Science, Irving K. Barber Faculty of (Okanagan)
Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, Department of (Okanagan)
DSpace
UBCO
Holt, Katharina
Master of Science - MSc
University of British Columbia
The Monashee décollement (MD) is a crustal-scale shear zone within the southern Omineca belt of the Canadian Cordillera. The MD marks the contact between the autochthonous Precambrian basement core rocks of the Monashee metamorphic complex and the allochthonous rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon. Both packages were metamorphosed at mid-crustal depths (>20 km) but are now exposed at ~ 2200 m elevation. The timing and style of deformation along the MD are disputed. Studies have proposed that the MD is: 1) the base of a mid-crustal ductile “channel”; 2) a complex normal-sense (top-to-the-west) extensional shear zone; or 3) a major reverse-sense (top-to-the-east) contractional shear zone that possibly forms the basal detachment of the Rocky Mountain thrust and fold belt. This study was conducted to investigate those different interpretations through characterizing the detailed temperature-time deformation histories of the rocks within and adjacent to the MD at the Probity Peak field site, ~ 50 km northwest of Revelstoke, British Columbia. This was achieved through: 1) geological field mapping; 2) microstructural analyses of oriented thin sections; 3) quartz c-axis crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) investigation and opening angle geothermometry; 4) titanium-in-biotite (Ti-in-Bt) geothermometry; and 5) titanite and monazite petrochronology. The data acquired from this study, combined with that from published literature indicate that the MD was active as a reverse-sense contractional shear zone at Probity Peak between ca. 85-80 and 70-65 Ma. The MD was then crosscut by high-angle, brittle-ductile normal faults during extension between ca. 60 and 49 Ma. This extension facilitated exhumation of the Monashee Complex, which continued through Eocene time.
STRUCTURAL, GEOCHRONOLOGICAL, AND METAMORPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MONASHEE DÉCOLLEMENT AND ITS ROLE IN THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE CANADIAN CORDILLERA by Katharina Holt BASc, Queen’s University, 2019 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Earth and Environmental Sciences) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan) May 2022 © Katharina Holt, 2022 ii The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the College of Graduate Studies for acceptance, a thesis / dissertation entitled: Structural, geochronological, and metamorphic characterization of the Monashee décollement and its role in the tectonic evolution of the Canadian Cordillera submitted by Katharina Holt in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science Dr. Kyle Larson, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science – Department of EEGS Supervisor Dr. John Greenough, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science – Department of EEGS Supervisory Committee Member Dr. Dawn Kellett, Geological Survey of Canada Supervisory Committee Member Dr. David Jack, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science – Department of Chemistry University Examiner iii Abstract The Monashee décollement (MD) is a crustal-scale shear zone within the southern Omineca belt of the Canadian Cordillera. The MD marks the contact between the autochthonous Precambrian basement core rocks of the Monashee metamorphic complex and the allochthonous rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon. Both packages were metamorphosed at mid-crustal depths (>20 km) but are now exposed at ~ 2200 m elevation. The timing and style of deformation along the MD are disputed. Studies have proposed that the MD is: 1) the base of a mid-crustal ductile “channel”; 2) a complex normal-sense (top-to-the-west) extensional shear zone; or 3) a major reverse-sense (top-to-the-east) contractional shear zone that possibly forms the basal detachment of the Rocky Mountain thrust and fold belt. This study was conducted to investigate those different interpretations through characterizing the detailed temperature-time-deformation histories of the rocks within and adjacent to the MD at the Probity Peak field site, ~ 50 km northwest of Revelstoke, British Columbia. This was achieved through: 1) geological field mapping; 2) microstructural analyses of oriented thin sections; 3) quartz c-axis crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) investigation and opening angle geothermometry; 4) titanium-in-biotite (Ti-in-Bt) geothermometry; and 5) titanite and monazite petrochronology. The data acquired from this study, combined with that from published literature indicate that the MD was active as a reverse-sense contractional shear zone at Probity Peak between ca. 85-80 and 70-65 Ma. The MD was then crosscut by high-angle, brittle-ductile normal faults during extension between ca. 60 and 49 Ma. This extension facilitated exhumation of the Monashee Complex, which continued through Eocene time. iv Lay Summary The Monashee décollement (MD) is a shear zone of highly deformed rocks that formed in the mid-continental crust (> 20 km depth) but are now exposed at ~ 2200 m elevation today. Shear zones accommodate displacement between rock packages, however the characteristics of that displacement along the MD are unclear. Existing studies argue that the rocks above the MD either 1) moved down to the west during extension / collapse of the mountain range; or 2) moved up to the east during contraction / mountain building. To test these opposing theories, this study determined the sense of movement, the approximate temperature conditions, and the timing of deformation along the MD. Results of this study indicate that the MD was active during contraction between ca 85-80 and 70-65 Ma and was overprinted by extensional structures during collapse of the mountain range between ca. 60 and 49 Ma. v Preface I conducted all field and laboratory studies, data processing as well as all writing for this thesis between May 2020 and April 2022. My supervisor, Dr. Kyle Larson provided guidance throughout all phases of the project and provided feedback during the editing process. The first suite of 25 rock specimens (from stations PP01 – PP16) analyzed in this study were collected by Dr. Kyle Larson and Dr. John Cottle at Probity Peak in the summer of 2019. Leucogranite geochronology data was also provided by Dr. John Cottle from other specimens collected that summer. Stations PP117 through PP140 were first visited by me and Dr. Kyle Larson in the summer of 2020, in addition to a revisit of stations PP01 through PP16. Figures 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8 contain material reproduced from copyrighted sources and are printed in this thesis with permissions. vi Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Lay Summary ............................................................................................................................... iv Preface ............................................................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. xiii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... xxiii List of Equations .......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... vii Dedication ................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Geological Background and Introduction ............................................................... 1 1.1 Present Configuration and Evolution of the Canadian Cordillera ......................................... 1 1.2 Geology of The Southern Omineca Morphogeological Belt ................................................ 4 1.2.1 Development of the Frenchman Cap and Thor-Odin Domes ......................................... 6 1.2.2 Kinematic Compatibility of Eocene Normal and Strike-Slip Structures ........................ 8 1.3 Previous Research on the Monashee décollement ................................................................ 9 1.3.1 Structural Geology and Deformation Models of the Monashee décollement .............. 11 1.3.2 Geochronology, Metamorphism and Anatexis Associated with the Monashee décollement ............................................................................................................................ 14 1.4 Problem and Objectives ...................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................ 17 1.4.2 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 18 vii 1.4.3 Implications .................................................................................................................. 19 1.5 Thesis Organization. ........................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Methodology ............................................................................................................. 20 2.1 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................ 20 2.2 Microtectonics ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Thin Section Petrography and Microstructural Analysis ............................................. 20 2.2.2 Quartz c-axis Crystallographic Preferred Orientations (CPO) ..................................... 22 2.3 Monazite and Titanite Petrochronology .............................................................................. 24 2.3.1 Overview of U-Th-Pb Petrochronology ....................................................................... 24 2.3.1.1 Monazite Petrochronology ..................................................................................... 25 2.3.1.2 Titanite Petrochronology ....................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Methods and Instrumentation ....................................................................................... 27 2.3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy .............................................................................. 27 2.3.2.2 Electron Probe Microanalysis ............................................................................... 28 2.3.2.3 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry .......................... 29 2.3.2.4 Data Processing and Visualization ........................................................................ 31 2.4 Geothermometry ................................................................................................................. 33 2.4.1 Titanium-in-biotite ....................................................................................................... 34 2.4.2 Quartz c-axis CPO Opening Angle .............................................................................. 35 Chapter 3: Field Investigations.................................................................................................. 37 3.1 Results ................................................................................................................................. 37 3.1.1 Lithologies .................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.1.1 Hanging Wall Rocks – Lower Selkirk Allochthon (LSA) ....................................... 39 3.1.1.2 Footwall Rocks – Monashee Complex (MC) Cover Sequence .............................. 43 3.1.2 Structural Observations ................................................................................................ 50 3.1.2.1 Hanging Wall Structures ........................................................................................ 51 3.1.2.2 Footwall Structures ................................................................................................ 53 viii 3.2 Interpretations ..................................................................................................................... 64 3.2.1 Field Metamorphic Interpretations ............................................................................... 64 3.2.2 Field Structural Relationships ...................................................................................... 66 Chapter 4: Microtectonics .......................................................................................................... 69 4.1 Results ................................................................................................................................. 69 4.1.1 Thin Section Petrography and Microstructural Analysis ............................................. 70 4.1.1.1 Hanging Wall Rocks – Lower Selkirk Allochthon .................................................. 70 4.1.1.2 Footwall Rocks – Monashee Complex Cover Sequence ........................................ 76 4.1.2 Quartz c-axis Crystallographic Preferred Orientations ................................................ 93 4.2 Interpretations ..................................................................................................................... 96 4.2.1 Thin Section Petrography and Microstructural Analysis ............................................. 96 4.2.2 Quartz Microstructures and c-axis Crystallographic Preferred Orientations ............... 98 Chapter 5: Petrochronology ..................................................................................................... 100 5.1 Monazite Results ............................................................................................................... 101 5.1.1 Thin Section Element Concentration Maps ................................................................ 101 5.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy ................................................................................... 104 5.1.3 Electron Probe Microanalysis ..................................................................................... 105 5.1.4 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry .............................. 107 5.1.5 Data Summary ............................................................................................................ 108 5.1.5.1 Hanging Wall Specimens – Lower Selkirk Allochthon ........................................ 114 5.1.5.2 Footwall Specimens – Monashee Complex Cover Sequence ............................... 117 5.2 Titanite Results .................................................................................................................. 125 5.2.1 Thin Section Element Concentration Maps ................................................................ 125 5.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy ................................................................................... 126 5.2.3 Electron Probe Microanalysis ..................................................................................... 127 5.2.4 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry .............................. 128 5.2.5 Data Summary ............................................................................................................ 129 ix 5.3 Interpretations ................................................................................................................... 132 Chapter 6: Geothermometry ................................................................................................... 135 6.1 Results ............................................................................................................................... 135 6.1.1 Titanium-in-Biotite ..................................................................................................... 136 6.1.1.1 Hanging Wall Rocks – Lower Selkirk Allochthon ................................................ 136 6.1.1.2 Footwall Rocks – Monashee Complex Cover Sequence ...................................... 138 6.1.2 Quartz c-axis CPO Opening Angle ............................................................................ 140 6.2 Interpretations ................................................................................................................... 141 Chapter 7: Discussion ............................................................................................................... 143 7.1 Structural Relationships and Kinematics .......................................................................... 143 7.2 Timing and Conditions of Deformation ............................................................................ 145 7.2.1 Metamorphism ............................................................................................................ 145 7.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................................................ 146 7.2.3 Time ............................................................................................................................ 148 7.3 Implications for the Tectonic History of the Southern Omineca Belt ............................... 150 Chapter 8: Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 153 8.1 Recommendations for Future Work .................................................................................. 154 8.1.1 Fieldwork .................................................................................................................... 154 8.1.2 Pressure-Temperature-Time Studies .......................................................................... 154 8.1.3 Vorticity Studies ......................................................................................................... 155 References .................................................................................................................................. 156 Appendices ................................................................................................................................. 171 Appendix A: Outcrop Station Descriptions ............................................................................ 171 Appendix B: Thin Section Descriptions ................................................................................. 182 Appendix C: Quartz c-axis CPO Descriptions and Data ......................................................... 188 x Appendix D: Petrochronology Data and Images ..................................................................... 192 Appendix D.1: Monazite ..................................................................................................... 192 Appendix D.1.1: Monazite U-Th-Pb Data, Trace Element Data and Grain Location Descriptions ..................................................................................................................... 192 Appendix D.1.2: Monazite SEM Images, EPMA Grain Maps and Laser Spot Locations .......................................................................................................................................... 229 Appendix D.2: Titanite ........................................................................................................ 302 Appendix D.2.1: Titanite U-Pb Data and Grain Location Descriptions .......................... 302 Appendix D.2.2: Titanite SEM Images, EPMA Grain Maps and Laser Spot Locations . 315 Appendix E: Titanium-in-Biotite Geothermometry ................................................................ 328 Appendix E.1: Ti-in-Bt Temperature Data .......................................................................... 328 Appendix E.2: Ti-in-Bt Grain and Spot Locations .............................................................. 333 xi List of Tables Table 5.1: Monazite Th-Pb KDE ages and field locations / rock types for specimens PP05A, PP09B, PP10C, PP12, PP15B, PP117B and PP136; and expected / returned ages for secondary age standards USGS 44069, 554, Trebilcock and Stern. ........................................................... 111 Table 5.2: Titanite U-Th-Pb ages and field location / rock type for specimen PP02B and expected / returned ages for secondary age standards. .............................................................................. 130 Table 6.1: Summary of quartz c-axis CPO opening angle results. ............................................. 140 Table A.1: Outcrop station descriptions for the Probity Peak field area. ................................... 171 Table B.1: Thin section descriptions for the Probity Peak field area. ........................................ 182 Table C.1: Quartz c-axis CPO descriptions. ............................................................................... 188 Table D.1: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP05A. ..................................... 192 Table D.2: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP05A. ................ 193 Table D.3: PP05A monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. ................................................................................................................................. 195 Table D.4: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP09B. ..................................... 196 Table D.5: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP09B. ................ 198 Table D.6: PP09B monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. ................................................................................................................................. 199 Table D.7: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP10C. ..................................... 201 Table D.8: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP10C. ................ 202 Table D.9: PP10C monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. ................................................................................................................................. 204 Table D.10: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP12. ...................................... 206 xii Table D.11: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP12. ................ 207 Table D.12: PP12 monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. ................................................................................................................................. 208 Table D.13: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP15B. ................................... 209 Table D.14: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP15B. .............. 211 Table D.15: PP15B monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. ................................................................................................................................. 213 Table D.16: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP117B. ................................. 214 Table D.17: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP117B. ............ 217 Table D.18: PP117B monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. ................................................................................................................................. 220 Table D.19: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP136. .................................... 223 Table D.20: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP136. .............. 225 Table D.21: PP136 monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. ................................................................................................................................. 226 Table D.22: LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data for titanite specimen PP02B. ............................................ 302 Table D.23: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for titanite specimen PP02B. ................. 305 Table D.24: PP02B titanite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. ................................................................................................................................. 311 Table E.1: PP01D Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. .................................................................. 328 Table E.2: PP09B Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. .................................................................. 329 Table E.3: PP10G Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. .................................................................. 330 Table E.4: PP15B Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. .................................................................. 331 Table E.5: PP117B Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. ................................................................ 332 xiii List of Figures Figure 1.1: Summary of the tectonostratigraphic terranes of British Columbia, Alaska, and the Yukon (Nelson et al., 2013). ........................................................................................................... 2 Figure 1.2: General cross section of the present-day geological structures in the southern Canadian Cordillera (Gibson et al., 2008). ..................................................................................... 5 Figure 1.3: a) Inset of the morphogeological belts of the Canadian Cordillera displaying the location of b) Geological map of the southern Omineca belt displaying key lithological units and large-scale structures (Brown & Gibson, 2006). ............................................................................ 7 Figure 1.4: Stratigraphy of the Monashee Complex and overlying Selkirk Allochthon with proposed ages of deposition / formation (Parrish, 1995). ............................................................. 10 Figure 1.5: Schematic cross-sections displaying a proposed development of a mid-crustal ductile channel within the southern Omineca belt (Brown & Gibson, 2006). .......................................... 12 Figure 1.6: Test for dominant mode of exhumation within collisional orogens applied to the Monashee décollement (Gervais & Brown, 2011). ...................................................................... 13 Figure 1.7: Proposed cross-section across the Monashee Complex (Proterozoic crystalline basement in figure) displaying ages and locations of peak metamorphism (Parrish, 1995). ........ 14 Figure 1.8: Summary of geochronology and geothermometry data in the southern Omineca belt (Brown & Gibson, 2006). ............................................................................................................. 15 Figure 1.9: Simplified map of a portion of the southern Omineca belt showing the location of the Probity Peak field area. ................................................................................................................. 17 Figure 3.1: Lithological and structural map and cross section of the Probity Peak field area showing station and sampling locations. ...................................................................................... 38 Figure 3.2: Typical host rock types in the proximal hanging wall of the Monashee décollement at the Probity Peak field site. ............................................................................................................ 39 Figure 3.3: Amphibolite observed in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. .................... 41 Figure 3.4: Intermediate to mafic dike observed in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak........................................................................................................................................................ 42 Figure 3.5: Quartzite rocks observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ........................ 43 Figure 3.6: Calc-silicate rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. .................................. 44 xiv Figure 3.7: A quartz-biotite-hornblende-pyroxene carbonatite unit observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ...................................................................................................................... 44 Figure 3.8: Metapelitic and psammitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ........... 46 Figure 3.9: Amphibolite rocks observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. .................. 47 Figure 3.10: Leucogranite rocks from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. .......................... 48 Figure 3.11: Lamprophyre dike observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................ 49 Figure 3.12: Structural measurements taken in August 2020 across the Probity Peak field site presented as lower hemisphere stereographic projections. ........................................................... 50 Figure 3.13: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................................................................................................................................. 52 Figure 3.14: Quartz-biotite mineral elongation lineation observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................................................................................................................................. 53 Figure 3.15: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located at station PP01 in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ............................................................................................. 54 Figure 3.16: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators displaying reverse-sense shear in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ....................................................................................... 55 Figure 3.17: Secondary structures and ductile shear sense indicators displaying normal-sense shear in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. .......................................................................... 56 Figure 3.18: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located at station PP10 in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ............................................................................................. 57 Figure 3.19: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located at station PP12 in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ............................................................................................. 58 Figure 3.20: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located at station PP122 in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ............................................................................................. 59 Figure 3.21: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................................................................................................................................. 60 Figure 3.22: Fault structures observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ..................... 62 Figure 3.23: Brittle joints crosscut the tectonic foliation in all rock units in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ...................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 3.24: Metamorphic observations and field isograds overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. ..................................................................................................................................... 64 xv Figure 3.25: Brittle fractures and intermediate-to-mafic dikes that crosscut the Monashee décollement at Probity Peak, as observed from an aerial photo. .................................................. 68 Figure 4.1: Distribution of sampling and observation stations overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. ............................................................................................................................ 69 Figure 4.2: Microstructures and textures in metapelitic feldspar-garnet-sillimanite-biotite-quartz schists in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................................................................ 71 Figure 4.3: Quartz microstructures and textures within metapelite thin-section specimens from the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................................................................................ 72 Figure 4.4: Microstructures and textures in garnet amphibolite in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................................................................................................................................. 73 Figure 4.5: Anatectite lens microstructures and textures in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. .............................................................................................................................................. 74 Figure 4.6: Quartz microstructures and textures within anatectite thin-section specimens from the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. ...................................................................................... 75 Figure 4.7: Diorite dike mineralogy and textures in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak........................................................................................................................................................ 76 Figure 4.8: Microstructures and textures in quartzite rocks in the proximal footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................................................................................................................................. 77 Figure 4.9: Quartz microstructures and textures within quartzite thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ............................................................................................. 79 Figure 4.10: Calc-silicate rock textures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. .................... 79 Figure 4.11: Quartz microstructures and textures within calc-silicate thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ....................................................................................... 80 Figure 4.12: Carbonatite rock textures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ..................... 81 Figure 4.13: Shear bands in metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. .......... 82 Figure 4.14: Garnet textures in metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. .... 83 Figure 4.15: Feldspar textures in metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. .. 83 Figure 4.16: Andalusite textures in metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak........................................................................................................................................................ 84 xvi Figure 4.17: Quartz microstructures and textures within metapelite thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ....................................................................................... 85 Figure 4.18: Psammite rock textures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ........................ 86 Figure 4.19: Quartz microstructures and textures within psammite thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ....................................................................................... 87 Figure 4.20: Garnet amphibolite textures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ................. 88 Figure 4.21: Anatectite lens textures and structures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. . 90 Figure 4.22: Quartz microstructures and textures in leucogranite anatectite thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ............................................................. 91 Figure 4.23: Brittle fractures crosscut all rock units except for the intermediate-to-mafic dike in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ....................................................................................... 92 Figure 4.24: Quartz c-axis CPO data presented as scatter and filled contour stereoplots (lower hemisphere, equal area Schmidt projections). .............................................................................. 96 Figure 5.1: Distribution of monazite and titanite petrochronology data overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. ............................................................................................... 100 Figure 5.2: Monazite grain locations in metapelitic thin-section specimens on BSE maps (left) and the [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section maps they were located on (right). ........................... 103 Figure 5.3: Element concentration zonation maps for monazite grains, created with EPMA. ... 106 Figure 5.4: Summary of combined monazite Th-Pb age data for specimens PP05A, PP09B, PP10C, PP12, PP15B, PP117B and PP136 (n=547). .................................................................. 110 Figure 5.5: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP117B. .......................................... 115 Figure 5.6: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP15B. ............................................ 116 Figure 5.7: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP10C. ............................................ 120 Figure 5.8: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP09B. ............................................ 121 Figure 5.9: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP12. .............................................. 122 Figure 5.10: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP05A. .......................................... 123 Figure 5.11: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP136. .......................................... 124 Figure 5.12: Titanite grain locations in the calc-silicate thin-section specimen. ........................ 125 xvii Figure 5.13: Element concentration zonation maps for titanite grains, created with EPMA. .... 127 Figure 5.14: Titanite petrochronology plots for specimen PP02B. ............................................ 131 Figure 5.15: Interpreted timing of prograde (black) and retrograde (grey) metamorphism compared to structural depth relative to the Monashee décollement (MD) for monazite petrochronology specimens. ....................................................................................................... 132 Figure 6.1: Overview overlay map of temperatures. Distribution of titanium-in-biotite (Ti-in-Bt) and quartz crystallographic preferred orientation (Qtz CPO) opening angle temperature data overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. ...................................................................... 135 Figure 6.2: Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) plots for Ti-in-Bt temperatures (ºC) from the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. .................................................................................... 137 Figure 6.3: Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) plots for Ti-in-Bt temperatures (ºC) from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. ........................................................................................... 139 Figure 6.4: Temperature data obtained through titanium-in-biotite (Ti-in-Bt) geothermometry (orange) and quartz crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) opening angles (blue) compared to structural depth relative to the Monashee décollement (MD). ............................................... 142 Figure 7.1: Shear sense distribution overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. ............ 144 Figure 7.2: Schematic diagram displaying the proposed geological history of the MD at Probity Peak between the Late Cretaceous and present. ......................................................................... 151 Figure D.1: PP05A M1 EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ................................... 229 Figure D.2: PP05A M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 230 Figure D.3: PP05A M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 231 Figure D.4: PP05A M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 232 Figure D.5: PP05A M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 233 Figure D.6: PP05A M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 234 Figure D.7: PP05A M7 EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ................................... 235 Figure D.8: PP05A M8 EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ................................... 236 xviii Figure D.9: PP05A M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 237 Figure D.10: PP05A M11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 238 Figure D.11: PP05A M12 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 239 Figure D.12: PP09B M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 240 Figure D.13: PP09B M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 241 Figure D.14: PP09B M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 242 Figure D.15: PP09B M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 243 Figure D.16: PP09B M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 244 Figure D.17: PP09B M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 245 Figure D.18: PP09B M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 246 Figure D.19: PP09B M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 247 Figure D.20: PP09B M11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 248 Figure D.21: PP09B M12 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 249 Figure D.22: PP10C M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 250 Figure D.23: PP10C M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 251 Figure D.24: PP10C M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 252 Figure D.25: PP10C M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 253 Figure D.26: PP10C M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 254 Figure D.27: PP10C M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 255 Figure D.28: PP10C M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 256 Figure D.29: PP10C M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 257 Figure D.30: PP10C M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 258 Figure D.31: PP10C M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 259 Figure D.32: PP10C M11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 260 Figure D.33: PP12 M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 261 xix Figure D.34: PP12 M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 262 Figure D.35: PP12 M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 263 Figure D.36: PP12 M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 264 Figure D.37: PP12 M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 265 Figure D.38: PP12 M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 266 Figure D.39: PP12 M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 267 Figure D.40: PP12 M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ......................... 268 Figure D.41: PP12 M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 269 Figure D.42: PP15B M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 270 Figure D.43: PP15B M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 271 Figure D.44: PP15B M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 272 Figure D.45: PP15B M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 273 Figure D.46: PP15B M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 274 Figure D.47: PP15B M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 275 Figure D.48: PP15B M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 276 Figure D.49: PP15B M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 277 Figure D.50: PP15B M9 EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ................................. 278 Figure D.51: PP15B M11 SEM, EPMA images and approximate LA-ICP-MS spot locations. 279 Figure D.52: PP117B M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 280 Figure D.53: PP117B M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 281 Figure D.54: PP117B M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 282 Figure D.55: PP117B M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 283 Figure D.56: PP117B M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 284 Figure D.57: PP117B M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 285 Figure D.58: PP117B M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 286 xx Figure D.59: PP117B M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 287 Figure D.60: PP117B M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 288 Figure D.61: PP117B M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ................... 289 Figure D.62: PP136 M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 290 Figure D.63: PP136 M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 291 Figure D.64: PP136 M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 292 Figure D.65: PP136 M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 293 Figure D.66: PP136 M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ....................... 294 Figure D.67: PP136 M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 295 Figure D.68: PP136 M11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 296 Figure D.69: PP136 M12 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 297 Figure D.70: PP136 M13 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 298 Figure D.71: PP136 M14 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 299 Figure D.72: PP136 M15 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 300 Figure D.73: PP136 M18 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ..................... 301 Figure D.74: PP02B T1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 315 Figure D.75: PP02B T2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 316 Figure D.76: PP02B T3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 317 Figure D.77: PP02B T4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 318 Figure D.78: PP02B T5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 319 Figure D.79: PP02B T6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 320 Figure D.80: PP02B T7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 321 Figure D.81: PP02B T8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 322 Figure D.82: PP02B T9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ........................ 323 Figure D.83: PP02B T10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ...................... 324 xxi Figure D.84: PP02B T11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ...................... 325 Figure D.85: PP02B T12 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ...................... 326 Figure D.86: PP02B T13 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. ...................... 327 Figure E.1: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP01D. ............................................ 333 Figure E.2: PP01D Ti-in-Bt site #1............................................................................................. 334 Figure E.3: PP01D Ti-in-Bt site #2............................................................................................. 335 Figure E.4: PP01D Ti-in-Bt site #3............................................................................................. 336 Figure E.5: PP01D Ti-in-Bt site #4............................................................................................. 337 Figure E.6: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP09B. ............................................ 338 Figure E.7: PP09B Ti-in-Bt site #1. ............................................................................................ 339 Figure E.8: PP09B Ti-in-Bt site #2. ............................................................................................ 340 Figure E.9: PP09B Ti-in-Bt site #3. ............................................................................................ 341 Figure E.10: PP09B Ti-in-Bt site #4. .......................................................................................... 342 Figure E.11: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP10G. .......................................... 343 Figure E.12: PP10G Ti-in-Bt site #1........................................................................................... 344 Figure E.13: PP10G Ti-in-Bt site #2........................................................................................... 345 Figure E.14: PP10G Ti-in-Bt site #3........................................................................................... 346 Figure E.15: PP10G Ti-in-Bt site #4........................................................................................... 347 Figure E.16: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP15B. .......................................... 348 Figure E.17: PP15B Ti-in-Bt site #1. .......................................................................................... 349 Figure E.18: PP15B Ti-in-Bt site #2. .......................................................................................... 350 Figure E.19: PP15B Ti-in-Bt site #3. .......................................................................................... 351 Figure E.20: PP15B Ti-in-Bt site #4. .......................................................................................... 352 Figure E.21: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP117B. ........................................ 353 xxii Figure E.22: PP117B Ti-in-Bt site #1. ........................................................................................ 354 Figure E.23: PP117B Ti-in-Bt site #2. ........................................................................................ 355 Figure E.24: PP117B Ti-in-Bt site #3. ........................................................................................ 356 Figure E.25: PP117B Ti-in-Bt site #4. ........................................................................................ 357 xxiii List of Abbreviations ______________________________________________________________________________ Paleogeographic Terrane Abbreviations (Nelson et al., 2013) ______________________________________________________________________________ NAc North America – craton & cover NAp North America – platform NAb North America – deep water (incl. Kootenay) SM Slide Mountain ______________________________________________________________________________ Large-Scale Structures Abbreviations (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Nelson et al., 2013) ______________________________________________________________________________ CRF Columbia River fault FCD Frenchman Cap dome FF Fraser fault LSA Lower Selkirk Allochthon (Gervais & Ranalli, 2017) MD Monashee décollement MC Monashee Complex OFS Okanagan fault system PT Purcell thrust fault SDF Selkirk detachment fault SFA Selkirk fan axis SRMT southern Rocky Mountain trench TOD Thor-Odin dome USA Upper Selkirk Allochthon xxiv ______________________________________________________________________________Elemental Abbreviations _____________________________________________________________________________Ar Argon Al Aluminum Ca Calcium Ce Cerium Cl Chlorine Dy Dysprosium Er Erbium Eu Europium F Fluorine Fe Iron Gd Gadolinium He Helium Hf Hafnium Ho Holmium K Potassium La Lanthanum Lu Lutetium Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese Na Sodium Nb Niobium Nd Neodymium O Oxygen P Phosphorus Pb Lead Pr Praseodymium Si Silicon Sm Samarium Sr Strontium Ta Tantalum Tb Terbium Th Thorium Ti Titanium Tm Thulium U Uranium Y Yttrium Yb Ytterbium Zn Zinc Zr Zirconium Trace Element Abbreviations (Kylander-Clark, 2017): HREE heavy rare-earth-element MREE middle rare-earth element REE rare-earth-element TE trace element ii ______________________________________________________________________________ Mineral Abbreviations (Siivola & Schmid, 2007) ______________________________________________________________________________ And Andalusite Bt Biotite Cal Calcite Chl Chlorite Cpx Clinopyroxene Ep Epidote Fsp Feldspar Gr Graphite Grt Garnet Hbl Hornblende Ilm Ilmenite Ky Kyanite Mnz Monazite Ms Muscovite Ol Olivine Opx Orthopyroxene Pl Plagioclase Px Pyroxene Qtz Quartz Ser Sericite Sil Sillimanite Ttn Titanite Tur Tourmaline iii ______________________________________________________________________________ Directional Abbreviations ______________________________________________________________________________ N North S South E East W West NW Northwest NE Northeast SW Southwest SE Southeast NNW North-Northwest SSW South-Southwest ENE East-Northeast ESE East-Southeast WNW West-Northwest WSW West-Southwest ______________________________________________________________________________ Microstructural Analyses Abbreviations (Passchier & Trouw, 2005) ______________________________________________________________________________ CPO Crystallographic Preferred Orientation GBM Grain Boundary Migration ISA Instantaneous Stretching Axis (Xypolias, 2010) LED Light Emitting Diode LPO Lattice Preferred Orientation PPL Plane-polarized Light SGR Subgrain Rotation XPL Cross-polarized Light iv ______________________________________________________________________________ Petrochronology Abbreviations (Elmer, 2001; Essential Knowledge Briefings, 2015; Kylander-Clark, 2017; Mueller & Vervoort, n.d.; Scheu & Kaplan, 2012; UC Riverside Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, 2014) ______________________________________________________________________________ BSE backscattered electrons EDS energy dispersive spectroscopy EPMA electron probe microanalysis GMM Gaussian Mixture Model (Kerswell et al., 2021) KDE kernel density estimation LA-ICP-MS laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry LIEF down-hole laser-induced elemental fractionation MSWD mean squared weighted deviation n number of analyses NIST National Institute of Standards & Technology RF radio frequency SE secondary electron SEM scanning electron microscopy SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry SRM standard reference material USGS United States Geological Survey WDS wavelength dispersive spectrometry v ______________________________________________________________________________ Geothermometry and Metamorphism Abbreviations (Gervais, 2019; Henry et al., 2005; Hunter et al., 2018) ______________________________________________________________________________ a, b, c surface fit coefficients apfu atoms per formula unit OA opening angle P-T-t pressure-temperature-time PrNetr1 prograde net-transfer muscovite-dehydration melting reaction PrNetr2 prograde net-transfer biotite-dehydration melting reaction ReNtr2 retrograde net-transfer reaction (inverse to PrNetr1) T temperature Ti-in-Bt Titanium-in-biotite vi List of Equations Equation 2.1: 208Pb/232Th age calculation, simplified for negligible common lead. λ232 = 232Th decay constant; t = time since crystallization (age) (Schoene, 2013). .......................................... 26 Equation 2.2: Calculates titanium-in-biotite temperatures (Henry et al., 2005). .......................... 34 Equation 2.3: Calculates XMg from Fe and Mg apfu (Henry et al., 2005). ................................... 34 Equation 2.4: Calculates deformation temperature from CPO opening angle measurement (Faleiros et al., 2016). ................................................................................................................... 36 Equation 3.1: PrNetr 1 – muscovite-dehydration melting reaction (Gervais, 2019; Spear et al., 1999). ............................................................................................................................................ 66 Equation 3.2: PrNetr 2 – biotite dehydration melting reaction (Gervais, 2019; Spear et al., 1999; Vielzeuf & Schmidt, 2001). .......................................................................................................... 66 Equation 3.3: ReNtr 2 – retrograde net-transfer reaction, the inverse to PrNetr 2 (Gervais, 2019; Spear et al., 1999; Vielzeuf & Schmidt, 2001). ............................................................................ 66 vii Acknowledgements I am very grateful for the advice and support I have received from many people over the last two years of my MSc degree. First, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Kyle Larson for giving me the opportunity to take on this very interesting project, complete with helicopter-supported field work and many different laboratory techniques. I would also like to thank Kyle for his expertise, guidance, and feedback for the duration of this project. Likewise, I am thankful for the support of my committee members: Dr. John Greenough from UBCO and Dr. Dawn Kellett from the Geological Survey of Canada. I would also like to thank Dr. John Cottle for sharing geochronology data for leucogranite specimens he collected at Probity Peak in the summer of 2019. Next, I would like to thank the members of the UBCO Tectonics Group who have given me advice throughout the project, helped me with interpreting data as well as how to improve passages of writing and figures (Dr. Riccardo Graziani, Dr. Nicolas Piette-Lauzière, Dr. Iva Lihter, Isabelle Therriault, Lutfi Ersay, Kyle Tollefson and Alix Osinchuk). I am also very grateful for the laboratory support and guidance from both Dr. Sudip Shrestha and Dr. Mark Button from the Fipke Laboratory for Trace Element Research (FiLTER) at UBCO. Stuart Mackinnon was also very helpful with acquiring field equipment and acted as our check-in person while we were in the field. Finally, I would like to thank my family, friends, and my boyfriend Riley. I would not have been able to make it through these past two crazy pandemic years without your unconditional support. viii Dedication I would like to dedicate this thesis to Chubs, the best camp dog to my first field crew, the Wabigoonies, in the summer of 2018. A great pal, gone way too soon. 1 Chapter 1: Geological Background and Introduction 1.1 Present Configuration and Evolution of the Canadian Cordillera The Canadian Cordillera is often considered an archetypal accretionary orogen that formed through continuous sea-floor spreading, subduction and terrane accretion that resulted in deformation, metamorphism and crustal growth at the western margin of the North American plate (Cawood et al., 2009; Gibson, 2020; Nelson et al., 2013). It has a complex and protracted tectonic history, dating back to the amalgamation of the cratonic core of North America (Laurentia) during the Proterozoic eon (ca. 1.8 Ga) (Nelson et al., 2013). The post-amalgamation history of the Canadian Cordilleran margin is characterized by episodic rifting, spreading of the seafloor and the development of a long-lived passive margin that continued through the Paleozoic. The Canadian Cordillera transitioned to a convergent margin in the Mesozoic, marked by subduction, accretion and orogenesis, as well as crustal-scale transform faulting, leading to the present-day form of the orogen (Nelson et al., 2013). The Canadian Cordillera occupies ~ 3 million km2 of geographical area, extending from south of the Canada-United States border (49th parallel) up through the Yukon and Alaska, and laterally from the west coast of Canada to the edge of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta (Gibson, 2020). It is commonly divided into five main morphogeological belts, separated based on lithology, structure and physical geography (Monger et al., 2002; Monger & Price, 1979). From east to west, these orogen-parallel subdivisions include: the Foreland belt, the Omineca belt, the Intermontane belt, the Coast belt, and the Insular belt (Monger et al., 2002; Monger & Price, 1979) (Figure 1.1- inset). 2 Figure 1.1: Summary of the tectonostratigraphic terranes of British Columbia, Alaska, and the Yukon. A cross section was created along the dashed pink line in the south of this figure and is shown in Figure 1.2 (Gibson et al., 2008). The location of the Probity Peak field area that is investigated in this study is shown with a white star. The inset shows the large-scale divisions of the morphogeological belts of the Canadian Cordillera (Nelson et al., 2013). Reproduced with permission from the Society of Economic Geologists. 3 The five morphogeological belts are separated by Middle Jurassic to Tertiary geological structures that formed during crustal shortening between the Late Triassic and the end of the Paleocene, and / or a period of extension from the Late Paleocene to Eocene (Monger et al., 2002; Nelson et al., 2013). These boundaries were variably offset by differential uplift between the Neogene and Quaternary periods (≤ 20 Ma) but have more or less remained in the same form to present time (Monger et al., 2002). Although the topographically distinct Cordillera did not form until the Early to Middle Jurassic, the allochthonous suspect terranes (of uncertain paleogeographic origin) and superterranes (amalgamation of multiple terranes) that comprise over 70% of the Canadian Cordillera have provenances dating back over 750 myr, related to the rifting and spreading of the Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia (Coney et al., 1980; Monger et al., 2002). In the present-day, these terranes are bounded by faults that define sharp structural discontinuities between lithologically and stratigraphically homogeneous regions that were formed in distinct tectonic environments from adjacent terranes (Schultz & Fossen, 2008). The eastern portion of the Canadian Cordillera is composed of autochthonous and parautochthonous terranes with affinity to the ancient North American craton (NAc in Figure 1.1) as well as the cover sequences that were deposited between the Proterozoic and Triassic (NAp and NAb in Figure 1.1) (Nelson et al., 2013). Farther west, the majority of the Cordillera in British Columbia, the Yukon and Alaska is composed of allochthonous terranes that formed at various times between the Neoproterozoic and the Cenozoic and were accreted to the western margin of North America between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (Nelson et al., 2013). These allochthonous terranes originally formed as either: 1) magmatic arcs (e.g. Kootenay, Yukon-Tanana, Stikine / Stikinia, Quesnel / Quesnellia, Wrangell / Wrangellia and Peninsular in Figure 4 1.1); 2) accretionary complexes (e.g. Cache Creek, Bridge River, Chugach, Crescent, Prince William, Pacific Rim and Yakutat in Figure 1.1); 3) ocean basin floors (e.g. Slide Mountain in Figure 1.1); or 4) are of pericratonic origin (formed proximal to the Laurentian margin e.g. Arctic Alaska, Farewell, Kilbuck and Alexander in Figure 1.1) (Nelson et al., 2013). Much of the orogen has been unconformably overlain by syn- and post-accretionary siliciclastic deposits (Jurassic and younger), intruded by post-accretionary plutons, and offset by NW-SE oriented braided strike-slip fault systems (Nelson et al., 2013). This study will focus on the Probity Peak field area located near Revelstoke, British Columbia, within the southern Omineca morphogeological belt. The Omineca belt comprises rocks of the North American deep water (NAb in Figure 1.1, includes the Kootenay terrane), the Slide Mountain (SM in Figure 1.1) and the North American platform (NAp in Figure 1.1) terranes. An overview of the geology of the southern Omineca belt is outlined in Section 1.2 below. 1.2 Geology of The Southern Omineca Morphogeological Belt The Omineca belt is located between the Foreland belt to the east and the Intermontane belt to the west. It comprises metamorphic core complexes (e.g. The Monashee and Valhalla Complexes), associated cover gneisses, as well as pervasively tectonized metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks that formed proximal to Ancestral North America (Figure 1.1) (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Colpron & Nelson, 2011; Monger et al., 2002; Nelson et al., 2013). The Omineca belt has been described as one of two tectonic welts (the other being the Coast belt) that formed through tectonic overlap, significant heat flow, and > 55 km of crustal thickening, related to the collision of the autochthonous ancient North American craton and the allochthonous Quesnel / Quesnellia, Cache Creek and Stikine / Stikinia terranes from the Middle Jurassic to the Eocene 5 (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Monger et al., 1982). Evidence for exhumation of these terranes through significant extension and erosion during Eocene time is preserved within structural lows, or the necks of crustal-scale boudins, in the southern Omineca belt (Brown & Gibson, 2006). Both crustal contraction and extension contributed to the formation of a continuous plateau system across the southern Omineca belt (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Gibson et al., 2008). The present configuration of the southern Omineca belt is shown in Figure 1.2 below. Figure 1.2: General cross section of the present-day geological structures in the southern Omineca belt (Gibson et al., 2008). The Stikine / Stikinia terrane is no longer present at this latitude due to displacement along dextral fault systems. FF = Fraser River fault; OV-ERF = Okanagan Valley-Eagle River fault system (also known as the Okanagan Fault system (OFS)); MD = Monashee décollement; MC = Monashee Complex; CRF = Columbia River Fault; SFA = Selkirk fan axis; PT = Purcell thrust; The location of this cross-section is denoted in the south of Figure 1.1 by a dashed pink line. Reproduced with permission from the Copyright Clearance Center on behalf of John Wiley and Sons. 6 The present-day geology of the southern Omineca belt reflects the combined effects of NE-over-SW imbricate thrust faulting, ductile flow and crustal thickening between the Jurassic and the Cretaceous, paired with Late Cretaceous mid-crustal extrusion and Paleocene to Neogene normal faulting / exhumation (Brown & Gibson, 2006). The three major structural levels exposed in the southern Omineca belt are shown in Figure 1.3. From structurally lowest to highest these are: 1) upper-amphibolite-facies mid- to lower crustal rocks (core of metamorphic complex domes) that were buried during the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene, resulting in metamorphism, deformation and local migmatization (e.g. Monashee Complex) (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Monger, 2008); 2) amphibolite-facies, anatectite-bearing, highly deformed, locally migmatized mid-crustal rocks that were variably metamorphosed and deformed during the Middle Jurassic to the Paleogene (e.g. Lower Selkirk Allochthon); and 3) rocks that were heterogeneously deformed and metamorphosed during the Middle Jurassic and were exhumed by the Late Jurassic (e.g. Upper Selkirk Allochthon) (Brown & Gibson, 2006).The now-exhumed metamorphic complexes, such as the Monashee and Valhalla complexes, proximal to which this architecture is preserved, are particularly important for understanding the deep crustal processes associated with orogenesis of the Canadian Cordillera (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Monger, 2008). 1.2.1 Development of the Frenchman Cap and Thor-Odin Domes The Monashee Complex exposes the deepest structural levels of southern Omineca belt within the Frenchman Cap and Thor-Odin domes (Figure 1.3) (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Kruse & Williams, 2007; Parrish, 1995). U-Pb dates for igneous zircon, metamorphic monazite and metamorphic titanite indicate that the cores of the Frenchman Cap and Thor-Odin domes originally formed as part of the early Proterozoic North American craton (Crowley, 1999). 7 Figure 1.3: a) Inset of the morphogeological belts of the Canadian Cordillera displaying the location of b) Geological map of the southern Omineca belt displaying key lithological units and large-scale structures. FCD – Frenchman Cap dome, OFS – Okanagan fault system, TOD – Thor-Odin dome, SRMT – Southern Rocky Mountain Trench fault (Brown & Gibson, 2006). Reproduced with permission from the Copyright Clearance Center on behalf of The Geological Society Publishing House. 8 The Frenchman Cap and Thor-Odin domes are composed of orthogneiss and quartzofeldspathic paragneiss unconformably overlain by a Precambrian to Paleozoic cover sequence that has since been pervasively deformed (Figure 1.3 and Figure 1.4) (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Parrish, 1995). The Selkirk Allochthon comprises the rocks of the Late Proterozoic Windermere Supergroup and stratigraphically higher Phanerozoic units (Figure 1.3 & Figure 1.4) (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Parrish, 1995).The Monashee Complex cover sequence rocks, along with the Monashee Complex gneissic rocks, were deeply buried beneath rocks of the Selkirk Allochthon during Late Cretaceous to Eocene crustal thickening that resulted in deformation, metamorphism and local migmatization (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Parrish, 1995). The intensity of Paleocene to Eocene metamorphism and deformation are recorded to decrease structurally downwards within the Frenchman Cap dome (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Crowley et al., 2001; Gibson et al., 1999). Petrochronological and structural data indicate that high temperature migmatites were thrust up to the NE along the Monashee décollement (MD), atop the Frenchman Cap dome, from the Paleocene to Eocene (Brown & Gibson, 2006). Eocene partial melting (ca. 55 Ma) has also been documented in basement gneisses within the Thor-Odin dome (Vanderhaeghe et al., 1999), but is thought to be related to decompression during crustal extension (Brown & Gibson, 2006). 1.2.2 Kinematic Compatibility of Eocene Normal and Strike-Slip Structures The Eocene was an epoch of crustal extension combined with dextral strike-slip (transtension) within the southern Canadian Cordillera (Brown & Gibson, 2006). During this time, the crust in the southern Omineca belt that was ~ 55 km thick during the Late Cretaceous epoch was reduced to ~ 33 km thick through erosion and crustal-scale normal faulting (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Parrish, 1995). It has been argued that the ~ 450 km of dextral strike-slip 9 displacement from the Tintina fault and Rocky Mountain thrust in northern BC and Alaska between mid-Cretaceous and Eocene time may have been translated into WNW-ESE crustal extension across southern British Columbia and en echelon dextral faulting within the Fraser fault (FF in Figure 1.1) (Price & Carmichael, 1986). This Eocene transtension and subsequent weathering helped to exhume the Selkirk Allochthon and Monashee Complex (Parrish, 1995). Outward dipping, crustal-scale normal faults (or shear zones) divide the southern Omineca belt along the boundaries of metamorphic core complexes (e.g. Columbia River Fault and Okanagan Fault System in Figure 1.5c) and have exhumed high-metamorphic grade footwall rocks (e.g. Monashee Complex) against low-metamorphic grade hanging wall rocks (e.g. Upper Selkirk Allochthon) (Kruse & Williams, 2007; Parrish, 1995). Some studies have suggested that the MD accommodated normal-sense movement during this exhumation stage of orogenesis (Kruse & Williams, 2007), whereas others interpret it as a thrust-sense shear zone, related to contraction across the southern Canadian Cordillera (Brown et al., 1992; Lane et al., 1989; McNicoll & Brown, 1995; Parrish, 1995; Simony & Carr, 2011). 1.3 Previous Research on the Monashee décollement The Monashee décollement (MD) is a crustal-scale shear zone that is exposed at the western boundaries of the Frenchman Cap and Thor-Odin domes. The MD marks the lithological contact between the autochthonous Precambrian basement core rocks of the Monashee Complex (MC, footwall – divided into the Frenchman Cap and Thor-Odin domes) and the allochthonous rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon (LSA, hanging wall), as shown in Figure 1.4 (Brown & Gibson, 2006). Both rock packages were metamorphosed at mid-crustal depths but are now exposed at ~ 2200 m elevation at Probity Peak. 10 Figure 1.4: Stratigraphy of the Monashee Complex and overlying Selkirk Allochthon with proposed ages of deposition / formation (Parrish, 1995). Reproduced with permission from the Copyright Clearance Center on behalf of Canadian Science Publishing. The timing and sense of movement along the MD are largely disputed. Studies have proposed that the MD is: 1) the reverse-sense lower boundary of a mid-crustal channel, with a normal-sense upper boundary of the Okanagan Fault System, that exhumed / squeezed the ductile rocks of the LSA up-to-the-east (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Gervais & Brown, 2011; Gervais & Ranalli, 2017; Kuiper et al., 2006); 2) a complex normal-sense (top-down-to-the-west) extensional shear zone (Kruse & Williams, 2007); or 3) a major reverse-sense (top-up-to-the-east) contractional shear zone (Lane et al., 1989; McNicoll & Brown, 1995; Parrish, 1995) that is potentially the master detachment for the Rocky Mountains (Brown et al., 1992; Simony & Carr, 2011). All three proposed models are shown in Figure 1.6 below. 11 1.3.1 Structural Geology and Deformation Models of the Monashee décollement Mid-Crustal Ductile Channel Flow Several studies have proposed that the rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon, in the hanging wall of the MD, comprise a 10 to 20 km thick mid-crustal ductile “channel” that was extruded through lateral flow up-to-the-northeast between the normal-sense Okanagan Fault System (upper boundary) and the reverse-sense MD (lower boundary) (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Kuiper et al., 2006). This lateral movement is proposed to have occurred in two distinct periods: 1) Jurassic to the start of the Late Cretaceous – crustal thickening and underplating of the North American tectonic plate by foreland sediments to create an extensive plateau (F1/F2, Figure 1.5 a & b), and 2) start of the Late Cretaceous to Eocene – rapid exhumation and thrust-sense ductile flow along the MD followed by extension and crustal thinning during decompression (Brown & Gibson, 2006). The main evidence for channel flow from the early Jurassic to the Eocene is: the development of high-temperature northeast-verging F1/F2 folds, vergence reversal of F3 folds from south-westerly at the surface to north-easterly at depth, as well as kinematic indicators that outline synchronous normal-sense shear along the Okanagan Fault System and reverse-sense shear along the MD, in combination with metamorphic and geochronological data (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Kuiper et al., 2006). Both the OFS and the MD are also crosscut by the normal-sense Columbia River Fault (CRF) that formed during Eocene extension that post-dated the proposed channel flow (Figure 1.5 b & c) (Brown & Gibson, 2006). 12 Figure 1.5: Schematic cross-sections displaying a proposed development of a mid-crustal ductile channel within the southern Omineca belt. a) Late Jurassic development of a pro-wedge of accreted terranes above the North American basement rocks; b) Late Cretaceous to Paleocene growth of a potential mid-crustal ductile channel; c) Current proposed configuration across the Frenchman-Cap dome (FCD) within the Monashee Complex. MD – Monashee décollement, MC – Monashee Complex, CRF – Columbia River fault, OFS – Okanagan fault system, PT – Purcell thrust fault, SDF – Selkirk detachment fault, SFA – Selkirk fan axis (Brown & Gibson, 2006). Legend for the lithological units found in Figure 1.2. Reproduced with permission from the Copyright Clearance Center on behalf of The Geological Society Publishing House. The channel flow model, described above, is consistent with the criteria proposed by (Gervais & Brown, 2011) (Figure 1.6) to recognize such structures, including: simultaneous normal-sense shear on the roof the channel (OFS) and reverse sense shear on the base of the channel (MD), sharp metamorphic field gradients in the footwall of the channel (Monashee Complex cover sequence), younger cooling ages towards the front of the channel, and uniform cooling at any given longitude, as well as synchronous channel exhumation with footwall rock burial. One-dimensional numerical modelling of apparent pressure gradients from the region is also consistent with the occurrence of syn-convergent channel flow in the southern Canadian 13 Cordillera driven by lateral density contrasts, a topographic gradient and melt-induced buoyancy (Gervais & Ranalli, 2017). Figure 1.6: Test for dominant mode of exhumation within collisional orogens applied to the Monashee décollement (Gervais & Brown, 2011). Reproduced with permission from GeoScienceWorld. Normal-Sense Shear – Extension In contrast to the channel flow model described above, an investigation of three-dimensional Lithoprobe seismic reflection data south of the Thor-Odin dome has interpreted the MD to be a complex normal-sense crustal-scale shear zone. This interpretation is based on potential links between the MD, the Monashee reflection, and the Thor-Odin high-strain zone; “fault-drag-like deflections”; higher peak pressures in the Monashee Complex than in overlying rocks (e.g. Selkirk Allochthon); and a deformation age gap between the Late Cretaceous deformation in the hanging wall rocks at Joss Mountain and the Eocene deformation in the footwall rocks at Blanket Mountain (Kruse & Williams, 2007). This study attributes 6 to 15 km of normal displacement along the MD to E-W extension, and / or vertical displacement of the Monashee Complex (Kruse & Williams, 2007). 14 Reverse-Sense Shear - Contraction Several other studies propose that the MD is a “major contractional fault with large Late Cretaceous to Paleocene east-directed displacement” (Figure 1.7) (McNicoll & Brown, 1995; Parrish, 1995). They state that the footwall rocks of the Monashee Complex and the hanging wall rocks of the Selkirk Allochthon have contrasting metamorphic and tectonic histories as a result of contractional thrust faulting along the MD, that commenced in the Paleogene, and juxtaposed the two rock packages (Parrish, 1995). Seismic reflection and geochronologic data are interpreted to indicate that the MD is a westward and deeper continuation of the basal detachment beneath the rocks of the southern Foreland belt (Brown et al., 1992; McNicoll & Brown, 1995; Parrish, 1995; Simony & Carr, 2011). This interpretation could account for Eocene decompression through “distributed ductile thinning of mid-crustal metamorphic rocks above the basal décollement” (Long & Kohn, 2020). Figure 1.7: Proposed cross-section across the Monashee Complex (Proterozoic crystalline basement in figure) displaying ages and locations of peak metamorphism (Parrish, 1995). The shaded grey region corresponds to the Selkirk Allochthon. Reproduced with permission from the Copyright Clearance Center on behalf of Canadian Science Publishing. 1.3.2 Geochronology, Metamorphism and Anatexis Associated with the Monashee décollement A compilation of key geochronology and geothermometry data for the southern Omineca belt surrounding the Frenchman Cap dome of the Monashee Complex is shown in Figure 1.8 15 below (Brown & Gibson, 2006). Studies have also examined the southern portion of the Thor-Odin dome, however that data falls outside the map area of Figure 1.8 and was not explored further as part of this study (van Rooyen & Carr, 2016b, 2016a). Figure 1.8: Summary of geochronology and geothermometry data surrounding the Frenchman Cap dome (Brown & Gibson, 2006). Data in figure from (Brown et al., 1992; Colpron et al., 1996; Crowley et al., 2000; Gibson, 2003; Gibson et al., 2004, 2005; Johnson, 1994; Johnston et al., 2000; Kuiper, 2003; Lorencak et al., 2001; Okulitch, 1979; Parrish, 1995; Parrish et al., 1988; Scammell, 1993; Schiarizza & Preto, 1987; Sevigny et al., 1989, 1990; Shaw, 1980; Stevens et al., 1982; Vanderhaeghe et al., 2003). Reproduced with permission from the Copyright Clearance Center on behalf of The Geological Society Publishing House. 16 P-T-t data obtained from phase equilibria modelling, monazite U-Pb geochronology and garnet Lu-Hf geochronology of metapelitic rocks from ~ 600 m and ~ 3000 m beneath the MD in the footwall indicate that prograde metamorphism was ongoing by ca. 80 Ma in the Frenchman Cap dome (Foster et al., 2004; Larson et al., 2021). Low Y monazite from these metapelitic rocks were dated ca. 75 – 70 Ma and are interpreted to be associated with peak temperatures of ~ 755 and 770 °C and peak pressures of 8.8 – 10.4 kbar (Larson et al., 2021). According to these studies, prograde metamorphism was followed by decompression along a retrograde P-T-t path, which likely coincided with high Y concentrations in monazite between ca. 70 and 55 Ma (Larson et al., 2021). Geochronological analyses of pegmatitic leucogranite that crosscuts the tectonic foliation in the footwall of the MD indicate that reverse-sense movement along the MD concluded ca. 58 Ma, and normal-sense movement along the Columbia River Fault and Okanagan Fault System commenced between ca. 60 and 54 Ma (Armstrong et al., 1991; Foster et al., 2004; Parrish, 1995). Exhumation associated with normal faulting led the Monashee Complex to cool through 300 – 500 °C between ca. 55 and 45 Ma during exhumation (Armstrong et al., 1991; Foster et al., 2004; Parrish, 1995). The combination of differential prograde and retrograde metamorphism resulted in an apparent inverted metamorphic field gradient in the footwall of the MD (Foster et al., 2004). The footwall rocks of the MC cover sequence variably contain muscovite, sillimanite and kyanite, whereas the hanging wall rocks of the LSA contain sillimanite, but no muscovite or kyanite (Gervais, 2019). 17 1.4 Problem and Objectives 1.4.1 Problem Statement The timing and sense of movement that was accommodated along the MD are both disputed in the literature. As summarized previously, the MD has been variably interpreted as: 1) the base of a mid-crustal ductile “channel” (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Gervais & Brown, 2011; Gervais & Ranalli, 2017; Kuiper et al., 2006); 2) a complex normal-sense (top-down-to-the-west) extensional shear zone (Kruse & Williams, 2007); or 3) a major reverse-sense (top-up-to-the-east) contractional shear zone (Lane et al., 1989; McNicoll & Brown, 1995; Parrish, 1995) that possibly forms the basal detachment of the Rocky Mountain thrust and fold belt (Brown et al., 1992; Simony & Carr, 2011). This project aims to test those different interpretations through characterizing the detailed temperature-time-deformation histories of the rocks within and immediately adjacent to the MD at an alpine exposure of the structure near Probity Peak, ~ 50 km northwest of Revelstoke, British Columbia. The location of the Probity Peak field area is shown on a simplified map of a portion of the southern Omineca belt in Figure 1.9 below. Figure 1.9: Simplified map of a portion of the southern Omineca belt showing the location of the Probity Peak field area. Data in figure modified after (Brown & Gibson, 2006). 18 1.4.2 Objectives The main objectives of this project are to: 1. Create a 1:10,000 scale geological map and cross section to visualize the geometric relationships between rock structures and lithologies (geometric analysis). 2. Determine the shear sense in rocks at the outcrop- and microstructural-scales to resolve the movement history in proximity to the MD at different observational scales (kinematic analysis). 3. Investigate the temperature-time-deformation histories of the studied rocks (metamorphic, petrochronologic & tectonic analyses). These objectives were achieved by employing the following methods: • Geometric analysis: 1:10,000 scale detailed field mapping of rock types and structures within the 2 x 2.5 km Probity Peak field area; strategic sampling of oriented rock specimens; and stereographic analysis of structural measurements. • Kinematic analysis: recording detailed field observations and acquiring field photos that demonstrate outcrop-scale shear-sense indicators; petrographic and microstructural analyses of oriented thin sections made from the collected rock specimens; quartz c-axis crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) for quartz-rich thin sections. • Metamorphic analysis: titanium-in-biotite geothermometry (Henry et al., 2005); quartz c-axis CPO opening angle geothermometry and quartz microstructures (Faleiros et al., 2016; Hunter et al., 2018; Passchier & Trouw, 2005). • Petrochronologic analysis: monazite and titanite petrochronology (links geochronology to the active geological processes using U-Th-Pb ratios and trace element concentrations) (Kylander-Clark, 2017). 19 • Tectonic analysis: combining the geometric, kinematic, metamorphic and petrochronologic data to determine how the MD deformed and metamorphosed over time and the implications of this on the tectonic history of the southern Omineca belt. 1.4.3 Implications The results of this study will have one of the following implications on the tectonic evolution of the Canadian Cordilleran orogen: 1. If this investigation determines that the MD is a normal-sense shear zone, this implies that it formed during extension and exhumation across the southern Canadian Cordillera. 2. If this investigation determines that the MD is a reverse-sense shear zone, this implies that it formed during contraction related to subduction beneath the southern Canadian Cordillera. 1.5 Thesis Organization. This thesis is divided into 8 main chapters. It starts with an overview of the current literature regarding the development of the Canadian Cordillera, the southern Omineca belt and the Monashee décollement (Chapter 1). It then progresses to discuss the applied research methods (Chapter 2), and the results and interpretations of field investigations (Chapter 3), microtectonic studies (Chapter 4), petrochronology (Chapter 5), and geothermometry (Chapter 6). The final portion of the thesis comprises a discussion (Chapter 7) as well as final conclusions (Chapter 8). All figures throughout the main body of this thesis are linked and referenced to within the text. Supporting data tables and additional figures are included in the Appendices at the end of this document. Original data files will be available in 2022 through an online data repository. 20 Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1 Fieldwork Helicopter-supported detailed fieldwork was conducted from August 17th to 21st, 2020 in the newly explored ~ 2 x 2 km Probity Peak field area, located ~ 50 km NW of Revelstoke, British Columbia. This was in addition to a preliminary field investigation conducted by Professors Kyle Larson and John Cottle in the summer of 2019. In 2020, a temporary field camp was set up next to a glacial lake on the NW flank of Probity Peak, which allowed the field team to conduct daily traverses across the Monashee décollement (MD). This study consisted of 1:10,000 scale detailed mapping of lithologies and structures, recording detailed observations, acquiring ~ 250 field photos and ~ 60 structural measurements as well as collecting 11 oriented and 2 unoriented rock specimens. These specimens were targeted for further petrographic, microstructural, quartz and geothermometry laboratory analyses and augment 25 rock specimens that were collected in 2019. Field observations were combined into a 1:10,000 scale lithological and structural map and cross section of the Probity Peak field area in Figure 3.1. The field results and interpretations are presented in Chapter 3. Descriptions of each field station are included in Appendix A. 2.2 Microtectonics 2.2.1 Thin Section Petrography and Microstructural Analysis Theoretical Basis Key components of elucidating the deformation history of tectonites from a particular shear zone are quantifying the geometry of major structural fabrics, the kinematics of flow, the active deformation mechanisms, and the temperature of deformation. At the microstructural scale, during monoclinic flow, mineral elongation lineations can develop subparallel to the 21 direction of movement along a shear zone. It is assumed that the mineral elongation lineation is parallel to the Vorticity Profile Plane, which contains the X and Z axes of the finite strain ellipse (Xypolias, 2010). This plane is examined to determine sense of movement in the direction of extension / inferred tectonic transport. Shear sense indicators located within the Vorticity Profile Plane, such as asymmetric mylonitic structures (e.g. shear band cleavage, mantled porphyroclasts and mica fish), reveal the kinematics of the flow (Passchier & Trouw, 2005; Xypolias, 2010). In addition to shear sense, mineral textures and structures may also be indicative of mineral recrystallization mechanisms, approximate temperatures, pressures and strain rate during deformation of a given specimen (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). In particular, analyzing quartz microstructures and textures can give insight into the dominant deformation mechanisms active during recrystallization of quartz grains under geological conditions (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). For example, mica pinning structures, amoeboid grain boundaries and anhedral grain shapes are interpreted to indicate dynamic recrystallization through grain boundary migration, which typically occurs between 500ºC and 700ºC (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). Another example is chessboard extinction, which may indicate combined basal and prism <c> slip in quartz (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). Other textures can be correlated with different deformation mechanisms, such as sub-grain rotation and bulging recrystallization that dominate under different deformation conditions. Applied Methods and Instrumentation The 38 rock specimens collected across the MD during field work were cut perpendicular to the tectonic foliation and parallel to the stretching lineation. A polished ~2.6 cm by ~4.6 cm, 30 µm-thick, thin section was cut from each specimen by Precision Petrographics Ltd. in Langley, British Columbia. Of those, 28 were oriented and 10 were unoriented. All 38 thin 22 section specimens were examined in detail for mineralogy, microstructures, and textures under both polarized and cross polarized light with a Leica 4500P LED polarizing microscope with automated substage system and registered nosepiece. Descriptions of mineral textures and microstructural observations were recorded for each thin section and interpreted for both the hanging wall and footwall specimens. These results and interpretations are presented in Chapter 4. Complete descriptions for each thin section are included in Appendix B. 2.2.2 Quartz c-axis Crystallographic Preferred Orientations (CPO) Theoretical Basis The systematic distribution of crystal lattice orientations in mineral grains is referred to as the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), or lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). LPO implies that the complete orientation of all crystal axes is known, whereas CPO is generally used when the orientation of only one axis is known (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). LPO patterns reflecting dynamic recrystallization may vary between different mineral types, and between different crystal structures of the same mineral, and are controlled by: 1) the types of active slip systems, and the proportion of movement along each slip system; 2) the stretching rates along each of the instantaneous stretching axes (ISA) of the flow; 3) the finite strain; 4) the kinematic vorticity number; 5) the recrystallization mechanism; and 6) the growth rate and orientation of new minerals formed from solution (Passchier & Trouw, 2005; Schmid, 1994). This study investigates the development of quartz c-axis CPO fabrics in conjunction with quartz microstructures and textures to elucidate the kinematics of flow, the slip mechanisms, as well as the approximate temperature during progressive deformation of a shear zone (Hunter et 23 al., 2018). Using the “opening angles” of quartz CPO fabrics to estimate deformation temperatures of quartz is described in Section 2.4.2 below. CPO data are typically presented as points (linear features) on a stereonet and are contoured to reveal if organized distributions, such as point maxima, single great circle girdles, cleft girdles or complex Type I and Type II crossed girdles (Lister, 1977; Passchier & Trouw, 2005; Schmid & Casey, 1986), are formed through the progressive (re)crystallization of quartz. These lower hemisphere projection stereonets are oriented so that the Y-axis (the intermediate axis of the finite strain ellipse) is vertical, the X-axis is parallel to E-W and the Z-axis is parallel to N-S (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). CPO patterns are examined for both internal (shape of the pattern) and external (with respect to either the foliation or lineation) asymmetry to inform different aspects of flow kinematics (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). Applied Methods Eighteen quartz-rich specimens were examined for quartz c-axis CPO fabrics, with a particular focus placed on recrystallized quartz grains. Each thin section was scanned at a 10 μm resolution using a G60+Automated Fabric Analyser (Russell-Head Instruments) to gather orientation data (Larson et al., 2014; Therriault, 2019). Quartz CPO fabrics were built up from the scanned sections using the Investigator software package (v. 5.12) by acquiring one orientation analysis point manually per quartz grain. Care was taken to avoid bias towards vertical c-axes, as the analyser has difficulty parsing near vertical data accurately, which can result in a false point maximum at the centre of the pole plots if the user is not aware. A total of 1000 individual quartz c-axes were targeted for each specimen. The produced data are presented as both scatter and filled contour plots (lower hemisphere, equal area Schmidt projections) that 24 were created using the FabricPlotR script (v.11) (Larson, 2021) as presented in Chapter 4. Complete CPO descriptions for each specimen are included in Appendix C. 2.3 Monazite and Titanite Petrochronology Petrochronology is the practice of combining mineral ages obtained from isotopic ratios with the trace element geochemistry of the same analyzed mass to inform interpretations about the geological processes that led to their formation during orogenic, plutonic, metamorphic and / or hydrothermal-fluid associated events (Kylander-Clark, 2017; Larson et al., 2021; Waters, 2019). Interpreting trace element data as a function of partitioning between different mineral phases can help quantify the timing of major metamorphic reactions, such as the growth or destabilization of garnet (Foster et al., 2004; Foster et al., 2000, 2002). 2.3.1 Overview of U-Th-Pb Petrochronology Uranium-Thorium-Lead (U-Th-Pb) geochronology operates on the principle that 238U, 235U and 232Th (parent isotopes) radioactively decay to the stable daughter isotopes of 206Pb, 207Pb and 208Pb, respectively, through a series of alpha and beta decays (Schoene, 2013). The age of a particular spot on a mineral grain is determined through comparing the isotopic ratios of U, Th and Pb during mineral crystallization (assuming it approximates a closed system) and the decay constants of the parent isotopes. Common lead is the non-radiogenic Pb component that may also be incorporated into U or Th-enriched minerals, or may be introduced to the system during laboratory analyses (Kirkland et al., 2018; Schoene, 2013). To account for common lead, it is important to either normalize isotope ratios with respect to 204Pb (Schoene, 2013), or conduct a 207Pb correction (Stacey & Kramers, 1975). 25 2.3.1.1 Monazite Petrochronology Monazite is an accessory phosphate mineral [(Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO4] that typically forms during magma crystallization and recrystallization of granitic rocks (Clavier et al., 2011; Kylander-Clark, 2017), or during prograde and / or retrograde metamorphism of pelitic rocks (Foster et al., 2002; Larson et al., 2021; Warren et al., 2019). It has a monoclinic crystal lattice and commonly incorporates significant amounts of U, Th, and rare earth elements / trace elements (REEs / TEs) into its crystal structure (Clavier et al., 2011; Kylander-Clark, 2017). As monazite (re)crystallizes, changes in metamorphic reactions over time can be reflected by changes in the trace element distribution (elemental zonation) within individual grains (Larson et al., 2021). Specifically, it has been demonstrated that the heavy rare earth element and yttrium (HREE+Y) budget of monazite can be largely linked to the stability of garnet in metapelitic rocks (Fumes et al., 2019; Garber et al., 2017; Godet et al., 2020; Larson et al., 2021; Stearns et al., 2013; Williams et al., 2017). This is because HREE+Y preferentially partition into garnet when it grows / is stable (Larson et al., 2021; Pyle, 2001; Spear & Pyle, 2002). During garnet growth / stability, less HREE+Y are available in the system, causing any monazite grains that grow at that time to be depleted in HREE+Y (Larson et al., 2021). Conversely, during garnet breakdown, more HREE+Y are available in the system, allowing any monazite grains that grow at that time to be enriched in HREE+Y (Larson et al., 2021). Factors that could interfere with this simplified relationship are: anatexis (Johnson et al., 2021; Kohn et al., 2005; Larson et al., 2021; Yakymchuk & Brown, 2014), the presence of other minerals that could take up HREE+Y (Larson et al., 2019; Larson et al., 2021), and the fact that Y partitioning between monazite and garnet is temperature dependent (Hacker et al., 2019; Larson et al., 2021). 26 Through analyzing the U-Th-Pb isotopic ratios and trace element concentrations within select monazite grains (and zones within grains), the timing and conditions of recrystallization that formed these grains can be determined (Kylander-Clark, 2017). Because of monazite’s enrichment in U and Th (Clavier et al., 2011) (1000s of ppm (Kylander-Clark, 2017)), small laser spot diameters (10 – 15 μm) can be used, allowing for targeting of spatially distinct elemental zones that often have distinct ages (Kylander-Clark, 2017). Because the monazite grains investigated in this study are < 200 Ma, Th-Pb geochronology is employed in favour of U-Pb. This avoids complications with excess 206Pb from unsupported 230Th that could otherwise result in erroneously old U-Pb ages (Schärer et al., 1984). The 208Pb/232Th age of monazite is calculated using Equation 2.1 below. Equation 2.1: 208Pb/232Th age calculation, simplified for negligible common lead. λ232 = 232Th decay constant; t = time since crystallization (age) (Schoene, 2013). 208$%232'ℎ = +!!"!" − 1 2.3.1.2 Titanite Petrochronology Titanite (or sphene) is a typical accessory mineral (CaTiSiO5) in quartzofeldspathic lithologies (Kylander-Clark, 2017), calc-silicates, calc-alkaline igneous and meta-igneous rocks (Kohn, 2017). It has a unique crystal lattice, complete with tetrahedral, octahedral and 7-fold dodecahedral structural sites that allow for the inclusion of critical elements such as U, Pb and REEs (Kohn, 2017). Titanite is an effective mineral for dating combined metamorphic and tectonic events because it commonly (re)crystallizes during metamorphism (Kirkland et al., 2018). Through analyzing the U-Pb isotopic ratios and trace element concentrations from specific spots on select titanite grains, insight can be gained into the timing, fluid composition, pressure, temperature and deformation that occurred during (re)crystallization of these grains (Kylander-Clark, 2017). 27 Titanite is less enriched in U and Th than monazite and has a high affinity for common Pb and REEs (Kylander-Clark, 2017). The incorporation of common Pb can be either accounted for by applying a 207Pb correction to the individual 206Pb/238U dates (Stacey & Kramers, 1975; Therriault, 2019), or by regressing uncorrected data in a Tera-Wasserburg diagram (Schoene, 2013). Doing so allows for the calculation of an intercept age where the regression line through the data intercepts the Concordia curve. 2.3.2 Methods and Instrumentation For this study, U-Th-Pb petrochronology was carried out through a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), optical microscopy and data processing, which includes uncertainty propagation and data visualization. Seven metapelitic specimens were investigated for monazite petrochronology and one calc-silicate specimen was investigated for titanite petrochronology. 2.3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy Theoretical Basis Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a common, non-destructive, in situ analytical technique that employs a focused beam of accelerated electrons to create a 2-dimensional image of the variations of texture, lattice structure, orientation and chemical composition of minerals within a thin section of interest (Swapp, 2017). The resolution and quality of SEM images depends on three main factors: 1) performance of the instrument, 2) specimen nature, and 3) operator control of imaging parameters (UC Riverside CFAMM, 2014). Environmental requirements are: a sufficient power supply, a 28 vacuum system, a cooling system, a vibration-free floor as well as an absence of ambient electric and magnetic fields that could interfere with data collection (Swapp, 2017). Applied Methods and Instrumentation For this study, a Tescan Mira 3 XMU SEM with an Oxford Instruments X-Max Energy Dispersive Spectrometer detector was used. Thin section maps of select elements (e.g., Ce, P, Ti, Ca) were first created using either SEM or Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA, described in Section 2.3.2.2 below) to help locate the titanite and monazite grains in the slides and to quantify their textural relationships to other minerals. SEM was then applied to verify the composition of the individual monazite and titanite grains of interest using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and to capture high-quality back-scattered electron (BSE) images of these grains at various levels of magnification. Study specific parameters are outlined in Chapter 5. 2.3.2.2 Electron Probe Microanalysis Theoretical Basis Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is a comprehensive, non-destructive, in situ analytical technique used to quantitatively describe the chemical composition and spatial distribution of elements within inorganic solids (Chatterjee, 2012; Essential Knowledge Briefings, 2015). An EPMA can detect all elements except for hydrogen and helium, with detection limits for trace element concentrations between 10 and 100 ppm (Essential Knowledge Briefings, 2015). EPMA can combine both wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to classify characteristic X-rays by wavelength and energy, respectively (Essential Knowledge Briefings, 2015). WDS is especially important because it can return quantitative elemental concentrations from individual spots as small as 1 – 2 μm (Goodge, 2019). EPMA can also be used to acquire high resolution images that highlight 29 compositional zoning within minerals of interest (Goodge, 2019). This study utilizes an EPMA with solely WDS capabilities. The analytical lateral resolution of EPMA is controlled by the beam diameter, and is also dependent on the sample density, beam energy and beam current (Essential Knowledge Briefings, 2015). EPMA conducted with a field emission source has high lateral resolution because of its greater beam density and lower beam energy, leading to a more precise beam diameter at a higher current (Essential Knowledge Briefings, 2015). Applied Methods and Instrumentation For this study, the Cameca SXFive Field Emission EPMA was first used to create full thin section maps of select elements (e.g., Ce, P, Ti, Ca) to help locate the titanite and monazite grains and quantify their textural relationships to other minerals. After the grain compositions were verified and BSE images were acquired using SEM, individual monazite and titanite grain maps were created using EPMA, to highlight zonation of trace elements within both minerals. These grain maps helped to inform the location of sampling spots for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS, described in Section 2.3.2.3 below). Study specific parameters are outlined in Chapter 5. 2.3.2.3 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Theoretical Basis Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a commonly employed petrochronological technique that can simultaneously measure the isotopic ratios and trace element compositions of spots within monazite and titanite grains of interest (Kylander-Clark, 2017). A laser is first focused on selected spots on the surface of a selected mineral grain of interest. The sample material is then converted into minute particles through a 30 process known as laser ablation (Applied Spectra, 2020). These particles are then excited by a secondary source that completely digests and converts the particles into an aerosol (Applied Spectra, 2020; Koch & Günther, 2016). The aerosol that contains the suspended specimen particles then enters an argon plasma torch, where the aerosol is dehydrated, the specimen molecules dissociated, and singly charged ions are created by removing electrons (Applied Spectra, 2020; Elmer, 2001). These ions are introduced into the mass spectrometer, where quadrupoles sort them by mass-to-charge ratios, and then they are picked up by a detector whose outputs are interpreted as trace element concentrations and isotopic ratios (Elmer, 2001). Several standard reference materials (SRMs) of known ages are typically analyzed before, between, and after analyses of unknowns with an LA-ICP-MS. In geochronology, it is common practice to employ a “matrix-matched standard” using an SRM of the same mineral as the unknown (Kylander-Clark, 2017). This allows for a constant reference frame (or baseline) with which unknown sample readings are compared and corrected to. The goal of using SRMs is to limit the effects of “down-hole laser-induced elemental fractionation (LIEF)” on the final processed ages (Kylander-Clark, 2017). LIEF can occur due to sample melting from the laser, or through an interaction between the pit walls and the ejected material, which varies depending on the mass of the material (Kylander-Clark, 2017). For REE analyses, there are fewer available matrix-matched standards, so internal element composition standards are compared to SRMs of different mineralogy than the unknown (Kylander-Clark, 2017). Advantages of employing LA-ICP-MS include: a relatively short analysis time and reduced cost of experimentation compared to secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS); limited sample preparation (Koch & Günther, 2016); and enhanced limits of detection for trace elements 31 compared to EPMA (sub-ppm) (Kylander-Clark, 2017). A drawback is that considerable material is ablated from each specimen (10 μm spot size removes ~ 1 ng) (Kylander-Clark, 2017). Applied Methods and Instrumentation For this study, a Photon Machines Analyte 193 Excimer laser, and an Agilent 8900 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS (2nd generation) were employed to collect isotope ratios and trace element concentrations from monazite and titanite grains of interest. The acquired isotopic ratios (U-Th-Pb for monazite, U-Pb for titanite) were used to determine the absolute ages of the ablated spots, and to determine whether elemental concentrations patterns observed in the monazite and titanite grains of interest were linked to age. Study specific parameters are outlined in Chapter 5. 2.3.2.4 Data Processing and Visualization Theoretical Basis The goal of data processing in monazite and titanite petrochronology is to output the ages and REE concentrations (with appropriate uncertainties) of different grains of interest and zones within these grains. Quantification and propagation of uncertainties within petrochronologic datasets largely vary between laboratories, which makes it challenging to compare the data from different sources (Kylander-Clark, 2017). On the analytical level, it is assumed that standards are homogeneous and come from a single age population. This means that any heterogeneity is considered uncertainty. The goal of uncertainty / dispersion propagation is to add sufficient dispersion to the uncertainty of 208Pb/232Th, 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb isotopic ratios from SRMs, so that the data form one age population. The data from a given study can only be relied on if it can prove reproducibility by reporting ages of SRMs that fall within the accepted age 32 range for that given SRM (Kylander-Clark, 2017). Study specific error propagation is discussed in more detail in “Applied Methods and Software” below and in Chapter 5. The type of Concordia plot used to visualize isotope ratios / ages depends on the main isotope ratio being used to date the mineral in question. When analyzing young (< 200 Ma) monazite petrochronology data, U-Th-Pb Concordia plots are used to visualize the relationship between 206Pb/238U and 208Pb/232Th isotopic ratios because the 208Pb/232Th is one of the main mineral decay systems (monazite often contain weight % Th). For titanite petrochronology data, Tera-Wasserburg Concordia plots are used to visualize the relationship between 207Pb/206Pb and 238U/206Pb isotopic ratios because they best show the effects of excess common lead (207Pb), which is frequently present in titanite. When there are multiple age populations within a specimen, kernel density estimation plots can help to highlight the different populations in the dataset (Cioffi et al., 2019; Schoene, 2013; Shrestha et al., 2019). These plots are utilized in this study and can be found in Chapter 5. Many studies have displayed LA-ICP-MS trace element data on chondrite-normalized spider plots to track how REE concentrations may change with different age zones in monazite grains, from which interpretations about metamorphic reactions can be made (Hacker et al., 2019; Shrestha et al., 2019; Warren et al., 2019), and to determine how REEs are incorporated into titanite (Cioffi et al., 2019; Garber et al., 2017). Applied Methods and Software For this study, the preliminary stage of processing the LA-ICP-MS data involved correcting both the isotope ratios and trace element concentrations outputted from the LA-ICP-MS for downhole fractionation and instrument drift using Iolite software (v.4) (Paton et al., 33 2011). For REE processing in Iolite, both external and internal standards (specific to mineral) were used with (Howell et al., 2013) limits of detection for elemental concentrations. For this study, added dispersion was calculated using IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018) by analyzing the mean squared weighted deviation (MSWD), mean and dispersion of each set of isotopic ratios. The MSWD is a statistical measure of the fit of a regression line, and the maximum allowable MSWD depends on the number of analyses (Wendt & Carl, 1991). If the MSWD was above the maximum allowable MSWD for the number of analyzes for a given isotope ratio of a chosen SRM (Wendt & Carl, 1991), dispersion was added to the uncertainty so that the final ages formed one population. Additional dispersion was calculated by dividing the dispersion by the mean of the original dataset. This process was repeated for 208Pb/232Th, 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb ratios for monazite, however the 208Pb/232Th ratio was not required for titanite. To account for the initial contribution of non-radiogenic common Pb, a Stacey-Kramers 207Pb correction (Stacey & Kramers, 1975) was applied to the 206Pb/238U ages in IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). The final monazite and titanite petrochronology data are presented as concordia (U-Th-Pb for monazite; Tera-Wasserburg for titanite), kernel density estimation, Gaussian mixture model (Kerswell et al., 2021), and chondrite-normalized trace element spider plots (Sun & McDonough, 1989). The results and interpretations are found in Chapter 5. The raw data and mineral images are included in Appendix D. 2.4 Geothermometry Deformation temperature estimates for rocks affected by the MD at Probity Peak were obtained using titanium-in-biotite (Ti-in-Bt) geothermometry (Henry et al., 2005), and quartz c-axis CPO opening angle geothermometry (Hunter et al., 2018; Passchier & Trouw, 2005). 34 2.4.1 Titanium-in-biotite Theoretical Basis Biotite is a commonly occurring mineral in peraluminous metapelitic rocks from a variety of compositions and metamorphic grades (Henry & Guidotti, 2002). Titanium (Ti) preferentially partitions into the crystal structure of biotite by replacing cations with either a +2 or +3 charge and octahedral coordination (Henry & Guidotti, 2002). This complicated substitution is governed by the deformation temperature, the biotite crystal structure, and the mineral phases present within a given specimen (Guidotti et al., 1977; Henry & Guidotti, 2002). The Ti-in-Bt temperature is calculated using Equation 2.2 below (Henry et al., 2005). Equation 2.2: Calculates titanium-in-biotite temperatures (Henry et al., 2005). ! (℃) = 'ln(!*) − , − -./!"0#1 2$.### Variables a, b, and c are surface fit equation coefficients (a = -2.3594, b = 4.6482e-9, c = -1.7283) (Henry et al., 2005). Ti is the number of atoms per formula unit (apfu) normalized to 22 O atoms (Henry et al., 2005). XMg is first calculated from iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) apfu using Equation 2.3 below. Equation 2.3: Calculates XMg from Fe and Mg apfu (Henry et al., 2005). .#$ = /0/0 + 2+ The uncertainty on the Ti-in-Bt thermometer is ± 24°C for temperatures less than 600°C, and ± 12°C for temperatures greater than 700°C (Henry et al., 2005). This technique is reportedly valid for metapelites with pressures of 4 – 6 kbar, XMg = 0.275 – 1.000, Ti = 0.04 – 0.60 apfu and T = 480 - 800°C (Henry et al., 2005), but has shown to be effective in other studies beyond this initial calibration (Lihter et al., 2020). 35 Applied Methods For this study, five metapelitic specimens were selected for Ti-in-Bt geothermometry because they contain biotite grains that define the tectonic foliation / lineation and shear bands. In each thin section, four biotite zones of interest were analyzed using EPMA. The Cameca SXFive Field Emission EPMA was utilized to conduct spot analyses of Ti, Fe and Mg concentrations in ppm. The study specific parameters and conditions are outlined in Chapter 6. The obtained element concentrations were normalized to 22 oxygen atoms per formula unit (apfu) and were used to calculate the Ti-in-Bt deformation temperature using Equation 2.2 and Equation 2.3 above in an Excel spreadsheet (Pers. Comm S. Shrestha). The results and interpretations of these analyses are shown in Chapter 6 and Appendix E. 2.4.2 Quartz c-axis CPO Opening Angle Theoretical Basis The opening angle of quartz c-axis CPO fabrics can be used as a deformation thermometer for natural metamorphic rock specimens that display quartz microstructures (e.g. quartz aggregates) that indicate penecontemporaneous deformation and peak metamorphism (Faleiros et al., 2016). Major assumptions of the opening angle method are that the deformation temperature is the dominant control on the active slip systems that govern dynamic recrystallization and fabric development, and that the opening angle increases logarithmically with temperature in greenschist and amphibolite facies rocks (Faleiros et al., 2016; Passchier & Trouw, 2005). This method has an uncertainty of ± 50°C, which is meant to capture the potentially complicating effects of strain rate and hydrolytic weakening during natural rock deformation and fabric development (Kruhl, 1996; Law, 2014; Passchier & Trouw, 2005). 36 The opening angle between crossed girdles is determined by plotting the intensity vs. the orientation of quartz c-axes obtained from azimuthal transects (0 – 360°) across a CPO pole diagram (Hunter et al., 2018). The deformation temperature in degrees Celsius (T(°C)) can be calculated from the opening angle in degrees (OA(degrees)) using the empirically derived Equation 2.4 below (Faleiros et al., 2016). Equation 2.4: Calculates deformation temperature from CPO opening angle measurement (Faleiros et al., 2016). !(℃) = 483.75 9:;<(=>?@>>A) − 1499 This equation has been calibrated for deformation temperatures between 250 °C and 1050 °C, however, it has been noted to underestimate temperatures above 900 °C (Faleiros et al., 2016). Pressure appears to have a secondary effect on the opening angle for temperatures above 650 °C, when there is a weaker correlation between deformation temperature and opening angle (Faleiros et al., 2016), however this was not explored further as part of this study. Applied Methods Opening angle calculations were made for fourteen specimens with suitable quartz c-axis CPO fabrics. Opening angle measurements and deformation temperature calculations were computed using the FabricPlotR script (v.11) (Larson, 2021), following the basic approach of (Hunter et al., 2018). The FabricPlotR script calculates quartz deformation temperatures using Equation 2.4 above (Faleiros et al., 2016). A summary of the opening angle deformation temperature data is shown in Chapter 6 and Appendix C. 37 Chapter 3: Field Investigations 3.1 Results In August of 2020, 4 days of helicopter-supported field work were conducted in the Probity Peak field area. Dr. Kyle Larson and I visited 40 outcrop stations over a total area of ~ 2 x 2 km. Stations PP01 to PP16 were first visited by Drs. Kyle Larson and John Cottle in the summer of 2019 and were revisited as part of this study. Stations PP117 to PP140 are newly explored outcrops from this study (“1” added to the front of each number to distinguish between 2019 and 2020 stations). Rock exposure in this area is of high quality as it is located at ~ 2200 m of elevation, above the tree line and with limited alpine vegetation cover thanks to recent glaciation. Access to outcrops during fieldwork, however, was limited by snow cover, the presence of till and significant topography across the mapped area. 3.1.1 Lithologies The Monashee décollement (MD) marks the contact between the allochthonous rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon (LSA) (anatectite-bearing, up to ~ 40% by volume) in its hanging wall and the autochthonous Precambrian basement core rocks of the Monashee Complex (MC) cover sequence (variable anatectite-enrichment, up to ~ 30% by volume) in its footwall (Brown & Gibson, 2006). Detailed outcrop descriptions are provided in Appendix A. The locations of outcrop observations and sampling stations are shown in Figure 3.1. 38 Figure 3.1: Lithological and structural map and cross section of the Probity Peak field area showing station and sampling locations. The map is overlain on a hill shade created from the Canadian Digital Elevation Model (CDEM, Edition 1.1) in ArcMap 10.7.1. Elevation contours, hydro features (glacial lakes and water runoff paths) are from the CanVec dataset. The prefix “PP” has been removed from all stations on the map to conserve space. 39 3.1.1.1 Hanging Wall Rocks – Lower Selkirk Allochthon (LSA) The rocks in the proximal hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak consist mainly of anatectite-bearing feldspar-garnet-sillimanite-biotite-quartz metapelitic schists (Figure 3.2 A), quartz-rich psammite (Figure 3.2 B), amphibolite, and megacrystic leucogranite. There are also ~ 100 m thick (along the surface) layers of biotite- and sillimanite-bearing quartzofeldspathic gneiss with partially disaggregated anatectite in the form of quartz and feldspar megacrysts (Figure 3.2 C). All units in the LSA contain variable proportions of leucogranite anatectite, up to ~ 40 % by volume (Figure 3.2 C). Large quartz veins crosscut the foliation throughout the observed area. Figure 3.2: Typical host rock types in the proximal hanging wall of the Monashee décollement at the Probity Peak field site. A) Quartz-sillimanite-biotite schist (metapelite) with a quartz-rich anatectite sigma clast and C’ shear bands indicating reverse-sense shear, PP14; B) Intercalated psammite and megacrystic leucogranite with C’ shear bands indicating reverse-sense shear and crosscutting NNW-striking brittle joints, PP15; C) Quartzofeldspathic gneiss with C’ shear bands indicating normal-sense shear, PP119. 40 Amphibolite lenses, which are locally folded and / or boudinaged, occur within the various lithologies of the LSA. Some are anatectite-bearing (Figure 3.3 A) and contain garnet grains up to 1 cm in diameter, others contain smaller garnet grains with limited anatectite (Figure 3.3 B), and still others do not contain any visible garnet (Figure 3.3 C). Finally, megacrystic clinopyroxene with hornblende coronas occur in some of the garnet-free amphibolite lenses (Figure 3.3 C & D). All units in the hanging wall of the MD are crosscut by NNW-striking, steeply dipping intermediate to mafic dike(s). The contacts of the observed dike with the surrounding metasedimentary rocks and the quartzofeldspathic gneiss are sharp; no chilled margins were observed (Figure 3.4 B, D). The dikes vary in thickness along strike from ~ 1.5 m (Figure 3.4 B) to ~ 7 m (Figure 3.4 C) and contain irregular-shaped xenoliths, varying in composition from intermediate to mafic (Figure 3.4 A, D); phenocrysts of preserved pyroxene, amphibole and olivine occur locally. 41 Figure 3.3: Amphibolite observed in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Contact of megacrystic leucogranite with anatectite-bearing garnet-amphibolite. C’-type shear bands and sigma-type mantled quartz porphyroclasts indicate normal-sense shear, PP120; B) Garnet amphibolite boudin within psammite unit, PP131; C) Foliation-parallel amphibolite domino boudins that indicate reverse-sense shear and are crosscut by a late sinistral strike-slip fault. The top left of the image shows an amphibolite boudin with clinopyroxene breakdown in the centre, PP131; D) Amphibolite boudin with megacrystic clinopyroxene and hornblende corona, PP131; E) Amphibolite and metasedimentary units that were folded (F1), crosscut by a leucogranite vein, and then refolded, as interpreted from the folded veins (F2), PP120. 42 Figure 3.4: Intermediate to mafic dike observed in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Cross sectional view of 3-phases of dike intrusion, PP119; B) Dike sharply crosscuts quartzofeldspathic gneiss with no chilled margins, PP119; C) Dike crosscuts all other rock units in the hanging wall, looking towards the north, PP132; D) 3-phases of dike intrusion, PP132. 43 3.1.1.2 Footwall Rocks – Monashee Complex (MC) Cover Sequence The proximal footwall rocks of the MD at Probity Peak include intercalated quartzite (Figure 3.5), calc-silicate (Figure 3.6), aluminosilicate-garnet-feldspar-quartz-mica metapelitic schists (Figure 3.8 A & B), psammite (Figure 3.8 A), amphibolite (Figure 3.9), and megacrystic leucogranite anatectite-bearing rocks (Figure 3.10) of the Monashee Complex cover sequence. There is also a local occurrence of carbonatite (Figure 3.7), as well as the same late intermediate-to-mafic dikes noted in the hanging wall (Figure 3.11). Quartzite Quartzite rocks in the MC cover sequence are composed mainly of quartz, with minor muscovite, biotite, and feldspar. They are moderately foliated, and the foliation is defined by aligned muscovite and biotite (Figure 3.5 B); cross bedding may be preserved locally (Figure 3.5 A). Figure 3.5: Quartzite rocks observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Locally preserved cross bedding defined by biotite and muscovite within a 50 m-thick (at surface) quartzite package, PP01; B) A 60 m-thick (at surface) quartzite package showing the foliation defined by biotite and muscovite which have been crosscut by brittle joints, PP137. Calc-silicate Calc-silicate rocks in the MC cover sequence contain fine-grained quartz, calcite, plagioclase, biotite, and feldspar, as well as coarse-grained garnet and augite. The foliation in 44 these rocks is defined by aligned biotite and compositional layering (Figure 3.6 A & B), including a ~ 50 cm thick marble unit. Figure 3.6: Calc-silicate rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Contacts of metapelite, calc-silicate and quartzite rocks. There is a ~ 50 cm-thick marble package within the calc-silicate unit, PP123. B) Foliation and compositional layering within calc-silicate rock. Brittle joints crosscut all units, PP123. Carbonatite A foliated quartz-biotite-hornblende-pyroxene carbonatite unit occurs subparallel to the SE-limb of an isoclinal fold in psammite, metapelite and leucogranite rocks (Figure 3.7 A & B). The location of this unit at Probity Peak is shown on the map in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.7: A quartz-biotite-hornblende-pyroxene carbonatite unit observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Carbonatite composition – quartz, biotite, hornblende, clinopyroxene, PP139; B) 30 to 50 cm-thick carbonatite is shown subparallel to the SE-limb of an isoclinal fold in metapelitic, psammitic and leucogranitic rocks, PP139. 45 Metapelite & Psammite Metapelite and psammite rocks are variably foliated and intercalated across the footwall and contain up to 30% anatectite by volume. Metapelitic rocks in the MC cover sequence contain variable proportions of quartz, feldspar, muscovite, biotite, kyanite, sillimanite, garnet, and locally andalusite. Psammite rocks are predominantly composed of quartz, feldspar, and muscovite. The foliation in metapelite is defined by an aligned biotite, muscovite and sillimanite aggregates that are particularly well developed at the margins of anatectite pods, as well as kyanite and garnet porphyroblasts (Figure 3.8 A, B, D). In psammite, the foliation is defined by both muscovite, and compositional layering of quartz and feldspar (Figure 3.8 A). Both lithologies are variably crosscut by thin quartz veins that contain either epidote or chlorite, as well as sillimanite-bearing anatectite veins (Figure 3.8 C & E). 46 Figure 3.8: Metapelitic and psammitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Intercalated metapelite and psammite with boudinaged anatectite pods. Brittle joints crosscut all units, PP06; B) 0.1 to 1.5 cm garnet and kyanite-rich anatectite-bearing metapelite. Ambiguous shear sense determined from rotated clasts and shear bands, PP06; C) 1 cm-thick quartz-epidote (or chlorite?) veins that crosscut metasedimentary rocks. These veins are steeply-dipping towards the east and display bleached, chilled margins, PP126; D) Leucogranite (leucosome) pod with quartz, feldspars, muscovite, 0.2 cm tourmaline and 0.1 – 0.5 cm garnets. The tectonic foliation in the surrounding metasedimentary rocks wraps around the clast, PP01; E) Coarse-grained sillimanite-bearing anatectite (up to 3 cm) showing the characteristic fracture pattern of sillimanite, PP134. 47 Amphibolite Amphibolite lenses occur within the various lithologies in the MC cover sequence and are laterally discontinuous. They vary from oval-shaped to elongated parallel with the foliation and are up to 3 m in length and 2 m in width (Figure 3.9 A – D). Some oval-shaped amphibolite lenses contain garnet grains up to 1 cm in diameter and are themselves anatectite-bearing (Figure 3.9 B & D), whereas other elongated lenses do not contain any visible garnet (Figure 3.9 A & C). Figure 3.9: Amphibolite rocks observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Amphibolite boudin elongated parallel to the tectonic foliation within quartzite. Brittle joints crosscut all units, PP01; B) Anatectite-bearing garnet amphibolite. Garnets are ~ 1 cm, PP07/08; C) Amphibolite boudin with the foliation in quartzite and metapelite wrapping around it. Brittle joints crosscut all units, PP125; D) Garnet amphibolite boudin showing the foliation in surrounding psammite wrapping around it. Brittle joints crosscut all units, PP07/08. 48 Leucogranite The metapelite, psammite, calc-silicate, quartzite, and amphibolite rocks contain variable proportions of leucogranite anatectite up to ~ 30% by volume in the form of strata-bound leucosomes, disaggregated pods and crosscutting veins (Figure 3.10 A). The leucosome is predominantly composed of quartz and feldspars, and variably contain minor garnet and / or tourmaline (Figure 3.10 B). Figure 3.10: Leucogranite rocks from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Leucogranite crosscuts the foliation in metasedimentary rocks. Image courtesy of Dr. Kyle Larson; B) Quartz, feldspar and mica-rich leucogranite with 1 – 6 cm tourmaline stars, PP138. 49 Mafic Dikes Finally, mafic dikes also occur in the footwall of the MD, however, are lamprophyric in composition (Figure 3.11 A), as opposed to the dioritic composition recorded for the hanging wall. Only the one mafic phase is noted in the footwall exposures, which includes olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts (Figure 3.11 B). Figure 3.11: Lamprophyre dike observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Dike crosscuts leucogranite, quartzite, calc-silicate, metapelite and psammite rock units. A block of calc-silicate rock is engulfed in the lamprophyre dike, PP10; B) Coarse-grained olivine and pyroxene within dike, PP10. 50 3.1.2 Structural Observations There is a strongly developed, SSW-striking, moderately dipping foliation with a near down-dip lineation throughout the Probity Peak field area. This foliation is variably crosscut by NNW/N-striking, steeply dipping intermediate to mafic dikes; normal, reverse, or sinistral strike-slip faults, and extension joints (Figure 3.12). In this thesis, reverse-sense shear means that the hanging wall of the MD moved up-to-the-E/NE and normal-sense shear means that the hanging wall of the MD moved down-to-the-W/SW. Figure 3.12: Structural measurements taken in August 2020 across the Probity Peak field site presented as lower hemisphere stereographic projections. The average (mean) value for each plot is shown in blue. Plots created with Orient software (Vollmer, 2017). A) Foliation (poles) and lineation pair measurements. The mean foliation orientation is 204/46 (blue great circle) and the mean lineation orientation is 40 → 260 (blue square); B) Fault measurements (poles). The mean fault orientation is 341/84 (blue great circle); C) Dike measurements (poles). The mean dike orientation is 358/69 (blue great circle); D) Joint measurements (poles). The mean joint orientation is 352/68 (blue great circle). 51 3.1.2.1 Hanging Wall Structures The foliation in the hanging wall is moderately to strongly developed. It is curvy planar and wraps around leucogranite and amphibolite lenses. The foliation is most strongly developed within 100 m of the MD in the hanging wall. Shear sense indicators in the proximal hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak variably indicate both reverse- and normal-sense shear. Throughout the hanging wall, metapelite, psammite and quartzofeldspathic gneiss contain C’-type extensional shear bands, S-C fabrics, and sigma-type mantled porphyroclasts that indicate reverse-sense ductile shear (Figure 3.2 A & B; Figure 3.13 A, B, E, F). Local asymmetric folds (Figure 3.13 F) and foliation-parallel domino boudins (Figure 3.3 C) are also consistent with reverse-sense movement. In contrast, anatectite-rich quartzofeldspathic gneiss, amphibolite, metapelite and psammite across the hanging wall commonly display C’-type shear bands and sigma-type mantled porphyroclasts that indicate normal-sense ductile shear (Figure 3.2 C; Figure 3.3 A; Figure 3.13 C - D). Megacrystic quartz veins and leucogranite dikes variably crosscut the tectonic foliation (Figure 3.2 B & Figure 3.3 E) and are commonly boudinaged parallel to the strike of the foliation (Figure 3.13 C). In addition to the ductile record, brittle-ductile high-angle normal-sense faults and N/NNW-striking brittle joints crosscut the tectonic foliation and all lithological units in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak (Figure 3.2 B; Figure 3.3 C; Figure 3.13 E). The intermediate-to-mafic dike shown in Figure 3.4 is subparallel to the brittle-ductile faults and joints. 52 Figure 3.13: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Quartz sigma-type mantled porphyroclasts and C’-type shear bands that indicate reverse-sense shear in metasedimentary rocks, PP121; B) C’-type shear bands and quartz sigma-type mantled porphyroclast that indicate reverse-sense shear in psammite, PP131; C) C’-type shear bands that indicate normal-sense shear in anatectite-bearing intercalated psammitic and metapelitic rocks. Quartz veins are boudinaged parallel to the tectonic foliation, PP130; D) C’-type shear bands that indicate normal-sense shear in anatectite-bearing metapelite, PP129; E) C-S type shear bands that indicate reverse-sense ductile shear are crosscut by faults that indicate normal-sense brittle shear in quartzofeldspathic gneiss, PP119; F) Isoclinal folds and sigma anatectite boudin indicate reverse-sense shear in intercalated metapelite and psammite rocks, PP118. 53 3.1.2.2 Footwall Structures In the proximal footwall of the MD at Probity Peak, there is a moderately to strongly developed elongation lineation that is defined by quartz and biotite mineral shapes and aggregates. This lineation is better defined in more mica-rich metapelitic layers than less mica-rich psammitic layers (Figure 3.14). Figure 3.14: Quartz-biotite mineral elongation lineation observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. Note that the lineation is more well-developed in the metapelitic layers than the psammitic layers, PP12. The tectonic foliation in the footwall is moderately to strongly developed, and is subparallel to preserved bedding, consistent with transposition during deformation (Figure 3.5 B). The foliation wraps around amphibolite and leucogranite lenses (Figure 3.9 C; Figure 3.10 A). There are discrete, anastomosing zones, ~ 50 – 100 m thick, of qualitatively high strain with a strongly developed foliation (higher proportion of metapelite), spaced between zones with qualitatively less strain and a less well-developed foliation (higher proportion of psammite). The extent of strain was qualitatively determined from the development of and the spacing of the foliation planes. Strain appears to be further localized at the outcrop-scale, concentrated in mica-rich, metapelitic layers. 54 Throughout the footwall, sigma-type, and delta-type mantled porphyroclasts, quarter structures, shear boudins, C’-type shear bands and domino boudins indicate reverse-sense shear in both metapelite and psammite rocks (Figure 3.15 A – E; Figure 3.16 A - C). Figure 3.15: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located at station PP01 in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. The structures are found within intercalated metapelite and psammite rocks. A) Shear band boudins and domino boudins indicate reverse-sense shear; B) Domino boudins that indicate reverse-sense shear are crosscut by normal-sense brittle-ductile faults; C) Domino boudins and sigma-type anatectite clasts that indicate reverse-sense shear are crosscut by a normal-sense brittle-ductile fault; D) Sigma-type quartz mantled porphyroclast that indicate reverse-sense shear; E) Quarter structure that indicates reverse-sense shear. 55 Figure 3.16: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators displaying reverse-sense shear in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Quartz shear boudin in intercalated metapelite and psammite indicate reverse-sense shear, PP124; B) Delta-type mantled anatectite porphyroclast in anatectite-bearing metapelite indicate reverse-sense shear, PP128; C) Amphibolite shear boudin in intercalated metapelite and psammite indicate reverse-sense shear. Brittle joints crosscut all units, PP02. 56 In addition to the reverse-sense shear indicators, sigma-type mantled porphyroclasts and C’-type shear bands in metapelite, psammite, and calc-silicate also locally indicate normal-sense shear in the footwall (Figure 3.17 A – D). Figure 3.17: Secondary structures and ductile shear sense indicators displaying normal-sense shear in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts and C’-type shear bands in intercalated metapelite and psammite indicate normal-sense shear, PP11; B) Sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts and C’-type shear bands in metapelite indicate normal-sense shear, PP134; C) Sigma-type mantled leucogranite porphyroclast that indicates normal-sense shear and brittle joints that crosscut the tectonic foliation in calc-silicate, PP13; D) Shear boudins in intercalated metapelite and psammite indicate normal-sense shear, PP135. 57 Some outcrops of metapelite, psammite and calc-silicate in the footwall contain C’ shear bands, mantled porphyroclasts, shear and domino boudins, as well as asymmetric folds, that variably indicate ductile reverse-sense and brittle-ductile normal-sense shear (Figure 3.18 A – C; Figure 3.19 A – C; Figure 3.20 A – D; Figure 3.21 A – D). Figure 3.18: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located at station PP10 in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. The structures are found within intercalated metapelite and psammite rocks. A) Anatectite clast indicates normal-sense shear close to the contact of the metasediments with a leucogranite intrusion; B) C’-type shear bands and mantled porphyroclasts that indicate reverse-sense shear in metapelite; C) Anatectite clasts indicate reverse-sense shear. 58 Figure 3.19: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located at station PP12 in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. The structures are found within intercalated metapelite and psammite rocks. A) C’-type shear bands, sigma-type, and delta-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts in mica-rich metapelitic rock indicate normal-sense shear; B) C’-type shear bands and sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts in mica-rich metapelitic rock indicate normal-sense shear; C) C’-type shear bands and sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts indicate reverse-sense shear. 59 Figure 3.20: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located at station PP122 in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. The structures are found within intercalated metapelite and psammite rocks. A) Sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts and C’-type shear bands that indicate reverse-sense shear, with some local clasts that indicate normal-sense shear; B) Sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts indicate both reverse- and normal-sense shear; C) Foliation-parallel domino boudins and asymmetric folds indicate reverse-sense shear; D) Sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts indicate both reverse- and normal-sense shear. 60 Figure 3.21: Secondary structures and shear sense indicators located in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Sigma-type mantled porphyroclast and C’-type shear bands in marble (calc-silicate) indicate normal-sense shear, PP123; B) Foliation-parallel domino boudins in calc-silicate indicate reverse-sense shear. Brittle joints crosscut all units, PP123; C) Sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclast and C’-type shear bands in metapelite indicate reverse-sense shear, PP136; D) Sigma-type mantled anatectite porphyroclasts and C’-type shear bands in metapelite indicate normal-sense shear, PP136. 61 Quartz-rich anatectite veins crosscut the tectonic foliation and are locally present within the calc-silicate unit and amphibolite boudins. The anatectite is sillimanite-bearing ~ 150 m NE of the MD in the footwall (along the surface) (Figure 3.8 D). Farther away from the MD, ~ 200 to 500 m to the SE in the footwall (along the surface), steeply east-dipping quartz-epidote (or chlorite?) veins were observed. The veins crosscut the main tectonic foliation in psammite and metapelite rocks and are associated with proximal alteration of the host rock (Figure 3.8 C). Similar to in the hanging wall, brittle-ductile normal-sense faults, and N- to NNW-striking brittle joints crosscut the tectonic foliation and ductile shear bands throughout the footwall of the MD (Figure 3.22 A - D; Figure 3.23 A - C). As mentioned above, a lamprophyre dike that is subparallel with the brittle fractures, crosscuts both the tectonic foliation and all other lithological units in the footwall (Figure 3.11 A & B). There are also local sinistral strike-slip faults with ~ 3 cm offset that crosscut quartzite and metapelite rocks (Figure 3.22 C). Finally, local asymmetric slickenlines observed on bedding-parallel faults in quartzite indicate normal-sense shear (Figure 3.22 D). 62 Figure 3.22: Fault structures observed in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Brittle and brittle-ductile normal-sense faults that crosscut intercalated metapelite and psammite, PP12; B) Brittle-ductile normal-sense fault that crosscuts the foliation in siliceous calc-silicate. Sigma-type amphibolite and anatectite clasts indicate ductile reverse-sense shear, PP123; C) Sinistral strike slip faults that crosscut the foliation in metapelite, PP124; D) Slickenlines defined by micas that indicate normal-sense shear on bedding-parallel faults in quartzite, PP137. 63 Figure 3.23: Brittle joints crosscut all rock units in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Joints crosscut quartzite and leucogranite, PP127; B) Joints crosscut calc-silicate, PP123; C) Joints crosscut metapelite, PP125. 64 3.2 Interpretations 3.2.1 Field Metamorphic Interpretations Field isograds were determined for both the hanging wall and footwall rocks at Probity Peak based on mineral assemblages observed in the field and confirmed under a petrographic microscope. Metamorphic observations that were interpreted from mineral assemblages and the field isograds are shown in Figure 3.24 below. Garnet was observed throughout the hanging wall and footwall rocks, so its presence was not considered for field isograds. Figure 3.24: Metamorphic observations and field isograds overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. Isograd locations were determined by combining field and microscopic observations of the presence (or lack thereof) kyanite, sillimanite and muscovite. This procedure and the zone names were modelled after a nearby study (Gervais, 2019). 65 A nearby study identifies five metamorphic zones (A – E) within the Frenchman Cap dome, divided by four metamorphic isograds (Gervais, 2019). Zone A comprises “medium-grained, migmatitic sillimanite K-feldspar-garnet-biotite pelitic schists”; Zone B comprises “coarse grained, migmatitic andalusite-sillimanite-K-feldspar-garnet-kyanite-biotite pelitic schists”; Zone C comprises “interlayered medium grained, kyanite-muscovite-biotite-garnet pelitic schists, quartzite, marble and calc-silicates”; and Zone D comprises “coarse- to medium-grained, migmatitic ±garnet-±kyanite-muscovite-sillimanite-biotite pelitic schists, quartzofeldspathic gneisses and calc-silicates” (Gervais, 2019). Zone E is outside the bounds of the Probity Peak field area, so it is not discussed further. The field isograds in Figure 3.24 were determined and named using this method. The hanging wall rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon are interpreted to be the same “pelitic schist” rocks as those found in metamorphic Zone A (Gervais, 2019) . No kyanite or primary muscovite was observed within the hanging wall rocks at Probity Peak, as shown by the west-facing, kyanite-out structural field isograd along the proposed location of the MD. The footwall rocks of the Monashee Complex cover sequence are interpreted to be the same as those that comprise metamorphic Zones B, C and D (Gervais, 2019). The west-facing, muscovite-out, sillimanite-in field isograd separates Zone B (west) from Zone C (east) (Gervais, 2019). This prograde isograd may have formed through a “prograde net-transfer muscovite-dehydration melting reaction (PrNetr 1, Equation 3.1) and continuous biotite dehydration melting reaction (PrNetr 2, Equation 3.2)”, the latter of which accounts for increased anatectite enrichment in Zone B (Gervais, 2019; Spear et al., 1999; Vielzeuf & Schmidt, 2001). 66 Equation 3.1: PrNetr 1 – muscovite-dehydration melting reaction (Gervais, 2019; Spear et al., 1999). !"#$%&'() + +,-.'%$,-#) + /"-0(1 = -,"!'3%#','$-() + 45),6#+-0 +!),( Equation 3.2: PrNetr 2 – biotite dehydration melting reaction (Gervais, 2019; Spear et al., 1999; Vielzeuf & Schmidt, 2001). 7'%('() + -,"!'3%#','$-() + +,-.'%$,-#) + /"-0(1 = .-03)( + 45),6#+-0 +!),( There is a ~ 500 m thick band of rocks (along the surface) within the footwall that do not contain sillimanite; this is interpreted as Zone C (Gervais, 2019). The east-facing, sillimanite-out field isograd separates the rocks of Zone C (west) from Zone D (east) (Gervais, 2019). This isograd has been interpreted to be a combined “prograde, muscovite-out isograd” and formed through a “retrograde net-transfer reaction (ReNtr 2, Equation 3.3)” (Gervais, 2019; Spear et al., 1999; Vielzeuf & Schmidt, 2001). Equation 3.3: ReNtr 2 – retrograde net-transfer reaction, the inverse to PrNetr 2 (Gervais, 2019; Spear et al., 1999; Vielzeuf & Schmidt, 2001). !"#$%& + ()%*+,-"# + .%*& = 012&1&% + ,1**1."$1&% + -*"!123*",% + 45"#&6 3.2.2 Field Structural Relationships Throughout both the interpreted hanging wall and the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak, the mineral elongation lineation is near down-dip of the tectonic foliation (Figure 3.12 A; Figure 3.14). This consistent lineation is compatible with most ductile movement along the MD occurring in the lineation direction, as either top-down-to-the-WSW (normal) or top-up-to-the-ENE (reverse) shear. The foliation is more strongly developed in proximity to the interpreted location of the MD at Probity Peak in both the hanging wall and footwall, indicating strain localization along the shear zone. In addition, amphibolite boudins and sheared anatectite lenses indicate that these lithologies are, at a minimum, syn-deformational. 67 Across the Probity Peak field area, both ductile reverse- and normal-sense kinematic indicators were observed (Figure 3.13, Figure 3.15, Figure 3.16, Figure 3.17, Figure 3.18, Figure 3.19, Figure 3.20, Figure 3.21). This contrasts with a nearby study, whose field area included several observations within ~ 3 km of Probity Peak, that reported mainly reverse-sense kinematic indicators in Zones A and C, normal-sense kinematic indicators in Zone B and no clear shear sense pattern in Zone D (Gervais, 2019). Shear sense ambiguity and conflicting indicators (normal- and reverse-sense) are commonly observed within and proximal to the calc-silicate and carbonatite rock units at Probity Peak. It is possible that the rheological contrast between these rocks and the metasedimentary rocks may have resulted in local shear sense variability. Conflicting shear sense, however, is also common elsewhere across the hanging wall and footwall. Where they occur together, ductile reverse-sense shear indicators are commonly crosscut by brittle-ductile normal-sense faults and extension joints that are subparallel with the intermediate to mafic dikes (Figure 3.12 B - D; Figure 3.13 E and Figure 3.15 B & C, Figure 3.22 B). This crosscutting relationship is also observed in map-scale lineaments interpreted from an air photo of the Probity Peak field area, as shown in Figure 3.25 below. This likely indicates that reverse-sense ductile shear was post-dated by localized normal-sense ductile shear that progressed to contemporaneous brittle deformation and multi-phased intermediate-to-mafic intrusions during exhumation. Finally, quartz (and epidote or chlorite?) veins and leucogranite dikes that crosscut the tectonic foliation, and locally the intermediate to mafic dikes in both the hanging wall and the footwall at Probity Peak, may indicate late- to post-deformation silica-rich fluid infiltration, potentially related to brittle deformation that could have opened space for these fluids to migrate. 68 Figure 3.25: Brittle fractures and intermediate-to-mafic dikes that crosscut the Monashee décollement at Probity Peak, as observed from an aerial photo (Google Earth Imagery - Probity Peak, 2021). 69 Chapter 4: Microtectonics 4.1 Results All 38 rock specimens collected in the field (28 oriented and 10 unoriented) were analyzed for mineralogy, mineral textures, and microstructures using a Leica 4500P LED polarizing microscope with automated substage system and registered nosepiece under plane-polarized (PPL) and cross-polarized light (XPL). Thin section microstructures and textures are presented in Section 4.1.1 and quartz c-axis CPO fabrics are presented in Section 4.1.2. Concise individual thin section descriptions are included in Appendix B, whereas data related to quartz analyses (quartz CPO descriptions / data) are included in Appendix C. The station locations and lithologies are shown on a map of the Probity Peak field area in Figure 4.1 below. Figure 4.1: Distribution of sampling and observation stations overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. 70 4.1.1 Thin Section Petrography and Microstructural Analysis 4.1.1.1 Hanging Wall Rocks – Lower Selkirk Allochthon Metapelite Metapelitic rocks in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak are anatectite-bearing feldspar-garnet-sillimanite-biotite-quartz schists. Biotite and sillimanite define the lineation as well as S-, C- and C’-type shear bands that variably indicate both normal- (Figure 4.2 A) and reverse-sense (Figure 4.2 B) shear. Ilmenite grains, which occurs locally, are elongate and parallel to these planes. Garnet grains are typically ~ 100 to 300 µm in diameter, are elongate parallel to lineation, and contain inclusions of quartz, biotite, and monazite. Garnet porphyroblasts are commonly surrounded by asymmetric biotite-sillimanite-quartz pressure shadows that variably indicate normal- and reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.2 C & D). Andalusite occurs parallel with the foliation locally and displays undulose extinction ( Figure 4.2 E & F). Sericite fills brittle fractures that crosscut both the lineation and shear bands (Figure 4.2 G). 71 Figure 4.2: Microstructures and textures in metapelitic feldspar-garnet-sillimanite-biotite-quartz schists in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) C’-type shear bands that indicate normal-sense shear, PP15B (false-colour PPL). B) C’-type shear bands and mica fish that indicate reverse-sense shear, PP117B (PPL). C) Normal-sense rotated garnet porphyroblast that is breaking to biotite, next to aligned biotite and sillimanite, PP117B (PPL). D) Reverse-sense rotated garnet porphyroblast with quartz and biotite inclusions, PP117B (PPL). E) High relief andalusite between shear bands defined by biotite and sillimanite, PP117B (PPL). F) Andalusite displaying undulose extinction between shear bands defined by biotite and sillimanite, PP117B (XPL). G) Brittle fractures filled with sericite crosscut biotite and sillimanite, PP117B (XPL). 72 Quartz grains in these metapelitic specimens have recrystallized grain sizes that vary between ~ 50 µm and 2 mm in diameter, pinned between polymineralic aggregate-defined foliation planes (Figure 4.3 B). Coarse quartz grains typically have anhedral grain shapes with amoeboid grain boundaries and display undulose, and locally, chessboard extinction (Figure 4.3 A). Figure 4.3: Quartz microstructures and textures within metapelite thin-section specimens from the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Quartz displaying chessboard extinction and pinning by biotite, PP15B (XPL). B) Fine-grained quartz within foliation planes defined by sillimanite and biotite, PP117B (XPL). Amphibolite Amphibolite and garnet amphibolite lenses are locally intercalated or boudinaged throughout metasedimentary rock units of the hanging wall. Megacrystic garnet grains up to ~ 10 mm in diameter host inclusions of quartz, hornblende, pyroxene, and titanite surrounding ilmenite (Figure 4.4 A). These garnets are highly fractured and are altered to chlorite locally (Figure 4.4 B). 73 Figure 4.4: Microstructures and textures in garnet amphibolite in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Titanite surrounding ilmenite in a garnet porphyroblast inclusion, PP131 (PPL). B) Cracks in a garnet porphyroblast filled with chlorite and ilmenite, PP131 (PPL). Anatectite Anatectite lenses vary in composition throughout the hanging wall. Some are dominantly quartz (> 90 %) and contain minor (<1%) partially sericitized feldspar porphyroclasts with biotite pressure shadows that variably indicate normal- and reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.5 A & B). These lenses are crosscut by brittle fractures filled with sericite. Other anatectite lenses are garnet-biotite orthogneisses and contain ~ 70% quartz, ~ 15% sericitized plagioclase, ~ 5% garnet, ~ 10 - 15% biotite, as well as minor (<1%) ilmenite, fibrolite, and high-relief accessory minerals (e.g. monazite, xenotime, zircon). There are also foliated anatectite lenses with ~ 70% sericitized feldspar, ~ 20% quartz and ~ 10% biotite (Figure 4.5 C) that contain feldspar megacrysts up to ~ 6 mm in diameter with deformation lamellae (Figure 4.5 D) and perthite unmixing (Figure 4.5 E). 74 Figure 4.5: Anatectite lens microstructures and textures in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Partially sericitized sigma-type mantled porphyroclast with biotite pressure shadows that indicate reverse-sense shear in a metaquartzolite lens (>90% quartz), PP117A (PPL). B) Partially sericitized sigma-type mantled porphyroclast with biotite pressure shadows that indicate normal-sense shear in a metaquartzolite lens (>90% quartz), PP117A (PPL). C) Quartz and feldspar compositional layering in a biotite orthogneiss lens, PP133 (PPL). D) Deformation lamellae in a feldspar megacryst in a biotite orthogneiss lens, PP133 (PPL). E) Orthoclase megacryst showing perthite unmixing texture in a biotite orthogneiss lens, PP133 (XPL). 75 Quartz grains within anatectite specimens from the hanging wall of the MD range in diameter from ~ 10 to 200 µm with generally anhedral shapes and amoeboid grain boundaries that (Figure 4.6 A & B). Coarse quartz grains appear to have incipient subgrain formation along their margins (Figure 4.6 A). Quartz grains typically display undulose extinction, while some locally display chessboard extinction; pinning structures with biotite are also common (Figure 4.6 B). Figure 4.6: Quartz microstructures and textures within anatectite thin-section specimens from the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries. Potential subgrain formation at the margins of coarse quartz grains, PP117A (XPL). B) Anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries. One quartz grain shows chessboard extinction and a biotite pinning structure. Feldspar is pinned by biotite and exhibits a window structure, PP15 (XPL). Intermediate-to-Mafic Dike An undeformed intermediate-to-mafic dike crosscuts the foliation across the entire mapped area (Figure 4.1). It is a phaneritic diorite with ~ 50% partially sericitized plagioclase that displays lamellar twinning, ~ 20% hornblende, ~ 15% orthopyroxene, ~ 10 % biotite and ~ 5% clinopyroxene (Figure 4.7 A & B). 76 Figure 4.7: Diorite dike mineralogy and textures in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Diorite under XPL, PP119. B) Diorite under PPL, PP119. 4.1.1.2 Footwall Rocks – Monashee Complex Cover Sequence Quartzite Quartzite rocks in the footwall contain 75 - 90% quartz, up to 15% muscovite, up to 5% biotite, and up to 5% sericitized feldspars, as well as accessory garnet, sillimanite, chlorite, opaque minerals and high relief, high birefringence minerals (e.g. monazite, xenotime, or zircon). Where present, muscovite and biotite define the tectonic foliation and C’-type shear bands that indicate reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.8 A). Muscovite also occurs as small inclusions within, and at the boundaries of, recrystallized quartz grains, and locally as porphyroclasts that indicate normal-sense shear (Figure 4.8 B), in some specimens. Sericite-sillimanite (± calcite, chlorite) veins are both parallel to, and crosscut, the tectonic foliation at a high angle (Figure 4.8 C). 77 Figure 4.8: Microstructures and textures in quartzite rocks in the proximal footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) C’-type shear band that indicates reverse-sense shear, PP124 (PPL). B) Type-3 muscovite mica fish that indicates normal-sense shear (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP09A (PPL). C) Sericite-sillimanite veins that are parallel with and crosscut the tectonic foliation, PP09A (XPL). Quartzite specimens from the footwall contain quartz grains that range widely in diameter from ~ 50 µm to 10 mm, with most grains between ~ 0.5 and 1 mm. The grains are characteristically anhedral with amoeboid boundaries (Figure 4.9 A & B). Pinning of quartz by biotite and muscovite is common (Figure 4.9 A – E) and significantly affects the grain size in polymineralic aggregates (Figure 4.9 H). Quartz grains in all quartzite specimens from the footwall display undulose extinction, and locally, chessboard extinction (Figure 4.9 E – G). In addition, quartz aggregates, which can define an oblique foliation, occur locally at the margins of larger quartz grains and in some instances indicate normal-sense shear (Figure 4.9 I). 78 79 Figure 4.9: Quartz microstructures and textures within quartzite thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Polycrystalline anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries. Some quartz grains display pinning-structures with micas and/or undulose extinction (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP01A (XPL). B) Polycrystalline quartz aggregate with anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries. Some quartz grains display pinning-structures with micas and/or undulose extinction (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP137 (XPL). C) Pinning structures of anhedral quartz with amoeboid grain boundaries on biotite and muscovite (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP01A (XPL). D) Mica pinning of anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries. Quartz grains display either undulose or chessboard extinction (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP124 (XPL). E) Mica pinning of anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries by acicular biotite and muscovite. Quartz grains display either undulose or chessboard extinction (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP04A (XPL). F) Chessboard extinction in quartz, PP01A (XPL). G) Chessboard extinction and mica pinning of anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries, PP138 (XPL). H) Quartz grain-size reduction next to crosscutting sericite veins, PP09A (XPL). I) Polycrystalline quartz aggregate and oblique foliation indicates normal-sense shear, PP138 (XPL). Calc-silicate Calc-silicate rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak are compositionally and structurally heterogeneous. The major mineral constituents are quartz, augite, calcite, plagioclase, biotite, garnet and sericitized feldspar in varying proportions. Common accessory minerals include titanite, high-relief, high-birefringence minerals (e.g. monazite, xenotime, zircon), opaque minerals, sillimanite, chlorite and sericite. Some calc-silicate specimens are foliated, whereas others are not. Fine-grained calcite and quartz comprise the groundmass of the rock specimens (Figure 4.10 A). Asymmetric feldspar, augite augens, rotated garnet porphyroblasts, and C’-type shear bands do not define a consistent sense of shear in the calc-silicate specimens (Figure 4.10 B). Figure 4.10: Calc-silicate rock textures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Calc-silicate under XPL, PP02B. B) C’-type shear bands that indicate an ambiguous shear sense in a quartz-rich calc-silicate, PP10F (PPL). 80 Quartz grains within footwall calc-silicate specimens range widely in diameter from ~ 10 µm to 2 mm, with most grains between 100 and 500 µm. Like the quartz in other units, these grains are anhedral with amoeboid grain boundaries (Figure 4.11 A & B). They also typically display undulose, locally chessboard, extinction, and pin along the boundaries of mica and other mineral phases. Quartz grains in one calc-silicate specimen have a weak shape-preferred orientation that define a grain-shape fabric that indicates reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.11 A). Figure 4.11: Quartz microstructures and textures within calc-silicate thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries. Weak shape-preferred orientation of quartz grains defines a continuous foliation. Asymmetry indicates reverse-sense shear (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP10F (XPL). B) Anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP10F (XPL). Carbonatite A moderately-foliated single carbonatite unit was observed subparallel to the SE-limb of an isoclinal fold of metasedimentary and anatectite rock units (Figure 4.1). It is composed of 40% hornblende, 40% pyroxenes (both ortho- and clino-), 10% quartz, 5% sericitized feldspars, 2% titanite, 2% biotite as well as minor calcite, plagioclase, and sillimanite (Figure 4.12 A & B). 81 Figure 4.12: Carbonatite rock textures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Carbonatite rock under PPL, PP139. B) Carbonatite rock under XPL, PP139. Metapelite The metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak are variably composed aluminosilicate-garnet-feldspar-quartz-mica schists with up to 40% muscovite, ~ 20 – 30% biotite, ~ 5 – 30% garnet, ~ 5 – 40% kyanite, ~ 5 – 30% quartz, ~ 5 – 20% partially sericitized feldspars, and ~ 2 – 20% fibrolite (sillimanite). These rocks contain up to ~ 30 % leucogranite anatectite. There are also trace amounts of staurolite, andalusite, hornblende, chlorite, calcite (veins), cordierite, ilmenite, and high relief minerals (e.g. xenotime, monazite, zircon). Muscovite and biotite define the tectonic foliation, C’- and S-type shear bands and wrap around garnet porphyroblasts (Figure 4.13 A, B). Both green and brown biotite are also present. Rotated garnet porphyroblasts variably indicate reverse- (Figure 4.13 A) and normal-sense shear (Figure 4.13 B). C’-type shear bands defined by micas indicate both normal- (Figure 4.13 B) and reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.13 C). 82 Figure 4.13: Shear bands in metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) A sinistrally rotated garnet porphyroblast that indicates reverse-sense shear in a sillimanite-kyanite-garnet-schist, PP01D (PPL). B) Synthetic C’-type shear bands and a dextrally rotated garnet porphyroblast that indicate normal-sense shear in a sillimanite-kyanite-garnet-schist, PP01D (PPL). C) C’-type shear bands that indicate reverse-sense shear in a garnet-kyanite-mica-schist, PP09B (false-colour PPL). Garnet occurs as porphyroblasts in the metapelitic rocks with quartz, biotite, muscovite, ilmenite and monazite inclusions. The inclusion trails in garnets cannot be used to determine shear sense because they are not continuous with the foliation (Figure 4.14 A). Some garnet porphyroblasts contain abundant fractures. These fractures are typically filled with biotite, sillimanite, sericite, and locally chlorite (Figure 4.14 B). Monazite is also found along fracture planes in garnet. Kyanite occurs throughout the metapelite specimens in the footwall. It wraps around garnet porphyroblasts, locally developing fractures where they impinge. Undulose extinction and simple twinning are also common in kyanite grains. Kyanite in several specimens contain quartz inclusions and are crosscut by sericite-filled brittle fractures (Figure 4.14 B). 83 Figure 4.14: Garnet textures in metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Inclusions in a poikiloblastic garnet grain in a kyanite-biotite-quartz-sillimanite-garnet schist, PP05A (XPL). B) Fractured kyanite and garnet with biotite, sericite and muscovite mica that fill cracks in a garnetiferous quartz-kyanite-sillimanite-mica schist. Kyanite shows undulose extinction and locally has quartz inclusions, PP10G (XPL). Plagioclase and potassium feldspar porphyroclasts are observed to commonly contain inclusions of both quartz and biotite within the metapelitic rocks. Local myrmekite textures are observed at the interface between quartz and feldspars (Figure 4.15 A). Antiperthite unmixing textures of orthoclase and plagioclase are also observed (Figure 4.15 B). Figure 4.15: Feldspar textures in metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Myrmekite texture in a garnetiferous quartz-kyanite-sillimanite-mica schist, PP10G (XPL). B) Antiperthite unmixing texture in a garnetiferous quartz-kyanite-sillimanite-mica schist, PP10G (XPL). Several footwall metapelitic specimens contain andalusite in association with kyanite, quartz and biotite (Figure 4.16 A - D). The andalusite locally displays patchy extinction where it is crosscut by a sericite-filled brittle fracture (Figure 4.16 A & B). 84 Figure 4.16: Andalusite textures in metapelitic rocks in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) High relief andalusite located next to kyanite, sillimanite, biotite, muscovite, and quartz. A sericite-filled brittle fracture crosscuts the andalusite grain, PP03A (PPL). B) Andalusite showing undulose extinction where it is crosscut by a sericite-filled brittle fracture, PP03A (XPL). C) Andalusite in association with kyanite, biotite, quartz, and feldspar, PP12 (PPL). D) Simple twinning in andalusite, PP12 (XPL). Quartz grains in the footwall metapelitic specimens are again pinned between polymineralic aggregate-defined foliation planes (Figure 4.17 B) and as such have recrystallized grain sizes that vary between ~ 5 µm and 1.5 mm in diameter. Coarse quartz grains, between ~ 100 µm and 1.5 mm, are anhedral with amoeboid grain boundaries and display undulose, and locally, chessboard extinction (Figure 4.17 A). 85 Figure 4.17: Quartz microstructures and textures within metapelite thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Mica pinning of anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries by biotite and muscovite. Locally, quartz displays undulose extinction (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP01D (XPL). B) Fine-grained quartz in foliation planes defined by sillimanite and biotite, as well as in garnet pressure shadows (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP10C (XPL). Psammite Psammitic rocks in the footwall of the MD contain ~ 50 – 65% quartz, ~ 20% muscovite, ~ 5 – 15% partially sericitized feldspars, ~ 5 - 10% biotite, ~ 5% garnet, ~ 5% chlorite, as well as minor (<1%) sillimanite, kyanite and opaque minerals. Muscovite is locally bent and displays undulose extinction (Figure 4.18 A). Sillimanite displays characteristic fractures perpendicular to the long axis of the grain, which are filled with sericite (Figure 4.18 B). Fractures in garnet porphyroblasts, which range in size between 100 µm and 2 mm and contain quartz and biotite inclusions, are filled with chlorite and sericite (Figure 4.18 C). 86 Figure 4.18: Psammite rock textures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Undulose extinction in muscovite mica, PP03B (XPL). B) Characteristic microboudinage in sillimanite. Fractures have been filled with sericite, PP127 (XPL). C) Fractures in a garnet porphyroblast that are filled with chlorite and sericite, PP127 (XPL). Quartz grains within the footwall psammite specimens are ~ 100 µm to 5 mm in diameter with amoeboid grain boundaries and anhedral grain shapes. As noted in the other lithologies, pinning microstructures are present along the boundaries of quartz and biotite (Figure 4.19 A), and quartz displays both undulose and chessboard extinction (Figure 4.19 B). 87 Figure 4.19: Quartz microstructures and textures within psammite thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Mica pinning of anhedral quartz with amoeboid grain boundaries on biotite (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP127 (XPL). B) Chessboard extinction in quartz (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP127 (XPL). Amphibolite Amphibolite lenses in the footwall are compositionally and texturally varied. They are composed of ~ 40 – 80% hornblende, ~ 10 - 20% biotite, ~ 10 – 80% garnet, ~ 5 - 15% partially sericitized plagioclase, ~ 5 – 10% opaques, up to ~ 5% augite, and up to ~ 5% quartz. There is also minor titanite, chlorite, sericite and high relief, high birefringence minerals (e.g. zircon). Pleochroic halos appear in hornblende grains surrounding high relief, high birefringence mineral inclusions. Fine-grained quartz and plagioclase occur at the interface between hornblende and garnet. Poikiloblastic garnets have quartz, feldspar, titanite, biotite, hornblende, and augite inclusions (Figure 4.20 A & B). Garnet porphyroblasts are wrapped by the tectonic foliation have pressure shadows made up of quartz and plagioclase (Figure 4.20 C & D). The development of the foliation is variable between different amphibolite lenses. Brittle fractures crosscut garnet porphyroblasts, locally, and appear to be filled with chlorite, sericite and high relief, high birefringence minerals (Figure 4.20 A - D). 88 Figure 4.20: Garnet amphibolite textures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Poikiloblastic garnet, PP04B (XPL). B) Poikiloblastic garnet, PP04B (PPL). C) Poikiloblastic garnet with quartz-plagioclase pressure shadows in a schistose garnet amphibolite, PP08A (XPL). D) Poikiloblastic garnet with quartz-plagioclase pressure shadows in a schistose garnet amphibolite, PP08A (PPL). Anatectite Anatectite lenses vary in composition throughout the footwall and are found as foliation-parallel strata-bound leucosomes and disaggregated pods as well as dikes that crosscut the tectonic foliation. They are composed of ~ 60 – 85% quartz, ~ 5 – 30% partially sericitized feldspars, ~ 5% pyroxenes, up to 5% muscovite and up to 5% biotite. There is also minor (<1%) sillimanite, kyanite, garnet, high relief, high birefringence minerals (e.g. monazite, xenotime, zircon), apatite, sericite, titanite and opaque minerals. In foliated anatectite specimens, micas define C’-type shear bands that indicate reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.21 A). This agrees with sigma-type and delta-type mantled feldspar porphyroclasts, which also indicate reverse-sense 89 shear (Figure 4.21 B & C). Biotite occurs as inclusions in feldspar locally. Chlorite locally appears in the pressure shadows of garnet porphyroblasts. There is also one foliated anatectite specimen (PP136 in Figure 4.1) with significantly more feldspar than quartz. This unit is sill-like, subparallel to the tectonic foliation, with 55% feldspars, 20% garnet, 15% quartz, 10% biotite and minor sillimanite. Poikiloblastic garnet in this specimen contains ~ 40% quartz and feldspar inclusions and is surrounded by biotite pressure shadows with asymmetries that indicate reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.21 D). Quartz grains within footwall anatectite specimens are ~ 50 µm to 2 mm in diameter with amoeboid grain boundaries and anhedral grain shapes (Figure 4.22 A). Most quartz grains are ~ 200 to 800 µm in diameter. Quartz often has internal subgrains, and is characterized by undulose and, locally, chessboard extinction (Figure 4.22 B). Pinning structures are observed along the boundaries of quartz and both graphite and biotite (Figure 4.22 C). There is also a weak shape-preferred orientation of quartz grains in several specimens that define a continuous oblique foliation. The asymmetry in this oblique foliation indicates reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.22 D & E). Microscopic-Scale Brittle-Ductile Deformation NNW-striking, subvertical brittle-ductile fractures crosscut the tectonic foliation in quartzite, calc-silicate, carbonatite, metapelite (Figure 4.23 A, B, C), psammite (Figure 4.23 E & F), amphibolite (Figure 4.23 D) and anatectite rocks in both the hanging wall and footwall at Probity Peak. This includes all lithological units, except for the mafic dikes. These fractures are commonly filled with sericite and / or chlorite (Figure 4.23 E & F). 90 Figure 4.21: Anatectite lens textures and structures in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) C’-type shear bands that indicate reverse-sense shear. Brittle fractures crosscut the specimen, PP01B (PPL). B) Partially sericitized sigma-type mantled feldspar porphyroclasts that indicate reverse-sense shear, PP01B (PPL). C) Partially sericitized delta-type mantled feldspar porphyroclast that indicates reverse-sense shear, PP01B (PPL). D) Rotated poikiloblastic garnet that indicates reverse-sense shear, PP136 (XPL). 91 Figure 4.22: Quartz microstructures and textures in leucogranite anatectite thin-section specimens from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) Anhedral quartz grains with amoeboid grain boundaries (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP01B (XPL). B) Local chessboard extinction in anhedral quartz with amoeboid grain boundaries (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP02A (XPL). C) Pinning of anhedral quartz with amoeboid grain boundaries by biotite and graphite (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP02A (XPL). D) Shape-preferred orientation of anhedral quartz that define a continuous foliation. Asymmetry indicates reverse-sense shear (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP02A (XPL). E) Shape-preferred orientation of anhedral quartz that define a continuous oblique foliation. Asymmetry indicates reverse-sense shear (Passchier & Trouw, 2005), PP01B (XPL). 92 Figure 4.23: Brittle fractures crosscut all rock units except for the intermediate-to-mafic dike in the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. A) & B) Brittle fractures crosscut the tectonic foliation in a garnetiferous quartz-mica-schist, PP03A (PPL). C) Brittle fractures crosscut biotite, sillimanite, chlorite, and feldspar in a garnetiferous quartz-kyanite-sillimanite-mica schist, PP10C (PPL). D) Brittle fractures crosscut a garnet amphibolite specimen, PP08B (PPL). E) A microfault with dextral offset crosscuts a psammite specimen. Chlorite and sericite fill the fracture, PP03B (PPL). F) Amoeboid grain boundaries and undulose extinction in quartz. Brittle fractures filled with sericite crosscut the psammite specimen, PP127 (XPL). 93 4.1.2 Quartz c-axis Crystallographic Preferred Orientations The quartz c-axis CPO fabric investigations are presented as both scatter and filled contour plots (lower hemisphere, equal area Schmidt projections) in Figure 4.24 below. The plots were created using thin sections cut perpendicular to the foliation and parallel to the lineation, so the foliation would plot as a horizontal line (vertical plane) across the centre of each CPO plot and the lineation would plot as points at each end of this line. CPO opening angle temperatures are presented and interpreted in Chapter 6 and Appendix C. The spatial distribution of shear senses determined from CPO plot asymmetry is shown in Chapter 7. Quartz c-axis fabrics yield recognizable patterns that have been previously described in modelling and natural applications (Graziani et al., 2020; Hunter et al., 2018; Larson et al., 2014; Passchier & Trouw, 2005; Piette-Lauzière et al., 2020). Twelve specimens have Type II crossed girdle fabrics (Figure 4.24 A), four resemble single girdle fabrics (Figure 4.24 B), one appears to be a cleft girdle (Figure 4.24 C), and one displays an irregular pattern (Figure 4.24 D) (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). The typical slip systems observed on the CPO stereoplots with Type II crossed girdle and cleft girdle fabrics are: basal , rhomb , and prism ; whereas the dominant slip systems for the single girdle fabrics are rhomb and prism , with minor basal (Hunter et al., 2018; Passchier & Trouw, 2005). 94 Shear sense, as illustrated by the CPO plot asymmetry relative to the macroscopic foliation, varies across the specimens, but is dominantly top-to-the-right, which corresponds to reverse-sense in the field (Figure 4.24). Nine specimens indicate reverse-sense shear (anatectite - PP01B, PP02A, PP14, PP15, PP133; quartzite - PP09A, PP124, PP138; calc-silicate - PP10F). Three specimens also potentially indicate reverse-sense shear (quartzite - PP04A, PP11; anatectite - PP05B), however the CPO plot asymmetry is weak. Quartzite specimen PP01A indicates normal-sense shear. Calc-silicate specimen PP13 potentially also indicates normal-sense shear, however, again the CPO plot asymmetry is weak. Four specimens do not have any interpretable asymmetry (diorite - PP05C; anatectite - PP117A; psammite - PP127; quartzite - PP137). 95 96 Figure 4.24: Quartz c-axis CPO data presented as scatter and filled contour stereoplots (lower hemisphere, equal area Schmidt projections) with interpreted shear sense. A) Type II crossed girdle CPO patterns. B) Single girdle CPO patterns. C) Cleft girdle CPO patterns. D) Irregular CPO patterns. Inset showing the orientation of the principal strain axes and the typical CPO patterns modelled after (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). Plots created using the FabricPlotR script v.11 (Larson, 2021). 4.2 Interpretations 4.2.1 Thin Section Petrography and Microstructural Analysis Both the hanging wall rocks of the LSA and the footwall rocks of the MC cover sequence contain mineral assemblages characteristic of amphibolite facies metamorphism (e.g. sillimanite, garnet, etc.). Several mineral textures indicate that the specimens record at least portions of their retrograde histories. These include: chlorite found within fractures that crosscut garnets in amphibolite rocks (Figure 4.4 B); biotite pressure shadows surrounding garnet in metapelitic and anatectite rocks (Figure 4.2 C & D, Figure 4.13 A & B – garnet breakdown); as well as local andalusite in association with sillimanite, kyanite and crosscutting sericite-filled brittle fractures (Figure 4.2 E & F, Figure 4.16 - decompression). Garnet porphyroblasts within amphibolite specimens from the footwall have quartz and plagioclase pressure shadows that are wrapped around by the tectonic foliation (Figure 4.20 C & D), which could indicate that quartz recrystallization was coeval with ductile deformation. In addition, micas appear to be less deformed, and the tectonic foliation less well-defined, in rocks farther away from the MD, confirming field observations (Chapter 3). Microscopic-scale kinematic indicators in quartzite, calc-silicate and metapelitic rocks from across the Probity Peak field area variably demonstrate both normal- and reverse-sense shear, with reverse-sense being more dominant. Shear sense ambiguity in the footwall could also be attributed to the ductile nature of calc-silicate and carbonatite rocks when they are nearby. Shear sense ambiguity could also indicate that the rocks were subjected to either: two different phases of deformation of opposite shear sense, or one phase of deformation with a large 97 component of coaxial shear. Deformation lamellae in feldspar megacrysts found in anatectite from the hanging wall could also indicate that the anatectite formed pre- to syn-deformation and were strained during deformation (Figure 4.5 D). The presence of partially sericitized feldspar as well as sericite that fills brittle fractures that both crosscut and are parallel to the lineation / foliation in metapelite, quartzite and anatectite specimens, as well as fractures in garnet, kyanite and sillimanite grains, indicate a late- to post-brittle-ductile deformation, post-anatexis phase of sericitization related to hydrothermal fluid infiltration (Figure 4.2 G, Figure 4.8 B & C, Figure 4.14 B, Figure 4.18 B & C). There are also both brown and green biotite in footwall metapelite specimens, which could confirm this early-stage hydrothermal fluid infiltration that altered the brown to green biotite (Schwartz, 1958). Brittle fractures are observed to crosscut all rock units except for the intermediate-to-mafic dikes in both the hanging wall and footwall at Probity Peak. This indicates that brittle deformation occurred post-ductile deformation. The fractures are filled with sericite and chlorite, indicating that both hydrothermal alteration and a retrograde transition from amphibolite to greenschist facies metamorphism occurred syn- to post-brittle deformation. Sericite and chlorite do not appear to be present in the intermediate-to-mafic dikes, which indicates that the dikes intruded post-hydrothermal fluid infiltration, brittle deformation, and retrograde metamorphism (Figure 4.7). 98 4.2.2 Quartz Microstructures and c-axis Crystallographic Preferred Orientations Undulose extinction in quartz across all quartz-bearing lithologies indicates that the quartz was deformed, whereas local grains that have internal subgrain formation that display chessboard extinction, which may be caused by combined basal-a and prism-c slip systems (Passchier & Trouw, 2005) (Figure 4.3 A, Figure 4.6 B, Figure 4.9 E – G). Quartz textures such as amoeboid grain boundaries, anhedral grain shapes, and mica pinning structures in specimens from both the hanging wall and footwall indicate: recrystallization by high-temperature grain boundary migration (GBM) during active deformation (Figure 4.9) (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). The presence of fine-grained quartz at the margins of other mineral phases could indicate grain-size reduction due to a high differential stress during active deformation (Figure 4.20) (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). It is also important to note that strain can partition into less competent mineral phases (e.g. micas), which could result in less strain recorded in quartz and local shear sense variability within specimens. The local polycrystalline quartz aggregate and oblique foliations recorded in certain quartzite, calc-silicate and anatectite specimens from the footwall likely developed through subgrain rotation (SGR) recrystallization (Passchier & Trouw, 2005) (Figure 4.9 I, Figure 4.11). The quartz in these specimens likely experienced a combination of both SGR and GBM recrystallization during high temperature ductile deformation (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). 99 Quartz c-axis CPO patterns for specimens from both the hanging wall and footwall are typically Type II crossed girdle fabrics (Figure 4.24 A – PP05C, PP117A, PP127), or a cleft girdle fabric (Figure 4.24 C – PP04A), which both indicate progressive coaxial deformation from constriction (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). Some of these Type II crossed girdles have moderate asymmetry that indicate a portion of non-coaxial reverse-sense shear in the hanging wall (Figure 4.24 A - PP15, PP133). From the footwall, some Type II crossed girdles have moderate asymmetry that indicate a portion of non-coaxial reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.24 A – PP02A, PP09A, PP11, PP124, PP10F; Figure 4.24 C – PP04A), and others that indicate a portion of non-coaxial normal-sense shear, perhaps due to local strain complexity in proximity to the calc-silicate unit (Figure 4.24 A – PP01A, PP13). Anatectite and quartzite specimens from ~190 m above the MD and ~ 440 – 830 m below the MD display quartz c-axis CPO patterns that resemble single girdles consistent with non-coaxial reverse-sense shear (Figure 4.24 B – PP01B, PP05B, PP14, PP138). The common slip systems evident in the CPOs are: basal , rhomb , and prism (Schmid & Casey, 1986), which are consistent with deformation at temperatures <650 °C (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). 100 Chapter 5: Petrochronology Eight thin sections were selected for detailed petrochronological analyses based on suitable lithology (e.g. metapelite for monazite, calc-silicate for titanite), structural position, and occurrence of target minerals of a suitable size to analyze. Seven metapelitic specimens were investigated for monazite petrochronology (PP05A, PP09B, PP10C, PP12, PP15B, PP117B and PP136) and 1 calc-silicate specimen was studied for titanite petrochronology (PP02B). The field locations of the specimens are shown in Figure 5.1. Figure 5.1: Distribution of monazite and titanite petrochronology data overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. Monazite dates are 208Pb/232Th KDE ages and titanite dates are Tera-Wasserburg isochron ages. Dominant age populations are denoted with “peak”; prograde and retrograde metamorphism interpreted from HREE slopes in Section 5.3. Phases of monazite growth for each specimen are denoted M1 = first monazite phase, M2 = second monazite phase, M3 = third monazite phase. 101 5.1 Monazite Results 5.1.1 Thin Section Element Concentration Maps Prior to electron beam characterization / mapping, all specimens were coated with ~ 20 nm of carbon using a Cressington sputter coater, to limit charging of the sample, which can interfere with signal collection during scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) if not properly resolved (UC Riverside CFAMM, 2014). Thin section element concentration maps (Ca, Ce, P, Ti and Zr) were created using a Cameca SXFive Field Emission EPMA for metapelitic specimens PP05A, PP09B, PP10C, PP12 and PP15B to locate datable phases including monazite [(Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO4]. The maps were generated using an acceleration voltage of 15 kV, a 200 nA current, and matching spot and step sizes of 50 µm; the dwell time was 20 ms. Thin section element concentration maps (Al, Ca, Ce, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Si, Ti, Y, Zr) for metapelitic specimens PP117B and PP136 were created using a Tescan Mira 3 XMU Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an Oxford Instruments X-Max Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) detector. The SEM was setup with an acceleration voltage of 20 kV, a beam intensity of 15 (unitless), and an approximate pixel / step size of ~ 1.75 µm; one BSE scan and two EDS scans were carried out to map all the elements and acquire images with a 10 ms dwell time. Combined Ce + P (approximating monazite) and Ca + P (approximating apatite) elemental maps were compiled for each specimen. The Ca + P map was subtracted from the Ce + P map to remove any Ce + P anomalies associated with apatite and create a new thin section map essentially highlighting only monazite (Figure 5.2). 102 103 Figure 5.2: Monazite grain locations in metapelitic thin-section specimens on BSE maps (left) and the [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section maps they were located on (right). For BSE: white = high counts, black = low counts. Monazite shown in white in thin section element concentration maps. A) PP05A thin section BSE image and monazite grain locations. B) PP05A [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section map. C) PP09B thin section BSE image and monazite grain locations. D) PP09B [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section map. E) PP10C thin section BSE image and monazite grain locations. F) PP10C [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section map. G) PP12 thin section BSE image and monazite grain locations. H) PP12 [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section map. I) PP15B thin section BSE image and monazite grain locations. J) PP15B [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section map. K) PP117B thin section BSE image and monazite grain locations. L) PP117B [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section map. M) PP136 thin section BSE image and monazite grain locations. N) PP136 [(Ce + P) – (Ca + P)] thin section map. 104 Monazite grains occur throughout the thin sections. Grains were selected for petrochronology across a variety of textural locations including: 1) within C’- or S- shear bands; 2) as inclusions or along cracks within garnet and kyanite porphyroblasts; and 3) within the matrix of the rock. The largest monazite grains (between 60 to 250 µm) identified in these positions were selected for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) (for grain location descriptions see Appendix D). 5.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy Across the seven metapelitic specimens, a total of 73 monazite grains were selected for petrochronological analyses. The individual grains identified in Section 5.1.1 above were compositionally verified (EDS) and imaged (BSE – 28x – 5kx magnification, depending on grain size) with SEM. The acceleration voltage of the SEM was 20 kV; the working distance was 13.99 - 15 mm; and the beam intensity was 15 (unitless). Grain images were used to determine the textural relationships between monazite grains, surrounding minerals and microstructures (e.g. C’ fabrics, rotated garnet porphyroblasts) as well as to determine the individual grain shapes for locating under transmitted light on an optical microscope, under EPMA as well as LA-ICP-MS. Most of the monazite BSE images do not show zonation, however, some grains display BSE image zonation that appears to correspond to Ca, Th, U and Y concentrations (e.g. Appendix D – PP12-M4, PP15B-M3, PP15B-M6, PP15B-M7, PP15B-M9, PP117B-M3, PP117B-M5, PP117B-M6, PP117B-M10, PP136-M5). 105 5.1.3 Electron Probe Microanalysis Element zonation maps and BSE images for all 73 individual monazite grains were generated using the Cameca SXFive Field Emission EPMA. The acceleration voltage was 15 kV; the beam current was 200 nA; the spot and step size were 1 µm; the dwell time was 100 ms. Grains were mapped for the following elements: Ca, Si, Th, U and Y. Monazite grain descriptions and images are found in Appendix D. Variable zonation is observed for Ca, Th, U and Y in the monazite grains, and there is little to no detectable Si. Th-enriched zones in monazite grains are typically U-depleted and vice versa (Figure 5.3 A & B). Many grains have Y-depleted cores, and gradually increase in Y concentration from the mantles to rims (Figure 5.3 C). Some grains are mainly Y-depleted, however, have Y-enriched mantles (Figure 5.3 D). High Y-concentrations are common next to brittle fractures that crosscut the monazite grains (Figure 5.3 E), and near zircon / opaque inclusions (Figure 5.3 F) within these grains. Many grains display a patchy zonation of element concentrations, with no defined spatial patterns (Figure 5.3 G - J). 106 Figure 5.3: Element concentration zonation maps for monazite grains, created with EPMA. Lighter shades correspond to increasing concentrations. A) PP05A – M6 Th map. B) PP05A – M6 U map. C) PP10C – M1 Y map. D) PP09B – M9 Y map. E) PP09B – M1 Y map. F) PP15B – M4 Y map. G) PP117B – M1 Ca map. H) PP117B – M1 Th map. I) PP117B – M1 U map. J) PP117B – M1 Y map. 107 5.1.4 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Laser ablation spot locations and size were selected based on the EPMA element zonation monazite grain maps for Ca, Th, U and Y discussed in Section 5.1.3 above (Appendix D, Figure 5.3). The aim was, whenever possible, to put 4 spots in each distinct compositional zone on each grain, however, this was governed by the size of each zone and the mineral grain itself. Brief descriptions and images of spot locations are included in Appendix D. The laser spot size for monazite grains was either 15 µm (PP05A, PP10C, PP15B, PP117B, PP136) or 20 µm (PP09B, PP12) in diameter. Spot size was maximized to reduce the aspect ratio of the laser pit to help minimize mass fractionation during data acquisition, and to return the best possible signal for radiogenic isotopes and trace elements. A Photon Machines Analyte 193 Excimer laser was used to ablate the sample spots. The ablated material was carried in high purity helium gas into the Agilent 8900 Triple Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) (2nd generation) (Advanced Specialty Gases, 2008). The ICP-MS was operated in single quad (no gas) mode with nickel cones and no spray chamber. The instrument was tuned daily to ensure maximum signal of (Pb, Th, U), U/Th ratio parity for the NIST 610 standard reference material (SRM) and limited formation of ThO (National Institute of Standards & Technology, 2012). As noted previously, a spot size of 15 or 20 µm was used with a repetition rate of 6 Hz, and a laser fluence of 3.95 – 4.10 J/cm2. Two laser pulses were used to “clean” the surface, followed by 30 – 35 s of ablation time and 30 s of background time. The laser energy setpoint was 5 MJ, the laser energy was between 66 and 66.4% and the voltage between 13 and 14.4 kV. Auxiliary argon gas for the Agilent 8900 was run at 1 L/min, with the sample argon gas at 0.9 L/min, and the carrier helium gas between 0.375 and 0.5 L/min. The RF power was 1550 W. 108 A total of 580 spots were ablated across the 73 monazite grains. After LA-ICP-MS, the ablation spots were examined using a polarizing microscope to ensure the laser hit the desired target. Deviations from expected are noted in Appendix D. This spot verification identified 33 spots to be removed from the dataset because they missed their targets, leaving a total of 547 reliable ablations on 71 monazite grains. 5.1.5 Data Summary Reference monazite materials used for the age determinations of specimens PP05A, PP09B, PP10C, PP12, PP15B and PP136 were: primary – 44069 (Aleinikoff et al., 2006); secondary – 554 (Harrison et al., 1999), Trebilcock (Tomascak et al., 1996), and Stern (Bananeira) (Gonçalves et al., 2016). For specimen PP117B, Stern monazite was used as the primary age reference material, with Trebilcock as the secondary age standard due to abnormalities in the ablation of 44069. Repeat analyses of primary and secondary reference materials were run every ~ 8 unknown analyses. The expected and returned ages of the secondary reference materials analyzed in this study are summarized in Table 5.1 below; all are within analytical uncertainty. The unknown monazite 208Pb/232Th ages, field locations, and rock types are also presented in this table. Isotope ratios and trace element concentrations from LA-ICP-MS were corrected for downhole fractionation and instrument drift using the Iolite software package (v.4) (Paton et al., 2011). Excess dispersion in the 208Pb/232Th, 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb ratios measured in the secondary reference material Trebilcock were propagated quadratically back through the unknown ratios. 207Pb corrected 206Pb/238U ages were calculated using the (Stacey & Kramers, 1975) Pb model via IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). 109 The monazite reference material Stern (Bananeira) was used as the primary trace element reference material for all seven monazite specimens, assuming a stoichiometric Ce concentration of 29 wt. %. The element concentrations quantified were P, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu. Repeat analysis of monazite using Stern as a primary reference material has been shown to be reproducible within ~ 5% (Kylander-Clark et al., 2013). Across the 7 metapelitic specimens, a total of 547 new spot analyses on 71 different monazite grains were conducted. A kernel density estimation (KDE) plot of the combined data for all 547 spots outlines a main peak at ca. 65 Ma, with smaller shoulders at ca. 80 Ma, ca.100 Ma, ca. 120 Ma and ca. 160 Ma (Figure 5.4 A). A finite Gaussian mixture model (GMM) analysis of the combined data also outlines a peak at 64.46 ± 0.22 Ma (2SE), and others at 77.98 ± 0.28 Ma (2SE), 96.67 ± 0.34 Ma (2SE), 120.22 ± 0.50 Ma (2SE), and at 158.68 ± 1.28 Ma (2SE) (Figure 5.4 B) with decreasing proportion. The complete LA-ICP-MS age and trace element dataset is provided in Appendix D. The dates and trace element concentrations for each monazite specimen are reported in detail below. 110 Figure 5.4: Summary of combined monazite Th-Pb age data for specimens PP05A, PP09B, PP10C, PP12, PP15B, PP117B and PP136 (n=547). A) Histogram and kernel density estimator (KDE) overlay. B) Finite Gaussian mixture model of monazite age peaks. Errors shown are 1SE. Both plots created with the Peakfit Explorer Application (Kerswell et al., 2021). 111 Table 5.1: Monazite Th-Pb KDE ages and field locations / rock types for specimens PP05A, PP09B, PP10C, PP12, PP15B, PP117B and PP136; and expected / returned ages for secondary age standards USGS 44069, 554, Trebilcock and Stern. Specimens above the thick black line are from the hanging wall and specimens below are from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. Specimen # Location in Field / Rock Type Monazite 208Pb/232Th Age Populations USGS 44069 Age (Ma) 554 Age (Ma) Trebilcock Age (Ma) Stern (Bananeira) Age (Ma) % Dispersion Added to Isotope Ratios (Based on Trebilcock) Expected Age N/A N/A 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/235U= 424.9 ± 0.4 (Aleinikoff et al., 2006) 208Pb/232Th = 424.9 ± 0.6 (Kylander-Clark et al., 2013) Th-Pb = 45 ± 1 (Harrison et al., 1999) 208Pb/232Th = 46.7 ± 0.2 (Kylander-Clark et al., 2013) 207Pb/235U = 271.5 ± 2 (Tomascak et al., 1996) 208Pb/232Th = 263.7 ± 1.0 (Kylander-Clark et al., 2013) 206Pb/238U = 513.6 ± 1.2 (Gonçalves et al., 2016) 208Pb/232Th = 497.6 ± 1.6 (Kylander-Clark et al., 2013) N/A PP117B ~ 420 m NW of the MD in the hanging wall (structurally above) Anatectite-bearing metapelitic rock M3: ca. 85 Ma M2: ca. 98 Ma (peak) M1: ca.110 – 120 Ma 208Pb/232Th = 439.48 ± 1.81 MSWD = 1.69 n = 8/10 2 outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 48.23 ± 0.22 MSWD = 5.26 n = 20/23 3 outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 276.83 ± 2.10 MSWD = 3.43 n = 11/11 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 264.57 ± 1.32 MSWD = 4.79 n = 11/11 no outliers rejected Primary age standard for PP117B 208Pb/232Th + 0% dispersion 206Pb/238U + 2.3% dispersion 207Pb/206Pb + 1% dispersion PP15B ~ 375 m NW of the MD in the hanging wall (structurally above) Anatectite-bearing metapelitic rock M3: ca. 65 Ma M2: ca. 83 Ma (peak) M1: ca. 110 Ma Primary age standard for PP15B 208Pb/232Th = 49.33 ± 0.63 MSWD = 4.07 n = 4/4 no outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 273.33 ± 1.51 MSWD = 1.33 n = 7/7 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 256.75 ± 1.67 MSWD = 1.99 n = 7/7 no outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 501.04 ± 4.26 MSWD = 2.62 n = 7/7 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 478.93 ± 2.44 MSWD = 1.05 n = 7/7 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th + 1.25% dispersion 206Pb/238U + 0.69% dispersion 207Pb/206Pb + 0.85% dispersion 112 Specimen # Location in Field / Rock Type Monazite 208Pb/232Th Age Populations USGS 44069 Age (Ma) 554 Age (Ma) Trebilcock Age (Ma) Stern (Bananeira) Age (Ma) % Dispersion Added to Isotope Ratios (Based on Trebilcock) PP10C ~ 100 m SE of the MD in the footwall (structurally below) Anatectite-bearing metapelitic rock M2: ca. 66 Ma (peak) M1: ca. 82 Ma Primary age standard for PP10C 208Pb/232Th = 42.28 ± 1.50 MSWD = 156 n = 14/14 no outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 279.88 ± 1.36 MSWD = 1.62 n = 8/8 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 265.61 ± 0.83 MSWD = 1.34 n = 11/11 no outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 510.72 ± 3.39 MSWD = 2.64 n = 7/8 1 outlier rejected 208Pb/232Th = 499.12 ± 1.66 MSWD = 1.02 n = 8/8 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th + 0.16% dispersion 206Pb/238U + 0.81% dispersion 207Pb/206Pb + 0.0047% dispersion PP09B ~ 185 m SE of the MD in the footwall (structurally below) Anatectite-bearing metapelitic rock M3: ca. 71 Ma M2: ca. 82 Ma (peak) Gap ca. 100 – 90 M1: ca.125 Ma Primary age standard for PP09B 208Pb/232Th = 47.06 ± 0.34 MSWD = 0.71 n = 9/12 3 outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 270.65 ± 2.78 MSWD = 0.36 n = 5/6 1 outlier rejected 208Pb/232Th = 258.87 ± 2.43 MSWD = 0.20 n = 5/6 1 outlier rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 501.66 ± 7.50 MSWD = 3.94 n = 6/6 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 488.04 ± 7.05 MSWD = 3.80 n = 6/6 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th + 3.05% dispersion 206Pb/238U + 2.11% dispersion 207Pb/206Pb + 0.0041% dispersion PP12 ~ 195 m SE of the MD in the footwall (structurally below) Anatectite-bearing psammitic rock M2: ca. 66 Ma M1: ca.72 Ma (peak) Primary age standard for PP12 208Pb/232Th = 43.89 ± 1.29 MSWD = 13.0 n = 10/10 no outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 264.09 ± 4.56 MSWD = 0.66 n = 5/6 1 outlier rejected 208Pb/232Th = 273.64 ± 4.44 MSWD = 0.17 n = 6/6 no outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 509.36 ± 8.29 MSWD = 0.66 n = 6/6, no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 509.40 ± 7.52 MSWD = 0.19 n = 6/6, no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th + 3.95% dispersion 206Pb/238U + 0.0061% dispersion 207Pb/206Pb + 0.0067% dispersion 113 Specimen # Location in Field / Rock Type Monazite 208Pb/232Th Age Populations USGS 44069 Age (Ma) 554 Age (Ma) Trebilcock Age (Ma) Stern (Bananeira) Age (Ma) % Dispersion Added to Isotope Ratios (Based on Trebilcock) PP05A ~ 440 m SE of the MD in the footwall (structurally below) Anatectite-bearing metapelitic rock M1: ca. 62 Ma (peak) Primary age standard for PP05A 208Pb/232Th = 47.31 ± 0.37 MSWD = 0.43 n = 11/12 1 outlier rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 275.29 ± 2.18 MSWD = 0.78 n = 5/6 1 outlier rejected 208Pb/232Th = 264.66 ± 2.99 MSWD = 0.53 n = 5/6 1 outlier rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 509.88 ± 3.69 MSWD = 1.46 n = 6/6 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 502.32 ± 4.83 MSWD = 0.97 n = 6/6 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th + 4.02% dispersion 206Pb/238U + 2.22% dispersion 207Pb/206Pb + 1.24% dispersion PP136 ~ 470 m SE of the MD in the footwall (structurally below) Garnet-rich anatectite rock M2: ca 70 Ma (peak) M1: ca. 80 Ma Primary age standard for PP136 208Pb/232Th = 48.03 ± 0.16 MSWD = 2.02 n = 12/14 2 outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 275.71 ± 0.94 MSWD = 1.23 n = 7/7 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 265.99 ± 1.25 MSWD = 2.55 n = 7/7 no outliers rejected 206Pb/238U (207Pb corrected) = 500.28 ± 2.78 MSWD = 2.40 n = 7/7 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th = 488.26 ± 3.03 MSWD = 3.05 n = 7/7 no outliers rejected 208Pb/232Th + 1% dispersion 206Pb/238U + 0% dispersion 207Pb/206Pb + 3% dispersion 114 5.1.5.1 Hanging Wall Specimens – Lower Selkirk Allochthon In specimen PP117B, 135 spot analyses on 10 different monazite grains were conducted and are displayed on a U-Th-Pb concordia plot (Figure 5.5 A). Within this specimen, most monazite grains occur within the matrix in association with quartz, biotite, sillimanite, and sericite. Several monazite grains are found along sericite- filled fractures within garnet porphyroblasts or within the surrounding biotite pressure shadows (e.g. PP117B – M4, M5, M6, M9; Figure 5.2 K & L), however, do not record different age populations than in the matrix. The dominant age population from spots in this specimen is ca. 98 Ma, with minor populations seen at ca. 85 Ma and ca. 110-120 Ma, as shown in a KDE plot in Figure 5.5 B. The trace element spider plot displays an increasingly negative Eu anomaly through time, and there are no clear age-related patterns amongst HREEs and MREEs, however HREE slopes are moderately to steeply negative (Figure 5.5 C). In specimen PP15B, 71 spot analyses on 10 different monazite grains were conducted and are displayed on a U-Th-Pb concordia plot (Figure 5.6 A). Within this specimen, all monazite grains occur within the matrix in association with biotite, quartz, sillimanite, kyanite, sericite and local opaque minerals (Figure 5.2 I & J). The dominant age population from spots in this specimen is ca. 83 Ma, with minor populations seen at ca. 65 Ma and ca. 110 Ma, as shown in a KDE plot in Figure 5.6 B. A trace element spider plot displays an increasingly negative Eu anomaly through time, and there is no clear pattern amongst HREEs and MREEs, however HREE slopes are moderately to steeply negative (Figure 5.6 C). 115 Figure 5.5: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP117B. A) U-Th-Pb Concordia plot coloured by Y (ppm). B) Kernel density estimation plot of 208Pb/232Th ages. C) Trace element spider plot coloured by 208Pb/232Th age. Plots created with ChrontouR Scripts (Larson, 2020). 116 Figure 5.6: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP15B. A) U-Th-Pb Concordia plot coloured by Y (ppm). B) Kernel density estimation plot of 208Pb/232Th ages. C) Trace element spider plot coloured by 208Pb/232Th age. Plots created with ChrontouR Scripts (Larson, 2020). 117 5.1.5.2 Footwall Specimens – Monashee Complex Cover Sequence In specimen PP10C, 75 spot analyses on 10 different monazite grains were conducted and are displayed on a U-Th-Pb concordia plot (Figure 5.7 A). Within this specimen, all monazite grains occur within the matrix in association with biotite, sillimanite, sericite, fine-grained quartz, and local elongate opaque minerals; except for grain M11, which occurs along a sericite-filled brittle fracture that crosscuts a garnet porphyroblast (Figure 5.2 E& F). The dominant age population from spots in this specimen is ca. 66 Ma, with a minor population seen at ca. 82 Ma, as shown in a KDE plot in Figure 5.7 B. Grain M11 also returned spots dated ca. 115 to 130 Ma. A trace element spider plot displays an increasingly negative Eu anomaly through time (Figure 5.7 C). HREE slopes are steep negative between ca. 95 and 70 Ma and are flatter between ca. 70 and 58 Ma. In specimen PP09B, 71 spot analyses on 10 different monazite grains were conducted and are displayed on a U-Th-Pb concordia plot (Figure 5.8 A). Within this specimen, most monazite grains occur within the matrix in association with kyanite, quartz, sillimanite, sericite, and biotite and returned ages ca. 82 Ma and ca. 71 Ma. M1 occurs along a sericite-filled fracture within a deformed kyanite porphyroblast and returned dates between ca. 105 and 135 Ma. Grains M8, M11 and M12 occur along sericite-sillimanite-biotite-filled brittle fractures within garnet porphyroblasts and returned dates between ca. 95 and 150 Ma (Figure 5.2 C & D). The dominant age population from spots in this specimen is ca. 82 Ma, with minor populations seen at ca. 71 Ma and 125 Ma, as shown in a KDE plot in Figure 5.8 B. A trace element spider plot displays an increasingly negative Eu anomaly through time, and a steep negative HREE slope between ca. 140 and 70 Ma, which flattens between ca. 70 and 60 Ma (Figure 5.8 C). There is also a gap in dates and trace element data between ca. 100 and 90 Ma. 118 In specimen PP12, 53 spot analyses on 9 different monazite grains were conducted and are displayed on a U-Th-Pb concordia plot (Figure 5.9 A). Within this specimen, all monazite grains occur within the matrix in association with kyanite, biotite, quartz, sillimanite and sericitized feldspar; except for grain M10, which occurs along a sericite-filled fracture within a deformed kyanite grain. Grain M10 does not record different age populations than the matrix grains (Figure 5.2 G & H). The dominant age population from spots in this specimen is ca. 72 Ma, with a minor population seen at ca. 66 Ma, as shown in a KDE plot in Figure 5.9 B. A trace element spider plot displays an increasingly steep negative Eu anomaly through time, and a steep negative HREE slope between ca. 85 and 70 Ma, which flattens between ca. 70 and 58 Ma (Figure 5.9 C). Before ca. 78 Ma, there is a gap in dates and trace element data. In specimen PP05A, 61 spot analyses on 11 different monazite grains were conducted and are displayed on a U-Th-Pb concordia plot (Figure 5.10 A). Within this specimen, most monazite grains occur in the matrix, in association with quartz, kyanite, biotite, sillimanite and opaque minerals. Several grains occur along brittle fractures within kyanite and garnet grains, however, do not record different age populations than in the matrix (e.g. PP05A – M8, M12; Figure 5.2 A &B). The dominant age population from spots in this specimen is ca. 62 Ma, as shown in a KDE plot in Figure 5.10 B. A trace element spider plot displays a negative Eu anomaly and a steep negative HREE slope between ca. 80 and 67 Ma, which flattens between ca. 67 and 55 Ma (Figure 5.10 C). 119 In specimen PP136, 81 spot analyses on 11 different monazite grains were conducted and are displayed on a U-Th-Pb concordia plot (Figure 5.11 A). Within this specimen, about half of the monazite grains occur within the matrix in association with biotite, sillimanite, fine-grained quartz, and feldspar and locally, opaque minerals. The other half of the monazite grains occur either along fractures within garnet porphyroblasts, or in the surrounding biotite-bearing pressure shadows (e.g. PP136 – M6, M9, M10, M14; Figure 5.2 M & N). Despite the different textural positions, different age populations are not recorded between the matrix and garnet-associated monazite grains. The dominant age population from spots in this specimen is ca. 70 Ma, as shown in a KDE plot in Figure 5.11 B. A trace element spider plot displays a slight negative Eu anomaly and a steepening negative HREE slope from ca. 100 to 57 Ma (Figure 5.11 C). 120 Figure 5.7: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP10C. A) U-Th-Pb Concordia plot coloured by Y (ppm). B) Kernel density estimation plot of 208Pb/232Th ages. C) Trace element spider plot coloured by 208Pb/232Th age. Plots created with ChrontouR Scripts (Larson, 2020). Note: for plot C), 125 Ma outliers were excluded so the remainder of the data used the full age colour gradient (however these points are most depleted in REEs). 121 Figure 5.8: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP09B. A) U-Th-Pb Concordia plot coloured by Y (ppm). B) Kernel density estimation plot of 208Pb/232Th ages. C) Trace element spider plot coloured by 208Pb/232Th age. Plots created with ChrontouR Scripts (Larson, 2020). 122 Figure 5.9: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP12. A) U-Th-Pb Concordia plot coloured by Y (ppm). B) Kernel density estimation plot of 208Pb/232Th ages. C) Trace element spider plot coloured by 208Pb/232Th age. Plots created with ChrontouR Scripts (Larson, 2020). 123 Figure 5.10: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP05A. A) U-Th-Pb Concordia plot coloured by Y (ppm). B) Kernel density estimation plot of 208Pb/232Th ages. C) Trace element spider plot coloured by 208Pb/232Th age. Plots created with ChrontouR Scripts (Larson, 2020). 124 Figure 5.11: Monazite petrochronology plots for specimen PP136. A) U-Th-Pb Concordia plot coloured by Y (ppm). B) Kernel density estimation plot of 208Pb/232Th ages. C) Trace element spider plot coloured by 208Pb/232Th age. Plots created with ChrontouR Scripts (Larson, 2020). 125 5.2 Titanite Results 5.2.1 Thin Section Element Concentration Maps Prior to electron beam characterization / mapping, the specimen was coated with ~ 20 nm of carbon using a Cressington sputter coater, to limit charging of the sample, which can interfere with signal collection during scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) if not properly resolved (UC Riverside CFAMM, 2014). A thin section element concentration map for the calc-silicate specimen PP02B was created using the Cameca SXFive Field Emission EPMA to locate individual titanite (CaTiSiO5) grains. The acceleration voltage of the EPMA was 15 kV, the beam current was 200 nA, the spot size was 50 µm, the step size was 50 µm and the dwell time was 20 ms. These maps were created for the following elements: Ca, Ce, P, Ti, Zr. A BSE image was also acquired to highlight the textural relationships between the titanite grains and other mineral phases within the specimen. A combination of the Ti and BSE maps were used to help locate individual titanite grains (Figure 5.12). Figure 5.12: Titanite grain locations in the calc-silicate thin-section specimen. For BSE: white = high counts, black = low counts. Monazite shown in white in thin section element concentration map. A) PP02B thin section BSE image and titanite grain locations. B) PP02B Ti thin section map. 126 Titanite grains occur throughout the calc-silicate groundmass of specimen PP02B. These grains are surrounded by quartz, clinopyroxene, muscovite, biotite, rutile, calcite, sericitized plagioclase, apatite, and sericite. Grains were selected for petrochronology if they were of suitable diameter (between 200 and 1500 µm), contained limited inclusions of other mineral phases such as rutile, zircon, and opaques, and were not highly fractured (for grain location descriptions see Appendix D). 5.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy A total of 13 titanite grains in specimen PP02B were selected for petrochronological analyses. These grains were identified, compositionally verified (EDS) and imaged (BSE - 28x to 500x magnification, depending on grain size) with the Tescan Mira 3 XMU Scanning Electron Microscope and an Oxford Instruments X-Max EDS detector. The acceleration voltage of the SEM was 20 kV; the working distance was 13.99 – 14.08 mm; and the beam intensity was 15 (unitless). Grain images were used to determine the textural relationships between titanite grains and surrounding minerals and to determine the individual grain shapes for locating under transmitted light with an optical microscope, under EPMA as well as LA-ICP-MS. The majority of the titanite grain BSE images do not show chemical zonation, however, several grains display BSE image zonation that appears to correspond to Nb and Y concentrations (e.g. Appendix D – PP02B – T6, T7, T8). 127 5.2.3 Electron Probe Microanalysis Element zonation maps and BSE images for all 13 individual titanite grains were generated using the Cameca SXFive Field Emission EPMA. The acceleration voltage was 15 kV; the beam current was 200 nA; the spot size was 5 µm; the step size was 2, 3 or 5 µm; and the dwell time was 75 - 100 ms. Grains were mapped for the following elements: Gd, Nb, Nd, Y and Zr, with lighter shades corresponding to increasing concentrations. There were between 1 and 3 compositional zones on each grain (core, mantle, rim). Titanite grain descriptions and images are found in Appendix D. Variable zonation is observed for Nb and Y in the titanite grains and there are moderate (light to medium grey) concentrations of Gd, Nd and Zr. There generally appears to be an increase in Nb concentration from core to rim (Figure 5.13 A). Many titanite grains have Y-depleted cores, with Y-enriched mantles and moderately Y-enriched rims (Figure 5.13 B). Other grains have Y-depleted cores and gradually increase in Y concentration through the mantles (when present) and rims (Figure 5.13 C). Figure 5.13: Element concentration zonation maps for titanite grains, created with EPMA. Lighter shades correspond to increasing concentrations. A) PP02B – T13 Nb map. B) PP02B – T1 Y map. C) PP02B – T5 Y map. 128 5.2.4 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Laser ablation spot locations and size were selected based on the EPMA element zonation monazite grain maps for Gd, Nb, Nd, Y and Zr discussed in Section 5.2.3 above (Appendix D). The aim was, whenever possible, to put 4 spots in each distinct compositional zone on each grain, however, this was governed by the size of each zone and the mineral grain itself. The laser spot size for titanite grains was 40 µm. Spot size was maximized to reduce the aspect ratio of the laser hole, to help minimize mass fractionation during data acquisition. Brief descriptions and images of spot locations are shown in Appendix D. A Photon Machines Analyte 193 Excimer laser was used to ablate the sample spots. The ablated material was carried in high purity helium gas into the Agilent 8900 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS (2nd generation) (Advanced Specialty Gases, 2008). The ICP-MS was operated in single quad (no gas) mode with nickel cones and no spray chamber. The instrument was tuned daily to ensure maximum signal of (Pb, Th, U), U/Th ratio parity for the NIST 610 SRM and limited formation of ThO (National Institute of Standards & Technology, 2012). As noted previously, a spot size of 40 µm was used with a repetition rate of 6 Hz and a laser fluence of 4.95 – 5.00 J/cm2. Two laser pulses were used to “clean” the surface followed by 40 s of ablation time and 40 s of background time. The laser energy setpoint was 5 MJ, the laser energy was between 83 and 83.2% and the voltage between 10 and 14.8 kV. Auxiliary argon gas for the Agilent 8900 was run at 1 L/min, with the sample argon gas at 0.9 L/min, and the carrier helium gas between 0.4 and 0.45 L/min. The RF power was 1550 W. A total of 151 spots were ablated across the 13 titanite grains. After LA-ICP-MS, the ablation spots were examined using a polarizing microscope. Each ablated spot was investigated to ensure the laser hit the desired target. Deviations from expected are noted in Appendix D. This 129 spot verification identified 22 spots to be removed from the dataset because they missed their targets, leaving a total of 133 reliable ablations on 13 titanite grains. 5.2.5 Data Summary Reference titanite materials used for the age determination of specimen PP02B were: primary - MKED1 (Spandler et al., 2016); secondary - Mount McClure (Schoene & Bowring, 2006), and Fish Canyon (Schmitz & Bowring, 2001). Initial and final calibration involved running all standards in duplicate. For grains T1 – T8, the reference material used for trace element concentration determination was NIST 610 (National Institute of Standards & Technology, 2012). For grains T9 – T13, the reference material used for trace element concentration determination was NIST 612 (Pedersen et al., 2004), due to abnormalities in the ablation of NIST 610. A stoichiometric Ti concentration of 18 wt% was used for all 13 titanite grains. The trace elements quantified were Sr, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf and Ta. Repeat analyses of primary and secondary reference materials bracket every ~ 8 to 10 unknown analyses. The expected and returned ages of the secondary reference materials analyzed in this study are summarized in Table 5.2 below. The unknown titanite Tera-Wasserburg ages, the field location, and rock type are also presented in this table. The complete LA-ICP-MS age and trace element dataset is found in Appendix D. Isotope ratios and trace element concentrations from LA-ICP-MS were corrected for downhole fractionation and instrument drift using the Iolite software package (v.4) (Paton et al., 2011). Excess dispersion in the 206Pb/ 238U ratios measured in the secondary reference material Mount McClure was propagated back through the unknown ratios. Excess dispersion in the 207Pb/206Pb ratios measured using the primary reference material MKED1 was propagated back through the unknown ratios. The 208Pb/232Th ratios were not considered for titanite 130 petrochronology. A (Stacey & Kramers, 1975) 207Pb correction was also applied to the 206Pb/ 238U ages using IsoplotR to account for the initial contribution of common Pb (Vermeesch, 2018). Table 5.2: Titanite U-Th-Pb ages and field location / rock type for specimen PP02B and expected / returned ages for secondary age standards. Specimen # Location in Field / Rock Type Titanite Tera-Wasserburg Isochron Age Populations MKED1 Age (Ma) Mount McClure Titanite Age (Ma) Fish Canyon Age (Ma) % Dispersion Added to Isotope Ratios Expected Age N/A N/A 206Pb/238U = 1519.5 ± 3 (Spandler et al., 2016) 207Pb/235U = 523.26 ± 1.27 (Schoene & Bowring, 2006) 206Pb/238U = 28.395 ± 0.049 (Schmitz & Bowring, 2001) N/A PP02B (grains T1 – T8) ~ 675 m SE of the MD in the footwall (structurally below) Calc-silicate rock 49.73 ± 0.81 Ma (rims) 52.6 ± 1.1 Ma (mantles) 59.3 ± 1.2 Ma (cores) Primary age standard for PP02B TW isochron = 521.88 ± 4.18 TW isochron = 26.02 ± 2.97 206Pb/238U + 1% dispersion (based on Mount McClure) 207Pb/206Pb + 0% dispersion (based on MKED1) PP02B (grains T9 – T13) Primary age standard for PP02B TW isochron = 508.4 ± 14.1 TW isochron = 25.87 ± 3.36 206Pb/238U + 3.7% dispersion (based on Mount McClure) 207Pb/206Pb + 0% dispersion (based on MKED1) In specimen PP02B, 133 spot analyses on 13 different titanite grains were conducted. Within this specimen, all titanite grains occur within the matrix, in association with quartz, clinopyroxene, opaque minerals (likely rutile), micas, diopside, calcite, apatite, sericite and sericitized plagioclase. A combined Tera-Wasserburg plot for all 133 spot analyses produced an errorchron date of ca. 53 Ma (Figure 5.14 D), indicating that the data do not define a single age 131 population. Spot analyses were then divided into core, mantle, and rim spots, determined based on compositional zonation observed in EPMA grain maps (Section 5.2.3 above). The three main Tera-Wasserburg isochron age populations for the titanite data are: 59.3 ± 1.2 Ma for cores (Figure 5.14 A, n = 48), 52.6 ± 1.1 Ma for mantles (Figure 5.14 B, n = 46), and 49.73 ± 0.81 Ma for rims (Figure 5.14 C, n = 39). Figure 5.14: Titanite petrochronology plots for specimen PP02B. A)- C) Tera-Wasserburg Concordia plots for titanite cores, mantles and rims coloured by Eu (ppm). Corresponding isochron ages are shown on each plot. D) Tera-Wasserburg Concordia plot for all PP02B titanite data coloured by Eu (ppm). An errorchron demonstrates that the data is not from one age population. Plots created with ChrontouR Scripts (Larson, 2020). Colours normalized across plots for comparison. Chondrite normalized (Sun & McDonough, 1989). 132 5.3 Interpretations The spatial distribution of monazite 208Pb/232Th weighted mean dates and titanite Tera-Wasserburg isochron dates are shown in Figure 5.1. All monazite interpretations assume that HREE+Y preferentially partition into garnet during prograde metamorphism (garnet growth) and into monazite during retrograde metamorphism (garnet breakdown) (Larson et al., 2021). It is important to note that there are several factors that could interfere with this simplified relationship, as described in Chapter 2 (Hacker et al., 2019; Larson et al., 2021; Shrestha et al., 2019). Based on the monazite dates and HREE slope pattern interpretations, Figure 5.15 shows a summary of the timing of prograde (in black) and retrograde metamorphism (in grey), anatexis and ductile deformation. Figure 5.15: Interpreted timing of prograde (black) and retrograde (grey) metamorphism compared to structural depth relative to the Monashee décollement (MD) for monazite petrochronology specimens. Prograde and retrograde metamorphism interpreted from Y concentration patterns and HREE slopes. Periods of interpreted ductile deformation are shown in pink and anatexis in blue. 133 The hanging wall specimens from the Lower Selkirk Allochthon did not return any clear age-related patterns amongst HREEs and MREEs in monazite trace element spider plots. As such, no metamorphic interpretations can be made. HREE patterns with moderate to steep negative slopes between ca. 160 and 80 Ma, however, may indicate that the hanging wall rocks were buried and undergoing prograde metamorphism at that time. In the Monashee Complex cover sequence, most specimens appear to undergo prograde metamorphism between at least ca. 95 (potentially starting as early as ca. 120 Ma) and ca. 70 – 65 Ma (depending on the specimen), as interpreted from steep negative HREE slopes. This was likely followed by retrograde metamorphism (garnet breakdown) starting ca. 70 - 65 Ma and continuing until at least ca. 55 Ma in the monazite record, as interpreted from flattening HREE slopes through time and confirmed by the occurrence of garnet porphyroblasts surrounded by biotite-bearing pressure shadows in many of the specimens. Retrograde metamorphism was likely driven by extension-related exhumation until at least ca. 49 Ma, as recorded in the footwall titanite dates. 134 The above interpretations of prograde metamorphism between ca. 95 and 70 – 65 Ma followed by retrograde metamorphism between ca. 70 – 65 and 55 Ma, are consistent with a recent study that interpreted prograde metamorphism ~ 600 m structurally below the MD along strike at ca 85 – 80 Ma and ca. 75 – 70 Ma, followed by retrograde metamorphism from ca. 70 to 55 Ma (Larson et al., 2021). This study also interpreted prograde metamorphism ~ 3000 m structurally below the MD along strike between ca. 68 and 63 Ma, followed by retrograde metamorphism from between ca. 63 and 53 Ma (Larson et al., 2021). In both the hanging wall and the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak, monazite grains in all analyzed specimens display increasingly negative Eu anomalies through time, which could indicate that the monazite grew in the presence of increasing amounts of feldspar, assuming that the rocks are not at equilibrium, and that the REEs within the feldspars were fractionated from the surrounding rock (Holder et al., 2020). This increasing amount of feldspar is consistent with associated anatexis observed across the Probity Peak area. Several footwall specimens also have a gap in dates and trace element data between ca. 100 and 90 Ma, which could reflect monazite resorption during a period of anatexis. The most negative Eu anomalies are observed in analyses dated between ca. 65 and 54 Ma, which is consistent with a second period of anatexis recorded in leucogranites of the same age (zircon and monazite) (Pers. Comm. J. Cottle). 135 Chapter 6: Geothermometry 6.1 Results Deformation temperature estimates were calculated using titanium-in-biotite (Ti-in-Bt) and quartz c-axis CPO opening angle geothermometry methods. The complete dataset for Ti-in-Bt is included in Appendix E, whereas the quartz CPO datasets are in Appendix C. The spatial distribution of deformation temperatures is shown in Figure 6.1. Figure 6.1: Overview overlay map of temperatures. Distribution of titanium-in-biotite (Ti-in-Bt) and quartz crystallographic preferred orientation (Qtz CPO) opening angle temperature data overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. 136 6.1.1 Titanium-in-Biotite Biotite grains in five thin sections were targeted for Ti-in-Bt. Grains were targeted in the following structural locations: 1) within shear bands; 2) in garnet pressure shadows; and 3) within the matrix. Recrystallized biotite grains located within shear bands were targeted to quantify any re-equilibration of Ti content during deformation. Biotite grains located within, or proximal to garnet pressure shadows were targeted to quantify retrograde temperatures during garnet breakdown. Finally, biotite grains located in the matrix, away from garnet grains and shear bands were selected for comparison with the other two structural locations. Four biotite “sites” were selected within each thin section based on the above criteria and approximately 5 – 10 spot locations on biotite grains within each “site” were analyzed for Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, Na, Mg, K, P, F and Cl concentrations. This was conducted using EPMA with 15 keV voltage, 20 nA current, and a 5 μm beam. Ti-in-biotite temperatures (T) were calculated using Equation 2.2 in Chapter 2 (Henry et al., 2005). For consistency, and to account for peak pressures up to ~ 10 kbar, as reported for specimens from the same structural position farther north (Foster et al., 2004; Gibson et al., 1999; Larson et al., 2021), the uncertainty on individual temperature estimates for this study was assumed to be ± 24°C (Henry et al., 2005). Weighted mean plots were created to quantify the representative temperatures in each specimen using IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). The temperatures calculated for individual spots on biotite grains in specimens PP01D, PP09B, PP10G, PP15B and PP117B are shown in Appendix E. 6.1.1.1 Hanging Wall Rocks – Lower Selkirk Allochthon Specimens PP117B and PP15B, from the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak, contain biotite grains that are located within the pressure shadows of highly fractured garnet grains. These biotite grains returned Ti-in-biotite temperatures of ~ 699 ± 24 °C in PP117B, and 137 ~ 693 ± 24 °C in PP15B (Figure 6.2 A & B). Biotite grains in C’-type shear bands within these specimens, which indicate both reverse-sense shear (PP117B) and normal-sense shear (PP15B), returned slightly higher temperature peaks at ~ 718 ± 24 °C in PP117B, and ~ 723 ± 24 °C in PP15B (Figure 6.2 C & D). Figure 6.2: Weighted mean plots for Ti-in-Bt temperatures (ºC) from the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak. Plots created with IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). Excluded spots are shown in blue. A) Specimen PP117B garnet breakdown temperatures. B) Specimen PP15B garnet breakdown temperatures. C) Specimen PP117B biotite shear band temperatures. D) Specimen PP15B biotite shear band temperatures. 138 6.1.1.2 Footwall Rocks – Monashee Complex Cover Sequence Specimens PP01D and PP10G, from the proposed footwall of the MD at Probity Peak, contain biotite grains that are located within the pressure shadows of garnet and aligned along normal-sense C’-type shear bands proximal to garnet. These biotite grains returned weighted mean temperatures of ~ 668 ± 24 °C in PP01D, and ~ 671 ± 24 °C in PP10G (Figure 6.3 A & B). Specimen PP09B contains biotite grains proximal to kyanite and aligned along C’-type shear bands that indicate reverse-sense shear. Five analyses on biotite in this structural position return a weighted mean temperature of ~ 692 ± 24 °C (Figure 6.3 C). Biotite within the matrix of specimen PP01D returned a similar weighted mean temperature of ~ 688 ± 24 °C (Figure 6.3 D). Finally, biotite grains located within reverse-sense C’-type shear bands away from garnet and kyanite grains in specimen PP09B returned a weighted mean temperature of ~ 714 ± 24 °C (2SE) (Figure 6.3 E). 139 Figure 6.3: Weighted mean plots for Ti-in-Bt temperatures (ºC) from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. Plots created with IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). Excluded spots are shown in blue. A) Specimen PP01D garnet breakdown temperatures. B) Specimen PP10G garnet breakdown temperatures. C) Specimen PP09B biotite near kyanite temperatures. D) Specimen PP01D matrix biotite temperatures. E) Specimen PP09B biotite shear band temperatures. 140 6.1.2 Quartz c-axis CPO Opening Angle Quartz c-axis CPO opening angle temperature calculations were made for fourteen quartz-rich quartzite, anatectite, calc-silicate and psammite specimens with suitable fabrics. Temperatures (T) were calculated using the methodology described and Equation 2.4 in Chapter 2 (Faleiros et al., 2016). The uncertainty on individual temperature estimates for this study was assumed to be ± 50°C (Faleiros et al., 2016). A summary of the opening angle temperature results is shown in Table 6.1 and CPO opening angle plots are included in Appendix C. Table 6.1: Summary of quartz c-axis CPO opening angle results. Specimens above the thick black line are from the hanging wall and specimens below are from the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak. * Quartz c-axis CPO opening angle deformation temperatures calculated with Equation 3 from (Faleiros et al., 2016). Specimen # Lithology CPO plot asymmetry (shear sense) Opening Angle Deformation Temperature (± 50°C)* PP133 Quartz-rich anatectite reverse 79° 615° C PP117A Quartz-rich anatectite N/A 83° 639° C PP15 Quartz-rich anatectite reverse 78° 609° C PP13 Quartz-rich calc-silicate potential normal 68° 542° C PP127 Psammite N/A 68° 542° C PP10F Quartz-rich calc-silicate reverse 63° 505° C PP11 Quartzite potential reverse 82° 633° C PP09A Quartzite reverse 87° 661° C PP04A Quartzite potential reverse 73° 577° C PP137 Quartzite N/A 88° 667° C PP02A Quartz-rich anatectite reverse 65° 520° C PP124 Quartzite reverse 91° 683° C PP01A Quartzite normal 86° 656° C PP138 Quartzite reverse 58° 465° C 141 Specimens PP15 and PP133, from the hanging wall of the MD, display quartz c-axis CPO fabrics with asymmetry that indicate reverse-sense shear. The opening angles calculated from the CPO fabrics from these specimens are 78° and 79°, which are consistent with deformation temperatures of ~ 609 and 615 ± 50°C, respectively. Specimens PP02A, PP04A, PP09A, PP10F, PP11, PP124 and PP138, from the footwall of the MD, also display quartz c-axis CPO fabrics with asymmetry that indicate reverse-sense shear. The opening angles calculated from the CPO fabrics from these specimens are between 58° and 91°, which are consistent with deformation temperatures that range between ~ 465 and 683 ± 50°C, respectively. In contrast, specimens PP13 and PP01A from the footwall yield quartz c-axis CPO fabrics with asymmetries consistent with normal-sense shear. The opening angles calculated from the CPO fabrics from these specimens are 68° and 86°, which are consistent with deformation temperatures of ~ 542 and 656 ± 50°C, respectively. 6.2 Interpretations The spatial distribution of Ti-in-Bt and quartz c-axis opening angle temperatures are shown in Figure 6.1 at the beginning of Chapter 6. A combined summary plot of both Ti-in-Bt and quartz CPO opening angle temperatures is shown in Figure 6.4 below. Ti-in-Bt temperatures from reverse- and normal-sense shear bands in the hanging wall of the MD at Probity Peak overlap at ~ 718 ± 24 °C and ~ 723 ± 24 °C, respectively. Temperatures extracted using the same method from biotite interpreted to reflect garnet breakdown (retrograde metamorphism) are between ~ 693 ± 24 °C and ~ 699 ± 24 °C. Those estimates compare with quartz c-axis CPO opening angle temperatures from hanging wall specimens that range between ~ 609 ± 50 °C and ~ 639 ± 50 °C. The asymmetries of the CPOs indicate that temperatures up to ~ 615 ± 50 °C are related to reverse-sense shear in the hanging wall. 142 In the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak, Ti-in-Bt temperatures calculated for biotite in reverse-sense shear bands, are ~ 714 ± 24 °C. Biotite temperatures associated with garnet and/or kyanite breakdown (retrograde metamorphism), are generally lower, between ~ 668 ± 24 °C and ~ 671 ± 24 °C and appear to be related to normal-sense shear. Quartz opening angle temperatures in the footwall that correlate with reverse-sense shear range between ~ 465 ± 50 °C and ~ 683 ± 50 °C, whereas those that correlate with normal-sense shear range between ~ 542 ± 50 °C and ~ 656 ± 50 °C (Figure 6.4). Figure 6.4: Temperature data obtained through titanium-in-biotite (Ti-in-Bt) geothermometry (orange) and quartz crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) opening angles (blue) compared to structural depth relative to the Monashee décollement (MD). Ti-in-Bt temperatures have been interpreted as either retrograde (r), matrix (m) or shear band-related (s) temperatures, based on the textural location of the biotite grains investigated in each thin section. Sense of movement (R = reverse, N = normal) for Ti-in-Bt was determined from C’ and C-S shear bands that contained the investigated biotite grains. Sense of movement for CPO fabrics was determined from lower hemisphere projection plot asymmetry. 143 Chapter 7: Discussion 7.1 Structural Relationships and Kinematics The MD is crustal-scale shear zone characterized by a well-developed SSW-striking, moderately dipping tectonic foliation with a near down-dip mineral elongation lineation. The foliation and lineation development increases in proximity to the proposed location of MD, consistent with strain localization along the shear zone (Fossen & Cavalcante, 2017). In both the hanging wall rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon (LSA) and the footwall rocks of the Monashee Complex (MC) cover sequence, ductile asymmetric structures variably indicate reverse- and normal-sense shear on all scales (outcrop, thin section, CPO), though most ductile kinematic indicators are reverse-sense. These reverse-sense shear ductile kinematic indicators are commonly recorded in syn-to-late kinematic leucogranite anatectite lenses that systematically indicate reverse-sense shear. The normal-sense shear ductile kinematic indicators likely formed during the same event as the reverse-sense shear indicators because there was a significant portion of coaxial shear that accompanied the non-coaxial reverse-sense shear, as interpreted from quartz c-axis CPO fabrics (Type II crossed girdles). All reverse-sense shear indicators are crosscut by NNW-striking, high-angle normal faults (brittle-ductile), and joints at all scales. Similar crosscutting relationships have been reported across the southern Canadian Cordillera, with an increasing proportion of brittle to semi-brittle SW-verging structures that overprint ductile NE-verging structures with decreasing structural depth in the Lower Selkirk Allochthon (Kuiper et al., 2006). This overprinting relationship likely reflects the progressive transition from ductile to brittle exhumation-related deformation during the Paleocene. 144 Hydrothermal fluid infiltration, as demonstrated by sericite that fills brittle fractures across the field area, commonly in association with chlorite and andalusite, likely occurred late- to-post-deformation, post-anatexis and during decompression / retrograde metamorphism that pre-dated the intrusion of intermediate-to-mafic dikes. Figure 7.1: Shear sense distribution overlain on the lithological map from Figure 3.1. Shear senses interpreted from kinematic indicators on the outcrop-scale, thin-section-scale, and quartz crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) asymmetry. Shear sense letters (R = reverse, N = normal, A = ambiguous) are coloured by observation scale. Metamorphic field isograds and zones (Gervais, 2019) are from Figure 3.24 and are included to visualize how shear senses vary within each metamorphic zone. Other map elements are described in the legend of the original map in Figure 3.1. 145 7.2 Timing and Conditions of Deformation 7.2.1 Metamorphism The rocks on both sides of the MD at Probity Peak have similar mineral assemblages to the metamorphic zones outlined elsewhere in the broader Frenchman Cap dome (Gervais, 2019) (Figure 3.24). The west-facing, kyanite-out structural field isograd along the proposed location of the MD may indicate that the rocks in the hanging wall were subjected to different historical metamorphic conditions than the footwall rocks before the formation of the MD at Probity Peak. This phenomenon, however, could reflect different bulk chemistry (e.g. less Al). The presence of both a prograde west-facing, muscovite-out, sillimanite-in field isograd and a retrograde east-facing, sillimanite-out field isograd indicates that the footwall rocks at Probity Peak record both prograde and retrograde metamorphism. Retrograde metamorphism in both the hanging wall and footwall appears to occur at least partially contemporaneously with brittle deformation, hydrothermal fluid infiltration, and monazite growth. Evidence for this includes that: brittle fractures in garnet porphyroblasts are filled with sericite / monazite / chlorite; garnet pressure shadows are defined by biotite; and local andalusite replacement of sillimanite and/or kyanite. 146 7.2.2 Temperature A nearby study reported peak temperatures related to low Y monazite located proximal to garnet and / or biotite ± quartz within specimens from ~ 600 m and ~ 3000 m structurally below the MD in the proximal footwall as ~ 755 – 770 °C ca. 75 – 70 Ma; and ~ 680 °C ca. 65 Ma, respectively (Larson et al., 2021). Furthermore, investigation of specimens approximately 50 km SE of Probity Peak in the Thor-Odin dome indicate that rocks within the Monashee Complex cooled to ~ 320-330 °C ca. 52-51 Ma (40Ar/39Ar thermochronology) (van Rooyen & Carr, 2016a, 2016b) and to ~ 250 °C ca. 45 Ma (zircon and apatite fission-track), after which variable exhumation and rapid cooling were governed by ca. 33 Ma movement along both the Columbia River fault (CRF) and high-angle brittle normal faults (Lorencak et al., 2001; Vanderhaeghe et al., 2003). This thesis adds quartz c-axis CPO opening angle and Ti-in-biotite temperatures to the regional dataset. Most of the quartz in the hanging wall and footwall of the MD at Probity Peak appears to have recrystallized dominantly through high-temperature grain boundary migration (GBM), likely between 500 and 700 °C during deformation (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). In the footwall of the MD at Probity Peak, in addition to GBM, specimens also locally display evidence of significant subgrain rotation recrystallization (SGR). The quartz in these specimens likely recrystallized at the lower end of the ~ 500 - 700 ° C range or, perhaps were subjected to higher critically resolved shear stresses (Passchier & Trouw, 2005). Quartz c-axis CPO patterns from both the hanging wall and footwall indicate reverse-sense shear with a minor constrictional component (e.g. Type II crossed girdles) (Schmid & Casey, 1986). Opening angles of 78° to 83° for the hanging wall and 58° to 91° for the footwall are consistent with deformation temperatures between ~ 609 ± 50 °C and 639 ± 50 °C, and ~ 465 147 ± 50 °C and 683 ± 50 °C, respectively. CPO opening angles of 68° and 86° correlate with temperatures that range between ~ 542 ± 50 °C and 656 ± 50 °C, respectively, and appear to be related to normal-sense shear in the footwall. Quartz likely recrystallized throughout the deformation history of these rocks, so can record temperatures and crystal lattice orientations from multiple stages of deformation (of varying shear senses) throughout the history of the MD. Ti-in-biotite temperatures from both the hanging wall and footwall specimens correlated with reverse-sense movement during deformation are ~ 718 ± 24 °C and ~ 714 ± 24 °C, respectively. Normal-sense movement is also recorded in the hanging wall at ~ 723 ± 24 °C. Retrograde Ti-in-biotite temperatures from the hanging wall, measured in biotite grains that texturally appear to be participating in garnet breakdown reactions, indicate temperatures of ~ 693 ± 24 °C and ~ 699 ± 24 °C, which do not correlate with shear sense. Similarly, interpreted retrograde Ti-in-biotite temperatures from the footwall are ~ 668 ± 24 °C and ~ 671 ± 24 °C, and are commonly associated with normal-sense shear. These temperatures are consistent with a nearby study that returned Ti-in-biotite temperatures of ~ 710 ± 4 °C ~ 600 m into the footwall (unrelated to textural position); as well as ~ 510 ± 5 °C for biotite inclusions in garnet (retrograde) and ~ 680 ± 2 °C for matrix biotite ~ 3000 m into the footwall (Larson et al., 2021). 148 7.2.3 Time A chronological sequence of events regarding the geological history of the MD at Probity Peak based on the data presented herein is discussed below. The limited ca. 160 to 80 Ma record of petrochronological data obtained from both the LSA and the MC cover sequence in this study is consistent with variable prograde metamorphism, especially towards the later portion of that range. Previous studies of monazite and garnet geochronology from ~ 600 m and ~ 3000 m structurally below the MD in the footwall indicate that prograde metamorphism was occurring by ca. 80 Ma (Larson et al., 2021). Between ca. 85 and 80 Ma, the MD likely formed as a reverse-sense shear zone, which juxtaposed the hanging wall rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon atop the footwall rocks of the Monashee Complex cover sequence until ca. 70 Ma. This is interpreted from the pervasive ductile, reverse-sense kinematic indicators across the Probity Peak field area, combined with steep monazite HREE slopes associated with analyses of this age. A transition from prograde to retrograde metamorphism in the footwall rocks appears to have started between ca. 70 and 65 Ma, with all specimens undergoing retrograde metamorphism, decompression, and likely exhumation by ca. 60 to 55 Ma. This is interpreted from continually flattening monazite HREE slopes over this period, combined with evidence of garnet breakdown and decompression textures, such as local andalusite replacing kyanite and / or sillimanite. Decompression along a retrograde P-T-t path, which coincided with high Y concentrations in monazite has also been reported nearby for specimens ~ 600 m and ~ 3000 m structurally below the MD between 70 – 55 Ma and 65 – 55 Ma, respectively (Larson et al., 2021). Nearby geochronological analyses also indicate that reverse-sense movement along the MD concluded around ~ 58 Ma, and normal-sense movement along the Columbia River Fault 149 and Okanagan Fault System commenced between 60 and 54 Ma, potentially causing the Monashee Complex to cool to 300 – 500 °C between 55 and 45 Ma (Armstrong et al., 1991; Parrish, 1995). A syn-deformation period of anatexis appears to have occurred between ca. 65 and 55 Ma, as demonstrated by pronounced negative Eu anomalies in monazite consistent with increasing proportions of feldspar. Leucogranite ages recorded in zircon and monazite in the footwall range between ca. 65 and 54 Ma (Pers. Comm. J. Cottle), which is consistent with anatexis between ca. 65 and 55 Ma. Exhumation and extension-related shear along high-angle normal faults likely continued until at least ca. 49 Ma, the age of titanite rims within footwall calc-silicates. This is consistent with rapid cooling and exhumation within the southern Omineca belt that reportedly occurred between ca. 46 and 33 Ma (Vanderhaeghe et al., 2003). 150 7.3 Implications for the Tectonic History of the Southern Omineca Belt A model of the proposed geological history of the MD at Probity Peak is shown in Figure 7.2 below. The results of this study indicate that the MD formed as reverse-sense shear zone during contraction between ca. 85 and 80 Ma at Probity Peak, while both the Lower Selkirk Allochthon and Monashee Complex cover sequence rocks remained deeply buried (Figure 7.2 A & B). This contraction, and associated crustal thickening in the southern Canadian Cordillera saw the hanging wall rocks of the LSA overthrust atop the footwall rocks of the MC cover sequence between ca. 85-80 and 70-65 Ma (Figure 7.2 B), resulting in significant deformation, metamorphism and local migmatization (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Parrish, 1995). Between ca. 70 and 60 Ma, deformation transitioned from overthrusting to extension, likely due to the beginning of orogenic collapse (Vanderhaeghe et al., 2003), which resulted in brittle-ductile normal-sense shear along high-angle faults between ca. 60 and at least ca. 49 Ma (Figure 7.2 C). Anatexis between ca. 65 and 54 Ma is interpreted to reflect decompression related to the onset of exhumation. Exhumation may have occurred in two distinct periods: 1) Paleocene orogenic collapse of the Canadian Cordillera, which brought the MC complex to the surface along detachment shear zones, and 2) Eocene regional extension of the southern Omineca belt, and normal-sense movement along high-angle faults and shallow detachment faults (e.g. Columbia River fault, Figure 7.2 D) (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Vanderhaeghe et al., 2003). This brittle deformation likely occurred contemporaneously with, or shortly followed by hydrothermal alteration and intermediate-to-mafic intrusions. 151 Figure 7.2: Schematic diagram displaying the proposed geological history of the MD at Probity Peak between the Late Cretaceous and present. MD = Monashee décollement, CRF = Columbia River fault, OFS = Okanagan Fault System. The new data and interpretations presented herein allow for comparison with published models for the development of the MD in the southern Omineca belt as summarized in Chapter 1: 1) the base of a mid-crustal ductile “channel” (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Gervais & Brown, 152 2011; Gervais & Ranalli, 2017; Kuiper et al., 2006); 2) a normal-sense extensional shear zone (Kruse & Williams, 2007); and 3) a major reverse-sense contractional shear zone (Brown et al., 1992; Lane et al., 1989; McNicoll & Brown, 1995; Parrish, 1995; Simony & Carr, 2011). The geological history outlined in Figure 7.2 shares similarities with both model 1 and model 3, including that the MD was active as a reverse-sense shear zone during contraction and crustal thickening between ca. 85-80 and 70-65 Ma at Probity Peak. Moreover, the subsequent extension between ca. 60 and 49 Ma in the study area matches expected crustal thinning during decompression associated with model 1, as described by Brown & Gibson (2006). Implicit in a “channel” flow model, however, is the occurrence of normal-sense shear along the upper boundary of the “channel” coeval with reverse-sense movement along the MD (Gervais & Brown, 2011). Previous work has suggested that the Okanagan Fault System was connected to the Selkirk Detachment Fault, which accommodated Late Cretaceous normal-sense shear contemporaneously with reverse-sense shear along the MD and the Purcell Thrust Fault to the east (Brown & Gibson, 2006). The proposed reverse-sense model for the MD in the current study is also consistent with the reported contrasting metamorphic and tectonic histories of both the MC complex cover sequence and the LSA in model 3 (Parrish, 1995), as well as contraction and crustal thickening across the Canadian Cordilleran until ca. 58 Ma (Monger et al., 2002; Nelson et al., 2013). This data is further consistent with a proposed orogenic pulse, resulting in thrust-sense movement in the Foreland belt to the east ca. 72 Ma, which ended after a second pulse at ca. 52 Ma (van der Pluijm et al., 2006). Given the information presented herein, it is not possible to uniquely discern between the “channel” and over-thrusting models, but it appears that the geology at Probity Peak is inconsistent with large-scale, ductile normal-sense shear (model 2). 153 Chapter 8: Conclusions As described throughout this thesis, existing studies have proposed that the MD is: 1) the base of a mid-crustal ductile “channel” (Brown & Gibson, 2006; Gervais & Brown, 2011; Gervais & Ranalli, 2017; Kuiper et al., 2006); 2) a complex normal-sense (top-down-to-the-west) extensional shear zone (Kruse & Williams, 2007); or 3) a major reverse-sense (top-up-to-the-east) contractional shear zone (Lane et al., 1989; McNicoll & Brown, 1995; Parrish, 1995) that is potentially the master detachment for the Rocky Mountains (Brown et al., 1992; Simony & Carr, 2011). The results of this study indicate that the MD was active as a reverse-sense shear zone at Probity Peak during contraction and crustal thickening between ca. 85-80 and 70-65 Ma, when both the hanging wall rocks of the Lower Selkirk Allochthon and the footwall rocks of the Monashee Complex cover sequence were deeply buried. Deformation then transitioned to extension during orogenic collapse, and the MD was overprinted by high-angle brittle-ductile normal-sense shear and faults between ca. 60 and 49 Ma. This extension caused exhumation of the Frenchman Cap dome, and deformation progressed from ductile to brittle-ductile from the Paleocene to the Eocene. This extension was likely coeval with intermediate-to-mafic intrusions and hydrothermal alteration. 154 8.1 Recommendations for Future Work See below for recommendations of potential future investigations to further characterize the pressure-temperature-time-deformation histories of the rocks along the MD proximal to Probity Peak. 8.1.1 Fieldwork Most field data from Probity Peak for this study was acquired in the footwall of the MD because it was the most accessible from the field camp and field investigations were limited to four days. It is recommended to return to the Probity Peak field area and traverse farther west into the hanging wall of the MD, or perhaps farther south of the investigated area, to observe whether there are variations in mineral ages and temperatures along strike. 8.1.2 Pressure-Temperature-Time Studies Due to the short nature of a 2-year MSc study, investigating pressures during mineral formation in the specimens from Probity Peak was outside the scope of this project. Carrying out these investigations would enable the creation of pressure-temperature-time paths to better approximate the depths of the rocks during deformation along the MD. Phase equilibria modelling could also be applied to determine the pressure-temperature-time histories of metapelitic specimens (Larson et al., 2021; Shrestha et al., 2019). In-situ Lu-Hf geochronology of the garnet porphyroblasts in the metapelitic specimens from Probity Peak could also be applied to quantitatively constrain when garnet growth was occurring in both the hanging wall and footwall of the MD (Simpson et al., 2021). It will also be important to characterize the metamorphic and deformation history of the specimens after ca. 49 Ma. This could be achieved through in-situ Rb-Sr thermometry of biotite to determine when the rocks cooled through ~ 300 - 155 500 °C (Jenkin et al., 2001), followed by low-temperature thermochronological methods such as apatite fission-track or apatite (U-Th)/He dating (Peyton & Carrapa, 2021). 8.1.3 Vorticity Studies Natural deformation is typically a combination of pure and simple shear. Further investigations should determine what proportions of deformation along the MD are related to pure and simple shear, and should quantify the vorticity of flow using multiple gauges, to better characterize the kinematics of flow along the shear zone (Graziani et al., 2021; Piette-Lauzière et al., 2020; Xypolias, 2010). Quantifying vorticity using multiple methods would be beneficial along the MD because it would inform whether vorticity varies across the shear zone and through time (Xypolias, 2010) and help identify any heterogeneity in flow during deformation. 156 References Advanced Specialty Gases. (2008). Helium, UHP, 99.999%. https://www.advancedspecialtygases.com/pdf/HE-UHP.pdf Aleinikoff, J. N., Schenck, W. S., Plank, M. O., Srogi, L. A., Fanning, C. M., Kamo, S. L., & Bosbyshell, H. (2006). Deciphering igneous and metamorphic events in high-grade rocks of the Wilmington complex, Delaware: Morphology, cathodoluminescence and backscattered electron zoning, and SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 118(1–2), 39–64. https://doi.org/10.1130/B25659.1 Applied Spectra. (2020). What is LA-ICP-MS? https://appliedspectra.com/technology/la-icp-ms.html#:~:text=LA-ICP-MS (Laser,performed directly on solid samples. Armstrong, R. L., Parrish, R. R., Heyden, P. van der, Scott, K., Runkle, D., & Brown, R. L. (1991). Early Proterozoic basement exposures in the southern Canadian Cordillera: core gneiss of Frenchman Cap, Unit I of the Grand Forks Gneiss, and the Vaseaux Formation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28(8), 1169–1201. https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-107 Brown, R L, McNicoll, V. J., Parrish, R. R., & Scammell, R. J. (1992). Middle Jurassic Plutonism in the Kootenay Terrane, northern Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia. https://doi.org/10.4095/132918 Brown, Richard L., Carr, S. D., Johnson, B. J., Coleman, V. J., Cook, F. A., & Varsek, J. L. (1992). The Monashee decollement of the southern Canadian Cordillera: a crustal-scale shear zone linking the Rocky Mountain Foreland belt to lower crust beneath accreted terranes. Thrust Tectonics, 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3066-0_32 Brown, Richard L., & Gibson, H. D. (2006). An argument for channel flow in the southern Canadian Cordillera and comparison with Himalayan tectonics. Geological Society Special Publication, 268(1), 543–559. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.268.01.25 Cawood, P. A., Kröner, A., Collins, W. J., Kusky, T. M., Mooney, W. D., & Windley, B. F. (2009). Accretionary orogens through Earth history. Geological Society Special Publication, 318, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP318.1 157 Chatterjee, N. (2012). Electron Microprobe Analysis Course 12.141 Notes. http://web.mit.edu/e-probe/www/courses.shtml Cioffi, C. R., Campos Neto, M. da C., Möller, A., & Rocha, B. C. (2019). Titanite petrochronology of the southern Brasília Orogen basement: Effects of retrograde net-transfer reactions on titanite trace element compositions. Lithos, 344–345, 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.06.035 Clavier, N., Podor, R., & Dacheux, N. (2011). Crystal chemistry of the monazite structure. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 31(6), 941–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.12.019 Colpron, M., & Nelson, J. (2011). A Digital Atlas of Terranes for the Northern Cordillera. In British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines (Issue BCGS GeoGile 2011-11). Colpron, M., Price, R. A., Archibald, D. A., & Carmichael, D. M. (1996). Middle Jurassic exhumation along the western flank of the Selkirk fan structure: Thermobarometric and thermochronometric constraints from the Illecillewaet synclinorium, southeastern British Columbia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 108(11), 1372–1392. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1372:MJEATW>2.3.CO;2 Coney, P. J., Jones, D. L., & Monger, J. W. H. (1980). Cordilleran suspect terranes. Nature, 288(5789), 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1038/288329a0 Crowley, J. L., Ghent, E. D., Carr, S. D., Simony, P. S., & Hamilton, M. A. (2000). Multiple thermotectonic events in a continuous metamorphic sequence, Mica Creek area, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Geological Materials Research, 2, 1–45. Crowley, James L. (1999). U-Pb geochronologic constraints on paleoproterozoic tectonism in the Monashee complex, Canadian Cordillera: Elucidating an overprinted geologic history. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 111(4), 560–577. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0560:UPGCOP>2.3.CO;2 Crowley, James L., Brown, R. L., & Parrish, R. R. (2001). Diachronous deformation and a strain gradient beneath the Selkirk Allochthon, northern Monashee complex, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 23(6–7), 1103–1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00179- 158 6 Elmer, P. (2001). The 30-minute Guide to ICP-MS. Perkin Elmer, Shelton CT, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2012.01.005 Essential Knowledge Briefings. (2015). Electron Probe Microanalysis (J. Heath & N. Taylor (Eds.); First). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Faleiros, F. M., Moraes, R., Pavan, M., & Campanha, G. A. C. (2016). A new empirical calibration of the quartz c-axis fabric opening-angle deformation thermometer. Tectonophysics, 671, 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.01.014 Fossen, H., & Cavalcante, G. C. G. (2017). Shear zones – A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 171(May), 434–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.05.002 Foster, G., Parrish, R. R., Horstwood, M. S. A., Chenery, S., Pyle, J., & Gibson, H. D. (2004). The generation of prograde P-T-t points and paths; a textural, compositional, and chronological study of metamorphic monazite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 228(1–2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.024 Foster, Gavin, Gibson, H. D., Parrish, R., Horstwood, M., Fraser, J., & Tindle, A. (2002). Textural, chemical and isotopic insights into the nature and behaviour of metamorphic monazite. Chemical Geology, 191(1–3), 183–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00156-0 Foster, Gavin, Kinny, P., Vance, D., Prince, C., & Harris, N. (2000). The significance of monazite U-Th-Pb age data in metamorphic assemblages; a combined study of monazite and garnet chronometry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 181(3), 327–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00212-0 Fumes, R. A., Luvizotto, G. L., Moraes, R., Heilbron, M., & Vlach, S. R. F. (2019). Metamorphic modeling and petrochronology of metapelitic rocks from the Luminárias Nappe, southern Brasília belt (SE Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Geology, 49(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201920180114 Garber, J. M., Hacker, B. R., Kylander-Clark, A. R. C., Stearns, M., & Seward, G. (2017). Controls on 159 trace element uptake in metamorphic titanite: Implications for petrochronology. Journal of Petrology, 58(6), 1031–1057. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egx046 Gervais, F. (2019). Three modes of isograd formation in the northern Monashee Complex of the Canadian Cordillera. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 478(1), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP478.7 Gervais, F., & Brown, R. L. (2011). Testing modes of exhumation in collisional orogens: Synconvergent channel flow in the southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Lithosphere, 3(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1130/L98.1 Gervais, F., & Ranalli, G. (2017). The effects of lateral density gradients, slopes and buoyancy on channel flow: 1D analytical solutions and applications to the SE Canadian Cordillera. Tectonophysics, 712–713, 578–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.06.023 Gibson, H. D. (2003). Structural and Thermal Evolution of the Northern Selkirk Mountains, Southeastern Canadian Cordillera - Tectonic Development of a Regional-Scale Composite Structural Fan [Carleton University]. https://doi.org/10.16309/j.cnki.issn.1007-1776.2003.03.004 Gibson, H. D. (2020). Tectonic Evolution of the Canadian Cordillera - an Archetypal Accretionary Orogen? University of Waterloo - Web-Based Seminar (Zoom). Gibson, H. D., Brown, R. L., & Carr, S. D. (2005). U-Th-Pb geochronologic constraints on the structural evolution of the Selkirk fan, northern Selkirk Mountains, southern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 27(10), 1899–1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2005.05.014 Gibson, H. D., Brown, R. L., & Carr, S. D. (2008). Tectonic evolution of the Selkirk fan, southeastern Canadian Cordillera: A composite Middle Jurassic-Cretaceous orogenic structure. Tectonics, 27(6), n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007TC002160 Gibson, H. D., Brown, R. L., & Parrish, R. R. (1999). Deformation-induced inverted metamorphic field gradients: An example from the southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 21(7), 751–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00051-6 Gibson, H. D., Carr, S. D., Brown, R. L., & Hamilton, M. A. (2004). Correlations between chemical and 160 age domains in monazite, and metamorphic reactions involving major pelitic phases: An integration of ID-TIMS and SHRIMP geochronology with Y-Th-U X-ray mapping. Chemical Geology, 211(3–4), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.028 Godet, A., Guilmette, C., Labrousse, L., Davis, D. W., Smit, M. A., Cutts, J. A., Vanier, M. A., Lafrance, I., & Charette, B. (2020). Complete metamorphic cycle and long-lived anatexis in the c. 2.1 Ga Mistinibi Complex, Canada. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 38(3), 235–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12521 Gonçalves, G. O., Lana, C., Scholz, R., Buick, I. S., Gerdes, A., Kamo, S. L., Corfu, F., Marinho, M. M., Chaves, A. O., Valeriano, C., & Nalini, H. A. (2016). An assessment of monazite from the Itambé pegmatite district for use as U-Pb isotope reference material for microanalysis and implications for the origin of the “Moacyr” monazite. Chemical Geology, 424(December 2015), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.12.019 Goodge, J. (2019). Electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis. https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/EPMA.html#:~:text=What is Electron probe micro,electron microprobe%2C or just probe. Google Earth Imagery - Probity Peak (Google Earth Pro 7.3.4.8248). (2021). Maxar Technologies; Province of British Columbia. https://www.google.com/earth/index.html Graziani, R., Larson, K. P., Law, R. D., Vanier, M. A., & Thigpen, J. R. (2021). A refined approach for quantitative kinematic vorticity number estimation using microstructures. Journal of Structural Geology, 153(September), 104459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104459 Graziani, R., Larson, K. P., & Soret, M. (2020). The effect of hydrous mineral content on competitive strain localization mechanisms in felsic granulites. Journal of Structural Geology, 134(February), 104015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104015 Guidotti, C. V., Cheney, J. T., & Guggenheim, S. (1977). Distribution of titanium between coexisting muscovite and biotite in pelitic schists from northwestern Maine. American Mineralogist, 62, 438–448. 161 Hacker, B., Kylander-Clark, A., & Holder, R. (2019). REE partitioning between monazite and garnet: Implications for petrochronology. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 37(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12458 Harrison, T. M., Grove, M., McKeegan, K. D., Coath, C. D., Lovera, O. M., & Le Fort, P. (1999). Origin and episodic emplacement of the Manaslu intrusive complex, Central Himalaya. Journal of Petrology, 40(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/40.1.3 Henry, D. J., & Guidotti, C. V. (2002). Titanium in biotite from metapelitic rocks: Temperature effects, crystal-chemical controls, and petrologic applications. American Mineralogist, 87(4), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-0401 Henry, D. J., Guidotti, C. V., & Thomson, J. A. (2005). The Ti-saturation surface for low-to-medium pressure metapelitic biotites: Implications for geothermometry and Ti-substitution mechanisms. American Mineralogist, 90(2–3), 316–328. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1498 Holder, R. M., Yakymchuk, C., & Viete, D. R. (2020). Accessory Mineral Eu Anomalies in Suprasolidus Rocks: Beyond Feldspar. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 21(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009052 Howell, D., Griffin, W. L., Pearson, N. J., Powell, W., Wieland, P., & O’Reilly, S. Y. (2013). Trace element partitioning in mixed-habit diamonds. Chemical Geology, 355, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.07.013 Hunter, N. J. R., Weinberg, R. F., Wilson, C. J. L., & Law, R. D. (2018). A new technique for quantifying symmetry and opening angles in quartz c-axis pole figures: Implications for interpreting the kinematic and thermal properties of rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 112(April), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.04.006 Jenkin, G. R. T., Ellam, R. M., Rogers, G., & Stuart, F. M. (2001). An investigation of closure temperature of the biotite Rb-Sr system: The importance of cation exchange. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(7), 1141–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00560-3 Johnson, B. (1994). Structure and tectonic setting of the Okanagan Valley fault system in the Shuswap 162 Lake area, southern British Columbia. (Issue August) [Carleton University]. https://doi.org/10.22215/etd/1994-02874 Johnson, T., Yakymchuk, C., & Brown, M. (2021). Crustal melting and suprasolidus phase equilibria: From first principles to the state-of-the-art. Earth-Science Reviews, 221(January), 103778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103778 Johnston, D. H., Williams, P. F., Brown, R. L., Crowley, J. L., & Carr, S. D. (2000). Northeastward extrusion and extensional exhumation of crystalline rocks of the Monashee complex, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 22(5), 603–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00185-6 Kerswell, B., Harvey, K., & Kohn, M. (2021). Peakfit Explorer. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/2BU3C Kirkland, C. L., Fougerouse, D., Reddy, S. M., Hollis, J., & Saxey, D. W. (2018). Assessing the mechanisms of common Pb incorporation into titanite. Chemical Geology, 483(January), 558–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.03.026 Koch, J., & Günther, D. (2016). Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803224-4.00024-8 Kohn, M. J., Wieland, M. S., Parkinson, C. D., & Upreti, B. N. (2005). Five generations of monazite in Langtang gneisses: Implications for chronology of the Himalayan metamorphic core. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 23(5), 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00584.x Kohn, Matthew J. (2017). Titanite Petrochronology. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 83(1), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.83.13 Kruhl, J. H. (1996). Prism- and basal-plane parallel subgrain boundaries in quartz: A microstructural geothermobarometer. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14(5), 581–589. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.1996.00413.x Kruse, S., & Williams, P. F. (2007). The Monashee reflection: Re-examination of a Lithoprobe crustal-scale seismic reflection in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Geosphere, 3(1), 26–41. 163 https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00049.1 Kuiper, Yvette D., Williams, P. F., & Kruse, S. (2006). Possibility of channel flow in the southern Canadian Cordillera: A new approach to explain existing data. Geological Society Special Publication, 268(1), 589–611. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.268.01.27 Kuiper, Yvette Dominique. (2003). Isotopic constraints on timing of deformation and metamorphism in Thor–Odin, Monashee complex, southeastern BC. The University of New Brunswick. Kylander-Clark, A. R. C. (2017). Petrochronology by Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 83(1), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.83.6 Kylander-Clark, A. R. C., Hacker, B. R., & Cottle, J. M. (2013). Laser-ablation split-stream ICP petrochronology. Chemical Geology, 345, 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.02.019 Lane, L. S., Ghent, E. D., Stout, M. Z., & Brown, R. L. (1989). P-T history and kinematics of the Monashee Decollement near Revelstoke, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26(2), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-019 Larson, K. P., Lamming, J. L., & Faisal, S. (2014). Microscale strain partitioning? Differential quartz crystallographic fabric development in Phyllite, Hindu Kush, Northwestern Pakistan. Solid Earth, 5(2), 1319–1327. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1319-2014 Larson, Kyle P. (2021). FabricPlotR (No. 11). https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MJTXV Larson, Kyle P., Ali, A., Shrestha, S., Soret, M., Cottle, J. M., & Ahmad, R. (2019). Timing of metamorphism and deformation in the Swat valley, northern Pakistan: Insight into garnet-monazite HREE partitioning. Geoscience Frontiers, 10(3), 849–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.02.008 Larson, Kyle P. (2020). ChrontouR. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/P46MB Larson, Kyle P, Shrestha, S., Cottle, J. M., Guilmette, C., Johnson, T. A., Gibson, H. D., & Gervais, F. (2021). Re-evaluating monazite as a record of metamorphic reactions. Geoscience Frontiers, 101340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101340 Law, R. D. (2014). Deformation thermometry based on quartz c-axis fabrics and recrystallization 164 microstructures: A review. Journal of Structural Geology, 66, 129–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.05.023 Lihter, I., Larson, K. P., Shrestha, S., Cottle, J. M., & Brubacher, A. D. (2020). Contact metamorphism of the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence, Upper Mustang region, west-central Nepal. Geological Magazine, 157(11), 1917–1932. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756820000229 Lister, G. S. (1977). Discussion: Crossed-girdle c-axis fabrics in quartzites plastically deformed by plane strain and progressive simple shear. Tectonophysics, 39(1–3), 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(77)90087-7 Long, S. P., & Kohn, M. J. (2020). Distributed ductile thinning during thrust emplacement: A commonly overlooked exhumation mechanism. Geology, 48(4), 368–373. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47022.1 Lorencak, M., Seward, D., Vanderhaeghe, O., Teyseeier, C., & Burg, J. P. (2001). Low-temperature cooling history of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex, British Columbia: Constraints from apatite and zircon fission-track ages. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38(11), 1615–1625. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-38-11-1615 McNicoll, V., & Brown, R. (1995). The Monashee decollement at Cariboo Alp , southern flank of the Monashee complex , southern British Columbia , Canada. Journal of Structural Geology, 17(1), 17–30. Monger, J., Price, R. A., & Monger, J. (2002). The Canadian Cordillera : Geology and Tectonic Evolution. CSEG Recorder, February 2002, 17–36. Monger, J. W. H. (2008). Evolution of Canada’s western mountains. https://doi.org/10.4095/225581 Monger, J. W. H., & Price, R. A. (1979). Geodynamic evolution of the Canadian Cordillera — progress and problems. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16(3), 770–791. https://doi.org/10.1139/e79-069 Monger, J. W. H., Price, R. A., & Tempelman-Kluit, D. J. (1982). Tectonic accretion and the origin of the two major metamorphic and plutonic welts in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology, 10(2), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<70:TAATOO>2.0.CO;2 Mueller, P., & Vervoort, J. (n.d.). Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS). 165 National Institute of Standards & Technology. (2012). Certificate of Analysis Standard Reference Material 610 (Issue April). https://cellgenix.com/products/gmp-scgm/ Nelson, J. L., Colpron, M., & Israel, S. (2013). The Cordillera of British Columbia, Yukon, and Alaska: Tectonics and Metallogeny. In Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Special Publication 17 (pp. 53–109). Society of Economic Geologists. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.17.03 Okulitch, A. V. (1979). Geology and mineral occurences of the Thompson-Shuswap-Okanagan Region, south-central British Columbia. https://doi.org/10.4095/129552 Parrish, R. R. (1995). Thermal evolution of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32(10), 1618–1642. https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-130 Parrish, Randall R., Carr, S. D., & Parkinson, D. L. (1988). Eocene extensional tectonics and geochronology of the Southern Omineca Belt, British Columbia and Washington. Tectonics, 7(2), 181–212. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i002p00181 Passchier, C. W., & Trouw, R. A. J. (2005). Microtectonics (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J., & Hergt, J. (2011). Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 26(12), 2508–2518. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ja10172b Pedersen, M. M., Rustad, P., & Simonsson, P. (2004). Certificate of Analysis Standard Reference Material ® 612 Trace Elements in Glass. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 64(4), 321–326. https://www-s.nist.gov/srmors/certificates/612.pdf Peyton, S. L., & Carrapa, B. (2021). An Introduction to Low-temperature Thermochronologic Techniques, Methodology, and Applications. Application of Structural Methods to Rocky Mountain Hydrocarbon Exploration and Development, 15–36. https://doi.org/10.1306/13381688st653578 Piette-Lauzière, N., Larson, K. P., Kellett, D. A., & Graziani, R. (2020). Intracrystalline vorticity record of flow kinematics during shear zone reactivation. Journal of Structural Geology, 140(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104134 Price, R. A., & Carmichael, D. M. (1986). Geometric test for Late Cretaceous- Paleogene intracontinental 166 transform faulting in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology, 14(6), 468–471. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<468:GTFLCI>2.0.CO;2 Pyle, J. M. (2001). Monazite-Xenotime-Garnet Equilibrium in Metapelites and a New Monazite-Garnet Thermometer. Journal of Petrology, 42(11), 2083–2107. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.11.2083 Scammell, R. J. (1993). Mid-Cretaceous to Tertiary thermotectonic history of former mid-crustal rocks, southern Omineca belt, Canadian Cordillera. Queen’s University. Schärer, U., Hamet, J., & Allègre, C. J. (1984). The Transhimalaya (Gangdese) plutonism in the Ladakh region: a UPb and RbSr study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67(3), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90172-9 Scheu, C., & Kaplan, W. D. (2012). Introduction to Scanning Electron Microscopy. In-Situ Electron Microscopy: Applications in Physics, Chemistry and Materials Science, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527652167.ch1 Schiarizza, P., & Preto, V. A. (1987). Geology of the Adams Plateau-Clearwater-Vavenby Area. Schmid, S. M., & Casey, M. (1986). Analysis of Some Commonly Observed Quartz C-Axis ( a ). Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies, 36, 263–286. Schmid, Stefan M. (1994). Textures of geological materials: computer model predictions versus empirical interpretations based on rock deformation experiments and field studies. In H. J. Bunge, S. Siegesmund, W. Skrotzki, & K. Weber (Eds.), Textures of Geological Materials (pp. 279–301). DGM Informationsgesellschaft mbH. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235161458_Textures_of_geological_materials_computer_model_predictions_versus_empirical_interpretations_based_on_rock_deformation_experiments_and_field_studies_In_Textures_of_Geological_Materials_HJ_Bunge_et_ale/cit Schmitz, M. D., & Bowring, S. A. (2001). U-Pb zircon and titanite systematics of the Fish Canyon Tuff: An assessment of high-precision U-Pb geochronology and its application to young volcanic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(15), 2571–2587. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016- 167 7037(01)00616-0 Schoene, B. (2013). U-Th-Pb Geochronology. In Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition (Vol. 4). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00310-7 Schoene, B., & Bowring, S. A. (2006). U-Pb systematics of the McClure Mountain syenite: Thermochronological constraints on the age of the 40Ar/39Ar standard MMhb. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 151(5), 615–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-006-0077-4 Schultz, R. A., & Fossen, H. (2008). Terminology for structural discontinuities. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 92(7), 853–867. https://doi.org/10.1306/02200807065 Schwartz, G. M. (1958). Alteration of biotite under mesothermal conditions. Economic Geology, 53(2), 164–177. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.53.2.164 Sevigny, J. H., Parrish, R. R., Donelick, R. A., & Ghent, E. D. (1990). Northern Monashee Mountains, Omineca Crystalline Belt, British Columbia: Timing of metamorphism, anatexis, and tectonic denudation. Geology, 18(2), 103. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0103:NMMOCB>2.3.CO;2 Sevigny, J. H., Parrish, R. R., & Ghent, E. D. (1989). Petrogenesis of peraluminous granites, monashee mountains, Southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Petrology, 30(3), 557–581. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/30.3.557 Shaw, D. (1980). A Concordant Uranium-Lead Age For Zircons in the Adamant Pluton, British Columbia, Geological Setting and Interpretation. https://doi.org/10.4095/102211 Shrestha, S., Larson, K. P., Duesterhoeft, E., Soret, M., Cottle, J. M., Kylander-Clark, A. R. C., Scheu, C., Kaplan, W. D., Larson, K. P., Cottle, J. M., Shrestha, S., Larson, K. P., Duesterhoeft, E., Soret, M., Cottle, J. M., McDonough, W. F., Sun, S. s. S., McDonough, W. F., & Riverside, U. (2019). Thermodynamic modelling of phosphate minerals and its implications for the development of P-T-t histories: A case study in garnet - monazite bearing metapelites. Lithos, 334–335(1), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.03.021 Siivola, J., & Schmid, R. (2007). List of Mineral abbreviations. IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics 168 of Metamorphic Rocks, 1–14. Simony, P. S., & Carr, S. D. (2011). Cretaceous to Eocene evolution of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera: Continuity of Rocky Mountain thrust systems with zones of “in-sequence” mid-crustal flow. Journal of Structural Geology, 33(9), 1417–1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.06.001 Simpson, A., Gilbert, S., Tamblyn, R., Hand, M., Spandler, C., Gillespie, J., Nixon, A., & Glorie, S. (2021). In-situ Lu–Hf geochronology of garnet, apatite and xenotime by LA ICP MS/MS. Chemical Geology, 577(December). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120299 Spandler, C., Hammerli, J., Sha, P., Hilbert-Wolf, H., Hu, Y., Roberts, E., & Schmitz, M. (2016). MKED1: A new titanite standard for in situ analysis of Sm-Nd isotopes and U-Pb geochronology. Chemical Geology, 425, 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.01.002 Spear, F. S., Kohn, M. J., & Cheney, J. T. (1999). P-T paths from anatectic pelites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050466 Spear, F. S., & Pyle, J. M. (2002). Apatite, Monazite, and Xenotime in Metamorphic Rocks. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 48(1), 293–335. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2002.48.7 Stacey, J. S., & Kramers, J. D. (1975). Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 26(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(75)90088-6 Stearns, M. A., Hacker, B. R., Ratschbacher, L., Lee, J., Cottle, J. M., & Kylander-Clark, A. (2013). Synchronous oligocene-miocene metamorphism of the pamir and the north himalaya driven by plate-scale dynamics. Geology, 41(10), 1071–1074. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34451.1 Stevens, R. D., Delabio, R. N., & Lachance, G. R. (1982). Age determinations and geological studies, K-Ar isotopic ages, Report 15. https://doi.org/10.4095/119043 Sun, S. S., & McDonough, W. F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society Special Publication, 42(1), 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19 Swapp, S. (2017). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Geochemical Instrumentation and Analysis. 169 https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/SEM.html Therriault, I. (2019). Structural Characterisation and Geochronological Constraints on The Wager Shear Zone, Northwestern Hudson Bay, Nunavut (Issue April). The University of British Columbia (Okanagan). Tomascak, P. B., Krogstad, E. J., & Walker, R. J. (1996). U-Pb monazite geochronology of granitic rocks from Maine: Implications for Late Paleozoic tectonics in the northern Appalachians. Journal of Geology, 104(2), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1086/629813 UC Riverside Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis. (2014). Introduction to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). https://cfamm.ucr.edu/document/sem-intropdf van der Pluijm, B. A., Vrolijk, P. J., Pevear, D. R., Hall, C. M., & Solum, J. (2006). Fault dating in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: Evidence for late Cretaceous and early Eocene orogenic pulses. Geology, 34(10), 837–840. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22610.1 van Rooyen, D., & Carr, S. D. (2016a). 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the thor-odin – pinnacles area, Southeastern British Columbia: Tectonic implications of cooling and exhumation patterns. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53(10), 993–1009. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0196 van Rooyen, D., & Carr, S. D. (2016b). Deconstructing the infrastructure: A complex history of diachronous metamorphism and progressive deformation during the late cretaceous to eocene in the thor-odin-pinnacles area of Southeastern British Columbia. Geoscience Canada, 43(2), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2016.43.097 Vanderhaeghe, O., Teyssier, C., McDougall, I., & Dunlap, W. J. (2003). Cooling and exhumation of the Shuswap Metamorphic Core Complex constrained by 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 115(2), 200–216. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0200:CAEOTS>2.0.CO;2 Vanderhaeghe, O., Teyssier, C., & Wysoczanski, R. (1999). Structural and geochronological constraints on the role of partial melting during the formation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex at the latitude of the Thor-Odin dome, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36(6), 917– 170 943. https://doi.org/10.1139/e99-023 Vermeesch, P. (2018, September). IsoplotR: A free and open toolbox for geochronology. Geoscience Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.04.001 Vielzeuf, D., & Schmidt, M. W. (2001). Melting relations in hydrous systems revisited: Application to metapelites, metagreywackes and metabasalts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 141(3), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100100237 Vollmer, F. W. (2017). Orient: Spherical projection and orientation data analysis software. Warren, C. J., Greenwood, L. V., Argles, T. W., Roberts, N. M. W., Parrish, R. R., & Harris, N. B. W. (2019). Garnet-monazite rare earth element relationships in sub-solidus Metapelites: A case study from Bhutan. Geological Society Special Publication, 478(1), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP478.1 Waters, D. J. (2019). Metamorphic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the High Himalaya in Nepal: the art of the possible. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 483(1), 325–375. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP483-2018-187 Wendt, I., & Carl, C. (1991). The statistical distribution of the mean squared weighted deviation. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience Section, 86(4), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(91)90010-T Williams, M. L., Jercinovic, M. J., Mahan, K. H., & Dumond, G. (2017). Electron Microprobe Petrochronology. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 83(1), 153–182. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.83.5 Xypolias, P. (2010). Vorticity analysis in shear zones: A review of methods and applications. Journal of Structural Geology, 32(12), 2072–2092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.08.009 Yakymchuk, C., & Brown, M. (2014). Behaviour of zircon and monazite during crustal melting. Journal of the Geological Society, 171(4), 465–479. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2013-115 171 Appendices Appendix A: Outcrop Station Descriptions Table A.1: Outcrop station descriptions for the Probity Peak field area. Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP01 51.3157 118.73189 - quartzite layer ~ 75 m thick, with lots of Msc, Bt layers; 1 cm garnets (PP01_1 - 2 photos) - amphibolite boudins stretched out parallel to foliation - S-tectonite - planar fabric - locally preserved foreset or crossbeds 50 m along strike to N (PP01_3 - 4 photos) - pure quartzite so likely a beach, Delta would be muddier - immediately E of quartzite (structurally below), intercalated metapelites and melt - west of quartzite, metaseds outcrop with top-to-E shear (PP01_5 - 6 photos) - leucogranite (leucosome) with garnet and tourmaline (PP01_7 - 8 photos) - through going late normal faults (brittle-ductile), steep, ductile in marble but brittle in metaseds - latest phase of deformation normal brittle-ductile - sigma clasts and domino boudins show top-to-E shear (PP01_9 - 12 photos) - then crosscut by steeper normal (top-to-W) - quarter structure showing compression quadrant (top-to-E) (PP01_13 photo) - thrusting followed by relaxation / normal faulting - metapelite between quartzite & calc-silicate with kyanite-phyric melt (PP01_14 photo) 226/55 - foliation 35->250 qtz. aggregate lineation PP02 51.31575 118.73236 - isoclinal folds, looking down plunge to lineation (PP02_1 photo) - passive folding of flow? - potential large boudin with fabric wrapping around it? N/A PP03 51.31585 118.73283 No notes N/A PP04 51.31551 118.73382 - turbulent flow in metapelites maybe due to qtz vein - same quartzite as PP01 N/A PP05 51.31569 118.73595 - same quartzite as PP01 N/A 172 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP06 51.31582 118.73623 - kyanite-garnet (in melt) metapelite (PP06_2 - 3 photos) - C’ normal and thrust sense (ambiguous); indicates getting squished (PP06_1 photo) - metapelite intercalated with psammite (qtz-rich sandstone) - little bit of Al? - quartzite lenses in metaseds - as move W, calc-silicate - back to metapelite, no kyanite (not kyanite schist) or garnet - intercalated calc-silicates and metaseds 210/45 - tectonic foliation 34 -> 265 - Bt lineation PP07 51.31625 118.73652 - lamprophyre dikes? - garnet amphibolite boudins (PP07-8_1 photo) - other amphibolite boudins without garnet, may be making flow turbulent (within metaseds/pelites) - leucogranite filled gaps around boudins - melt infiltrated boudins as well; unsure if boudin itself melting or infiltrating (PP07-8_2 photo) - joints in boudin - from extension or just rheological contrast N/A PP08 51.31634 118.7368 Same as PP07 N/A PP09 51.31513 118.73991 - moving W - quartzite layer within metapelite suite (3 m) - diorite lens - calc-silicate (50 m thick), maybe sliver of pelite, 2 cm garnets - thin quartzite - metaseds (schist) 204/20 - foliation in quartzite 34 -> 255 qtz aggregate lineation 199/41 - foliation in metapelitic lens within calc-silicate 35 -> 261 Sill lineation PP10 51.31105 118.74316 2020 - PP10G metaseds oriented sample (marked on underside) - good overview photo (PP10_9 photo) - metaseds (PP10_10 photo) & siliceous calc-silicate (or quartzite?) contact intruded by leucogranite & crosscut by lamprophyre dike (can see on surface of metaseds) (PP10_1 - 3 photos) - lamprophyre dike - olivine, pyroxene (PP10_4 - 8 photos) - intruded into siliceous unit, took off block - C’, S fabrics, delta clasts, sigma clasts showing top-to-E shear (thrust) (PP10_11 - 12 photos) 007/38 - contact of lamprophyre with other units 216/46 - foliation in metaseds 40 -> 259 - qtz, bt, sill lineation 355/56 - extension joint Sample PP10G: 208/46 173 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP11 51.31162 118.74215 - quartzite (3 m thick) - walked past calc-silicate layer structurally higher (about 100 m to W) - intercalated psammite, metapelite, qtz veins to E (structurally lower) - Msc & Bt define foliation (moderately foliated) - top-to-W (normal) sense indicated by C’ and S fabrics, garnet & qtz sigma clasts (PP11_1 - 3 photos) 200/46 foliation 40 -> 248 qtz/bt lineation PP12 51.31326 118.7406 - metapelite with intercalated psammite & leucogranite - very mica-rich layers indicating normal sense, top-to-W (C’, S, sigma and delta clasts) (PP12_1 - 3 photos) - less mica rich, 100 m S showing thrust sense (top-to-E) - lineation more well-developed in metapelite (very mica rich) - almost no lineation (faint) in psammite layer; could be due to strain partitioning into more mica-rich metapelitic layers (PP12_4 photo) - fine-grained garnet in metapelite - 20 m SW at same outcrop, thrust sense (top-to-E) in S, C’, rotated garnet & qtz clasts in metapelite (PP12_5 - 6 photos) - pure shear dominated, partitioned into weaker units - late brittle-ductile normal fault, top-to-W - conjugate faults? (PP12_7 photo) - appears to have symmetric clasts within psammite along same perpendicular to foliation, parallel to lineation face in metapelite (strain partitioning?) - large leucogranite intrusion 20 m W, foliation wrapping around it - normal sense in metapelite to E of leucogranite 206/48 foliation 42 -> 258 lineation (bt/qtz/sill) in metapelite 347/90 late fault 338/61 conjugate fault? PP13 51.31415 118.74291 - calc-silicate - melt infiltrated & locally boudinaged calc-silicate - next to intercalated metaseds - normal sense (top-to-W) (PP13_1 - 4 photos) - may be near fault - factoid, anastomosing shears (micas) - boudinaged qtz veins along foliation - topographic break, something going on - normal seems later - very slight biotite lineation (down dip of foliation) - intensely sheared metapelite - high strain zones (more brittle / altered during deformation) spaced with low strain zones, normal sense 184/37 foliation PP14 51.30988 118.74886 - pelitic Ky-Sill schist - quartz lenses - top-to-ENE C’ type fabric (PP14_1 photo) N/A 174 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP15 51.3095 118.75184 - intercalated metapelites, garnet amphibolite & megacrystic quartzofeldspathic layers - within quartz, biotite that appears deformed, not overly deformed on hand sample-scale - rusty layers - Bt & Sill together - ductile deformation - rheological contrast present between metapelites and quartzofeldspathic lenses (pinch & swell structures) - potential top-to-ENE movement (PP15_1 photo - C-type fabric, mica-rich layers show it well) - syn- to late-tectonic megacrystic quartz veins crosscut foliation - brittle jointing showing extension towards ENE-WSW - garnet-Bt-Sill - second set measurements at margin of orthogneiss and metapelite - lamprophyre dykes crosscut everything 210/64 - tectonic foliation 061 -> 268 - Bt/Sill elongation lineation 195/43 - tectonic foliation 044 -> 270 Bt/Sill elongation lineation PP16 51.30745 118.75124 No info N/A PP117 51.31024 118.75211 2020 - PP117A (quartz lens; CPO); PP117B (pelitic schist) - quartz lenses within pelitic schist - top-to-ENE C’ - apparent wavy foliation - garnet, Sill, Bt 192/35 - tect. fol. 30 -> 263 - qtz. Lens elongation lin. PP117A Sample: 175/40 - fol. 43 -> 259 - Bt. lin. PP117B Sample: 190/42 foliation PP118 51.31179 118.75352 - quartzofeldspathic gneiss (PP118_8 outcrop photo) - peritectic garnet in quartz lens (melt) showing opposite shear sense (PP118_1 to 4 photos) - isoclinal folding (PP118_5 photo) - localized shear sense differences (PP118_5 - 7 photos) - mafic dike boudin near garnets may affect shear sense - re-crystallized qtz. vein with melt sigma clast showing top-to-ENE shear - ambiguous melt clasts showing opposing shear sense 194/36 - fol. 36->274 Bt/qtz elongation 175 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP119 51.3102 118.755 2020 - PP119 (felsic dike, not oriented) - contact of felsic intrusion (granodiorite?) & mafic lamprophyre dike & quartzofeldspathic gneiss (country rock) (PP119_3 - 4 photos) - lamprophyre dike - local pyroxene and olivine; multi-phased intrusion of same composition, filled cracks in intrusion that crosscut quartzofeldspathic gneiss (PP119_1 - 2 photos) - late quartz-rich veins fill cracks in deformed intrusions - quartzofeldspathic gneiss - shear sense top-to-WSW (normal) (PP119_5 - 6 photos); qtz sigma clast & brittle faulting of quartzofeldspathic gneiss layers (PP119_7 - 8 photos) - felsic dike - competent rock unit, bulge on ground, sub-parallel to mafic dike - late normal faults steeply dipping to W that offset large quartz vein in quartzofeldspathic gneiss - dike not present along strike to S, left large whole in rock 356/76 - dyke orientation/contact 189/39 - fol in quartzofeldspathic gneiss 30->249 - qtz/bt lin. PP120 51.31033 118.75751 - quartzofeldspathic gneiss (coarse-grained layers), intercalated layers of garnet amphibolite - top-to-WSW shear sense (normal) - qfp clast (PP120_1 - 2 photos) - amphibolite lens could be mafic dike in Windermere seds, which are rift related so makes sense) - megacrystic quartzofeldspathic intrusion on most of outcrop, layered with Windermere seds - folded seds crosscut by qtz vein, then refolded; do not know age of deformation so likely unrelated to MD (PP120_3 - 4 photos) - random old deformation mixed in with new deformation N/A PP121 51.30984 118.759 - Windermere Group metaseds with amphibolite boudins - shear sense top-to-ENE (thrust) - qtz. sigma clasts (PP121_1 - 2 photos) - C’ type fabrics (PP121_3 photo) - huge garnet in melt that filled cracks in amphibolite lens 188/51 - fol 48->271 - qtz stretching lin 176 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP122 51.31242 118.7381 - migmatite (PP122_1 - 2 photos) - alternating meta-arkose (Fsp, Bt, qtz-rich) & meta-mudstone (pelite) - melt rimmed by biotite (in situ) - melt generated & intruded during deformation - strain localized in meta-pelitic layers (qtz & Bt) - originally would’ve formed Msc, but was consumed and Bt left behind - note: looking at NE striking surface, not quite parallel to lineation - qtz melt - leucosome - Bt - melanosome - sigma and delta clasts (leucosome) showing top-to-E and top-to-W (PP122_3 photo); mostly top-to-E with some outliers (PP122_5 - 6 photo) - C’- type shear bands, showing top-to-E shear (crosscuts foliation) - dominant thrust sense - domino boudins forward rotated in top-to-E shear (in meta-arkose layer) (PP122_4 photo) - folding in meta-arkose layer - may represent pure shear component when simple shear localized in mica layers - appears to have late normal sense (semi-brittle) faulting, top-to-W 225/41 - foliation 35->264 - lineation 214/48 - foliation 51->284 - lineation (Bt grain shape) PP123 51.31543 118.7332 2020 - PP123 garnet-bearing calc-silicate oriented sample (more siliceous than calc) - quartz-fsp pegmatite in metaseds - moving E - metaseds to W, then 3 m thick marble (lots of Ca, likely titanite and diopside), then back to calc-silicate, then back to quartzite on ridge (PP123_1 - 5 photos) - marble is local layer within calc-silicate - marble clasts weather out, 3D shear sense, top-to-E (PP123_6 - 8 photos) - garnet-bearing calc-silicate (more siliceous than calc) - rotated sigma and delta clasts show top-to-E and top-to-W shear (ambiguous) in calc-silicate (PP123_9 photo) - S-fabric and C’-fabric show top-to-W shear - extension joints perpendicular to lineation, potential normal sense (T decrease during exhumation or quick deformation, thrust or normal) (PP123_10 photo) - domino boudins (PP123_11 - 12 photos) - C’ and S fabrics indicating normal sense - progresses from ductile through brittle-ductile (calc-rich calc-silicate) through brittle (siliceous calc-silicate) - brittle-ductile faulting in siliceous calc-silicate (PP123_13 - 14 photos), top-to-W sense - top-to-W sense rotated clasts & C’ fabric in marble (PP123_15 photo) 224/39 - fol in calc-silicate 30->271 mineral shape lineation 218/44 fol in calc-silicate 26->250 lineation 352/80 extension joints PP123 Sample: 191/35 177 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP124 51.31536 118.73235 2020 - PP124 (quartzite oriented, CPO) - alternating quartzite & metapelite (very garnet & melt-rich) - could be large-scale flow partitioning with calc-silicate being weird - shear sense top-to-E, obvious from quartz clasts (PP124_1 - 3 photos) - fabric bent as sheared - faults offset everything - calc-silicate could be messing things up 227/46 foliation in quartzite 34->266 qtz/Bt stretching lineation 208/41foliation in metapelites 24->258 lineation 347/68 fault PP124 Sample: 224/48 PP125 51.31635 118.73283 - same quartzite along strike as PP01 - extensional joints persistent in metapelite (PP125_1 photo) - amphibolite boudin with quartzite and metapelite wrapped around it (PP125_2 photo) - late extensional joints crosscut boudin & foliation - brittle-ductile offset, top-to-E shear in metapelite (qtz sigma clasts), crosscut by late normal faults PP126 51.31622 118.73733 - kyanite / garnet metapelites (fine-grained) - potentially pseudotachylite (prob not) - epidote veins (late) filled fractures & bleached surrounding rock, steeply dipping towards E - less melt may account for finer grains - infilled with qtz (epidote) veins in some places (PP126_1 photo) 359/77 - epidote veins PP127 51.31539 118.74177 2020 - PP127 oriented quartzite sample (CPO) - walked W from PP09, all metaseds until here - 3 m thick quartzite layer, extension jointing present throughout (PP127_1 photo) - back to metaseds with 3 m thick leucogranite layer - qtz sigma clast showing thrust sense 342/78 - joint orientation 200/41 - foliation in quartzite 35 -> 264 - qtz aggregate lineation PP127 Sample: 195/51 PP128 51.31242 118.7422 - C’ / S planes showing thrust sense - along strike see thrust sense indicators (delta clast, C’, S fabrics, sigma clasts) (PP128_1 - 3 photos) - metapelites - garnet rich (0.5 - 1 cm), kyanite, sillimanite, biotite 219/49 - foliation 34 -> 253 - qtz stretching lineation 178 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP129 51.30298 118.75008 - metapelites - highly weathered - potentially conjugate set of normal faults - normal (top-to-W) shear sense indicators: sigma clasts, C’/S fabrics (PP129_1 - 4 photos) - leucogranite dike crosscuts foliation - looks like hanging wall rock, lots of melt, garnet - HW melt larger scale than FW - dominated metaseds by psammite (whereas in FW intercalated with metapelites) - leucogranite boudinaged by melt - lots of Bt - amphibolite sill - isoclinal folds in psammite - qtz vein - moved W towards PP130 223/57 - foliation 46 -> 254 - elongation lineation 139/84 - fault plane (normal?) 83 -> 230 - slickenlines (down dip, vertical) PP130 51.30344 118.75313 - psammite with lots of melt - normal sense indicated by C’ type fabric (top-to-W) (PP130_1 photo) - qtz clasts indicate opposing shear senses (likely interfered with each other in turbulent flow) - fine-grained garnet in psammite - crosscutting qtz veins boudinaged parallel to foliation (late syn-tectonic) - minor metapelites, crosscut by leucogranite - somewhat large-scale wavy foliation (around intrusions) 190/51 - foliation 53 -> 279 - Bt lineation PP131 51.30368 118.75459 2020 - PP131 oriented garnet amphibolite contact with psammite (try to make TS with both); date titanite to constrain deformation - psammite with some metapelite layers - garnet-rich amphibolite boudins, infiltrated by melt (leucogranite) - potential thrust sense - could have a lot of pure shear and just get different offset in different places (potentially do CVA vorticity analysis on qtz CPO) - if vorticity axis same, depending on Wk between 0 (pure) & 1 (simple), get more rotation in one way or another - thrust sense clasts & C’ (PP131_1, 2, 5 photos) - not really seeing extension faulting in HW - passive folding in melt & seds layers after intrusion, syn- to late-tectonism - some amphibolite boudins are garnet-rich, others are not - garnet amphibolite band (PP131_3 - 4 photos) - small amphibolite clasts with cpx breaking down in middle (PP131_7 photo) - fault offsets domino boudins in mafic layer (late normal) (PP131_6 photo) - asymmetric folds show thrust sense 177/41 - foliation 41 -> 252 - mineral stretching lineation (qtz/bt) 335/81 - fault Sample PP131: 197/38 179 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP132 51.30354 118.75623 - lamprophyre - 3 phase intrusion, subparallel to extension faults, may have intruded during this time (same as dike from first day) (PP132_1 photo) - 3 phases, looking towards north (PP132_2 photo) - white groundmass - plag - black - amphibole - green - pyroxene - did not see larger intrusion on day one, came in later & enveloped other two 355 - intrusion strike PP133 51.30337 118.75695 2020 - PP133 oriented leucogranite for CPO? - intercalated psammite, metapelites, leucogranite - intermediate intrusive lens - garnet amphibolite lens - wavy foliation, not as planar as closer to fault (start of today) - segregated melt 349/59 - extension joint in metaseds 198/45 - foliation 40 -> 264 - qtz elongation lineation PP133 Sample: 199/55 PP134 51.30193 118.74744 - metapelites with garnet, bt, qtz clasts - C’/S fabrics, sigma clasts showing normal (top-to-W) shear (PP134_1 - 2 photos) - wavy foliation - potential late steeper C’ fabric that crosscuts everything else (may be related to late brittle normal faults), as exhumed progresses from ductile to brittle - thin kyanite lens in metaseds - qtz-garnet-bt intrusive layer (boudinaged) (PP134_4 photo) - close to shear zone transition / fluid conduit - coarse-grained Sill-bearing melt showing characteristic horizontal fracture pattern (Al-bearing fluid) (PP134_3 photo) - in situ melt pockets growing garnet in metapelite - late epidote veins in metapelite - moving East - mica-rich psammite 179/42 foliation 40 -> 254 bt/melt aggregate lineation PP135 51.30101 118.74574 - normal-sense (top-to-W) shear indicators; C’ and sigma clasts in metapelite - qtz garnet intrusion layer again - metapelite / psammite alternating (similar to PP01) 194/49 - foliation 35 -> 244 lineation (min stretch) 180 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP136 51.3001 118.74331 2020 - PP136 garnet melt-oriented sample - psammite with garnet - alternating psammite & metapelite layers - leucogranite layer - very melt-rich layers with garnet - mica-rich layers - normal-sense shear (top-to-W): C’ & sigma clasts (PP136_1 photo) - garnet, kyanite bearing metapelite - thrust sense (top-to-E) - C’, rotated garnets, sigma clasts (PP136_2 - 3 photos)?? Unclear - moving E - amphibolite boudins surrounded by melt Sample PP136: 205/57 PP137 51.29908 118.74106 PP137 oriented quartzite for CPO - 100 m thick quartzite layer, cross bedding - repeating extension joints - bt & msc along bedding planes (PP137_4 photo) - jointing & bedding planes (looking towards N) (PP137_1 photo) - bedding parallel to foliation - bedding parallel faults; slickenlines showing top-to-W displacement (potential minor slip along bedding planes) (PP137_2 - 3 photos) - amphibolite boudin in quartzite (PP137_5 photo), looking W - difficult to tell what is strain & what is crossbeds - moved E - lamprophyre dike in quartzite - back into psammite (100 m thick) - amphibolite dike with melt infiltrated - 50 m psammite - metapelites - potential C’ with thrust (top-to-E) sense - 20 m thick metapelite - back into alternating psammite/pelite for 20 m 351/71 extension joint 002/54 extension joint 196/54 - bedding 54 -> bt/ qtz lineation 197/55 - fault surface (wavy) 53 -> 305 slickenline, mica/qtz (normal) Sample PP137: 207/57 181 Station # Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Observations Structural Measurements PP138 51.29964 118.73844 2020 - PP138 oriented quartzite, CPO - 5 m thick quartzite package - bedding parallel foliation & joint set - intercalated with leucogranite (with large amphiboles) - multiple joint sets, unclear which one is similar to other seen before - amphibolite dike with garnet megacrysts - amphibole / tourmaline stars? Indicate that quartzite is not overly deformed (randomly oriented) (PP138_1 - 2 photos) - back to metapelites - past where were yesterday, calc-silicate cut out 215/64 - joint (foliation parallel, wavy) 65 -> 284 qtz/bt elongation lineation Sample PP138: 337/64 not foliation, surface orientation 41 -> 278 lineation 35 -> 022 intersection lineation between foliation & surface measurement on sample PP139 51.30007 118.73727 2020 - PP139 float sample, not oriented, right next to veins (for vein composition only) - epidote, tourmaline, qtz, olivine?, pyroxene? Veins (intrusion or melt related) (PP139_1 - 6 photos) - could be epidote & pyroxene / green garnet? - ambiguous shear sense, both senses, mostly thrust (top-to-E) - isoclinal folds - psammite - lots of biotite surrounding green veins - weak thrust sense (clasts and C’) - psammite / metapelite intercalated section 205/46 foliation 42 -> 260 mica lineation PP140 51.30619 118.74863 - very chewed up & weathered - very altered psammite / metapelite - may be chewed up from glacier? - mica-rich, bt, qtz, fsp - appears to be highly foliated / jointed - ambiguous shear sense 190/61 foliation 182 Appendix B: Thin Section Descriptions Table B.1: Thin section descriptions for the Probity Peak field area. Specimen # Composition Notes Shear sense PP01A Quartzite: 75% quartz, 15% muscovite, ~5% biotite, < 1% small garnet, < 1% plag, ~ 2% sericitized fsp, < 1% chlorite in garnet pressure shadow, < 1% high relief mineral (monazite, xenotime, zircon) - quartz: polycrystalline, undulose extinction, chessboard extinction in many large grains; amoeboid grain boundaries, pinning structure of quartz on muscovite and biotite (GBM) - alteration assemblage: sericite - unclear fabrics, ambiguous sense of shear PP01B Leucogranite: 80% quartz, 10% sericitized plag (grows around smaller qtz grain), 5% muscovite, < 1% sillimanite (vein parallel to C’ shear bands), < 1% kyanite, <1% high relief mineral (monazite, xenotime, zircon) - sericitized plag – tons of it; one appears to grow around smaller quartz grain - quartz – showing preferred alignment, undulose extinction; chessboard extinction in large grains - late sillimanite vein subparallel to C’ shear bands - oblique foliation indicates reverse-sense shear - rotated fsp clasts indicate opposing shear senses - C’ shear bands showing top-to-NE shear PP01D Sillimanite-kyanite-garnet-schist (metapelite): 10% quartz, 7% garnet, 20% biotite, 5% sericitized plag, 2% sillimanite, 5% kyanite, 50% muscovite - quartz: bent deformation lamellae, undulose extinction, chessboard subgrains, amoeboid grain boundaries from grain boundary migration (in lenses) - pre-kinematic poikiloblastic garnet, with inclusions - kyanite: first order interference colours (from dark grey to reddish orange), kinking / bending - overall dextral shear sense (top-to-SW) - some top-to-NE indicators, but could be because of initial material line orientation wrt shear plane (antithetic C’) - poikiloblastic pre-kinematic garnet porphyroblast indicating dextral shear sense (inclusion trails and tails indicate top-to-SW shear) - synthetic C’ shear band and dextrally rotated garnet porphyroblast indicate top-to-SW shear sense PP02A Leucogranite: 85% quartz, 5% plag, <1% high relief/birefringence minerals (monazite, xenotime, zircon), 2% biotite, 5% pyroxenes / amphiboles (very messy), 3% graphite, apatite? - quartz: cracked, amoeboid grain boundaries from GBM, undulose extinction, pinning structure of quartz by graphite - plag: sericitized, some showing lamellar twinning - pleochroic halos surround high relief/birefringence minerals - oblique grain-shape foliation in quartz indicates reverse-sense shear PP02B Calc-silicate: 30% augite, 60% dirty limestone (qtz/calcite mix), 1% titanite, <1% zircon, 5% graphite?, 2% rutile, sillimanite, plag - augite: breaking down to biotite and chlorite - potential iron staining of slide N/A 183 Specimen # Composition Notes Shear sense PP03A Garnetiferous quartz-mica-schist (metapelite): biotite, quartz, kyanite, muscovite, sericite, feldspars, garnet, sillimanite, andalusite - biotite: crenulated - kyanite: distinct fracturing, low order birefringence; some have quartz inclusions; twinned kyanite displaying undulose extinction, crosscut by sericite veins; crenulation in kyanite before being crosscut by sericite vein - muscovite: bird’s eye extinction, crenulation - feldspars: qtz inclusions - garnet: inclusions of qtz, bt, ms - andalusite: near kyanite & sillimanite where crosscut by sericite vein - en echelon fractures within feldspar phenocrysts displaying dextral shear sense, unknown orientation of TS so cannot use effectively - evidence of late brittle extension / transtension that crosscuts all other deformation PP03B Quartz-mica schist (psammite): 20% muscovite, 50% quartz, 5% plag, sillimanite, kyanite, 5% garnet (qtz/bt inclusions, late veins), 5% biotite, rutile? - muscovite: bent, undulose extinction - quartz: amoeboid grain boundaries - plag: some bent / kinked, showing lamellar twinning; lightly sericitized - kyanite: simple twinning, late crosscutting fractures - garnet: with quartz and biotite inclusions, late crosscutting veins - late brittle faulting, dextral offset (normal-sense) (chlorite and sericite along crack) - unoriented specimen PP04A Quartzite: <1% sericitized plag, high relief / birefringence minerals, 15% muscovite (some porphyroclasts), 2% biotite, 80% quartz - quartz: chessboard extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries, quartz pinning by muscovite/biotite - bt/msc define foliation (acicular biotite horizontal) - high relief/birefringence minerals: pleochroic halos next to biotite N/A PP04B Garnet amphibolite: 80% amphibole (hornblende), 1% titanite, 10% garnet, 5% ilmenite, 5% plag, <1% quartz - garnet: inclusions of qtz, fsp, titanite, pyroxene; not embayed, likely not melt-related - quartz/plag at interface between garnet and hornblende (melt?) - plag corona around garnet, decompressional texture - plag: lamellar twinning and minor sericitization - minor sericitic alteration - potential sinistral shear sense from inclusion trails in garnet - unoriented slide PP04C Garnetiferous quartz-biotite schist (metapelite): 30% garnet, 30% biotite, <1% high relief / birefringence minerals (monazite, xenotime, zircon), 15% quartz, 15% plag, feldspar, 2% chlorite - no muscovite ** - garnet: qtz / high relief inclusions, bt/sill veins - biotite: kinking, pleochroic halos around decaying high relief/birefringence minerals - fsp: phenocrysts with biotite inclusions - plag: lamellar twinning, major sericitization in one corner - late brittle faulting - rotated garnets, dextral (not oriented so not reliable) 184 Specimen # Composition Notes Shear sense PP05A Kyanite-biotite-quartz-sillimanite-garnet schist (metapelite): 30% quartz, 20% biotite, 5% garnet, 10% kyanite, 20% fsp, little sillimanite - quartz: amoeboid grain boundaries - biotite: pleochroic halos surrounding high relief/birefringence minerals - garnet: inclusion trails of quartz, muscovite, biotite; late crosscutting muscovite / biotite veins - kyanite: undulose extinction from kinking around garnet - fsp: sericitized - late sericite vein - myrmekitic intergrowth of quartz and feldspar that has been later sericitized - C’ shear band indicating reverse-sense movement PP05B Leucogranite: 60% quartz, 30% fsp, 5% biotite, sillimanite, 5% pyroxenes, 1% titanite, <1% monazite/xenotime/zircon - quartz – undulose extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries - feldspars – sericite alteration, biotite inclusions - late sericite veins - ambiguous shear sense PP05C Diorite: 25% clinopyroxene, 10% biotite, 60% feldspar, 5% plag, chlorite, epidote - compositional layering in diorite next to calc-silicate contact (cpx-rich layer right next to calc-silicate, then bt-rich layer as move further away) - plagioclase – inclined extinction, no pleochroism, lamellar polysynthetic twinning - epidote / chlorite alteration in main wall rock - no obvious kinematic indicators PP08A Schistose garnet amphibolite: 15% garnet, 5% quartz, 20% biotite, <1% chlorite, 40% hornblende, 5% plag/fsp, 10% opaques, titanite, sericite - garnet: quartz / titanite inclusions - chlorite: fills fractures that crosscut garnet - feldspar: tartan twinning - quartz: appears to grow around plag, grain size reduction - biotite-bearing foliation wraps around quartz/fsp pressure shadows surrounding garnet - not oriented - sinistral rotation of garnet PP08B Garnet amphibolite: 50% hornblende, 15% plag, 5% quartz, 10% biotite, high relief/ birefringence minerals, 5% augite, chlorite, 10% garnet - high relief / birefringence inclusions within hornblende surrounded by pleochroic halos - plag: partially sericitized, surrounds garnet rims - garnet: inclusions of quartz / biotite / high relief minerals, crosscut by late brittle fractures - not oriented - crosscut by brittle fractures PP09A Quartzite: 85% quartz, 5% sericite / sillimanite veins, 2% biotite, 1% chlorite, 5% fsp, muscovite - quartz: undulose extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries, grain size reduction next to sericite veins - chlorite: fills brittle fractures - fsp: partially sericitized - C’ band suggesting top to SSW shear (normal) - top-to-SSW mica fish (group 3) PP09B Garnet-kyanite-mica-schist (metapelite): 20% garnet porphyroblasts, 5% quartz, sillimanite, 20% biotite, 40% kyanite, 10% feldspar porphyroclasts, 1% cordierite, zircon/monazite/xenotime, muscovite - quartz: undulose extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries - garnet: inclusions of biotite and quartz - kyanite: wraps around / breaks around garnet, undulose extinction; simple twinning, crosscut by brittle fractures filled with sericite - high relief / birefringence minerals: fill cracks in garnet / late fluids - top to NE shear sense indicated by C’ fabrics 185 Specimen # Composition Notes Shear sense PP10C Garnetiferous quartz-kyanite-sillimanite-mica schist (metapelite): 40% garnet, 20% biotite, 20% sericitized plag / other fsp, 5% quartz, zircon/xenotime/monazite, 5% kyanite, 1% chlorite, 20% sillimanite - garnet: crosscut by brittle fracture filled with biotite-sericite-chlorite; inclusions of quartz & graphite - biotite: pleochroic halos surround high relief / birefringence inclusions - fsp: partially sericitized - both senses of shear observed in this thin section; dominantly dextral (top to SW) - dextral C’ shear bands - crosscut by late brittle fractures, no offset PP10F Quartz-rich calc-silicate: 60% quartz, 10% plag, 5% biotite, 10% augite/ pyroxenes, zircon, < 1% titanite?, 10% garnet - quartz: ameboid grain boundaries - many fish-shaped mineral grains (e.g. fsp, cpx) - garnet porphyroblasts and fsp/cpx augens show top-to-SW and top-to-NE - C’ shear bands show top-to-SW and top-to-NE shear sense PP10G Garnetiferous quartz-kyanite-sillimanite-mica schist (metapelite): 30% garnet, 20% quartz, 5% plag, 20% biotite, 10% sillimanite, 5% kyanite, xenotime/monazite/zircon, 10% andalusite - quartz: undulose extinction, fine-grained within foliation planes defined by biotite and sillimanite; myrmekite texture at boundary with fsp - biotite: green and brown varieties; bird’s eye extinction; pleochroic halos surround high relief / birefringence minerals - garnet: porphyroblasts with qtz pressure shadows; breaking down to biotite - kyanite: undulose extinction - plag: antiperthite unmixing texture - foliation planes crosscut by brittle fractures - overall thin section scan showing top-to-WSW shear sense - C’ shear band showing top-to-WSW shear sense PP11 Quartzite: 90% quartz, muscovite, sillimanite, 5% sericitized fsp, chlorite, 5% biotite, zircon/xenotime/monazite - quartz: undulose extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries - C’ showing top-to-SW movement PP12 Aluminosilicate-mica-schist (metapelite): 10% kyanite, muscovite, 30% biotite, 30% quartz, zircon/monazite/xenotime in biotite, 10% sericitized fsp, 10% fibrolite (sillimanite), minor hornblende, andalusite - biotite: pleochroic halos surround high relief/birefringence minerals - fsp: partially sericitized - C’ shear bands indicating top-to-W shear PP13 Calc-silicate: 60% quartz, 10% plag, 10% sericitized fsp, monazite/xenotime/monazite, biotite, chlorite, 10% garnet, titanite, 10% pyroxene (augite); potential top-to-SW C’ - quartz: undulose extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries - fsp: partially sericitized - C’ shear bands showing ambiguous shear PP14 Biotite orthogneiss (leucogranite): 70% quartz, 15% biotite, chlorite, 15% sericitized plag, some small opaques, zircon/xenotime/monazite - quartz: amoeboid grain boundaries - fsp: partially sericitized - C’ shear bands showing ambiguous shear - late sinistral faulting in plag that has been sericitized around the edges PP15 Garnet-biotite orthogneiss (leucogranite): 70% quartz, 10% biotite, 5% garnet, fibrolite (sillimanite), 15% plag, fsp, zircon/monazite/xenotime - quartz: undulose extinction, local chessboard extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries - ambiguous C’ shear bands 186 Specimen # Composition Notes Shear sense PP15B Feldspar-garnet-sillimanite-biotite-quartz schist (metapelite): sericitized fsp, quartz, biotite, garnet, sillimanite, titanite, rutile - fsp: partially sericitized - quartz: undulose extinction, local chessboard extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries - biotite: kinked - garnet: biotite / sillimanite pressure shadows; quartz inclusions - dextrally rotated garnet - late crenulating fabric that crosscuts main fabric - C’ shear bands showing top-to-W shear PP117A Metaquartzolite (anatectite): 98% quartz, <1% sericite/sillimanite veins, <1% biotite, < 1% sericitized fsp - quartz: chessboard extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries - fsp: sericitized, biotite pressure shadows - crosscutting sericite/ sillimanite veins - ambiguous rotated feldspar porphyroclasts PP117B Feldspar-garnet-sillimanite-biotite-quartz schist (metapelite): 30% quartz, 30% biotite, 20% sillimanite, 10% garnet, 5% sericitized fsp, minor opaque minerals - quartz: coarser grained between high strain zones, grain size reduced in high strain zones, chessboard extinction in larger grains - biotite: defines foliation planes - sillimanite: defines foliation planes, appears to locally overprint biotite - garnet: breakdown to biotite, low strain - sericite veins crosscut the foliation - opaque minerals elongate parallel with foliation planes - overall shear sense appears to be top-to-ESE (C’ shear bands) PP119 Diorite: 50% sericitized plag, 15% orthopyroxene, 5% clino, 10% biotite, 20% hornblende - minor sericitization - phaneritic - plag: lamellar twinning - not oriented PP123 Garnetiferous quartz-rich calc-silicate: <1% titanite, 30% biotite, 30% plag, 20% fsp, 10% quartz, 10% garnet, <1% opaques, <1% chlorite, <1% sericite - groundmass with biotite between grains - minor sericitization - ambiguous overall shear sense PP124 Quartzite: 90% quartz, 8% muscovite, 2% opaques, <1% sericitized fsp, <1% biotite - muscovite: defines foliation, also small inclusions in quartz - quartz: chessboard extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries, mica pinning structures - minor sericitization - top-to-ENE C’ shear bands defined by muscovite PP127 Psammite: 65% quartz, 10% biotite, 15% sericitized plag / fsp, 5% chlorite, 5% garnet, <1% kyanite, <1% sillimanite - quartz: amoeboid grain boundaries, mica pinning structures, chessboard extinction - chlorite: fills cracks in garnet - sericitization - sillimanite: boudinaged and infiltrated by sericite veins - potential top-to-ENE shear sense - ENE-dipping sericite veins that crosscut full thin section PP131 Garnet amphibolite: 30% garnet, 30% hornblende, 20% pyroxenes (clino and ortho), 10% quartz, 10% fsp, minor: chlorite, titanite, ilmenite - titanite: surrounds ilmenite inclusions in garnet - garnet inclusions: quartz, hornblende, titanite, ilmenite, pyroxene inclusions - chlorite: fills fractures in garnet N/A PP133 Biotite orthogneiss (anatectite): 70% sericitized fsp, 20% quartz, 10% biotite ~ 6 mm wide fsp grain with deformation lamellae - quartz: concentrated into thin bands with GBM - compositional layering – quartz and feldspar N/A 187 Specimen # Composition Notes Shear sense PP136 Leucogranite: 20% garnet, 55% feldspar, 10% biotite, 15% quartz, minor sillimanite - garnet breakdown to biotite, poikiloblastic - potential top-to-E shear (rotated garnet) PP137 Quartzite: 85% quartz, 5% biotite, 10% muscovite - quartz: amoeboid grain boundaries, anhedral shapes, oblique foliation, mica pinning (GBM) - biotite defines foliation - disseminated muscovite (low strain) N/A PP138 Quartzite: 85% quartz, 10% muscovite, 1% biotite, 5% sericitized fsp - quartz: mica pinning, chessboard extinction, amoeboid grain boundaries (GBM); polycrystalline quartz aggregate (SGR) - minor sericitization N/A PP139 Carbonatite: 40% hornblende, 40% pyroxene (ortho / clino), 10% quartz, 2% titanite, sillimanite, 2% biotite, <1% calcite, plag, 5% sericitized fsp - coarse-grained - minor sericitization N/A 188 Appendix C: Quartz c-axis CPO Descriptions and Data Table C.1: Quartz c-axis CPO descriptions. Abbreviations: T = temperature. CPO opening angle plots created using the FabricPlotR script v.11 (Kyle P. Larson, 2021). Opening angle and temperature calculations in this script informed by (Hunter et al., 2018). Specimen # Thin Section Orientation (left-right) Rock Type Fabric Type Interpretation – slip systems, relative temperature Shear-sense CPO Opening Angle Plot PP01A NE-SW Quartzite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Top-to-the-SW (dextral) PP01B NE-SW Quartz-rich anatectite Single girdle basal (minor), rhomb , prism ; low to medium T Top-to-the-NE (sinistral) N/A PP02A NE-SW Quartz-rich anatectite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Top-to-the-NE (sinistral) PP04A NE-SW Quartzite Cleft girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Constrictional strain, potential top-to-the-NE (?) (sinistral) PP05B E-W Quartz-rich anatectite Single girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low to medium T Potential top-to-the-E (?) (sinistral) N/A PP05C ENE-WSW Diorite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Unclear N/A 421352143090 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.0060.008opening angle = 86 ° / temperature = 656 ° Cazimuth(degrees)271392083250 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.0060.0080.0100.012opening angle = 65 ° / temperature = 520 ° Cazimuth(degrees)401482233290 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.0060.0080.0100.012opening angle = 73 ° / temperature = 577 ° Cazimuth(degrees) 189 Specimen # Thin Section Orientation (left-right) Rock Type Fabric Type Interpretation – slip systems, relative temperature Shear-sense CPO Opening Angle Plot PP09A NNE-SSW Quartzite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Top-to-the-NNE (sinistral) PP10F NE-SW Quartz-rich calc-silicate Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Top-to-the-NE (sinistral) PP11 ENE-WSW Quartzite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Potential top-to-the-ENE (?) (sinistral) PP13 ESE-WNW Quartz-rich calc-silicate Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Potential top-to-the-WNW (?) (dextral) PP14 ENE-WSW Quartz-rich anatectite Single girdle basal (minor), rhomb , prism ; medium T Top-to-the-ENE (sinistral) N/A 411252193220 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.0060.008opening angle = 87 ° / temperature = 661 ° Cazimuth(degrees)431452053380 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.0060.008opening angle = 63 ° / temperature = 505 ° Cazimuth(degrees)331332173130 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.0060.0080.0100.0120.014opening angle = 82 ° / temperature = 633 ° Cazimuth(degrees)391612243270 90 180 3600.0000.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.007opening angle = 68 ° / temperature = 542 ° Cazimuth(degrees) 190 Specimen # Thin Section Orientation (left-right) Rock Type Fabric Type Interpretation – slip systems, relative temperature Shear-sense CPO Opening Angle Plot PP15 E-W Quartz-rich anatectite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Top-to-the-E (sinistral) PP117A ESE-WNW Quartz-rich anatectite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low to medium T Unclear PP124 ENE-WSW Quartzite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Top-to-the-ENE (sinistral) PP127 ENE-WSW Psammite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Unclear 31 1372173160 90 180 3600.0000.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.006opening angle = 78 ° / temperature = 609 ° Cazimuth(degrees)531552273190 90 180 3600.0000.0050.0100.0150.020opening angle = 83 ° / temperature = 639 ° Cazimuth(degrees)561462383260 90 180 3600.0000.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.006opening angle = 91 ° / temperature = 683 ° Cazimuth(degrees)361462123260 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.0060.008opening angle = 68 ° / temperature = 542 ° Cazimuth(degrees) 191 Specimen # Thin Section Orientation (left-right) Rock Type Fabric Type Interpretation – slip systems, relative temperature Shear-sense CPO Opening Angle Plot PP133 ENE-WSW Quartz-rich anatectite Type II crossed girdle basal , rhomb , prism ; low T Top-to-the-ENE (sinistral) PP137 ESE-WNW Quartzite Irregular Unclear Unclear PP138 ESE-WNW Quartzite Single girdle basal (minor), rhomb , prism ; low to medium T Top-to-the-ESE (sinistral) 371432283230 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.006opening angle = 79 ° / temperature = 615 ° Cazimuth(degrees)261402022710 90 180 3600.0000.0050.0100.015opening angle = 88 ° / temperature = 667 ° Cazimuth(degrees)411582143390 90 180 3600.0000.0020.0040.0060.0080.0100.012opening angle = 58 ° / temperature = 465 ° Cazimuth(degrees) 192 Appendix D: Petrochronology Data and Images Appendix D.1: Monazite Appendix D.1.1: Monazite U-Th-Pb Data, Trace Element Data and Grain Location Descriptions PP05A Table D.1: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP05A. Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP05A-M1-1 2498 46128 134 119.67 9.69 0.05264 7.01 0.06062 11.96 0.00836 9.69 0.81 0.00274 6.38 59.76 6.94 53.64 5.18 53.57 5.16 55.38 3.53 PP05A-M1-2 2588 38028 150 105.99 6.48 0.05274 5.80 0.06857 8.70 0.00943 6.48 0.75 0.00297 5.16 67.34 5.67 60.53 3.91 60.01 3.88 59.96 3.09 PP05A-M1-3 3381 47708 161 103.89 5.41 0.05186 5.55 0.06880 7.75 0.00963 5.41 0.70 0.00302 5.35 67.56 5.06 61.75 3.32 61.33 3.30 60.88 3.25 PP05A-M1-4 1549 28118 143 109.36 4.98 0.05495 7.33 0.06925 8.86 0.00914 4.98 0.56 0.00299 5.67 67.98 5.83 58.68 2.91 57.81 2.86 60.21 3.41 PP05A-M1-5 4440 43396 157 97.58 7.90 0.05179 6.22 0.07314 10.06 0.01025 7.90 0.79 0.00316 5.62 71.68 6.96 65.73 5.17 65.15 5.12 63.79 3.58 PP05A-M1-6 7182 42678 186 90.54 6.18 0.04928 4.71 0.07502 7.76 0.01105 6.18 0.80 0.00340 5.91 73.45 5.50 70.81 4.35 70.40 4.32 68.54 4.05 PP05A-M2-1 7044 47947 258 115.04 16.29 0.05944 18.37 0.07121 24.55 0.00869 16.29 0.66 0.00300 11.82 69.84 16.57 55.79 9.05 54.98 8.92 60.43 7.13 PP05A-M2-2 4696 47110 279 77.61 14.94 0.06148 18.92 0.10917 24.11 0.01288 14.94 0.62 0.00385 13.03 105.21 24.09 82.53 12.25 81.20 12.06 77.68 10.10 PP05A-M2-3 5552 48537 209 95.46 12.28 0.05910 16.57 0.08532 20.62 0.01048 12.28 0.60 0.00344 9.44 83.13 16.46 67.18 8.21 66.64 8.14 69.31 6.53 PP05A-M2-4 6297 55631 259 93.40 10.67 0.05715 17.00 0.08433 20.07 0.01071 10.67 0.53 0.00348 13.55 82.21 15.85 68.65 7.29 67.77 7.20 70.28 9.51 PP05A-M2-5 7126 51307 244 104.28 12.04 0.06469 21.75 0.08549 24.86 0.00959 12.04 0.48 0.00324 12.00 83.30 19.88 61.52 7.37 60.25 7.22 65.34 7.83 PP05A-M3-1 2097 27797 146 121.66 3.05 0.06479 9.82 0.07340 10.28 0.00822 3.05 0.30 0.00270 5.33 71.92 7.14 52.77 1.60 51.46 1.56 54.56 2.90 PP05A-M3-3 6029 43399 206 95.97 14.95 0.05105 6.98 0.07331 16.50 0.01042 14.95 0.91 0.00333 7.90 71.84 11.44 66.82 9.94 66.47 9.88 67.12 5.29 PP05A-M3-4 5828 40978 207 77.32 20.28 0.04977 8.33 0.08871 21.93 0.01293 20.28 0.93 0.00330 7.71 86.30 18.14 82.84 16.69 82.47 16.62 66.63 5.13 PP05A-M3-5 5510 40067 229 79.64 10.98 0.04771 7.33 0.08257 13.20 0.01256 10.98 0.83 0.00384 7.12 80.56 10.22 80.45 8.78 80.73 8.80 77.37 5.50 PP05A-M3-6 4941 41005 180 88.65 18.44 0.05196 11.29 0.08077 21.62 0.01128 18.44 0.85 0.00328 7.83 78.87 16.41 72.31 13.26 72.04 13.20 66.13 5.17 PP05A-M3-7 2120 23272 160 110.46 4.82 0.06284 7.83 0.07840 9.19 0.00905 4.82 0.52 0.00293 6.04 76.64 6.79 58.09 2.79 57.27 2.74 59.11 3.57 PP05A-M4-1 5290 41909 178 92.01 12.41 0.05106 7.71 0.07649 14.60 0.01087 12.41 0.85 0.00305 6.32 74.84 10.54 69.69 8.60 69.58 8.58 61.61 3.89 PP05A-M4-2 5579 45348 170 97.92 12.66 0.05337 7.78 0.07511 14.86 0.01021 12.66 0.85 0.00304 5.64 73.54 10.54 65.50 8.25 64.92 8.18 61.32 3.45 PP05A-M4-3 4407 38255 183 103.11 9.16 0.05307 6.79 0.07093 11.41 0.00970 9.16 0.80 0.00298 6.05 69.58 7.67 62.22 5.67 61.78 5.64 60.09 3.63 PP05A-M4-5 6437 41090 224 98.35 23.61 0.05221 17.82 0.07316 29.58 0.01017 23.61 0.80 0.00329 6.14 71.69 20.47 65.21 15.32 65.15 15.30 66.43 4.07 PP05A-M4-6 7514 39106 196 96.91 8.65 0.04865 6.78 0.06919 10.99 0.01032 8.65 0.79 0.00325 7.02 67.93 7.22 66.18 5.69 65.98 5.68 65.52 4.59 PP05A-M4-7 6877 40235 195 91.97 7.59 0.05083 4.67 0.07617 8.91 0.01087 7.59 0.85 0.00334 4.80 74.54 6.40 69.72 5.26 69.60 5.26 67.32 3.23 PP05A-M4-8 7188 38092 228 85.88 11.10 0.05013 7.05 0.08045 13.15 0.01164 11.10 0.84 0.00353 6.22 78.57 9.95 74.63 8.24 74.08 8.18 71.13 4.42 PP05A-M4-9 6242 39356 160 96.98 12.69 0.05224 9.35 0.07423 15.76 0.01031 12.69 0.81 0.00293 5.59 72.71 11.06 66.13 8.35 65.77 8.30 59.16 3.30 PP05A-M4-10 5600 31685 180 101.82 6.37 0.05442 5.60 0.07366 8.48 0.00982 6.37 0.75 0.00320 5.48 72.17 5.91 63.00 3.99 62.29 3.94 64.49 3.53 PP05A-M5-1 3753 39214 150 110.91 12.57 0.05390 10.29 0.06698 16.24 0.00902 12.57 0.77 0.00292 7.08 65.83 10.35 57.86 7.24 57.26 7.16 58.99 4.17 PP05A-M5-2 4934 43690 175 105.01 8.01 0.05316 7.23 0.06977 10.79 0.00952 8.01 0.74 0.00298 6.33 68.48 7.15 61.10 4.87 60.49 4.82 60.10 3.80 PP05A-M5-3 5732 41127 190 90.92 16.76 0.05388 10.18 0.08168 19.61 0.01100 16.76 0.85 0.00312 7.00 79.72 15.03 70.51 11.75 69.95 11.66 62.92 4.40 PP05A-M5-7 788 7862 167 114.58 4.87 0.05440 10.80 0.06543 11.85 0.00873 4.87 0.41 0.00326 5.76 64.36 7.39 56.02 2.72 55.32 2.68 65.68 3.78 PP05A-M6-1 5160 41471 169 103.01 12.25 0.05385 8.70 0.07205 15.03 0.00971 12.25 0.82 0.00310 6.44 70.64 10.26 62.28 7.59 61.87 7.54 62.45 4.02 193 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP05A-M6-2 6294 29174 139 96.87 8.55 0.05206 5.57 0.07407 10.20 0.01032 8.55 0.84 0.00316 5.68 72.55 7.14 66.21 5.63 65.77 5.60 63.78 3.62 PP05A-M6-3 5239 44465 174 98.03 7.95 0.05098 5.28 0.07167 9.54 0.01020 7.95 0.83 0.00315 5.32 70.29 6.48 65.43 5.17 65.12 5.16 63.61 3.38 PP05A-M6-4 8026 17129 126 100.11 10.77 0.05187 9.38 0.07140 14.28 0.00999 10.77 0.75 0.00331 6.56 70.03 9.66 64.07 6.87 63.78 6.84 66.76 4.37 PP05A-M6-5 5437 31881 149 97.32 11.66 0.05089 8.06 0.07206 14.17 0.01027 11.66 0.82 0.00312 7.03 70.65 9.67 65.90 7.64 65.77 7.64 62.98 4.42 PP05A-M6-6 5529 28798 130 94.58 14.19 0.05319 7.50 0.07751 16.04 0.01057 14.19 0.88 0.00330 7.55 75.80 11.72 67.80 9.57 67.49 9.52 66.47 5.01 PP05A-M6-7 7095 22755 142 102.21 12.50 0.04992 7.57 0.06731 14.61 0.00978 12.50 0.86 0.00314 6.91 66.14 9.35 62.77 7.81 62.73 7.80 63.33 4.37 PP05A-M6-8 7318 17576 118 88.77 7.98 0.04987 5.28 0.07743 9.57 0.01127 7.98 0.83 0.00338 5.02 75.73 6.98 72.21 5.73 72.23 5.74 68.17 3.42 PP05A-M6-9 9403 21372 155 94.17 15.90 0.05372 8.47 0.07862 18.02 0.01062 15.90 0.88 0.00321 7.60 76.84 13.33 68.09 10.77 67.42 10.66 64.83 4.92 PP05A-M6-10 6908 24286 142 91.93 12.64 0.04719 7.20 0.07074 14.54 0.01088 12.64 0.87 0.00319 6.77 69.40 9.76 69.74 8.77 69.91 8.78 64.40 4.35 PP05A-M7-1 5342 34444 168 101.77 11.98 0.04921 10.36 0.06664 15.84 0.00983 11.98 0.76 0.00310 7.77 65.51 10.05 63.04 7.52 62.75 7.48 62.55 4.85 PP05A-M7-2 4542 41469 154 108.82 8.89 0.05224 7.02 0.06616 11.33 0.00919 8.89 0.78 0.00276 6.55 65.05 7.14 58.97 5.22 58.66 5.20 55.73 3.64 PP05A-M7-4 7409 31524 220 83.78 9.64 0.04846 6.80 0.07971 11.79 0.01194 9.64 0.82 0.00381 7.04 77.87 8.84 76.49 7.33 76.19 7.30 76.90 5.40 PP05A-M7-5 6683 32341 182 84.24 8.67 0.04715 7.43 0.07714 11.42 0.01187 8.67 0.76 0.00368 6.90 75.45 8.30 76.08 6.56 76.30 6.58 74.12 5.10 PP05A-M7-6 8081 41260 184 102.94 10.56 0.05035 5.99 0.06740 12.14 0.00971 10.56 0.87 0.00315 6.27 66.23 7.78 62.32 6.55 61.98 6.52 63.60 3.98 PP05A-M8-1 1568 14747 134 124.23 4.72 0.04803 9.32 0.05328 10.44 0.00805 4.72 0.45 0.00270 6.00 52.71 5.36 51.69 2.43 51.28 2.42 54.57 3.27 PP05A-M8-2 3958 31965 180 90.24 8.65 0.04747 7.59 0.07250 11.51 0.01108 8.65 0.75 0.00314 7.13 71.07 7.90 71.05 6.11 71.17 6.12 63.27 4.50 PP05A-M8-3 1511 16154 149 106.01 3.70 0.04985 6.26 0.06481 7.28 0.00943 3.70 0.51 0.00289 5.84 63.76 4.50 60.53 2.23 60.10 2.22 58.40 3.40 PP05A-M8-4 4162 28535 184 93.44 7.32 0.05091 5.77 0.07508 9.31 0.01070 7.32 0.79 0.00334 5.69 73.51 6.61 68.62 4.99 68.40 4.98 67.39 3.83 PP05A-M10-1 8647 45564 202 95.72 9.60 0.04979 5.98 0.07169 11.31 0.01045 9.60 0.85 0.00312 5.80 70.30 7.68 67.00 6.40 66.54 6.36 63.03 3.65 PP05A-M10-2 8368 36859 180 98.30 5.40 0.04896 5.14 0.06864 7.46 0.01017 5.40 0.72 0.00308 5.66 67.41 4.86 65.25 3.50 65.30 3.50 62.16 3.51 PP05A-M10-3 7923 33918 167 102.93 5.68 0.04792 2.91 0.06416 6.38 0.00972 5.68 0.89 0.00298 5.14 63.15 3.91 62.33 3.52 62.17 3.52 60.21 3.09 PP05A-M10-4 2623 19490 175 108.77 3.12 0.05669 4.09 0.07183 5.15 0.00919 3.12 0.61 0.00296 4.78 70.44 3.50 59.00 1.83 58.54 1.82 59.63 2.84 PP05A-M10-5 6393 44932 174 110.05 6.60 0.05177 5.29 0.06483 8.46 0.00909 6.60 0.78 0.00286 5.26 63.78 5.23 58.31 3.83 58.07 3.82 57.67 3.03 PP05A-M10-6 6217 42087 171 101.54 6.77 0.04765 6.10 0.06468 9.11 0.00985 6.77 0.74 0.00296 5.88 63.63 5.62 63.18 4.26 62.82 4.24 59.68 3.50 PP05A-M11-1 6413 48372 174 114.93 5.09 0.05134 4.57 0.06156 6.84 0.00870 5.09 0.74 0.00288 5.84 60.66 4.03 55.85 2.83 55.54 2.82 58.13 3.39 PP05A-M11-2 5905 42370 177 105.70 3.90 0.04962 3.98 0.06470 5.57 0.00946 3.90 0.70 0.00299 5.09 63.66 3.44 60.70 2.36 60.79 2.36 60.31 3.06 PP05A-M11-3 6048 22313 156 97.45 4.63 0.05004 4.18 0.07077 6.24 0.01026 4.63 0.74 0.00340 5.25 69.43 4.19 65.82 3.03 65.85 3.04 68.55 3.59 PP05A-M11-4 3874 42747 174 108.65 4.27 0.06334 4.99 0.08034 6.57 0.00920 4.27 0.65 0.00269 5.56 78.47 4.96 59.06 2.51 57.84 2.46 54.20 3.01 PP05A-M11-5 6135 35780 212 100.25 3.77 0.04927 3.93 0.06774 5.44 0.00998 3.77 0.69 0.00307 5.34 66.55 3.51 63.98 2.40 64.00 2.40 61.88 3.30 PP05A-M12-1 1204 11945 168 121.49 4.99 0.05124 9.89 0.05812 11.08 0.00823 4.99 0.45 0.00257 6.53 57.37 6.18 52.85 2.63 52.36 2.60 51.85 3.38 Table D.2: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP05A. Spot # P (ppm) Y(ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) PP05A-M1-1 146903 17076 145592 32240 114848 19283 1475 12404 1464 5705 711 1136 87.6 241 26.6 1.77 PP05A-M1-2 163731 15994 149569 32193 116523 19622 1643 12573 1415 5680 727 1026 79.7 238 24.3 1.13 PP05A-M1-3 155689 15933 150066 33208 119955 20006 1763 13013 1459 5731 705 1036 78.2 217 23.5 1.64 PP05A-M1-4 159960 15899 149148 33410 123699 20287 1588 12618 1491 5937 751 1068 79.5 235 23.7 1.16 PP05A-M1-5 164196 17612 146865 32492 116649 19380 1778 12204 1397 5710 735 1149 88.5 245 23.9 1.08 PP05A-M1-6 157984 18884 149576 32525 113498 19673 2398 12098 1381 5605 802 1343 114.6 307 27.0 1.55 PP05A-M2-1 201971 18816 151256 32393 122736 20846 2069 18029 2092 8755 1064 1517 112.3 290 35.3 2.06 PP05A-M2-2 190799 15644 148404 40951 181477 28345 2866 18498 2099 7201 851 1108 84.3 240 25.4 1.59 PP05A-M2-3 183467 10744 160244 30345 106138 17934 2449 12082 1262 4225 455 590 41.5 109 10.3 0.90 PP05A-M2-4 191727 11813 163721 36827 137951 24126 2774 13646 1316 4372 438 559 34.7 102 13.0 1.24 PP05A-M2-5 211996 13094 167050 34685 147566 25782 3193 17060 1651 5532 553 612 41.4 123 13.3 1.10 194 Spot # P (ppm) Y(ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) PP05A-M3-1 155913 13255 153005 34082 121196 19513 1573 11862 1337 4931 550 773 56.0 158 14.5 1.05 PP05A-M3-3 157319 5461 173620 38119 133142 21435 2941 12644 1166 3477 288 284 14.9 39 3.7 1.16 PP05A-M3-4 148817 5328 170127 35736 126040 19856 2948 13425 1224 3699 315 333 18.3 43 4.5 0.90 PP05A-M3-5 158065 5313 163313 36390 121922 19013 2512 10130 1046 3092 248 250 14.7 36 3.3 0.62 PP05A-M3-6 147876 8330 167488 35558 123278 20000 2613 12223 1114 3616 398 493 37.2 110 11.4 0.77 PP05A-M3-7 158690 12805 163386 36193 122644 20397 2043 11780 1254 4706 523 756 61.2 184 17.7 0.82 PP05A-M4-1 140055 14553 152259 34053 122649 20780 2500 13357 1532 5795 675 941 74.5 212 21.7 1.49 PP05A-M4-2 147007 14607 156339 34850 123438 20930 2480 13266 1545 5983 704 971 72.1 197 18.9 1.31 PP05A-M4-3 146386 15891 155128 33871 128791 22223 2503 13606 1561 6178 759 1058 83.0 232 24.3 1.29 PP05A-M4-5 163794 8303 162105 36117 124637 20073 2725 11218 1172 3749 337 392 23.4 60 6.0 0.48 PP05A-M4-6 146417 8920 167570 37124 129737 21225 2649 11980 1244 4036 368 397 26.1 67 6.6 1.15 PP05A-M4-7 153988 8855 166635 35754 125664 19772 2621 12236 1248 4124 363 426 28.5 75 7.6 1.01 PP05A-M4-8 148480 8301 171567 38586 133828 21056 2694 12333 1286 4027 366 381 25.6 73 7.8 1.17 PP05A-M4-9 152823 11546 160937 37169 135757 22079 2584 12598 1377 5042 548 714 51.3 145 15.2 1.22 PP05A-M4-10 149602 8224 164766 37064 128593 21544 2698 12646 1263 4166 375 420 28.3 87 10.3 0.60 PP05A-M5-1 150534 13473 163550 34906 124689 20419 2242 12108 1236 4800 583 771 57.1 154 16.3 1.14 PP05A-M5-2 150630 10033 163304 38109 133537 21370 2594 12338 1318 4612 498 616 44.0 120 11.8 1.08 PP05A-M5-3 153619 7861 167156 36664 129336 20468 2675 12676 1263 4126 373 435 29.3 85 8.9 1.01 PP05A-M5-7 151143 11900 165078 36096 126915 20510 2273 12549 1366 4724 539 791 64.7 189 19.1 0.86 PP05A-M6-1 143768 15481 149696 34036 120457 20084 2565 12744 1392 5429 675 984 80.3 237 25.9 1.24 PP05A-M6-2 140719 9827 160585 35102 123331 19967 2564 11015 1156 4079 426 566 40.5 112 10.8 0.88 PP05A-M6-3 141455 14511 156402 33162 117425 18867 2532 11140 1271 4809 579 881 74.8 218 23.0 1.17 PP05A-M6-4 146332 10104 165864 36349 130193 20712 2873 11722 1318 4974 508 600 39.0 96 8.3 0.88 PP05A-M6-5 153132 10037 163759 35038 124109 19693 2688 10810 1148 4066 462 618 44.7 126 11.8 0.86 PP05A-M6-6 146363 7663 165432 37264 125722 19402 2626 10546 1030 3121 283 310 19.5 51 4.7 0.82 PP05A-M6-7 148643 8640 163635 36044 122288 19687 2635 10877 1124 4258 438 482 31.8 71 6.4 0.97 PP05A-M6-8 140310 9981 162877 35977 123270 20342 2760 11100 1221 4453 465 561 35.3 88 8.0 0.98 PP05A-M6-9 158993 11663 171755 38227 124713 21780 3132 12831 1444 5052 531 648 40.8 101 9.0 1.08 PP05A-M6-10 143645 8628 169250 37303 126746 20912 2909 11863 1254 4152 405 489 31.9 75 6.8 0.91 PP05A-M7-1 151937 11699 153831 31388 108042 17651 2160 11356 1242 4257 461 693 53.8 147 13.1 7.79 PP05A-M7-2 152248 16029 155002 32620 117920 20635 2036 13643 1499 5711 649 900 68.4 201 21.3 1.07 PP05A-M7-4 151518 19005 148093 33854 118220 20482 2776 12351 1402 5695 767 1248 98.4 251 21.4 1.37 PP05A-M7-5 132149 12283 145876 31440 117123 19801 2466 12354 1220 4610 553 839 61.3 158 13.2 0.92 PP05A-M7-6 141918 13069 147181 31472 116806 19477 2387 12214 1308 4768 524 729 56.7 146 12.4 0.97 PP05A-M8-1 136221 14225 141716 33452 117555 19774 1425 12139 1357 5322 622 832 62.5 177 16.2 1.03 PP05A-M8-2 141253 11989 148933 34099 122139 20692 2025 12323 1292 4975 567 802 60.1 153 16.3 0.94 PP05A-M8-3 150729 16007 153200 32766 123151 19999 1600 12360 1454 5715 679 970 71.2 200 20.1 1.21 PP05A-M8-4 142183 13156 152333 33176 125105 20023 1888 11749 1212 4593 562 815 64.0 176 16.3 0.88 PP05A-M10-1 136891 15761 142534 32638 114891 20463 2052 11655 1310 5546 705 1143 95.4 265 24.0 1.96 PP05A-M10-2 147593 17225 148698 32767 118088 19720 2107 11480 1289 5179 705 1150 98.3 281 24.5 0.80 PP05A-M10-3 146250 18940 150323 32895 116472 19532 2005 11261 1302 5750 802 1371 116.5 330 30.5 1.20 PP05A-M10-4 147506 15487 149120 33536 116332 19995 1863 11916 1379 5497 670 987 82.5 234 23.4 1.53 PP05A-M10-5 142883 13117 152375 32761 115462 19770 2056 11654 1234 4574 533 769 58.4 169 16.8 1.08 PP05A-M10-6 144612 13978 149104 33022 114725 19460 1963 11940 1284 5011 590 854 67.5 196 20.6 1.13 PP05A-M11-1 149844 13137 145791 32707 116960 20072 1913 11796 1303 4940 581 769 56.2 167 17.0 0.91 PP05A-M11-2 145723 12041 146554 33150 117876 19917 1840 11378 1229 4621 516 728 50.7 128 12.8 0.74 PP05A-M11-3 148528 16194 127149 34457 132154 22080 2103 11774 1310 5210 695 1126 95.8 260 23.7 1.19 PP05A-M11-4 146841 13206 141445 32486 114317 19601 1634 12024 1323 4835 561 750 54.4 149 15.2 0.97 PP05A-M11-5 154407 13033 151039 33868 120474 20754 2278 13327 1447 5206 565 770 56.4 156 15.0 0.93 PP05A-M12-1 134191 2078 151894 32702 111631 17401 1528 8090 532 1261 94 99 6.8 27 4.1 <LOD 195 Table D.3: PP05A monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP05A-M1-1 Within relatively undeformed kyanite displaying simple twinning Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M1-2 Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M1-3 Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M1-4 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M1-5 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M1-6 Y-enriched splotch good PP05A-M2-1 Surrounded by dynamically recrystallized qtz (GBM - amoeboid grain boundaries) Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with quartz PP05A-M2-2 Part rim / part core okay - touching edge with quartz PP05A-M2-3 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M2-4 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M2-5 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M3-1 At boundary of kinked kyanite and biotite Y-enriched rim fair - partially on kyanite PP05A-M3-3 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M3-4 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M3-5 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M3-6 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M3-7 Y-enriched rim fair - partially on kyanite PP05A-M4-1 At boundary of kinked kyanite, biotite and unknown opaque Y-moderate splotch good PP05A-M4-2 Y-moderate splotch good PP05A-M4-3 Y-moderate splotch good PP05A-M4-5 Y-depleted splotch good PP05A-M4-6 Y-depleted splotch good PP05A-M4-7 Y-enriched splotch good PP05A-M4-8 Y-enriched splotch good PP05A-M4-9 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M4-10 Y-depleted splotch good PP05A-M5-1 At boundary of kinked / brittlely fractured kyanite and biotite Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M5-2 Y-enriched rim good PP05A-M5-3 Y-enriched rim good PP05A-M5-7 Y-depleted core okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M6-1 At boundary of kinked / brittlely fractured kyanite and biotite Y-depleted core good PP05A-M6-2 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M6-3 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M6-4 Y-moderate splotch good PP05A-M6-5 Y-moderate splotch good PP05A-M6-6 Y-moderate splotch good PP05A-M6-7 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M6-8 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M6-9 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M6-10 Y-depleted core okay - touching edge with kyanite PP05A-M7-1 At boundary of brittlely fractured kyanite and sillimanite / biotite that infiltrate cracks (high strain zone?) Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP05A-M7-2 Y-moderate rim good PP05A-M7-4 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M7-5 Y-depleted core good PP05A-M7-6 Y-moderate rim good PP05A-M8-1 Within kinked / brittlely fractured kyanite porphyroblast Y-enriched rim fair - half on kyanite PP05A-M8-2 Y-moderate core good PP05A-M8-3 Y-moderate core fair - half on kyanite PP05A-M8-4 Half core / half rim fair - half on kyanite 196 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP05A-M10-1 Located between qtz and biotite in matrix Y-moderate core good PP05A-M10-2 Y-moderate core good PP05A-M10-3 Y-moderate core good PP05A-M10-4 Y-enriched rim fair - half on biotite PP05A-M10-5 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with Bt/Qtz PP05A-M10-6 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with qtz PP05A-M11-1 Located between qtz and biotite in matrix Y-enriched rim good PP05A-M11-2 Y-depleted mantle good PP05A-M11-3 Y-moderate core good PP05A-M11-4 Y-enriched rim good PP05A-M11-5 Y-depleted mantle good PP05A-M12-1 Located at margin of fsp within garnet porphyroblast Y-moderate grain fair - half on garnet PP09B Table D.4: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP09B. Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP09B-M1-1 4918 19177 245 50.13 4.22 0.05007 3.23 0.13765 5.32 0.01995 4.22 0.79 0.00645 4.76 130.95 6.53 127.32 5.33 126.77 5.3 129.79 6.16 PP09B-M1-2 4814 25846 289 55.75 4.36 0.05273 3.31 0.13036 5.47 0.01794 4.36 0.80 0.00630 4.39 124.42 6.40 114.61 4.95 113.91 4.92 126.83 5.56 PP09B-M1-3 7149 29107 290 70.59 7.52 0.05839 6.60 0.11399 10.00 0.01417 7.52 0.75 0.00546 5.76 109.61 10.39 90.68 6.77 89.71 6.7 110.03 6.32 PP09B-M1-4 6249 22732 198 90.08 7.68 0.06848 7.06 0.10477 10.43 0.01110 7.68 0.74 0.00392 6.70 101.17 10.04 71.17 5.44 69.83 5.34 78.98 5.28 PP09B-M1-5 4883 23666 270 51.98 5.84 0.04953 3.61 0.13132 6.87 0.01924 5.84 0.85 0.00624 4.52 125.29 8.09 122.84 7.10 122.43 7.08 125.60 5.66 PP09B-M1-6 5342 22838 272 50.59 5.18 0.05104 5.31 0.13904 7.42 0.01977 5.18 0.70 0.00647 5.28 132.19 9.19 126.18 6.47 126.02 6.46 130.26 6.85 PP09B-M2-1 8391 25285 173 92.49 6.17 0.05756 4.87 0.08577 7.86 0.01081 6.17 0.79 0.00380 5.17 83.55 6.30 69.32 4.26 68.62 4.22 76.66 3.96 PP09B-M2-2 9008 25483 180 102.36 5.27 0.06679 5.30 0.08993 7.47 0.00977 5.27 0.70 0.00369 6.73 87.44 6.26 62.67 3.29 61.34 3.22 74.46 5.00 PP09B-M2-3 8941 25526 154 105.80 8.31 0.04981 6.02 0.06488 10.26 0.00945 8.31 0.81 0.00334 5.23 63.83 6.34 60.64 5.01 60.77 5.02 67.43 3.52 PP09B-M2-4 8272 27165 183 92.62 6.59 0.05490 4.87 0.08170 8.19 0.01080 6.59 0.80 0.00354 6.55 79.74 6.28 69.23 4.54 68.6 4.5 71.33 4.66 PP09B-M2-5 7677 21543 199 77.08 7.43 0.05273 5.95 0.09429 9.52 0.01297 7.43 0.78 0.00439 5.89 91.49 8.33 83.09 6.13 82.75 6.1 88.57 5.20 PP09B-M2-6 7851 22841 198 77.29 7.72 0.05363 8.14 0.09563 11.22 0.01294 7.72 0.69 0.00445 6.22 92.73 9.94 82.87 6.36 82.18 6.3 89.67 5.56 PP09B-M2-7 10080 27475 192 91.56 5.14 0.05167 4.54 0.07778 6.86 0.01092 5.14 0.75 0.00399 5.10 76.05 5.03 70.03 3.58 69.5 3.56 80.44 4.10 PP09B-M2-8 7078 23753 185 81.88 5.97 0.07146 4.93 0.12028 7.74 0.01221 5.97 0.77 0.00416 5.71 115.33 8.44 78.26 4.64 75.82 4.5 83.93 4.78 PP09B-M4-1 7018 31757 277 74.26 6.61 0.05120 4.88 0.09503 8.22 0.01347 6.61 0.80 0.00423 4.68 92.18 7.24 86.23 5.66 86.09 5.66 85.21 3.98 PP09B-M4-2 7911 31711 285 72.72 6.38 0.05020 4.77 0.09515 7.97 0.01375 6.38 0.80 0.00428 4.86 92.29 7.03 88.05 5.58 88.11 5.58 86.33 4.19 PP09B-M4-3 6083 25750 218 78.24 6.07 0.07285 4.02 0.12832 7.28 0.01278 6.07 0.83 0.00400 4.89 122.59 8.40 81.87 4.94 79.41 4.8 80.55 3.93 PP09B-M4-4 6485 28048 249 79.12 7.26 0.05441 6.46 0.09478 9.71 0.01264 7.26 0.75 0.00402 6.28 91.94 8.54 80.97 5.84 80.22 5.78 81.10 5.08 PP09B-M4-5 7199 29315 265 71.00 5.84 0.05892 5.72 0.11437 8.18 0.01408 5.84 0.71 0.00455 5.79 109.95 8.52 90.16 5.23 89.01 5.16 91.66 5.30 PP09B-M5-1 3896 14901 155 91.78 5.14 0.13305 7.60 0.19980 9.17 0.01090 5.14 0.56 0.00348 4.20 184.96 15.51 69.86 3.57 62.36 3.18 70.15 2.94 PP09B-M5-2 8135 23879 188 91.89 4.66 0.10197 4.13 0.15293 6.23 0.01088 4.66 0.75 0.00364 4.78 144.50 8.39 69.77 3.24 66.51 3.08 73.33 3.50 PP09B-M5-3 7803 18340 205 91.75 5.13 0.10199 5.33 0.15319 7.39 0.01090 5.13 0.69 0.00385 3.88 144.72 9.97 69.88 3.56 65.09 3.32 77.55 3.01 PP09B-M5-4 6543 19813 170 84.88 4.65 0.10824 16.34 0.17573 16.99 0.01178 4.65 0.27 0.00379 4.63 164.38 25.79 75.50 3.49 69.87 3.24 76.52 3.54 PP09B-M5-5 8103 22146 187 89.22 5.65 0.05253 4.86 0.08115 7.45 0.01121 5.65 0.76 0.00358 4.66 79.22 5.68 71.85 4.04 71.48 4.02 72.22 3.36 PP09B-M7-1 4627 20202 185 78.64 5.62 0.09831 7.26 0.17230 9.18 0.01272 5.62 0.61 0.00393 4.92 161.41 13.70 81.46 4.55 76.16 4.26 79.32 3.90 PP09B-M7-2 14694 22052 307 76.60 4.84 0.05187 3.99 0.09332 6.27 0.01305 4.84 0.77 0.00417 4.66 90.59 5.44 83.61 4.02 83.48 4.02 84.12 3.91 197 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP09B-M7-3 18725 23676 358 77.04 5.42 0.04921 5.00 0.08803 7.37 0.01298 5.42 0.74 0.00415 4.44 85.66 6.06 83.14 4.48 83.16 4.48 83.71 3.71 PP09B-M7-4 9008 21446 235 77.32 5.27 0.05336 4.28 0.09512 6.79 0.01293 5.27 0.78 0.00404 4.41 92.26 5.99 82.84 4.34 82.2 4.3 81.43 3.59 PP09B-M7-5 5946 20759 183 79.12 4.88 0.08098 4.02 0.14105 6.32 0.01264 4.88 0.77 0.00395 4.33 133.98 7.94 80.96 3.92 77.32 3.76 79.55 3.44 PP09B-M8-1 2306 18175 349 52.91 5.20 0.05258 6.07 0.13696 7.99 0.01890 5.20 0.65 0.00581 4.80 130.34 9.78 120.71 6.22 120.08 6.18 116.98 5.60 PP09B-M8-2 2467 20969 374 55.12 5.50 0.05697 6.14 0.14244 8.25 0.01814 5.50 0.67 0.00617 5.09 135.22 10.44 115.90 6.32 114.74 6.26 124.32 6.31 PP09B-M8-3 2458 20486 358 50.41 6.28 0.05289 4.40 0.14459 7.67 0.01984 6.28 0.82 0.00597 5.29 137.12 9.83 126.62 7.87 125.9 7.82 120.21 6.34 PP09B-M8-4 2248 16454 323 49.82 6.12 0.04954 4.87 0.13704 7.82 0.02007 6.12 0.78 0.00614 5.30 130.40 9.57 128.11 7.76 128.15 7.76 123.74 6.53 PP09B-M8-5 2017 11700 254 57.62 5.80 0.05327 4.89 0.12742 7.58 0.01736 5.80 0.76 0.00568 4.81 121.78 8.70 110.93 6.38 110.53 6.36 114.50 5.49 PP09B-M8-6 1876 9458 273 51.01 5.56 0.05300 7.15 0.14319 9.06 0.01960 5.56 0.61 0.00628 6.12 135.88 11.53 125.15 6.90 124.43 6.86 126.46 7.72 PP09B-M8-7 1144 5706 244 59.69 7.12 0.05453 9.88 0.12590 12.18 0.01675 7.12 0.58 0.00550 6.36 120.40 13.83 107.10 7.56 106.57 7.52 110.89 7.03 PP09B-M8-8 2634 12795 244 50.30 5.56 0.05213 4.72 0.14282 7.30 0.01988 5.56 0.76 0.00616 5.38 135.55 9.26 126.90 6.99 126.47 6.96 124.04 6.66 PP09B-M9-1 4026 17684 158 93.46 4.87 0.05496 4.92 0.08105 6.92 0.01070 4.87 0.70 0.00339 4.75 79.13 5.27 68.61 3.32 67.96 3.3 68.28 3.24 PP09B-M9-2 2797 18865 135 98.34 5.35 0.05427 6.58 0.07606 8.48 0.01017 5.35 0.63 0.00311 5.00 74.43 6.09 65.22 3.47 64.86 3.46 62.64 3.13 PP09B-M9-3 2359 14793 146 96.01 4.65 0.05654 5.22 0.08116 6.99 0.01042 4.65 0.66 0.00342 4.39 79.23 5.33 66.79 3.09 65.92 3.04 68.96 3.02 PP09B-M9-4 3113 22195 151 95.32 7.43 0.05426 8.17 0.07845 11.05 0.01049 7.43 0.67 0.00336 6.24 76.69 8.16 67.27 4.97 66.75 4.94 67.76 4.22 PP09B-M9-5 2556 14329 165 89.25 8.43 0.05490 9.21 0.08478 12.49 0.01120 8.43 0.68 0.00350 7.81 82.63 9.91 71.83 6.02 71.32 5.98 70.55 5.50 PP09B-M9-6 3893 17765 177 83.39 6.19 0.05925 5.54 0.09792 8.31 0.01199 6.19 0.74 0.00366 5.24 94.85 7.52 76.84 4.72 75.77 4.66 73.89 3.86 PP09B-M9-7 4336 18595 210 75.01 6.20 0.04935 5.55 0.09067 8.33 0.01333 6.20 0.75 0.00427 5.99 88.13 7.03 85.37 5.26 85.04 5.24 86.10 5.14 PP09B-M9-8 5082 19259 194 79.67 4.77 0.04912 3.96 0.08497 6.20 0.01255 4.77 0.77 0.00412 5.45 82.81 4.93 80.41 3.81 80.59 3.82 83.01 4.51 PP09B-M9-9 5264 20790 242 76.88 5.86 0.05275 4.85 0.09456 7.61 0.01301 5.86 0.77 0.00408 6.35 91.74 6.67 83.31 4.85 82.73 4.82 82.26 5.21 PP09B-M9-10 5904 23540 259 74.44 4.47 0.05045 4.50 0.09340 6.34 0.01343 4.47 0.70 0.00418 5.05 90.66 5.50 86.02 3.82 85.5 3.8 84.24 4.25 PP09B-M9-11 2413 15690 158 87.09 8.91 0.06426 7.22 0.10169 11.47 0.01148 8.91 0.78 0.00345 6.64 98.34 10.75 73.60 6.52 72.62 6.44 69.62 4.62 PP09B-M9-12 2453 14762 151 91.79 7.51 0.05329 7.76 0.08001 10.80 0.01089 7.51 0.70 0.00331 7.12 78.16 8.12 69.85 5.21 69.52 5.2 66.70 4.74 PP09B-M10-1 2805 7232 202 76.01 7.70 0.04984 5.91 0.09036 9.70 0.01316 7.70 0.79 0.00429 6.78 87.84 8.17 84.25 6.45 84.33 6.46 86.48 5.85 PP09B-M10-2 3882 8540 212 78.64 8.58 0.05357 6.12 0.09387 10.54 0.01272 8.58 0.81 0.00410 6.34 91.10 9.19 81.45 6.94 80.74 6.88 82.71 5.24 PP09B-M10-3 4062 9135 215 74.87 7.27 0.05127 6.24 0.09438 9.58 0.01336 7.27 0.76 0.00416 5.28 91.57 8.39 85.53 6.18 85.55 6.18 83.79 4.41 PP09B-M10-4 3541 9658 200 79.78 6.44 0.05193 6.16 0.08972 8.91 0.01253 6.44 0.72 0.00399 5.36 87.24 7.45 80.30 5.14 79.63 5.1 80.42 4.30 PP09B-M10-5 2303 5786 193 76.40 5.67 0.07323 7.18 0.13210 9.15 0.01309 5.67 0.62 0.00428 6.55 125.98 10.84 83.83 4.72 81.22 4.58 86.31 5.64 PP09B-M10-6 3448 9847 229 81.13 7.25 0.07187 6.58 0.12209 9.80 0.01233 7.25 0.74 0.00413 6.54 116.96 10.82 78.97 5.69 76.39 5.5 83.29 5.43 PP09B-M10-7 1535 4567 210 76.10 5.04 0.06878 7.13 0.12455 8.73 0.01314 5.04 0.58 0.00404 5.04 119.19 9.82 84.15 4.22 81.66 4.08 81.48 4.10 PP09B-M10-8 2489 10728 173 82.53 9.52 0.07947 5.77 0.13270 11.14 0.01212 9.52 0.86 0.00356 6.07 126.52 13.25 77.64 7.35 75.33 7.12 71.86 4.35 PP09B-M10-9 5362 11028 196 79.90 7.58 0.04847 6.59 0.08360 10.04 0.01252 7.58 0.76 0.00384 6.73 81.53 7.87 80.18 6.04 80.02 6.02 77.43 5.20 PP09B-M11-1 4170 23003 271 49.63 8.00 0.04905 5.56 0.13621 9.74 0.02015 8.00 0.82 0.00596 5.71 129.66 11.86 128.59 10.18 128.2 10.16 120.01 6.83 PP09B-M11-2 3950 26024 318 46.57 8.40 0.05367 5.44 0.15882 10.01 0.02147 8.40 0.84 0.00691 6.33 149.67 13.92 136.96 11.38 136.31 11.32 139.20 8.77 PP09B-M11-3 4334 22289 284 52.54 8.74 0.05244 4.99 0.13756 10.07 0.01903 8.74 0.87 0.00616 5.86 130.87 12.36 121.55 10.53 120.89 10.46 124.10 7.25 PP09B-M11-4 2674 20015 422 45.19 6.70 0.10193 6.14 0.31086 9.09 0.02213 6.70 0.74 0.00667 4.96 274.85 21.88 141.09 9.35 131.55 8.72 134.33 6.63 PP09B-M11-5 4759 32547 312 47.71 9.52 0.05063 6.57 0.14625 11.56 0.02096 9.52 0.82 0.00615 6.73 138.59 14.98 133.72 12.59 133.67 12.6 123.85 8.31 PP09B-M12-1 4563 29242 323 48.61 4.58 0.05133 4.22 0.14553 6.23 0.02057 4.58 0.74 0.00658 4.39 137.96 8.04 131.26 5.96 131.15 5.94 132.59 5.80 PP09B-M12-2 4511 30623 355 49.18 4.54 0.07379 5.42 0.20676 7.07 0.02033 4.54 0.64 0.00652 4.58 190.83 12.30 129.76 5.84 125.46 5.64 131.32 6.00 PP09B-M12-3 4639 24780 269 50.90 4.85 0.05471 4.05 0.14813 6.31 0.01964 4.85 0.77 0.00619 4.43 140.26 8.27 125.41 6.02 124.15 5.96 124.70 5.51 PP09B-M12-4 4749 31902 387 46.96 6.77 0.08458 4.02 0.24826 7.87 0.02130 6.77 0.86 0.00656 4.66 225.16 15.90 135.85 9.10 129.79 8.7 132.17 6.14 PP09B-M12-5 4553 32741 361 46.77 5.59 0.11283 8.96 0.33249 10.57 0.02138 5.59 0.53 0.00637 4.92 291.47 26.77 136.39 7.55 125.59 6.96 128.36 6.29 PP09B-M12-6 4567 21112 206 63.69 5.29 0.09885 8.37 0.21391 9.90 0.01570 5.29 0.53 0.00503 4.73 196.83 17.72 100.43 5.27 94.03 4.94 101.34 4.79 PP09B-M12-7 4655 20176 218 60.00 5.62 0.07223 5.86 0.16590 8.12 0.01667 5.62 0.69 0.00522 4.98 155.86 11.73 106.56 5.94 103.57 5.78 105.18 5.23 PP09B-M12-8 4460 19712 215 58.76 5.60 0.08118 5.81 0.19041 8.07 0.01702 5.60 0.69 0.00533 4.44 176.98 13.11 108.78 6.04 104.17 5.78 107.34 4.76 198 Table D.5: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP09B. Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP09B-M1-1 158588 697 168845 36334 130438 20993 4721 10458 665 959 43.7 33.2 1.60 4.77 0.66 PP09B-M1-2 163212 946 171981 35887 136713 21624 4307 12894 886 1224 52.1 36.4 1.65 5.81 0.89 PP09B-M1-3 161602 2240 169087 38082 132017 23614 4182 16136 1172 1903 103.1 81.8 4.39 12.38 1.70 PP09B-M1-4 168314 3285 164543 35277 132923 20974 2723 12924 955 1994 144.6 151.3 10.16 28.75 3.22 PP09B-M1-5 155977 865 170646 35943 126865 20224 4309 12495 819 1156 48.5 35.4 1.71 5.52 0.97 PP09B-M1-6 171272 722 170629 38264 136481 21870 4883 11231 691 963 43.4 33.1 1.60 4.78 0.73 PP09B-M2-1 160910 2295 165805 37097 127507 19391 4903 9617 642 1250 94.8 109.1 8.04 27.07 3.56 PP09B-M2-2 188191 2830 171495 36694 128562 20404 5266 10821 695 1535 115.7 123.1 9.82 37.86 4.58 PP09B-M2-3 178764 2246 153484 35650 122532 19926 4801 9860 624 1145 87.9 105.2 8.09 31.86 4.25 PP09B-M2-4 181474 829 162844 36638 122339 19527 3727 9593 488 721 41.0 44.4 3.30 13.91 2.23 PP09B-M2-5 171369 648 161962 35572 124973 20302 2701 9569 552 701 35.7 35.4 2.42 10.29 1.50 PP09B-M2-6 166988 726 161588 33585 119067 19391 3080 8711 462 664 36.6 39.9 2.95 13.08 2.09 PP09B-M2-7 185097 578 164372 35177 128831 19228 2681 9953 561 728 32.2 29.6 2.19 9.57 1.47 PP09B-M2-8 156150 882 161344 34598 117386 19187 2564 9099 523 773 41.6 42.2 2.54 8.59 1.15 PP09B-M4-1 149669 138 167955 35952 130033 19575 2894 9560 422 310 8.1 10.0 0.58 2.61 0.48 PP09B-M4-2 162659 140 160981 34746 120092 19750 2838 10126 422 298 7.7 10.1 0.56 2.64 0.51 PP09B-M4-3 146631 1620 158401 36319 128849 20993 3673 11168 694 1136 72.7 71.0 4.32 12.53 1.77 PP09B-M4-4 168294 1010 175736 36032 126914 20364 3166 10312 565 758 45.6 48.0 2.98 9.60 1.24 PP09B-M4-5 140621 726 153673 33898 125107 19894 2920 10483 516 627 36.8 39.4 2.54 7.04 0.85 PP09B-M5-1 155233 1456 168045 36640 130578 20223 2647 10181 617 990 64.2 64.3 3.91 12.66 1.76 PP09B-M5-2 163665 293 164926 35036 126411 20630 2892 11006 538 491 15.4 15.3 1.06 5.91 1.03 PP09B-M5-3 155372 794 165958 35015 127325 20328 3602 9658 527 730 36.7 39.9 2.81 11.63 1.94 PP09B-M5-4 149027 383 162781 35061 124238 19796 2828 9893 501 509 19.5 20.1 1.65 7.63 1.26 PP09B-M5-5 153101 360 165909 35774 125189 20688 2942 10357 510 512 17.9 17.9 1.18 6.19 0.96 PP09B-M7-1 157376 2178 171176 35298 122315 18254 4629 9184 589 1168 88.6 96.1 7.16 22.47 2.87 PP09B-M7-2 155172 318 160204 36457 127313 20477 3171 9054 434 433 15.7 17.0 1.17 4.85 0.74 PP09B-M7-3 161488 386 163572 36343 124581 19944 2970 9035 441 493 20.5 21.0 1.52 6.37 1.12 PP09B-M7-4 150480 797 164504 35599 128750 20097 3793 8998 469 615 35.6 43.3 3.48 13.40 1.85 PP09B-M7-5 148064 1327 160271 33637 119622 18658 3844 9089 523 810 57.1 69.8 5.22 17.69 2.63 PP09B-M8-1 148148 834 171767 36045 127985 19901 4825 12394 708 920 45.1 32.0 1.47 3.99 0.61 PP09B-M8-2 165987 1220 172303 33652 116672 17268 4493 12373 734 1057 54.1 41.7 1.95 4.59 0.67 PP09B-M8-3 152879 969 166949 34681 121656 18319 4661 12589 745 980 50.6 36.8 1.74 4.11 0.55 PP09B-M8-4 154020 720 175411 35077 125013 19471 4542 11317 654 834 37.6 27.4 1.22 3.56 0.54 PP09B-M8-5 151908 528 166719 34973 122948 19245 4006 10242 538 637 27.5 21.9 1.04 3.26 0.49 PP09B-M8-6 144849 441 172163 35983 131215 20281 4058 9833 501 605 24.4 18.9 1.03 2.75 0.38 PP09B-M8-7 155176 565 169298 36916 124483 18654 3860 9888 596 721 32.0 22.7 1.20 3.57 0.55 PP09B-M8-8 160743 460 166964 34905 126801 20377 3968 9574 514 623 27.3 20.1 0.99 2.92 0.53 PP09B-M9-1 146538 2810 153930 34363 123789 20618 3276 10480 722 1515 120.4 130.8 8.01 22.79 2.86 PP09B-M9-2 142835 2389 158268 35476 123702 19161 2121 10284 699 1424 97.7 91.8 5.29 14.09 1.80 PP09B-M9-3 152449 2064 166520 34567 127769 20081 1964 10712 758 1465 94.0 75.6 3.65 9.04 1.25 PP09B-M9-4 154816 2986 161756 35919 126330 21392 2018 11435 810 1697 139.8 138.9 8.45 22.69 2.45 PP09B-M9-5 155290 5871 158567 34744 126465 19807 2671 11622 986 2617 270.4 320.7 22.32 62.96 7.01 PP09B-M9-6 152287 3631 168692 35334 126218 20967 2751 10638 722 1651 146.2 167.2 10.63 31.43 3.54 PP09B-M9-7 137093 785 152462 33313 120930 19836 3089 9181 480 648 36.5 35.0 1.96 6.72 0.92 PP09B-M9-8 144106 1339 159940 35284 124843 19288 3240 9611 565 944 59.8 58.5 3.60 9.98 1.33 PP09B-M9-9 142117 739 158231 33933 116593 18870 2799 9263 476 615 32.7 33.8 2.21 6.97 1.06 PP09B-M9-10 143829 393 158443 34321 120370 20565 2832 9652 452 449 18.9 18.2 1.03 4.16 0.59 PP09B-M9-11 146864 7134 156743 34491 119971 20126 2320 11374 1132 2963 293.7 358.8 24.91 68.31 7.88 PP09B-M9-12 138598 5389 156348 36178 131100 18872 2581 11677 942 2438 221.6 263.9 18.97 53.93 5.63 199 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP09B-M10-1 144086 367 160927 32479 131393 20497 2808 9364 453 491 18.9 16.2 0.97 3.82 0.59 PP09B-M10-2 137498 432 161738 35049 133335 20837 2862 9719 460 513 23.8 20.6 1.18 4.33 0.56 PP09B-M10-3 160754 647 157567 34668 127346 20222 3013 9475 475 576 29.1 29.0 1.66 5.87 0.73 PP09B-M10-4 157769 708 159381 35019 127360 20412 3358 9903 484 594 30.9 27.4 1.59 5.22 0.59 PP09B-M10-5 133465 527 158587 35916 134307 19048 3262 8940 436 498 24.2 22.2 1.34 4.47 0.59 PP09B-M10-6 146751 853 165622 36382 126285 19961 3532 9334 477 684 37.8 37.9 2.39 8.17 1.02 PP09B-M10-7 132394 617 165066 34072 125320 19260 2915 10065 478 585 28.2 26.3 1.52 4.99 0.71 PP09B-M10-8 136344 1270 159924 34643 128973 19369 2727 9490 591 1053 62.8 52.3 2.91 10.35 1.21 PP09B-M10-9 138642 446 166011 33060 130126 19506 2844 9465 436 494 20.9 18.5 1.29 4.51 0.60 PP09B-M11-1 147921 465 168336 36041 126855 20783 4070 10767 587 688 25.8 18.7 0.92 2.97 0.53 PP09B-M11-2 133077 652 159552 35613 127752 21386 4678 12678 717 867 36.5 26.1 1.20 3.31 0.58 PP09B-M11-3 135559 458 163853 34648 126059 20877 4219 10691 589 686 25.6 20.2 0.92 3.18 0.51 PP09B-M11-4 220873 1909 159703 34886 125485 20911 5096 16655 1157 1841 99.2 72.1 3.50 9.21 1.36 PP09B-M11-5 136697 726 167506 34341 123568 19734 4261 11846 633 765 34.0 26.7 1.28 3.87 0.62 PP09B-M12-1 143833 576 162350 34685 129236 20655 4626 12577 661 764 30.6 22.0 0.96 3.21 0.50 PP09B-M12-2 148452 1564 169831 35595 127215 20129 4985 16053 1005 1454 70.6 50.5 2.25 6.18 0.74 PP09B-M12-3 146535 456 160306 35268 124163 20076 4142 10193 526 617 24.5 20.9 1.02 3.45 0.57 PP09B-M12-4 146468 2347 171895 35267 124923 20849 4960 16905 1098 1751 99.9 77.3 3.72 9.94 1.12 PP09B-M12-5 149817 907 163394 34864 123562 20589 4751 13757 782 1016 44.6 36.0 1.99 7.12 0.98 PP09B-M12-6 149902 2606 160396 35269 132553 21241 4496 11741 982 1929 118.5 90.6 4.41 10.75 1.10 PP09B-M12-7 155535 3356 161735 35496 130190 20113 4406 11853 999 2119 128.2 109.4 4.96 11.40 1.15 PP09B-M12-8 143641 2555 166038 35365 126905 21025 4441 11275 941 1880 114.4 92.9 4.36 10.10 1.05 Table D.6: PP09B monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP09B-M1-1 Within kyanite that shows undulose extinction from kinking and brittle fracture Y-depleted Core okay - touching edge with kyanite PP09B-M1-2 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M1-3 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M1-4 Y-rich crack good PP09B-M1-5 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M1-6 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M2-1 On edge of kyanite grain with undulose extinction; where it interacts with qtz/sericite/bt vein that intrudes brittle fractures; close to high strain zone (sinistral) Y-rich rim good PP09B-M2-2 Y-rich rim good PP09B-M2-3 Y-rich rim good PP09B-M2-4 Y-rich rim good PP09B-M2-5 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M2-6 Y-depleted Core okay - touching edge with kyanite PP09B-M2-7 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M2-8 Y-depleted Core okay - touching edge with kyanite PP09B-M4-1 Within high strain zone; sericite/sillimanite melange; along large brittle-ductile fracture showing sinistral shear Core good PP09B-M4-2 Core good PP09B-M4-3 Core okay - touching edge with sericite / sillimanite PP09B-M4-4 Core okay - touching edge with sericite / sillimanite PP09B-M4-5 Core okay - touching edge with sericite / sillimanite PP09B-M5-1 At margin of kinked / brittle fractured kyanite and quartz band; sillimanite fills brittle fracture Core fair - half on kyanite PP09B-M5-2 Core good PP09B-M5-3 Core okay - touching edge with kyanite PP09B-M5-4 Core good 200 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP09B-M5-5 Core good PP09B-M7-1 Surrounded by Bt/sericite between highly kinked / brittlely fractured kyanites Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with biotite PP09B-M7-2 Core okay - touching edge of biotite inclusion PP09B-M7-3 Core okay - touching edge of biotite inclusion PP09B-M7-4 Core okay - touching edge of biotite inclusion PP09B-M7-5 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with biotite PP09B-M8-1 Within garnet porphyroblast; along sericite vein; potentially dextrally rotated? Core good PP09B-M8-2 Core good PP09B-M8-3 Core good PP09B-M8-4 Core good PP09B-M8-5 Core good PP09B-M8-6 Core good PP09B-M8-7 Core okay - touching edge with garnet PP09B-M8-8 Core good PP09B-M9-1 Along margin of silicified kyanite and large quartz lens Y-enriched mantle good PP09B-M9-2 Y-moderate rim good PP09B-M9-3 Y-moderate rim good PP09B-M9-4 Y-enriched mantle good PP09B-M9-5 Y-enriched mantle good PP09B-M9-6 Y-enriched mantle good PP09B-M9-7 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M9-8 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M9-9 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M9-10 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M9-11 Y-enriched mantle good PP09B-M9-12 Y-enriched mantle good PP09B-M10-1 Within brittle brittlely deformed kyanite that has since been replaced by recrystallized quartz; along qtz/sericite vein showing preferred mineral growth towards elongation direction Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M10-2 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M10-3 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M10-4 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M10-5 Y-depleted Core fair - half on bt/qtz PP09B-M10-6 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M10-7 Y-depleted Core fair - half on quartz PP09B-M10-8 Y-enriched crack okay - on crack within monazite PP09B-M10-9 Y-enriched crack good PP09B-M11-1 Along sillimanite veins that fill brittle fractures in garnet porphyroblast Core good PP09B-M11-2 Core good PP09B-M11-3 Core okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP09B-M11-4 Core good PP09B-M11-5 Core good PP09B-M12-1 Along sillimanite/biotite veins that fill brittle fractures within garnet porphyroblast Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M12-2 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M12-3 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M12-4 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M12-5 Y-depleted Core good PP09B-M12-6 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP09B-M12-7 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with garnet PP09B-M12-8 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with garnet 201 PP10C Table D.7: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP10C. Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP10C-M1-1 3855 10310 183 82.55 5.68 0.04936 12.62 0.08241 13.84 0.01211 5.68 0.41 0.00394 6.23 80.41 10.70 77.62 4.38 77.36 4.36 79.43 4.94 PP10C-M1-2 3311 10413 169 85.01 5.81 0.05816 8.57 0.09429 10.35 0.01176 5.81 0.56 0.00366 5.04 91.49 9.06 75.39 4.36 74.63 4.32 73.79 3.71 PP10C-M1-3 5064 11137 214 79.34 5.17 0.04957 6.63 0.08609 8.41 0.01260 5.17 0.61 0.00409 3.89 83.86 6.77 80.74 4.15 80.52 4.14 82.41 3.20 PP10C-M1-4 3177 11980 161 90.86 5.12 0.04995 7.52 0.07577 9.10 0.01101 5.12 0.56 0.00328 6.04 74.16 6.51 70.56 3.60 70.30 3.58 66.08 3.98 PP10C-M1-5 5905 10519 221 68.45 5.97 0.04904 5.55 0.09874 8.15 0.01461 5.97 0.73 0.00465 5.69 95.61 7.43 93.49 5.54 93.30 5.54 93.71 5.32 PP10C-M1-6 3257 9106 198 74.59 5.96 0.05602 6.72 0.10349 8.99 0.01341 5.96 0.66 0.00411 4.59 99.99 8.56 85.85 5.08 84.92 5.02 82.89 3.79 PP10C-M1-7 3313 11288 141 101.54 5.68 0.05996 8.46 0.08139 10.19 0.00985 5.68 0.56 0.00318 5.68 79.45 7.79 63.18 3.57 62.14 3.52 64.20 3.64 PP10C-M1-8 1379 5524 173 88.30 4.74 0.05399 10.19 0.08427 11.24 0.01133 4.74 0.42 0.00383 4.69 82.15 8.87 72.60 3.42 71.83 3.38 77.18 3.61 PP10C-M2-2 3292 11427 162 94.85 4.88 0.05062 8.01 0.07356 9.38 0.01054 4.88 0.52 0.00326 4.10 72.07 6.52 67.61 3.28 67.04 3.26 65.68 2.69 PP10C-M2-3 5050 16193 219 79.19 5.04 0.04771 5.30 0.08303 7.31 0.01263 5.04 0.69 0.00401 4.13 80.99 5.69 80.90 4.05 80.70 4.04 80.79 3.33 PP10C-M2-4 6166 15975 221 75.12 3.85 0.04760 4.95 0.08733 6.27 0.01331 3.85 0.61 0.00419 4.08 85.02 5.11 85.25 3.26 85.18 3.26 84.43 3.44 PP10C-M2-5 5785 14812 228 76.14 5.15 0.04789 6.85 0.08669 8.57 0.01313 5.15 0.60 0.00423 4.79 84.41 6.94 84.12 4.30 83.87 4.30 85.35 4.08 PP10C-M2-6 6263 13461 210 79.76 4.30 0.04733 6.09 0.08179 7.46 0.01254 4.30 0.58 0.00407 4.51 79.82 5.72 80.32 3.43 80.09 3.42 82.12 3.69 PP10C-M2-7 3889 13603 192 82.38 5.06 0.04718 6.88 0.07893 8.54 0.01214 5.06 0.59 0.00379 4.53 77.14 6.34 77.78 3.91 77.56 3.90 76.47 3.45 PP10C-M2-8 3924 13693 172 78.92 5.69 0.04483 6.84 0.07829 8.89 0.01267 5.69 0.64 0.00380 3.88 76.53 6.56 81.17 4.59 81.65 4.62 76.59 2.97 PP10C-M3-1 3095 15207 151 106.84 9.69 0.06147 13.02 0.07929 16.23 0.00936 9.69 0.60 0.00304 7.79 77.48 12.11 60.05 5.79 59.56 5.74 61.38 4.78 PP10C-M3-2 4475 21360 154 101.68 8.43 0.05934 11.57 0.08042 14.32 0.00983 8.43 0.59 0.00323 7.72 78.54 10.82 63.09 5.29 61.90 5.20 65.12 5.02 PP10C-M3-3 4465 18856 152 105.72 5.57 0.05055 8.28 0.06590 9.98 0.00946 5.57 0.56 0.00304 4.22 64.80 6.27 60.69 3.36 60.79 3.36 61.37 2.59 PP10C-M3-4 3552 9498 186 85.33 3.99 0.05016 5.95 0.08101 7.16 0.01172 3.99 0.56 0.00355 4.30 79.10 5.45 75.10 2.98 74.81 2.96 71.59 3.07 PP10C-M3-5 5403 18511 182 91.40 7.22 0.05320 7.31 0.08021 10.28 0.01094 7.22 0.70 0.00336 5.32 78.34 7.75 70.15 5.04 69.36 4.98 67.72 3.60 PP10C-M4-1 1870 7366 189 95.04 4.65 0.06859 12.37 0.09946 13.22 0.01052 4.65 0.35 0.00321 5.06 96.27 12.14 67.47 3.12 65.52 3.04 64.70 3.27 PP10C-M4-2 2785 8565 234 79.14 4.54 0.06001 7.49 0.10451 8.76 0.01264 4.54 0.52 0.00412 3.86 100.93 8.42 80.95 3.65 79.45 3.58 83.04 3.20 PP10C-M4-3 7895 23494 236 75.98 3.95 0.04912 3.97 0.08910 5.60 0.01316 3.95 0.71 0.00409 3.72 86.66 4.65 84.29 3.31 84.44 3.32 82.36 3.06 PP10C-M4-4 4469 14367 222 92.08 5.42 0.05106 5.59 0.07643 7.79 0.01086 5.42 0.70 0.00345 5.13 74.78 5.62 69.63 3.76 69.67 3.76 69.49 3.56 PP10C-M4-5 9057 29864 275 73.47 5.27 0.04880 5.03 0.09155 7.29 0.01361 5.27 0.72 0.00415 3.02 88.95 6.21 87.15 4.57 86.96 4.56 83.62 2.52 PP10C-M4-6 5070 18130 210 87.77 4.64 0.06385 5.19 0.10026 6.96 0.01139 4.64 0.67 0.00355 3.74 97.02 6.44 73.03 3.37 72.01 3.32 71.53 2.67 PP10C-M4-7 10078 39504 415 72.65 4.56 0.05470 4.76 0.10377 6.59 0.01377 4.56 0.69 0.00422 2.68 100.25 6.29 88.13 3.99 87.60 3.96 85.13 2.28 PP10C-M5-1 12288 21141 275 75.32 4.92 0.04877 3.97 0.08925 6.32 0.01328 4.92 0.78 0.00403 3.03 86.80 5.26 85.03 4.16 85.10 4.16 81.27 2.46 PP10C-M5-2 12930 19508 271 75.68 4.64 0.04770 3.52 0.08685 5.83 0.01321 4.64 0.80 0.00397 3.84 84.57 4.73 84.62 3.90 84.53 3.90 79.97 3.07 PP10C-M5-3 10511 22289 262 76.91 5.22 0.04777 3.91 0.08561 6.53 0.01300 5.22 0.80 0.00395 3.24 83.41 5.23 83.28 4.32 83.26 4.32 79.58 2.57 PP10C-M5-4 5741 24175 168 87.25 5.47 0.04884 5.99 0.07715 8.11 0.01146 5.47 0.67 0.00325 4.36 75.46 5.90 73.47 4.00 73.61 4.00 65.54 2.85 PP10C-M5-5 299 911 172 111.20 5.42 0.04938 25.55 0.06119 26.12 0.00899 5.42 0.21 0.00330 4.33 60.31 15.29 57.71 3.11 57.60 3.10 66.56 2.88 PP10C-M5-6 6099 27476 188 92.48 4.54 0.04970 4.57 0.07406 6.44 0.01081 4.54 0.70 0.00325 2.68 72.54 4.51 69.33 3.13 69.04 3.12 65.45 1.75 PP10C-M6-1 2777 14445 145 109.40 5.99 0.05371 8.12 0.06767 10.09 0.00914 5.99 0.59 0.00305 5.75 66.49 6.49 58.66 3.50 57.90 3.46 61.47 3.53 PP10C-M6-2 4136 16329 158 96.59 3.76 0.04878 6.57 0.06959 7.57 0.01035 3.76 0.50 0.00332 3.30 68.31 5.00 66.40 2.48 66.63 2.50 67.00 2.21 PP10C-M6-3 3715 17420 168 92.71 3.97 0.04660 6.24 0.06927 7.40 0.01079 3.97 0.54 0.00329 4.43 68.01 4.87 69.16 2.73 69.30 2.74 66.37 2.94 PP10C-M6-4 4009 19861 173 99.61 4.12 0.04688 7.23 0.06487 8.32 0.01004 4.12 0.49 0.00310 3.65 63.82 5.15 64.39 2.64 64.16 2.64 62.55 2.28 PP10C-M6-5 3900 19081 168 98.60 3.26 0.04892 6.93 0.06838 7.66 0.01014 3.26 0.43 0.00328 3.08 67.16 4.98 65.05 2.11 64.68 2.10 66.24 2.04 PP10C-M6-6 3962 19277 177 97.38 3.49 0.04722 5.46 0.06683 6.48 0.01027 3.49 0.54 0.00328 3.01 65.69 4.12 65.86 2.29 66.08 2.30 66.07 1.99 PP10C-M6-7 3272 18315 147 100.22 3.93 0.05007 5.96 0.06885 7.14 0.00998 3.93 0.55 0.00326 4.16 67.61 4.67 64.01 2.50 63.93 2.50 65.74 2.73 PP10C-M6-8 4634 21670 159 96.89 3.81 0.04664 6.09 0.06634 7.18 0.01032 3.81 0.53 0.00318 3.30 65.22 4.54 66.19 2.51 66.11 2.50 64.24 2.11 PP10C-M6-9 4627 21018 164 98.60 3.49 0.04579 6.00 0.06399 6.95 0.01014 3.49 0.50 0.00320 3.44 62.98 4.24 65.05 2.26 64.89 2.26 64.52 2.21 202 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP10C-M6-10 4433 19544 151 113.66 4.16 0.05081 4.85 0.06161 6.39 0.00880 4.16 0.65 0.00287 3.42 60.71 3.76 56.47 2.34 56.22 2.32 57.94 1.98 PP10C-M6-11 4778 21957 164 101.23 3.59 0.04695 6.12 0.06392 7.10 0.00988 3.59 0.51 0.00315 3.11 62.91 4.33 63.37 2.27 63.53 2.26 63.50 1.97 PP10C-M6-12 4902 20832 166 98.21 4.21 0.04784 5.35 0.06713 6.81 0.01018 4.21 0.62 0.00307 2.74 65.97 4.35 65.31 2.73 65.40 2.74 61.94 1.70 PP10C-M7-1 2566 21112 163 95.69 5.48 0.04914 7.12 0.07078 8.99 0.01045 5.48 0.61 0.00337 3.57 69.44 6.03 67.02 3.65 66.53 3.62 67.88 2.42 PP10C-M7-2 324 1700 189 98.87 9.68 0.06921 17.55 0.09647 20.04 0.01011 9.68 0.48 0.00401 7.14 93.51 17.91 64.87 6.25 62.99 6.06 80.82 5.76 PP10C-M7-3 4499 22625 170 94.38 6.52 0.04931 7.31 0.07201 9.80 0.01060 6.52 0.67 0.00334 3.53 70.60 6.68 67.94 4.41 67.86 4.40 67.28 2.37 PP10C-M7-4 4167 21056 160 92.46 5.34 0.05133 7.80 0.07650 9.45 0.01082 5.34 0.56 0.00335 3.43 74.85 6.82 69.35 3.68 68.90 3.66 67.66 2.32 PP10C-M7-5 5401 29794 214 94.41 6.50 0.05246 6.07 0.07658 8.90 0.01059 6.50 0.73 0.00326 4.18 74.92 6.43 67.92 4.39 67.54 4.36 65.71 2.74 PP10C-M7-6 5138 30785 225 89.94 6.12 0.04974 4.46 0.07622 7.57 0.01112 6.12 0.81 0.00321 3.99 74.58 5.44 71.28 4.34 71.01 4.32 64.74 2.58 PP10C-M7-7 5139 30341 200 92.39 7.48 0.04690 9.25 0.06996 11.89 0.01082 7.48 0.63 0.00333 5.41 68.66 7.90 69.40 5.16 69.28 5.16 67.21 3.63 PP10C-M7-8 4056 22865 203 90.36 5.20 0.05179 6.36 0.07899 8.22 0.01107 5.20 0.63 0.00352 3.58 77.19 6.11 70.95 3.67 70.79 3.66 71.00 2.54 PP10C-M7-9 1118 9316 188 85.54 8.34 0.06611 17.91 0.10651 19.75 0.01169 8.34 0.42 0.00389 7.62 102.77 19.31 74.92 6.22 73.24 6.08 78.48 5.97 PP10C-M7-10 173 1066 208 93.11 7.01 0.06880 26.43 0.10183 27.34 0.01074 7.01 0.26 0.00410 6.25 98.47 25.66 68.87 4.80 66.74 4.66 82.63 5.16 PP10C-M7-11 3029 23770 196 89.76 7.39 0.04878 8.93 0.07491 11.59 0.01114 7.39 0.64 0.00333 5.97 73.34 8.20 71.42 5.25 71.07 5.22 67.25 4.01 PP10C-M7-12 4786 30916 209 94.53 5.57 0.04924 6.20 0.07178 8.33 0.01058 5.57 0.67 0.00334 3.97 70.39 5.67 67.84 3.76 67.87 3.76 67.34 2.67 PP10C-M9-1 3963 22163 150 106.60 5.93 0.05103 8.57 0.06597 10.42 0.00938 5.93 0.57 0.00305 5.19 64.87 6.55 60.19 3.55 60.03 3.54 61.60 3.19 PP10C-M9-2 3546 20171 150 97.03 4.81 0.04979 7.28 0.07072 8.73 0.01031 4.81 0.55 0.00329 4.24 69.38 5.85 66.10 3.17 65.85 3.16 66.44 2.81 PP10C-M9-3 6052 18939 237 81.93 6.51 0.05226 5.40 0.08792 8.46 0.01221 6.51 0.77 0.00365 5.57 85.56 6.94 78.21 5.06 77.71 5.02 73.61 4.09 PP10C-M9-4 6626 19197 270 74.63 6.14 0.05018 7.18 0.09266 9.45 0.01340 6.14 0.65 0.00408 4.63 89.98 8.14 85.80 5.24 85.54 5.22 82.22 3.80 PP10C-M9-5 7183 24679 240 85.76 4.26 0.05332 5.74 0.08568 7.15 0.01166 4.26 0.60 0.00369 4.53 83.47 5.73 74.73 3.17 74.61 3.16 74.36 3.36 PP10C-M9-6 3414 16523 170 91.77 5.14 0.05721 7.51 0.08591 9.10 0.01090 5.14 0.56 0.00335 5.53 83.68 7.31 69.86 3.57 69.03 3.52 67.51 3.72 PP10C-M9-7 1326 6418 144 107.24 7.71 0.04541 13.70 0.05836 15.72 0.00933 7.71 0.49 0.00298 6.44 57.60 8.80 59.83 4.59 59.80 4.58 60.06 3.86 PP10C-M9-8 5075 18542 196 77.61 7.07 0.04828 8.90 0.08574 11.36 0.01289 7.07 0.62 0.00358 4.72 83.53 9.11 82.53 5.79 82.57 5.80 72.19 3.40 PP10C-M10-1 2301 12767 150 100.79 6.81 0.05675 13.37 0.07760 15.00 0.00992 6.81 0.45 0.00317 6.90 75.88 10.97 63.65 4.31 62.74 4.26 63.86 4.40 PP10C-M10-2 538 2766 149 96.43 11.14 0.06806 28.90 0.09728 30.97 0.01037 11.14 0.36 0.00349 9.87 94.26 27.88 66.51 7.37 64.98 7.20 70.36 6.93 PP10C-M10-3 4881 22424 186 86.73 6.80 0.05493 8.25 0.08729 10.69 0.01153 6.80 0.64 0.00353 5.98 84.97 8.72 73.90 5.00 73.21 4.96 71.28 4.25 PP10C-M10-4 6427 22060 233 79.96 5.71 0.05261 7.45 0.09067 9.39 0.01251 5.71 0.61 0.00379 5.45 88.13 7.93 80.12 4.55 79.72 4.52 76.40 4.15 PP10C-M10-5 1538 8171 165 94.97 7.57 0.07429 12.25 0.10780 14.40 0.01053 7.57 0.53 0.00347 7.11 103.95 14.23 67.52 5.08 65.71 4.94 69.97 4.96 PP10C-M11-1 3110 30864 295 53.15 7.94 0.05621 8.28 0.14574 11.47 0.01881 7.94 0.69 0.00582 4.89 138.15 14.82 120.16 9.46 118.90 9.36 117.14 5.71 PP10C-M11-2 3775 37986 384 53.83 5.24 0.05336 6.45 0.13661 8.31 0.01858 5.24 0.63 0.00630 5.36 130.02 10.14 118.65 6.16 118.08 6.14 126.97 6.78 PP10C-M11-3 2830 28571 332 47.64 8.37 0.05358 8.91 0.15501 12.23 0.02099 8.37 0.68 0.00630 3.23 146.32 16.67 133.91 11.10 133.17 11.04 126.92 4.08 PP10C-M11-5 2093 12067 188 82.59 5.72 0.05992 9.60 0.09999 11.17 0.01211 5.72 0.51 0.00383 4.32 96.76 10.31 77.58 4.41 76.33 4.34 77.19 3.33 PP10C-M11-4 2242 12990 185 84.35 5.50 0.06069 9.91 0.09917 11.33 0.01186 5.50 0.49 0.00376 4.23 96.01 10.38 75.98 4.15 75.38 4.12 75.84 3.20 Table D.8: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP10C. Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP10C-M1-1 160542 10126 159723 33166 115452 18597 3846 11254 1183 4033 468 740 63.64 223.79 22.49 PP10C-M1-2 167507 10052 167990 36050 128169 19336 3493 12404 1267 4235 472 620 49.61 151.31 15.79 PP10C-M1-3 161823 8854 171194 33399 117436 19141 3950 11743 1161 3807 414 572 48.15 135.24 12.94 PP10C-M1-4 160497 8845 168489 36634 125567 19900 3275 11612 1174 3556 389 530 40.90 126.70 13.16 PP10C-M1-5 163410 7275 171024 34995 129060 20559 3957 12544 1161 3531 349 414 31.01 84.77 7.30 PP10C-M1-6 162346 7516 183918 35449 124035 19159 3860 11154 1079 3284 327 473 44.30 157.12 18.38 PP10C-M1-7 157188 13594 160396 34340 119325 19775 3379 11840 1323 4861 583 893 75.62 265.96 30.65 203 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP10C-M1-8 154242 12250 159031 33421 124680 19870 2848 11171 1240 4570 541 801 63.70 211.82 24.24 PP10C-M2-2 184109 19273 166242 35074 124531 20545 3592 12147 1445 6092 853 1504 136.07 450.62 49.90 PP10C-M2-3 172321 9537 168640 33968 121640 20052 4089 11234 1177 3799 400 599 50.45 150.84 15.07 PP10C-M2-4 180668 6086 169890 35224 123317 20138 3697 11470 1040 3077 279 344 26.36 79.06 7.82 PP10C-M2-5 173682 5800 175332 34635 124983 19998 3715 11667 1068 2977 274 345 26.88 84.28 8.53 PP10C-M2-6 169751 7130 169209 35335 125346 20529 3495 11841 1067 3118 313 436 37.71 125.31 13.40 PP10C-M2-7 184813 15754 168063 36234 129931 19891 3365 12381 1381 5213 710 1213 111.10 361.27 39.49 PP10C-M2-8 166440 12929 170882 34620 120178 19338 2643 11317 1200 4333 585 951 87.07 276.38 31.10 PP10C-M3-1 152066 12203 172941 37271 133019 21738 2998 12629 1333 4612 539 754 63.26 195.16 20.28 PP10C-M3-2 174556 17232 174233 36292 134892 21735 3155 12857 1496 5771 745 1197 115.95 379.69 44.49 PP10C-M3-3 153357 12861 159895 36253 128751 20887 2909 12478 1371 4893 549 812 65.33 222.30 23.71 PP10C-M3-4 160009 11979 164685 35107 121096 19740 3092 11479 1301 4541 516 758 67.55 219.22 24.22 PP10C-M3-5 175257 13833 171538 35725 127187 20306 3488 11767 1349 4887 571 899 76.99 247.51 27.29 PP10C-M4-1 184128 15578 163633 34571 127372 19947 3673 12255 1506 5654 649 1030 97.09 317.09 36.41 PP10C-M4-2 168159 8183 159687 33665 122839 19111 3553 10657 1083 3543 375 591 49.42 171.67 19.44 PP10C-M4-3 157634 3207 169116 34808 124753 19348 3562 9620 769 1908 157 173 12.08 32.53 2.74 PP10C-M4-4 176132 11750 168553 33968 122603 19570 3232 11801 1265 4399 491 751 63.29 212.78 24.12 PP10C-M4-5 162570 4011 158765 35432 126994 20108 3824 9978 807 2099 189 228 16.30 42.88 3.82 PP10C-M4-6 169485 10570 168239 35612 125200 20842 3699 11081 1227 4214 477 734 61.59 207.64 24.79 PP10C-M4-7 178549 3183 170896 34172 119792 18609 3386 10216 785 1870 143 162 11.64 31.49 3.54 PP10C-M5-1 159441 5324 161698 34614 121839 18879 3748 10618 892 2525 230 303 24.42 69.71 6.96 PP10C-M5-2 158992 6081 166366 34589 120378 19566 3750 10519 962 2899 295 401 31.57 97.71 8.90 PP10C-M5-3 160907 4929 168951 35589 123976 18709 4066 10085 874 2476 239 319 25.77 73.80 6.86 PP10C-M5-4 165258 6639 159807 35652 121006 19804 3345 11110 1063 3053 291 352 26.09 83.43 9.79 PP10C-M5-5 166530 14572 169922 32094 121561 19380 3825 12019 1484 5475 712 1109 106.98 394.36 54.34 PP10C-M5-6 166113 9252 161002 34122 121557 19928 2415 11542 1186 3884 385 486 32.33 88.43 8.11 PP10C-M6-1 164700 14368 165741 35110 122805 19781 2930 12037 1353 5023 593 920 78.17 275.69 30.67 PP10C-M6-2 167541 17370 161753 34447 117947 18860 2943 11548 1382 5491 705 1203 104.88 319.36 33.37 PP10C-M6-3 155203 12961 166842 33937 123779 19079 2574 11914 1345 4918 571 844 64.58 189.17 19.01 PP10C-M6-4 150407 6732 165281 34566 122717 19610 2406 11643 1140 3581 329 407 26.71 61.69 6.37 PP10C-M6-5 155311 5298 166134 33279 120029 18611 2231 10563 1081 2990 235 218 9.81 21.51 2.05 PP10C-M6-6 163507 6321 168204 34620 118960 18614 2261 10649 1118 3262 278 280 14.69 37.18 3.68 PP10C-M6-7 156087 10094 160021 34046 122484 18700 2330 11462 1199 4211 450 614 43.60 121.60 11.82 PP10C-M6-8 152962 4466 165052 33645 116408 17146 2069 9667 895 2541 192 173 8.17 19.24 1.76 PP10C-M6-9 151958 4975 166328 33985 120332 19043 2360 10595 1040 2820 222 203 10.97 26.26 2.74 PP10C-M6-10 165402 12411 167077 33360 122272 19150 2795 11892 1286 4697 516 789 67.42 220.93 23.99 PP10C-M6-11 162954 4600 169818 33460 114630 18175 2261 10651 994 2709 203 181 8.45 20.76 2.01 PP10C-M6-12 157692 3682 166981 35214 114608 17598 2169 9901 905 2339 164 132 5.93 11.55 1.23 PP10C-M7-1 167601 11801 168929 35030 121541 20019 2483 11800 1238 4312 498 747 57.82 161.07 16.48 PP10C-M7-2 179768 9701 165933 30114 113249 20644 3290 11473 1173 3655 464 610 48.07 143.10 15.77 PP10C-M7-3 171634 16597 174960 35050 122161 19890 2472 11260 1281 4972 698 1259 123.01 449.05 51.36 PP10C-M7-4 166904 16560 170086 35027 121750 19362 2322 11556 1288 5339 725 1313 130.75 465.83 53.77 PP10C-M7-5 169486 21388 166065 35890 123765 21202 2699 13071 1608 6384 883 1596 157.24 563.77 71.24 PP10C-M7-6 168947 21579 172389 36771 136393 23310 2917 14214 1660 6862 939 1716 161.57 588.90 68.34 PP10C-M7-7 169580 20238 161461 34638 123594 20789 2542 12630 1524 6089 808 1523 149.82 533.54 62.52 PP10C-M7-8 185934 20485 166770 35748 126060 21154 2526 12962 1539 6084 865 1549 151.48 557.13 61.64 PP10C-M7-9 176856 8288 168492 34588 114565 18849 2531 11288 1107 3486 357 445 31.09 92.40 10.15 PP10C-M7-10 166587 9591 169380 38346 125390 19713 2944 12288 1228 4355 418 645 43.58 142.74 12.75 PP10C-M7-11 172970 8367 168220 34164 124369 19908 2591 11209 1119 3587 384 528 41.94 150.78 18.00 PP10C-M7-12 165803 17525 161414 33632 124391 20859 2699 12451 1430 5533 733 1328 124.82 437.17 50.99 PP10C-M9-1 153013 13908 162617 34350 124021 20524 2530 11872 1369 5121 634 952 75.14 227.40 22.73 204 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP10C-M9-2 158310 14353 163164 34739 119573 18717 2306 11038 1285 4829 596 967 79.24 238.63 25.54 PP10C-M9-3 154656 13362 166992 35025 127154 20186 4070 11901 1297 4653 545 923 86.17 304.44 36.03 PP10C-M9-4 152424 11395 166827 36155 130453 20515 4258 11752 1262 4388 505 788 69.54 241.53 26.76 PP10C-M9-5 159186 10483 169271 34211 120195 18870 4006 11111 1130 3942 449 681 64.63 224.60 26.00 PP10C-M9-6 161709 14481 169445 34467 122323 19489 2979 11645 1294 4797 632 992 83.27 262.74 29.61 PP10C-M9-7 145011 14697 162436 34768 122897 20447 3271 11758 1268 4692 589 1055 95.04 326.95 35.34 PP10C-M9-8 146190 13861 165006 33647 118811 19244 3523 10470 1116 4237 538 954 93.79 324.48 38.42 PP10C-M10-1 154113 8209 171865 34224 119392 20013 2887 12245 1287 4032 372 433 32.07 92.38 10.20 PP10C-M10-2 171201 10110 164891 35463 123154 20059 2966 11767 1199 4235 434 635 47.48 151.32 22.09 PP10C-M10-3 158140 10189 171118 34505 117248 18163 3389 10649 1103 3827 439 642 55.05 173.44 18.30 PP10C-M10-4 161765 10569 168732 34270 120552 19328 3936 11865 1188 3921 436 675 65.06 233.62 28.48 PP10C-M10-5 163603 10490 170056 33289 120641 20285 3068 11513 1225 4092 455 594 42.86 144.63 16.77 PP10C-M11-1 150690 518 167478 33876 118641 19386 3627 8762 420 515 21.1 17.3 0.95 2.93 0.44 PP10C-M11-2 149645 635 168440 34833 125417 21031 4281 9866 523 662 26.8 21.6 0.80 2.56 0.38 PP10C-M11-3 144836 564 168169 32822 121008 18770 3765 8970 434 524 22.5 18.5 0.98 3.46 0.61 PP10C-M11-5 142530 3716 172455 35941 126328 20884 4074 11883 1006 2374 151 145 8.96 24.51 2.94 PP10C-M11-4 146711 3796 172963 35816 126589 20952 4103 11928 1018 2396 152 145 8.86 24.75 2.59 Table D.9: PP10C monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP10C-M1-1 Within Bt/Sill/Sericite fine-grained moderate strain zone, to left of brittle fracture Y-enriched rim good PP10C-M1-2 Y-enriched rim good PP10C-M1-3 Y-depleted core okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP10C-M1-4 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP10C-M1-5 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M1-6 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M1-7 Y-enriched rim fair - half on sillimanite PP10C-M1-8 Y-enriched rim good PP10C-M2-2 Within Bt grain, shows pleochroic halo indicating radioactive decay; moderate strain zone Y-enriched rim fair - half on biotite PP10C-M2-3 Y-depleted core fair - half on biotite PP10C-M2-4 Y-depleted core okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M2-5 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M2-6 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M2-7 Y-enriched rim good PP10C-M2-8 Y-enriched rim good PP10C-M3-1 Within biotite / sillimanite high strain zone, fine grained, no pleochroic halo Y-moderate splotch fair - half on biotite PP10C-M3-2 Y-enriched splotch good PP10C-M3-3 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP10C-M3-4 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP10C-M3-5 Y-moderate splotch good PP10C-M4-1 Next to elongate unknown opaque mineral, within Bt/Sill high strain zone; very cracked Mnz grain, may not have best readings Y-enriched rim fair - half on Bt/Sill PP10C-M4-2 Y-depleted core okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP10C-M4-3 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M4-4 Y-enriched rim fair - half on Bt/Sill PP10C-M4-5 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M4-6 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP10C-M4-7 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M5-1 Within large biotite grain in Bt/Sill high strain zone Y-moderate splotch good PP10C-M5-2 Y-depleted core good 205 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP10C-M5-3 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M5-4 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M5-5 Y-enriched rim fair - more than half on biotite PP10C-M5-6 Y-enriched rim good PP10C-M6-1 Within large biotite grain, also touches recrystallized qtz in fracture of Bt grain Y-moderate splotch fair - half on biotite PP10C-M6-2 Y-enriched splotch good PP10C-M6-3 Y-enriched splotch good PP10C-M6-4 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M6-5 Y-depleted splotch good PP10C-M6-6 Y-depleted splotch good PP10C-M6-7 Y-enriched splotch good PP10C-M6-8 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M6-9 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M6-10 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M6-11 Y-depleted splotch good PP10C-M6-12 Y-depleted splotch good PP10C-M7-1 Within biotite grain in bt/sill high strain zone, shows pleochroic halo Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M7-2 Y-depleted splotch fair - half on biotite PP10C-M7-3 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M7-4 Y-moderate splotch good PP10C-M7-5 Y-enriched splotch good PP10C-M7-6 Y-enriched splotch good PP10C-M7-7 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M7-8 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M7-9 Y-depleted splotch fair - half on biotite PP10C-M7-10 Y-depleted splotch fair - half on biotite PP10C-M7-11 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP10C-M7-12 Y-moderate splotch good PP10C-M9-1 At boundary of Bt/Sill in high strain zone, pleochroic halo in Bt Y-enriched splotch good PP10C-M9-2 Y-enriched splotch good PP10C-M9-3 Half core / half rim okay - touching edge with sill/bt PP10C-M9-4 Y-depleted core good PP10C-M9-5 Half core/ half rim okay - touching edge with sill/bt PP10C-M9-6 Y-enriched rim fair - half on sillimanite PP10C-M9-7 Y-enriched rim fair - half on sillimanite PP10C-M9-8 Y-enriched rim fair - half on sillimanite PP10C-M10-1 At boundary of bt/sill in high strain zone, pleochroic halo in Bt Y-moderate splotch good PP10C-M10-2 Y-depleted splotch good PP10C-M10-3 Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP10C-M10-4 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP10C-M10-5 Y-depleted splotch good PP10C-M11-1 Within ductilely deformed garnet porphyroblast, along sericite/sillimanite that filled brittle fracture in garnet Y-depleted good PP10C-M11-2 Y-depleted good PP10C-M11-3 Y-depleted good PP10C-M11-5 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with garnet PP10C-M11-4 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with garnet 206 PP12 Table D.10: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP12. Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP12-M1-1 4293 34095 165 116.34 6.92 0.04665 5.41 0.05527 8.78 0.00860 6.92 0.79 0.00296 3.89 54.62 4.67 55.17 3.80 55.23 3.80 59.71 2.32 PP12-M1-2 4395 36624 191 105.12 6.04 0.04912 6.05 0.06441 8.55 0.00951 6.04 0.71 0.00294 3.99 63.38 5.25 61.04 3.67 60.85 3.66 59.22 2.36 PP12-M1-3 6481 38674 234 93.04 4.85 0.05514 5.18 0.08169 7.10 0.01075 4.85 0.68 0.00356 4.23 79.73 5.44 68.92 3.32 67.92 3.28 71.72 3.03 PP12-M1-4 4407 28551 211 88.13 6.80 0.05693 4.55 0.08902 8.18 0.01135 6.80 0.83 0.00363 3.86 86.59 6.79 72.73 4.92 71.56 4.84 73.27 2.83 PP12-M1-5 8284 32565 234 92.58 4.95 0.04976 4.80 0.07408 6.90 0.01080 4.95 0.72 0.00356 3.84 72.56 4.83 69.26 3.41 69.10 3.40 71.76 2.75 PP12-M1-6 9861 35542 257 97.45 4.61 0.05125 4.19 0.07248 6.23 0.01026 4.61 0.74 0.00356 4.45 71.05 4.28 65.81 3.02 65.75 3.02 71.77 3.19 PP12-M1-7 4289 38228 206 97.43 5.02 0.05452 4.32 0.07712 6.63 0.01026 5.02 0.76 0.00332 3.03 75.43 4.82 65.83 3.29 65.65 3.28 66.88 2.03 PP12-M1-8 3502 38830 217 99.62 6.48 0.04992 5.64 0.06905 8.59 0.01004 6.48 0.75 0.00347 4.29 67.80 5.63 64.39 4.15 63.92 4.12 69.99 3.00 PP12-M3-1 2974 32365 208 97.23 4.88 0.08257 9.56 0.11705 10.73 0.01029 4.88 0.46 0.00325 3.27 112.39 11.42 65.96 3.20 64.00 3.10 65.58 2.14 PP12-M3-2 3926 38116 231 95.90 5.87 0.07255 3.81 0.10426 7.00 0.01043 5.87 0.84 0.00339 3.84 100.70 6.71 66.87 3.91 65.19 3.80 68.30 2.62 PP12-M3-3 4880 40912 218 103.72 5.87 0.07819 5.49 0.10389 8.04 0.00964 5.87 0.73 0.00310 3.89 100.36 7.68 61.85 3.61 59.17 3.46 62.56 2.43 PP12-M3-4 4012 34549 222 101.12 5.30 0.06237 5.32 0.08500 7.51 0.00989 5.30 0.71 0.00319 4.23 82.84 5.97 63.44 3.35 62.66 3.30 64.33 2.72 PP12-M3-5 7358 37617 272 94.72 4.43 0.06503 4.75 0.09463 6.49 0.01056 4.43 0.68 0.00364 2.77 91.80 5.70 67.70 2.98 66.49 2.94 73.34 2.03 PP12-M3-6 7124 38026 286 87.16 6.56 0.05439 4.69 0.08599 8.06 0.01147 6.56 0.81 0.00381 4.27 83.76 6.48 73.54 4.79 73.09 4.76 76.78 3.27 PP12-M3-7 7132 37894 275 87.05 4.60 0.05381 4.52 0.08519 6.45 0.01149 4.60 0.71 0.00380 3.13 83.02 5.14 73.63 3.37 73.13 3.34 76.62 2.39 PP12-M4-1 2588 17631 315 92.91 4.76 0.05653 6.42 0.08386 7.99 0.01076 4.76 0.60 0.00321 3.16 81.77 6.28 69.02 3.26 68.70 3.26 64.73 2.04 PP12-M4-2 2315 33957 226 107.51 4.85 0.05568 6.61 0.07139 8.19 0.00930 4.85 0.59 0.00329 3.91 70.01 5.54 59.69 2.88 59.04 2.86 66.28 2.58 PP12-M4-3 10403 52156 435 90.69 3.76 0.05090 3.33 0.07735 5.03 0.01103 3.76 0.75 0.00374 2.55 75.65 3.67 70.69 2.65 70.30 2.62 75.46 1.92 PP12-M4-4 9678 46471 360 97.91 4.32 0.05307 4.11 0.07471 5.96 0.01021 4.32 0.72 0.00372 3.76 73.16 4.21 65.51 2.82 64.94 2.80 74.93 2.81 PP12-M4-5 10876 57309 438 96.92 3.67 0.05156 4.28 0.07332 5.63 0.01032 3.67 0.65 0.00359 3.59 71.84 3.91 66.17 2.41 65.70 2.40 72.32 2.59 PP12-M4-6 4963 34550 239 94.33 5.15 0.05016 4.80 0.07328 7.04 0.01060 5.15 0.73 0.00336 3.75 71.81 4.88 67.98 3.48 67.73 3.48 67.69 2.53 PP12-M4-7 10185 54542 422 93.97 4.15 0.05231 3.36 0.07671 5.34 0.01064 4.15 0.78 0.00359 3.36 75.05 3.86 68.24 2.82 67.66 2.80 72.39 2.43 PP12-M5-1 4328 26300 264 94.40 5.46 0.06188 5.69 0.09035 7.89 0.01059 5.46 0.69 0.00339 3.04 87.83 6.64 67.93 3.69 66.74 3.62 68.35 2.08 PP12-M5-2 5444 36069 246 96.55 4.27 0.05030 3.72 0.07180 5.66 0.01036 4.27 0.75 0.00346 3.84 70.41 3.85 66.42 2.82 66.47 2.82 69.78 2.67 PP12-M6-2 3437 31441 220 102.74 4.19 0.11386 12.49 0.15273 13.18 0.00973 4.19 0.32 0.00315 3.81 144.32 17.73 62.44 2.60 56.98 2.38 63.59 2.42 PP12-M6-3 3696 32702 198 95.53 5.67 0.09543 12.94 0.13766 14.12 0.01047 5.67 0.40 0.00328 3.83 130.96 17.35 67.13 3.79 63.29 3.58 66.12 2.53 PP12-M6-4 2540 21422 240 81.02 6.02 0.25701 15.33 0.43717 16.47 0.01234 6.02 0.37 0.00381 7.18 368.26 50.87 79.08 4.73 57.94 3.48 76.80 5.50 PP12-M6-5 3190 39767 229 101.46 6.28 0.05642 5.85 0.07663 8.58 0.00986 6.28 0.73 0.00335 4.22 74.97 6.20 63.23 3.95 62.80 3.92 67.56 2.85 PP12-M6-6 8255 45423 311 89.23 4.83 0.05199 3.35 0.08030 5.88 0.01121 4.83 0.82 0.00368 3.64 78.42 4.43 71.84 3.45 71.39 3.42 74.25 2.70 PP12-M6-7 7392 41036 284 90.63 5.13 0.05138 4.18 0.07814 6.61 0.01103 5.13 0.78 0.00365 3.61 76.39 4.87 70.74 3.61 70.27 3.58 73.64 2.65 PP12-M6-8 4557 38597 227 95.14 5.34 0.05226 4.86 0.07570 7.22 0.01051 5.34 0.74 0.00343 3.62 74.10 5.16 67.41 3.58 66.92 3.56 69.22 2.50 PP12-M7-1 10810 47532 343 92.21 6.09 0.05170 4.06 0.07727 7.32 0.01084 6.09 0.83 0.00368 4.26 75.58 5.33 69.53 4.21 68.85 4.18 74.14 3.15 PP12-M7-2 5630 36562 267 92.43 5.03 0.08042 3.76 0.11990 6.28 0.01082 5.03 0.80 0.00348 3.58 114.98 6.82 69.37 3.47 66.36 3.32 70.12 2.50 PP12-M7-3 2114 16541 247 93.66 4.59 0.10530 10.87 0.15494 11.80 0.01068 4.59 0.39 0.00361 3.33 146.26 16.07 68.46 3.13 63.64 2.90 72.84 2.42 PP12-M7-4 7624 42250 290 89.51 4.75 0.05236 4.33 0.08062 6.43 0.01117 4.75 0.74 0.00360 3.59 78.73 4.87 71.62 3.38 71.50 3.38 72.69 2.60 PP12-M8-2 7310 37159 285 92.74 6.83 0.05943 5.39 0.08831 8.70 0.01078 6.83 0.79 0.00384 5.03 85.93 7.17 69.14 4.70 68.52 4.66 77.47 3.89 PP12-M8-3 8887 40861 330 90.05 4.80 0.05580 4.77 0.08539 6.77 0.01111 4.80 0.71 0.00388 3.79 83.20 5.40 71.19 3.40 70.41 3.36 78.29 2.96 PP12-M8-4 8731 42763 332 87.85 4.98 0.06577 6.07 0.10318 7.85 0.01138 4.98 0.63 0.00373 4.16 99.71 7.45 72.97 3.61 71.40 3.54 75.26 3.13 PP12-M8-5 6818 35292 282 88.74 5.46 0.09150 6.16 0.14210 8.23 0.01127 5.46 0.66 0.00381 3.90 134.91 10.40 72.24 3.93 68.45 3.72 76.74 2.99 PP12-M8-6 7047 34436 269 84.02 5.09 0.07698 5.78 0.12626 7.70 0.01190 5.09 0.66 0.00379 3.48 120.74 8.77 76.27 3.86 73.44 3.72 76.47 2.66 PP12-M9-1 3709 20901 194 96.53 5.49 0.09265 5.67 0.13227 7.89 0.01036 5.49 0.70 0.00318 2.43 126.14 9.36 66.44 3.63 64.03 3.50 64.09 1.55 PP12-M9-2 6623 32107 248 92.05 6.27 0.07730 8.23 0.11574 10.35 0.01086 6.27 0.61 0.00360 3.67 111.20 10.90 69.65 4.34 68.05 4.24 72.50 2.65 207 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP12-M9-3 8085 32255 258 89.31 5.15 0.05280 4.80 0.08148 7.04 0.01120 5.15 0.73 0.00387 4.15 79.54 5.38 71.78 3.67 71.32 3.66 77.94 3.23 PP12-M9-4 9769 34946 328 90.92 7.95 0.08052 8.92 0.12205 11.95 0.01100 7.95 0.66 0.00410 4.35 116.92 13.20 70.51 5.57 67.59 5.34 82.62 3.58 PP12-M9-5 9527 33472 278 95.30 4.76 0.04961 4.80 0.07174 6.76 0.01049 4.76 0.70 0.00358 5.26 70.35 4.59 67.29 3.19 67.15 3.18 72.19 3.79 PP12-M9-6 8520 32518 250 92.24 5.70 0.05276 4.69 0.07883 7.39 0.01084 5.70 0.77 0.00373 3.78 77.05 5.48 69.51 3.94 68.77 3.90 75.20 2.84 PP12-M9-7 6713 34446 224 94.73 5.61 0.05122 5.34 0.07452 7.75 0.01056 5.61 0.72 0.00349 5.00 72.98 5.46 67.70 3.78 67.66 3.78 70.36 3.51 PP12-M9-8 7813 33351 245 90.97 5.98 0.05113 4.90 0.07746 7.73 0.01099 5.98 0.77 0.00355 4.72 75.75 5.64 70.48 4.19 70.20 4.18 71.65 3.38 PP12-M10-1 2975 14035 222 86.40 16.66 0.06509 12.39 0.10382 20.77 0.01157 16.66 0.80 0.00374 8.33 100.30 19.83 74.18 12.29 72.72 12.04 75.41 6.27 PP12-M10-2 5086 33752 236 106.14 8.19 0.05467 6.99 0.07099 10.76 0.00942 8.19 0.76 0.00354 5.72 69.64 7.25 60.45 4.93 59.74 4.88 71.39 4.07 PP12-M10-3 3306 20886 216 87.49 9.97 0.06613 7.60 0.10417 12.54 0.01143 9.97 0.80 0.00338 8.58 100.62 12.01 73.27 7.26 71.85 7.12 68.13 5.83 PP12-M10-4 6340 25254 234 100.38 9.00 0.06485 6.56 0.08904 11.13 0.00996 9.00 0.81 0.00344 6.97 86.61 9.24 63.90 5.72 63.16 5.66 69.41 4.83 PP12-M10-5 6504 25106 246 88.62 8.08 0.06103 7.55 0.09491 11.06 0.01128 8.08 0.73 0.00361 4.92 92.07 9.74 72.33 5.81 71.21 5.72 72.70 3.57 Table D.11: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP12. Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP12-M1-1 203185 34487 132370 35830 137989 27312 1612 19168 2414 10734 1591 2929 330.43 1245 153.71 PP12-M1-2 225015 37026 135920 37088 149616 28214 1671 20472 2493 11089 1660 3137 332.20 1330 152.74 PP12-M1-3 192117 33205 125863 34640 135616 26770 3127 18151 2390 10656 1516 2938 319.35 1246 145.63 PP12-M1-4 196168 36056 128473 36108 139613 28230 2840 20356 2434 10350 1471 2881 292.70 1170 142.50 PP12-M1-5 208083 32502 126494 34992 144433 26387 3829 18983 2413 10602 1551 2784 318.86 1296 147.09 PP12-M1-6 195131 31960 130879 36074 142530 28099 4177 20574 2451 10449 1427 2707 303.09 1212 142.91 PP12-M1-7 209483 36552 130502 37539 144384 27715 1628 19850 2537 11142 1665 3240 329.26 1299 157.24 PP12-M1-8 202645 35566 128705 38051 146614 28314 2052 19958 2492 11206 1645 3152 338.22 1315 149.89 PP12-M3-1 198344 34860 125562 36458 139067 26742 1719 18889 2363 10205 1550 2900 309.68 1184 138.41 PP12-M3-2 210873 38165 127824 36476 148614 28338 2174 19438 2503 11584 1598 2957 312.38 1250 135.35 PP12-M3-3 196680 34377 127295 35995 142705 27079 2112 18687 2404 10931 1568 2870 298.46 1190 138.55 PP12-M3-4 205053 35823 125378 36853 145562 29111 1826 19875 2486 11124 1567 2959 312.11 1205 147.96 PP12-M3-5 196069 32595 124444 36152 142384 28679 4038 18277 2379 10427 1443 2687 276.55 988 106.52 PP12-M3-6 203120 32328 126044 36533 146710 28627 4017 19533 2437 10633 1446 2685 259.01 971 104.66 PP12-M3-7 193666 34223 125526 35664 141172 28367 4158 18617 2446 11145 1565 2810 298.14 1138 121.24 PP12-M4-1 174165 40299 124000 35983 150712 29507 3285 21443 2834 11873 1791 3301 328.27 1282 148.69 PP12-M4-2 188361 39371 126280 37527 158565 30221 1521 21119 2689 11977 1694 3259 331.78 1240 147.80 PP12-M4-3 207137 38550 127979 38286 153891 34044 4509 23900 3040 13247 1796 3077 299.89 1146 126.09 PP12-M4-4 198242 34737 130977 38598 160491 33572 4931 24794 2963 12352 1648 2776 269.45 1011 109.34 PP12-M4-5 203886 38251 128647 36971 158326 34177 4733 23368 2912 12543 1661 2909 282.54 1047 112.02 PP12-M4-6 187608 35586 123743 35876 139429 28200 2752 19262 2549 11605 1627 3006 321.47 1259 146.96 PP12-M4-7 190019 36527 128200 36770 157748 32851 4542 24691 2951 12926 1678 2817 273.07 1042 110.72 PP12-M5-1 201158 36761 130917 37796 148158 29554 3356 20196 2667 12196 1677 3040 307.84 1100 131.54 PP12-M5-2 192832 36115 121767 36255 141120 27812 3062 19433 2601 11858 1685 3020 319.33 1200 136.22 PP12-M6-2 180649 38344 129515 37570 145050 28698 1459 20755 2521 11723 1622 3162 338.11 1308 163.87 PP12-M6-3 185930 36206 123355 35221 136058 27017 1404 19060 2510 11386 1569 2984 307.69 1245 150.07 PP12-M6-4 187818 37803 129237 34826 148436 28052 1575 19367 2501 11130 1616 2979 306.83 1226 141.68 PP12-M6-5 185974 38015 126452 37384 144240 28678 1735 20971 2735 12388 1790 3142 322.64 1257 142.44 PP12-M6-6 192097 36075 128005 34914 140328 27388 3933 18779 2549 12148 1598 2838 276.43 1030 111.58 PP12-M6-7 187204 33411 128587 36175 142197 28371 3874 19411 2737 12560 1734 2786 269.43 1037 113.06 208 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP12-M6-8 171791 35987 124212 34223 140607 27014 1920 19677 2591 12054 1681 3037 307.52 1201 137.22 PP12-M7-1 182298 35319 126952 36286 139774 29647 4417 22325 3069 13394 1665 2645 262.14 948 98.67 PP12-M7-2 180797 34308 127903 34960 141880 28359 3292 20408 2791 11773 1538 2636 261.93 1053 128.07 PP12-M7-3 160646 36972 122723 34936 139894 27324 2624 19894 2601 11191 1654 2975 307.88 1172 139.74 PP12-M7-4 168822 32885 126757 35857 142306 29236 3565 20675 2777 12197 1599 2630 258.55 971 109.57 PP12-M8-2 173703 34450 124744 35732 136864 27833 3853 19178 2636 12162 1599 2749 262.27 988 105.46 PP12-M8-3 183422 33864 132879 35902 137928 30267 4415 21429 2732 11541 1467 2388 225.33 816 89.98 PP12-M8-4 183965 31336 127747 35067 142807 28763 4237 21080 2822 12123 1538 2424 228.19 865 89.37 PP12-M8-5 176238 31995 124267 36038 134808 28099 3976 19191 2639 11435 1481 2398 236.95 852 93.34 PP12-M8-6 164708 30985 121244 35040 135710 26817 4064 18661 2473 11482 1515 2473 243.81 886 89.10 PP12-M9-1 170500 34135 133311 35847 137302 26742 2228 20039 2556 11126 1435 2623 277.65 1069 128.05 PP12-M9-2 189385 36168 131223 36464 134571 28024 3178 22206 2811 12229 1564 2741 297.85 1233 144.20 PP12-M9-3 178102 31090 133642 35471 140418 29557 4249 24104 3072 12588 1457 2340 234.48 937 107.68 PP12-M9-4 211498 35720 132246 37226 142631 32698 4673 27180 3548 14677 1766 2697 282.36 1048 125.11 PP12-M9-5 177554 33186 133513 37159 144275 31279 4547 23960 3175 12969 1614 2606 256.62 1040 123.25 PP12-M9-6 173791 31650 128421 35925 132122 28000 3955 21986 2866 12004 1396 2363 245.31 1004 117.12 PP12-M9-7 167460 34565 129598 34140 137737 27629 2778 20256 2862 11824 1517 2598 274.82 1187 132.86 PP12-M9-8 166180 31749 125732 33913 134805 27492 3515 21728 2776 11537 1450 2411 252.48 1058 122.49 PP12-M10-1 141085 31405 117646 34449 131016 25610 3277 18884 2398 10191 1475 2757 286.76 1182 139.12 PP12-M10-2 175020 37520 127919 36927 148296 29216 2462 21809 2596 11601 1610 2982 323.69 1289 155.13 PP12-M10-3 165118 36860 133270 34751 138718 27518 2717 18737 2382 10073 1525 2979 335.20 1319 157.31 PP12-M10-4 150519 34128 131868 35756 136920 26673 3817 19470 2551 11091 1461 2880 296.12 1204 145.34 PP12-M10-5 153631 34614 132877 35579 133987 26106 3714 18867 2397 10512 1457 2702 294.79 1194 144.88 Table D.12: PP12 monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP12-M1-1 Between kinked / fractured kyanite, biotite and qtz with undulose extinction; partial pleochroic halo in biotite Y-enriched splotch good PP12-M1-2 Y-enriched splotch good PP12-M1-3 Y-moderate splotch good PP12-M1-4 Y-moderate splotch good PP12-M1-5 Y-moderate splotch good PP12-M1-6 Y-moderate splotch good PP12-M1-7 Y-enriched splotch good PP12-M1-8 Y-enriched splotch good PP12-M3-1 Within biotite / sillimanite high strain zone; surrounded by sillimanite Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP12-M3-2 Y-enriched rim good PP12-M3-3 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP12-M3-4 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP12-M3-5 Y-moderate core okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP12-M3-6 Y-moderate core good PP12-M3-7 Y-moderate core good PP12-M4-1 Within sillimanite / quartz high strain zone; surrounded by sill/qtz, bt close by Y-enriched rim fair - half on sillimanite PP12-M4-2 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP12-M4-3 Y-moderate core good PP12-M4-4 Y-moderate core good PP12-M4-5 Y-moderate core good PP12-M4-6 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with sillimanite PP12-M4-7 Y-moderate core good 209 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP12-M5-1 Within biotite / quartz / sillimanite matrix; in biotite, pleochroic halo Y-moderate grain fair - half on biotite PP12-M5-2 Y-moderate grain good PP12-M6-2 Between quartz and biotite in matrix; next to sinistral shear sense indicator? Y-moderate fair - half on biotite PP12-M6-3 Y-moderate fair - half on biotite PP12-M6-4 Y-moderate fair - half on biotite PP12-M6-5 Y-moderate good PP12-M6-6 Y-depleted good PP12-M6-7 Y-depleted good PP12-M6-8 Y-moderate good PP12-M7-1 In biotite grain, proximal to sericitized feldspar; pleochroic halo Y-moderate core good PP12-M7-2 Y-moderate core fair - half on biotite PP12-M7-3 Y-moderate core fair - half on biotite PP12-M7-4 Y-moderate core good PP12-M8-2 Within matrix, between qtz / bt / sericite / fsp / kyanite (messy); partial pleochroic halo on portion touching bt Y-depleted grain good PP12-M8-3 Y-depleted grain good PP12-M8-4 Y-depleted grain good PP12-M8-5 Y-depleted grain good PP12-M8-6 Y-depleted grain good PP12-M9-1 Within qtz showing undulose extinction, touched by bt and myrmekite that fill cracks Y-enriched rim good PP12-M9-2 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with quartz PP12-M9-3 Y-moderate core good PP12-M9-4 Y-moderate core good PP12-M9-5 Y-moderate core good PP12-M9-6 Y-moderate core good PP12-M9-7 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with bt / qtz PP12-M9-8 Y-enriched rim good PP12-M10-1 Within kinked and brittlely fractured kyanite; found in fracture filled with sericite Y-enriched grain okay - touching edge with kyanite / sericite PP12-M10-2 Y-enriched grain good PP12-M10-3 Y-enriched grain okay - touching edge with kyanite / sericite PP12-M10-4 Y-enriched grain okay - touching edge with kyanite / sericite PP12-M10-5 Y-enriched grain okay - touching edge with kyanite / sericite PP15B Table D.13: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP15B. Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP15B-M1-1 2669 15483 202 84.98 7.47 0.10199 9.31 0.16539 11.94 0.01177 7.47 0.63 0.00360 4.55 155.41 17.21 75.41 5.60 71.99 5.34 72.61 3.30 PP15B-M1-2 5987 26918 269 64.52 7.02 0.05222 5.52 0.11155 8.93 0.01550 7.02 0.79 0.00475 3.18 107.38 9.10 99.14 6.91 98.79 6.88 95.64 3.04 PP15B-M1-3 6556 28473 265 67.35 5.99 0.07217 3.87 0.14768 7.13 0.01485 5.99 0.84 0.00459 3.87 139.86 9.31 95.02 5.65 91.80 5.46 92.54 3.57 PP15B-M1-4 6586 28337 277 63.92 6.17 0.05014 4.29 0.10810 7.52 0.01564 6.17 0.82 0.00457 4.47 104.23 7.45 100.07 6.13 99.51 6.10 92.11 4.11 PP15B-M1-5 8377 29744 292 66.81 6.82 0.04946 4.32 0.10202 8.07 0.01497 6.82 0.85 0.00448 4.26 98.64 7.59 95.78 6.49 95.86 6.48 90.31 3.84 PP15B-M1-6 5440 31591 216 82.49 5.55 0.05661 6.02 0.09458 8.19 0.01212 5.55 0.68 0.00359 4.29 91.76 7.18 77.68 4.28 76.90 4.24 72.31 3.10 PP15B-M1-7 5937 30932 258 72.56 6.16 0.06025 5.49 0.11443 8.25 0.01378 6.16 0.75 0.00412 3.77 110.01 8.60 88.24 5.40 87.38 5.34 82.99 3.12 PP15B-M1-8 6757 30639 254 74.40 7.88 0.05313 6.46 0.09843 10.19 0.01344 7.88 0.77 0.00416 4.26 95.32 9.27 86.07 6.74 85.21 6.68 83.81 3.56 210 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP15B-M2-1 4683 28194 163 92.46 6.06 0.06063 4.36 0.09036 7.47 0.01081 6.06 0.81 0.00323 4.50 87.84 6.28 69.34 4.18 68.09 4.10 65.21 2.93 PP15B-M2-2 4928 30178 218 78.75 5.99 0.05692 5.50 0.09960 8.13 0.01270 5.99 0.74 0.00385 3.94 96.41 7.48 81.34 4.84 80.69 4.80 77.66 3.06 PP15B-M2-3 5986 32989 235 75.72 7.68 0.04818 5.88 0.08769 9.67 0.01321 7.68 0.79 0.00406 5.72 85.35 7.92 84.58 6.45 84.48 6.44 81.93 4.68 PP15B-M2-4 5774 33405 246 67.65 8.27 0.04902 5.26 0.09988 9.81 0.01478 8.27 0.84 0.00432 5.20 96.66 9.04 94.60 7.77 94.58 7.76 87.05 4.52 PP15B-M2-5 5857 33009 249 68.28 7.17 0.04927 5.19 0.09944 8.85 0.01465 7.17 0.81 0.00434 3.74 96.26 8.13 93.73 6.67 93.26 6.64 87.45 3.27 PP15B-M3-1 5007 26493 305 64.72 4.32 0.05789 4.76 0.12327 6.43 0.01545 4.32 0.67 0.00465 3.49 118.03 7.16 98.85 4.24 97.95 4.20 93.72 3.27 PP15B-M3-2 5341 23438 289 55.71 5.49 0.05292 5.25 0.13093 7.60 0.01795 5.49 0.72 0.00531 4.22 124.93 8.93 114.69 6.24 114.37 6.22 107.03 4.50 PP15B-M3-3 5599 25604 337 54.43 4.84 0.05255 4.27 0.13306 6.45 0.01837 4.84 0.75 0.00556 3.14 126.85 7.70 117.37 5.63 116.93 5.60 111.94 3.50 PP15B-M3-4 5779 27365 334 54.90 5.32 0.05214 4.49 0.13090 6.96 0.01822 5.32 0.76 0.00531 4.83 124.91 8.19 116.37 6.14 115.71 6.10 106.95 5.15 PP15B-M3-5 7812 29769 432 51.15 4.83 0.05179 3.92 0.13954 6.22 0.01955 4.83 0.78 0.00583 3.36 132.63 7.73 124.81 5.97 124.12 5.94 117.50 3.93 PP15B-M3-6 8016 32937 474 53.19 4.35 0.05321 4.71 0.13786 6.41 0.01880 4.35 0.68 0.00593 4.88 131.13 7.89 120.06 5.18 119.35 5.14 119.40 5.81 PP15B-M3-7 4828 28712 273 67.86 4.92 0.05710 6.18 0.11597 7.90 0.01474 4.92 0.62 0.00425 3.24 111.41 8.34 94.31 4.61 92.97 4.54 85.76 2.78 PP15B-M3-8 4536 27037 227 79.13 4.92 0.08524 9.89 0.14846 11.04 0.01264 4.92 0.45 0.00376 4.04 140.55 14.49 80.96 3.95 76.88 3.76 75.90 3.06 PP15B-M4-1 3652 22542 173 104.92 6.18 0.04740 5.90 0.06227 8.54 0.00953 6.18 0.72 0.00292 4.82 61.33 5.08 61.15 3.76 60.93 3.74 58.83 2.83 PP15B-M4-2 3063 18650 155 101.67 5.98 0.05965 11.08 0.08086 12.59 0.00984 5.98 0.48 0.00304 3.91 78.96 9.56 63.10 3.76 62.16 3.70 61.24 2.39 PP15B-M4-3 2820 18549 181 91.87 5.51 0.08665 6.04 0.12999 8.17 0.01088 5.51 0.67 0.00329 3.75 124.09 9.55 69.79 3.82 66.45 3.64 66.31 2.48 PP15B-M4-4 2084 9137 234 82.24 8.30 0.19792 13.18 0.33167 15.57 0.01216 8.30 0.53 0.00397 9.36 290.84 39.38 77.91 6.42 63.45 5.24 80.14 7.48 PP15B-M4-5 1980 12353 169 96.36 5.99 0.11538 8.51 0.16501 10.41 0.01038 5.99 0.58 0.00319 4.72 155.08 14.97 66.55 3.97 62.68 3.74 64.26 3.03 PP15B-M5-1 1930 10483 224 73.78 5.73 0.09509 8.82 0.17764 10.52 0.01355 5.73 0.55 0.00405 6.12 166.02 16.11 86.79 4.94 83.45 4.76 81.70 4.99 PP15B-M5-2 1408 9954 181 85.60 6.10 0.13130 13.56 0.21139 14.87 0.01168 6.10 0.41 0.00359 6.54 194.72 26.35 74.87 4.54 67.11 4.08 72.40 4.73 PP15B-M5-3 3909 12668 259 77.83 6.67 0.05321 7.24 0.09423 9.85 0.01285 6.67 0.68 0.00386 5.16 91.43 8.61 82.30 5.46 81.57 5.40 77.89 4.01 PP15B-M5-4 3016 15083 247 71.88 4.75 0.05343 5.34 0.10246 7.15 0.01391 4.75 0.66 0.00422 3.71 99.04 6.75 89.07 4.20 88.35 4.16 85.05 3.15 PP15B-M5-5 4602 17083 235 81.59 5.03 0.05720 5.54 0.09661 7.48 0.01226 5.03 0.67 0.00342 3.68 93.64 6.69 78.53 3.93 77.88 3.90 68.88 2.53 PP15B-M5-6 7344 18285 351 67.92 5.35 0.04845 4.56 0.09830 7.03 0.01472 5.35 0.76 0.00419 4.38 95.20 6.39 94.21 5.01 94.00 5.00 84.48 3.70 PP15B-M5-7 3482 18544 225 78.31 5.62 0.05163 5.77 0.09086 8.06 0.01277 5.62 0.70 0.00370 4.01 88.30 6.81 81.80 4.57 81.71 4.56 74.62 2.99 PP15B-M5-8 2814 15334 225 73.69 5.73 0.05200 6.06 0.09726 8.34 0.01357 5.73 0.69 0.00411 4.17 94.25 7.50 86.90 4.95 86.76 4.94 82.90 3.45 PP15B-M6-1 1781 8110 219 79.43 10.59 0.21045 12.76 0.36514 16.58 0.01259 10.59 0.64 0.00417 13.94 316.04 45.03 80.65 8.49 64.20 6.76 84.07 11.70 PP15B-M6-2 2142 13508 232 76.18 5.60 0.10336 13.13 0.18700 14.27 0.01313 5.60 0.39 0.00398 4.88 174.07 22.83 84.07 4.68 78.01 4.34 80.22 3.91 PP15B-M6-3 2332 10423 315 55.01 11.08 0.10008 11.68 0.25075 16.10 0.01818 11.08 0.69 0.00649 16.08 227.19 32.77 116.14 12.76 108.76 11.94 130.72 20.95 PP15B-M6-4 4782 18817 465 49.44 5.59 0.05449 4.41 0.15190 7.12 0.02023 5.59 0.78 0.00591 4.70 143.59 9.53 129.10 7.14 127.96 7.08 118.97 5.57 PP15B-M6-5 5154 18661 431 50.57 4.80 0.04953 4.39 0.13498 6.50 0.01977 4.80 0.74 0.00585 4.85 128.56 7.85 126.23 5.99 126.25 6.00 117.82 5.70 PP15B-M6-6 3976 16734 286 67.11 5.32 0.05382 5.45 0.11053 7.62 0.01490 5.32 0.70 0.00452 4.13 106.45 7.70 95.35 5.04 94.85 5.00 91.04 3.75 PP15B-M6-7 4422 14853 386 54.06 4.75 0.05255 5.06 0.13397 6.94 0.01850 4.75 0.68 0.00578 5.04 127.66 8.33 118.15 5.56 117.56 5.54 116.52 5.85 PP15B-M6-8 3392 13621 319 59.95 4.49 0.05129 6.07 0.11791 7.55 0.01668 4.49 0.59 0.00514 5.51 113.18 8.08 106.64 4.75 106.36 4.74 103.50 5.69 PP15B-M7-1 3862 14402 216 87.34 10.47 0.06388 6.35 0.10081 12.25 0.01145 10.47 0.86 0.00394 18.49 97.52 11.39 73.39 7.64 72.66 7.56 79.46 14.67 PP15B-M7-2 3466 14730 202 93.80 6.14 0.07112 11.14 0.10449 12.72 0.01066 6.14 0.48 0.00347 12.17 100.91 12.22 68.36 4.17 66.59 4.06 69.96 8.50 PP15B-M7-3 3428 13727 215 90.45 9.99 0.07946 10.35 0.12107 14.38 0.01106 9.99 0.69 0.00423 16.96 116.05 15.77 70.88 7.04 68.32 6.78 85.33 14.44 PP15B-M7-4 5162 19674 170 111.08 4.98 0.05892 8.10 0.07310 9.50 0.00900 4.98 0.52 0.00286 4.70 71.64 6.57 57.78 2.86 56.90 2.82 57.78 2.71 PP15B-M7-5 4028 20075 227 75.05 7.94 0.07021 8.12 0.12894 11.36 0.01332 7.94 0.70 0.00420 8.40 123.14 13.17 85.33 6.73 82.76 6.52 84.61 7.09 PP15B-M7-6 7979 26019 317 61.76 3.99 0.05090 3.82 0.11359 5.52 0.01619 3.99 0.72 0.00493 3.35 109.25 5.72 103.54 4.09 103.24 4.08 99.29 3.32 PP15B-M7-7 6748 25456 304 62.92 6.19 0.05228 4.33 0.11452 7.55 0.01589 6.19 0.82 0.00495 3.92 110.09 7.88 101.66 6.24 101.16 6.22 99.79 3.90 PP15B-M7-8 4564 27428 255 69.96 6.53 0.06586 5.10 0.12974 8.29 0.01429 6.53 0.79 0.00423 5.94 123.86 9.66 91.50 5.94 90.07 5.84 85.37 5.06 PP15B-M8-1 4681 29245 261 65.19 6.48 0.04756 6.24 0.10055 9.00 0.01534 6.48 0.72 0.00453 4.63 97.28 8.35 98.14 6.31 97.92 6.30 91.40 4.22 PP15B-M8-2 4429 27019 243 68.27 6.73 0.05897 4.56 0.11903 8.12 0.01465 6.73 0.83 0.00418 4.03 114.19 8.78 93.73 6.26 92.51 6.18 84.24 3.39 PP15B-M8-3 5043 28006 235 72.53 4.75 0.05413 4.34 0.10286 6.43 0.01379 4.75 0.74 0.00395 5.64 99.41 6.09 88.28 4.16 87.86 4.14 79.68 4.49 PP15B-M8-4 5122 24603 261 61.22 7.27 0.06210 4.60 0.13981 8.60 0.01633 7.27 0.85 0.00462 6.55 132.87 10.72 104.45 7.54 102.93 7.42 93.15 6.09 211 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP15B-M8-5 4451 27582 266 65.61 4.95 0.05136 5.40 0.10789 7.32 0.01524 4.95 0.68 0.00468 5.25 104.03 7.24 97.51 4.79 96.94 4.76 94.35 4.94 PP15B-M8-6 4003 28472 218 76.65 5.43 0.06413 6.35 0.11531 8.36 0.01305 5.43 0.65 0.00403 6.83 110.81 8.77 83.56 4.51 81.52 4.40 81.28 5.54 PP15B-M9-1 3736 20020 251 58.75 10.34 0.05383 7.09 0.12629 12.53 0.01702 10.34 0.82 0.00532 11.79 120.76 14.27 108.81 11.15 107.89 11.06 107.18 12.61 PP15B-M9-2 3504 20925 258 62.58 10.19 0.06791 9.52 0.14957 13.94 0.01598 10.19 0.73 0.00546 12.48 141.53 18.41 102.20 10.33 99.79 10.10 109.99 13.69 PP15B-M9-3 4279 19269 362 48.41 9.90 0.08929 9.00 0.25419 13.38 0.02066 9.90 0.74 0.00669 11.96 229.98 27.54 131.81 12.92 125.41 12.30 134.63 16.05 PP15B-M9-4 4631 16930 375 45.35 10.74 0.05819 7.65 0.17683 13.18 0.02205 10.74 0.81 0.00693 12.07 165.33 20.12 140.60 14.93 139.30 14.80 139.51 16.78 PP15B-M9-5 4116 16303 369 43.78 12.40 0.09805 6.93 0.30863 14.20 0.02284 12.40 0.87 0.00745 13.56 273.12 34.01 145.58 17.84 136.40 16.74 149.95 20.25 PP15B-M9-6 3206 14633 324 53.64 9.72 0.08576 8.77 0.22034 13.10 0.01864 9.72 0.74 0.00596 12.52 202.19 24.01 119.07 11.47 113.23 10.90 120.00 14.98 PP15B-M9-7 5122 18182 393 43.72 8.96 0.06793 6.47 0.21414 11.05 0.02287 8.96 0.81 0.00748 11.51 197.02 19.79 145.79 12.91 142.53 12.64 150.62 17.26 PP15B-M9-8 5324 19060 333 54.17 10.29 0.05613 7.14 0.14282 12.52 0.01846 10.29 0.82 0.00551 9.71 135.55 15.89 117.92 12.02 117.05 11.94 110.91 10.73 PP15B-M11-1 4996 21734 302 60.12 8.09 0.07468 12.62 0.17121 14.99 0.01663 8.09 0.54 0.00555 11.20 160.47 22.25 106.35 8.53 102.59 8.24 111.91 12.50 PP15B-M11-2 4230 20369 355 53.68 9.71 0.08577 11.92 0.22023 15.38 0.01863 9.71 0.63 0.00520 11.56 202.10 28.18 118.99 11.45 113.23 10.90 104.82 12.08 PP15B-M11-3 4220 24730 272 73.18 11.53 0.08975 12.69 0.16901 17.15 0.01366 11.53 0.67 0.00408 10.99 158.56 25.18 87.49 10.02 83.12 9.52 82.29 9.03 PP15B-M11-4 4038 27588 184 100.05 7.99 0.05666 6.46 0.07805 10.28 0.00999 7.99 0.78 0.00319 6.97 76.31 7.55 64.11 5.10 63.61 5.06 64.37 4.48 PP15B-M11-5 5790 26734 285 65.63 7.79 0.05084 7.29 0.10675 10.67 0.01524 7.79 0.73 0.00449 7.40 102.98 10.45 97.48 7.53 96.89 7.50 90.52 6.68 PP15B-M11-6 5235 25585 242 73.56 8.65 0.05010 7.77 0.09386 11.62 0.01359 8.65 0.74 0.00423 8.50 91.09 10.13 87.04 7.47 86.83 7.46 85.22 7.22 PP15B-M11-7 5292 25824 240 74.50 8.39 0.05136 7.18 0.09502 11.04 0.01342 8.39 0.76 0.00402 9.17 92.16 9.73 85.95 7.16 85.41 7.12 80.96 7.41 Table D.14: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP15B. Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP15B-M1-1 171120 12700 158904 33531 124802 22691 2685 15337 1737 5743 570.68 680.44 50.97 150.42 15.72 PP15B-M1-2 167184 12135 149004 33573 122426 22314 2791 14164 1579 5202 521.72 637.79 47.52 129.85 13.89 PP15B-M1-3 165246 12147 147445 33449 122149 22762 2956 14837 1646 5413 508.31 566.52 36.94 91.42 9.61 PP15B-M1-4 169983 17019 147667 34212 125945 22323 3150 15834 1949 7241 770.26 1048.25 75.28 212.65 22.79 PP15B-M1-5 167168 14754 150456 33565 122811 22043 3060 14796 1727 6022 626.72 839.44 62.23 169.59 18.63 PP15B-M1-6 162456 8164 148063 33317 123416 22280 2384 13608 1393 4257 364.54 423.14 33.27 115.34 14.58 PP15B-M1-7 169251 12165 149864 34067 126612 22874 2806 14601 1596 5326 540.74 719.41 51.46 146.47 15.13 PP15B-M1-8 172330 9996 149898 34577 123732 22239 2197 13682 1529 4597 409.47 465.57 31.63 90.79 9.38 PP15B-M2-1 156638 7366 148069 34336 126719 22125 1991 12940 1253 3638 307.24 321.65 18.69 45.16 4.48 PP15B-M2-2 161119 6984 147697 33962 124060 21771 1731 13642 1294 3641 293.97 281.19 16.47 38.06 3.69 PP15B-M2-3 169781 9244 150740 32374 121973 21240 1831 13833 1438 4435 366.68 406.89 26.82 70.86 7.10 PP15B-M2-4 152605 8793 147943 34000 122019 21598 1692 14197 1482 4735 409.57 416.17 28.61 71.70 7.47 PP15B-M2-5 163237 9929 149614 32389 117617 20902 1732 12950 1426 4552 408.69 483.45 32.58 89.90 9.20 PP15B-M3-1 182158 14820 149989 34576 130357 22207 2771 14726 1710 5964 647.71 836.63 62.35 180.69 19.50 PP15B-M3-2 174534 11860 146780 34706 126126 22874 3437 14324 1474 4726 511.55 743.60 63.70 221.29 29.69 PP15B-M3-3 176415 17900 146715 34047 127660 23611 3279 14809 1633 6134 756.15 1241.57 105.62 321.24 36.57 PP15B-M3-4 170636 15765 153184 35198 130991 24007 3170 15188 1542 5549 662.05 1027.15 87.00 267.43 31.08 PP15B-M3-5 167046 8838 149760 32844 125943 23299 3162 14360 1309 3861 373.57 485.93 36.99 104.97 11.35 PP15B-M3-6 168416 10782 145940 34248 129927 23698 3507 15545 1513 4850 512.51 682.32 49.33 131.68 13.88 PP15B-M3-7 179885 14751 151716 34539 127640 23634 2707 14751 1675 5841 646.10 858.55 61.84 171.08 19.23 PP15B-M3-8 175304 8346 150120 33794 120541 22080 1902 13943 1364 4088 353.43 395.31 26.84 69.86 6.97 PP15B-M4-1 172601 6783 152904 35177 128328 21975 2056 13022 1228 3495 299.09 313.00 19.28 50.63 5.10 PP15B-M4-2 165013 5546 151549 32747 117488 20208 1945 11672 1013 2789 228.77 261.32 16.21 37.12 4.00 PP15B-M4-3 163784 4170 154167 34359 122422 20369 1804 11616 976 2395 171.90 157.60 8.76 24.24 2.53 212 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP15B-M4-4 162226 12812 153679 33535 127406 22075 2821 15355 1587 5406 537.09 662.60 47.26 135.15 14.87 PP15B-M4-5 151551 6542 149117 33243 121287 19592 2167 12346 1186 3494 288.75 343.56 21.31 56.71 5.94 PP15B-M5-1 166388 9323 151754 32988 117327 20277 2151 12985 1359 4205 376.72 418.02 28.76 72.26 7.76 PP15B-M5-2 151779 6411 159109 34413 123145 20447 2160 12682 1217 3362 278.07 307.72 19.90 62.27 6.83 PP15B-M5-3 163138 18506 153180 34785 128679 22469 3379 15587 1876 7121 804.05 1115.51 86.66 240.97 24.61 PP15B-M5-4 163516 18354 151605 34167 118863 19952 2403 14262 1703 6513 769.15 1133.60 85.78 242.05 26.74 PP15B-M5-5 169200 11262 153884 33973 123526 21307 2754 13834 1472 4990 480.24 601.73 43.56 131.51 14.44 PP15B-M5-6 161878 17077 156026 33547 125295 21772 3512 15243 1832 6605 765.49 1093.23 80.25 219.33 23.79 PP15B-M5-7 175203 9128 153873 33334 125249 21184 2080 13235 1397 4200 376.79 420.52 26.87 70.98 6.86 PP15B-M5-8 154923 9872 146527 32874 116823 20173 1909 12561 1402 4594 400.54 467.06 30.95 80.16 7.37 PP15B-M6-1 155646 12344 149320 34510 116566 22042 2670 14893 1660 5645 547.35 648.18 47.83 119.01 13.15 PP15B-M6-2 165842 8863 154250 34249 127717 22311 2237 13898 1351 4063 357.95 417.88 27.74 75.11 6.51 PP15B-M6-3 187224 12412 141632 33334 121045 21206 2778 14316 1691 5658 544.47 643.08 44.47 119.30 12.18 PP15B-M6-4 153792 4418 142095 33336 123476 20789 3245 12099 998 2427 194.81 212.26 13.14 31.44 3.39 PP15B-M6-5 153765 6030 148216 33090 125308 21050 3174 12485 1067 2811 255.22 316.71 22.47 58.27 6.25 PP15B-M6-6 156124 15982 149225 33143 123449 21547 2778 15198 1860 6720 659.40 782.94 51.31 131.80 13.56 PP15B-M6-7 169715 16078 151469 34875 121772 20866 3604 14899 1787 6287 655.65 858.22 58.91 171.79 17.21 PP15B-M6-8 158007 10101 149933 32600 121079 20139 2932 14084 1425 4444 430.70 543.61 38.79 106.39 11.29 PP15B-M7-1 182061 14909 146437 32844 123575 21196 2765 15360 1844 6498 637.02 752.50 49.77 130.55 12.53 PP15B-M7-2 175399 16876 144579 33259 120564 22656 3009 16135 2045 7166 747.88 850.96 58.24 158.90 15.49 PP15B-M7-3 197452 22161 143993 33509 118624 22784 3429 17329 2285 8654 898.56 1168.98 83.41 226.94 22.06 PP15B-M7-4 182090 25107 153308 34499 123368 23507 3783 18721 2561 9918 1117.40 1387.28 94.47 251.15 25.96 PP15B-M7-5 168838 12949 142404 33262 118574 21078 2433 14944 1660 5642 549.95 634.37 42.19 110.70 11.64 PP15B-M7-6 155076 14642 144448 33689 121220 22351 3478 14730 1615 5786 608.69 815.89 59.29 159.10 16.43 PP15B-M7-7 169688 21078 148420 33139 120099 22182 3721 16232 2201 8255 914.79 1207.15 90.50 242.45 26.50 PP15B-M7-8 158770 9337 149792 33407 122760 22330 1801 14105 1532 4801 393.56 382.11 21.37 50.25 4.63 PP15B-M8-1 155109 12555 145370 32635 118789 21147 1601 14112 1641 5710 501.10 481.18 24.79 51.47 4.48 PP15B-M8-2 161267 9463 149671 33271 126140 22194 1968 13122 1280 3963 410.63 519.80 39.94 108.90 11.16 PP15B-M8-3 156788 9955 149201 33228 123588 22296 2159 14125 1516 4548 435.79 493.71 34.52 87.76 8.72 PP15B-M8-4 156356 15237 144601 33901 124480 22794 2687 14991 1753 6582 688.34 960.48 71.77 219.60 23.60 PP15B-M8-5 160395 7544 148582 32967 121106 21592 1853 13504 1352 3974 317.80 302.51 15.79 37.20 3.39 PP15B-M8-6 159429 5056 147010 32965 117864 20046 1530 11379 1082 2796 203.77 188.28 9.34 23.75 2.14 PP15B-M9-1 159872 11663 144039 33539 124948 20613 2021 12260 1297 4580 478.34 629.02 48.57 133.53 13.63 PP15B-M9-2 168433 15200 142261 33987 118832 21323 1652 14153 1654 6277 656.88 798.50 57.28 168.30 17.69 PP15B-M9-3 178040 12368 149508 33636 123090 21504 3329 14343 1513 4863 485.01 586.83 43.09 123.97 12.11 PP15B-M9-4 167282 13452 148218 33701 121085 22409 4077 17435 1878 6572 632.95 724.61 51.37 141.63 15.52 PP15B-M9-5 173758 8349 144546 34300 129287 23117 3699 14913 1512 4332 362.45 388.52 25.78 73.52 8.05 PP15B-M9-6 175313 20823 150186 33921 121750 21299 2598 14176 1705 7093 865.32 1260.21 100.65 296.18 33.87 PP15B-M9-7 159586 10281 150835 33363 119871 22308 3849 14910 1568 4910 428.30 477.47 32.98 79.04 8.22 PP15B-M9-8 167020 15660 149564 33639 116449 21473 3645 16113 2030 6935 682.35 796.53 54.37 151.32 16.21 PP15B-M11-1 169809 21719 151074 31672 112997 19208 3326 12677 1741 7279 940.82 1529.34 132.42 414.48 46.57 PP15B-M11-2 153979 18774 143698 34239 125242 22648 3682 14351 1714 6829 926.29 1367.64 125.77 420.42 46.31 PP15B-M11-3 158895 11235 148720 35685 131399 22849 2673 13843 1605 5451 559.25 785.07 64.11 199.28 22.51 PP15B-M11-4 155794 5607 147554 33026 120070 20440 2148 13326 1224 3110 273.24 282.15 14.73 33.20 3.20 PP15B-M11-5 153852 15247 148358 32764 121284 21534 2961 13097 1359 5361 663.37 1050.28 85.40 282.13 31.09 PP15B-M11-6 152026 10464 148072 32288 124971 22601 2609 14517 1497 4853 425.88 506.21 35.58 99.78 10.79 PP15B-M11-7 156943 8294 151671 33913 119489 22948 3313 14893 1365 4262 382.14 438.27 27.90 69.90 7.17 213 Table D.15: PP15B monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP15B-M1-1 In biotite grain within groundmass, pleochroic halo; qtz and sill proximal Y-depleted splotch fair - mostly on biotite PP15B-M1-2 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M1-3 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M1-4 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M1-5 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M1-6 Y-depleted splotch fair - half on biotite PP15B-M1-7 Y-depleted splotch fair - half on biotite PP15B-M1-8 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M2-1 In biotite grain within groundmass, also touches sillimanite; pleochroic halo on bt Y-enriched rim good PP15B-M2-2 Y-depleted core fair - half on sillimanite PP15B-M2-3 Y-depleted core fair - half on sillimanite PP15B-M2-4 Y-depleted core good PP15B-M2-5 Y-depleted core good PP15B-M3-1 In biotite grain, pleochroic halo Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP15B-M3-2 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP15B-M3-3 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M3-4 Y-enriched splotch fair - half on biotite PP15B-M3-5 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M3-6 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M3-7 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP15B-M3-8 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP15B-M4-1 In recrystallized qtz grain (GBM - amoeboid grain boundaries) Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with quartz PP15B-M4-2 Y-depleted core good PP15B-M4-3 Y-depleted core good PP15B-M4-4 Y-enriched rim good PP15B-M4-5 Y-depleted core fair - half on quartz PP15B-M5-1 Surrounded by 2 unknown opaque minerals and biotite; proximal to sillimanite and quartz Y-depleted splotch unclear PP15B-M5-2 Y-depleted splotch unclear PP15B-M5-3 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M5-4 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M5-5 Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge with opaque PP15B-M5-6 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M5-7 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M5-8 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M6-1 Within biotite / sillimanite high strain zone; between quartz grains Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M6-2 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M6-3 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M6-4 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M6-5 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M6-6 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M6-7 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M6-8 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M7-1 Touching biotite (pleochroic halo) and kyanite; next to M8 Y-moderate splotch fair - half on biotite PP15B-M7-2 Y-moderate splotch fair - half on biotite PP15B-M7-3 Y-moderate splotch fair - half on biotite PP15B-M7-4 Y-enriched splotch fair - half on biotite PP15B-M7-5 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M7-6 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M7-7 Y-depleted splotch good 214 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP15B-M7-8 Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge with biotite PP15B-M8-1 Surrounded by biotite (pleochroic halo), sillimanite, qtz; Mnz grain cracked down middle Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M8-2 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M8-3 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M8-4 Y-depleted splotch fair - half on crack PP15B-M8-5 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M8-6 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M9-1 Surrounded by biotite (small pleochroic halo), qtz, sericite, garnet fragments Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M9-2 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M9-3 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M9-4 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M9-5 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M9-6 Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge PP15B-M9-7 Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge PP15B-M9-8 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M11-1 Surrounded by biotite (pleochroic halo) / sillimanite, touches small quartz grain Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M11-2 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M11-3 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M11-4 Y-enriched splotch good PP15B-M11-5 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M11-6 Y-depleted splotch good PP15B-M11-7 Y-enriched splotch good PP117B Table D.16: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP117B. Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP117B-M1-2 1909 15310 69 78.5 3.6 0.0698 5.8 0.1226 6.8 0.01274 3.6 0.53 0.00397 2.6 117.4 7.6 81.6 2.9 79.3 2.9 80 2.1 PP117B-M1-3 2151 16118 76 72.6 4.4 0.0597 4.7 0.1133 6.4 0.01377 4.4 0.69 0.00414 2.5 109 6.6 88.1 3.9 86.8 3.8 83.5 2.1 PP117B-M1-4 3004 17634 104 60.5 3.4 0.0517 4 0.1178 5.3 0.01653 3.4 0.65 0.00517 2.4 113.1 5.6 105.7 3.6 105.2 3.6 104.2 2.5 PP117B-M1-5 2555 16282 88 63.6 3.7 0.0576 3.4 0.1248 5 0.01573 3.7 0.74 0.00475 2.4 119.4 5.6 100.6 3.6 99.4 3.6 95.8 2.3 PP117B-M1-6 2772 14136 77 64 3.7 0.0682 5.1 0.1468 6.3 0.01562 3.7 0.59 0.00483 3.1 139.1 8.2 99.9 3.7 97.4 3.6 97.3 3 PP117B-M1-7 2226 12775 67 66.8 4.2 0.0586 5.3 0.1208 6.8 0.01497 4.2 0.62 0.00462 3.6 115.8 7.4 95.8 4 94.5 4 93 3.3 PP117B-M1-8 1059 9131 43 75.6 3.7 0.0594 6.1 0.1082 7.1 0.01322 3.7 0.52 0.00412 2.4 104.3 7.1 84.7 3.1 83.4 3.1 83.1 2 PP117B-M1-9 1682 12586 64 67.7 3.8 0.0497 4.9 0.1011 6.2 0.01478 3.8 0.61 0.00452 2.6 97.8 5.8 94.6 3.6 94.4 3.6 91.2 2.3 PP117B-M1-10 2777 13308 89 53.7 3.8 0.0507 4.9 0.1301 6.2 0.01862 3.8 0.61 0.00592 2.5 124.2 7.2 119 4.5 118.6 4.5 119.3 3 PP117B-M1-11 3747 20092 110 65.2 3.7 0.0531 3.7 0.1122 5.2 0.01534 3.7 0.70 0.00479 2.3 108 5.3 98.1 3.6 97.5 3.5 96.5 2.2 PP117B-M1-12 3637 16545 107 54 3.6 0.0566 4.3 0.1444 5.7 0.01852 3.6 0.64 0.0057 2.8 137 7.3 118.3 4.3 117.1 4.2 114.8 3.2 PP117B-M1-13 1879 13449 73 60.1 4 0.0592 3.5 0.1356 5.3 0.01663 4 0.75 0.00484 2.7 129.2 6.5 106.3 4.2 104.8 4.2 97.4 2.7 PP117B-M1-14 1137 10132 52 66.8 4.1 0.0882 5.5 0.182 6.9 0.01498 4.1 0.60 0.00455 2.3 170 11 95.8 3.9 91 3.8 91.6 2.1 PP117B-M1-15 1631 13318 67 66.2 3.5 0.0595 5.5 0.1239 6.5 0.0151 3.5 0.53 0.004396 2.3 118.6 7.3 96.6 3.4 95.2 3.3 88.6 2 PP117B-M1-16 2308 11769 69 61.6 4.4 0.0513 5.3 0.1147 6.9 0.01624 4.4 0.64 0.00513 2.7 110.3 7.2 103.8 4.5 103.4 4.5 103.4 2.8 PP117B-M1-17 2038 10995 65 56.7 4.1 0.0532 4.6 0.1292 6.2 0.01763 4.1 0.66 0.00525 3.3 123.4 7.2 112.7 4.6 112 4.6 105.9 3.5 PP117B-M1-18 1677 8884 51 59 3.7 0.0895 7.4 0.209 8.2 0.01694 3.7 0.45 0.00503 3.3 193 14 108.3 4 102.7 3.9 101.3 3.3 215 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP117B-M1-19 945 7124 34 75.8 4 0.0988 7.1 0.18 8.2 0.01319 4 0.49 0.00421 3.4 168 13 84.5 3.4 79.1 3.3 84.9 2.8 PP117B-M1-20 1394 11925 57 71.3 3.6 0.0713 6.1 0.1378 7.1 0.01402 3.6 0.51 0.00425 2.8 131.1 8.7 89.8 3.2 87.1 3.2 85.7 2.4 PP117B-M1-21 1195 11430 59 62.8 4.2 0.0799 5.8 0.175 7.1 0.01593 4.2 0.58 0.0046 4.3 164 11 101.9 4.2 97.8 4.1 92.8 3.9 PP117B-M1-22 871 6530 27 75.6 4.6 0.1266 6.2 0.231 7.8 0.01323 4.6 0.60 0.00364 2.8 211 15 84.7 3.9 76.4 3.6 73.4 2.1 PP117B-M2-1 2375 16453 75 76.7 4.3 0.052 6.8 0.0933 8 0.01303 4.3 0.53 0.00402 2.9 90.6 7 83.5 3.5 83 3.5 81 2.4 PP117B-M2-2 3474 21284 101 74.2 3.3 0.0486 4.3 0.0903 5.5 0.01348 3.3 0.61 0.00419 2.6 87.8 4.6 86.3 2.9 86.2 2.9 84.5 2.2 PP117B-M2-3 3175 21137 106 68.4 3.9 0.0514 4.3 0.1037 5.8 0.01463 3.9 0.68 0.00441 2.4 100.2 5.5 93.6 3.6 93.2 3.6 88.9 2.1 PP117B-M2-4 3328 22682 87 90.7 3.8 0.0485 4.1 0.0737 5.6 0.01102 3.8 0.68 0.003391 2.3 72.2 3.9 70.7 2.7 70.6 2.7 68.4 1.5 PP117B-M2-5 3761 21732 105 72.1 3.6 0.0508 4.5 0.0971 5.8 0.01387 3.6 0.62 0.00426 2.6 94.1 5.2 88.8 3.2 88.5 3.2 85.9 2.2 PP117B-M2-6 3844 21788 95 81 4.1 0.0503 4.5 0.0856 6.1 0.01234 4.1 0.68 0.00386 3.1 83.4 4.9 79.1 3.3 78.8 3.3 77.8 2.4 PP117B-M2-7 2784 21639 113 67.7 4.5 0.0531 5.9 0.1082 7.4 0.01477 4.5 0.61 0.00459 2.9 104.3 7.4 94.5 4.3 93.9 4.2 92.5 2.6 PP117B-M2-8 2326 19417 90 76.9 4.1 0.0521 5.4 0.0933 6.8 0.013 4.1 0.61 0.004071 2.3 90.6 5.9 83.3 3.4 82.8 3.4 82.1 1.9 PP117B-M2-9 2617 21142 108 68.5 3.4 0.0517 4 0.1041 5.2 0.0146 3.4 0.65 0.004498 2 100.6 5 93.5 3.2 93 3.2 90.7 1.8 PP117B-M3-1 2978 12342 50 89.7 3.6 0.061 7.5 0.0938 8.3 0.01115 3.6 0.44 0.00351 3.6 91 7.3 71.5 2.6 70.3 2.6 70.9 2.6 PP117B-M3-2 3120 15543 86 60.9 3.7 0.0653 3.9 0.148 5.4 0.01643 3.7 0.69 0.00489 2.7 140.1 7 105.1 3.9 102.8 3.8 98.6 2.7 PP117B-M3-3 3464 15257 95 56.4 3.9 0.0532 5.5 0.1301 6.7 0.01774 3.9 0.57 0.00545 2.9 124.1 7.9 113.4 4.3 112.7 4.3 109.8 3.2 PP117B-M3-4 2327 12011 79 56.1 3.3 0.0671 4.3 0.1648 5.4 0.01782 3.3 0.62 0.00598 2.6 154.9 7.8 113.9 3.8 111.2 3.7 120.5 3.1 PP117B-M3-5 4639 22831 150 56 3.8 0.0575 3.7 0.1416 5.3 0.01786 3.8 0.72 0.00579 2.3 134.5 6.7 114.1 4.3 112.8 4.3 116.7 2.7 PP117B-M3-6 3725 22583 167 52.8 5.2 0.0542 4.7 0.1413 7 0.01892 5.2 0.74 0.00653 4.1 134.2 8.8 120.8 6.2 120 6.1 131.6 5.4 PP117B-M3-7 2759 22391 180 50.5 4.2 0.0556 4.6 0.1517 6.3 0.0198 4.2 0.67 0.00707 2.8 143.4 8.4 126.4 5.2 125.3 5.2 142.4 4 PP117B-M3-8 2179 15531 117 51.7 6.5 0.0618 7.2 0.165 9.8 0.0193 6.5 0.67 0.00667 5.3 155 14 123.5 8 121.4 7.9 134.4 7.1 PP117B-M3-9 1620 20399 179 41.1 5.5 0.0551 6.6 0.185 8.6 0.0243 5.5 0.64 0.0077 3.2 172 14 154.8 8.4 153.7 8.4 155 5 PP117B-M3-10 2966 34053 293 46.1 3.3 0.0588 3.4 0.1758 4.7 0.02168 3.3 0.69 0.00757 2.2 164.4 7.1 138.3 4.5 136.6 4.4 152.4 3.3 PP117B-M3-11 2761 14711 94 61.9 4.4 0.054 4.5 0.1203 6.3 0.01616 4.4 0.70 0.00561 2.9 115.3 6.8 103.3 4.5 102.6 4.5 113 3.3 PP117B-M3-12 2039 11603 76 54.8 5 0.0638 6.5 0.16 8.2 0.01823 5 0.61 0.00581 2.4 151 11 116.5 5.8 114.2 5.7 117 2.8 PP117B-M3-13 1940 18012 147 47.2 4.8 0.0591 6 0.173 7.7 0.0212 4.8 0.63 0.00717 3.9 162 11 135 6.4 133.3 6.4 144.4 5.6 PP117B-M4-2 4138 32797 130 86.7 3.8 0.0724 3.9 0.1151 5.5 0.01154 3.8 0.70 0.003512 2.6 110.6 5.7 74 2.8 71.7 2.7 70.8 1.8 PP117B-M4-3 717 5489 23 78.2 5.1 0.1139 6 0.201 7.9 0.01279 5.1 0.65 0.0037 3.5 186 13 82 4.2 75.1 3.9 74.5 2.6 PP117B-M4-4 2829 21738 108 67.6 5.3 0.1445 5.6 0.295 7.7 0.0148 5.3 0.69 0.00437 3.6 262 18 94.7 5 83.2 4.5 88.1 3.2 PP117B-M4-5 2274 19205 111 59.2 4.8 0.077 7.3 0.179 8.7 0.01689 4.8 0.55 0.00512 3.2 167 13 107.9 5.1 104 5 103.3 3.3 PP117B-M4-6 1446 11281 53 75.9 4.9 0.0837 8.7 0.152 9.9 0.01317 4.9 0.49 0.00419 3.8 144 13 84.3 4.1 80.5 4 84.5 3.2 PP117B-M4-7 3362 40791 262 59.2 4.4 0.0691 4.9 0.161 6.6 0.01689 4.4 0.67 0.00562 3.1 151.5 9.3 108 4.7 105.1 4.6 113.3 3.5 PP117B-M4-8 469 2325 11 80 5.6 0.1205 7.1 0.208 9 0.0125 5.6 0.62 0.00417 3.5 192 16 80.1 4.4 72.7 4.1 84.1 2.9 PP117B-M5-1 2560 29944 158 67.1 3.9 0.0608 5 0.1248 6.3 0.01489 3.9 0.61 0.00465 2.5 119.4 7.1 95.3 3.7 93.8 3.6 93.8 2.4 PP117B-M5-2 3072 35232 213 60 5 0.0908 5.2 0.209 7.2 0.01668 5 0.69 0.00529 3.1 192 13 106.6 5.3 100.9 5.1 106.6 3.3 PP117B-M5-5 4201 24259 155 58.5 4 0.0642 6.2 0.151 7.4 0.0171 4 0.54 0.00562 3.2 143.1 9.9 109.3 4.3 107.1 4.3 113.3 3.6 PP117B-M5-6 1839 23194 156 51.8 4.3 0.109 6.2 0.29 7.5 0.01932 4.3 0.57 0.0059 2 259 17 123.4 5.3 114 5 118.9 2.3 PP117B-M5-7 3481 47246 332 52.5 4.1 0.0686 7.5 0.18 8.5 0.01905 4.1 0.48 0.00615 4.3 168 13 121.6 4.9 118.6 4.8 123.9 5.3 PP117B-M5-8 3225 49340 465 39.9 3.6 0.0774 5.3 0.267 6.4 0.02507 3.6 0.56 0.008 2.9 241 14 159.6 5.6 154 5.5 161 4.7 PP117B-M5-9 6223 35620 278 51.6 5.4 0.0542 3.1 0.1449 6.2 0.0194 5.4 0.87 0.00679 2.6 137.4 8 123.8 6.6 122.9 6.6 136.7 3.5 PP117B-M5-10 2383 28815 155 58.9 5.3 0.1198 4.6 0.28 7 0.01697 5.3 0.76 0.00473 3.8 251 15 108.5 5.7 98.8 5.2 95.2 3.6 PP117B-M5-11 2614 50762 448 39.1 4.5 0.061 5.5 0.215 7.1 0.0256 4.5 0.63 0.00772 3.5 198 13 162.8 7.2 160.4 7.2 155.3 5.4 PP117B-M5-12 722 10299 98 40.3 3.8 0.0923 7.1 0.316 8.1 0.02483 3.8 0.47 0.00831 1.9 279 20 158.1 5.9 149.6 5.7 167.3 3.1 PP117B-M5-13 2011 25867 228 40.9 3.6 0.0599 4.5 0.202 5.7 0.02444 3.6 0.63 0.00767 3.2 186.8 9.8 155.7 5.5 153.6 5.5 154.3 4.9 PP117B-M5-14 2220 21011 136 52.6 7.4 0.08 5.4 0.21 9.1 0.019 7.4 0.81 0.00583 3.8 193 16 121.4 8.9 116.6 8.6 117.4 4.4 PP117B-M5-15 659 9529 100 36 5.2 0.0844 10 0.323 11 0.0277 5.2 0.46 0.00913 2.3 284 28 176.4 9 168.8 8.8 183.7 4.2 PP117B-M5-16 3281 63748 592 37.8 3.8 0.0715 3.8 0.261 5.4 0.0265 3.8 0.71 0.00817 3.2 235 11 168.4 6.3 163.7 6.1 164.4 5.3 216 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP117B-M5-17 3442 42054 270 57.6 3.5 0.0637 4.2 0.1525 5.5 0.01737 3.5 0.64 0.00565 2.7 144.1 7.4 111 3.9 108.8 3.8 113.8 3.1 PP117B-M5-19 2814 44555 399 39.2 3.6 0.0776 6.7 0.273 7.7 0.0255 3.6 0.47 0.00785 2.2 245 17 162.3 5.8 156.6 5.7 158.1 3.5 PP117B-M5-20 3641 47603 324 58 4.3 0.0616 3.9 0.1464 5.7 0.01725 4.3 0.74 0.00597 2.5 138.7 7.5 110.2 4.6 108.4 4.6 120.3 3 PP117B-M5-21 3540 53162 409 48.7 4.2 0.0725 4.6 0.205 6.3 0.02053 4.2 0.67 0.00675 2.7 189 11 131 5.5 127.1 5.3 135.9 3.6 PP117B-M5-22 706 5033 29 59.5 4.4 0.079 7.8 0.183 9 0.01682 4.4 0.49 0.00518 3.6 171 14 107.5 4.7 103.4 4.6 104.3 3.8 PP117B-M5-23 3909 27145 186 55.7 4.2 0.0859 5 0.212 6.5 0.01794 4.2 0.64 0.00602 3.4 195 12 114.6 4.7 109.2 4.6 121.3 4.1 PP117B-M5-24 3652 36605 245 56.3 5.6 0.0731 6.8 0.179 8.8 0.01776 5.6 0.64 0.00583 3.9 167 14 113.5 6.3 110 6.1 117.5 4.5 PP117B-M5-25 3056 28851 174 62.5 3.9 0.0611 5 0.1347 6.3 0.016 3.9 0.62 0.00526 3.8 128.3 7.6 102.3 3.9 100.7 3.9 106 4 PP117B-M5-26 3708 25979 148 63.8 3.8 0.0581 7.1 0.126 8 0.01568 3.8 0.48 0.00502 3.7 120.1 9.1 100.3 3.8 99 3.8 101.2 3.8 PP117B-M5-31 2823 22237 117 63.8 5.2 0.1271 5.2 0.275 7.4 0.01568 5.2 0.71 0.00468 3 246 16 100.3 5.2 90.3 4.7 94.3 2.8 PP117B-M5-32 755 6162 41 47.9 5.1 0.168 14 0.483 15 0.0209 5.1 0.35 0.00633 4.8 400 48 133.2 6.7 113.4 6.9 127.4 6.1 PP117B-M5-35 141 1104 7 57.3 6.7 0.158 13 0.381 15 0.0175 6.7 0.46 0.00532 4.7 327 41 111.6 7.4 96.2 7 107.2 5 PP117B-M5-36 386 3327 22 55.1 8 0.107 15 0.268 17 0.0181 8 0.47 0.00576 5.9 241 36 115.9 9.2 107.4 8.8 116 6.8 PP117B-M5-37 1018 9771 57 58.1 4.1 0.102 11 0.241 12 0.0172 4.1 0.36 0.00525 6.3 219 23 110 4.5 102.6 4.5 105.8 6.6 PP117B-M5-38 1666 13567 78 60.3 6 0.0803 8.5 0.184 10 0.01659 6 0.58 0.00509 2.5 171 16 106.1 6.3 101.8 6.1 102.5 2.6 PP117B-M5-39 3199 29062 155 67.4 5.6 0.0576 6.6 0.118 8.6 0.01483 5.6 0.65 0.00467 3.3 113 9.2 94.9 5.2 93.7 5.2 94.2 3.1 PP117B-M5-40 1445 12167 72 59.1 3.9 0.0679 8.2 0.159 9 0.01693 3.9 0.43 0.00536 2.6 149 13 108.2 4.2 105.6 4.2 108 2.8 PP117B-M5-41 3221 26735 136 70 4.9 0.0505 8.6 0.0994 9.8 0.01428 4.9 0.49 0.00447 3.1 96.3 9 91.4 4.4 91.1 4.4 90.1 2.8 PP117B-M5-42 1676 15571 88 60.3 5 0.0785 11 0.179 12 0.01658 5 0.41 0.00517 3.8 167 19 106 5.3 102 5.2 104.3 3.9 PP117B-M5-43 2307 22071 124 60.4 5.1 0.0677 14 0.155 15 0.01656 5.1 0.34 0.00505 4.1 146 20 105.9 5.4 103.3 5.4 101.7 4.2 PP117B-M5-44 846 7854 46 61 3.9 0.096 11 0.217 12 0.0164 3.9 0.34 0.00519 2.3 199 21 104.9 4.1 98.6 4.1 104.6 2.4 PP117B-M5-45 1250 11908 65 60.3 4 0.0626 7.2 0.143 8.3 0.01658 4 0.49 0.00494 2.4 136 10 106 4.2 104.1 4.2 99.6 2.4 PP117B-M5-46 1353 13163 72 61.3 3.8 0.0758 8.4 0.17 9.2 0.01631 3.8 0.41 0.00492 2.9 160 14 104.3 4 100.7 3.9 99.1 2.9 PP117B-M6-1 4345 32598 170 66.9 4.1 0.0569 5.6 0.1172 7 0.01495 4.1 0.59 0.00458 2.4 112.5 7.4 95.6 3.9 94.6 3.9 92.4 2.2 PP117B-M6-2 4864 30805 169 65.1 3.1 0.0524 3.8 0.111 4.9 0.01537 3.1 0.62 0.00485 2.6 106.9 5 98.3 3 97.8 3 97.7 2.6 PP117B-M6-3 4294 27308 150 63 3.7 0.0522 3.1 0.1142 4.8 0.01586 3.7 0.77 0.00482 2.2 109.8 5 101.5 3.7 100.9 3.7 97.2 2.1 PP117B-M6-4 2838 26727 151 62.4 5.8 0.049 5.6 0.1082 8 0.01602 5.8 0.72 0.00495 3.3 104.3 8 102.4 5.9 102.3 5.9 99.7 3.2 PP117B-M6-5 3551 32251 166 70.1 4.6 0.0596 4.5 0.1173 6.4 0.01427 4.6 0.71 0.00452 2.5 112.6 6.8 91.4 4.1 90 4.1 91.1 2.2 PP117B-M6-6 4006 33031 174 63.1 4.1 0.0494 5.9 0.1081 7.2 0.01586 4.1 0.57 0.00463 3.2 104.2 7.1 101.4 4.1 101.2 4.1 93.4 3 PP117B-M6-7 4489 35407 193 69.2 4.5 0.0545 4.5 0.1085 6.3 0.01444 4.5 0.70 0.00478 4 104.6 6.3 92.4 4.1 91.7 4.1 96.3 3.8 PP117B-M6-8 7156 31243 195 56.9 3.5 0.0495 3.1 0.1201 4.7 0.01759 3.5 0.74 0.00546 2.1 115.2 5.1 112.4 3.9 112.2 3.9 110 2.3 PP117B-M6-9 8069 31632 188 60.8 3.7 0.0531 4 0.1204 5.5 0.01645 3.7 0.69 0.00519 2.6 115.5 6 105.2 3.9 104.5 3.9 104.5 2.7 PP117B-M6-10 7309 29563 183 58.5 3.4 0.0525 4.7 0.1236 5.8 0.0171 3.4 0.59 0.00542 3.2 118.4 6.5 109.3 3.7 108.7 3.7 109.2 3.5 PP117B-M6-11 4545 24797 143 60.8 4 0.0636 5.1 0.1441 6.5 0.01644 4 0.61 0.00506 3.1 136.7 8.3 105.1 4.1 103.1 4.1 102 3.1 PP117B-M6-12 5299 25923 175 54.4 3.9 0.0563 3.2 0.1425 5.1 0.01837 3.9 0.77 0.005886 1.7 135.3 6.4 117.3 4.5 116.2 4.5 118.6 2 PP117B-M7-3 3969 31442 172 64.8 3.6 0.0486 4.2 0.1032 5.5 0.01542 3.6 0.65 0.00477 2.6 99.8 5.2 98.7 3.5 98.6 3.5 96.2 2.5 PP117B-M7-4 4536 30924 167 64.4 3.3 0.0496 4.6 0.1062 5.6 0.01553 3.3 0.59 0.00472 2.6 102.5 5.5 99.4 3.3 99.2 3.3 95.1 2.5 PP117B-M7-5 5625 31313 189 59 3.4 0.0642 3.5 0.15 4.9 0.01696 3.4 0.69 0.00526 2.3 141.9 6.5 108.4 3.6 106.2 3.6 106 2.4 PP117B-M7-6 4003 32182 139 82 3.7 0.0529 5.9 0.0889 6.9 0.0122 3.7 0.53 0.00377 3.4 86.5 5.7 78.2 2.9 77.7 2.9 76.1 2.6 PP117B-M7-7 449 2998 20 53.7 5.2 0.137 10 0.351 11 0.01861 5.2 0.46 0.00572 4.6 306 30 118.9 6.1 105.7 5.8 115.2 5.3 PP117B-M7-9 5077 33192 168 66.3 4.7 0.0514 4.9 0.1068 6.8 0.01508 4.7 0.69 0.00444 3.4 103 6.6 96.5 4.5 96.1 4.5 89.4 3 PP117B-M7-10 5433 31596 189 59.3 4.2 0.0525 4 0.1219 5.8 0.01685 4.2 0.72 0.00524 3.1 116.8 6.4 107.7 4.5 107.1 4.5 105.6 3.2 PP117B-M7-11 5178 28921 118 92.4 5.2 0.05 4.9 0.0745 7.1 0.01082 5.2 0.73 0.00359 5.1 73 5 69.4 3.6 69.2 3.6 72.3 3.7 PP117B-M7-13 4252 31127 157 70.8 4.6 0.0552 5.8 0.1075 7.4 0.01413 4.6 0.62 0.00445 4.7 103.6 7.3 90.4 4.1 89.6 4.1 89.7 4.2 PP117B-M7-14 2692 20353 123 56.2 3.9 0.0646 5 0.158 6.3 0.0178 3.9 0.62 0.00533 3 149.4 8.8 113.7 4.4 111.4 4.4 107.5 3.3 PP117B-M7-15 4099 32656 143 82.5 3.5 0.052 4.7 0.0869 5.9 0.01213 3.5 0.60 0.00389 2.9 84.6 4.8 77.7 2.7 77.3 2.7 78.4 2.3 PP117B-M7-16 4214 32109 142 78.9 3.6 0.0503 4.4 0.0878 5.7 0.01267 3.6 0.64 0.00389 3 85.4 4.7 81.1 2.9 80.9 2.9 78.4 2.3 217 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP117B-M7-17 5433 31307 182 58.3 3.4 0.0505 4.1 0.1194 5.3 0.01715 3.4 0.65 0.00509 2.5 114.5 5.8 109.6 3.7 109.3 3.7 102.6 2.5 PP117B-M8-1 862 4052 15 90.7 10 0.143 14 0.217 18 0.011 10 0.57 0.00333 7.8 199 32 70.7 7 62.2 6.5 67.2 5.3 PP117B-M8-2 6442 29982 192 55 4.8 0.0922 5.5 0.231 7.2 0.01819 4.8 0.66 0.00562 4.8 211 14 116.2 5.5 109.9 5.2 113.3 5.5 PP117B-M8-3 6833 29420 211 49.3 3.6 0.0518 3.4 0.1446 4.9 0.02027 3.6 0.72 0.00628 2.6 137.1 6.3 129.3 4.6 128.8 4.6 126.5 3.3 PP117B-M8-4 6557 28698 217 48.1 3.9 0.0579 4.2 0.1659 5.8 0.02079 3.9 0.68 0.00661 1.7 155.9 8.3 132.7 5.2 131.1 5.1 133.2 2.3 PP117B-M8-5 6983 29967 205 51.8 3.3 0.0542 2.6 0.1442 4.2 0.01931 3.3 0.78 0.00596 2.9 136.8 5.4 123.3 4 122.4 4 120 3.4 PP117B-M8-6 7002 31790 225 50.2 3.4 0.0535 3.8 0.147 5.1 0.01992 3.4 0.66 0.00618 2 139.2 6.7 127.1 4.3 126.4 4.3 124.4 2.5 PP117B-M8-7 6867 31778 220 52.9 4.4 0.0554 4.6 0.1444 6.3 0.01892 4.4 0.69 0.00603 2.9 137 8.1 120.8 5.2 119.8 5.2 121.5 3.5 PP117B-M8-8 6441 30150 207 52.2 3.6 0.0538 3 0.1421 4.7 0.01917 3.6 0.77 0.00604 2.1 134.9 6 122.4 4.4 121.6 4.4 121.7 2.5 PP117B-M8-9 1751 9642 53 64.9 6.2 0.297 7.7 0.631 9.9 0.01541 6.2 0.63 0.00461 4 497 39 98.6 6.1 67.7 5.1 93 3.7 PP117B-M9-1 5253 25223 148 62.3 3.6 0.0564 4.6 0.1247 5.9 0.01605 3.6 0.62 0.00508 3 119.3 6.6 102.6 3.7 101.6 3.7 102.4 3.1 PP117B-M9-2 4453 27357 163 61.7 3.6 0.0529 3.6 0.1182 5.1 0.01621 3.6 0.71 0.00515 2.4 113.4 5.5 103.6 3.7 103 3.7 103.9 2.5 PP117B-M9-3 2893 19587 114 59.2 4.1 0.0629 4 0.1466 5.7 0.0169 4.1 0.71 0.0051 2.9 138.9 7.5 108.1 4.4 106.1 4.3 102.8 3 PP117B-M9-4 6531 26658 150 63.1 3.2 0.0522 5.1 0.1141 6 0.01586 3.2 0.53 0.004855 2.1 109.7 6.2 101.4 3.2 100.9 3.2 97.9 2 PP117B-M9-5 6400 26522 156 62.1 3.8 0.0535 3.5 0.1188 5.2 0.01611 3.8 0.74 0.00507 2.9 114 5.6 103 3.9 102.4 3.9 102.2 3 PP117B-M9-6 4822 24082 120 69.1 3.9 0.0596 4.4 0.1188 5.9 0.01447 3.9 0.67 0.00432 3 114 6.4 92.6 3.6 91.2 3.6 87 2.6 PP117B-M9-7 6465 27014 155 64.4 4.2 0.0511 3.7 0.1093 5.6 0.01552 4.2 0.75 0.00497 3.3 105.4 5.6 99.3 4.1 98.9 4.1 100.2 3.3 PP117B-M9-9 2024 19492 106 67 4.6 0.0669 8.6 0.138 9.8 0.01493 4.6 0.47 0.0047 2.7 131 12 95.5 4.4 93.3 4.3 94.7 2.6 PP117B-M9-10 3860 20085 135 54.3 6.4 0.0523 5 0.133 8.1 0.0184 6.4 0.79 0.00581 2.6 126.5 9.7 117.7 7.5 117.1 7.5 117.1 3.1 PP117B-M9-11 3400 27068 147 65 3.4 0.0513 5.4 0.1087 6.4 0.01538 3.4 0.54 0.00469 3.2 104.8 6.4 98.4 3.3 98 3.3 94.4 3.1 PP117B-M10-3 3487 26098 133 73.2 4.5 0.0665 5.6 0.1251 7.2 0.01366 4.5 0.62 0.00437 3.1 119.7 8.1 87.4 3.9 85.4 3.8 88.2 2.8 PP117B-M10-4 3785 29669 140 76.9 4.8 0.0777 8 0.139 9.4 0.013 4.8 0.52 0.00415 5.3 132 12 83.3 4 80.1 3.9 83.7 4.4 PP117B-M10-6 5831 27208 203 47.9 4.4 0.0519 5 0.1492 6.6 0.02087 4.4 0.66 0.00662 5.9 141.2 8.8 133.2 5.8 132.6 5.8 133.3 7.8 PP117B-M10-8 3214 19855 117 58.3 4.6 0.0535 7.1 0.127 8.5 0.01716 4.6 0.54 0.00539 4.6 121.1 9.7 109.7 5 109 5 108.5 5 Table D.17: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP117B. Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP117B-M1-2 158769 6509 147808 33392 126396 22007 1611 13524 1388 3630 281.81 287.12 15.80 41.93 4.02 PP117B-M1-3 157908 6680 150172 34673 124678 21891 1875 14303 1402 3660 279.39 283.33 15.18 36.90 3.46 PP117B-M1-4 159525 16179 151004 34429 124931 22809 2811 14752 1831 6472 678.33 839.86 56.57 152.09 14.88 PP117B-M1-5 160789 16581 149699 33552 125991 21214 2421 14166 1820 6440 664.10 881.93 62.14 166.26 17.49 PP117B-M1-6 162015 15302 141298 33840 125880 21781 2952 14535 1698 6122 660.74 862.32 57.26 164.60 18.89 PP117B-M1-7 170825 16082 152902 34437 120093 22351 2960 15330 1953 6670 721.64 877.44 61.84 168.00 16.49 PP117B-M1-8 150904 9612 143227 32568 123914 20754 1686 13446 1391 4326 399.81 501.74 33.84 91.25 9.52 PP117B-M1-9 155089 6966 149023 34138 123338 22448 1915 13791 1457 3652 294.01 286.98 15.83 37.22 3.25 PP117B-M1-10 173171 14144 155773 35255 125868 23139 3525 14116 1646 5504 589.72 702.56 44.66 117.99 10.60 PP117B-M1-11 169282 22504 151164 33414 125263 24138 3346 15130 2113 8128 962.38 1335.82 90.72 243.24 24.22 PP117B-M1-12 158151 15442 150896 33387 124326 22864 3669 13725 1664 5873 675.74 943.20 66.51 181.52 19.60 PP117B-M1-13 162863 14257 151668 33445 122314 21696 2255 14532 1744 5821 609.06 735.15 50.82 131.91 13.58 PP117B-M1-14 150447 4708 147346 33750 123885 20987 1278 13838 1275 2964 213.75 188.86 10.37 24.18 2.12 PP117B-M1-15 142956 7501 147496 34614 124763 21098 1789 13368 1431 3786 338.37 336.62 20.24 48.23 4.74 PP117B-M1-16 158891 24230 145289 33873 125740 22384 3266 15378 2196 8744 1038.24 1383.03 98.76 273.96 27.13 PP117B-M1-17 163522 20823 161872 34800 129401 22308 3207 15633 2139 7505 852.82 1012.60 67.47 170.25 17.06 PP117B-M1-18 155668 14885 146293 33200 122087 20968 3078 15270 1816 6019 633.87 817.47 53.78 136.04 14.18 218 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP117B-M1-19 150396 7708 152109 34794 134467 21893 1774 13815 1490 3945 361.92 424.87 31.37 96.24 10.50 PP117B-M1-20 146060 5420 146647 33901 121450 22502 1511 13094 1335 3305 253.87 240.90 13.51 33.80 3.17 PP117B-M1-21 155547 12855 149888 34266 124037 20987 1601 14572 1765 5745 560.43 604.06 40.25 106.79 10.37 PP117B-M1-22 142747 5947 141824 33613 120478 21760 2101 12161 1187 3237 255.23 289.07 17.67 50.47 4.90 PP117B-M2-1 143774 9706 136882 33288 121394 21266 2044 13648 1586 4601 435.38 489.04 32.87 88.42 8.93 PP117B-M2-2 161425 8073 148548 34090 128367 22877 2410 15009 1625 4452 365.58 353.94 19.26 43.07 4.46 PP117B-M2-3 153553 16617 145101 34033 126188 23860 2407 16506 1987 6952 716.00 909.98 57.32 157.10 14.71 PP117B-M2-4 156369 5248 146732 34309 123765 22610 2231 13215 1268 3092 234.03 218.05 11.28 26.33 2.36 PP117B-M2-5 164274 10574 142871 34836 124322 23477 2532 15418 1729 5136 483.46 490.23 29.18 71.10 6.74 PP117B-M2-6 155684 12290 149893 33134 123448 23020 2783 13159 1530 4980 526.88 675.41 46.82 127.11 13.51 PP117B-M2-7 167879 11972 148145 35515 121960 22784 1496 15197 1747 5676 479.61 460.76 23.38 49.94 4.31 PP117B-M2-8 142605 7067 147152 33348 118055 21140 1650 12875 1329 3563 291.49 294.71 16.83 40.70 3.86 PP117B-M2-9 152337 10122 148213 34714 124819 23206 1532 13850 1706 5200 418.80 396.19 20.54 45.54 3.99 PP117B-M3-1 153349 16140 145611 34635 120453 23920 3200 17080 2138 6718 673.56 892.70 62.62 190.00 20.21 PP117B-M3-2 147111 13808 151810 35053 122435 23310 3643 15510 1897 6168 604.10 692.93 45.00 112.43 11.64 PP117B-M3-3 163505 10907 148819 33790 124015 22357 3692 15751 1849 5605 467.41 509.08 30.30 76.03 7.59 PP117B-M3-4 146543 9381 148309 33393 119138 22360 3716 15254 1713 4888 416.02 449.90 27.29 68.59 6.97 PP117B-M3-5 154084 7647 146560 33367 120171 22786 3765 15480 1697 4266 332.57 324.58 18.80 42.36 3.89 PP117B-M3-6 149784 8870 136515 31302 115458 21704 3844 14707 1544 4191 362.59 394.17 27.02 63.63 6.94 PP117B-M3-7 154033 8842 146041 33027 119123 22664 4493 14523 1438 4143 405.60 499.22 33.67 85.21 9.29 PP117B-M3-8 176619 14062 146958 33226 124067 21444 4106 15547 1741 5882 582.68 858.58 58.51 153.66 15.93 PP117B-M3-9 144382 5779 155612 33719 124028 22351 5037 14546 1227 2844 265.69 330.75 22.47 63.93 6.78 PP117B-M3-10 152229 7152 144117 32597 116409 22739 4846 15713 1312 3353 325.55 402.82 27.27 73.96 8.47 PP117B-M3-11 158743 17555 149754 35244 126542 22728 3862 16146 2076 7523 820.13 1123.69 75.35 203.61 21.85 PP117B-M3-12 157670 15896 148587 33743 122633 21790 3408 15859 1969 6614 682.23 897.09 57.09 152.58 15.57 PP117B-M3-13 156849 8811 143165 32380 119355 21497 4423 14500 1406 3721 392.77 516.40 33.87 95.08 9.80 PP117B-M4-2 159210 5630 149760 34435 127864 23178 1820 14787 1299 3251 239.46 214.04 11.82 28.98 2.74 PP117B-M4-3 147077 6637 161592 35336 120594 22809 2089 13254 1345 3437 306.89 359.53 23.95 71.38 8.60 PP117B-M4-4 165988 10213 144862 33112 120371 21772 1976 13754 1457 4350 430.04 616.18 55.15 170.42 19.43 PP117B-M4-5 149435 4574 145413 33310 120700 21255 1388 12729 1224 2887 197.67 180.10 10.40 26.16 3.19 PP117B-M4-6 151802 7159 149935 33769 118802 20840 1593 13658 1425 3899 323.03 355.42 23.77 64.21 6.39 PP117B-M4-7 170624 8982 151626 35935 132976 24687 2554 16678 1540 4058 372.26 432.81 30.58 82.13 9.69 PP117B-M4-8 148554 16227 144106 32972 121033 23385 2837 15968 1916 6907 722.26 953.67 67.45 201.62 20.99 PP117B-M5-1 158752 14485 142532 33957 121043 22410 2142 15187 1704 5796 613.13 757.46 49.71 129.73 13.38 PP117B-M5-2 169647 19026 153701 36708 128124 24507 3925 15784 1839 6922 836.78 1399.61 124.17 386.10 43.12 PP117B-M5-5 164123 20160 152023 32916 126386 23548 3776 16215 2071 7600 869.16 1230.52 96.01 266.66 28.90 PP117B-M5-6 153799 9134 145192 33107 125120 22864 2492 15278 1535 4286 394.87 476.91 31.33 82.01 8.36 PP117B-M5-7 173604 9236 150826 36596 124589 24351 3833 17691 1586 4346 378.54 473.85 32.60 84.65 9.22 PP117B-M5-8 170865 5205 143507 34426 123508 24139 5660 19496 1522 3078 220.95 258.51 17.45 43.20 4.65 PP117B-M5-9 162081 13775 147652 33789 122067 23230 4360 16895 1684 5701 598.21 809.40 55.89 157.64 17.39 PP117B-M5-10 158786 19958 152974 33948 121804 22882 2360 15914 1799 7257 853.77 1158.36 86.95 227.66 23.31 PP117B-M5-11 156955 4856 145574 34048 117606 24902 5640 18591 1388 2584 198.15 247.82 18.74 49.56 5.32 PP117B-M5-12 158592 11706 147613 32968 117813 22434 5028 16880 1622 4696 491.18 705.07 50.59 145.25 16.14 PP117B-M5-13 169216 17390 154692 33449 125174 23617 4571 17956 1881 6362 744.64 1168.51 94.73 304.35 33.16 PP117B-M5-14 156947 18572 145586 33616 120836 23148 2457 15901 1813 6813 817.74 1076.50 85.09 221.65 24.42 PP117B-M5-15 171487 8710 143085 32223 113624 22037 5065 15953 1467 3558 340.05 485.62 38.29 106.59 11.82 PP117B-M5-16 155319 1666 141002 32751 121402 24009 6250 21374 1426 2037 86.49 59.30 2.63 6.57 0.99 PP117B-M5-17 168186 19144 155497 33718 127087 24827 3954 18234 1878 6738 809.29 1319.61 118.23 373.81 42.08 PP117B-M5-19 150996 4560 151165 32778 122361 24593 5522 19168 1389 2621 193.96 243.35 18.23 55.01 5.76 PP117B-M5-20 168963 15623 148268 34667 125772 24363 3518 18439 1922 6237 662.10 936.73 72.75 217.36 23.66 PP117B-M5-21 167480 15867 145851 33542 125440 24055 4762 17846 1681 5415 660.01 1114.42 99.74 303.48 37.29 219 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP117B-M5-22 155765 17723 143694 33099 122883 21744 2238 15588 1972 7073 771.57 1058.94 84.74 279.33 31.91 PP117B-M5-23 153432 21285 147835 32878 120098 21814 3787 14291 1777 6645 906.38 1405.54 127.97 396.20 45.04 PP117B-M5-24 156981 19153 145560 33133 128177 22653 3445 15983 1811 6833 829.67 1277.38 106.76 341.09 35.42 PP117B-M5-25 168138 21602 146170 33666 124066 22999 2623 16428 1855 7480 899.74 1270.45 101.95 305.87 31.67 PP117B-M5-26 174320 27987 145362 34940 123758 23300 2635 17644 2177 9913 1163.52 1786.71 148.62 454.20 48.24 PP117B-M5-36 148667 10663 141023 28091 111301 19073 1416 13889 1521 4998 441.35 469.65 29.06 98.35 14.18 PP117B-M5-37 147240 12152 139499 31811 111744 19737 1372 13396 1712 5619 551.93 588.30 38.21 99.85 8.79 PP117B-M5-38 156424 15038 150106 32858 120342 22162 1602 15683 1858 6266 605.67 753.98 45.77 137.52 14.45 PP117B-M5-39 166175 24652 146875 33582 123412 22137 1667 17240 2181 9184 1062.20 1458.29 104.50 286.40 27.38 PP117B-M5-40 149920 19566 146127 33625 123978 22704 1616 15367 1926 7130 804.69 1061.13 72.26 183.45 17.95 PP117B-M5-41 152435 14536 150246 35912 127112 25077 1643 17229 1960 6379 645.91 731.41 42.27 102.93 9.73 PP117B-M5-42 150349 14674 141760 34245 118985 21900 1450 14304 1697 5966 584.15 647.00 44.61 118.30 12.98 PP117B-M5-43 144485 21458 140173 33145 122963 21980 1527 15185 1975 8020 879.08 1189.83 75.88 198.34 18.41 PP117B-M5-31 162227 18159 147868 33795 129391 23267 2315 15325 1916 7506 780.68 1022.62 70.53 216.68 22.09 PP117B-M5-32 168144 19052 140273 33252 116490 22201 1982 14926 1888 7073 822.51 1042.85 78.57 222.40 20.21 PP117B-M5-35 135098 11919 147787 33078 117950 24072 1542 13718 1636 5422 507.61 733.27 67.79 300.85 54.12 PP117B-M5-44 144726 22197 145233 34549 122701 22031 1588 15139 2017 8173 959.56 1196.14 78.82 203.79 18.59 PP117B-M5-45 149487 21386 146476 34237 127485 22541 1602 15753 2008 7764 886.06 1089.91 71.90 184.31 16.48 PP117B-M5-46 149356 13512 150512 33261 122001 20938 1458 14914 1775 5943 535.68 547.58 31.29 73.41 6.97 PP117B-M6-1 172647 12280 154488 34703 130134 24331 2039 16063 1693 5679 522.90 576.31 39.43 112.65 11.16 PP117B-M6-2 168068 26314 151452 35495 126009 24475 3086 17560 2325 9566 1082.92 1593.54 122.52 367.38 37.82 PP117B-M6-3 163265 26680 146640 35136 124414 22775 2951 16043 2221 9639 1201.55 1704.06 139.93 446.81 46.76 PP117B-M6-4 155535 9097 145735 31635 116418 20213 1368 13700 1450 4571 368.73 313.88 16.25 34.45 3.15 PP117B-M6-5 152664 13707 141186 33621 123236 22560 1400 14955 1625 5432 582.02 733.25 50.80 143.48 12.89 PP117B-M6-6 160283 23587 143874 33094 120196 22507 2179 16594 2195 8775 1014.99 1411.69 105.99 307.48 30.16 PP117B-M6-7 155892 23632 145451 33753 119446 22772 2491 16257 2046 8295 974.99 1360.95 108.08 316.19 32.21 PP117B-M6-8 162282 14919 149710 34979 123328 24045 4201 19832 2365 6874 646.00 723.43 46.93 129.16 12.88 PP117B-M6-9 144923 11361 147691 33926 121253 23671 4176 17305 1972 5677 471.67 450.57 26.10 63.38 6.15 PP117B-M6-10 156540 10613 147693 33693 120827 24071 4185 18046 1939 5561 449.66 424.59 24.26 57.21 5.25 PP117B-M6-11 162035 26356 142483 33410 121853 23670 3626 16300 2166 8857 1077.38 1529.37 124.80 371.10 39.22 PP117B-M6-12 167509 24629 147038 32983 125903 23423 3758 16786 2129 9018 1045.88 1509.74 112.55 322.95 35.19 PP117B-M7-3 147396 23654 147435 34085 125091 22324 1755 15164 1803 7534 964.66 1400.27 105.36 305.68 29.54 PP117B-M7-4 156939 19794 151248 34627 125298 24003 2247 15488 1707 6743 781.19 1163.56 86.24 249.25 23.68 PP117B-M7-5 156018 15294 152322 34724 123502 23448 3068 15078 1644 5991 644.03 848.93 60.46 164.80 15.82 PP117B-M7-6 143562 12755 148364 35742 127517 23422 2241 15436 1508 5108 583.00 741.39 59.13 187.51 18.43 PP117B-M7-7 175681 7955 146024 34511 121305 22459 2379 12712 1259 3549 338.87 401.92 25.51 82.31 7.42 PP117B-M7-9 163240 6898 150197 35829 122028 23077 2454 15815 1429 3870 297.43 294.60 15.51 35.55 3.30 PP117B-M7-10 157066 11808 146216 33507 126131 23010 3765 16750 1799 5409 489.70 482.37 29.04 72.58 6.65 PP117B-M7-11 135506 6504 139196 32305 122563 22225 2196 14289 1280 3533 274.46 274.53 16.69 38.42 3.26 PP117B-M7-13 155577 16974 138523 32581 119727 21413 2168 15299 1632 5916 691.82 988.94 80.58 251.04 24.64 PP117B-M7-14 144976 20576 143767 32479 116961 21917 1973 13587 1608 6612 881.60 1261.03 97.13 264.10 26.42 PP117B-M7-15 158877 13204 146790 34525 125586 23484 1920 14751 1437 4972 550.92 751.05 54.25 153.45 15.25 PP117B-M7-16 155112 14479 139649 32744 123188 22680 1892 14894 1506 5481 612.83 877.34 69.80 196.89 20.87 PP117B-M7-17 155176 16040 145612 33962 123998 23170 2848 15020 1659 5940 700.13 939.81 66.93 185.84 17.83 PP117B-M8-1 176655 20783 149276 35157 129789 26913 4130 19247 2358 8353 1023.12 1432.21 131.80 550.48 65.14 PP117B-M8-2 150197 7532 143505 34006 124592 22450 3643 14399 1390 3719 313.83 363.34 24.94 72.20 8.14 PP117B-M8-3 139575 4835 142896 32749 122036 21902 3198 12456 965 2395 212.85 226.90 14.23 35.00 3.70 PP117B-M8-4 159370 4405 152987 35496 132759 24489 3318 13397 958 2332 188.96 207.93 12.76 31.45 3.37 PP117B-M8-5 138917 11249 139959 33954 123109 21835 3342 13931 1292 4174 472.46 652.48 50.76 151.49 15.98 PP117B-M8-6 146523 6376 143860 34384 122852 23150 3448 13737 1145 3141 269.51 289.57 18.17 49.69 4.51 PP117B-M8-7 155558 6558 150087 33985 128206 23454 3488 14121 1151 3111 262.76 278.97 17.38 41.40 4.08 220 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP117B-M8-8 154707 8159 147907 34354 126497 23502 3355 14680 1308 3693 352.60 422.07 28.97 77.46 8.50 PP117B-M8-9 145496 14404 148528 33792 129418 22710 3029 14694 1716 5671 622.03 815.58 66.22 213.60 25.65 PP117B-M9-1 160591 16887 147345 34222 129106 24371 4292 17386 2212 7441 756.09 881.15 59.06 151.95 15.75 PP117B-M9-2 152933 14971 150531 34223 127014 23201 4397 16592 1883 6397 639.34 778.11 51.65 142.34 14.50 PP117B-M9-3 144801 16140 143159 32874 119229 21633 2971 14774 1867 6708 687.90 824.28 51.46 133.79 13.02 PP117B-M9-4 157242 27157 147521 34997 127758 24237 4459 16510 2197 9604 1176.62 1718.63 135.95 387.51 45.60 PP117B-M9-5 157181 22276 146060 32479 123368 21900 4061 15809 1905 8010 972.72 1365.56 102.17 295.35 33.72 PP117B-M9-6 153607 25151 150140 33229 122420 21857 3817 15497 2094 8838 1087.48 1561.08 130.48 368.13 43.35 PP117B-M9-7 161672 24456 149994 34354 128737 23497 4388 17242 2187 9227 1101.79 1529.40 114.21 326.19 36.00 PP117B-M9-9 144421 27010 137818 33694 119185 21950 1962 15220 2066 9347 1206.24 1782.96 146.87 446.24 49.86 PP117B-M9-10 167566 24530 149341 33132 121685 22028 3234 15471 2047 8334 1051.58 1641.87 122.80 390.57 43.96 PP117B-M9-11 148620 27633 148417 33692 129080 23234 2607 17259 2204 9585 1197.34 1861.00 160.43 466.06 50.99 PP117B-M10-3 140779 5275 144802 33733 123996 22859 1538 13778 1271 3207 224.26 209.98 11.19 24.74 2.54 PP117B-M10-4 163453 5490 149662 35928 123936 21997 1657 14669 1333 3326 238.85 218.54 12.92 30.50 3.17 PP117B-M10-6 155391 9569 148382 33078 121396 21850 3391 11559 1154 4100 414.33 552.91 37.02 100.11 11.65 PP117B-M10-8 156160 17173 154669 35565 127987 23206 3252 14495 1800 6471 720.12 941.26 67.03 182.00 19.44 Table D.18: PP117B monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP117B-M1-2 Within biotite-sillimanite-quartz high strain zone Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-3 Y-depleted rim good PP117B-M1-4 Y-depleted rim good PP117B-M1-5 Y-enriched (near crack) okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-6 Y-enriched (near crack) okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-7 Y-depleted rim good PP117B-M1-8 Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-9 Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-10 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M1-11 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M1-12 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M1-13 Y-depleted rim good PP117B-M1-14 Y-depleted rim good PP117B-M1-15 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M1-16 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M1-17 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M1-18 Y-enriched (near crack) okay - touching edge with Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-19 Y-depleted rim fair - half on Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-20 Y-depleted rim fair - half on Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-21 Y-enriched (near crack) fair - half on Bt/Sill PP117B-M1-22 Y-enriched (near crack) fair - half on Bt/Sill PP117B-M2-1 On edge of high strain zone, touching coarse-grained biotite, quartz and sillimanite Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M2-2 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M2-3 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M2-4 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M2-5 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching crack in centre PP117B-M2-6 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching crack in centre PP117B-M2-7 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching crack in centre PP117B-M2-8 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with Bt PP117B-M2-9 Y-moderate splotch okay - touching edge with Bt 221 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP117B-M3-1 Next to coarse-grained quartz and biotite, some sericite Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with Qtz PP117B-M3-2 Y-moderate mantle okay - touching edge with Qtz PP117B-M3-3 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M3-4 Y-moderate mantle okay - touching edge with Qtz PP117B-M3-5 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M3-6 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M3-7 Y-moderate mantle okay - touching edge with Qtz PP117B-M3-8 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M3-9 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M3-10 Y-enriched (near crack) good PP117B-M3-11 Y-depleted core okay - touching edge with Qtz PP117B-M3-12 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with Qtz PP117B-M3-13 Y-enriched rim okay - touching edge with Qtz PP117B-M4-2 At boundary of garnet and quartz-sillimanite-biotite high strain zone Y-depleted core good PP117B-M4-3 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M4-4 Y-depleted core fair - half on Sill PP117B-M4-5 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M4-6 Y-depleted core fair - half on Sill PP117B-M4-7 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M4-8 Y-moderate mantle fair - mostly on Qt/Sill PP117B-M5-1 Along crack within large garnet grain Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-2 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-5 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-6 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-7 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M5-8 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M5-9 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M5-10 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-11 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M5-12 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M5-13 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-14 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-15 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M5-16 Y-moderate splotch (near crack) good PP117B-M5-17 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-19 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M5-20 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M5-21 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-22 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-23 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-24 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-25 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-26 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-31 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-32 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-35 Y-moderate rim good PP117B-M5-36 Y-moderate rim good PP117B-M5-37 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-38 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-39 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M5-40 Y-enriched mantle good 222 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP117B-M5-41 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M5-42 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-43 Y-enriched mantle good PP117B-M5-44 Y-moderate rim good PP117B-M5-45 Y-moderate rim good PP117B-M5-46 Y-moderate rim good PP117B-M6-1 Within large garnet grain Y-moderate splotch fair - half on Grt PP117B-M6-2 Y-enriched splotch good PP117B-M6-3 Y-enriched splotch good PP117B-M6-4 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M6-5 Y-depleted rim good PP117B-M6-6 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M6-7 Y-enriched splotch good PP117B-M6-8 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M6-9 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M6-10 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M6-11 Y-enriched splotch okay - touching edge with Grt PP117B-M6-12 Y-enriched splotch good PP117B-M7-3 Surrounded by biotite, quartz Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M7-4 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M7-5 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M7-6 Y-depleted splotch okay - touching edge with Bt PP117B-M7-7 Y-moderate splotch fair - mostly on quartz / biotite PP117B-M7-9 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M7-10 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M7-11 Y-depleted mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP117B-M7-13 Y-depleted mantle good PP117B-M7-14 Y-enriched core good PP117B-M7-15 Y-depleted splotch good PP117B-M7-16 Y-depleted splotch good PP117B-M7-17 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M8-1 Surrounded by biotite, quartz and sillimanite in high strain zone Y-moderate mantle fair - mostly on Bt/ Sill PP117B-M8-2 Y-moderate mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP117B-M8-3 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M8-4 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M8-5 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M8-6 Y-depleted core good PP117B-M8-7 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M8-8 Y-moderate mantle good PP117B-M8-9 Y-enriched (near crack) fair - mostly on Bt/Sill PP117B-M9-1 Within large biotite grain in garnet pressure shadow Y-moderate splotch fair - half on Bt PP117B-M9-2 Y-moderate splotch good PP117B-M9-3 Y-moderate splotch fair - half on Bt PP117B-M9-4 Y-enriched splotch good PP117B-M9-5 Y-enriched splotch good PP117B-M9-6 Y-enriched splotch fair - half on Bt PP117B-M9-7 Y-enriched splotch good PP117B-M9-9 Y-enriched splotch fair - half on Bt PP117B-M9-10 Y-depleted splotch good PP117B-M9-11 Y-depleted splotch good PP117B-M10-3 Within biotite-sillimanite-quartz high strain zone Y-depleted splotch good 223 PP136 Table D.19: LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb data for monazite specimen PP136. Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP136-M1-1 3665 14669 72.7 88.9 2.3 0.0506 5 0.0785 5.5 0.01125 2.3 0.41 0.003651 2.7 76.7 4.1 72.1 1.6 71.8 1.6 73.6 2 PP136-M1-2 4605 16532 77.7 97 3.4 0.0508 4.8 0.0722 5.9 0.01031 3.4 0.58 0.00349 3.8 70.8 4 66.1 2.2 65.8 2.2 70.5 2.6 PP136-M1-3 4021 13939 74.6 81.3 3.8 0.0481 5.3 0.0815 6.6 0.01229 3.8 0.58 0.00396 2.7 79.5 5 78.8 3 78.7 3 79.7 2.2 PP136-M1-4 4893 16922 81.2 92.8 3.2 0.0505 4.9 0.075 5.9 0.01077 3.2 0.54 0.00351 3.2 73.5 4.2 69.1 2.2 68.8 2.2 70.8 2.2 PP136-M1-5 4493 14713 81.7 83.1 3 0.0501 5.1 0.0831 5.9 0.01204 3 0.51 0.00404 3 81.1 4.6 77.1 2.3 76.9 2.3 81.5 2.5 PP136-M1-6 5262 21371 104.1 87.8 3.1 0.0476 4.6 0.0747 5.6 0.01139 3.1 0.56 0.003506 2.4 73.2 3.9 73 2.3 73 2.3 70.7 1.7 PP136-M5-1 6918 27020 140.9 84.7 3.3 0.0479 5.7 0.078 6.6 0.01181 3.3 0.50 0.003627 2.5 76.2 4.9 75.7 2.5 75.6 2.5 73.1 1.8 PP136-M5-2 6722 22613 121.4 84.6 3.6 0.0494 6 0.0804 6.9 0.01182 3.6 0.51 0.00374 2.8 78.5 5.2 75.7 2.7 75.6 2.7 75.4 2.1 PP136-M5-3 6803 20610 115.8 83.8 3 0.0482 5.8 0.0793 6.5 0.01194 3 0.46 0.00387 2.7 77.5 4.9 76.5 2.3 76.4 2.3 78.1 2.1 PP136-M5-4 9818 12710 72.1 83.7 2.6 0.0485 5.2 0.0799 5.8 0.01194 2.6 0.45 0.00392 3.1 78.1 4.3 76.5 2 76.4 2 79 2.4 PP136-M5-5 10371 12601 74.7 82.8 1.5 0.0497 5.2 0.0827 5.4 0.01208 1.5 0.28 0.00408 2.5 80.7 4.2 77.4 1.2 77.2 1.2 82.2 2.1 PP136-M5-6 7718 15567 84.6 83.8 2.9 0.0473 6.1 0.0777 6.7 0.01194 2.9 0.43 0.0037 3.1 76 4.9 76.5 2.2 76.5 2.2 74.7 2.3 PP136-M5-7 6342 20720 95 92.8 2.4 0.0464 5.2 0.0689 5.8 0.01077 2.4 0.42 0.003191 2.8 67.6 3.8 69.1 1.7 69.2 1.7 64.4 1.8 PP136-M5-8 6592 14745 75.5 85.4 2.2 0.046 5.9 0.0743 6.3 0.01171 2.2 0.35 0.00354 4.3 72.8 4.4 75.1 1.7 75.2 1.7 71.4 3 PP136-M5-9 6190 19050 92.1 89.1 2 0.0486 5.2 0.0751 5.6 0.01122 2 0.35 0.003377 2 73.5 4 71.9 1.4 71.8 1.4 68.1 1.4 PP136-M6-1 2323 8147 38.8 100.6 3 0.0586 8.5 0.0803 9 0.00994 3 0.33 0.003322 2.8 78.4 6.8 63.8 1.9 62.9 1.9 67 1.9 PP136-M6-2 1991 10316 56.5 87.2 3.3 0.0569 6.4 0.09 7.2 0.01147 3.3 0.45 0.003799 2.5 87.5 6 73.5 2.4 72.6 2.4 76.6 1.9 PP136-M6-3 2170 7237 39.4 88.1 3.4 0.0517 7.2 0.0809 7.9 0.01135 3.4 0.43 0.00387 3.4 79 6 72.8 2.5 72.4 2.5 78 2.6 PP136-M6-4 1465 7675 41.9 82.1 2.7 0.0503 8.9 0.0845 9.3 0.01218 2.7 0.29 0.003924 2.3 82.4 7.4 78.1 2.1 77.8 2.1 79.1 1.8 PP136-M6-5 1042 5267 29 84.6 2.8 0.0563 11 0.092 12 0.01183 2.8 0.24 0.003979 2.4 89 10 75.8 2.1 75 2.2 80.2 1.9 PP136-M6-6 1355 6842 37.5 82.2 3 0.052 7.6 0.0872 8.2 0.01217 3 0.36 0.00397 3 84.9 6.7 78 2.3 77.6 2.3 80.1 2.4 PP136-M6-7 1075 3558 19.6 83.5 2.3 0.0481 10 0.0794 10 0.01197 2.3 0.22 0.003962 2.3 77.6 7.8 76.7 1.8 76.7 1.8 79.9 1.9 PP136-M9-2 1816 5910 25.6 101.3 2.9 0.0784 9 0.107 9.4 0.00987 2.9 0.31 0.00328 3.4 102.9 9.2 63.3 1.8 60.8 1.9 66.1 2.2 PP136-M9-3 5380 19617 74.3 107.5 3.4 0.0553 7.8 0.0709 8.5 0.0093 3.4 0.40 0.002904 3.2 69.5 5.7 59.7 2 59.1 2 58.6 1.9 PP136-M9-4 6657 26604 111.4 103.1 2.4 0.0496 6.2 0.0663 6.7 0.0097 2.4 0.35 0.003152 2.8 65.2 4.2 62.2 1.5 62.1 1.5 63.6 1.8 PP136-M9-5 7517 35111 145.7 106.3 3.4 0.0489 7.2 0.0634 7.9 0.0094 3.4 0.43 0.003104 3.1 62.4 4.8 60.3 2 60.2 2 62.6 1.9 PP136-M9-6 7529 32658 137.7 107.6 4.2 0.0497 5.5 0.0637 6.9 0.0093 4.2 0.61 0.003126 3.2 62.7 4.2 59.6 2.5 59.5 2.5 63.1 2 PP136-M9-7 3310 27145 142.6 75 2.2 0.058 5.4 0.1067 5.8 0.01334 2.2 0.39 0.004093 2.1 102.9 5.7 85.4 1.9 84.3 1.9 82.5 1.7 PP136-M10-1 6185 37815 159.8 95.3 2.9 0.0499 6.3 0.0722 6.9 0.01049 2.9 0.42 0.00331 2.9 70.7 4.7 67.3 1.9 67.1 2 66.8 1.9 PP136-M10-2 5930 28177 119.8 101.7 2.9 0.051 5.7 0.0692 6.4 0.00984 2.9 0.46 0.00324 2.3 67.9 4.2 63.1 1.8 62.8 1.8 65.3 1.5 PP136-M10-3 3217 16045 96.6 69.4 2.3 0.0503 6.6 0.0998 7 0.01441 2.3 0.33 0.004585 2 96.6 6.5 92.2 2.1 92 2.2 92.4 1.9 PP136-M10-4 2373 14082 78.6 73.8 2.7 0.05 6.4 0.0933 7 0.01354 2.7 0.39 0.00423 3.3 90.6 6 86.7 2.3 86.5 2.4 85.2 2.8 PP136-M10-5 3127 11172 56.1 79.6 3.2 0.0506 6.3 0.0875 7 0.01256 3.2 0.45 0.00376 3.1 85.2 5.8 80.5 2.5 80.2 2.5 75.9 2.4 PP136-M10-6 3979 24780 116.2 91.2 2.4 0.0519 5.4 0.0784 5.9 0.01096 2.4 0.40 0.003492 2.5 76.7 4.4 70.3 1.7 69.9 1.7 70.4 1.8 PP136-M10-7 2548 15508 78.6 83.1 3.4 0.0508 8.4 0.0842 9.1 0.01204 3.4 0.38 0.00379 4.2 82.1 7.1 77.1 2.6 76.8 2.6 76.4 3.2 PP136-M10-8 2963 16939 84 91.8 2.9 0.0518 6.3 0.0778 7 0.0109 2.9 0.42 0.003548 2.6 76.1 5.1 69.9 2 69.5 2 71.6 1.9 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP117B-M10-4 Y-depleted splotch fair - half on Sill PP117B-M10-6 Y-depleted splotch good PP117B-M10-8 Y-enriched splotch good 224 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/ 238U 2SE (%) rho 208Pb/ 232Th 2SE (%) 207Pb/ 235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/ 238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) 208Pb/ 232Th Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) PP136-M11-1 4363 22421 97.8 103.6 3.1 0.0489 4.9 0.0651 5.8 0.00965 3.1 0.53 0.003107 2.5 64 3.6 61.9 1.9 61.8 1.9 62.7 1.5 PP136-M11-2 4522 19031 92.4 88.8 2.9 0.0484 5.8 0.0751 6.5 0.01126 2.9 0.45 0.00345 2.7 73.5 4.6 72.2 2.1 72.1 2.1 69.6 1.8 PP136-M11-3 3465 17101 81.7 92.1 2.3 0.048 5.4 0.0718 5.8 0.01085 2.3 0.40 0.003345 2.4 70.4 4 69.6 1.6 69.5 1.6 67.5 1.6 PP136-M11-4 3589 16336 71.8 103.6 2.6 0.0493 6.1 0.0657 6.7 0.00965 2.6 0.40 0.003056 2.3 64.6 4.2 61.9 1.6 61.8 1.6 61.6 1.4 PP136-M11-5 3332 17818 102.1 81.7 3.8 0.05 5.3 0.0844 6.5 0.01224 3.8 0.59 0.00391 3.3 82.3 5.1 78.4 3 78.2 3 78.9 2.6 PP136-M11-6 2677 10295 69.2 68.2 1.9 0.0492 4.6 0.0994 4.9 0.01467 1.9 0.38 0.00458 2.4 96.2 4.5 93.9 1.8 93.7 1.8 92.3 2.3 PP136-M12-1 3702 18941 90 96.4 2.9 0.0689 7.2 0.0985 7.7 0.01037 2.9 0.38 0.00326 2.5 95.4 7 66.5 1.9 64.7 1.9 65.8 1.6 PP136-M12-3 3014 15938 83.4 88.1 2.5 0.0503 6 0.0786 6.5 0.01135 2.5 0.38 0.00357 2.8 76.9 4.8 72.8 1.8 72.5 1.8 72 2 PP136-M12-4 2830 12807 69.1 90.2 3.4 0.088 20 0.135 20 0.01108 3.4 0.17 0.00368 3.3 128 25 71.1 2.4 67.4 2.8 74.2 2.4 PP136-M12-5 3040 17233 93.6 81 2.7 0.0483 5.3 0.0822 5.9 0.01235 2.7 0.45 0.00379 3 80.2 4.6 79.1 2.1 79 2.1 76.5 2.3 PP136-M12-6 2897 15229 79.3 85.1 3 0.051 5.1 0.0826 5.9 0.01176 3 0.50 0.003593 2.3 80.6 4.6 75.3 2.2 75 2.2 72.5 1.6 PP136-M12-7 2732 9623 51.7 86.7 3.3 0.0602 5.6 0.0956 6.5 0.01153 3.3 0.50 0.00369 3.3 92.7 5.8 73.9 2.4 72.8 2.4 74.4 2.4 PP136-M12-8 2455 9850 59.6 75 2.7 0.0473 6.5 0.087 7 0.01334 2.7 0.39 0.00426 3.2 84.7 5.7 85.4 2.3 85.5 2.3 85.9 2.8 PP136-M12-9 3564 18554 86.4 95.8 2.6 0.0533 5.8 0.0766 6.4 0.01044 2.6 0.41 0.003269 2.3 75 4.6 67 1.7 66.5 1.7 65.9 1.5 PP136-M12-10 3276 17355 86.9 88.9 2.5 0.0498 5.3 0.0771 5.9 0.01124 2.5 0.43 0.00353 2.9 75.4 4.3 72.1 1.8 71.9 1.8 71.2 2 PP136-M12-11 3435 14783 60.3 107.9 2.7 0.0528 5.9 0.0675 6.5 0.00927 2.7 0.41 0.002892 2.8 66.3 4.2 59.5 1.6 59.1 1.6 58.3 1.7 PP136-M12-12 3909 19856 85.1 100.8 2 0.0493 6.2 0.0674 6.5 0.00992 2 0.31 0.003067 2.8 66.2 4.2 63.6 1.3 63.5 1.3 61.9 1.7 PP136-M13-1 2487 10041 43.5 102.5 3.3 0.0496 8.9 0.0667 9.5 0.00976 3.3 0.35 0.00322 3.4 65.6 6 62.6 2.1 62.4 2.1 64.9 2.2 PP136-M13-2 199 861 4.4 91.3 5.2 0.0409 18 0.062 19 0.01096 5.2 0.27 0.00378 4 61 11 70.2 3.6 70.8 3.7 76.3 3 PP136-M13-3 2593 9176 43.5 90.1 3.3 0.0485 10 0.0742 11 0.0111 3.3 0.31 0.00347 3.2 72.7 7.5 71.2 2.4 71.1 2.4 69.9 2.2 PP136-M13-4 5040 14494 66.2 93.9 3.5 0.0465 6.3 0.0683 7.2 0.01065 3.5 0.49 0.00331 3.1 67 4.7 68.3 2.4 68.3 2.4 66.8 2.1 PP136-M13-5 3468 10435 57.1 81.9 2.7 0.0468 6.3 0.0788 6.9 0.0122 2.7 0.40 0.003843 2.5 77 5.1 78.2 2.1 78.3 2.1 77.5 2 PP136-M13-6 1248 3339 24.6 64.9 2.7 0.0744 7.4 0.158 7.8 0.01541 2.7 0.34 0.00504 2.7 149 11 98.6 2.6 95.3 2.6 101.6 2.8 PP136-M13-7 2087 7783 40.7 82.1 2.9 0.0484 6.2 0.0812 6.8 0.01218 2.9 0.42 0.00371 2.8 79.3 5.2 78.1 2.2 78 2.3 74.8 2.1 PP136-M14-1 6090 22726 105.1 91.5 3.3 0.0492 5.6 0.0742 6.6 0.01093 3.3 0.51 0.00335 3.3 72.7 4.6 70.1 2.3 69.9 2.3 67.5 2.2 PP136-M14-2 6662 22203 97.7 101.9 2.9 0.0478 6.5 0.0646 7.1 0.00981 2.9 0.41 0.003203 2.9 63.6 4.4 63 1.8 62.9 1.8 64.6 1.9 PP136-M14-3 5901 21894 104.5 89.8 2.9 0.0476 6 0.073 6.6 0.01113 2.9 0.44 0.003462 2.4 71.5 4.6 71.4 2.1 71.4 2.1 69.8 1.6 PP136-M14-4 5073 12556 68.3 81.1 2.9 0.0484 6 0.0822 6.7 0.01233 2.9 0.43 0.00393 3.1 80.2 5.1 79 2.2 78.9 2.3 79.3 2.4 PP136-M14-5 7409 24985 98.7 108.8 2.6 0.0452 6.2 0.0573 6.7 0.00919 2.6 0.39 0.00284 2.7 56.5 3.7 59 1.5 59.1 1.5 57.3 1.5 PP136-M14-6 7056 24036 106.1 94.8 3.4 0.0493 5.7 0.0717 6.6 0.01055 3.4 0.52 0.00323 3.5 70.3 4.5 67.7 2.3 67.5 2.3 65.2 2.3 PP136-M15-1 6828 23396 88.1 113.1 2.8 0.0505 5.5 0.0615 6.2 0.00884 2.8 0.45 0.002744 2.3 60.6 3.6 56.8 1.6 56.5 1.6 55.4 1.3 PP136-M15-2 6483 23936 95.5 108.3 2.6 0.06 6.2 0.0764 6.7 0.00923 2.6 0.39 0.002888 2.4 74.7 4.9 59.2 1.5 58.3 1.5 58.3 1.4 PP136-M15-3 5960 24716 97.4 107.5 2.7 0.0504 5.9 0.0646 6.5 0.0093 2.7 0.42 0.002879 2.5 63.6 4 59.7 1.6 59.5 1.6 58.1 1.5 PP136-M15-4 5072 26231 108.8 102.1 3.1 0.0513 5.8 0.0693 6.6 0.00979 3.1 0.47 0.003005 3.1 68 4.3 62.8 1.9 62.5 1.9 60.6 1.9 PP136-M15-5 5653 26183 108.8 100.9 3.9 0.0503 6.5 0.0687 7.6 0.00991 3.9 0.51 0.00305 3.6 67.5 4.9 63.6 2.5 63.4 2.5 61.6 2.2 PP136-M15-6 5041 25493 109.8 98.4 3.1 0.0523 6.7 0.0732 7.3 0.01017 3.1 0.42 0.003148 2.3 71.8 5.1 65.2 2 64.8 2 63.5 1.4 PP136-M18-1 4371 15889 76.3 89.1 2.7 0.0505 6 0.078 6.6 0.01122 2.7 0.41 0.003459 2.7 76.3 4.9 71.9 1.9 71.7 1.9 69.7 1.9 PP136-M18-2 6675 25693 100.5 112.1 3.2 0.0532 6.8 0.0654 7.5 0.00892 3.2 0.43 0.00281 3.8 64.3 4.7 57.2 1.8 56.8 1.8 56.7 2.2 PP136-M18-3 17606 24729 104.9 109.6 4.4 0.0699 9.6 0.0879 11 0.00913 4.4 0.41 0.00307 3.3 85.5 8.6 58.6 2.5 56.9 2.5 61.8 2 PP136-M18-4 33044 34886 161.8 93.7 2.6 0.0527 5.9 0.0776 6.5 0.01067 2.6 0.41 0.00341 3.1 75.9 4.8 68.4 1.8 68 1.8 68.8 2.1 PP136-M18-5 91938 32202 150.7 89.2 4.2 0.0527 6.5 0.0814 7.7 0.01121 4.2 0.55 0.00346 3.2 79.5 5.9 71.8 3 71.4 3 69.9 2.2 PP136-M18-6 540704 32349 154.8 90.6 3 0.0491 5.9 0.0747 6.6 0.01104 3 0.46 0.003569 2.7 73.2 4.7 70.8 2.1 70.6 2.1 72 2 PP136-M18-7 129753 16164 87 81.7 2.8 0.0482 6.7 0.0813 7.3 0.01224 2.8 0.38 0.00396 3.4 79.4 5.6 78.5 2.2 78.4 2.2 79.8 2.7 PP136-M18-8 31638 29844 129.9 97.9 2.8 0.0565 5.6 0.0795 6.2 0.01021 2.8 0.45 0.003228 2.2 77.7 4.7 65.5 1.9 64.7 1.8 65.1 1.4 PP136-M18-9 11579 26066 128.6 85.6 3.5 0.0521 6.2 0.084 7.1 0.01169 3.5 0.49 0.0036 3.3 81.9 5.6 74.9 2.6 74.5 2.6 72.5 2.4 225 Table D.20: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for monazite specimen PP136. Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP136-M1-1 150724 12776 147228 34632 128302 23056 5378 14416 1527 4958 564.03 797.07 62.81 165.81 14.42 PP136-M1-2 159442 8286 135307 33484 118304 20849 4213 12590 1198 3602 383.71 528.33 39.69 100.56 9.10 PP136-M1-3 143969 14923 133053 35751 133876 22703 5236 14797 1569 5537 657.00 973.14 76.28 199.50 17.45 PP136-M1-4 151177 8831 143184 35224 125938 21439 4048 13215 1279 3802 412.49 534.68 39.21 99.96 9.26 PP136-M1-5 148923 12249 143414 33870 130505 21880 4730 13310 1392 4820 537.58 830.61 59.00 159.48 14.22 PP136-M1-6 139021 8784 143372 33562 119453 19794 3860 12174 1154 3475 378.62 540.59 40.30 101.66 9.38 PP136-M5-1 145837 5087 141633 33277 125883 20276 4525 11852 1051 2728 228.87 217.25 11.26 22.86 1.97 PP136-M5-2 138195 7872 136175 34587 129992 22394 5041 13553 1328 3593 353.74 423.22 26.92 62.74 5.61 PP136-M5-3 143460 8087 136674 33452 126120 22528 5167 13762 1290 3837 380.96 457.10 29.32 71.90 6.32 PP136-M5-4 146499 8803 144041 35000 127938 22663 4613 13622 1387 4128 429.42 542.91 35.86 89.81 7.70 PP136-M5-5 148531 9718 144581 35766 131488 24320 4672 14633 1474 4483 453.16 583.51 39.62 98.35 8.53 PP136-M5-6 146332 8790 138073 33989 124218 22188 4868 13683 1385 4066 425.75 526.99 35.20 87.82 7.97 PP136-M5-7 143141 5649 143745 32196 113050 17926 4115 10989 936 2544 241.89 315.30 23.00 58.83 6.04 PP136-M5-8 142085 8120 140105 33110 122625 21473 4334 13109 1228 3743 377.65 475.33 31.39 84.59 7.15 PP136-M5-9 149456 7072 138330 34290 119870 20566 4291 12094 1122 3186 321.94 405.86 28.27 76.45 6.66 PP136-M6-1 131670 8960 140229 32226 120899 21278 4769 13207 1262 3644 337.71 401.05 29.49 82.48 7.54 PP136-M6-2 142964 14049 138403 33434 123119 22960 7182 14928 1630 5245 585.64 869.81 85.43 299.17 29.33 PP136-M6-3 131128 10795 138113 32249 119053 21418 6470 12010 1260 4062 487.06 789.74 80.82 291.19 29.84 PP136-M6-4 151547 14408 135245 32548 130007 24516 6980 15582 1745 5837 620.85 853.64 68.83 214.81 18.52 PP136-M6-5 143568 11045 136920 32523 112602 21158 6772 12953 1332 4309 492.04 791.95 81.73 293.17 29.80 PP136-M6-6 148027 14199 139089 33529 121492 22460 7781 13318 1508 5114 582.09 990.27 101.07 386.33 37.90 PP136-M6-7 141877 10680 143758 33303 120261 21330 6736 12164 1252 4111 489.32 833.96 90.97 369.34 38.05 PP136-M9-2 141418 4523 154080 32501 111916 17452 3645 8845 730 1907 164.18 221.06 17.12 55.88 6.31 PP136-M9-3 147142 4714 147977 32086 113810 18524 3828 9404 762 2067 173.46 235.66 19.98 71.66 7.18 PP136-M9-4 143742 3848 145978 31629 108494 16042 3658 8854 679 1640 135.37 175.36 14.66 46.21 4.81 PP136-M9-5 145371 2861 154758 31688 109579 15590 3397 7760 593 1352 110.13 140.22 11.41 38.80 4.16 PP136-M9-6 141417 3224 142400 31040 110089 16098 3547 8351 638 1578 121.70 150.36 11.62 39.72 4.07 PP136-M9-7 147085 1961 155214 29794 101704 14755 3478 7243 505 995 71.16 81.04 5.81 18.40 1.81 PP136-M10-1 152837 10357 136429 35000 128985 23912 5165 16000 1584 4507 443.62 497.64 33.62 90.74 7.62 PP136-M10-2 157692 7775 143089 34892 130774 24431 4931 15258 1453 3857 341.32 394.76 28.93 84.54 7.73 PP136-M10-3 158377 22443 142850 32840 128969 26233 6323 19784 2400 8197 914.09 1291.84 97.86 251.13 22.91 PP136-M10-4 162473 20587 143758 33706 124631 24979 6395 17131 2164 7282 841.67 1167.62 92.38 256.34 23.92 PP136-M10-5 154685 19650 153778 34078 134650 26195 6315 18762 2136 7263 814.52 1133.61 84.99 244.24 22.86 PP136-M10-6 160797 13036 140970 35918 135820 26682 5492 18212 1993 5780 568.55 637.39 43.14 114.90 10.31 PP136-M10-7 162483 17551 147227 34037 129315 25023 6242 17416 1957 6497 748.98 1033.62 79.91 214.54 19.32 PP136-M10-8 153627 15901 141141 33701 131563 24990 6010 17693 1918 6265 649.87 845.33 59.68 164.75 15.30 PP136-M11-1 152096 5030 148454 33760 123744 18867 3883 11003 928 2229 211.83 251.80 19.61 55.26 5.87 PP136-M11-2 157650 6022 150581 32996 124964 20793 4116 11954 1026 2588 256.99 333.83 23.58 68.29 6.20 PP136-M11-3 160289 6654 147281 33220 124465 20960 4439 12498 1126 2946 280.82 333.08 21.73 56.17 5.49 PP136-M11-4 145218 4773 147037 33340 122377 19422 3578 11543 936 2237 197.58 243.67 18.26 55.05 5.95 PP136-M11-5 160325 5485 147992 34385 127620 20243 4689 12500 1085 2737 221.84 238.48 14.49 37.63 3.26 PP136-M11-6 155847 12247 140182 35207 133397 25216 5717 16152 1652 5067 529.16 665.49 46.06 121.26 10.16 PP136-M12-1 149368 2027 149715 32657 116952 18151 3787 9506 640 1156 76.22 80.36 5.41 16.12 1.82 PP136-M12-3 142208 4606 142348 35105 124804 21529 4563 12321 1030 2508 193.60 160.25 7.38 16.13 1.52 PP136-M12-4 153439 7350 143868 34863 127373 21732 4638 13690 1202 3309 315.71 380.21 25.90 66.92 6.16 PP136-M12-5 152806 7681 140380 33729 127327 21000 4830 12838 1198 3380 336.80 397.10 25.58 68.07 5.93 PP136-M12-6 158019 6991 149261 35274 129854 22209 4789 13321 1182 3199 306.54 340.50 21.13 57.29 5.51 PP136-M12-7 148926 15624 140405 33872 127549 24731 5526 15605 1711 5673 672.21 942.15 76.88 220.55 19.96 PP136-M12-8 161821 17803 139888 35053 128870 24285 5890 16930 1925 6645 803.48 1105.78 86.20 245.74 22.30 226 Spot # P (ppm) Y (ppm) La (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) PP136-M12-9 139715 5482 144324 34000 122474 19476 4319 12014 980 2401 235.79 284.14 23.07 69.09 6.69 PP136-M12-10 146724 5341 138664 33738 123964 21382 4603 12164 1063 2650 226.36 230.25 13.57 33.43 3.24 PP136-M12-11 144971 5178 141899 33139 120031 19830 3789 11347 909 2280 199.88 254.44 20.18 62.55 7.57 PP136-M12-12 143444 2990 151807 33139 117469 18632 3795 10324 718 1530 113.43 131.35 9.52 31.31 3.62 PP136-M13-1 147530 4184 145011 33364 118234 17924 3614 10048 818 1930 161.47 199.21 13.29 46.06 4.59 PP136-M13-2 139674 2676 138661 34253 117652 17185 3659 9672 690 1361 102.90 119.94 11.47 62.02 9.71 PP136-M13-3 156224 6154 147010 33686 116608 20471 4548 12138 1079 2657 246.11 262.16 17.46 53.79 5.95 PP136-M13-4 140372 6580 147719 33078 120314 19522 4528 11907 1049 2870 285.70 339.06 22.20 54.24 4.25 PP136-M13-5 150402 12797 150442 34243 130331 25305 5762 16667 1757 5246 521.45 579.11 32.64 71.54 4.81 PP136-M13-6 143085 11142 135142 33397 124900 24092 5958 16840 1629 4949 464.91 491.76 27.35 55.22 4.12 PP136-M13-7 151564 17120 141741 35085 126578 24813 7993 16627 1892 6063 671.72 824.88 54.80 123.57 8.20 PP136-M14-1 145843 3466 154079 33512 119876 18552 3944 10435 807 1872 143.34 144.26 8.13 19.94 1.60 PP136-M14-2 146307 4198 138708 33703 120323 18937 3664 11180 863 2037 169.09 204.17 15.35 47.38 4.41 PP136-M14-3 139959 4620 143821 33344 119747 19034 4099 11413 920 2367 191.88 176.14 9.13 20.85 1.91 PP136-M14-4 142789 11753 132284 34959 125157 22617 5487 14910 1474 4740 539.29 739.31 54.82 141.51 13.08 PP136-M14-5 143582 4561 147842 35052 123730 19402 3635 10877 844 2033 180.70 233.86 18.00 56.70 6.13 PP136-M14-6 151098 5325 146271 33084 119481 18790 3982 11232 904 2283 250.52 294.62 22.84 62.92 6.52 PP136-M15-1 145185 5637 137647 33926 118078 19161 3291 11615 930 2413 225.49 293.42 23.11 71.31 7.45 PP136-M15-2 146143 5159 145508 32470 119482 18891 3353 10920 879 2172 198.08 256.75 20.80 66.88 6.88 PP136-M15-3 141259 4353 137140 32017 113020 16867 3179 9672 772 1832 169.40 209.51 16.85 55.56 5.87 PP136-M15-4 149666 3022 142414 31284 109697 17277 3425 9044 663 1500 117.89 142.71 11.47 36.01 3.86 PP136-M15-5 147828 2667 153210 32581 115590 17160 3303 9055 635 1368 103.36 119.77 9.49 30.57 3.60 PP136-M15-6 149035 2444 141377 32629 113230 16703 3465 9190 624 1275 92.81 106.34 8.86 28.23 3.35 PP136-M18-1 133052 10155 136059 33840 124847 20969 5058 13085 1310 4124 462.88 670.35 48.77 133.18 11.88 PP136-M18-2 137742 4873 135893 32402 114635 18015 3265 10782 839 2132 186.15 245.72 20.20 58.67 6.31 PP136-M18-3 142404 4367 144212 32151 118562 18313 3706 10937 862 2031 169.86 206.95 15.36 42.45 4.45 PP136-M18-4 134628 3078 141709 32601 119702 18368 3840 10263 798 1722 136.02 131.21 6.85 15.77 1.43 PP136-M18-5 145256 3969 137737 35331 130209 20971 4251 11515 949 2317 165.27 148.91 7.31 14.40 1.26 PP136-M18-6 137907 5441 143533 33835 123658 19785 4394 11896 1003 2648 224.97 237.54 14.52 35.18 3.04 PP136-M18-7 147191 15806 138587 33844 134914 23672 6231 14599 1683 5834 701.74 1041.59 82.15 230.81 20.98 PP136-M18-8 146449 4176 144157 33400 124918 19897 4075 11514 911 2200 169.79 162.71 9.97 27.43 2.73 PP136-M18-9 147223 7882 137242 34244 130485 21821 4874 12410 1202 3451 336.12 431.27 30.55 73.64 6.95 Table D.21: PP136 monazite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP136-M1-1 Between biotite (coarse-grained) and plagioclase in moderate strain zone Y-moderate to enriched core good PP136-M1-2 Y-moderate to enriched core okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M1-3 Y-moderate to enriched core good PP136-M1-4 Y-moderate to enriched core okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M1-5 Y-depleted mantle good PP136-M1-6 Y-depleted mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M5-1 Surrounded by biotite and opaque mineral in moderate strain zone Y-moderate splotch good PP136-M5-2 Y-moderate splotch good PP136-M5-3 Y-moderate splotch good PP136-M5-4 Y-enriched core good PP136-M5-5 Y-enriched core good PP136-M5-6 Y-depleted mantle good PP136-M5-7 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with opaque PP136-M5-8 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with opaque 227 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP136-M5-9 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with opaque PP136-M6-1 Located within cracks in large garnet grain Y-moderate core fair - mostly on Grt PP136-M6-2 Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M6-3 Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M6-4 Y-moderate core good PP136-M6-5 Y-moderate core okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M6-6 Y-moderate core good PP136-M6-7 Y-moderate core good PP136-M9-2 Located in biotite grain in garnet pressure shadow (moderately strained); prominent pleochroic halo surrounds monazite grain Y-moderate mantle fair - mostly on Bt PP136-M9-3 Y-moderate mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M9-4 Y-depleted mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M9-5 Y-depleted mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M9-6 Y-moderate core okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M9-7 Y-depleted mantle good PP136-M10-1 Located along cracks within garnet grain Y-enriched core okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M10-2 Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M10-3 Y-enriched core good PP136-M10-4 Y-enriched core good PP136-M10-5 Y-enriched core okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M10-6 Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M10-7 Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M10-8 Y-depleted rim okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M11-1 Within opaque grain below garnet grain Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with opaque PP136-M11-2 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with opaque PP136-M11-3 Y-depleted mantle and Y-enriched core mix okay - touching edge with opaque PP136-M11-4 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with opaque PP136-M11-5 Y-depleted mantle and Y-enriched core mix good PP136-M11-6 Y-enriched core good PP136-M12-1 Within moderately strained biotite grain; significant pleochroic halo surrounds monazite grain Y-depleted mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M12-3 Y-depleted mantle good PP136-M12-4 Y-moderate mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M12-5 Y-moderate mantle good PP136-M12-6 Y-moderate mantle good PP136-M12-7 Y-enriched core okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M12-8 Y-enriched core good PP136-M12-9 Y-enriched core okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M12-10 Y-moderate mantle good PP136-M12-11 Y-depleted mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M12-12 Y-depleted mantle okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M13-1 At margin of large garnet grain and quartz Y-depleted splotch fair - mostly on Grt / Qtz PP136-M13-2 Y-depleted splotch fair - mostly on Grt / Qtz PP136-M13-3 Y-enriched and depleted splotches mix fair - mostly on Grt / Qtz PP136-M13-4 Y-depleted splotch fair - mostly on Grt / Qtz PP136-M13-5 Y-enriched splotch good PP136-M13-6 Y-enriched splotch good PP136-M13-7 Y-enriched and depleted splotches mix okay - touching edge with Grt PP136-M14-1 Within moderately strained biotite grain that is bent around small garnet; monazite grain is surrounded by pleochroic halo Y-moderate good PP136-M14-2 Y-moderate good PP136-M14-3 Y-moderate good PP136-M14-4 Y-moderate good PP136-M14-5 Y-moderate okay - touching edge with Bt / Qtz 228 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP136-M14-6 Y-moderate good PP136-M15-1 In biotite moderate strain zone, surrounded by biotite and opaques; near M14; monazite surrounded by pleochroic halo Y-depleted core good PP136-M15-2 Y-depleted core okay - touching edge with Bt PP136-M15-3 Y-depleted core good PP136-M15-4 Y-depleted core good PP136-M15-5 Y-moderate rim good PP136-M15-6 Y-moderate rim good PP136-M18-1 Located in biotite moderate strain zone, next to feldspar and recrystallized quartz Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with Fsp PP136-M18-2 Y-moderate rim good PP136-M18-3 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with Fsp PP136-M18-4 Y-depleted mantle good PP136-M18-5 Y-depleted mantle good PP136-M18-6 Y-moderate core good PP136-M18-7 Y-enriched core good PP136-M18-8 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with Fsp PP136-M18-9 Y-enriched splotch good 229 Appendix D.1.2: Monazite SEM Images, EPMA Grain Maps and Laser Spot Locations PP05A EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.1: PP05A M1 EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 230 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.2: PP05A M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 231 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.3: PP05A M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 232 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.4: PP05A M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 233 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.5: PP05A M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 234 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.6: PP05A M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 235 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.7: PP05A M7 EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 236 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.8: PP05A M8 EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 237 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.9: PP05A M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 238 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.10: PP05A M11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 239 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.11: PP05A M12 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 240 PP09B EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.12: PP09B M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 241 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.13: PP09B M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 242 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.14: PP09B M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 243 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.15: PP09B M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 244 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.16: PP09B M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 245 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.17: PP09B M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 246 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.18: PP09B M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 247 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.19: PP09B M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 248 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.20: PP09B M11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 249 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.21: PP09B M12 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 250 PP10C EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.22: PP10C M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 251 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.23: PP10C M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 252 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.24: PP10C M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 253 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.25: PP10C M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 254 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.26: PP10C M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 255 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.27: PP10C M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 256 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.28: PP10C M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 257 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.29: PP10C M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 258 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.30: PP10C M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 259 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.31: PP10C M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 260 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.32: PP10C M11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 261 PP12 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.33: PP12 M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 262 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.34: PP12 M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 263 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.35: PP12 M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 264 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.36: PP12 M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 265 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.37: PP12 M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 266 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.38: PP12 M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 267 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.39: PP12 M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 268 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.40: PP12 M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 269 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 20 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.41: PP12 M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 270 PP15B EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.42: PP15B M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 271 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.43: PP15B M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 272 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.44: PP15B M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 273 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.45: PP15B M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 274 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.46: PP15B M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 275 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.47: PP15B M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 276 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.48: PP15B M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 277 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.49: PP15B M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 278 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.50: PP15B M9 EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 279 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm Approximate locations (on Y map) Figure D.51: PP15B M11 SEM, EPMA images and approximate LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 280 PP117B EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.52: PP117B M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 281 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.53: PP117B M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 282 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.54: PP117B M3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 283 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.55: PP117B M4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 284 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.56: PP117B M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 285 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.57: PP117B M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 286 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.58: PP117B M7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 287 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.59: PP117B M8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 288 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.60: PP117B M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 289 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.61: PP117B M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 290 PP136 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.62: PP136 M1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 291 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.63: PP136 M2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 292 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.64: PP136 M5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 293 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.65: PP136 M6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 294 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.66: PP136 M9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 295 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.67: PP136 M10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 296 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.68: PP136 M11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 297 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.69: PP136 M12 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 298 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.70: PP136 M13 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 299 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.71: PP136 M14 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 300 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.72: PP136 M15 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 301 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 15 µm LA-ICP-MS, reflected light Figure D.73: PP136 M18 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 302 Appendix D.2: Titanite Appendix D.2.1: Titanite U-Pb Data and Grain Location Descriptions PP02B Table D.22: LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data for titanite specimen PP02B. Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/238U 2SE (%) rho 207Pb/235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) PP02B-T1-1 84.3 43.1 1.1 89.3 4.9 0.272 6.8 0.42 8.3 0.0112 4.9 0.59 356 25 71.8 3.5 51.5 3 PP02B-T1-2 88.3 47.5 1.2 90.7 4 0.251 8.3 0.382 9.3 0.01102 4 0.43 329 26 70.7 2.8 52.5 2.8 PP02B-T1-3 66.6 100.5 1.9 65.9 5.6 0.35 7.4 0.732 9.3 0.01516 5.6 0.6 558 40 97 5.4 60.1 4.6 PP02B-T1-4 67.7 102.9 1.8 67.7 4.8 0.333 6.4 0.678 7.9 0.01478 4.8 0.6 526 33 94.6 4.5 60.6 3.8 PP02B-T1-5 75 100.8 2.5 63.5 4.4 0.419 5.9 0.91 7.4 0.01576 4.4 0.6 657 36 100.8 4.4 53.7 4 PP02B-T1-6 74.3 100.9 2 69.2 4.2 0.349 6.9 0.695 8.1 0.01446 4.2 0.53 536 34 92.5 3.9 57.5 3.7 PP02B-T1-7 53 17 2.5 47.2 6.8 0.567 6.2 1.66 9.2 0.0212 6.8 0.74 991 58 135.1 9.1 46.7 6.8 PP02B-T1-8 58.1 39.1 1.2 80.7 4.7 0.333 7.3 0.568 8.7 0.01239 4.7 0.54 457 32 79.4 3.7 50.9 3.4 PP02B-T1-9 69.6 27.7 2 63.3 4.3 0.43 6.3 0.935 7.6 0.01579 4.3 0.56 670 37 101 4.3 52.4 4.1 PP02B-T1-10 67.9 29.8 1.2 81.3 4.6 0.34 6.7 0.576 8.1 0.0123 4.6 0.57 462 30 78.8 3.6 49.8 3.2 PP02B-T1-11 94.5 44.9 1.9 81.2 4.4 0.388 6.4 0.658 7.8 0.01231 4.4 0.57 513 31 78.9 3.5 45 3.2 PP02B-T1-12 71.3 40.3 1.1 90.3 4.2 0.335 8 0.511 9.1 0.01107 4.2 0.47 419 31 71 3 45.2 3.1 PP02B-T2-1 79.2 20.5 6.9 31.3 7.2 0.644 4.1 2.83 8.3 0.0319 7.2 0.87 1365 62 203 14 50.5 7.7 PP02B-T2-2 69.5 15.9 11 17.5 39 0.685 6.7 5.4 40 0.057 39 0.99 1880 340 360 140 72 35 PP02B-T2-3 85.2 22.3 13.3 19 7.4 0.723 3.3 5.23 8.1 0.0525 7.4 0.91 1858 69 330 24 50 11 PP02B-T2-4 99 32.7 4.3 49 3.4 0.497 4.4 1.399 5.5 0.02042 3.4 0.61 888 33 130.3 4.3 56.6 4.1 PP02B-T2-5 100.1 38.2 7 36.3 7.8 0.607 5.8 2.3 9.7 0.0275 7.8 0.8 1213 69 175 13 51.8 8.8 PP02B-T2-6 123.6 51.8 2.6 72.7 3.3 0.376 4.6 0.712 5.7 0.01375 3.3 0.59 546 24 88 2.9 51.6 2.6 PP02B-T2-7 89.3 19.8 6.2 37.9 7.8 0.599 4.4 2.18 9 0.0264 7.8 0.87 1173 62 168 13 51.4 6.9 PP02B-T2-8 123.5 30.8 6.1 46.2 5.3 0.547 4 1.63 6.6 0.0217 5.3 0.8 983 41 138.1 7.2 51.2 4.6 PP02B-T3-1 47.7 121.4 4.4 32.9 3.7 0.642 4.4 2.69 5.8 0.0304 3.7 0.65 1325 43 193 7.1 48.6 7.1 PP02B-T3-2 69.8 107.9 2.1 63.6 4.1 0.378 7 0.818 8.2 0.01572 4.1 0.51 607 37 100.6 4.1 58.8 4.1 PP02B-T3-3 100.8 75.9 1.2 93.9 4.1 0.235 6.6 0.344 7.7 0.01065 4.1 0.53 300 20 68.3 2.8 52.2 2.5 PP02B-T3-4 63.7 161.9 2 75.7 4.3 0.346 7.8 0.629 8.9 0.01321 4.3 0.49 496 35 84.6 3.7 52.8 3.7 PP02B-T3-5 88.5 163.3 2.1 76 3.9 0.304 5.7 0.552 6.9 0.01316 3.9 0.56 446 25 84.3 3.2 57.1 2.9 PP02B-T3-6 130.8 68.2 8.7 38 22 0.485 13 1.76 26 0.0263 22 0.87 1030 170 168 37 76 21 PP02B-T3-7 110.5 91.6 2.8 68.9 4.4 0.352 5.9 0.704 7.4 0.01451 4.4 0.6 541 31 92.9 4.1 57.3 3.5 PP02B-T3-8 102.7 49.9 2.9 66.9 4.1 0.434 5.8 0.893 7.1 0.01495 4.1 0.58 648 34 95.6 3.9 49.1 3.6 PP02B-T3-9 124.9 89 1.6 91.1 3.7 0.246 5.8 0.373 6.9 0.01098 3.7 0.54 322 19 70.4 2.6 52.8 2.3 PP02B-T4-1 78.1 11.9 0.9 95.5 5.3 0.297 8.3 0.428 9.9 0.01047 5.3 0.53 362 30 67.1 3.5 46 3.2 PP02B-T4-2 82.4 12.1 0.9 92.3 4.3 0.278 7.9 0.415 9 0.01083 4.3 0.48 353 27 69.5 3 49.3 2.9 PP02B-T4-3 79.1 12.4 1 91.7 5.2 0.273 7.5 0.41 9.1 0.01091 5.2 0.57 349 27 69.9 3.6 50.1 3.2 PP02B-T4-4 84 12.8 0.9 95.8 4.9 0.283 6.8 0.406 8.4 0.01043 4.9 0.58 346 25 66.9 3.3 47.1 2.8 PP02B-T4-5 47 57.6 1.9 54.7 4.1 0.497 5.9 1.251 7.2 0.01827 4.1 0.57 824 41 116.7 4.8 50.6 4.8 PP02B-T4-6 96.7 81.8 2 75.4 3.7 0.326 6.3 0.597 7.3 0.01327 3.7 0.51 475 28 85 3.2 55.1 3 PP02B-T4-7 57.6 26.9 2 53.9 16 0.424 12 1.09 20 0.0186 16 0.79 750 110 119 19 62 12 PP02B-T4-8 31 18.9 1.1 55.5 5.8 0.461 8 1.14 9.9 0.018 5.8 0.59 774 54 115.2 6.6 55.3 6.3 303 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/238U 2SE (%) rho 207Pb/235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) PP02B-T4-9 132.9 48.4 1.9 88 5.1 0.261 8.2 0.408 9.7 0.01136 5.1 0.53 347 28 72.8 3.7 53.3 3.3 PP02B-T4-10 120.2 46.6 1.5 87.6 4.1 0.27 5.8 0.424 7.1 0.01141 4.1 0.58 359 21 73.1 3 52.6 2.6 PP02B-T4-11 42.1 37.2 1.4 60 4.9 0.446 7 1.024 8.5 0.01666 4.9 0.58 716 44 106.5 5.2 53 4.9 PP02B-T4-12 41.6 43 1.5 56.9 5.3 0.439 8.1 1.06 9.7 0.01758 5.3 0.55 735 51 112.3 5.9 57 5.9 PP02B-T5-1 170.4 38.2 1.3 102.5 4.4 0.194 6.3 0.261 7.7 0.00976 4.4 0.58 236 16 62.6 2.8 51 2.4 PP02B-T5-2 159.5 46.1 1.2 102.3 4.1 0.188 6.3 0.253 7.5 0.00977 4.1 0.55 229 15 62.7 2.6 51.6 2.3 PP02B-T5-3 104.5 48.8 1.5 83.6 3.7 0.26 5.2 0.428 6.4 0.01196 3.7 0.58 362 19 76.6 2.8 56.2 2.5 PP02B-T5-4 107.9 48.9 1.7 81.4 4.5 0.282 5.5 0.477 7.1 0.01228 4.5 0.63 396 23 78.7 3.5 55.5 2.9 PP02B-T5-5 49.2 51 1.2 67.5 4.7 0.333 7.6 0.68 8.9 0.01481 4.7 0.53 527 37 94.7 4.4 60.7 4.1 PP02B-T5-6 62.7 75 2 61.7 4.7 0.374 5.9 0.835 7.5 0.01622 4.7 0.62 617 35 103.7 4.8 61.2 4 PP02B-T5-7 133.3 39.8 1.2 96.7 4.3 0.209 6.5 0.297 7.8 0.01034 4.3 0.55 264 18 66.3 2.8 52.8 2.5 PP02B-T5-8 125 38.6 1.6 86.5 3.8 0.263 5.4 0.419 6.6 0.01157 3.8 0.57 356 20 74.1 2.8 54 2.4 PP02B-T5-9 91.6 115.8 2.2 77.2 4.4 0.347 5.4 0.619 7 0.01295 4.4 0.63 489 27 82.9 3.6 51.7 3 PP02B-T5-10 97.9 105.6 1.8 78.9 3.7 0.289 5.5 0.505 6.6 0.01268 3.7 0.56 415 22 81.2 3 56.6 2.6 PP02B-T5-11 96.9 110.6 1.9 78.8 4 0.264 5.9 0.463 7.1 0.01269 4 0.56 386 23 81.3 3.2 59.1 2.8 PP02B-T5-12 111.3 51.4 1.4 90.3 4.6 0.245 7.1 0.373 8.5 0.01107 4.6 0.55 322 23 71 3.3 53.4 2.9 PP02B-T5-13 94.5 19.1 1.1 92.4 4.2 0.26 6.6 0.388 7.9 0.01082 4.2 0.54 333 22 69.4 2.9 50.8 2.6 PP02B-T5-14 83.8 17.2 1 88.6 4 0.275 6 0.428 7.2 0.01129 4 0.55 362 22 72.4 2.9 51.6 2.5 PP02B-T6-1 56.6 66.8 2.2 61.4 5.2 0.461 6.9 1.033 8.6 0.01628 5.2 0.6 720 44 104.1 5.4 49.9 4.9 PP02B-T6-2 60.2 48 1.4 71.5 4.1 0.4 11 0.772 12 0.01399 4.1 0.35 581 51 89.6 3.6 49.7 5.3 PP02B-T6-3 139.5 61.8 5.4 55.2 7.3 0.498 5.5 1.24 9.2 0.0181 7.3 0.8 820 52 115.6 8.4 50 5.4 PP02B-T6-4 161.4 54.2 1.6 101.4 3.9 0.228 7.5 0.31 8.5 0.00986 3.9 0.46 275 20 63.2 2.5 48.8 2.3 PP02B-T6-5 157.8 58.6 1.1 112.1 3.7 0.1775 5.3 0.218 6.5 0.00892 3.7 0.57 200 12 57.3 2.1 47.9 1.9 PP02B-T6-6 157.7 66 2 90.4 3.6 0.26 6 0.396 6.9 0.01106 3.6 0.51 338 20 70.9 2.5 51.9 2.3 PP02B-T6-7 98.5 60.3 1.8 86.3 4.2 0.331 5.1 0.529 6.6 0.01159 4.2 0.64 431 23 74.3 3.1 47.7 2.5 PP02B-T6-8 151.5 86.9 1.6 98.8 4 0.258 5.1 0.36 6.5 0.01013 4 0.62 312 17 64.9 2.6 47.7 2.2 PP02B-T6-9 113.6 116.6 2.4 72.5 3.8 0.316 5.5 0.601 6.7 0.01379 3.8 0.56 478 25 88.3 3.3 58.5 2.9 PP02B-T6-10 109.7 99.2 1.8 82.9 3.7 0.269 5.5 0.447 6.6 0.01206 3.7 0.56 375 21 77.3 2.9 55.7 2.5 PP02B-T6-11 145.3 72.4 1.3 111.3 3.7 0.208 7.7 0.258 8.6 0.00899 3.7 0.43 233 18 57.7 2.1 46 2.1 PP02B-T6-12 125.2 70.1 1.6 95.2 4.1 0.264 6 0.382 7.3 0.0105 4.1 0.57 328 20 67.3 2.8 49 2.4 PP02B-T6-13 99.8 79.2 2.1 75.9 4.2 0.306 6.5 0.556 7.7 0.01317 4.2 0.54 449 28 84.3 3.5 56.9 3.2 PP02B-T6-14 99.2 72.4 1.6 83 3.8 0.25 5.2 0.416 6.4 0.01205 3.8 0.59 353 19 77.2 2.9 57.5 2.5 PP02B-T6-15 94.6 78.1 1.5 83.3 3.6 0.27 5 0.446 6.1 0.01201 3.6 0.58 375 19 77 2.7 55.4 2.4 PP02B-T6-16 70.8 52.4 1.6 78.5 4.4 0.36 5.4 0.632 7 0.01274 4.4 0.63 498 27 81.6 3.5 49.5 2.9 PP02B-T6-17 63.9 49.1 1.5 75.8 5.4 0.369 7.4 0.672 9.2 0.0132 5.4 0.59 522 37 84.5 4.6 50.2 4 PP02B-T6-18 98.9 93.1 1.7 81.5 3.7 0.258 6.6 0.437 7.5 0.01228 3.7 0.49 368 23 78.7 2.9 57.8 2.7 PP02B-T7-1 51.9 107.4 2 60.7 4.6 0.436 6.1 0.99 7.6 0.01649 4.6 0.61 699 39 105.4 4.8 53.9 4.3 PP02B-T7-2 95 236 4.4 52.8 4.5 0.445 4.9 1.16 6.6 0.01893 4.5 0.67 782 36 120.9 5.3 60.5 4.3 PP02B-T7-3 64.2 139.4 1.9 72.2 3.5 0.293 5.9 0.56 6.9 0.01386 3.5 0.52 451 25 88.7 3.1 61.3 2.9 PP02B-T7-4 68.3 119.2 1.8 80.5 5.2 0.336 6.5 0.576 8.3 0.01242 5.2 0.63 462 31 79.6 4.1 50.6 3.4 PP02B-T7-5 63 114.2 1.9 68.2 4.1 0.39 6.2 0.788 7.5 0.01467 4.1 0.55 590 33 93.9 3.8 53.5 3.6 PP02B-T7-6 187.6 143.1 1.7 101.2 3.8 0.164 7.2 0.224 8.1 0.00988 3.8 0.46 205 15 63.4 2.4 54 2.2 PP02B-T7-7 195.9 155.3 2.4 92.4 4 0.214 5.7 0.319 6.9 0.01082 4 0.58 281 17 69.4 2.7 54.8 2.4 PP02B-T7-8 184.6 147.3 4.5 69.5 3.5 0.352 4.7 0.697 5.8 0.01438 3.5 0.59 537 24 92.1 3.2 56.8 2.7 PP02B-T7-9 191.9 150 1.8 99.6 4.1 0.172 5.8 0.238 7.1 0.01004 4.1 0.57 217 14 64.4 2.6 54.3 2.4 PP02B-T7-10 161.8 219.4 2.5 99.7 4.1 0.246 7.4 0.341 8.4 0.01003 4.1 0.48 298 22 64.3 2.6 48.2 2.5 PP02B-T7-11 105.4 137.4 3.9 59.8 5.5 0.493 5.4 1.136 7.7 0.01673 5.5 0.72 771 41 106.9 5.8 46.9 4.4 PP02B-T7-12 168.9 201.4 3 88.1 4 0.285 6.2 0.445 7.4 0.01135 4 0.55 374 23 72.7 2.9 51 2.6 PP02B-T7-13 138 157.6 5.5 58 5.4 0.501 5.8 1.191 7.9 0.01724 5.4 0.68 796 44 110.2 5.9 47.2 4.8 304 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/238U 2SE (%) rho 207Pb/235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) PP02B-T7-14 147.3 117.2 3.7 68.9 7.1 0.388 8 0.776 11 0.0145 7.1 0.67 583 48 92.9 6.6 53.1 5.2 PP02B-T7-15 164.7 112.5 4.6 68.6 5.3 0.381 6 0.765 8.1 0.01458 5.3 0.66 577 35 93.3 4.9 54.2 3.9 PP02B-T7-16 117.8 119.3 1.6 101.4 4.1 0.248 6.8 0.336 7.9 0.00986 4.1 0.52 294 20 63.2 2.6 47.3 2.4 PP02B-T7-17 128.1 118.3 2 86.8 3.6 0.269 5.9 0.426 6.9 0.01152 3.6 0.52 361 21 73.8 2.6 53.3 2.4 PP02B-T7-18 71.2 128.8 1.8 75.5 4.2 0.323 6.7 0.59 7.9 0.01325 4.2 0.53 471 30 84.8 3.5 55.4 3.3 PP02B-T8-1 115 140.1 6.9 42.1 7.7 0.556 4.7 1.82 9 0.0237 7.7 0.85 1052 59 151 11 54.5 6.5 PP02B-T8-2 100.1 117.8 7.8 34.8 7.3 0.61 3.2 2.42 8 0.0288 7.3 0.91 1248 57 183 13 53.5 6 PP02B-T8-3 162.5 170.4 2.4 98.7 4 0.246 6.5 0.343 7.6 0.01013 4 0.52 300 20 65 2.6 48.7 2.3 PP02B-T8-4 91.4 86.9 1.7 86.3 4.2 0.311 6.1 0.497 7.4 0.01159 4.2 0.57 410 25 74.3 3.1 49.6 2.7 PP02B-T8-5 54.8 138.8 2.6 55.9 4.2 0.454 5.1 1.12 6.6 0.01789 4.2 0.63 763 36 114.3 4.7 55.8 4.1 PP02B-T8-6 52.5 115.6 2.2 57.6 4.3 0.416 7.1 0.995 8.3 0.01736 4.3 0.52 701 42 111 4.8 59.6 4.9 PP02B-T8-7 55.8 144.7 2.5 54.5 3.8 0.409 5.8 1.035 6.9 0.01836 3.8 0.54 722 36 117.3 4.4 64 4.3 PP02B-T8-8 43.3 109.3 2 52.5 4.7 0.394 7.9 1.035 9.1 0.01904 4.7 0.51 721 47 121.6 5.6 68.6 5.7 PP02B-T8-9 97.2 59 1.5 83.3 5.3 0.263 6.8 0.434 8.6 0.012 5.3 0.61 366 27 76.9 4 56.1 3.4 PP02B-T8-10 130.1 100.8 1.7 92.3 4 0.219 6.5 0.326 7.6 0.01083 4 0.53 287 19 69.4 2.8 54.5 2.5 PP02B-T8-11 129.9 86.3 1.6 92.4 4 0.219 4.8 0.327 6.3 0.01083 4 0.64 287 16 69.4 2.8 54.4 2.4 PP02B-T8-12 116.1 84.2 1.7 89 4.7 0.273 7.4 0.423 8.8 0.01123 4.7 0.54 358 26 72 3.4 51.6 3 PP02B-T8-13 113.7 64.4 1.6 92.3 4 0.28 6.9 0.418 8 0.01084 4 0.51 354 24 69.5 2.8 49.2 2.6 PP02B-T8-14 103.2 64 1.3 98.4 4.1 0.259 5.4 0.362 6.8 0.01017 4.1 0.6 314 18 65.2 2.6 47.8 2.3 PP02B-T9-1 53.6 11.7 3.5 39.8 3.4 0.594 4.5 2.05 5.6 0.02511 3.4 0.61 1134 39 159.9 5.4 49.9 5.6 PP02B-T9-2 102 22.3 1.2 84.5 4 0.254 9.3 0.413 10 0.01183 4 0.39 351 30 75.8 3 56.2 3.2 PP02B-T9-3 69.2 5.7 2.1 61.9 3.8 0.469 4.9 1.044 6.2 0.01616 3.8 0.61 726 32 103.3 3.9 48.5 3.5 PP02B-T9-4 59.8 5.9 3 42.3 5 0.554 4.5 1.81 6.7 0.0237 5 0.74 1048 44 150.7 7.4 54.7 5.5 PP02B-T9-5 74.9 7.4 2.7 56.9 4.5 0.487 4.5 1.179 6.4 0.01759 4.5 0.70 791 35 112.4 5 50.3 3.9 PP02B-T9-6 46.9 11.5 1.4 61.4 4.6 0.432 6.5 0.97 8 0.01629 4.6 0.57 688 40 104.2 4.7 53.7 4.4 PP02B-T9-7 52 10.4 2 53.5 6.1 0.486 9 1.25 11 0.0187 6.1 0.56 825 61 119.5 7.2 53.6 7.4 PP02B-T9-8 45.4 8.3 1.1 70.3 4.3 0.411 5.8 0.805 7.2 0.01422 4.3 0.59 600 33 91 3.9 49.4 3.5 PP02B-T9-9 44.4 7.9 1 76.5 3.6 0.406 6.6 0.731 7.6 0.01307 3.6 0.48 557 32 83.7 3 45.9 3.3 PP02B-T9-10 73.1 68.8 1.4 75.9 3.7 0.294 5.5 0.534 6.6 0.01317 3.7 0.56 435 23 84.3 3.1 58.1 2.7 PP02B-T9-11 62 17.5 1.1 76.8 3.3 0.32 5.9 0.573 6.8 0.01301 3.3 0.49 460 25 83.4 2.8 54.8 2.7 PP02B-T9-12 50.4 26 2.6 45.8 6.2 0.521 5.5 1.57 8.3 0.0218 6.2 0.75 958 51 139.2 8.5 56.3 6.1 PP02B-T9-13 93.1 86.9 1.9 77.3 3.4 0.293 6.2 0.522 7.1 0.01294 3.4 0.48 426 25 82.9 2.8 57.3 2.7 PP02B-T9-14 56 56.3 3.1 43.9 6.3 0.531 6.5 1.67 9.1 0.0228 6.3 0.70 996 58 145.2 9.1 56.9 7.3 PP02B-T9-15 52.4 59.4 2.8 44.4 4.9 0.487 5.9 1.51 7.7 0.0225 4.9 0.63 936 47 143.7 6.9 64.3 6.1 PP02B-T9-16 57.6 68.8 2.7 49 5.1 0.5 5.1 1.41 7.2 0.0204 5.1 0.71 892 43 130.3 6.6 56.2 5.1 PP02B-T9-17 85.4 30.9 1.3 77.4 3.5 0.264 4.6 0.47 5.8 0.01291 3.5 0.61 391 19 82.7 2.9 60.2 2.5 PP02B-T9-18 62.8 6.6 1.8 62.1 3.9 0.424 6.1 0.942 7.3 0.0161 3.9 0.54 674 36 103 4 54.1 4 PP02B-T10-1 82 28.2 3.4 51.1 5.3 0.496 6.4 1.34 8.3 0.0196 5.3 0.64 863 48 125 6.5 54.4 5.8 PP02B-T10-2 107 44.9 1.8 76 3.7 0.302 5.2 0.548 6.4 0.01316 3.7 0.58 444 23 84.3 3.1 57.3 2.7 PP02B-T10-3 77 54.9 1.3 79.4 4.3 0.26 7.1 0.451 8.3 0.01259 4.3 0.52 378 26 80.6 3.4 59.1 3.1 PP02B-T10-4 67 54.7 1.3 78.2 3.8 0.318 5.5 0.56 6.7 0.01279 3.8 0.57 452 24 81.9 3.1 54 2.7 PP02B-T10-5 75.4 31.2 2.5 59.4 5.2 0.447 5.7 1.037 7.7 0.01683 5.2 0.67 723 40 107.6 5.5 53.5 4.4 PP02B-T10-6 66 98.9 1.5 74.7 3.7 0.275 5 0.507 6.2 0.01339 3.7 0.60 416 21 85.7 3.2 61.2 2.7 PP02B-T10-7 72.5 115 1.9 69 4.1 0.287 6.5 0.573 7.6 0.01449 4.1 0.53 460 28 92.7 3.8 64.8 3.4 PP02B-T10-8 72.6 108.3 1.6 73.4 4.6 0.257 6 0.482 7.6 0.01363 4.6 0.61 400 25 87.3 4 64.3 3.4 PP02B-T10-9 114.6 121.8 2.2 77.4 4.4 0.253 6.8 0.451 8.1 0.01292 4.4 0.54 378 26 82.8 3.6 61.4 3.2 PP02B-T11-1 73.6 16.4 2.2 59.8 5.1 0.413 8.5 0.951 9.9 0.01671 5.1 0.51 679 49 106.9 5.4 57.8 5.6 PP02B-T11-3 81.9 83.6 1.2 78.5 4.3 0.206 6.1 0.362 7.4 0.01274 4.3 0.58 314 20 81.6 3.5 65.3 3.1 305 Spot # U (ppm) Th (ppm) Pb (ppm) 238U/206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/206Pb 2SE (%) 207Pb/235U 2SE (%) 206Pb/238U 2SE (%) rho 207Pb/235U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/238U Age (Ma) 2SE (abs) 206Pb/238U Age* (Ma) 207 Corr 2SE (abs) PP02B-T11-4 88.4 93.1 1.5 82 3.9 0.235 4.9 0.395 6.2 0.01219 3.9 0.62 338 18 78.1 3 59.7 2.6 PP02B-T11-5 161.9 139.9 1.7 90.9 3.9 0.1711 5.6 0.259 6.8 0.011 3.9 0.57 234 14 70.5 2.7 59.5 2.4 PP02B-T11-6 99.4 35.3 2 73.5 4.3 0.346 5.9 0.649 7.3 0.01361 4.3 0.58 508 29 87.1 3.7 54.4 3.2 PP02B-T11-7 86.1 16.6 4 47.5 5.4 0.553 4.2 1.6 6.9 0.021 5.4 0.79 971 43 134.2 7.2 48.8 4.8 PP02B-T11-8 82.6 16.2 5.1 35.6 4.8 0.538 5.3 2.08 7.2 0.0281 4.8 0.67 1142 49 178.4 8.5 68.7 7.3 PP02B-T12-1 64.2 13.8 1.2 68.8 6.5 0.315 8.8 0.631 11 0.01453 6.5 0.60 497 43 93 6 61.7 5.2 PP02B-T12-2 76.8 15.7 2 62.1 3.1 0.425 5.1 0.945 6 0.01612 3.1 0.53 675 29 103.1 3.2 54 3.3 PP02B-T12-4 74.9 7.6 1.4 71.2 6.1 0.343 8.1 0.664 10 0.01404 6.1 0.60 517 41 89.9 5.4 56.4 4.6 PP02B-T12-5 85.2 20.6 1.1 82.2 3.8 0.259 6.4 0.435 7.5 0.01217 3.8 0.51 367 23 78 3 57.2 2.7 PP02B-T13-1 71.4 12.2 1 77.8 4.9 0.319 6.9 0.565 8.5 0.01286 4.9 0.58 455 31 82.3 4 54.2 3.5 PP02B-T13-2 74.1 13.9 1 82.5 4.7 0.285 7.1 0.476 8.5 0.01212 4.7 0.55 395 28 77.7 3.6 54.5 3.2 PP02B-T13-3 81.7 15.9 1.1 79.1 3.7 0.287 6.1 0.5 7.1 0.01265 3.7 0.52 412 24 81 3 56.6 2.7 PP02B-T13-4 65 12.5 2 54.1 5.2 0.431 7.4 1.098 9 0.0185 5.2 0.58 752 48 118.1 6.1 61.3 5.7 PP02B-T13-5 96.8 18.5 1 91.9 4 0.25 6.4 0.375 7.5 0.01088 4 0.53 323 21 69.8 2.8 52 2.5 PP02B-T13-6 85.2 15.9 1 86 4.7 0.274 6.5 0.44 8 0.01163 4.7 0.59 370 25 74.6 3.5 53.3 3 Table D.23: LA-ICP-MS element concentration data for titanite specimen PP02B. Spot # Sr (ppm) Y (ppm) Zr (ppm) Zr 2SE% La (ppm) Ce (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) Ta (ppm) PP02B-T1-1 52.5 2185 305 12 99.3 464 116.4 660 308 74.9 363 60.3 427 83.4 228.6 31.4 191.7 23.1 17.65 115.7 PP02B-T1-2 51.1 1910 272 14 98.2 456 109 621 274 67.2 323 52.4 373 72.5 203 28 176.3 21.2 14.06 91.6 PP02B-T1-3 62.4 525 226.5 7.4 114.5 413 71.5 302 87.2 46.5 80.3 12.28 86.7 17.14 50.4 7.46 50.3 6.32 7.03 81.7 PP02B-T1-4 58.7 507 216.7 7.4 109.2 377 66.9 285 84.4 45.6 75.8 11.81 83.5 16 48.8 7.6 49.8 6.11 6.72 78.6 PP02B-T1-5 57.9 623 282.9 7.6 109.1 410 73.7 337 109.2 49.2 100.4 16.01 111.4 20.98 61.6 9.44 60.9 7.43 11.26 138.5 PP02B-T1-6 57.6 522 221.8 7.4 109.2 397 69 296.8 87.6 46 79.9 12.15 87.1 16.66 49.2 7.55 52 6.31 6.52 82.6 PP02B-T1-7 37.8 1952 173.7 6.7 57.3 288.1 66.6 375 177.4 59.2 231 40.7 322 67.9 202.7 29.6 200.7 26.2 10.27 98 PP02B-T1-8 47.6 1517 193.9 6.5 64.1 278.7 61.3 352 173.2 58.4 225.4 40.1 292.5 56.3 148.8 19.46 113.3 12.38 11.35 137.6 PP02B-T1-9 24.95 862 166.3 4.8 68 363 86.6 472 171.7 62.1 168.7 23.1 156.2 30.4 87 12.69 91.8 12.79 7.15 6.63 PP02B-T1-10 23.6 675 176.8 6.8 73.2 370 80.5 415 134.6 59.8 122.8 17.75 117 22.7 64.9 9.69 72.6 10.29 7.38 8.91 PP02B-T1-11 33.3 740 250 8.2 104.1 467 92.8 433 126.8 70.3 113.5 16.58 112.1 22.65 68.3 10.7 78.2 10.85 11.82 31.44 PP02B-T1-12 23.89 476 196.1 6 94.9 446 90.6 423 114.1 64 95.6 12.75 82.1 15.79 45.9 7.14 53.9 8.48 6.88 3.97 PP02B-T2-1 47.3 1679 288.7 8.5 106.9 488 109.5 599 222.7 62.3 253.6 41 286 56.3 161.9 23.6 153.6 19.13 17.26 48.7 306 Spot # Sr (ppm) Y (ppm) Zr (ppm) Zr 2SE% La (ppm) Ce (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) Ta (ppm) PP02B-T2-2 48.8 2320 311 13 92.3 440 103.5 581 256 69.7 310 54.4 381 80 238 35.8 226 27.5 19.9 77.4 PP02B-T2-3 38.5 1520 253.1 6.9 104.7 493 110.7 604 228 56.8 255.3 40.3 271.8 52.5 146.6 20.45 128.4 15.53 15.63 45.9 PP02B-T2-4 56.4 1098 302.1 9.7 137.9 622 134.6 697 246.1 59.8 250.7 38 237.3 42.1 108.2 13.55 80 8.54 18.28 63.8 PP02B-T2-5 54.7 1042 312 11 138.6 612 128.9 653 229.5 58.1 222.4 35.2 216.8 39.2 103 13.15 77.2 8.49 18.67 53.8 PP02B-T2-6 57.3 1312 326 11 166.8 729 156 815 288 66.2 288 45.4 280.8 49.5 129 16.39 92.1 10.34 20.5 117.9 PP02B-T2-7 35.9 1913 220.8 6.1 78.9 420 101.6 588 234.6 61 269.6 47.2 324 66.9 201.5 29.61 199.3 26.5 16.35 54.8 PP02B-T2-8 40.5 1937 255.3 8.5 112.3 567 127.9 693 263.8 69.9 295 50.6 341 69.4 202.8 29.8 201.9 25.73 17.53 57 PP02B-T3-1 49.5 188.9 176.5 5.9 122.3 389 59.2 233.9 54.2 32.6 40.9 6.29 35.1 6.1 18.03 2.58 18.7 2.35 6.07 18.93 PP02B-T3-2 53.8 476 184.9 5.9 117.9 462 85.3 382 107.5 47.5 91.5 14.65 87.9 16.62 46.2 6.72 43.7 5.91 7.39 55.6 PP02B-T3-3 53.2 1208 243.5 9.2 116.4 516 111.8 601 234 62.1 248 41.1 254 45.4 121.6 16.1 99.9 11.84 12.09 55.1 PP02B-T3-4 58.2 291 227.1 7.6 159.4 542 83.3 338 77.9 42.9 59.8 8.97 52.5 9.51 27.3 3.96 28 3.66 9.31 34.1 PP02B-T3-5 60.5 652 214 8.2 182.8 709 129.3 602 174.1 60.7 150.5 23.31 138 24.74 64 8.86 55.8 7.11 9.59 63.8 PP02B-T3-6 47.5 1699 267 9.6 123.9 578 128.2 715 289.9 70.1 313.8 54.4 334 62.5 170.4 22.32 135.1 16.05 14.76 89.1 PP02B-T3-7 52.1 1138 225 8.3 132 597 125.9 653 234.4 60.4 236.7 39.6 233.1 43.1 117.4 15.49 96.8 11.87 10.94 46.1 PP02B-T3-8 70 1568 244.6 8.9 98.4 461 101.8 562 227.2 65 261 47.8 299 58.7 160.8 22.01 134 15.97 13.62 76.8 PP02B-T3-9 51.5 1190 248 10 123.5 560 121.2 649 240 65 239.1 40 241 44 118.3 15.78 100.2 12.03 11.93 40.2 PP02B-T4-1 43.4 1718 176.8 7.9 55.8 327 78.4 442 200.3 70 240.5 47.7 325 64 179.5 23.4 136.6 14.6 13.72 112.1 PP02B-T4-2 43.7 1739 174.7 9.4 59.9 343 81.5 460 210 68.3 254 49.8 328 64.8 179.1 23.2 140.1 14.84 13.3 105.6 PP02B-T4-3 48.3 1685 176.2 8.9 57.3 326 77.3 453 197 68.4 242 48.4 317 64 177 23.1 135.1 14.93 13.6 123.3 PP02B-T4-4 42.9 1655 176 11 58.8 334 78.2 446 198 64.9 232 45.6 308 59.8 163.7 21.7 126.7 13.89 13.16 111.8 PP02B-T4-5 46.2 299 153.3 7.4 94.1 379 59.6 245 60.1 30.2 48 8.17 52.2 10.93 34.7 5.37 38.8 4.51 5.67 43.5 PP02B-T4-6 51 223 181 11 105.3 383 58.3 217 48 28.3 35.8 5.84 36.2 7.46 24 3.93 28.7 3.68 8.03 173.4 PP02B-T4-7 51.5 796 207.7 9.2 98.6 478 97.3 484 157.4 46 148 24.2 151.7 29.6 89 13.27 88 9.88 12.05 42.3 PP02B-T4-8 50.3 885 220 11 81 394 81.4 399 141.4 47.6 139.2 24.6 155.2 31.6 98.8 14.9 97.4 11.11 11.53 50.3 PP02B-T4-9 89.2 950 263 13 152.1 719 140.4 688 204.4 54.8 186.1 28.8 174.4 34.7 101.1 14.99 101.6 12.61 15.1 34.7 PP02B-T4-10 48.1 852 260 13 140.7 649 121.3 573 166.1 51.2 143.3 23.6 147.3 29.8 95.8 14.33 97.9 12.73 13.41 38.6 307 Spot # Sr (ppm) Y (ppm) Zr (ppm) Zr 2SE% La (ppm) Ce (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) Ta (ppm) PP02B-T4-11 37.1 246 123.3 4.6 73.4 269 43.3 168.9 41.2 24.52 34 5.77 39.5 7.19 26.1 4.41 30.4 3.65 5.6 27.03 PP02B-T4-12 35.5 229 132.3 6.3 82.4 291 46.2 173.9 40.3 24.4 32.4 5.45 35.2 7.33 23.7 3.91 28.6 3.61 5.1 23.6 PP02B-T5-1 32.8 1910 162.8 6.2 93.8 503 113.4 614 246.9 56.2 277 50.2 342 67.5 197.1 28.6 191.8 22.71 13.24 96.7 PP02B-T5-2 29.3 1313 178 6.7 101.1 542 114.8 581 199 57.9 204.6 33.7 220.1 44.5 130 19.44 137.3 16.98 11.87 40.8 PP02B-T5-3 43 855 205.6 9.6 106.6 513 106.5 549 192.4 40.2 184.1 28.6 170.5 31.7 82.1 10.3 63 7.15 12.52 29.7 PP02B-T5-4 40.3 821 206.7 9.6 102.3 498 105.5 558 186.1 39.5 181.7 28.4 171.1 31.1 81.1 10.21 61 6.71 12.55 29.3 PP02B-T5-5 40.5 257 144.2 6.5 95 362 60.4 255.9 65.2 26.4 53.8 8.28 49.3 9.33 26.1 3.68 24.72 3.02 6.1 22.32 PP02B-T5-6 51.5 286 158.6 5.8 141.6 503 76.4 317 75.6 29.7 59.2 9.11 53.8 9.77 27.8 3.88 26.3 3.02 6.88 57.6 PP02B-T5-7 37.6 1225 219.1 9.7 100.4 503 111.5 576 214.6 55.6 230.4 38 238 46.1 121.9 16.45 105.7 12.6 14.53 62.7 PP02B-T5-8 39.5 1126 224.1 9 98.5 493 108.6 588 221.4 50.8 229 36.9 228 41.9 112.7 15.07 94.2 11.31 14.49 58.3 PP02B-T5-9 47.1 427 205.2 8.9 165 617 105.5 433 106.9 39.3 88.1 13.73 81.5 14.81 42 5.85 38 4.32 10 80 PP02B-T5-10 51.7 457 197.1 8.6 170.3 643 109.5 448 118.3 43.4 99.2 15.08 90.8 16.04 44.6 6.19 39.8 4.59 10.19 89.4 PP02B-T5-11 54 455 229 11 179.6 648 107.3 459 119.5 44.1 95.9 14.68 87.8 16.15 44.9 6.24 41.1 4.64 11.7 87.5 PP02B-T5-12 47.4 857 241 12 118.1 563 118.3 607 197.1 43.5 193.9 28.3 168.5 31 80.1 10.28 62.4 7.08 13.78 32.7 PP02B-T5-13 81.4 1702 200.9 9.5 65.5 348 80.6 458 209.5 61.8 250 46.2 320 62.5 175.9 23.6 144.2 16.41 14.63 131.1 PP02B-T5-14 61.3 1715 151.3 7.3 51.6 289 72.3 419 203 59.6 247 46.1 325 64.1 174.9 23.6 144.7 15.99 12.28 86.4 PP02B-T6-1 26.2 898 219.7 8.5 94.1 440 89.1 434 135.7 56.6 137.4 21.8 147.5 31.1 97.5 14.96 113.6 16.16 8.63 5.64 PP02B-T6-2 25.4 928 176.1 6 76.2 399 92.3 479 164.6 53.4 163 25.9 166.9 34.3 98.9 14.97 113.5 15.79 7.77 5.66 PP02B-T6-3 66.9 3640 212.9 8 98.1 500 115 645 277 72.8 353 72 547 122.6 393 61.7 428 52.2 14.58 311 PP02B-T6-4 39.7 4810 231.7 8.6 106.2 539 122.8 661 306 81.3 428 89.4 697 157 510 78.7 554 64.6 17.28 406 PP02B-T6-5 39.5 4450 225.9 9.2 103.1 525 119 639 295.6 77.2 407 83.9 654 147.5 468 72.3 513 61.1 16.96 373 PP02B-T6-6 40.2 4100 241.1 9.7 107.8 559 122.2 683 297 79.7 374 77.1 590 132.5 434 67.2 491 58.5 16.92 344 PP02B-T6-7 27.9 1660 219 7.1 91.5 500 113.9 634 252.1 74.3 262.3 43.6 295 60.8 181.7 27.69 200.4 26.23 11.41 14.65 PP02B-T6-8 31.5 1744 267 12 114.3 617 148.1 841 338 81.9 340 55.3 332 63.6 179.9 25.7 177 23.65 12.51 11.13 PP02B-T6-9 98 473 225.6 8.9 146 561 103.8 470 153 53.8 139.2 20.4 106.7 16.2 36.1 4.01 21.7 2.2 10.54 89.1 PP02B-T6-10 66.3 383 220 11 133.1 513 90.2 410 120.4 46.7 105 15.19 80.5 12.47 27.7 3.19 17.6 1.88 9.56 77.1 308 Spot # Sr (ppm) Y (ppm) Zr (ppm) Zr 2SE% La (ppm) Ce (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) Ta (ppm) PP02B-T6-11 33.6 1829 281 14 108.2 503 104.8 503 183 70.5 186 36.2 253 57 190 29.7 220.4 28.6 13.26 31.9 PP02B-T6-12 140 1685 265 10 104.6 480 95.3 453 155.2 67 163.2 31.9 229.6 51.3 170 27.7 212.7 27.1 12.94 25.5 PP02B-T6-13 56.8 433 201.2 7 106.7 420 77.3 336.9 105.8 50.5 90.5 14.39 83 13.5 36.4 5.37 37.1 4.39 8.61 54.8 PP02B-T6-14 56.8 213.7 182 6.6 101.9 389 68.1 288.7 82.2 45.2 63.4 9.19 44.8 6.35 14.87 1.727 10.01 1.048 7.9 48.9 PP02B-T6-15 62.8 291 193.4 6 111.2 432 78.3 347 103.1 48.6 85.1 12.73 63 9.09 18.89 2.03 10.52 1.034 8.24 55 PP02B-T6-16 45.7 2274 229.3 7.6 83.5 367 75.3 386 149.9 56.2 201.1 41 311.3 73.6 238.4 36.3 267 35 10.32 109.5 PP02B-T6-17 44.1 2140 212.4 8.5 80.5 369 76 385 152.1 55.3 193 39.9 308 68 222 34.6 257 32.9 9.37 98.9 PP02B-T6-18 65.3 376 219.7 7.5 119.5 481 89.2 399 119.3 52.1 101.8 15.14 77.8 11.25 24.05 2.58 13.7 1.305 8.85 63.6 PP02B-T7-1 39.2 471 158.4 5.9 60.6 239 45.2 206.1 69.6 36.7 71.1 13.35 83.3 16 42.8 5.92 37.2 4.54 4.98 88 PP02B-T7-2 65.1 577 316 14 114.2 410 73.8 335 110.4 51.9 109.2 19.18 116.3 19.73 50.7 6.28 37.8 3.87 10.28 394 PP02B-T7-3 58.9 334 222.1 8.8 83.8 288 46.7 196 57.5 37.4 53.1 9.67 57.3 10.17 26.7 3.69 23.2 2.56 6.53 104.3 PP02B-T7-4 53.4 470 174.4 6.3 85.1 312 57.9 261.5 85.2 42.3 84.6 15.5 93 15.92 40 5.22 31 3.09 5.27 100.8 PP02B-T7-5 55 390 160 6 74.2 280 49.3 217 66.8 40.3 62.2 11 67.4 12.1 31.7 4.22 25.7 2.87 4.8 97.4 PP02B-T7-6 51.6 3580 285 9.9 102.6 504 126.3 745 392 86.4 530 109.5 719 138.6 368 47.3 270.1 27.47 15.5 322 PP02B-T7-7 53.9 3690 294 12 103.9 539 128.1 756 401 89.7 525 108.5 729 139.4 379 49.1 281 29.6 15.77 377 PP02B-T7-8 54.5 3420 279.4 9 100.4 495 119.8 701 366 84.5 481 100.1 681 129.5 345 44.8 262 27.1 14.49 385 PP02B-T7-9 55.1 3470 296 13 104.5 530 130.3 751 388 87 495 100.4 683 132.7 354 46.6 270 27.8 15.81 311 PP02B-T7-10 30.5 1473 368 23 95.4 478 117.7 645 281 87.2 304 50.7 298 54.9 146.2 20.1 141.2 19.29 19 23.5 PP02B-T7-11 61.3 1400 208.5 7 68 369 90.8 520 242.7 76.7 278 47.5 286.4 53.9 140.2 19.73 130.6 16.58 11.36 18.55 PP02B-T7-12 39.2 1252 283.1 9 92.6 427 91.6 449 169.7 78.5 181.8 33.03 213.1 40.9 117.6 17.26 122.3 16.56 14.68 32.3 PP02B-T7-13 51 1185 225.9 10 71.6 355 78.8 403 164.3 67.6 182.2 34.1 215.8 41.2 116.7 17.02 114.5 14.7 11.46 20.4 PP02B-T7-14 79.9 2741 239 10 81.7 420 104.6 590 291 72.8 386 77.4 538 104.2 285.1 38.2 227 25.5 13.08 239.2 PP02B-T7-15 48.5 3300 244 8.8 92.9 473 114.8 676 348 77 461 91.2 649 125.3 345 46.5 289.5 33.3 13.67 340 PP02B-T7-16 36.5 1766 200.9 8 87.4 395 87.4 444 192.9 61.4 237.8 47.5 326 66.7 187.1 26.3 174.7 21.3 9.84 136.9 PP02B-T7-17 33.3 1911 194.9 7.6 71 355 84.5 452 217.5 63.2 281 54.2 383 74 197.9 26.2 160 17.24 9.71 165.3 PP02B-T7-18 54.9 264.4 166.3 6.8 69.1 242 39.8 161.3 45.9 34 40.2 6.91 44.2 8.06 20.6 2.9 18.17 2.12 4.87 91.4 309 Spot # Sr (ppm) Y (ppm) Zr (ppm) Zr 2SE% La (ppm) Ce (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) Ta (ppm) PP02B-T8-1 31.3 2036 340 10 86.7 475 123.5 741 366 94.8 431 70.7 438 77.5 202.3 27.15 178.8 23.56 24.15 42.3 PP02B-T8-2 26.71 1009 245.8 7.5 85.2 424 96.7 521 195.1 81 201.6 31.8 196 36.2 99.2 14.43 102 14.56 13.14 14.86 PP02B-T8-3 29.35 1338 391 12 104.8 502 115 582 223.4 81.9 229.5 38.7 250.2 47.4 133.7 19.08 133.5 18.13 21.7 22.24 PP02B-T8-4 32.5 1478 215.1 8.5 77.8 418 103.5 594 262 78.4 288 48.5 294 54.9 147.8 20.89 140.7 18.36 12.84 17.11 PP02B-T8-5 80.2 505 190.6 7.2 118.6 422 79.4 366 120.9 40.8 122.4 19.47 112.3 18.5 43.7 5.24 29.9 3.01 6.65 103.4 PP02B-T8-6 72.6 526 177.9 5.6 103.5 397 75.8 362 128 39.5 131.8 20.37 123.2 20.55 48.3 5.71 30.9 3.2 5.88 97.1 PP02B-T8-7 80.1 436 216.6 8.1 118.8 407 71 313 98.6 37.5 95.6 15.26 88.7 15.33 37.2 4.48 25.3 2.68 7.38 85.3 PP02B-T8-8 61.5 515 180.4 6.9 81.2 315 61.7 306 110.2 36 119.6 19.22 115.3 19.2 45.9 5.4 29.9 3.17 5.27 55.4 PP02B-T8-9 45.6 2660 217.5 7.2 63.7 337 84.7 498 278.1 71.5 391 78.4 528 106.2 284 38.4 223 23.8 12.8 399 PP02B-T8-10 53.9 2259 280 11 93.4 468 112.6 667 338 77.3 436 80.4 517 87.5 214 25.4 131.2 12.87 14.37 243.7 PP02B-T8-11 46.9 2455 254.8 9.3 83.1 422 106.5 623 327 78.1 438 79.8 539 97.5 245.8 30.8 178.3 18.8 13.78 240 PP02B-T8-12 30.9 2700 203.9 7.5 72.8 404 107 662 342 80.6 437 79.4 528 102.4 289 41.7 266 32 13.91 152 PP02B-T8-13 30.9 2430 235.2 9.6 64 381 101.3 587 302.7 82.4 377 68.3 471 93.5 261 38.3 242 29.4 13.91 151 PP02B-T8-14 34.4 2132 221 13 59.3 326 84.2 492 244.4 71 304.6 57.1 399 79.8 229 32.5 209.1 24.6 11.63 111.7 PP02B-T9-1 46.3 1623 162.5 5.3 54.9 259 71.5 394 192.3 50.2 204 41.3 282 58 163.6 22.63 150.1 16.74 12.34 74.4 PP02B-T9-2 36.2 2643 221.8 9.5 105.3 454 127.2 703 326 71.1 344 68.6 466 96.9 274 36.5 235 25.21 17.48 136 PP02B-T9-3 41.5 2317 156.2 5.9 36.9 192.3 57.8 354 225.6 69.4 277.9 64.4 449 90.7 244.8 30.84 186.4 17.15 14.31 258 PP02B-T9-4 46.4 2179 166.8 6.8 37.3 193.2 59.9 378 226.3 65.4 272 61.4 436 87.2 230.7 29.4 175.7 16.3 14.5 331 PP02B-T9-5 41 2460 170.9 7.1 41.9 222 63.8 400 243 71.5 303 67.3 469 97.5 265 34.2 206.5 20.16 14.87 210 PP02B-T9-6 44.6 1747 177.4 4.8 62.9 275.3 70.9 387 164.5 65.1 177.9 37.1 260.9 58.3 177.9 25.33 174 19.69 10.6 47.7 PP02B-T9-7 53.4 1694 157.5 9.1 48.3 229 61.4 340 153 64.2 175 36.1 258 59.4 176 24.8 165 17.6 9.96 41.3 PP02B-T9-8 45.1 1769 170.3 6 53.1 245.1 64.8 373 158.4 68.2 179.7 37.4 267 60.3 181.1 25.5 174.6 19.59 9.99 39 PP02B-T9-9 42 1720 165.5 5.8 52.1 247 63.7 385 155.9 67.4 177.1 36.3 259 58.5 177.7 24.9 169.2 19.19 9.81 38.5 PP02B-T9-10 57.3 554 287 11 187.1 634 117.9 559 149.5 52.9 127.9 20.5 118.5 22 52.5 6.39 41.1 4.44 15.98 64.3 PP02B-T9-11 43.1 1786 188.8 5.7 74.1 330 79.8 471 189.3 67.7 217 42.8 295 61.9 177.2 23.7 156.5 17.06 13.17 69.8 PP02B-T9-12 42.2 1402 185 11 76.7 322 72.3 409 150.8 59.9 164.4 32.4 222 47.3 137.8 19.2 131 14.8 11.58 52.8 310 Spot # Sr (ppm) Y (ppm) Zr (ppm) Zr 2SE% La (ppm) Ce (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) Ta (ppm) PP02B-T9-13 61.6 486 327 11 217.7 784 133.1 635 152.8 57.5 122.9 19.1 109.5 18.99 43.2 4.54 27.3 3.19 20.38 117.5 PP02B-T9-14 45.4 463 267 11 155.1 519 95.3 470 121.5 46.8 106.4 16.82 99.2 17.77 41.6 4.74 28.8 3.21 16.51 91.8 PP02B-T9-15 48.2 341 202 11 163.3 510 89.2 421 104.8 43.3 86 13.08 71.9 12.8 28.8 3.22 18.6 2.32 9.46 30.5 PP02B-T9-16 63.4 311.2 198.1 6 190.1 621 101.6 475 105.1 41.4 86.6 12.76 70.5 11.99 26.14 2.8 15.8 1.8 9.72 40.1 PP02B-T9-17 52.5 1104 248 7.6 124.2 547 118.3 751 235.8 52.5 244 39.8 229.9 40.4 97.2 11.3 66.7 6.95 15.35 58 PP02B-T9-18 42.6 2074 155 6.2 38.5 229.9 61.3 452 205.9 69.1 271.8 54.3 370 75 208.3 27.05 172 17.76 13.33 78.8 PP02B-T10-1 88.6 1830 239 10 78.4 410 99.1 678 264 56.6 295.8 54.3 340 66.9 183.3 24.3 145.7 15.8 13.4 66.3 PP02B-T10-2 102 1321 237 15 91.1 454 100.6 666 241.1 52.3 250 43.2 265 50.1 133.1 17.44 104.6 10.54 13.7 91 PP02B-T10-3 46.4 1365 260.9 9.4 88.6 379 77.8 510 199.1 56.6 236.1 43.9 283.5 53.2 139.9 18.48 114.1 11.48 13.92 75.7 PP02B-T10-4 42.5 1139 225.6 7.2 88.4 358 73.8 462 177.7 51.8 203.3 37.7 237.9 44.5 118.2 15.28 93.6 9.24 11.95 72.7 PP02B-T10-5 64.9 1582 167.2 8.2 69.4 337 70 446 190 51.5 225 44.5 292 57.9 157.6 21.4 133.8 14.06 9.48 82.2 PP02B-T10-6 47.3 132.8 205.4 6.4 132.4 429 68.9 314 73.3 28.96 55.5 7.46 35 4.84 10.27 1.135 5.72 0.564 8.49 61.2 PP02B-T10-7 50 159.3 203.5 8.2 127.4 446 69 314 71.9 32 50.9 7.63 37.4 5.41 11.79 1.394 7.64 0.712 11.02 112.5 PP02B-T10-8 46.4 182 198.4 8.2 119.5 420 71.7 341 88.2 32.1 64 9.32 45.6 6.45 13.88 1.55 8.39 0.815 8.52 47.2 PP02B-T10-9 48.6 261 208.3 9.2 125.7 518 93.4 487 134.9 41.7 100.9 14.2 69.6 9.55 20.5 2.3 12.16 1.06 10.16 64.5 PP02B-T11-1 42.2 2420 204 11 63.7 328 80.8 539 259 66.1 341 68.3 467 92 246 32 201 19.72 12.15 88 PP02B-T11-3 43.8 567 202.2 6.4 103.5 459 98.7 565 199.2 41.9 174.9 27.2 149.2 23.99 62.1 7.76 45.6 4.64 7.27 25.82 PP02B-T11-4 44.5 574 186.9 5.5 107.8 490 100.9 568 207.9 42.9 182.8 28.47 155.3 25.02 61.2 7.85 44.5 4.5 6.99 38.3 PP02B-T11-5 50 687 227.2 6.8 145.6 666 132.9 775 273.3 50.4 239.1 36.2 195.6 30.6 73.4 8.79 49.1 4.82 10.66 53 PP02B-T11-6 41.9 1206 255 8.1 99.5 510 109.5 643 271 56.4 278.9 44.8 260 45.8 121.2 15.49 97.3 10.56 11.4 43.3 PP02B-T11-7 64.5 2681 237.2 9.2 73.2 397 86.3 537 272.5 65.4 363 73.4 499 98.5 272 36.4 225.7 23.56 14.1 22.07 PP02B-T11-8 85.3 2540 223 13 71 402 84.9 507 254 63.5 335 66.8 447 89.9 255 34.6 215 22.7 11.4 23.5 PP02B-T12-1 47.7 2131 403 15 80.4 438 97.3 608 283 74.4 361 66.3 427 82.5 219.6 29.1 176.9 17.91 23.38 184 PP02B-T12-2 53.8 2325 327 19 75.2 430 91.1 576 288.9 72.8 366 68.6 452 88.1 232.9 31.3 187.5 19.88 18.16 150 PP02B-T12-4 41.1 2370 202.4 8.5 38 257 59.7 417 257.5 70.5 372 72.3 476 91.3 240.3 31.9 188.3 18.78 15.47 139 PP02B-T12-5 50.1 2106 353 11 82.1 478 98 606 290 73.7 365 64.7 416 79.1 211.4 28.29 170 17.66 22.17 214 311 Spot # Sr (ppm) Y (ppm) Zr (ppm) Zr 2SE% La (ppm) Ce (ppm) Pr (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Gd (ppm) Tb (ppm) Dy (ppm) Ho (ppm) Er (ppm) Tm (ppm) Yb (ppm) Lu (ppm) Hf (ppm) Ta (ppm) PP02B-T13-1 45.8 2117 334 13 73.9 457 95.6 615 297.3 72.4 376 67.7 426 81.6 214.7 29.3 172.9 18.27 17.77 98.1 PP02B-T13-2 43.7 1885 293.9 9.1 64.3 377 80.4 515 252.6 65.6 317 57.9 370 71.9 190.9 26.3 160.6 17.14 15.15 92.3 PP02B-T13-3 48.7 1899 315.9 8.6 71.2 417 89 547 264 68.2 329 58.3 367 71.2 192.6 25.81 154.2 16.47 16.83 100.8 PP02B-T13-4 44.8 2000 305 11 68.1 393 88.7 554 268 70 344 63.1 397 75.7 204.2 27.22 162.2 17.29 15.83 94.5 PP02B-T13-5 44.1 2608 217.8 5.7 65.3 366 86.4 536 291.5 71.3 411 76.2 506 99.5 268.5 35.9 210.5 21.98 14.6 126.5 PP02B-T13-6 45.2 2487 237 10 66.4 345 84.4 519 270.3 73.7 365 69 471 94 255.8 34.5 205.8 22.04 15.23 123.7 Table D.24: PP02B titanite grain location descriptions, spot locations and spot quality designation. Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP02B-T1-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, surrounded by qtz, cpx, opaques (rutile) Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T1-2 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T1-3 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T1-4 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T1-5 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T1-6 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T1-7 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T1-8 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T1-9 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T1-10 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T1-11 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T1-12 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T2-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, surrounded by qtz, cpx, micas, rutile, diopside?, calcite, sericitized plagioclase Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T2-2 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T2-3 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T2-4 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T2-5 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T2-6 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T2-7 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T2-8 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T3-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, surrounded by cpx, wrapped around opaque (rutile?) Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T3-2 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T3-3 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T3-4 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T3-5 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T3-6 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T3-7 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with cpx 312 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP02B-T3-8 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T3-9 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with cpx PP02B-T4-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass; rutile fills cracks in grain, large grain broken in half Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T4-2 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T4-3 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T4-4 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T4-5 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T4-6 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T4-7 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T4-8 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T4-9 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T4-10 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T4-11 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T4-12 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, touching cpx Y-enriched mantle okay - touching cracked edge with cpx PP02B-T5-2 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching cracked edge with cpx PP02B-T5-3 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-4 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-5 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-6 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-7 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T5-8 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T5-9 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-10 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-11 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-12 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T5-13 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching cracked edge with cpx PP02B-T5-14 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, touching sericitized fsp, cpx and qtz; very cracked grain Y-depleted outer rim okay - touching crack in grain PP02B-T6-2 Y-depleted outer rim okay - touching crack in grain PP02B-T6-3 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-4 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-5 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with sericitized fsp PP02B-T6-6 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-7 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-8 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-9 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T6-10 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T6-11 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-12 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-13 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T6-14 Y-depleted Core good 313 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP02B-T6-15 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T6-16 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-17 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T6-18 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T7-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, rutile fills crack in titanite; grain touching qtz, calcite, cpx Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T7-2 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T7-3 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T7-4 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T7-5 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T7-6 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T7-7 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T7-8 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T7-9 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T7-10 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T7-11 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T7-12 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T7-13 Y-depleted outer rim okay - touching edge with qtz PP02B-T7-14 Y-enriched mantle fair - half on quartz PP02B-T7-15 Y-enriched mantle fair - half on qtz / mica PP02B-T7-16 Y-enriched mantle fair - half on mica / cpx PP02B-T7-17 Y-enriched mantle fair - half on cpx PP02B-T7-18 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T8-1 Characteristic wedge shape; within calc-silicate groundmass, touching cpx, qtz, calcite; rutile fills brittle fracture Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T8-2 Y-depleted outer rim okay - touching crack with rutile PP02B-T8-3 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T8-4 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T8-5 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T8-6 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T8-7 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T8-8 Y-depleted Core good PP02B-T8-9 Y-enriched mantle okay - touching edge with cpx PP02B-T8-10 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T8-11 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T8-12 Y-enriched mantle good PP02B-T8-13 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T8-14 Y-depleted outer rim good PP02B-T9-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, surrounded by qtz, apatite, pyroxene Y-enriched good PP02B-T9-2 Y-moderate okay - touching edge with qtz PP02B-T9-3 Y-enriched good PP02B-T9-4 Y-enriched good PP02B-T9-5 Y-enriched good PP02B-T9-6 Y-moderate okay - touching edge with cpx 314 Spot # Grain Location Spot Location Spot Quality PP02B-T9-7 Y-moderate okay - touching edge with qtz PP02B-T9-8 Y-enriched okay - touching edge with qtz PP02B-T9-9 Y-moderate good PP02B-T9-10 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T9-11 Y-enriched good PP02B-T9-12 Y-enriched good PP02B-T9-13 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T9-14 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T9-15 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T9-16 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T9-17 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T9-18 Y-moderate okay - touching edge with qtz PP02B-T10-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, surrounded by qtz & sericite Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with qtz PP02B-T10-2 Y-moderate rim good PP02B-T10-3 Y-moderate rim good PP02B-T10-4 Y-moderate rim good PP02B-T10-5 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with qtz PP02B-T10-6 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T10-7 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T10-8 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T10-9 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T11-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, surrounded by qtz, sericite, fsp Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with plag /qtz PP02B-T11-3 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T11-4 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T11-5 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T11-6 Y-depleted core good PP02B-T11-7 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with fsp PP02B-T11-8 Y-moderate rim okay - touching edge with fsp PP02B-T12-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, surrounded by rutile, fsp, sericite Y-moderate good PP02B-T12-2 Y-moderate okay - touching edge with rutile PP02B-T12-4 Y-moderate good PP02B-T12-5 Y-moderate okay - touching edge with pyroxene PP02B-T13-1 Within calc-silicate groundmass, surrounded by apatite, rutile, pyroxene Y-moderate good PP02B-T13-2 Y-moderate good PP02B-T13-3 Y-moderate good PP02B-T13-4 Y-moderate good PP02B-T13-5 Y-moderate good PP02B-T13-6 Y-moderate good 315 Appendix D.2.2: Titanite SEM Images, EPMA Grain Maps and Laser Spot Locations PP02B EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.74: PP02B T1 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 316 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.75: PP02B T2 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 317 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.76: PP02B T3 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 318 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.77: PP02B T4 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 319 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.78: PP02B T5 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 320 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.79: PP02B T6 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 321 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.80: PP02B T7 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 322 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.81: PP02B T8 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 323 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.82: PP02B T9 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 324 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.83: PP02B T10 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 325 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.84: PP02B T11 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 326 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.85: PP02B T12 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 327 EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA EPMA Spots – 40 µm LA-ICP-MS, transmitted light Figure D.86: PP02B T13 SEM, EPMA images and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. EMP scale from low concentration (black) to high concentration (white). 328 Appendix E: Titanium-in-Biotite Geothermometry Appendix E.1: Ti-in-Bt Temperature Data PP01D Table E.1: PP01D Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. The following surface-fit equation coefficients were inputted to calculate the temperatures: a = -2.3594, b = 4.6482e -9, c = -1.7283 (Henry et al., 2005) . Ti, Fe and Mg concentrations measured through EPMA and apfu normalized to 22 O atoms. Site # - comments Site # / Spot # Ti (apfu) Fe (apfu) Mg (apfu) XMg (unitless) Temperature (± 24°C) Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 1 0.343544 2.45107 1.95296 0.443448 673 Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 2 0.342447 2.458212 1.975444 0.445556 672 Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 3 0.332701 2.473266 1.98741 0.44554 668 Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 4 0.335949 2.454286 1.963833 0.444495 669 Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 5 0.34513 2.452969 1.981359 0.446823 674 Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 6 0.334638 2.480018 1.946735 0.439766 668 Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 7 0.340205 2.433698 1.968692 0.447187 672 Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 8 0.334961 2.469797 2.009824 0.448659 669 Site1 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 9 0.343204 2.429752 1.97797 0.448751 673 Site2 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 1 0.35413 2.56038 1.999039 0.438442 676 Site2 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 2 0.328112 2.512302 1.987219 0.441651 665 Site2 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 3 0.318711 2.528107 1.963362 0.437131 660 Site2 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 4 0.34184 2.561477 1.95769 0.433197 670 Site2 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 5 0.326781 2.416692 2.015649 0.454759 667 Site2 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 6 0.330129 2.50122 2.060447 0.451687 668 Site2 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 7 0.351566 2.484541 2.08148 0.455863 678 Site2 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 8 0.353604 2.456688 2.041829 0.453889 679 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 1 0.291053 2.582951 1.970534 0.432753 644 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 2 0.319016 2.515094 2.046585 0.448647 662 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 3 0.313834 2.592543 1.875305 0.419733 654 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 4 0.315169 2.533076 1.975615 0.438179 658 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 5 0.320208 2.622303 1.888222 0.418626 658 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 6 0.32742 2.626116 1.951499 0.426313 662 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 7 0.330948 2.54331 1.94316 0.433116 665 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 8 0.350579 2.453068 1.996701 0.44872 676 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 9 0.349504 2.464069 1.994532 0.447345 676 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 10 0.328439 2.589982 2.076387 0.444968 666 Site3 - shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 11 0.349815 2.517712 2.034679 0.446947 676 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 1 0.396143 2.703112 1.895656 0.412209 690 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 2 0.391021 2.599978 1.907834 0.423228 689 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 3 0.385203 2.488028 1.97075 0.441993 690 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 4 0.377929 2.520368 1.967538 0.438409 686 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 5 0.387636 2.488083 1.947829 0.439104 690 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 6 0.383299 2.467925 1.946583 0.440951 689 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 7 0.373731 2.450672 1.97243 0.445938 686 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 8 0.374603 2.477914 1.988316 0.445189 686 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 9 0.393479 2.503978 1.918266 0.433777 692 Site4 - shear band, far from garnet 4 / 10 0.373214 2.548734 1.94925 0.433361 684 329 PP09B Table E.2: PP09B Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. The following surface-fit equation coefficients were inputted to calculate the temperatures: a = -2.3594, b = 4.6482e -9, c = -1.7283 (Henry et al., 2005). Ti, Fe and Mg concentrations measured through EPMA and apfu normalized to 22 O atoms. Site # - comments Site # / Spot # Ti (apfu) Fe (apfu) Mg (apfu) XMg (unitless) Temperature (± 24°C) Site1 – along shear band 1 / 1 0.457983 2.512951 2.123528 0.458005 717 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 2 0.452154 2.319796 2.190789 0.4857 719 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 3 0.449631 2.321098 2.16474 0.482572 718 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 4 0.455717 2.278581 2.202768 0.491541 721 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 5 0.460629 2.365743 2.1767 0.479191 721 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 6 0.456984 2.437944 2.157245 0.469457 718 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 7 0.4442 2.590978 2.080013 0.445304 711 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 8 0.433295 2.653478 2.052627 0.436163 706 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 9 0.430534 2.351298 2.251972 0.489211 713 Site1 – along shear band 1 / 10 0.440151 2.295605 2.205793 0.490024 716 Site2 – kyanite breakdown to biotite 2 / 1 0.422858 2.550861 1.990924 0.438357 703 Site2 – kyanite breakdown to biotite 2 / 2 0.412882 2.598788 1.983904 0.432912 698 Site2 – kyanite breakdown to biotite 2 / 3 0.378615 2.531345 2.029467 0.444979 688 Site2 – kyanite breakdown to biotite 2 / 4 0.372458 2.580905 2.03945 0.441406 685 Site2 – kyanite breakdown to biotite 2 / 5 0.382049 2.650519 2.011008 0.431405 687 Site3 – along shear band 3 / 1 0.450556 2.338593 2.182796 0.482771 718 Site3 – along shear band 3 / 2 0.460802 2.250893 2.223667 0.496958 724 Site3 – along shear band 3 / 3 0.449336 2.259913 2.174886 0.490414 719 Site3 – along shear band 3 / 4 0.438769 2.400146 2.186739 0.476737 714 Site3 – along shear band 3 / 5 0.447501 2.363781 2.183578 0.480186 717 Site3 – along shear band 3 / 6 0.43936 2.362348 2.161221 0.477769 714 Site3 – along shear band 3 / 7 0.441182 2.37512 2.197594 0.480589 715 Site3 – along shear band 3 / 8 0.440171 2.373311 2.180061 0.478779 714 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 1 0.44092 2.251701 2.231971 0.4978 718 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 2 0.439348 2.347929 2.17712 0.481126 715 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 3 0.46542 2.298039 2.147298 0.483045 723 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 4 0.436763 2.303592 2.244137 0.493463 716 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 5 0.412609 2.314521 2.30855 0.499354 709 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 6 0.401261 2.334948 2.242075 0.489854 703 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 7 0.366508 2.442854 2.273367 0.482031 689 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 8 0.408776 2.366617 2.249936 0.487363 706 Site4 – along shear band 4 / 9 0.42998 2.385646 2.172972 0.476673 711 330 PP10G Table E.3: PP10G Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. The following surface-fit equation coefficients were inputted to calculate the temperatures: a = -2.3594, b = 4.6482e -9, c = -1.7283 (Henry et al., 2005). Ti, Fe and Mg concentrations measured through EPMA and apfu normalized to 22 O atoms. Site # - comments Site # / Spot # Ti (apfu) Fe (apfu) Mg (apfu) XMg (unitless) Temperature (± 24°C) Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 1 0.316526 2.133228 2.536383 0.543168 679 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 2 0.319101 2.175345 2.521098 0.53681 679 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 3 0.323979 2.122881 2.521857 0.542949 683 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 4 0.31713 2.131023 2.492009 0.539042 679 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 5 0.319984 2.200624 2.476285 0.52947 678 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 6 0.31645 2.133969 2.482203 0.537719 678 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 7 0.311181 2.126424 2.514146 0.541775 676 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 8 0.309787 2.170447 2.510145 0.536288 674 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 9 0.320305 2.188398 2.484742 0.531707 679 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 10 0.306686 2.231017 2.431579 0.521508 670 Site1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 11 0.311533 2.206119 2.447049 0.525889 673 Site2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 1 0.298076 2.25451 2.400933 0.515726 664 Site2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 2 0.305035 2.136283 2.374032 0.526356 670 Site2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 3 0.302003 2.217289 2.407801 0.520595 667 Site2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 4 0.287585 2.143701 2.413738 0.529626 661 Site2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 5 0.303423 2.206961 2.410157 0.522005 668 Site2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 6 0.282203 2.163119 2.474967 0.533618 659 Site2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 7 0.310027 2.263605 2.476011 0.522407 671 Site3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 1 0.311988 2.051812 2.466964 0.545936 678 Site3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 2 0.314854 2.197414 2.406866 0.522745 674 Site3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 3 0.297396 2.206457 2.39617 0.520609 664 Site3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 4 0.329796 2.155262 2.460337 0.533048 683 Site3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 5 0.352774 2.100171 2.431776 0.536585 694 Site4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 1 0.296084 2.245156 2.40288 0.516967 663 Site4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 2 0.3079 2.234328 2.323153 0.509745 668 Site4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 3 0.289885 2.236477 2.325201 0.509725 658 Site4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 4 0.304873 2.275632 2.310165 0.503765 665 Site4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 5 0.257287 2.293906 2.34056 0.505033 637 Site4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 6 0.236048 2.29212 2.343879 0.505582 622 Site4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 7 0.276638 2.226552 2.34166 0.512599 651 Site4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 8 0.292949 2.285389 2.378283 0.509959 660 331 PP15B Table E.4: PP15B Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. The following surface-fit equation coefficients were inputted to calculate the temperatures: a = -2.3594, b = 4.6482e -9, c = -1.7283 (Henry et al., 2005). Ti, Fe and Mg concentrations measured through EPMA and apfu normalized to 22 O atoms. Site # - comments Site # / Spot # Ti (apfu) Fe (apfu) Mg (apfu) XMg (unitless) Temperature (± 24°C) Site 1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 1 0.320043 2.41053 2.359765 0.494679 671 Site 1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 2 0.265166 2.411923 2.394378 0.498175 641 Site 1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 3 0.288134 2.453985 2.338882 0.487992 652 Site 1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 4 0.338604 2.378021 2.308522 0.492585 679 Site 1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 5 0.356594 2.399486 2.338806 0.493597 687 Site 1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 6 0.363129 2.365919 2.364645 0.499865 691 Site 1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 7 0.425093 2.373737 2.333507 0.495727 712 Site 1 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 1 / 8 0.380088 2.377849 2.334597 0.495411 697 Site 2 – within highly sheared band 2 / 1 0.46387 2.36732 2.324487 0.495435 724 Site 2 – within highly sheared band 2 / 2 0.506676 2.304083 2.190187 0.487329 735 Site 2 – within highly sheared band 2 / 3 0.441529 2.363318 2.245005 0.487163 716 Site 2 – within highly sheared band 2 / 4 0.448067 2.427949 2.286995 0.485052 718 Site 2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 5 0.39061 2.351912 2.327217 0.497361 701 Site 2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 6 0.431838 2.355607 2.139905 0.476009 711 Site 2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 7 0.389489 2.332611 2.269074 0.493096 700 Site 2 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 2 / 8 0.406005 2.324309 2.259168 0.492894 706 Site 3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 1 0.315853 2.393916 2.38881 0.499466 669 Site 3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 2 0.310944 2.325598 2.380781 0.505863 668 Site 3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 3 0.34823 2.526553 2.275317 0.47384 680 Site 3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 4 0.316564 2.299438 2.41644 0.512405 673 Site 3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 5 0.371308 2.346075 2.328387 0.498108 694 Site 3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 6 0.330892 2.469006 2.334732 0.486024 674 Site 3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 7 0.396869 2.451997 2.310362 0.48513 701 Site 3 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 3 / 8 0.397659 2.435956 2.285822 0.484102 701 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 1 0.389117 2.493132 2.239861 0.473244 696 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 2 0.402155 2.49179 2.261146 0.475737 701 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 3 0.370815 2.426534 2.334593 0.490345 692 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 4 0.391257 2.410516 2.35332 0.493997 700 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 5 0.414398 2.457325 2.309752 0.484522 707 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 6 0.422226 2.312692 2.341566 0.503102 713 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 7 0.359367 2.310795 2.372885 0.506628 691 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 8 0.397132 2.34995 2.348209 0.499815 704 332 PP117B Table E.5: PP117B Ti-in-Bt geothermometry results. The following surface-fit equation coefficients were inputted to calculate the temperatures: a = -2.3594, b = 4.6482e -9, c = -1.7283 (Henry et al., 2005). Ti, Fe and Mg concentrations measured through EPMA and apfu normalized to 22 O atoms. Site # - comments Site # / Spot # Ti (apfu) Fe (apfu) Mg (apfu) XMg (unitless) Temperature (± 24°C) Site 1 – shear band, far from garnet 1 / 1 0.430473 2.313312 2.356508 0.504625 716 Site 1 – shear band, far from garnet 1 / 2 0.431302 2.350662 2.339846 0.498847 715 Site 1 – shear band, far from garnet 1 / 3 0.448766 2.331378 2.322996 0.4991 720 Site 1 – shear band, far from garnet 1 / 4 0.433053 2.32885 2.33146 0.50028 716 Site 1 – shear band, far from garnet 1 / 5 0.433381 2.270206 2.357312 0.509412 718 Site 1 – shear band, far from garnet 1 / 6 0.443137 2.298002 2.343772 0.50493 720 Site 1 – shear band, far from garnet 1 / 7 0.442646 2.305089 2.347173 0.504523 720 Site 2 – shear band, far from garnet 2 / 1 0.43464 2.276442 2.350202 0.507971 718 Site 2 – shear band, far from garnet 2 / 2 0.42874 2.287519 2.386637 0.510603 716 Site 2 – shear band, far from garnet 2 / 3 0.441979 2.316703 2.381728 0.50692 720 Site 2 – shear band, far from garnet 2 / 4 0.428986 2.306569 2.381757 0.508019 716 Site 2 – shear band, far from garnet 2 / 5 0.43513 2.273119 2.384658 0.511973 719 Site 2 – shear band, far from garnet 2 / 6 0.428879 2.271038 2.381164 0.511836 717 Site 3 – shear band, far from garnet 3 / 1 0.437477 2.280744 2.348879 0.507359 718 Site 3 – shear band, far from garnet 3 / 2 0.438364 2.301699 2.344681 0.504625 718 Site 3 – shear band, far from garnet 3 / 3 0.429693 2.327234 2.379382 0.50554 716 Site 3 – shear band, far from garnet 3 / 4 0.436519 2.270784 2.366489 0.510319 719 Site 3 – shear band, far from garnet 3 / 5 0.442721 2.298768 2.362591 0.506846 720 Site 3 – shear band, far from garnet 3 / 6 0.440435 2.353705 2.35778 0.500432 718 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 1 0.391562 2.329378 2.337288 0.500848 702 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 2 0.385564 2.349415 2.281549 0.492673 698 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 3 0.403925 2.288327 2.279589 0.499044 706 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 4 0.402457 2.354 2.310729 0.495362 705 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 5 0.411695 2.399783 2.349465 0.494702 708 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 6 0.18755 2.347898 2.44198 0.509821 578 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 7 0.283392 2.343018 2.371221 0.502991 653 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 8 0.337793 2.39282 2.359057 0.496447 679 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 9 0.367261 2.363027 2.330817 0.496569 692 Site 4 – shear band, next to retrograde garnet 4 / 10 0.397506 2.3993 2.325791 0.492221 702 333 Appendix E.2: Ti-in-Bt Grain and Spot Locations PP01D – top-down-to-the-SW normal sense shear Figure E.1: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP01D. Biotite zones of interest are circled in blue and numbered from 1 – 4. Right is SW. 1 2 3 4 334 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.2: PP01D Ti-in-Bt site #1. A) Biotite grain of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1 – 9). 335 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA C) EPMA Figure E.3: PP01D Ti-in-Bt site #2. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-4). C) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 5-8). 336 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA C) EPMA Figure E.4: PP01D Ti-in-Bt site #3. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-7). C) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 8-11). 337 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.5: PP01D Ti-in-Bt site #4. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-10). 338 PP09B – top-up-to-the-NE thrust sense shear Figure E.6: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP09B. Biotite zones of interest are circled in blue and numbered from 1 – 4. Right is SW. 1 2 3 4 339 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA C) EPMA Figure E.7: PP09B Ti-in-Bt site #1. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-5). C) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 6-10). 340 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.8: PP09B Ti-in-Bt site #2. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-5). 341 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.9: PP09B Ti-in-Bt site #3. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-8). 342 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.10: PP09B Ti-in-Bt site #4. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-9). 343 PP10G – top-down-to-the-WSW normal sense shear Figure E.11: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP10G. Biotite zones of interest are circled in blue and numbered from 1 – 4. Right is WSW. 1 2 3 4 344 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA C) EPMA Figure E.12: PP10G Ti-in-Bt site #1. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-8). C) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 9-11). 345 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.13: PP10G Ti-in-Bt site #2. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-7). 346 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.14: PP10G Ti-in-Bt site #3. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-5). 347 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.15: PP10G Ti-in-Bt site #4. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-8). 348 PP15B – top-down-to-the-W normal sense shear Figure E.16: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP15B. Biotite zones of interest are circled in blue and numbered from 1 – 4. Right is W. 1 2 3 4 349 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.17: PP15B Ti-in-Bt site #1. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-8). 350 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.18: PP15B Ti-in-Bt site #2. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-8). 351 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.19: PP15B Ti-in-Bt site #3. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-8). 352 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.20: PP15B Ti-in-Bt site #4. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-8). 353 PP117B – top-up-to-the-ESE thrust sense shear Figure E.21: Pseudo-plane polarized thin section image of PP117B. Biotite zones of interest are circled in blue and numbered from 1 – 4. Right is WNW. 1 2 3 4 354 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.22: PP117B Ti-in-Bt site #1. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-7). 355 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.23: PP117B Ti-in-Bt site #2. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-6). 356 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA Figure E.24: PP117B Ti-in-Bt site #3. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-6). 357 A) Plane polarized light B) EPMA C) EPMA Figure E.25: PP117B Ti-in-Bt site #4. A) Biotite grains of interest circled in blue (PPL). B) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 1-5). LA-ICP-MS laser spots are also evident on a high-relief monazite grain. C) EPMA spot locations for Ti-in-Bt (spots 6-10).
Thesis/Dissertation
eng
Earth and Environmental Sciences
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Graduate
Larson, Kyle P.
Structural, geochronological, and metamorphic characterization of the Monashee décollement and its role in the tectonic evolution of the Canadian Cordillera
Text