Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
DSpace
UBCV
SCARP Planning Studio
Park, Jimin
Craig, Chelsea
Pagnucco, Bruce
Farias, Adriana Valentina
The original vision for Greenways in the City of Vancouver, set out in the seminal 1995 Greenways Plan, is only partially realized. The resulting outcome has been a variety of expressions of Greenways, inconsistent in functionality, design, and quality that are, in many cases, hard to distinguish from other local bikeways. Our re-envisioning process began by looking outward to gather information on the current discourse and latest planning practices around the world relating to Greenways. We developed a high-level Greenways Evaluation Framework which features a comprehensive set of overarching guiding principles, themes, evaluation criteria, and associated metrics. This Framework is a resource intended to be used by City of Vancouver planning staff to conduct critical assessments of the City’s existing Greenway network as well as the individual corridors within it, and guide future Greenways planning. The Framework features a comprehensive set of six guiding principles that can be applied to all Greenway segment typologies. Greenways are reenvisioned as places for all ages, abilities, and identities to experience. They are places where active transportation modes are given priority where people can gather or find solitude in high-quality continuous public spaces in a manner that enhances and responds to the surrounding context.
April 2021Prepared for the City of VancouverBy Chelsea Craig, A. Valentina Farías, Bruce Pagnucco, Jimin ParkSCARP Studio Report for Greenways RefreshA Re-envisioning of Vancouver’s City Greenways2ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSPhotograph: Alejandro LuengoThis report was produced for the City of Vancouver as part of the Planning Studio course at UBC’s School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP). The Greenways Refresh Studio Project was conducted in partnership with City of Vancouver Engineering Services, and under the mentorship of SCARP faculty, by the students of the Studio to help inform the City’s broader Greenways Refresh work. As such, the content and recommendations in this report are not directly approved or endorsed by City of Vancouver.Thank you to the following individuals who have provided mentorship throughout this project: ‐ Sam Khany, Senior Transportation Planner, City of Vancouver ‐ Angie Weddell, Long Range Transportation Planning Engineering Assistant, City of Vancouver ‐ Simon Mueller, Senior Transportation Planning Engineer, City of Vancouver ‐ Dr. Maged Senbel, SCARP ‐ Erick Villagomez, SCARP ‐ Clare Mochrie, SCARP ‐ Dr. Penny Gurstein, SCARP The Planning Studio is a two-semester, intensive, professionally-oriented course that partners student teams with municipalities, community organizations or businesses to work on real-world planning projects. This report was prepared by Chelsea Craig, Adriana Valentina Farias, Bruce Pagnucco, and Jimin Park.3EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe original vision for Greenways in the City of Vancouver, set out in the seminal 1995 Greenways Plan, is only partially realized. The resulting outcome has been a variety of expressions of Greenways, inconsistent in functionality, design, and quality that are, in many cases, hard to distinguish from other local bikeways. The City’s recent adoption of the Climate Emergency Action Plan, Rain City Strategy, and the ongoing development of the Vancouver Plan, presents a timely opportunity for the City to re-envision its Greenways in a way that addresses contemporary priorities while advancing its active transportation network forward with Greenways at the heart of the effort. Our re-envisioning process began by looking outward to gather information on the current discourse and latest planning practices around the world relating to Greenways. The ‘Building a Foundation’ phase consisted of two tasks: literature review and global scan of Greenway precedents. A review of the literature provided strategies for amplification of existing Greenways across a range of theme areas. Informed by the literature review, the global scan of Greenway precedents uncovered real-life examples of these amplification strategies in action on existing corridors around the world in which the overall experience of the Greenway is front and centre in the design and planning process.The Evaluation Framework goes beyond analyzing Greenways based on their physical dimensions to analyze Greenways based on experiential components. The Framework features eleven theme areas including ‘Universal Accessibility and Equity’, ‘Reconciliation’, ‘Public Space and Public Life’, and ‘Identity and Context’ strategically identified to guide the assessment of the experience of Greenways. When categorizing and defining Greenway types, the experiential context is front and centre in determining standout characteristics and developing targeted strategies and tactics to be replicated in similar contexts. From the context of Seaside Greenways to the context of Low-Mid-Density Greenways, the experiential aspect of Greenways guided definitions and the accompanying visions for each Greenway typology. Visions produced for Greenways re-imagine them as much more than merely ‘green paths for pedestrians and cyclists’ as first envisioned in the 1995 Greenways Plan. Greenways are re-envisioned as places for all ages, abilities, and identities to experience. They are places where active transportation modes are given priority where people can gather or find solitude in high-quality continuous public spaces in a manner that enhances and responds to the surrounding context. 4ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.....................................................EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................INTRODUCTION................................................................METHODOLOGY...............................................................LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................GREENWAYS EVALUATION FRAMEWORK......................GREENWAYS DEFINITION & SEGMENT TYPOLOGIES... Low-to-Mid-Density Residential Greenways.......... High-Density/Mixed-Use Greenways..................... Industrial High-Intensity Greenways....................... Industrial Low-Intensity Greenways....................... Waterfront Natural Greenways............................... Waterfront Urban Greenways................................. Parkside Greenways............................................... Schoolside/Institutional Greenways....................... Off-Street/Arterial Greenways................................CONCLUSION...................................................................REFERENCES...................................................................APPENDIX A. PHOTOBOOK OF GLOBAL GREENWAYS PRECEDENTS...................................................................Photograph: Kyle ThackerTABLE OF CONTENTS23456712151622283440465258647071755INTRODUCTIONIn 1995, the City of Vancouver adopted its seminal Greenways Plan (the “Plan”), which identified corridors for a 140-kilometre-long Greenways Network. The Plan defined a Greenway as a “linear public corridor that connects parks, nature reserves, cultural features, historic sites, neighbourhoods, and retail areas, often along either natural corridors like river or ocean fronts or along rail rights-of-way or streets shared for transportation use” (City of Vancouver, 1995, p. 3). The ultimate vision was to create a network of Greenways that covered the entire city to “extend the opportunities for urban recreation and … enhance the experience of nature and city life” (City of Vancouver, 1995, p. 1). These Greenways would have a focus on three functional elements: 1) Active transportation; 2) Nature in the city, and; 3) Clean air, clean water, and increased biodiversity (City of Vancouver, 2020c, p. A-6).Nearly 26 years later, the original vision for Vancouver’s Greenways is only partially realized. A handful of select Greenways identified in the 1995 Plan have evolved into or remain some of the City’s most cherished public spaces, popular among both residents and admiring visitors. For example, the Seaside Greenway (also known as the Seawall) and the Arbutus Greenway, today, are each regarded as state-of-the-art, car-free, park-like corridors (City of Vancouver, 2020b). However, aside from these aspirational examples, other City Greenways remain only partially realized versions of the original 1995 vision, limited by “funding constraints, corridor context, individual planning processes and right-of-way tradeoffs”; and, they “vary considerably in functionality, design and quality of treatment and ultimately usage” by active travellers and the public more broadly (City of Vancouver, 2020c, p. A-7). While in general, this has resulted in a wide variety of expressions of Greenways across the network, the majority are hard to distinguish from other local bike routes without the special ‘Greenway’ designation, taking on modest forms as local streets with shared on-street transportation facilities and traffic calming measures.The City of Vancouver now defines Greenways as “green links with primary active transportation (walk, bike, roll) and recreation functions, supported by enhanced ecological and place-making features and public space opportunities” (City of Vancouver, 2020c). While Greenways identified in the 1995 Plan that exist today all serve at least the basic transportation function, most still lack the other enhanced features and fall short of the City’s original vision for Greenways; they do not offer the ‘car-lite’ or ‘park-like’ experiences of model corridors like the Arbutus Greenway. However, with Vancouver’s population slated to exceed 765,000 by 2041, the City anticipates “there will be increased pressure on its public realm and street right of way to accommodate more uses and trips”, which underlines the importance of Greenways to provide additional capacity for transportation and public space uses (City of Vancouver, 2020c, p. A-5).The development and adoption of new City policy guidance such as the Climate Emergency Action Plan and the Rain City Strategy also warrant an updated lens to the visioning process for City Greenways, with a broader scope that includes climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. With the City’s first and second ‘big moves’ for climate action both relating to active transportation, Greenways will need to be a priority focus of improvement for the City of Vancouver to realize its own climate action objectives (City of Vancouver, 2020a). There is also opportunity to do this planning during the Vancouver Plan process, which is Vancouver’s first citywide comprehensive spatial plan.Lastly, as the COVID-19 pandemic dramaticalled affected daily life, residents of Vancouver and connected municipalities have increasingly turned to active transportation modes to meet their travel and recreational needs (City of Vancouver, 2020b). For all these reasons, it is imperative for the City of Vancouver to take a modern, renewed approach to envisioning Greenways.Photograph: Aditya Chinchure6OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ࡟ Examine the latest global academic research on Greenways planning and implementation with a focus on existing street ROW, key considerations, themes, and policy responses. ࡟ Conduct a global scan of best practices and amplification strategies for Greenways. ࡟ Develop a set of guiding principles and accompanying statements for each of the Greenways categories. ࡟ Develop and unite similar evaluation themes together under each guiding principle. ࡟ Use a combination of site visits, photography, and online tools to analyze the existing Greenways network in terms of land use, street ROW, and other relevant contexts. ࡟ Categorize the existing Greenways network based on the analysis above into clearly-defined distinct segment typologies. ࡟ Identify aspirational global precedents relevant to each segment typology for inspiration. ࡟ Evaluate existing conditions of Vancouver Greenway typologies. ࡟ Identify key takeaways from global precedents relevant to each segment typology. ࡟ Develop visions for each Greenway segment typology. ࡟ Develop strategies and tactics for implementation to bridge the gap between existing conditions and Greenway visions.PHASE 1Building a FoundationPHASE 2Establishing a FrameworkPHASE 3Taking Stock of Vancouver’s existing GreenwaysPHASE 4Envisioning the FuturePHASE 5Realizing our VisionsThis project followed an iterative approach that incorporated inputs and outputs that continuously fed into and informed each other throughout the five project phases. Bi-weekly check-in meetings and student-facilitated workshops with City staff provided the opportunity to present working deliverables to City staff in order to brainstorm together, obtain feedback, reach consensus, and validate a proposed approach. This methodology ensured close collaboration and alignment with the City by inviting opportunities for early input on deliverables for any necessary changes to trajectory.1 Identify the best practices in Greenways network planning from around the world to inform the future of Greenways in Vancouver and ensure their long-term success.2 Apply a holistic lens to the evaluation and assessment of Greenways planning and implementation.3 Develop the most appropriate strategies and tactics for a variety of Greenway typologies that are responsive to diverse user groups’ needs and activities.Greenways Refresh Project Objectives7LITERATURE REVIEWThe origin of the term ‘Greenway’ and its association with planning dates back just over a half-century ago to the late 1960s (Horte & Eisenman, 2020). At that time, Greenways were commonly described as critical linkages and connectors in a hierarchy of urban green spaces (Whyte, 1968). Today, the term ‘Greenway’ is defined in a multitude of ways encompassing a variety of disciplines (Figure 2). Greenway definition types range from the physical: “Landscaped and traffic-calmed pathways with a mix of bicycle facilities and other streetscape improvements that link open spaces, parks, public facilities, and neighborhood centers together” (Ngo et al., 2018); or,“Multi-use trails intended to connect various neighbourhoods of the city and offer increased alternative pedestrian transportation choices” (Payton and Ottensmann, 2015);to the experiential:“Places for nature in the city where people can fulfill recreational needs and achieve solitude and retreat without leaving the public realm” (Akpinar, 2016); or,“Greenways provide an accessible common ground that offers immediate benefits - people can get around town, exercise, spend time in nature and explore all the region has to offer” (City of St. Louis, 2019).The idea of linkages or connectors expressed in the first two definitions are analogous to Whyte’s early (1968) interpretation, suggesting that the conceptualization of Greenways has changed very little over the past half-century. On the other hand, the ideas expressed in the latter two definitions are vastly different from Whyte’s, suggesting that the conceptualization of Greenways has, in fact, changed considerably over the past half-century. The question then becomes, how do Greenways tend to be planned today? Do they tend to be planned as physical spaces aligning more closely with Whyte’s early definition or do they tend to be planned as experiential places aligning more closely with the City of St. Louis’ contemporary definition? Recent research suggests the former, Greenways tend to be planned as physical and not experiential spaces (Bloß, 2016; Liu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2019). Studies find that Greenways are more technical in nature due to what researchers describe as a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to Greenway planning, whereby they are generally planned as defined spaces for walking and cycling routes (Liu et al., 2019). This narrow approach to Greenway planning greatly limits its effectiveness by alluding only to the physical as opposed to the experiential nature of Greenways. Furthermore, by defining the space for walking and cycling only, this approach excludes many other users, favouring those that are able-bodied in the process. A more holistic approach to Greenway planning involves the incorporation of the experiential elements in addition to the physical characteristics of the space. Horte and Eisenman (2020), through a systematic assessment of peer-reviewed literature on Greenways, found experiential themes, such as accessibility, safety, equity, and identity, to be most prevalent. To develop a greater understanding of these themes in the context of Greenways the following sections will include a breakdown of these themes and their applicability to Greenway planning.What is a Greenway?Photograph: Jin Lee8Universal Accessibility To ensure Greenways facilitate comfortable experiences for people of all abilities, it is essential that everyone’s unique needs are thoughtfully incorporated into the planning process. From planning for people who use wheelchairs to people with dementia, different approaches are required to provide a healthy experience on Greenways. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “the world population above the age of 65 outnumbered the population of children under five for the first time in 2018” (Chang, 2020, p. 1). Additionally, “the number of persons aged 80 years or over is projected to triple, from 143 million in 2019 to 426 million in 2050” (United Nations, 2019, p.18). With a greater proportion of seniors than ever before, the importance of designing safe and comfortable Greenway facilities for seniors, more likely to encounter mobility challenges than any other demographic (City of Oakland, 2020), is more important than ever.People using mobility devices such as wheelchairs require specific enhancements to address health concerns while travelling along Greenways. To ensure safe and comfortable travel for people in wheelchairs, it is essential that Greenways are evenly paved and maintained not only to facilitate consistent smooth travel, but also to prevent instances of sensitive vibration caused by uneven paving surfaces (Lid & Solvang, 2016). Research has found that the level of vibration that wheelchair users experience when going over uneven surfaces could often exceed international vibration standards and long-term exposure to a high level of vibration can result in greater risk for injuries such as lower back pain, disk degenerations or other musculoskeletal injury (Cooper et al., 2016). A mental cognitive impairment that greatly impacts the mobility of seniors is dementia. According to the Alzheimer Society of Canada, over 500,000 Canadians are living with dementia today with the figure projected to rise to over 900,000 by 2030 Figure 2: Chart of Greenway defintions (Horte and Eisenman, 2020).9(Alzheimer Society of Canada, 2016). In the context of Greenways, simple strategies such as making “paths and paving uniform in colour and texture, providing safe transitions between different colours and textures, and colour contrasting paths with their immediate surrounds” (Victoria State Government, 2016b) help to reduce visual clutter and prevent confusion for those with dementia. Additionally, providing ample signage for wayfinding and keeping signs clear and simple (Figure 3) helps people find their way to their destinations more easily (Victoria State Government, 2016c). Providing clear, simple and standardized signage not only supports people living with dementia, but supports many people including those who speak different languages or have a visual impairment (City of New West, 2016).As the latter example illustrates, certain planning measures don’t only function to support people living with a specific type of mobility impairment, they also function to support people regardless of their level of personal mobility. A recent Greenway policy plan from Auckland, New Zealand, embedded this realization into its guiding principles for design. One of the plan’s principles, Accessible and Comfortable, recommends that “all path/network infrastructure should be accessible to all users no matter what the level of personal mobility” (Auckland Council, 2019, p.42). While another, Connected, recommends that “networks should be designed to be easily navigated with clear, uncomplicated wayfinding signage” (Auckland Council, 2019, p.42). They also include actionable measures planners can take to embody these principles in the Greenways they implement. Measures include those already highlighted in this section, such as smooth transition surfaces and clear, uncomplicated wayfinding signage and relate to those to be highlighted in the upcoming sections such as ample width and gentle gradients.SafetyThe principal aspect of perception when it comes to Greenway planning is perception of safety. As this section will illustrate, people’s perception of safety may differ based on personal or individual circumstances. Simply put, if a Greenway is planned to accommodate the perceived safety concerns of one specific type of person, the concerns of everyone else will be overlooked.A segment of society often overlooked in Greenway planning are people with visual impairments. When navigating Greenways on foot, many safety hazards and barriers to walking for people with visual impairment exist, such as crowded pathways with obstacles or unpaved pavement (CNIB, 2019). In addition, other road users such as those in a motor vehicle or on a bicycle pose additional safety risk when crossing streets and intersections (CNIB, 2019). There are a number of measures that can be taken to address these barriers including: ensuring Greenways are paved, as unpaved Greenways “can be challenging for those with limited mobility or visual impairments” (Government of B.C., 2019, p. 18); installing “pedestrian signal indicators that provide an audible signal to assist . . . in crossing the street, and installing detectable warning strips to help visually impaired pedestrians identify the edge of the street at crossings” (City of Raleigh, 2014, p. 79).In addition to assisting people with visual impairments, the design of crossings is also paramount to ensure safety for wheelchair users. A recent study from the U.S. found that “the mortality rate for pedestrians using wheelchairs . . . was 36% higher than the overall population pedestrian mortality rate [with] . . . almost half of fatal crashes occurring in intersections” (Kraemer & Benton, 2015, p. 5). Main causes for wheelchair user fatalities in intersections found in the study were the absence of crossing signals or crosswalks (Kraemer & Benton, 2015). When planning Greenways, specifically at intersections, planners should ensure crosswalks and crossing signals are installed at all major crossings to mitigate these types of safety concerns for people using wheelchairs.Figure 3: Clear wayfinding in Melbourne (Victoria, 2020).10Equity In order to experience Greenways and any enhancements they may feature, one must first be able to access them. The case studies detailed below reveal that planning processes have contributed to inequitable access to Greenways within many cities around the world. In Canada, disparities in access to high quality active transportation infrastructure, such as Greenways, exist based on many factors, such as income. Tools for measuring the quality of Greenway infrastructure specifically are sparse. However, alternative tools such as Bike Score, a statistical measure that captures “the density and quality of cycling infrastructure, topography, desirable amenities and road connectivity” (Winters et al., 2016, p. 2) is helpful when examining the quality of Greenway infrastructure in a given area.One Canadian study took a class orientation approach to assess the quality of bicycle infrastructure by “examining associations between income quintiles and availability of cycling infrastructure and cycling behaviour in 1,282 census tracts in 8 cities in Canada” (Fuller & Winters, 2017, p. 264) using Bike Score. The results of the study showed that “areas in the highest income quintile had a Bike Lane Score 17 points greater than those in the lowest income quintile, on average” (Fuller & Winters, 2017, p. 265). Many low-income residents do not have the means to own a car, thus providing access to a more affordable option such as bike riding is undoubtedly beneficial. However, this study reveals that it is the wealthy, with the financial means to own a car, who are ironically given the greatest opportunity to commute by bicycle and save money. Another study specifically explored the barriers that children in disadvantaged areas of England face when it comes to bike riding. Through conducting quantitative surveys, the results showed “that children in disadvantaged areas were significantly more likely to walk to school . . . significantly less likely to cycle . . . or travel by bus compared to children in the national sample” (Christie et al., 2011, p. 945). Studies have shown that the spatiality of bicycle infrastructure not only discriminates against the poor, but also has the power to discriminate against racial groups. A study carried out in Chicago showed that “areas experiencing an influx of white residents are more likely to receive cycling infrastructure investment while census tracts with greater than 40 percent minority populations are associated with less cycling infrastructure investment” (Flanagan et al., 2016, p. 23). Even when non-white populations are able to access improved pedestrian or cycling infrastructure, such as the Chicago 606 Greenway (The 606), they can be stigmatized for simply using the space. A study found that “neighborhood stigma served as a constraint to Greenway use in the majority-Latinx neighborhood of Humboldt Park, particularity for White users” (Harris et al., 2020, p. 21). This stigma promoted accelerated gentrification in the historically Latinx neighborhood and the displacement of users of the Greenway in the process (2020). This example illustrates how Greenways can be spaces that push people away rather than invite them in. In order to flip this narrative, Greenways need to be planned in a manner that actively involves rather than displaces users of the space.One such example of a Greenway project in New Zealand that actively involved users of the site in the planning process (Figure 4) is the Te Ara Awataha Greenway. This project involves “working closely with mana whenua [Indigenous] representatives and technical experts to establish an interactive tool to influence and measure the uplift in mauri (life essence)” (Northcote, 2019, p. 7) resulting from the Awataha Greenway Project. This project provides a method for planning inviting, as opposed to hostile, Greenways to ensure local Indigenous community members will not only use the space, but will benefit from the project in the long-run.Figure 4: A collaborative planning process (Panuku, 2020).11Identity and ContextFor a Greenway to be successful, it should be a place that people visit not only once or twice, but regularly. Once someone returns to the same Greenway consistently they are likely to develop a sense of emotional attachment to the place stemming from the place itself and the lasting memories it creates. A reason for why people may develop lasting memories of a place is that the Greenway itself has its own distinct identity. Distinct identities can arise from Greenways reflecting the character of the communities they connect (City of St. Louis, 2019) or “celebrating local and wider unique cultural heritage and community characteristics” (Auckland Council, 2019, p.43).In many cases, the identity of an area is epitomized by its history. As such, when planning a Greenway, with identity in mind, it is important that planners always honour the past when designing for the future. The history of the site may be easily recognizable by a cultural landmark in plain sight or it may be hidden. For example, a once flowing network of streams beneath the surface would not be readily apparent. Thus, to preserve the historic identity of a place, guiding principles need to be in place to “support a process whereby significant sites can be identified, managed, protected and enhanced” (Auckland Council, 2019, p.43). The above principal, informed by Māori world view, outlines four steps to historic preservation: identify, manage, protect and enhance. The first step (identify), is perhaps the most important as it involves engaging those attached to the space as a necessary step toward identifying its identity. As is emphasized in The 606 (Chicago) case study, failing to engage those attached to the space (Latinx community members), can result in the removal rather than the enhancement (step 4) of identity through displacement. Instead, the planning process should function to enhance, rather than remove the identity of a Greenway, in order for people to hold a lasting sense of attachment to the place.The Future of GreenwaysAs this piece has illustrated, Greenways have the potential to serve the needs of people beyond those walking or biking. They have the potential to serve everyone, no matter who they are or how they get around. From a baby in a stroller to a person using a mobility aid, if planned with the unique needs of these people in mind, Greenways can function to serve their mobility needs. In addition to those who walk or bike and those just mentioned, the list of potential users of a Greenway is endless and the list is certain to grow. New advancements in mobility technology have and will continue to result in the introduction of new modes of transport into local networks and with it new types of Greenway users. From electric vehicles (EVs) to electric bikes (e-bikes) and scooters (e-scooters) to autonomous vehicles (AVs), new mobility modes have the potential to provide either a pathway toward a greener, safer, and more efficient future or a roadblock preventing this very future from ever occurring.With the proliferation of new modes such as EVs, e-bikes, e-scooters, and AVs to local networks, competition for road space is likely to intensify. Zooming in on Greenways, e-bikes and e-scooters are already permitted on routes in various cities in Canada (City of Calgary, 2020, City of Edmonton, 2020, City of Ottawa, 2020), and although not currently on public roads, reserved lanes for AVs could yet occupy space previously dedicated to Greenways in the future to ease congestion (Talebpour et al., 2017). The introduction of new wider (in size) modes to Greenway space undoubtedly has the potential to literally squeeze out smaller traditional users (walkers, bikers, and rollers). Spatial considerations notwithstanding, the very presence of these new modes bring forth new safety considerations for vulnerable users. For example, it is known that people, specifically those with visual impairments, have difficulty detecting noise coming from electric vehicles, e-bikes, and e-scooters (City of Toronto, 2020, Jaguar Cars, 2018), while early tested autonomous vehicles have difficulty detecting pedestrians, specifically those straying unexpectedly onto the roadway (Cavioli et al., 2017, CNIB, 2019). With these spatial and safety considerations in mind, it is imperative now more than ever in the infancy of these new modes for planners to understand how to effectively integrate them into the transportation landscape, while avoiding potential calamitous pitfalls. For Greenways and the people who use them to coexist with new modes in a way that enhances accessibility, safety, equity, and identity, proactive and innovative policy making is required to ready cities and their Greenway networks for what is to come in the future.12GREENWAYS EVALUATION FRAMEWORKInformed by the literature review and global scan of Greenway precedents, we developed a high-level Greenways Evaluation Framework (refer to page 13) which features a comprehensive set of overarching guiding principles, themes, evaluation criteria, and associated metrics. This Framework is a resource intended to be used by City of Vancouver planning staff to conduct critical assessments of the City’s existing Greenway network as well as the individual corridors within it, and guide future Greenways planning. The Framework features a comprehensive set of six guiding principles that can be applied to all Greenway segment typologies. The six guiding principles are provided below. Each guiding principle contains one-to-three high-level themes that capture both physical and experiential components of Greenways. At a more concentrated level, each theme has a set of criteria to guide the evaluation of Greenways pertaining to each theme category. Finally, evaluation metrics complete the Framework to provide example indicators of areas in which a Greenway is performing well and areas in which it is lacking. The full Evaluation Framework is featured on the following page. 52 361Greenways for All A Path to Reconciliation4 Destinations in their Own RightActive Transportation asthe Desirable Choice Strong Community TiesOne with NatureSafetyUniversal Accessibility & EquityReconciliationPrioritization of Active ModesConnectivityCommunity BuildingCollaboration & PartnershipPublic Space & Public LifeIdentityResilient by NatureConnection with NatureOverarching Principle Theme Area Criteria Metrics of AssessmentGreenways for AllGreenways provide equitable access to inclusive, safe, and inviting spaces to people of diverse backgrounds, experiences, and of all ages, and abilities.Safety y Ensures all people feel safe and comfortable in all conditions y Reduces conflicts between users along the corridor and at intersections y Allows access for emergency vehicles y Adequate lighting y Eyes on the street y Snow and debris clearance y Free of obstructions and hazards (e.g. good surface conditions, no root heave) y Clear delineation of bike and pedestrian areas y AAA Network designation y Closures to restrict car access or incursion y Appropriate signals and signage y Width and turning radii to accommodate emergency vehiclesUniversalAccessibility &Equity y Includes features to accommodate people with unique accessibility needs y Provides equitable access to high-quality active transportation facilities y Undertakes inclusive and collaborative planning processes that incorporate ongoing public feedback y Engages historically marginalized and oppressed groups to address their expressed needs y Visual cues (e.g. painted crossings, elephant’s feet) y Tactile cues (e.g. TWSIs, score lines, beveled curbs) y Auditory cues (e.g. audible signals) y Clear and legible signage y Smooth and paved pathways y Different surface treatments to differentiate uses y High proportion of BIPOC and female-identifying users y Wide range of ages of facility users y Equitable geographic distribution across neighbourhoods with diverse socio-economic and racial demographics y Community needs and interests visually represented in the design y Demonstrates efforts to incorporate community feedbackA Path to ReconciliationGreenways foreground Indigenous peoples’ values, identities, systems, and community needs into Greenways planning, implementation, and utilization.ReconciliationTo be decided as appropriate by Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh partners, but may include: y Engages Musqueam, Squamish, Tsleil-Waututh First Nations as partners in planning processes when seen appropriate by the Nations y Recognizes and celebrates traditional and ancestral significance to the land and water y Reinforces Indigenous cultural values and systems, and serves community needs y Promotes Indigenous identities, cultures, awareness, and understanding y Provides ongoing and lasting benefits to the Indigenous communityTo be decided as appropriate by Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh partners, but may include: y Native plant species of cultural importance to Indigenous communities y Indigenous art y Indigenous place names and wayfinding y Indigenous-specific programming and events y Gathering places for Indigenous self-expression, storytelling and cultural identityActive Transportation as the Desirable ChoiceGreenways provide high-quality, direct, seamless, and intuitive connections to key destinations and the city’s diverse neighbourhoods for people walking, rolling, and cycling, promoting active and healthy lifestyles and communities.Prioritization ofActive Modes y Provides the highest-quality priority walking and cycling facilities in the City y Right-of-way distribution promotes and prioritizes active modes y Restricts motor vehicle access to achieve a car-free corridor y Provides comfortable opportunities for recreation and physical activity for All Ages and Abilities y Street closures to motor vehicle traffic y Separation of modes y Consistency with desired (vs. constrained) design guidelines set by BC Active Transportation Design Guide y Priority signage y Protected bicycle and pedestrian signals and phases for crossings y Priority right of way to Greenway users at crossings y Ample width for comfort and conversational style walking and cycling y Micro-mobility infrastructureConnectivity y Provides convenient access to key destinations and essential services y Serves as the main conduit for active modes y Connects seamlessly and intuitively to amplify existing active transportation and public transit networks y Close proximity to institutional, commercial, and recreational destinations y Connects to different land-use types y Frequent linkage points y Proximity to transit stops and stations y Bicycle parking infrastructure at major transit hubs y Clear and accessible wayfinding signage Strong Community TiesGreenways strengthen our communities through meaningful relationships that embrace stewardship and community pride to create lasting, reciprocal benefits with a legacy of a well-maintained public realm over time.CommunityBuilding y Fosters connection between community members y Promotes stewardship for deeper connections to local communities y Provides public spaces for communities to gather y Community gardens y Outdoor learning y Community gathering spaces (e.g. outdoor cooking/dining areas) y Play areas y Communal facilities/amenities (e.g. Thingery, little free libraries) y Grassroots involvement y Guerrilla/tactical urbanismCollaboration &Partnership y Fosters bottom-up approaches to the planning, implementation, management, and programming of Greenways y Leverages lived experiences, expertise, networks, and resources within the community y Collaborates with NGOs, BIAs, neighbourhood houses, businesses, institutions, Park Board and School Board, to better reflect local community character and goals y Cross-collaboration between relevant City of Vancouver departments y Flexible programmable spaces and schedules y Pilot programs (e.g. share a square) y Volunteer groups or advisory/steering committees y Ongoing opportunities for community input y Ongoing monitoring and communication with stakeholders y Diverse funding sources (e.g. sponsorship opportunities, community fundraising, donations, grants) y Volunteering opportunities (e.g. Green Streets Program) Destinations in their Own RightGreenways are the central green spine of neighbourhoods that invite all people to gather, connect, and play in vibrant public spaces with high-quality and context-sensitive public realm.Public Space& Public Life y Encourages people to linger and enhances urban vitality y Provides a high-quality public realm that enhances the experiences of all users and age groups to support play and recreation y Facilitates social interactions y Provides an opportunity for expansion of public space y Public washrooms, drinking fountains, and WiFi availability y Protection from the elements y Variety of seating and rest areas y Programmable space y Unique aesthetic and character (e.g. murals, public art, frontages, interesting architecture, surface treatment styles) y Traverses plazas and parks Identity& Context y Reflects the unique character and histories of the land and neighbourhoods to foster attachment to and understanding of place y Greenways and adjacent developments respond to one another y Seizes on existing physical and geological features y Encourages connections to and between Vancouver’s diverse neighborhoods, places, and people y Storytelling features and signage y Historical landmarks and memorials y Multi-sensorial experience y Context-specific features and amenities (e.g. viewing deck, view cones, natural landmarks)One with NatureNature is embodied and integrated into the design, planning, and experience of Greenways, providing park-like experiences and restoring natural ecosystems. Resilient byNature y Mitigates climate change and environmental impacts y Provides thriving environments for plants and animals and increases biodiversity y Green rainwater infrastructure y Green energy infrastructure y Vegetation for carbon sequestration y Interconnected wildlife corridors y Variety of animal habitats y Variety of plant species Connection withNature y Fosters human connection with ecology and wildlife y Fosters intrinsic appreciation for nature and a moral obligation to care for the environment y Offers a tranquil natural respite from bustling city life y Wildlife-viewing opportunities y Educational information boards y Educational youth programming y Natural sound barriers y Quiet green spaces 1415GREENWAYS DEFINITION & SEGMENT TYPOLOGIESWhile the City of Vancouver had originally defined Greenways as ‘green paths for pedestrians and cyclists’, the new definition for Greenways, develoepd in collaboration with City staff, is as follows: “Greenways are car-lite to car-free priority active transportation and recreation corridors for people of all ages and abilities that serve as high-quality continuous public spaces. They form a city-wide interconnected network that connect diverse neighbourhoods together and provide equitable and inclusive access to key destinations and to the experience of nature in the city. They provide opportunities for reconciliation, community building, and stewardship, improved natural systems and public life in a manner that enhances and responds to the surrounding context”.In the following section of this report, we divided the City’s existing Greenway network (see map in Figure 5 below) into segment typologies that we created based on local contexts and land-use intensities. One Greenway might embody multiple different segment typologies along its length. Clearly-defined descriptions and definitions of segment typologies will allow the City to categorize future Greenways into appropriate typologies, while identifying unique strategies and tactics that can be implemented in Greenway design and enhancement and respond to the local context.Each typology features case study examples from Vancouver that draw attention to the opportunities and constraints specific to its unique typological context. Accompanying the local examples are global precedents with call-outs identifying the specific strengths of each example. Each typology also has an accompanying vision representing the desired end-state of the Greenway. By grouping the Greenways into nine typologies, targeted strategies and tactics were developed for this report that can then be replicated in other similar Greenway contexts or in future Greenways planning. The nine Greenway segment typologies are: 1. Low-Mid-Density Residential2. High-Density/Mixed-Use3. Industrial High-Intensity4. Industrial Low-Intensity5. Waterfront Urban6. Waterfront Natural7. Parkside8. Schoolside/Institutional 9. Off-Street/Arterial Figure 5: The City’s existing and proposed Greenways network (City of Vancouver, 2020c).17Active Transportation as the Desirable Choice3. Ample width for conversational style cycling (+)4. Traffic-calming measures to reduce speeds and volumes (+)A Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needs Strong Community Ties 5. Micro-library for shared community amenities (+)6. Community artwork for neighbourhood engagement (+)DefinitionGreenways that run through low- or mid-density residential areas on local streets that tend to be calm and quiet, lush with vegetation, and host to the passive activities of local residents.Potential constraints of these Greenways include existing driveways, on-street parking, mature trees, heritage buildings and a narrow right-of-way shared with mostly local automobile traffic. However, there is potential to limit automobile traffic to prioritize active modes and provide open spaces for people to connect, gather, and play.Low-to-Mid-Density Residential Greenways – Vancouver Case Studies1. Driveways as conflict zones (-)2. Shared right-of-way with automobiles (-)Greenways for All1 Ontario Ontario2310978546Destinations in their Own Right7. Lack of seating and rest areas (-)8. Residential noise concerns (-)One with Nature9. Trees sequester carbon and mitigate urban heat island effect (+)10. Tree canopy fosters appreciation for nature (+) Ridgeway Midtown Way OntarioExisting Conditions19Low-to-Mid-Density Residential Greenways – Global Precedents12310147121154 Windus Walk, London, UK Emmen, Netherlands Milwaukee Avenue, Minneapolis, MN Windus Walk, London, UK Milwaukee Avenue, Minneapolis, MN Vauban Freiburg, GermanyHighlighted Features81. Anti-skid road surfaces2. Eyes on the street3. Pedestrian-scale lighting improves safety at nightGreenways for AllActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice4. Roads chicaned at strategic points to slow automobiles5. Automobile traffic diverted to lanewayStrong Community Ties 6. Residents involved in design and stewardship of space7. Community stewardship initiatives (e.g. clean-up days)Destinations in their Own Right8. Compact play area with seating for parents and guardians9. National and municipal historic district designation to recognize history and preserve characterOne with Nature10. Green edge softens the experience 11. Micro-greenspaces provide solitude for residents and greenway users12. Variety of tree species and heights6921Vision: Low-to-Mid-Density Residential Greenways are calm and quiet corridors lush with greenery. As extensions of the sidewalk, people can find peaceful solitude, moments to gather and play, or flow freely through the space. Amenities along the corridor provide comfort and facilitate small-scale community interaction and activities.STRATEGIES & TACTICS3 Design intimate public spaces and amenities appropriate to the residential neighbourhood scalecommunity gardens, chess sets, micro-libraries, intimate seating, public swing sets, tree hammocks, mini-playgrounds2 Incorporate blue-green systems into the foundation of the residential streetscape permeable pavements, bioretention gardens, rainwater tree trenches, bioswales, neighbourhood drainageretention of heritage trees, daylighting of streams, expand tree canopy cover 1alternating one-way road closures, resident automobile access only, automobile traffic diversions, protected bike lanesredirect automobiles to laneway, complete removal of on-street parking, design sidewalk to be flush with street levelRemoval of residential conflict points (e.g. driveways) to ensure a safe experience for active travelers and users of the space23DefinitionGreenways that run through high-density, mixed-use areas. These tend to be bustling, active corridors with high volumes of pedestrians, cyclists, and automobiles. Storefronts, restaurants, and cafes animate the street level, while taller buildings or trees loom overhead. Bisecting central areas of activity, these Greenways also provide convenient connections to storefronts, restaurants, workplaces, and residences.Due to the busy nature of these areas, active travellers experience more interaction with automobiles and traffic controls. However, these Greenways offer great potential to further animate the public realm by encouraging people to linger.High-Density/Mixed-Use Greenways – Vancouver Case Studies12397813121154610 Comox-Helmcken Central Valley Central Valley Comox-Helmcken Ontario1. Lack of mid-block crossings (-)2. Uneven and bumpy street surface (-)3. Shared right-of-way with automobiles (-)4. Narrow sidewalk for pick-up and drop-off activities (-)5. Inaccessible sidewalks (-)Greenways for AllA Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needs Active Transportation as the Desirable Choice6. Micro-mobility infrastructure (+)7. Physical separation of modes (+)8. Lack of secure bicycle parking near storefronts (-)Strong Community Ties 9. Community gathering spaces (+)One with Nature12. Solar-powered infrastructure (+)13. Lack of permeable surface and vegetation (-)Existing ConditionsDestinations in their Own Right10. Public art (+)11. Lack of seating and rest areas (-)25High-Density/Mixed-Use Greenways – Global PrecedentsStrong Community Ties 10. Informal gathering spaces for the community11. Patios animate streetscape1. Stone paving encourages slower speeds2. Separation of uses3. Pedestrian-scale lighting improves safety at night4. Inclusive of a wide range of agesGreenways for All1231091478131211546Active Transportation as the Desirable Choice5. Traffic diversion and closures6. Car-free7. Proximity to cafes, restaurants, and shops8. Bicycle parking close to destinations9. Integration with light rail Poblenou Superblock, Barcelona, Spain Barcelona, Spain Plantage Middenlaan, Amsterdam, Netherlands Poblenou Superblock, Barcelona, Spain Frans Halsstraat, Amsterdam, Netherlands Frans Halsstraat, Amsterdam Avenue Duluth, Montréal, QCOne with Nature14. Ample tree canopy 15. Variety of plant species15Highlighted FeaturesDestinations in their Own Right12. Blank canvas for play 13. Seating and rest areas facing public space activity27STRATEGIES & TACTICS1 Provide people with the opportunity to take moments of pause pocket parks, informal seating options, wayfinding and integration to nearby parksreallocation of on-street parking2 Collaborate with storefronts, BIAs, commercial uses, health and social services along the Greenway to help activate and steward the public realminformal seating, communal patios, curbside parklets, public seatingplazas3 Create seamless ease-of-access to street-level destinations for active travellerssecure bicycle storage near storefronts/key destinations, micro-mobility infrastructure, increased entry points to sidewalk levels wide corridors to allow for slowing down and passing, end of trip facilitiesVision: High-Density/Mixed-Used Greenways are bustling corridors alive with people and urban activity. They bring the life of the city out onto the street where people can socialize and rest, eat and gather, shop and explore the city sights. Amenities provide space for gatherings large or small and are venues for entertainment and spontaneity.29DefinitionGreenways that run through light industrial areas in a higher density built-up urban environment. The light industrial uses such as breweries and creative workspaces that characterize the area attract visitors throughout the day and evening, by active travel or automobile.Greenway enhancements are constrained by the built-up, high-intensity land uses and shared right-of-way with automobiles. Nonetheless, the light industrial and mixed-use nature of the area offers potential for greater street-level activation and public realm expansion. Active Transportation as the Desirable Choice4. Danger of dooring (-)5. Connects to local breweries and eateries (+)A Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needs Industrial High-Intensity Greenways – Vancouver Case Studies1. Large trucks accessing driveways (-)2. Shared right-of-way with automobiles (-)3. Lack of pedestrian-scale lighting (-)Greenways for AllStrong Community Ties 6. Lack of community spaces (-)Destinations in their Own Right7. Lack of seating and rest areas (-)8. Nondescript building facades and blank walls (-)9. Murals for visual interest (+)One with Nature10. Lack of tree canopy and vegetation (-)11. Lack of permeable surfaces and materials (-)12. Dominated by hardscape (-) Central Valley Ontario Central Valley Ontario1 23109812115476 OntarioExisting Conditions31Industrial High-Intensity Greenways – Global Precedents Indianapolis Cultural Trail, Indianapolis, IN1. Pedestrian-scale lighting improves safety at night2. Buffer from automobilesGreenways for AllActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice3. Pedestrian-first environment4. Separated off-street path5. Integration with public transitOne with Nature10. Boulevard lined with trees and vegetation11. Permeable surface and vegetation Spirit Trail, North Vancouver, BC Spirit Trail, North Vancouver, BCStrong Community Ties 6. Community gathering spaces1231097811546Highlighted FeaturesDestinations in their Own Right7. Flexible seating8. Covered spaces to protect from the elements9. Preserves historic industrial character33STRATEGIES & TACTICS1 Embrace and highlight the history and evolution of industrial uses of this area mural festivals, storytelling artworks, multi-sensory public activations, interactive public spaces, industrial materialsartists spaces2 Partner with local industry and businesses along the Greenway to amplify existing activities and animate the public realm communal patios, curbside parklets, food trucksannual festivals, brewery district designation3 Capitalize on lower traffic volumes by reallocating street space to active modesremove on-street parking, increase loading and passenger zones, traffic diversionone-way street treatments, full street closuresVision: Industrial High-Intensity Greenways are unique creative spaces that mix work, industry, and play. They are attractive destinations for people to socialize and celebrate the products and activities of local industries. Amenities encourage social gatherings, provide comfort, and invite curiosity about industrial and creative activities in the area.35DefinitionGreenways that run through low-intensity, light industrial areas that are host to business activities and increased freight volumes, though almost exclusively during daytime hours. These are automobile-centric areas that are somewhat removed from centres of activity and have large car-oriented setbacks. This impacts both perceived and actual safety for active travellers, particularly at nighttime. However, the potential for land uses to evolve provides opportunity to better incorporate the Greenway into the space and more safely prioritize active travellers. Industrial Low-Intensity Greenways – Vancouver Case StudiesActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice8. Car-centric (-)9. Surface parking lots (-)10. Freight activity and access (-)A Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needs Strong Community Ties 11. Lack of sense of community (-)1. Interaction with freight vehicles (-)2. Shared right-of-way with automobiles (-)3. Lack of eyes on the street (-)4. Lack of pedestrian-scale lighting (-)5. No sidewalks (-)6. Perceived safety may be lower for vulnerable groups (e.g. BIPOC, women) (-)7. Exposure to dust, debris, and pollution (-)Greenways for AllDestinations in their Own Right12. Large auto-centric setbacks are not inviting for lingering and comfort (-)13. Lack of seating and rest areas (-)14. Nondescript building facades and blank walls (-)One with Nature15. Lack of permeable surfaces (-) Ontario Portside Ontario Ontario123109147813121154615Existing Conditions37Industrial Low-Intensity Greenways – Global Precedents1. Raised curbs and medians provide separation and protection2. Pedestrian-scale lighting improves safety at night3. Bright pavement markings4. Painted crossings and conflict paintGreenways for AllStrong Community Ties7. Venue for community eventsDestinations in their Own Right8. Interactive and playful elements9. Programmable space10. Preserves historic industrial characterOne with Nature11. Waterfront and natural ecosystems12. Quiet green spaces13. Incorporation of wildlife themes Lombard Street, Portland, OR Bronx River Greenway, New York City, NY Harbor District Riverwalk, Milwaukee, MI12315109781312115 46 Lombard Street, Portland, OR Harbor District Riverwalk, Milwaukee, MIActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice5. Wide walkways6. Separated off-street pathHighlighted Features39STRATEGIES & TACTICS1 Combat auto-centric design and behaviour and improve perceived and actual safety for active travellerspedestrian-scale lighting, protected facilities, emergency phones/portals, protected bicycle phasing at intersectionsmode shifts, land-use intensification, improved transit access2Provide spaces and facilities that invite employees from surrounding industries to congregate and spend time outdoors micro-plazas, picnic tables, programmable spaces, food truckscommunal end-of-trip facilities 3 Collaborate with appropriate partners to develop lively large-scale public realm activations within underutilized empty lots and surface parking lots drive-in movie theatres, farmers markets, AR/VR sensory experiencesmini-concerts, festivals, carnivalsVision: Industrial Low-Intensity Greenways are safe and efficient corridors that host transient activity and provide access to jobs. There is clear delineation between freight activity and active travel modes which provides a comfortable experience for all. Amenities provide comfort and offer a venue for casual rest and relief for those working nearby or passing through. 41DefinitionGreenways with natural surroundings and materials that run adjacent to bodies of water, creating a park-like waterfront experience. These off-street corridors are frequented by active travellers destined for the beach or park, or those enjoying a walk/bike/roll along the waterfront. The lack of paved surfaces and delineation of uses can pose accessibility challenges and lead to conflict between users. However, there is a strong imperative to preserve the natural state of these sensitive ecological areas, providing opportunities for stewardship of the land and water.Waterfront Natural Greenways – Vancouver Case Studies Fraser River Trail Seaside Fraser River Trail Fraser River Trail Seaside1231510914781312115462019181716Greenways for All1. No clear delineation of uses (-)2. Lack of pedestrian-scale lighting (-)3. Isolated and lack of eyes on the street (-)4. Limited access for emergency vehicles (-)5. Gravel path may pose accessibility challenges (-)A Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needs Active Transportation as the Desirable Choice6. Car-free (+)7. Wide path allows for passing and conversational-style cycling (+)8. Infrequent access/linkage points (-)9. Limited way-finding signs (-)Strong Community Ties 10. Programmable space for organized recreation (+)One with Nature14. Permeable surfaces (+)15. Habitats for a variety of plant and animal species (+)16. Wetlands (+)17. Respite from urban life (+)18. Wildlife viewing opportunities (+)19. Access to water (+)20. Scenic natural landscapes (+)Existing ConditionsDestinations in their Own Right11. Open spaces for recreation and play (+)12. Public amenities (+)13. Seating and rest areas (+)43Waterfront Natural Greenways – Global Precedents Te Ara Awataha, Northcote, New Zealand Te Ara Awataha, Northcote, New Zealand High Line Canal, Denver, CO High Line Canal, Denver, CO Bayou Greenway, Houston, TX Bayou Greenway, Houston, TX Lachine Canal, Montréal, QC123151091478131211546161. Clear delineation of active modes2. Accessible natural paving materialsGreenways for AllActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice4. Car-free5. Connections across waterStrong Community Ties 6. Community gathering spaces7. Partnership between public agenciesOne with Nature10. Habitats for diverse plant and animal species11. Flood risk reduction12. Wetlands13. Respite from urban life14. Access to water/wetlands15. Lush greenery16. Wildlife viewing opportunitiesA Path to Reconciliation3. Co-creation with local Indigenous community members to regenerate natural habitats and restore cultural connectionsHighlighted FeaturesDestinations in their Own Right8. Embraces natural surroundings 9. Daylighting of historic streams45STRATEGIES & TACTICS1 Partner with Indigenous community groups to restore and steward sensitive riparian areas and mitigate climate change impactsincorporate traditional ecological knowledge, educational features and programming, Indigenous plant speciesstormwater management, wetland protection, tide gate replacement, erosion protection infrastructure2 Ensure natural environments are safe and accessible for all peoplesmooth paving, wayfinding signs, soft lighting, clear delineation of uses, mobi-matsVision: Waterfront Natural Greenways are corridors where the natural setting of the area has been thoughtfully preserved. They provide refuge from bustling urban life where people can reflect on the history of the land and water, connect with nature, and socialize or play. Greenway features take special consideration for shoreline preservation, sea-level rise, and wildlife ecosystems.47DefinitionGreenways adjacent to bodies of water that manifest as a seawall or promenade lining the shorefront of high density urban areas. They are bustling attractions for both locals and tourists alike, as cherished landmarks that are central to Vancouver’s coastal identity.These built-up promenades abut mid- to high-density residential uses, mixed uses, or parks, and have formal qualities and urban features such as railings, paved surfaces, and separation of active modes; however, due to the high volumes of users, conflicts between active travellers are still a common occurrence. Space may allow for high-quality public realm activation to further enhance the Greenway as a key part of the Vancouver experience.Waterfront Urban Greenways – Vancouver Case Studies Seaside Seaside Seaside Fraser River Trail Fraser River Trail123854161719 Seaside151091471312116181. Clear delineation of uses (+) 2. Limited access for emergency vehicles (-)3. Conflict between users due to high volumes (-)4. Smooth paved surfaces (+)5. Wide range of ages and abilities (+)Greenways for AllA Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needs Active Transportation as the Desirable Choice6. Car-free (+)7. Lack of bicycle parking near destinations (-)8. Multimodal connections (+)9. Wayfinding information (+)Strong Community Ties 10. Community gathering spaces (+)11. Plazas and activations in partnership with BIAs, local businesses, and communities (+)One with Nature16. Susceptible to climate change impacts and extreme weather events (-)17. Murals educate about impacts of sea-level rise (+)18. Proximity and access to water (+)19. Wildlife-viewing opportunities (+)Existing ConditionsDestinations in their Own Right12. Seating and rest areas (+)13. Space activations (+)14. Public art (+)15. Views of surrounding context such as downtown skyline and mountains (+)49Waterfront Urban Greenways – Global PrecedentsOne with Nature13. Coastal resilience infrastructure14. Access to water15. Wildlife viewing opportunities Abandoibarra, Bilbao, Spain Abandoibarra, Bilbao, Spain Corniche Boardwalk, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Corniche Boardwalk, Abu Dhabi, UAE Sea Point Promenade, Capetown, South Africa Sea Point Promenade, Capetown, SA Copacabana Promenade, Rio de Janeiro Copacabana Promenade, Rio de Janeiro1231510914781312115461. Anti-slip surfaces2. Pedestrian-scale lighting improves safety at night3. Women-friendly and culturally-appropriate bike rental options and programming4. Accessible rampsGreenways for AllActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice5. Clear delineation of users6. Seamless integration with retail and commercial activityStrong Community Ties 7. Community gathering spaces8. Partnership with street vendors appropriate to contextHighlighted FeaturesDestinations in their Own Right9. Large open public spaces for lingering10. Seating and rest areas11. Sightseeing opportunities12. Unique paving treatments for visual interest51STRATEGIES & TACTICS1 Partner with Indigenous community groups to restore and steward sensitive riparian areas and mitigate climate change impactsincorporate traditional ecological knowledge, educational features and programming, Indigenous plant speciesstormwater management, wetland protection, tide gate replacement, erosion protection infrastructure2 Incorporate built environment features into Greenway design that channelize movement of active users to mitigate conflict in congested areas painted lines, coloured pavement, patterned pavement, bollards, detours and rerouting, denoted conflict zones, pedestrian crosswalks across pathsramps, multi-level pathways3 Design vibrant public spaces that celebrate the backdrop of the city, mountains, and waterpicnic tables, grassy knolls, benches facing the water, lounge-style public seating, viewing decks, beach access points, lighting, urban gymspierProvide access to nature and water within an urban settinglaunch docks for kayaks, dragon boats, etc.stepped seating leading to the water, mini-urban forests4Vision: Waterfront Urban Greenways are beloved vibrant corridors that showcase the city and its context and serve as the communal backyard of our city. People of all ages and abilities who are biking, walking, or rolling in different directions and speeds are accommodated and balanced safely to reduce conflict. High quality amenities and plazas continue to provide places for lingering and recreation, and can withstand extreme weather and future sea-level rise. 53DefinitionGreenways that run through or adjacent to parks or natural areas commonly used by people to connect to spaces to socialize with others, engage in recreational activity, or enjoy a moment of peace and solitude in green surroundings. These greenways, situated adjacent to or within shared open spaces, sometimes lack user delineation, which can pose accessibility challenges and lead to conflict between users. However, due to their location within shared open space, there is opportunity to better incorporate these Greenways into parks and create a soft boundary that enhances safety, accessibility, and the public realm.Parkside Greenways – Vancouver Case Studies Ridgeway Parkway Ridgeway Ontario Comox-Helmcken12315109147 81312115461. Shared right-of-way with automobiles (-)2. Lack of delineation between active modes (-)3. Pedestrian-scale lighting improves safety at night (+)4. Lack of eyes on the street (-)5. Traffic circles can lead to conflicts between modes (-)6. Uneven paving surfaces (-)7. Narrow sidewalk (-)Greenways for AllA Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needs Active Transportation as the Desirable Choice8. Width allows conversational style cycling (+)9. Traffic calming measures (+)Strong Community Ties 10. Wide open spaces for community gatherings (+)One with Nature14. Habitats for a variety of animals and plant species (+)15. Quiet green spaces for moments of solitude (+)Existing ConditionsDestinations in their Own Right11. Seating and rest areas (+)12. Public amenities (+)13. Public art (+)55Parkside Greenways – Global Precedents Vondelpark, Amsterdam, Netherlands Lilian To Park, Vancouver, BC Prospect Park, Brooklyn, NY Prospect Park, Brooklyn, NY Vondelpark, Amsterdam, Netherlands12315109147813 12115461817161. Clear delineation of active modes2. Pedestrian-scale lighting improves safety at night3. Ample room for navigation4. Wide range of usersGreenways for AllActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice5. Bicycle parking6. Car-free for pedestrian safety7. Width allows for conversational-style cyclingStrong Community Ties 8. Community gathering spaces9. Collaboration between the City and the Park Board to expand the park areaOne with Nature14. Ample tree canopy cover15. Permeable surfaces16. Habitats for a variety of plant and animal species17. Trees sequester carbon and mitigate urban heat island effect18. Wildlife viewing opportunities19. Respite from urban life19Highlighted FeaturesDestinations in their Own Right10. Play spaces11. Open greenspaces for play or solitude12. Seating and rest areas13. Public amenities57STRATEGIES & TACTICS3 Maximize the natural surroundings of the Greenway to provide users with intimate connections to nature and integrate blue-green infrastructureshaded grassy areas, play areas, educational signs, stepping stone pathways, bioretention gardens, rainwater tree trenches, bioswaleswild untamed natural areas, daylighting of streams, retention of heritage trees, expand tree canopy cover1 Integrate the Greenways within parks in a way that augments the park experience and mitigates conflictclear delineation of uses, denoted conflict zones, pedestrian crosswalks across paths, integrated connections, natural buffer between open areas and through zone2 Take advantage of the overlap of the Greenway and park to offer shared amenities and facilities for reciprocal benefitssecure bicycle storage, water fountains, seating areas, shared bathroomsVision: Parkside Greenways are corridors that complement and maximize the full potential of our city parks. These Greenways draw active travellers into the park by providing integrated connections, serving as a natural respite from bustling city life, and acting as a soft transitional buffer from automobile traffic. Public amenities along this Greenway provide comfort and allow for people to linger and stay.59DefinitionGreenways that run through school zones or adjacent to academic institutions. These spaces are social and recreational hubs for the local community, characterized by pick-up and drop-off activity and high volumes of students, staff, and parents at specific times of day and year. Due to the high volume of younger active travellers and automobiles, these Greenways require the utmost consideration for safety. There is opportunity to engage the school and wider community in stewardship and programming, while promoting active, sustainable lifestyles from a young age. Schoolside/Institutional Greenways – Vancouver Case Studies1 Central Valley Ridgeway Ontario Ontario Comox-Helmcken Comox-Helmcken2310 97812115461. High volume of young travellers (+)2. Shared right-of-way with automobiles (-)3. Reduced motor vehicle speeds in school zones (-)4. High probability of conflict between users due to pick-up and drop-off activities (-)5. Not comfortable for all ages and abilities, particularly school-aged children (-)Greenways for AllA Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needsActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice6. High automobile pick up/drop off traffic (-)7. Provides direct access to schools (+)Strong Community Ties 8. Public access restrictions during school hours (-)One with Nature12. Green rainwater infrastructure (+)Existing ConditionsDestinations in their Own Right9. Lack of seating and rest areas (-)10. Lack of weather-protected waiting areas for parents (-)11. Changes in activity and volumes throughout the day/year (+)61Schoolside/Institutional Greenways – Global Precedents Tupper Greenway, Vancouver, BC Dafne Schippers Bridge, Utrecht, Netherlands Dafne Schippers Bridge, Utrecht, Netherlands Assen, Netherlands Assen, Netherlands Assen, Netherlands Dafne Schippers Bridge, Utrecht1231510914781312115 461817161. Serves wide range of ages and abilities, particularly school-aged children 2. Clear delineation between active modes3. Clear sightlines4. Protected crossings5. Gentle grade for enhanced accessibilityGreenways for AllActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice6. Exclusive right-of-way for active modes7. Width allows conversational-style cycling8. Pathway connects directly to school entrance9. Abundant bicycle parking on school site10. Corridor runs directly overtop the school for interconnectivityStrong Community Ties 11. Volunteer stewardship of gardens12. Venue for socializing13. Collaborative design and integrated planning between school and cityOne with Nature17. Green rainwater infrastructure18. Leafy treesHighlighted FeaturesDestinations in their Own Right14. Bustling public hub15. Recreation and play spaces16. Informal and flexible seating63STRATEGIES & TACTICS2Provide amenities that facilitate comfortable before- and after-school socializing sheltered seating and waiting areas, WiFi, secure bicycle parking3Incorporate educational features to provide learning/teaching opportunitiescommunity gardens, bike repair tools, bird feeders, mini-ecosystems, compost bins, native plant species, Indigenous knowledge and historyVision: Schoolside and Institutional Greenways are safe corridors where all ages and abilities of active travellers, particularly school-aged children and guardians feel confident. Wide separated paths allow for comfortable pick-up and drop-off activity for active travellers while providing sustainable and direct access to schools. The schools play an integral role in the creation and stewardship of these spaces with reciprocal benefits of outdoor learning opportunities. 1 Provide active transportation facilities of the absolute highest safety standard specifically tailored to accommodate young active travellers and peak volumes protected and designated bike and pedestrian lanes, complete separation from automobiles, extra-wide right of way, direct connection for active travellers to school entrance, separated area for automobile drop-offs, traffic calmingtargeted street closures in school zones65DefinitionGreenways that are located off-street, often within former or existing rail right-of-way, or separated from automobiles with exclusive right-of-way adjacent to busy arterials. Located beneath the SkyTrain guideway along some segments, these interurban corridors provide connections to rapid transit and other regions.These Greenways are somewhat removed from view, poorly lit, and can feel unsafe, particularly at nighttime. Segments also run adjacent to and across busy arterial streets where crossings may be unsafe and there is noise and air pollution. However, integration with rapid transit stations offers a great opportunity to encourage multimodal connections, provide amenities, and improve the public realm.Off-Street/Arterial Greenways – Vancouver Case Studies Central Valley Parkway Central Valley Central Valley1231510914781312 115461617181. Lack of escape routes in an emergency (-)2. Lack of pedestrian-scale lighting (-)3. Isolated and lack of eyes on the street (-)4. Crossings at busy arterials (-)5. Safety concerns for BIPOC, I2SLGBTQ+, women, and other groups (-)6. Smooth paved surfaces (+)7. Lack of tactile and auditory cues (-)Greenways for AllA Path to ReconciliationA need to partner with Indigenous peoples to foreground Indigenous values, identities, and systems into planning, implementation, and utilization, and serve community needs Active Transportation as the Desirable Choice8. Mostly car-free (+)9. Space for micro-mobility infrastructure (+)10. Poor delineation between active modes (-)11. Facilitates multi-modal trips (+)12. Integration with public transit (+)13. Inter-city/regional connections (+)Strong Community Ties 14. Lack of community gathering spaces (-)15. Close collaboration with TransLink (+)One with Nature18. Lack of tree canopy and vegetation (-)Existing ConditionsDestinations in their Own Right16. Lack of seating and rest areas (-)17. Lack of flexible and programmable spaces (-) Central Valley Parkway67Off-Street/Arterial Greenways – Global Precedents12151097813115 4620 19181716143 Bentway, Toronto, ON Bentway, Toronto, ON Bentway, Toronto, ON Miami Underline, Miami, FL Dequindre Cut, Detroit, MI Dequindre Cut, Detroit, MI Baana Track, Helsinki, Finland Baana Track, Helsinki, Finland1. Clear delineation of active modes2. Wide paths that allow for safe passing3. Protection from the elements4. Emergency portals5. Smooth flat surfacesGreenways for AllActive Transportation as the Desirable Choice6. Car-free7. Integration with public transitStrong Community Ties 8. Micro-plazas and gathering spaces9. Play spaces and basketball courts10. Community events11. Programming by local businessesOne with Nature17. Local plants and pollinators18. Green rainwater infrastructure19. Restoration of green spaces20. Natural green surroundingsHighlighted FeaturesDestinations in their Own Right12. Seating and rest areas13. Covered public spaces for shade and rain cover14. Amphitheatre for special events15. Public art16. Preserves character of historic land uses1269STRATEGIES & TACTICS2 Improve integration with adjacent public transit stations to provide seamless multi-modal connections and an enhanced public realmestablish plazas with seating and commercial vendors near transit stations, enhanced bicycle parking at transit stations, public washrooms, micro-mobility infrastructure, real-time departure information, improved wayfinding signage3 Take advantage of the off-street right-of-way to provide amenities along the length of the Greenway that encourage people to stay, gather, and build communitycommunity gardens, variety of seating, basketball hoops, public art, programmable space, picnic tables, skate parkamphitheatresVision: Off-Street/Arterial Greenways are busy corridors that are livened by the flow of activity, feel safe for all people at all times of day, and serve as essential conduits for commuting. People can make seamless connections to public transit and travel freely protected from the elements with priority at arterial crossings. Amenities along the corridor facilitate long-distance and multi-modal trips, provide rest and gathering spaces, and foster connection to the community.1 Provide a safe and comfortable travel experience for all ages, abilities, and identities at all times of day to compensate for the remote nature of segments of the Greenwayforeground needs of BIPOC, I2SLGBTQ+, women, and other groups in design process, improved lighting, emergency portals, escape routes, emergency vehicle access, enhanced protection at crossings, improved delineation of active modesland-use changes that improve the Greenway interface70CONCLUSIONPhotograph: Veronica DudarevIn 1995, the City of Vancouver released its original Vancouver Greenways Plan with the intent of developing a “system of Greenways connecting all parts of the City” (City of Vancouver, 1995). At the time of its release, Greenways were simply defined as “green paths for pedestrians and cyclists” (City of Vancouver). Over 15 years later, the potential for what a Greenway can be has evolved. Today, Greenways have the potential to be much much more than their original simple definition. Greenways have the potential to be continuous public spaces for everyone to experience, regardless of who they are or how they get around. Nestled within this statement is the broad principle of ‘experience,’ which guided each stage of the project. From the Building a Foundation phase, the creation of an Evaluation Framework, the categorization of the local network, to crafting visions for the future of Greenways, the experiential nature of Greenways was the main focus at every turn.Utilizing the Evaluation Framework to assess local case study examples brought to light the many issues that currently exist in Greenways across Vancouver. From lack of seating and rest areas, inaccessible sidewalks to car-centric design, the assessment revealed that Greenways in Vancouver vary considerably in functionality, design, and quality. This variation becomes even more pronounced when identifying issues and opportunities across different typologies. Take for instance the lack of seating and rest areas on Low-to-Mid-Density Residential Greenways. A strategy to address this shortcoming could be to provide intimate public spaces appropriate to the residential neighbourhood scale. Whereas, on Off-Street/Arterial Greenways, a strategy to address this same issue could be to provide plazas that encourage people to gather. This type of scenario, where the issue is the same but the mitigation strategy is different, occurred throughout the project and underlines the importance of context when evaluating and re-envisioning Greenways. For Greenways to realize their full potential they must become more than paths for pedestrians and cyclists, but corridors for people of all ages, abilities, and identities. They must become more than greenspaces, but high-quality continuous public spaces that provide the experience of nature in the city. They must be part of more than a network containing only a few shining examples, but part of a city-wide interconnected network that connects diverse neighbourhoods together and provides equitable and inclusive access to key destinations. Lastly, Greenways must be re-envisioned in a way that enhances and responds to their surrounding context to deliver an experience that benefits everyone.71Akpinar, A. (2016). Factors Influencing the Use of Urban Greenways: A Case Study of Aydın, Turkey. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 16, 123.Alzheimer Society of Canada. (2016). Prevalence and Monetary Costs of Dementia in Canada. 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Valentina Farías Bruce Pagnucco Jimin ParkPhotobook of Global Greenways Precedents2Contents3IntroductionIcon LegendGlossaryEuropeOceaniaLatin AmericaAsiaAfricaNorth AmericaReferences4567333845535983This Photobook of Global Greenways Precedents was compiled for the City of Vancouver by the Greenways Refresh Team - a group of SCARP master’s students - as part of the SCARP Planning Studio. By compiling Greenway precedents from across the world, this Photobook serves as an inspirational reference point for improvements and treatments that can be applied to amplify and enhance Vancouver’s Greenways. We have identified Greenways with features that demonstrate one or more theme areas particularly well, as indicated by icons in the top right corner of each page. The icons correspond with the eleven evaluation themes laid out in the Greenways Evaluation Framework produced by the Greenway Refresh Team. Each global precedent example features illustrative visuals, a contextualizing description, and a list of highlighted features. Containing 70 examples, this Photobook includes a variety of Greenways from Latin America, Asia, Africa and Oceania, in addition to many examples from Europe and North America. The Greenways Refresh Team was particularly keen on providing lesser-known examples outside of North American or European contexts to illustrate a diversity of approaches to Greenways planning. 4Safety Universal Accessibility& EquityReconciliation Prioritization of Active ModesConnectivityCommunity BuildingPublic Space & Public LifeIdentity & ContextResilient by NatureConnection with Nature5Theme LegendCollaborationGlossaryactive mode prioritybicycle parkingbidirectional lanesblue-green systems car-freecar-liteco-creationcoloured pavementcommemorative featurecommercial areacommunity eventscommunity gardenscommunity-focused connectivitydaylighting of streamdestinationemergency portalsembraces Indigenous valuesenergy-generating panels environmental restorationequityeyes on the streetflood risk management fountainsgentle gradegrade separationgreen rainwater infrastructurehistoric significanceinclusiveintegration with transitkiosksliving streetlocal artistslush vegetationnatural habitatsoutdoor learningpainted conflict zonespainted lanespedestrian-scale lightingperformerspermeable surfacesphysical healthplaces for people to lingerplay areaspreserves industrial characterprevention of vehicle incursionpriority signalsprogrammable spacepromotes active transportationprotected intersectionsproximity to destinationspublic partnershipquiet green spacesrampsrapid implementationreallocation of ROW recycled materials reduced urban heat island effectrepurposed rail ROWrestricted automobile access seating and rest areassense of wonderseparation of usesshared spaceslope assistance solar panelsstreet patiostactile walking surface indicatorstraffic-calming measurestree canopyunique paving designvolunteer stewardship water activitieswaterfrontweather-protectedwetlandswheelchair accessibility6EUROPE7Highlighted Features pedestrian-scale lightingintegration with transitweather-protectedrecycled materialslush vegetation ____________________Radbahn converted the typically-neglected space along and under the iconic elevated metro line in the heart of Berlin into a 9km bicycle corridor. This bike path is separated from motor vehicle traffic, predominantly covered with pedestrian-scale lighting beneath the guideway, and has an innovative surface treatment that uses recycled plastic.RadbahnBerlin, Germany8Highlighted Features active mode prioritycoloured pavementrecycled materials green rainwater infrastructure____________________A 30 metre pathway that contains 70% recycled plastic (plastic bottles, festival cups, cosmetic packaging and plastic furniture) and stores rainwater to prevent flooding. When the material wears out at the end of its operational cycle, it can be recycled. Zwolle, Netherlands9Highlighted Featuresseparation of usesunique paving designsolar panels___________________Solar panels areembedded into theconcrete on this 75 metrebike lane. The panelsproduced 9,800 kWh onthe first year, around thesame as the averageannual consumption ofthree Dutch households. Cyclists and pedestrians are strategically separated by a natural barrier to mitigate conflict. Krommenie SolaRoad, Netherlands10Highlighted Featuresdestinationsense of wonderseparation of uses____________________This solar-powered pathway lights up at night to encourage around-the-clock use. The lighted path dually functions to illuminate the way and separate users of the space. Pruszków Cycle PathPruszków, Poland11Highlighted Features promotes active transportationphysical healthinclusiveslope assistance______________________This bicycle lift can transport a maximum of 300 people an hour at a speed of 1.5-2 m/s. Five people (from cyclists to scooters to strollers) can take it at the same time to ascend the 130m long hill in Trondheim, Norway.Trampe Bicycle LiftTrondheim, Norway12The Soul of NørrebroCopenhagen, DenmarkHighlighted Featuresoutdoor learningprogrammable spacegreen rainwater infrastructure______________________A series of parks and sunken basins that retain rainwater to prevent flooding. Water is redirected to the local lake through channels that will also have stepping stones to allow residents to cross them. There will also be opportunities for community gardens and bike paths.13Highlighted Features grade separationcommercial areacoloured pavementcar-freewaterfront ______________________A bridge that allows cycling commuters to bypass busy pedestrian areas. The bridge is designed for users to encounter the least amount of obstacles possible, with an emphasis on safety and comfort.The Bicycle SnakeCopenhagen, Denmark14Highlighted Features seating and rest areasactive mode priorityseparation of usespedestrian-scale lightinggrade separation____________________This path links Barcelona’s B20 ring road to the B-23 expressway, cutting 500m off the route for cyclists and pedestrians. The gently-sloping cycle track allows cyclists and pedestrians to have a safe vantage point over the city. Batlle i RoigBarcelona, Spain15Highlighted Features reallocation of ROW painted lanesrapid implementation bidirectional lanes____________________Seville’s cycling infrastructure was expanded from 12 km to 120 km in five years by repurposing parking spaces into bidirectional cycling lanes. Seville, Spain16Highlighted Features destinationwaterfrontwheelchair accessibility____________________A green oasis that includes two parallel paths, one by the water, and the other one 6m away at the level of the Guggenheim Museum. The promenade is a destination itself, but is also connected to the tram, and the path itself connects the Guggenheim Museum to the Opera House.AbandoibarraBilbao, Spain17Highlighted Features local artistsperformersseating and rest areasfountains commercial areaunique paving designcar-free______________________A 1.2 km boulevard that connects Barcelona’s waterfront to the central plaza. It is an important public space for social gathering, tourism and small businesses. Pedestrians have access to the boulevard while cyclists can ride on the adjacent slow streets. La RamblaBarcelona, Spain18Highlighted Featuresprogrammable spaceperformersseating and rest areasshared spaceactive mode priority______________________ This reimagined street has a natural stone surface where rigid features like kerbs and crossings were removed, inviting pedestrians to move freely over the entire area, and give them priority over all other users.New RoadBrighton, UK19Highlighted Featurespedestrian-scale lightingeyes on the streetpainted conflict zonesrampspriority signalsseparation of usespromotes active transportation ____________________Miklošič Street is a shining example of the serious efforts the City of Ljubjana has made to promote active transportation. These efforts include prioritizing cyclists at intersections through pre-green signals, providing ramp access to key destinations, and allowing cyclists to wait in front of cars in bike boxes.Miklošič Street Ljubljana, Slovenia20Highlighted Featuresseparation of usesunique paving designactive mode priority ____________________Lisbon’s Saldanha area has separated all users, giving them their own protected area. The use of interesting pavers also give a visual cue to both pedestrians and cyclists of where to go. Praça Duque de SaldanhaLisbon, Portugal2122Poblenou SuperblockBarcelona, SpainHighlighted Features car-freerapid implementationactive mode priorityplaces for people to lingerplay areas______________________This former intersection transformed in a matter of months through permanent closures to provide both a car-free passageway and a flexible public space with play areas, picnic tables, and sport courts for people to rest, gather, and play.23Dafne Schippers BridgeUtrecht, NetherlandsHighlighted Features promotes active transportationgentle gradebicycle parkingphysical healthconnectivitypublic partnershipplay areasplaces for people to linger______________________This corridor runs adjacent to and overtop of a primary school. The confluence of the park bowl and sport court, active transportation corridor, and school complement one another to provide a bustling hub of public space and easy pick-up and drop-off.Highlighted Featuresactive mode priorityseparation of usesbicycle parkingpromotes active transportation ____________________Active transportation paths are given higher priority in the drop-off area at this high school, bypassing conflicts with automobiles and leading right up to the building’s front entrance.24Vincent Van Gogh High SchoolAssen, NetherlandsHighlighted Featuresactive mode priorityprotected intersectionsseparation of usespromotes active transportation ____________________Ample space is provided for casual and conversational style walking and cycling for parents and children on their route to and from school. On the school site, an abundance of bicycle parking is provided.25Assen, Netherlands26Frans HalsstraatAmsterdam, NetherlandsHighlighted Features car-freepromotes active transportationstreet patiostree canopy______________________The removal of 600 on-street parking spaces in the Frans Hals neighbourhood has given residents and visitors alike the opportunity to reclaim the streets from motor vehicles for community gardens, patios, play areas, and bicycle parking.Highlighted Features car-free reallocation of ROWactive mode priorityintegration with transitpermeable surfaces______________________This former automobile arterial was converted to a car-free corridor through gradual re-allocation of street space from cars to active modes. Its grassy boulevard provides permeable surfaces to assist with stormwater management and integrates with transit.27Plantage Middenlaan Amsterdam, Netherlands28VondelparkAmsterdam, NetherlandsHighlighted Features pedestrian-scale lightingcar-free promotes active transportationphysical healthdestinationsense of wondernaturetree canopyquiet green spaces______________________This 45-hectares park sees 10 million visitors annually. Its network is composed of winding paved pathways that are open to both cyclists and pedestrians.Highlighted Features car-liteactive mode prioritytraffic-calming measuresliving streetshared space______________________This Woonerf in Emmen serves as a living street that extends front yards onto the street itself. The narrow, chicaned throughway slows automobiles and signals priority to pedestrians, cyclists, and people playing and mixing in the street.29Emmen, NetherlandsHighlighted Features car-freeliving streetlush vegetationconnectivity______________________The Vauban District, a previous army camp, has more than 400 kilometres of pathways for active modes. Fifty-seven percent of residents who previously owned a car no longer do so. Automobiles parking is restricted to communal lots located on the outside of the district.30Vauban DistrictFreiburg, GermanyHighlighted Featuresshared spacecoloured pavementcommunity-focusedseating and rest areaslocal artists____________________Local residents were involved in the creation of these reclaimed street spaces, which feature community artwork and bespoke granite features distributed throughout the corridor. Automobile traffic is calmed by strategic narrowings and special paving treatments. 31Windus WalkLondon, UK32Highlighted Features car-freeseparation of usescommunity-focusedplay areas destinationrepurposed rail ROWpreserves industrial character______________________This sunken greenway recycled the land that the railway used to cross to enter the city center. The rugged identity of the corridor is kept, but the facilities, such as basketball courts and art installations are colourful as a reminder of the containers the rail used to carry. Baana TrackHelsinki, FinlandOCEANIA33Te Ara AwatahaNorthcote, New ZealandHighlighted Featuresco-creationembraces Indigenous valueshistoric significanceoutdoor learningdaylighting of streamcommunity gardensnatural habitat______________________This project involved co-creation with local Indigenous community members and technical experts to daylight a stream for improved water quality and habitat ecosystems, to reconnect the community to lost environmental treasures, and represent cultural and natural histories.34Highlighted Features active mode prioritygrade separationpedestrian-scale lightingcoloured pavementcar-free____________________This eye-catching fluorescent car-free space is wide enough to facilitate through movement while still providing the space to allow for users to comfortably stop and linger.Nelson St. CyclewayAuckland, New Zealand35Highlighted Featuresdestinationplaces for people to lingerseparation of usesprogrammable space___________________This Greenway flowing through the heart of the city passes through a diverse array of spaces designed to improve the physical and mental health of all users. Southbank BoulevardMelbourne, Australia36Highlighted Features tactile walking surface indicatorsgreen rainwater infrastructuretraffic-calming measures____________________Franklin Road was upgraded with raised bike lanes that features green stripes on the outer side of the lane as a visual cue and the placement of attention TWSIs on the outer edge of sidewalks. The city also provided separate stormwater pipelines along this corridor that will help prevent wet weather wastewater overflows to the harbour. Franklin RoadAuckland, New Zealand37LATIN AMERICA38Highlighted Featuresseparation of usespainted conflict zonessignageseating and rest areas______________________Bogotá’s cycling infrastructure is clearly demarcated and includes a high level of separation of uses. Different paving colours and textures provide tactile indications for use.Bogotá, Colombia39Highlighted Featuresseparation of usesactive mode prioritypainted conflict zones_____________________Rosario has an extensive network of bike paths, many which are protected by a barrier or through signal phasing. The bike path crosses an automobile traffic circle through a signaled phase which gives cyclists a safe, more direct route. Their cycling lanes tend to be on the left of the road, reducing conflicts on right turns. Ciclovía de PellegriniRosario, Argentina40Highlighted Features physical separation of usesbidirectional lanessignagepainted conflict zones______________________Since 2009, the city of Buenos Aires has constructed more than 260 km of protected bidirectional bicycle lanes. The vast majority are on the left side of the street and feature physical barriers between drivers and cyclists.Buenos Aires, Argentina41Highlighted Featuresenergy-generating panelslush vegetationpedestrian-scale lighting separation of uses______________________This Greenway dually functions to provide locals with a safe active transportation route while providing energy to the city through inductive energy-generating panels placed on the path. These panels absorb vibrations from cyclists and pedestrians.Curitiba, Brazil42Highlighted Features painted lanesseparation of useskiosksproximity to destinationswaterfrontunique paving design____________________Bike paths along the promenade in Rio de Janeiro are protected from automobiles and separated from pedestrian paths. Unique pavement designs help increase the visual separation of the different uses along this corridor. Red conflict zone painting alerts cyclists of areas where interactions between cyclists and pedestrians are common.Copacabana PromenadeRio de Janeiro, Brazil43Highlighted Featurespainted lanesseparation of usesintegration with transit______________________Manaus’ bike paths are all painted red, making it easier for people with visual impairments to distinguish between uses. This facility is well connected to the city’s transit network, facilitating multi-modal active transportation trips. Manaus, Brazil44ASIA45Highlighted Features grade separationbidirectional lanessolar panels______________________The highway from Daejeon to Sejong has a dedicated bidirectional bike lane between the two traffic directions. The 20-mile bicycle lane is covered with solar panels, providing shade and weather protection for cyclists while producing solar energy. Highway from Daejeon to Sejong, South Korea46Highlighted Featurescar-freedaylighting of streamreduced urban heat island effectfountains places for people to lingersense of wonderseating and rest areas reallocation of ROW______________________An elevated highway was dismantled to daylight a historic stream and provide an urban respite for locals and visitors to enjoy and reconnect with nature.Cheonggyecheon Stream Seoul, South Korea47Highlighted Featuresseparation of usespainted lanesweather-protectedplaces for people to lingersense of wondertactile walking surface indicatorsbicycle parking______________________Osaka’s bike network provides ample bicycle storage adjacent to its commercial areas. Osaka, Japan48Highlighted Featuresseparation of usespainted lanescoloured pavementsignage commercial areaweather-protectedplaces for people to lingersense of wondertactile walking surface indicatorsbicycle parking ______________________Visual cues are a key feature in Tokyo, where the use of paint and coloured pavers are used to demarcate space. Tokyo, Japan49Highlighted Features grade separationconnectivitypainted conflict zonescoloured pavementsignage ______________________The Bike Skyway was inspired by Copenhagen’s Bicycle Snake. It separates bicycle lanes from vehicular traffic by elevating the cycling network. The use of green and red paint warn cyclists that they are entering a conflict zone. Bike SkywayXiamen, China50Highlighted Featurescar-free commercial areaproximity to destinations______________________The central corridor design alludes to the canal that used to run through this street. The revamping of Chandni Chowk closed the street to vehicular traffic, except for early mornings when trucks unload goods for the commercial businesses. Chandni ChowkDelhi, India51Highlighted Featuresequitypainted laneswaterfrontunique pavement designsignage programmable space______________________This boardwalk connects to restaurants, cafés and the Corniche Beach and features programming tailored to community needs. Bike rental stations on the boardwalk have bikes with lower frames and covered chains to allow women in abayas to cycle on the Corniche. Wednesday evenings are also exclusively for women.Abu Dhabi CornicheAbu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates52AFRICA53Highlighted Features kioskswaterfront ______________________This seaside promenade includes grassy areas, brick and other pavement treatments. The promenade features lighting throughout to activate the space to enhance its safety at nighttime. Seating along the edge is embedded within the outer rock wall to maximize width along the promenade.Sea Point PromenadeCape Town, South Africa54Highlighted Featurespainted lanes prevention of vehicle incursion______________________Painted bicycle lanes cross the CBD on Bree Street, Cape Town’s trendy area, which is home to bars, restaurants, and cafes. Low horizontal deflection prevent vehicles from entering bicycle lanes.Cape Town CBDCape Town, South Africa55Highlighted Features painted lanes signage coloured pavement______________________This cyclepath links Cape Town with Paarden Island along the existing highway. It is a protected throughway that is separated from motor vehicles by a vegetated buffer and features different pavement colour treatments. N1 Cape Town to Paarden IslandCape Town, South Africa56Highlighted Features painted lanesgrade separationseparation of uses____________________Cycling culture in Johannesburg ended during the apartheid when townships were segregated by race and economic status. New pedestrian routes are being built to re-connect these physically separated townships to allow all South Africans to move freely through the city without the need for an automobile. Grayston Pedestrian BridgeJohannesburg, South Africa57Highlighted Features separated usesconnectivityintegration with transitgreen rainwater infrastructure____________________New cycling lanes in Nairobi are separated from pedestrians and motorists. They are separated by height, bollards, pavement colours, vegetation, or drainage systems. Nairobi, Kenya58NORTH AMERICA59Highlighted Features tactile walking surface indicatorswheelchair accessibilitysignageseparation of usesphysical health______________________This segment of 10th Ave is clearly defined by signage and roadway treatments as a designated hospital zone. The design facilitates the safe movement of all users through the space and mitigates conflict.10th Ave Hospital ZoneVancouver, Canada60Highlighted Features separation of usespainted conflict zones______________________The impetus for this protected bike lane was a major paving and road widening project aimed at improving truck and freight access in an heavily industrial part of town. With the paving and widening planned, Portland Bureau of Transportation jumped on the opportunity to update the street to current standards.Lombard StreetPortland, OR61Highlighted Features lush vegetation programmable spaceplaces for people to lingersense of wonderrepurposed rail ROWdestinationperformers local artists______________________An elevated linear park in the heart of NYC. This pedestrian greenway was transformed from rail tracks that were no longer used. The High Line is home to performances, exhibitions and the “mile long opera”.High LineNew York City, NY62Highlighted Features separation of uses destinationwaterfront water activitiesplaces for people to linger sense of wonder ______________________Cherry Creek Greenway crosses downtown Denver and gives residents an opportunity to exercise as well as engage in water sports, making it a destination in of itself. Cherry Creek GreenwayDenver, CO63Highlighted Featuresblue-green systemsgreen rainwater infrastructureplay areasplaces for people to lingerquiet green spaces______________________These green corridors will have canals and green infrastructure that will reduce flood risk, subsidence, crumbling streets, overburdened drainage systems and sinking soils, while giving residents more green spaces and playgrounds.New Orleans, LA64Highlighted Featuresprogrammable spacespedestrian-scale lightingeyes on the streetblue-green systemsnaturedestinationwaterfront water activitiesplaces for people to linger sense of wonder ______________________The removal of a dam resulted in a free flowing river and 33 acres of green space where residents can enjoy the outdoors and partake in water activities. Scioto GreenwayColumbus, OH65Highlighted Features separation of uses tree canopyblue-green systemsdestination water activitiesplaces for people to lingerquiet green spaces ______________________This is a popular destination for gathering or exercising by the water. The special rockdust treatment on the footpath allows for a more natural setting while not compromising on accessibility of the facility.Lachine CanalMontréal, QC66Highlighted Features separation of uses destinationsignagephysical healthpromotes active transportation______________________Situated between an elementary school and a university, this corridor provides a widened sidewalk for pedestrians adjacent to a separated protected bike path, and automobile traffic is reduced to one-way.67Rue UniversityMontréal, QCHighlighted Features separation of uses destinationsignagephysical healthpromotes active transportation______________________Palm Drive is one of the most popular active transportation routes to Stanford’s campus. With separation from cars, both cyclists and pedestrians have a comfortable and safe way to get to class. 68Palm Drive, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA Highlighted Features car-free destinationphysical healthplaces for people to lingerweather-protectedwaterfronthistoric significancepreserves industrial characterpromotes active transportation______________________Formerly an industrial shipyard, this popular destination for tourists and locals preserves its historic character while providing places for people to gather, linger, and enjoy the surrounding waterfront views.69North Shore Spirit TrailNorth Vancouver, BC70Milwaukee Avenue GreenwayMinneapolis, MNHighlighted Features car-freepedestrian-scale lightingreallocation of ROWpromotes active transportationtree canopypermeable surfacesquiet green spaces______________________This historic district removed vehicles from the streets to convert a former residential street to a car-free lush oasis, creating a small linear park. Rear lanes provide garage and parking for residents and visitors. 71Avenue Duluth, Montréal, QCHighlighted Features pedestrian-scale lightingcar-liteactive mode priorityproximity to destinationsstreet patioscommercial area______________________This car-lite area features mixed-use buildings with human-scale storefronts. Restricted automobile access and parking removal have allowed for parklets and outdoor patios to enhance street life along the avenue.Highlighted Features pedestrian-scale lighting promotes active transportationconnectivityintegration with transit______________________This segment of this city-spanning active transportation corridor runs through light industrial neighbourhoods of mid-to-high land use intensity. The off-street path and vegetation provides a nice buffer from automobiles and is integrated with public transit.72Indianapolis Cultural TrailIndianapolis, IN73High Line CanalDenver, COHighlighted Features car-free physical healthpromotes active transportationconnectivityhistoric significancetree canopyquiet green spaces______________________Spanning 11 jurisdictions and many different land uses, the High Line Canal is a natural respite that honours the legacy of its historic agricultural past and provides ecosystem services as well as social and recreational benefits.74Bayou GreenwayHouston, TXHighlighted Features physical healthpublic partnershipwetlandsnatural habitatsblue-green systemswaterfrontflood risk management______________________This project is a result of a partnership between several public entities including the city, parks board, and county flood control agency in an effort to provide a continuous waterfront park system and mitigate flood risk.75Prospect ParkBrooklyn, NYHighlighted Features separation of usesrestricted automobile accessactive mode prioritypromotes active transportationphysical healthdestinationplaces for people to lingernaturetree canopyquiet green spaces______________________This park loop has clear delineation between modes and restricts automobile access during specific hours, providing active users more space and comfort.76Bronx River GreenwayNew York, NYHighlighted Features promotes active transportationpublic partnershippreserves industrial characterenvironmental restorationwaterfrontwater activities______________________By leveraging the active development in the area and collaborating with partners, the Bronx River Alliance transformed former industrial sites and a neglected dead-end street into a 20-mile greenway. This industrial area along the river now attracts visitors to gather and play on land or on water.77Harbor District Riverwalk,Milwaukee, WIHighlighted Features places for people to lingerplay areascommunity eventspreserves industrial characterwaterfrontenvironmental restoration______________________The Harbor District is transforming Milwaukee’s industrial waterfront into a vibrant district that will help to reestablish natural ecosystems while maintaining commercial and industrial marine access along the waterway.78Lilian ParkVancouver, BCHighlighted Features reallocation of ROWseparation of usespublic partnershipplaces for people to lingerplay areasseating and rest areaslush with vegetationquiet green spaces______________________A collaboration between the City and Park Board allowed for the reallocation of street space to active modes to augment this park. Features include separate walking and cycling paths, informal seating, a playground, water fountain, and bicycle parking.79Tupper GreenwayVancouver, BCHighlighted Features public partnershipvolunteer stewardshipcommunity gardensseating and rest areascommemorative featureenvironmental restorationblue-green systems______________________This neighbourhood Greenway features a city-block sized healing garden and memorial rock to commemorate the tragic loss of a former student. The Greenway was the culmination of a collaborative effort between staff and students, the City, and community members. Highlighted Features community eventspublic artplaces for people to lingerplay areasweather-protectedseating and rest areasblue-green systemsrecycled materials______________________Located beneath the Gardiner Expressway, the Bentway includes various weather-protected amenities such as an amphitheatre, waterpark, skate park, public art, and programmable spaces, and features a sustainable stormwater management system, native plant species, and recycled materials. 80The BentwayToronto, ON81Dequindre CutDetroit, MIHighlighted Features emergency portalspedestrian-scale lightingpromotes active transportationcommunity eventsrepurposed ROWpreserves industrial characterenvironmental restoration______________________This 20-ft-wide railway-turned greenway is lined with emergency portals for safety at night. It is known for its urban artwork and graffiti as well as the Wilkins Street Plaza, which has bike racks, seating, and rest areas.82Miami UnderlineMiami, FLHighlighted Features integration with transitprogrammable spaceseating and rest areasplay areasnatural habitats reduced urban heat island effect_____________________A 10-mile linear park under the Miami monorail. This park connects to the river with local plants and pollinators, an urban gym with fitness equipment, courts, and a track, and a programmable plaza that bringsthe community together. Alta Planning + Design. (2017). Palm Drive. (Photographs). Retrieved from https://transportation.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/2017-10/ Stanford_Bicycle_Commuter_Access_Study_2017.pdfAmira, M. (2020). Kenyatta avenue - The new cycling lane in Nairobi’s CBD. (Video Screenshot). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fmw-Nbwgh2EArendt, R. (2019). Milwaukee Ave. (Photograph). 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Report
eng
Unreviewed
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Graduate
University of British Columbia. PLAN 526
Greenways
Active Transportation
Public Realm
Sustainable Modes
SCARP Studio Report for Greenways Refresh : A Re-envisioning of Vancouver’s City Greenways
Text