Applied Science, Faculty of
Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of
DSpace
UBCV
Chong, Elizabeth
In recent decades, the idea of “nature” has shifted from being an enemy that must be tamed or domesticated, to at best, a resource to be exploited. This thesis aims to strengthen the relationship between the built and natural environment by designing in symbiosis with nature and introducing a philosophy of care. This proposal focuses on one of Canada’s ecosystems at risk, known as the Garry oak ecosystem. The hundreds of species encompassed in this complex bionetwork are examined to better understand their potential to work in collaboration by exchanging resources within a human dominated landscape. This thesis argues that “nature” is an inclusive system of which humanity is a part, and our buildings must reflect this connectivity.
Elizabeth ChongBachelor of Architectural ScienceRyerson University, 2017.Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofMaster of Architecture in The Faculty of Graduate Studies,School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Architecture Program.CommitteeBlair Satterfield (Chair)Mari FujitaScott SørliThe University of British ColumbiaMay 2021© Elizabeth ChongC O - E X I S T E N C E O F S P E C I E SRestoring the Garry Oak and Associated EcosystemsI acknowledge the traditional, ancestral, and unceded territories of the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh Nations on which I am currently situated, and the Eqsuimalt and Songhees First Nations where the focus of this research is based in.iiiiiA C K N O W L E D G M E N T SI would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Blair Satterfield for his continuous support and guidance throughout the semester. I am grateful for the encouragement you gave me to explore my own ideas. An additional thanks is extended to the rest of my committee, Mari Fujita and Scott Sørli who dedicated their time and feedback to help develop this thesis. Our discussions throughout the duration of this graduation project has inspired me deeply.THANK YOU!A C K N O W L E D G M E N T SvivIn recent decades, the idea of “nature” has shifted from being an enemy that must be tamed or domesticated, to at best, a resource to be exploited. This thesis aims to strengthen the relationship between the built and natural environment by designing in symbiosis with nature and introducing a philosophy of care.This proposal focuses on one of Canada’s ecosystems at risk, known as the Garry oak ecosystem. The hundreds of species encompassed in this complex bionetwork are examined to better understand their potential to work in collaboration by exchanging resources within a human dominated landscape. This thesis argues that “nature” is an inclusive system of which humanity is a part, and our buildings must reflect this connectivity.A B S T R A C TviiviAcknowledgmentsAbstractTable of ContentsList of FiguresBibliographyiiiviiixxxivF R O N T M A T T E RT H E A N T H R O P O C E N EN A T U R A L S Y S T E M SS I T EC O - E X I S T E N C EA P P E N D I X1233975127ixviii[Fig. 1] Clearcut Trees (Original Photograph: https://www. wildernesscommittee.org/news/bc-supreme-court-confirms- forests-can-be-logged-extinction)[Fig. 2] Earth’s 4.6 Year History[Fig. 3] The Current Consumer Culture[Fig. 4] Gaia Hypothesis[Fig. 5] Deep Ecology[Fig. 6] Biophilia Hypothesis[Fig. 7] Reconciliation Ecology[Fig. 8] Change in Average Annual Precipitation (% per century)[Fig. 9] Biogeoclimatic Zone Projections[Fig. 10] Global Population Trend[Fig. 11] Population Projections in British Columbia[Fig. 12] Garry Oak Tree (Original Photograph: https://www.vicnews.com/ community/800-regulars-frequent-the-garry-oak-cafe/)[Fig. 13] Medicine Wheel[Fig. 14] Mycorrhizal Network[Fig. 15] Sustainability Framework[Fig. 16] Species at Risk in Canada[Fig. 17] Protected Areas in Canada[Fig. 18] Aerial View of Vancouver Island[Fig. 19] Garry Oak Ecosystem Location[Fig. 20] Garry Oak Ecosystem Timeline[Fig. 21] Traditional Land Management Practices[Fig. 22] Historic Garry Oak Ecosystem Map[Fig. 23] A Spectrum of Landscapes[Fig. 24] Garry Oak (Quercus Garryana) Bark (Original Photograph: http:// gordonbrentingram.ca/KEXMINfieldstation/2018/09/)[Fig. 25] Species Relationship: Meadow[Fig. 26] Species Relationship: Pollinators[Fig. 27] Species Relationship: Urban Areas139121216161820212223283034373839414343464750525456L I S T O F F I G U R E Sxix[Fig. 28] Lekwungen women harvesting camas bulbs on Beacon Hill (Original Photograph: https://beaconhillparkhistory.org/ articles/120_camas_country.htm)[Fig. 29] Beacon Hill Park Original Boundaries[Fig. 30] 964 Heywood Avenue, Victoria, BC (Original Photograph: https://devonproperties.com/properties/villa-royale/)[Fig. 31] Beacon Hill Park - 1880[Fig. 32] Beacon Hill Park - 1997[Fig. 33] Beacon Hill Park - Current Use[Fig. 34] Phasing Strategy[Fig. 35] Existing Conditions[Fig. 36] Phase 1[Fig. 37] Phase 2[Fig. 38] Phase 3[Fig. 39] Historic Garry Oak Ecosystem Map w/ Intervention[Fig. 40] Co-Existence of Species[Fig. 41] Existing Site[Fig. 42] Open Ground Level[Fig. 43] Flow Through Volumes[Fig. 44] Permeability[Fig. 45] New Systems[Fig. 46] Co-Existence[Fig. 47] Solitary Bee Habitat[Fig. 48] Typical Balcony Detail[Fig. 49] Bird Habitat[Fig. 50] Water Collector & Cistern[Fig. 51] Bat Habitat[Fig. 52] Level 01 Plan[Fig. 53] Level 02 Plan[Fig. 54] Level 03 Plan[Fig. 55] Level 04 Plan59616263656769707172737475777879808182848586878889919293[Fig. 56] Roof Plan[Fig. 57] Longitudinal Section[Fig. 58] Transverse Section[Fig. 59] Beehives[Fig. 60] View Out of Beehive[Fig. 61] Camas Meadow[Fig. 62] Pollinating Common Camas[Fig. 63] Pollinating Western Trumpet Honeysuckles[Fig. 64] Exterior[Fig. 65] Bird Habitat for Various Species[Fig. 66] Snack[Fig. 67] Drinking Nectar[Fig. 68] Collecting Materials[Fig. 69] Exterior 2[Fig. 70] Entrance[Fig. 71] Entrance Close-Up[Fig. 72] Ground Level[Fig. 73] Ground Level 2[Fig. 74] Walkway[Fig. 75] Flow Through[Fig. 76] Interior Unit[Fig. 77] Recovery (Original Photograph: https://onetreeplanted.org/ blogs/stories/forest-fire-restoration-trees)949698101102103105106108109110112114116117118119120121122124127xiiixii1 2T H E A N T H R O P O C E N E[Fig. 1] Clearcut Trees3 4By now many of us have heard of the term, the Anthropocene. It has become a house-hold phrase in recent years as scientists are continuously gathering evidence to prove that the geological epoch has shifted from the Holocene to the Anthropocene [Fig. 2]. Defined by human impact, this shift can be experienced through many senses, predominantly stimulating our visual sense with melting ice caps, rising water levels and deforestation.1 This heavily differentiates from the Holocene, which can be characterized by the stabilization of earth’s chemicals: carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, after the Ice Age. This allowed the human population to flourish, providing an abundance of natural resources and a thriving ecosystem to engage with.2One of the many critical events throughout the Anthropocene 1 Hackett, Far and Near: New Views of the Anthro-pocene, 16. 2 Waters and Zalasiewicz., The Anthropocene and It’s” Golden Strike,” 35.occurred in the mid-18th century and is known as the Industrial Revolution. This revolution resulted in many drastic changes to earth: a massive shift in the atmospheric chemical make-up due to the use of oil, gas and ammonia-based fertilizers; this is when atmospheric CO2 levels began to rise at an alarming rate. In the mid-20th century earth reached a new peak known as the Great Acceleration as the population rose to 3 billion. New parameters such as an increase in population, energy use, industrialization, technological development and globalization accelerated the amount of chemicals released in the atmosphere, exceeding the Industrial Revolution. The extreme modifications in landscape, chemical use and trillion tons of concrete used raised a concern from evolutionary biologists to geologists as these events are unprecedented in earth’s 4.6 billion year history.3 Even though 3 Waters and Zalasiewicz., The Anthropocene and It’s” Golden Strike,” 36.C H A L L E N G E S I N T H I S G E O L O G I C A L E P O C H11,700- ???2,600,0005,300,00023,000,00033,900,00056,000,00066,000,000145,000,000201,000,000252,000,000299,000,000359,000,000419,000,000443,000,000485,000,000541,000,0002,500,000,0004,000,000,0004,600,000,000CENOZOIC?MESOZOICPALEOZOICPROTEROZOICARCHEANHADEANEARTH FORMSANTHROPOCENEHOLOCENEPLEISTOCENEPLIOCENEMIOCENEOLIGOCENEEOCENEPALEOCENECRETACEOUSJURASSICTRIASSICPERMIANCARBONIFEROUSDEVONIANSILURIANORDOVICIANCAMBRIAN[Fig. 2] Earth’s 4.6 Year History5 6humans have only lived on earth for a relatively short period of time, the impact of anthropogenic activity will continue to alter the spheres: pedo-, bio-, hydro- and atmos- for centuries to come.Biologists and cultural theorists have been aware of the rapid social, cultural, economical and environmental changes derived from anthropogenic activities for decades as they seek to understand earth’s many complex systems, attempting to comprehend the behaviour of humans and their impact on nature. This is highlighted in the widespread theory known as the Gaia hypothesis in the 1970s by James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis who advocated that the earth is one entity made up of many systems that work together to balance the pedosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. This allowed civilians to understand the point of view of nature, acknowledging that human impact on soil or water could also have a larger impact past the local pond or forest. As the framework of our society, culture and economy assumes that humans are a dominant force over the natural environment, this has led to the egotistical idea that humans are a separate entity from nature.4 This human-centric point of view is one of the most significant issues that have led to extreme changes in global temperatures, rising sea levels and modifications in the ecosystem. This power shift that humans have imposed on nature continues to lead the Anthropocene to an unprecedented future.5 Thought difficult, removing this egotistic perspective derived from the Anthropocene can be achieved. In recent years a growing number of researchers have been attempting to understand the culture and traditions found within Indigenous communities in Canada as a solution to this problem. Their perspective on the nature takes on a more bio-centric approach as they acknowledge that earth is 4 McManus, “How Anthropo-scenic!”: Concerns and Debates about the Age of the Human, 51.5 Waters and Zalasiewicz., The Anthropocene and It’s” Golden Strike,” 35.the provider of life, and in return humans need to work to give back to the land.6 These practices and ceremonies incorporated in the lives of many Indigenous communities stem from their desire in achieving a balance between humans and nature by respecting and engaging with all living entities. The perspective on nature found in many Indigenous communities is worth adding to the global discussion on how humans impact the earth daily, and more importantly, how nature experiences humans. In the current context it is common to question how anthropogenic activities negatively effect humans, however less common to flip this perspective as humans have perceived themselves as dominant entities over nature. Creating a stronger relationship with the natural environment can be achieved by looking at ecosystems as a precedent since they have survived hundreds of centuries before humans existed.7 6 McManus, “How Anthropo-scenic!”: Concerns and Debates about the Age of the Human, 51.7 Jabr, The Social Life of Forests7 8M O T H E R N A T U R E V S . T H E A G E O F M A N“Enter the Anthropocene - Age of Man. It’s a new name for a new geological epoch - one defined by our own massive impact on the planet” – Elizabeth Kolbert11 Caputi, Mother Earth meets the Anthropocene: An Intersectional Ecofeminist Analysis, 20.The idea of Mother Earth is one that is very familiar as it is one of the oldest philosophical concepts. This idea defines earth as a purposeful living entity that encompasses all life, reinforcing the notion that humans are equal, not superior, among all life forms. By including ‘mother’ in the name, this implies rebirth, growth, death, decay and transformation. However, in the present this view of Mother Nature has been slipping away, as humans are now seen as the dominant force. This power shift from Mother Earth to humans will only impose self-destructing consequences lasting centuries.22 Caputi, Mother Earth meets the Anthropocene: An Intersectional Ecofeminist Analysis, 25.In this new geological era, humankind has set foot on almost every square foot of land as humans have manipulated the chemical balance and landscape of the earth for centuries. According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, in the past 50 years ecosystems have been changing at an unprecedented rapid pace due to the demands of food, freshwater, timber, fibre and fuel.3 The term, the Anthropocene was coined by Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen and has now been widely used by scientists, researchers and in common dialogue. This epoch can be best described as an age where humans have objectified nature and human activity is seen as a dominant force over the natural environment. This can be viewed today with the persistent consumer culture [Fig. 3], which encompasses anthropogenic activities such as driving, shopping, and eating industrial produced 3 Glaser et al., New Approaches to the Analysis of Human-Nature Relations, 6.grains and meat. Even though these actions all take part in the production of harmful pollutants and damage to ecosystems, humans have become too greedy and too comfortable with this lifestyle to change. As told in her book, ‘The Death of Nature’ by historian Carolyn Merchant, the world view of Mother Earth was replaced by the scientific revolution in early modern Europe. This new mechanical world view objectified nature as earth was thought to be made of parts that could be manipulated and replaced by men who wanted to play the role of God. These new perceptions have changed the way humans have valued the natural environment and have failed to recognize that humans can not harm nature without coincidently harming the entirety of humanity.4In the Anthropocene, it is imperative that humans understand their current relationship with nature, as well as find solutions to create a better symbiotic connection. There 4 Caputi, Mother Earth meets the Anthropocene: An Intersectional Ecofeminist Analysis, 26.are many common misconceptions and misunderstandings when discussing the topic of humans and nature. Some topics allude to humans not living in nature and some use language such as artificial versus natural, wild versus wilderness and domesticated versus non-domesticated animals, which are used to create a division from humans and nature. In addition, this can also be seen with common actions and activities such as constructing buildings that act as shields from nature.5 In Canada, our daily routines are now mostly spent indoors, as the average Canadian spends over 88.9% or 21 hours indoors each day according to a survey conducted in 2014. This disconnection with nature has allowed destructive impacts to go unnoticed as they are hidden from sight. Aside from being ignorant of our surroundings, there are many missed opportunities by hiding inside as nature provides many physical and mental health benefits. Due to the recent Covid-19 pandemic, 5 Ott, World and Earth: Hannah Arendt and the Human Relationship to Nature, 3.9 10ECOSYSTEM VS CONSUMER CULTURE[Fig. 3] The Current Consumer Culturethere is now a global understanding of negative consequences from staying indoors for long periods of time as many studies show increases of depression, anxiety and a lower level of physical health.6 In recent decades, it is clear that the idea of Mother Nature has almost become obsolete in light of the Anthropocene as humans view nature as humans have become too ego-centric, placing humanity as the dominant living entity over nature and ignoring the repercussions from the persistent consumer culture.7 Even though Mother Earth is the symbol of all living things including humanity, in the past few centuries 6 Matz et al., Effects of Age, Season, Gender and Urban-Rural Status on Time-Activity: Canadian Human Activi-ty Pattern Survey 2, 2114.7 Ott, World and Earth: Hannah Arendt and the Human Relationship to Nature, 13.this view has shifted into ‘The Age of Man’.8 Especially prevalent in metropolitan cities, societal, cultural and economic influence have relied on the current consumer culture, posing many challenges in moving towards a sustainable. However, there is a growing sense of awareness and understanding of a better future human-nature relationship.98 Caputi, Mother Earth meets the Anthropocene: An Intersectional Ecofeminist Analysis, 24.9 Becker, Social-Ecological Systems as Epistemic Objects, 38.11 12T H E C O M P L E X H U M A N - N A T U R E R E L A T I O N S H I PMother Nature and the Age of Man, as described by Kolbert are in a constant state of conflict. The idea of a caring, nurturing and adaptable Mother Earth is one of the oldest ideas of living entities,1 and is contrary to the Anthropocene, causing destruction to the present, past and future.2 Analyzing the current consumer culture for reference, it appears as though there is no end in sight as it is prevalent in most metropolitan cities around the world. Trends in anthropogenic activities such as driving automobiles, shopping and eating factory farmed food are estimated to increase in popularity in future projections.3 However, working alongside the mainstream culture are disciplines such as environmental sociology, ethnobiology, environmental anthropology, integrative 1 Caputi, Mother Earth meets the Anthropocene: An Intersectional Ecofeminist Analysis, 26.2 Becker, Social-Ecological Systems as Epistemic Objects, 38.3 Caputi, Mother Earth meets the Anthropocene: An Intersectional Ecofeminist Analysis, 21.geography, political ecology and ecological economics that study changes derived from the Anthropocene to find a balanced human-nature relationship.4 This subchapter will look at different bio-centric theories that have shaped the ongoing discussion of the human-nature relationship, providing a framework for this thesis in achieving a symbiotic relationship between the built and natural environment. Political theorist Hannah Arendt is a popular figure amongst many and is known for her book, ‘The Human Condition’, which studies the relationship between humans and nature. Breaking down this large topic into human activities of labour, work and action, Arendt attempts to find a balanced combination between them. According to Arendt, labour is said to be the most harmful and is what separates humankind from other species. Within the category 4 Glaser et al., New Approaches to the Analysis of Human-Nature Relations, 6.BIO-SPHERE PEDO-SPHEREHYDRO-SPHERE ATMO-SPHEREBIO-SPHERE PEDO-SPHEREHYDRO-SPHERE ATMO-SPHERE[Fig. 4] Gaia Hypothesis[Fig. 5] Deep Ecology13 14of labour, it is important that these actions become circularity, changing the current never-ending cycle of production and consumption, and instead mirroring the natural cycle of ecosystems. Along with these human activities, the idea of metabolism is a very important topic in this discourse as it is something all species including humans share with nature. In this human-nature theory, humans are a part of nature and are in a constant cycle of provision and waste. By understanding this concept, we can learn how the synthesis of labour and work causes disruption in humanity. Contained in this theory is a warning by Arendt on the harm caused by language and daily behaviour. The way in which humans categorize themselves imposed a power shift over nature by using the term ‘animal’ to describe non-humans, even though humans are classified as animals.5 Other ideologies that involve the human-nature relationship stem from a shift towards a bio-centric view beginning in the late 20th 5 Ott, World and Earth: Hannah Arendt and the Human Relationship to Nature, 2.century. The Gaia Hypothesis (1972) [Fig. 4] and the environmental philosophy known as Deep Ecology (1973) [Fig. 5] both attempts to understand the dominant force of humanity on our environment. In the Gaia Hypothesis, earth is viewed as a powerful natural entity, working together in symbiosis with all living organisms including humans to self-regulate the biosphere. The term Deep Ecology was coined shortly after, criticizing the egocentric and greedy characteristics of humans. This philosophy breaks down the hierarchy in which humans have placed themselves at the top and promotes the worth of all living beings equally. Many of these views, though compelling, neglect social and cultural factors. This same critique can be applied to many contemporary sustainable designs which center around new technological solutions, however, fail to address these fundamentals. This led to one of the more popular bio-centric views, the Biophilia Hypothesis (1984) [Fig. 6] coined by Edward Wilson. Rooted in evolutionary psychology, the Biophilia Hypothesis asserts the notion that humans are able to have a beneficial relationship with nature due to our innate connection and attraction to natural environments, embedded in evolution.6 This can be seen by our preference to eat outdoors, have views to scenery and be exposed to natural light even in indoor settings. From thousands of years of closely bonding with living organisms explains why humans can receive health benefits by immersing themselves with nature. Within the field of evolutionary psychology, the Biophilia Hypothesis has contributed to this discipline immensely as there is recent verification between exposure to nature and health benefits, improving with time and intensity.7 The last concept in the booklet that examines links between humans with nature is Reconciliation Ecology [Fig. 7]. Originated by ecologist, Michael Rosenzweig addresses urban sprawl in relation 6 Stokes et al., Designing ‘Other’ Citizens into the City: Investigating Perceptions of Architectural Opportunities for Wildlife Habitat in the Brisbane CBD, 4.7 Seymour, The Human-Nature Relationship and its Impact on Health: A Critical Review.to the massive decline of species on a global level as the term promotes biological diversity by encouraging habitats of non-humans in urban environments. There is currently limited information on sustainable architectural strategies that focus on human-animal collaboration in urban areas, which is crucial now more than ever. This idea incorporates a series of suggestions for the urban environment to accommodate for different species, especially those that are going extinct. This preliminary idea has the potential to clearly outline different strategic designs that should be mandatory for different environments to engage and interact with nature.8 These are a small fraction of the many terms studied by ecologists and environmentalists in hopes to educate the vast population on the damage humans have caused on earth, as well as future harm that will undoubtedly effect humanity and the health of ecosystems.The Biophilia Hypothesis and 8 Stokes et al., Designing ‘Other’ Citizens into the City: Investigating Perceptions of Architectural Opportunities for Wildlife Habitat in the Brisbane CBD, 3.15 16Reconciliation Ecology are terms connect with humans, nature and health on many levels, and can help to use design as a catalyst to create a symbiotic relationship, benefiting all living beings. Ideas embedded in the Biophilia Hypothesis will help to understand the desire to be immersed in natural settings as well as help to produce a beneficial impact on the health and wellness of all living organisms.9 As urbanization continues to increase, a main concern is how to place more value in nature if most of the day is spent indoors, shielding ourselves from the natural environment and its benefits.10 In this thesis, Biophilic design principles will be used to engage with the surrounding ecosystems and bridge the disconnection with nature by also acknowledging social, cultural, ecological and economic factors. The field of Reconciliation Ecology will also be closely examined for its determination to solve the issue of biodiversity 9 Seymour, The Human-Nature Relationship and its Impact on Health: A Critical Review.10 Matz et al., Effects of Age, Season, Gender and Urban-Rural Status on Time-Activity: Canadian Human Activi-ty Pattern Survey 2, 2114.loss due to the Anthropocene. Challenging the current human-animal relationship, Reconciliation Ecology will help to integrate non-human animal habitats within an urban environment and attempt to change how humans value nature by creating avenues for interaction with the natural environment within our daily routines.11 These theories will guide this thesis by acknowledging the current perceptions of nature, as well as the impact of anthropogenic activities that have evolved our connection with nature.11 Stokes et al., Designing ‘Other’ Citizens into the City: Investigating Perceptions of Architectural Opportunities for Wildlife Habitat in the Brisbane CBD, 10.BIO-SPHERE PEDO-SPHEREHYDRO-SPHERE ATMO-SPHEREBIO-SPHERE PEDO-SPHEREHYDRO-SPHERE ATMO-SPHERE[Fig. 6] Biophilia Hypothesis[Fig. 7] Reconciliation Ecology17 18C L I M A T E2 1 +1 6 - 2 01 1 - 1 56 - 1 00 - 5N /AChanges in our climate have occurred long before the Anthropocene. Humans and natural systems have continued to adapt to various climate adaptations such as levels of precipitation to an extent, however recent data has predicted that these levels have exponentially increased due to heightened levels of activity from humans in the last few decades. Projected data by the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC) using measurement data from Environment Canada and the BC Provincial Climate Data Set display a continuation in exponential changes that will continue to disrupt our static culture and society.The focus of this thesis centers around a region known as the Greater Victoria area, found along the Southeastern coast of Vancouver Island. The data observed indicates this area has a 11-15% average annual precipitation change per century [Fig. 8]. Even though these numbers may not seem concerning, this is a significant shift for the hundreds of species that rely on specific air or soil moisture contents.1Additional estimates produced by the PCIC focus on extreme changes that surround the capital region of Victoria. General climate projections indicate warmer winter temperatures, fewer days below freezing, more extreme hot days in summers, longer dry spells in summer months, more precipitation in fall, winter and spring, and more extreme climate events.2 The intensification in precipitation however will have the largest increase in the fall, indicating a 11% increase by the 2050s and a 21% increase by the 2080s.3There are many ecosystems, species and associated ecological relationships in the Greater Victoria area that have the capacity to adapt 1 Province of British Columbia, Climate Change.2 Capital Region District, Climate Projections for the Capital Region, 6.3 Capital Region District, Climate Projections for the Capital Region, 10.to various changes, however these are significant shifts. Despite the benefits of an overall temperature rise such as helping some species in processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling, this will result in harmful repercussions to others. Warmer temperatures can generate parasite outbreaks, potential for invasive species to spread and causes stress to native species. These extreme changes in climate will have a great impact on ecosystems and vulnerable species. Drought is a larger concern in the summer months, slowing decomposition below grade and placing stressed plants in jeopardy of being replaced by exotic species.44 Capital Region District, Climate Projections for the Capital Region, 40.[Fig. 8] Change in Average Annual Precipitation (% per century)19 20[Fig. 9] Biogeoclimatic Zone ProjectionsCDF: Coastal Douglas-fir, CWH: Coastal Western Hemlock, BG: Bunchgrass, PP: Ponderosa Pine, IDF: Interior Douglas-fir, ICH: Interior Cedar-Hemlock: SBPS: Sub-boreal Pine and Spruce, SBS: Sub-boreal Spruce, BWBS: Boreal White and Back Spruce, MH: Mountain Hemlock, ESSF: Engelmann Spruce-Subapline Fire, MS: Montane Spruce, SWB: Spruce-Willow-Birch, AT: Alpine TundraAs climatologists predict these shifts will continue throughout this century, more radical solutions will need to be carried out in order to prevent further damages. Research suggests that the current impairment to the natural environment will not destroy our ecosystems all at once, however large fragments will endure extreme shifts. As climate change affects temperature, precipitation, humidity, evaporation and wind pattern, species will respond either by adapting to these new conditions, evolving, migrating to a new environment or go extinct as this pattern has already been documented in British Columbia. In addition to changes affecting animal species, planting zones will also shift as entire biogeoclimatic zones will experience dramatic transformations. New planting recommendations will be similar to the environmental conditions 1 or 2 subzones south of a specific region as a result of the new climate and new geographic conditions [Fig. 9].55 Gayton, Impacts of Climate Change on British Columbia’s Biodiversity: A Literature Review, 28.It is evident the Anthropocene has revealed a division between humans and nature. This challenging issue involves cooperation with many species, especially homo sapiens. For centuries humans have altered how nature is valued within our society, culture and economy, creating a challenge that must be faced.6 6 van Ham, In the Spirit of Nature, Everything is Connected.C U R R E N T2 0 5 52 0 2 52 0 8 521 22P O P U L A T I O N I N C R E A S ETrends in population for British Columbia continue to rise faster than the national average, heightening the current pressures placed on our environment. The province’s population has increased by 60% from 1986-2017, with most residing in the Metro Vancouver region and the Capital Region (2.6 million and 390,000 respectively in 2017) [Fig. 11]. The population rise has a direct correlation with increases in anthropogenic activities, resulting in negative effects relating to land use changes, increasing water demand, waste production and increases in various pollutants.11 Province of British Columbia, Sustainability: DEVELOPMENT REGIONS 2020 2030 2041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,1296181691695738669793,6306791751776245731,0574,167738177181655278B.C. TOTAL 5,140 5,820 6,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516DEVELOPMENT REGIONS202020302041Van Isl./CoastMainland/SouthwestThompson OkanaganKootenayCaribooNorth CoastNechakoNortheast8933,12961816916957 38 669793,63067917517762 45 731,0574,16773817718165 52 78B.C. TOTAL5,1405,8206,516[Fig. 10] Global Population Trend [Fig. 11] Population Projections in British Columbia23 24N A T U R A L S Y S T E M S[Fig. 12] Garry Oak Tree25 26C O L L A B O R A T I O N W I T H I N O U R E C O S Y S T E MFor centuries, human activity has directly influenced nature around the world. This is demonstrated through plants and animals at the brink of extinction, deforestation, land erosion, water scarcity and climate change. Since the Anthropocene, our natural environment has fallen out of balance, which will continue to result in air and water pollution, exploiting natural resources and producing negative emissions. Humans can and nature can start to find a balance by altering the existing framework of our society, culture and economy while also understanding that the health of our ecosystem should be a basic requirement. This shift will require a change in how humans value nature, an issue deeply rooted within the Anthropocene, however, is essential for protecting ecosystems and human civilization. For centuries, daily routines have been centered around the needs and desires of humans. Understanding the earth from nature’s point of view and comprehending the ecosystems fundamental role in all living organisms has yet to be considered.By examining the current consumer culture, it is evident that the general population does not see value in the natural environment. This lifestyle developed in the Anthropocene supports the use of plastics, minerals, metals and synthetic fertilizers which continue to sustain half of the world’s food production.1 This can be contributed to the flawed economic framework as market prices do not have direct correlation with the value of specific goods or services. This concept confused economists in the 18th and 19th centuries until it was clearly explained by Alfred Marshall with his example comparing water and diamonds. Water is one of the most important resources for human survival, yet in many countries such as North America, water is free. The 1 Van Ham, In the Spirit of Nature, Everything is Connected.problem is found in market price and how it is set by supply and demand. Much like water, benefits provided by our ecosystem are free as individuals see this resource as abundant. This issue will be a challenge to overcome as the current economy does not see value in our ecosystems.2 Nevertheless, if humans attain a better understanding of the importance of our natural environment, as well as an understanding that every action impacts nature, progress can be made. Ecosystems mimic an open-loop circular system, where the disposal of a resource is used as nutrients for other species. If humanity had more respect for all living species not just humanity, our lifestyle would mirror a self-sustaining ecosystems.15 In order to mitigate the harmful effects placed on the natural environment, humans will need to reverse the fundamental ideas held within the Anthropocene.Through the lens of this new geological epoch, everything from our culture, society and economy 2 Heal, Valuing Ecosystem Services, 24.is designed for the needs of humans. This idea becomes a crutch when attempting to embrace a sustainable framework as the solution can be revealed by looking through the lens and perspectives of nature. How does nature perceive humans? Numerous scholars have been closely examining the powerful relationship between Indigenous communities and the natural environment, as they have a different understanding of nature than modern societies. Many of their philosophies stress the importance of balance, harmony, spiritual connections and reciprocity with nature, as their entire world view acknowledges that all living things are interconnected, and human beings are not viewed as superior in our ecosystem [Fig. 13]. With ceremonies and practices revolving around paying respects to the environment, it is evident that many Indigenous communities understand the significance of giving back to the environment as it provides beneficial resources for human survival. Here, natural 27 28resources are not exploited, and instead forms a mutual respect with nature.3 Comparing this holistic world view with the current framework of the Anthropocene, there is a large disconnection between what is valued. Our ecosystems have adapted and thrived for centuries before humans existed, however only recently the health of ecosystems now rely on human activities. Currently, the earth is at a constant state of change as anthropogenic activities such as harvesting and physically restructuring landscapes result 3 Smith et al., Nature, Cities, People: An Explora-tion of Aboriginal Perspectives, 4.in unprecedented environmental changes including rising temperatures, snow and ice retreat, sea-level rise and an increase in greenhouse gas production.4 4 Ford et al., Integrating Human and Ecosystem Health Through Ecosystem Services Frameworks, 660.[Fig. 13] Medicine WheelNORTHAIRSTARSMIDNIGHTDEATHWINTERANIMALSWEETGRASSEASTFIRESUNDAWNGROWTHSPRINGMINERALTOBACCOSOUTHWATERMOONNOONBIRTHSUMMERPLANTCEDARWESTEARTHEARTHDUSKMATURITYAUTUMNHUMANSAGE29 30OXYGENCARBONCARBON NITROGENT R E E S A N D P L A N T S A S S O C I A L B E I N G SIt can be difficult to grasp the reality that natural systems have been in place far longer than the lifespan of the humans, and part of the reason for that is the pervasive idea that we are the dominant species. Ecosystems are self-sustaining and composed of an intelligent complex society that uses waste produced by one organism as a source of nutrients for another. This system and the concepts of reciprocity and connectivity should be used as a precedent to reframe our society, culture and economy. An example of this system in action can be understood in the research of Suzanne Simard, a graduate and current professor of UBC with her work on forests. Her thesis and research in forestry has been ground-breaking as she studies the social life of forests, exposing this unique form of communication between trees and surrounding plants. Her work has allowed the public to better understand the role of an ecosystem within a forest, involving negotiation, connectivity and reciprocity. The conclusion to her research reveals that trees and fungi form complex underground systems called mycorrhizal networks to converse. These networks connect every tree and plant in a forest, supplying them with up to 40% of nitrogen they collect, and up to 50% of water these plants need to survive. In exchange, trees provide 10-40% of their collected carbon [Fig. 14]. These roots formed by mycorrhizal networks allow trees to communicate with each other by sending chemical alarm signals to warn other trees if they have been affected by a nearby diseases. After communicating this through the network, surrounding trees can then send extra nutrients to increase the chance of survival as forests work together as a living system.1 The organization of roots and intertwined fungi can also be compared to the complex neural 1 Jabr, The Social Life of Forests. [Fig. 14] Mycorrhizal Network31 32L I V I N G S O L U T I O N SThe perception of sustainability have been skewed in recent years, posing a challenge in finding a balance between humans and nature.1 According to researchers from the department of architecture in Beykent University, sustainability is linked to 3 aspects: the economy, sociocultural factors and physical impact [Fig. 15]. The first facet requires all resources to cooperate with the natural lifecycle of ecosystem while also considering optimal use of natural daylighting, passive heating/cooling, geothermal energy, greywater and transportation. The second considers the effects on quality of life as well as social and cultural values in a specific location, and lastly, physical impact requires a minimal influence on nature and ensures conservation of natural resources.2 These 3 key aspects outline a framework to explore, however do not offer specific solutions. It is 1 Donovan, Architecture Washed in Green, 2.2 Erden and Erkartal, Greenwashing in Turkey: Sustainability as an Advertising Strategy in Architecture, 3.important to continue researching theories and concepts in which humans can better understand the surrounding environment, while providing radical solutions in order to mitigate the continuous negative effects derived from the Anthropocene.Many schemes have explored that to focus on creating a stronger connection between humans and the natural environment, however they do not encompass the complexities of the current social, cultural and economic framework that exists today. A common solution in the discussion of a sustainable future is to mimic natural ecosystems and processes into the daily lives of humans. Known as the closed-loop system or cradle-to-cradle approach, this method imitates the complex systems found within the natural environment where living organisms recycle and reuse materials found in nature and work system found in human brains as they also cooperate within a network, communicate, show reciprocity, as well as send signals when damaged. Forests and our nervous system are a few of many examples of natural systems in cooperation.2 Ecosystems have evolved over time, and this cooperation seen in both examples contradicts Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin understood that living organisms are constantly in competition with each other for resources and space, however there is a large amount of research dedicated to proving that it is not always about competition. This is seen in forests as trees and fungi exchange nutrients to help weaker, younger plants, species of bees dying in order to protect their colony and in Vampire bats who regurgitate blood to give to others who are starving.3 Plants and animals are constantly working with one another simultaneously as they are all connected in the same ecosystem. These examples of 2 Toomey, Exploring How and Why Trees ‘Talk’ to Each Other.3 Jabr, The Social Life of Forests.networks and relationships found in the natural environment provide the basis of the sustainable living framework used in this thesis. 33 34SUSTAINABILITYECONOMYSOCIOCULTURALFACTORSPHYSICALIMPACTminimal impact onthe environmentconsider specificlocation/climateprotect naturalresources[Fig. 15] Sustainability Frameworkin cooperation with one another.3 This solution is based on the fact that basic needs for all living organisms to survive, including humans are available from our natural environment: light, water, air, food, minerals and materials. As previously concluded, achieving a sustainable human-nature ecosystem is not quantifiable, but will also involve changes to existing perspectives and hierarchies that humans have placed over nature. Many architects have suggested using an integrated design approach, looking at building components working in harmony by using local and renewable materials, designing with active and passive systems and reducing energy use.4 Another solution to creating a better relationship with humans and the natural environment is held within the philosophy developed by designer and environmentalist, Julia Watson. In her book ‘LO-TEK Design by Radical Indigenism,’ Watson reflects on concepts and ideologies found within many Indigenous 3 Brownell, The Promise of Radical Innovation in Sustainable Design.4 Heine, Teaching Sustainability in Design without Greenwashing, 396.communities who often are ignored, however have a healthier symbiotic relationship with nature. LO-TEK is a term that explores primitive technologies using principles found in nature and contrasts with the concepts of high-tech, which places emphasis on the ideas found within the evolution of industrialism. TEK is also acronym for traditional ecological knowledge, the basis of forming a better correlation with nature and integrating humans with natural systems. Looking for a mid point between indigenous concepts and the high-tech world, Watson encourages humans to re-think the ideas found in the Anthropocene. These concepts have removed humanity from the natural environment so much so that humans believe they are dominant over nature or they see nature as a threat due to the fact that there is so much unknown. LO-TEK is one of many solutions that re-think the framework found in today’s human dominated landscape by removing humanity as the superior living entity.55 Frearson, Indigenous Techologies “Could Change the Way we Design Cities.”35 36S P E C I E S A T R I S KOver time, repercussions from the Anthropocene have become more visible, rendering many species and entire ecosystems at risk today. Many scientists are calling our current state, the Sixth Extinction Event as the global number of species continues to fall.1There have been many initiatives to improve biodiversity on a global level, however the results and success 1 Dickie, Canada has some of the World’s Last Wild Places.rates are often disappointing. This lack of care placed on improving biodiversity will have a huge impact on our well-being, food security and access to clean water as they are directly linked to the health of surrounding ecosystems. In 2002, world leaders gathered to take on the 2010 Biodiversity Targets after understanding and acknowledging the importance of our environment and its role in our economy and our health. After falling short of the 2010 targets countries gathered yet again to introduce a new strategic plan for 2011-2020 along with 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Without doubt, the 2020 deadline for the Aichi Biodiversity Targets have passed and all 20 of these goals are left incomplete. The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is another new global initiative to bring hope to the future, however it does not address the failures of previous plans. Some of issues that will need to be highlighted are the inadequate National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, insufficient financial resources and inconsistent data. Without acknowledging these issues, the rate of extinct species and deterioration of our ecosystems continues to worsen at an alarming rate, and this global initiative will once again disappoint our natural environment.2Currently over 50% of species in Canada are declining and will eventually go extinct as the government continues to allow 2 Xu et al., Ensuring Effective Implementation of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Targets, 411.anthropogenic activities that place species and their habitats at risk. Some of these activities are clear-cut logging, mining, large-scale dams, oil, gas and industrial agriculture. In Canada there are over 500 plant and animal species identified as protected under the Species at Risk Act (Parks Canada), however studies have shown that 86% of these species have stayed the same or have gotten worse. The objectives of these federal organizations are in place to protect wildlife and their habitats; however, Canada is failing to protect these critical areas. This has resulted in many activists and reports acknowledging Canada’s less than adequate role in protecting these species and providing opportunities for them to survive and recover on a federal, provincial and municipal level [Fig. 16 & 17].33 Suzuki, Species at Risk.“Since 1970, globally: Terrestrial species have declined by 39 per cent … Marine species have declined by 39 per cent and freshwater species have declined by 76 per cent … Wildlife populations have declined globally by an average of 58 per cent since 1970. This is projected to reach 67 per cent by 2020.” - Suzuki3 37 38LowHighProtected AreasS I T E[Fig. 16] Species at Risk in Canada [Fig. 17] Protected Areas in Canada39 40S I T E[Fig. 18] Aerial View of Vancouver Island41 42VICTORIAL O C A T I O NIn Canada this ecosystem is only found on the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island, found within the Coastal Douglas-Fir biogeoclimatic zone [Fig. 19].1 Prior to colonization, the Garry oak ecosystem was prevalent throughout this region as First Nations carefully managed this land. This coast was once covered with Indigenous communities who still have cultural and biological significance to the area, as they cared for this region until European 1 Pellatt and Gedalof, Environmental Change in Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) Ecosystems: The Evolution of an Eco-Cultural Landscape, 2056.H I S T O R YThe Garry oak ecosystem has evolved for centuries with help from indigenous practices and cool, moist climate conditions. Prior to Europeans claiming this land as their own, this area was previously maintained by the Esquimalt and Songhees First Nations where it evolved and thrived by humans constantly maintaining the landscape [Fig. 20]. Through actions of seasonal burning, weeding and harvesting [Fig. 21], this allowed plant species to occupy deeper soils, benefiting the landscape with growth and an increase in vital nutrients. Fire played a large role in land management, as plants were often ignited in late summer and fall. By the mid 1800s indigenous communities were forced off their land as Europeans started to claim the town of Victoria as their own. Villages were cleared, and indigenous people were prohibited from cultural burning through the Bush Fire Act of 1874.11 Pellatt and Gedalof, Environmental Change in settlement in the 1800s.2 The site analyzed in this thesis is located near the largest continuous occurrence of Garry oak woodlands, known as the Greater Victoria Area, a region that is almost all developed today.3 Choosing a site in close proximity to these sensitive ecosystems is a deliberate attempt to help recover, revitalize and provide more habitat area for these species and ecosystem.2 GOERT, Why Are They Important?3 Province of British Columbia, Garry Oak Ecosys-tems, 2.Even though the Garry oak ecosystem has evolved without constant maintenance, it is barely surviving. The role of fire alongside other indigenous land management practices has had a great impact on the Garry oak ecosystem as the government and other organizations continue to attempt to simulate the benefits of cultural burning with new ecological interventions.2 It is through this indigenous philosophy of care towards the environment that has allowed this ecosystem to thrive, and it is through a lack of care that this ecosystem is now deteriorating. Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) Ecosystems: The Evolution of an Eco-Cultural Landscape, 2057.2 Pellatt and Gedalof, Environmental Change in Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) Ecosystems: The Evolution of an Eco-Cultural Landscape, 2055.[Fig. 19] Garry Oak Ecosystem Location43 44S E A S O N A L B U R N I N G W E E D I N G H A R V E S T I N G18001800Garry Oak Ecosystem healthy, maintained by the Esquimalt First Nations Communities1851Earliest survey record of initial land division completed by Colonial Surveyor on behalf of the Hudson’s Bay Company1997Only ~2% of the Garry Oak ecosystem remainsHudson’s Bay Company built Fort Victoria, by early 1850s HBC purchased almost the entire Greater Victoria Area through the Douglas Treaty1843-50First Nations communities are outnumbered on Vancouver island1860Garry Oak ecosystems are predicted to be replaced by Douglas-fir forests20501900 2000today2100[Fig. 20] Garry Oak Ecosystem Timeline[Fig. 21] Traditional Land Management Practices45 46R E A S O N S W H Y T H I S E C O S Y S T E M I S A T R I S KOver the past few centuries this ecosystem has gone through many changes in management practices, climate and land use, leaving many species endangered. There are two major reasons why this ecosystem is currently at risk: urban development over the past 150 years and changes to the soil after Europeans introduced exotic plants, which are still replacing native species today.1 Figure 22 compares areas where the Garry oaks inhabited in the 1800s in green and where they were identified in 1997 when the last survey was completed, in orange.2Invasive species and fire suppression continue to change the soil composition and threaten surrounding ecosystems. Seasonal burning was a tool that was used to prevent successional development of Douglas fir-forests and expansion of various invasive plants that 1 Province of British Columbia, Garry Oak Ecosys-tems, 2.2 GOERT, Historical Garry Oak Ecosystems of Greater Victoria & Saanich Peninsula. shade out native vegetation. Garry oak woodlands have become dependent on this routine of burning to eliminate other species and maintaining and open canopy and understory.3Due to a lack of care and acknowledgment of traditional practices, it is predicted that the Garry oak and associated ecosystems will be replaced by Douglas-fir forests within the next half century.4 This thesis opposes this argument and suggests that by implementing a philosophy of care through architecture and urbanism, species found within the Garry oak ecosystem can thrive for many more centuries.3 Parks Canada, Species at Risk Act: Recovery Strategy for Multi-Species at Risk in Garry Oak Woodlands in Canada, 7.4 Fuchs, Towards a Recovery Strategy for Garry Oak and Associated Ecosystems in Canada: Ecological Assessment and Literature Review, 4.VICTORIA0 5000mNS I T E964 Heywood Avenue1997 Garry Oak Ecosystem1880 Garry Oak EcosystemV I C T O R I A , B C[Fig. 22] Historical Garry Oak Ecosystem Map47 48A S P E C T R U M O F L A N D S C A P E SGarry oak ecosystems are found within a spectrum of landscapes from rocky outcrops to forests, where species are often supported and intertwined with the surrounding environment. The site conditions in this proposal look at the Garry oak ecosystem found within a meadow, commonly encompassed T R A N S I T I O N A L F O R E S T R O C K O U T C R O P W O O D L A N D M E A D O W V E R N A L P O O L M A R I T I M E M E A D O W C O A S T A L B L U F Fby wildflowers and an assortment of grasses, mosses, lichen and fungi [Fig. 23].1 The Garry oak and associated ecosystems combined support hundreds of birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, insects and mite species.21 GOERT, About.2 GOERT, Why are they Important?.[Fig. 23] A Spectrum of Landscapes49 50The Garry oak tree is the only native oak in BC, known for its cultural significance to many indigenous communities in the area.3 On Vancouver Island, Coast Salish use this bark for combs, digging sticks and for various medicinal purposes, while the tree itself provides a habitat for hundreds of species.4 The bark has a rough, silver-grey hue [Fig. 24] and the structure of the tree is distinct, characterized by its unique contorted shape that becomes more prominent with age. Due to the constant care that was previously placed on this ecosystem, Garry oak trees are found to be very sensitive not only to humans, but also to neighbouring species and nearby development. These 3 Pellatt and Gedalof, Environmental Change in Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) Ecosystems: The Evolution of an Eco-Cul-tural Landscape, 2055.4 Province of British Columbia, Garry Oak.oaks require sunny locations, are very shade intolerant to close by trees with large canopies and need help from human interventions for protection from other species in their first few years. They grow in a variety of landscapes in deep soils with an understory of shrubs and herbaceous layer, or in drier locations with shallower soils and a sparse understory.5 The Garry oak tree is a prominent feature in any landscape, and heavily relies on the hundreds of associated species within the ecosystem that all depend on each other to survive, and in return, provides a plentiful habitat for wildlife. This is a unique and beneficial tree worth planting and protecting for future generations.6 5 Government of Canada, Recovery Strategy for Multi-Species at Risk in Garry Oak Ecosystems: Section Replace-ment.6 Oak Harbour Garry Oak Society, What is a Garry Oak?.[Fig. 24] Garry Oak (Quercus Garryana) Bark51 52W H I T E F A W N L I LYC O M M O N C A M A SG A R R Y O A K(Erythronium oregonum)(Camassia quamash)(Quercus garryana)A few key species relationships are highlighted in this thesis and are found within the complex network of the Garry oak and associated ecosystems. These alliances are often found working together to create a microclimate, while helping to strengthen the surrounding environment. These relationships are the main focus in this thesis, however, are all equally as important as the hundreds of species they are linked to in the complex Garry oak ecosystem. The first relationship includes the Garry oak tree, Common Camas [Fig. 25] Species Relationship: Meadowand White Fawn Lilies [Fig. 25]. This trio is commonly seen in mesic environments including meadows and springs classified with Orthic Sombric Brunisols and Regosols with dark Ah horizons and Vermimull humus forms (sandy loam to silt soils).7 These conditions and species are found near the chosen site as it sits adjacent to an existing nearby Camas meadow, where these new plantings are able to benefit each other in an underground exchange of nutrients.7 Erickson and Meidinger, Garry Oak (Quercus garry-ana) Plant Communities in British Columbia: A Guide to Identifica-tion, 27.53 54O C E A N S P R AYW E S T E R N T R U M P E T H O N E Y S U C K L EW E S T E R N B R A N D E D S K I P P E RA N N A ’ S H U M M I N G B I R D(Holodiscus discolor)(Lonicera ciliosa)(Hesperia colorado oregonia)(Calypte anna)[Fig. 26] Species Relationship: PollinatorsThis next relationship highlights plants that are highly beneficial to pollinators and are native to the surrounding area and Garry oak ecosystems [Fig. 26]. The Western Trumpet Honeysuckle can be used as ground cover and as a climbing vine, providing bright flowers and sweet nectar for pollinators such as the Anna’s Hummingbird and the Western Branded Skipper.8 8 The University of Texas at Austin, Lonicera semper-virens.Oceanspray is another native plant common to this ecosystem, providing an abundance of flowers, as well as winter berries in colder months for year round inhabitants.9 These native plants were chosen as they heavily support pollinators, which are vital for any environment, also feeding many other species in the area such as the Townsend Big-Eared bat, Western Bluebird, honey bees and various solitary bees.9 Native Plants PNW, Ocean Spray, Holodiscus discolor.W E S T E R N B L U E B I R DA L F A L F A L E A F C U T T E R B E ET O W N S E N D B I G - E A R E D B A TO R C H A R D M A S O N B E E(Sialia mexicana)(Megachile rotundata)(Corynorhinus townsendii)(Osmia lignaria)55 56H U M A NO R C H A R D M A S O N B E E(Homo sapiens)(Osmia lignaria)A L F A L F A L E A F C U T T E R B E E(Megachile rotundata)A N N A ’ S H U M M I N G B I R D(Calypte anna)[Fig. 27] Species Relationship: Urban AreasLastly, species that benefit from urban areas and human assistance are acknowledged [Fig. 27]. This includes invasive species such as Homo sapiens and honey bees,10 and native species such as the Alfalfa 10 Souza, How Can Cities Help and Be Helped by Bees.leafcutter bee11 and hummingbirds. Instead of removing all invasive species, this proposal looks at solutions to alter the balance of the current human dominated landscape that we live in.11 iNaturalist, Alfalfa Leaf-Cutter Bee.57 58G A R R Y O A K E C O S Y S T E M R E C O V E R Y P L A N SThere are a few initiatives that allow us to feel hopeful for the future of the Garry oak and associated ecosystems. However, these government issued reports and organizations have not improved the critical state of the hundreds of species this entails. Many of these strategies are very general, do not list specific goals and most importantly these initiatives usually do not get completed. The need for immediate action is understood on a federal, provincial and municipal level as the health of this ecosystem is vital for hundreds of species.1 Parks Canada has multiple recovery efforts in place such as the Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team (GOERT) and Species At Risk Act (SARA) that have outlined multiple general strategies to mitigate this large issue. The GOERT website is one of the more informative resources to find information on the Garry oak ecosystem, educating visitors on the extensive history and 1 Suzuki, Federal Species at Risk Act.culture this ecosystem is intertwined in as well as providing general knowledge, species management practices, native plant propagation guidelines, recovery strategies in Canada, and useful maps. Many links to brochures and PDFs are provided to gain a better understanding on current strategies in place, as well as what individuals can do to help.2 SARA has a multi-species recovery plan, closely examining the Garry oak ecosystem while working with the experts at GOERT.3 On a provincial level, the BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks department promotes talking to each other to raise awareness and holding public forums. They have also been vocal about acknowledging the importance of cultural burnings in the past, and the need to develop strategies that use prescribed fire or try to imitate its effects.4 These 2 GOERT, General Publications.3 Government of Canada, SARA Parliamentary Review: Multi-species Recovery Strategies.4 Province of British Columbia, Garry Oak Ecosys-tems, 5.initiatives show potential, however are often not carried through or do not provide interventions on a larger scale to mitigate the multitude of issues relating to the decline of species in the Garry oak ecosystem. Please see the Appendix for more resources pertaining to general knowledge on the Garry oak ecosystem and current recovery plans in Canada.59 60B E A C O N H I L L P A R KCurrently, Beacon Hill Park features many activities for the surrounding community as well as a multitude of unique ecosystems and species. There are eight vegetation zones within this park that contribute to a rich variety of species: Meadows-grassland; Garry oak woods with grassy ground cover; Garry oak woods with shrubby ground cover; Douglas-fir woods; Black cottonwood semi-swamp forest; moist deciduous groves; seaward slopes scrub; spray zone and beachhead.1 There are three large patches of Garry oak trees scattered throughout the park, covered in lichen and moss. These trees are very distinct in its shape, and often surrounded by bright blue camas, lilies and buttercups. The history of this park holds cultural significance to the surrounding area, especially for the Lekwungen People, who are now known as the Esquimalt and Songhees First Nations. Prior to 1 Ringuette, Beacon Hill Park History: Chapter One: 1842.Europeans forcing these indigenous communities off their land at Beacon Hill, cultivating camas among other native plants as a food source was very common as it is embedded in their culture [Fig. 28]. Their care and traditional practices for the land helped to maintain the landscape and surrounding ecosystems long before it was surveyed by European colonizers and before they were restricted from this area. Camas meadows are still seen in small sections of the park today, however it is prohibited to harvest or carry out traditional practices on this now government owned land. The location of Beacon Hill Park has a rich cultural history with many burial grounds, Garry oak trees, camas meadows, traditional forts and historic artifacts that are scattered throughout this popular public area.2 The original boundaries of Beacon Hill Park have altered since the 2 City of Victoria, Beacon Hill Park.[Fig. 28] Lekwungen women harvesting camas bulbs on Beacon HillIllustration by Victoria graphic artist Gordon Friesen61 621800s as the original area was over 2200 acres. 40 acres was sold before 1864, all to be used for development and revenue (8 acres along the west perimeter and 32 acres in the northeast corner). 24 of the 32 acres in the northeast corner was bought by the Chief Factor of the Hudson’s Bay Company, James Douglas, and the remainder was sold to private buyers.33 Ringuette, Beacon Hill Park Acres and Boundaries.B E A C O N H I L L P A R KN0 200mSupporting Sensitive EcosystemGarry Oak EcosystemV I C T O R I A , B CThis thesis will focus on revitalizing the northeast corner that was originally a part of this park, beginning by examining the existing conditions of the site at 964 Heywood Avenue, also known as Villa Royale. The existing structure on site is a typical 4 storey residential building with 128 1-2 bedroom leasehold apartments.44 Devon Properties, Villa Royale.[Fig. 29] Beacon Hill Park Original Boundaries[Fig. 30] 964 Heywood Avenue, Victoria, BC63 64Garry Oak EcosystemV I C T O R I A , B C1880[Fig. 31] Beacon Hill Park - 1880N0 200mSupporting Sensitive EcosystemB E A C O N H I L L P A R K65 66 V I C T O R I A , B C1997N0 200m[Fig. 32] Beacon Hill Park - 1997Garry Oak EcosystemSupporting Sensitive EcosystemB E A C O N H I L L P A R K67 68 V I C T O R I A , B CN0 200m[Fig. 33] Beacon Hill Park - Current UseSince colonisation, this park has been exploited with multiple soccer fields, cricket pitches, baseball fields, a petting zoo and various other activities which bring in a large number of cars, cyclists and families each day to all areas of the park [Fig. 33]. Even though Garry oak trees are very sensitive to humans and are claimed to be protected in BC, there is still room for improvement.Garry Oak EcosystemSupporting Sensitive Ecosystem69 70P H A S E 1P H A S E 2P H A S E 30 50m[Fig. 34] Phasing Strategy [Fig. 35] Existing ConditionsFrom ongoing research on the surrounding ecosystems and site, one of many solutions is explored to aid in encouraging biodiversity and place more attention to this ecosystem at risk. This strategy will take place in 3 phases over the next hundred(s) of years. This thesis encompasses phase 1 and focuses on using an existing apartment building to carry out this plan.E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S71 72[Fig. 36] Phase 1 ∙ Incorporate an information centre and education component to this large residential apartment to allow the public to have a better understanding of the unique and sensitive ecosystem they inhabit · The surrounding community is then encouraged to help in the process of unbuilding small wood frame houses in the surrounding block to provide more land area for the natural environment and re-landscape the site by replacing poured concrete with plants that will support the ecosystem · The salvaged materials can then be used to build an addition onto the existing building that will support native plants and pollinators · Remove Heywood Avenue which acts as a barrier for the park, preventing the ecosystem from inhabiting more areaP H A S E 1 : S P E C I F I C S I T E[Fig. 37] Phase 2 ∙ Regenerating the soil throughout the southeast corner of the park which was previously a part of Beacon Hill ∙ Minor streets are replaced with pollinator corridors ∙ Property lines are removed ∙ Surrounding communities will help to unbuild small wood frame houses, saving the materials for other interventionsP H A S E 2 : P A R T I A L N E I G H B O U R H O O D73 74[Fig. 38] Phase 3 ∙ Phase 3 attempts to tackle the overarching shift in declining numbers of garry oak trees and the increase in humans living near sensitive ecosystems ∙ Eliminating the majority of unnecessary programs from Beacon Hill Park ∙ Providing more areas for garry oak trees and supporting ecosystems not only in the surrounding area but implementing these strategies along the southeast coast of Vancouver Island, altering with different site conditions [Fig. 39].P H A S E 3 : E C O S Y S T E MVICTORIA0 5000mNS I T E964 HEYWOOD AVEV I C T O R I A , B C[Fig. 39] Historical Garry Oak Ecosystem Map w/ InterventionScope of Phase 1 + 21997 Garry Oak Ecosystem1880 Garry Oak Ecosystem75 76C O - E X I S T E N C E[Fig. 40] Co-Existence of Species77 78[Fig. 41] Existing Site [Fig. 42] Open Ground LevelAs the rise in development continues to increase in the Greater Victoria Area, an existing apartment building is explored in this proposal in efforts to work with the existing urban fabric, providing a solution that can be applied to similar urban areas.This first strategy involves decreasing the ground floor area, replacing the concrete ground cover and giving it back to the surrounding environment involving help from the community to restore the landscape. The open ground level can then draw pedestrians into the new information center and educational program. This also provides a welcoming entrance for the public and a clear sightline from the neighbourhood to the park through the current large mass.79 80[Fig. 43] Flow Through Volumes [Fig. 44] PermeabilityPermeability is created throughout the site with breezeways ...... and large openings, providing a clear sightline to the park and allowing various species to utilize and fly through81 82[Fig. 45] New Systems [Fig. 46] Co-ExistenceLastly, new systems are introduced using the salvaged dimensional lumber from phase 1 to create a skin to support pollinators and native plants. A water collection system and an Anaerobic Digestion system are new prominent features that also work with the existing systems that reuse water for irrigation and food scraps to produce bio-gas.This proposal alters the current use of the building and instead aims to educate the public on the unique and sensitive ecosystem they inhabit while encouraging a biodiversity of species.83 84SOLITARY BEE HABITAT BIRD HABITATA new cladding system using salvaged materials from Phase 1 provides habitats for solitary bees. These are placed along the ground level facade in areas that do not conflict with pedestrian pathways.Smaller details and interventions are also implemented throughout the site and are used to promote a healthy ecosystem[Fig. 47] Solitary Bee Habitat85 86SOLITARY BEE HABITAT BIRD HABITATTYP. BALCONY DETAILAbove the ground level, terraces are placed along the exterior using reclaimed wood to provide more areas for habitats that supports native plants as well as food sources for pollinators.Areas for various birds and insects use support from a wire mesh to create dense habitats of branches and leaves.[Fig. 48] Typical Balcony Detail [Fig. 49] Bird Habitat87 88BAT HABITATWater collection pipes run throughout the structure, promoting a visual awareness of the larger systems in place, while allowing plants such as the Trumpet Honeysuckle to climb and connect to different levels.An off site bat habitat is located west of the site, hidden within the trees and elevated for privacy.[Fig. 50] Water Collector & Cistern [Fig. 51] Bat Habitat89 90NPedestrian PathPollinator PathOn the ground level concrete paving is removed and replaced with pollinator gardens as well as new pedestrian paths to encourage the public to access the new educational programs. With help from inhabitants, the surrounding community and new systems in place, the site is actively participating and working together to care for the surrounding ecosystem.Along the main entrance on the north side is the Anaerobic Digestion system, located in a glazed room and on display for the public to view. This involves a process where microorganisms breakdown biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen and create bio-gas. Adjacent to this system is the information and volunteer area where inhabitants and the community gather. The south side supports the main residential entrance, cafe and educational workshops. These new strategies allow pedestrians to have an inviting entrance and view to the surrounding natural landscape while pollinators are now able to utilizes the entirety of the site, benefiting from the diversity of plants and healthy ecosystem.[Fig. 52] Level 01 Plan0 5m91 92[Fig. 53] Level 02 Plan [Fig. 54] Level 03 Plan0 5m93 94[Fig. 55] Level 04 Plan [Fig. 56] Roof Plan0 5m95 960 5m[Fig. 57] Longitudinal Section0 5mWATER CISTERNRES. ENTRANCEINFO CENTRE EXHIBITCLASSROOM97 980 5mWATER CISTERNWATER CISTERNVOLUNTEERLOUNGE[Fig. 58] Transverse Section0 5m99 100Three narratives from three different occupants on site ...101 102W E S T E R N H O N E Y B E E(Apis mellifera)The sun rises and the sound of bees start to fill the morning air. There is much to do and everyone has their own task to compete.First out of the hive are worker bees, spending most of their day travelling to and from their home, foraging for food.[Fig. 60] View Out of Beehive[Fig. 59] Beehives103 104Leading with her sense of smell and looking for bright coloured flowers, she stretches her wings and flies towards her favourite patch of wildflowers.In this flight, she chooses to pollinate the nearby camas meadow.[Fig. 61] Camas Meadow105 106Delighted by the sweet smell, she dives in - collecting pollen with her tongue, transfers it to her center legs, then to her pollen basket on the back of her hind legs.On the next trip out of the hive she is drawn to the smell of something new, a plant that has just bloomed in late spring. She spots the bright, familiar colour of the Western Trumpet Honeysuckles from afar and reroutes her path, scaling the building up to find her favourite plant.[Fig. 63] Pollinating Western Trumpet Honeysuckles[Fig. 62] Pollinating Common Camas107 108After exploring this area she flies to another patch of honeysuckles that have recently bloomed. She makes her last stop here before heading back to the hive.[Fig. 64] Exterior109 110A N N A ’ S H U M M I N G B I R D(Calypte anna)On the other side of the of the site, a hummingbird searches for a new home. She finds a quiet nook surrounded by bright coloured flowers, plenty of sunlight and hidden behind a camouflaged layer of branches and leaves.Now that she has found a new habitat, she journeys outwards to explore the area, grab a snack and search for new materials to make her new nest feel like home.On her flight she spots a some insects moving throughout some tall grass. Surrounded by a variety of plants, she stops for a bite to eat ...[Fig. 66] Snack[Fig. 65] Bird Habitat for Various Species111 112... and drinks the sweet nectar from the nearby honeysuckles. Satisfied with her snack, she gets back to the task at hand, foraging for new materials.[Fig. 67] Drinking Nectar113 114Her favourites being the catkin-bearing plants, and rummages around the nearby Cottonwood, American Elm and Ironwood trees that provide soft fibres for nesting materials.[Fig. 68] Collecting Materials115 116On her way back to the nest she notices something in the corner of her eye. Someone has trimmed some nearby branches which have fallen to the floor. She hovers around to examine the scrap trimmings.They are exactly what she was looking for.[Fig. 69] Exterior 2117 118A N N A ’ S H U M M I N G B I R D(Calypte anna)After a long day, Linda walks home as she returns from running errands. It has been a few years since several streets have been removed between her apartment and the main street.She doesn’t miss the sound of motorcycles revving their engines, or the congestion of cars lined up at the edge of the nearby park.Now she can enjoy her walk home, showered with the smell of flowers, sharing her walk with animals racing by, and listening to the harmony of species all around her[Fig. 71] Entrance Close-Up[Fig. 70] Entrance119 120As she heads to the entrance she pauses by one of many large rainwater collector emerging from the ground. Her home acts as a connected system, reusing collected rainwater, converting food scraps into biogas and has transformed to embrace the surrounding ecosystem that she inhabitsA workshop has just ended as children race out of the building and head to the park. She then heads towards the elevators.[Fig. 73] Ground Level 2[Fig. 72] Ground Level121 122As she walks towards her apartment she recognizes a neighbour, Jamie, who she met through the building’s volunteering program, working together as weekly beekeepersShe stops to chat and feel the oncoming breeze as they converse and share stories about their day[Fig. 75] Flow Through[Fig. 74] Walkway123 124She finally reaches her apartment, puts down her bags and ends the day with her favourite activity, tending and pruning the surrounding vines on her terrace as She knows she is not the only one enjoying these plants[Fig. 76] Interior Unit125 126The intention of this proposal is to better understand the implications which arise from the anthropocene and to propose interventions that alter the balance between human centric and bio-centric design, working with the current human dominated landscape. The strategies within this thesis provide educational resources to the public, encourage those living in the surrounding area to help foster and promote bio-diversity, while placing more care into our lifestyles and to our environment.It is evident that the current trajectory and government guidelines in place to protect the Garry oak ecosystem need radical interventions in order to preserve the hundreds of species at risk today. This ecosystem is not the only one that needs attention as there are over 500 plant and animal species at risk in Canada alone as anthropogenic activities continue to threaten the surrounding environment.By implementing a philosophy of care and having a better understanding of the species around us we can work towards restoring our ecosystems. 127 128A P P E N D I X[Fig. 77] Recovery129 130R E S O U R C E SRecovery Strategies for CanadaGarry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team (GOERT) Multi-species Recovery Strategieshttps://goert.ca/documents/GOERT-Recovery-Strategies-Backgrounder.pdfEnvironment Canada: Recovery Strategy for Garry Oak and Associated Ecosystems in Canadahttps://goert.ca/documents/doc-Eco-Assessment-Lit-Review-2001.pdfSARA Multi-species Recovery Strategy: Garry Oak Ecosystem Case Studyhttps://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=7D34C38F-1Province of British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks: Garry Oak Ecosystemshttps://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/plants-animals-and-ecosystems/species-ecosystems-at-risk/brochures/garry_oak_ecosystems.pdfAchi Biodiversity Targetshttps://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/General Interest + Best Management PracticesPark Canada: Garry Oak (Quercus garryana) Plant Communitiesin British Columbia: A Guide to Identificationhttp://parkscanadahistory.com/plants/bc-tech-rpt-040.pdfGOERT Brochurehttps://goert.ca/documents/GOERT-brochure-2010.pdfGOERT Model ByLaws for the Protection of Garry Oak & Associated Ecosystemshttps://goert.ca/documents/GOERT-Model-Bylaws-2014-screen.pdfGOERT Garry Oak Gardener’s Handbookhttps://www.goert.ca/gardeners_restoration/garryoak_gardener.phpGOERT Best Management Practices for Garry Oak and Associated Ecosystemshttps://goert.ca/documents/GOERT-BMPs.pdfGOERT: Protecting Garry Oak Areas During Land Developmenthttps://www.goert.ca/developers_government/GOERT: Native Plant Propagation Guidelineshttp://www.goert.ca/developers_government/GOERT: Best Management Practices ad Field Manual for Invasive Specieshttp://www.goert.ca/publications_resources/invasive_species.phpGOERT: Best Management Practices ad Field Manual for Invasive Specieshttp://www.goert.ca/publications_resources/species_at_risk.phpGarry Oak Ecosystem MapsHistorical Victoria & Saanich Peninsula Maphttps://goert.ca/documents/map-Victoria-Saanich.pdfHistorical Cowichan Valley & Saltspring Maphttps://goert.ca/documents/map-Cowichan-Saltspring.pdf131 132Historical Nanaimo, Parksville & Nanoose Area Maphttps://goert.ca/documents/map-Comox-Denman-Hornby.pdfPriority Garry Oak Siteshttps://goert.ca/our_team/rig_conservation_planning.phpBeacon Hill Park Tree Inventory + Maphttp://treesofvictoria.com/beaconhillpark/bhtrees.html“Alfalfa Leaf-Cutter Bee (NPS National Capital Region Bees and Wasps).” INaturalist. https:// www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/369964.Becker, Egon. “Social-Ecological Systems as Epistemic Objects.” Essay. 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July 17, 2017. https://www.crd.bc.ca/docs/default-source/climate-action-pdf/ reports/2017-07-17_climateprojectionsforthecapitalregion_final.pdf.Caputi, Jane. “Mother Earth Meets the Anthropocene: An Intersectional Ecofeminist Analysis.” Essay. In Systemic Crises of Global Climate Change: Intersections of Race, Class and Gender, 20–33. London, England: Routledge, 2018.City of Victoria. “Beacon Hill Park.” Https://www.victoria.ca. https://www.victoria.ca/EN/main/ residents/parks/beacon-hill.html.COSEWIC. Rep. Canadian Wildlife Species at Risk. Committee on the Status of Endagered Wildlife in Canada, September 2019. https://www.canada.ca/en/environmentcli mate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-list-species-assessed. html. COSEWIC. Rep. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Gypsy Cuckoo Bumble Bee Bombus Bohemicus in Canada, 2016. https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/ species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Gypsy%20Cuckoo%20Bum ble%2Bee_2014_e.pdf. 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October 15, 2018. https://thenarwhal. ca/canada-has-some-of-the-worlds-last-wild-places-are-we-keeping-our-promise- to-protect-them/.Donovan, Elizabeth. “Architecture Washed in Green,” January 2015.Edward Burtynsky, Jennifer Baichwal, and Nick De Pencier, “Works,” In Anthropocene (Steidl, 2018), pp. 59-188.Erden, Oğulkan, and Pınar Öktem Erkartal. “Greenwashing in Turkey: Sustainability as an Advertising Strategy in Architecture.” A+ArchDesign 5, no. 1 (2019): 1–13. https:// dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/797896.Erickson, Wayne R., and Del Meidinger. Garry Oak (Quercus Garryana) Plant Communities in British Columbia: A Guide to Identification. Report. Parks Canada. 2007. http:// parkscanadahistory.com/plants/bc-tech-rpt-040.pdf.Filippetti, Jenny. “Philips Eco Friendly Microbial Home.” Designboom, November 2, 2011. https://www.designboom.com/design/philips-eco-friendly-microbial-home/.Ford, Adriana E. S., Hilary Graham, and Piran C. L. 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Graduating Project
Victoria (B.C.)
eng
Unreviewed
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Graduate
University of British Columbia. ARCH 549
Co-Existence
Species
Garry Oak
Co-Existence of Species : Restoring the Garry Oak and Associated Ecosystems
Text