fiA for total extracted currents o f up to 220 pA to the three active proton lines. Apart from these beam lines, which are discussed below, there was also beam deliv­ery to 2C1 for both PT (three sessions, five patients) and PIF for two weeks at the end o f the beam produc­tion schedule as part of lower current operation (placed to provide some cooldown prior to the fall shutdown). BL2C1 currents were less than 7 nA. BL1B scheduled at the same time had user problems and therefore had little use (at currents of less than 1 nA).There was an unresolved problem in trying to tune 2C1 energies above 105 MeV that appears to have co­incided with the emergency inflector repair in August. But, as there were no other pressing reasons for raising the lid and incurring the associated dose during the fall shutdown, it was decided, after confirming that lower energy tunes would suffice for this year, to wait until the spring, 2005 shutdown to resolve this issue.BL1A ran for 2855 hours or 97% o f its scheduled time, receiving 314 mAh or 86% of its scheduled charge. The high hourly availability was helped along by run­ning unscheduled beam overnight during training shifts as well as keeping shorter than usual maintenance days. The impetus for this came from a new vacuum leak around 1AQ14 which would open up after about 6 hours of beam-off and slowly worsen until beam was restored at which time the vacuum would fully recover to its base pressure. However, that base pressure was slowly rising by 10 or 15 mtorr per week due to another vacuum leak around valve 1AVA8 (due to a tall vertical beam in the absence o f 1AQ9). Preparations were made for emergency intervention if required earlier than fall shutdown and BL1A currents were for the most part kept to a conservative 130 jiA as an extra precaution. As it turned out, the steady rise in pressure was kept in check enough by adding extra pumping to last out the schedule.Later on the BL1A current was further lowered because o f cooling problems with the BL1A triplet. This fault ended up in a horse race with the above vacuum problem to see which would curtail BL1A operation before the end of the beam schedule. The coolant flow through two circuits in the 1AQ15 mag­net was restricted causing heating problems that could only be alleviated by reducing the current through this quadrupole. This, in turn, compromised the BL1A tune thus forcing lower proton currents in order to main­155tain normal beam spills in the 1AT2-TNF area. Even though some respite was obtained during the emer­gency inflector repair which offered the opportunity to check out and optimize the 1AQ15 flow, the subsequent deterioration of this cooling had the BL1A currents re­duced to 50 pA as the fall shutdown approached. This was a large contributor to the above reduced percent­age for current delivery. BL1A production was followed by BL1B operation which finished much sooner than scheduled allowing a welcome early start to the ambi­tious list of BL1A shutdown activities briefly described below.BL2A ran for 2792 hours or 75% o f its scheduled time, receiving a charge of 77 mAh at currents up to 65 pA but usually around 30 to 40 pA. Beam was gen­erally available on demand and the lower availability reflects those times when RIB was not needed due to ISAC target problems or changeovers, stable-beam tuning or other procedures. The chief problem during 2A operation was beam stability. Far too many trips occurred while running as close to the target current limit as possible (to capitalize on exponentially increas­ing RIB production with current) only to be upset by an approximate 2 pA current variation. This instability may be inherent in the shadowing technique (with ex­traction 1) that itself was instigated to avoid BSM trips caused by high energy beam tails intercepted when the 2A foil is dipped in at slightly lower (non-shadowed) energies. Beam physicists are investigating the prob­lem while the Controls group is developing stability programs that may help reduce the downtime — largely associated with the longish (2 to 4 minute) beam re­covery ramp-up times following each trip).BL2C4 ran for 1660 hours or 69% o f its scheduled time, receiving 95 mAh or 83% o f its scheduled charge. Shutdown repair problems, particularly in achieving leak-tight water seals as described above, delayed 2C4 startup by about 5 weeks resulting in the poor statis­tics as well as some o f the higher individual shutdown doses. However, there was little 2C4 downtime once it got going at nominal currents o f 60 pA. The shutdown goal o f a realigned beam line and STF was achieved and some o f the best operation in recent years has re­sulted (wider tuning windows, low collimator temper­atures). Nevertheless, a redesign o f the STF target is in progress in collaboration with ATG/Nordion.Fall ShutdownThe scheduled fall shutdown saw a tremendous amount o f meson hall work done over a three week pe­riod while the week of work in the vault was fairly lim­ited. In BL1A there was the repair o f vacuum leaks at 1AVA8 and 1AQ14, the repair o f a water leak at 1AQ15 as well as flow improvements to that quadrupole mag­net, the installation o f new target ladders and water package servicing for 1AT1 and 1AT2, the replacement of monitor 1AM9 and servicing o f others, the repair of BSM 56, and various routine maintenance jobs such as the replacement of active system filters.In the vault both X I and X2A foils were replen­ished (X2C foils were reloaded when the lid was raised in August), vault BL monitors were gassed, the 2C4 protect monitor wiring was repaired and the 2C4 scan­ning wire monitor alignment inspected, tank cryopump 2 was installed, the upper correction plate external ca­bling was refurbished, a vacuum leak at 2AVB1 was repaired, rf transmission line repairs were made at ca­pacitor station 2, the water-cooled probe flow meter was replaced, and a 2C roughing pump was repaired.Elsewhere a water leak in the main magnet power supply was fixed, A1ALCW system control valves were serviced, site air and water filters were replaced, site power supplies were serviced (including a water leak re­pair at 1VB1), the 2A toroid was calibrated, diesel gen­erator maintenance was done, and several water-pump motor couplers were upgraded. The total dose for all shutdown activities was about 26mSv distributed among 50 workers. This was in addition to the 9mSv accrued during the mid-August inflector repair.Beam Schedule 106The cyclotron availability for this period was 93% of the 1791 scheduled hours, a reasonably smooth fin­ish to the year. The total downtime was 108 hours, the bulk o f which was fairly evenly distributed among the RF, ISIS and Services groups as well as site power dis­turbances. It should be noted that the rf behaved ex­tremely well with an average weekly downtime of only 1.5 hours. The cyclotron tune was reasonably good with a typical transmission o f 64% and measured tank spills around 1% of the total current extracted to the three active proton lines as follows.BL1A ran for 1133 hours or 94% o f the scheduled time and received 123 mAh or 93% of the scheduled charge. The statistics were very good as a result of work done in the fall shutdown although there were still a few problem areas such as slightly rising (but not threatening) triplet temperatures and, more wor­risome, a worsening beam line vacuum due to a leak associated with monitor 1AM9. There was also the con­tinuing inability to tune 7r+ mode which fortunately was not required. The BL1A current was limited to 100 pA for a month due to the use o f graphite targets at 1AT1 but was usually 130/iA when beryllium tar­gets were used. Nine weeks o f BL1A production were followed by BL1B operation for PIF.BL2A ran for 786 hours or 60% of the scheduled time at currents ranging from 20 to 65 pA. Beam was156generally available on demand and the low availabil­ity reflects those times when RIB was not needed due to ISAC target problems or changeovers, stable beam tuning and other procedures. Beam stability was again an issue when running in a radial split configuration with BL1A but not so much a problem toward the end of the beam schedule when running as sole outside high-current user in parallel with PIF in BL1B and BL2C1. Some time was spent in trying to understand beam density issues with respect to target longevity and the line tune and its diagnostics. A more satisfac­tory beam spot was obtained by defocusing the last two quadrupoles.BL2C4 ran for 858 hours or 89% of the scheduled time receiving 46 mAh or 111% of the scheduled charge at currents between 50 and 60 pA. It enjoyed contin­uing success although some problems with the water package conductivity toward the end of the last run will have to be attended to in the 2005 winter shut­down.BL2C1 saw a single patient PT session and also ran for 65 hours (of 382 scheduled) primarily for PIF ex­perimenters booked for the last 2 weeks. It was limited to energies less than 105 M eV as reported previously, another problem to be sorted out in the following shut­down. PIF users also ran in BL1B at three energies (225, 355 and 495 MeV) taking beam for 67 o f a sched­uled 231 hours - fairly heavy use as it goes. Follow­ing PIF was a two-day development shift after which most cyclotron systems were turned off just before the Christmas holidays.Apart from the many tasks associated with beam delivery, various operators were again very involved with fire alarm and card access system improve­ments, AUTOCAD drawings, training, equipment re­pair, computer and console upgrades and maintenance, beam transport modelling, coordination software im­provements and more as well as actively helping out with many shutdown jobs.B E A M D E V E L O P M E N T Cyclotron Beam DevelopmentCyclotron beam development concentrated on re­producing, understanding and improving the « 300 pA tune being developed to satisfy the users’ requirements for beam in 2007 when ISAC is scheduled to begin op­erating at 100/xA. The installation of emittance lim­iting slits in ISIS, improved diagnostics, better align­ment of the centre region correction plates, and the discovery of improved ISIS tunes all contributed to the development effort.Beam dependent heating o f the beam scrapers at­tached to the leading edges o f the trays holding thecentre region correction plates was a problem. The up­per scraper in quadrant 2 and the lower scraper in quadrant 4 both heated. In 2004, the lower trays were re-aligned, and for good tunes this has eliminated the lower quadrant 4 heating problem. The upper trays will be re-aligned in 2005, and that will hopefully eliminate the upper quadrant 2 heating.Some work was done on low energy probes LEI and LE2. First, a high resolution probe head with five ver­tical fingers, identical to the one installed on LEI in 2003, was installed on LE2. Second, the vertical sag of the cantilevered probes was measured as a function o f radius. After the sag in LEI was partially corrected, the measured displacements were incorporated into the data analysis programs as correction factors so that the position of the beam centroids could be estimated more accurately.After the above improvements, the position of the centroid of the beam was measured on opposite sides of the tank with LEI and LE2. As shown in Fig. 183, the beam is higher on LEI in quadrant 1 than it is on LE2 in quadrant 3. The reason for this median plane tilt is not entirely understood, however, a theoretical analy­sis done during TRIUM F’s early construction suggests that it could be caused by dee mis-alignments. A me­dian plane tilt could also be a contributing factor to the overheating of diagonally opposite upper and lower correction plate scrapers described above.Decreasing beam losses in the centre region is ad­vantageous when running high currents since it mini­mizes heating and the risk o f component damage. This becomes increasingly important as the beam moves outward and becomes more energetic, so it was encour­aging to find improved tunes with significantly bet­ter centre region transmissions beyond the first turn.RADIUS(in)Fig. 183. Vertical positions of beam centroids measured on opposite sides of the tank with LEI and LE2.157Fig. 184. Centre region transmission measured on low en­ergy probe LE2.This is illustrated in Fig. 184. On March 30 with 20 pA equivalent current the transmission measured on LE2 between the first turn and R = 70 in. was «85% , which was considered typical at the time. By June 15, after some judicious tuning, this increased to «9 6 % even though the equivalent current was raised to 320 fj,A. Closing the newly installed ISIS emittance limiting slits to decrease the equivalent current to 176 /jA increased the transmission to over 97%. This mode o f operation is now being used for production runs. The ion source runs continuously at high current and the injected cur­rent is controlled with the ISIS slits.The best 2004 high current result was achieved on June 15 when a stable beam with an equivalent current o f 320 /iA was obtained at 50% duty cycle with 64% cyclotron transmission and reasonable spills. In previ­ous years we achieved similar results with duty cycles as high as «85% . This was difficult to do in 2004 be­cause during development shifts the current handling capacity of the external beam lines was often limited by hardware problems and BL1, BL2A and BL2C were never all available simultaneously for high current ex­traction. Although many of the properties of high cur­rent beams can be studied at low duty cycle, it is im­possible to develop a high current tune with good spills without working at high duty cycles. We hope we will be able to do this in 2005.Because smoothly operating probes are essential for beam development, beam dynamics studies were done to assist the Diagnostics group in determining if the low energy probe heads could be made lighter for smoother motion and less vertical sagging. Thermal calculations based on calculated and measured beam spot sizes on the probe heads indicated that the weight o f the heads could be reduced from 450 g to 190g by making the radially outward part o f the head thinner without decreasing the head’s current handling capac­ity.During the winter shutdown, two sets of adjustable slits were installed in the horizontal section of ISIS. These proved useful for limiting the emittance o f the injected beam and for controlling the current injected into the cyclotron without having to adjust anything upstream of the slits.Considerable effort went into finding improved tunes for the vertical section o f ISIS. The polarity of quadrupole Q340 in the lower section o f ISIS was found to be reversed and was corrected. This enabled us to lower the voltage o f quadrupole Q336 from 8.9 kV to4.4 kV, thus reducing the risk o f sparking. In addition, the 3 kV supplies attached to the last two periodic sec­tions in ISIS were replaced with 5 kV supplies to pro­vide more tuning room for high current beams. After retuning, the nominal settings for these sections was found to be «3 .6 kV.The transfer matrix elements in the vertical ISIS line, where the axial magnetic field o f the cyclotron couples the transverse movements o f beam, were mea­sured and found to agree well with theoretical predic­tions. This will help us model the beam optics o f the vertical section.BL2A Beam Dynamics DevelopmentISAC requires a highly stable beam with a rela­tively large spot size on their target at the end o f BL2A. To help achieve this, a development program aimed at obtaining a better understanding and improv­ing the performance of BL2A was begun.The beam envelopes along BL2A were measured with profile monitors and compared to theoretical pre­dictions. During the course o f this work, it was discov­ered that STRIPUBC, the program used to calculate the transfer matrices between the stripping foil and the BL2A combination magnet, was doing the vertical cal­culations incorrectly. This error has existed from the start, and so has implications not only for BL2A, but for all the primary beam lines. As shown in Fig. 185, good agreement between the measured and calculated envelopes was obtained after correcting STRIPUBC.A feedback loop, which will sample the BL2A cur­rent and adjust the duty cycle o f the ISIS pulser to keep the sampled current constant, is being developed. The software has been debugged and a number o f suc­cessful simulations have been completed. A test with BL2A will be performed early in 2005.In 2005 it is anticipated that a substantial portion of the beam development program will be devoted to improving the quality of the beam being delivered to the ISAC target.ISIS Beam Dynamics Development1581.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5-1-1.520 10 20 30 40 50 60 70distance (m)measuredFig. 185. Measured and calculated BL2A envelopes.PR O B E S A N D D IA G N O ST IC S M E C H A N I­C A L M R OIn addition to normal MRO activities and ISAC work, more progress was made on the HE probe refur­bishment. This included completion of the probe de­tailed design and fabrication and testing of the major subassemblies. The group activities are documented in the Diagnostics group meeting notes, which are avail­able electronically via the Operations CYCINFO infor­mation service on the site computer cluster (accessible also through the TRIUMF home page on the W W W ).Cyclotron Diagnostics M R OPrior to the lid-up, the low energy probes (LEI, LE2) were surveyed (via periscopes) for vertical align­ment. The LEI head was found to be low and so the track was adjusted to raise the probe 0.125 in. to bring it into better alignment. Both LE probes were inspected in situ. A new five-finger head was installed on LE2, replacing the crossed-wire head that had been installed in the mid-1990s for the alternative extraction studies. LEI was removed from the tank for service; the re-circulating ball bearings were overhauled and modi­fied slightly to reduce wear. Also, a problem was found with the mounting of the head, which is susceptible to cantilever forces. A new LE head design was developed to lighten the mass and improve the attachment. LE2 is scheduled for similar treatment in 2005.The extraction probe for beam line 2C was removed for routine service in the winter shutdown. The grease on the vertical drive screw o f PIP3 was found to have dried out resulting in stalling. The screw was cleaned and re-lubricated.In a major effort, the vault wiring for the SE periscope was replaced during the winter shutdown.The NW periscope cables will be replaced in 2005. The NW periscope prism was replaced.Beam Line Monitor M R OAll vault and standard beam line monitors were ser­viced during the shutdowns. The external wiring har­ness of 1BM5 was tied away from obstructions and the radiation damaged HT cable of 1VM3 was replaced. In addition, assistance was provided to beam line 2C4 ser­vice in which several alignment issues have been iden­tified.ISAC DiagnosticsThe external wiring harness o f the IMS:DB0 slits was re-routed to solve an interference problem. Con­ceptual designs were made for a scanning wire monitor to be an alternative to the harps in the target station exit modules because at the high ion-beam intensities possible with some ISAC ion sources, the harp mon­itors are saturated. As usual, a significant number of foils were prepared and loaded on the M EBT stripper.H E Probe RefurbishmentThe original HE and LE probe designs have ball- screw drives moving travelling intermediate members to perform cable-driven doubling of radial motion along a track that is raised and lowered to retract and insert the probe head into the cyclotron median plane. When not in use, the probes have to be raised at spe­cific radial park positions. The replacement HE probe design utilizes a rack and pinion drive to move a trav­elling intermediate member moving along a vertically stationary track. The probe head alone is raised or low­ered into the beam plane along a wide radial range of probe motion. Extensive tests o f the lift mechanism159were done in the lab to ensure reliability of the con­cept. The probe was assembled in the laboratory be­fore the end of the year, but fabrication of the vertical mounts and laboratory commissioning will delay the installation in the cyclotron until the next opportunity available after March, 2005.R A D IO F R E Q U E N C Y SYSTE M S RF OperationThe total rf downtime for the year was 77 hours. This is a great achievement compared to 234 hours in the previous year.The main contribution to downtime was sparking with 44 hours. Crowbars caused 12 hours and the re­maining hours were caused by various small failures like blown HVPS water cooled resistor and worn fila­ment power supply breakers.A great deal o f activity was devoted to enhance the overall reliability o f the rf system. A number o f im­provements were made in various areas starting from amplifiers all way through to the cyclotron resonators.R F Power AmplifiersAcquisition of data concerning the voltages and currents o f the power amplifiers (PA) is via CAMAC. A new interface box with the capability to handle up to 112 inputs was installed to provide the good rf filtra­tion and over-voltage protection required for the con­trols input modules and the ADCs. Also installed were new wiring within the rf room and new shunts for PA screen current measurement. All this was accomplished in the framework of our co-op student project.Modifications were made to the spare soft-start SCR boxes. Diodes, SCRs, and snubber networks that have higher break-down voltage ratings and new heatsinks were installed. A spare filament power supply was refurbished to provide a tube conditioning voltage of 12.0 V. Because the filament connectors o f the orig­inal PA tube were very weak and were prone to water leaks, new connectors were designed. A total o f sixteen connectors are being installed.A new, more robust, hairpin inductor less suscep­tible to water leaks was designed and will be tested in 2005. Meanwhile, a new hairpin cooling concept was tested in the PAl amplifier. Broken input capacitors’ gearboxes were refurbished in PA3 and PA4.The original elapsed-time counters for the fila­ments were located at the back of each PA and were non-resetable mechanical meters. Two (of eight) have stopped and there were no spares due to their obsoles­cence. The new electronics-type counters are compact, easy to read, and have a maximum range o f 999999.9 hours. They can be reset to zero, which is very useful when a new or rebuilt tube is put into service. All eightcounters were mounted on a 19 in. rack panel above the main console (see Fig. 186) and commissioned in May.Anode H V P SNew thyrite varistor stacks with additional air cool­ing were installed in the main HVPS to improve pro­tection of the chokes (see Fig. 187). Horn spark gaps on the chokes were readjusted to the specified rating. New flexible couplings for the water-cooled resistors were installed because the old ones often cracked and gave a lot of trouble with water leaks. Both the old and the new type o f connections are shown in Fig. 188.Fig. 186. New PA filament elapsed time counters.Fig. 187. New thyrite varistors in anode HVPS.Fig. 188. Old and new (left to right) flexible couplings in the HVPS resistor cooling circuit.160A water filter, purging valves, and pressure release valves were incorporated into the return cooling line. Broken check valves were replaced. New controls were installed for the automatic water supply valve.The original HVPS diodes in the 24 stacks of 12 series connected high power diodes, with their accom­panying RC networks, became obsolete. Two new spare rectifier diode stacks with new diode types were assem­bled and successfully tested.The crowbar-driver protection board accepts crow­bar firing signals from eight PA tube cathode shunts and is supposed to suppress transients and poten­tially high voltage spikes, not allowing them to get to the crowbar driver logic board. It also provides sig­nal sources for monitoring continuity o f the cathode shunts and interconnecting cables. The old board con­tained signal diodes that were low-rated in both for­ward current and reverse breakdown voltage capabili­ties. These shorted almost every time when the crow­bar was fired from a cathode shunt because of the ex­cessive energy o f the transient. A shorted diode means a completely shorted input and the PA tube is no longer crowbar-protected! A new crowbar protection board was designed and built. It performs much bet­ter transient clamping by means o f 2 x 20 A Schot- tky diodes for both positive- and negative-going tran­sients. The existing coaxial cables to the old board were removed and replaced with new cables fitted with SMA and BNC connectors and, for ease of mainte­nance, bulkhead adapters instead o f direct soldering. The board was installed (Fig. 189) and commissioned in the September shutdown.R F Combiners and Coaxial SwitchThe final rf combiner (# 3 ) was replaced with a new unit (see Fig. 190) that was tested into a dummy load up to 700 kW, limited only by the load cooling capability. All 3 combiner waster loads were relocatedFig. 189. New HVPS crowbar driver protection board.Fig. 190. New final combiner with dummy load on top.on top of their corresponding combiners and new water cooling circuits were installed. All sharp edges of the 12 conical adapters to transmission lines were cham­fered, and an installation procedure for the cones was established to prevent fingerstocks damage.The rf amplifier system provides up to 1 M W of rf power at the output of combiner # 3 , which is con­nected to the cyclotron through a 9 in. transmission line. To simplify troubleshooting the system a 4-port 9 in. coaxial rf switch was purchased in 1995. The idea was to install it at the final combiner output in order to switch rf power either to the cyclotron or to the dummy load. Unfortunately, the manufacturer’s power rating did not suit our requirements covering only the range up to 700 kW.Over the last year the switch was modified by incor­porating a water-cooling circuit inside the switch port o f the inner conductors and the rotor-blade contacts were air-cooled by 3 blowers attached to the switch. Teflon insulators were replaced with polypropylene ones to prevent substantial deflection due to cooling- water pressure. An inside view o f the switch while it was being modified is presented in Fig. 191.In April the rf switch was tested on a soda-solution dummy load (see Fig. 192). Maximum power at that time was limited to 700 kW by the capability of the heat exchanger of the dummy load.161Fig. 191. Inner structure of the rf switch.Fig. 192. RF switch with dummy load test set-up.In June the switch was successfully tested at full power in the cyclotron. This time we extended the length o f the transmission line (including the switch) by about 5m in order to move a transmission line res­onance away from the operating frequency. The mea­sured temperatures at the rotor (knife) contact and the water-cooled stator contact group are presented in Fig. 193, and show a minor temperature rise which will not affect the reliability of the operation of the system. The rf switch and soda solution load are being upgraded now with commissioning planned for 2005 winter shutdown.Transmission LineThe entire section of 9 in. transmission line from the final combiner to the 11 in. matching section was overhauled during winter shutdown. All junction bul­lets and elbows were serviced and new O-ring waterRF Power [kW]Fig. 193. RF switch temperatures vs. rf power.seals were installed. Old rubber gaskets, installed some 20 years ago, were found hardened (carbonized), es­pecially in the vault area where they are exposed to radiation. The transmission line water cooling circuit was redesigned. The original design was based on a plastic return pipe buried inside a centre conductor of the transmission line. This pipe was found to be com­pletely disintegrated due to radiation damage. The new design uses an external copper return pipe and requires new combiner adapter cones and centre-conductor wa­ter plugs with plastic pipes going out o f the transmis­sion line (see Figs. 194 and 195). The new design sep­arates the cooling circuit for active branch from that of the non-active branch.To reinforce structural stiffness of the transmission line at the water breakouts where water pressure cre­ates a high axial force, new dielectric spacers were fab­ricated initially o f delrin and later of polypropylene. These new spacers were installed at the output o f the final combiner, at active/non-active water junction, at 9 in. to 11 in. transmission line junction, and on the\Fig. 194. Parts for new transmission line cooling design.162Fig. 195. Water outlets at transmission line junction.coaxial switch. The new cooling circuit incorporates pressure and flow regulation valves and an interlocked flow switch. Matching section capacitor stations #1 and # 3 were replaced with fast-detachable plug-in modules in the winter shutdown. This new approach uses external, quick-detachable cooling lines.Thus we have eliminated the troublesome cooling lines buried inside the 11 in. transmission line centre conductor. At present we have all o f the capacitor sta­tions upgraded; they are independently cooled and in­terlocked with individual flow switches. The new water distribution set-up is shown in Fig. 196.During the September shutdown some critical transmission line junctions were inspected. Severe finger-contact damage was detected on the transmis­sion line centre conductor at the matching section capacitor # 2 (see Fig. 197). Broken parts were re­paired and new stainless steel clamps were built to replace weak copper clamps, ensuring reliable rf con­tact for copper sleeves at the transmission line centre- conductor junctions.CyclotronWe continued the program of the replacement of copper chore pads with fibreglass ones. The aim of this program is to protect the delicate resonator cool­ing circuit bellows. This year another 20 resonators in the upper octants # 3 and # 4 were serviced and leak tested.Ground arm tip (GAT) positions of # 10 resonators are not adjustable like the other resonators. From the measurements last year we recognized that some of them are offset with respect to the adjacent resonators. To reduce an impact on the electric field distribution it was decided to compensate this misalignment with hot arm repositioning, aiming for a constant rf gap along the dees.Fig. 196. Capacitor stations water distribution.Fig. 197. Burnt transmission line finger contacts at capac­itor station #2.An attempt to measure some o f the GAT positions inside the tank was made. However, the planned sur­vey was not completed due to an issue of high dose. The measurements that were completed confirm last year’s numbers. These data are the essential part of the dee-voltage monitoring program: the rf gap dis­tances will be included in the calibration factor for the voltage distribution along the dee gap. At present this information is used in the GAT tuning process for min­imization o f rf leakage patterns. All o f the troublesome thermocouples (TC) in the tank were assessed. A few problems were traced down to poor contacts in the con­nectors and were fixed. Three thermocouples, one on the rf booster, rf deflector, and high-energy spill mon­itor, were found damaged. A decision was made not to touch them because of the high radiation level in the area. All the above-mentioned devices have other ther­mocouples in their proximity, which can cover temper­ature monitoring. The correction plate (CP) trays from quadrant # 3 were pulled out of the tank and serviced. All insulators were replaced, burnt marks cleaned, and deformations straightened out. CP trays in Q2 and Q4163Fig. 198. Modified Q4 correction plates tray.are known for significant temperature response because of the accelerated beam hitting the CP trays. This time both lower trays were realigned by means of modified supporting spacers. CP Q4 required tray modification to meet the desired elevation (see Fig. 198). Four ther­mocouples attached to the CP copper beam-scrapers were rearranged to protect them against direct beam exposure.At the end of the winter shutdown we had found a number o f shorts in the correction plates HV feeding cables. The problem was traced to radiation damage in the last part o f the cable length near the cyclotron (see Fig. 199). A few broken cable ends were trimmed and new connectors installed, while many other cables remained marginal. During the September shutdown a number o f upper vault cables were trimmed back ~10m , where a breakout panel was installed with new sections of cabling to the cyclotron feedthroughs. A re­placement program is being planned for the next winter shutdown for the lower CP feeding cables.R F BoosterThe RF Controls group replaced an old rf booster control system with a newly developed hardware and Windows PC-based software. The system interface now looks much the same as for the ISAC rf systems. The motor attachment of the rf booster tuner was modi­fied to ensure reliable operation at the extremes of the tuning range. The coupling-loop window was checked for moisture conditions that had been observed in the past. This inspection showed dry transmission line and ceramics surfaces, as a result of forced air ventilation provided for this area in 2003.Fig. 199. Broken CP HV cable fragment.Cyclotron SimulationsA cyclotron electrodynamics study was carried out using the 3-D structure simulator software, HFSS (high frequency structure simulator, Ansoft Corporation). This work is aimed at better understanding the rf modes excitation and eventually to suppress cyclotron sparking. The centre post, the flux guides, the quasi­circular vacuum chamber, and the rf structure have been incorporated into the simulation. Fundamen­tal accelerating mode and rf leakage into the beam gap have been studied in details. The rf parameters have been computed and are in close agreement with the parameters measured on the cyclotron (see Table XXVIII). Vertical asymmetry at the dee gap, caused mainly by resonator misalignment, leads to rf leakage fields into the beam-gap tank volume outside the res­onators. A number of parasitic modes were identified in the frequency range of 10-40 MHz. Field distribu­tion of one o f the nearest parasitic modes is shown in Fig. 200.Table XXVIII. Calculated and measured rf parameters of the cyclotron.Parameter HFSS MeasuredResonant frequency (MHz) 23.106 23.060Quality factor 5814 5500Rshuut. (kf2) 38.6 36.0Power (kW) for dee-gap 840 900voltage of 180 kVSensitivity to all ground arm 83 —tip displacement (kHz/mm)164Fig. 200. Medium plane E-vector plot for one of the para­sitic modes.RF SupportThe RF group was also dedicated to the following major ISAC projects, which are reported in the ISAC section.• Operation and maintenance of the ISAC linac.• ISAC-I rf amplifier remote controls development.• SCRF cavities and accessories design, test, and characterization.• Cryomodule alignment (W PM ) system commis­sioning.• Cryomodule # 3 assembly and tests.• ISAC-II transfer line rebuncher system develop­ment.R A D IO F R E Q U E N C Y C O N TR O LSThe RF Control group, in cooperation with the RF group, has continued fine-tuning the main cyclotron rf control system with the goal of reducing rf downtime in the cyclotron. By adjustment of the levels of the smaller sparks, which are ignored, and using a more aggressive recovery of rf voltage on the larger ones, the rf downtime was reduced significantly while reducing stress to the rf power components.The booster rf control system was commissioned. Internal tuning controllers were added to facilitate the automatic power up sequence.The rf control system for the ISAC-II supercon­ducting rf module was tested successfully. Each mod­ule consists of 4 superconducting rf cavities, each of which are individually amplitude and phase regulated with tuner feedback control. Phase instability that was traced to fan noise in the power amplifier was fixed. Cross-talk within the phase feedback loop was elimi­nated and the phase loop is now, like the amplitude loop, unconditionally stable. Additional control wasadded to the tuner controller with the result that pow­ering up a superconducting cavity can now be fully automatic. Remote interface to EPICS was completed and tested.C Y C L O T R O N D IA G N O ST IC S Tank Broadband DiagnosticsThe major priority was given to fast signal acquisi­tion from internal probes of the cyclotron. The fastest beam signal currently available for operation is the time-of-flight (TOF) signal with a frequency spectrum extending to a few MHz. W ith such a limited band this signal represents only the envelope of the multi-bunch beam structure; the rf structure is not retained. The TOF signal is routinely used by Operations to optimize the transit time o f the beam through the cyclotron. However, the signal appears not to be sufficiently sta­ble when applied to more delicate measurements of the beam isochronism and the beam energy gain per turn as a function o f the orbit radius.An investigation was undertaken to identify the na­ture o f the noise in the TO F signal derived from the HE2 probe. We observed that the stability A t/t of the TOF remains nearly constant with the radius to a level o f 10- 4 . This implies that the absolute accuracy wors­ens with the radius as a power of ~3. We conclude that fluctuations in the TOF signal are not related to the signal acquisition instrumentation but rather are generated by the beam itself. While studies of beam instability may be considered as a long term program, interpretation of data may still be unambiguous if ad­equate statistical analysis, such as data smoothing by cubic splines, is applied. This procedure was imple­mented in Matlab as a test.An attempt was made to improve the accuracy of the TO F measurements by increasing the dwell time at each radius and averaging over multiple samples. Though a benefit was noted, the slowness o f the proce­dure makes it impractical unless the data acquisition instrumentation and/or algorithms are improved.A real step forward in beam measurements in the time domain can be expected with the implementation o f broadband signal acquisition and analysis. Applica­tions for these diagnostics include measurement of the TOF, direct bunch phase measurement with respect to the rf, and the shape of the longitudinal bunch. Sig­nificant efforts were made in this direction concentrat­ing simultaneously on two devices: the phase capacitive pickups and a new broadband head for the HE3 probe. Only the two outermost pairs (upper and lower) of the capacitive pickups remain of some seven pairs initially installed in the tank. The others were decommissioned because the strong signal induced by the cyclotron rf system, rendered extraction of accurate beam informa­165tion impossible. There is a hope, however, that modern methods o f signal analysis can improve the accuracy of measurement to the required level even in the presence of the strong rf background.The four pickups were inspected visually during the September shutdown and their signals observed in the time and frequency domains. All four are still usable and beam induced spectra were observed up to ~2 GHz. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was ~0.1 at the fun­damental, more than 5 at the second harmonic and drastically increasing above the 7th harmonic. Inspec­tion revealed that some o f the coaxial signal cables were partially damaged. A decision was taken to re­place the four cables with foam dielectric, low loss, phase stable cables. The cables were installed in the winter shutdown along with two similar cables for the HE3 probe equipped with a new broadband stripline head (see Fig. 201).The new head is essentially a 50 O, parallel-plate transmission line made o f a tantalum foil 0.3 mm thick supported by a frame made o f BN ceramic. The entire structure was designed with the high-frequency struc­ture simulator program (HFSS) from Ansoft and was optimized to provide a broadband 50 O match (VSW R <1.2) over a frequency interval from dc to over 2 GHz. The 3 mm inter-plate spacing of the transmission line was chosen as a compromise between two objectives: minimizing transverse geometrical dimensions and re­ducing the current leakage due to knock-on electrons that was estimated to be ~2% . In contrast to capac­itive pickups, this broadband monitor intercepts the beam and therefore can be used only for cyclotron tun­ing at low beam currents. A 3D thermal simulationwith ANSYS Workbench has shown that the probe can be operated up to at least 1 /iA average. A high peak current at low duty cycle is essential for a good SNR. Minor modifications made to improve the mechanical rigidity of the frame during the mechanical design had a negative impact on the rf performance between 1 and 2 GHz (VSW R increased to almost 2).The head was built and installed in collaboration with the Probes group on the existing drive mecha­nism of the former HE4 probe which replaced HE3 in the tank at the end of the winter shutdown. Diplex- ers permit acquisition of the dc, low frequency TO F (<3 MHz), and broadband signals.Beam Line DiagnosticsThe signal from the capacitive probe in beam line IA is used to optimize the overall TO F of the beam through the cyclotron. The raw signal from the probe is a train of pulses at 23.055 MHz modulated by the 1 kHz pulse structure. A CAM AC module was in place to count the number of rf cycles from the start o f the ISIS pulser signal to the trailing edge of the capacitive probe signal but the system was never fully commis­sioned. A prototype module was built which unam­biguously detects the leading and trailing edges o f the beam pulse from the capacitive probe signal. Applying these new signals to the counter module now allows the machine TOF and the apparent lengthening o f the extracted beam pulse to be determined. Since the mea­surement is automatic, it eliminates the need for the operators to set up the oscilloscope and allows the new parameters to become a part o f the shift log. The de­sign was tested with beam and a printed circuit card version will be made.Diagnostics M R OIn addition to numerous routine checkups and cali­brations of diagnostic electronics, several time consum­ing and dose related jobs were performed over the year. The water cooled pop-in-probe (W CP) cooling flow meter was replaced in the vault. The radiation dam­aged wiring harness of the SE periscope was replaced completely. An oil-free vacuum test station, consisting o f a turbo pump, a scroll pump, gauges, and a test box, is being constructed in the Probes laboratory. Our rf design software was updated and printed circuit card layout software purchased. A USB to GPIB interface was purchased for connecting our notebook computer to various test instruments using Lab VIEW.C Y C L O T R O N V A C U U M A N D C R Y O G E N ­ICSThe cyclotron vacuum/cryogenic system continued to operate well for the year. Minor problems with vac­uum equipment caused almost no downtime duringFig. 201. The new stripline head for the HE3 cyclotron probe.166beam production. Cryogenerator # 1 is still not very reliable, and it is used for a one to two week interval to make time for overhauling cryogenerator #2 .The lubrication delay device was modified on cryo­generator # 1 ; the lubrication can be turned on manu­ally in the case o f a device failure. Major repairs were made to the crank case assembly of cryogenerator # 2 to fix a loose displacer rod on the first cylinder. The temperature sensors wiring and some o f the sensors were replaced on both cryogenerators. New cables were made and installed connecting the sensors to the new Lakeshore temperature monitor. The monitor readouts are available through the main control system. The he­lium gas copper lines were replaced with stainless steel lines on both cryogenerators as well as on the gas man­ifold system.Cyclotron cryopumps were maintained and serviced regularly throughout the year. Cryopumps 2, 4, 5 and 6 were refurbished. The limit switches were repaired on the gate valves o f cryopumps 5 and 6.In December the main seals of the cyclotron were tested OK by venting the seal space. The Varian ion gauges that were installed in 2003 are operational and readouts are available through the main control sys­tem. One of the two inflector ion gauges failed. Both gauges have been replaced with dual filament mod­els for redundancy. The ion gauge power supply was checked and repaired as well as the cable for the inflec­tor ion gauge.An air leak was registered by the residual gas an­alyzer (RGA) in December as soon as the rf system was shut off. Helium leak detection with the RGA con­firmed the leak in an O-ring seal of the coupling loop.The cyclotron tank vent valve system failed during the summer emergency shutdown. The tank was vented with nitrogen through a manual valve on the RGA line. Failure of the vent valve was caused by low pressure in the air line due to leaks in other devices using the same air supply. The air leaks have been repaired.Improvements to the B20 cooling water system were made by removing an inefficient heat exchanger and switching to the city water system.Beam Line VacuumOn BL1A the vacuum of the beam line was compro­mised due to the leaks in the 1AT2 area at 1AQ14 and 1AVA8. The roughing system was modified to accom­modate the increased load. The leaks at 1AVA8 were repaired during the summer shutdown by replacing O- rings and refurbishing the valve.A few leaks developed in the vault section of BL2A because of radiation damage to O-ring material. The O-rings were replaced. All key brass block valves were replaced with refurbished ones. The ion gauge head2AVIG1 was replaced.The vacuum system of BL2C worked well. The BL2C radiation hard valve and its N2 supply were re­paired.The front-end vacuum of BL4 was maintained and kept under nominal vacuum to protect the cyclotron vacuum in case of gate valves failure.Vacuum and Cryogenic SupportThe Vacuum group has been involved in ISAC projects assisting with vacuum designs, vacuum equip­ment installation, mechanical assemblies, leak check­ing, cryogenic designs, etc. The details are presented in the ISAC Vacuum section of this Annual Report. The supply of liquid nitrogen and liquid helium was also looked after by the Vacuum group.ISISThe CUSP ion source and injection line continued to operate well during the past year with only mi­nor downtime due to a failed turbopump, light-link power supply module, and some vacuum leaks. Al­though many ISIS personnel were involved in other TRIUMF projects, some extraordinary maintenance as well as a few significant projects were undertaken dur­ing the past year.A major effort was unexpectedly required to realign the II motor generator set that provides power to the ion source terminal. The ion source optics were cleaned, realigned and reinstalled. The second of two new CUSP ion source bodies was installed and commissioned in March. This source ran well albeit with shorter than expected filament lifetime during a brief test run. The beam production schedule dictated that, for reliability, the other source be reinstalled. The source was tested off-line later in the year in the CRM and will be in­stalled in the II terminal in early 2005.Last year we reported the design and manufacture of four new sets of motor-driven variable aperture slits. One set of slits (jz-direction only) residing between the two 45° vertical bend elements were installed in the September, 2003 shutdown to limit the dispersive en­ergy tails of the beam from reaching the cyclotron. Of the other three sets, two sets of slits were installed into the first common periodic section of the ISIS beam line to define the emittance of the beam injected into the cyclotron. This entailed moving some diagnostic and beam trip elements with appropriate interlocks revi­sions as well as some minor refurbishing of the optics. The final assembly replaced the existing 5:1 slits and provides enhanced beam current control. The slits were successfully commissioned and provide improved beam quality to the cyclotron.The inflector/deflector system experienced a major failure in August and accounted for 138 hours of down­167time. The failure was due to sputtering from a sharp metallic edge on an insulator in the “cross” providing high voltage to the inflector/deflector. This area had previously been serviced in May, 2003 when all insu­lators were replaced. The insulators in this region will be inspected and replaced in January, 2005. The in­flector/ deflector proper was serviced during the winter shutdown and ran well for the entire schedule.A new equipment rack was installed next to the ex­isting inflector/deflector power supply equipment rack to allow for present and future refurbishing. The oil filled ballast resistors were replaced with new air in­sulated resistors. New high voltage cables and positive lock connectors at the feedthrough end were installed. New power supplies will be installed in the latter half of 2005.The prompt radiation safety trip system has been revised to include redundant safety-critical gamma and neutron monitors. Each of these safety-critical trip functions requires three independent ISIS beam con­trol devices. To provide these additional beam control devices we have designed a system of four high-voltage relays to service the four vertical bend electrodes and two beamstops. Each trip function will use two high- voltage relays to switch two electrodes to ground po­tential and to insert a beamstop. The design is com­plete and procurement, assembly and off-line testing is under way. Installation will take place in January and February, 2005 with commissioning scheduled for March.Some effort has gone into restoring the CRM ion source test stands. The first chamber of the 1 MeV cy­clotron was restored to operating condition. This has allowed the testing o f CUSP ion sources by ISIS, Nor- dion and Dehnel Consulting. In addition, Dr. Yong- Seok Hwang joined us in August on sabbatical from Seoul National University in South Korea, to study our ion source characteristics.ISIS has provided assistance to numerous ISAC projects during the course of the year. These include assembly o f electronics racks for the TITAN RFQ and high-voltage power supply commissioning. For Expt. 991 an extension of the LEBT was required and ISIS procured, assembled and installed the major mechani­cal and electrical components including power supplies. A great deal o f mechanical effort was directed for the assembling o f the ISAC-II cryomodules. Work also con­tinued on the transfer line vacuum and diagnostics sys­tems.Last year we reported the successful development effort to achieve 412 pA equivalent extracted current at 25% duty cycle. This year our development focused on producing 300-350/iA equivalent tunes at higher duty cycles and with improved cyclotron beam losses.This work, as well as centre region work, is described in greater detail in the Cyclotron Beam Development section of this Annual Report.P R IM A R Y B E A M LINESThe winter shutdown began on January 5 follow­ing the Christmas holidays with replacement of the 1AT2-M20Q1 indium ring. Vacuum leak checking also showed leaks at the collimator B-1AQ14 and 1AS1- 1AM10 vacuum joints. The 1AT2-M20Q1 indium ring was removed, remnant indium removed, and new ring installed. A video survey o f the front end o f the M20 channel was made to aid planning for its refurbish­ment during next year’s shutdown. A loose nut on the power connection to M20Q2 was carefully tightened to avoid cracking the connector. The location of the ground fault on the M20Q1 magnet was determined. After a successful power test the shielding over the channel was replaced.M9Q1 was uncovered to investigate its interlock and electrical problems. The former was caused by a broken wire in the Klixon sensor chain, which was re­paired, and the latter by a water leak from a Pyrotenax end cap. After its repair no further water leakage was detected at the insulator.An unexplained vacuum excursion occurred caus­ing another round o f leak checking. Three leaks were detected. Load tests determined there was a correlation with tightening/loosening the remote-handling bolts on the buss links o f the 1AQ 14/15/16 triplet down­stream o f 1AT2. Indium remnants were found on the impression on the collimator B side on the ring indicat­ing that indium had not been totally removed during 2003 triplet installation. The indium was removed and a blanking plate with a rubber O-ring was installed to allow further leak checking. Tests showed that the 1AQ14 flange did not close parallel to the collimator B flange. A new procedure was employed to close this joint and a new indium ring was installed. Another leak test with block loading resulted in no change in the vacuum. The leaks at 1AT2-M8 blank-off plate and 1AS1-1AM10 joint were, however, still present.A new beam-spill monitor was installed on the up­stream side of the triplet; the bridge and service-chase blocks were installed. The 1AT2-M8 blank-off plate was removed and inspected. The threads o f a spring eye were found to be stripped and the knife impres­sion was found to be deep. The leak was repaired by reducing the tension on the springs.The entire layer o f blocks surrounding monitor 1AM10 and the monitor itself were removed to replace crumbling blocks in that region. A broken, lower spring pin explained the vacuum leak at this location. How­ever, because the leak was small and its repair would168increase the total shutdown dose, no repair was made.More shielding was removed to gain access to the crumbling blocks south of 1AM10. Those that were structurally sound were left in position. Others, how­ever, could not be safely lifted; it was necessary to jackhammer them until they could be removed. All high density blocks were replaced with low density ones except for the high-density suitcase blocks along the south wall of the trench, which were replaced with steel suitcase ones. Because the area was uncovered, the opportunity was taken to replace the cabling to the beam-spill monitor upstream of 1AS3.Replacement of crumbling blocks north of the 1AM10 area was difficult because many had services attached to them. Removal o f the blocks surrounding the crumbling ones had an added bonus of allowing in­spection o f the services running through the 1AS2/M20 service chase, partially exposing the M 20Q5/Q6 and sextupole region of the M20 beam line to allow inspec­tion o f the rubber cooling lines. Some were radiation damaged and all hoses of the M 20Q5/Q6 and sextupole were replaced; replacement o f the M20VA5 valve was also done.W ith the work completed at M20 and the crum­bling blocks replaced, reinstallation of the beam line shielding began. The smokestack was chain-failed into position, the 1AM10 vacuum can-smokestack joint es­tablished, and the 1AT2 vacuum was pumped down. Leak checking found the joint leak tight. The 1AT2 vacuum was vented to install the 1AM10 monitor. A full-power test of the triplet magnets showed no prob­lems and the triplet was covered with its remaining shielding blocks. A new beam line pipe was fitted to the M20Q9-10 doublet to allow a new window and gate valve assembly to be installed.The Beam Lines group replaced the supply and re­turn hoses o f the M 9A Q 3/4/5 and M 2 0 Q 5 /6 /7 /8 /9 /10 magnets as well as those of M20B1. A vacuum leak discovered at the joint between M20Q8-M20B2 was cured by replacing an O-ring. Finally, the remainder of the M20B2 channel was covered with shielding and the shielding blocks that had been stored outside were replaced over beam line 1A.Following the shutdown, operation continued nor­mally until mid-July when it was noted that the vacuum in beam line 1A was deteriorating. At the same time over-temperature warnings began from quadrupole 1AQ15, the centre quadrupole o f the triplet downstream of the 1AT2 target. By the end o f July it was necessary to reduce the current to the quadrupole to maintain its operation and reduce the beam line 1A current from 130 pA to 100 ^A to prevent excessive beam spill in the beam line. By the middle o f August the beam line current was reduced to 60 pA to maintainoperation of the beam line. Then the inflector began sparking and it was removed for cleaning. The oppor­tunity was taken to open the triplet area for assessment of the 1AQ15 problem.Thermal scans o f the quadrupole revealed that two o f its cooling circuits were running hotter than the oth­ers. One of these was significantly hotter and it was decided to backflush the magnet. A thermocouple was attached to each o f the hotter circuits and to one of the circuits that was operating normally, which served as a control measurement. Signals from these thermo­couples were fed to the control room where their tem­peratures were monitored continuously. This was com­pleted as the repaired inflector was being installed in the cyclotron.Normal operation continued with a beam line 1A current of 100 ^ A until the end of August, although the beam line vacuum continued to worsen. In early September quadrupole 1AQ15 began tripping again on over temperature with the result that the beam line current had to be reduced to 80 pA and then to 50 pA just before the September shutdown.Due to the vacuum and overheating problems the September shutdown was extended to allow all the nec­essary repairs to be made. A vacuum leak in the 1AVA8 area was tackled first. Leak checking indicated prob­lems with the gate valve and both of the body-valve O-rings. Examination of the damaged O-rings showed that the beam was tall vertically in this region and it was speculated that this could be related to the present mode of operation of the beam line. After the replacement of these O-rings back-flushing of the two problem circuits o f the 1AQ15 magnet began. Flow rates through the two hottest and control circuits were measured; that o f the hottest circuit was found to be one-third that o f the control circuit. After backflushing with boosted water pressure, the flow rate through the hottest circuit was doubled and found to be close to that through the next hottest circuit.The coil interior bore o f these hot circuits was ex­amined to see if any obstructions could be removed. A black residue o f unknown composition was found on a rod after its removal from the bore. Because back- flushing with water had improved the flow rate, air pressure was used in an attempt to flush out the residue and further improve the flow rates. More black sedi­ment was released and water flow in the circuit was increased. When the triplet was powered it was found that the temperature o f the hottest circuit had de­creased 30° C to approximately the same temperature as the other hot circuit. That circuit too was air back- flushed and sediment was removed as well. Another full-power test found that the operating temperature for this second-hottest circuit had also been reduced.169Having completed the repair o f the triplet the final job was the replacement of the collimator B-1AQ14 in­dium joint with a new tapered indium ring to which a thermocouple had been attached to monitor its tem­perature. The new ring is thicker at the top than the bottom to compensate for the vertical misalignment between the 1AQ14 and the collimator B flanges. When the vacuum was re-established a leak check found this joint leak tight.W ith the conclusion of the September shutdown normal beam line operation was resumed. Tempera­tures of the water circuits of 1AQ15 remained normal although toward the end o f the running period a slight increase in the temperature of the hottest circuit was noted. Another backflushing of this quadrupole will be scheduled during the spring, 2005 shutdown.Beam Line 2CThe solid target facility (STF) on BL2C4 was re­moved during the spring shutdown to repair the target position limit switches and to correct the skew mis­alignment that had been introduced in 2001 when the STF was previously removed. The alignment was cor­rected but the limit switches could not be fixed so other indicators were used to determine target position. Re­installing the STF was very difficult because the flanges between the STF and the vertical water column did not come together when the clamp was tightened. The orig­inal clamps and alignment mechanisms were removed and a modified chain clamp was installed on both sides of the latching mechanism between the STF and the vertical water column. This work continued after the shutdown on maintenance days so BL2C startup was delayed by a month and beam production started on May 19. The dose for the STF repairs and the clamp­ing difficulties was 51 mSv to the repair crew and the volunteers with 5 people exceeding the shutdown and sliding quarterly limits.Strontium-82 production in the STF was very good in 2004 despite the delayed startup. 48.48 Ci were pro­duced from 134.3 mAh in 137 days compared with 41.66 Ci produced from 116.1 mAh in 170 days in 2003. The yields in 2004 with 40 days less operation were similar to 2003 because the 2C beam current was in­creased to 55-60 /rA. Increased currents were allowed because aligning the STF increased the beam accep­tance and extra extraction foils were added in the summer when the cyclotron was raised for inflector repairs. Nine natural rubidium targets were irradi­ated in 2004 compared with eight targets in 2003. A dose of 180 mAh for 2005 is projected as demand for strontium-82 continues to increase. There were 30 days scheduled for proton therapy on BL2C1 and 42 days scheduled in the proton irradiation facility (PIF) onBL2C1. PIF operation was compromised because ener­gies above 108 MeV could not be extracted. The BL2C extraction probe and beam line are designed to work from 65 to 120 MeV. It is assumed that the BL2C exit horn beam stop is in the way; this will be corrected in the 2005 shutdown.A number of meetings were held to discuss the shut­down difficulties and a redesign o f the STF. The new STF will be a water vessel with no water joints to be made up in the vault. The target insertion will be done on rails located in the vessel and the insertion mecha­nism will be removable to the hot cell for MRO. A new vacuum box to facilitate changing the target protect monitor will be attached to the BL2C4 beam line. The beam pipe including the new vacuum vessel will not be attached to the STF water vessel so that the vac­uum box can be removed to the vault for servicing. A budget of $360 K based on the preliminary design has been approved and will be funded by MDS-Nordion.P R O M P T R A D IA T IO N H A Z A R D SDuring the 2004 shutdown the electrical room on the BI level of ISAC was made an interlocked exclusion area. It now must be locked and unoccupied whenever beam line 2A is on. This was necessary because a com­bination o f measurements and calculations had shown that dose rates in that location could exceed the 1 Sv/h policy limit o f TRIUMF given a point loss of the total beam for which beam line 2A is licensed. Dose rates at ground level over beam line 2A are within the 1 Sv/h policy limit.An interim proposal to reliably terminate beam production in response to beamspill, neutron, access, and emergency safety trip conditions was implemented during the 2004 shutdown. Three existing ISIS devices, beamstop 165, the fast target, and components in bend 3 /4 were all interlocked to stop beam delivery in re­sponse to any of the four trips. The rf system was re­moved from all safety trips.A template set of annual area safety unit test proce­dures was drafted. Specific annual test procedures for each secondary channel area safety unit were written and approved.There were four safety-critical radiation monitor trips in 2004, but all were associated with power bumps and not with beam delivery.The operation of the nine safety-critical pairs of radiation detectors was checked on thirty-five mainte­nance days. No failures were reported.C O N TR O LS Introduction and SummaryThe Central Control System (CCS) ran smoothly during 2004. New developments and maintenance were170done as needed. Reliability and performance remained good. The CCS continues to evolve with enhanced functionality and the replacement o f aging com po­nents, supported in part by the refurbishing program.The loss of scheduled beam time due to CCS faults during 2004, as recorded by the Operations group, was11.4 hours. O f this time, 85% was the result of three events: two hardware failures and one software bug. The remaining 1.7 hours were the result of 12 other lesser events. Problems with the site network and the UPS were of concern but did not lead to significant controls downtime.The goals established in 2003 were mostly attained and numerous unforeseen requirements that arose dur­ing 2004 were also met. In the area of planned goals, a number of tasks are worth noting. The hardware and software to support the new ISIS slits, including con­sole support, were completed. Control system support for the rf spark detector was completed for the present state o f the detector system. A system to control and display rf power signals was developed and commis­sioned. In the area of X Window displays, LCD moni­tors replaced the old CRT displays in the main console and a new X Window terminal configuration capable of replacing the V X T X Window displays is now running smoothly. The old safety touch screen has also been upgraded to this new X W indow configuration and it now uses a touch sensitive LCD monitor. An upgrade to Open VMS version 7.3-2 was done as anticipated. Changing the cyclotron device numbering from octal to decimal is almost completed.Not all projects were completed as anticipated. The task of decommissioning the old DSSI disk system in the Production Cluster was mostly done but not com­pleted and should be finished during the 2005 shut­down. Work on replacing the old terminal servers also did not progress as well as expected. Work on estab­lishing a reliable terminal server replacement is contin­uing.CCS FacilitiesNumerous changes were made to the Central Con­trol System hardware. Changes resulted from adding new and removing old equipment, doing regular main­tenance, and as a result o f trouble shooting prob­lems. An example of a new addition is the crate that was added at the vacuum test stand to support de­velopments. Other areas include items such as cool­ing tower motor control, inflector power supply con­trol, rf thermocouple readback, M l 3 gate and window valve control, and correction plate control. One major change, physically removing the development cluster DSSI disks, is now complete. Other disk changes were made including restricting access on the fibre channelsystems and installing new disk drives. An HP Integrity Server using the Intel 64 bit Itanium chip was acquired and set up. To allow this Itanium system to connect to the CCS, a PCI-X to PCI expansion chassis was purchased and configured with the Itanium box.There were many software developments in the CCS. A few examples are cited here. The safety dis­plays and scans were modified as requested by the Safety group. Further support for the new ISIS slits was provided. The main magnet run up procedure was modified to incorporate new requests from Operations. Important changes were made to the message han­dling software to allow a better reaction to the mes­sage storms that occur when crucial hardware compo­nents fail. Changes were also made to most of the ma­jor applications in the CCS such as XTpages, Xstrip, the scans, the logged devices, PSU, and Xasset. The standalone rf booster application was normalized by including its functionality in XTpages and some devel­opments were done on dual speed ramping o f the ISIS pulser. A significant effort was put into examining im­proved beam stability by providing feedback with the pulser duty cycle. The goal is to increase stability to beam line 2A and to reduce the number of overcurrent trips. If testing in the new year indicates that improve­ments to 2A stability can be attained then the software and a standardized user interface will be made opera­tional.Many CCS users are familiar with the existing sys­tem and thumbwheel scheme of specifying a device. A significant effort was put on modifying this cyclotron device numbering system to move from octal number­ing to decimal numbering. The related hardware and software components have now been largely changed. A system for simultaneously supporting both number­ing systems was established and the phase has been occurring transparently and without interruption.When problems arose with the quadrupole magnet 1AQ15, a variety of activities took place to support continued running while providing new machine pro­tection.The computers in the CCS were upgraded to Multi- net version 4.4. To support the new Itanium computer, a field test version of OpenVMS was acquired and a number o f applications were ported to this hardware platform. The low level software that does the data acquisition is being ported and modified to support symmetric multi-processing. We expect to have Itani- ums in both the development and production clusters and connected to the fibre channel disk systems by the end of next year.171Secondary Beam LinesThere were a number o f developments on the sec­ondary beam line controls. A new valve controller for the M20 window and gate valve was built and installed. The backup procedure for the Sun server computers was enhanced. Improvements were made to the control system functionality including such things as a mul- tiplet. tuning feature, M i l bender ramping controls, beam line save/restore, new EPICS tools, new display pages, and new scripts. The version of EPICS was up­graded and in the new year the latest build of EPICS will likely be installed.Other SystemsThere are several other areas that also received sup­port during the year. Both the neutron irradiation fa­cility and the proton irradiation facility had changes. The CRM (centre region model) also had activity as the emittance facility was re-activated to support ion source developments. In the new year a variety o f other developments are anticipated in the CRM. There were some activities for proton therapy and the environment that supports the dose program for the Safety group was changed to allow more instances.O P E R A T IO N A L SER VICES Rem ote Handling Cyclotron servicingAnnual remote handling winter shutdown activities for cyclotron maintenance included removal and stor­age of the interim Cu-blockers, installation of the tank peripheral personnel shadow shields, remote vacuum cleaning, as well as video and tank seal inspection. In the 2004 shutdown the 2C extraction probe and one low energy diagnostics probe were removed for servic­ing and reinstalled.Routine maintenance of the elevating system of the cyclotron was performed at the beginning and end of the shutdown. The screw jacks and gear reducers at station # 8 were removed for service rebuilding during the year.During the summer months routine maintenance was performed on the major-use trolleys of the cy­clotron servicing system and the remote handling ser­vice bridge. High voltage sparking of the ISIS inflector in August required an emergency cyclotron tank lid-up for repair. Two beam stop Cu-blockers in the tank were remotely removed and four others repositioned to re­duce personnel exposure during tank access for the in­flector removal and repair. The remote handling build­ing access shield door was opened again in September to facilitate vault access for servicing of probes by the Diagnostics group.The cyclotron elevating system station # 8 jacks and gear reducers, which were removed during the win­ter shutdown, were rebuilt and overhauled. A new, TRIUMF original specification, spare reducer, compat­ible for either left or right hand operation was acquired from the manufacturer in England. Canadian distri­bution of this critical TRIUMF component has been discontinued and future supply might be problematic. Replacement reducers from a North American supplier have proven problematic in routine exchange mainte­nance due to dimensional differences in construction.Hot cells/targetsIn the winter shutdown, the M9 beam blocker was removed for replacement of the vacuum seal gland of the actuator rod. The 1AT1/1AT2 water packages were serviced and the BL2C solid target was brought to the hot cell for repair work and clean-up of the damaged sealing-flange faces.During the year significant remote handling assis­tance was provided to the BL2C beam line solid target facility with its hot cell operations. A target mecha­nism required repair due to bent guide pins on the as­sembly, Rb targets were loaded into a transport flask, and a 1AT1/1AT2 style resin can was modified for use at the BL2C cooling package. In routine servicing, the BL2C cooling package filters were changed, conductiv­ity cells cleaned, and the resin can to the reservoir lines flushed.The 1AT2-Mkl target was serviced in the second quarter. The travel positions o f the target cassette were measured and noted, the cassette and profile monitor elevations were changed 3 mm from 1834.5 to 1837.5 mm. The 1AT1-Mk2 target was also serviced with a 4 mm wide by 5 mm high aperture protect mon­itor replacing the original 5 mm by 5 mm aperture monitor. Target cassette and monitor elevations were changed 2 mm from 1828.0 mm to 1830.0 mm. A “new” (1980 vintage body, 1984 vintage graphite) 2 mm by 45° uncooled pyrolytic graphite target was installed at position #2 .In the spring, work began on three new graphite target assemblies. After production of one target the brazing oven failed and required repair. O f the three targets produced, only one appeared to be satisfactory, the other two evidenced brazing voids in the pyrolytic- to-saddle bond. Redesign of this challenging target pro­duction began with Engineering group involvement.Another rubidium target was swapped in the BL2C hot cell in October with the currently used target- holder float experiencing a weld failure. Again in November a rubidium target was exchanged in the BL2C hot cell. The soda-lime trap on the BL2C cool­ing package became blocked due to excessive moisture in the trap and required removal for cleaning.172A new graphite target was installed at position # 5 on the lA T l-M k l target. Fittings on this ladder are ex­hibiting signs of wear, causing difficulties in achieving leak-tight joints during target replacements. This tar­get was installed in the beam line in November when the 1AT1-Mk2 target was moved to storage. Subse­quent inspection of the Mk2 target in the hot cell noted that the 2 mm 45° graphite target had eroded approx­imately 0.2 mm back from the top o f its 10mm height.The BL2C resin can was exchanged due to dete­riorating cooling water electrical resistance. Some dif­ficulty was experienced with conductivity and flow in the cooling package and additional adjustment was re­quired before operation could continue. This package will require some rework in the winter shutdown.A radiation damaged, rubber pneumatic air hose on the M20 beam blocker at 1AT2 ruptured during beam operation in November. These will be replumbed with metal tubing in the winter shutdown.Another iteration o f graphite target brazing was completed in December. Seven graphite targets were produced and look promising before machining. At this same time, as a trial, Diagnostics group requested that we experimentally braze a Ta/Cu/TICU SIL assembly in the oven. This was achieved at 943° C for a 35 minute period. The T a /C u bonding was adequate for this use, and could improve with better preparation.Miscellaneous hot cell facility work included: re­building of one air pressure amplifier for the meson hall target areas, dilution and release of 280 1 o f the 1AT1/1AT2 cooling package water, TNF resin can transfer, thermal cycling tests for the ceramic insula­tor development program, and barrel scans performed by the Radiation Protection group for active waste dis­posal. A new target cassette alignment jig (determining beam direction) was also manufactured.Beam lines servicingBeam line activities for the winter shutdown cen­tred around the 1AT2 target area. Leak checking with periodic shield block repositioning identified three sep­arate leaks: the 1AT2 target monolith to the former M8 beam line blank-off plate, the collimator B to 1AQ14 joint, and the IASI to 1AM10 vacuum joint. The in­dium seal at the 1AT2/M 20Q1 joint was successfully replaced, and the M20 front-end inspected and docu­mented in preparation for the future M20 refurbish­ment. The actual location of the M20Q1 ground fault was also determined. Survey of the area revealed a loose connection at an M20Q2 SuperCon electrical con­nector. This event could have contributed to another catastrophic failure similar to last year’s M9Q1 fail­ure. The connector was carefully re-tightened, giving allowance for the radiation damaged materials.The M9 front-end was uncovered to investigate anelectrical problem at M9Q1. It was eventually deter­mined to be a leaking solder joint at a Pyrotenax end- seal that leaked water into hairline cracks on the insu­lator beneath. This joint was cleaned and epoxied with a fibreglass reinforcement sleeve.A vacuum excursion concentrated work on the col­limator B to 1AQ14 magnet vacuum leak and its cor­relation with the electrical buss links solidly mounted to the trench shielding. Heavily loaded shielding causes the magnet to be disturbed by movement of the solid buss links on 1AQ15. The indium joint seal was re­moved and inspected. A vacuum leak at the M8 blank- off was found to be due to a stripped thread spring eye on one side. This was replaced and a good vacuum achieved.The work of crumbling block replacement occupied a full five weeks of shutdown. Many crumbling blocks needed to be jack hammered down in size to relieve crumbling expansion pressure against adjacent blocks. Badly crumbled blocks required packaging into metal containers. All suspect “high density” blocks found to be still structurally sound were relocated up from ground level to prevent future standing water damage. Many hand-stack blocks at the south wall opening to the former Bio-Med treatment room were removed and replaced at this time.Additional shutdown work included new cabling to BSM #61, refastening o f the triplet Pyrotenax brack­ets in the trench, repair o f rusted M 9/M 20 beam blocker control power conduit, re-hosing of the M20 sextupole magnet, installation of new O-rings at Mar- mon joints in the 1AS2 service chase, repair of a water leak at M9AQ5, replacement of an O-ring at M20Q8, and replacement of the M20VA5 valve. The 1AM10 monitor and monitor smokestack were also replaced after shielding was installed at the area.Following the major winter shutdown work, activ­ities in the second and third quarter were much qui­eter, with the majority o f effort going into design and planning for the M20 front-end replacement work. New magnet stands, vacuum boxes and remote handling of services were organized for the replacement o f the M20Q1/Q2 magnets.During the mini-shutdown in September a vacuum leak in the 1AVA8 vacuum gate valve between the 1AT1 and 1AT2 volumes required replacement o f the all three O-rings.In the same shutdown a major effort was directed to the 1AQ15 cooling flow problem that was first iden­tified in August. Individual “control” and two prob­lematic circuits were isolated from the magnet cooling header. Tests were performed to determine flow charac­teristics and found to be significantly lower on the two problematic circuits. As yet unexplained foreign mate­173rial was flushed from both problematic circuits. After both forward and reverse back-flushing o f these cir­cuits, flow was greatly improved. Further investigation of the magnet coils revealed an obstruction at the end of circuit #11 coil. This was mechanically opened-up in diameter. Again a foreign substance was removed from the interior o f these coils. Further examination of these materials will be performed in the fall. After work was completed on these circuits the magnet was normally replumbed and power tested successfully to run at 917 A as required for the normal beam line IA 140/rA beam tune.Late in the year a decision was made to concentrate the winter 2005 activities on repair of the 1AQ9 mag­net thermal switch problem. This decision was taken because the inability to operate this magnet results in higher beam spills downstream, thus further exacer­bating radiation damage to 1AVA8 and other organic vacuum seals, as well as some loss of beam tuning be­yond this location. This decision will also address the concern of the failed M i l septum magnet, and allow additional time to work on crumbling shielding blocks upstream of 1AT2. Work progressed toward prepara­tion for the new work, with as little impact as possible on the continued effort to complete refurbishment of the M20 front end.Magnets and Power SuppliesMost of the work in 2004 related to MRO activi­ties in support of the cyclotron, primary and secondary beam lines, and the ISAC facility. Copper chill plates for heat sinks in the series regulated power supplies are being installed to replace leaking pass banks as in previous years. As last year, we prepared trim and harmonic supplies which had to be modified for trim and harmonic bay 1 which will be brought up to code during the spring, 2005 shutdown.Power supplies for ISAC were purchased for the S- bend dipole supplies as well as some quadrupole sup­plies for ISAC-II straight section. Further units are to be purchased once the budget is finalized.Experimental support was provided in the repair of a laser power supply in the ISAC-I laser shack. This was necessary to allow the developmental work to pro­ceed.A new power supply engineer has joined the group to replace a retiree and is providing good support as he becomes familiar with the existing system. Docu­mentation upgrades are under way which will facilitate trouble shooting and data management.As part of his workload the group leader also pro­vides coordination o f meson hall activities during the winter and fall shutdowns.Mechanical ServicesEfforts to improve the reliability of breathable com­pressed air met with success with the modifications made to the hand-me-down Sullair compressor (ex- MRS compressor) that fixed a few problems. W ith the addition o f the new breathable-air-monitor air dryer (thanks to ISAC-II) the compressor has passed the breathable air certification and is now acting as a backup site machine. Its large capacity was obtained for a fraction o f the cost o f a new machine. Until the Sullair was proven to be reliable, the existing Nash compressor was directly connected to the chemistry an­nex and shown to be capable o f running that building by itself. At present the Nash now acts as a backup for the Chemistry Annex. Another new development o f note is the new services umbilical installed into a trench between the proton hall extension and the main office building (MOB). W hen connected it will provide CuLCW to the MOB, along with electrical and control functions. Lastly in compressed air, the MOB air dryer was repaired.Piping MRO work included replacement of cor­roded heating water lines in the MOB and Chemistry Annex and city water lines in the service annex. Re­pairs were undertaken for the sprinkler system, the CuALCW de-ionizing resin, the rf room piping hang­ers, the rf vault transmission line pressure regulating valve, and the M15 vacuum pump exhaust line.HVAC MRO work included air conditioning repairs to the MOB board room, AHUs 1 and 5, trailers Gg and Hh, M el40 and 141 pneumatic controls, and the MESA clean room buffalos. An air conditioning duct was attached to the rf floor UPS for direct cooling. The MOB kitchen fan exhaust stack was raised to 15 feet to help reduce cooking smells in the building.Several meson hall lifting beams were sent out for testing and recertification.Electrical ServicesThe centrepiece o f the design and engineering effort continued to be the ISAC project and is covered un­der a separate heading. On the rest of the site, priority was placed on the implementation of the re-design of the power distribution for the Trim Coil Bay 4, the completion o f the VFD addition (phase 2) to the cy­clotron cooling towers, the supply of emergency power for M15 cryogenic loads, and the phase out o f the old CP42 UPS unit. All radioisotope production facilities UPS loads were integrated under the TR30-2 UPS ma­chine installed in 2003. In all about 48 entries of various importance were logged in the engineering log-book of which about 30 belonged to ISAC. Other completed jobs include rationalization o f services in the MHESA detector laboratory, services for a new crane in the rne-174son hall extension clean room and TR13 nearby, ser­vices for a new elevator in TR30-2, and conduit services for the TSG in the vault area. Continuing engineering support was provided to TRIUMF users on electrical matters, and to Nordion and the ATG group for main­taining electrical services for the isotope production facilities. The upgrade of the rf system distribution system was postponed as spare breakers were finally located in the United States.Typical maintenance activities included servicing lighting systems, motors and associated controls, air conditioning controls, panel boards and transformers, HV switchgear, breakers and capacitor banks, and the fire alarm system. A dedicated electrical crew looks af­ter the electrical installation and maintenance needs of Nordion and the radiochemistry isotope production facilities. Approximately 130 calls were answered from the rest of the site (about 35 from ISAC-I) for other than lighting maintenance. Motors for about 120 HP total were replaced. The fire alarm system annual in­spection, carried out during the summer, revealed a few deficiencies that needed attention. Early last March the main emergency power centre, M CC-B suffered the first short circuit of its life when minuscule water infil­tration from a conduit run above found its way into the unit. The short circuit occurred on the line side of the breakers. As a result the whole MCC-B tripped leav­ing the UPS without its natural power back-up. The short circuit destroyed the two breakers feeding the substation main protection breaker relays and caused significant damage to nearby cubicles. The repair was carried out expeditiously, but the source of the water could not be located. The fault also revealed a weak­ness in the distribution wiring to the UPS for such rare events like this fault that shuts down the emergency power bus while the normal power bus remains func­tional. To protect against these rare events we plan to add a second feeder line from the normal power bus at the next opportunity.As equipment ages it becomes crucial to keep up with technology changes. This year brought to light the question o f maintainability and reliability of the UPS and spare parts for the power distribution centres. Both are strategically important to the continuing op­eration of the experimental program. A strategy was developed to cope with this problem and start phasing out obsolete power distribution centres this fiscal year. In addition to increased trouble calls, the main UPS suffered a couple of serious faults, one of which was as­sociated with early battery wear. Plans are under way to replace this unit in the near future.Power deliveryPower delivery continued to be very reliable with­out major unscheduled outages. In early fall the sitewas shut down to allow for the replacement of a dam­aged power pole and cracked HV insulators.Scheduling coordination with Power Tech High Voltage laboratory continued regularly to ensure that the impact on our operation from their short circuit tests is minimized.The monthly averaged peak power demand increase was more contained this year. It was a mere 2.7% from 7358 to 7560 kVA (Fig. 202). The annual max­imum peak demand (8914 kVA) was reached in July and was 2.4% higher than the maximum last year. The electricity consumption jumped about 3.5% from56.4 GW h to 58.4 GW h (Fig. 203). The largest monthly<Fig. 202. Monthly peak power demand - four year com­parison.Electricity ConsumptionOYEAR TOTAL AVERAGE UNITS2001 52.0 4.332 GWh2002 53.3 4.440 GWh2003 56.4 4.702 GWh2004 58.4 4.866 GWhFig. 203. Electricity consum ption - four year comparison.900080007000600050004000300020001000 -10000Monthly Peak Power Demand175Power Factor Load Factor■ ■< 2004 — a----2003 2002 - - - a - - - 2001Fig. 204. Electrical system power factor - four year com­parison.consumption was recorded in November (6.22 GW h) and was approximately 6.6% larger than last year’s maximum. These increases are in line with the in­creased activities in both ISAC (primarily ISAC-II) and Nordion.The power factor (PF), averaged over the calen­dar year, remained flat at 96.4% (Fig. 204) despite in­creased activities. This effect can be attributed to the work o f the additional capacitor banks in ISAC. The average load duration - the indicator o f how well we use our power demand - has increased just slightly by 1.6% to 88.1% (Fig. 205).cr— * — 2004 — o— 2003 - -0 - - 2002 -- A---2001Fig. 205. Electrical system load duration - four year com­parison.176ISAC DIVISIONIN T R O D U C T IO NThe following ISAC sections describe the various activities in ISAC-I operation, ISAC-I developments and the progress in ISAC-II during 2004. Although there have been many highlights during the year, only a few are outlined here. The availability o f the first tar­get station to be commissioned (ITW ) was remarkably near 90%, whereas the newer target station (ITE) was only 50%, reflecting the fact that ITE was used exten­sively for developing high power targets and an ECR ion source. Nine different targets were installed during the year (four Ta, three SiC, one CaZrC>3 and one ZrC). Several were compromised as a result o f damage caused by the proton beam. The on-line testing o f the ECR ion source has shown that the design must be modified to provide better ionization efficiencies in the high gas environment from the target. The charge state booster was used to examine the charge distribution o f various species. A resonant laser ion source was used to pro­vide a beam of 62Ga from a SiC target. Development work during the year focused on developing schemes to provide laser-ionized beams o f Al and Ga. In ISAC- II, all o f the medium beta superconducting rf cavities have been fabricated, chemically treated and are now at TRIUMF. Two cryomodule tanks have been deliv­ered to TRIUMF. Most o f the liquid helium plant has been delivered to ISAC, is being installed, and com­missioning will begin early in 2005. G ood progress is being made on achieving adequate cavity tuning and rf coupling. Components required for the S-bend HEBT connecting the ISAC-I DTL to the ISAC-II medium beta accelerator are ready for installation during the 2005 winter shutdown. The ISAC-II installation sched­ule predicts that the medium beta section should be completed in time to accelerate a beam from the DTL through five cryomodules by the end o f 2005.ISAC O P E R A T IO N SThis year, routine RIB operation provided beams to DRAGON and TUDA in the high energy area and to low energy experiments at LTNO, 87r, GPS1-3, BNMR and Osaka. As in previous years, the first quarter was devoted to shutdown activities. Beam schedule 105 be­gan in the second quarter and carried on through the summer. Beam schedule 106 followed a short shutdown in September. An overview of RIB operation is shown in Fig. 206 in terms of the weekly proton beam expo­sure of the production targets. The total proton ex­posure is given for each target. The hours o f RIB and stable beam operation for schedules 105 and 106 are shown in Figs. 207-210.177ISAC Weekly Target Exposures Beam Schedules 105, 106- 1.5E+20=* 1.0E+20w 5.0E+19O.OE+OOrrw iT M i iTW:TM1 ITVViTM 1 ITW:TM1 ITW.TM1Ta 17 SiC H8 Ta ';8 T a m ZrC #24.5E20 4.3E20 5.2E20 3.9E20 9.6E19Week # in 2004Fig. 206. Integral target exposures by week for RIB deliv­ery in 2004.RIB Hours Beam Schedule 105180 160 140 - 120 100 80 60 40 20 0" Power bumpA ECRMRillI « IIIt iICyclotroniriftector_ JTE ____bias-.insuJ----vac leakn.-H ig h - power la rge !' testn-v-y-y 35 40ITW ■ ITEWeek#Fig. 207. Weekly hours of RIB beam available to experi­ments during schedule 105.OLIS Hours Beam Schedule 105Fig. 208. Weekly hours of stable beam available to exper­iments during schedule 105.RIB Hours Beam Schedule 106160g 140 <5■j£ 120<DQ 100 cd5: 80oto 60 £ 4020 - 0180LIS BeamTarget stn -backing--- pump failureTestITE ECR target-vacuum -teak-----in coil circuitITW off for -target-change--41 46 51Week # II ITW m ITEFig. 209. Weekly hours of RIB beam available to experi­ments during schedule 106.OLIS Hours Beam Schedule 106Fig. 210. Weekly hours of stable beam available to exper­iments during schedule 106.Operational performance statistics are provided for the ISAC beam production o f RIB from ITW and ITE and stable beam from OLIS. These are summarized separately for each beam schedule in Tables X X IX - XL. The summary performance statistics are given in Table XLI. Here it can be seen that 89.2% availabil­ity for ITW reflects its nature as a fully commissioned target station, whereas the 50.6% availability for ITE operation reflects the reality o f the challenges of com­missioning the ECR and high power targets. This sum­mary information includes the effects o f experiment op­erational performance, ISAC system performance and the availability o f proton beam from the cyclotron and also includes overhead as well as downtime compo­nents. Some interpretation is required to extract the relevance of beam time in the context of operational constraints not accounted for during beam scheduling. This year, several targets were damaged during oper­ation resulting in lower yields and consequently RIB rates to users much less than expected when the beam time was scheduled. There is no easy way to repre­sent this in the performance statistics, other than to acknowledge the fact that yields were low and therewas evidence o f target damage. The target damage likely occurred due to a mismatch between the deliv­ered power density o f the proton beam compared to that estimated for setting the target operating param­eters, the most critical being the central temperature. Efforts are under way to understand and remedy these problems. On the other hand, the ISAC systems were for the most part very reliable. There were only a few notable exceptions. Power outages in week #26 that affected cyclotron availability, a vacuum leak in a HV insulator damaged by sparking that was caused by a water leak in the HV enclosure on top o f the east target station in week #30 , and finally, a vacuum leak from a coil cooling circuit on TM3 caused the cancellation of ECR operation in November.A major milestone was achieved in the last weeks of beam schedule 106 when the first RIB operation with a laser ion source was demonstrated.The summary of beam to experiments for the year is given in Table XLII, and the summary o f the isotopic beam delivery is given in Table XLIII.Two new operators, who had been recruited in Oc­tober, 2003, completed their training and assumed shift responsibilities in May, 2004, bringing the complement of shift operators to six which is still inadequate to properly serve the needs of a challenging science pro­gram at a multiple source RIB facility. The sixth oper­ator provided support for afternoon activities Monday to Friday and filled in for operator absences.Several new Web based applications were intro­duced, including a new e-log, NCR (non-conformance report) and revised electronic work permit system. A number of operator environment tools were developed including: improved tuning and save routines, segre­gated strategic alarm handling, electrostatic steering optimization program, IB RMS bridge display, and fire­wall protection o f the ISAC Operations network. Ap­plications and assistance were also provided for the TRILIS and SCRF projects. The ISAC-II control room was equipped with one off-line work station which was used for development purposes.Documentation and training responsibilities con­tinue to command the full-time attention of the ISAC Operations Documentation and Training Coordinator. After the training o f the new operators was completed in April, work resumed on the design phase of the SAT program, which was completed and approved. The de­velopment phase will carry over into 2005. Learning objectives were established for all o f the previously recorded training videos; an important aspect o f the evaluation phase o f SAT.The members o f the ISAC Operations group take great pride in their contributions to the successes of the experiments and major ISAC milestones that have178been highlighted elsewhere in this Annual Report. In the coming year, in addition to providing beam for the scheduled experiments and performing systems main­tenance, the major effort will be to complete the SAT training program for ISAC operators, migrate manyof the control functions to the ISAC-II Control Room, and continue to improve the ability o f ISAC Operations to provide the beams of interest to the ISAC science program.Table XXIX. ITW beam schedule 105 (surface ion source targets used: Ta #7 /8 /10 and SiC #8): February 23 - October 4 (weeks 9-40). ITW beam to ISAC experiments (hours).Expt Line Sched Actual Tune Off TotalYield ILY 426 64.4 2.8 0.0 67.2ICS ICS 0 1.7 0.0 0.0 1.7E816 /3-NMR 156 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0E817 /3-NMR 348 270.6 15.4 16.2 302.2E824 DRAGON 78 22.4 2.9 2.6 27.9E871 Osaka 192 191.8 0.9 9.8 202.5E903 Osaka 264 119.6 10.4 0.0 130.0E909 87T 95 76.3 1.9 6.3 84.5E920 Polarizer 120 41.7 0.0 0.3 42.0E921 8-7T 156 138.7 0.4 19.8 158.9E973 87T 276 170.0 1.0 6.5 177.5E984 8-7T 96 67.9 7.2 3.4 78.5E989 DRAGON 288 173.0 5.4 1.9 180.3E991 GPS3 156 81.2 2.3 3.5 87.0LIS IMS 180 44.1 0.0 0.0 44.1Subtotals 2831 1463.4 50.6 70.3 1584.3Available 44.0 44.0Totals 2831 1463.4 50.6 114.3 1628.3Total RIB experiment time = 1628.3 hours Combined facility efficiency = 92.9%179Table XXX. ITW beam schedule 105: ITW systems down­time and overhead.Table XXXII. ITE beam schedule 105: ITE systems down­time and overhead.ISAC systems Hours ISAC systems HoursDowntime - unscheduled Downtime - unscheduledBeam lines 1.3 Beam lines 4.0Controls 30.2 Controls 10.2Elec P /S 5.1 Elec P /S 65.6Mag P /S 0.5 Ion source 108.3RF controls 2.0 Pre-buncher 3.6Ion source 45.8 DTL rf 0.3Polarizer 21.9 Services 4.5Safety 0.2 Site power 0.5Site power 17.4 Vacuum 9.9Subtotal 124.4 Subtotal 206.9Downtime - scheduled (overhead) Downtime - scheduled (overhead)Cyclotron maintenance 255.8 Cyclotron maintenance 86.9Cyclotron development 83.4 Cyclotron development 36.0Beam line 2A off 389.0 Beam line 2A off 49.5ISAC shutdown 168.0 ISAC development 175.4ISAC idle 347.8 ISAC idle 1133.5Procedures 510.3 ISAC maintenance 20.3Target conditioning 435.5 Procedures 273.9Target change 1375.9 Shutdown 114.3ITW startup 24.9 ITE startup 37.5ITW cooldown 31.5 ITW cooldown 48.5Q-exch stripper 0.2 Target change 1890.5Subtotal 3622.3 Conditioning 708.4Total 3746.7 Q-exch stripper 0.2Subtotal 4574.9Total 4781.8Table XXXI. ITE beam schedule 105: ITE beam to ISACexperiments (hours).Expt Sched Actual Tune Off TotalYield 444 57.9 1.3 0.3 59.5ICS 0 6.5 0.0 0.0 6.5E816 144 178.7 6.8 2.0 187.5E824 120 57.6 5.7 0.0 63.3E984 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0E985 168 189.4 2.6 13.8 205.8E989 96 7.8 2.7 0.8 11.3E991 36 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0E995 0 15.4 0.0 0.5 15.9Totals 1008 513.3 19.1 17.4 549.8Total RIB experiment time = 593.2 hours Combined facility efficiency = 74.1%180Table X X X III. OLIS beam schedule 105: OLIS beam to ISAC experiments(hours).Expt Sched Actual Tune Off TotalE824 48 6.1 1.0 0.0 7.1E893 0 0.0 2.3 0.0 2.3E903 12 1.3 0.5 0.0 1.8E920 36 9.5 2.8 0.1 12.4E927 168 43.2 6.5 6.9 56.6E947 360 238.0 8.7 0.2 246.9E952 575 385.3 29.8 4.2 419.3E989 72 84.1 10.5 6.8 101.4E991 144 78.2 4.7 0.9 83.8Polarizer 48 95.9 0.0 0.5 96.4DRAGON 144 96.4 4.8 1.8 103.0Totals 1607 1038.0 71.6 21.4 1131.0Total IB experiment time = 2768.1 hours Combined facility efficiency = 93.1%Table XXXIV. OLIS beam schedule 105: OLIS systems downtime and overhead.ISAC systems HoursDowntime - unscheduledControls 11.8Beam lines 5.4Elec PS 5.0Magnet PS 26.7RF controls 3.4RFQ 0.5DTL rf 23.7MEBT rf 18.7Site power 9.1Vacuum 19.0Ion source 81.5Subtotal 204.8Downtime - scheduled (overhead)ISAC maintenance 175.2ISAC idle 419.9ISAC shutdown 540.5ISAC startup 111.0ISAC development 702.7Procedures 419.4Q-exch stripper 33.4Subtotal 2402.1Total 2606.9181Table XXXV. ITW beam schedule 106 (surface ion source targets used: Ta #10 and ZrC #2): September 29 - December 29 (weeks 41-53). ITW beam to ISAC experiments (hours).Expt Line Sched Actual Tune Off TotalYield ILY 168 21.4 0.3 0.0 21.7E823 87T 132 86.2 0.0 0.0 86.2E893 LTNO 97 53.3 0.6 0.0 53.9E956 LTNO 156 93.3 0.2 0.2 93.7E991 GPS3 0 89.8 0.5 0.8 91.1E1008 87T 216 78.8 2.5 0.0 81.3Subtotals 769 422.8 4.1 1.0 427.9Available 39.4 39.4Totals 769 422.8 4.1 40.4 467.3Total RIB experiment time = 467.3 hours Combined facility efficiency = 78.5%Table XXXVI. ITW beam schedule 106: ITW systems downtime and overhead.ISAC systems HoursDowntime - unscheduledControls 3.8Ion source 20.5Services 21.3Site power 2.5Vacuum 80.0Subtotal 128.1Downtime - scheduled (overhead)Cyclotron maintenance 115.0Cyclotron development 50.4Beam line 2A off 81.4ISAC maintenance 8.0ISAC development 112.0ISAC shutdown 288.0ISAC idle 417.8Procedures 149.9Target conditioning 109.9Target change 247.3ITW startup 6.2ITW cooldown 3.7Subtotal 1589.6Total 1717.7182Table XXXVII. ITE TM3 beam schedule 106 (Ta #4 target with ECR source and gases; commissioning and development of new facility): ITE beam to ISAC experiments (hours).Expt Line Sched Actual Tune Off TotalYield ILY 24 11.7 0.0 0.0 11.7E991 GPS3 288 53.9 10.3 1.4 65.6GPS GPS1 24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Subtotals 336 65.6 10.3 1.4 77.3Available 7.1 7.1Totals 336 65.6 10.3 8.5 84.4Total RIB experiment time = 84.4 hours Combined facility efficiency = 15.6%Table XXXVIII. ITE TM3 beam schedule 106: ITE sys­tems downtime and overhead.ISAC systems HoursDowntime - unscheduledControls 0.8Ion source 428.0Safety 0.5Vacuum 26.0Subtotal 455.3Downtime - scheduled (overhead)Cyclotron maintenance 28.0Cyclotron development 24.0Beam line 2A off 43.0ISAC maintenance 60.5ISAC idle 465.3Procedures 43.0Shutdown 288.0Target change 693.5Subtotal 1645.3Total 2100.6Table X X X IX . OLIS beam schedule 106: OLIS beam to ISAC experiments(hours).Expt Line Sched Actual Tune Off TotalE893 LTNO 12 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7E909 87T 0 3.5 0.0 0.0 3.5E920 Polarizer 120 48.5 0.0 0.0 48.5E952 DRAGON 108 42.1 3.9 2.3 48.3E972 Polarizer 84 46.6 0.9 0.0 47.5E989 DRAGON 30 6.9 0.0 0.0 6.9E991 GPS3 276 60.4 2.3 0.0 62.7E1029 TUDA 36 4.2 0.6 0.5 5.3DRAGON DRAGON 121 78.5 4.3 2.6 85.48n 8n 0 4.0 0.0 0.0 4.0Laval HEBT 228 172.7 0.3 8.0 181.0Yen HEBT 12 5.7 0.0 0.0 5.7Subtotals 1027 473.8 12.3 13.4 499.5Available 800.2 800.2Totals 1027 473.8 12.3 813.6 1299.7Total OLIS experiment time = 1299.7 hours Combined facility efficiency = 96.4%Table XL. OLIS beam schedule 106: OLIS systems down- time and overhead.ISAC systems HoursDowntime - unscheduledControls 7.3Elec PS 4.2RF controls 6.9Prc-buncher 0.3RFQ 2.8DTL rf 18.4Services 6.3Vacuum 0.3Ion source 2.2Subtotal 48.7Downtime - scheduled (overhead)ISAC maintenance 50.5ISAC idle 94.7ISAC shutdown 288.0ISAC development 130.8Procedures 271.1Q-exch stripper 1.5Subtotal 836.6Total 885.3184Table XLI. Summary o f overall performance for 2004.Schedule 105 Schedule 106 2004ITW 92.9% 78.5% 89.2%ITE 74.1% 15.6% 50.6%OLIS 93.1% 96.4% 94.1%Table XLII. Summary of beam to experiments for 2004.Expt Line Sched Beam Tune Off Perf TypeE816 /3-NMR 300 178.7 6.8 2.0 63% RIBE817 /3-NMR 348 270.6 15.4 16.2 87% RIBE823 8-7T 132 86.2 0.0 0.0 65% RIBE824 DRAGON 198 80.0 8.6 2.6 46% RIBE871 Osaka 192 191.8 0.9 9.8 100% RIBE893 LTNO 97 53.3 0.6 0.0 56% RIBE903 Osaka 264 119.6 10.4 0.0 49% RIBE909 8n 95 76.3 1.9 6.3 89% RIBE920 Polarizer 120 41.7 0.0 0.3 35% RIBE921 8 77 156 138.7 0.4 19.8 100% RIBE956 LTNO 156 93.3 0.2 0.2 60% RIBE973 8 7 7 276 170.0 1.0 6.5 64% RIBE984 8 77 96 67.9 7.2 3.4 82% RIBE985 8n 168 189.4 2.6 13.8 100% RIBE989 DRAGON 384 180.8 8.1 2.7 50% RIBE991 GPS3 480 224.9 13.1 5.7 51% RIBE995 ICS 0 15.4 0.0 0.5 100% RIBE l 008 8 7 7 216 78.8 2.5 0.0 38% RIBGPS GPS1 24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% RIBICS ICS 0 8.2 0.0 0.0 100% RIBYield ILY 1062 155.4 4.4 0.3 15% RIB87T 8 7 7 0 4.0 0.0 0.0 100% SIBDRAGON DRAGON 265 174.9 9.1 4.4 71% SIBE824 DRAGON 48 6.1 1.0 0.0 15% SIBE893 LTNO 12 0.7 2.3 0.0 25% SIBE903 Osaka 12 1.3 0.5 0.0 15% SIBE909 8 7 7 0 3.5 0.0 0.0 100% SIBE920 Polarizer 156 58.0 2.8 0.1 39% SIBE921 8 7 7 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0% SIBE927 TUDA 168 43.2 6.5 6.9 34% SIBE947 DRAGON 360 238.0 8.7 0.2 69% SIBE952 DRAGON 683 427.4 33.7 6.5 68% SIBE972 Polarizer 84 46.6 0.9 0.0 57% SIBE989 DRAGON 102 91.0 10.5 6.8 100% SIBE991 GPS3 420 138.6 7.0 0.9 35% SIBE l 029 TUDA 36 4.2 0.6 0.5 15% SIBLaval HEBT 228 172.7 0.3 8.0 79% SIBLIS IMS 180 44.1 0.0 0.0 25% SIBPolarizer ILE2 48 95.9 0.0 0.5 100% SIBYen HEBT 12 5.7 0.0 0.0 48% SIB185Table XLIII. Isotopic beam delivery for 2004.TIS nuclide Hours OLIS nuclide Hours6 Li 79.0 6Li 97.18Li 516.4 7Li 59.99Li 58.2 12 C 626.8n C 20.4 1 2 0 3 + 41.8u Li 219.2 14n 17.812c 1.5 16q 4 + 4.518Ne 177.5 1 9 p 124.119Ne 5.7 20Ne 43.220Na 145.7 21Ne 151.921A1 7.8 21Ne5+ 172.721Na 81.8 23Na6+ 66.422Na 1.7 26 Mg 40.723Ne 2.8 28Si7+ 6.924Ne 3.4 139La 42.1269 Al 176.0 141 Pr 15.926Na 145.4to -1 P 42.362Ga 84.463Ga 0.564Ga 0.365 Ga 0.266Ga 0.869Ga 44.179 Rb 53.380 Rb 93.3130La 2.2134La 39.5156Ho 170.0170Tm 20.0172Lu 37.5174Tm 67.4178Lu 13.1174LuO 0.7xGa 11.4xLi 21.7The target hall and hot cell operations have be­come quite well organized. The services in the west M A A were redone to the standard that was set in the east M AA. Careful planning is required to be able to manage the service requirements of the off-line target station during brief maintenance periods in the beam schedule. There were eight target changes done this year, involving all three o f the commissioned target modules. Each target change was completed as plannedand without incident. In post-operation inspections, three targets were found to have evidence o f beam damage: Ta # 7 had a hole in the side o f the cassette at the central support; Ta # 8 had material damage with­out breach along the side of the cassette; and Ta # 9 , a high power cassette, had three holes in the front and rear faces. The history of operation o f ISAC production targets for 2004 is given in Table XLIV.186Table X LIV . ISAC target history for 2004.Target ID In Date Out DateExposure # o f protonsPower/iA h g /cm 2 CommentsIT W :TM l:T a # 7 09-Mar-04 28-Apr-04 4.53 x 1020 568,915 28.22 g /cm 2 Ta in the form of 680x0.025 mm foils. Yield low, p- beam had not been centred; hole at cassette support.ITE:TM3:SiC # 7 20-Apr-04 17-Jun-04 6.56 x 1019 60,373 20.69 g /cm 2 SiC in the form of 460 x 0.26 mm SiC on 0.13 mm C disks.ITW :TM l:SiC # 8 05-May-04 08-Jul-04 4.25 x 102° 338,864 17.9 g /cm 2 SiC in the form of 375 x 0.26 mm SiC on 0.13 mm C disks.ITE:TM2:SiC # 9 17-Jun-04 11-Aug-04 2.64 x 102° 205,257 17.5 g /cm 2 SiC in the form of 680 x 0.025 mm foils. Excessive sparking - small external water leak at TG TH TR connection.IT W :TM l:T a # 8 13-Jul-04 15-Sep-04 5.20 x 102° 504,438 21.79g/cm 2 Ta in the form of 525 x 0.025 mm foils. Evidence of beam hitting along side of cas­sette. No holes.ITE:TM2:Ta # 9 18-Aug-04 27-Oct-04 2.26 x 102° 219,359 21.79 g /cm 2 Ta in the form of 525 x 0.025 mm foils. High power cassette, yields dropped signifi­cantly during operation. Beam too dense - 3 holes in front and rear faces of target.ITW :TM l:Ta #10 21-Sep-04 18-Nov-04 3.87 x 102° 374,984 21.79g/cm 2 Ta in the form of 525 x 0.025 mm foils.ITE:TM 3:CaZr03 #2 01-Nov-04 26-Nov-04 0 0 1.21 g /cm 2 Ca + 2.76g /cm 2 Zr + 0.48 g /cm 2 O 6 cm length of CaZrO pellets. No beam due to vacuum leak in ECR coil cooling.ITW :TM l:ZrC # 2 02-Dec-04 02-Feb-05 9.60 x 1019 90,801 21.25g/cm 2 Zr + 5.79g/cm 2 C in the form of 200 ZrC + C com­posite foils.ISAC IO N SOURCES Operation of the 2.45 G H z ECRIS at ISACA 2.45 GHz ECRIS was built at TRIUMF for on­line applications at the ISAC facility. The source cav­ity is a single mode TE111 that operates at 2.45 GHz. In order to avoid large containment time the plasma volume is limited using a 12 mm diameter quartz tube located at the centre o f the cavity [Jayamanna et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(2), 792 (2002)]. Figure 211 shows a drawing of the ECR ion source and target as­sembly. The quartz tube lies in the centre o f the plasma chamber. The electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source has the following characteristics:• 2.45 GHz operating frequency,• Single mode cavity,• Radial injection o f the radio frequency (rf) power,• No radial magnetic field confinement,• The axial magnetic field confinement is very shal­low. (The magnetic field longitudinal distribution is superimposed onto the mechanical drawing in Fig. 211.)In May on-line tests with a SiC target were under­taken. The goal was to produce 18Ne for a high preci­sion half-life determination. The ECRIS was operated with the same tune developed during the off-line tests, where a 2% neon ionization efficiency was obtained. A187■ Ne { 1/sj - He: 1 Std « m :-[=)-- Jvti He, An&At83i std ccni^ Nt* He 1 Std CCAn- © - - “ x ^ i/ s ^ t A )* No He, Ar:0.OO3 std tcniFig. 211. Drawing of the ECR and target assembly as in­stalled on the tray at the bottom of the target module.flow o f 1 SCCM helium was used as the support gas. The 18 Ne yield was measured with 1 /zA to 5 /zA and followed the proton beam. Above 7 /iA the yield did not increase and at 10 /iA it was lower than at 5 /iA. The on-line neon ionization efficiency was measured and it decreased from 1% at 5 /iA to 0.05% at 10 /iA.Furthermore, due to carbon coating of the quartz liner in the plasma chamber, the ECRIS had to run with an Ar-He mixture. The Ar provides a way to re­duce the carbon coating on the quartz tube. Unfortu­nately, the addition o f Ar also reduces the ionization efficiency by a factor 3. Figure 212 shows the trend o f the 18Ne yield as a function o f the proton beam current on target. The dots and squares represent the measured 18Ne yield when the ECRIS was operating with He. The sudden drop at 6 /iA corresponds to the addition o f the Ar with He as support gas. Then we reduced the amount o f injected gas into the ECR. We then changed the support gas from He to Ar. In those conditions we were able to operate the ECRIS with a proton beam up to 30 /iA on the SiC target and the 18Ne yield just scaled with the proton beam. The open dots and squares in Fig. 212 show the 18Ne yield when we were operating the ECRIS with only 0.003 SCCM Ar.During the on-line run we observed that the ion­ization efficiency was dropping significantly when the proton beam was increased to 10 /iA. We changed the support gas from 1 SCCM of He to 0.003 SCCM of Ar only and we were able to maintain the ionization efficiency relatively constant up to 30 /iA, which is the nominal beam current we can run on the SiC target.An on-line run was scheduled in November but un­fortunately a water leak in one of the coil cooling cir­cuits was found. The leak rate was such that it was im­possible to operate the ion source. An extensive search2fth5Proton Beam Current (/iA )Fig. 212. lsNe yield as a function of the proton beam cur­rent. Solid lines show the lsNe yield operating the ECRIS with the nominal parameters. The dashed lines show the yield operating the ECRIS without He and only 0.003 SCCM of Ar as support gas.for the leak was performed during the winter shutdown but did not produce any results. The ECRIS was then put back into the target station vacuum box and once again the leak was confirmed. This time we were able to determine that the water leak was present only if one end o f the cooling circuit was hooked to the input. When hooked to the return we did not see the water leak. This was explained in the following way: on the return, the pressure is much smaller than at the supply side (20 psi instead o f 120 psi). The ECRIS was then brought back to the hot-cell and the efforts were con­centrated on the identified end. The leak was located on one of the water-blocks at a solder joint.Taking apart the support tray to correct the leak would take too much time so we decided to clog the tiny leak using a vacuum anaerobic sealer that penetrates into the occlusion. A layer of epoxy glue was applied to cover the region. The ECRIS was again brought back into the target station vacuum box and tested. To be on the safe side the two ends o f the water-cooling circuit were identified so that we always placed the repaired ends on the return side. Now the ECRIS is ready for a run schedule in May, 2005.OLISOriginally OLIS was assembled from parts o f 13, only the filaments were removed and a 2400 MHz wave guide installed. When the Y box was installed in 2002 that could accommodate the surface source it was soon188during experimental runs. Note after mass separation at the magnetic bend the currents are normally greatly reduced.There was a request for emittance selection slits for OLIS. In December two flanges with 5 mm apertures were installed 1 m apart to reduce the emittance for experiment at the polarizer. This also was to test the idea o f improved emittance as an aid to tuning. As it turned out the variation o f energy of the OLIS beam was then found to be too large. The original OLIS spec­ifications did not include a precise bias supply, hence the energy variation is greater than that of the target stations.Table XLV lists the OLIS beams delivered in 2004.Table XLV. OLIS beams delivered in 2004 (MW means microwave source and SS means surface source).Start EndOLIS Beam Facility Experiment date dateM W iac DRAGON Detector 2 6-Feb 27-FebM W 12C DRAGON 947 01-Mar 15-MarSS 23Na TUDA 927 16-Mar 17-MarM W /SS Various OPS Training 22-Mar 2 6-MarM W 12C DRAGON 952 26-Mar 19-AprM W /SS Various OPS Training 26-Apr 27-AprM W Ne TUDA 927 28-Apr 02-MaySS Li TUDA 927 03-May 04-MayM W 21Ne DRAGON 989 06-May 07-MayM W 21 Ne DRAGON 824 13-May 14-MayM W /SS La D ev/920M W 26 Mg DRAGON 824 14-Jun 15-JunM W Mg DRAGON 989 15-JunM W /SS M g/Li D R A /G P3 989/991 24-Jun 25-JunM W /SS M g/La D R A /PO L 989/920 28-Jun 29-JunM W 21 Ne DRAGON Dev/824 08-Jul 12-JulM W Ne Osaka 903 13-JulSS La Pol 920 15-JulSS Li 991 01-Sep 07-SepM W F Pol 16-Sep 21-SepM W Ne DRAGON 01-Oct 04-OctM W N LTNO 05-OctSS Li 06-Oct 18-OctM W 21N e /14N Laval 21-Oct 25-OctSS Na DRAGON 28-Oct 31-OctM W /SS La/Pr Pol 920 05-Nov 09-NovM W 21Ne Laval 12-Nov 15-NovM W 12C /160 DRAGON 18-Nov 22-NovM W F Pol 01-Dec 06-DecSS Li Pol 07-Dec 08-DecM W TUDA TUDA 13-Dec 16-Decrealized that it made servicing of the optics in the origi­nal DB2 difficult. Thus in early 2004 DB2 was replaced with a standard LEBT chamber; this allowed the op­tics o f this chamber to be mounted on the chamber lids and thus be quickly removable for cleaning.Read backs were installed on upstream OLIS skim­mers, and on a few downstream of the magnetic bend. They are single gain range and at time of writing will read back a maximum of 30 /iA. The reason for this is that the rf source can produce currents greater than 1 mA and it is possible with such large currents to cause damage to optics if there is too much heating or sputtering. These read backs can aid in tuning OLIS and will eventually be used for interlocks or warning should there be changes in the OLIS operating point189Charge State Booster (CSB)The final installation of the charge state booster (CSB) at the ion source test stand has been completed and commissioning of the system started in April. T his includes the 1+ line, consisting o f an 2.45 GHz ECR ion source, the 14.5 GHz PHOENIX booster and the analyzing system.In a first series of measurements the CSB has been operated as ECR source only, without injection o f 1 + ions, but with a calibrated gas leak of Ar or Ne. The goal was to condition the plasma chamber and the in­jection and extraction electrode system and to find the operating parameters for the beam optical elements. As an example the charge state distribution obtained for Ar is shown in Fig. 213. For this measurement the source was operated at 100 W microwave power and with a flow of about 10“ 3 SCCM He as a support gas. The maximum in the distribution is at 7+ with an ef­ficiency of 2.7%. Summing up the efficiencies for all charge states leads to a total efficiency of 12%. This includes the transmission of the extraction and analyz­ing system. Especially in front of the magnet, the high total beam current causes losses due to space charge effects. Additionally, due to the poor vacuum in the an­alyzer (1 x 10-6 torr), charge exchange for the higher charge states will occur, resulting in an estimated loss o f up to 20%.The emittances for the different charge states of Ar have been determined at the end of the analyzer. Val­ues of up to 20 7T mm mrad at 15 kV source potential have been found for 86% of the beam enclosed and no significant dependence on the charge state.For first charge breeding tests beams of Ne, Ar and Xe have been injected from the 1+ ECR source. Fig­ure 214 shows the efficiencies for the different charge states o f Xe. The distribution can be altered by chang­ing the source operating parameters, in this case the microwave power. Most measurements have been done with a very small He gas flow or no support gas. Sum­ming up the efficiencies for the different charge states o f Xe results in a total efficiency of 22.5%. In the case of Ar and Ne the maximum in the distribution was at 8+ and 4+ respectively, with a smaller total efficiency, but at this time a microwave power of only 100 W could be used.The measurements were interrupted in October due to mechanical breakdown of a high voltage insulator. This insulator also supports the inner structure o f the source and failed due to mechanical stress, caused by the forces from high magnetic fields. A reinforced re­placement has been designed and constructed at TRI­UMF. It has been installed and the measurements re­sumed. First results are that due to improvements in the vacuum inside the plasma chamber the density of32.5 2j?a 1.5I10.5 0Fig. 213. Charge state distribution of highly charged Ar ions from the CSB. The Ar has been led into the source via a calibrated gas leak.43.5 3I 1 .5 - 1 - 0.5 - 0 -Fig. 214. Charge state distribution of highly charged Xe ions from the CSB. a) 129Xe1+ injected with 250 W mi­crowave power, b) 136Xe1+ injected with 320 W.high energy electrons could be increased resulting in a higher X-ray emission o f the source. This makes addi­tional shielding necessary.Parallel to the measurements a preliminary design study has been made for the installation of the CSB in the ISAC mass separator room. Based on the first results, ion optical simulations have been performed in order to find ways to minimize the losses at the ex­traction and increase the efficiency. Improvements will be implemented first at the test stand. The design of the final installation will be finished to prepare for the installation in the beginning of 2006.R IB Development: Resonant Ionization Laser Ion SourceW ithin the radioactive ion beam (RIB) develop­ment at ISAC the TRIUMF resonant ionization laser ion source (TRILIS) continued with on-line installa­tions and off-line beam development for Ga and Al beam production. In summary, TRILIS on-line instal­lations were completed and a development run pro­7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 219B a ) 0 b >190vided a beam of radioactive Ga from a SiC target. 62Ga was delivered to 87T (Expt. 823) with a beam intensity enhancement 2x and an augmentation o f 20 x in the suppression of 62 Cu over surface ionization for branch­ing ratio determination. A radioactive beam was suc­cessfully produced and delivered for an experiment one year ahead of the initial schedule.In principle, TRILIS uses multi-step resonant laser excitation and ionization. This technique capitalizes on the potential for element-selective, efficient photo­excitation and ionization, with the major components of the LIS located 20 m away from the radiation area of the target ion source. The basic set-up of TRILIS is shown in Fig. 215 and is identical for off-line develop­ment and on-line beam production. In general, RILIS can supply beams o f metals and transition elements that are otherwise difficult to obtain. Tunable, high- power, high repetition rate, narrow bandwidth, pulsed lasers are required which can be synchronized with re­spect to each other. The TiSa laser systems provide above 2 W output power at 10 kHz rep. rate, with typical pulse widths of 40 ns and a spectral line width around 5 GHz. Measured frequency doubling efficien­cies are above 20%. Typical excitation schemes employ two and, more commonly, three laser excitation steps for resonant excitation and ionization, with the laser wavelength for the first excitation step usually being in the blue to ultraviolet region of the spectrum. In a typical laser excitation ladder each additional step re­quires higher spectral energy density. Therefore either Rydberg- or autoionizing-states are best suited for ef­ficient ionization. These states have to be determined experimentally for each element, as only limited spec­troscopic information on these high-lying atomic states exists.Beam development in 2003/04 focused on Ga and preparation of Al beams. Figure 216 details the choice o f laser excitation scheme for Ga. In the development work for Ga beams, performed at Mainz University, it became evident that for efficient ionization of Ga, fre­quency tripling of the TiSa lasers was necessary. Thus, the laser ion source test stand implementation was put on hold, and TiSa laser frequency tripling (planned for 2005) was developed and implemented. Based on theIPfia = 5.9993 eV48387.6 cm electric-field ionized Rydberg staterm.S nmX12 = 294.5 nm(to be added for increased yield5 6 % population @ 2200C )= 287.5 nm56% population @ 2200C 4s2 4p 2P°1/2 826.2 cm-144% population @ 2200C 0.000 cm-1Fig. 216. Two-step resonant laser excitation scheme into a long lived Rydberg state that is subsequently field-ionized. This scheme was the result of detailed development work at TRIUMF and Mainz, and was successfully used for on-line production of 62 Ga. For future runs on Ga this scheme will be augmented with a second frequency tripled TiSa laser, to improve yields.massseparatorISAC target ion source*to experimentslaser laboratoryr— IVSa \llllllTi:Sa 1 \I\ <=> I i : 3 . i \Nd:YAG /j, meter jw m puts- ' ,'cFig. 215. Schematic of the TRILIS off-line development station with the principal functional groups: target ion source, mass separator and laser system with frequency tripling unit.191design from Mainz University a tripling unit was drawn up, built and used in the first on-line run in December, 2004 providing more than 20 m W at 287 nm. This change in wavelength range also necessitated the in­stallation of additional beam transport opto-mechanics and optics. The complete TRIUMF-Mainz TiSa laser system with frequency tripling as used for the first on­line run is shown in Fig. 217.Optical alignment of the laser beams into the target transfer tube was done with a transfer tube backed by an optical power meter, both mounted directly on the target module, for direct measurement of laser powerFig. 217. TRILIS on-line laser laboratory located approx­imately 20 m from the target ion source. Shown are the wavelength meter, the compact 75 W, 5-25 kHz coherent Corona75 pump laser and the three TRIUMF built Mainz University narrow bandwidth, tunable titanium sapphire (TiSa) lasers together with the prototype frequency tripling unit used in the first TRILIS on-line run.in the ionization region.The development run showed that laser beam transport and beam alignment are of major importance to a successful laser ion source operation. To transport the laser beams into the target ion source, a mock up target module, with optical power meter is now avail­able. This module is installed at the location o f the on-line production target, to allow for laser power mea­surement and initial laser beam alignment. After initial alignment the module is replaced by the actual target ion source, and laser beam pointing stability is visually monitored on a reference target.In the initial on-line run the laser ion source was continuously monitored by members o f the LIS group. Fine tuning of the frequency tripled TiSa laser was per­formed as an ongoing task, whereas the second TiSa laser did not require any adjustments in the course of one full week of operation. Improvements o f controls, monitoring and the laser systems itself are ongoing. For subsequent Ga runs the prototype frequency tripling unit will be replaced by two frequency tripling units, in order to increase yield and isobar suppression. The current status o f the collaborative TiSa laser based LIS beam development is summarized in Fig. 218.The work, installation and first operation of TRILIS was supported substantially by the Mainz group, who also participated with Dr. K. Wendt and Ch. Geppert in both the set-up, as well as the on-line run. Further support was given by the addition o f D. Albers, a MSc. student in applied laser technology from FH Ostfriesland in Emden, J.P. Lavoie, MSc. student from Laval University, and T. Achtzehn, Ph.D. student from TU Ilmenau. Also, the enthusiastic support from individuals and groups from TRIUMF is acknowledged and was another key factor to the successful first on­line run.AlIP£350nm-460nm3?■ SOOi F2004physics & target chemistry?£—:,N 3Ti:S o laser R IS possible T i:S a laser R IS possible with 3 ThS a laser R IS succesfully tested(RXS c'ev MiwK mVMr. VFv>r a H i n i a a r a E S E a r a n r a i a E i E a l S ES H H H S S r a E a E S R z i l l i s i H E B e n l S R I I lfnil „ A c | „ ,R f |„,Ha|,„S9 |,„Bh| „,Hs|,„Mt| 110 |111 112 113« P r ^N d ( ,Pm „ S m•»«Gd MTb * 0 y t,Ho g,Er■u-JaYb „L u*T h 9,Pa ,.P u MA m wCm ,.B k o8Pc „E s ,wFm ,„M d <c,N o ,„L rFig. 218. Status (2004) of TiSa laser based LIS schemes. The development of new beams for laser ion source operation at TRIUMF is to be coordinated through the “beam strategy” group, to coordinate science, proposed experiments, technology and resource issues.192ISAC POLARIZER Dec 2004 run 30 scan 1All experimental groups that use the polarizer beam line were accommodated this year. The /?- N M R /Q R group was allotted a total o f 5 weeks of po­larized 8Li beam time, the Osaka (Minamisono) group was allotted 2 weeks o f polarized 20Na and 2'Na, and the Osaka (Shimoda) group was allotted 2 weeks of po­larized 11 Li. The McGill group (Expt. 920) was allotted 1 week of radioactive lanthanum and praseodymium isotopes in the summer and 1 week from OLIS in November. The polarizer beam line and laser systems worked reliably throughout, aside from two brief in­terruptions due to sodium cell malfunctions. However, other, unrelated problems in the summer shortened the radioactive McGill and Osaka (Shimoda) runs by half. The polarizer dye laser was also run for 4 weeks in September and October, in support of the GSI experi­ment Expt. 991 that successfully measured the charge radius of 11 Li.We began development of a polarized 20 F beam to be used in Expt. 972, which is an extension of the Os­aka (Minamisono) group’s work on 20Na. All the polar­ized beams produced to date at ISAC have been alkali metals. In alkali metals the ground state atom has one loosely bound valence electron that can be optically pumped by commonly available lasers. It is not prac­tical to directly pump the ground state of the fluorine atom (or o f the ion for that matter), due to the short wavelength light that would be required. A workable fluorine scheme was envisaged based on polarizing the metastable atomic state 3 s4P5/2 via optical pumping on the closed transition 3s 4P5/ 2 — 3p 4D 7/ 2 at 686 nm. The metastable state is produced as some fraction of the total atomic beam during neutralization of F+ in sodium vapour. Its lifetime o f 3.7 /is is long enough for an appreciable fraction to survive during the optical pumping process. Collinear laser spectroscopy of 19F was used to investigate the feasibility of the scheme in two OLIS runs in September and December. The aims were 1) to measure the hyperfine splitting of the 4P5/ 2 and 4D 7/2 energy levels, and 2) to estimate the metastable fraction o f the beam. The former is im­portant in devising a practical laser scheme, while the latter determines the maximum beam polarization pos­sible.The hyperfine structure was determined by observ­ing laser induced fluorescence from the 4Ps/2 — 4D 7/2 transition while scanning the Doppler-shifted laser ex­citation frequency (see Fig. 219). The hyperfine mag­netic dipole coupling constants of 19F (nuclear spin J = A) were thus determined for both energy levels. The nuclear magnetic moments of 19F and 20F are known, so the hyperfine structure in 20F ( / = 2) could be calculated, neglecting shifts caused by the electricoccCO41“ 100000 w C 13oocoo-CCL1000014581.4 14581.5 14581.6 14581.7 14581.8transition frequency (cm'1)Fig. 219. Laser induced fluorescence showing the hyperfine structure of the AP b /2 — * D 7/ 2 transition in 19F. The labels F and F' refer to the total angular momentum in the lower and upper state, respectively.F = 11/2 7-----------------------------------1714MHzj 1403 MHz] 1091 M H z________________ ) 779 M H z1 Polarizing transitions I2372 MHzj 1844 M H zj 1318 M H z] 790 MHz1/2Fig. 220. Calculated hyperfine splitting of 4i"5 /2 and 4£*7 /2 energy levels in 20 F.quadrupole moment (see Fig. 220). It is likely that one laser in combination with a single electro-optic mod­ulator could optically pump most o f the metastable population on the strong transitions shown in Fig. 220. This needs to be confirmed with direct measurement of the hyperfine structure of 20 F.The metastable yield was estimated by optically pumping metastable atoms into the ground state via the 3 s 4P5/2 — 3p 4‘D $/2 transition at 677 nm. The op­tically pumped beam was ionized in a helium gas cell (as in the operational polarizer) and steered to a Fara­day cup. Depletion of the metastable population de­7/25/2 ■3/2 ■193creased the current observed at the Faraday cup, due to preferential ionization of metastable atoms com­pared to ground state atoms. The hyperfine struc­ture o f the transition was determined by scanning the excitation frequency while chopping the laser beam and using lock-in detection of the Faraday cup cur­rent. Then, while sitting on the biggest hyperfine peak, the dc ion currents at the Faraday cup were recorded with the laser “on” and “off” . The conclusion was that up to 23% o f the ionized beam would be derived from metastables in the limit of zero helium density. One could expect ~10% 20F polarization in an oper­ational system. Although lower than the typical 50- 70% achieved with alkali metal beams, this is still a very useful number. (It could be greatly improved by removing the He cell and substituting UV laser ion­ization o f the 4D7/2 state.) We plan at least one more 19F test to investigate the effect o f varying the He gas density.The /3-NMR group has requested polarized lsO as a spin-1 probe that could occupy oxygen sites in high temperature superconductors. Like fluorine, opti­cal pumping must begin from a metastable level, in this case on the closed transition 3s ^ — 3p 5P3 at 777 nm. The fluorine results are encouraging in this regard, since for several reasons the metastable yield should be higher in oxygen:• The charge exchange reaction that neutral­izes oxygen ions in potassium vapour, creating metastable oxygen, has closer to zero energy de­fect than the analogous reaction between fluorine and sodium vapour.• The bS2 metastable level in oxygen has no nearby energy levels to reduce its yield during the charge exchange reaction, unlike metastable fluorine, which has two very short-lived levels 4P3/ 2, 1/2 nearby.• Metastable oxygen is so long-lived that decay losses during transit in the polarizer are negli­gible.The only disadvantage of oxygen is that preferen­tial ionization o f the metastable atom in helium is ex­pected to be slightly less efficient than with fluorine, and therefore less efficient at removing unpolarized background from the ion beam going to experimenters.ISAC R E M O T E H A N D L IN GThe Remote Handling group continued to support ISAC activities throughout the year, servicing the tar­get stations, remote handling of modules and ISAC hot cell operations, along with engineering support in the construction of the latest target module.The ITW module access area services were fully re­built during the winter shutdown with the installationof new cable trays. All new electrical power and con­trols cabling, as well as new cooling water lines and re­vised vacuum plumbing were installed. This updating of the west target station will greatly improve service access, reduce risk to services and facilitate contami­nation control in the area.Engineering support on ISAC continued with group technicians rebuilding the TM 4 target module towards a more conventional arrangement after the unique set­up required for the 100 \iA target tests completed in 1998. This is now being rebuilt to a standard surface- source configuration for use with high power targets, laser ion source operation or actinide target testing as scheduled in 2005.The module transport carrier, previously used only for shuttle transport o f new modules to the target hall, has been modified both for improved personnel access safety and to provide a vacuum pumping chamber for new module construction leak checking.ISAC C O N T R O L SThis year was a “maintenance” year at the ISAC-I control system with no major new system installations. A lot of effort went into peripheral systems, such as TI­TAN, the charge state booster, etc. During the impend­ing installation o f ISAC-II, the group will have to sup­port maintenance o f the existing ISAC-I installations without additional manpower. Improvement o f tools, which enhance the group’s productivity, was therefore given high priority.As in the years before, the Electronics Development group supplied the hardware support for the ISAC con­trol system, both for design and maintenance.New Systems ISAC-IIIn preparation for the installation of the ISAC-II systems, which will happen during 2005, the hardware and software structure o f the control system was re­viewed.Tests o f a new generation o f VME CPUs (Pentium based) were concluded successfully. These will be used instead o f the 68040 based SBCs used in ISAC-I.A new system of PLC I /O (Modicon Advantys) was evaluated. This system allows the distribution of I /O modules in small clusters along the beam lines, leading to a substantial reduction in cabling costs and effort. The S-bend transfer beam line between the DTL and the superconducting SCB accelerator will be instru­mented with this system. Beam lines in the ISAC-II experimental hall are further candidates.Advantys I /O was also used for a small PLC sys­tem, which was implemented to support the commis­sioning and the acceptance tests o f the Linde helium194liquefier system. Associated EPICS support was pro­vided to allow strip-charting and archiving of selected data.In order to integrate the Linde system into the ISAC operations, a software driver was written for reading the Siemens PLC, which controls the Linde helium liquefier.Two group members visited the Canadian Light Source in Saskatoon in order to discuss control system issues, in particular with respect to the Linde helium liquefier plant.RF amplifier monitoringFollowing last year’s conceptual design, the system for monitoring all relevant parameters of the 14 ISAC rf amplifiers was produced. PLC drops for all amplifiers, using the distributed Advantys I /O system, were built for 10 amplifiers. The system is ready for installation, but is waiting for parts delivery for signal conditioning boards.Integration of ISAC building controlsThe ISAC building control system is a commercial system, using the BACNET network protocol for com­munication between devices and supervising PC work­stations. This system stands alone, does not provide satisfactory data archiving facilities, and suffers from a host of operational insufficiencies.A major project was begun to integrate this facil­ity into the ISAC control system. The starting point was open-source BACNET drivers for Linux, which were essentially alpha state. These drivers were de­bugged and made functional. A BACNET application was developed, which allows fast startup of the moni­toring system from a locally stored database. This local database is acquired by lengthy on-line exploration of the installed system. The BACNET application was interfaced to an EPICS soft IOC running on the same Linux machine. This will allow monitoring of all build­ing control parameters through the ISAC control sys­tem.The BACNET/soft IOC combination is undergoing final testing at the moment.Functionality Enhancements ISAC-I diagnosticsSoftware drivers for the VQSX beam current am­plifiers were upgraded to provide auto-ranging and log­arithmic output capability.In the IOS section, software support for a new set of beam skimmers was implemented.CAN-bus based beam current integrators were in­stalled at some Faraday cups in the IMS, 87T, and TUDA beam lines in order to increase readout sen­sitivity.Charge state boosterAt the ion source test stand, the control system for the charge state booster was completed. Support for all beam diagnostics elements was implemented. Beam current amplifiers with higher current capability were installed. A new water flow controller box with ana­logue flow read-out was added to the system. Control of the CSB power supplies was moved from CAN-bus to the PLC, in order to support a changed interlock spec­ification. The PLC interlock system was enhanced in software and hardware to allow the CSB HV to be run independently from the ion source or from a common HV supply. M ATLAB applications for better visual­ization o f emittance scans and correlation plots were developed.TITAN RF coolerThe components of the TITAN control system were implemented and commissioned. This included the new rf cooler optics, which uses TRIUMF developed VME- based voltage supplies. An EPICS operator interface was supplied. EPICS driver and device support for the TITAN-specific VM E modules was enhanced and com­missioned.ISAC-II cryomoduleOngoing support was given to the SCRF facility. The EPICS interface to the rf control system was changed. The unstable portable channel access server was replaced with a “soft IOC” , a new software tool, which became available with EPICS release 3.14. The soft IOC was interfaced to the rf controls with a soft­ware “glue” layer based on a shared memory protocol. This upgrade improved the stability of the system dra­matically. It will be used for ISAC-II and should also be retro-fitted to the ISAC-I rf controls if time and resources permit.A similar soft IOC was integrated with the commer­cial Windows-based system for cavity alignment. This gives the alignment system access to EPICS facilities like archiving and strip-charting of data.Target conditioning boxAt the target conditioning box, many small modi­fications were made to support changing requirements for testing o f the laser ion source, high current targets, and the development o f a FEBIAD source.MiscellaneousChanges were made to the PLC software to imple­ment “soft” roughing of several diagnostics boxes in the HEBT sections.In order to make IOC development easier, separate small PC104-based IOCs were deployed for the super­vision of the evaporator, TIGRESS detector fill, and M 9/M 15 vacuum system PLCs.195At the laser ion source, a Windows-based PC runs a commercial software package to read and process wave- meter data. A soft IOC was provided to allow data visualization and logging by EPICS.Experiment SupportPLC and EPICS support was implemented for Expt. 991 at the end o f the ILE2 beam line.Temporary modifications were made in the ILE2 polarizer section to accommodate Expt. 990.For DRAGON, the PLC program was enhanced to support new devices and configuration change between different detector systems at the end chamber.System SupportSystem maintenance on the development and pro­duction nodes occupies an ever increasing amount of time. In addition to the console machines, there are now 9 Solaris servers, 4 Linux servers, and 4 Linux firewalls.The protection of all EPICS based control systems with firewalls was finished. The production machine(s), IOC(s), and PLC(s) are grouped behind separate fire­walls for• ISAC• Ion source test stand and TITAN• SCRF, target conditioning station, evaporator.In addition, a firewall protects the development sys­tems in Trailer GgExt.The EPICS CA gateway program was installed on a Linux machine with the intent to concentrate all user connections to IOCs, thereby reducing the network and memory load on the IOCs. This led to the discovery of serious bugs in the gateway software, which was re­ported back to the EPICS collaboration. Until a fix is available, the system was reverted to the previous configuration.EPICS auto-save/restore routines were modified to use the IO C ’s NVRAM, and installed on some IOCs to allow bumpless reboots.The logging configuration o f the EPICS IOCs was reconfigured. A separate IOC log server for each IOC accepts console output logging and writes to a set of rotating logs. CA output logging, the operator activity log, is handled by a dedicated IOC log server.Tw o new SUN servers were acquired to replace two mission-critical servers, which had been in faultless operation since 1997. One o f the new servers failed catastrophically in December. This exposed a weak­ness in our server redundancy configuration. Bringing the backup server on-line required more intervention of a system expert than expected. As a consequence, a new server hot-sparing concept is being implemented.All production servers were relocated to the ISAC- II controls development room.All IOCs were upgraded to EPICS release 3.13.10. The new EPICS release 3.14 was compiled and used for support o f soft IOCs and the CA gateway. All ISAC de­vice drivers were modified to support 3.14. No decision has been made yet to upgrade to 3.14.Development and Q A SupportDevice databaseThe ISAC control system relational database and associated Web-application was further enhanced to include more checking tools. IOC configuration and roll-back was refined, CAN-device configuration was included, Capfast symbol import was improved, and a better device name aliasing system was implemented.Perl tools were written to support PLC interlock checking and device control panel building for the Con­cept PLC programming software, which is used with the new Advantys I /O systems.NCR systemA new version of the Web-based ISAC fault re­port system was designed and implemented following specifications by the ISAC Operations group. The new “non-conformance reporting” (NCR) system uses the PostgreSQL relational database system as back-end. The system complies with the TRIUMF QA program and supports the full life-cycle of an NCR.Bypass and force trackingNew tools were developed in order to improve track­ing of interlock bypasses and device forces. Issuing of bypass and force commands to the control system is now limited to operators. The reasons for bypasses and forces are tracked in a relational database, so that sta­tus and history can be easily queried.OperationIn general, operation o f the control system during 2004 was not too eventful. There are still too many IOC reboots required to revive “hung” IOCs. These re­boots usually do not cause loss of beam, but are a nui­sance nevertheless. Reasons for the hang-ups are task crashes on the IOC or starvation of resources. Due to the intermittent nature o f these problems, progress in addressing them has been slow.V A C U U MISA C -IThe Vacuum group maintained and repaired the vacuum equipment on accelerators and the beam trans­fer lines. Assistance was provided with setting up vac­uum systems for different experiments by GSI, Laval University, etc. on GPS2, GPS3 and on the end of the HEBT. The last vacuum section o f 87t has been196upgraded with a Varian dry Scroll 300 mechanical pump. The vacuum diagram was produced for the TI­TA N /R FQ cooler, and two V-1000 turbo pumps were repaired also for TITAN. The Vacuum group assisted the CS-booster development with vacuum services.TargetsBoth target stations performed well during the year, at an average vacuum o f about 8.0 x 10 torr. Diaphragm gauges were installed on decay and op­erating storage tanks for better vacuum monitoring. The diaphragm gauge is not a gas-dependent type as is the convectron. The failure of a hermetically- sealed mechanical pump required the installation of the spare. The second hermetically-sealed pump was also replaced as a preventive maintenance precaution. Replacement pumps have been ordered. Two Varian V- 1000 turbomolecular pumps failed during the year and both have been replaced with new pumps. The faulty pumps had bearings replaced and rebalancing done. The Penning gauges had stability problems related to controllers, grounding and due to work in excessive outgassing during target initial bake out. The Vacuum group looked after retrieving samples from the decay storage tank for survey before each gas removal. The group has also been involved in intensive leak checking of heat shield cooling lines for target module # 1 and the ECR target module.Mass separator areaA few tests have been done with the goal to find a way o f improving vacuum in between the mass separa­tor and RFQ for the beams with a high charge transfer. The cryopump and electrical tape heaters have been installed for the test. The data obtained is compati­ble with ISIS experience with cryopumps. The baking with heaters to reasonable (about 50-60°C) temper­atures did not change the vacuum. Two convectron gauges were replaced on the mass separator platform. The baking mechanical pump on the platform had a complete overhaul several times during the year. The quick oil quality degradation has been noted.LEBTThe Varian turbo pump V-551 on the polarimeter has been replaced as well as turbo pumps ILE2:TP21 and ILE1:TP10. One turbo pump controller has been repaired. Two mechanical pumps have been replaced.RFQThe water cooling has been added to all RFQ Ley- bold turbo pumps.DTLThe DTL roughing pump has been repaired.HEBTInstallation of the S-bend take off dipole mag­net with vacuum chamber is scheduled for the winter shutdown. The HEBT vacuum system modification is planned for the same time. The modification will in­volve the splitting of the vacuum system into separate sub-systems with separate roughing/backing pumps in each sub-section. This will shorten the pump downtime and will simplify control system interlocks.The cold finger cryopump has been maintained and the new high pressure helium lines were installed. Two ion gauges, one mechanical punrp, and one turbo pump controller have also been replaced.ISA C -IIVacuum and cryogenicsThe Vacuum group assisted the ISAC-II project with vacuum and cryogenic services in the SC Linac development and the S-bend. A lot of leak checking was done on cryomodule components during manu­facturing, and cold tests were performed on the first cryomodule. A 1000 1 helium dewar, manufactured by CRYOFAB in 1983, has been restored and installed as a part o f the helium refrigeration system. The cur­rent leads for the SC-solenoid have been designed and assembled.Liquid helium and liquid nitrogenThe Vacuum group is looking after liquid helium and liquid nitrogen deliveries and distribution on site.The new 9000 US gallon nitrogen tank replaced the smaller tank located by the east wall of the ISAC- I building. It is serving users connected through the ISAC-II nitrogen distribution system and portable de- war fill station inside ISAC-I.The old helium refrigerator, which occupied space in the helium building, has been sold.The Linde TCF-50 helium refrigerator system is under construction with commissioning scheduled for February-March, 2005.ISA C -I R F SYSTE M SISAC rf systems performed very well over 2004 with availability of about 97% and total downtime of 81 hours.LEBT Pre-buncherThe LEBT pre-buncher was routinely operated to bunch the dc beam in the LEBT into a desired bunch structure for injection into RFQ. The rf amplifier mis­behaved twice. The first time it was a solder joint fail­ure of one of the resistors in the amplifier module. The second time was a loose rf connector failure. Both trou­bles caused beam instabilities.197RFQThe RFQ operated well in 2004, and system down­time was mainly associated with the computer control system. Major developments done on the RFQ system were:• RF control computer and VXI control system were powered from a UPS;• Cooling circuits of tuners, coupler and tank structure were refurbished to incorporate water flow controls and interlock;• All 6 RFQ vacuum turbo pumps were equipped with water cooling;• An updated version of the anode power supply soft start circuit board has been manufactured and commissioned into the system;• RF controls hardware was modified to perform the frequency tuner initial position alignment. Corresponding software upgrade is under way.Bunch RotatorThe MEBT 105 MHz bunch rotator was routinely used in operation to achieve the desired beam quality.During the winter shutdown the bunch rotator cav­ity was taken off-line and dismantled to investigate the problem o f multipactor discharge, which made the startup procedure rather difficult. A visual inspection revealed a few areas with multipactor marks around the stem and rings. A surface coating with Ti to reduce secondary electron emission was considered and re­jected due to unacceptable impact on the beam sched­ule. Instead we painted the troublesome areas with Aquadag (see Fig. 221). In the past this kind of treat­ment had been proven to reduce the multipactoring in the main cyclotron rf structure. After Aquadag treat­ment the rotator cavity was tested at a test bench at signal and high power levels. An improvement in con­ditioning time has been achieved, though we were not able to completely suppress multipactor discharge.A new, smaller coupling loop was installed for the cavity, which significantly reduced the capacitive cou­pling and improved system stability. To compensate the frequency shift introduced by smaller coupling loops, a 5 cm diameter tuner plate was used to replace the existing 3.8 cm one.An amplifier tetrode tube degraded in performance with an indication o f aging, though it has operated only about 4000 hours. A spare 3CX 3000 tube was installed and easily gave 5 kW output power (required power is 2.6 kW ). To increase tube lifetime, the fila­ment voltage was reduced from 7.7 V to 6.8 V after the tube was conditioned for 200 hours.Fig. 221. MEBT bunch rotator painted with Aquadag.M E B T RebuncherThe M EBT rebuncher operated very reliably this year. The rebuncher cavity was tested to operate with­out endplate cooling and the frequency tuner taken out o f regulation loop. Despite these changes the sys­tem has shown stable operation without any trouble during the year.D TLDue to cooling water pollution coming from rust­ing steel endplates, the D TL tank $ 1 had also gone through a similar test in 2003. We had run it at nom­inal rf power (4 kW ) without endplate cooling. Struc­ture temperature rapidly rose and the fine tuner could not compensate frequency change due to the tuning range limit. Subsequently an external water-cooling of the endplates had to be implemented instead of orig­inal internal cooling. In June, 2004 we installed 4 de­tachable heat sinks to both endplates. The system has operated well ever since. Recent investigation on the deionized water quality has not revealed any contami­nates in the return circuits.In January there was an incident, when DTL tank # 4 was tested at high rf power while the DTL cage was open and accessible to personnel. An investigat­ing committee has identified some deficiencies in the procedures which caused a failure in the hardware (in­terlock relay). Following committee recommendations, the DTL cage safety interlock has been upgraded dur­ing last year. The trip signals of X-ray or high rf levels should now turn off all DTL rf driver and screen power supplies. The trip status is latched in the safety system and in the rf amplifier controls. The rf amplifiers can198be powered again only after clearing and resetting the interlock status. The interlock status is now displayed at the DTL rf control consoles, advising the operator about DTL cage safety status.DTL amplifiersAfter extensive maintenance in 2002 the DTL am­plifiers did not require any specific service over the past two years and worked very reliably. The only fail­ure was in the DTL tank #1 PA. A homemade an­ode blocking capacitor experienced a destructive spark, which produced a 2 mm diameter hole in the kapton in­sulator. A broken capacitor was replaced with a spare one.The amplifier remote control system was developed. New data processing and interface boards are housed in the shielded metal boxes in each o f the 8 DTL am­plifiers. Adequate HV protection and rf filtering are incorporated into the design. All PA voltages, currents and status signals are provided to the ISAC main con­trol system via a PLC. An EPICS control page is being developed. The amplifier hardware upgrade included installation of new 3 ft Tx-line directional couplers, rf driver 1 kW directional couplers, rectifiers, voltage dividers, current sensors, and associated wiring. Final commissioning o f the remote control systems for all 8 DTL PAs is planned for spring, 2005. Control systems for the rest of the PAs will be upgraded afterwards.H EB T High Beta BuncherFollowing the test results of 2003, the upgrade of the frequency tuner for the 35 MHz buncher has been completed during the winter shutdown. A modified tuner does not comprise rf fingerstocks, which rapidly deteriorated due to friction in the past. Removal of fin­ger contacts caused resonant frequency shift, which was adjusted by means of the coarse tuner. The fine tuner new operational range covers cavity detuning due to heating by rf power in the full working range from 0.5 to 13 kW. Maximum heat dissipation on the tuner itself leads to an insignificant temperature increase of 15°C. The new tuner is interchangeable with DTL tank 2, 3, 4 and 5 tuners. This reduces the required number of spare parts for the rf system.R F ControlsOver the year the RF Controls group regularly pro­vided routine tune up of the rf control system. A num­ber of spare rf control boards for different frequencies o f the ISAC rf systems have been tested during shut­down time.ISA C D IA G N O S T IC S Cryomodule Alignment HardwareThe ISAC-II superconducting cavities must remain aligned at liquid He temperatures: cavities to ±400 /xm and solenoids ±200 pm after a vertical contraction of ~ 4 mm. A wire position monitor (W PM ) system based on a TESLA design has been developed, built, and tested with the prototype cryomodule. The system is based on the measurement o f signals induced in pick­ups by a 215 MHz signal carried by a wire through the W PM s. The 0.5 mm diameter copper-bronze wire is stretched between the warm tank walls parallel to the beam axis providing a position reference. The sensors, one per cavity and two per solenoid, were attached to the cold elements to monitor their motion during pre­alignment, pumping and cool down. A W PM consists of four 50 11 striplines spaced 90° apart. A GaAs mul­tiplexer scanned the W PM s and a Bergoz card con­verted the rf signals to dc X and Y voltages. National Instruments I /O cards read the dc signals. The data acquisition is based on a PC running Lab VIEW. Sys­tem accuracy is ~ 7 pm.Alpha Acceleration HardwareFor the experiment on acceleration of alpha parti­cles from a radioactive source in superconducting cav­ities, a 244Cm source with an intensity of 10' Bq was attached to the upstream diagnostics box on the front o f the cryomodule. In order to prevent possible contam­ination, the source was separated from the cryomodule vacuum by an 8 pm kapton window of 2 mm diameter and a copper mesh screen. The detector consisted o f a silicon surface barrier detector in a vacuum box con­nected to the downstream end of the cryomodule. The source and detector could be valved off and a magnet could be turned on to sweep away electrons from the cryomodule before reaching the detector. The absolute measurement o f the energy o f the accelerated alphas was crucial. To calibrate the detector, a low level al­pha source could be moved in front of it. It produced a spectrum of three lines between 5 and 6 MeV and consisted of a mixture of isotopes: 239Pu, 241Am and 244Cm. It was found that the cavity tuner motors in­duced significant switching noise despite the use of dou­ble shielded signal cables. To alleviate the noise, the detector ground was floated and the pre-amp moved close to the detector. The electronics was standard: an ±8 0 V bias supply for the detector, a charge-sensitive preamplifier, a pulse amplifier. The alpha particle spec­tra were collected by a multichannel analyzer and read by a laptop running acquisition software under Lab- VIEW .199Stripline FFCA fast Faraday cup (FFC) in the diagnostics box of the cryomodule will be used to tune the buncher in the new transfer line to ISAC-II. The existing FFCs are too long in the beam direction, ~ 6 cm, for this location. A thinner, ~2 cm, FFC was designed based on a water cooled ceramic printed circuit board (pcb). A biased screen in front o f the pickup electrode shields it from the EM wave which precedes the ion bunch, yielding a fast time response. A fine copper mesh screen was supported by a 0.5 mm spacer in front o f the electrode and this assembly was soldered to a separate track on the pcb. The device was testedOther ActivitiesCertain attention was given to the diagnostics capa­ble o f monitoring beams with intensities from a few to 106-1 0 ' ions per second. Current emphasis is placed on two types of devices: secondary electron emission mon­itors (SEM) and CVD diamond detectors. Both detec­tor types are considered radiation hard and, therefore, suitable for beam diagnostics purposes. They will be used complementary depending on requests and exper­imental conditions and, hopefully, will satisfy current demands on “low-intensity” diagnostics. It should be noted that in contrast to the SEMs, diamond detec­tors will require additional R&D but are potentially very attractive since they are very robust and simple in operation. Two detector grade CVD diamond wafers from Element Six Ltd. have been acquired for proto­typing. Several devices of both types will be developed and built in the upcoming year.The vacuum stand for testing detectors and other equipment is complete. The multipurpose diagnostics box arrived from the shop at the end o f the year and successfully underwent vacuum leak tests. The final as­sembly was delayed in connection with a decision to replace the existing roughing pump with an oil-free scroll pump to prevent contamination and eventual damage of sensible detectors, e.g. microchannel plates. The pump is currently being commissioned.ISA C -I C O N V E N T IO N A L FACILITIES A N D IN F R A S T R U C T U R ETwo significant failures tarnished what would have otherwise been a relatively quiet year. A required up­grade in chiller # 2 was postponed due to financial con­straints. Regular engineering support continued to be provided to users on electrical and mechanical services matters. This included participation in engineering de­sign reviews for accelerator as well as experimental fa­cilities, cost estimating, services design and specifica­tion, procurement and installation supervision as well as attending to operational problems and maintenance.Preliminary work started on TITAN and /3-NQR services design. A review of the CSB services require­ments indicated that they could be housed in the me­chanical room next to the mass separator vault. Safety interlocks for the 87T experimental facility obtained fi­nal approval of the engineering review panel. They will be installed next spring.A number o f improvements were brought about. The overload o f the LEBT 208 V power distribution was resolved and the local capacity expanded to ac­commodate an increased demand in the area. A safety concern with one o f the main LEBT cable trays was attended to. A water leak in the electrical room was fixed and the feeder to DTL tank 5 was increased. UPS power was supplied to the RFQ controls that were ex­periencing too frequent nuisance trips.The most important maintenance activity was the replacement of both variable frequency drives (VFD) and motors for both cooling tower units in late Oc­tober. This equipment has been in service for about 8 years. The cooling tower system is critical to the continuing operation o f ISAC and is required to be highly reliable. We have experienced serious problems in finding replacement parts when the first unit failed, but the problem became critical when the second unit failed. We were left with little support from the man­ufacturer’s local service representative. Our vulnera­bility to the outside service support was evident. Af­ter a careful review o f the technical problems and the required reliability, the decision was made to change manufacturer of the VFD. We also improved on the previous design to better protect the motors from the damaging effects o f impulses created internally to the VFD. Chokes were added to both line and load side. The first unit was commissioned early in November. The reliability o f the VFD from the same manufac­turer installed in the radiation exhaust system came into closer scrutiny as more frequent troubles were re­ported. In the process, we decided to replace in time that VFD as well. This task is planned for next year. Another major failure occurred in one o f the uninter­ruptible power supply units, when one o f its inverter’s card burned. UPS reliability and availability are also critical to continuing ISAC operation. The repair of these units is expensive and we are looking at replac­ing the whole UPS system with a more reliable one.About 22 installation orders were processed for ISAC-I, amongst them services to Expt. 991, TITAN test stand, TRINAT lasers and DTL-8 amplifier.Mechanical ServicesSeveral large projects dominated activity. The NALCW system for ISAC-II was started up and pro­vided water to its first consumer, the rf test stand. Be-200cause of the contamination of the mains in ISAC-II for this system during construction, cleaning and repeated flushing was required before water could be allowed to return to ISAC-I. After water was allowed to flow, the return water to ISAC-I was filtered for several weeks to ensure all loose materials were captured. One casu­alty was the de-ionizing resin which faithfully polished the new piping system before expiring. After having to polish the ISAC-I piping and five more years of service it was near the end anyway.ISAC-I room 06 (actinide lab) fume hoods had HEPA filters installed which required new ductwork squeezed into the tight space available, exhaust fan speed up, installation of a new fume hood, and re­piping of services including changing the cup sink drains from the active to the sanitary system.The cryogenics project called for action on several fronts. Room 164 required rotation o f the existing ven­tilation fan, relocation o f a sprinkler main, and instal­lation of water and air piping. In the helium compres­sor building the existing fans were removed and a new roof top system installed to meet the high demand for compressor ventilation. A new flow switch was installed in the incoming sprinkler line to alert controls in the event of a fire.A compromise design exhaust fan was installed in each of the glass enclosed stairwells. Compressed air service was provided to room 03. M RO work included TRINAT heating coils and piping modifications, and a new radio operation system for the ISAC-I experimen­tal hall crane.ISAC P L A N N IN GThis year the Planning group was involved in plan­ning, scheduling, coordinating and expediting several sub-projects for ISAC-II (medium beta cavities, wire position monitor, cryogenics system, high beta cavities, charge state booster, HEBT transfer, H-HEBT, ECR); planning and coordinating activities for two shutdowns (December 22 - mid April and September 13 - October 6); ISAC experimental facilities (TIGRESS, TITAN); and M20Q1, Q2 refurbishing.Technical details and progress on PERTed activities are described elsewhere in this Annual Report under the respective principal group. However, following is a summary o f the main projects along with the major milestones achieved.ISAC -IVarious plans and PERTs were prepared and up­dated regularly with manpower estimates and analy­sis to identify critical areas and resolve any problems. ISAC priorities were evaluated and higher priority was assigned where necessary to optimize the scientific out­put and meet overall milestones.Medium beta cavitiesThe remaining cavities, # 8 -20 , were fabricated, inspected, chemically treated and received at TRI­UMF. Cavities for the first two cryomodules (SCB3 and SCB1) were cold tested, with the remaining cav­ities to be tested by May, 2005. The cold test results indicated that three flat type cavities (#7,9,12) did not meet our quality specifications. The plan is to electro polish cavity # 7 at Argonne for now in order to resolve this quality issue and establish an agreement with Jef­ferson Lab to chemically treat our cavities as needed. Tuners and coupling loops for the first 2 cryomodules have been received and are prepared for installation. The remaining components are expected to arrive early in 2005. Cryomodule tanks 2 and 3 were received and the LN2 shielding fabricated and installed in the tanks. Cold tests and rf tests on cryomodule SCB3 were com­pleted in November, and the assembly of cryomodule SCB1 started in December with an aim to move it to the clean room in February, 2005. Considerable effort was put in by the machine shop to fabricate the com­ponents for cryomodules SCB1 and 2. Cold tests and rf tests on cryomodules SCB1 and 2 will still require extensive expediting of components and appropriate manpower allocations to meet the scheduled comple­tion dates. As an intermediate milestone, the plan is to test SCB1 with final cabling, rf controls and config­uration by June, 2005. The plan is to install the last cryomodule # 5 and be ready for beam in December, 2005. The fabrication of components for SCB4 and 5 was delayed to the 2005/06 fiscal year due to budget constraints.Cryogenics systemProcess and instrumentation drawings (PID) were completed which specified all the components required. The contract for the cold box, compressor/ORS and He ambient vapourizer was awarded in November, 2003 to Linde. These components began arriving at TRIUMF on schedule in July and September, 2004. After an ex­tensive search the buffer tank was procured, cleaned, leak checked and installed on its pad in October. The plan is to install refrigeration systems and distribution systems in early 2005 with the overall system commis­sioning by Linde in March, 2005.High beta cavitiesPreliminary physics specs for the high beta systems were completed by December with an aim to review the initial conceptual design to finalize the decision re­garding the cavity frequency by March, 2005. The aim is to finalize the design followed by an evaluation of a local company for manufacturing cavities, and thenISAC-II201fabrication, testing and evaluation of a prototype cav­ity by March, 2006. The specifications of all cavities can then be finalized and the fabrication order will be placed. The plan is to complete the high beta system by summer, 2008.Charge state booster (CSB)ECR mode and breeding mode commissioning con­tinued in 2004. Several tests had to be done to spec­ify the shielding required for X-rays. Tests with the rf cooler will take place in spring, 2005, and optimization will continue until the end of the year when the CSB will be ready to move to its final location. After the rf cooler tests are complete, optics design will begin for the CSB implementation in the mass separator room due to required shielding constraints. The aim is to have all the components fabricated and assembled and prepare for installation in the January, 2006 shutdown.HEBT transfer lineMany components for the HEBT transfer line were fabricated and procured during 2004. Two of the four dipoles were received in June. The other two needed repairs, were sent back to Alpha, and were received in August. The main support frame, service trays and racks were installed by August. The rebuncher was re­ceived at TRIUMF, and assembly of the components onto the rebuncher continued with an aim to be ready to install in the DSC line after the January, 2005 shut­down. Installation of all the components continued up to December, 2004. The plan is to install MB0 with its associated vacuum system, services and controls and connect with ISAC-I HEBT during the January, 2005 shutdown.H-HEBTPhysics specifications o f the H-HEBT have begun with the aim to have the layout finalized by Febru­ary, 2005, after which the design and fabrication of the components will begin. The plan is to have the vault section of the H-HEBT ready for beam by December, 2005, and finish the installation into the first experi­mental station by April, 2006.TIG R ESSThe stand and substructure for one detector were fabricated and all the related electronics, readout sys­tems and electronics for the prototype substructure were ordered and procured. The prototype substruc­ture was tested in June, and as a result a new front suppressor block was designed in December. The new block will be installed in January, 2005 and new test results will be analyzed and evaluated with an aim to then be able to start on the design of the components for the remaining 4 detectors in May, 2005.The optics design o f the beam line has been com­pleted and the overall engineering design will com­mence after May, 2005. The aim is to have all the beam line components assembled and installed and ready for beam in August, 2006.T IT A NThe TITAN platform was designed and ordered in December. It will be fabricated and then will be in­stalled in location during the January, 2005 shutdown. Tests on the rf cooler in the proton hall started in the summer and will continue up to spring, 2005. The plan is to move it for tests with CSB in the test stand in May, 2005. The EBIT is being fabricated, assembled and tested in Heidelberg, Germany with the plan to be ready to ship to TRIUMF in the spring, 2005. The Wien filter has been received from M cGill and is being prepared for installation on the platform. The transfer beam line system has been designed and fabrication began in the fall. The aim is to be able to install the transfer beam line in June, 2005. The Penning trap has been designed, and the superconducting magnet ordered. Design work will continue on the Penning trap components up to spring, 2005. The overall plan is to be able to install all the components on the platform and be ready for experiments by the end of 2005.Actinide Target TestA task force was formed to define the overall project scope with an aim to do preliminary tests and prepare a safety report for CNSC to get a license to do tests with RIB. A work breakdown structure was developed and the major subprojects included: alpha monitoring system, hot lab and target preparations and hot cell modifications. The project progress was slow in 2004 due to the longer time required to answer many out­standing questions in order to start proper engineering conceptual design.Shutdown ActivitiesThere were two shutdowns during the year: the win­ter shutdown (December 22, 2003 - March 17 for ISAC beam production), and a fall mini shutdown (Septem­ber 13 - October 6).The major jobs completed for ISAC included: rf system maintenance (coated surfaces o f bunch rota­tor with Aquadag, commissioned spare control boards, design modifications for DTL # 1 cooling system, com­missioned remote controls for DTL ^ 5 amp), imple­mentation of access control system for electrical ser­vices room and DRAGON, OLIS work (MRO, source commissioning, controls MRO).Completed target hall work included: ITW module access area M RO (rerouted cabling, cooling and vac­uum services to tidy up the original installation), ITE202(EX1 harp M RO), TM1 work (replace target at ITW , replace faulty connector with new wiring harness for steering magnet), laser ion source alignment at ITW , installed modified ECR on TM 3 and ECR tests (with­out target) at ITE.C O N T R A C T A D M IN IS T R A T IO NIn the past year three contracts were awarded: Linde Kryotechnik Agisac o f Switzerland supplied and commissioned the refrigerator system for Phase I of the ISAC-II linac. The ISAC-II cryogenic refrigeration sys­tem warm piping was supplied and installed by Locker­bie and Hole Contracting Limited of New Westminster, BC. The ISAC-II Phase I helium gas storage tank was purchased from Gary L. Nadon Enterprises of Vancou­ver, BC.Personnel Resources ISAC-IIn 2004 the average monthly personnel effort for ISAC-I decreased by approximately 1 person per month to an average of 42.20 FTE people per month(see Fig. 222). In 2003 the FTE effort per month was 43.28 people. The total work effort expended on ISAC-I from the start of the project January 1, 1996 to Decem­ber 31, 2004 has been 559.01 years, based on a FTE work-month of 150 hours per person.ISAC-IIThe recording of work effort for ISAC-II started October 1, 2000 (see Fig. 223). The work effort was recorded as “Project Management and Administra­tion” up until March 31, 2002. Commencing April 1, 2002 the work effort was monitored by section. In 2004 the average monthly personnel effort for ISAC-II in­creased by approximately 1.5 people per month to an average o f 21.11 FTE people per month (see Fig. 223). In 2003 the FTE effort per month was 19.53 people. The total work effort expended on ISAC-II from the start of the project October 1, 2000 to December 31, 2004 has been 56.91 years, based on a FTE work-month of 150 hours per person. Figure 224 shows the FTE years o f work effort for each section of ISAC-II since the project began.co0Q.0 c o cni—0CLLU1 0 09080706050403020100■ inINI III IHI I III! I!i ii ii i i t ii i ii mi i,T ” | ill I |: | HI III" I,r’b * !•■' . ii I I ■ i ■ illIS I B!l I T ' I. 1 1 II III j IIInm i nan s» ■ n i ■' i i i t‘ in iiHill I Hill II r I II : i|m u i m u I n iurn i nm t in i iii hi i m a: : im u i m il ■ ii i illlln m i h i i i i iim mm u i in i ii m i ....................in iiir i i tiim i l l ’ ll it- i . in i■Hi ■ I ■!Non TRIUMF Personnela i si ii i i h ii m m if h i■ Ml II II III K r T f11'ii Aii i i i i i i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ m m i■ i i i i u . M ■ ■ m m■ i i9 I ‘ *i n ii i i l i m n i i i i in m i i if i i in11:1 lllllll llllllllll lllllllll!E SITE lillliiill illlliiin ■ mi II III IIU'IIIII lllllllllNiinii ii iiinini■I i ini i if i i i i Finminimi nmi l l 11 111 Hill1996 I 1997 ! 1998 1999 I 2000 2001 I 2002 I 2003 I 2004Fig. 222. ISAC-I monthly personnel effort, January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2004.203TOTAL FTE YEARS FTE Persons per Month2 62422201816141210864202000 | 2001 I 2002 | 2003 J 2004Fig. 223. ISAC-II monthly personnel effort, October 1, 2000 to December 31, 2004.Admin. Accl. Struc. Cryogenics CSB Accelerator HEBT/Exp. Safety/Lie. Sys. Integ. Convtn. F.Section NameFig. 224. ISAC-II total personnel effort, October 1, 2000 to December 31, 2004 shown by section.204ISA C -II C O N V E N T IO N A L FACILITIES A N D IN F R A S T R U C T U R EActivities in ISAC-II were mostly design and con­struction projects. In addition, we continued to pro­vide engineering support to other groups and users and were involved in the preparation of specifications doc­uments, and sat on several engineering review panels. Concurrently, civil construction deficiencies and war­ranty repairs continued, with the exception o f the vault door deficiency. TRIUMF has taken this project into its own hands since the contractor was unwilling to properly fix the problem. We are currently reviewing the design concept, which includes using Thompson rollers instead o f Hillman rollers.On the mechanical services front, the depleted oxy­gen sensor system went through the entire process o f design, review, tendering and construction. It was started up successfully just before Christmas, however, a few minor deficiencies remained and will be addressed during the winter shutdown. Air conditioning to the network computing centre continues to be scrutinized as it appears the thermal cycling provided by these units may not be sufficient for the sensitive electron­ics, in particular disk drives. There is some indication that temperature fluctuations greater than l°C /3 min affect the performance and increase the failure rate of these devices. A solution is being studied. Several large mechanical projects came to an end. The NALCW sys­tem was started up and provided water to its first con­sumer, the rf test stand. Because of the contamination o f the mains during construction of ISAC-II, cleaning and repeated flushing was required before water could be allowed to return to ISAC-I. After water was allowed to flow, the return water to ISAC-I was filtered for sev­eral weeks to ensure all loose materials were captured. One casualty was the de-ionizing resin which faithfully polished the new piping system before expiring. After having to polish the ISAC-I piping and five more years of service it was near the end anyway. A major upgrade of the air exhaust in the helium compressor room was also completed. The existing system was not able to meet the 40,000 CFM required.On the electrical services front, we record the suc­cessful completion of the services for the helium refrig­eration system, which was commissioned during the winter shutdown and the installation o f the S-bend beam transport services. Activities in the latter will continue well into next spring, with commissioning ex­pected in early June, 2005. Other activities to report include: the installation of a crane for the rf test area on the NW side o f the experimental hall; a study to determine whether the services for the CSB would fit into the service room next to the mass separator vault in ISAC-I; the design of the upgrade of the UPS powerdistribution for the network computer system and the expansion of the UPS distribution to supply the lique- fier room and the S-bend. The review of the electrical power needs of the ISAC facility was also completed. It pointed to a few significant upgrades and re-alignments of the main power distribution centres to accommo­date future load growth. The first o f these upgrades, the MCC-S, will start during this coming winter shut­down with the remainder to follow over the next cou­ple o f years. Redundant fibre links were installed be­tween ISAC-II and the administration building. These included 6 strands o f single-mode fibres, and 48 strands o f multi-fibres (24 o f which are spares). DATA cabling was completed for room 163, the rf services and S- bend, room 164, the liquefier room, room 166, the he­lium compressor room, the vault and the experimental hall. The power supply room DATA cabling is planned for next year.IS A C -II A C C E L E R A T O R S IntroductionThe ISAC-II linac is being installed in stages. The superconducting linac is composed o f two-gap, bulk niobium, quarter wave rf cavities, for acceleration, and superconducting solenoids, for periodic transverse fo­cusing, housed in several cryomodules. The initial stage to be completed in 2005 includes the installation of a transfer line from the ISAC DTL (E = 1.5M eV/u) and twenty medium beta cavities in five cryomodules to produce 20 M V o f accelerating voltage for initial ex­periments.Cavity TestingTo date, fifteen cavities have been characterized via cold tests. Typical treatment involves a 30-40 minute high pressure water rinse and 24 hour air dry in a clean room, followed by vacuum pumping and bakeout at 95°C for 48 hours, then an LN2 pre-cool to 160 K over 48 hours followed by helium transfer and test. A distri­bution o f the cavity performance is shown in Fig. 225 for both the characteristic fields at 7 W cavity power and at maximum power. Four cavities out of the fifteen have not met specification with one cavity limited to 3 M V /m . Developments are under way to determine the cause of the reduced performance. A further chem­ical polishing may be required.M edium Beta CryomoduleThe vacuum tank consists o f a stainless steel rect­angular box and lid. All services and feedthroughs are located on the lid. The entire cold mass is surrounded by a forced flow, liquid nitrogen cooled, copper thermal shield. A ^-metal magnetic shield, consisting of 1 mm Conetic panels is attached to the inside of the vacuum tank outside the LN2 shield. A single LN2 panel and2055 -c 4 -oU-»| 3 -V )b 2 .1 -0 -0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 E (M V /m )H i i i i i i-------- h0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 E„ (M V /m )0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 B„ (mT)Fig. 225. Histogram summarizing cavity performance for fifteen tested cavities. Shown are the numbers of cavities achieving a certain gradient at 7W helium load (blue) and the numbers of cavities achieving a certain maximum field (red)./i-metal shield suspended from the lid make up the top thermal and magnetic enclosure respectively. The fi metal is designed to suppress the ambient field by a factor o f twenty. Cavities and solenoids are suspended from a common support frame itself suspended from the tank lid (Fig. 226). Each cryomodule has a single vacuum system for thermo-isolation and beam acceler­ation. The cavities must be aligned to within 0.4 mm and the solenoid to 0.2 mm. A wire position monitor system has been developed to monitor the position of the cold mass during thermal cycling.The ISAC-II medium beta cavity design goal is to operate up to 6 M V /m across an 18 cm effective length with Pcav < 7W . The gradient corresponds to an acceleration voltage of 1.1 M V, a challenging6 - h peak surface field of Ep = 30 M V /m and a stored en­ergy of U0 = 3.2 J and is a significant increase over other operating heavy ion facilities. To achieve stable phase and amplitude control, the cavity natural band­width of ±0.1 Hz is broadened by overcoupling to ac­commodate detuning by microphonic noise and helium pressure fluctuation. The chosen tuning bandwidth of ±20 Hz demands a cw forward power o f ~200W (t3 ~ 200) and peak power capability of ~ 400W to be delivered to the coupling loop. A new coupler has been developed that reduces the helium load to less than0.5 W at Pf = 200 W . The tuning plate on the bottom of the cavity is actuated by a vertically mounted per­manent magnet linear servo motor at the top of the cryostat using a “zero backlash” lever and push rod configuration through a bellows feed-through. The sys­tem resolution at the tuner plate centre is ~0.055 /im (0.3 Hz). The solenoids are equiped with bucking coils to reduce the fringe field in the adjacent cavities to <50 mT.C ry om od u le TestingThe cryomodule assembly and commissioning tests are conducted in the clean laboratory area in the new ISAC-II building. Three cold tests have been com­pleted. An EPICS based control interface is used to interact remotely with the cryomodule systems during the test.An initial cold test I in April, without rf ancillar- ies installed, characterized cryogenic performance and determined the warm off-set required to achieve cold alignment. In cold test II the integrity o f the rf and solenoid systems was checked as well as the repeata­bility of the intial cold alignment. In cold test III the cavities were prepared for final installation with a fi­nal high pressure water rinse before reassembly with machined alignment shims. During this third test the cryomodule was outfitted with an alpha source and ac­celeration was demonstrated for the first time.AlignmentThe position of the cold mass as monitored by the W PM at three cold LN2 temperatures is repeatable to within ±50 /im vertically and ±100 y m horizontally. Due to the different materials involved, the solenoid experiences more vertical contraction, with 4.4 mm at LN2 and 5 mm at LHe temperatures while the cavi­ties contract 3.3 mm at LN2 and 3.8 mm at LHe tem­peratures. For beam dynamics reasons we require the cavity beamport centre line to be 0.75 mm below the beam centre line as defined by the solenoid. Cold tests I and II results show that final alignment is achieved by aligning the cavities while warm to (0,0,0,0) horizon­tally and (±0.28,±0.38,±0.38,±0.28) vertically with the solenoid at (x , y) = (0,0). Optical targets are thenFig. 226. Cryomodule top assembly in the assembly frame prior to the cold test.206placed in the upstream and downstream solenoid bore for cold test III. The beam axis is defined by optical targets on the beam aperture o f the tank. Adjusters lo­cated on the lid are used to align the solenoid targets to the beam axis targets after cooling the cold mass.CryogenicsThe helium transfer line fits to a manifold in the he­lium space that delivers helium in parallel to a series of 3 mm tubes that are routed to the bottom of each of the cold mass elements. This system works well to efficiently cool the cryomodule. At a total flow of 75 1/hr the cavities cool together at a rate o f lOOK/hr while the solenoid cools at a rate of 2 0K /h r due to its larger mass. The static load on the helium in the three tests is measured to be 11 W , 16 W and 13 W respec­tively. The differences are due to the variations in the internal cabling and equipment used in each test. The final value o f 13 W is representative o f the load for the on-line system and compares well to estimates during the design phase. The LN2 flow required to keep the side shield less than 100K is ~ 5 1/hr, matching design estimates.Cavities and solenoidThe cavities are first baked at ~90°G for 24 hours. The cold mass is pre-cooled with LN2 to about 200 K before helium transfer. The quality factor o f each cav­ity is determined by measuring the time constant of the field decay in pulsed mode at critical coupling. The Qo values for test II, presented in Table XLVI, are similar to those measured in the single cavity cryostat indi­cating that the p-metal reduces the remnant magnetic field to a sufficient level. In the first rf test (cold test II) the solenoid is ramped up to 9 T with cavities 2 and 3 ON. The cavities remain ON and the measured Qo val­ues do not change. The solenoid and cavities are then warmed above transition. After a subsequent cooldown the cavity Qo values are again measured. There is no change in the values showing that fields induced by the solenoid in the region o f the cavities are tolerably small.After test I the cold mass is removed from the cry­omodule and the top plate is replaced by sheets of fi metal. The remnant field inside measured longitudi-Table XLVI. Cavity performance during cold tests II and III.Test Cavity 1 Q /109Cavity 2 Q /1 0 9Cavity 3 Q /1 0 9Cavity 4 Q /109II 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3III-l 1.25 1.03 1.42 1.13III-2 0.745 0.89 1.17 0.76III-3 0.41 0.20 0.19 0.28III-4 1.12 0.76 1.18 0.75Vertical Position (m)Horizontal Position (m)Fig. 227. Longitudinal and vertical magnetic field maps inside cryomodule SCB3 (warm) after test II compared to a mapping on new cryomodule SCB1.nally at the beam axis and vertically in the cryomod­ule (—1 is at the top) are shown in Fig. 227. Also plotted are values from new cryomodule SCB1 after assembly and before powering the solenoid. Note that the fields in SCB3 are significantly higher especially in the middle o f the cryomodule in close proximity to the solenoid. It appears that the solenoid is magne­tizing the /j metal enclosure or the nickel in the LN2 shield. In subsequent tests a hysteresis cycling of the cryomodule will be employed to reduce the remnant field. A field higher than 5 /rT will start affecting the performance.In test II Qo values are taken periodically and the results are reported in Table XLVI. We attribute the large range in values to trapped flux in the solenoid. Since the modules are filled from dewars the cryomod­ules are allowed to warm overnight. Fig. 228 gives the temperature o f the solenoid and cavities during the test. Labels Q 1-Q 4 indicate the time of Q measure­ments corresponding to III-l to III-4 in Table XLVI. Labels S1-S5 indicate powering o f the solenoid. The cavity temperatures rise above transition during the night but portions of the solenoid remain below tran­sition. In addition for cases SI, S4 and S5 a hysteresis cycling of the solenoid occurs. For cases S2 and S3 no207Fig. 228. Temperature history of cavities and solenoid dur­ing test III. Q1-Q4 indicate the time of the Qo measure­ments reported in Table XLVI and S1-S5 indicate solenoid on periods.cycling is done. Taking the Qo values for case III-l as a base and assuming the subsequent reduction in Qo is due to an increase in i?mag gives an estimate of the magnetic field increase. The resulting estimations are summarized in Fig. 229. Note that the field increase is largest near the solenoid.RF control and tuningA new EPICS GUI interface provided remote tun­ing control for the four cavities during test III. All four cavities were locked at ISAC-II specifications, / = 106.08 MHz, E a — 6 M V /m with a coupling (3 ~ 200 for tuning bandwidth. Stable operation was maintained for several hours. Tuner operation is tested by forcing pressure variations in the helium space. The tuner plate position o f the four cavities during one per­turbation cycle is shown in Fig. 230.Alpha AccelerationThe cold tests establish the integrity of the cry­omodule and rf ancillaries but do not qualify the unit as an accelerator. An off-line acceleration test with al­pha particles from a radioactive source has several key motivations: to establish the integrity o f the cryomod­ule as an accelerator months before an on-line beamFig. 229. Estimated change in background magnetic field at times corresponding to Q2-Q4 compared to field at Ql.Fig. 230. Tuner position response for forced pressure fluctu­ations in the helium space. The cavity gradient is 6 MV/m with a bandwidth of ±20 Hz.test is possible, to measure directly the total voltage of the cryomodule, and to gain first experience with the proposed ISAC-II accelerator control system and GUI interface.Test set-upThe cryomodule tests are done in the test pit of the ISAC-II clean room. The source is installed in the beam aperture of the upstream diagnostic box and the silicon detector is mounted in a diagnostic box posi­tioned at the exit o f the cryomodule downstream of the isolation valve as shown in Fig. 231.A 244Cm alpha source, borrowed for the exper­iment, emits alpha particles with energies 5.76 MeV (24%) and 5.81 M eV (76%) with a half life o f 18 years and an activity o f 107 Bq. It is covered by a 5 pm foil o f Ti to contain the radioactive material. Due to safety concerns over foil rupture and possible migration ofFig. 231. The test set-up for the alpha particle acceleration. The particles are accelerated from left to right.208SourceKapton FoilTable XLVII. Expected energy gain for 2.85 MeV al­pha particles accelerated through four ISAC-II cavities at 6 MV/m.2mm co llimatorMicro MeshFig. 232. The source and holder.the alpha emitters the source remains at atmosphere. A source holder (Fig. 232) is equipped with an 8 /rm kapton window over a 2 mm aperture that serves as a vacuum window. Another 2 mm aperture lies down­stream to further collimate the alpha beam and limit the molecular conductance in case of window failure. A foil micro-mesh (60% transmission) is installed in the downstream 2 mm aperture to catch foil fragments in the case of window rupture. The source holder has a vacuum flange on the downstream end that mates with the upstream diagnostic box of the cryomodule. The Ti and kapton foils degrade the energy spectrum of the alphas to 2.85 MeV with a standard deviation of 200 keV.A diagnostic box is placed 40 cm downstream of the cryomodule and is connected to the vacuum space by a 5 cm diameter vacuum pipe that can be isolated by a VAT valve connected to the module. A steering magnet is placed between the cryomodule and the diagnostic box to clear any electrons accelerated by the cavities. A silicon surface barrier detector is mounted on the back o f the box with a moveable collimator wheel assembly in front to intercept the deflected electrons.An accelerating gradient o f 6 M V /m corresponds to a peak voltage gain of 1.08 M V for an effective length of 18 cm. The alpha particle average initial energy of 2 .85M eV/u (/? = 3.9%) is low with respect to the de­sign geometry of the cavity. The expected transit time factors, energy gain/cavity and expected final energy are given in Table XLVII.Multi-particle simulations are done with the linac code LANA. The source collimator geometry is mod­elled to generate a realistic initial transverse phase space. The transverse beam parameters after collima-tion are a = - 1 .0, /?:x,y 0.0055 mm-mrad and /3ex,y = 0.45 7r mm-mrad. Realistic three-dimensional fields generated by HFSS are used to represent theCavity E in T/T0 A E (MeV) Eout1 2.85 0.46 0.99 3.842 3.84 0.75 1.62 5.463 5.46 0.92 1.99 7.454 7.45 0.99 2.14 9.59cavities and the solenoid is modelled with the standard linear matrix. Previous modelling studies have shown that the solenoid matrix represents a ray traced solu­tion to close approximation.Test resultsThe collimation reduces the intensity to ~40 pps while the accelerator acceptance reduces this further to ~4 pps. Since the beam is unbunched, the actual count distribution for the higher energy particles o f interest is very weak. The cavities are turned on sequentially starting at the upstream end. Each cavity is first set to the correct voltage. The solenoid is set to the optimal value found from the simulations. W ith the exception of cavity 1, the cavity phase is scanned in 30° phase increments to find the optimum phase. Each phase set point takes 5-10 minutes before a reasonable spectra is obtained. Once the correct phase is determined, the spectra for the optimized settings are taken for twenty minutes.The spectrum for the cavities off as well as the four spectra as the cavities are turned on sequentially are plotted in Fig. 233. Maximum particle energies for the four cases are 4.2, 5.8, 7.4 and 9.4 MeV. The results for the first two cavities are higher than the calculated single particle values in Table XLVII due to the large energy spread in the initial beam. The maximum final energy depends on the phasing o f the cavities and the relationship o f the cavity phases to the initial energy of the beam. During the test, cavity phases are chosen to optimize the energy of a statistically significant num­ber of particles. These particles would come from some energy band located between the mean initial energy and the highest initial energy.A true analysis o f the cavity voltage can only be done with a simulation. Due to the poor qual­ity of the injected beam, most o f the ions are only partially accelerated. The spectra for the unbunched, uncollimated beam provide, however, a spectral fin­gerprint. As the voltage and phase o f the cavities in simulation are varied the distribution o f the most energetic ions, as well as that o f the lower energy peaks, shifts and an unambiguous fit o f cavity volt­age is possible. The best fit simulations are superim­posed on the test data in Fig. 233. The corresponding209^ Energy^ (MeV)Fig. 233. Experimental spectra (black) and simulation re­sult (red) for no acceleration, and for each case with cav­ities from 1 to 4 on sequentially at the nominal voltage of 6 MV/m.cavity voltages for these cases are 5, 5.8, 5.6, and 5.8 M V /m for cavities 1 through 4 respectively for an average gradient of 5.6.High Beta CavitiesThe linac for ISAC-II comprises twenty cavities of medium /? quarter wave cavities now in the installation phase. A second stage will see the installation o f ~20 M V of high f3 quarter wave cavities. The cavity struc­ture choice depends on the efficiency of operation, cost, stability, beam dynamics and schedule. Three cavity variants are considered and shown in Fig. 234. The benchmark cavity, (a) roundl^l, has identical trans­verse dimensions to the medium beta cavity but is de­signed as a 141 MHz cavity by shortening the over­all length and adjusting the gap. In a second variant,-180 -180— -ITq:in T m i(a) 141MHz Round (b ) 141MHz Flatv y' 140 "(c ) 106MHzFig. 234. Three cavity variants considered in the study.(c) roundl06, the cavity frequency is kept at 106 MHz but the cavity transverse dimensions are scaled to in­crease the beta from 7.1% to 10.4%. The quadrupole asymmetry in the accelerating fields is somewhat larger in the high frequency case by virtue o f the smaller in­ner conductor. A third variant, (b) flatl^l, is also con­sidered where the 141 MHz cavity inner conductor is flattened near the beam ports to produce a smaller quadrupole asymmetry. This variant has a lower opti­mum beta, 9%, suitable for use in the beginning of the high beta section.Previous beam dynamics studies have shown that the reduced quadrupole asymmetry in the roundlOd cavity results in less asymmetry in the transverse en­velope compared to the other two 141 MHz variants. However, the transverse and longitudinal emittance growth for the three cases are virtually identical. The beam centroid shifts are tolerably small in all cases.RF characteristicsThe rf parameters of the three cavity variants are given in Table XLVIII. The cavity rf properties are sim­ulated in HFSS. We compare all cavities at a gradient of 6 M V /m calculated over the cavity length defined as the inside diameter of the outer rf surface. There is little difference between the two 141 MHz variants except for the higher peak surface field in the flatl^l variant. Instead we concentrate here on the compari­son o f the roundl41 and the roundl06 variants. Due to the increased voltage the main practical difference is that fewer sub-systems (14 as compared to 20) would be required for the lower frequency. However, due to the higher stored energy and somewhat higher Qo (seeTable XLVIII. Parameters of cavity variants.Parameter roundl41 flatl41 roundl06f (MHz) 141.4 141.4 106.1Po 0.104 0.09 0.103T T F 0 0.089 0.086 0.093Bore (mm) 20 20 20Gap (mm) 45 45 50Drift tube (mm) 60 40 90Left (mm) 180 180 260Height (mm) 577 577 737A y (mm) 1.3 1.0 2.0fmech (Hz) 150 150 134Ea (M V /m ) 6 6 6V (M V) @ 6 M V /m 1.08 1.08 1.56Ep/Ea 4.7 5.6 4.6Bp/Ea (m T /M V /m ) 10.3 10.5 9.9U/El (J /(M V /m )2) 0.073 0.078 0.194R sQo (D) 24.8 24.9 26.8Rsh/Q (fi) 499 470 521210below) more power is required to provide a sufficient tuning bandwidth.Let us examine the role of rf frequency in cavity scaling. The surface resistance is given byRs R b CS T -Rmag T RowhereR b c s = 2 x 10_4 i ( - p - ) 2e_17'7/ r 1 1.5andflmag = 0-3nVt ■ Hext(m O e)y / f{G H z ).Results of these expressions are shown in Table XLIX assuming a magnetic field attenuation factor o f five from the earth’s field. The TRIUMF medium beta cav­ity has a typical Q o f 1.5 x 109 at low field that droops to 5 x 108 at a gradient o f 6 M V /m . Since R SQ = 19 T2 for this cavity, this corresponds to surface resistance values o f 12.7 and 38.2 nil. Assuming Rq is indepen­dent o f frequency we can estimate that the high-held surface resistance for the 141 MHz cavity is enhanced due to the increased values of R b c s and R mag to be42.5 nf2, an increase of 11%. Using these values o f Rs and the tablulated values o f RSQ 0 gives expected Qo values o f 5.8 x 108 and 7 x 108 respectively for the round.141 and roundl06 cavity respectively. The cav­ity power dissipation, Pcav = ljoU/Q0, is listed in Ta­ble XLIX.The increased quality factor of the 106 MHz cav­ity increases the amount o f overcoupling required to achieve a specified rf bandwidth (in our case A / / / = 4 x 10- 7 ). The forward power can be calculated from the coupling factor, (3, and the cavity power using P f = -PCav*(/3+ l)2/(4/?). To provide for the bandwidth the peak amplifier power must be sufficient to deliver twice the required forward power after considering the line losses. These deliberations lead us to estimate that the required amplifier would be almost a factor o f two larger in the 106 MHz case.Table XLIX. Frequency dependence of surface resistance and cavity power.Parameter 106 MHz 141 MHzR b c s (nfi) 3.5 6.3A mag (nfl) 9.8 11.3Ro (nfl) 25 25Rs (nfl) 38.2 42.5Qo @ 6M V /m 7 x 108 5.8 x 108-Pcav (W ) @ 6M V /m 6.7 4.2(3 280 230Damp (W ) @ 6M V /m 1200 620Cavity choiceThere is no strong beam dynamics argument to choose one variant over another. The total dissipated cavity power is 17% less in the high frequency cavity and the total amplifier power is 29% less. The high frequency cavity is also somewhat more mechanically stable. These advantages are not sufficient to force a cavity choice. The most compelling argument is that the design time for the 141 MHz cavity, the ancillaries and the cryomodule will be significantly less. This is balanced somewhat by the attractiveness of reducing the number of sub-systems by adopting the lower fre­quency. However, the 141 MHz option has been chosen as the high beta cavity for ISAC-II.CryogenicsThe ISAC-II Phase I cryogenic system was specified for tender in early 2003. Initially a complete turnkey system including refrigerator, warm and cold piping, buffer tank, helium dewar, compressors, gas manage­ment and oil removal system was requested. All return­ing bids were overbudget. TRIUMF decided to take on a larger role in the project in order to reduce the capital costs. The scope of the initial contract was restricted to the major refrigerator components: refrigerator, main and recovery compressor and ORS/gas management. TRIUMF assumed the responsibility for installation of the Linde refrigerator components as well as the man­agement of the contract for the installation of the warm piping by a local installer. In addition TRIUMF ac­quired and installed the buffer tank and helium dewar. The cold distribution is now specified by TRIUMF and the contract for manufacture and installation will be awarded in 2005.In the first phase, to be completed by December, 2005, five medium beta cryomodules will be installed. The linac cryomodules will be cooled by 4.5 K LHe at1.4 bar. The measured static heat load for a single cry­omodule is 13 W with a LN2 feed of 61/hr. Together with estimated thermal losses from the cold distribu­tion of 72 W this gives a total static load of 137 W. The budget for active load component is 8 W per cav­ity giving 160 W for the twenty medium beta cavities for a total estimated heat load o f 297 W . A TC50 cold box complete with oil removal and gas management system, main and recovery compressors was purchased from Linde and installed by TRIUMF with commis­sioning slated for early 2005.Cold distributionThe refrigerator supplies liquid helium to a dewar via a Linde supplied transfer line. The main trunk sup­ply line is fed LHe from the dewar. The cryomodules are fed in parallel from a helium supply trunk line through variable supply valves and field joints. The211cold return from the cryomodules comes back to the trunk cold return line through open/close valves and field joints. During cooldown, when warmer than '20 K, the returning gas is sent back to the suction side of the compressor through the warm return piping. Keep cold sections with proportional valves are required at the end o f the trunk lines to join the trunk supply and the trunk cold return. Future expansion will involve de­mounting the keep cold sections, extending the trunk and cryomodule feed lines and remounting the keep cold sections. A second refrigerator will be added in two years. Pipe sizes and expected mass flows for the cold distribution are given in Table L. Valves speci­fied for the middle o f the two trunk lines are for future installations to divide flows between two refrigerators. They can be installed as just valve seats with the stems left out, and run continuously open for Phase I. In addi­tion to the branch lines supplying the five cryomodules, a secondary line off the main trunk supply is required to deliver LHe to the ISAC-II test/assembly area. All supply and cold return piping is vacuum jacketed and, except for the short cryomodule feed lines, is cooled with LN 2.A cross section o f vault and refrigerator room is shown in Fig. 235.Table L. Cold distribution specifications.Pipe Supply Return Mass flowID (mm) ID (mm) (gm /s)Dewar to trunk 18 45 25Trunk 18 45 25Cryomodule 13.8 32 5Clean room 13.8 32 5Keep cold - 13.8 2Fig. 235. Vault and refrigerator room cross section show­ing cryomodule, cold piping, service platform, helium dewar and cold box.The S-bend transport line from the ISAC-I hall to the superconducting linac is almost complete. The line consists of two achromatic bend sections of ~120° with two 4Q straight segments between. A 35 MHz buncher between straight segments matches the beam from the ISAC-I DTL to injection into the SC linac.The high energy beam line is designed with a re­moveable section to be compatible with the installation o f the high beta cryomodules. This represents a full length of 8.84 m so two 4.42 m long 4Q sections are used. This periodicity is maintained to the end o f the vault within all five 4Q sections. The sections can be tuned to unit cells with double focus points at the end of each section or to periodic doublet sections with a phase advance of ~90° for multicharge transport. Pre­vious studies have shown that the accelerator can ac­commodate multicharge beams up to A Q/Q = ±10% . The present beam line design will accommodate such beams with some emittance growth due to the mis­match at the first cell after the linac.At present the plan is to use existing dipoles from Chalk River to deliver beam up to three experimental stations. The installation of these beam lines will be staged over the next several years.ISA C -II H E B T A N D E X P E R IM E N T A L H A LLThe ISAC-II accelerator will take the beam from the DTL-1. To increase the mass range from 30 u to 150 u, we will rely on a charge state booster. Conse­quently, the expected beam emittance is larger than the one used for the DTL-1. Figure 236 shows the beam emittance as a function o f the output beam energy. The solid curve is the nominal beam emittance, the dotted line represents the expected beam emittance if the charge state booster is in use. We have to assume the largest expected emittance in order to make sure that the transport calculations are realistic.The design of the beam lines is based on the avail­able magnets and quadrupoles from the Chalk River Laboratory. We have two Y-magnets and 18 magnetic quadrupoles that can be used for the ISAC-II beam lines.Figure 237 shows the layout o f the ISAC-II experi­mental area. The beam lines will be built in stages. For the moment, four facilities that we know about are to be installed in the ISAC-II experimental hall:1. TIGRESS, a gamma ray spectrometer;2. HERACLES, a heavy ion detector array for the study of reaction mechanisms;3. A large acceptance light ion detector array for (p,p), (cc,p), ...reactions; and4. EMMA, a recoil spectrometer.Beam Lines212Accelerated Energy {MeV/nudeonJFig. 236. Plot of the expected emittance as a function of the output energy.Phase 0 in April, 2006 will accommodate a short beam line to perform the first beam experiment. It will most likely be a 21Na Coulomb excitation experiment, which requires very little infrastructure.Phase I (represented in light blue) will accommo­date the TIGRESS facility with the beam dump. It will be completed during the fall, 2006.Phase II is represented in red. Once the second leg is installed, we will be able to accommodate the HER­ACLES detector (light green), the TUDA-II detector facility, and the EMM A recoil spectrometer. The next step will be an expansion with a linear rail system which will allow TIGRESS to move from its stand­alone station to EMMA.213ACCELERATOR TECHNOLOGY DIVISIONIN T R O D U C T IO NThe Accelerator Technology Division is responsible for most of the engineering, design and fabrication at TRIUMF. Other responsibilities include planning for projects and shutdowns, electronics development and services, the Building department, the Design Office and Machine Shop. The site beam dynamics effort is also now coordinated through the division. This year, as for the past number of years, much of the available effort went into supporting the ISAC-II project. In the Requests for Engineering Assistance (REA) that were submitted during the year, there were 40 ISAC related jobs and 34 non-ISAC in mechanical engineering and design. In electronics development there were 29 REAs and in electronics services there were 16 REAs.On external projects, the Beam Dynamics group continued their work on the design of FFAG accelera­tors with special effort on the specification o f an elec­tron model.Magnet work included the supervision o f contracts for the superconducting solenoids being fabricated by Accel Instruments, the S-bend dipoles for the ISAC-II transfer line, and the large coils for the Qweak exper­iment at Jefferson Lab. The Kicker group started on the design of a kicker for the Brookhaven AGS upgrade project and also made improvements and repairs to the MuLan kicker developed for an experiment at PSI.Among the achievements in the engineering and design groups, and for many other groups at TRI­UMF, was the first ISAC-II cryomodule assembly and tests and the successful commissioning o f the 500 W re­frigeration system by Linde Kryotechnik. Support was also given to TITAN, TIGRESS and external projects, KOPIO at Brookhaven and K2K, T2K at J-PARC in Japan. The Design Office has decided to adopt Solid- Works 3D modelling software as the site standard.The Planning group looked after the scheduling and coordinating of the many ISAC projects, the planning of the cyclotron shutdowns and the priority scheduling in the Machine Shop. The Machine Shop purchased a second CNC vertical machining centre to increase the efficiency and capability in meeting the demanding re­quirements for fabrication.The Building department was involved in several structural projects for ISAC, including the installation of the large helium tank for the ISAC-II refrigeration system and the TITAN platform. The usual building and site maintenance and repair jobs were supervised, and some architectural designs for a new lobby and cafeteria were proposed.In the Electronics Services group, hardware support was given to a large number of experimental groups,the MuLan kicker repairs and vault cabling replace­ment. The computer network for TRIUMF House was commissioned and requests for PC support at TRI­UMF continue to increase. An interesting motor con­trol project was the LaserBall manipulator system de­veloped for the K2K collaboration.The Electronics Development group continued to provide all o f the hardware installation, maintenance and upgrades for the ISAC control system. The con­trols interface for the helium refrigeration system was commissioned and there were new developments in the control systems for vacuum and in other areas. Sev­eral new types of modules were designed and built for experiments and for ongoing developments on ISAC. Assistance was given to the PET group in upgrading the pneumatic delivery system between TRIUMF and the UBC Hospital.Once again it was a busy year for the division which resulted in several notable achievements.B E A M D Y N A M IC S M uon and Electron Acceleration in FFAGsThe collaboration with BNL and FNAL on the de­sign of FFAG accelerators for a future neutrino factory has widened in scope, to include an electron demon­stration model, and in composition, with the participa­tion of Daresbury, UK as a probable host for the model. Two types o f investigations have been completed: pa­rameter optimizations of general applicability, and de­sign work specific to the electron model.For the US Neutrino Factory, FFAGs are the pre­ferred acceleration model to high energy due to their significantly reduced cost and larger acceptance, im­plying a factor o f 4 reduction in transverse cooling and total elimination of longitudinal cooling relative to re­circulating linear accelerators. These are not MURA- style scaling FFAGs, but a new breed of accelerator, using strictly linear elements, with characteristics well matched to the rapid acceleration of beams with large 6D emittances. Physically, they will bear a strong re­semblance to electron storage rings, but will be opera­ble over a tremendous momentum range.M agnet LatticesThe thin element models of F0D0, doublet and triplet based lattices were developed further to cover unequal integrated quadrupole strengths. These mod­els indicate that when the horizontal focusing strength is greater than the vertical, as occurs when the tunes are split, the path-length variation is reduced by ~20% with a corresponding increase in the number o f turns. The scope o f the thick element models was widened to include cells with two sector bends, one of them214reverse bending to reduce the aperture requirements, and by the addition of doublet cells to the stable of FODO and triplet types. These analytic models, which are more accurate for large momentum offset than the optics program M AD, neglect terms o f second order in displacement divided by bending radius (A x/p). Com­putations with the differential algebra program COSY show the errors to be 5% or more for rings with fewer than 30 cells, but negligible for the ~100 cell muon rings. The models form the basis for scripts that au­tomatically optimize lattice parameters to minimize time-of-flight variation, subject to constraints on be­tatron tunes and peak pole-tip fields, etc.AccelerationThe longitudinal dynamics has two key parame­ters: voltage and radio frequency (V, / ) . The serpentine channel responsible for acceleration may pinch closed for small variations in V or / , and the muon machine will operate close to these conditions. The parameter choice depends upon a compromise between accelera­tion range, dwell time and decay losses, acceleration efficiency, emittance growth and matching conditions for the phase-space ellipse. Based on analytic expres­sions for all these quantities, a lower-emittance working point has been found which reduces the ellipse distor­tion due to stalling at the fixed-points.Electron M odelThe linear-field FFAG lattices demonstrate com­paction of a very large range of momenta into remark­ably narrow apertures. The FFAG operates at fixed magnetic field, and with a range o f momenta many times larger than a synchrotron. This has two con­sequences: (i) asynchronous acceleration within a ro­tation manifold outside the rf bucket; and (ii) multi- resonance crossing: the combination of a ±50% Sp/p momentum span and uncorrected, natural chromatic- ity leads to the beam crossing many betatron reso­nances including integer and ^-integer. Both features rely on untested beam dynamics and it is proposed to investigate in detail the complex parameter dependen­cies, of the non-scaling FFAG, in a few MeV electron model at a tiny fraction of the cost o f the multi-GeV muon machines. Initial plans, led by BNL, focused on a near-table-top device with 25 cells, or less, and 3 GHz rf cavities. TRIUMF expertise has successfully reshaped this model into one that better emulates the resonance- crossing behaviour o f the full-sized rings. The present model has lower frequency, 1.3 GHz rf, more cells, 42, and operates over a greater number of turns - pro­portional to the square o f cells. At fixed length, the magnets become a smaller number o f rf wavelengths long, leading to a smaller phase slip, and yet more turns. The 42 cell design entails a three-fold symme­try to cancel 1/3-integer structure resonances. Since the summer, the Daresbury Laboratory has identified itself as a probable host and, along with UK and EU collaborators, has begun overtures to potential funding agencies for construction of the electron model down­stream o f their ERLP, a ring-like energy recovery linac prototype.EU RISO L Beta BeamThe Beta Beam Study is part o f the EU-funded EURISOL initiative which will develop a proposal for a new European ISOL-based radioactive ion beams facil­ity. Beta Beam is a novel concept for a neutrino factory which utilizes radioactive light ions produced by the ISOL front end. These ions are collected, accelerated to highly relativistic energies in order to extend their life­time, and then injected into a racetrack-shaped storage ring (the “decay ring” ) where copious neutrinos will be produced from the ions via the radioactive beta decay process. The EURISOL Beta Beam Study will formally commence in January, 2005 and will run for four years.TRIUMF was invited to participate in Beta Beam in the area of multiparticle simulations of the opera­tion of the decay ring, using our tracking and simula­tion code ACCSIM and other available tools such as GEANT4 and/or MARS. ACCSIM’s space charge ca­pabilities will also be of use in studying beam-intensity limitations in the ion acceleration stages of the Beta Beam facility.Some preparatory work was done in order to assess the needs and objectives o f the simulation program and to specify some needed extensions to ACCSIM for han­dling radioactive ions, decay products, and ion inter­actions in matter.A survey was also conducted o f other computa­tional tools which would complement ACCSIM. It was noted that there is current interest from several fields in extending the physics reach o f particle simulation codes to include ions, and that advanced models of ion physics processes are being pursued by groups in­volved with GEANT4, MARS, and Tech-X corpora­tion. O f particular note is the Quark Gluon String Model (QGSM) being developed for GEANT4, which extends into the comparatively high energy regime of the decay ring.A comprehensive simulation o f the decay ring, ca­pable o f supporting the needs o f the ring design and operational phases, represents a considerable challenge and will require advancements in both the particle tracking and physics aspects of existing codes. For the near future, we expect that ACCSIM, which will pro­vide the large-scale particle tracking and particle loss information for the beta beam rings, will be used in concert with codes such as GEANT4 and MARS which215will act as post-processors to give a detailed account of the ion interactions in matter and resulting secondary particles.M A G N E T SThe ISAC-II superconducting linac uses supercon­ducting solenoid magnets to focus the ion beam. A c­cel Instruments (Germany) tested and delivered 5 solenoids for the medium-beta section (see Fig. 238). The specification calls for these magnets to operate at 9T . All o f these magnets operated at over 10 T be­fore quenching. Since the solenoids operate next to the superconducting rf cavities, the specification limits the fringe and residual fields in the cavity area. When oper­ating at 9 T, the field at the cavity is less than 0.1 T. Af­ter operating at 9 T and degaussing, the residual field is less than 1 mT. The linac designers had hoped that the residual field would be less than 0.1 mT. This can be achieved, but only by warming the magnet above the transition temperature to release the flux trapped in the coil winding. Based on the success o f the medium- beta solenoids, three solenoids for the high-beta linac were ordered.A concept design o f a new septum magnet for the M i l beam line was written [TRI-DN-04-12]. ThisFig. 238. ISAC-II SC solenoid in test at Accel Instruments (photo courtesy of Accel).design lowers the magnet’s resistance and power by about 6%.The high field ISAC HEBT (S-bend) transfer line dipoles that were designed last year, were manufac­tured by Alpha Magnetics (California) and Sunrise Engineering (Delta, BC). These magnets were field mapped and met the design specifications. At year-end, one magnet was installed and the others were ready to be installed.To assist the Canadian contingent to the Qweak experiment at the Jefferson Lab, TRIUMF ordered nine coils for the Q TO R spectrometer magnet from Sigmaphi (France). The copper conductor was deliv­ered to France by Jefferson Lab. At year-end, Sigmaphi was developing a technique to splice the large cross sec­tion conductor. These coils are expected to be delivered in July, 2005.Magnet MeasurementsMagnets surveyed this year include twenty-three ISAC-II L2 experimental hall quadrupoles, a UCLA dipole (Clyde), five ISAC-II L5 experimental hall quadrupoles, four S-bend double steering magnets, four S-bend dipole magnets, a HiTime superconduct­ing solenoid for M15 (measured from 2 T to 7 T with test shimming), a Belle superconducting solenoid at 6.2 T field, and finally a repeat mapping o f the HiTime superconducting solenoid twisted on physical axis at 7 T field.Experiment 614 — TW ISTTOSCA 3D simulations have previously been car­ried out for the TW IST magnet. These simulations provide important information because the measure­ments provide only one component (Bz) o f the field at a limited number of space points. By contrast a good TOSCA computer model can provide the three- field components at any point. A detailed comparison was made between field maps taken for the TW IST solenoid, at a field of approximately 2 T, and the TOSCA predictions. The maximum discrepancy be­tween the predicted and measured Bz field is 8m T: this reduced to 3 m T when a simplified representation of the iron of two upstream quadrupoles and a dipole was included. The TOSCA model also confirms that the solenoid results in an offset-field being added to the pole tip field of the Q7 quadrupole; means o f shielding the Q7 quadrupole, from the solenoid generated field, are currently being investigated.K IC K E R SAGS collaborationThe present AGS injection kickers at the A5 loca­tion were designed for 1.5 GeV proton injection (see Fig. 239). Recent high intensity runs have pushed the216'4Fig. 239. Photo of KAON kicker assembly that is similar to proposed AGS kicker.transfer kinetic energy to 1.94 GeV, but with an imper­fect matching in transverse phase space. Space charge forces result in both fast and slow beam size growth and beam loss as the size exceeds the AGS aperture. A proposed increase in the AGS injection energy to 2 GeV with adequate kick strength would greatly re­duce the beam losses making it possible to increase the intensity from 70 TP (70 x 1012 protons/s) to 100 TP. However, the integral o f flux density over the length of the present AGS A5 injection kickers is insufficient for injection at 2 GeV. R&D studies are being undertaken by TRIUMF, in collaboration with BNL, to design two new kicker magnets for the AGS A10 location to pro­vide an additional kick of 1.5 mrad to 2 GeV protons. The kick strength rise and fall time specifications are 100 ns, 3% to 97%; the design goal is to achieve a field uniformity of ± 1 % over 85% of the cross sectional area of the aperture. TRIUMF has proposed a design for a12.5 W transmission line kicker magnet powered by a matched 12.5 W pulse forming line.To achieve low ripple and minimize field rise/fall time the impedance of the kicker magnet must be close to 12.5 W . Hence detailed electromagnetic simulations o f the proposed A10 kicker magnets have been used during the design stage:• 3D modelling to accurately predict capacitance of capacitance plates (including edge effects);• 2D modelling of electric and magnetic field in the aperture to optimize the aperture geometry to achieve a kick uniformity of ±1% over 85%of the aperture without unduly increasing cell inductance. Ferrite and ground conductor have been shaped to achieve this;• A modified equivalent circuit of the kicker mag­net has been developed. The revised model has been shown to give almost identical predictions to the previous model but negative mutual cou­pling between cells is represented in a more intu­itive manner, simplifying the derivation of values for the model;• Incorporation of a model of beam bunches into PSpice equivalent circuit, for the 3 different op­erating modes, to allow a better optimization of the kicker system.Two co-op students worked on this project at TRI­UMF during 2004.NLC collaborationThe collaboration with SLAC, to analyze the fail­ure mechanism o f the IGBTS under fault conditions in the prototype NLC modulator, was successful. A pa­per was co-authored with SLAC and presented at the 2004 Power Modulator Conference. A more complete version of the paper has been accepted for publication in a special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.PSI MuLan collaborationAn international collaboration plans to measure the lifetime of the muon to a precision of 1 ppm. The Mu­Lan experiment will take place at PSI in northern Switzerland. The central idea employed in MuLan in­vokes an artificial time structure on an otherwise dc beam. The MuLan method requires a fast beam line kicker, which can turn the beam on and off at a repe­tition rate o f up to 40 kHz: the TRIUMF Kicker group designed and built the kicker. The kicker runs with a standard “on-off time cycle” , or in a “muon on re­quest” mode. The MuLan kicker consists of 2 pairs of deflector plates mechanically in series, driven by 4 FET modulators. Each pair of plates is 0.75 m long. One plate o f each pair is driven by a +12.5 kV FET based modulator and the other plate is driven by a -12.5 kV modulator. The potential difference between a pair of deflector plates is variable up to 25 kV. Each modula­tor consists o f two stacks of FETs operating in push pull mode.The kicker was successfully commissioned at PSI in July, 2003. However, as a result of the very fast switching times of the MOSFETs (< 2n s compared with approximately 30 ns in the previous generation of the FET cards), and the external interconnections required for the 4 kicker racks, significant rf noise was generated. In addition the specifications for the flat­ness of the voltage pulse were modified, now calling217for a pulse flatness of 1 V in 12500 V, compared to the achieved 22.5 V in 12500 V. The kicker was returned to TRIUMF in January, 2004, and extensive changes were made which were based on detailed P Spice mod­elling o f the system. The rf was reduced by a factor of approximately 5000. The flat top droop, for a 20 ms pulse duration, was reduced from 0.18% (22.5 V) to less than 0.001% (100 mV). In addition the pulse over­shoot, at the front and back edges of the pulse, which occurs for ~70ns duration, was reduced from 10% to 2%. The kicker was successfully recommissioned at PSI during October. However, some o f the MOSFETs were destroyed during physics runs in December. The cause of the failures is not completely understood but is be­lieved to be due to several reasons including a short circuit on the output of a kicker and damaged fibre optic cables. The MOSFET cards have been returned to TRIUMF: a gate-resistor is being incorporated on the PCB to make the MOSFETs less susceptible to failure resulting from timing mismatch (e.g. due to mi­nor damage to the fibre optic cables). In addition the timing o f all the cards is being measured and adjusted, where necessary.One co-op student worked on this project at TRI­UMF during 2004.A very similar kicker is required at TRIUMF as part o f the Five-Year Plan. The co-op student also in­vestigated using magnetic coupling to trigger the MOS­FETS, rather than using fibre optics.Research into a thyratron replacementStarting in September, with the return of a previ­ous co-op student, now a graduate student at UBC, the Kicker group commenced a research project into replacing high-power thyratrons with IGBT modules for kicker systems. The collaboration with SLAC, into the cause of IGBT failures in the SLAC klystron mod­ulator, resulted in a good understanding of some of the problems associated with using IGBTs in pulsed power applications.After an initial period researching manufacturers and devices, attention has been turned towards West- code branded IGBT modules from the UK. These modules differ from the previously analyzed (EUPEC) modules, in that they are encapsulated in a disc-like “hockey puck” package with the top and bottom of the package being the emitter and collector respectively (Fig. 240 - right). The EUPEC modules are encased in a more conventional “brick-type” package with the collector and emitter contacts being bolt-on terminals on the top of the device (Fig. 240 - left).If the hockey puck device fails it does so to a short circuit, allowing a series stack with redundancy to con­tinue to operate, whereas because of internal bond wires in the brick package, a brick package can failFig. 240. Comparison of IGBT module packaging (EUPEC module on left, Westcode module on right).to open circuit. The fact that the hockey puck package does not fail to an open circuit is a significant advan­tage over the brick package as it provides improved reliability in a series stack.In the W estcode IGBT module, each current “path” through the individual IGBT die is the same length and has the same fundamental geometry. In addition the gate-trace is almost completely orthogonal to the main current flow, making it less susceptible to mag­netic coupling to the main current paths than was ev­idenced in the EUPEC IGBT module.However, while the physical geometry of each path in the Westcode IGBT is identical, mutual coupling to return path(s) is not. During a high rate of change of current, as a result of differences in mutual coupling to the return paths, current crowds to the outermost IGBT die. The current imbalance could potentially be of sufficient magnitude to destroy the IGBT, or at least raise its switching impedance to a degree that would make it unusable for the intended application. Addi­tionally, unlike the EUPEC modules, the placement of the return current paths is very important in this case because of the effect of the return path on the current distribution within the IGBT module.Using techniques developed while analyzing the EUPEC module, an investigation has commenced into the current sharing between the IGBT die during fast switching. This analysis is being undertaken using sev­eral electromagnetic analysis codes, including: Fast- Henry, Vector Field’s Opera2D and Opera3D, and In­tegrated Engineering Software’s Oersted. The results from these simulations are cross-checked with each other, and then fed into the PSpice circuit simulator as linear resistor and coupled-inductor parameters.The initial results from these simulations show that current sharing might, in fact, be a significant issue with the W estcode IGBT module, and the determin­ing factor appears to be the conductivity of the actual silicon IGBT die. As this parameter varies considerably during the switching process, and is dependent upon the gate-emitter voltage, it is planned to include a non­linear model o f IGBT die in the PSpice simulation. In218addition it is planned to carry out measurements, dur­ing fast switching, on a representative IGBT module. These experiments are set to commence shortly with the assistance of an IGBT expert, Dr. Patrick Palmer, of the Department of Electrical Engineering at UBC.TITANThe TITAN radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) beam cooler is a device that is employed to cool and collect ions with short half-lives created by ISAC. An rf square wave driver performs 2 dimensional focus­ing o f the ion beam within the RFQ, along a plane normal to the beam’s intended trajectory, in an effort to confine ion motion along a stable path; hence the ions can be trapped and collected for extraction. The rf square wave driver, which is based on the MuLan kicker design, employs two stacks of MOSFETs, oper­ating in push-pull, to generate high voltage rectangular waveforms at a prescribed frequency and duty cycle. Currently a 500 V, 2 MHz drive system is in operation, however, the system configuration allows for operation with higher voltage and a repetition rate from 300 kHz up to 3 MHz, continuous.The Kicker group has provided significant design support for the TITAN RFQ driver, providing advice and carrying out simulations. Simulations include anal­yses o f the capacitance of the RFQ using Coulomb, 3D modelling software from Integrated Engineering Soft­ware (Canada), and modelling of the equivalent circuit using PSpice.M E C H A N IC A L E N G IN E E R IN GMechanical engineering and design work is initiated by the submission of a Request for Engineering As­sistance (REA) form. These are assessed weekly and assigned according to the size, complexity and sched­ule o f the work. Larger tasks requiring engineering in­put often require a team approach guided by a project engineer. The KOPIO project and the ISAC-II linac project fall into this category.During 2004 there were 40 ISAC REAs and 34 non- ISAC REAs submitted (this differentiation has been dropped for 2005). There are also lengthy projects that are carried forward from the previous year. As well there is participation of engineering personnel in en­gineering analyses, FEA, on-site safety issues, design reviews, etc.IS A C -ITarget module 4, which was scheduled for comple­tion in 2004 to be used for target and ion source devel­opment, was rescheduled to coincide with the Febiad ion source development program which will occur in 2005. Work on the module was interrupted as a resultof this schedule change and also due to the redeploy­ment of manpower to support the cyclotron shutdown. Work will recommence in the spring of 2005.IS A C -IITRIUMF is currently constructing a 43 M V super­conducting heavy ion linear accelerator (linac) to ac­celerate radioactive ion beams from the current ISAC- I level o f 1 .5M eV/u to 6 .5M eV /u . The initial stage, phase 1, currently under way, involves the manufacture, assembly and installation o f 5 medium-beta cryomod­ules and phase 1 of the liquid helium refrigeration sys­tem necessary to support their operation (500 W at4.5 K ). This phase is scheduled for completion by the end o f 2005 and will add 18 M V of accelerating voltage for initial experiments. Phase 2 will add 3 high-beta cryomodules, an extension to the helium distribution system, and doubling o f the refrigeration capacity.CryomodulesA medium-beta cryomodule consists of 4 two-gap, bulk niobium, quarter wave rf cavities and one super­conducting solenoid magnet housed in a vacuum tank and supported from the tank lids. A helium reservoir provides a total inventory o f 1901 o f liquid helium at4.5 K under constant replenishment from the refriger­ation system during normal operation. The vacuum tank is lined with p-metal to protect the cryo elements from the earth’s magnetic field. There is also a sep­arate box and lid inside, cooled with liquid nitrogen which acts as a thermal shield surrounding the cryo elements. The engineering challenge in the design of a cryogenic accelerator module such as this is the inter­nal support and alignment o f the cryo elements. The cryo elements must be as thermally isolated as possi­ble and supported in such a way as to allow for ther­mal contraction without inducing stored energy in the support structure such that alignment repeatability of ±200 /tm can be achieved over repeated cooldown cy­cles.The first cryomodule constructed (designated SCB3) was completed in April, 2004. Thermal testing commenced shortly thereafter in the test area o f the SCRF clean room. Thermal migrations of the cryo ele­ments were measured by means of a wire position mon­itor (W PM ) installed in the cryomodule on each o f the cryo elements at the beam port level. This allows ther­mal migrations to be continuously monitored during cooldown and warm-up. This information is backed up by optical targets installed in the beam ports o f the end rf cavities. The cooldown cycles were conducted down to liquid nitrogen levels where 85% of the contrac­tion occurs. Three cooldown/warm-up cycles were per­formed and the repeatability was 80 /mi vertically and 120/mi horizontally which is well within the specified219limit. Subsequent to these tests there were 2 cooldowns to liquid helium temperature in order to establish the “cold offset” (contraction compensation). The cryo el­ements were adjusted by use of the adjustable support posts such that the beam ports were concentric to the tank beam ports.The cold-offset was measured as 3.8 mm for the rf cavities and 5 mm for the solenoid. Subsequent to these tests the cryomodule was prepared for rf testing by re­moval of the W PM and installation of rf ancillaries and the rf tuner. A more detailed report on all of the tests performed on SCB3 appear in the ISAC section o f this Annual Report.SCB3 served as the prototype for the remaining medium-beta cryomodules. There were a number of problems that were dealt with such as the cryo el­ement mounting beam suspension system which was simplified over the original design; the nitrogen ther­mal shield had a number of fit problems and the /r- metal panels were difficult to install. These and more were changed for the manufacture and assembly of the next two units SCB1 and SCB2. A second new and improved assembly frame was also manufactured such that one was available for both the initial experimen­tal hall assembly stage and for the class 3 clean room final assembly. The initial assembly o f SCB1 began in December, 2004 with cold tests scheduled for April, 2005.Refrigeration systemDue to budget constraints the phase 1 refrigeration system was broken down into subsystems which were all managed by TRIUMF personnel. The subsystems were as follows:1. Refrigeration system major components, i.e. compressors, cold box, gas management system, oil removal system, and control system.2. Warm piping subsystem - all the stainless steel pipe work necessary to connect all the refrigera­tion components.3. Buffer storage tank - for the storage of gaseous helium.4. LHe dewar - for the storage of liquid helium pro­duced by the cold box and to be distributed by the CPS/s.5. Cold piping subsystem (CPS/s) - to transport LHe from the dewar to the cryomodules and clean room test area.Item 1 - a contract was signed in November, 2003 with Linde Kryotechnik AG of Switzerland to provide a 500 W class helium refrigerator. The components were delivered to TRIUMF starting in early 2004 with the final component, the model TCF50 cold box, being de­livered in July (see Fig. 241). Included in this contractFig. 241. Cold box arriving at TRIUMF from Linde Kry­otechnik.were process and instrumentation diagrams specifying line sizes and valves. The contract included commis­sioning the system in April, 2005.Item 2 - Linde Kryotechnik provided process and instrumentation diagrams as part of the contract. TRI­UMF used these to create 2 and 3 dimensional draw­ings o f the warm piping subsystem and the installation within the building in order to create a specification and tender package and engage a contractor. Lockerbie and Hole was the contractor selected and they began work in September.Item 3 - A custom made, single, vertical storage tank o f 90000 USG proved to be far too expensive and it was suggested that 3 smaller 30000 USG horizon­tal tanks of the propane storage type would work well. These could be stacked on a special frame. Phase 1 would only require one tank initially. Gary L. Nadon Enterprises was engaged to locate one, and a new tank was found at a price within budget. A pad was poured east of the experimental hall and the tank was installed in the fall.Item 4 - This was supplied from the Chalk River inventory of equipment that TRIUMF acquired. It is an older 10001 dewar by Cryofab. It was inspected and220found to be adequate for the job. It will be installed in early 2005.Item 5 - This is the most complex task for TRI­UMF to manage. It is a specialized technology with only a few manufacturers in the world to deal with. The TRIUMF distribution team visited several labo­ratories and met with many groups in order to learn as much as possible about the technology. This resulted in a set of drawings depicting what was deemed to be the best solution from the point of view o f distribution and thermal losses as well as cost. A specification was drawn up and submitted for tender in December.SCRF cavity tuner systemConsiderable progress was made this year on the development and integration of the SCRF cavity tuner system for the prototype cryomodule SCB3 of the ISAC-II superconducting linac. We successfully com­pleted the assembly and debugging of the electronic wiring/cabling, inside and out, o f the prototype servo amp cabinet in the ISAC-II clean room. Stable, low noise, closed loop motor control was achieved for all tuners installed onto the completed 4 cavity cryomod­ule.As well, extensive servo control and communication systems integration was performed successfully. Exten­sive safety interlock software and control subroutines were written for integrating functional control of the tuner motors from the rf supervisory control system. All interlocks and control functions were tested and found to perform as required. This performance was maintained throughout the alpha beam acceleration tests where the tuner position control specifications well exceeded the required specifications.Engineering - Other FEA analysisThe TRIUMF 54 ton spreader beam is used for moving the long shielding blocks by crane. Extensive theoretical and FEA calculations were done to deter­mine the safety factors involved after non-destructive testing revealed cracks in the welds in sensitive areas of the spreader beam. An approach was developed for the maintenance of similar spreader beams at TRIUMF, and a company found to independently proof test and certify the beam. All lifting beams at TRIUMF are now being maintained and certified in this manner.The design of a very high pressure, cryogenic temperature, high performance compound hydrostatic pressure cell was studied for producing very high pres­sures in target materials. This job is for the /uSR group and the final products will be used in local experiments and for export to other laboratories.The usual salvo of analysis was performed on freshly designed mechanical structures for determina­tion of design integrity, safety factors and approval for fabrication.KOPIOScintillator extrusion Work continued to improve the external profile and shape of the holes in the KO­PIO scintillator extrusion. It was nearly perfected to achieve the desired tolerances on size, flatness and straightness for the 1 cm x 7.2 cm cross section. The process was refined and made fully automatic to run the extruder without operator intervention to fill the die and produce consistent profile. This profile was ac­ceptable enough to go into production.Then the KOPIO collaboration decided to make the scintillator thinner to 8 mm. A new die was designed and manufactured for this new thickness. Modifications were made on this die and the profile produced is fairly close to the final size. The next run is planned af­ter die and spider plates are polished and electroless nickel plated. We expect to have a mini production run to produce enough scintillator for one module in the spring o f 2005.These 7.2 cm wide extruded scintillator planks will be machined to have tongue on one side and groove on the other side. A gluing jig has been designed to glue 35 of these planks to make 8 ft x 8 ft sheets for the KOPIO preradiator. This jig is designed to give flat sheets with equi-spaced holes from plank to plank with no glue protruding out of the surface of the sheet. This jig is out for manufacture and has a tolerance of 200 /mi over the entire front surface area of 236 cm x 236 cm.Preradiator fibreglass panels Preradiator wire chambers required fibreglass sheets varying in thick­ness from 0.011 in. to 0.25 in. 8 ft x 8 ft size with 1 oz copper on one or both sides of some of these panels. These sheets are required to have quasi-isotropic me­chanical properties. The commercially available stan­dard size is 4 ft x 8 ft. After a worldwide search, a com­pany (Profile Composites) has been located in Sydney, BC that is willing to try to make these sheets. They have successfully produced 4 ft x 4 ft sheets meeting our tolerances, with their existing tooling with minimal cost to us. We have obtained quotes from this company to produce sheets for prototype. A visit is planned to look at the facilities and products of this company. So far it looks promising.Structural The above-mentioned preradiator wire chambers are pressurized with chamber gases. It was desired to optimize the thickness o f the lid and the base made of the above-mentioned fibreglass sheets, and also to optimize the location and number of fasten­ers holding the lid and the base together, to minimize bulging o f these thin sheets. A finite element program221ANSYS was used to analyze and optimize these pa­rameters. Based on this study, a thickness of 0.055 in. was chosen for both the base and the lid.Figure 242 shows a plot o f displacements in the lid o f the KOPIO preradiator wire chamber under cham­ber gas pressure.C athode strips KOPIO needs a flexible circuit of polyamide base Nova clad material as cathode plane for the wire chambers o f the KOPIO preradiator. A com­pany (Sheldahl) has been selected which could make rolls o f as much as 12 in. wide kapton based material with 1 /2 oz glueless copper deposit. This company has promised an accuracy o f 0.001 in. between the traces of copper strips. A minimum quantity for testing has been ordered.Contract management services are being provided to supply coil carrier and coil carrier stiffener plates for the Q TO R spectrometer for the Qweak experiment at Jefferson Lab. Four 5 in. x 81 in. x 206 in. plates and sixteen 1.25 in. x 36 in. x 152 in. aluminum plates are needed. Aluminum supply has been very tight in 2004 and mills were not accepting orders until late into the fall at which time they would assess their positions and may or may not take orders. Suppliers have been found who, because o f their quota allocations with the aluminum producing mills, were able to place orders of aluminum plates in these circumstances for timely delivery to the project.Budgetary quotes have been obtained from sev­eral machining centres to machine these plates to final shapes.Fig. 242. Plot of displacements in the lid of the KOPIO preradiator wire chamber.Engineering — Victoria ISAC target developmentHigh temperature vacuum chamber The design and construction of a high temperature vacuum cham­ber is complete, which includes a double-walled tubu­lar graphite filament and an effusion cell capable of reaching 2300°C. The crucible, made from tantalum, was used for a series o f tests with samples such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, boron, aluminum, gallium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bis­muth, and indium, to determine the out-gassing prop­erties of materials at high temperatures for future con­sideration in target development.From the data that were collected and analysed at the University of Victoria through the summer, modifi­cations are under way to include a 45° filament ribbon. This will increase the opportunity to observe diffusion characteristics as the atomic beam from the crucible interacts with the 45° filament and is directed into the RGA through a cross beam ionizer. The design o f this vacuum chamber has also been used for other experi­ments at TRIUMF, and a patent application is under way for its design.ISAC Febiad ion source An improved filament de­sign for the ISAC Febiad ion source was required to re­place the traditional wound wire filament, which began sagging and causing electrical shorts. With the success o f the tubular filament in the high temperature vacuum system, a similar concept was considered to replace the existing filament.A single-walled tubular design was created by re­placing the graphite from the high temperature vac­uum system with welded tantalum foil, as the higher vapour pressure of graphite prevented its use for this application. Initial testing at TRIUMF has shown that this design is more stable, demonstrating a resistance to sagging while being subjected to high temperature, around 2200°C, from power supply heating.A double-walled tubular filament has also been cre­ated, and testing for this design will begin in 2005. Us­ing a double-walled system increases the length o f the filament, allowing twice the thickness of tantalum foil to be used without an increase in current, which dou­bles the expected lifespan of the filament. Further anal­ysis and design for both the single-walled and double­walled concepts will continue in 2005, which should provide a more reliable filament for the ISAC Febiad ion source.Time projection chamber (TPC)A TPC is the leading candidate for the central tracking system of an experiment at the international linear collider. The physics goals for the project require an exceptionally precise tracker, and the University of222Victoria Engineering group has been involved in the proof of principle demonstrations with a prototype de­tector. The prototype was modified to accept UV laser beams and a complex laser delivery system (LDS) was constructed for the TPC test to be performed in a 5 T SC magnet at the DESY Laboratory. The system was capable of delivering one or two beams at various loca­tions within the TPC chamber under remote control. The mechanical design for the LDS was completed in the summer, and was operated with the TPC proto­type at DESY in early fall. The tests were very suc­cessful and results are explained in the Science Division section o f this Annual Report. The experience gained from the TPC studies for the linear collider has opened the door for the Engineering group to be involved in leading the construction of the TPC modules for the T2K experiment in 2005.K2K calibration manipulator armA device was needed to extend the calibration capa­bilities for the K2K neutrino detector at KEK, Japan, to provide off axis calibration beyond the current sys­tem, which consists of hanging a wire dropped through a tube into the water filled detector. The Engineering group prepared an initial concept for a multi degree of freedom manipulator arm, which could be positioned with locking segments into the detector and used re­motely for precise calibration of the photomultiplier tubes (PM T).After successful presentation of the PMT calibra­tion proposal while visiting the facilities at KEK, the conceptual design was approved and final dimensions were confirmed. Drag force analyses were performed to determine safe working speeds, applied torques on the joints and motor specifications for the manipulator, as it will be submerged in water during use. The formal design of the K2K calibration manipulator arm was designed and is being manufactured with plans for as­sembly and testing at TRIUMF prior to operation at KEK in 2005.ISAC charge state booster (CSB) insulatorA strength analysis for the ISAC CSB insulator that failed in operation was required so recommenda­tions could be made for an improved design with ap­propriate materials. Forces acting on the insulator were determined from the magnetic field acting on the steel pole of the CSB; however, it appears that improper sizing and possible material flaws o f the supplied in­sulator were to blame for the failure. The improved design has successfully replaced the original insulator after minor modifications were made.SafetyTechnical support was provided to better under­stand the certification requirements for radioactive ma­terial packaging as part o f TRIUMF’s waste removal system in conjunction with TRIUM F’s quality assur­ance program. After determining the annual leak test­ing and servicing procedures required for continued use of the packaging, along with the appropriate codes for the transportation of radioactive materials, this infor­mation was given to Safety personnel to develop ap­propriate flow charts.Remote handlingAn engineering load review was needed for the cy­clotron elevating system hoist frame used by Remote Handling. This hoist is used during shutdown periods for removal of the cyclotron elevation system bearings and their components. While initial calculations sug­gested that continued use o f the system was safe, the use of the system could be simplified if several modifi­cations were considered. The re-design of this system will continue in 2005.Engineering — Carleton Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO)Engineering at Carleton University assumed the lead engineering role in the development and design of the EXO 200 kg prototype. With the copper cryostat already designed, the next major components to be de­signed were the lead shielding and an overhead crane, that resides in the clean room with the experiment, used to assemble the shielding (see Fig. 243). As the experiment is to be set up and tested first at Stanford University, then moved to an underground location atFig. 243. Model of clean room with cryostat and lead shielding in place.223the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (W IPP) in New Mex­ico, the lead shielding is designed in blocks that can easily be assembled, disassembled and reassembled in the two locations. It is necessary to disassemble the lead for moving because the total mass of lead is ap­proximately 54 tonnes and the handling equipment at W IPP has a maximum load rating of 30 tonnes.The experiment occupies 6 portable clean room modules that need to be lowered into the mine and transported approximately 640 m underground to the experiment location. Engineering is under way to be able to move these modules, the heaviest being 27 tonnes, in the confined tunnels of the mine.P L A N N IN GThis year the Planning group was involved in plan­ning, scheduling, coordinating and expediting several sub-projects for ISAC-II (medium-beta cavities, wire position monitor, cryogenics system, high-beta cavi­ties, charge state booster (CSB), HEBT transfer, H- HEBT, ECR); planning and coordinating activities for two shutdowns (December 22, 2003-April 15, 2004 and September 13-October 6); ISAC experimental facili­ties (TIGRESS, TITAN); and M20Q1,2 refurbishing. The Planning group was also extensively involved in preparing manpower and cash flow estimates for the Five-Year Plan (2005-2010), as well as setting up a new job recording system for the Machine Shop, and setting priorities in the Machine Shop to meet various milestones for ISAC, Cyclotron and Science division projects.Technical details and progress on PERTed activi­ties for ISAC are described elsewhere in this report.Shutdown ActivitiesThere were two shutdowns during the year: the win­ter shutdown (December 22, 2003-March 17, 2004 for ISAC beam production, and beam to proton therapy and PIF, and to April 14, for BL1A), and a fall mini shutdown (September 13-October 6).Winter shutdownBL1A activities started early with the removal of 60-70 shielding blocks from the meson hall on Decem­ber 29-30, to get a headstart for shutdown work.M ajor jobs completed by the Remote Handling, Beam Lines, Vacuum and Diagnostics groups in the meson hall included: repairing several BL1A vacuum leaks in the T2 area, 1AQ14, M8 blank-off flange, M20Q1 and M20B2 O-ring, removal and replacement o f several crumbling blocks near 1AM10 and T2 wa­ter package, and installation of new custom designed shielding blocks (as needed), repairs of M20Q1 water leaks, M20 separator window valve, M13 beam blocker work, T I and T2 target, and water packages MRO.Very good vacuum was achieved in the T2 area after repairing these vacuum leaks. While the area was ac­cessible, a remote video survey was taken of the M20 front-end area to prepare for a future installation of radiation hard components. To help reduce the dose to technical experts, several volunteers were used to help with the replacement of up to 6 crumbling blocks. Due to several additional MRO jobs and high dose levels, the removal of the M il septum and the repairs of a small vacuum leak in M l 5 were postponed to the Jan­uary, 2005, shutdown.In the vault, the cyclotron lid was not raised until January 19 in order to do the elevating jacks mainte­nance (station # 8 and some calibrations). After that the lid was up until February 23 to complete the main­tenance jobs for probes (2C extraction foils, LE inspec­tion, replace NW periscope prism), engineering physics (MRO on Q3 correction plate, replacement of radia­tion damaged cabling for some upper correction plates as a quick repair with a plan to do a more thorough job in the next shutdown). The RF group completed several jobs that included: periscope survey, GAT posi­tion measurement, HAT adjustment for resonator #10, thermocouple replacement, chore pads replacement in UQ3 and UQ4, and resonator water leak test. The re­moval and reinstallation of the STF target was also completed to correct the misalignment and repair the limit switch. This job became more complex and took longer than scheduled due to a persistent leak (at the seal between the STF target housing and the water column above it) that was finally repaired by using a different style clamp and mocking up the repairs in the hot cell.Vault work on the jacks (station #11 , check all jack counters) continued with the lid down while the cy­clotron was baking, pumping and leak checking. The main magnet was energized on March 4, followed by injection and cyclotron tuning and a beam in 2A with TM1 at ITW on March 17. BL1A beam production started on April 14, due to the heavy workload planned in the meson hall.Beam line 2C contributed up to 50 mSV to the to­tal dose of 190 mSV for the whole shutdown distributed over 105 workers.Fall mini shutdown1A shutdown was from September 13 to October 6; 2A shutdown was from September 22 to October 4.It was decided to shut beam off to 1A a week early in order to repair 1AV8 and to allow the triplet to cool down for 2 weeks before doing repairs to it. The ma­jor jobs completed in the meson hall included: repair 1AVA8 leak, 1AQ15 water flush and flow test, 1AQ14 vacuum leak, T I and T2 water package MRO, replace224HV cables to beam spill monitor #56 , as well as many M RO jobs.In the vault, the beam was off September 22, and turned back on September 28. During that time the major jobs completed were: 2C4 monitor wiring and check wire scanner alignment, replace W CP flow me­ter, check phase probe wiring, C /P cabling, as well as M RO jobs by RF, Vacuum and Plant groups.D E SIG N OFFICEISAC received the majority of billable hours again this year (55% or approximately 8540 hours). ISAC-II used 5160 hours for the design o f the S-bend to ISAC- II, the SCB3 prototype and SCB2 production medium- beta cryomodule, and LN2 shield; GHe (from storage to compressor and refrigerator), LHe (from refrigera­tor to cryomodule) and LN2 distribution subsystems; TIGRESS prototype, EMMA proposal, charge state booster (CSB) development and ISAC-II experimen­tal beam lines.ISAC development and MRO used the rest, with target and target module improvements, laser spec­troscopy (source and port shielding), OLIS upgrades, LEBT extension to GP3, CSB development, TITAN (RFQ off-line test and platform for installation in ex­perimental hall), LTNO Faraday cup and beam trans­port upgrades, conceptual design for /3-NQR and on HEBT, improvements to rf tuners, DRAGON and TUDA.TRIUM F’s main program, MRO and upgrades, continued with beam line upgrades on IA, M9, M i l , M13, and M20. Cyclotron upgrades were made to: rf power switching devices, PA tube filament and hairpin inductor, development of new HE and LE probes. Pro­posals were made for future upgrades to the 2C solid target facility. (Total main program = 26% or approx­imately 4110 hours.)External projects continued with CERN 66 kV power supplies as-built documentation, xenon de­tector for LADD, KOPIO detector prototype, and AGS Brookhaven upgrade and kicker design (external projects = 17% or approximately 2670 hours).Photographic and visual art services provide sup­port for seminars, conferences, and publications, such as the Annual Financial and Administrative Report, the Five-Year Plan brochure and material for TRI­UMF’s corporate presentation and Outreach Program. A large part of our miscellaneous hours go to visual art services and, this year, included training hours for our SolidWorks users and a new junior/intermediate designer.Following the policy statement of December, 2003, “CAD Strategy at TRIUMF” , SolidWorks 3D mod­elling software has been adopted as the platform ofchoice for all TRIUMF users. We will extend this to support a network o f designers through the next Five- Year Plan. The close relationship between software for engineering analysis (COSMOS) and CNC machining (MasterCam) is proving to be both powerful and effi­cient. Network 2D CAD is available through PC Sup­port and currently provides access for 75 part-time users on a 9-seat network. This represents a consider­able savings on the maintenance required by the (pre­viously) 55 single seat users.M A C H IN E SHOPOver the past year the Machine Shop has gone through a restructuring process that entailed imple­menting the following procedures:1. Initiating a system of setting priorities by collab­orating with TRIU M F’s project coordinator.2. Restructuring the shifts in order to maximize ef­ficiency.3. Purchase of a second CNC vertical machining centre. Both machines have already had a major impact on the quality, quantity and versatility of work produced in the shop.4. Recruitment of four highly skilled technicians, three o f whom are are experienced program­mer/machinists using software such as Master­Cam and SolidWorks.5. Linking up to the Design Office database to ex­pedite the transfer of solid/Autocad files to the HAAS machining centres and to facilitate the speedy procurement of quotes by e-mailing draw­ings to companies we consider awarding contracts to.Major projects worked on included the TIGRESS prototype, TITAN RFQ, and cryomodules 1 and 2. The Machine Shop kept pace despite a heavy workload and the continual shortage o f manpower due to retirements and lag time, as a result o f the recruitment process.The Machine Shop continues to support local in­dustries by sub-contracting out work that is beyond the capacity o f the shop or large volume components that are extremely time sensitive in nature. Speciality companies which provide anodizing, electro-polishing and copper plating among others are also supported.Table LI demonstrates utilization of the Machine Shop by TRIUMF divisions and other user groups.The goal for the coming Five-Year Plan is to con­tinually upgrade and modernize the Machine Shop by replacing old and obsolete machinery that is not cost effective to maintain. As designs are becoming more complex it is becoming increasingly difficult to machine these components on manual machines, consequently CNC machining is the only option (see Fig. 244).225Table LI. Machine Shop utilization.ISAC development 4.48%Science 22.14%ISAC operations 7.27%Nordion 5.78%ISAC-II 41.94%Cyclotron operations 7.59%Cyclotron refurbishing 5.48%CERN 0.16%Affiliated institutions 2.42%NSERC 1.80%Miscellaneous (CFI) 0.16%Site infrastructure 0.38%Accelerator Technology and Administration 0.19%AGSUPER and Royalty 0.18%Fig. 244. Part made from a solid block of aluminum using the CNC machine.B U IL D IN G P R O G R A MDesign and management of minor construction projectsThe department was involved in a number of small construction projects around the site such as the He compressor room roof reinforcement, CRM water pipes trench, and the He tank slab (see Fig. 245).Structural design and engineering reviewStructural design was done for a variety of struc­tures including the TITAN installation platform and the He tank slab. Engineering review was performed for various small structures like cranes, trench bridges, etc.Construction reviewBesides the reviews of minor construction projects managed by the department, construction reviews ofFig. 245. He tank for the ISAC-II refrigeration system.the free standing crane in the ISAC-II building and the clean room bridge crane were also done.Architectural designThe Building department worked on the architec­tural re-design of the lobby and cafeteria areas in the main office building. Architectural re-design was also done for the mailroom in the main office building.Management of maintenance and repair workDuring the course of the year, approximately $100 K was spent on maintenance and repair work at various TRIUMF buildings and around the site. This included the annual maintenance and repair contract, interior and exterior painting, upgrading the parking lot and repairing some of the access roads.Management of landscaping workThe Building department continued with the man­agement o f the landscaped areas on the site. Most of this work is done through an annual landscape main­tenance contract.Drawing library maintenance and servicesThe department continued with organizing and up­dating the site and buildings drawing library, and pro­vided services of creating new and issuing existing drawings to many “in-house” clients.ELE C T R O N IC S SERVICES OverviewIn 2004, the Electronics Services group continued the tradition of offering services to a large percent­age of the site. This year was no exception from com­missioning a computer network at the new TRIUMF House, down to repairing cables in the bowels of the cyclotron vault. Twelve members of this group handled a great variety o f services including: consulting, design,226assembly, repair, manufacturing, testing, programming and debugging. This department also handled approx­imately 12 tons o f electronics goods for recycling.Electronics Repair ShopSignificant effort was put into implementing the directives of the new recycling program (necessitated by the large volume of dated equipment deemed to be obsolete) wherein otherwise unavailable parts are salvaged for re-use, before the equipment is sent out for environmentally sound disposal. Also, numerous repairs were performed on the readout displays, mo­tor controllers, and servo controllers for the Machine Shop lathe and milling machines. Otherwise, most of the maintenance activity involved the repair and cal­ibration of a total of 193 various electronic devices, including: 26 monitors and terminals (comprising 15 colour units and 11 monochrome units), 50 power sup­plies (of which 8 were NIM types, 13 were CAMAC types, 11 were high-voltage types, and the remaining 18 were miscellaneous types), 74 nucleonics modules (including 62 NIM devices and 12 CAMAC devices), 11 test and measurement instruments, and 32 miscel­laneous devices o f an electronic nature (vacuum pump controllers, etc.).P C Support/D esktop ServicesThe Desktop Services department continues to pro­vide a strong support service for the TRIUMF commu­nity. Typical responsibilities include support for Win­dows operating systems and common Windows appli­cations as well as recommending and maintaining PC, notebook, and server hardware. Other provided ser­vices include file serving, scheduled backup services, virus control, stocking spare parts, as well as assisting with network, e-mail, and printer connection issues.The PC backup service has been upgraded from a tape based system to disk based utilizing a new server with RAID protection and new backup software. This has improved the capacity, speed, and reliability o f the backup service. Several Dell servers and Windows 2003 server licenses were purchased to create a Windows server environment that will replace our Novell services and allow the Windows services provided by TRIUMF computing services to be amalgamated with our ser­vices.The increasing threat o f spyware and malware has caused us to review many products to help protect our Windows systems. This is a quickly evolving problem requiring immediate attention yet no single product is available to adequately protect us. Solutions will be available soon but in the meantime we are spending many hours cleaning up infected systems.PC hardware specifications remained relatively static this year as there was not much new product be­ing introduced. This has led to many nearly identical PCs being ordered this year. The Intel motherboards being used in most configurations are very stable hence leading to fewer service calls for our department. We continue to see higher than expected hard disk fail­ures, however, the problem is not confined to a single manufacturer. We are now recommending disks with a five-year warranty in the hope that reliability is im­proved. It appears that the LCD monitor has achieved a price point where it has replaced the CRT monitor. Over 90% of new monitor orders are for LCDs.Help desk activities have increased in comparison to 2003. PC hardware related tasks have grown by 20% to 369 tasks. Software related jobs increased by 57% to 514 tasks, and network related activities decreased by 23% to 107 tasks. The number o f people accessing this department’s servers has increased by 32% to 162. The PC backup service is utilized by 60 PCs which is up from 51 PCs last year. The backup size is now at 194 Gbytes for the PCs and 99 Gbytes for the servers. The networked AutoCAD 2000 pool consisting o f nine licenses has 76 registered users.Experimental and Target Technical SupportMuch of the year was spent on rework and repair of the MuLan Kicker project. Another major project involved work on the ISAC cryomodule tuner system and packaging a prototype system. For the 87r group, an equipment protection and fire alarm system was proposed, designed and installed. Ongoing background tasks included items such as target maintenance and repairs.High Level Software SupportThe past year included several projects for a variety o f groups at TRIUMF.The principal project was the control system for the LaserBall manipulator system for the K2K collab­oration. This system used four motors, solid state in­clinometers, MIDAS and MatLab to operate the arm. Preliminary design of an automated wire plane mea­surement system was started for the detector facil­ity. This is a motorized camera system that will mea­sure wire positions on drift chamber frames. A solid state bridging firewall was implemented to protect the BL2A and BL2C extraction probe computers from un­controlled access over the network. This also resolved problems with an excessively noisy network affecting the computer’s operation. A rewrite o f the magnet sur­vey system was started to replace the software running on a DECStation 5000 and the ULTRIX operating sys­tem. The Java acquisition system (JACQ) was used for this. Support for the Data Acquisition group in­cluded work on TIGRESS, Expt. 920 and LTNO. T his227included data acquisition equipment, software devel­opment, and hardware repair. The ISAC-II supercon­ducting cavity washer was completed, allowing auto­mated washing o f the cavities before installation into the accelerator.Technical SupportM ajor work for Technical Support included the design and installation of a prototype servo system and supporting electronics for the ISAC-II cryomod­ule tuners. Another main project involved the design, construction and installation of a PLC-based control system for the TW IST experiment TEC chamber. Sup­port was provided for the re-cabling of the cyclotron main tank periscope systems. Printed circuit boards were designed to support LTNO as well as some me­chanical design, and assembly and wiring for a gas con­trol system for TIGRESS. There were approximately 30 small jobs, which included items such as helping the RF group debugging software and improving doc­umentation for an rf multiplexer switch.Site CommunicationsSite Communications worked closely with the Cen­tral Computing department to plan and prepare for installation of redundant fibre optics cable links on the site. A related job was the transfer of existing copper cabling to the new rack in the MOB. Communications was also involved in planning, coordinating, and prepa­ration, with a pressing deadline, to reach an agreement to dig a trench from the MOB to the proton hall ex­tension and install various conduits and pipes. A direct savings of $10,000 was realized by TRIUMF. W ith only a few hours notice, the group coordinated with fibre in­stallers to determine the routing requirements at TRI­UMF House, as well as patching the copper network in time for the opening day. In order to preserve data and save space, help was given in archiving some 270 floppy disks and transferring them to CD media.Electronics ShopWork for CERN was a major component for our group. The Electronics Shop spent a lot of hours ev­ery month in 2004 producing and modifying boards and making up fibre optic cables for CERN. Controls required modifications to 20 units of our power and diagnostic 0918 modules. We replaced two large sets o f correction plate cables that had suffered radiation damage over the last 30 years. For the KOPIO project we assembled delay boxes. Other best sellers during the year were visual scalers and flowswitches. Making cables for all projects on site is a priority of the Elec­tronics Shop. Groups like DRAGON, TUDA, TITAN, LADD, TIGRESS and all others require lemo cables,ribbon cables, high voltage, delay cables and other one- off specials on a regular basis.E LE C T R O N IC S D E V E L O P M E N TThe majority o f the group’s work this year was again in support of the ISAC control system. Sev­eral specialized hardware modules were constructed for ISAC and further development continued on the data acquisition board (DAB) for CERN. Two members of the group visited the Canadian Light Source (CLS) to discuss controls for the helium refrigeration system for ISAC-II. Two members attended a one-week course on new PLC programming tools. The group received 29 requests for engineering assistance (REA) and 23 en­gineering change requests (ECR).ISAC SupportThe group continued to provide all the hardware installation, maintenance and upgrade support for the ISAC control system.For TITAN, an existing 6-channel 500 V VME mod­ule design was modified to provide 6 channels at 2 kV. The group also assisted in the manufacture of FET modules used for the TITAN RFQ. A module was de­signed and installed to handle the gas and vacuum on the HV platform.Assistance was provided for the installation of the Linde Kryotechnik helium refrigeration control system.W ith the experience gained from the rf amplifier monitoring system, it was decided to move towards a more distributed vacuum control system with the installation of the S-bend beam line. Higher density convectron gauge readout modules were redesigned as single channel versions to allow for installation at the device, which eliminates the need for extra cabling.Modifications were undertaken in the ICB target conditioning station to accommodate the testing and development o f a Febiad ion source.The CAN-bus controllers’ installation and cabling for the 85-magnetic element HEBT, M EBT, and DTL power supplies were reconfigured to allow for better maintenance and individual controller reset.Three beam current integrator modules were in­stalled for 8it.A hah probe readout module was modified to allow faster magnet scanning and installed in the CSB test stand.C E R NThe DAB-64x design in VM E-64 form-factor was finalized and manufactured. Five prototypes were as­sembled, two of which were sent to CERN for beam loss monitor mezzanine development. Firmware devel­opment is ongoing.228The group assisted in the production of 30 DAB-III modules for CERN.Engineering SupportThe group provided engineering support as mem­bers of technical committees, design review panels and the QA task force. The group also provides electron­ics engineering assistance to other groups at TRIUMF. These included the Central Controls group, the Safety group, and the RF Controls group.This year a new version o f the PE T rabbit pneu­matic transmission controller was implemented. Eleven new transmitters were designed, built and installed in the manholes along Wesbrook Mall between TRI­UMF and the UBC Hospital. The new transmitters provide both the hospital and PET staff with informa­tion about the location o f the rabbit during the trip from TRIUMF to the hospital. The controller for the send station was replaced with a PLC based system.Layout, assembly, and wiring of a methyl iodide chemistry control box were also started for the PET group.A photo detector and amplifier/shaping module has been designed for evaluation as a gamma detector for PET. A frequency to voltage stage will be added if the detector is suitable for the application.Experimental SupportThe DRAGON 300 kV power supply stack was re­built with a redesigned capacitor board after the stack failed in operation.More functionality was added to the VME based Gate Logic board as requested by the /iSR group.Work continued on the design of pre-amplifier electronics for a silicon E-deltaE detector for the DRAGON beam line.PSpice simulations were performed to evaluate and improve the pick-up circuit and rf transmission system of the LTNO detector.A 200/400/800 MHz summation amplifier capable of the faster rise times achievable with the new detec­tors was constructed.Secondary Channel SupportA plug-in ADC module was designed and retrofitted into the M l3 secondary channel motor con­troller. This module provided a more accurate position readback and hence a more accurate positioning of the M13 slits and jaws.Several new modules were designed and built:• The VME high voltage module was redesigned to accommodate ELCO HV plug-in modules, as the Spellman modules have been discontinued.• The VME QSX module was reworked to include a DAC and an upgraded FPGA.• A CAN-bus to GPIB and serial converter mod­ule was developed to provide greater flexibility in interfacing to more exotic devices, such as laser controllers.• In order to generate the necessary frequencies required for the TITAN RFQ, a version of the previously built VM E POL SYNTH module was built with modified firmware.• Optical isolation was added to the remote inte­grator module.• The pulse controller module, originally developed for the PSI kicker, was modified for use with the TITAN RFQ.• An Altera Cyclone board was designed and built for KOPIO development. Additional support was provided for developing applications with the NIOS-II embedded processor.• A pre-amplifier and VM E digitizing/signal pro­cessing module was built for use in the Qweak experiment at Jefferson Lab.• A 4-channel modulated frequency synthesizer has been designed as a VM E module for /3-NMR.InfrastructureThe group’s Web-based REA tracking system was expanded. Search and browse capabilities were in­creased. NCR tracking was included and automatic communication with the ISAC NCR system was im­plemented.The group’s computer network was expanded to in­clude the controls working area next to the ISAC con­trol room and the controls development room in the ISAC-II building.The use o f the Mentor Graphics Expedition soft­ware package for schematic design and PCB layout was abandoned after a time-consuming trial period be­cause the package proved to be non-stable. The newest versions of the Protel tools have addressed most of the group’s concerns, which had earlier prompted the switch to Mentor Graphics.New Hardware Designs229CERN COLLABORATIONIN T R O D U C T IO NTRIUMF’s collaboration with CERN on produc­ing accelerator components for the Large Hadron Col­lider (LHC) is now essentially complete with only a few small tasks continuing up to first collisions. For the period 1995-2005 the amount o f this contribution that TRIUMF is coordinating on behalf o f Canada is $41.5 million. The largest contribution has been the man­ufacture of 52 twin aperture quadrupoles, completed and shipped to CERN last year. These magnets are being field mapped at CERN and this work is expected to be completed by May, 2005.The LHC injection kicker components designed and built at TRIUMF underwent some final long term high voltage testing using the CERN provided control sys­tem. High voltage measurements were carried out to demonstrate that the rise time, fall time, and pulse uniformity were within the required specifications. The PFNs are being shipped to CERN in a special shock- absorbing container and all components should arrive by June, 2005.The remaining hardware project is the design and prototyping of the digital acquisition boards for the LHC beam pick-up monitors. This design has become a CERN standard and is now planned for use in the transfer lines and for the beam loss monitors. TRIUMF has manufactured prototypes of the latest version for testing at CERN. The series production will be carried out at CERN.The two beam dynamics efforts continue to be sup­ported. The first is a continuation of the beam tracking efforts taking into account field errors in the magnets, beam-beam interactions and misalignments to deter­mine methods of correcting these non-linearities. The second study looks at beam-beam effects in the colli­sion region and the potential instabilities that might be caused by the electric forces between the bunches. This task requires extensive computing power and makes use of the parallel processing available from WestGrid.The LHC schedule presently calls for an injection test into an octant of magnets to take place in late 2006, with first collisions scheduled for July, 2008. More details of the TRIUMF LHC work can be found in the following sections.B E A M D Y N A M IC S Beam Optics and CollimationAfter completion, in late 2003, o f the tasks related to collimation set-up and optics, a request was made by the CERN beam-dynamics group for assistance in studies of LHC at collision. This is a part o f an inten­sive tracking campaign planned by CERN for 2004-2005 aiming to optimize the machine parameters at collision and evaluate the realistically achievable lumi­nosity.During 2004, in collaboration with CERN, a track­ing model was developed, which includes weak-strong beam-beam interactions, simulated alignment and field errors in both rings, and procedures for their correc­tion. The resultant programming tools mostly con­sist of already existing modules. They were thoroughly tested at TRIUMF and, on several occasions, improve­ments were made.The tracking job is built in several stages: prepa­ration of optics for an imperfect machine, correction, short-term (1000 turns) tracking performed with the code MADX, and a million-turns tracking with Six- track to obtain the domain of stable trajectories (dy­namic aperture). The short-term tracking allows us to observe the effect o f non-linearities on the beam-beam tune footprint. The long-term jobs are built locally, but executed on dedicated clusters at CERN and world­wide. Being intended to assist the actual machine oper­ation, the correction algorithm takes into account only measurable observables, i.e. such that can be accessed from the LHC control room.The non-linear particle motion in an accelerator can be described by a symplectic 6-D map acting on initial coordinates. Using the well established theory of such maps, several programing tools were created al­lowing us to build the Lie-algebraic map of a beam line or a ring in either factorized, or Taylor form. Such maps were applied for the LHC triplet correction, where an analytical treatment was made, and on beam dynam­ics problems arising at TRIUMF - to reproduce the 7th order Taylor map (COSY) of an FFAG cell. In per­spective, such tools may serve to analyze the Linear Collider interaction region.Beam Optics and Stability Coherent beam-beam effects in the LHCOur study of beam-beam interactions in the LHC seeks to identify potentially unstable coherent modes excited by the electric forces between counter-rotating bunches of protons as the two beams meet and cross in the collision regions. Large-scale multiparticle simu­lations are a principal tool in this type of investigation and our parallel beam-beam simulation code BeamX is one of the first to include a fully 3-dimensional model of the collision process.In 2004 BeamX was migrated to three new comput­ing platforms in order to evaluate their parallel perfor­mance and to establish resource criteria for support­ing large-scale simulations that would allow the explo­230ration o f the beam-beam parameter space and help to predict and optimize LHC collision scenarios.The systems used were: the WestGrid Lattice CLUMP (CLUster o f Multiprocessors) system at the University of Calgary, the WestGrid Glacier facility at UBC, and the new Openlab cluster at CERN. This provided a diverse set of testbeds. The WestGrid-UBC and CERN clusters are based on dual 32- or 64-bit commodity processors in blade or rackmount config­urations, respectively. In contrast, the CLUMP archi­tecture uses specialized hardware and is designed to support rapid low-latency communication among small groups of processors in shared memory configurations.To benchmark these systems, a series o f full-scale BeamX runs (131078 simulated collisions), employing from 1 to 9 processors, were performed on each clus­ter. Consistently, the lattice CLUMP system was the clear leader, with performance at least a factor of 2 better than the commodity clusters, making it the pre­ferred platform for BeamX in its current form. How­ever, further developments in parallel beam-beam sim­ulation for LHC will likely involve increasing numbers of processors, to handle multiple interaction regions and bunch trains, and this may swing the preference back to the larger commodity clusters.We would like to acknowledge the support o f West­Grid (funded by the Canadian Foundation for Innova­tion and other agencies) whose facilities were essential to the timely validation, scaling up, and benchmarking of our parallel code in collaboration with CERN.C O N TR O LS A N D IN S T R U M E N T A T IO N LH C Orbit System ComponentsThe digital acquisition board (DAB64x) was re- desiged to meet the latest LHC specification (LHC-BP- ES-0002 Rev 2.0). Five prototype boards were manu­factured and assembled for preliminary hardware test­ing. Two modules were sent to CERN for beam loss monitor mezzanine development. Firmware develop­ment and hardware testing is ongoing. Software for DAB control and monitoring was rewritten to support the new power PC processor and the latest Lynx OS operating system.Assistance was also provided in the production of 30 DABIII modules which were used for beam tests at CERN.K IC K E R M A G N E T SEach of two LHC injection kicker magnet systems must produce a kick of 1.3 T m with a flattop duration variable up to 7.86 ms, and rise and fall times of less than 900 ns and 3 fjs, respectively. A kicker magnet system consists of four 5 D transmission line magnetswith matching terminating resistors, four 5 Cl pulse forming networks (PFN) and two resonant charging power supplies (RCPS). Six RCPS and nine PFNs, to­gether with associated switch tanks, and dump switch terminating resistors have been built at TRIUMF and all have been tested at high voltage (60 kV) to ensure that the performance is within specification.Each 5 f2 PFN is composed o f two parallel 10 Cl lumped element delay lines; each line consists of a 28 cell, 4.36 m long precision wound coil, high voltage and high current capacitors and damping resistors in par­allel with the coil. There is a thyratron switch tank at each end of the 5 Cl PFN.Each PFN and associated thyratron switch tank was operated at 54 kV and 0.1 Hz for more than 24 hours. Detailed measurements were carried out with 54 kV on the PFNs: 54 kV was chosen as it is the expected operating voltage at CERN. Pulses of mag­nitude 27 kV are produced when a PFN is charged to 54 kV and discharged into a matched terminat­ing resistor. CERN provided a terminating resistor and 10 RG220 cables to connect the main switch (MS) CX2003 thyratron to the main switch termina­tor (Fig. 246). The kicker pulse length is controlled by a dump switch (DS) CX2503 hollow anode thyratron that connects to a water-cooled DS terminating resis­tor. A total o f 10 precision terminating resistors was built and tested at TRIUMF with a measured resis­tance of 4.74 f! ± 0.01 Cl at 25°C at low voltage. The MS terminating resistance was measured at low volt­age to be 4.96 Cl. The voltage dependence of the MS and DS terminating resistors is, according to HVR, —1.33% /(kV /cm ). Each resistor consists of a stack of 10 resistor disks each 1 in. thick, thus the MS termina­tor resistor at 27 kV is 4.89 Cl, and the DS terminator resistance at 27 kV is 4.68 Cl.Fig. 246. PFN test set-up at TRIUMF with RCPS, and 4 CERN controls racks.231Each PFN system was set up and controlled by a CERN computer control system consisting of 4 racks o f electronics, that was set up at TRIUMF. Thus test­ing o f the PFNs and thyratron switches and RCPS was controlled in a representative manner. The opera­tional status of the kicker system located at TRIUMF could be monitored from CERN via an Internet con­nection. Several modifications to the controls and in­terlocks were made remotely from CERN during the initial setup phase.The high voltage pulse measurements are in excel­lent agreement with the low voltage measurements and with PSpice predictions. The pulse waveforms, mea­sured at the MS terminating resistor, were used to cal­culate the field in a PSpice simulation that includes the kicker magnet (Fig. 247). The 0.5% to 99.5% rise time for PFN2 is 800 ns (cf 900 ns) and the 99.5% to 0.5% fall time 2.4 ms (cf 3.0 ms). The fall time is 2.0 ms if the 0.6% undershoot at the tail of the pulse is neglected. The standard deviation of the magnetic field variation for PFN2 during the fiat top is ±0.09%. The largest flat top standard deviation is ±0.16% for PFN9.An important design consideration was the abso­lute precision of the PFN construction so that the PFNs are interchangeable with a minimum change in the relative calibration. All 9 PFNs were operated at a voltage of 54 kV: the high voltage was set by the CERN control system. The measurements were made in 2-month intervals over an 18-month period. The120,^ 100- 60~ 40 ^ 20 00 2 4 6 8 10Tim e (m icroseconds)Fig. 247. Kicker magnet field calculated from PFN2 mea­sured voltage pulse.Flattop standard deviation^ .09%f AI* >/ Rise time 800ns Fall time 2400ns \J 0.5% to 99.5% , 99 5% tn 0 5% Vstandard deviation in the relative calibration o f the fields (Fig. 248) for the 9 PFNs is ±0.11% : this is a good indication o f the long-term stability of the system as well as the precision of the PFN fabrication. Thus the overall system is well within the required specifica­tions of ±0.5% . The maximum relative field calibration is 0.33%.The TRIUMF shipping container, with special new shock absorbing frame, was used to ship 4 RCPS in 2003. One RCPS remains at TRIUM F and was used for all of the HV tests on the PFNs, switch tanks and terminating resistors. Special mounting brackets for clamping the PFNs to the shock absorbing frame were designed and installed in the spring, and there were 3 shipments o f 2 PFNs each in 2004. There are 2 more shipments of the container scheduled for 2005, one shipment containing 2 PFNs to leave TRIUMF in February, and one shipment containing the final RCPS and PFN to leave TRIUMF in May. The CERN con­trols racks will be crated and sent separately in April. Thus all of these systems will be at CERN by June, 2005 for final testing and preparation for installation into the LHC tunnel.100.5 -I100.4 -- 100.3 - 100.2 - 5 100.1 -i i 100 -fe 99.9 -o 99.8 -* 99.7 -99.6 -99.5 - 1P F N #Fig. 248. PFNs (2 to 9) kicker fields normalized to PFN2.232IN T R O D U C T IO NThe Technology Transfer Division at TRIUMF is responsible for the laboratory’s commercial interac­tions. It is composed of a small group dedicated to optimizing the commercialization of technologies ema­nating from TRIUMF research, plus the Applied Tech­nology group that is responsible for the operation of the on-site commercial cyclotrons on behalf of MDS Nordion.T E C H N O L O G Y T R A N S F E RThe mandate of the division is the pursuit o f all fi­nancially and technically viable opportunities for com­mercializing technologies emanating from the research at TRIUMF. This mandate must recognize the preem­inence of the scientific research at the laboratory, and proceed in a manner that optimizes the impact on TRI­UMF and the Canadian economy while minimizing the impact on scientific activities at the facility.The current Contribution Agreement between the National Research Council (NRC) and TRIUMF in­cludes the requirement for TRIUMF to enhance its impact on the Canadian economy. This impact is mea­sured through the benefits provided to Canadian indus­try, both through the transfer of TRIUM F’s technical knowledge and through its purchasing practices.TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER DIVISIONAPPLIED T E C H N O L O G Y G R O U P 500 M eV Isotope Production FacilityDuring this year, the 500 M eV irradiation facility received 327.6 mAh. Thirteen targets were irradiated, nine targets delivered to produce 82S r /82Rb for MDS Nordion.CP42 FacilityThe total beam delivery for 2004 was 670 mAh. The weekly beam delivery graph is shown in Fig. 249, the quarterly time evolution of the beam delivery is shown in Fig. 250. The downtime and maintenance statistics are analyzed in Fig. 251 and compared with the TR30- 1 and TR30-2.The upgrade o f the CP42 control system is nearing completion.TR 30-1 FacilityThe total beam delivery for 2004 was 1982 mAh. The weekly beam delivery graph is shown in Fig. 252, the quarterly time evolution o f the beam delivery is displayed in Fig. 250. The downtime and maintenance statistics are analyzed in Fig. 251 and compared with the CP42 and TR30-2.wEKLCHRGE15.0 ■D ■ELI 10.0 -—VERE 5.0 -D0.0 -1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53WEEK| □ Charge Delivered ■ Amount Scheduled |Fig. 249. Weekly beam delivery for the CP42.233mAh1500.0CP42 annual production given above bars1003.0 10®2£ 849.6 806.4 896.5 839.6 772.8 833.9 794.0 982.0CO ID CD !^ - CO CD o T— CM CO m CD CO CD O T— CM COCO CO CO CO 00 CO CO CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD o o O O OCD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD o o O O OT— T— T— ■v— ■*— t- t- ■*— ■*“ ▼“ T— T— CNJ CM CM CM CM^ s^ u arte^ ^ n ^ Q u arte^ ^ rd Q u a rteT ^ th ^ Q u arte^TR30-1 annual production given above barsCO LO CD Is- CO CD o T— CM CO LO CD r- CO CD O T— CM COCO CO CO 00 00 CO CO CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD o o O O OCD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD o o O O O"*■- T“ T— t— T— t- ■*— T— T— t— CM CM CM CM CMmAh4000.03500.03000.02500.02000.01500.01000.0 500.00.0□ 1st Quarter E32nd Quarter D3rd Quarter Q4th Quarter | TR30-2 annual production given above bars3757.01970.7..CO ■"tf LO CO 1^- 00 05 o T— CM CO ''S’ LO CO 00 05 O r- CM CO ■^rCO oo oo co oo oo 00 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 o o o o oCD CD 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 o o o o oT— T— T— T— T— t— t— v- T” T— T— T— T— T— t— t— t— CM CM CM CM CM□ 1st Quarter 13 2nd Quarter D3rd Quarter 114th Quarter |Fig. 250. Quarterly time evolution of the beam delivery for the CP42 (top), TR30-1 (middle) and TR30-2 (bottom).234CP42 2004 T R 30-2 Facility12%TR30-1 20043% 14%TR30-2 2004Standby3%Fig. 251. Breakdown of downtime and maintenance for the CP42 (top), TR30-1 (middle) and the TR30-2 (bottom) during operational hours.In 2004, the TR30-2 had the highest ever beam production of all ATG cyclotrons. The total beam de­livery was 3757 mAh. The weekly beam delivery graph is shown in Fig. 253, the quarterly time evolution of the beam delivery is displayed in Fig. 250. The down­time and maintenance statistics are analyzed in Fig. 251 and compared with the CP42 and TR30-1.A T G Development ProjectsATG is working towards a consolidation of the cy­clotron control rooms. The CP42 and TR30-1 controls are scheduled to be moved into the TR30-2 control room by the end o f 2005.The upgrade o f the C P42/T R 30 Radiation Moni­toring System has been completed. Work is in progress to replace the obsolete CP42 Access Control System.Improvements to the existing solid target sta­tion collimators are in progress. The new design uses collimator heads manufactured from a specific high strength tantalum-tungsten alloy.Collaborations are ongoing with the Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec, and the University o f Washington Medical Center in Seattle.R A D IO IS O T O P E P R O C E S SIN G (M D S N O R D IO N )During the year 2004, MDS Nordion shipped large quantities of short-lived medical radioisotopes pro­duced using the two TR30 cyclotrons and the CP42 cy­clotron. The main radioisotopes produced and shipped were iodine-123 used for thyroid imaging and research, palladium-103 used in prostate brachytherapy, and indium-111 used for monoclonal antibody imaging.235mAh/week 100.060.0WE 90.0 EK 80.0 LY70.0cH A RG 50.0 ED 40 0 + EL 30.0 IVE 20.0 RE 10.0 D0.0-- 80.0-- 70.060.0a100.050.040.030.020.010.00.01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53W E E K[□ "ch a rg e Delivered ■ A m o unt Scheduled |Fig. 252. Weekly beam delivery for the TR30-1.mAh/week120100 - -WEE D K E L L Y I V C E H R A E R D G E804020- - 10080n12060 40---- 201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 92021 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5253WEEK□ Charge Delivered ■Amount Scheduled |Fig. 253. W eekly beam delivery for the TR30-2.236ADMINISTRATION DIVISIONIN T R O D U C T IO NThe Administration Division is made up o f Human Resources and Administration, Accounting and Mate­rials Control, Administrative Computing, and Safety. The manager of each group reports to the Director. A summary o f Division activities is included in this report.H U M A N R E SO U R C E S A N D A D M IN IS T R A ­T IO NAll employees are reviewed for performance on an annual basis. The period covered for Performance Planning and Review coincides with the calendar year.TRIUMF has a very strong student program and hires on average some 35 summer students per year in addition to approximately 10 university co-op students who are hired each term.In 2004 TRIUMF awarded researcher emeritus sta­tus to two retired scientists. The researcher emeritus position is intended to mark the past accomplishments of retired researchers and to express TRIU M F’s appre­ciation for their willingness to continue active research in TRIUMF related activities. Initial planning was completed for the establishment of a TRIUM F alumni group. All retired TRIUMF employees and regular vis­itors to TRIUMF will be eligible to become members of this alumni group. A Web site with relevant alumni information is currently being constructed.The Administration Division maintains all long­term visitor information such as home institution, length o f stay, contact person at TRIUMF, radiation badge, and keys issued.The TRIUMF security card access system is work­ing well with approximately 1100 active security cards. All employees and long-term visitors are required to wear a photo ID card. All short-term visitors, those vis­iting less than three weeks, are required to wear a Vis­itor badge. Security guard coverage continues between 6:00 pm and 6:00 am on working days with twenty-four hour coverage on weekends and statutory holidays. All vehicles accessing the site behind the security fence are required to have a permit.The insurance program was renewed with an ap­proximate 13% increase in premiums over the previous year as a result of market conditions. Third party liabil­ity coverage remains at $50 M. All buildings operated by TRIUMF are owned by the University o f British Columbia and insurance coverage for these buildings and contents is provided by the Canadian Universities Reciprocal Insurance Exchange (CURIE).There are currently six full member and seven as­sociate member universities in the Joint Venture. Ef­fective April 1, 2004, the University o f Toronto became a full member and on December 1, 2004, Saint Mary’s University became an associate member.TRIUMF complies with Federal Treasury Board requirements under a results-based Management and Accountability Framework. The purpose of this frame­work is to establish a mechanism to help the National Research Council (NRC) and TRIUMF: i) collect per­formance information related to this initiative; ii) track delivery of commitments and reporting; iii) describe how the success of TRIUMF will be evaluated over time; and iv) provide direction for on-going and future planning. No Management and Accountability Frame­work report was required to be submitted in 2004 due to the review o f the reports submitted by TRIUMF to the NRC in support of TRIUMF’s 5 year funding request for the period 2005-2010.In 2004 TRIUMF completed construction o f its new housing facility, TRIUMF House. This facility offers modern amenities in a soundproof environment that ensures visitors to TRIUMF enjoy their home away from home. Official occupancy began on December 13. Construction of this facility was completed earlier than scheduled and under budget.E N V IR O N M E N T H EALTH A N D S A F E T Y LicensingThe latest version of the TRIUMF Preliminary De­commissioning Plan was accepted by the Canadian Nu­clear Safety Commission (CNSC). Such a plan is a reg­ulatory requirement under the new CNSC regulations for all nuclear facilities and must be accompanied by financial guarantees to cover the cost of eventual de­commissioning. At year’s end, TRIUMF was still ne­gotiating the form o f these guarantees with the federal government.The TRIUMF Quality Management System as de­fined in the Quality Manual and ten TRIUMF Stan­dard Operating Procedures (TSOPs) was accepted by the CNSC. These documents are available at http://w ww .trium f.ca/EH S/ by clicking on “Qual­ity Assurance” . As part of the Quality Assurance program, the TRIUMF QA Assessment Team per­formed 13 internal assessments of compliance with the TSOPs o f a number of TRIUMF groups. The as­sessments have been published as Internal Assessment Reports and are available to those TRIUMF users with an account on the TRIUMF Document Server http ://documents.triumf.ca/docushare/dsweb/HomePage. A new list o f assessments planned for 2005 was pub­lished at the end o f the year.237Table LII. Collective dose for TR IU M F personnel by group.GroupDose(mSv)Fraction of total (%)Median(mSv)Applied Technology 129.8 31.5 3.4Remote Handling 33.7 8.2 3.2500 M eV Operations 28.3 6.9 1.5Safety Group 29.9 7.3 1.1RF Group 16.8 4.1 0.7Vacuum Group 30.8 7.5 4.4Plant Group 31.6 7.7 0.6Beam Lines/Probes 29.0 7.0 4.0Tech Support 32.5 7.9 4.7Life Sciences 28.3 6.9 0.7ISAC Operations 8.4 2.0 0.2Science Division 10.5 2.5 0.3Outside Contractors 2.5 0.6 0.2Others 24.7 5.6 —Total 436.9 100.0 0.6In September TRIUMF was visited by a team of IAEA inspectors to verify TRIU M F’s compliance with international safeguards on nuclear materials. The in­spectors examined all hot cells at TRIUMF and ob­tained swipes of the exterior for analysis.Personnel DosimetryThe collective dose for TRIUMF personnel for the year 2004 was 436.9 mSv as measured by the direct reading dosimeter service. Table LII shows the break­down of the collective dose by various work groups. The collective dose was somewhat lower than for 2003. ISAC continues to make a relatively minor direct con­tribution to the collective dose.Interlocks and MonitoringISAC BI electrical room was interlocked to the 500 M eV Central Safety System and the ISAC DRAGON experimental area was interlocked to the Ion Beam Safety System. Both were commissioned early in the year.Designs were completed for the ISAC-II Access Control System and the extension o f the ISAC Ra­diation Monitoring System to ISAC-II. No funds were available to start installation within this fiscal year.A design for a new prototype secondary channel area safety unit was started. This is in anticipation o f a program to refurbish the meson channel interlock systems.Occupational Health and SafetyAll TRIUM F’s Occupational Health and Safety Programs continued to run smoothly. The fire alarm system, sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers were all inspected and verified for 2005.A workshop on ladder safety was presented in June after a rash of ladder related accidents. In order to ad­dress the possibility o f falls in other areas such as, for example, working on the 500 MeV cyclotron jacking system, fall arrest equipment was purchased for use in these areas and training provided for its use.A D M IN IS T R A T IO N C O M P U T IN G A N D C O M M U N IC A T IO N SManagement Information SystemsNo major changes were made to the MIS systems and database in 2004.Public W eb ServicesTesting of the new TRIUMF W eb server, http://w w w .trium f.info/, was completed, and it be­came the default public Web site in the last half of 2004. The site was set up with two home pages, one addressed to the general public, the other to TRIUMF users and employees. The former presents headline sto­ries that may be of interest to outsiders, and has menu items that lead to areas of general interest. The Users and Employees home page, on the other hand, presents current site announcements and status information, and has menu items that lead to areas more specific to the TRIUMF community itself. In both cases, some menu items lead to pages that remain on the old Web server; it will be a continuing project to migrate and reorganize these Web pages onto the new W eb server.In 2004, additional Web based utilities were imple­mented to support on-line beam requests. Unlike previ­ous forms, these new forms are interactive, in that the form structure varies depending on what type o f beam request is being made. The forms themselves are fully database-driven, so that they can be adjusted as new experimental facilities are brought on-line. These forms were first used for beam schedule 106, and formed the second component o f the Web beam scheduling tools (the first component, publishing the schedules, was completed in 2003).Development continued on the third component of the beam scheduling tools, which will allow a schedule to be built directly from the request database, without having to print the requests and prepare the schedule off-line. This component is expected to have two inter­faces - a graphic interface that uses timelines, and a spreadsheet-like interface. It is expected that this tool will be available for use in 2005.The administration Web server, admin.triumf.ca, was used to support the registration and payment o f three conferences in 2004: NIC-VIII, 5ISR, and W RNPPC. The NIC-VIII conference was the first to use the reusable conference forms, which will continue to be used for other conferences hosted by TRIUMF.238TelephonesNo major changes were made to the site telephone infrastructure during 2004. Towards the end of the year, planning was started on how to provide tele­phone service to the new TRIUMF House. The de­cision was made to add TRIUMF House to the ex­isting TRIUMF telephone system rather than install an independent system. The TRIUMF House portion would be connected to the main site using IP tele­phony, which would also allow sharing of infrastructure with the TRIUMF House data network. This would be the first use of IP telephony for TRIUMF, and in fu­ture, the same technology may be used within the main site as well.T R IU M F O U T R E A C H P R O G R A MThe TRIUMF Outreach Program (TOP) continues to evolve and grow in its second year, after being offi­cially launched in 2003 with generous grants from the Vancouver Foundation and the TRIUMF Technology Transfer office. TOP has been focusing its outreach ef­forts on high school students and teachers, as well as the general public, and good progress has been made in all o f these areas.The high school teacher internship program has continued to attract keen interest from teachers across BC, with 7 teachers having participated in TRIUMF experiments so far and over a dozen more on the wait­ing list. We expect this program to attract 3-6 teachers a year to TRIUMF for years to come.T R IU M F /IS C B C High School FellowshipIn 2004, TRIUMF instituted a new High School Fellowship program for an outstanding graduating high school student from BC. This fellowship is being run in conjunction with the Innovation and Science Council of BC (ISCBC). In 2004 about 100 of the top students from across BC were nominated by their schools for the award, from which the ISCBC selected a short list o f seven students. TRIUMF selected Reka Moldovan from Kelowna as the inaugural winner of the $3000 fellowship. She spent a six week summer research ex­perience at TRIUM F working with Prof. Jess Brewer of UBC. This fellowship was considered to be very suc­cessful, so the plan is to make it an annual award with hopefully more student winners in the future.Future DirectionsTOP has committed to joining the Alberta Large- Area Time coincidence Array (ALTA) cosmic-ray de­tector in the schools project by funding research and development o f the next generation data acquisition system. Two such systems are under development at the University o f Alberta under the direction of Jim Pinfold, and TRIUM F can expect to see the com­pleted units late in 2005. TO P is also gearing up for the United Nations World Year of Physics 2005, with many events being planned throughout the year. Plans are also under way to create a new Outreach Web site for use by teachers and students seeking information and updates about TO P programs.Fig. 254. Kelowna high school student Reka Moldovan re­ceiving her TRIUMF High School Fellowship award from TRIUMF Director Alan Shotter. Ms. Moldovan is presently a science student at UBC.239CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS AND MEETINGSFFAG 2004 W O R K S H O PFixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) accelera­tors, which were intensively studied in the 1950s and ’60s but never progressed beyond the model stage, have in recent years been the focus of renewed atten­tion. Two proton machines have now been built, three more (plus an electron FFAG and a muon phase rota­tor) are under construction, and a variety of designs are under study for the acceleration of protons, heavy ions, electrons and muons, with applications as diverse as cancer therapy, industrial irradiation, driving sub- critical reactors, boosting high-energy proton inten­sity, and producing neutrinos. These advances have been underpinned by a series of international work­shops held at CERN, KEK, LBNL, BNL and now TRI­UMF (April 14-21). A valuable feature of these work­shops has been their small and informal nature, with as much time as possible allocated to work and discussion. At TRIUMF, the 23 participants were certainly hard­working, giving no less than 36 talks between them. Their presentations can be found at the workshop Web site: http://www.trium f.ca/ffag2004. The work­shop was very capably organized by Shane Koscielniak and Elly Driessen.With their fixed magnetic fields, modulated rf, and pulsed beams, FFAGs operate just like synchro­cyclotrons - with the central region removed and the magnet broken into radial or spiral sectors to provide edge and strong focusing. The fixed magnetic field leads to a spiral orbit, so the vacuum chamber and magnets tend to be larger than for synchrotrons, but the repetition rate (and hence beam intensity) can be much higher, as it is set purely by rf considerations. High rep rate and large momentum acceptance are the two features where FFAGs offer advantages over syn­chrotrons, and it is applications needing one or both of these features that have driven the current surge of interest.In order to avoid the slow crossing o f betatron res­onances associated with conventional low energy-gain per turn, all FFAGs so far constructed have been based on the “scaling” principle, which means keeping the orbit shape, optics, and betatron tunes fixed, indepen­dent of energy, just as in synchrotrons. This requires magnets with constant field index (log gradient) over a wide radial aperture, and either constant spiral an­gle or, for radial-sector designs, focusing (F) and defo- cusing (D) gradient magnets with equal and opposite fields.Y . Mori described the two proton FFAGs recently built at KEK using DFD radial-sector triplets. The 1 MeV 6-sector POP (proof of principle) FFAG cameinto full operation in 2000, while the 12-sector, 5 m radius, 150 MeV ring, a prototype for proton therapy and neutron production, recently reached full energy.Another 150 MeV FFAG of the same design is be­ing installed at the Kyoto University reactor (KURRI), in collaboration with Mitsubishi, to test accelerator- driven sub-critical reactor operation. Two further FFAGs act as injector (a 2.5 MeV betatron with 8 spi­ral sectors) and booster (20 M eV with 8 radial sectors). Initially the rep rate will be 120 Hz, yielding a 1 yuA beam, later 1 kHz, providing 100 /rA.FFAGs are also of interest for muons at both low and high energies. Y. Kuno described PRISM (phase-rotated intense slow muon source), a 10-cell DFD radial-sector FFAG of 6.5 m radius, now un­der construction at RCNP Osaka for eventual instal­lation at J-PARC. It will collect 5-ns-wide bunches of 6 8 M eV /c ±30% muons and use a sawtooth rf field to rotate them in phase space, reducing the momen­tum spread to ±3% . With a rep rate of 100-1000 Hz the muon intensity will be 1011 — 1012/s , making pos­sible ultra-sensitive rare-muon-decay studies. PRISM will also be used for ionization cooling of muons. An­other scheme for ionization cooling came from Garren (UCLA) and Kirk and Kahn (BNL), who proposed a small 12-sector gas-filled FFAG (1 m radius) for cool­ing 250M eV /c ±30% muons, using superconducting magnets.Mori also described the ambitious plan to build a neutrino factory at J-PARC based on a sequence of four muon FFAGs with top energies of 1, 3, 10, and 20 GeV. The largest would have a radius of 200 m (to­tal orbit spread 50 cm) and consist o f 120 cells, each containing a superconducting DFD triplet. Most cells would also contain rf cavities to provide an overall en­ergy gain o f sal GeV/turn, restricting the muon de­cay loss to 50% overall. The use o f low-frequency rf (24 MHz) keeps the buckets wide enough to contain the phase drift occurring as the orbit expands. A ma­jor advantage of FFAGs over linacs - either single or recirculating - is that their large acceptance obviates the need for muon cooling or phase rotation. There are also significant cost savings.The rapid acceleration essential for muons allows betatron resonances no time to damage beam quality. Scaling can therefore be abandoned, the betatron tunes allowed to vary, and lattices explored for properties favourable to muons. In particular, in 1999 C. John­stone (FNAL) showed that it would be very advan­tageous to use constant-gradient magnets, with pos­itively bending Ds stronger and longer than the Fs. The circumference could be shortened, the radial orbit240Fig. 255. Attendees at the FFAG2004 Workshop at TRIUMF, including AG pioneer Ernest Courant and FFAG pioneer Andy Sessler (4th and 5th from left).spread reduced (allowing the use of smaller vacuum chambers and magnets), and the orbit length made to pass through a minimum at mid-energy (instead o f ris­ing monotonically), thus reducing the variation in orbit time with energy - a vital consideration since there is no time for rf frequency modulation. Moreover, con­stant field gradients could be used (rather than con­stant field index), simplifying the magnet design and rendering non-linear resonances harmless.Lattices along these lines were described by John­stone, by Berg, Courant, Trbojevic and Palmer (BNL), by Keil (CERN) and Sessler (LBNL), and by Kosciel- niak (TRIUMF). The latest results from an ongoing cost-optimization study by Berg et al. favoured the use o f linacs up to 2.5 GeV followed by 2.5-5, 5-10 and 10-20 GeV FFAGs; the main ring, composed o f sslOO doublet or FDF triplet cells, would have a cir­cumference of «700 m, with orbit lengths varying by only 20 cm.W ith the orbit time first falling and then rising, Koscielniak and Berg have shown that, by exceeding a critical rf voltage, an acceleration path can be cre­ated which stays close to the voltage peak (crossing it three times), snaking between neighbouring buckets (rather than circulating inside them). Their latest re­sults showed that by using high-field superconducting 200 MHz cavities it should be possible to accelerate from 10 to 20 GeV in 16 turns, with decay loss 10% (25% in the three rings).Several presentations were dedicated to particular technical features, including resonance crossing, injec­tion and extraction, and magnet and rf hardware de­sign. Some novel features of non-scaling designs - par­ticularly acceleration outside buckets and the crossing of many integer and half-integer resonances - were felt to deserve demonstration in an electron model (prob­ably 10-20 M eV /c) and some preliminary studies of lattices and hardware were presented.A different non-scaling approach has been taken by Ruggiero (BNL), who described a design for a 1.5 GeV proton FFAG to replace the AGS booster, or for high- power applications up to 4 MW . Here acceleration is relatively slow (>1000 turns) so that resonances must be avoided. The tune is therefore kept essentially con­stant by using a non-linear field profile for which the changes in gradient balance those in flutter, while the non-scaling virtue of low dispersion is retained by us­ing FDF cells with stronger D than F magnets. The 136-cell FFAG, located in the AGS tunnel, would ac­celerate 1014 ppp at 2.5 Hz, providing a 40 pA beam.W ith this wide variety of new ideas and new projects, FFAGs seem at last to have come into their own. These matters were to be followed up at the next workshop, held at KEK in October, 2004.T R IU M F S U M M E R IN ST IT U T EThe TRIUMF Summer Institute (TSI) has a long standing tradition, and has over the years attracted many students from Canada and around the world to lectures on a wide variety o f topics, all in direct re­lation to forefront physics pursuit at TRIUMF. The 2004 TSI was the 16th in the series, and took place at TRIUMF from the July 5-16. It was entitled Lectures in Nuclear Astrophysics: Experiment, Theory, and Ob­servations. The Institute is tailored towards graduate students and young researchers in the field. This year’s Institute was organized to go hand-in-hand with a ma­jor international conference, also organized by TRI­UMF: the 8th International Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos (NIC 8 ), which started the following week. This combination of the summer school together with the conference allowed for an excellent introduction241to the field and attracted 38 students from 4 conti­nents. The Institute is structured with formal lectures in the morning and a tutorial session in the afternoon, where open discussions were encouraged. The presence of various lecturers during these open sessions made for interesting discussions and allowed the students to tackle a broad variety of questions from different view­points, both experimental and theoretical. In addition to the formal part, 3 excursions were organized, includ­ing an ocean kayak trip, which allowed for excellent interaction between the lecturers and students, lead­ing to many interesting and enlightening conversations (and unwanted swimming actions). Nevertheless, the Institute is recognized by many universities as a for­mal course and students used this opportunity to ar­range for credit, which is given based on homework. The lecturers and topics this year were:• T. Beers (Michigan State University, USA) As­trophysical Observations• F. Bosch (GSI Darmstadt, Germany) Mass Mea­surements of Astrophysical Interest• A. Cummings (McGill University) Explosive Nu­cleosynthesis• B. Davids (TRIUM F) Indirect Reaction Studies Relevant for Nucleosynthesis• C. Illiadis (University of North Carolina, USA) Direct Reaction Studies• T. Kajino (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan) Big Bang Nucleosynthesis• B. Mayer (Clemson University, USA) Stellar Evolution• A. Mezzacappa (Oak Ridge National Lab, USA) Supernovae and Gamma-Ray BurstsThe organizing committee was chaired by Jens Dilling and included Lothar Buchmann, Barry Davids and Byron Jennings.Fig. 256. Group photo of the TRIUMF Summer Institute participants and lecturers in the TRIUMF backyard.N U C LE I IN TH E C O SM O SThe 8th International Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos was held from July 19-23 at the Coast Plaza Hotel, located in the West End o f Vancouver. There, two hundred and thirty-seven participants were treated to the latest news from the world o f nuclear astro­physics and related fields as well as a multitude of other means to keep the body and soul refreshed. This series of conferences was established under its present name in 1990, with the inaugural meeting being held in Baden, Austria. The initial emphasis on experimental nuclear astrophysics has now been extended to include a wide range o f topics from observational astronomy to stellar modelling of extreme conditions, all bound to­gether by the common subject o f interest which is how elements are produced and distributed in the cosmos.After an introductory address by Sam Sullivan, the deputy mayor of Vancouver, the conference was opened for talks with Tom Lehrer’s rendition of “The Elements” , as the focus of these meetings is the ori­gin of the elements in the universe. Opening talks on core collapse supernovae reported significant advances in understanding these mechanisms which have led to (nearly) working models of such SN explosions; impres­sive colour movies of such explosion simulations were shown. Additional data on many processes, e.g. elec­tron capture rates for medium mass nuclei in the iron region are, however, needed. The observation by satel­lites of the 7 emitting isotope 26 A l (t i/2 = 7.4x 105 yr), most likely resulting largely from core collapse super­novae (and maybe other explosive events), has stimu­lated the drive to measure reaction rates for its pro­duction and destruction in such events. Such reactions involve both stable and radioactive heavy ion beams. As not all reactions can be measured directly, there is a strong need for nuclear theory input, a topic that was discussed extensively.The focus o f the conference then shifted to ob­servation o f specific isotopes by non-optical means. An exciting development is the observation o f 60 Fe (ti/2 = 1-5 x 106 yr) in ferromanganese crust in the Pacific. This isotope can only have been produced in a SN explosion which occurred in the solar vicinity about three million years ago. The Cosmic Ray Isotope Spec­trometer (CRIS) on the ACE spacecraft, which is mea­suring the isotopic composition o f cosmic rays, observes a source similar to the elements in the solar system ex­cept for a few, not well understood isotopes. Since 2002 the European Space Agency’s IN TEGRAL satellite has been observing 7 -rays emitted from specific isotopes in our galaxy, including those from positron annihilation radiation and from the decay o f 26 Al. Since in many core collapse supernovae models 60Fe is produced at242about the same rate as 26Al, the fact that its decay has not been observed by satellites has become criti­cal.A large fraction of the conference was dedicated to the observation of early nucleosynthesis in the atmo­spheres o f old, small halo stars and the modelling of the galactic chemical evolution. There is remarkable evidence that early r-process nucleosynthesis and the distribution of iron peak elements is often close to so­lar, closer than models would predict. Early s-process nucleosynthesis leads to a relative enhancement of lead, while some isotopes show not well understood irregu­larities.The measurement of nuclear reactions with stable isotopes is still at the forefront of research. In particu­lar, the reaction considered to be the most important for understanding the production of medium mass el­ements in stellar environments is 12C (a , 7 )160 . It was the subject of many experimental studies reported at the symposium which attempt to determine its rate at stellar temperatures with greater precision. While sig­nificant progress has been achieved by various groups, more work is needed. The LUNA (Laboratory Under­ground for Nuclear Astrophysics) facility, located in the Gran Sasso tunnel in Italy, allows measurements o f important reactions such as radiative proton cap­ture on 14N at very low energies where the stellar re­action rate has lately been lowered considerably. With the reduction o f cosmic ray background, studies down to the Garnow energy window can be achieved.A highlight o f the conference was the series of talks on SN and 7 -ray bursts (GRBs), exhibiting total en­ergy outputs o f « 1 0 52 ergs and more. Overwhelming evidence over the last 6 years indicates that a large fraction o f GRBs are accompanied by SNIc events, al­though the inverse is not necessarily true. Models of such violent explosions, known as collapsars, were pre­sented as a work in progress; the role o f rotation and the formation of jets are important aspects of such sce­narios. O f equal importance is a good understanding of SNIa, which are excellent cosmological distance in­dicators (standard candles). The maximum light out­put versus decay width calibration seems to be under­stood now theoretically; however, second order varia­tions in models and the exact deflagration mechanism need more attention.Considerable progress has been made in under­standing the s-process but more work is needed, espe­cially with initiation reactions and for reactions of low cross section and at very low energies as the paradigm for s-process nucleosynthesis has moved to low mass stars. A new facility, the n_TOF system at CERN, is now operational and providing valuable (n,y) cross sec­tions over a wide mass range.A number o f talks were centred on the r-process, which is believed to be the mechanism responsible for the production o f half of the elements heavier than those in the iron peak. Identification o f the astrophys- ical site and the specific conditions under which the r-process takes place remains a major mystery, along with predictions of properties o f very neutron-rich ex­otic nuclei involved in this process. Studies on presolar grains are also providing a wealth of new information and setting constraints on models of nucleosynthesis and stellar evolution for a multitude o f stellar scenar­ios.Originally, this conference series sought to bring to­gether experimentalists to discuss programs in nuclear astrophysics. This is still a main focus o f attention and there were a number of overview talks on studies with both stable and radioactive heavy ion beams. Areas of focus for radioactive isotope studies are measure­ments related to the r-process, the rp-process and the p-process. The combination o f these data coupled with improved stellar models leads to a better understand­ing o f nucleosynthesis in stellar environments prior to and during explosive scenarios. Therefore mechanisms for cataclysmic stellar events, including novae and X- ray bursts, were the subject o f various talks at the con­ference. New techniques involving radioactive beams and recoil separators are providing new avenues to ob­tain necessary information previously considered inac­cessible. Additional reaction rates involving exotic nu­clei are still required for a clearer understanding o f the mechanism leading to the production of particular iso­topes.In addition, there were talks on reactions occurring in the sun, measurements o f the solar neutrino flux us­ing the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) which have led to a clear confirmation of neutrino flavour mixing, and the status o f information on reactions in big bang nucleosynthesis.At the banquet held at the University of British Columbia’s Museum of Anthropology, all were treated to an introspective view of the early days o f studies at the first centre for experimental nuclear astrophysics at Caltech by D.D. Clayton. His talk was entitled “Phive Years o f Physics Phun with Phowler” , presenting sto­ries o f working with Willie Fowler (Nobel Laureate in 1983). The talk can be found in the conference proceed­ings, including the Kellogg Laboratory’s battle song.A closing talk was given by Claus Rolfs with a particular emphasis on experimental measurements in Bochum. The next symposium, Nuclei in the Cosmos IX, will be hosted by CERN in Geneva, Switzerland in 2006.The conference proceedings will be published as an edition of Nuclear Physics A early in 2005. The edi­243tors are Lothar Buchmann, Martin Comyn and Jana Thomson.The following people are acknowledged for ensuring the successful staging o f the conference. W ith her im­pressive organizational skills, Elly Driessen made the conference possible in the first place. Lorraine King’s dedicated work on the proceedings helped ensure their timely publication. Thanks are extended to the staff of the Coast Plaza Hotel and to Mindy Hapke for tak­ing the conference photographs. UBC Catering Ser­vices and the Romanza String Quartet, both involved with the banquet, are also gratefully acknowledged. The work of the Local Organizing Committee, in par­ticular J. D ’Auria, P. Gardner, K.P. Jackson, G. Jones, H. Leslie, J. Rogers and A. Shotter, deserves high praise as does the TRIUMF accounting office for help and personnel during registration, and the many tour guides who assisted at the TRIUMF tour on the Satur­day morning following the conference. Finally, hosting the conference would not have been possible without the generous sponsorship provided by MDS Nordion, NSERC and TRIUMF.V IC T O R IA L IN E A R CO LLID ER W O R K ­SHOPThe Victoria Linear Collider Workshop was held July 28-31 at the Hotel Grand Pacific in downtown Victoria. This was a meeting in the series o f North American workshops on the physics, detector, and ac­celerator issues of the future International Linear Col­lider.The workshop was attended by 150 physicists, the large majority from the United States, but with many participants from Canada, Europe, and Asia.Alan Shotter, TRIUMF director, opened the meet­ing by welcoming the participants to Victoria and giv­ing a brief introduction to TRIUMF and its role in Canadian particle physics. The rest of the first day consisted of plenary talks on the status of linear col­lider plans around the world, the status of accelerator research and development, and on a number of theo­retical developments. The closing talk o f the first day, The Linear Collider and the Rest of the Universe, by Jonathan Feng, was very well received.The second and third days had parallel sessions, typically five at any time, of the 21 working groups covering all aspects of physics, detector, and acceler­ator issues. In the late afternoon of the second day, a review of detector research and development was pre­sented in plenary session.In the afternoon of day three, the plenary session included a presentation by Barry Barish on the sta­tus of the International Technology Recommendation Panel (ITRP). That panel was charged to select be­tween the two competing accelerator technologies, so that the world community could focus on a single de­sign. At ICHEP in Beijing in August, the ITRP an­nounced its recommendation to use superconducting accelerating structures. Subsequently, Barry has been asked to lead the organization to develop the single design o f the International Linear Collider.Other plenary presentations on the third day in­cluded talks from representatives of the US funding agencies, and from the leaders of the world wide physics and detector studies.The final day of the program had a set of sum­mary presentations covering some of the parallel ses­sions, and concluded with a fine talk by Michael Peskin from SLAC.More information about the workshop, including all o f the presentations given at the meeting, can be found on the Web at www.linearcollider.ca/victoria04.The workshop was a great success. The participants and organizers were very pleased with the hotel ser­vices and staff. The chair o f the organizing committee (D. Karlen) would like to acknowledge the financial support for this meeting from TRIUMF, University of Victoria, IPP Canada, and NSERC.F IF T H IN T E R N A T IO N A L S Y M P O S IU M ON R A D IO H A L O G E N SThe Fifth International Symposium on Radiohalo­gens (5ISR) was held September 11-15 in Whistler. 5ISR was the most successful Radiohalogen sympo­sium in the series with more than 70 attendees from Canada, Europe, Japan, China, and the USA. While most attendees were from academic research facili­ties, several participants came from companies such as Bristol-Myer Squibb, MDS Nordion, Merck, Nihon Medi-Physics, Schering AG, Theragenics, and Molec­ular Insight Pharmaceuticals. Topics discussed at the meeting included: production of radiohalogens, fluorine chemistry, iodine chemistry, bromine chemistry, radio­halogens in radiotherapy, drug development, and in­dustrial issues. Sponsorship for the meeting came from the US Department of Energy (DOE), MDS Nordion, the University o f Washington, TRIUMF, and the Soci­ety o f Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (SRS). W ith the DOE and SRS contributions we were able to provide travel awards for 11 graduate students and postdoc­toral fellows to attend the meeting. The 5ISR Web site (http://w w w.trium f.ca/5ISR) contains a PDF version of most of the scientific presentations, an attendees list, and various photos from the meeting.T R IU M F U SE R S’ G R O U P A N N U A L G E N ­E R A L M E E T IN GThe 2004 TRIUMF Users’ Group Annual Gen­eral Meeting was held in the TRIUMF auditorium on244Wednesday, December 8, prior to the Subatomic and Materials Science two-day EEC meetings. The meet­ing had 48 registrants and several users who were unable to travel to TRIUMF watched the live video stream on the Web. The video files are archived on http://video.trium f.ca/cgi-bin/archive/tug04.The meeting began with the traditional set o f talks by the Director and Division Heads reporting on the state o f the laboratory, the science highlights and fu­ture beam schedule, the cyclotron status and plans for future refurbishing and upgrades, and the status o f ISAC-I and ISAC-II. All o f the presentations con­templated future developments outlined in the 2005- 2010 Five Year Plan which was awaiting government approval.In anticipation of the new funding, the TRIUMF Users’ Executive Committee (TUEC) had conducted a long range planning survey as an initial step in de­veloping a vision beyond 2010. Jeff Sonier, the TUEC Chair, presented a summary of the 43 responses re­ceived. Many were provocative and prompted a lively discussion from the floor, which extended into the lunch break. It was generally agreed that it had been a worthwhile exercise, and the collated responses were later given to the Director and Division Heads for their consideration.After lunch, there were talks by Isao Tanihata of ANL and two TRIUMF graduate students, Julie Lefeb- vre and Dan Melconian.In the TUEC Business Meeting, Jeff Sonier out­lined what TUEC had achieved during 2004 and then announced the results of the election for the vacant 2005 TUEC positions. By acclamation, P. Garrett (U. Guelph) was elected as chair elect for 2005. For the first time in the history of the TRIUMF Users’ Group (TUG), there was a second place tie in the vote for the two representatives. As the TUG by-laws did not spec­ify what to do in such a situation, it was agreed by a majority of the members present that in this instance there would be three representatives for 2005/2006. They are G. Gwinner (U. Manitoba), M. Nozar (TRI­UMF) and F. Sarazin (Colorado School o f Mines). To avoid a recurrence in the future and, more importantly, to specify what to do in the case of a tied vote for chair elect, TUEC will propose an amendment to the by-lawsearly in 2005 and conduct a ballot which will require a two-thirds majority o f the members voting in order to be adopted.TUEC also nominates two members to represent the Users on the TRIUMF Operating Committee. In 2004 S. Yen (TRIUMF) and L. Lee (U. Manitoba) re­mained as the on-site member and alternate, respec­tively, while G.M. Luke (McMaster U.) and J.E. Sonier (SFU) remained as the off-site member and alternate, respectively.This ended the formal part of the TUG AGM, but instead of finishing with a buffet dinner at TRIUMF, everyone moved to TRIUMF House for a reception and a final chance to reminisce and say farewell to the old building before the move to the new facility the follow­ing week.WelcomeState o f the Laboratory Science Division Report Cyclotron Status ISAC Report TU G LRP Survey Results Radii and Density Distributions o f Nuclei Chemistry and Physics of Gold-Cyanide Coordination PolymersSearching for Right-Handed Currents in the /?-Decay of Laser-Cooled Polarized 37K TUEC Business Meeting Reception - Farewell to the Old TRIUMF HouseJeff Sonier Alan Shotter Jean-Michel Poutissou Roger Poirier Paul Schmor Jeff SonierIsao Tanihata, ANL Julie LefebvreDan Melconian Jeff SonierT U E C Membership for 2004J.E. Sonier J. Dilling W .D . Ramsay A .A . Chen T .A . Porcelli P. Bricault A. Laird M. ComynSFUTRIUMF U. Manitoba McMaster U.U. Northern BC TRIUMF U. York, UK TRIUMFChair Chair Elect Past Chair 2003/2004 2003/2004 2004/2005 2004/2005 Liaison Officer245ORGANIZATIONBoard of Management (B O M )The Board of Management of TRIUMF manages the business of the facility and has equal representation from each o f the five member universities. The Board met 3 times during the year. At the end of 2004 the Board comprised:University o f Alberta Dr. W .J. McDonald ChairmanDr. A. NoujaimUniversity o f British Columbia Dr. D. BrooksDr. J. YoungDr. R. Carnegie Dr. F. HamdullahpurDr. M. Plischke Dr. C.H.W. JonesDr. P. Sinervo Dr. R. OrrDr. R. Keeler Dr. M. TaylorMs. G. Gabel Environmental Sensors Inc.Dr. H. Ing Bubble Technologies Inc.Towards the end o f 1987, Board membership was expanded in anticipation of a broadening of the TRIUMF joint venture to include a more national representation o f Canadian universities long associated with the TRIUMF experimental program. The University of Manitoba and Universite de Montreal became associate members, and the University o f Toronto joined as an observer. At the end of 1988, University o f Toronto’s status changed from that o f observer to associate member. In March, 1989 the University of Regina became an associate member. In December, 1998 Carleton University and Queen’s University became associate members. In March, 2000 Carleton University’s status changed from that of associate member to full member. In 2001 two private sector positions were added. In October, 2001 McMaster University became an associate member and effective April 1, 2003 the University of Guelph became an associate member. In April, 2004, the University o f Toronto became a full member. Associate membership at year-end:Non-voting Associate members: Dr. P. TremaineDr. W .T.H . van Oers Dr. A.J. Berlinsky Dr. C. Leroy Dr. A. Hallin Dr. K. Bergman TBADr. R. Orrex officio members: Dr. W . DavidsonDr. R.G.H. Robertson Dr. A. Shotter Dr. J.-M. Poutissou Mr. J. Hanlon246University of Guelph University of Manitoba McMaster University Universite de Montreal Queen’s University University of Regina Saint Mary’s University University of TorontoNational Research Council ACOTDirector, TRIUMF Associate Director, TRIUMF TRIUMF, Recording SecretaryCarleton UniversitySimon Fraser UniversityUniversity o f TorontoUniversity o f VictoriaPrivate SectorUnder the directorship of Dr. A. Shotter, TRIUMF personnel were grouped into Divisions, with Division Heads as follows:AdministrationDivision Head, Science Division Division Head, Accelerator Technology Division Division Head, Cyclotron Operations Division Division Head, Technology Transfer Division Division Head, ISAC Division Division Head, Administration DivisionJ.-M. Poutissou E.W. Blackmore R. Poirier P.L. Gardner P.W. Schmor A. ShotterOperating Com mitteeThe TRIUM F Operating Committee advises the Director and the TRIUMF Board of Management (through the Director) on matters relating to the scientific productivity and direction of the TRIUMF laboratory. The Operating Committee consists of one voting member from each of the five full-member universities, two voting members representing the interests of the Users, and one representing TRIUMF staff. The Associate Director is a non-voting member. The Operating Committee met 5 times in 2004. Members of the committee (alternate members in parentheses) at the end of 2004 were:Dr. A. Shotter Dr. J.-M. Poutissou Dr. J. Pinfold Dr. G. Oakham Dr. J.M. D ’Auria Dr. P. Savard Dr. D. Karlen Dr. T. Mattison Dr. G.M . Luke Dr. S. Yen Mr. R. Baartman Mr. J. Hanlon Dr. W . DavidsonChairman (ex officio)Recording Secretary (ex officio)DirectorAssociate DirectorUniversity of Alberta (Dr. D.Carleton University (Dr. S.Simon Fraser University (Dr. P.University o f Toronto (Dr. R.University o f Victoria (Dr. R.University o f British Columbia (Dr. S. Users (Dr. J.Users (Dr. L.TRIUMF Employee Group (Mr. RTRIUMFNational Research CouncilGingrich)Godfrey)Percival)Orr)Sobie)Oser)Sonier)Lee)Ruegg)Agency Com m ittee on T R IU M F (A C T )The role o f the Agency Committee on TRIUMF is to oversee the Government of Canada’s investment in TRIUMF and the economic benefits derived from that investment, with a particular focus on financial and com­mercialization matters. The Committee provides advice to the Minister of Industry, in conjunction with the reports of the NRC Advisory Committee on TRIUMF on scientific matters. The Agency Committee on TRIUMF usually meets twice a year.Dr. M. Raymont Chairman Acting President, National Research CouncilDr. T. Brzustowski President, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research CouncilMs. S. Hurtubise Deputy Minister, Industry CanadaDr. W . Davidson Secretary National Research Council247N R C Advisory Committee on T R IU M F (A C O T )The Advisory Committee on TRIUMF advises the National Research Council on all aspects of the TRIUMF program insofar as they relate to the determination and administration of the federal contribution to TRIUMF. The Committee provides scientific program advice to the Director of TRIUMF. The Committee reports to the National Research Council each year on its findings and recommendations, with particular reference to the arrangement entered into by the National Research Council and TRIUMF under which contribution payments are made, thereby ensuring that TRIUMF utilizes its program in support o f its defined role as a national facility and works with all constituencies of the Canadian subatomic physics community to sustain a national program in the field o f research, within the context o f the funds available.Dr. R.G.H. Robertson Chairman University of WashingtonDr. W . Davidson Secretary National Research CouncilDr. J. Aysto University of JyvaskylaDr. W .J.L. Buyers National Research CouncilDr. J. Guigne Guigne International Ltd.Dr. S. Houle University of TorontoDr. G. Kalmus Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryDr. W . Nazarewicz University o f TennesseeDr. C. Rolfs Ruhr-Universitat BochumDr. J. Siegrist University of California, BerkeleyDr. H. Tennant National Research CouncilDr. P. Vincett Fair Copy Services Inc.Dr. E. Brash (ex officio) University of ReginaDr. W .J. McDonald (ex officio) University of AlbertaDr. W . Trischuk (ex officio) University of TorontoMs. K. Wilson (ex officio) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research CouncilT R IU M F Safety Management CommitteeDr. A. Shotter Dr. J.-M. Poutissou Dr. E.W . Blackmore Dr. R. Poirier Mr. P.L. Gardner Dr. P.W. Schmor Mr. M. Stenning Mr. D. Preddy Mr. G. W ood Mr. L. Moritz Mr. J. Hanlon Dr. S. Zeisler Dr. B. Abeysekera Mrs. K. GildertDirector, TRIUMFAssociate Director/Head, Science DivisionHead, Accelerator Technology DivisionHead, Cyclotron Operations DivisionHead, Technology Transfer DivisionHead, ISAC DivisionHead, Operations GroupTAPC ChairmanIndustrial Safety Officer/TAPCHead, Environmental Health & SafetyManager, Human Resources & AdministrationHead, Applied Technology GroupMDS-NordionRecording Secretary248In July, 1994 the Experiments Evaluation Committee was formally split into two committees representing sub­atomic physics and //SR physics. In 2000 the //SR Committee changed its name to the Materials Science Committee and in 2003 the name was changed to Molecular and Materials Science Experiments Evaluation Committee. In 2004 these committees comprised:Experiments Evaluation Committees (EEC)Subatomic Committee:Dr. B.M. Sherrill Dr. J.-M. Poutissou Dr. B. Jennings Dr. W . Ramsay Dr. S.J. Freedman Dr. I. Tanihata Dr. F.K. Thielemann Dr. R.E. TribbleMolecular and Materials Science CommitteeChairmanAssociate Director/(ex officio)Secretary(ex officio)ChairmanAssociate Director/(ex officio) Secretary/(ex officio)(ex officio)Dr. B. Gaulin Dr. J.-M. Poutissou Dr. P.W. Percival Dr. J. Sonier Dr. M. Gingras Dr. F. Marsiglio Dr. S. Roorda Dr. G.A. SawatzkyLife Sciences Project Evaluation Committee (LSPEC)NSCL/Michigan State UniversityTRIUMFTRIUMFTUEC Past Chairman/ TRIUMF Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory Universitat Basel Texas A&M UniversityMcMaster UniversityTRIUMFSFU /TRIUM FTUEC Chairman/Simon Fraser UniversityUniversity o f WaterlooUniversity o f AlbertaUniversite de MontrealUniversity o f British ColumbiaDr. J. Link Dr. J.-M. Poutissou Dr. L.P. Robertson Dr. J. DaSilva Dr. S. Houle Dr. W. Jagust Dr. R. Lecomte Dr. A.J.B. McEwanChairmanAssociate Director/(ex officio) SecretaryUniversity o f Washington TRIUMFUniversity o f Victoria University o f OttawaPET Centre - CAMH/University of Toronto Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Universite de Sherbrooke Cross Cancer Clinic249Appendix AP U B L IC A T IO N SThis appendix lists publications describing work performed at TRIUMF and also work conducted elsewhere by TRIUMF personnel and TRIUM F users.Journal PublicationsParticle, Nuclear and Atomic PhysicsP. Dube and M. Trinczek, Hyperfine structure splittings and absorption strengths of molecular iodine transitions near the trapping frequencies of francium, J. Optical Society of America B21, 1113 (2004).Z. Salman, E.P. Reynard, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane, J. Chakhalian, K.H. Chow, S. Daviel, S. Kreitzman, C.D.P. Levy and R. Poutissou, Beta-detected nuclear quadrupole resonance with a low energy beam o f sLi+ , Phys. Rev. B70, 104404 (2004).U. Greife, S. Bishop, L. Buchmann, M.L. Chatterjee, A.A. Chen, J.M. D ’Auria, S. Engel, D. Gigliotti, D. Hunter, D.A. Hutcheon, A. Hussein, C.C. Jewett, A.M. Laird, M. Lamey, W. Liu, A. Olin, D. Ottewell, J. Rogers and C. Wrede, Energy loss around the stopping power maximum of Ne, Mq and Na ions in hydrogen gas, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B217, 1 (2004).M. Hunyadi, C. Baumer, A.M. van den Berg, N. Blasi, M. Csatlos, L. Csige, B. Davids, U. Garg, J. Gulyas, M.N. Harakeh, M. de Huu, B.C. Junk, A. Krasznahorkay, S. Rakers, D. Sohler and H.J. Wortche, Particle decay of the isoscalar giant dipole resonance in 208Pb, Nucl. Phys. A731, 49 (2004).J. Guillot, D. Beaumel, A.M. van den Berg, S. Branden­burg, B. Davids, S. Fortier, M. Fujiwara, S. Gales, M.N. Harakeh, M. Hunyadi, M. de Huu and H.J. Wortche, Inves­tigation of IVGRs via the 58Ni(t, 3He) 58 Co reaction, Nucl. Phys. A731, 106 (2004).E.W. Grewe, C. Baumer, A.M. van den Berg, N. Blasi,B. Davids, D. De Frenne, D. Frekers, P. Haefner, M.N. Harakeh, M. Huynyadi, E. Jacobs, B. Junk, A. Korff, A. Negret, P. von Neumann-Cosel, L. Popescu, S. Rakers and H.J. Wortche, Gamow-Teller transitions to 32P studied through the 32S (d ,2He) reaction at Ed = 1 7 0 MeV, Phys. Rev. C69, 064325 (2004).S. Rakers, C. Baumer, A.M. van den Berg, B. Davids,D. Frekers, D. De Frenne, Y. Fujita, E.-W. Grewe, P. Haefner, M.N. Harakeh, M. Hunyadi, E. Jacobs, H. Johans­son, B.C. Junk, A. Korff, A. Negret, L. Popescu, H. Simon and H.J. Wortche, Nuclear matrix elements for the 48Ca two-neutrino double-f3 decay from high-resolution charge- exchange reactions, Phys. Rev. C70, 054302 (2004).A. Korff, P. Haefner, C. Baumer, A.M. van den Berg, N. Blasi, B. Davids, D. De Frenne, R. de Leo, D. Frek­ers, E.-W. Grewe, M.N. Harakeh, F. Hofmann, M. Hun­yadi, E. Jacobs, B.C. Junk, A. Negret, P. von Neumann- Cosel, L. Popescu, S. Rakers, A. Richter and H.J. Wortche, Deuteron elastic and inelastic scattering at intermediate en­ergies from nuclei in the mass range 6 < A < 116, Phys. Rev. C70, 067601 (2004).G.S. Mitchell, C.S. Blessinger, J.D. Bowman, T.E. Chupp, K.P. Coulter, M. Gericke, G.L. Jones, M.B. Leuschner,H. Nann, S.A. Page, S.I. Penttila, T.B. Smith, W.M. Snow and W.S. Wilburn, A measurement of parity-violating gamma-ray asymmetries in polarized cold neutron capture on S5 Cl, 113Cd, and 1S9La, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A521, 468 (2004) [nucl-ex/0401009].A. Bacchetta, U. D’Alesio, M. Diehl and C.A. Miller, Single-spin asymmetries: the Trento conventions, Phys. Rev. D70, 117504 (2004) [DESY-04-193, hep-ph/0410050].F. Sarazin, J.S. Al-Khalili, G.C. Ball, G. Hackman. P.M. Walker, R.A.E. Austin, B. Eshpeter, P. Finlay, P.E. Gar­rett, G.F. Grinyer, K.A. Koopmans, W.D. Kulp, J.R. Leslie, D. Melconian, C.J. Osborne, M.A. Schumaker, H.C. Scraggs, J. Schwarzenberg, M.B. Smith, C.E. Svensson, J.C. Waddington and J.L. Wood, Halo neutrons and the /3 decay of 11 Li, Phys. Rev. C70, 031302 (2004) [TRI-PP-04-13],S. Shimizu, K. Horie, M. Aliev, Y. Asano, T. Baker, P. Depommier, M. Hasinoff, Y. Igarashi, J. Imazato, A.P. Ivashkin, M.M. Khabibullin, A.N. Khotjantsev, Y.G. Ku­denko, A. Levchenko, G.Y. Lim, J.A. Macdonald, O.V. Mi- neev, C. Rangacharyulu and S. Sawada, Measurement of K + —> n 0 n0 e+u (K °°) decay using stopped positive kaons, Phys. Rev. D70, 037101 (2004) [hep-ex/0408098].J.T.M. Goon, D.J. Hartley, L.L. Riedinger, M.P. Carpenter,F.G. Kondev, R.V.F. Janssens, K.H. Abu Saleem, I. Ah­mad, H. Amro, J.A. Cizewski, C.N. Davids, M. Danchev, T.L. Khoo, A. Heinz, T. Lauritsen, W.C. Ma, G.L. Poli, J. Ressler, W. Reviol, D. Seweryniak, M.B. Smith, I. Wiedenhover and J.-Y. Zhang, Shape coexistence and band crossings in 174Pt, Phys. Rev. C70, 014309 (2004).J.M. D ’Auria, R.E. Azuma, S. Bishop, L. Buchmann, M.L. Chatterjee, A.A. Chen, S. Engel, D. Gigliotti, U. Greife, D. Hunter, A. Hussein, D. Hutcheon, C.C. Jewett, J. Jose, J.D. King, A.M. Laird, M. Lamey, R. Lewis, W. Liu, A. Olin, D. Ottewell, P. Parker, J. Rogers, C. Ruiz, M. Trinczek andC. Wrede, The 21N a(p,^)22Mg reaction from Ec.m. = 200 to 1103 keV in novae and x-ray bursts, Phys. Rev. C69, 065803 (2004).R.J. Peterson, C.E. Allgower, V. Bekrenev, W.J. Bricoe, J.R. Comfort, K. Craig, D. Grosnick, D. Isenhower, N.250Knecht, D. Koetke, A.A. Kulbardis, G. Lolos, V. Lopatin,D.M. Manley, R. Manweiller, A. Marusic, S. McDonald,B.M.K. Nefkens, J. Olmsted, Z. Papandreou, D.C. Peaslee, N. Phaisangittiskaul, J. Price, D.E. Prull, A.F. Ramirez, M. Sadler, A. Shafi, H. Spinka, T.D.S. Stanislaus, A. Starostin,H.M. Staudenmaier, I. Strakovsky and I. Supek, y scaling in quasifree pion-single-charge exchange, Phys. Rev. C69, 064612 (2004).E. Friedman, M. Bauer, J. Breitschopf, H. Clement, H. Denz, E. Doroshkevich, A. Erhardt, G.J. Hofman, R. Meier, G.J. Wagner and G. Yaari, The in-medium isovector nN amplitude from low energy pion scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 122302 (2004) [nucl-ex/0404031].P.A. Zolnierczuk, D.S. Armstrong, E. Christy, J.H.D. Clark, T.P. Gorringe, M.D. Hasinoff, M.A. Kovash, S. Tri- pathi and D.H. Wright, Search for exotic baryons in double radiative capture on pionic hydrogen, Phys. Lett. B597, 131 (2004) [nucl-ex/0403046].C.D. O’Leary, R. Wadsworth, P. Fallon, C.E. Svensson, K. Ragnarsson, D.E. Appelbe, R.A.E. Austin, G.C. Ball, J.A. Cameron, M.P. Carpenter, R.M. Clark, M. Cromaz, M.A. Deleplanque, R.M. Diamond, D.F. Hodgson, R.V.F. Janssens, D.G. Jenkins, N.S. Kelsall, G.J. Lane, C.J. Lister, A.O. Macchiavelli, D. Saranites, F.S. Stephens, D. Sew- eryniak, K. Vetter, J.C. Waddington and D. Ward, High spin study of rotational structures in 72Br, Phys. Rev. C69, 034316 (2004).N.S. Kelsall, C.E. Svensson, S.M. Fisher, D.E. Appelbe, R.A.E. Austin, D.P. Balamuth, G.C. Ball, J.A. Cameron, M.P. Carpenter, R.M. Clark, M. Cromaz, M.A. Dele­planque, R.M. Diamond, P. Fallon, D.F. Hodgson, R.V.F. Janssens, D.G. Jenkins, G.J. Lane, C.J. Lister, A.O. Mac­chiavelli, C.D. O’Leary, D.G. Sarantites, F.S. Stephens,D.C. Schmidt, D. 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Hirayama, The collinear laser beam line at ISAC, ibid. 206 [TRI-PP-03-36].D. Hutcheon et al. (DRAGON collaboration), Study of ~1Na(p,'y)“2Mg using the DRAGON separator, ibid. 359 [TRI-PP-03-37].K. Minamisono, K. Matsuta, T. Minamisono, C.D.P. Levy, T. Nagatomo, M. Ogura, T. Sumikama, J.A. Behr and K.P. Jackson, Quadrupole moments of 20 ’ 21 Na, ibid. 501.M.B. Smith, P.M. Walker, R.S. Chakrawarthy, R.A.E. Austin, G.C. Ball, J.J. Carroll, E. Cunningham, P. Finlay, P.E. Garrett, G.F. Grinyer, G. Hackman, B. Hyland, K. Koopmans, W.D. Kulp, J.R. Leslie, A.A. Phillips, R. Pro- pri, P.H. Regan, F. Sarazin, M.A. Schumaker, H.C. Scraggs, T. Shizuma, C.E. Svensson, J. von Schwarzenberg, J.C. Waddington, D. Ward, J.L. Wood, B. Washbrook and E.F. Zganjar, Studies ofhigh-K isomers at TRIUMF-ISAC, ibid. 617.K. Minamisono, K. Matsuta, T. Minamisono, C.D.P. Levy, T. Nagatomo, M. Ogura, T. Sumikama, J.A. Behr, K.P. Jackson, H. Fujiwara, M. Mihara and M. Fukuda, Align­ment correlation term in the (3-ray angular distribution from spin aligned 20Na, ibid. 673.J. Lu et al. (HERMES collaboration), Exclusive deeply in­elastic electroproduction at HERMES, Proc. 3rd Int. Sym p.258on the G erasim ov-Drell-H earn Sum Rule and its Exten­sions (G D H 2004), Norfolk, V A , June 2—5, 2004 (Norfolk, 2004) p.216.M. Agnello et al. (FINUDA collaboration), First results of FINUDA on hypemuclear spectroscopy, Proc. W orkshop on Physics at M eson Factories (DA4>NE 20 04 ), Frascati, Italy, June 7—11, 2004 (Frascati 2004, DAPHNE 2004) p.189.M. Agnello et al. (FINUDA collaboration), First observa­tions of hypemuclear non mesonic weak decays with FIN­UDA, ibid. 195.M. Agnello et al. (FINUDA collaboration), Search for neu­tron rich hypemuclei in FINUDA: preliminary results, ibid.201.M. Agnello et al. (FINUDA collaboration), Examining sigma-bound states with FINUDA, ibid. 209.M. Agnello et al. (FINUDA collaboration), Search for deeply-bound kaonic nuclei at FINUDA, ibid. 225.D.R. Gill (TWIST collaboration) TWIST: TRIUMF weak interaction symmetry test, ibid. 427.G. Abbiendi et al. (OPAL collaboration), Multi-photon events with large missing energy in e e~ collisions at -/s = 192-209 GeV, Proc. 2 nd High-Energy Physics Conf. in Madagascar, Antananarivo, M adagascar, Septem ­ber 27—October 3, 2004 (eConf 00409272:012; Phys. Lett. B 6 0 2 , 2004), p.167 [CERN-PH-EP-2004-035, hep- ex/0412011].Instrumentation/Accelerator Physics/Computing SciencesT. Yoshioka, M. Nomachi, A. Artamanov, B. Bhuyan, J.S. Frank, T. Fujiwara, K. Higa, S.H. Kettell, T.K. Komatsub- ara, A. Konaka, A Kozjevnikov, A. Kushnirenko, N. Mu- ramatsu, T. Nakano, T. Nomura, S. Petrenko, R. Poutis­sou, G. Redlinger, T. Sekiguchi, T. Shinkawa, S. Sugi- moto and T. Tsunemi, Upgrade of the level-0 trigger sys­tem for BNL-E949, Proc. 13th IEEE - N P SS Real Tim e Conf. (RT 2003), Montreal, PQ, May 18-23, 2003 (IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51 , 2004) p.334 [KEK-PREPRINT-2003- 109, OULNS-03-02, BNL-71879-2003-JA],D.M. Gingrich, N.J. Buchanan, S. Liu, S. Boettcher, J.A. Parsons and B.W. Sippach, Radiation tolerant ASIC for controlling switched-capacitor arrays, ibid. 1324.R. Poutissou, P.-A. Amaudruz, A. Gaponenko, P. Green, K. Olchanski and A. Olin, The TWIST data acquisition system at TRIUMF, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-16],J.B. Jeanneret et al., Beam loss and collimation in the LHC, Proc. 29th IC FA Advanced Beam Dynam ics W ork­shop (H A L O ’03 ), M ontauk, N Y , M ay 1 9 -2 3 , 2003 (AIP 693, 2004) p. 180.S. Koscielniak and C.J. Johnstone, Nonlinear acceleration modes in FFAGs with fixed rf, Proc. 5th Int. W orkshop onN eutrino Factories and Superbeam s (N uFact03), New York, N Y , June 5 -1 1 , 2003 (AIP 72 1 , 2004) p.467.M.J. Barnes and G.D. Wait, A 25 kV, 75 kHz kicker for measurement of muon lifetime, Proc. IEEE Int. Pulsed Power C on f., Dallas, T X , June 15—18, 2003 (IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 32 , 2004) p.1932 [TRI-PP-03-28].M.J. Barnes, G.D. Wait, J. Dilling, J.V. Vaz, L. Blomeley,O. Hadary and M.J. Smith, A high frequency MOSFET driver for the TITAN facility at TRIUMF, ibid.K. Jayamanna, D. Yuan, M. Olivo, R. Baartman, G. Dutto, M. McDonald, A. Mitra, P. Schmor and G. Stanford, Com­missioning the TRIUMF/ISAC ECR source for radioactive ion beams, Proc. 10th Int. C onf. on Ion Sources (ICIS2003), D ubna, Russia, Septem ber 8—13, 2003 (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2004) p.1621 [TRI-PP-03-42].G. Stanford, R.E. Laxdal, C. Marshall, T. Ries and I. Sekatchev, Design of the medium-beta cryomodule for the ISAC-II superconducting heavy ion accelerator, Proc. 2003 Cryogenic Engineering C onf. (C E C ) and Int. Cryogenic M aterials Conf. (IC M C ), Anchorage, A L , September 22—26, 2003 (AIP, New York, Advances in Cryo. Eng. 49,2004) p.552 [TRI-PP-03-30].K.S. Lee, E.M. Tikhomolov, J.E. Richards, E. Klassen and T. Tateyama, TRIUMF secondary beam line control sys­tem upgrade using EPICS, Proc. IX Int. Conf. on A c­celerator and Large Experim ental Physics Control Sys­tem s (IC A L E P C S 2003), G yeongju, South K orea, Oc­tober 13—17, 2003 (Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 2004, ISBN:89-954175-2-8 98420 (CD-ROM)) p.199.R. Keitel, J. Richards and E. Tikhomolov, Upgrade of the ISAC device database from Paradox to PostgreSQL, ibid.202.J.J. Pon, E. Klassen, K.S. Lee, M.M. Mouat and P.J. Yo- gendran, Preliminary use of PDAs in TRIUMF’s central control system, ibid. 380.J.J. Pon, E. Klassen, K.S. Lee, M.M. Mouat and P.J. Yo- gendran, Early control system applications using PD As atTRIUMF, ibid. 383.G. Waters and R. Nussbaumer, TRIUMF/ISAC EPICS IOCs using a PC104 platform, ibid. 466.R. Nussbaumer and G. Waters, Inexpensive IOCs for GPIB support in the TRIUMF/ISAC control system, ibid. 515.E. Tikhomolov, G. Waters and R. Keitel, EPICS portable channel access server for multiple Windows applications, ibid. 518.M.J. Barnes, G.D. Wait, Y. Shirakabe and Y. Mori, Con­ceptual design of a bipolar kicker magnet for the J-PARC- Kamioka neutrino project, Proc. 18th Int. Conf. on M ag­net Technology (M T 1 8 ), M orioka, Japan, October 20— 24, 2003 (IEEE Trans. Applied Superconductivity, 2004) p.465.259M.J. Barnes, E.W. Blackmore, G.D. Wait, J. Lemire- Elmore, B. Rablah, G. Leyh, M. Nguyen and C. Pappas, Analysis of high power IGBT short circuit failures, Proc. 26th Int. Power M odulator Sym p. and H igh-Voltage W orkshop, San Francisco, C A , M ay 23—26, 2004 (IEEE conference record, 2004) p.424.R.W. Assmann, O. Aberle, A. Bertarelli, H.-H. Braun, M. Brugger, L. Bruno, O.S. Bruning, S. Calatroni, E. Chi- averi, B. Dehning, A. Ferrari, B. Goddard, E.B. Holzer, J.-B. Jeanneret, J.M. Jimenez, V. Kain, M. Lamont, M. Mayer, E. Metral, R. Perret, S. Redaelli, T. Risselada, G. Robert-Demolaize, S. Roesler, F. Ruggiero, R. Schmidt, D. Schulte, P. Sievers, V. Vlachoudis, L. Vos, G. Vossenberg, J. Wenninger, I.L. Ajguirei, I. Baishev, I.L. Kurochkin,D. Kaltchev and H. Tsutsui, An improved collimation sys­tem for the LHC, Proc. 9th European Particle Accelera­tor Conf. (E P A C 2004), Lucerne, Switzerland, July 5— 9, 2004 (EPS Accel. Group, Geneva, 2004) p.536 [EPAC-2004-MOPLT005, CERN-LHC-PROJECT-REPORT-773].R.W. Assmann, O. Aberle, O.S. Briining, S. Chemli,D. Gasser, J.-B. Jeanneret, J.M. Jimenez, V. Kain, E. Metral, G. Peon, S. Ramberger, C. Rathjen, T. Risse­lada, F. Ruggiero, L. Vos and D. Kaltchev, The new lay­out of the LHC cleaning insertions, ibid. 539 [EPAC-2004- MOPLT006, CERN-LHC-PROJECT-REPORT-774],C. Johnstone and S.R. Koscielniak, Optimizing non-scaling FFAG lattices for rapid acceleration, ibid. 800 [EPAC-2004- MOPLT112],M.P. Laverty, S.F. Fang and K. Fong, TRIUMF ISAC-II rf control system design and testing, ibid. 953 [EPAC-2004- TUPKF002],A. Facco, W. Lu, F. Scarpa, E. Chiaveri, R. Losito and V. Zviagintsev, Construction and testing of the beta=0.31, 352 MHz superconducting half-wave resonator for the SPES Project, ibid. 1012 [EPAC-2004-TUPKF022].A. Facco, W. Lu, F. Scarpa, E. Chiaveri, R. Losito, T.L. Grimm, W. Hartung, F. Marti, R.C. York and V. Zviag­intsev, Construction of a 161 MHz, beta = 0.16 supercon­ducting QWR with steering correction for RIA, ibid. 1015 [EPAC-2004-TUPKF023].S.R. Koscielniak and M.K. Craddock, Simple analytic for­mulae for the properties of nonscaling FFAG lattices, ibid. 1138 [EPAC-2004-TUPLT006].L. Ahrens, J.M. Brennan, K.A. Brown, J. Glenn, M. Sivertz, N. Tsoupas and S.R. Koscielniak, Mini-bunched and micro-bunched slow extracted beams from the AGS, ibid. 1544 [EPAC-2004-TUPLT179].D. Kaltchev, Building truncated Taylor maps with Mathe- matica and applications to FFAG, ibid. 1822 [EPAC-2004- WEPLT005],S.R. Koscielniak, A comparison of COSY DA maps with analytic formulae for orbit functions of a non-scaling FFA G accelerator, ibid. 2469 [EPAC-2004-THPLT006].Molecular and Materials ScienceJ. Sugiyama, J.H. Brewer, E.J. Ansaldo, H. Itahara, K. Dohmae, Y. Seno, C. Xia and T. Tani, Successive magnetic transitions in thermoelectric layered cobaltite, [Cas CoOs]o.6g[CoOs], Proc. 8th IU M R S Int. Conf. on Advanced M aterials, Yokoham a, Japan, O ctober 8—13, 2003 (Trans. MRS-Japan 29, 2004) p.2737.J. Sugiyama, H. Itahara, J.H. Brewer, E.J. Ansaldo, T. Mo- tohashi, M. Karppinen and H. Yamauchi, Magnetism in Nao.rsCoOz detected by pSR, ibid. 2745.J. Sugiyama, J.H. Brewer, E.J. Ansaldo, B. Hitti, M. Mikami, Y. Mori and T. Sasaki, pSR studies on thermo­electric cobalt oxides V: Nax Co0 2 crystals, Proc. Physical Society Japan M arch M eeting, Fukuoka, Japan, 2004 (Meeting Abstracts Phys. Soc. Jpn. 59(1), 2004) p.549 (in Japanese).Life SciencesM.J. Adam, C.L. Fisher, S.R. Bayly, C.B. Ewart, C. Orvig and S. Lapi, Synthesis of radiometal complexes of glucose, Proc. 51st Annual M eeting o f the Society o f Nuclear M edicine, Philadelphia, PA, June 1 9 -2 3 , 2004 (J. Nucl. Med. 45, 2004) p.467P.S. Lu, M.J. Adam, V. Kennedy, J. Lu and T.J. Ruth, Prepa­ration of iodo-TZDM for PET/SPECT imaging, ibid. 467P.A.R. Studenov, M.J. Adam, T.J. Ruth and J.S. Wilson, Ex­ploring new radiolabelling chemistry: synthesis of the com­pounds with phosphorus-fluorine-18 bonds, ibid. 469P.Theoretical ProgramC. Barbieri, L. Lapikas and D. Rohe, Rescattering contribu­tions to final state interactions in (e, e'p) reactions, Proc. 2nd Conf. on Nuclear and Particle Physics with C E B A F at JLab (N A P P 20 03 ), Dubrovnik, Croatia, M ay 26—31, 2003 (Croatian Phys. Soc. Fizika B 1 3 , 2004) p. 185 [TRI- PP-03-29, nucl-th/0309024].B. Desplanques, A. Amghar and L. Theussl, ‘Point-form’ estimate of the pion form factor revisited, Proc. 17th Int. IU P A P Conf. on Few -Body Problems in Physics (FB 17), Durham , N C , June 5 -1 0 , 2003, eds. W. Gloeckle and W. Tomow (Nucl. Phys. A737, 2004) p.3 [hep- ph/0308219].W.T.H. van Oers, Symmetries and symmetry breaking, ibid. 267 [TRI-PP-03-27, hep-ph/0307285].M. de Montigny, F.C. Khanna and A. Santana, Some Lorentz-like formulation of Galilean invariance, Proc. Int. Conf. on Sym m etry in Non-Linear M athem atical Physics (S N M P ’0 3 ), K yiv , Ukraine, June 2 3 -2 9 , 2003,eds. A.G. Nikitin et al. (Inst, of Mathematics of Ukraine 50 , 2004) p.677.260F. Okiharu and R.M. Woloshyn, A study of color field dis­tributions in the baryon, Proc. 21st Int. Sym p. on Lat­tice Field Theory (L A T T IC E 2003), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, July 1 5 -1 9 , 2003 (Elsevier, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 1 2 9 , 2004) p.745 [hep-lat/0310007].C. Barbieri and L. Lapikas, Rescattering contributions to fi­nal state interactions in (e, e'p) reactions at high (pm, Em), Proc. 6th W orkshop on Electrom agnetically Induced Tw o Hadron Em ission, Pavia, Italy, Septem ber 24— 27, 2003, eds. A. Braghieri, C. Giusti and P. Grabmayr (CD, ISBN:88-85159-20-6, 2004) p .6 8 [TRI-PP-03-39, nucl- th/0401010],J.N. Ng, Neutrino mass models in extra dimensions, Proc. 2 nd Int. Conf. on Flavor Physics (IC F P 2 0 0 3 ), Seoul, Korea, October 6—11, 2003 (J. Korean Phys. Soc. 45 ,2004) p.S341 [hep-ph/0311352].J.-M. Sparenberg and B. Jennings, On the practical in­terest of one-body overlap functions, Proc. Int. Sym p.: A N ew Era of Nuclear Structure Physics, N iigata, Japan, Novem ber 1 9 -2 2 , 2003 , eds. Y. Suzuki et al. (World Sci­entific, Singapore, 2004) [nucl-th/0401049],Y. Fujiwara, K. Miyagawa, M. Kohno, Y. Suzuki, D. Baye and J.-M. Sparenberg, A realistic baryon-baryon interaction in the SU6 quark model and its applications to few-body sys­tems, ibid.J.-M. Sparenberg, Deducing the asymptotic normalization constant of the 2+ subthreshold state in 16O from 12 C + a elastic scattering, Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Clustering A s­pects o f Nuclear Structure and D ynam ics (C L U S T E R 03), N ara, Japan, N ovem ber 24—29, 2003 , eds. K. Ikeda,I. Tanihata and H. Horiuchi (Nucl. Phys. A738, 2004) p.416.Y. Hirayama T. Shimoda, H. Izumi, H. Yano, M. Yagi, A. Hatakeyama, C.D.P. Levy, K.P. Jackson and H. Miyatake, Spectroscopic study o f 11 Be through (3-delayed neutron- and 7 -decays of spin-polarized 11 Li, ibid.Y. Fujiwara, K. Miyagawa, M. Kohno, Y. Suzuki, D. Baye and J.-M. Sparenberg, A consistent 3a and 2aA Faddeev calculation using the 2a RGM kernel, ibid. 495.Y. Fujiwara, K. Miyagawa, M. Kohno, Y. Suzuki, D. Baye and J.-M. Sparenberg, 2aA Faddeev calculation using the quark-model S = —2 hyperon hyperon interaction, ibid.Conference PresentationsParticle, Nuclear and Atomic PhysicsA. Konaka, The JHFNU experiment and the systematic un­certainties, Proc. 8th Int. W orkshop on Topics in As- troparticle and Underground Physics (T A U P 2003), Seattle, W A , Septem ber 5—9, 2003 (Nucl. Phys. B138, in press).M. Agnello, G. Beer, L. Benussi, M. Bertani, S. Bianco,E. Botta, T. Bressani, L. Busso, D. Calvo, P. Camerini,P. Cerello, B. Dalena, F. De Mori, A. D ’Erasmo, D. Di Santo, F.L. Fabbri, D. Faso, A. Feliciello, A. Filippi, V. Filippini, E.M. Fiore, H. Fujioka, P. Gianotti, N. Grion, A. Krasnoperov, V. Lucherini, S. Marcello, T. Maruta, N. Mirfakhrai, O. Morra, A. Olin, E. Pace, M. Pallotta, M. Palomba, A. Pantaleo, A. Panzarasa, V. Paticchio, S. Pi­ano, F. Pompili, R. Rui, G. Simonetti, H. So, S. Tomassini, R. Wheadon and A. Zenoni, First results from the FINUDA experiment at DA<PNE, Proc. V III Int. C onf. on Hyper- nuclear and Strange Particle Physics, N ew port News, V A , October 1 4 -1 8 , 2003 (Nucl. Phys. A Proc. Suppl., in press) [LNF-03/23].S. Piano, M. Agnello, G. Beer, L. Benussi, M. Bertani, S. Bianco, E. Botta, T. Bressani, L. Busso, D. Calvo, P. Camerini, P. Cerello, B. Dalena, F. De Mori, A. D’Erasmo,D. Di Santo, F.L. Fabbri, D. Faso, A. Feliciello, A. Filippi, V. Filippini, E.M. Fiore, H. Fujioka, P. Gianotti, N. Grion, A. Krasnoperov, V. Lucherini, S. Marcello, T. Maruta, N. Mirfakhrai, O. Morra, A. Olin, E. Pace, M. Pallotta, M. Palomba, A. Pantaleo, A. Panzarasa, V. Paticchio, F. Pom­pili, R. Rui, G. Simonetti, H. So, S. Tomassini, R. Wheadon and A. Zenoni, Preliminary results from the FINUDA ex­periment, Proc. X L II Int. W inter M eeting on Nuclear Physics, B orm io, Italy, January 25—February 1, 2004.R. MacDonald, Validating the simulation and response function in TWIST, Proc. 41st W estern Regional Nuclear and Particle Physics Conf. (W R N P P C 0 4 ), Lake Louise, A B , February 1 3 -1 5 , 2004.A. Olin, Precision measurement of muon decay, ibid.B. Jamieson, Status of the TWIST measurement of and systematics, ibid.R. MacDonald, Precision measurement of the muon decay spectrum, Proc. Lake Louise W inter Institute (L L W I04), Lake Louise, A B , February 15—21, 2004 (World Scientific, Singapore, in press).B. Jamieson, Estimating PM for the TWIST measurement of P ^ , ibid.S.A. Page, J.D. Bowman, R.D. Carlini, T. Case, T.E. Chupp, K.P. Coulter, M. Dabaghyan, D. Desai, S.J. Freed­man, T.R. Gentile, M.T. Gericke, R.C. Gillis, G.L. Greene,F.W. Hersman, T. Ino, S. Ishimoto, G.L. Jones, B. Lauss, M.B. Leuschner, B. Losowski, R. Mahurin, Y. Masuda,G.S. Mitchell, H. Nann, S.I. Penttila, W.D. Ramsay, S. Santra, P.-N. Seo, I.I. Sharapov, T.B. Smith, W.M. Snow, W.S. Wilburn, V. Yuan and H. Zhu, Measurement of par­ity violation in np: the NPDGamma experiment, Proc. Int. Conf. on Precision Measurements with Slow Neutrons, Gaithersburg, M D , April 5 -7 2004 (NIST J. Research, in press).M.T. Gericke, J.D. Bowman, R.D. Carlini, T.E. Chupp, K.P. Coulter, M. Dabaghyan, D. Desai, S.J. Freedman, T.R. Gentile, R.C. Gillis, G.L. Greene, F.W. Hersman, T. Ino, S. Ishimoto, G.L. Jones, B. Lauss, M.B. Leuschner,B. Losowski, R. Mahurin, Y. Masuda, G.S. Mitchell, S.261Muto, H. Nann, S.A. Page, S.I. Penttila, W.D. Ramsay, S. Santra, P.-N. Seo, E.I. Sharapov, T.B. Smith, W.M. Snow, W.S. Wilburn, V. Yuan and H. Zhu, Commissioning of the NPDGamma detector array: counting statistics in current mode operation and parity violation in the capture of cold neutrons on Bj C and 27Al, ibid.S.R. Nuss-Warren, E.R. Tardiff, T. Warner, G. Ball, J.A. Behr, T.E. Chupp, K.P. Coulter, G. Hackman, M.E. Hay­den, M.R. Pearson, A.A. Phillips, M.B. Smith and C.E. Svensson, On-line collection and transfer of radioactive no­ble gas isotopes for radon EDM measurements, Proc. A P S April M eeting, Denver, C O , M ay 1—4, 2004 (Nucl. In­strum. Methods A, in press) [TRI-PP-04-03],S.A. Page, The Q^eak experiment: a precision search for new physics beyond the standard model via parity violat­ing e-p scattering at low Qs, Proc. From Zero to Z° - A W orkshop on Precision Electroweak Physics, Fermilab, Batavia, IL, M ay 12—14, 2004.D. Koetke, The TRIUMF weak interaction symmetry test, ibid.S. Su, Probing new physics with neutral current measure­ments, ibid.M. Bertani, M. Agnello, G. Beer, L. Benussi, S. Bianco,E. Botta, T. Bressani, L. Busso, D. Calvo, P. Camerini, P. Cerello, B. Dalena, F. De Mori, A. D’Erasmo, D. Di Santo, F.L. Fabbri, D. Faso, A. Feliciello, A. Filippi, V. Filippini, E.M. Fiore, H. Fujioka, P. Gianotti, N. Grion, A. Krasnoperov, V. Lucherini, S. Marcello, T. Maruta, N. Mirfakhrai, O. Morra, A. Olin, E. Pace, M. Pallotta, M. Palomba, A. Pantaleo, A. Panzarasa, V. Paticchio, S. Pi­ano, F. Pompili, R. Rui, G. Simonetti, H. So, S. Tomassini, R. Wheadon and A. Zenoni, First results on hypemuclear spectroscopy from the FINUDA experiment at DA<TNE, Proc. 8th Int. W orkshop on M eson Production, Prop­erties and Interaction (M E S O N 04), Krakow , Poland, June 4—8, 2004 (Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, in press).K.H. Grimm, The Qpweak tracking system. Measurement of the average Q 2 and the dilution by background events, Proc. Int. W orkshop on Parity Violation and Hadronic Struc­ture (P A V I 2004), Grenoble, France, June 8—11, 2004.G.R. Smith, Qpweak, a precision measurement of the pro­ton’s weak charge, ibid.M.A. Quraan, A high precision measurement of muon decay parameters, Proc. C A P Congress, W innipeg, M B , June 1 3 -1 6 , 2004.K. Olchanski, Data analysis techniques for high precision measurement of muon decay parameters, ibid.G.A. Beer et al. (FINUDA collaboration), Hypemuclear physics with FINUDA, ibid.A.K. Opper, The Qpweak experiment: a search for new physics at the Te V scale via a measurement of the proton’s weak charge, Proc. Jefferson Users G roup W orkshop andAnnual M eeting, JLab, N ew port N ews, V A , June 1 6 -1 8 , 2004.K. Minamisono, Alignment correlation term of 20Na and quadrupole moments of 2 0 ,2 1 Na, Proc. Int. Nuclear Physics Conf. (IN P C 2004), G oteborg, Sweden, June 27-J u ly 2, 2004 (Nucl. Phys. A, in press).M. Agnello, G. Beer, L. Benussi, M. Bertani, S. Bianco,E. Botta, T. Bressani, L. Busso, D. Calvo, P. Camerini, P. Cerello, B. Dalena, F. De Mori, A. D ’Erasmo, D. Di Santo, F.L. Fabbri, D. Faso, A. Feliciello, A. Filippi, V. Filippini, E.M. Fiore, H. Fujioka, P. Gianotti, N. Grion, A. Krasnoperov, V. Lucherini, S. Marcello, T. Maruta, N. Mirfakhrai, O. Morra, A. Olin, E. Pace, M. Pallotta, M. Palomba, A. Pantaleo, A. Panzarasa, V. Paticchio, S. Pi­ano, F. Pompili, R. Rui, G. Simonetti, H. So, S. Tomassini, R. Wheadon and A. Zenoni, First results from the FINUDA experiment, ibid.J. Mildenberger et al. (E949 collaboration), Latest results from the search for K + —» n+vv, Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Hyperons, Charm and Beauty Hadrons (B E A C H 2004), Chicago, IL, June 27 -J u ly 3, 2004 (Nucl. Phys. B, in press).L. Buchmann, Comments on the 1 2C (a ,^ )160 reaction rate, Proc. 8th Sym p. on Nuclei in the Cosm os (N IC V III), Vancouver, B C , July 19—23, 20 04 (Nucl. Phys. A, in press) [TRI-PP-04-35].C. Ruiz, M. Aliotta, R.E. Azuma, R.N. Boyd, L. Buch­mann, A. Chen, N.M. Clarke, J.M. D ’Auria, T. Davin- son, B.R. Fulton, D. Groombridge, D. Hutcheon, A.M. Laird, A.S. Murphy, J. Pearson, I. Roberts, A. Robinson,F. Sarazin, A.C. Shotter, P. Walden and P.J. Woods, Mul­tichannel R-matrix analysis of elastic and inelastic reso­nances in the 2 0 ,2 1 Na+p compound systems, ibid. [TRI-PP- 04-39],G. Ruprecht, K. Czerski, D. Bemmerer, M. Hoeft and P. Heide, Excitation of giant resonances in deuteron stripping reactions on 10B far below the Coulomb barrier, ibid. [TRI­PP-04-40].M. Trinczek, C.C. Jewett, J.M. D ’Auria, S. Bishop, L. Buchmann, A.A. Chen, S. Engel, D. Gigliotti, U. Greife,D. Hunter, A. Hussein, D. Hutcheon, J. Jose, A.M. Laird, M. Lamey, R. Lewis, A. Olin, D. Ottewell, P. Parker, M.M. Pavan, J.E. Pearson, J. Rogers, C. Ruiz and C. Wrede, Direct measurement of the 21N a(p,^)22Mg reaction: res­onance strengths and gamma-gamma analysis, ibid. [TRI- PP-04-43].S.-M. Chen et al. (BNL E949 collaboration), Rare kaon de­cay from E949 at BNL: K + -* n+vv, Proc. 3 2 nd Int. Conf. on High-Energy Physics (IC H E P 04), Beijing, China, August 1 6 -2 2 , 2004 (World Scientific, Hackensack, NJ, in press) [hep-ex/0409064].W.T.H. van Oers, The Qweak experiment, Proc. H ali-C Sum m er Physics W orkshop, JLab, N ew port N ew s, V A , August 1 9 -2 0 , 2004.262A. Sher et al. (E865 collaboration), E865 result: an im­proved upper limit on the decay K + —+ TT+p+e~, Proc. Annual M eeting o f the Division o f Particles and Fields (D P F 0 4 ), Riverside, C A , August 26—31, 2004 (Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, in press).R. Tacik et al. (CHAOS collaboration), Low energy pion- nucleon scattering, Proc. 10th Int. Sym p. on M eson- Nucleon Physics and the Structure of the Nucleon (M E N U 2004), Beijing, China, August 29—September 4, 2004 (Int. J. Mod. Phys., in press).H. Fujioka et al. (FINUDA collaboration), Evidence for a kaon-bound state K~pp produced in K~ absorption re­actions at rest, Proc. Japan Physical Society M eeting, Septem ber, 2004.R.S. Chakrawarthy, P.M. Walker, M.B. Smith, A.N. An­dreyev, S.F. Ashley, G.C. Ball, J.A. Becker, J.J. Daoud, P.E. Garrett, G. Hackman, G.A. Jones, Y. Litvinov, A.C. Morton, C.J. Pearson, C.E. Svensson, S.J. Williams andE.F. Zganjar, Discovery of a new 2.3s isomer in neutron- rich 17i Tm, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Exotic Nuclei and A tom ic Masses (E N A M 0 4 ), Pine M ountain, G A , Septem ber 12—16, 2004 (Eur. Phys. J. A, in press).J.A. Behr, A. Gorelov, D. Melconian, M. Trinczek, W.P. Al­ford, D. Ashery, P.G. Bricault, L. Courneyea, J.M. D’Auria, J. Deutsch, J. Dilling, M. Dombsky, P. Dube, F. Gluck, S. Gryb, S. Gu, O. Hausser, K.P. Jackson, B. Lee, A. Mills, E. Paradis, M.R. Pearson, R. Pitcairn, E. Prime, D. Roberge and T.B. Swanson, Weak interaction symmetries with atom traps, ibid.G. Sikler, J.R. Crespo Lopez-Urrutia, J. Dilling, S. Epp,C.J. Osborne and J. Ullrich, A high-current EBIT for charge-breeding of radionuclides for the TITAN spectrome­ter, ibid.V.L. Ryjkov, L. Blomeley, M. Brodeur, P. Grothkopp, M. Smith, P. Bricault, F. Buchinger, J. Crawford, G. Gwinner, J. Lee, J. Vaz, G. Werth, J. Dilling and the TITAN collab­oration, TITAN project status report and a proposal for a new cooling method of highly charged ions, ibid.M.T. Gericke et al., A low noise Csl detector array for the precision measurement of parity nonconservation in n + p —* d -\- "f, Proc. Int. Conf. on Nuclear D ata for Science and Technology 2004 (N D 20 04), Santa Fe, N M , Septem ber 26-O ctober 1, 2004 (AIP, in press).P.N. Seo et al., The 200\ NPDGamma commissioning run - measurement of parity-violating gamma-ray asymmetries in neutron capture on Al, Cu, Cl, In, and B, ibid.P.N. Seo et al, A new pulsed cold neutron beam for funda­mental nuclear physics at LANSCE, ibid.R.D. Carlini, The Qpweak experiment: a search for new physics beyond the standard model and the Te V scale, Proc. 16th Int. Spin Symp. (S P IN 2004), Trieste, Italy, O cto­ber 1 0 -1 6 , 2004.B. Davids, EMMA, the proposed recoil separator for ISAC- II, Proc. Am erican Physical Society Fall M eeting, Chicago, IL, O ctober 27—30, 2004.Instrumentation/Accelerator Physics/Computing SciencesR. Poutissou (TWIST collaboration), Using the WestGrid Glacier cluster to untangle TWIST, Proc. 5th Annual B C ­N E T Advanced Networks C onf., Vancouver, B C , 2004.G.C. Ball, High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy at TRIUMF-ISAC: the new frontier of radioactive ion beam research, Proc. W orkshop on Production and Utilization of Radioactive Ion Beam s from ISO L Type Facilities, Puri, India, February 16—19, 2004.G.C. Ball, High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy at TRIUMF-ISAC: the new frontier of radioactive ion beam research, Proc. Seaborg Sym p. in H onour o f D on Flem ­ing, National A C S M eeting, Anaheim , C A , March 30, 2004.M.K. Craddock, An analytic approach to FFAG optics, Proc. FFA G W orkshop, T R IU M F , Vancouver, B C , April 1 5 -2 1 , 2004.R.K. Carnegie, M.S. Dixit, H. Mes, E. Neuheimer, A. Rankin, K. Sachs and J.-P. Martin, First tracking expe­rience for MPGD TPC readout with charge dispersion on a resistive anode, Proc. Int. Linear Collider W orkshop (L C W S 2004), Paris, France, April 19—23, 2004.D. Karlen, P. Poffenberger and G. Rosenbaum, GEM-TPC performance in a magnetic field, ibid.W.R. Rawnsley, Y. Bylinski, K. Fong, R.E. Laxdal, G. Dutto and D. Giove, Alignment of the ISAC-II medium beta cryomodule with a wire monitoring system, Proc. 2 0 th Int. Cryogenic Engineering C onf., Beijing, China, M ay 1 1 -1 4 , 2004.M.S. Dixit et al., Resolution of a MPGD readout TPC us­ing the charge dispersion signal, Proc. Victoria Linear C ol­lider W orkshop (A L C P G 2 0 0 4 ), V ictoria, B C , July 28— 31, 2004.R.E. Laxdal, Y. Bylinskii, G.S. Clark, K. Fong, A.K. Mitra, R.L. Poirier, B. Rawnsley, T. Ries, I. Sekatchev, G. Stan­ford and V. Zvyagintsev, Cold test results of the ISAC-II medium beta high gradient cryomodule, Proc. X X II Int. Linear Accelerator Conf. (L IN A C 20 04 ), Liibeck, G er­many, August 1 6 -2 4 , 2004 (GSI, Germany, in press).R.L. Poirier, K. Fong, P. Harmer, R.E. Laxdal, A.K. Mitra,I. Sekatchev, B. Waraich and V. Zvyagintsev, RF coupler design for the TRIUMF ISAC-II superconducting quarter wave resonator, ibid.W. Rawnsley, Y. Bylinski, G. Dutto, K. Fong, R. Laxdal, T. Ries and D. Giove, A wire position monitor system for the ISAC-II cryomodule components alignment, ibid.P. Schmor, Developments and future plans at ISA C/TRIUMF, ibid.263K. Fong, S. Fang and M.P. Laverty, Status of rf control system for ISA C-II superconducting cavities, ibid.R.E. Laxdal and Z.H. Peng, High beta cavity optimization for ISAC-II, ibid.G. Stanford, Y. Bylinskii, R.E. Laxdal, B. Rawnsley, T. Ries and I. Sekatchev, Engineering and cryogenic testing of the ISAC-II medium beta cryomodule, ibid.M. Dixit, A review of tracking sessions, Proc. 2 nd W ork­shop o f the EC FA Physics and D etectors for a Linear Collider, D urham , U K , September 1—4, 2004.M.S. Dixit et al., GEM-TPC resolution from charge disper­sion, ibid.F. Ames, K. Jayamanna, D.H.L. Yuan, M. Olivo, R. Baartman, P. Bricault, M. McDonald, P. Schmor and T. Lamy, Charge state breeding with an ECRIS for ISAC at TRIUMF, Proc. 16th Int. W orkshop on Electron C y ­clotron Resonance Ion Sources (E C R IS ’0 4 ), Berkeley, C A , Septem ber 26—30, 2004 (AIP, in press).G.C. Ball, High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy at TRIUMF-ISAC: the new frontier of radioactive ion beam research, Proc. 18th Int. Conf. on the Application of A c­celerators in Research and Industry, Fort W orth , T X , October 10—15, 2004.M.S. Dixit et al., MPGD-TPC resolution from charge dis­persion on a resistive anode, Proc. IEEE Nuclear Science Sym p., R om e, October 16—24, 2004.D.M. Gingrich et al. (STACEE collaboration), The STACEE ground-based gamma-ray detector, ibid. [astro- ph/0506613].R. Baartman and S. Martin, Summary of session H: FFAGS and cyclotrons, Proc. 33rd IC F A Advanced Beam Dynam ics W orkshop: High Intensity H igh Brightness Hadron Beam s (IC FA H B 2004), Bensheim , D arm stadt, Germany, O ctober 1 8 -2 2 , 2004 (AIP Conf. Proc., in press).G. Dutto, TRIUMF high intensity cyclotron development for ISAC, Proc. 17th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and Their Applications, Tokyo, Japan, O ctober 18—22, 2004 (inpress) [TRI-PP-04-28].S. Koscielniak, Novel constant-frequency acceleration tech­nique for non-scaling muon FFAGs, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-29].I. Bylinski, TRIUMF cyclotron rf system refurbishing, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-30],A. Mitra et al., Simulation of rf structure of TRIUMF cy­clotron with HFSS, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-31].P. Schmor, TRIUMF ISAC-II and beyond, ibid. [TRI-PP- 04-32],M.K. Craddock, Cyclotrons and FFAGs in 2004, ibid- [TRI- PP-04-33],Molecular and Materials ScienceJ.E. Sonier, Interplay of magnetism and superconductivity in electron-doped cuprates, Proc. Am erican Physical Soci­ety M arch M eeting, M arch 20—26, 2004, M ontreal, PQ .I. McKenzie, P.W. Percival and J.A.C. Clyburne, A computational study of the reactions of a beta- diketiminatoaluminium(I) complex with the hydrogen atom and the electron, Proc. Am erican Chem ical Society N a­tional M eeting, Anaheim , C A , March 28—30, 2004 (Chem. Comm., in press).I. McKenzie, Organic free radicals probed by muonium, ibid.P.W. Percival, Pressure-cooker chemistry: probing chemi­cal reactions in high temperature water with muons, Proc. Canada-U S Joint W orkshop on Innovative Chem istry in Clean M edia, M ontreal, P Q , M ay 20—21, 2004.J. Sugiyama, J.H. Brewer, E.J. Ansaldo, J.A. Chakhalian,H. Nozaki, H. Hazama, R. Asahi, T. Tani, Y. Ono and T. Kajitani, Spin state transition in Ca-doped Nao.rCoOg: muon spin rotation and relaxation in the layered cobaltites with the nominal Co valence below 3.16, Proc. Int. Conf. on Therm oelectrics, Adelaide, Australia, July 25—29, 2004 (IEEE, Piscataway, in press).J. Sugiyama, J.H. Brewer, E.J. Ansaldo, B. Hitti, M. Mikami, Y. Mori and T. Sasaki, Electron correlation in the two-dimensional triangular lattice of NaxCoOg with X > 0.6, Proc. Int. Conf. on Strongly Correlated Elec­tron System s, Karlsruhe, Germ any, July 2 6 -3 0 , 2004 (Physica B, in press).R.F. Kiefl, K.H. Chow, S. Daviel, W. Dong, M. Hossain, T. Keeler, S.R. Kreitzman, C.D.P. Levy, W.A. MacFar- lane, G.D. Morris, T. Parolin, R. Poutissou and Z. Salman, Beta-detected NMR and NQR using low energy beams of polarized radioactive nuclei: a novel probe of thin films and interfaces, Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Hyperfine Interac­tions, Bonn, Germany, August 2 3 -2 7 , 2004 (Hyp. Int., in press).J. Sugiyama, H. Nozaki, H. Itahara, T. Tani, J.H. Brewer,E.J. Ansaldo, J.A. Chakhalian and H. Hazama, pSR stud­ies on thermoelectric cobalt oxides VI: muonic Knight shift, Proc. Physical Society Japan A u tu m n M eeting, Aom ori, Japan, 2004 (Meeting Abstracts Phys. Soc. Jpn., in press).H. Nozaki, J. Sugiyama, J.H. Brewer, E.J. Ansaldo, T. Takami, H. Ikuta and H. Hazama, pSR studies on ther­moelectric cobalt oxides VII: one-dimensional system, ibid.P.W. Percival, Hydrogen atom chemistry studied via its iso­tope muonium, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Low Temperature Chem istry, Berlin, September 7—10, 2004.J. Sugiyama, D. Andreica, H. Itahara and T. Tani, Magnetism of layered cobaltites under hydrostatic pres­sure as probed by p+SR; [CagCoOs]o.6 2 [CoOg] and [Cag Co4 /s Cu2 /3 C>4 ]o.6 2 [CoOg], Proc. 1st W orkshop on Anisotropic Science and Technology o f M aterials and264Devices, Osaka, October 31—N ovem ber 1, 2004 (T IC , Kyoto, in press).Life SciencesD.T. Yapp, T.J. Ruth, M.J. Adam, C.J. Koch, M.E. Gleeve and K.A. Skov, Non-invasive evaluation of tumour hypoxia with 1 F-EF5 and microPET in androgen dependent murine model for prostate cancer, Proc. 95th Am erican Associa­tion for Cancer Research, O rlando, FL, M arch 2 6 —31, 2004.C.L. Fisher, B.O. Patrick, M.J. Adam and C. Orvig, Cy- clopentadienyltricarbonyl rhenium (I) and technetium (I) complexes containing pendant glucose derivatives: potential radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy, Proc. Int. Conf. Organometallic Chem istry, Vancouver, B C , July 2004.C. Ewart, S.R. Bayly, M.J. Adam and C. Orvig, PADA- glucosamide-complexation of a new tridentate ligand based on glucosamine to the [M(CO)s]+ core (M — Tc, Re), ibid.V. Sossi, J.E. Holden, T.J. Ruth, A.J. Stoessl and D. Doudet, Strategies to reduce scanning time in receptor imaging with positron emission tomography, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Neuroreceptor M apping, Vancouver, B C , July 1 5 -1 8 , 2004.C.L. Fisher, D.E. Green, T. Storr, S.R. Bayly, S. Lapi, M.J. Adam and C. Orvig, Radiometal complexes with pendant glucose derivatives for molecular imaging and radiother­apy, Proc. 228th Am erican Chem ical Society M eeting , Philadelphia, P A , August 22—26, 2004.M.N. Fedoruk, H. Dougan, C.M. Ludgate and C.C. Nelson, Auger therapy for prostate cancer, Proc. 5th Int. Sym p. on Radiohalogens, W histler, B C , Septem ber 15, 2004.A. Rahmim, T.J. Ruth, and V. Sossi, Study of a con­vergent subsetized list-mode EM reconstruction algorithm, Proc. IE E E /M IC , Rom e, Italy, O ctober 16—24, 2004 .M-L. Camborde, A. Rahmim, D.F. Newport, S. Siegel, K.R. Buckley, E. Vandervoort, T.J. Ruth and V. Sossi, Effect of normalization method on image uniformity and distribution(R)volume ratio estimates on microPET R4, ibid.V. Sossi, M-L. Camborde, D. Newport, A. Rahmim, G. Tropini, D. Doudet and T.J. Ruth, The influence o f mea­surement uncertainties on the evaluation of the distribution(R)volume ratio in rat studies on a microPET R f: a phan­tom study, ibid.Theoretical ProgramA. Czarnecki, Theoretical summary of Moriond 2004: QCD and hadronic interactions, Proc. 39th Rencontres de M oriond on Q C D and H igh-Energy Hadronic Interac­tions, La Thuile, Italy, M arch 28—A pril 4 , 2004 [TRI-PP-04-11, Alberta-thy-1604, hep-ph/0407251].C. Barbieri and L. Lapikas, Two-step rescattering in (e, e'p) reactions, Proc. V III Conf. on Electron-Nucleus Scatter­ing, Isola d ’Elba, Italy, June 21—25, 2004 (Eur. Phys. J., in press) [TRI-PP-04-18].K.Y. Wong and R.M. Woloshyn, Topology and staggered fermion action improvement, Proc. 22nd Int. Sym p. on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2004), Batavia, IL, June 2 1 -2 6 , 2004 (Elsevier, in press) [hep-lat/0407003].C. Barbieri and B.K. Jennings, Study of the I6 0 (p ,^ ) re­action at astrophysical energies, Proc. 8th Sym p. on N u ­clei in the Cosm os (N IC V III), Vancouver, B C , July 19— 23, 2004 (Nucl. Phys. A, in press) [TRI-PP-04-34, nucl- th/0408017],R.H. Cyburt, What’s next for big banq nucleosynthesis?, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-36].R.H. Cyburt, Creating nuclear data representations and er­ror budget accounting, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-37J.R.H. Cyburt, The 7B e(p,'y)8B reaction and its future, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-38].J.-M. Sparenberg, Hybrid potential/R-matrix models for the 12C + a system, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-41].E. Tikhomolov, Large-scale vortical flows and penetrative convection in the sun, ibid. [TRI-PP-04-42].Y. Fujiwara, K. Miyagawa, M. Kohno, Y. Suzuki, D. Baye and J.-M. Sparenberg, Faddeev calculations of light A hy- pemuclei based on the SU6 quark model baryon-baryon interactions, Proc. Int. W orkshop on Strangeness N u ­clear Physics, Osaka University, Japan, July 29—31, 2004 (World Scientific, in press).W. Liao, Toward precision measurements in solar neu­trinos, Proc. 32nd Int. Conf. on H igh-Energy Physics (IC H E P 04), Beijing, China, August 16—22, 2004 (World Scientific, Hackensack, NJ, in press).M.C.B. Fernanades, A.E. Santana, J.D.M. Vianna and F.C. Khanna, Unitary representations of the Poicare group in a symplectic manifold, Proc. X X V Brazilian National M eet­ing on Particles and Fields, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Septem ­ber, 2004.A.P.C. Malbouisson, H. Queiroz, J.C. de Silva, J.M.C. Mal- bouisson, F.C. Khanna and A.E. Santana, Spontaneous symmetry breaking in the 3-dimensional Gross-Neveu model at finite temperature, ibid.B.R. Barrett, P. Navratil, A. Nogga, W.E. Ormand, I. Stetcu, J.P. Vary and H. Zhan, Ab initio large-basis no­core shell model, Proc. Int. Conf. on Nuclear D ata for Science and Technology 2004 (N D 20 04), Santa Fe, N M , Septem ber 26—October 1, 2004 (AIP, in press).H.G. Miller, A.R. Plastino, A. Plastino, A.R. Ritchie andF.C. Khanna, Pairing phase transitions in nuclear physics, Proc. 28th Int. W orkshop on Condensed M atter Theo­265ries, W ashington U n iv ., St. Louis, M O , Septem ber 27— O ctober 2 , 2004.C. Barbieri and W.H. Dickhoff, Self-consistent Green’s function calculation o f 16O at small missing energies, Proc. W orkshop on Nuclear Forces and M any-B ody Problem s, Seattle, W A , O ctober 4 -8 , 2004 (J. Phys. G, in press) [TRI-PP-04-24, nucl-th/0410082].F.C. Khanna, J.M.C. Malbouisson and A.E. Santana, Ther­mofield dynamics: generalised Bogoliuhov transformations and Casimir effect, Proc. N A T O -A R W , Tashkent, U zbek­istan, O ctober 10—16, 2004.A.E. Santana, A.P.C. Malbouisson, J.M.C. Malbouisson and F.C. Khanna, Thermofield dynamics and confined sys­tems: applications to physical systems, ibid.L. Theussl, S. Noguera and V. Vento, Generalized par­ton distributions of the pion in a Bethe-Salpeter approach, Proc. Int. Conf. on the Structure of Baryons, Palaiseau, France, O ctober 25—29, 2004 (Nucl. Phys. A, in press).Technology TransferP.L. Gardner, A.Y. Fong and L. Graham, From innova­tion to enterprise - the role of technology commercializa­tion in sustaining economic development and growth, Proc. Int. Engineering M anagem ent Conf. 2004 (IE M C 2004), Singapore, October 18—21, 2004.A.Y. Fong and P.L. Gardner, The role of basic research in economic development, Proc. 4th Int. Sym p. on M an­agem ent o f Technology (IS M O T ’04), Hangzhou, China, O ctober 2 4 -2 6 , 2004.P.L. Gardner and A.Y. Fong, An analysis of international achievements in technology commercialization, ibid.BooksJ.E. Holden and D.J. Doudet, PET receptor assay with multiple ligand concentrations: an equilibrium approach in Methods in Enzymology: Imaging, ed. M. Conn (Academic Press, in press).ThesesL.A. Courneyea, Photoionization of the 5P1 state of cooled and trapped potassium atoms (B.Sc., Physics, Uni­versity of British Columbia).A. Bebington, Investigating the lsC (p ,^ )1J,N reaction and using GEANT to test the DRAGON’s acceptance (M.Sc., Physics, University of Surrey, UK).E.S. Cunningham, The development of SCEPTAR, the new scintillator array for the 8 rr spectrometer and its use in the study of the ssNa decay (M.Sc., Physics, University of Sur­rey, UK).D. Gigliotti, Efficiency calibration measurement and GEANT simulation of the DRAGON BGO gamma array at TRIUMF (M.Sc., Physics, University of Northern British Columbia).G.F. Grinyer, High precision measurements o f 26Naf3~ de­cay (M.Sc., Physics, University of Guelph).S. Kecman, Muonium kinetics and free radical formations in solutions of fullerenes (M.Sc., Chemistry, Simon Fraser University).M. Lamey, A microchannel detection system for DRAGON (M.Sc., Physics, Simon Fraser University).J.G. Publicover, Energy mapping of scattered protons within a gas target (M.Sc., Physics and Astronomy, Uni­versity of Victoria).M. Gericke, The NPDGamma experiment - the weak inter­action between nucleons and parity violation in cold neutron capture (Ph.D., Physics, Indiana University).H. Itahara, Processing design, synthesis and thermoelectric properties of textured cobaltite ceramics (Ph.D., Engineer­ing, Nagoya University).I. McKenzie, Investigations of the structure and dynam­ics of novel muoniated radicals (Ph.D., Chemistry, Simon Fraser University).266Appendix BSEM IN AR S*The following seminars were presented at TRIUM F this year.08/01 Transverse Structure of Nucleon Parton Distributions, Dru Renner, MIT.12/01 Self Organization Phenomena in Particle Beams: How to Use Them to Build an X-Ray Laser, and How to AvoidThem to Build a Linear Collider, Claudio Pellegrini, UCLA.15/01 Using Staggered Chiral Perturbation Theory to Calculate Pion and Kaon Properties, Christopher Aubin, U. Wash­ington.16/01 From Cosmology to Cosmic Rays: Nucleosynthesis Beyond the Stars, Brian Fields, U. Illinois.22/01 Measuring Beta Decay Correlations in Laser Trapped slNa, Nick Scielzo, ANL.29/01 Charge Symmetry Breaking in the Reaction np —* dir0, Dave Hutcheon, TRIUMF.05/02 Measuring the Charge Radii o f 6’ 8He in an Atom Trap, Peter Mueller, ANL.06/02 Effective Interactions and Pairing in Neutron Stars, Achim Schwenk, Ohio State U.09/02 Initial Experience with a New Scintillator; LFS, Tom Lewellen, U. Washington.11/02 Fine Structure of Giant Resonances - A Quest for Experiments at Highest Resolution, Achim Richter, Institut fiirKernphysik, Darmstadt.12/02 Nuclear Astrophysics in Two Acts: r-Process Nucleosynthesis in Neutrino-Driven Winds and the Nuclear Symmetry Energy, Andrew Steiner, U. Minnesota.19/02 Playing Billiards with Microwaves: Quantum Manifestations of Classical Chaos, Achim Richter, Institut fiir Kern­physik, Darmstadt.24/02 Fermion Localization in Compact Extra-Dimensions, Manuel Toharia, UC Davis.11/03 Insights into Nuclear Molecules from Studies of the Heavy Ion Radiative Capture Reaction, David Jenkins, U. York.18/03 Adventures of a Proton Named Bob, Richard Cyburt, TRIUMF.23/03 New Results from E9f9, Joe Mildenberger, TRIUMF.25/03 Violation of Parity and Time-Reversal in Atoms: Precision Tests of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles,Jacinda Ginges, U. Alberta.26/03 Production of High-Spin Isomers in Proton-Induced Reactions at 100-500 Me V, Boris Zhuikov and Mikhail Mebel,INR, Moscow.01/04 The Physiological Role of Copper in Fe-Limited Marine Phytoplankton, Maite Maldonado, UBC.02/04 Intermediate Energy Particle Nuclear Reactions: A Dynamical Statistical Approach, Mikhail Mebel, INR, Moscow.08/04 Physics at the Energy Frontier: Results from the DO Experiment, Dugan O ’Neil, SFU.13/04 The Status of ISOLDE, Mats Lindroos, ISOLDE, CERN.14/04 1/2 Day Symposium on FFAGs, Shinji Machida, KEK; Yoshitaka Kuno, U. Osaka; Carol Johnstone, Fermilab; andShane Koscielniak, TRIUMF.15/04 Flemfest: In Celebration of Don Fleming’s Glen Seaborg Award, Khashayer Ghandi and Andrew MacFarlane, UBC.20/04 R&D Activities on ADS and Proposal of China Spallation Neutron Source, ShouXian Fang, IHEP, Beijing.22/04 New Potential Models for Nuclear Astrophysics Illustrated with 7Be+p and lsC +a, Jean-Marc Sparenberg, TRIUMF.30/04 Furious Fuss about Five Quarks, Andy Miller, TRIUMF.06/05 Neutron Decay and the Standard Model - The Question of the Unitarity of the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix,Stefan Baefiler, U. Mainz.07/05 New Lattice Calculations for Vub Determination from B —> n Semileptonic Decays, Kerryann Foley, Cornell U.13/05 Lamb Shift in Muonic Hydrogen: Toward the Proton Charge Radius, Frangoise Mulhauser, U. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign/PSI.18/05 High Performance Computng at SLAC, Alf Wachsmann, SLAC.20/05 Correlations in Finite Nuclei (What Does a Proton Do Inside the Nucleus?), Carlo Barbieri, TRIUMF.26/05 Rn and Other Radio-Chemical Backgrounds in the SNO Detector, Richard Lange, SNO/BNL.03/06 Nuclear Structure from Cold, Trapped Atoms, Matt Pearson, TRIUMF.07/06 Silicon Photomultiplier: Investigation and Comparison, Vitaly Kovaltchouk, U. Regina.11/06 Heavy Flavor at RHIC and the STAR MicroVertex Detector Upgrade, Fabrice Retiere, LBL.22/06 Multi-Channel Digital Delay/Trigger System, Shengli Liu, U. Alberta.23/06 The ATLAS Muon Spectrometer, Isabel Trigger, CERN.24/06 Deep Underground Science and the Possibility of a Cascades Site for DUSEL, Wick Haxton, U. Washington.25/06 Dilepton Events at Hadron Colliders, Reda Tafirout, U. Toronto.30/06 Electronic Eavesdropping on Nuclei - Whispers About the Charge Radii o f 8 ' 9 , 11Li, Wilfried Noertershaeuser, GSIDarmstadt/U. Tubingen.26708/07 Flashes in the Ashes: A New Probe of the rp-Process on Accreting Neutron Stars, Andrew Cumming, UC Santa Cruz. 16/07 New Results of K2K Experiment, Issei Kato, Kyoto U.19/07 Measurement of the Top Quark Mass at CDF, Igor Volobouev, LBNL.20/07 Heavy Flavor Production at HERA and Elsewhere, Leonid Gladilin, DESY.22/07 The Optical Data Link for ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Front End Electronics Readout, Jingbo Ye, Southern Methodist U.26/07 The CIAE Facility in Beijing and the BRIF RIB Facility, Tianjue Zhang, CIAE.26/07 The Evolution of Elementary Particle Physics at NSF, Marvin Goldberg, National Science Foundation.27/07 Innovative Techniques for PET Imaging - Progress and Perspectives, Patrick Le Du, Saclay.27/07 Electromagnetic Moments with Radioactive Nuclear Beams, Michael Hass, Weizmann Inst.29/07 “Super-Radiance” and the Width of the €>+, S=1 Baryon, Naftali Auerbach, Tel Aviv U.03/08 Breakup of Halo Nuclei by a Time-Dependent Method, Pierre Capel, U. Libre Bruxelles.12/08 The ab initio Large-Basis No-Core Shell Model, Bruce Barrett, U. Arizona.16/08 Grid Security and Data Access, John White, Helsinki Inst. Physics © CERN.18/08 Towards Preparing Physics Analysis at LHC, Hans-Peter Wellisch, CERN.19/08 The University of Washington Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer; New Apparatus for Precision Measurements, David Pinegar, U. Washington.31/08 g-Factor Measurements on Highly Charged Ions in a Penning Trap, Guenter Werth, U. Mainz.07/09 Probing the Structure of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBS), Ken Amos, U. Melbourne.09/09 High-Precision Lattice QCD Confronts Experiment, Howard Trottier, SFU.23/09 Commissioning and Initial Operation of the Canadian Light Source, Mark de Jong, CLS, Saskatoon.30/09 Isomers and Seniority in the Trans-Pb Nuclei, Jo Ressler, SFU.04/10 Emergent Physics: A Condensed-Matter Primer, Gregory Volovik, Landau Inst. Theoretical Physics, Russia.07/10 Measurement of the Michel Parameter p in Muon Decay, Jim Musser, Texas A&M U.14/10 New Shell Structure in Neutron-Rich Nuclei Above Doubly-Magic 48Ca, Robert Janssens, ANL.21/10 New Measurement of Michel Parameter 5, Andrei Gaponenko, U. Alberta.26/10 Windows on the Dark Side of the Universe, Bernard Sadoulet, UC Berkeley.01/11 Analogue Electronics and Signal Processing for ATLAS LAr Calorimetry, Leonid Kurchaninov, CERN.04/11 Towards Precision Mass Measurements of Radioactive Ions with a Penning Trap at IGISOL, Juha Aysto, U.Jyvaskyla.08/11 Report from Cyclotrons 2004 (Tokyo) and FFAG’04 (KEK), Michael Craddock, UBC/TRIUMF.10/11 Nucleosynthesis in the Beginning, Jennifer Johnson, Herzberg Inst. Astrophysics, Victoria.12/11 Why Pentaquarks Are Seen in Some Experiments and Not in Others, Harry Lipkin, Weizmann Inst./ANL.19/11 Experimental Study of the Pentaquark, Takashi Nakano, RCNP, Osaka U.24/11 Beta-Detected NMR and Its Applications in Condensed Matter Physics, Zaher Salman, TRIUMF.25/11 An Overview of the Founding and Current Activities of Bubble Technology Industries, Harry Ing, Bubble TechnologyIndustries.02/12 Polarized Parton Distributions Measured at the HERMES Experiment, Jeurgen Wendland, UBC/SFU.16/12 Nucleosynthesis in Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, Amanda Karakas, St. Mary’s U.The following ISAC seminars were presented at TRIUMF this year.21/04 The UK Gamma-Ray Tracking Project, Chris Pearson, TRIUMF.05/05 Beta Decay Studies with Fast Fragment Beams, Colin Morton, TRIUMF.19/05 Design of a Double Time-of-Flight Spectrometer for Fission Fragment Spectroscopy at FZR, Hariprakash Sharma, U. Manitoba.02/06 Production of Radioisotopes for Diagnosis and Therapy, Suzy Lapi, SFU.11/08 An Introduction to the TITAN Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) - A Status Report, Chris Osborne, MPI Heidel-berg/TRIUMF.25/08 Superallowed Fermi Beta Decay Studies Using the 8 n Spectrometer, Martin Smith, TRIUMF.08/09 Measurement of Radiative Lifetimes, Branching Ratios, Hyperfine Structure, and Isotope Shifts in Lanthanide Ions, David Rosner, U. Western Ontario.24/09 Solid-State Laser Ion Source Developments for High Purity Ion Beams, Christopher Geppert, Johannes-Gutenberg U., Mainz.20/10 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry - 1'iC Dating and Beyond, Christof Vockenhuber, TRIUMF.01/12 Laser Cooling and Sympathetic Cooling of Ions, Vladimir Ryjkov, TRIUMF.The following UBC/TRIUMF joint colloquium was presented this year.16/09 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and Ultra-Dense Matter, Larry McLerran, BNL.268The following technical seminars were presented this year.14/01 The Charge Breeding System, at REX-ISOLDE, Friedhelm Ames, CERN.31/03 Isotope Investigation and Production at INR, Boris Zhuikov, INR, Moscow.13/08 WIENER VME Crates and Power Supplies for Physics, Andreas Ruben, WIENER, Plein & Baus Electronics.16/09 ROME: A New Framework for Object-Oriented Data Analysis with ROOT and MIDAS, Matthias Schneebeli, PSI.01/10 Participate/Collaborate: Reciprocity, Design, and Social Networks, Access Grid Collab., Banff New Media Centre. 25/10 HEPNET Canada Presentation, Randy Sobie, U. Victoria.27/10 WestGrid Collaboration and Visualization Presentation, Brian Corrie, SFU.The following lunchtime seminars were presented at TRIUMF this year.22/03 RIA Workshop Summary, Paul Schmor, John D’Auria, Lutz Moritz and Bob Laxdal, TRIUMF.29/03 Report on the SLAC ROOT Workshop and ROOT Activities at TRIUMF, Konstantin Olchanski, TRIUMF.19/04 Design Status for a 2-Step Target at ISAC, and Predicted Yields, Will Talbert, TechSource, Inc.14/06 Report on the CanSecWest Computer Security Conference, Andrew Daviel, TRIUMF.25/10 CHEP04 and HEPIX, Learn All the New Buzzwords in Computing, Renee Poutissou and Corrie Kost, TRIUMF.All matters concerning TRIUMF seminars should be referred via e-mail to seminar@triumf.ca The latest listing of TRIUMF seminars can be seen at http://admin.triumf.ca/netdata/seminars/list269Appendix CUSERS G R O U P ST R IU M F U SE R S’ G R O UPFrom the TRIUMF Users’ Group Charter:The TRIUMF Users’ Group is an organization of scientists and engineers with special interest in the use o f the TRIUMF facility. Its purpose is:(a) to provide a formal means for exchange of infor­mation relating to the development and use of the facility;(b) to advise members of the entire TRIUM F orga­nization o f projects and facilities available;(c) to provide an entity responsive to the representa­tions of its members for offering advice and coun­sel to the TRIUMF management on operating policy and facilities.Membership o f the TRIUMF Users’ Group (TUG) is open to all scientists and engineers interested in the TRIUMF program. At the end of 2004 the TUG had 316 members from 12 countries.T R IU M F Users’ Executive Com m ittee (TU E C )The TRIUMF Users’ Executive Committee (TUEC) is a committee of elected members whose role is to represent the interests of the TUG to the TRIUMF administration.Among other things, TUEC maintains the TUG Web site at http://w w w .trium f.ca/tug/ where detailed information is available about its membership, that of related committees, and various TUG activities.T U E C Membership for 2004J.E. Sonier SFU ChairJ. Dilling TRIUMF Chair ElectW .D. Ramsay U. Manitoba Past ChairA.A. Chen McMaster U. 2003/2004T.A. Porcelli U. Northern BC 2003/2004P. Bricault TRIUMF 2004/2005A. Laird U. York, UK 2004/2005M. Comyn TRIUMF Liaison OfficerBy acclamation, P. Garrett (U. Guelph) was elected as chair elect for 2005.G. Gwinner (U. Manitoba), M. Nozar (TRIUMF) and F. Sarazin (Colorado School o f Mines) were elected as members for 2005/2006.TUEC nominates two members to represent the Users on the TRIUMF Operating Committee. In 2004 S. Yen (TRIUMF) and L. Lee (U. Manitoba) remained as the on-site member and alternate, respectively, whileG.M. Luke (McMaster U.) and J.E. Sonier (SFU) re­mained as the off-site member and alternate, respec­tively.pSR USERS G R O U PFull details regarding the /xSR Users Group and pSR facilities can be obtained via the W W W at http: / / cmms.triumf.ca/.270Appendix DThe following lists experiment proposals received up to the end of 2004 (missing numbers cover proposals that have been withdrawn or replaced by later versions, rejected, or combined with another proposal). Experiments 1-699 are omitted from this listing (except for those reporting results in this Annual Report). Please refer to the 1999 Annual Report or see http://www.triumf.ca/annrep/experiments.html for a full listing of these earlier experiments. Page numbers are given for those experiments which are included in this Annual Report.614. TWIST - precise measurement of the p, 8 and parameters in muon decay [active], R. Bayes, Y. Davydov,J. Doornbos, W. Faszer, M.C. Fujiwara, D.R. Gill, P. Gumplinger, R. Henderson, J. Hu, J.A. Macdonald*, G. Marshall, R. Mischke, M. Nozar, K. Olchanski, A. Olin, R. Openshaw, T.A. Porcelli, J.-M. Poutissou, R. Poutissou, G. Sheffer, W. Shin (TRIUMF), A. Gaponenko, P. Kitching, R.P. MacDonald, M. Quraan, N. Rodning*, J. Schaapman, G.M. Stinson (U. Alberta), M. Hasinoff, B. Jamieson (UBC), P. Depommier (U. Montreal), E.L. Mathie, R. Tacik (U. Regina), V. Selivanov, V. Torokhov (Kurchatov Inst.) C.A. Gagliardi, J.R. Musser, R.E. Tribble, M.A. Vasiliev (Texas A&M U.), D.D. Koetke, P. Nord, T.D.S. Stanislaus (Valparaiso U.)700. Measuring cross sections of long-lived radionuclides produced by 200-500 MeV protons in elements found in meteorites and lunar rocks [completed], J. Vincent (TRIUMF), J.M. Sisterson (Harvard U.), K. Kim (San Jose State U.), A.J.T. Jull (U. Arizona), M.W. Caffee (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), R.C. Reedy (Los Alamos Nat. Lab)702. Measurement of kaon-nucleon elastic scattering at 16 MeV [active], G.A. Beer, P. Knowles, G.R. Mason, A. Olin, L.P. Robertson (U. Victoria), P. Amaudruz, D.R. Gill, G. Smith, S. Yen (TRIUMF), L. Lee (U. Manitoba), G. Tagliente (UBC)703. Study of the decay n+ —> e+r phase I - lifetime measurement of the pion [completed], D.A. Bryman, T. Numao, A. Olin (TRIUMF) ’704. Charge symmetry breaking in np -*■ dn° close to threshold [completed], R. Abegg*, P.W. Green, D.A. Hutcheon (TRIUMF-U. Alberta), L.G. Greeniaus (U. Alberta-TRIUMF), R.W. Finlay, A.K. Opper, S.D. Reitzner (Ohio U.), E. Korkmaz, T.A. Porcelli (UNBC), J.A. Niskanen (U. Helsinki), P. Walden (TRIUMF-UBC), S. Yen (TRIUMF), C.A. Davis (TRIUMF-U. Manitoba), D.V. Jordan (Ohio U.-U. Alberta), E. Auld (UBC)705. Development of modular gas microstrip chambers as in-target tracking devices for an experiment to detect AA hypernuclei at the BNL AGS (BNL885) [completed data-taking], C.A. Davis (TRIUMF-U. Manitoba), B. Bassalleck, R. Stotzer (U. New Mexico), A.R. Berdoz, A. Biglan, D.S. Carman, G.B. Franklin, P. Khaustov, P. Koran, R. Magahiz, R. McCrady, C.A. Meyer, K. Paschke, B. Quinn, R.A. Schumacher, (Carnegie-Mellon U.), J. Birchall, L. Gan, M.R. Landry, L. Lee, S.A. Page, W.D. Ramsay, W.T.H. van Oers (U. Manitoba), T. Burger, H. Fischer, J. Franz, H. Schmitt (U. Freiburg), D.E. Alburger, R.E. Chrien, M. May, P.H. Pile, A. Rusek, R. Sawafta, R. Sutter (Brookhaven Nat. Lab), A. Ichikawa, K. Imai, Y. Kondo, K. Yamamoto, M. Yosoi (Kyoto U.), F. Takeutchi (Kyoto Sangyo U.), V.J. Zeps (U. Kentucky), P.D. Barnes, F. Merrill (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), V.J. Zeps (U. Kentucky), T. Iijima (KEK), J. Lowe (U. Birmingham)706. /rSR studies of spin fluctuations in CePtaSn2 and other Kondo spin systems [completed], A. Keren, K. Kojima, G.M. Luke, Y.J. Uemura, W.D. Wu (Columbia U.), K. Andres, G.M. Kalvius (Tech. U. Munich), H. Fujii, G. Nakamoto, T. Takabatake, H. Tanaka (Hiroshima U.), M. Ishikawa (ISSP U. Tokyo), B. Andraka (U. Florida),D.L. Cox (Ohio State U.)707. pSR measurements on two-dimensional site-diluted antiferromagnets [active], K. Kojima (Columbia U.-U. Tokyo), A. Keren, G.M. Luke, Y.J. Uemura, W.D. Wu (Columbia U.), H. Ikeda (KEK-KENS), R.J. Birgeneau (MIT), K. Nagamine (U. Tokyo)708. The spin relaxation and chemical reactivity of muonium-substituted organic radicals in the gas phase [com­pleted], D.G. Fleming, J.J. Pan, M. Shelley (UBC), D.J. Arseneau (TRIUMF-UBC), M. Senba (TRIUMF), J.C. Brodovitch, P.W. Percival (SFU), H. Dilger, E. Roduner (U. Zurich), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab)709. 90'9- '94'96Zr(n,p)90'9“’94,96Y reaction at 200 MeV [completed data-taking], A.G. Ling, P.L. Walden (TRIUMF), J. Rapaport (Ohio U.), D.A. Cooper, D.L. Prout, E.R. Sugarbaker (Ohio State U.), M. Halbert (Oak Ridge Nat. Lab), D. Mercer (U. Colorado), J. Campbell (U. Manitoba-TRIUMF), M. Hartig (U. Muenster)710. Dynamics of muonium in Ge and GaAs [completed], R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), R.F. Kiefl (UBC), K.H. Chow (Lehigh U.), T.L. Estle (Rice U.), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), E.A. Davis (Leicester U.), C.R. Schwab (CNRS, Strasbourg)E X P E R IM E N T PR O PO SALSPage5271712. pSR study of superconducting spin glasses [completed], V. McMullen, D.R. Noakes , C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.), E.J. Ansaldo (U. Saskatchewan), J.H. Brewer (UBC), G. Cao, J.E. Crow (NHMFL), S. McCall (Florida State U.-NHMFL)713. Muonium chemistry in supercritical water [completed], B. Addison-Jones, J.-C. Brodovitch, K. Ghandi, I. McKenzie, P. Percival (SFU), J. Schiith (U. Bonn)714. Atomic PNC in francium: preparations [inactive], J.A. Behr, L. Buchmann, M. Dombsky, P. Jackson, C.D.P.Levy (TRIUMF), J.M. D ’Auria, P. Dube, A. Gorelov, D. Melconian, T. Swanson, M. Trinczek (SFU), O.Hausser* (SFU-TRIUMF), U. Giesen (U. Alberta), I. Kelson, A.I. Yavin (Tel Aviv U.), J. Deutsch (U.Catholique de Louvain), J. Dilling (SFU-Heidelberg)715. Weak interaction symmetries in (3+ decay of optically trapped 3 , ’38mj ^ [active], J.M. D’Auria, A. Gorelov, D. Melconian, M. Trinczek (SFU), J.A. Behr, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, K.P. Jackson, B.K. Jennings (TRIUMF),S. Gu, M. Pearson (UBC), U. Giesen (U. Notre Dame), W.P. Alford (U. Western Ontario), J. Deutsch (U.Catholique de Louvain), D.A. Ashery, O. Aviv (Tel Aviv U.), F. Gluck (U. Mainz) 34716. Complete beta-delayed particle emission study of 31 Ar [deferred], J. Cerny, D.M. Moltz, T. Ognibene, M.W.Rowe, R.J. Tighe (Lawrence Berkeley Lab), L. Buchmann (TRIUMF), J. D ’Auria (SFU), M. Dombsky (SFU-U. Alberta), G. Roy (U. Alberta)717. Muon hyperfine transition rates in light nuclei [completed], J.H. Brewer, E. Gete, M.C. Fujiwara, J. Lange,D.F. Measday, B.A. Moftah, M.A. Saliba, T. Stocki (UBC), T.P. Gorringe (U. Kentucky)718. Superconductivity and magnetism in quaternary boron carbides [completed], A. Keren, G.M. Luke,Y.J. Uemura, W.D. Wu (Columbia U.), K. Kojima (Columbia U.-U. Tokyo), S. Uchida (U. Tokyo)719. 4He(7r+ , n~pp) invariant mass measurement with CHAOS [completed data-taking], P. Amaudruz, L. Felawka,D. Ottewell, G. Smith (TRIUMF), E.T. Mathie, R. Tacik, D.M. Yeomans (U. Regina), H. Clement, J. Grater,R. Meier, G.J. Wagner (U. Tubingen), J. Clark, M. Sevior (U. Melbourne), A. Ambardar, G.J. Hofman, M. Kermani, G. Tagliente (UBC), F. Bonutti, P. Camerini, N. Grion, R. Rui (U. di Trieste), J. Brack, R. Ristinen (U. Colorado), E. Gibson (California State U., Sacramento), M. Schepkin (ITEP Moscow)720. Muonium’s nucleophilicity [active], G.B. Porter, D.C. Walker (UBC), J.M. Stadlbauer* (Hood Coll.), K. Venkat- eswaran (Hindustan Lever Ltd.), M.V. Barnabas (Proctor & Gamble Ltd.)721. The delta nucleon reaction in CHAOS [completed data-taking], F. Farzanpay, P. Hong, E.L. Mathie, N. Mobed (U. Regina), R. Tacik (TRIUMF-U. Regina), P.A. Amaudruz, L. Felawka, R. Meier, D. Ottewell, G.R. Smith (TRIUMF), N. Grion (INFN, Trieste), P. Camerini, R. Rui (U. di Trieste), E. Gibson (California State U., Sacramento), G. Hofman, G. Jones, M. Kermani (UBC), M.E. Sevior (U. Melbourne), J.T. Brack, R.A. Ristinen (U. Colorado)722. Pion initial state interactions in the 1 2C(n+,ppp) reaction [completed data-taking], T. Mathie, R. Tacik (U. Regina), P.A. Amaudruz, L. Felawka, D. Ottewell, K. Raywood, G.R. Smith (TRIUMF) M. Kermani, S. McFarland (UBC), F. Bonutti, P. Camerini, R. Rui (U. di Trieste), N. Grion (INFN, Trieste), E.F. Gibson (California State U., Sacramento), M. Sevior (U. Melbourne), J. Brack, G. Hofman (U. Colorado), R. Meier (U. Tubingen)723. Study of pion-nucleus double-scattering reactions [completed data-taking], R. Tacik (TRIUMF-U. Regina), T. Mathie (U. Regina), P. Amaudruz, L. Felawka, D. Ottewell, K. Raywood, G. Smith (TRIUMF), M. Kermani,S. McFarland (UBC), F. Bonutti, P. Camerini, R. Rui (U. di Trieste), N. Grion (INFN, Trieste), J. Brack,G. Hofman (U. Colorado), R. Meier (U. Tubingen), M. Sevior (U. Melbourne), E. Gibson (California State U. Sacramento )724. /xSR measurements on spin ladder systems [completed], A. Keren, G.M. Luke, Y.J. Uemura, W.D. Wu (Columbia U.), K. Kojima (Columbia U.-U. Tokyo), M. Takano (Kyoto U.), K. Nagamine (U. Tokyo)725. Pion double charge exchange reactions on 3,4He in the energy range 50-100 MeV [completed], P. Amaudruz,L. Felawka, R. Meier, D. Ottewell, G. Smith (TRIUMF), T. Mathie, R. Tacik, M. Yeomans (U. Regina), J. Graeter, G. Wagner (U. Tubingen), J. Clark, M. Sevior (U. Melbourne), G. Hofman, M. Kermani, P. Tagliente (UBC), F. Bonutti, P. Camerini, N. Grion, R. Rui (U. di Trieste), J. Brack, R. Ristinen (U. Colorado), E. Gibson (California State U., Sacramento), O. Patarakin (Kurchatov Inst.), E. Friedman (Hebrew U. Jerusalem)726. Beta-delayed proton and 7 -decay of 6 5Se, 69Kr and l3Sr [active], D. Anthony, J. D’Auria, M. Trinczek (SFU),R.E. Azuma, J.D. King (U. Toronto), L. Buchmann, K.P. Jackson, J. Vincent (TRIUMF), M. Dombsky (SFU- U. Alberta), U. Giesen (TRIUMF-U. Alberta), J. Gorres, H. Schatz, M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame), C. Iliadis (TRIUMF-U. Toronto), G. Roy (U. Alberta)272728. Search for population and de-excitation of low-spin superdeformed states in Po-Hg region via (3+ and a decays [completed data-taking], Y.A. Akovali, M. Brinkman (Oak Ridge Nat. Lab), J.M. D ’Auria (TRIUMF-SFU), J.A. Becker, E.A. Henry (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), M. Dombsky (SFU), P.F. Mantica (UNISOR), W. Nazarewicz (Joint Inst, for Heavy Ion), J. Rikovska, N.J. Stone (Oxford U.), M.A. Stoyer (Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab), R.A. Wyss (MSI, Sweden)729. Gamow-Teller and spin-dipole strengths from 1 7 'lsO(n,p) [completed data-taking], D.P. Beatty, H.T. Fortune, P.P. Hui, R.B. I vie, Z.Q. Mao, M.G. McKinzie, D.A. Smith (U. Pennsylvania), W.P. Alford (U. Western Ontario), K.P. Jackson, A.G. Ling, C.A. Miller, P. Walden, S. Yen (TRIUMF)730. The solar neutrino problem and a new measurement of 7Be(p,7 )8B [deferred], R.E. Azuma, J.D. King (U. Toronto), P. Bricault, L. Buchmann, T. Ruth, H. Schneider, J. Vincent, S. Zeisler (TRIUMF), J. D ’Auria, R. Korteling (SFU), M. Dombsky (SFU-U. Alberta), U. Giesen (TRIUMF-U. Alberta), C. Iliadis (TRIUMF-U. Toronto), G. Roy (U. Alberta), M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame)731' JnYestiSation of spin-polarized muonium in metallic semiconductors [completed], K.H. Chow, S. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane, J. Sonier (UBC), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), E.A. Davis, A. Singh (Leicester U.), T.L. Estle, B. Hitti (Rice U.), R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), P. Mendels (Orsay U.), C. Schwab (CRN, Strasbourg)732. Quantum impurities in one dimensional spin 1/2 chains [completed], I. Affleck, J.H. Brewer, K. Chow, S. Dunsiger, S. Eggert, R.F. Kiefl, A. MacFarlane, J. Sonier (UBC), A. Keren, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.)733. Probing high Tc superconductor with “paramagnetic” (p~0) system [active], H. Kojima, I. Tanaka, E. Torikai (Yamanashi U.), K. Nishiyama (U. Tokyo), K. Nagamine (U. Tokyo-RIKEN), I. Watanabe (RIKEN), T.P. Das (State U. New York), S. Maekawa (Nagoya U.)734. Radiative muon capture on nickel isotopes [completed], D.S. Armstrong, P. McKenzie (Coll. of William & Mary), G. Azuelos, P. Depommier (U. de Montreal), P. Bergbusch, P. Gumplinger, M. Hasinoff, E. Saettler (UBC), B. Doyle, T.P. Gorringe, R. Sedlar (U. Kentucky), M. Blecher, C. Sigler (Virginia Polytechnic Inst.), J.A. MacDonald, J.-M. Poutissou, R. Poutissou, D. Wright (TRIUMF)735. Studies of single layer cuprate superconductors [completed], G.M. Luke, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), K. Kojima (Columbia U.-U. Tokyo), S. Uchida (U. Tokyo), R.H. Heffner, L.P. Le (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), R. MacLaughlin (U. California, Riverside), M.B. Maple (U. California, San Diego)736. Tests of electro-weak theory using 140 beam [deferred], M. Bahtacharya, A. Garcia, R. Rutchi, M. Wayne (U. Notre Dame), L. Buchmann (TRIUMF), C. Iliadis (TRIUMF-U. Toronto), B. Fujikawa (Lawrence Berkeley Lab), S.J. Freedman, J. Mortara (U. California, Berkeley)737. Magnetic and superconducting behaviour in selected oxide materials [completed], R.H. Heffner, L.P. Le (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), D.E. Maclaughlin (U. California, Riverside), G. Luke, B. Nachuma, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), K. Kojima (Columbia U.-U. Tokyo)740. Irradiation of silicon tracker components [completed], R. Lipton, L. Spiegel (Fermilab), K.F. O ’Shaughnessy (U. California, Santa Cruz), B. Barnett, J. Cameratta, J. Skarha (Johns Hopkins U.), N. Brunner, M. Frautschi, M. Gold, Y. Ling, J. Matthews, S. Seidel (U. New Mexico), D. Bortoletto, A. Garfinkel, A. Hardman, K. Hoffman, T. Keaffaber, N.M. Shaw (Purdue U.)741. Beta-delayed proton decay of 17Ne to a-emitting states in leO [completed], R.E. Azuma, J. Chow, J.D. King, A.C. Morton (U. Toronto), L. Buchmann, M. Dombsky (TRIUMF), U. Giesen (V. Notre Dame), T. Davin- son, A.C. Shotter (U. Edinburgh), R.N. Boyd (Ohio State U.), C. Iliadis (U. North Carolina), J. Powell (U. California, Berkeley),742. Scattering of muonic hydrogen isotopes [completed], V.M. Bystritsky, V.A. Stolupin (JINR), R. Jacot- Guillarmod, P.E. Knowles, F. Mulhauser (U. Fribourg), G.M. Marshall (TRIUMF), M. Filipowicz, J. Woz- mak (Fac. Phys., Nucl. Tech., Krakow), A. Adamczak (Inst. Nucl. Physics, Krakow), A.R. Kunselman (U. Wyoming), V.E. Markushin, C. Petitjean (PSI), T.M. Huber (Gustavus Adolphus Coll.), G.A. Beer, M. Maier, A. Olin, T.A. Porcelli (U. Victoria), P. Kammel (U. California, Berkeley), M.C. Fujiwara (UBC), J. Zmeskal (IMEP Vienna), S.K. Kim (Jeonbuk Nat. U.)743. Gamow-Teller strength in 64’66'68Zn and 63’65Cu(n,p) [completed data-taking], W.P. Alford (U. Western On­tario), D. Beatty, H.T. Fortune, P.P. Hui, R.B. Ivie, Z. Mao, M.G. McKinzie, D.A. Smith (U. Pennsylvania). S. Yen (TRIUMF) 7744. Hadronic weak and electromagnetic form factors via n~p -> e+e~n [active], P. Gumplinger, M.D. Hasinoff (UBC), T.P. Gorringe, M.A. Kovash (U. Kentucky), D.H. Wright (SLAC), E. Christy (Hampton U.), P. Zol- nierczuk (IUCF)273745. p~SR measurements on one-dimensional spin systems [active], K. Kojima (Columbia U.-U. Tokyo), K. Naga- mine, K. Nishiyama, S. Uchida (U. Tokyo), G.M. Luke, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), I. Affleck, S. Dunsiger, S. Eggert, R.F. Kiefl (UBC)746. Muonium dynamics in Si, Ge and GaAs studied by RF-/rSR and pW-/rSR [active], S.R. Kreitzman (TRIUMF), T.L. Estle, B. Hitti (Rice U.), R. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), K. Chow (UBC), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), E.A. Davis (Leicester U.), C. Schwab (CRN Strasbourg)747. /uSR study of re-entrant spin glasses a-FeMn, AuFe, and FeroALo [completed], I.A. Campbell (U. Paris Sud Orsay), S. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl (UBC), M.J.R Gingras (TRIUMF), M. Hennion, I. Mirebeau (Saclay, LLB), K. Kojima, G.M. Luke, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura, W.D. Wu (Columbia U.)749. Muonium-substituted free radicals [completed data-taking], B. Addison-Jones, J.C. Brodovitch, K. Ghandi, I. McKenzie, P.W. Percival (SFU), J. Schiith (U. Bonn)750. Liquid chemistry pSB [completed], G.B. Porter, D.C. Walker (UBC), J.M. Stadlbauer* (Hood Coll.), K. Venkateswaran (Lever Hindustan Ltd.), M.V. Barnabas Procter & Gamble Ltd.)751. Tests in preparation for pSR measurements of off-axis internal magnetic fields in anisotropic superconductors [active], E. Csomortani, W.J. Kossler, X. Wan (Coll. of William & Mary), D.R. Harshman (Physikon Research Inc.), A. Greer (Gonzaga U.), E. Koster, D.L. Williams (UBC), C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.)752. Muonium centres in Si and GaAs [completed], K.H. Chow (Oxford U.), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab),E.A. Davis (Leicester U.), S. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane (UBC), T.L. Estle (Rice U.), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), C. Schwab (CRN Strasbourg)753. Studies of magnetic correlations in planar oxides [completed], K. Kojima (Columbia U.-U. Tokyo), M. Larkin, G.M. Luke, J. Merrin, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), B.J. Sternlieb (Brookhaven Nat. Lab), S. Uchida (U. Tokyo)754. A search for the muonium substituted hydroxyl radical [deferred], T.A. Claxton, G. Marston (Leicester U.), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), D. Arseneau, D. Fleming, M. Senba, P. Wassell (UBC), J.-C. Brodovitch, P.W. Percival (SFU)755. Muonium formation in Zn-spinels [deferred], G.M. Kalvius, A. Kratzer, W. Potzel (Tech. U. Munich), R. Wapp- ling (U. Uppsala), D.R. Noakes (Virginia State U.), S.R. Kreitzman (TRIUMF), A. Martin (U. Jena), M.K. Krause (U. Leipzig)756. Mu+NO spin relaxation: electron exchange or paramagnetism? [deferred], D.G. Fleming, J.J. Pan, M. Senba, M. Shelley (UBC), D.J. Arseneau (TRIUMF), E. Roduner (U. Zurich)757. Study of muon dynamics in ferroelectric materials and proton ionic conductors - comparison with proton dynamics [completed], W.K. Dawson, K. Nishiyama, S. Ohira, K. Shimomura (U. Tokyo), K. Nagamine (U. Tokyo-RIKEN), S. Ikeda (KEK), S. Shin (ISSP U. Tokyo), N. Sata (Tohoku U.)758. Electronic structure of muonium and muonium-lithium complexes in graphite and related compounds [com­pleted], J. Brewer, J. Chakhalian, S. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane, R. Miller, J. Sonier (UBC), J. Dahn (Dalhousie U.), J. Fischer (U. Pennsylvania), B. Hitti, S.R. Kreitzman (TRIUMF)759. Study of the isotropic hyperfine coupling constant of muonium at high temperature and under uniaxial pressure [completed], W.K. Dawson, K. Nishiyama, S. Ohira, K. Shimomura (U. Tokyo), K. Nagamine (U. Tokyo- RIKEN), T.P. Das (U. New York, Albany)761. Parity violation in p —p scattering at 450 MeV [deferred], J. Birchall, C.A. Davis, L. Lee, S. A. Page, W.D. Ram­say, A.W. Rauf, G. Rutledge, W.T.H. van Oers (U. Manitoba), R. Helmer, R. Laxdal, C.D.P. Levy (TRIUMF), P.W. Green, G. Roy, G.M. Stinson (U. Alberta), N.A. Titov, S. Zadorozhny, A.N. Zelenski (INR, Moscow), J.D. Bowman, R.E. Mischke, S. Penttila, W.S. Wilburn (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), E. Korkmaz, (UNBC), M. Simonius (ETH Zurich), J. Bisplinghoff, P.D. Eversheim, F. Hinterberger (U. Bonn), W. Kretschmer, G. Morgenroth (U. Erlangen), H. Schieck (U. Cologne), P. von Rossen (KFA Jiilich)762. Gamow-Teller and spin-flip dipole strengths near A=90 [completed data-taking], W.P. Alford (U. Western Ontario), D.P. Beat- ty, H.T. Fortune, P.P. Hui, R.B. Ivie, D. Koltenuk, J. Yu (U. Pennsylvania), A. Ling, S. Yen (TRIUMF), S. ELKateb (King Fahd U.)763. Muon cooling and acceleration in an undulating crystal channel [deferred], S.A. Bogacz, D.B. Cline, D.A. Sanders (UCLA), L.M. Cremaldi, B. Denardo, Q. Jie, D.J. Summers (U. Mississippi-Oxford), G.M. Marshall (TRIUMF)764. Calibration of a segmented neutron detector [completed], E. Korkmaz, G. O’Rielly (UNBC), D.A. Hutcheon (TRIUMF), A.K. Opper (U. Alberta), G. Feldman, N.R. Kolb (U. Saskatchewan)274766. The ortho-para transition rate in muonic molecular hydrogen [completed], D.S. Armstrong, J.H.D. Clark, P. King (Coll. of William & Mary), T.P. Gorringe, S. Tripathi, P.A. Zolnierczuk (U. Kentucky), M.D. Hasinoff, T. Stocki (UBC), D.H. Wright (TRIUMF)767. Direct measurement of sticking in muon catalyzed d — t fusion [inactive], J.M. Bailey (Chester Technology, UK), G.A. Beer, M. Maier, G.R. Mason, T.A. Porcelli (U. Victoria), K.M. Crowe, P. Kammel (U. California, Berkeley-LBL), M.C. Fujiwara, E. Gete, T.J. Stocki (UBC), T.M. Huber (Gustavus Adolphus Coll.), S.K. Kim (Jeonbuk Nat U.), A.R. Kunselman (U. Wyoming), G.M. Marshall, A. Olin (TRIUMF), C.J. Martoff (Temple U.), V.S. Melezhik (JINR, Dubna), F. Mulhauser (U. Fribourg), C. Petitjean (PSI), J. Zmeskal (IMEP Vienna)768. Generalized Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in heavy fermion and intermediate valence systems [com­pleted], J. Akimitsu, K. Oishi, T. Muranaka (Aoyama Gakuin U.), W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda (KEK- IMSS), M. Nohara, H. Suzuki, H. Takagi (U. Tokyo), R.F. Kiefl, R.I. Miller, A.N. Price (UBC-TRIUMF), J.E. Sonier (SFU)769. Effects of uniaxial stress on muonium in semiconductors [completed], K.H. Chow (Oxford), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), R.F. Kiefl (UBC), T.L. Estle (Rice U.), R. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.)770. /xSR studies of organic conductors: (BEDT-TTF)2_ X and (TMTTF)2Br [completed], K. Kojima, M. Larkin,G.M. Luke, J. Merrin, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), P.M. Chaikin (Princeton U.), G. Saito (Ky­oto U.)771. /rSR studies of geometrically frustrated S = 1/2 spin systems [completed], K. Kojima, M. Larkin, G.M. Luke, J. Merrin, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), M.J.P. Gingras (TRIUMF), S. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl (UBC),D.C. Johnston, S. Kondo (Iowa State U.), S. Uchida (U. Tokyo), R.J. Cava (AT&T Bell Labs)772. Search for the A - A dibaryon [inactive], R. Abegg*, C.A. Miller, P. Walden, S. Yen (TRIUMF), R. Bent (Indiana U.), T.Y. Chen, F. Wang, C.H. Ye (Nanjing U.), W. Falk (U. Manitoba), D. Frekers, M. Hartig (U. Muenster), T. Goldman (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), M. Heyrat, C.W. Wong (UCLA), G. Jones (UBC), E. Korkmaz, G. O’Rielly (UNBC), C. Rangacharyulu (U. Saskatchewan), I. Strakovsky (Virginia Tech. Inst.), Z.X. Sun, J.C. Xu (Inst. Atomic Energy, China), T. Walton (Cariboo U. Coll.)773. Muon-electron interaction in n-type silicon [completed], D. Arseneau, B. Hitti, S.R. Kreitzman (TRIUMF), J.H. Brewer, R.F. Kiefl, G. Morris (UBC), K. Chow (Oxford U.), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), D.G. Eshchenko (INR, Moscow), T.L. Estle (Rice U.), R. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), V.G. Storchak, (Kurchatov Inst.)774. Muonium dynamics in GaAs studied by rf and p-wave pSR [active], B. Hitti, S.R. Kreitzman (TRIUMF), T.L. Estle (Rice U.), R. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.)775. Electron transport in insulators, semiconductors and magnetic materials [completed], J.H. Brewer, A. Izadi,D.M.C. Liu, K.M. Nichol, S. Sivanandam, A.T. Warkentin (UBC), G.D. Morris (TRIUMF), V.G. Storchak (Kurchatov Inst.), D.G. Eshchenko (INR, Moscow), J.D. Brewer (SFU)776. Rare earth materials with disordered spin structures [completed], J.H. Brewer (UBC), K. Fukamichi (Tohoku U.), G.M. Kalvius (Tech. U. Munich), D.R. Noakes, C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.), R. Wappling (Uppsala U.)777. Vortex state of s-wave superconductors investigated by muon spin rotation [completed], J.C. Chakhalian, K. Chow, R. Miller, A.N. Price (UBC), J.H. Brewer, R.F. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), J.E. Sonier (SFU)778. n±p differential cross sections in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region [completed data-taking], P. Amaudruz,D. Ottewell, (TRIUMF), P. Camerini, E. Fragiacomo, N. Grion, S. Piano, R. Rui (INFI Trieste-U. Trieste), K. Babcock, E. Mathie, H. Xu, D.M. Yeomans (U. Regina), G. Hofman, M.M. Pavan, K.J. Raywood, R. Tacik (Regina-TRIUMF), J. Breitschopf, H. Denz, R. Meier, F. von Wrochem, G. Wagner (U. Tubingen), G. Moloney, M. Sevior (U. Melbourne), J. Brack, J. Patterson, R. Ristinen (U. Colorado), E. Gibson (California State U., Sacramento), O. Patarakin (Kurchatov Inst.), G. Smith (Jefferson Lab)779. Accelerator mass spectrometry experiments at ISAC [inactive], S. Calvert, A. Glass, R.R. Johnson, T. Petersen (UBC), Z. Gelbart, D. Ottewell (TRIUMF), R. Schubank (unaffiliated), C.S. Wong (Inst, of Ocean Sciences), J. Clague (Geological Survey Canada), M. Paul (Hebrew U. Jerusalem)780. Deeply bound pionic states through 208Pb(p,3He)206Pb(g) ir~ [completed], D. Frekers, W. Garske, K. Grewer, M. Hartig, H. Wortche (U. Muenster), H. Machner (KFA, Jiilich), D. Hutcheon, P. Walden, S. Yen (TRIUMF), A. Opper (U. Ohio)781. Investigations of the ttt: invariant mass distributions of nuclear (7r+ , 7r_ 7r+) reactions with the CHAOS detector [completed data-taking], J. Clark, G. Moloney, M.E. Sevior (U. Melbourne), L. Felawka, G. Hofman, D.F. Ottewell, K. Raywood, G.R. Smith (TRIUMF), R. Meier (U. Tubingen), P. Camerini, E. Fragiacomo, R. Rui (INFN Trieste-U. Trieste), N. Grion, S. Piano (INFN, Trieste), E.L. Mathie, R. Tacik, (U. Regina), E.F. Gibson (Cal. State U., Sacramento)275782. Non-fermi-liquid behaviour and other novel phenomena in heavy-fermion alloys [completed], J.E. Anderson,D.E. MacLaughlin, L. Shu (U. California, Riverside), R.H. Heffner, G.D. Morris (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), N.A. Frederick, M.B. Maple, W.M. Yuhasz (U. California, San Diego), O.O. Bernal (Cal. State U., Los Angeles),F. Callaghan, J.E. Sonier (SFU), B. Andraka, G.R. Stewart (U. Florida) 63783. Paramagnetic frequency shifts in unconventional superconductors [active], R.H. Heffner, G.D. Morris (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), D.E. MacLaughlin (U. California, Riverside), G.J. Nieuwenhuys (U. Leiden), 0 .0 . Bernal (Cal. State U., Los Angeles), J.E. Sonier (SFU)784. /xSR studies of spin singlet states in oxides [active], A. Fukaya, I. Gat, M. Larkin, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), T. Ito (Columbia U.-ETL), H. Kageyama, K. Ueda, Y. Ueda (U. Tokyo), P.P. Kyriakou,G.M. Luke, M.T. Rovers (McMaster U.)785. Pion double charge exchange on 3He with CHAOS [completed data-taking], R. Tacik (TRIUMF-U. Regina),E.L. Mathie, M. Yeomans (U. Regina), H. Clement, J. Graeter, R. Meier, J. Petzold, G.J. Wagner (U. Tubingen), E. Friedman (Hebrew U. Jerusalem), N. Grion (INFN Trieste), P. Camerini, E. Fragiacomo, R.Rui (U. Trieste), L. Felawka, D. Ottewell, K. Raywood, G.R. Smith (TRIUMF), G. Hofman, B. Jamieson,G. Tagliente (UBC), J. Clark, G. Molony, M.E. Sevior (U. Melbourne), E. Gibson (California State U. Sacra­mento), H. Staudenmeyer (U. Karlsruhe), S. Filippov, Y. Gavrilov, T. Karavicheva (Moscow Meson Factory)786. Low energy structures in the /3-delayed particle decays of 9C, 12N and 17Ne [completed], N. Bateman (TRIUMF- SFU-U. Toronto), L. Buchmann, K.P. Jackson, T. Shoppa (TRIUMF), J. Chow, J.D. King, C. Mortin (U. Toronto), T. Davison, A. Ostrowski, A. Shotter (U. Edinburgh), J. D ’Auria (SFU), E. Gete, D. Measday (UBC), U. Giesen (U. Alberta)788. Nuclear and atomic physics with the CPT spectrometer [inactive], B. Barber, K.S. Sharma (U. Manitoba),X. Feng (U. Manitoba-McGill U.), F. Buchinger, J. Crawford, S. Gulick, J. Lee, B. Moore (McGill U.), E. Hagberg, J. Hardy, V. Koslowsky, G. Savard (Chalk River Nuclear Lab)789. pSR studies of magnetic fluctuations in hydronium jarosites, model Kagome antiferromagnets [completed],A. Harrison, A.S. Wills (U. Edinburgh), Y. Fudamoto, K. Kojima, M. Larkin, G.M. Luke, J. Merrin, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), T. Mason (U. Toronto)790. i^SR studies of stripe order in Lai.6-xSrxNdo.4Cu0 4 modified cuprate superconductors [completed], Y. Fu­damoto, K. Kojima, M. Larkin, G.M. Luke, J. Merrin, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), M. Crawford (Du Pont), A. Moodenbaugh (Brookhaven Nat. Lab), S. Uchida (U. Tokyo)791. Electronic structure and dynamics of charged muonium and muonium-dopant centers in semiconductors [active],K.H. Chow (Oxford U.), R.F. Kiefl (UBC), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), T.L. Estle (Rice U.), R. Lichti (Texas Tech.U.), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), C. Schwab (CRN, Strasbourg)792. Muonium in III-V semiconductors: identification of states and transitions [completed], K.H. Chow Oxford U.),S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), T.L. Estle (Rice U.), R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.),C. Schwab (CRN, Strasboug)793. Production of an intense lsO beam for ISAC [completed], J. D ’Auria, R. Lange (SFU), M. Dombsky, T. Ruth,J. Vincent (TRIUMF), K. Carter (Oak Ridge Nat. Lab), B. Zhuikov (INR, Moscow)794. p+SR study on the magnetic properties of LaCoC>3 and Lai-zSr^CoOs [completed], V.V. Krishnamurthy,I. Watan- abe (RIKEN), K. Asai, N. Yamada (U. Electro-communications), K. Nagamine (U. Tokyo-RIKEN)795. pSR study on non fermi liquid behaviour [completed], Y. Miyako, Y. Yamamoto (Osaka U.), S. Murayama (Muroran Inst. Tech.), K. Nagamine (U. Tokyo), K. Nishiyama (U. Tokyo-RIKEN)796. pSR studies in ionic crystals doped with either colour centres or impurity [deferred], Y. Miyake, K. Nagamine,K. Nishiyama, K. Shimomura (U. Tokyo), A. Matsusita (RIKEN)797. Magnetic correlations in the ternary equiatomic Ce compounds CeTSn [completed], G. Grosse, G.M. Kalvius A. Kratzer (Tech. U. Munich), R. Wappling (U. Uppsala), T. Takabatake (Hiroshima U.), D.R. Noakes, C.R. Stronach (Virginia State U.), Y. Echizen (Hiroshima U.), H. Nakotte (New Mexico State U.), H.v. Lohneysen (U. Karlsruhe)798. pSR studies on the competition of RKKY exchange and Kondo effect in CeT2 X 2 compounds (T=transition metal, X=Si,Ge) [completed], H.-H. Klauss, W. Kopmann, F.J. Litterst, W. Wagener, H. Waif (Tech. U. Braun­schweig), E. Baggio Saitovitch, M.B. Fontes (CBPF Rio de Janeiro), A. Krimmel, A. Loidl (U. Augsburg)799. Hyperfine structure and site determination of (p~0) system in LaSuCuO high Tc superconductors [completed],H. Kojima, I. Tanaka, E. Torikai (Yamanashi U.), K. Nishiyama (U. Tokyo-RIKEN), K. Nagamine, K. Shi­momura (U. Tokyo), I. Watanabe (RIKEN), T.P. Das (State U. New York)276801. Studies of multi-phonon states via /3-decay [completed], C.J. Barton, M.A. Caprio, R.F. Casten, N.V. Zamfir (Yale U.), D.S. Brenner (Clark U.), G.C. Ball, K.P. Jackson (TRIUMF)802. Superdeformation and smooth band termination on and near the N = Z line: Part 1 60Zn [active], J.A. Cameron, S. Flibotte, D.S. Haslip, J. Nieminen, C. Svensson, J.C. Waddington, J.N. Wilson (McMaster U.), G. Ball (TRIUMF), A. Galindo-Uribarri, D.C. Radford (Oak Ridge Nat. Lab), D. Ward (Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab)803. Experimental studies of interaction and properties of neutron-rich nuclei at ISAC [inactive], A.S. Iljinov, A.V. Klyachko, E.S. Konobeevsky, M.V. Morodovskoy, M.A. Prohvatilov, A.I. Reshetin, Yu.V. Ryabov, K.A. Shileev,V.A. Simonov, V.M. Skorkin, S.V. Zuyev (INR, Moscow)804. Muonium in gallium nitride [completed], B.A. Bailey, R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta),B. Hitti (TRIUMF), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), E.A. Davis (Leicester U.)805. A study of the 1 3 N(p,7 ) 1 4 0 reaction with a 13N beam [active], R.E. Azuma, J. Chow, J.D. King, A.C. Morton (U. Toronto), N. Bateman (TRIUMF-Toronto), L. Buchmann, K.P. Jackson, T. Shoppa (TRIUMF), J.M. D Auria (SFU), U. Giesen (SFU-TRIUMF), G. Roy (U. Alberta), W. Galster (U. Catholique de Louvain), A.C. Shotter (U. Edinburgh), R.N. Boyd (Ohio State U.), U. Greife, C. Rolfs, F. Strieder, H.-P. Trautvetter (Ruhr U. Bochum)806. Excitation of high-spin isomeric states and compound nucleus formation by intermediate energy protons and stopped pions [completed data-taking], A.S. Iljinov, V.M. Kokhanyuk, B.L. Zhuikov (INR, Moscow), I. Liu, J. Vincent, A.Z. Zyuzin (TRIUMF)808. Spin glass order in magnets frustrated by competing ferro- and antiferromagnetic exchange [completed], G.M. Kalvius, A. Kratzer, E. Schreier (Techn. U. Munich), R. Whppling (U. Uppsala), D.R. Noakes (Virginia'StateU.), J. Gal (Beer Sheva U.), W. Schafer (Bonn U.)809. Quantum diffusion of muonium in crystals with orientational degrees of freedom [completed], D. Arseneau, B. Hitti, S.R. Kreitzman (TRIUMF), J.H. Brewer, A. Izadi, G.D. Morris (UBC), D.G. Eshchenko (INR. Moscow), V.G. Storchak (Kurchatov Inst.), J.D. Brewer (SFU)810. First direct study of the 2 3Mg(p, 7 )24A1 reaction with a recoil mass separator (DRAGON) [active], N.P.T. Bateman, J.M. D ’Auria, D. Hunter, R. Korteling (SFU), R.N. Boyd (Ohio State U.), L. Buchmann, R. Helmer,D. Hutcheon, K.P. Jackson, A. Olin, J. Rogers (TRIUMF), U. Giesen, G. Roy (U. Alberta), L. Gialanella, U. Greife, C. Rolfs, F. Strieder, H.-P. Trautvetter (Ruhr U. Bochum), A. Hussein (UNBC), M. Junker (INFN Gran Sasso), J.D. King (U. Toronto), P.D. Parker (Yale U.), A. Shotter (U. Edinburgh), M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame)811. A direct study of the 19Ne(p, 7 )20Na reaction with a recoil mass separator (DRAGON) [active], N.P.T. Bateman, J.M. D’Auria, D. Hunter, R. Korteling (SFU), R.N. Boyd (Ohio State U.), L. Buchmann, R. Helmer, d! Hutcheon^K.P. Jackson, A. Olin, J. Rogers (TRIUMF), U. Giesen, G. Roy (U. Alberta), L. Gialanella, U. Greife,C. Rolfs, F. Strieder, H.-P. Trautvetter (Ruhr U. Bochum), A. Hussein (UNBC), M. Junker (INFN Gran Sasso), J.D. King (U. Toronto), P.D. Parker (Yale U.), A. Shotter (U. Edinburgh), M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame)812. Proposed study of the 8Li(a,n)n B reaction [active], R.N. Boyd, A. Murphy, L. Sahin, E. Smith, M. Zahar (Ohio State U.), L. Buchmann, P. Walden (TRIUMF), J.M. D’Auria (SFU), J.D. King (U. Toronto), M. Nishimura, S. Nishimura, I. Tanihata (RIKEN)813. A study of the lsO (a ,7 )19Ne reaction at the astrophysically important energy [active], N.P.T. Bateman, J.M. D’Auria, D. Hunter, R. Korteling (SFU), R.N. Boyd (Ohio State U.), L. Buchmann, R. Helmer, D. Hutcheon, K.P. Jackson, A. Olin, J. Rogers (TRIUMF), U. Giesen, G. Roy (U. Alberta), U. Greife, C. Rolfs, F. Strieder,H.-P. Trautvetter (Ruhr U. Bochum), A. Hussein (UNBC), J.D. King (U. Toronto), P.D. Parker (Yale U.), A. Shotter (U. Edinburgh), M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame)814. pSR studies of unconventional superconductivity in Sr2 R u04 [active], Y. Fudamoto, K.M. Kojima, M. Larkin,G.M. Luke, J. Merrin, B. Nachumi, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), Y. Maeno (Kyoto U.), R.J. Cava (Prince­ton U.)815. /3-NMR investigation of magnetic multilayers and giant magnetoresistance [active], J. Chakhalian, W.A. Mac­Farlane, R. Miller, (UBC), J.H. Brewer, R.F. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF), P. Amaudruz, R. Baartman, T.R. Beals, J. Behr, S. Daviel, S.R. Kreitzmann, T. Kuo, C.D.P. Levy, M. Olivo, R. Poutissou, Z. Salman, G.D. Wight (TRI­UMF) S.R. Dunsiger, R. Heffner, G.D. Morris (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), C. Bom mas (U. Bonn), A. Hatakeyama, Y. Hirayama, T. Shimoda (Osaka U.), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), J.E. Elenewski, L.H. Greene (U. Illinois- Urbana- Champagne)816. Semiconductor quantum wells investigated by /3-NMR [active], J.H. Brewer, J.C. Chakhalian, S. Dunsiger, R. Miller, T. Tiedje (UBC), M. Gingras (U. Waterloo), B. Ittermann (U. Marburg), B. Hitti, P. Levy, S.R. Kreitzman, A. Zelenski (TRIUMF), R.F. Kiefl (TRIUMF-UBC)277817. /3-NMR investigation of type II superconductors [active], D. Bonn, J.H. Brewer, J.C. Chakhalian, S. Dunsiger,W. Hardy, R. Liang, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane, R. Miller, J. Sonier (UBC), M. Gingras (U. Waterloo),R. Heffner (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), B. Itterman (U. Marburg), B. Hitti, P. Levy, S.R. Kreitzman, A. Zelenski (TRIUMF), G.M. Luke (Columbia U.), J.W. Brill (U. Kentucky) 65818. /r+SR study of magnetic ordering in the one-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnet copper benzoate [completed],J.C. Chakhalian, S. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane, R. Miller, J. Sonier (UBC), C. Broholm, D.C. Dender, P. Hammar, D. Reich (Johns-Hopkins U.), G. Luke, T. Uemura (Columbia U.)819. /t+SR studies of the antiferromagnetic instability and metastable state in colossal magnetoresistance sys­tem (Ndi_j,Smj/) 1 / 2 Sr1 / 2 Mn0 3 (y = 0.875) [completed], W. Higemoto, I. Watanabe (RIKEN), K. Nishiyama (KEK), K. Nagamine (RIKEN-KEK), A. Asamitsu, H. Kuwahara, Y. Tokura (JRCAT, U. Tokyo)821. Shape coexistence and shape mixing in neutron-deficient platinum isotopes: on-line nuclear orientation studies of the decays of 182 Au and 186 Au [active], K.S. Krane (Oregon State U.), J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech.), J. D ’Auria (SFU)822. Effect of disorder on quantum spin liquid state [completed data-taking], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda,K. Ohishi, (KEK-IMSS), M. Nohara, H. Takagi, H. Ueda, C. Urano (U. Tokyo)823. Pure fermi decay in medium mass nuclei [active], G.C. Ball, R. Beaton, P. Bricault, G. Hackman, P. Klages,J.A. Macdonald*, E. Vandervoort (TRIUMF), D.F. Hodgson (U. Surrey-TRIUMF), J. Cerny, D.M. Moltz, J.Powell (Lawrence Berkeley Lab), G. Savard (Argonne Nat. Lab), J.C. Hardy, V. Iacob (Texas A&M U.), S. Bishop, J. D ’Auria (SFU), J.R. Leslie, H.-B. Mak, I.S. Towner (Queen’s U.), D. Kulp, J.L. Wood (GeorgiaInst. Tech.), E.F. Zganjar, A. Piechaczek (Louisiana State U.) 36824. Measurement of the astrophysical rate of the 2 1 Na(p,7 )22Mg reaction [active], S. Bishop, J.M. D ’Auria, D. Hunter, M. Lamey, W. Liu, C. Wrede, (SFU), L. Buchmann, D. Hutcheon, A.M. Laird, A. Olin, D. Ottewell,J.G. Rogers (TRIUMF), S. Engel, F. Strieder (Ruhr U.), D. Gigliotti, A. Hussein (UNBC), R. Azuma, J.D.King (U. Toronto), R. Lewis, P.D. Parker (Yale U.), S. Kubono, S. Michimasa (U. Tokyo), M. Chatterjee (Saha Inst., Calcutta), U. Greife, C. Jewett (Colorado School of Mines), A.A. Chen (McMaster U.), M. Hernanz, J.Jose (Inst. d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Barcelona)826. Studies of ultrathin magnetic films with implanted isotopes [active], R. Kiefl, J. Pond, B.G. Turrell (UBC),C.A. Davis, P.P.J. Delheij (TRIUMF), K.S. Krane. J. Loats, P. Schmelzenbach, C. Stapels (Oregon State U.),D. Groh, W. Kumarasiri,P. Mantica (Michigan State U.), D. Kulp, J.L. Wood, (Georgia Inst. Tech.)827. Parity violation in 182W [active], J. D’Auria (TRIUMF-SFU), C.A. Davis P.P.J. Delheij (TRIUMF), R. Kiefl,A. Kotlicki, J. Pond, B. Turrell (UBC), K.S. Krane (Oregon State U.)828. Nuclear moments in the mass-100 region [active], K.S. Krane, J. Loats, P. Schmelzenbach, C. Stapels (Oregon State U.), D. Kulp, J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech.), C.A. Davis, P.P.J. Delheij (TRIUMF), D. Groh, W. Kumarasiri, P. Mantica (Michigan State U.), R. Kiefl, J. Pond, B.G. Turrell (UBC)829. Muonium as a hydrogen isotope: reactions in solution [completed], D.P. Chong, G.B. Porter, D.C. Walker (UBC), K. Venkateswaran (Hindustan Lever Ltd.), H.A. Gillis (St. Francis Xavier U.)830. The hot entropy bubble and the decay of 9Li [active], N. Bateman (TRIUMF-SFU-Toronto), L. Buchmann,K.P. Jackson, S. Karataglidis, T. Shoppa, E. Vogt (TRIUMF), J. Chow, J.D. King, C. Mortin (U. Toronto), T. Davison, A. Ostrowski, A. Shotter (U. Edinburgh), J. D ’Auria, U. Giesen (SFU), E. Gete, D. Measday (UBC)831. Magnetic properties of REBaaCusCU [completed data-taking], D. Andreica, F.N. Gygax, M. Pinkpank, A. Schenck (ETH Zurich), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), A. Amato (PSI), J.H. Brewer (UBC-TRIUMF)832. Study of the non-magnetic-magnetic transition in the Yb(Cui_;rNia:) 2 Si2 system [completed data-taking],D. Andreica, F. Gygax, M. Pinkpank, A. Schenck (ETH Ziirich-PSI), A. Amato (PSI), B. Hitti (TRIUMF)833. /rSR studies of doped MnSi and \ 2 -yOs\ non-fermi-liquid behaviour, spin fluctuations and itinerant magnetism [active], A. Fukaya, I.M. Gat, M. Larkin, A.J. Millis, P.L. Russo, A.T. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), P.P. Kyriakou, G.M. Luke, C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.), Y.V. Sushko (U. Kentucky), R.H. Heffner (Los Alamos Nat.Lab), D.E. MacLaughlin (U. California, Riverside), D. Andreica (PSI), M. Kalvius (Tech. U. Munich)834. /xSR study of transverse spin freezing in bond-frustrated magnets [active], A.D. Beath, D.H. Ryan, (McGill U.), J.M. Cadogan (U. New South Wales), J. van Lierop (U. Michigan)835. /iSR studies of intercalated HfN and Bi2212 superconductors [active], M. Greven, N. Kaneko, (Stanford U.),I.M. Gat, M.I. Larkin, P.L. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura, emph(Columbia U.), G.M. Luke, G.J. MacDougall,C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.), Y. Ando (U. Tokyo)836. Elasticks [active], R.E. Azuma, J.D. King (U. Toronto), G. Ball, L. Buchmann, K.P. Jackson, B. Jennings,S. Karataglidis, E. Vogt (TRIUMF), N. Bateman (TRIUMF-SFU-U. Toronto), T. Davison, A. Ostrowski, A. Shotter (U. Edinburgh), J. D’Auria (SFU), W. Galster (U. Catholique de Louvain), G. Roy (U. Alberta)278837. Pion-induced errors in memory chips [completed], J.T. Brack, G. Hofman, J. Patterson R.J. Peterson, R.A. Ristinen (XJ. Colorado), J.F. Ziegler (IBM), M.E. Nelson (US Naval Academy), G. Smith (TRIUMF)838. Measurement of the n~p — ► 7 7 n capture mode of pionic hydrogen [completed data-taking], T. Gorringe, M. Kovash, S. Tripathi, P. Zolnierczuk (U. Kentucky), D. Armstrong, J. Clark (Coll. of William & Mary), M. Hasinoff (UBC), D. Healey, D. Wright (TRIUMF)839. Thermal test of prototype high power ISAC target [completed], D. Drake, D. Liska, W.L. Talbert, M. Wilson (Amparo Corp.), P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, P. Schmor (TRIUMF), E. Dalder, C. Landram, K. Sale, D. Slaughter (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), J. Nolen, G. Savard (Argonne Nat. Lab), G. Alton (Oak Ridge Nat. Lab)840. Muon transfer from excited states of muonic hydrogen with x-ray measurement [active], S. Sakamoto, K. Shimomura (KEK), K. Nagamine (KEK-RIKEN), K. Ishida, N. Kawamura, Y. Matsuda, T. Matsuzaki, S.N. Nakamura, P. Strasser (RIKEN)841. ISAC beam and target development [active], P. Bricault, M. Dombsky (TRIUMF)842. Muonium-substituted free radicals in sub- and supercritical water [completed], J.-C. Brodovitch, S. Kecman,B. McCollum, I. McKenzie, P.W. Percival (SFU), B. Addison-Jones (Douglas College)843. Quadrupole ordering in dense Kondo system studied by pLCR [completed data-taking], J. Akimitsu, K. Kakuta,K. Ohishi (Aoyama Gakuin U.), W. Higemoto, R. Kadono (KEK-IMSS), T. Yokoo (CREST)844. Quantum impurities in one dimensional spin 1/2 chains [completed], I. Affleck, J. Brewer, J. Chakhalian, S. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl, R. Miller, A. Price (UBC), S. Eggert (Chalmers U.), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), A.A. Keren (Israel Inst. Tech.), W.A. MacFarlane (U. Paris-Sud), G. Morris (UBC-TRIUMF), Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), M. Verdaguer (CNRS), I. Yamada (Chiba U.)845. /rSR studies of vortex phases in (Ba,K)Bi03 [completed], G.M. Luke, M.A. Lumsden (McMaster U.), Y. Fu- damoto, M.I. Larkin, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), K.M. Kojima (U. Tokyo), M. Gingras (U. Waterloo), I. Joumard, T. Klein, J. Marcus (U. Grenoble)846. Complex order parameter symmetry in YB2 Cu3 0 7-a at low T and high magnetic field [completed], D.A. Bonn,J.H. Brewer, W.N. Hardy, R.F. Kiefl, R.X. Liang, J.-M. Menard, R.I. Miller (UBC), D. Babineau, K.F. Poon,J.E. Sonier (SFU), C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.)847. Electron-doped high-Tc superconductors [active], P. Fournier (U. Sherbrooke), F.D. Callaghan, C.V. Kaiser, M. Laulajainen, J.E. Sonier (SFU), R.L. Greene (U. Maryland) 69848. pSR investigation of the vortex state of YBa2 Cu3 0 6+a: [completed data-taking], D.A. Bonn, J.C. Chakhalian,K. Chow, W.N. Hardy, R.X. Liang, R. Miller, A.N. Price (UBC), J.H. Brewer, R.F. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF), J.Sonier (SFU)849. Spin structure and magnetic volume fraction of La214 systems: revisiting “1/8” , “stripes” , “spin glass” , and “swiss cheese” [completed], K.M. Kojima (U. Tokyo), Y. Fudamoto, I.M. Gat, M.L Larkin, A.T. Savici,Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), M.A. Kastner, Y.S. Lee (MIT), R.J. Birgeneau (MIT- U. Toronto), K. Yamada (Kyoto U.)850. Effects of dilute (Cu,Zn) substitution in spin gap systems SrCu2 0 3 and CuGe03 [completed], Y. Fudamoto,I. Gat, M.L Larkin, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), K.M. Kojima, K. Manabe, K. Uchinokura (U. Tokyo), G.M.Luke (McMaster U.), M. Azuma, M. Takano (Kyoto U.)851. pSR in ruthenate and cuprate high-T compounds [active], D.R. Harshman (Physikon Research Corp.), M.K.Wu (Nat. Tsing Hua U.), F.Z. Chien (Tamkang U.), J.D. Dow (Arizona State U.), A.J. Greer (Gonzaga U.),A. Goonewardene, W.J. Kossler, X. Wan (Coll. of William & Mary), E. Koster, D.L1. Williams (UBC), D.R. Noakes, C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.), A.T. Fiory (New Jersey Inst. Tech.), A. Erb (Walther-Meissner- Inst. Tieftemperaturforschung, Garching), J.P. Franck, I. Issac (U. Alberta), Z.F. Ren, D.Z. Wang (Boston College), R.N. Kleiman (Bell Labs), R.C. Haddon (U. California, Riverside), W. Kang (U. Chicago)852. Magnetic phases in geometrically frustrated rare earth pyrochlores [active], R. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF),S. Dunsiger, B.D. Gaulin, (McMaster U.), M.J.P. Gingras (U. Waterloo), G.D. Morris, J.M. Roper (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), R. Miller (U. Pennsylvania), A.N. Price (U. Erlangen-Nuernberg), J.S. Gardner (NIST),S.T. Bramwell (U. College London), K. Chow (U. Alberta), J. Chakhalian (MPI, Stuttgart)856. pSR study on CuO [active], W. Higemoto, K. Nishiyama, K. Shimomura (KEK), M. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, N. Tsutsumi, X.G. Zheng (Saga U.)857. Investigation of the magnetic properties of the cerium compound probed by negative muon [active], W. Hige­moto, K. Nagamine, K. Nishiyama, K. Shimomura (KEK), V.V. Krishnamurthy (RIKEN)858. Repolarization of muonic atom in semiconductors by laser optical pumping in solids [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, K. Nagamine, K. Nishiyama K. Shimomura (KEK)279859. A search for non-Markovian p+ diffusion in solids: p+ spectral spin hopping in high transverse field [inactive],G. Alexandrowicz, A. Grayevsky, N. Kaplan, T. Tashma (Racah Inst. Physics), A. Schenck (ETH Zurich)860. Mass and charge transport in disordered media: orientational glasses [completed], J.H. Brewer, A. Izadi, D.M.C. Liu, K.M. Nichol, S. Sivanandam, A.T. Warkentin (UBC), G.D. Morris (TRIUMF), V.G. Storchak (Kurchatov Inst.), D.G. Eshchenko (INR, Moscow), J.D. Brewer (SFU)862. Polarization observables in the pln^, 7r+ , n^) reactions: a test of chiral perturbation theory [completed data- taking], K. Craig, G. Hofman, M.M. Pavan, R. Tacik (Regina-TRIUMF), E. Mathie (U. Regina), J. Breitschopf,H. Denz, R. Meier, G. Wagner (U. Tubingen), E. Gibson (California State U. Sacramento), C.M. Riedel (Montana State U. Bozeman)863. Magnetic dipole moments measurements of ' 5 " '9Ga using low temperature nuclear orientation and /3-NMR [completed data-taking], A.D. Davies, P.F. Mantica, T.J. Mertzimekis (Michigan State U.), C.A. Davis, P.P.J. Delheij (TRIUMF), B. Turrell (UBC-TRIUMF)864. Measurement of the two-photon capture mode of the pionic deuterium atom [completed data-taking], S. Arole, T. Gorringe, C. Nenkov, S. Tripathi, P. Zolnierczuk (U. Kentucky), D. Armstrong, J. Clark (Coll. of William & Mary), M. Hasinoff (UBC), D. Wright (TRIUMF)865. Electronic structure and diffusion kinetics of muonium in group III nitrides [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, K. Nishiyama, K. Shimomura (KEK-IMSS), M. Mizuta (NEC Corp.), M. Saito (NEC Inf. Syst. Ltd.)8 6 6 . S = 0 doping to the Id spin chain: comparison between the S = 1/2 and 5 = 1 chains [active], I. Eisaki, K.M. Kojima, T. Masuda, S. Uchida, K. Uchinokura (U. Tokyo), Y. Fudamoto, I. Gat, M.I. Larkin, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.)867. pSR studies of magnetic properties of strontium/calcium ruthenates [active], Y. Fudamoto, I. Gat, M. Larkin, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), K. Kojima (U. Tokyo), S. Ikeda, Y. Maeno (Kyoto U.)8 6 8 . Magnetic correlations in impurity doped one dimensional spin systems [active], D. Baabe, H.-H. Klauss, W. Kopmann, F.J. Litterst, D. Mienert (Tech. U. Braunschweig), U. Ammerahl, B. Buchner (U. Koln), C. Geibel (MPI Dresden)869. Measurement of the 1 H(7r_ , 7r°)n differential cross section at 100-140 MeV/c and forward angles [completed data-taking], S. Arole, T. Gorringe, M. Kovash, S. Tripathi, P. Zolnierczuk (U. Kentucky), M. Hasinoff (UBC),D. Armstrong (Coll. of William & Mary), M. Pavan (TRIUMF)870. Breakout from the hot CNO cycle via the 18 Ne(a,p)21Na reaction [active], T. Davinson, A. Ostrowski, F. Sarazin, A. Shotter, P. Woods (U. Edinburgh), L. Buchmann, J. D’Auria (TRIUMF), J. Daly, J. Gorres, M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame), P. Leleux (U. Catholique de Louvain)871. Meson and quark effects in nuclear /3-decay of 20Na [active], H. Fujiwara, M. Fukuda, K. Matsuta, M. Mihara, T. Minamisono, T. Nagatomo, M. Ogura, T. Sumikama (Osaka U.), R. Baartman, J. Behr, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, K.P. Jackson, P. Levy (TRIUMF), R. Kiefl (UBC), K. Koshigiri (Osaka Kyoiku U.), M. Morita (Josai Int. U.), K. Minamisono (JSPS-TRIUMF)872. Weak interaction studies with trapped radioactive ions [active], J. Dilling, D. Melconian (SFU), G. Savard (Argonne Nat. Lab-U. Chicago), G.C. Ball, J.A. Behr, P. Bricault, K.P. Jackson (TRIUMF), F. Buchinger, J.E. Crawford, J.K.P. Lee, R.B. Moore (McGill U.), K.S. Sharma (U. Manitoba)874. Study of 19Ne a-decay properties related to the hot-CNO breakout reaction 1 5 0 (a ,7 )19Ne [active], T. Davin­son, D. Groombridge, A.M. Laird, A.N. Ostrowski, F. Sarazin, K. Schmidt, A.C. Shotter, P.J. Woods (U. Edinburgh), L. Buchmann (TRIUMF), S. Cherubini, P. Leleux (U. Catholique de Louvain), J. Hinnefeld (U. South Bend)875. Muon scattering in low Z materials for muon cooling studies [active], M. Curtis-Rouse, T.R. Edgecock, M. Ellis, J. Lidbury, W. Murray, P.R. Norton, K.J. Peach (Rutherford Appleton Lab), K. Ishida, Y. Matsuda (RIKEN), T. McMahon, J.A. Wilson (U. Birmingham), G. Barber, A. Jamdagni, K. Long, E. McKigney (Imp. Coll., London), W. Allison, S. Holmes (U. Oxford), S. Benveniste, D. Cline, Y. Fukui, K. Lee, Y. Pischalnikov (UCLA), R. Fernow (Brookhaven Nat. Lab), P. Gruber, A. Lombardi (CERN), S.N. Nakamura (U. Tohoku),G. Marshall (TRIUMF), A. Bogacz (Jefferson Lab)876. Disordered magnetism near magnetic instabilities in /-electron materials [completed], D.R. Noakes, C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.), G.M. Kalvius (Tech. U. Munich), A. Loidl (Augsburg U.), H. Nakotte (New Mexico State U.), R. Wappling (Uppsala U.), A.V. Andreev Charles U.)877. /rSR studies of strongly correlated electron systems under a high pressure [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Nishiyama (KEK-MSL), K. Satoh (Saitama U.), Y. Kitaoka, K. Ishida (Osaka U.), K. Nagamine (RIKEN-KEK-MSL )280878. i^+ SR studies on magnetism of layered compounds Cu2 (OH)3X(X=Cl,Br,I) [active], G. Maruta, K. Nishiyama (KEK-MSL), S. Takeda (Gunma U.)879. Proton- 2 1 Na elastic scattering at astrophysical energies [completed data-taking], L. Buchmann (TRIUMF),T. Davinson, A. Ostrowski, F. Sarazin, A. Shotter, P. Woods (U. Edinburgh), R.E. Azuma, J.D. King (U. Toronto), A. Chen (TRIUMF-SFU), J. Daly, J. Gorres, M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame), J. D ’Auria (SFU), E.S. Konobeevsky, M.V. Mordovskoy, V.A. Simonov, A.V. Stepanov, V.P. Zavarzina (INR, Moscow)880. Ortho-para effect of muon catalyzed fusion in solid deuterium [completed], K. Ishida, Y. Matsuda (RIKEN),K. Nagamine, K. Shimomura, A. Toyoda (KEK), S.N. Nakamura (Tohoku U7)881. Magnetism of Ce-based heavy fermion superconductor [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi (KEK-IMSS), K. Ishida, Y. Kawasaki, Y. Kitaoka (Osaka U.), C. Geibel, F. Steglich (Max-Planck Inst.)882. /uSR studies of unconventional superconductivity in an organic superconductor (TMTSF)2 C104 [active], I.M.Gat, M.I. Larkin, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), T. Ito (Columbia U.-ETL), P. Kyriakou, G.M. Luke,M. Rovers (McMaster U.), K.M. Kojima (U. Tokyo), P.M. Chaikin, I.J. Lee (Princeton U.), M.J. Naughton (Boston Coll.)883. Muonium-substituted methyl and associated free radicals [active], J.-C. Brodovitch, B. McCollum, P.W. Percival (SFU), K. Ghandi (UBC-TRIUMF), I. McKenzie (U. Stuttgart)884. pSR studies on magnetic ground state of S = 1/2 kagome spin system Cu3V2 0 7 (0H )-2-2H 20 [active],A. Fukaya, I.M. Gat, M.L Larkin, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), T. Ito (CERC-AIST), A. Keren ( Technion-Israel Inst, of Tech.), P.P. Kyriakou, G.M. Luke, M.T. Rovers (McMaster U.), Z. Hiroi (U. Tokyo)885. High-TF line-shape measurement of impurity-doped high-Tc cuprates [active], K.M. Kojima, Y. Kojima, Y. Maeda, T. Okamura, S. Uchida (U. Tokyo), I. Gat, T. Itoh, A. Kinkhabwala, M.L Larkin, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), S.R. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl, R. Miller (UBC), J.E. Sonier (Los Alamos Nat. Lab)8 8 6 . Study of field dependent Ti relaxation and coexistence of order parameters in the (anti)ferromagnetic ruthenate- cuprate superconductors RuSr2 (Gd,Eu,Y)Cu2Og [active], C. Bernhard (Max Planck Inst.). C. Niedermayer, V. Oehmichen (U. Konstanz), E.J. Ansaldo (U. Saskatoon), J.L. Tallon (NZIIRD)887. Search for broken time reversal symmetry in high temperature superconductors [active], P. Kyriakou,G.M. Luke, M. Rovers (McMaster U.), R.H. Heffner (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), M.L Larkin, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), J. Sonier (SFU), K.M. Kojima (U. Tokyo)8 8 8 . Test of delayed-muonium model for hydrocarbon liquids [completed], D.C. Walker (UBC-TRIUMF), H.A. Gillis(St. Francis Xavier U.), G.B. Porter (UBC), S. Karolczak (Politechnika, Poland)889. Study of field induced gap in Cu benzoate [active], Y. Ajiro, T. Asano, Y. Inagaki (Kyushu U.), H. Nojiri (Tohoku U.), W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda (KEK-IMSS)890. Anisotropic Kondo effect in Ce0 .sLao.2 Al3? [completed], P.E. MacLaughlin (U. California, Riverside), O.O.Bernal (Cal. State U., Los Angeles), R.H. Heffner (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), G.J. Nieuwenhuys (U. Leiden), J.E. Sonier (SFU), B. Andraka (U. Florida)891. Superconductivity and magnetism in CenTmIn3„ +2m [active], R.H. Heffner, G.D. Morris, J. Sarrao (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), J.E. Sonier (SFU), D.E. MacLaughlin (U. California, Riverside), G.J. Nieuwenhuys (U. Leiden),O.O. Bernal (Cal. State U., Los Angeles)892. Resonance ionization spectroscopy of stable and radioactive nuclides at TISOL [deferred] F. Buchinger, J.E. Crawford, S. Gulick, J.K.P. Lee (McGill U.), K. Sharma (U. Manitoba), J. Pinard (Lab Aime Cotton, Orsay)893. Hyperfine field of Rb in the ferromagnets Fe, Ni, Co [active], P. Bricault, C.A. Davis, P.P.J. Delheij B. Roberts, (TRIUMF), K. Nishimura (Toyoma U.), S. Ohya (Niigata U.), E. Rezaie (UBC) 37894. Muonium kinetics and free radical formation in solutions of fullerenes [active], B. Addison-Jones (DouglasCollege), J.-C. Brodovitch, S. Kecman, I. McKenzie, P.W. Percival (SFU)895. The vortex structure and magnetism of electron-doped cuprate superconductors [active], K.M. Kojima, S.Uchida (U. Tokyo), W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda (KEK), M. Azuma, M. Fujita, M. TakanoTKTYainada (Kyoto U.), K. Ishida, Y. Kawasaki, Y. Kitaoka (Osaka U), M.L Larkin, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.)896. Investigation of spin liquid behaviour in chromium and manganese spinels [completed], H. Dabkowska, J. Greedan, P.P. Kyriakou, G.M. Luke, M.T. Rovers (McMaster U.), I.M. Gat, M.L Larkin, A.T. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), K.M. Kojima (U. Tokyo)281897. Absolute magnetic penetration depth in the Meissner state of superconductors measured with low frequency beta-NMR [active], D. Bonn, J.H. Brewer, K.H. Chow, W. Hardy, R. Liang, R. Miller, G. Morris (UBC), S. Dunsiger, B. Heffner (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), R.F. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF), S. Kreitzman, P. Levy (TRIUMF),G. Luke (McMaster U.), J. Sonier (SFU), C. Stronach (Virginia State U.)898. MULTI development with applications in superconductors and semiconductors [completed], P. Amadruz, D. Arseneau, S. Chan, K.H. Chow, B. Hitti, G. Morris, R. Poutissou (TRIUMF), J. Chakhalian, S. Dunsiger, R.F. Kiefl, R. Miller (UBC)900. A determination of the a + lsO radiative capture rate by a measurement of the lsO(6Li,d)19Ne reaction [active],B.R. Fulton, B. Greenhalgh, J. Pearson, D.L. Watson (U. York), N.M. Clarke (U. Birmingham), T. Davinson, N. Farrington, P. Monroe, C. Ruiz, F. Sarazin, K. Schmidt, A.C. Shotter, P.J. Woods (U. Edinburgh), L. Buchmann, P. Walden (TRIUMF), J. D’Auria (SFU)902. Muon capture on 4 5Sc, 5 1V, 56Mn and 59Co [active], D.F. Measday (UBC), T.P. Gorringe (U. Kentucky)903. Spectroscopic study of n Be with polarized lxLi beam [active], A. Hatakeyama, Y. Hirayama, H. Izumi, T. Shimoda, M. Yagi, H. Yano (Osaka U.), H. Miyatake (IPNS, KEK), K.P. Jackson, C.D.P. Levy (TRIUMF)907. Improving Sei(300): the (3 — a branching ratio of 16N [deferred] R.E. Azuma, J.D. King (U. Toronto), L. Buchmann (TRIUMF)909. Isospin symmetry breaking in superallowed Fermi beta decays [active], C. Andreoiu, D. Bandyopadhyay, P. Finlay, P.E. Garrett, G.F. Grinyer, B.H. Hyland, A.A. Phillips, M.A. Schumaker, C.E. Svensson, J.J. Valiente- Dobon (U. Guelph), J.A. Cameron, J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.), A. Andreyev, G.C. Ball, P. Bricault, R.S. Chakrawarthy, G. Hackman, A.C. Morton, C.J. Pearson, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), R.A.E. Austin (St. Mary’s U.), J.C. Hardy, V.E. Iacob (Texas A&M U.), J.R. Leslie (Queen’s U.), J.L. Woods, W.D. Kulp (U. Georgia), A. Piechaczek, E.F. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.), P.M. Walker (U. Surrey), F. Sarazin (U. Colorado), H.C. Scraggs (U. Liverpool), J. von Schwarzenberg (U. Vienna)910. Study of the ground state proton emitter ,3Rb and implications for the astrophysical rp-process [active], A. Piechaczek, E.F. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.), G.C. Ball (TRIUMF), J.C. Batchelder (Oak Ridge Assoc. U.), D. Kulp, B.D. MacDonald, J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech.)911. Test of aerogel proto-type detector for G0 phase II [active], J. Birchall, W. Falk, L. Lee, S. Page, W.D. Ramsay, A. Rauf, G. Rutledge, W.T.H. van Oers (U. Manitoba), C. Davis (TRIUMF), L. Hannelius, J. Martin (Caltech), E. Korkmaz, T. Porcelli (UNBC), S. Kox, G. Quemener, R. Tieulent (ISN Grenoble), D. Beck (U. Illinois, Urbana)912. Formation, structure, and dynamics of muonium in GaAs studied by EF-ALC-RF /r+SR [active], B. Hitti, S.R. Kreitzman (TRIUMF), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), J.H. Brewer (UBC), D.G. Eshchenko (U. Zurich-PSI), V.G. Storchak (Kurchatov Inst.)913. Photo-induced dynamics and reactivity of spin polarized 8Li in semiconductors [active], K.H. Chow (U. Al­berta), T. Beals, R.F. Kiefl, R.L Miller (UBC), P. Amadruz, D. Arseneau, S. Daviel, B. Hitti, S.R. Kreitzman, P. Levy, R. Poutissou (TRIUMF), R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), G.D. Morris (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), C. Bommas (U. Bonn)914. Zero-field pSR in Bi2212 and Bi2201 searching for effects related to the pseudo-gap [active], M. Greven, N. Kaneko, (Stanford U.), I.M. Gat, M.I. Larkin, P.L. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura, emph(Columbia U.),G.M. Luke, G.J. MacDougall, C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.), Y. Ando (U. Tokyo)915. Muonium in semiconductor alloys [completed data-taking], R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), P.J.C. King (Ruther­ford Appleton Lab), I. Yonenaga (Tohoku U.)916. QLCR of diamagnetic states in GaP [completed], R.L. Lichti, W. Nusbaum (Texas Tech. U.), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), B. Hitti (TRIUMF)917. Correlation between magnetism and transport properties of thermoelectric oxides [active], H. Itahara, H. Nozaki (Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc.), E.J. Ansaldo (TRIUMF), H. Ikuta, U. Mizutani, T. Takami (Nagoya U.)918. High field study of La2 CuO,j based superconductors [active], I.M. Gat, M.I. Larkin, P.L. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), G.M. Luke, G.J. MacDougall, C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.), K.M. Kojima, S. Uchida (U. Tokyo), T. Ito (AIST, Tsukuba), Y.S. Lee (Nat. Inst. Standards Technology), K. Yamada (Kyoto U.), M. Greven, M. Kaneko (Stanford U.), M.A. Kastner (MIT), R.J. Birgeneau (U. Toronto), R. Kadono (KEK), S. Tajima (ISTEC)919. Proton irradiation effects in SOI devices [active], P. Dodd, G. Hash, R. Loemker, J. Schwank, M. Shaneyfelt (Sandia Nat. Lab), V. Ferlet-Cavrois, P. Paillet (CEA, France)920. Nuclear charge radii and moments of short lived neutron deficient Lanthanum isotopes [active], H.A. Schuessler (Texas A&M U.), P. Levy (TRIUMF), H. Iimura (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst), F. Buchinger, J. Crawford, J. Lee (McGill U.), R.L Thompson (U. Calgary)921. High-K isomers in neutron-rich A = 170-190 nuclei [active], S. Ashley, G.A. Jones, P.M. Walker, S.J. Williams, (U. Surrey), A. Andreyev, G.C. Ball, P. Bricault, R.S. Chakrawarthy, E. Cunningham, J. Daoud, G. Hack­man, C. Morton, C. Pearson, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), P.E. Garrett (U. Guelph- TRIUMF), R. Austin (St. Mary’s U.), J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.), E.F. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.), J. Becker (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines)922. On the production of 26Al in novae: measurement of the 26Al(p, 7 )26Si reaction rate [pending], S. Bishop, A.A. Chen, J.M. D ’Auria, D. Hunter, M. Lamey, C. Wrede (SFU), L. Buchmann, D.A. Hutcheon, K.P. Jackson, A. Olin, J. Rogers (TRIUMF), S. Engel (Ruhr-U. Bochum), C.S. Galovich (U. Northern Colorado), D. Gigliotti, A. Hussein (UNBC), U. Greife, C.C. Jewett (Colorado School of Mines), J. Jose (UPC/IEEC Barcelona), P.D. Parker (Yale U.)923. Measurement of 25Al + p resonances through elastic scattering [active], A.A. Chen, J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), L. Buchmann, F. Sarazin, A. Shotter, P. Walden (TRIUMF), T. Davinson, A. Murphy, I. Roberts, A. Robinson,C. Ruiz, P. Woods (U. Edinburgh), B. Fulton, D. Groombridge, J. Pearson (U. York), P.D. Parker (Yale U.)924. The hot CNO cycle and the 1 4 0 (a ,p )1'F reaction [active], M. Aliotta, T. Davinson, A. Murphy, I. Roberts, A. Robinson, P.J. Woods (U. Edinburgh), L. Buchmann, A. Chen, P. Walden (TRIUMF), B. Fulton, D. Groom­bridge, J. Pearson (U. York), P. Leleux (U. Catholique de Louvain), R. Azuma (U. Toronto)925. Isospin mixing in 36Ar via spin-polarized observables in 36K /?+ decay [active], J.M. D’Auria, D. Melco­nian (SFU), G.C. Ball, J.A. Behr, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, K.P. Jackson (TRIUMF), S. Gu, M. Pearson (UBC), W.P. Alford (U. Western Ontario), D.A. Ashery, O. Aviv (Tel Aviv U.), I.A. Towner (Queen’s U.), S. Karataglidis (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), B.A. Brown (Michigan State U.)926. Measurement of charge radius and f3+-decay Q-value of laser-trapped 74Rb [active], S. Gu, M. Pearson (UBC), J.A. Behr, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, K.P. Jackson (TRIUMF), D. Melconian (SFU), D.A. Ashery, O. Aviv (Tel Aviv U.)927. Using (3He,p): spectroscopy of proton unbound 19Na [active], G.C. Ball, L. Buchmann, G. Hackman, A. Laird,F. Sarazin, A. Shotter, P. Walden (TRIUMF), A.A. Chen (SFU), T. Davinson, I. Roberts, A. Robinson, C. Ruiz, P. Woods (U. Edinburgh), B. Fulton, D. Groombridge, J. Pearson (U. York), C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), J. Waddington (McMaster U.)928. Level structure of 2 1 Mg: nuclear and astrophysical implications [active], M. Aliotta, T. Davinson, A.St.J. Murphy, A. Robinson, P.J. Woods (U. Edinburgh), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), R. Azuma (U. Toronto), R. Boyd (Ohio State U.), L. Buchmann, A. Chen, D. Hutcheon, A. Laird, P. Walden (TRIUMF), B. Fulton (U. York)929. Octupole deformation and spin-exchange polarization of odd-A radon isotopes: toward radon electric dipole moment measurements at ISAC [active], P. Finlay, B. Hyland, A.A. Phillips, M.A. Schumaker, C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), T.E. Chupp, K.P. Coulter, S.R. Nuss-Warren, E.R. Tardiff (U. Michigan), G.C. Ball, J.A. Behr,G.S. Hackman, M.R. Pearson, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), M.E. Hayden, T. Warner (SFU)930. Measurement of n~ absorption in water [completed data-taking], T. Awes, V. Cianciolo, G. Young (Oak Ridge Nat. Lab), S. Berridge, W. Bugg, Yu. Efremenko, R. Gearhart, Yu. Kamyshkov, S. Ovchinnikov (U. Tennessee), Yu. Davydov, T. Numao, J.-M. Poutissou (TRIUMF)931. Magnetic properties of multinuclear, open-shell coordination complexes and polymers probed by pSR [active],F.D. Callaghan, N. Draper, C.V. Kaiser, M. Laulajainen, J. LeFebvre, D.B. Leznoff, C. Shorrock, J.E. Sonier (SFU) ------------------ ----------------932. Improving p~SR performance [active], J.H. Brewer, A.M. Froese, R. Moldovan (UBC), K. Ghandi (UBC- TRIUMF), B.A. Fryer (Sechelt Secondary School),933. Effects of nonlocality in superconductors [completed data-taking], R. Miller, R. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF), S.L. Bud’ko, P. Canfield, V. Kogan (Iowa State U.), P. Poon, J.E. Sonier (SFU)934. MuSR study of polymerized C60 [active], A. Fukaya, I.M. Gat, P.L. Russo, A.T. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U■), P. Kyriakou, G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), T. Makarova, B. Sundqvist (Umea U. Sweden), V.A. Davydov (Moscow Inst. High Pressure), T. Ito (AIST, Tsukuba)935. High pressure study of URu2 Si2 [active], J. Garrett, P. Kyriakou, G.M. Luke, C. Wiebe (McMaster U.), I.M. Gat, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), Y. Sushko (U. Kentucky), K.M. Kojima (U. Tokyo)936. Magnetic dynamics in spin ice systems [active], S.T. Bramwell, J. Lago (U. College London), S.R. Dunsiger (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), J.S. Gardner (NEC), M.J.P. Gingras (U. Waterloo), R. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.)937. Muonium in hexagonal semiconductors [active], R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), S.F.J.Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), B. Hitti (TRIUMF)938. Muonium formation and ionization in semiconductors and insulators [active], J.H. Brewer, A.M. Froese, R. Moldovan, S.L. Stubbs, A.G. Uy (UBC), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), Z.M. Salman (TRIUMF-UBC), R. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), D.G. Eshchenko (PSI), B.A. Aronzon, V.G. Storchak (Kurchatov Inst.), S.P. Cottrell (Rutherford Appleton Lab)939. Guest-host interactions and Hfcs of mu-radicals in zeolites [active], M. Bridges, D.G. Fleming, C. Fyfe, G. Patey, A. Wang (UBC), D. Arseneau (TRIUMF), K. Ghandi (TRIUMF-UBC), E. Roduner (U. Stuttgart), M. Senba (Dalhousie U.)940. Thermoelectrics II: pSR in layered manganese oxides [completed data-taking], K. Dohmae, H. Itahara, Y. Seno, J. Sugiyama, T. Tani, C. Xia (Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc.), J.H. Brewer (UBC), E.J. Ansaldo (U. Saskatchewan), B. Hitti (TRIUMF)941. Investigation of spin dynamics in geometrically frustrated transition metal oxides [active], J.E. Greedan,G.M. Luke, G. MacDougal, C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.), P. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.)942. Magnetic fluctuations near metal insulator transitions in ruthenate pyrochlores [active], N. Hur, K.H. Kim, J. Thompson (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), S.R. Dunsiger (McMaster U.), R.F. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), M.J.P. Gingras (U. Waterloo), Z. Salman (UBC), F. Callaghan (SFU), S.W. Cheong, (Rutgers U.-Lucent Tech.), G.D. Morris (TRIUMF)943. Muonium and muoniated free radical formation and reactivity in sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide [active],D.J. Arseneau (TRIUMF), M. Bridges (UBC-TRIUMF), D.G. Fleming, K. Ghandi, G. Patey, A. Wang (UBC), M. Pinto (SFU)944. Muonium sites and dynamics in silicon carbide [active], H. Bani-Salameh, B.R. Carroll, B. Coss, R.L. Lichti,D.L. Stripe (Texas Tech. U.), K.H. Chow, (U. Alberta), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab)945. Muoniated radicals formed from carbenes and carbene analogues [active], J.-C. Brodovitch, J.A.C. Clyburne,D. Dickie, B. McCollum, P.W. Percival, T. Ramnial (SFU), I. McKenzie (U. Stuttgart), K. Ghandi (UBC- TRIUMF)946. Energy generation and nucleosynthesis in the HotCNO cycles: measurement of the 1 'F (p ,7 )18Ne reaction rate [active], A.A. Chen (McMaster U.-TRIUMF), S. Bishop, J.M. D ’Auria, M. Lamey, C. Wrede (SFU), L. Buchmann, D.A. Hutcheon, A. Olin, D. Ottewell, J. Rogers (TRIUMF), S. Engel (Ruhr-Universitat Bochum),D. Gigliotti, A. Hussein (UNBC), U. Greife, C.C. Jewett (Colorado School of Mines), J. Jose (UPC/IEEC Barcelona), P.D. Parker (Yale U.)947. Evaluation of the competition between single-step and multi-step 7 decay in the 1 2 C(1 2 C, 7 ) reaction [active], T. Brown, S.P. Fox, B.R. Fulton, D. Groombridge, D.G. Jenkins, J. Pearson, R. Wadsworth, D.L. Watson (U. York), L. Buchmann, C. Davis, D. Hutcheon, S. Park, J. Rogers (TRIUMF), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), U. Greife (Colorado School of Mines), M.P. Carpenter, R.V.F. Janssens, T.L. Khoo, C.J. Lister, A.H. Wuosmaa (Argonne Nat. Lab), M. Freer (U. Birmingham), F. Azaiez, C. Beck, F. Haas, P. Papka, A. Sanchez (IReS Strasbourg),C. Andreoiu, M. Chartier, R.-D. Herzberg (U. Liverpool)948. Proton radiation effects in silicon-on-insulator and bulk-silicon devices [active], P. Dodd, G. Hash, R. Jones, J. Schwank, M. Shaneyfelt (Sandia Nat. Labs), V. Ferlet-Cavroi, C. D’Hose, P. Paillet, J.-E. Sauvestre (CEA, France), E. Blackmore (TRIUMF)949. /uSR study of magnetic order in high-Tc superconductor under high pressure [active], J. Arai, T. Goko, K. Sato, S. Takeshita (Tokyo U. of Science), W. Higemoto, K. Nagamine, K. Nishiyama (KEK-MSL)950. High field study of Zn doped/Eu doped/overdoped systems [active], I.M. Gat, M.I. Larkin, P.L. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), G.M. Luke, G.J. MacDougall, C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.), K.M. Kojima, S. Uchida (U. Tokyo), T. Ito (AIST, Tsukuba), Y.S. Lee (Nat. Inst. Standards Technology), K. Yamada (Kyoto U.), M. Greven, M. Kaneko (Stanford U.), M.A. Kastner (MIT), R.J. Birgeneau (U. Toronto), R. Kadono (KEK), S. Tajima (ISTEC)951. Magnetism and flux line lattice structure of oxychloride superconductors [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi (KEK-IMSS), M. Azuma, M. Takano, I. Yamada (Kyoto U.), K.M. Kojima (U. Tokyo)952. 1 2 C (a ,7 ) leO at DRAGON [active], C. Barbieri, L. Buchmann, D. Hutcheon, A.M. Laird, A. Olin, M. Pavan, J. Rogers, C. Ruiz, F. Sarazin, J.M. Sparenberg (TRIUMF), C.R. Brune (U. Ohio), A. Chen (McMaster U.), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), J. Gdrres, M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame), U. Greife (Colorado School of Mines), A. Hussein (UNBC), Z. Li, W. Liu (Chinese Inst, of Atomic Energy), A. Murphy (U. Edinburgh), S. Woosley (U. California, Santa Cruz), H.O. Meyer (IUCF)953. Spin dynamics and quantum coherence in molecular magnets [active], Z. Salman (TRIUMF), A. MacFarlane, R. Kiefl (UBC-TRIUMF), K. Chow (U. Alberta), S. Dunsiger (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), B. Barbara (Lab de Magnetisme Louis Neel)954. Half-lives of long-lived isotopes/chronology and environment [active] R.A.E. Austin, A. Chen, K.A. Koopmans, M. Lee, N. Novo, B. Singh, J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.), G.C. Ball, G. Hackman, F. Sarazin, H. Scraggs, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), P.E. Garrett (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), G. Grinyer, C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph)955. Probing shell structure with (3- and (3-n-delayed 7 spectroscopy [active], G.C. Ball, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky,G. Hackman, J. MacDonald, F. Sarazin, H. Scraggs, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), G. Grinyer, C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.), E. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.), W.D. Kulp, J. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech.), P.E. Garrett (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), P. Walker (U. Surrey-TRIUMF)956. Search for tensor interactions in recoil nucleus singles in decay of polarized S0Rb [active], J.A. Behr, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, K.P. Jackson, M.R. Pearson (TRIUMF), A. Gorelov, D. Melconian (SFU), D. Ashery (Tel Aviv U.), R. Pitcairn, E. Prime, D. Roberge (UBC), G. Gwinner (U. Manitoba)957. Search for high-spin isomeric states in the vicinity of double-magic N = Z 100Sn [active], G.C. Ball, G.S. Hackman, F. Sarazin, H.C. Scraggs, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), P.M. Walker (U. Surrey), C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.), E. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.), P.E. Garrett (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech.)958. HTF-p+SR lineshapes in overdoped high-Tc superconductors [active], D.A. Bonn, J.H. Brewer, M. Franz, W.N. Hardy, R.F. Kiefl, R.X. Liang, W.A. MacFarlane (UBC), F. Callaghan, K.F. Poon, J.E. Sonier (SFU), J. Chakhalian, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), S. Kim, G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), N.N. Kolesnikov (Russian Acad, of Science), C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.)959. New low field integral method for studies of diamagnetic muonium centers in group IV and II-VI semiconductors [active], K.H. Chow, K. Hoffman (U. Alberta), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), J.M. Gil (U. Coimbra), R.F. Kiefl (UBC)960. Hydrogen (Mu) defect level in II-VI chalcogenides [active], H.V. Alberto, N. Ayres de Campos, J.P. Duarte, J.M. Gil, R.C. Vilao (U. Coimbra), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), A. Weidinger (HMI/Berlin)961. A > 62 super-allowed Fermi (3 decays: constraining unknown corrections with 66As and 70Br decay [active], P.E. Garrett, W.E. Ormand, A. Schiller (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), G.F. Grinyer, C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), R.A.E. Austin, J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.), G.C. Ball, G. Hackman, F. Sarazin, H.C. Scraggs, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), J. Allmond, W.D. Kulp, J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech.), A. Piechaczek, E. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.)962. pSR study on NaassVoOs [active], P.L. Russo, A.T. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), G.M. Luke, C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.), Y. Ueda, T. Yamauchi (ISSP U. Tokyo)963. Underdoped/undoped cuprate single crystals [active], D.A. Bonn, J.H. Brewer, W.N. Hardy, R.F. Kiefl, R.X. Liang (UBC), F. Callaghan, K.F. Poon, J.E. Sonier (SFU), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), R.L. Greene (Maryland U.), P. Fournier (U. Sherbrooke), C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.), R.L Miller (Pennsylvania State U.)964. A study of the partial and total cross sections of the 8Li(o:, n )11B reaction at astrophysically relevant energies [deferred], L. Buchmann, A.C. Shotter, P. Walden (TRIUMF), R. Boyd, D. Reitzner (Ohio State U.), A.A. Chen (McMaster U.), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), B. Fulton, A.M. Laird (U. York), U. Greife, F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines) D. Hutcheon (TRIUMF-U. Alberta), Z. Li (Chinese Inst, o f Atomic Energy), A. Murphy (U. Edinburgh), S. Nishimura (RIKEN),965. Investigation of spin statics and dynamics in the new dipolar spin ice H0 2 RU2 O7 [active], J.E. Greedan, S.J. Kim, G.M. Luke, G. MacDougall, C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.), M.J.P. Gingras (U. Waterloo), P. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.)966. High precision mass determination for CVC tests [active], P. Bricault, J. Dilling, J. Vaz (TRIUMF), K. Sharma (U. Manitoba), M. Trinczek (MPI-K-TRIUMF), M. Smith (UBC-TRIUMF), F. Buchinger, J. Crawford, J. Lee, R.B. Moore (McGill U.)967. Beta decay branching ratio of 21Na [active], S.J. Freedman (UC Berkeley-LBNL), P.A. Vetter (Lawrence Berke­ley Nat. Lab), A.A. Kwiatkowski, R. Maruyama (U. California, Berkeley)968. Ortho-para effect of muon catalyzed fusion in liquid deuterium [active], N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, A. Toyoda (KEK), H. Imao (U. Tokyo-KEK), K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki (RIKEN)969. Metamagnetic transitions and quantum critical behavior [active], S.R. Dunsiger, R.H. Heffner, G.D. Morris (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), D.E. MacLaughlin (U. California, Riverside), O.O. Bernal (California State U.), G.J. Nieuwenhuys (U. Leiden)971. Precise measurement of the quadrupole moments of 20,21,25Na [active], R. Baartman, J. Behr, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, P. Jackson, P. Levy, M. Pearson (TRIUMF), M. Fukuda, K. Matsuta, M. Mihara, T. Minamisono, T. Nagatomo, M. Ogura, T. Sumikama (Osaka U.), R. Kiefl (UBC), K. Koshigiri (Osaka Kyoiku U.), K. Minamisono (JSPS-TRIUMF), M. Morita (Josai Int. U.)972. Meson and quark effects in the nuclear (3 decay of 20F [active], R. Baartman, J. Behr, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, P. Jackson, P. Levy, M. Pearson (TRIUMF), M. Fukuda, K. Matsuta, M. Mihara, T. Minamisono, T. Nagatomo, M. Ogura, T. Sumikama (Osaka U.), R. Kiefl (UBC), K. Koshigiri (Osaka Kyoiku U.), K. Minamisono (JSPS- TRIUMF), M. Morita (Josai Int. U.)973. Study of coexisting collective phases far from stability: systematic decay spectroscopy of the N = 90 isotones [active], W.D. Kulp, J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech.), E. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.), J. von Schwarzenberg (U. Vienna), D.J. Rowe (U. Toronto), P.E. Garrett (U. Guelph-TRIUMF), K.S. Krane (U. Oregon), C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), R.A.E. Austin (St. Mary’s U.), A. Andreyev, G.C. Ball, P. Bricault, R.S. Chakrawarthy,E. Cunningham, J. Daoud, G. Hackman, C. Morton, C. Pearson, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), J. Becker (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), C. Mattoon, F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines), J. Ressler (SFU)974. pSK experiments on superconductivity and magnetism in the new layered oxide Nao.3 5Co0 2 • J/H2 O [active],C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.-Columbia U.), S.J. Kim, G.M. Luke, G. MacDougal (McMaster U.), P. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), J.E. Sonier (SFU)975. Magnetism and superconductivity in Na;rCo0 2 • J/H2 O and related cobalt oxides [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi (KEK-IMSS), S.R. Saha, H. Sakurai, K. Takada, E. Takayama-Muromachi (NIMS, Japan)976. pSR study of strongly correlated electron behavior in filled skutterudite compounds [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi (KEK-IMSS), Y. Aoki, S.R. Saha, H. Sato, H. Sugawara (Tokyo Metropolitan U.)977. Magnetism and superconductivity in spinel oxides [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi (KEK-IMSS), M. Isobe, Y. Ueda (ISSP U. Tokyo)978. Magnetism in organic chiral compounds [active], W. Higemoto, R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi (KEK-IMSS),H. Imai, K. Inoue (IMS Okazaki Nat. Res. Inst.)979. Magnetism of equiatomic ternary uranium compounds [active], G.M. Kalvius (Tech. U. Munich), H. Nakotte (New Mexico State U.), D.R. Noakes, C.E. Stronach (Virginia State U.), R. Wappling (Uppsala U.)980. Quantum impurities in spin ladder compounds [active], I. Affleck (Boston U.), J. Brewer, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane (UBC), J. Chakhalian, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), S. Eggert (Chalmers U.), K. Kojima (Tokyo U.), Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.)981. Photoinduced magnetism in Prussian blue analogs [active], J. Chakhalian, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), R. Kiefl, A. MacFarlane, T. Parolin, D. Wang (UBC), K. Chow (U. Alberta), D. Leznoff, J. Sonier (SFU)982. pSR study of the superferromagnetic transition in clinoatacamite [active], T. Mori, X.G. Zheng (Saga U.), W. Higemoto, K. Nishiyama (KEK-MSL)983. Direct measurement of astrophysical n C(p, 7 )12N reaction at DRAGON [active], Z.H. Li, W.P Liu (China Inst, of Atomic Energy), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), L. Buchmann, D. Hutcheon, A. Laird, A. Olin, J. Rogers, C. Ruiz (TRIUMF), A.A. Chen (McMaster U.), J. Caggiano, A. Parikh, P. Parker (Yale U.), X.D. Tang (Argonne Nat. Lab)984. Fast lifetime measurements with the 87r spectrometer and nuclear structure below N = 82 [active], J.A. Becker (Lawence Livermore Nat. Lab), H. Mach (Uppsala U.), C. Andreoiu, D. Bandyopadhyay, P.E. Garrett, G.F. Grinyer, B. Hyland, A. Phillips, M. Schumaker, C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.),G.C. Ball, R.S. Chakrawarthy, G. Hackman, A.C. Morton, C.J. Pearson (TRIUMF), W.D. Kulp, J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech.), E. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.), J. von Schwarzenberg (U. Vienna), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines), J. Ressler (SFU), P.M. Jenneson, P.H. Regan, S.J. Williams (U. Surrey), R.A.E. Austin (St. Mary’s U.)985. Half-life and branching-ratio measurement of 18Ne superallowed fermi (3 decay [active], A.N. Andreyev, G.C. Ball, P. Bricault, R.S. Chakrawarthy, G. Hackman, A.C. Morton, C.J. Pearson, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), R.A.E. Austin (St. Mary’s U.), J.R. Leslie (Queen’s U.), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines), C. Andreoiu, P. Finlay,P.E. Garrett, G.F. Grinyer, B. Hyland, A.A. Phillips, M.A. Schumaker, C.E. Svensson, J.J. Valiente-Dobon (U. Guelph), J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst. Tech), E.F. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.), J.J. Daoud, S.J. Williams (U. Surrey)986. Proton irradiation effects in advanced semiconductor technologies [active], P. Dodd, G. Hash, J. Schwank, M. Shaneyfelt Sandia Nat. Lab), C. D ’Hose, V. Ferlet-Cavroi, P. Paillet, J.-E. Sauvestre (CEA, France) e ’ Blackmore (TRIUMF)987. Collinear resonant ionization spectroscopy near proton drip line [deferred], L. Blomeley, F. Buchinger, T. Cocolios, J.E. Crawford, S. Gulick, J.K.P. Lee, R.B. Moore (McGill U.), J. Dilling, P. Levy, M. Pearson (TRIUMF), G. Gwinner, K. Sharma (U. Manitoba), R. Thompson (U. Calgary), H. Schuessler (TAMU, Texas), J. Billowes, P. Campbell, B.W. Tordoff (U. Manchester), F. Ibrahim, F. Le Blanc, J. Sauvage, R. Sifi (IPN Orsay), J. Pinard (LAC Orsay)988. Lifetime measurements in the rare-earth neutron-rich region using FEST [active], J.J. Ressler (Yale U.-SFU), R.F. Casten, E.A. McCutchan, N.V. Zamfir (Yale U.), D.S. Brenner (Clark U.), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), G.’ Ball, G. Hackman (TRIUMF), P.E. Garrett (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), J.L. Wood (Georgia Inst Tech.), R.E.A. Austin, J. Waddington (McMaster U.), C. Svensson(U. Guelph), E.F. Zganjar (U. Louisiana), A.A. Hecht (Argonne Nat. Lab)989. Astrophysical studies using 26Al ground-state and isomeric beams [active], C. Ruiz (SFU-TRIUMF), C. Angulo (CRC Louvain-la-Neuve), R.E. Azuma, J.D. King (U. Toronto), L. Buchmann, J. Caggiano, B. Davids, D.A. Hutcheon, A. Olin, J. Rogers (TRIUMF), A. Chen, C. Van Ouellet (McMaster U.), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), U. Greife, C.C. Jewett, F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines), A. Hussein, C. Iliadis (UNBC), J. Jose (UPC/IEEC Barcelona), A.M. Laird (U. York), A.S. Murphy (U. Edinburgh), P. Parker (Yale U.), A. Shotter (TRIUMF-U. Alberta)990. Resonant elastic scattering of isomeric 26Al on protons [active], C. Ruiz (SFU-TRIUMF), C. Angulo (CRC Louvain-la-Neuve), M. Aliotta, T. Davinson, A.S. Murphy, P.J. Woods (U. Edinburgh), R.E. Azuma, J.D. King (U. Toronto), L. Buchmann, B. Davids, P. Walden (TRIUMF), A. Chen, J. Pearson, C. Van Ouellet (McMaster U.), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), B.R. Fulton, D. Groombridge, A.M. Laird (U. York), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines), A. Shotter (TRIUMF-U. Alberta)991. Laser spectroscopic determination of the u Li charge radius [active], B. Bushaw (Pacific Northwest Nat. Lab),A. Dax (PSI), G.W.F. Drake (U. Windsor), G. Ewald, R. Kirchner, H.-J. Kluge, Th. Kiihl (GSI Darmstadt),A. Gluzicka (Warsaw U.), P. Bricault, J. Dilling, M. Dombsky, J. Lassen, P. Levy, M. Pearson (TRIUMF), W. Nortershauser. C. Zimmermann (U. Tubingen), G. Gwinner (U. Manitoba)992. Lifetime of the 4.033 MeV state in 19Ne [active], OC. Ball, R.S. Chakrawarthy, B. Davids, G. Hackman, R. Kanungo, P. Walden (TRIUMF), J.S. Forster (U. Montreal), A.M. Laird (U. York), H. Leslie (Queen’s U.), C. Ruiz (TRIUMF-SFU), A. Shotter (TRIUMF-U. Alberta), M. Subramanian (UBC)993. Coulomb excitation of neutron rich beams with TIGRESS and the Si array [active], R.A.E. Austin, A.A. Chen, J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines), C. Andreoiu, G.F. Grinyer, C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), G.C. Ball, G.S. Hackman, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), T. Drake (U. Toronto), P. Garrett (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), J.J. Ressler (SFU), P.M. Walker (U. Surrey)994. On the rp-process bottleneck at A = 56: Coulomb excitation of 58Zn at ISAC-II [active], R.A.E. Austin,A.A. Chen, J.C. Waddington (McMaster U.), C. Andreoiu, C.E. Svensson (U. Guelph), G.C. Ball, B. Davids,'G. Hackman (TRIUMF), J.J. Ressler (SFU), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines)995. An alternate approach to radioactive beam production for volatile elements: proof-of-principle [active], J.M. D’Auria, S. Lapi (SFU), K. Buckley, K. Jayamanna, T.J. Ruth (TRIUMF), C. Ruiz, M. Trinczek (TRIUMF- SFU)996. Nova observables - 1SF abundance and the 18F(p,a)150 reaction [active], T. Brown, S. Fox, B. Fulton, D. Groombridge, A.M. Laird (U. York), M. Aliotta, P. Davinson, A. Murphy, P. Woods (U. Edinburgh), C. An­gulo (CRC Louvain-la-Neuve), L. Buchmann, B. Davids, C. Ruiz, A. Shotter, P. Walden (TRIUMF), J. Jose (UPC/IEEC Barcelona), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines)997. /xSR study on the magnetic structures in Cui-^LL-O [active], T. Mori, X.G. Zheng (Saga U.), W. Higemoto, K. Nishiyama (KEK-MSL)998. Muon spin relaxation and dynamic scaling in novel magnetic materials [active], J.E. Anderson, D.E. MacLaugh­lin, L. Shu (U. California, Riverside), R.H. Heffner, T. Kimura, G.D. Morris, J.L. Sarrao (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), F. Callaghan, J.E. Sonier (SFU), O.O. Bernal (Cal. State U., Los Angeles), J.S. Kim, G.R. Stewart (U. Florida), N. Frederick, M.B. Maple, W.M. Yuhasz, (U. California, San Diego)999. Local magnetic properties in Pu and Pu-based alloys [active], B. Chung, M. Fluss (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), R. Heffner, J. Lashley, G.D. Morris, J. Sarrao (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), D. MacLaughlin (U. California, Riverside)1000. Measurements of the vortex core size in type-II superconductors [active], F.D. Callaghan, C. Kaiser, M. Laula- jainen, J.E. Sonier (SFU), D. Bonn, J.H. Brewer, W.N. Hardy, R. Liang (UBC), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), R.L Miller (TRIUMF),1001. Defect levels and Mu° dynamics in III-V semiconductors [active], H.V. Alberto, J.M. Gil, J.P. Duarte, R.C. Vilao (U. Coimbra), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), S.F.J. Cox (Rutherford Appleton Lab), H. Bani-Salameh, B. Coss,B.R. Carroll, R.L. Lichti, D. Stripe (Texas Tech. U.)1002. Knight shift measurements of dynamic spin systems [active], C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.-Columbia U.), S.J. Kim, G.M. Luke, G. MacDougall, J. Rodriguez (McMaster U.), P. Russo, A.T. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.)1003. /rSR in pure and diluted spin ice pyrochlore systems [active], I.M. Gat, P.L. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), H. Dabkovska, G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), C.R. Wiebe (Columbia U.-McMaster U.), K. Ishida, Y. Maeno, S. Nakatsuji (Kyoto U.), P. Schiffer (Pennsylvania State U.), R.J. Cava (Princeton U.)1004. Nuclear hyperfine interactions of the shallow muonium center in GaN [active], K.H. Chow, A.N. MacDonald,B. Schultz (U. Alberta), R. Kadono, K. Shimomura (KEK), K. Mizuta, K. Ohishi (NEC Corp.), R.L. Lichti (Texas Tech. U.), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), R.F. Kiefl (UBC)1005. Optically induced dynamics and site changes in group IV semiconductors [active], K.H. Chow, A.N. MacDonald,B. Schultz (U. Alberta), B. Hitti, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane (UBC)1006. Magnetic properties of RKCrSbs (RE = La, Gd) [active], K.H. Chow, A. Mar, A. Tkachuk (U. Alberta), W.A. MacFarlane (UBC), B. Hitti, Z. Salman (TRIUMF)1007. Equilibrium of 1 1 5 Cds and 1 1 5 Cdm during the s-process [active], R.M. Clark, M. Cromaz, M.A. Deleplanque, M. Descovich, R.M. Diamond, P. Fallon, I.Y. Lee, A.O. Macchiavelli, E. Norman, E. Rodriguez-Vieitez, F.S. Stephens, D. Ward (Lawrence Berekely Nat. Lab), A. Andreyev, G.C. Ball, R. Chakrawarthy, G. Hackman, A.C. Morton, C. Pearson, M. Smith (TRIUMF), C. Svensson, J.J. Valiente-Dobon (U. Guelph), P.E. Garrett(Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab)1008. Halo neutrons and the /3-decay of n Li [active], J. Al-Khalili, P. Walker (U. Surrey), A. Andreyev, G. Ball,G. Hackman, D. Melconian, C. Morton, C. Pearson, R.S. Chakrawarthy, M. Smith (TRIUMF), P. Garrett (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), C. Andreoiu, G. Grinyer, C. Svensson (U. Guelph), D. Kulp, J. Wood (Geor­gia Inst. Tech.), J. Leslie (Queen’s U.), C. Mattoon, F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines), J. Waddington (McMaster U.), E. Zganjar (Louisiana State U.)1009. Towards 100Sn: Coulomb excitation of neutron-deficient Sn isotopes at ISAC-II [deferred], C. Andreoiu, P. Finlay, G.F. Grinyer, B. Hyland, A. Phillips, M. Schumaker, C.E. Svensson, J.J. Valiente-Dobon (U. Guelph), T. Drake (U. Toronto), P.E. Garrett (Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab), A.N. Andreyev, G.C. Ball, G. Hackman, A.C. Morton, C.J. Pearson, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), R.A.E. Austin (St. Mary’s U.), A.A. Chen, J. Waddington (McMaster U.), C. Plettner (Yale U.), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines)1010. Hyperfine anomaly measurements in neutron deficient Francium isotopes [deferred], J.A. Behr, P. Bricault, M. Dombsky, K.P. Jackson, J. Lassen, P. Levy (TRIUMF), M.R. Pearson (UBC-TRIUMF), G. Gwinner (U. Manitoba), G.D. Sprouse (SUNY Stony Brook), B.A. Brown (NSCL Michigan State)1011. /rSR study of LiHoTYi-a-F4 [active], S.J. Kim, G.M. Luke, G. MacDougall, J. Rodriguez, C. Wiebe (McMaster U.), P. Russo, A. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), M.J.P. Gingras, J. Kycia, J. Quilliam (U. Waterloo)1012. Organic free radicals under hydrothermal conditions [active], J.-C. Brodovitch, B. McCollum, P.W. Percival (SFU), K. Ghandi (UBC-TRIUMF), I. McKenzie (U. Stuttgart)1013. Superconductivity of /3-pyrochlore oxides [active], R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi, S.R. Saha (KEK-IMSS), W. Higemoto (JAERI), Z. Hiroi, Y. Muraoka, S. Yonezawa (U. Tokyo)1014. Magnetism of oxygen adsorbed in carbon nanotubes [deferred], R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi, S.R. Saha (KEK-IMSS), W. Higemoto (JAERI), Y. Maniwa, K. Matsuda (Tokyo Metropolitan U.)1015. Unconventional behavior of field-induced quasiparticle excitation in novel superconductors [active], J. Akimitsu, S. Kuroiwa, H. Takagiwa, Y. Tomita, M. Yamazawa (Aoyama Gakuin U.), R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi, S.R. Saha (KEK-IMSS), W. Higemoto (JAERI)1016. Studies of muonium in isotopically enriched Si and Ge [active], K.H. Chow, A.N. MacDonald, B. Schultz (U. Alberta), P.J.C. King (Rutherford Appleton Lab), B. Hitti (TRIUMF), R.F. Kiefl (UBC), K. Itoh (Keio U.)1017. Quasicrystals [active], R. Asahi, H. Nozaki, J. Sugiyama (Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc.), T.J. Sato (ISSP U. Tokyo), U. Mizutani (Nagoya V.), E.J. Ansaldo (TRIUMF), J.H. Brewer (UBC), D.R. Noakes (Virginia State U.)1018. Investigations of superconductivity in the ultra-2D limit [active], C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.-Columbia U.- NSEC), P.L. Russo, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.-NSEC), G.M. Luke, G.J. MacDougall, J. Rodriguez, Z. Tang (McMaster U.), A.T. Savici (Columbia U.)1019. High-field /rSR measurements of superconductivity in Hg-1201 [active], P.L. Russo, A.T. Savici, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), C.R. Wiebe (McMaster U.-Columbia U.), G.M. Luke, G.J. Macdougall, J. Rodriguez, Z. Tang (McMaster U.), M. Greven (Stanford U.)1020. Muonium reaction with halogen molecules, and consequent unconventional bound states [deferred], D.J. Arse­neau (TRIUMF), S. Cottrell, S.F.J. Cox, C. Johnson (Rutherford Appleton Lab), D.G. Fleming, K. Ghandi, J. Valiani (UBC), U.A. Jayasooriya (U. East Anglia)1021. Proton irradiation effects in advanced semiconductor technologies [active], P. Dodd, J. Felix, G. Hash, J. Schwank, M. Shaneyfelt (Sandia Nat. Lab), J. Baggio, C. D’Hose, V. Ferlet-Cavrois, P. Paillet (CEA, France),E. Blackmore (TRIUMF)1022. The resonant radiative capture 1 2 C(16 0 ,7 )28Si reaction [active], C. Beck, S. Courtin, F. Haas, M. Rousseau, M.-D. Salsac, A. Sanchez (IReS Strasbourg), D.A. Hutcheon (TRIUMF), J. D ’Auria (SFU), B.R. Fulton, R.G. Glover, D.G. Jenkins, P. Papka (U. York), C.J. Lister (Argonne Nat. Lab)1023. A pilot study of fusion of halo nuclei: 1 1 Li + 70Zn [active], Z. Huang, W. Loveland, B. Matteson, R. Naik, P. Sprunger, A.M. Vinodkumar (Oregon State U.), F. Liang, D. Shapira (Oak Ridge Nat. Lab), G. Ball, M. Dombsky, M. Trinczek (TRIUMF), J. D ’Auria, J. Ressler, T. Ruth (SFU)1024. 40Ca(a,7 )44Ti for astrophysics [active], L. Buchmann, J. Caggiano, B. Davids, D.A. Hutcheon, A. Olin, J. Pearson, C. Ruiz, G. Ruprecht, M. Trinczek, C. Vockenhuber (TRIUMF), A. Chen (McMaster U.), J.M. D ’Auria (SFU), D.G. Gigliotti, A. Hussein (UNBC), U. Greife (Colorado School of Mines), M. Hass (Weizmann Inst.), J. Jose (UPC/IEEC Barcelona), A.M. Laird (U. York), H. Nassar, M. Paul (Hebrew U.), P. Parker (Yale U.)1025. 'Be+p: elastic scattering [deferred], L. Buchmann, J. Caggiano, B. Davids, M. Pavan, G. Ruprecht, P. Walden (TRIUMF), D. Gigliotti (UNBC), A. Laird (U. York), J. Pearson (McMaster U.), C. Ruiz (SFU), J.M. Sparen­berg (U. Libre de Bruxelles)1026. Projectile fragmentation of Na isotopes on light targets: isotopic enhancement by N /Z [deferred], F. Gagnon- Moisan, J. Gauthier, F. Grenier, J. Moisan, R. Roy, C. St-Pierre, D. Theriault, A. Valee (Laval U.), A. Chbihi, J.P. Wieleczko (GANIL), M. Samri (Kenitra, Ibn Tofail U.)1027. Measurement of the 2 2Na(p,7 ) reaction rate [active], L. Buchmann, J. Caggiano, D.A. Hutcheon, J. Pearson,C. Ruiz, M. Trinczek, C. Vockenhuber (TRIUMF), J.M. D’Auria, J.J. Ressler (SFU), M. Wiescher (U. Notre Dame), K. Snover (U. Washington), J. Jose (Barcelona)1028. Ultra-high precision decay measurements of the superallowed /1-emitter 26111 Al [active], A. Andreyev, G.C. Ball, P. Bricault, R.S. Chakrawarthy, G. Hackman, A.C. Morton, C. Pearson, M.B. Smith (TRIUMF), J.R. Leslie (Queens U.), R.A.E. Austin (St. Mary’s U.), J. Ressler (SFU), C. Andreoiu, P.E. Garrett, G.F. Grinyer, B. Hyland, A.A. Phillips, M.A. Schumaker, C.E. Svensson, J.J. Valiente-Dobon (U. Guelph), D. Melconian (U. Washington)1030. Charged-particle channels in the /3-decay of 1 1 Li [active], A. Andreyev, L. Buchmann, R. Chakrawarthy, A.C. Morton, C. Pearson, M.B. Smith, P. Walden (TRIUMF), M.J.G. Borge, O. Tengblad (1st. Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Madrid), C.A. Diget, K. Riisager (U. Aarhus), M. Huyse, I. Mukha, J. Ponsaers, R. Raabe, P. Van Duppen (Katholieke U. Leuven), J. Pearson (McMaster U.), C. Ruiz (SFU), F. Sarazin (Colorado School of Mines)1031. Charged-particle exit channels from the 1 2 C + 12C fusion reaction at astrophysical energies [active], M. Aliotta, T. Davinson, A. Murphy (U. Edinburgh), C.J. Barton, S.P. Fox, B.R. Fulton, A.M. Laird, P. Mumby-Croft, K. Vaughan, D. Watson (U. York), L. Buchmann, G. Ruprecht, A.C. Shotter, P. Walden (TRIUMF), J. Jose (UPC/IEEC Barcelona)1032. Penetration depth and time reversal symmetry breaking in filled-skutterudite Pr(Osi_xRua:)4 Sbi2 [active], J.E. Anderson, D.E. MacLaughlin, L. Shu (U. California, Riverside), R.H. Heffner (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), J.E. Sonier (SFU), O.O. Bernal (U. California, Los Angeles), G.D. Morris (TRIUMF), M.B. Maple (U. California, San Diego)2891033. Phase separation in the A-site ordered perovskite manganites [active], Y. Kawasaki, Y. Kishimoto, T. Ohno (Tokushima U.), R. Kadono, A. Koda, K. Ohishi, S.R. Saha (KEK-MSL), W. Higemoto (JAERI), T. Nakajima, Y. Ueda (U. Tokyo)1034. One-dimensional cobalt oxide BaCoOs [active], H. Nozaki, J. Sugiyama (Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc.), H. Ikuta, U. Mizutani, T. Takami (Nagoya U.), E.J. Ansaldo (TRIUMF), J.H. Brewer (UBC)1035. /tSR measurements of magnetism in (Ca,SR)2 Ru0 4 in ambient and applied pressure [active], I. Gat-Malureanu, P.L. Russo, Y.J. Uemura (Columbia U.), A.T. Savici (Brookhaven Nat. Lab), C.R. Wiebe (Brock U.), G.M. Luke,G.J. MacDougall, J. Rodriguez, Z. Tang (McMaster U.), Y.V. Sushko (U. Kentucky), S.R. Julian (U. Toronto),E. Baggio-Saitovitch, H. Saitovitch (CBPF, Rio), J. Sereni (CAB Bariloche, Argentina), K. Ishida, Y. Maeno, S. Nakatsuji (Kyoto U.), F. Nakamura (Hiroshima U.), J. Arai, T. Goko (Tokyo-Science U.)1036. /3-NMR study of single molecule magnets films [active], R. Miller, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), R. Kiefl, A. Mac­Farlane (UBC-TRIUMF), M.D. Hussain, T. Keeler, A. Morello, T. Parolin, D. Wang (UBC), K. Chow (U. Alberta), D. Gatteschi, R. Sessoli (U. Florence)1038. A yiSR study of orbitally ordered LajRusOio [active], R. Kiefl, R. Miller, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), P. Khalifah (U. Massachusetts), M.D. Hussain, T.A. Keeler, A. MacFarlane, T. Parolin, H. Saadaoui, D. Wang (UBC)1039. A /rSR study of ferromagnetic superconductors at low temperatures [active], R. Kiefl, R. Miller, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), M.D. Hussain, T.A. Keeler, A. MacFarlane, T. Parolin, H. Saadaoui, D. Wang (UBC)1040. Light-induced magnetism in manganite thin films studied with /3-NMR [active], R. Kiefl, R. Miller, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), M.D. Hussain, T.A. Keeler, A. MacFarlane, T. Parolin, H. Saadaoui, D. Wang (UBC)1041. /3NMR search for spontaneous magnetism near the surface of unconventional superconductors [active], J.H. Brewer, M.D. Hossain, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane, T.J. Parolin, H.X. Saadaoui, D. Wang (UBC), R.L Miller,G.D. Morris, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), R.H. Heffner (Los Alamos Nat. Lab), L.H. Greene (U. Illinois), G.M. Luke (McMaster U.), Y. Maeno (Kyoto U.), Z. Yamani (AECL Chalk River)1042. /3NMR investigation of Ante size effects in metallic thin films and nanoparticle arrays [active], M.D. Hossain, T. Keeler, R.F. Kiefl, W.A. MacFarlane, T.J. Parolin, H.X. Saadaoui, D. Wang (UBC), R.I. Miller, G.D. Morris, Z. Salman (TRIUMF), J. Buriak, K.H. Chow (U. Alberta), S. Hak (Groningen U.), J. Chakhalian (Max Planck Inst.)*deceased290Appendix ELIFE SC IEN CES P R O JE C T P R O P O SA L SThe following lists life sciences project proposals received up to the end of 2004 (missing numbers cover proposals that have been withdrawn or replaced by later versions, rejected, or combined with another proposal). Page numbers are given for those experiments which are included in this Annual Report. PageLSO. PET facilities [active], K.R. Buckley, E.T. Hurtado, P. Piccioni, W. Sievers (TRIUMF), M.-L. Camborde,C. English, S. Jivan, S. Shah, C. Williams (UBC-TRIUMF), S. McCormick (Pacific Parkinson’s Research Centre), J. Publicover (U. Victoria), S. Lapi (SFU) 9 7LSI. Attenuation maps for quantitative SPECT [completed], A. Celler (UBC-VH&HSC), S. McFarland (UBC), S. Barney, M. Limber (SFU)LS2. Synthesis of 18 F-glycosides as potential imaging agents for the study of glycosidase activity in the brain [completed], M.J. Adam (TRIUMF), D. Lyster (VH&HSC), G. Matte (Halifax H.)LS3. Synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography [active], M.J. Adam, K.R. Buckley, E.T.Hurtado, J. Huser, S. Jivan, J.-M. Lu, T.J. Ruth (TRIUMF) ' 9 9LS4. TR13 targets for PET radioisotope production [active], K. Buckley, T. Hurtado, T.J. Ruth, S.K. Zeisler (TRI­UMF) 9 9LS5. Production and on-line separation of 124I from enriched tellurium [inactive], W.Z. Gelbart, E.T. Hurtado,T.J. Ruth, N.R. Stevenson, S.K. Zeisler (TRIUMF), R.R. Johnson (UBC)LS6 . Bone calcium resorption studies in pre- and peri-menopausal women using accelerator mass spectrometry [completed], R.R. Johnson, A. Priestman, J.C. Prior (UBC), A. Altman, W.Z. Gelbart, V. Sossi (TRIUMF),D. Berkovits, S. Ghelberg, M. Paul (Racah Inst., Hebrew U. Jerusalem), L.M. Shulman (Chaim Sheba Med. Centre), R. Chechik (Weizmann Inst.), E. Venzel (SFU)LS7. PET 3D data quantification and integration into a research clinical environment [completed], K.S. Morrison,T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi, M.W. Stazyk (UBC-TRIUMF), K.R. Buckley (TRIUMF), J.S. Barney (VH&HSC), d ’.Sirota, B.J. Snow (UBC)LS8 . Radiotracers for the physical and biosciences [active], L. Buchmann, T.J. Ruth, S.K. Zeisler (TRIUMF),A.D.M. Glass, R.R. Johnson, M. Lowe, C.E.R. Orvig (UBC), T.F. Budinger (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab) 101LS10. Biological evaluation of radiohalogenated DNA aptamers [completed], H. Dougan (TRIUMF), J.B. Hobbs,D.M. Lyster (UBC), J.I. Weitz (McMaster U.)LS11. Development of single photon imaging agents [inactive], D. Lyster (UBC-VH&HSC), L. Alcorn, M. Hampong T. Lutz, C. Vo (UBC)LS12. A simulation platform for the design of position encoding multicrystal detectors [completed], A. Altman,C. Moisan, J.G. Rogers (TRIUMF), E. Hoskinson, G. Tsang (UBC)LS13. Utility of 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose SPECT imaging in the evaluation of patients with solitary pul­monary nodules [completed], A. Celler, D. Lyster, D. Worsley (U B C ), M. Adam (T R I U M F )LS14. Production of 12'Xe from cesium with 90-110 MeV protons [inactive], D. Pearce, J. Vincent (TRIUMF)LS15. Investigation of frame realignment on the reproducibility of J" F-6-fluorodopa positron emission tomography [inactive], K.S. Morrison, T.J. Ruth (UBC-TRIUMF), B.J. Snow (UBC)LS17. Table-top radiocarbon facility [inactive], W. Gelbart, R.B. Schubank (TRIUMF), E. Venczel (UBC-SFU), S.Calvert, R.R. Johnson, J. Nagel, T. Peterson, V. Sossi (UBC), D.E. Nelson (SFU), J. Prior, K. Schoenholzer,R. Sutton, V. Walker (UBC-VH&HSC), R. Middleton (U. Pennsylvania), M. Paul (Hebrew U. Jerusalem), J.Clague, L. Jackson, J. Lutenauer, D. Templeman-Kluit (Geological Survey of Canada), R.N. McNeely, J.-S.Vincent (GSC Ottawa), V. Barrie (Pacific Geoscience Center), D. Prior, K.R. Robertson, G. Vilks (Bedford Inst. Oceanography), R. Brown, S. Wang (Elemental Research Inc.), J. Vogel (Lawrence Livermore National Lab), A.E. Litherland (U. Toronto), S. Dias, S. Sood (Ontario Hydro), H.R. Andrews, R.M. Brown, R.J. Cornett (AECL), D.B. Carlisle (Environment Canada), J. Carron, A. Kabir, R.C.J. Wilkinson (Canadian Centre for Inland Waters), R. Gephart, P. Molton, D. Robertson (Batelle Pacific Northwest Labs)LS18. Cooperative development of 82Sr-Rb generators for human use in Canada [completed], J. Vincent (TRIUMF),R. Beanlands (U. Ottawa Heart Inst.), B. Bowen (McMaster U.), W. Dickie (Nordion Int.)LS19. An 1 5 O-water generator: a feasibility study [inactive], K.R. Buckley, T.J. Ruth (TRIUMF)291LS20. Prototype heat-pipe water target for 18 F-production [inactive], K.R. Buckley, E.T. Hurtado, T.J. Ruth (TRI­UMF), J.W. Lenz (private consultant)LS21. Aluminum kinetics in plants [inactive], A. Glass, R.R. Johnson, L. Oliveira (UBC), K. Buckley, Z. Gelbart (TRIUMF), D. Berkovitz, M. Paul (Hebrew U. Jerusalem), E. Venczel (SFU)LS22. Virtual national biomedical tracer facility [inactive], T.J. Ruth, J.S. Vincent (TRIUMF), E.J. Peterson, D. Phillips (Los Alamos National Lab)LS24. Scanning for early detection and staging of breast cancer: a comparative study using FDG PET and MIBI SPECT [inactive], P.F. Cohen, P. Klirno (Lions Gate H.-UBC), M. Cackette (EBCO Industries Ltd.), J. Whiffen (JALORN), V. Sossi (TRIUMF-UBC), J. Porter (Nordion Int.), R.R. Johnson (UBC)LS25. 3D PET in human neuroreceptor studies: quantification and reconstruction [completed], K.S. Morrison, T. Oakes, T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (UBC-TRIUMF), K.R. Buckley (TRIUMF), M. Krzywinski, M. Schulzer, J. Stoessl (UBC)LS26. A gaseous planar positron source for routine 3D PET normalization [completed], T. Oakes, T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (UBC-TRIUMF), K. Buckley, S. Jivan, R. MacDonald (TRIUMF)LS27. The feasibility and efficacy of using 2-(F-18)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18-FDG) to evaluate children with musculoskeletal neoplasm [deferred], R. Anderson, J. Davis, D. Lyster, H.R. Nadel, T.J. Ruth, M. Stilwell, D. Worsley (UBC)LS28. Evaluation of potentially viable myocardium with dobutamine myocardial SPECT imaging [completed], H. Abbey, A.-Y. Fung, L. Hook, D.M. Lyster, D.F. Worsley (VH&HSC), M. Adam, S. Jivan (TRIUMF)LS29. Production and distribution of FDG for clinical studies [completed], D. Lyster, D. Worsley (VH&HSC), P. Cohen (Lions Gate H.), H. Nadel (Children’s H.), M.J. Adam, S. Jivan, T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (TRIUMF)LS31. Auger electron emitters for therapy-physics and chemistry [inactive], D. Pearce, T.J. Ruth, J. Vincent, A. Zyuzin (TRIUMF), V. Kokhanyuk, V. Kravchuk, B.L. Zhuikov (INR Moscow)LS32. 18 F-H2 18 0 supply to the University of Alberta [completed], S.A. McQuarrie, J.R. Mercer (U. Alberta), A.J.B. McEwan (CCI), R.R. Johnson (UBC-EBCO), T.J. Ruth (UBC-TRIUMF)LS33. Evaluation and improvement of a dual head coincidence camera [completed], K.S. Morrison, T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (UBC-TRIUMF), M. Krzywinski (UBC), P. Cohen (Lions Gate H.), P. Klimo (Lions Gate H.-UBC), T.K. Lewellen, D.A. Mankoff (U. Washington)LS34. Production of 103Pd [inactive], R.R. Johnson, R. Pavan (UBC), M. Cackette, K.L. Erdman (EBCO Industries Ltd.), Z. Gelbart (TRIUMF)LS35. Development of F-18 labelled nitroimidazole PET imaging agents for tissue hypoxia [completed], M.J. Adam (TRIUMF), K. Skov (BCCRC-UBC), S. Evans, C. Koch, A. Kachera (U. Pennsylvania), I. Baird, B. James (UBC)LS37. Feasibility of 125Xe implantation as a 125I brachytherapy source [completed], D. Ottewell, T. Ruth, J. Vincent, A. Zyuzin (TRIUMF)LS38. Dopaminergic tracers kinetic modeling with minimally invasive scanning procedures [completed], G. Chan, M. Krzywinski, T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (UBC-TRIUMF), J. Holden (U. Wisconsin), D. Doudet, J. Stoessl (UBC)LS39. Positron emission profiling (PEP) for pulp and paper fluid dynamic studies [active], M. Martinez, J. Olson (UBC), M.J. Adam, K. Buckley, S. Jivan, T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (TRIUMF)LS40. F-18 FDG cardiac PET scans using a coincidence PET/SPECT camera to assess myocardial viability in patients with fixed abnormalities and low ejection fractions on gated sestamibi stress tests [completed], P.F. Cohen, J. Imrie, K. Woo (Lions Gate H.), D. Worsley (Vancouver General H.), V. Sossi (TRIUMF- UBC), T. Ruth (UBC-TRIUMF), R.R. Johnson (UBC)LS41. Impact of the AD AC coincidence PET camera in the management of selected cancer patients [completed], P.F. Cohen, J. Imrie, K. Woo (Lions Gate H.), J. Powe (Vancouver General H.), V. Sossi (TRIUMF-UBC), T. Ruth (UBC-TRIUMF), R.R. Johnson (UBC)LS42. Configuration modeling and image reconstruction studies on a depth encoding research tomograph [active], T. Ruth, V. Sossi (UBC-TRIUMF), V. Astakhov (UBC), K. Buckley (TRIUMF), S. Houle (Centre Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto), C. Moisan (U. Laval)LS43. Positron emission mammography system (PEM) [deferred], K. Buckley, S. Jivan, T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (TRI­UMF), M. Stilwell (B.C. Women’s H.), P. Gordon (UBC), H. Nadel (Children’s H.)LS44. Development of a high-speed formation (areal density) measurement system for paper [active], M. Avikainen, S. Heath, M. Martinez, J. Olson (UBC), K. Buckley, T.J. Ruth, M. Salomon (TRIUMF)101102292103103LS45. Modelling genetic risk for ionizing radiation exposure in space [deferred], J.G. de Boer, J. Holcroft, S. Zhang (77. Victoria)LS46. Modelling of the dopaminergic system in more severely alfected PD patients [completed], T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (UBC-TRIUMF), J. Holden (U. Wisconsin), R. de la Fuente-Fernandez, D. Doudet, C.S. Lee, M. Schulzer, J.Stoessl (UBC)LS47. PET imaging of recurrent prostate cancer with 2-F-18-fluoromethy-dimethy-2-hydroxyethylammonia (FGH), [deferred], M. Gleave, D. Lyster, J. Powe, D. Worsley (Vancouver General H.-UBC), M. Adam (TRIUMF),H. Abbey (Vancouver General H.)LS48. Anorexia nervosa: autonomic dysfunction, the brain and the heart [completed], A.S. Belzberg,C L. Birmingham, C. Kerr, G.P. Sexsmith, M. Stilwell (St. Paul’s H.), M.J. Stock (St. George’s H.), P. Beu- mont (U. Sydney, Aust.), V. Sossi (UBC-TRIUMF)LS49. F FDG cardiac PET scans using a third generation coincidence camera to assess myocardial viability in patients who are candidates for cardiac transplantation [inactive], A.S. Belzberg, S. Chan, A. Ignaszewski, M.Kiess, G. Sexsmith, M. Stilwell (St. Paul’s H.), V. Sossi (TRIUMF-UBC)LS50. Antisense imaging nucleic acids for Parkinson’s disease [active], M. Adam, H. Dougan, T.J. Ruth (TRIUMF),J.B. Hobbs, D.M. Lyster, J. Stoessl (UBC), A.I. Kassis (Harvard U.) 102LS51. Auger therapy for prostate cancer [active], H. Dougan, T.J. Ruth, J.S. Vincent (TRIUMF), C.C. Nelson, P.S.Rennie (Prostate Centre), C.M. Ludgate (UBC-U. Victoria), D.M. Lyster (UBC)LS52. Comparison of commercial FDG synthesis systems [completed], T.J. Ruth (UBC/TRIUMF), M. Adam, K. Buckley, S. Jivan (TRIUMF), D. Lyster (UBC), R. McDonald (IPET)LS53. Synthesis of " mTc and 186,188Re sugar derivatives [active], M.J. Adam (TRIUMF), C. Orvig (UBC), S. Bayly C. Fisher (TRIUMF/UBC), M. Abrams (AnorMED)LS54. Wavelet reconstruction for high resolution three-dimensional positron emission tomography [deferred],C.-H. Chen, A. Rahmim, K. Raywood (UBC), T.J. Ruth, V. Sossi (UBC/TRIUMF)LS55. Detection of metastases in intermediate thickness melanoma with 18FDG and a coincidence hybrid scanner [inactive], A. Belzberg, G. Sexsmith, M. Stilwell (St. Paul’s H./UBC), A. Lee (Surrey Memorial H ) T J Ruth (UBC/TRIUMF)LS56. Synthesis of radiolabelled nucleotides and oligonucleotides [active], M.J. Adam, H. Dougan, A. Studenov (TRI­UMF), J. Wilson (Cross Cancer, Edmonton), J. Hobbs (UBC) 104LS57. Quantitative imaging with the Concorde MicroPET [active], A. Rahmin, V. Sossi (UBC), K. Raywood, T.J.Ruth (UBC-TRIUMF), K. Buckley, P. Piccioni (TRIUMF), C. Thompson (Montreal Neurological Inst), S Lapi (SFU) 1 Q 4LS58. Production and distribution of FDG for clinical studies [deferred], D. Lyster (UBC), J. Powe, D. Worsley (VH&HSC), P. Cohen (Lions Gate Hospital), H. Nadel (Children’s Hospital), M. Stilwell (BC Women’s Hos­pital), A. Belzberg (St. Paul’s Hospital), K. Buckley, T. Hurtado, S. Jivan, P. Piccioni, T.J. Ruth (TRIUMF)M. Kovacs (EBCO Tech.)LS59. Mechanisms underlying therapeutic benefit from retinal pigmented epithelial cell implantation for Parkinson’s disease [active], I. Cepeda, D.J. Doudet, J. Grant, N. Monasterio, P. Rosa-Neto (UBC)LS60. The physiological role of copper in marine phytoplankton [active], S. Harris, M.T. Maldonado (UBC), S. Lapi (SFU), T.J. Ruth (TRIUMF) ------------------------LS61. In vivo PET study of the effect of striatal implantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells in a primate model of Parkinson’s disease [active], D.J. Doudet, J. Flores, J. Grant, P. Rosa-Neto (UBC)LS62. The effects of electroconvulsive therapy in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease: mechanisms of a potential adjunct treatment [active], D.J. Doudet, J. Grant, E. Strome (UBC)LS63. Non-invasive monitoring of tumour progression in the Shionogi tumour model for prostate cancer [active],D. Yapp (BC Cancer Agency), M. Gleave, P. Kozlowski (The Prostate Centre), M. Adam, T. Ruth (TRIUMF)LS64. Development of radiotracers based on oligonucleotides [active], M.J. Adam, A.H. Dougan, T.J. Ruth (TRI­UMF), A.J. Stoessl (Pacific Parkinson’s Research Centre), D. Perrin (UBC)LS65. In vivo study of the direct and indirect striatal output pathways in mild and severe primate models of Parkin­son’s disease [active], D.J. Doudet, J. Grant, P. Rosa-Neto (UBC)LS6 6 . MicroPET tracking of pancreatic islets following transplantation [active], S.-J. Kim, C. McIntosh, M. Speck (UBC)105105293LS67. Function imaging of human tumours before and during therapy [deferred], C. Aquino-Parsons, M. Bally, R. Durand, A. Minchinton, P. Olive, T. Pickles, M. Sadar, K. Skov, D. Wilson, D. Yapp (BC Cancer Agency)LS68. Neural mechanisms underlying response changes to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease [deferred], S. Ahn, C. Cheng, D. Doudet, C.S. Lee, A. Phillips (UBC)LS69. In vivo studies on regulation of dopamine turnover using a Parkinson’s disease rat model and a microPET [active], D. Doudet, C. Lee, A. Phillips, V. Sossi, E. Vandervoort (UBC), M.-L. Camborde, R. Koernelson, S. McCormick (UBC-TRIUMF), T.J. Ruth (TRIUMF), J. Holden (U. Wisconsin)LS70. Quantification of high resolution brain imaging [active], K. Cheng, A. Rahmin, V. Sossi, E. Vandervoort (UBC), S. Blinder, M.-L. Camborde, K. Raywood, T. Ruth (UBC-TRIUMF), K. Buckley, P. Picciotto (TRIUMF),C. Thompson (Montreal Neurological Inst.), S. Lapi (SFU)LS71. Investigation of salt stress in rice plants [active], D.T. Britto, H.J. Kronzucker, S. Sieger, P. Tehrani (U. Toronto), T.J. Ruth (TRIUMF), S. Lapi (SFU)107106294
Report
eng
Unreviewed
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 Canada
Researcher
TRIUMF--Periodicals
Annual report scientific activities, 2004
Text