Science, Irving K. Barber Faculty of (Okanagan)
Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, Department of (Okanagan)
DSpace
UBCO
Ersay, Lutfi
Master of Science - MSc
University of British Columbia
The Debert Lake Rare Earth Element (REE) prospect shows high, potentially economic, rare metal concentrations but requires a multi-faceted approach to uncover the complex formative processes and resolve timing for the deposit. This study provides a genetic model for REE mineralization at Debert Lake based on whole-rock and mineral geochemistry, together with U-Pb radiometric dates from zircon and monazite. The Wentworth plutonic complex in the Cobequid Highlands is associated with the Debert Lake REE prospect and is composed of granites and gabbros and their volcanic equivalents. The anorogenic (A-type) Hart Lake-Byers Lake (HLBL) granites, dominated by feldspar, quartz, and interstitial arfvedsonite, host the prospect. They show appreciable rare metal mineralization with grades of 1.2 wt.% REE₂O₃, 3.4 wt.% ZrO₂, and 0.4 wt.% Nb₂O₅ in strongly altered samples. Episodic mineralization yielded distinct REE assemblages including Nb-oxide (pyrochlore and fergusonite) phases, chevkinite, zircon, thorite, monazite, and titanite, formed during multiple magmatic-to-hydrothermal stages in the rare-metal bearing granites. Zircon, as a persistent phase of the REE assemblages, occurs in all granites. In the REE-rich granite, REE mineralization is characterized by REE assemblage minerals displaying intergranular to interstitial textures. “Spongy” zircon grains occur in patchy domains reflecting late magmatic stage fluid interaction with primary minerals and concentration of Y, Th and Zr mobilized by the fluids. U-Pb dating of these zircons yields an age of 355 to 360 Ma, approximately coeval with igneous monazite crystallization, dated at 366 ± 5 Ma. These findings document an early, late-magmatic REE mineralization event. A subsequent pulse of post-magmatic hydrothermal mineralization associated with Zr-F-rich fluid complexes produced two zircon populations, dated at ~ 310 to 318 Ma, with unusual habits and atypical REE patterns that are interpreted to be of hydrothermal origin. Principal Component Analysis separates zircon populations based on element concentrations and element associations. Late magmatic stage zircon is characterized by depletion in LREE whereas LREE-rich post-magmatic stage zircon grains are enriched in either Na or Ca as a result of sodic and calcic (respectively) metasomatic fluids.
MULTISTAGE, MAGMATIC AND HYDROTHERMAL EVOLUTION OF THE DEBERT LAKE RARE EARTH ELEMENT (REE) PROSPECT, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA by Lutfi Ersay B.Sc. Mugla Sitki Kocman University, 2014 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Earth and Environmental Sciences) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan) December 2020 © Lutfi Ersay, 2020 ii The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the College of Graduate Studies for acceptance, a thesis/dissertation entitled: Multistage, magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of the Debert Lake REE Prospect, Nova Scotia, Canada submitted by Lutfi Ersay in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science. Dr. John D. Greenough, Irving. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences Supervisor Dr. Kyle P. Larson, Irving. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences Supervisory Committee Member Dr. Yuan Chen, Irving. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences Supervisory Committee Member Dr. Jarda Dostal, St. Mary’s University External Examiner iii ABSTRACT The Debert Lake Rare Earth Element (REE) prospect shows high, potentially economic, rare metal concentrations but requires a multi-faceted approach to uncover the complex formative processes and resolve timing for the deposit. This study provides a genetic model for REE mineralization at Debert Lake based on whole-rock and mineral geochemistry, together with U-Pb radiometric dates from zircon and monazite. The Wentworth plutonic complex in the Cobequid Highlands is associated with the Debert Lake REE prospect and is composed of granites and gabbros and their volcanic equivalents. The anorogenic (A-type) Hart Lake-Byers Lake (HLBL) granites, dominated by feldspar, quartz, and interstitial arfvedsonite, host the prospect. They show appreciable rare metal mineralization with grades of 1.2 wt.% REE2O3, 3.4 wt.% ZrO2, and 0.4 wt.% Nb2O5 in strongly altered samples. Episodic mineralization yielded distinct REE assemblages including Nb-oxide (pyrochlore and fergusonite) phases, chevkinite, zircon, thorite, monazite, and titanite, formed during multiple magmatic-to-hydrothermal stages in the rare-metal bearing granites. Zircon, as a persistent phase of the REE assemblages, occurs in all granites. In the REE-rich granite, REE mineralization is characterized by REE assemblage minerals displaying intergranular to interstitial textures. “Spongy” zircon grains occur in patchy domains reflecting late magmatic stage fluid interaction with primary minerals and concentration of Y, Th and Zr mobilized by the fluids. U-Pb dating of these zircons yields an age of 355 to 360 Ma, approximately coeval with igneous monazite crystallization, dated at 366 ± 5 Ma. These findings document an early, late-magmatic REE mineralization event. A subsequent pulse of post-magmatic hydrothermal mineralization associated with Zr-F-rich fluid complexes produced two zircon populations, dated at ~ 310 to 318 Ma, with unusual habits and atypical REE patterns that are interpreted to be of hydrothermal origin. Principal Component Analysis separates zircon populations based on element concentrations and element associations. Late magmatic stage zircon is characterized by depletion in LREE whereas LREE-rich post-magmatic stage zircon grains are enriched in either Na or Ca as a result of sodic and calcic (respectively) metasomatic fluids. iv LAY SUMMARY The Debert Lake REE prospect (Nova Scotia) shows potentially economic rare metal grades that are comparable to those reported in other North American REE deposits. However, the processes responsible for the formation of REE deposit at Debert Lake are poorly understood and questions regarding the timing of mineralization remain unanswered. This project is designed to shed light on complex formative processes of REE mineralization in the Debert Lake area using a combination of geochemical analysis and radiometric dating methods. Key minerals such as zircon and monazite yielded U-Pb dates indicating the REE mineralization formed in stages that span ~ 50 million years. Statistical examinations of zircon trace element data revealed changes in the composition of the fluids caused the REE mineralization. The findings indicate multiple mineralizing events with disparate REE assemblage minerals produced from contrasting fluid sources. v PREFACE This thesis is my own work. Dr. John Greenough provided scientific direction, thought-provoking discussion, and editorial assistance. Dr. Jaroslav Dostal provided rock samples from the prospect and surrounding area. Dr. Kyle Larson assisted with processing the geochronology data. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................iii LAY SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................iv PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Regional Geology ............................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Previous Work .................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Sample Preparation .......................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Bulk Rock Analyses .......................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Mineral Analysis ..............................................................................................................11 2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy ...........................11 2.3.2 Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) .......................................................................11 2.3.3 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) ..........12 CHAPTER 3: PETROGRAPHY ................................................................................................13 3.1 Rock Petrography ............................................................................................................13 3.1.1 REE-rich granite ........................................................................................................13 3.1.2 Least-altered granite .................................................................................................14 3.1.3 Altered granite ...........................................................................................................14 3.2 Zircon-REE Mineral Petrography .....................................................................................17 CHAPTER 4: GEOCHEMICAL RESULTS ...............................................................................21 4.1 Host Rock Geochemistry .................................................................................................21 vii 4.2 REE Mineralogy ...............................................................................................................25 4.2.1 Pyrochlore .................................................................................................................25 4.2.2 Fergusonite ...............................................................................................................26 4.2.3 Ferriallanite-Ce .........................................................................................................30 4.2.4 Chevkinite-Ce ...........................................................................................................30 4.2.5 REE-bearing phases (titanite, monazite) and fluorite .................................................30 4.3 Zircon Mineral Chemistry .................................................................................................34 4.3.1 Multi element maps of the Debert Lake zircons .........................................................34 4.3.2 Element composition of the Debert Lake zircons .......................................................36 4.4 U-Pb Ages .......................................................................................................................41 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION .....................................................................................................43 5.1 Timing of REE formation in Debert Lake ..........................................................................43 5.2 Origin of the Debert Lake Zircons ....................................................................................44 5.3 Nature of the Fluids .........................................................................................................48 5.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the Debert Lake zircons ....................................51 5.5 Post-magmatic Sodic and Calcic Metasomatism .............................................................55 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................59 6.1 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................59 6.2 Future Work .....................................................................................................................60 6.2.1 Additional Geochronology .........................................................................................60 6.2.2 Isotope tracers ..........................................................................................................61 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................62 APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................75 APPENDIX-A .........................................................................................................................75 APPENDIX B .........................................................................................................................92 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. A review of world-class REE deposits showing protracted mineralization ..................... 3 Table 2. Geochronological information for the Cobequid Highlands ........................................... 7 Table 3. Accuracy and Precision of the Standard Material (SY-3) .............................................10 Table 4. Locations and descriptions of the rock samples from the Debert Lake REE Prospect .15 Table 5. Diagnostic features of the Debert Lake zircons ...........................................................19 Table 6. Whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry of the Debert Lake REE prospect 22 Table 7. REE minerals in the Debert Lake REE prospect ..........................................................25 Table 8. Representative semi-quantitative pyrochlore, aeschynite, and fergusonite analyses ...28 Table 9. Representative semi-quantitative ferriallanite-Ce and chevkinite-Ce analyses ............31 Table 10. Electron microprobe analyses of the Debert Lake zircons .........................................37 Table A 1. Reference Materials used in EPMA..........................................................................76 Table A 2. Major element concentrations of arfvedsonite (alkali amphibole) .............................78 Table A 3. Major element concentrations of aegirine and aegirine-augite..................................80 Table A 4. Major element concentrations of fergusonite-Y ........................................................82 Table A 5. Major element concentrations of ferriallanite-Ce ......................................................84 Table A 6. Major element concentrations of chevkinite-Ce ........................................................85 Table A 7. Major element concentrations of igneous monazite .................................................87 Table A 8. Major element concentrations of the Debert Lake zircons ........................................89 Table B 1. Accuracy and Precision of the Reference Materials .................................................93 Table B 2. Trace element compositions (ppm) of the Debert Lake zircons ................................94 Table B 3. Centered log-ratio transformed data of the Debert Lake zircons ............................ 104 Table B 4. Proportion of variance for principal components of the Debert Lake zircons .......... 110 Table B 5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores for the Debert Lake zircons .............. 111 Table B 6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) loadings for the Debert Lake zircons............ 113 Table B 7. Centered log-ratio transformed data of zircon-I ...................................................... 114 Table B 8. Proportion of variance (eigenvalues) of each principal component for zircon-I ....... 117 ix Table B 9. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores for zircon-I ........................................ 118 Table B 10. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) loadings for zircon-I ................................... 119 Table B 11. U-Pb geochronology results for the Debert Lake zircons and igneous monazite .. 120 Table B 12. U-Pb geochronology results for secondary reference '91500' zircon. ................... 123 Table B 13. U-Pb geochronology results for secondary reference 'STERN' monazite ............. 124 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Sketch map of the Cobequid Highlands ...................................................................... 5 Figure 2. Rock samples from Debert Lake area ........................................................................16 Figure 3. Debert Lake zircons ...................................................................................................20 Figure 4. Geochemistry of the Hart Lake-Byers Lake granites. .................................................24 Figure 5. REE minerals in Debert Lake .....................................................................................32 Figure 6. Classification (Y, REE, U, Th) – (Nb, Ta, Ti) of oxide minerals ...................................33 Figure 7. X-ray element maps of the Debert Lake zircons .........................................................35 Figure 8. Box and whisker plots for the Debert Lake zircons .....................................................38 Figure 9. Variation diagrams for the Debert Lake zircons ..........................................................39 Figure 10. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the Debert Lake zircons ..............................40 Figure 11. U-Pb dates of the Debert Lake zircons and igneous monazite .................................42 Figure 12. Discrimination diagrams for the Debert Lake zircons ................................................47 Figure 13. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) biplots ............................................................54 Figure 14. Schematic cartoon of sequential REE mineralization/alteration events .....................57 Figure 15. Mineral paragenesis of the Debert Lake REE prospect ............................................58 Figure A 1. EPMA and EDS spot locations for arfvedsonite, aegirine and aegirine-augite .........77 Figure A 2. EPMA spot locations for fergusonite-Y ....................................................................81 Figure A 3. EPMA spot locations for ferriallanite-Ce and chevkinite-Ce.....................................83 Figure A 4. EPMA spot locations and X-ray element maps for igneous monazite ......................86 Figure A 5. EPMA spot locations for the Debert Lake zircons ...................................................88 Figure B 1. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages for secondary reference ‘91500’ zircon ............... 125 Figure B 2. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U age for secondary reference ‘STERN’ monazite ......... 126 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A-type Anorogenic type Aeg Aegirine Aeg-aug Aegirine-augite Afs Alkali feldspar Aln Ferriallanite Chk Chevkinite EDS Energy Dispersive Spectrometry Fe-oxd Fe-oxide Fer Fergusonite Fl Fluorite HLBL Hart Lake-Byers Lake HREE Heavy Rare Earth Elements Hem Hematite HFSE High Field Strength Elements Ilm Ilmenite LA-ICP MS Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry ID-TIMS Isotope Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry MSWD Mean Square of Weight Deviates LREE Light Rare Earth Elements NAD 83 North American Datum 1983 PCA Principal Component Analysis Pcl Pyrochlore Qtz Quartz REE Rare Earth Elements RSD Relative standard deviation s Spine Sam Samarskite SE Standard Error SRC Saskatchewan Research Council Syn-COLG Syncollisional granite Ttn Titanite Tur Tourmaline VAG Volcanic arc granite WDS Wavelength dispersive spectrometry WPG Within-plate granite xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank Dr. John Greenough for the opportunity to undertake this project at the University of British Columbia Okanagan. His editing was invaluable. I am particularly grateful for our many insightful discussions and his patience in allowing me the time required to successfully navigate this challenging assignment. I would also like to thank Dr. Kyle Larson for his valuable ideas and his generous support. I am very thankful for having had the opportunity to learn and work with Dr. Larson. His discipline and expertise challenged me to improve my proficiency, and I am very grateful for his inspiration. I would like to thank Dr. Jaroslav Dostal (St. Mary’s University), John Wightman, and Alex Mackay (Magnum Resources Inc.) for providing me with the rock samples from the Debert Lake Prospect and technical information needed for this study. I am deeply appreciative of the help provided by Dr. Sudip Shrestha during the EPMA analysis and Dr. Mark Button for LA-ICP MS analysis. Many thanks to Iva Lihter, Riccardo Graziani, and Nicolas Piette-Lauziere for fruitful discussions. This study would not have been possible without the generous financial support provided by the Turkish government. Financial support was provided by the Turkish Ministry of National Education and the University of British Columbia, Okanagan. I would like to give grateful acknowledgements to my wife for her endless patience. Her companionship, support, and love encouraged me during this study. 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Rare metals, including the Rare Earth Elements (REE) and High Field Strength Elements (HFSE), are described as “critical and strategic” (Nassar et al, 2015), as they are sought-after commodities with many high-technology applications. A growing interest in rare metals for the last two decades has led to an exploration boom. They are currently extracted from a broad spectrum of rock types including alkaline-peralkaline granites, carbonatites, ion adsorption clays, and pegmatites (Kynicky et al., 2012, Siegel et al., 2018). Peralkaline granitic rocks have been of particular significance as they are enriched in heavy rare earth elements (HREE), including yttrium (Y), which are more valuable, compared to the light rare earth elements (LREE) (Dostal, 2017). North America is home to several “world-class” REE deposits such as Strange Lake (Sheard et al., 2012) in Labrador/Quebec, Thor Lake (Vasyukova and Williams-Jones, 2018) in the Northwest Territories (NWT) as well as the Bokan Mountains in southern Alaska (Dostal et al., 2014). This study focuses on the understudied Debert Lake REE deposit, located in northern Nova Scotia, which has metal concentrations comparable to those of the above REE deposits. A major problem with understanding the formation of REE deposits is that circumstantial evidence indicates they have a protracted, multi-stage history of formation that may span millions of years (Table 1). Source fluids from which rare metals are precipitated can chemically evolve during the prolonged period exacerbating this problem. Zircon has been identified in numerous REE deposits, is one of the major repositories for the HFSE, and can show diverse habits within one deposit (Estrade et al., 2014). These habits correlate with distinct trace element patterns and local REE mineral assemblages that contain contrasting REE minerals and mineral compositions. Thus, zircon provides an archive of information on processes that form REE deposits. Further, retention and incorporation of radiogenic isotopes by zircon amenable to U-Pb dating renders itself an ideal tool quantifying the rates of mineralization events in REE deposits (Zhang et al., 2019). Nevertheless, there have been few attempts to integrate zircon geochemistry with U-Pb geochronology in studying REE deposits (Yang et al., 2014; Liu et al.,2019), despite 2 the potential to reveal the complex, magmatic and hydrothermal overprinting processes in ore formation (Jiang et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019). Zircon is commonly regarded as an igneous mineral that, once formed, is considered resistant to sub-solidus (hydrothermal) modification. However, several mineral-scale studies have examined the intimate interaction of fluids with zircon (Putnis et al., 2002; Geisler et al., 2007; Park et al., 2016) which becomes soluble particularly in F-rich or alkaline fluids (Rubin et al., 1993; Ayers et al., 2012). The term “hydrothermal zircon”, applied by researchers to either zircon grains formed by magma but hydrothermally altered or those precipitated directly from fluids, has not been fully delineated. It has been, however, associated to a variety of secondary textures including spongy, recrystallization, or overgrowth within the grains interacting with fluids. (Hoskin, 2005; Geisler et al., 2007). It also appears the trace element (including REE) composition of zircon is different for grains formed from magmas versus sub solidus hydrothermal/metasomatism. Hydrothermal zircons display REE signatures with obvious shapes and slopes, distinguishing them from igneous zircons (Fu et al., 2009). More importantly, their disparate chemistry originates from discrete sources, unraveling fluid evolution in hydrothermal systems (Pelleter et al., 2007, Jiang et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019). The Debert Lake REE prospect shows mineral textures indicating sequential mineralization during multiple, magmatic to hydrothermal stages. Habit, form, and inclusion-diagnostic zircon populations occur with distinct REE and HFSE mineral assemblages, which bear unique mineral trace element chemistry in different host granites. This study uses micro-analytical Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) to date in-situ igneous monazite and zircon. U-Pb dates from zircon formed at different stages in the prospect’s evolution show that the deposit has a history of formation extending over tens of millions of years. Trace element analyses by LA-ICP MS of the zircon, REE minerals and consanguineous REE-assemblage minerals indicate how REE deposits form and evolve. Furthermore, utilizing zircon geochemistry, exploratory data analysis enables us to decipher the changing compositions of these fluids. The new data show that the Debert Lake REE prospect is worthy of further mineral exploration as a potential Nb-Y-REE deposit. 3 Table 1. A review of world-class REE deposits showing protracted mineralization. Location Thor Lake, NWT Southern Alaska Labrador-Quebec Qingling Belt, Central China Deposit T Zone Nechalacho Bokan Mt. Strange Lake Miaoya REE-Nb deposit Host rocks alkali granite alkali syenite peralkaline granite peralkaline granite syenite-carbonatite Ore minerals polylithionite bastnasite phenakite zircon columbite xenotime rutile eudialyte zircon fergusonite allanite parisite synchysite bastnasite columbite monazite bastnasite synchysite zircon fergusonite xenotime pyrochlore narsarsukite elpidite vlasovite armstrongite flurocerite gittinsite bastnasite parisite monazite ceriate Fluid type magmatic and hydrothermal F-rich magmatic and hydrothermal orthomagmatic and hydrothermal magmatic, hydrothermal and meteoric magmatic and hydrothermal Time for development protracted, multistage protracted, two-stage protracted, two-stage protracted, multistage multistage, ~ 215 My1 Rare metal content - ~ 1.5 wt. % ΣREO ~ 2.5 wt. % ZrO22 - ~ 0.9 wt. % ΣREO ~ 1.9 wt. % ZrO23 1.5 wt. ΣREO, 0.1 wt. % Nb2O54 References A B C D E Notes: (A) - Feng and Samson, (2015), (B) - Sheard et al., (2012), (C) - Dostal et al., (2014), (D) - Gysi et al., (2016), (E) - Zhang et al., (2019). ΣREO: Total Rare Earth Element Oxide, “-“: not provided. 1 U-Th-Pb bastnaesite and monazite dates 2 Avalon Rare Metals Inc. Resource Estimate, updated Jan. 2011. 3 Quest Minerals. 41.21 Mt. REE2O3 and 0.93 Mt. Nb2O5. 4 1.1 Regional Geology The Debert Lake Prospect in the Cobequid Highlands (Nova Scotia, Canada) occurs in Avalon terrane (Fig.1). The terrane is separated from the Meguma terrane by the Cobequid-Chedabucto Fault zone which is a strike-slip fault system formed during the Late Paleozoic (Murphy et al. 2011). The Cobequid Highlands contain an array of plutonic complexes. The largest, the Wentworh plutonic complex, is located in the eastern part of the Cobequid Highlands. It is composed of the Folly Lake ferro-gabbro in the south and Hart Lake-Byers Lake (HLBL) granite in the east, which hosts the Debert Lake REE deposit. The HLBL granites have A-type affinities and were emplaced along the active faults of a shear zone active in the late Devonian (Papoutsa et al., 2015). The basaltic lava flows (Diamond Brook Formation) and felsic pyroclastics (Byers Brook Formations) are concurrent geochemical equivalents of the intrusive Folly Lake gabbros and HLBL granites (Dessureau et al., 2000; Pe-Piper and Piper, 2003). The A-type HLBL granites of the Wentworth pluton, based on their field relationship with the gabbro, are classified as either early (predating the gabbro) or late granites (synchronous with or post-dating the gabbro) (Papoutsa and Pe-Piper, 2014). The “early” granites are fine to coarse-grained alkali feldspar granites. The “late” granites are medium-grained and exhibit granite-gabbro mixing textures (Pe-Piper 2007). The Folly Lake Gabbro, which contains gabbro and diorite bodies, is cut by the late HLBL granites (Papoutsa and Pe-Piper, 2013). The Debert Lake REE deposit is hosted in the HLBL granites and occurs close to its boundary with the volcanic rocks of the Byers Brook Formation. 5 Figure 1. a) Sketch map of the Cobequid Highlands showing the location of the Avalon and Meguma terranes modified from (Pe-Piper and Piper, 2003). b) Geology map of the Wentworth Plutonic complex modified from (MacHattie, 2010). c) GoogleEarth image showing the location of the samples (see Table 3 for coordinates) taken from Site #1 (original “discovery” site) and Site #2 (“mineralized” site). 6 1.2 Previous Work The Hart Lake-Byers Lake (HLBL) granites in the Wentworth plutonic complex have been the subject of recent studies to understand their geologic evolution and temporal relationship with the Folly Lake Gabbro (Koukouvelas et al., 2002; Pe-Piper, 2007). The early granites of the HLBL are cut by the Folly Lake Gabbro whereas the late HLBL granite shows either textures indicating the co-existence of immiscible mafic and felsic magmas (Pe-Piper et al. 1996) or the granites cross-cut the Folly Lake Gabbro (Pe-Piper, 2007). Geochemical differences between the late and early granites resulted from partial melting and remobilization of the early granite by heat from the gabbro (Koukouvelas et al. 2002). These observations are consistent with geochronological findings that the Folly Lake Gabbro is young (357 ± 4 Ma, Ar-Ar on hornblende, Pe-Piper et al., 2004; Murphy et al., 2011), and postdates emplacement of the HLBL granites (362 ± 2 Ma U-Pb on zircon, Doig et al., 1996). Extrusive equivalents of the HLBL granites, felsic volcanics in the Byers Brook Formation, provide a coeval age of 358 ± 1 Ma. This age is comparable to that of the basaltic flows of the Diamond Brook dated at 353 ± 3 Ma (U-Pb on zircon, Dunning et al., 2002). The Cobequid Highlands and its surrounding Avalon Terrane host a number of metal deposits. The Copper Lake Cu-Au deposit contains appreciable Cu-Au-Ni-Co mineralization. A geochronological study by Kontak et al. (2008) dated the mineralization. The dates of 323 ± 8 and 309.5 ± 1.6 Ma (on Re-Os and Ar-Ar methods, respectively) indicate a mineralization event postdating emplacement of the HLBL granites. There has been growing interest in the Debert Lake REE prospect. Detailed geochemical sampling conducted by MacHattie (2010) identified significant REE mineralization near the contact between the HLBL granites and Byers Brook Formation. A geochronological study of the Debert Lake REE prospect has not been done but there are data for associated intrusive and extrusive rocks (Table 1). This study is the first to provide robust constraints on the timing of the major mineralization events at the Debert Lake REE prospect. 7 Table 2. Geochronological information for the Cobequid Highlands relevant to this study. Geologic Unit Mineral Method Age (Ma) Reference Early Granite in Wentworth plutonic complex Zircon U-Pb 362 ± 2 Doig et al., 1996 Late granites in Wentworth plutonic complex Hornblende Ar-Ar 357 ± 4 Pe-Piper et al., 2004 Arfvedsonite Ar-Ar 356 ± 4 Pe-Piper et al., 2004 Byers Brook Formation Zircon U-Pb 358 ± 1 Dunning et al., 2002 Diamond Brook Formation Zircon U-Pb 353 ± 1 Dunning et al., 2002 Copper Lake Au-Cu deposit (carbonate-sulphide vein) Pyrite Re-Os 323 ± 8 Kontak et al., 2008 Copper Lake Au-Cu deposit (siltstone) Muscovite Ar-Ar 309.5 ± 1.6 Kontak et al., 2008 Notes: All errors on data are 2σ. 8 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Sample Preparation Representative lithologic specimens of the Debert Lake REE prospect were selected from the “original discovery site” (Site #1 in Fig. 1C) described by MacHattie (2010) and from a nearby suite along two exploration trenches (Site #2 in Fig. 1C). Hand specimens were photographed, weighed, and sawed into slices ~ 5 cm x 5 cm x 2 cm at the Fipke Laboratory for Trace Element Research (FiLTER at UBC Okanagan) and shipped to the University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada and twenty-four, standard, 30 μm polished thin sections prepared for petrographic study and in-situ mineral analyses. Nikon Eclipse 50iPOL and Leica DM4500 P LED petrographic microscopes in the FiLTER lab, UBCO, were used for optical examination and microscopy. Ten hand specimens bearing distinct mineralogical compositions, alteration types, and REE assemblages were selected for bulk rock geochemical analysis at Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC), Saskatoon, Canada. Samples were sliced to remove weathered material and then crushed and shipped to SRC. The samples were pulverized with an agate mill to > 90% -106 µm powder following the procedures set out by the SRC Geoanalytical C/S/A pulverization method. 2.2 Bulk Rock Analyses For the SRC bulk rock analyses, an aliquot of sample was combined with a mixture of lithium metaborate and lithium tetraborate flux and fused in an Ox automated fusion instrument. After fusion, the molten material was poured into a dilute HNO3 solution and vigorously stirred until the bead dissolved. After dissolution, the solution was transferred to a volumetric flask, topped up with deionized water, and analyzed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. For loss on ignition (LOI), the sample was weighed into ceramic crucibles and heated in a muffle furnace at 1000°C overnight. Cooled samples were then reweighed to determine percent LOI. For quality assurance, accuracy and precision were monitored using the SY-3 syenite reference material with “accepted” concentrations from Glennon (2013). Precision is expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD, Jenner, 1996) where %RSD = percent relative standard deviation (Table 2). In general, RSD values between 0 and 3% 9 are excellent, 3 to 7% is very good, 7 to 10% is good, and above 10% poor (Jenner 1996). Precision is “excellent” to “good” for all detected elements, except Ni which shows slightly poor precision. Accuracy for the elements listed in Table 2 is better than ±10% except for Cs due to its low abundance. 10 Table 3. Accuracy and Precision of the Standard Material (SY-3). Major Oxide Accepted Value Mean Value (n=4) Precision (RSD) (%) Accuracy (%) (wt.%) SiO2 59.68 59.43 0.54 0.41 TiO2 0.15 0.15 6.67 0.00 Al2O3 11.8 11.7 1.30 0.56 MnO 0.320 0.310 0.00 3.13 MgO 2.67 2.65 1.64 0.75 CaO 8.260 8.203 0.73 0.69 Na2O 4.150 4.097 0.61 1.29 K2O 4.20 4.19 1.20 0.32 P2O5 0.54 0.55 1.06 1.23 Element Accepted Value Mean Value (n=4) Precision (RSD) (%) Accuracy (%) (ppm) Be 20.00 21.55 0.80 7.75 Co 7.80 7.48 2.28 4.17 Ni 11 10 14.63 6.82 Cu 17.0 16.9 3.93 0.44 Zn 244 236 2.31 3.48 Ga 27.0 26.6 2.06 1.48 As 12.3 11.48 6.61 6.71 Ag 3.1 3.2 11.74 1.61 Sn 5.70 5.80 5.08 1.75 Ta 30.0 28.3 2.92 5.75 Pb 133 132 1.30 0.94 U 650 650 1.12 0.00 Rb 206.0 207.0 0.88 0.49 Sr 302 300 1.55 0.58 Cs 1.70 1.33 3.77 22.06 Ba 450.0 443.3 0.87 1.50 Y 718.0 725.8 0.62 1.08 Zr 320 328 1.87 2.34 Nb 148.0 148.0 0.78 0.00 Hf 9.70 9.70 2.38 0.00 Th 1032 1002 0.54 2.91 La 1340 1340 1.93 0.00 Ce 2230 2263 0.91 1.46 Pr 223 218 1.95 2.24 Nd 670 667 2.37 0.41 Sm 109 107 2.07 1.61 Eu 17.0 17.1 2.60 0.29 Gd 105 104 2.83 0.95 Tb 18.1 17.6 2.38 2.62 Dy 118 119 2.23 0.42 Ho 29.5 30.1 2.91 1.86 Er 68.8 68.5 3.07 0.44 Tm 11.6 11.8 4.21 1.72 Yb 62.1 62 2.12 0.16 Lu 7.95 7.90 4.19 0.66 11 Notes: Major elements in oxide wt.%. Trace elements in ppm. Precision = %RSD = relative standard deviation= the sample standard deviation sample mean ∗ 100%, Accuracy = 100 %n ∗ ∑ measured(t)−acceptedacceptednt=1 , where n= total number of measurements = 4, and t = number of the measurement. Accepted SY-3 values are from Glennon (2013). 2.3 Mineral Analysis 2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Polished thin sections were coated with 20 nm (200 Å) graphite using a Creessington sputter coater. Primary rock-forming and secondary REE-bearing mineral grains were semi-quantitatively analyzed and imaged using back-scattered electrons (BSE) with a Tescan Mira 3 XMU Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope at FiLTER. Analytical conditions were set to 20keV accelerating voltage with a beam intensity of 15 nA and a working distance of 14 mm. 2.3.2 Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) EPMA analyses were performed using a Cameca SX-Five Field Emission Electron Probe Microanalyzer equipped with five wavelength-dispersive spectrometers (WDS) housed in FiLTER at the University of British Columbia Okanagan. Amphibole, zircon, monazite, Fe-oxide, titanite, fergusonite, pyrochlore, aeschynite, allanite, and chevkinite were analyzed for their major and minor elements. Two or more analyses were done per mineral depending on textures and relationships of the grains as guided by the BSE images. Amphibole was analyzed for Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, Na, K, Zn and F, zircon was analyzed for Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Y, Zr, and Hf, and monazite analyses targeted Si, Ca, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Pb, Th, U and P. Fergusonite, pyrochlore, allanite, chevkinite, titanite, and aeschynite analyses included those elements for monazite in addition to Ti, Fe, Mg, Y, Nb, Eu, Ho, Yb, Ta, Pb, F, and Cl. The Faraday cup current was 20 nA for all minerals except monazite which was analyzed with a higher current (100-200 nA). The accelerating voltage was 15 keV throughout analysis with a beam diameter between 5-10 μm. Micro-Analysis Consultants Ltd. (MAC) standards were used to calibrate the EMP (See Appendix A 1 for the standards used in calibration). High-resolution EPMA WDS X-ray element maps of zircon and monazite were acquired using the WDS system at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and a current of 200 nA. Lines for mapping are Zr-Lα, Hf-Lα, Th-Mα, Ti-Kα, Y-Lα, for zircon, and Ca-Kα, Ce- 12 Lα, Th-Mα, U-Mα, and Y-Lα for monazite. Maps were acquired with varying dwell time (50 to 100 ms) depending on the mineral grain size. Zircon and monazite X-ray maps were then used to select spots for analysis by LA ICP-MS. The image processing software ImageJ was used to enhance elemental zoning patterns where applicable. 2.3.3 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) Zircons and a monazite grain were analyzed in thin section by LA ICP-MS at UBCO; U-Pb isotopes and trace element data were collected simultaneously from the same spot. Samples were ablated using a Photon Machines Analyte 193 Excimer laser ablation system coupled to an Agilent 8900 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS housed in the FiLTER facility. Spot analyses were carried out using a laser beam diameter of 25 μm for overgrowths, 35 μm for core parts of the zircon, and 15 μm for monazite at a fluence of ~ 7 J cm-2 and repetition rates of 8 Hz and 5 Hz, respectively in continuous mode. For zircon NIST SRM 610 served as an external standard using the concentrations in (Jochum et al., 2011) and Si concentrations were used for internal calibration. USGS glass BCR-2G and NIST SRM 612 were treated as unknowns to estimate the accuracy and precision of thirty-three elements. Data reduction used Iolite v4.0 (Paton et al. 2011). REE data are normalized to the chondritic values in McDonough and Sun (1995). The ‘Plesovice’ (Slama et al., 2008) zircon was used as the primary calibration standard for isotopic data, whereas zircon ‘91500’ was used as a secondary reference to monitor isotopic ratios. The repeat analyses of ‘91500’ returned weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 1054 ± 7 Ma (2SE, MSWD = 1.4, n=6/6), 1058 ± 6 Ma (2SE, MSWD = 0.9, n=7/8), 1050 ± 6 Ma (2SE, MSWD = 1.1, n=8/8) and 1042 ± 7 Ma (2 SE, MSWD = 1.4, n=9/9). These are within 2% of the laser ablation U-Pb age in (Horstwood et al., 2016) and the accepted isotope dilution – thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) age of 1065 ± 0.3 Ma in Wiedenbeck et al. (1995). Isotopic data for monazite were normalized to monazite ‘44069’ (424.9 ± 0.4 Ma 206Pb/238U age; Aleinikoff et al. 2006), whereas the ‘STERN’ monazite was used as a secondary reference material (511.7 ± 1.2 Ma 206Pb/238U ID-TIMS age; Horstwood et al. 2016). Seven out of eight replicate analyses of ‘STERN’ returned a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 516 ± 5 Ma (2SE, MSWD = 0.96) (See Appendix Table B 12 and 13, and Figure B 1-2 for details). 13 CHAPTER 3: PETROGRAPHY 3.1 Rock Petrography The locations and descriptions of the rock samples studied are provided in Table 3. The rock samples were taken from two different localities in the southern part of the Debert Lake (Fig 1c). There is a single REE-rich granite specimen (MJ-30) from Site #1 (Fig. 1c) at the eastern side of the Big Snare Lake termed the original “discovery” site for rare metal mineralization by MacHattie et al., (2010). Besides, there is a mafic rock sample (MJ-X; diabase) from this site. The southernmost samples are from two 150m trenches at Site #2 (Fig. 1c). These trench samples are grouped as least-altered granites and altered granites in this study. As discussed below, the REE mineralization/metasomatism shows varying “intensities” between and within the granites. It is least intense in the least-altered granites, intense in REE-rich granites and most-intense in the altered granites. 3.1.1 REE-rich granite One specimen (MJ-30) from Site #1 (Fig. 1c) is apparently equivalent to the “REE-rich granitic dyke” described by (MacHattie, 2010). It is a quartz rich, medium- to coarse-grained, K-feldspar granite similar to the least-altered granites, but it contains a potentially economic rare metal-bearing mineral assemblage. The REE-rich granite has ~ 45 vol. % quartz, ~ 35 % K-feldspar with albite, magnetite/hematite and epidote (up to 10 %), zircon (up to 5 %), and trace amounts (< 5 %) of pyrochlore, fergusonite, chevkinite, ilmenite, and fluorite. Our sample of the REE-rich granite (MJ-30) is intruded by an extremely fine-grained diabase (Fig. 2a). The diabase has an aphyric texture with crystals < 20 μm, that is chilled against the granite (Fig. 2b). Another diabase sample (MJ-X) from site#1, spatially associated with REE-rich granite, displays a diabase (pyroxene fills interstices between plagioclase) to ophitic texture. Sample MJ-X is intensely altered with chlorite and Fe-oxides replacing augite and possibly olivine (no olivine remains). Plagioclase is well-preserved as a Ca-rich, primary, rock-forming mineral. This sample has fractures filled by secondary epidote. The relative age of the diabase and REE-rich granite is ambiguous. Machattie (2011) proposed that the REE-rich granite was cogenetic with the diabase but was subtly younger because it cuts the diabase. Our observations support the cogenetic 14 hypothesis of Machattie (2011) because locally the diabase (MJ-30) also cuts the REE-rich granite. 3.1.2 Least-altered granite The least-altered granites are medium- to coarse-grained alkali-feldspar granites (Fig.2c) with equigranular and porphyritic textures. Samples show few REE minerals or are barren. Where the granites are deformed, minerals show shearing, a preferred orientation, and fractures are locally filled with REE oxides. K-feldspar (~ 50% vol.) and quartz (~ 40% vol.) are the main minerals with minor albitic plagioclase (Fig.2d). K-feldspar is mostly perthitic. K-alteration is commonly present in plagioclase which is partially replaced by perthitic K-feldspar. Albite forms exsolution lamellae in perthitic K-feldspar but may also represent late sodic alteration. Arfvedsonite is the only primary mafic mineral. It occurs interstitial to quartz and perthitic K-feldspar and thus appears to have crystallized late. In sheared samples, it is fractured along cleavage planes with fractures filled by secondary phases. Na-metasomatism is represented by secondary phases, chiefly aegirine and hematite, replacing the arfvedsonite. Based on textures, REE oxides, ferriallanite, titanite, zircon, and fluorite are REE-HFSE-bearing secondary phases that formed sequentially, following aegirine and hematite formation. Monazite is rare with pyrochlore in the least-altered granites, only found in MJ-3 and MJ-11 samples. 3.1.3 Altered granite Altered zones of the Debert Lake REE deposit are represented by REE mineralized, porous, heavily altered granitic rocks preserving only primary alkali feldspar (perthites) (Fig. 2e). Quartz reaches 50 vol.%, occurs interstitially, partially and/or completely replaces primary rock-forming minerals and is embayed by other secondary phases. Hydrothermal zircon shows an intergrowth texture with quartz. Rare relict arfvedsonite grains show that hydrothermal zircon intergrown with fluorite forms pseudomorphs after arfvedsonite. In specimen MJ-23, Ca-metasomatism in the altered/mineralized granite is represented by extensive aegirine-augite, replacing arfvedsonite. The aegirine augite is associated with secondary phases (mostly REE-bearing fergusonite, titanite, ferriallanite, titanite, zircon, and minor thorite), as well as quartz and hematite (Fig. 2f). 15 Table 4. Locations and descriptions of the rock samples from the Debert Lake REE Prospect. Sample Easting Northing Rock Type Sample Description MJ-1A 464997 5047120 Altered granite Mineralized, K-feldspar, quartz, ± arfvedsonite, zircon, ferriallanite, Fe-oxides, titanite, fergusonite, pyrochlore MJ-1B 464996 5047120 Altered granite Mineralized, K-feldspar, quartz, ± arfvedsonite, zircon, ferriallanite, Fe-oxides, titanite, fergusonite, pyrochlore MJ-2 464997 5047119 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, zircon, titanite, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-2B 464996 5047119 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, ± zircon, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-3 464986 5047113 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, pyrochlore, monazite, zircon, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-4 464984 5047111 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, zircon, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-5 464982 5047108 Least-altered granite Deformed and sheared, K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, REE-oxides, zircon, titanite, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-6 464995 5047120 Altered granite Mineralized, K-feldspar, quartz, ± arfvedsonite, zircon, ferriallanite, hematite, titanite, fergusonite, pyrochlore, Fe-oxides MJ-8 464977 5047103 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, zircon, titanite, REE-rich epidote, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-9 464967 5047093 Least-altered granite Deformed and sheared, K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, zircon, REE-oxides, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-10 464956 5047083 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, zircon, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-11 464946 5047072 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, zircon, monazite MJ-12 464950 5047077 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, zircon, REE oxides, REE-rich epidote, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-21 465001 5047165 Altered granite Mineralized, K-feldspar, quartz, zircon, ferriallanite, titanite, fergusonite, pyrochlore, ± arfvedsonite, MJ-22 465003 5047160 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine, zircon, titanite, ferriallanite, ± Fe-oxides, ± fluorite MJ-23 465000 5047165 Altered granite Mineralized, K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, aegirine-augite, zircon, ferriallanite, hematite, titanite, fergusonite, pyrochlore, monazite MJ-24 465002 5047162 Altered granite Mineralized, K-feldspar, quartz, zircon, ferriallanite, titanite, fergusonite, pyrochlore, ± arfvedsonite, MJ-30 464535 5047686 REE-rich granite Mineralized, intruded by aphyric diabase, quartz, K-feldspar, ± arfvedsonite, Fe-oxide, zircon, chevkinite, fergusonite, pyrochlore, epidote, tourmaline MJ-D 464999 5047160 Least-altered granite K-feldspar, quartz, arfvedsonite, secondary albite, Fe-oxides, zircon, ± fluorite MJ-X 464536 5047686 Diabase Altered, chlorite, augite, Fe-oxide, epidote, ± olivine Notes: The reference datum for UTM coordinates is NAD 83 ZONE 20U. Locations of the samples are indicated in Figure 1. 16 Figure 2. Rock samples from Debert Lake area. a) REE-rich granite (MJ-30) from Site#1 intruded by a fine-grained diabase. b) Contact between this diabase and REE-rich granite showing tourmaline. c) Least-altered, “fresh” granite from Site#2. d) Photomicrograph of the least-altered granite. e) Altered granite (specimen MJ-23 from Site#2. f) Interstitial quartz and aegirine-augite between alkali feldspar grains. Qtz: quartz, Arf: arfvedsonite, Afs: alkali feldspar, Tur: tourmaline, Zrn: zircon, Aug: augite. Mineral abbreviations are from Whitney and Ewans, (2010). 17 3.2 Zircon-REE Mineral Petrography Zircon is a common mineral in all REE assemblages in the Debert Lake granite types and shows various morphologies and internal textures apparent in transmitted light, BSE, and CL images. The zircons are classified into zircon-I, zircon-IIa, and zircon-IIb based on variations in form, texture, and habit within and between the three host rock granite types (Table 4). Zircon-I occurs in the REE-rich granite, whereas zircon-IIa, and zircon-IIb are found in the least-altered and the altered granites, respectively. Zircon-I represents ~5 vol.% of the REE-rich granite but is concentrated with the rare metal-bearing minerals along the contact with the diabase. It is intergranular, and associated with a REE assemblage including fergusonite, chevkinite, ilmenite, epidote, and in particular pyrochlore (Fig. 3a). Zircon-I crystals are mostly euhedral to subhedral, up to 250 μm across, and show internal core-rim structures evident in transmitted light and CL imaging. The core exhibits a ‘spongy’ texture in BSE images with numerous micrometer-sized voids and mineral inclusions (mostly Nb- and Th-oxides). It is generally clouded in transmitted light and dark in CL imaging (Fig. 3b), with patchy zones delineated by bright-CL (Fig. 3c). A relatively CL-bright and inclusion-free overgrowth rim, contains coarse pyrochlore grains, partially surrounded by zircon-I, indicating synchronous crystallization. Zircon-IIa in the least-altered granite occurs with the mineral assemblage: fluorite + titanite + Nb-oxide + perthite + quartz + arfvedsonite + Fe-oxide + aegirine. It exhibits varying crystal shapes and forms including aggregates consisting of crystals (< 100 μm) which are dark murky red-brown and clouded in transmitted light (Fig. 3d). These tiny crystals generally lack the {100} and {110} prisms that are typical of most magmatic zircon (Pupin, 1980). They show an intergrowth texture with fluorite and/or titanite and cluster along the grain boundaries of the primary minerals. The clusters are closely associated with secondary aegirine developed in arfvedsonite. The arfvedsonite is partially replaced by secondary aegirine as well as zircon-IIa and Nb-oxide phases. These minerals also occur along fractures in relict arfvedsonite. Zircon-IIa also shows interlocking textures with hematite, suggesting contemporaneous formation (Fig. 3e). The individual zircon-IIa crystals are transparent, light green to brown, subhedral, and up to 150 μm in size. Similar 18 to zircon-I, it shows an internal core-rim structure (Fig. 3f). The core is either inclusion-free or shows patchy inclusion-rich domains represented by a ‘pitted’ surface under reflected light. The rim surrounding the core is porous and filled by mineral inclusions whereas zircon-IIa forming aggregates are generally clear and inclusion-free (Fig. 3g) Zircon-IIb occurs in the altered granites. It is spatially associated with a mineral assemblage including titanite, ferriallanite-Ce, fergusonite-Y, pyrochlore, Fe-oxides (mostly hematite), and quartz (Fig. 3h). This assemblage is accompanied by Ca-rich augite replacing primary rock-forming mineral(s). In most cases, the precursor mineral has not been preserved, but minor patchy relicts show that it was arfvedsonite. Zircon-IIb forms small (20 - 100 μm long), worm-like, translucent; reddish-brown to opaque grains intergrown with fluorite or quartz or both that are reminiscent of symplectites. They form “skeletal” prisms reaching 2 mm in size and occur in altered augite. Some of the prisms have doubly terminated shapes resembling the crystal forms typical of pyroxene and indicating that they pseudomorph augite (Fig. 3i and A 4). Zircon-IIb also occurs in globules exhibiting a botryoidal texture. Globular zircon-IIb grains are milky white to beige colored, ~ 100-200 μm in size, rounded, inclusion-free (Fig. 3j), and do not display any internal zoning (Fig. 3k). 19 Table 5.Diagnostic features of the Debert Lake zircons. Sample Location Original discovery site (Site #1) Mineralized Site (Site #2) Mineralization Stage Late-Magmatic* Post-Magmatic* Host Rock Type REE-rich granite Least-altered granite Altered granite MJ-30 MJ-2, MJ-2B, MJ-3, MJ-4, MJ-5, MJ6 (Z:314 Ma*), Sample Names (Z-Overgrowth:362 Ma*) MJ-7, MJ-8, MJ-9, MJ-10, MJ-11 (M:357 Ma), MJ-21, (Z- Rim:354 Ma*) MJ-12, MJ-D (Z:316 Ma*), MJ-22 MJ-23 Alteration/REE Assemblage Na metasomatism Ca metasomatism epidote, pyrochlore, fergusonite, aegirine, Fe oxide, fluorite aegirine-augite, hematite, ferriallanite, chevkinite, ilmenite, Fe-oxide REE-oxide, +/- titanite, +/- K-feldspar fluorite, titanite,fergusonite, pyrochlore, Zircon Type Zircon-I Zircon-IIa Zircon-IIb Form euhedral to subhedral granular (< 100 μm) to skeletal (< 2mm) and (100 - 250 μm) individual (~ 150 μm) crystals botyroidal (~ 100 - 200 μm) Texture intergranular to interstitial filling grain boundaries pseudomorphs (after arfvedsonite) replacement (after arfvedsonite) Distinguishable Features spongy (cloudy) core highly porous and spongy core with vugs and Y-rich inclusions no BSE (or CL) zoning containing vugs, and Nb-, Th- and Y-rich inclusions, and clear rim (granular crystals), no inclusions CL-bright rim resorbing the core spongy (cloudy) rim (individual crystals) Notes: * Samples dated in this study are given with their monazite or zircon U-Pb ages where M: monazite, Z: zircon. See Chapter 4 for zircon and monazite dating results and Chapter 5 for discussion and definition of mineralization stages. 20 Figure 3. Photomicrographs of the Debert Lake zircons. a) Plane-polarized (PPL) photomicrograph b) Cathodoluminescence (CL) image and c) Back-Scattered Electron (BSE) image of zircon-I exhibiting spongy core and overgrowth zones, associated with pyrochlore. d) Arfvedsonite in the least-altered granite, replaced by aegirine. e) Zircon-IIb grains showing an interlocking texture with Fe-oxide. f) Cathodoluminescence (CL) image of the zircon-IIa aggregates. g) Cathodoluminescence (CL) image of individual zircon-IIa crystals. h) “Skeletal” zircon-II associating with replacement phases, and i) BSE enlargement of the box in h) showing vermicular zircon-IIb grains. j) Zircon-IIb globules exhibiting botryoidal texture. k) BSE enlargement of the box in j) showing globular zircon-IIb. Pcl: pyrochlore, Arf: arfvedsonite, Afs: alkali feldspar, Qtz: quartz, Fer: fergusonite, Aug: aegirine-augite, Hem: hematite, LA-pit: laser ablation craters. 21 CHAPTER 4: GEOCHEMICAL RESULTS 4.1 Host Rock Geochemistry The major- and trace-element compositions of the granites are listed in Table 5. Least-altered granites have uniform chemical compositions with high silica (~ 76 - 77 wt.%), elevated Na2O and K2O (~ 8.5 wt.% combined), relatively high Al2O3 (10.6 - 11.1 wt.%), and low CaO (0.06 - 0.25 wt.%), and Fe2O3t (~ 3.3 wt.%). The REE-rich granite has similar SiO2 content (74.1 wt.%), lower Al2O3 (8.35 wt.%), lower Na2O, and K2O (6.03 wt.% combined), and elevated Fe2O3t (9.54 wt.%). The composition of the REE-rich granite is very similar to those of the “HFSE-REE rich type 1 granite dykes” reported by MacHattie (2011). Compared to the least-altered granites, the altered granites have similar SiO2 content (~ 70 - 75 wt.%), but lower Al2O3 (~ 5 wt.%), Na2O and K2O (~ 4 wt.% combined) and higher Fe2O3t (6.80 - 11.1 wt.%) and CaO (0.73 - 2.74 wt.%). The diabase has a basaltic composition with low silica (44-46 wt.%), high TiO2 (2.71 - 3.19 wt.%), Al2O3 (14.5 - 23.8 wt.%), Fe2O3t (12.1 - 15.4 wt.%), and Na2O (5.42 - 2.33 wt.%) (Table 5). The least-altered and the REE-rich granites display the characteristics of within-plate (WPG) and anorogenic type (A-type) granites (Fig. 4a-b). Altered granites do not plot in these discrimination diagrams due to their elemental compositions being modified by post-magmatic alteration. Like typical peralkaline granites (e.g. Whalen et al. 1987; Dostal and Shellnutt, 2016), the HLBL granites exhibit depletion in Ti, Ba, Sr, and Eu and enrichment in High Field Strength Elements (HFSE), Rare Earth Elements (REE), Y, Th, and U (Fig. 4c-d), but the latter are extremely concentrated in the altered granites with high concentrations of Th (980 - 2620 ppm), U (294 - 360 ppm) and Y (2690 - 4050 ppm). The least-altered granites are hyper-enriched in Zr (~ 25.000 ppm) and Nb (~ 3600 ppm) with concentrations higher than the grades in the Strange Lake REE deposit (Quebec-Labrador) which has Zr ~ 14000 ppm and Nb 1260 ppm (Siegel et al., 2018). The least-altered granites possess total REE contents of 460 - 741 ppm, show a moderate enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) relative to Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) and exhibit pronounced negative Eu anomalies on a primitive mantle- 22 normalized diagram (Fig. 4d). The REE-rich granite shows a higher total REE of 1880 ppm. Total REE is highest (~ 4000 - 7400 ppm) in the altered granites and samples show elevated profiles analogous to those of the Strange Lake and Bokan Mountain REE deposits (Fig. 4d). Table 6. Whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry of the Debert Lake REE prospect. Rock type Least-altered granite REE-rich granite Altered granite Diabase Sample MJ-2 MJ-5 MJ-9 MJ-30-F MJ-1A-1 MJ-6 MJ-23 MJ-24 MJ-30-M MJ-X (wt.%) SiO2 76.2 76.6 77.1 74.1 75.1 75.4 70.6 75.5 44 46 TiO2 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.37 1.12 0.85 1.25 0.93 2.71 3.19 Al2O3 11.1 10.6 10.6 8.35 6.88 5.59 5.92 4.86 23.8 14.5 Fe2O3 3.03 3.38 3.24 9.54 6.8 11 10.7 11.1 12.1 15.4 MnO 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.14 0.31 0.08 0.22 0.15 0.28 0.26 MgO 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.16 0.37 0.07 0.53 0.42 2.44 5.94 CaO 0.18 0.25 0.06 0.46 2.32 0.73 2.74 0.93 4.46 8.97 Na2O 4.17 3.99 4.11 1.55 2.05 0.52 1.01 0.81 5.42 2.33 K2O 4.45 4.54 4.3 4.48 1.96 3.9 3.56 2.92 0.4 2.01 P2O5 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.57 0.47 LOI 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.6 2.3 1.1 2.8 1.9 3.6 1.2 Total 99.64 99.85 99.8 99.75 99.22 99.27 99.37 99.55 99.78 100.27 Rock type Least-altered granite REE-rich granite Altered granite Diabase Sample MJ-2 MJ-5 MJ-9 MJ-30-F MJ-1A-1 MJ-6 MJ-23 MJ-24 MJ-30-M MJ-X (ppm) Sc b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 5.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 28.0 33.0 Be 21.7 18.4 21.5 23.0 42.4 57.5 40.4 31.0 15.1 11.0 V 8.00 38.0 4.00 28.0 37.0 39.0 40.0 42.0 187 369 Cr 16 15 8.0 2.0 b.d.l. 3.0 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 92 Co b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 2.10 b 4.90 2.80 20.4 40.5 Ni 11 15 10 13 8.0 8.0 14 11 7.0 64 Cu 171 41.2 43.1 29.1 232 367 383 151 47.7 187 Zn 262 289 279 155 319 416 728 609 246 274 Ga 36.1 33.8 33.7 32 27.1 18.5 21.5 18.6 33.5 19.2 Ge 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.20 As 5.40 6.10 6.60 5.60 9.90 7.00 5.60 7.70 8.00 7.10 Se 10.0 17.0 22.0 4.0 50.0 22.0 50.0 28.0 1.00 9.00 Mo 6.80 6.80 5.20 6.00 19.1 9.50 10.0 8.30 7.60 4.70 Ag 5.30 4.40 5.00 27.8 91.2 93.0 70.2 60.8 1.20 1.50 Cd 1.60 1.40 1.00 6.40 19.9 17.6 21.7 20.9 b.d.l. 0.30 Sn 43.1 38.9 35.0 296 627 621 575 711 12.7 35.4 Sb 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 5.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 23 Table 6. Continued. Rock type Least-altered granite REE-rich granite Altered granite Diabase Sample MJ-2 MJ-5 MJ-9 MJ-30-F MJ-1A-1 MJ-6 MJ-23 MJ-24 MJ-30-M MJ-X Ta 15.5 11.8 12.5 94.0 229 208 218 189 1.61 2.70 W b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 9.00 97.0 41.0 21.0 17.0 b.d.l b.d.l. Bi b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 2.4 2.6 1.6 0.2 b.d.l b.d.l. Pb 28.2 48.4 41.1 72.3 124 246 110 63.9 36.7 17.0 U 18.5 14.7 15.0 148 360 294 300 306 1.61 b.d.l. Rb 443 403 388 579 152 374 349 313 23.7 203 Sr 7.00 10.0 2.00 44.0 43.0 31.0 33.0 25.0 79.0 295 Cs 4.00 2.80 3.20 6.30 15.4 2.90 4.80 3.10 1.40 21.4 Ba 20.0 8.00 10.0 91.0 41.0 47.0 107 48.0 90.0 281 Y 270 284 160 515 4050 3010 3290 2690 145 73.0 Zr 1820 1260 1180 5990 24300 23600 25200 25500 290 494 Nb 200 168 184 1190 3610 2950 3000 2580 30.00 50.00 Hf 75.4 55.5 51.0 247 988 944 1030 1100 10.6 16.4 Th 82.4 57.7 66.9 112 2020 2620 1280 924 12.3 14.4 La 105 146 61.0 294 684 176 811 467 62.0 35.0 Ce 249 266 141 652 2140 818.0 1840 1310 117 70.0 Pr 31.8 37.5 18.9 84.3 216 75.2 213 120 17.0 9.58 Nd 129 164 81.5 330 815 306 772 403 71.5 41.1 Sm 34.3 38.6 22.3 82.3 264 139 230 125 17.1 9.2 Eu 1.38 2.19 1.02 3.34 13.5 8.92 11.6 6.85 2.81 2.60 Gd 38.3 48.3 25.1 86.9 367 219 298 188 20.8 11.2 Tb 5.74 6.32 3.88 13.4 79.9 52.5 61.8 42.9 2.81 1.55 Dy 49.3 48.0 33.0 109 798 554 616 466 24.0 13.0 Ho 12.0 11.3 8.38 26.2 229 160 169 137 5.38 3.50 Er 32.2 29.2 22.9 72.7 662 505 520 443 14.9 8.12 Tm 5.58 4.66 4.13 13 118 93.4 97.9 86.5 2.62 1.59 Yb 42.0 36.2 32.8 102 891 775 791 712 17.5 9.41 Lu 5.04 4.34 3.84 12.2 94.6 83.5 89.2 78.6 2.07 1.40 ΣLREE 550 654 326 1446 4133 1523 3878 2432 287 167 ΣHREE 190 188 134 435 3240 2442 2643 2154 90 50 ΣTREE 741 843 460 1881 7372 3966 6521 4586 377 217 b.d.l.: below detection limit, ΣLREE: Sum of Light Rare Earth Elements, ΣHREE: Sum of Heavy REE ΣTREE: Total Rare Earth Elements 24 Figure 4. a) Y + Nb (ppm) versus Rb (ppm) geotectonic discrimination diagram of Pearce et al. (1984) for the HLBL granites. Fields: syn-COLG (S-type granite), syn-collisional granite; VAG (I-type granite), volcanic arc granite; WPG (A-type granite), within-plate granite; ORG, ocean-ridge granite. b) 10,000*Ga/Al versus Zr (ppm) discrimination diagram of Whalen et al. (1987) showing that the HLBL granites can be classified as A-type granites. Fields: I, S & M give the distribution of I-, S-, and M-type granites whereas the A field is for A-type granites. c) Primitive mantle normalized incompatible trace element patterns of the HLBL granites. d) Chondrite-normalized REE abundances in the granitic rocks of the Debert Lake REE prospect compared to REE mineralization in peralkaline granites: Strange Lake (Quebec-Labrador, Canada) and Bokan Mt. (Alaska) from (Cox, 2013; Kerr, 2011). Primitive mantle and chondrite values are from McDonough and Sun (1995). Altered graniteLeast-altered graniteREE-r ich granite110100100010000Rb Ba Th U Nb Ta La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Ti Dy Y YbRock/Primitive Mantle10000Ga/AlNa 2O + K 2O56789101 3 10GraniteLeast−alteredREE−richI, S & MARbY + Nbsyn-COLGWPGORGVAG1101001000100001 10 100 1000 10000GraniteLeast−alteredREE−rich1001000La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb LuRock/ChondriteBokan M t. REE Deposit(Kerr, 2011)Strange Lake REE Deposit(Cox, 2013) 25 4.2 REE Mineralogy The Debert Lake REE prospect has a potentially economic REE assemblage including niobate minerals (e.g. pyrochlore, aeschynite-Y, nioboaeschynite, fergusonite-Y) as well as LREE-rich ferriallanite-Ce, chevkinite-Ce, monazite and zircon, and thorite. Table 6 lists the names and formulae of REE and HFSE minerals found in the different types of granites. Table 7. List of abbreviations and the general formula for rare-metal-rich minerals occurring in the Debert Lake REE prospect. Mineral Abbreviations Mineral Type General formula Rock type Least-altered granite REE-rich granite Altered granite Pyrochlore Pcl Nb-REE oxide (Ca, Na)2-xNb2O6(OH,F, H20)1-y X X X Aeschynite-Y Aes Nb-REE oxide (REE,Y)(Ta,Ti,Nb)2O6 X Nioboaeschynite-Ce Aes-Ce Nb-REE oxide Ce(Ta,Ti,Nb)2O6 X Fergusonite-Y Fer Nb-Y-REE oxide YNbO4 X X Chevkinite-Ce Chk Ce-rich silicate Ce4(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2 X Ferriallanite Aln LREE-rich silicate CaCe(Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH) X X Monazite Mnz REE-phosphate CePO4 X X Zircon Zrn Zr-silicate ZrSiO4 X X X Thorite Thr Th-silicate ThSiO4 X X X 4.2.1 Pyrochlore Pyrochlore is a Nb-oxide mineral and a major industrial source for Nb (Mitchell, 2015). It occurs in all granite specimens studied here but is more abundant in the REE-rich granites. It forms small (< 250 μm), euhedral-to-subhedral crystals with a distinct yellow color, moderate-to-high relief (Fig. 5a) and it is isotropic (i.e. isometric) with weak anisotropic anomalies (Fig. 5b); characteristics largely typical of literature descriptions (Ercit, 2005; Walter et. al., 2018). In the altered granite samples, it is dark/turbid and semi-opaque but with sizes comparable to those of the REE-rich sample (Fig. 5c). It is white on SEM BSE (Scanning Electron Microscope – Back-Scattered Electron) images with brighter internal intergrowth patches representing another niobate mineral (Fig. 5d). The pyrochlore supergroup has the general formula A2−mB2X6−wY1−n·pH2O with immense solid-solution variability (Lumpkin and Ewing,1995; Atencio et. al., 2010). The A site contains As, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cs, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, REE, Sb, Sr, Th, U, and Y. Niobium, Ta, Ti, Zr, Fe3+, Al, and Si substitute in the B site, and X and Y are filled with O, OH, and 26 F (Zurevinski and Mitchell, 2004). Vacancies are very common in the A and Y sites and increase with low-temperature weathering (Lumpkin and Ewing, 1995; Wall et al., 1996). Analyses by EPMA (Table 7) show that Nb, Ti, and Ca are major elements in Debert Lake pyrochlore. In the REE-rich granite, Nb2O5, CaO, and TiO2 are < 50 wt.%, <10 wt.% and ~ 8.5 wt.%, respectively. However, in altered granite samples, Nb2O5 and CaO increase to < 60 and 14.5 wt.% whereas TiO2 decreases to ~ 3.5 wt.%. Pyrochlore Ta2O5 concentrations are low in all rock samples and vary between ~ 2 and 3 wt.%. Ercit (2005) divides this supergroup into three subgroups: the betafite subgroup with 2Ti ≥ (Ta + Nb) at the B position of the formula, and the pyrochlore and microlite subgroups, in which (Nb + Ta) > 2Ti and Nb > Ta (pyrochlore) or Ta ≥ Nb (microlite). Accordingly, because Debert Lake analyses show high Nb and low Ti, they belong to the pyrochlore subgroup. The unidentified Nb-oxide phase intergrown with pyrochlore in both the REE-rich granite and altered granites is probably aeschynite. The statistical approach developed by Ercit (2005) to discriminate between (Y,REE,U,Th)–(Nb,Ta,Ti) oxide species (Fig. 6), indicates that Debert Lake analyses fall in the field shared by the aeschynite and euxenite groups. Aeschynite and euxenite have the same chemical formula, AB2O6, and similar major element compositions. However, high Th and undetectable U in semi-quantitative analyses (Table 7) place the unidentified Debert Lake mineral in the aeschynite group (Ewing, 1975; Ercit, 2005). In the REE-rich granite (MJ30), the aeschynite has 46 to 47 oxide wt.% Nb2O5, up to 7.39 wt.% CaO, ~ 11 wt.% TiO2 and ~ 7 wt.% Ce2O3 whereas it is nioboaeschynite-Ce in an altered granite with low TiO2 0.63wt.% and high Ce2O3 at 23.3 wt.%. 4.2.2 Fergusonite Under plane-polarized light, the niobate mineral, fergusonite, is light green and subhedral to euhedral in the REE-rich granite specimen (Fig. 5e) with grain sizes between ~ 50 and 100 μm in all samples. The altered granites contain opaque (altered/metamict?) fergusonite with rims partially replaced by Fe-oxides (Fig. 4f). In the REE rich granite, fergusonite is associated with chevkinite, ilmenite, fluorite, and euhedral zircons. In the least-altered granites, fergusonite forms tiny crystals, that are included by arfvedsonite, 27 but in the altered granites it is large (size) and a major Nb repository phase occurring with Fe-oxide, titanite, ferriallanite, and zircon. The general formula for this group is ABO4. The A-site is dominantly occupied by Y and REE with Nb, Ta, and Ti substituting in the B-site. Fergusonite is a HREE- and Y-rich niobate mineral (~ 45 - 48 wt.% of Nb2O5) with high Y contents that distinguish it from pyrochlore. Concentrations of Y2O3 Gd2O3, Dy2O3, and Yb2O3 reach 27, 5.93, 5.26, and 2.74 wt.%, respectively, and it is the main contributor to high Y and HREE in the altered granites (Table 7). Diagrams for canonical discriminant analysis (Ercit, 2005) can be used to distinguish pyrochlore and fergusonite analyses (Fig. 6). 28 Table 8. Representative semi-quantitative pyrochlore, aeschynite, and fergusonite analyses from the Debert Lake REE deposit. Mineral Group Pyrochlore Aeschynite Fergusonite Formula (Ca, Na)2-xNb2O6(OH,F, H20)1-y (REE,Y)(Ta,Ti,Nb)2O6 YNbO4 Mineral Pcl Aes-Y Aes-Ce Fer-Y Granite REE-rich Least-altered REE-rich Least-altered REE-rich Least-altered Sample MJ6 MJ30 MJ30 MJ6 MJ30 MJ6 SiO2 0.53 0.61 0.25 0.38 1.61 0.40 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.11 0.08 TiO2 3.78 3.55 8.48 11.24 12.2 0.63 1.03 1.02 0.27 0.28 Al2O3 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.1 0.12 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. FeO 0.16 0.30 0.64 2.11 1.68 0.03 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.21 0.20 MgO b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.07 0.08 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. CaO 14.34 14.51 9.70 5.1 3.74 3.07 0.06 b.d.l. 1.13 0.64 P2O5 0.29 0.26 b.d.l. 0.5 0.48 0.11 0.54 0.35 0.88 0.86 Nb2O5 59.82 60.64 48.91 47.51 46.13 47.71 45.59 45.51 47.90 48.43 Ta2O5 3.07 2.54 2.06 4.34 3.84 0.19 1.18 0.69 0.83 0.69 ThO2 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.66 1.28 1.36 b.d.l. 4.64 4.58 1.18 0.94 UO2 0.20 0.39 4.14 4.61 4.87 0.09 0.66 0.11 0.79 0.80 PbO 0.24 0.49 0.37 0.53 0.6 0.62 b.d.l. 0.01 b.d.l. b.d.l. Y2O3 0.37 0.13 0.85 2.23 2.79 1.25 22.95 20.70 27.28 27.03 La2O3 1.18 1.18 1.95 2.04 2.05 6.98 0.17 0.42 b.d.l. b.d.l. Ce2O3 4.99 4.88 7.25 7.1 7.28 23.32 1.55 2.02 0.13 0.20 Pr2O3 0.73 0.62 1.12 1.98 1.92 3.76 0.81 0.91 0.38 0.34 Nd2O3 1.12 1.11 3.62 4.4 4.65 6.56 2.91 3.19 0.61 0.83 Sm2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.12 1.85 1.96 0.61 1.84 2.10 0.47 0.55 Eu2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.73 0.7 b.d.l. 0.11 0.10 b.d.l. b.d.l. Gd2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.18 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.44 4.63 5.93 3.57 3.67 Dy2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 1.56 1.73 b.d.l. 3.69 5.26 4.05 4.26 Ho2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 1.87 1.93 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. Yb2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 1.04 1.1 b.d.l. 2.06 1.68 2.71 2.74 Total 90.84 91.23 90.36 102.92 103.15 95.81 94.48 94.69 92.59 92.70 F b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.22 0.25 b.d.l. 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.11 Cl b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.06 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.05 Total 90.84 91.23 90.30 102.56 102.8 95.75 94.42 94.55 92.44 92.54 Notes: b.d.l.: below detection limit. 29 Table 8. Continued. Mineral Group Pyrochlore Aeschynite Fergusonite Formula AB2O6 AB2O6 ABO4 Mineral Pcl Aes-Y Aes-Ce Fer-Y Granite REE-rich Least-altered REE-rich Least-altered REE-rich Least-altered Sample MJ6 MJ30 MJ30 MJ6 MJ30 MJ6 Si 0.018 0.020 0.010 Si 0.019 0.081 0.029 Nb 0.991 1.000 1.017 1.029 Ti 0.096 0.090 0.245 Ti 0.433 0.463 0.034 Ta 0.015 0.009 0.011 0.009 Al 0.002 0.001 0.000 Al 0.006 0.007 0.000 Ti 0.037 0.037 0.010 0.010 Nb 1.828 1.842 1.702 Fe 0.090 0.071 0.002 B Site 1.044 1.047 1.037 1.047 Ta 0.056 0.046 0.043 Mg 0.005 0.006 0.000 Si 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.004 B Site 2.000 2.000 2.000 Ca 0.280 0.202 0.237 Al 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Fe 0.004 0.008 0.021 P 0.022 0.020 0.007 Fe 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.008 Mg 0.000 0.000 0.000 Nb 1.099 1.052 1.555 Mg 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ca 1.733 1.743 1.334 Ta 0.060 0.053 0.004 Ca 0.003 0.000 0.057 0.032 P 0.017 0.014 0.000 B Site 2.015 1.955 1.868 P 0.022 0.014 0.035 0.034 Th 0.000 0.000 0.006 Th 0.015 0.016 0.000 Th 0.051 0.051 0.013 0.010 U 0.002 0.003 0.035 U 0.053 0.055 0.001 U 0.007 0.001 0.008 0.008 Pb 0.002 0.004 0.004 Pb 0.007 0.008 0.012 Pb 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Y 0.013 0.005 0.035 Y 0.054 0.066 0.042 Y 0.519 0.473 0.602 0.597 La 0.030 0.029 0.056 La 0.039 0.038 0.186 La 0.003 0.008 0.000 0.000 Ce 0.123 0.120 0.204 Ce 0.133 0.134 0.616 Ce 0.027 0.036 0.002 0.003 Pr 0.018 0.015 0.032 Pr 0.037 0.035 0.099 Pr 0.014 0.016 0.007 0.006 Nd 0.027 0.027 0.099 Nd 0.080 0.084 0.169 Nd 0.050 0.055 0.010 0.014 Sm 0.000 0.000 0.003 Sm 0.033 0.034 0.015 Sm 0.030 0.035 0.008 0.009 Eu 0.000 0.000 0.000 Eu 0.013 0.012 0.000 Eu 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 Gd 0.000 0.000 0.004 Gd 0.000 0.000 0.011 Gd 0.074 0.096 0.056 0.057 Dy 0.000 0.000 0.000 Dy 0.026 0.028 0.000 Dy 0.057 0.082 0.061 0.064 Ho 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ho 0.638 0.649 0.000 Ho 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Yb 0.000 0.000 0.000 Yb 0.025 0.026 0.000 Yb 0.047 0.038 0.060 0.060 A Site 1.969 1.969 1.833 A-Site 1.152 1.186 1.151 A Site 0.906 0.907 0.931 0.907 Pyrochlore stoichiometry calculated on the basis of 2 B-cations, for aeschynite 6 O atoms, and for fergusonite 4 O atoms. F and Cl values are subtracted from total value prior to stoichiometry calculation. b.d.l.: below detection limit. 30 4.2.3 Ferriallanite-Ce Ferriallanite is a rare metal-bearing mineral described as a member of the epidote group by Kartashov et al. (2002). It is an abundant REE assemblage mineral in the altered granites where it occurs as a secondary mineral in close association with fergusonite, zircon, titanite, and quartz (Fig. 5g). Ferriallanite crystals are generally reddish-brown to opaque, but it is also locally altered (metamict?). It forms grains up to 100-200 μm wide. The ferriallanite-(Ce) with the ideal formula of CeCaFe2+AlFe3+(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH) is essentially an allanite mineral but has Fe3+ dominant over Al in the M1 site. Debert Lake ferriallanites show high ~ 26 - 27 wt. % FeOt, are enriched in LREE and contain Ce2O3 ~ 13 wt%, La2O3 up to ~ 6 wt%, and Nd2O3 ~ 2 wt%. (Table 8). Ferriallanite stoichiometry is calculated by WinEpclas (Yavuz and Kiran Yildirim, 2018) (See Appendix Table A 3). 4.2.4 Chevkinite-Ce Chevkinite-group is a relatively uncommon, REE-rich silicate group found in igneous and metamorphic rocks (Macdonald et al., 2012). At Debert Lake it was only observed in the REE-rich granite where it forms dark red, close to opaque, subhedral crystals associated with euhedral zircons, Fe-Ti oxides, feldspar, and quartz (Fig. 5h). Chevkinite group minerals are REE-rich titanosilicates with the formula A4BC2D2Si4O22. The A-site is occupied by REE, Ca, Sr, Th, Na, and K, the B-site contains Mg, Fe2+, and Mn. The C-site hosts Ti, Al, Fe3+, Fe2+ in C whereas the D-site chiefly contains Ti (MacDonald and Belkin, 2002). The mineral at Debert Lake is Chevkinite-Ce with high Ce2O3 > 20 wt. %. It is compositionally similar to allanite but is characterized by elevated LREE contents up to 5 wt. % La2O3 and to 7 wt. % Nd2O3 (Table 8). 4.2.5 REE-bearing phases (titanite, monazite) and fluorite Titanite forms dark brown, subhedral crystals reaching 100 μm long, and shows increasing abundance from the least-altered to more altered granites. It is associated with fergusonite, Fe-oxide, and ferriallanite in the altered granites (Fig. 5g) and can be intergrown with zircon in the least-altered granites. Monazite is another LREE-bearing mineral of the REE assemblage. Colourless monazite crystals are subhedral to anhedral and display irregular-shaped to rounded forms in quartz. It is associated with pyrochlore and scarce in the least-altered granites 31 (Fig. 5i). In the altered granites it appears to have altered to ferriallanite and thorite (Fig. 5j-k). Fluorite is dark purple, anhedral, and fills micro-fractures in the least-altered granites with zircon-I. It is more abundant in the altered granites where it is associated with aegirine-augite and ferriallanite, zircon, fergusonite, and pyrochlore. Fluorite shows an intergrowth texture with zircon-IIb, partially replacing aegirine-augite. Table 9. Representative semi-quantitative ferriallanite-Ce and chevkinite-Ce analyses from the Debert Lake REE deposit. Mineral Ferriallanite-Ce Chevkinite-Ce Formula CaCeFe2+Fe3+Al (SiO4) (Si2O7)O(OH) Ce4(Ti, Fe2+, Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2 Granite Altered REE-rich Sample MJ6 MJ30 SiO2 27.71 28.05 18.49 18.48 TiO2 2.86 2.33 16.37 16.33 Al2O3 4.21 3.39 b.d.l. b.d.l. FeO 26.01 27.63 11.58 11.45 CaO 9.27 9.82 0.32 0.32 Nb2O5 b.d.l. b.d.l. 1.48 1.47 ThO2 b.d.l. b.d.l. 1.83 1.65 Y2O3 b.d.l. 0.53 1.26 1.13 La2O3 6.95 5.56 10.79 10.81 Ce2O3 13.51 12.68 22.79 22.71 Pr2O3 0.85 0.99 2.59 2.61 Nd2O3 1.26 2.23 6.9 6.98 Sm2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.77 0.81 Eu2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.32 0.34 Gd2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.58 0.62 Total 92.63 93.21 96.07 95.71 Notes: b.d.l.: below detection limit 32 Figure 5. Photomicrographs of the REE minerals observed in thin sections under plane polarized light (PPL), and under cross polarized light (XPL). a) and b) Pyrochlore in the REE-rich granite. c) Pyrochlore in an altered granite. d) Backscattered electron (BSE) image of pyrochlore in the REE-rich granite e) Fergusonite in the REE-rich granite. f) BSE image of fergusonite in an altered granite. g) Ferriallanite-Ce and titanite in an altered granite. h) Chevkinite is associated with ilmenite, fluorite, and epidote in the REE-rich granite. k) Monazite accompanies pyrochlore in a least-altered granite. l) BSE image of the monazite in an altered granite. m) Qualitative elemental zonation maps (Ce: Cerium, U: Uranium) of monazite in altered granite. Qtz: quartz, Afs: alkali feldspar, Pcl: pyrochlore, Aes: aeschynite, Fer: fergusonite, Ttn: titanite, Aln: ferriallanite-Ce, Mnz: monazite, Thr: thorite. 33 Figure 6. Plots of the scores for canonical variables (CV1 and CV2) in the three-group classification (Y, REE, U, Th) – (Nb, Ta, Ti) of oxide minerals developed by Ercit (2005). CV1 and CV2 equations are abbreviated with elements (e.g. Na) and are actually in oxide wt.% Fe*= Fe + Mn with Fe=Fe2O3, U*=U + Th and Ta*=Ta + W. CV1 = 0.245Na + 0.106Ca – 0.077Fe* + 0.425Pb + 0.220Y + 0.280LREE + 0.137HREE + 0.100 U* + 0.304Ti + 0.097Nb + 0.109Ta* – 12.81 (oxide wt.%) and CV2 = 0.102Na – 0.113Ca – 0.371Fe* – 0.167Pb – 0.395Y – 0.280LREE – 0.265HREE – 0.182 U* – 0.085Ti – 0.166Nb – 0.146Ta*+ 17.29. See Ercit (2005) for further details on the statistical analysis. 34 4.3 Zircon Mineral Chemistry 4.3.1 Multi element maps of the Debert Lake zircons Optical microscope and BSE images show that zircon-I and zircon-IIb crystals exhibit complex internal textures developed in distinctive domains delineated by CL imaging. Electron microprobe X-ray element maps were produced to observe the chemical nature of the domains and changes in the distribution of Zr, Hf, Th, and Y within the structure of zircon-I and zircon-IIa. A CL image for zircon-I (Fig. 7a) reveals that the core and overgrowth/rim zones show variable brightness. Zircon-I cores are generally dark whereas overgrowths are bright indicating differences in geochemical composition Zirconium is evenly distributed throughout the rim whereas it is extremely uneven in the core (Fig. 7a) suggesting the cores were modified. Vugs are represented as black spots on the Zr map, but random and irregular patches in the core are depleted in Zr. The boundary between the core and rim is sharp on the Th map (Fig. 7a) which also shows that the Th-rich core was partially resorbed during the formation of the Th-poor rim. The core contains a spongy and CL-bright domain (Fig. 3c) that resembles the inner core which is depleted in Y but enriched in Hf. (Fig. 7a). Yttrium is particularly concentrated in mineral inclusions in the inner core that appear as small, bright spots in the BSE image (Fig. 7a). Like zircon-I, zircon-IIa shows an internal structure with core and rim parts (Fig. 7b) The core has two sections: a dark inner core and a bright outer core in CL imaging (Fig. 7b). The inner core has a sieve-like spongy texture in BSE imaging and contains micro-meter sized holes and mineral inclusions on the Zr map (Fig. 7b). The latter can be distinguished by corresponding bright spots on Th and Y maps. The CL-bright outer core is Y- and Th-depleted and free of inclusions. Resembling the inner core, the rim shows a spongy texture with abundant mineral inclusions. It also preserves growth zones apparent on Th map. The BSE image shows a “channel” cutting through the rim to the outer core that may represent a pathway for alteration fluids entering the center of the zircon-II grain. EPMA mapping does not reveal zoning in Zircon-IIb. 35 Figure 7. X-ray element (Hf, Zr, Th, Y) maps of the Debert Lake a) late-magmatic stage zircon-I and b) post-magmatic stage zircon-IIa. Warmer colours indicate higher abundances. All scale bars are 50 μm in size. 36 4.3.2 Element composition of the Debert Lake zircons EPMA results show that analytical totals for both zircon-I and zircon-IIa range between 95-99 wt.%, whereas they are low for zircon-IIb (~ 90 and 92 wt.%) (Table 9). The ZrO2 and SiO2 contents in zircon-I and zircon-IIa are approximately 67 wt.% and 29 wt.% (respectively) and close to ideal (67.2 wt.%) for ZrO2 but low for SiO2 (ideal, 32.8 wt.%). Both are lowest in zircon-IIb (57.3 - 61.3 wt.% ZrO2 and 25.3-26.9 wt.% SiO2) which is also characterized by high Y2O3 > 2 wt.%, 1 wt.% CaO and FeO up to 5 wt.%. Zircon-IIb grains with low analytical totals have non-stoichiometric amounts of Zr and Si which are attributed to high trace element concentrations. Figure 8 compares the trace element (including REE) concentrations of the zircon acquired by LA-ICP MS. They are high but variable in the zircon grains, most notably in terms of REE, Nb, Ta, Th, and U (see Appendix Table B 2 for analyzed spots, target elements, and concentrations in ppm). Zircon-IIb grains show the highest REE and HFSE concentrations with Nb up to 15000 ppm, and Th and U, up to 6000 and 15000 ppm, respectively. Like zircon-IIb, zircon-IIa has high LREE whereas total REE content is low. Zircon-I has relatively low trace element concentrations including total REE and HFSE such as Nb and Hf. The U in zircon-I is also low but Th is high and variable (Fig. 8). Ideal zircon has the formula ZrSiO4 but zircons in the Debert Lake REE prospect are relatively rich in “non-formula” elements such as Ca, Fe, Y, and Hf which are not compatible with the zircon structure (Geisler et al., 2007). In particular, zircon-IIb shows elevated Ca and Fe contents at the expense of Si and Zr (Fig. 9a-b). CaO and FeO contents are relatively low in both zircon-I and zircon-IIb, but some spots in zircon-I have high values (Fig. 9b). A transect from rim to rim across individual zircon-I crystals reveals that concentrations of Ca and Fe are variably elevated in the spongy core (Fig. 9c). Yttrium is variable in the core and does not show correlation with either Ca or Fe. Hafnium is constant throughout the grain. It is low in zircon-I but is mostly high in zircon-IIa and IIb grains which partly have Zr/Hf ratios lower than chondritic values (Fig. 9d-e). 37 Table 10. Electron microprobe analyses of the Debert Lake zircons. Type Zircon-I Zircon-IIa Zircon-IIb Analysis No* 2 / 3 3 / 1 3 / 2 3 / 3 1 / 1 1 / 2 1 / 3 1 / 4 1 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 4 2 / 5 SiO2 29.28 28.27 29.37 29.34 28.82 28.89 28.82 28.9 26.92 25.91 25.34 25.72 ZrO2 68.75 65.55 66.82 68.37 67.91 67.59 67.58 67.82 61.34 59.85 57.86 57.26 HfO2 0.91 0.62 1.03 0.86 1.41 1.25 1.29 1.28 1.46 1.4 1.24 1.41 Al2O3 b.d.l. 0.04 0.06 b.d.l. 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.16 0.23 0.17 0.28 Y2O3 0.77 0.73 0.81 0.62 0.8 0.93 0.88 0.93 1.29 1.66 1.25 2.26 CaO b.d.l. 0.27 0.11 b.d.l. 0.13 0.14 0.24 0.22 0.86 0.61 0.54 0.4 FeO 0.17 3.04 0.29 0.17 0.09 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.6 0.94 5.96 3.88 Total 99.88 98.52 98.49 99.36 99.28 99.03 99.03 99.37 92.63 90.6 92.36 91.21 Formula on the basis of 4 O Si 0.924 0.910 0.936 0.928 0.917 0.921 0.919 0.919 0.919 0.909 0.885 0.904 Zr 1.057 1.029 1.038 1.055 1.054 1.050 1.051 1.051 1.022 1.024 0.985 0.981 Hf 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.012 0.014 Al 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.010 0.007 0.012 Y 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.009 0.012 0.014 0.013 0.014 0.021 0.027 0.021 0.037 Ca b.d.l. 0.009 0.004 b.d.l. 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.031 0.023 0.020 0.015 Fe 0.000 0.082 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.017 0.028 0.174 0.114 Total 2.005 2.049 2.009 2.004 2.008 2.008 2.010 2.010 2.031 2.034 2.104 2.077 Notes: Analyses with low totals reflect high concentrations of HFSE and REE as determined by LA-ICP MS. b.d.l.: below detection limit. * Numbers for analyzed spots are generated by EPMA. See Appendix A for the full dataset and spot locations. 38 Figure 8. Box and whisker plots showing trace element concentrations in the Debert Lake zircons. The upper and lower margins of the boxes represent the upper 75% and lower 25% of the data, respectively. The whisker lines represent upper and lower threshold values (95% of the data), whereas median values are shown as thick black lines inside the boxes. Analysis (black dots) outside the whisker lines represent outliers. 39 Figure 9. Variation diagrams for the Debert Lake zircons. The “ideal” zircon composition is shown in a) with 67.2 wt. % ZrO2 and 32.8 wt. % SiO2. The chondritic Zr/Hf value in e) is from Bau et al., (1996). a.p.f.u: atoms per formula unit. 40 The chondrite-normalized REE profiles (Fig. 10) show that all zircon types are characterized by HREE enrichment with large variations in LREE. Zircon-I shows positive Ce- and Sm-anomalies and a negative Eu-anomaly similar to late magmatic zircons of the Paradise Lode granites (Pettke et al., 2005) (Fig. 10a). Zircon-IIa and -IIb grains display REE profiles which are slightly different from zircon-I with higher LREE. They are analogous to those for hydrothermal zircons in the Boggy Plain pluton felsic units (Hoskin, 2005). The HREE concentrations are variable in zircon IIa but mostly high in zircon-IIb grains. Higher LREE and relatively low HREE contents in zircon-IIa grains flatten their overall REE profile. Zircon-I shows a pronounced positive Ce anomaly which is less obvious in zircon-IIb and absent in zircon-IIa. Figure 10. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for Debert Lake a) zircon-I and b) zircon-IIa and zircon-IIb. The chondrite normalizing values are from McDonough and Sun (1995). . 41 4.4 U-Pb Ages Zircon grains associated with REE-bearing phases were selected for in-situ U-Pb dating to quantify the length of timing over which mineralization occurred. Zircon-I accompanies pyrochlore and fergusonite, zircon-IIa accompanies the REE oxides, as well as by-product fluorite, hematite, and aegirine minerals. Zircon-IIb is associated with titanite, ferriallanite, fergusonite, hematite, and aegirine-augite. Additionally, one igneous monazite grain in the least-altered granites was dated in-situ. A full dataset is presented in (Appendix Table B 11). The inverse discordias in Tera-Wasserburg (TW) plots (Fig. 11) are used to calculate intercept ages through robust regressing after Powell et al., (2020) through discordant analyses with varying distributions of common Pb against 238U/206Pb ratios. These regressions and TW plots were generated using the ChrontouR package (Larson, 2020) for the open software platform R (R Core Team, 2020). Both overgrowth and spongy interior zones of zircon-I grains were investigated. Five grains were analyzed to date the spongy domain of zircon-I in the REE-rich granite (specimen MJ30). 26 spots yielded an isochron date of 360 ± 4 Ma (2SE, s=0.76). Twelve spots within zircon-I overgrowths yielded an isochron date of 355 ± 2 Ma (2SE, s=0.57). Twenty-three analyses were also conducted in one sub-rounded magmatic monazite in MJ-11 and yielded an isochron date of 366 ± 5 Ma (2SE, s=0.77). All three dates overlap literature dates for the HLBL granites and coeval volcanic rocks of the Wentworth plutonic complex. Doig et al., (1996) suggested an age of 362±2 Ma for the early HLBL granites based on zircon U-Pb dating. Dunning et al., (2002) obtained a date of 358±1 Ma for zircons from the extrusive equivalents of the HLBL granites. Pe-Piper et al., (2004) reported a date of 356±3 Ma based on 40Ar-39Ar dating of arfvedsonite. Eight out of sixteen analyses of zircon-IIa from the least-altered granite (specimen MJ-D) (Fig. 11d) yielded a date of 317 ± 15 Ma (2SE, s=0.82) which is coeval with zircon-IIb from the altered granite (specimen MJ-6) yielding an errorchron age of 309 Ma (2SE; based on 15 analysis points) (Fig. 11e). 42 Figure 11. Tera-Wasserberg concordia diagrams dating a) the spongy core domain and b) overgrowth zone in zircon-I as well as c) igneous monazite from a least-altered granite. Diagrams d) and e) date Zircon-IIa, and zircon-IIb from least-altered granite and altered granite. Plots and dating calculations are based on robust regression model proposed by Powell et al., (2020) with a single discordia line. Uncertainties are 2SE. 43 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.1 Timing of REE formation in Debert Lake Petrographically distinct REE-bearing mineral assemblages, each with associated relict minerals and gangue reactive products, indicate more than one mineralization episode in the Debert Lake REE prospect. Zircon forms a texturally distinct, cogenetic phase in each assemblage (three types identified, Ziron I, IIa, IIb) thereby providing the geochronological information required to resolve the relative timing of mineralizing events. To facilitate the discussion below, Table 4 summarizes relationships between mineralization stages, rock types, sample names, samples yielding zircon and monazite dates, alteration assemblages, and zircon types/forms/textures and distinguishing features. Zircon-I and monazite U-Pb dates indicate an early mineralization event occurred between 350 to 360 Ma This age range is within the error of previously published ages for the timing of emplacement of the surrounding Wentworth Plutonic complex. Thus, the earliest stage of mineralization at the Debert Lake area appears closely associated with magmatism. Zircon-IIa and IIb in the least-altered and altered granites (respectively) come from trenches at the “mineralized” site (Site #1 in Fig. 1c) and yielded overlapping dates between 310 to 320 Ma. This substantially postdates magmatism that formed the Wentworth plutonic complex. Importantly, the complete range of dates indicates that REE mineralization had a ~50 m.y. multistage history of formation at Debert Lake. This makes the prospect similar to world-class REE deposits having a two- or multi-stage history of REE formation (Table 1). Although the zircon-IIa and IIb dates are within analytical error of one another, the alteration mineral assemblages and associated altered granite compositions are distinct and apparently reflect different metasomatic processes involving chemically distinct hydrothermal fluids. Sections below investigate the origin of all zircons (and associated REE mineralization), and use various approaches, including zircon chemistry, to characterize the hydrothermal fluids responsible for mineralization. 44 5.2 Origin of the Debert Lake Zircons Zircons formed due to interaction with fluids have been the subject of numerous studies. Their rare and/or unusual textures, distinct trace element compositions, and REE distribution patterns have been linked to fluid-assisted alteration and formative processes. 1) Formation of “spongy” zircon grains has been ascribed to dissolution-reprecipitation reactions by Tomaschek et al., (2003). 2) Hoskin, 2(2005) suggests LREE-rich, porous hydrothermal rims on zircon directly crystallized from zircon-saturated aqueous fluids 3) Geisler et al., (2007) relates the selective non-formula enrichment in zircons to the diffusion-reaction process. Based on the REE patterns (Fig. 10a), zircon-I can be considered magmatic zircon. Analyses show steep slopes from the LREE to HREE (LREE/HREE=0.032 - 0.23) and pronounced positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies that are typical of igneous zircons (Belosouva et al., 2006). The Ce/Ce* ratios in zircon-I are mostly high but vary between 4 and 180. Nonetheless, early magmatic (or igneous) zircons are characterized by low LREE and low chondrite-normalized La contents ranging from 4 to 35 (Toscano et al., 2014). The values in zircon-I are mostly between 100 and 1000, and the chondrite-normalized LREE patterns are elevated, similar to those of late magmatic zircons from the Mole Granites in Australia (Pettke et. al., 2005). Resorption and spongy textures in zircon-I grains are characteristic of hydrothermally altered zircon (Geisler et al., 2007; Soman et al., 2010). The distribution of specific elements (i.e. Y, Th, and Zr) in spongy domains, as revealed by X-ray element maps (Fig. 7a), appears related to the interaction between late-stage magmatic fluids and zircon-I (Geisler et al., 2007). BSE-bright, Y- and Th- rich mineral inclusions occur in the patchy Y- Th- Zr-poor domains implying alteration by a fluid capable of moving of these elements (Park et al., 2016). This may be the result of a “coupled dissolution-precipitation” process described by Tomaschek et. al., (2003). They propose that fluids penetrating the zircon along fractures transport Zr, Y, and Th expelled from the zircon structure. The fluid becomes saturated in these elements which then precipitates forming inclusions in the reworked domains. It is hypothesized that the dissolution–reprecipitation process drives eutectic crystallization between the zircon and these “secondary” mineral inclusions 45 (Geisler et. al., 2007). At the eutectic, Th- and Y-poor zircon and Th- and Y-rich inclusion phases (thorite, pyrochlore, hingganite-Y, and fergusonite?) crystallize simultaneously. Zircon-I shows higher concentrations of CaO+FeO which are negatively correlated with SiO2+ZrO (Fig. 9b). Calcium and Fe are incompatible with the zircon structure and must therefore be accepted as “non-formula elements”. They may enter zircon via a “fluid diffusion-reaction” process suggested by Geisler et al. (2007). The process causes enrichment of Ca, Ba, Al, Fe, Mn, and possibly common Pb and loss of Si and probably Zr. Fluid-related alteration in zircon-I involves both mechanisms (fluid dissolution-reprecipitation and diffusion-reaction) in developing the “spongy” zones. The discriminant diagrams by Hoskin (2005) can help distinguish magmatic zircons from hydrothermal zircons. Post-magmatic zircon-IIa and IIb analyses cluster within or near the field for hydrothermal zircon (Fig 12a-b). Zircon-I generally falls in the hydrothermal field but shows a large spread that can be attributed to the presence of micro inclusions at spots penetrated by the laser. Zircon-I hosts inclusions of thorite, Y-rich hingganite, and minor Nb-rich pyrochlore. In particular, Y-rich inclusions (i.e. hinnganite) have exceptionally high REE concentrations (Papoutsa and Pe-Piper, 2013) that affect the REE patterns of zircon-I grains. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns (Fig. 12c) show that Y concentrations are high for zircon-I analyses displaying elevated REE patterns. In addition, the Th/U ratio of the Debert Lake zircons generally ranges from 0.5 to 7, but it shows great variation in late-magmatic zircon-I and some values are as high as 45 (Fig. 12d). This is outside of the typical range for zircon in felsic rocks of 1 to 10 (Kirkland et al., 2015). The extremely high ratio in zircon-I is consistent with thorite inclusions impacting some analyses. A geochemical model proposed by Zhong et al., (2018) has examined the “inclusion-effect” in the REE distribution pattern for zircon. According to their calculations, small amounts (i.e. 0.05 vol%) of mineral inclusions (e.g. apatite, monazite, titanite, xenotime) at analysis spots will decrease (Sm/La)N and increase LREE concentrations resulting in magmatic zircon that shows the “characteristics” of hydrothermal zircon. In our case, thorite, hingganite, and probably Nb-rich pyrochlore inclusions would change La concentrations and (Sm/La)N ratios. Alternatively, the “hydrothermal” characteristics 46 may reflect formation from late-stage magmatic fluids and/or deuteric alteration during cooling. Zircon-I grains are locally closely associated with tourmaline in the REE-rich granite and may be products of deuteric reactions near contact zones (Shand, 1944). There are several lines of textural, geochemical, and geochronological evidence indicating that zircon-IIa and -IIb grains are of hydrothermal origin and/or altered by fluids. First, they form secondary phases, mostly replacing and/or altering primary minerals. Second, zircon-IIa shows successively developed spongy growth zones in which elements were redistributed as a result of post-crystallization hydrothermal alteration or growth (Hoskin, 2005; Geisler et al.,2007). Unlike igneous zircons, zircon-IIb has no internal zoning but shows unusual habits and irregular crystal shapes, which is apparently a product of rapid hydrothermal crystallization. Third, the zircon is characterized by high LREE/HREE (0.16 to 1.16) and displays REE patterns similar to those of hydrothermal zircons in the Boggy Plain plutons in eastern Australia (Hoskin, 2005) (Fig. 10b). Finally, and perhaps most telling, their U-Pb ages postdate magmatism. Elevated LREE concentrations, particularly La (Fig. 12a), and high LREE/HREE are common in the post-magmatic Debert Lake zircon. They can be linked to encountering LREE-rich inclusions during analysis. Although some zircon-IIa grains include tiny REE minerals, the majority are inclusion-free and thus inclusions do not explain the observed high LREE/HREE in all post-magmatic zircons. Instead, it may be linked with 1) zircon-precipitating fluids with high LREE/HREE (Piilonen et al., 2012) or 2) the distortion of the zircon structure allowing entry of large LREE ions (Whitehouse and Kamber, 2002). Zirconium (Zr) has a small ionic radius of 0.72 Å and is more easily substituted-for by HREE than LREE because ionic radii decrease from La to Lu (Shannon, 1976). Thus, igneous zircons typically have low LREE/HREE, as demonstrated by Rubatto and Hermann (2007). Strong LREE enrichment can be caused by distortion in the zircon crystal lattice as a result of metamictization which has not been observed in the Debert Lake zircons. As such, post-magmatic grains were likely sourced from hydrothermal fluids (high LREE/HREE). 47 Figure 12. Zircon discrimination diagrams. a) (Sm/La)N vs. La (ppm) and b) (Ce/Ce)N*= [CeN/(LaN*PrN)1/2] vs. Sm/La diagrams widely used to discriminate magmatic zircon from hydrothermal zircon. c) Chondrite-normalized Y-scaled REE patterns for zircon-I. d) U (ppm) versus Th (ppm). e) Y/Ho vs. Y (ppm) and f) Eu/Eu* vs. Ce/Ce*. Grey fields in a) and b) are from Hoskin (2005). The chondritic value of Y/Ho=28 in (f) is from Anders and Grevesse (1989). Dashed thorite and hingganite-Y REE patterns in c) are from Pettke et al. (2005) and Papoutsa and Pe-Piper (2013), respectively. Chondrite normalizing values in c) are from Sun and McDonough (1995). 48 5.3 Nature of the Fluids The depletion of Ba, Sr, and Eu seen in the Debert Lake granites (Fig. 4c) is characteristic of A-type granites and has been linked to fractional crystallization involving feldspars (Dostal and Shellnutt 2016, Ahmed et al., 2018). However, it is not possible to produce the high rare metal concentrations in some Debert Lake rocks by fractionation. The large variations in REE, HFSE, Th, and U concentrations, and their high concentrations in particularly, the altered granites, appear related to hydrothermal processes. The evidence for pervasive alteration of the major igneous rock-forming minerals (arfvedsonite, +/- quartz) to secondary minerals (allanite, zircon-IIb, titanite, pyrochlore, hematite, fluorite, and quartz), alteration textures (replacement, pseudomorph and interstitial), and appearance of rare metal-bearing minerals in association with these secondary minerals and textures, supports a hydrothermal origin for high rare metal concentrations. Zircon occurs in all granite rock types at Debert Lake, shows a wide range of habits and textures that correlate with rock type, and incorporates a broad range of elements that can potentially inform about the magmatic versus hydrothermal origin of the prospect and the composition of ore-forming fluids. The least-altered granites have the lowest trace element concentrations (Table 4). Their zircon grains (zircon-IIa) show the lowest trace element concentrations among the zircon groups (Fig 8.), and apparently modal abundances of show zircon-IIa and associated REE-bearing phases are lowest among the REE mineral assemblages in all granite types. These zircons have distinctly hydrothermal compositions (Fig. 12a-b), but it appears that the fluids that formed them were not capable of precipitating substantial HFSE or REE. The REE-rich granite contains 3 to 4 times more total REE than the least-altered granites but there is no remarkable difference in major element compositions (Table X). Unlike zircon from the least-altered granites, zircon-I from the REE-rich granites shows magmatic to hydrothermal compositions (Fig. 12a-b). As previously argued, zircon-I analyses with hydrothermal compositions (high Sm/La) may reflect laser intersection of relatively light-REE-enriched microinclusions (e.g. titanite, hinnganite) in magmatic zircons. Alternatively, the magmatic zircons may have been variably modified by late- 49 stage magmatic fluids and/or deuteric alteration during cooling. Regardless of which hypothesis applies, the fluids causing rare metal enrichments in the REE-rich granite, were probably of magmatic origin. Hydrothermal alteration was so intensive in the altered granites that they differ from other granites in their major element compositions and show elevated rare metal concentrations, particularly the LREE (Fig. 4d). Zircon-IIb in these granites is characterized by strong enrichment in trace elements (including REE) and non-formula elements. Apparently, the alteration fluids were enriched in HFSE (particularly Zr), and REE, and capable of transporting/precipitating these elements and driving a potentially economic REE mineralization. The fluid phases associated with highly evolved granitic systems can be rich in halogens such as F and Cl which facilitate the mobility of rare metals and are responsible for their enrichment (Williams-Jones et al., 2000; Dostal and Shellnutt, 2016). The LREE form considerably stronger complexes with fluoride than the HREE and are therefore more easily mobilized (Williams-Jones et al., 2012). Migdisov and Williams-Jones (2009) show that fluoride can form complexes with Zr. In the light of the widespread occurrence of fluorite, abundance of zircon-IIb, and preferential enrichment of LREE in the altered granites, the fluids apparently had an F-rich composition. The Y/Ho ratios of zircon can provide information about the physicochemical properties of the fluids. Superchondritic Y/Ho ratios indicate the presence of F-rich fluids bearing Li, P, and B (Kozlik et. al., 2016). Yttrium/Ho ratios are up to 30 and 60 in zircon-IIb and zircon-IIa, respectively. (Fig. 12e) These ratios are higher than the chondrite value of 28 (Anders and Grevesse, 1989), consistent with zircon precipitation in association with F-rich fluids. Cerium anomalies yield information on the oxidation state of the magma and related fluid (Kong et al., 2016; Li et al., 2019). Cerium4+ is more compatible than Ce3+ in the zircon structure because its radius is close to that of Zr4+ (Hanchar and van Westrenen, 2007) and they have the same valence. Magmatic zircons show positive Ce anomalies due to the incorporation of Ce4+ (Hanchar and van Westrenen, 2007), but such anomalies are not common in hydrothermal zircons (Li et al., 2019). The presence, or 50 absence, of a positive Ce anomaly depends on the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio in the melt or fluid, which can be controlled by oxygen fugacity (Toscano et al., 2014). High Ce/Ce* ratios indicate high oxygen fugacity (Li et. al., 2014). Late-magmatic zircon-I shows higher Ce/Ce* than post-magmatic zircon-IIa and zircon-IIb (Fig 12f) indicating that zircon-I formed in a higher fO2 environment. Negative Eu anomalies are common in both magmatic and hydrothermal zircon (Hoskin 2005; Pettke et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2009). Although Ce anomalies are attributed to redox state, Eu anomalies can be complicated to interpret. Termed the “Eu paradox” by (Hoskin and Schaltagger, 2003), igneous zircons can have a positive Ce anomaly but a negative Eu anomaly even in an oxidized environment. Negative anomalies appear to reflect early fractionation of plagioclase in a magmatic system wherein Eu2+ substitutes for Ca2+. Pelleter et al., (2007) analyzed a set of magmatic and hydrothermal zircon grains that showed variations in their Eu anomalies regardless of oxygen fugacity. They concluded that differences in Eu/Eu* are not just governed by redox state, but also depend on the chemistry of the fluids. Both zircon-IIa and -IIb are hydrothermal, however, zircon-IIb shows higher Eu/Eu*. Apparently, the fluids that formed zircon-IIa and zircon-IIb were chemically different fluids. 51 5.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the Debert Lake zircons Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is an exploratory data analysis method that uncovers natural patterns in high dimension datasets (Greenough et. al., 2007). PCA has been successfully used in geochemical studies to distinguish between samples (observations) and groups of elements (variables) depending on their similarities. It essentially reduces the number of variables in a given dataset, simulating the distribution of samples and correlation of elements in artificially generated dimensions. Biplotting in PCA puts both elements (variables) and samples (observations) on the same diagram thus uncovering relationships between associating elements and geochemical groups of samples (Gabriel, 1971). Principal Component Analysis (PCA), as a technique in geochemical exploration, can identify element associations related to hydrothermal alteration and/or mineralization (Chen et. al., 2016). In this study, PCA was applied to the LA-ICP MS data of the Debert Lake zircons using R (R Core Team, 2020) to group samples as well as produce elemental assemblages reflecting the composition of fluids driving the episodic REE mineralization. The analyzed target elements are treated as variables (loadings) while analysis spots are defined as objects (scores) (see Appendix Table B 2&9 for the list of elements). The concentration data sum to 100% in chemical analysis such that, an increase in the proportion of one variable occurs at the expense of the other variables. Thus, the variables are not independent (Davis, 2002). This is called the “closure” problem and PCA can produce spurious correlations among the variables (Aitchison, 1986; Garber et. al., 2017; Chen et. al., 2017). To ameliorate this problem, all zircon data were normalized using a centered log-ratio transformation prior to PCA as described by Aitchison (1982). The centered log-transformation was done using CoDaPack 2 (Comas-Cufí and Thió-Henestrosa, 2011) (see Appendix Table B 3 for log-normalized values). Normalized data were then processed to generate PCA diagrams that display graphically both loadings and scores as biplots. The contributions of the first five PCs and their eigenvalues are provided in Appendix B 4. Principal Component-1 (PC1), PC2, and PC3 are the first three principal components and in this study, they account for most of the variability (~ 80 % in total) in 52 all zircon data. A PC1 vs PC2 biplot (Fig. 13a) reveals element associations and groupings of individual zircon analyses shown classified by type as previously defined. Europium, U, Mg, Ce, K, Sr, and Pb show little load on the PC1 score (Fig. 13a). However, HREE+Y+P and Th on the left-side and Mn, Ba, Na, La, Fe, Pr, Nd on the right-side of the PC1 axis are the elemental associations that impact PC1. The greater loads of these elements describe the differences between the geochemical composition of zircon-I and zircon-II independent of U-Pb dates. Zircon-I displays HREE+Y+Th enrichment and LREE depletion as anticipated from REE patterns (Fig. 10). Principal Component-1 (PC1)-related variability discriminates post-magmatic stage zircons from late-magmatic stage zircons. The aforementioned elements which contribute least to PC1, show the greatest loads on PC2 separating zircon-IIa from zircon-IIb. Zircon-IIb, which has negative PC2 scores (Fig. 13a), shows relatively high Sm, Eu, U, and Nb as well as Mg, Sr, and Ca. On the other hand, Pb, Zr, Hf, and Ti are more concentrated in zircon-IIa along the positive PC2 axis. Variation between zircon-IIa and -IIb is dominated by these groupings and compositional heterogeneities potentially related to differences in fluid compositions. Enrichment of Na, Pb, and Mn in zircon-IIa indicates that it may be the product of hydrothermal mineralization mediated by a fluid that also drove the Na-metasomatism seen in the least-altered granites (discussed below). It also suggests that this fluid was “barren” with respect to HFSE elements (i.e. Nb and Ta). In contrast, the association of Ca, Mg, and Sr with Nb-LREE (i.e. Sm, Nd, and Ce) with zircon-IIb analyses suggests ore-forming fluids enriched in these elements led to Nb and REE-bearing phases in the altered granites. A Nb-F-rich fluid complex upgraded the LREE which are more readily transported than the HREE (Williams-Jones et al., 2012). The strong correlation of Ca, Mg, and Sr indicates this fluid possibly involved meteoric water(?) leading to pervasive Ca-metasomatism/alteration recorded in the altered granites. On the PC2 vs PC3 biplot zircon-I analyses are not well-clustered (Fig. 13b). It appears K, Al, and Fe (non-formula elements) contribute to this scattering. In order to examine what geochemical processes might have affected zircon-I compositions, a PCA diagram was generated using this type of zircon alone. The analysis spots from the overgrowth zone are clustered into an area in (Fig. 13c) while those of spongy domains display a large spread but roughly between two defined trends. A trend shows a close 53 association of Th, Sm, and Ce which are positively correlated with HREE and Y along the PC-1 axis. Another trend in the upper left quadrant where some spongy domains analyses cluster occurs with “non-formula elements” K, Al, Ba, Mg, and Fe. The first trend implies the presence of Th-and Y-rich inclusions developed in the analyzed spots as a result of dissolution-reprecipitation process (Tomaschek et al., 2003) driven by deuteric fluids at the late magmatic stage (Fig. 14b) (See Chapter 5.2). The latter indicates incompatible “non-formula” elements diffused into zircon structure during this interaction between zircon-I and deuteric fluids (diffusion-reaction process of Geisler et al. 2007) (Fig. 14c). Inclusion-free overgrowth zones are relatively unaltered and do not contribute to variation between these trends. The PCA diagrams verify geochemical predictions/interpretations from previous sections. 54 Figure 13. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) biplots showing principal component scores for LA ICP-MS spot analyses and principal component loadings for variables (elements). a) Biplot of PC1 vs PC2 for all zircon data. b) Biplot of PC2 vs. PC3 for all zircon data. c) Biplot of PC1 vs. PC2 for zircon-I data alone. 55 5.5 Post-magmatic Sodic and Calcic Metasomatism Petrographic, geochemical and textural relationships show that REE assemblage minerals in the least-altered and altered granites are products of fluid-driven mineralization events. Zircon-IIa and zircon-IIb U-Pb dates indicate the mineralization postdates magmatism. Different assemblages of metasomatic minerals, and zircon compositions (zircon-IIa and -IIb) (Table 4, Fig. 14-15), suggest Na- and Ca-rich fluids affected the least-altered and altered granites, respectively. Sodic metasomatism is less intensive than the Ca-metasomatism in the altered granites and is primarily accompanied by the replacement of arfvedsonite by aegirine and/or hematite (Marks and Markl, 2003) as well as fluorite formation (Fig. 14d). Zircon-IIa shows a close association with aegirine and relict arfvedsonite. The aegirine has a lower REE content than that of arfvedsonite. Apparently, the replacement of amphibole by aegirine led to a release of REE during the reaction (Siegel et. al., 2017). Thus, upon aegirinization/hematization, Zr-F-rich fluids became concentrated in REE leading to precipitation of zircon-IIa and REE-bearing phases. Na3Fe5Si8O22(OH)2 (arf) + O2 = 3NaFeSi2O6 (aeg) + Fe2O3 (hem) + 2SiO2 (qtz) + H2O Calcic alteration is pervasive in the altered granites and led to the occurrence of an economically important alteration assemblage which includes ferriallanite-Ce, zircon-IIb, fluorite, titanite, REE oxides as well as quartz in association with aegirine-augite (Fig. 14e). Hydrothermal zircon-IIb, which is intergrown with quartz and fluorite, accompanies the REE assemblage which replaces aegerine-augite forming pseudomorphs after precursor arfvedsonite. This complex replacement/secondary mineralization can be split into the following two reactions: Na3Fe5Si8O22(OH)2 (Arf) + 3Ca+ + O2 + 2OH- = 3CaFeSi2O6 (aeg-aug) + Fe2O3 (hem) + 2H2O + 2SiO2 3CaFeSi2O6 (Aeg-Aug) + Zr(Ti)F2(OH)2+ 2AlF2+ 2H20 + 4O2+ Ca+ = CaAlFeSi3O12(OH)2 (aln)+ CaTiSiO5 (ttn) + ZrSiO4 (zircon-IIb)+ SiO2 + Fe2O3 (hem) + CaF2 (fl)+ 2OH- 56 Precursor phases such as alkali amphibole or aegirine in evolved alkaline igneous rocks have approximately 2000 and 6000 ppm total REE, respectively (Abdel-Rahman, 1994; Piilonen et al., 1998). Their Zr contents can be up to 2700 in amphibole and 100 ppm in aegirine (Feng and Samson, 2015). Thus, the breakdown of alkali pyroxene and amphibole appears important for rare metal concentration but must be accompanied by solution, transport and ultimately precipitation/concentration by fluids to yield the large quantities of HFSE and REE rich minerals observed in the altered granites and extremely high (e.g. Zr ~25000 ppm) metal concentrations in whole-rock analyses (Table 5). The PCA biplot (Fig. 13a) suggests these fluids were more enriched in HFSE and REE than those driving the sodic metasomatism in the least-altered granites, and magmatic mineralization in the REE-rich granites. According to the fluorite-precipitation model of Williams-Jones et al. (2000), late-stage HFSE mineralization can be produced by F-rich fluids exsolved from magma mixing with external Ca-rich fluids. Because of the low solubility F in Ca-rich fluids (fluorite forms), mixing would cause rapid precipitation of fluorite, loss of F complexing agents, and precipitation of HFSE and REE phases. This explains late-stage REE mineralization in the Nechalacho deposit at Thor Lake, NWT (Sheard et al., 2012). The model is also applicable to REE mineralization in the altered granites at Debert Lake. The PCA biplot (Fig.13a), zircon-IIb is distinctively rich in elements including Mg, Sr, and Ca which were apparently introduced into the zircon structure by external fluids (meteoric waters?). Another finding is that fluorite occurs in association with secondary Ca-bearing phases (i.e. aegirine-augite, allanite) supporting this model. 57 Figure 14. Schematic cartoon illustrating sequential REE mineralization/alteration events during late magmatic and post-magmatic processes. Late magmatic/deuteric fluids interacting with zircon-I mediated dissolution-reprecipitation and diffusion processes as well as REE mineralizaton in the REE-rich granite at a late magmatic stage 360-350 Ma, while hydrothermal fluids drove synchronous, post-magmatic Na- and Ca-metasomatism in the least-altered and altered granites, respectively. 58 Figure 15. Mineral paragenesis summarizing the magmatic-to-post-magmatic mineralogy of the Debert Lake REE deposit. 59 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Conclusions The Debert Lake, Nova Scotia Canada Rare Earth Element (REE) prospect shows high, potentially economic rare metal concentrations. Rock samples from alteration/metasomatic zones have REE contents comparable to other well-studied REE deposits (e.g. Thor Lake, NWT and Strange Lake, Labrador). The host rocks are A-type, peralkaline granites which are depleted in Sr, Ba, and Ti. The depletion of these elements is apparently linked to magmatic differentiation which also concentrated the rare metals prior to the inception of mineralization process. The REE mineralization associates with different types of zircon (zircon-I, zircon-IIa, and zircon-IIb) showing distinct geochemical features that attest to sequential REE mineralization. An early mineralization episode produced zircon-I and associated REE-rich phases displaying intergranular to interstitial textures in the REE-rich granite. Zircon-I U-Pb dating gave an age of ca. 360 Ma. This is roughly coeval with igneous monazite (~ 365 Ma) and coincides with the time of magmatism that produced the Wentworth plutonic complex (~ 360 Ma). Like magmatic zircons, zircon-I shows pronounced positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies but also differs with steep and remarkably elevated REE patterns. Micron-scale investigations of single zircon-I crystals uncovered evidence for hydrothermal alteration interpreted to have formed from rare metal-rich fluids that originated from differentiated magma. The fluids were capable of transporting rare metals, including Zr, Hf, Th, and Y, and precipitated them as inclusions in zircon-I and as REE and HFSE phases in the assemblage. Fluid interaction with parts of early-formed zircon-I resulted in the introduction of non-formula elements to the mineral. The findings indicate there was a late-magmatic REE mineralization event mediated by fluids probably of magmatic origin. Post-magmatic mineralization is associated with sodic and calcic metasomatism in the least-altered and altered granites, respectively. The former is characterized by formation of aegirine on arfvedsonite, but the latter is accompanied by intense alteration of Ca-rich aegirine-augite with titanite, ferriallanite, Nb-rich pyrochlore and fergusonite replacing primary rock-forming minerals. 60 Zircon-IIa and IIb in these assemblages yielded overlapping dates between 310 to 320 Ma. Showing distinctive morphologies, and atypical, high LREE/HREE, and flat REE profiles, their formation cannot be related to magmatic processes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) uncovered the element characteristics of the zircon groupings and enabled us to link them with the chemistry of fluids associated with discrete REE mineralization events. Fluids that precipitated zircon-IIa were Na, Pb, and Mn rich but barren in economic elements such as Nb, Ta, and the HFSE. In contrast, the fluids that formed zircon-IIb resulted in the formation of HFSE and REE minerals in the altered granites. Enrichment of Ca and Sr in zircon-IIb and the presence of fluorite indicates that these fluids were products of mixing between Ca-rich meteoric water and rare-metal-complexing, F-rich fluids. The Ca drove fluorite precipitation, loss of the F-complexes, and precipitation of abundant REE and HFSE minerals. As much circumstantial evidence has suggested that economic REE and HFSE mineralization appears to require multiple stages of metal concentration potentially spanning many millions of years (Zhang et al., 2019), our results here show that events leading to potentially economic mineralization at Debert occurred over nearly a 50 million year time span. The multiple episodes of magmatic, late magmatic, and post-magmatic rare metal concentration suggest that Debert Lake deserves continued attention as a potential rare metal deposit. 6.2 Future Work Recommendations for future work that could provide additional insight into the formation of the Debert Lake prospect are given below under the headings “Additional geochronology” and “Isotope tracers”. 6.2.1 Additional Geochronology This study yielded information on the absolute timing of mineralizing events. Evidence for post magmatic Na and Ca metasomatic processes comes from discrete mineral assemblages and mineral chemistry but the two processes are roughly synchronous based on zircon geochronology. Dating of other post-magmatic REE assemblage phases might yield refined information on the relative timing of these processes/events. REE minerals such as bastnasite and columbite accommodate U 61 and/or Th in their crystal lattice and appear suitable for use as U/Th-Pb geochronometers (Smith et al., 2004; Ling et al., 2016). For example, Zhang et al., (2019) dated bastnasite and Kendall-Langley et al., (2020) suggested dates of Nb-rich columbite providing well-constrained ages for mineralization episodes at the REE deposits (China) and Li-Cs-Ta rich pegmatites (Western Australia). Similarly, Nb-rich pyrochlore and Nb-Y-rich fergusonite associated with post-magmatic zircons at Debert Lake contain considerable U (Table 7) and are thus candidates for U-Pb geochronology. 6.2.2 Isotope tracers The Debert Lake REE prospect has a protracted mineralization history with successive mineralization stages. The HFSE-REE minerals show changes in composition between these stages that reflect the discrete magmatic to hydrothermal fluid sources that produced them. To better understand the genesis of the deposit and characterize these fluids, future work could look at tracer isotopes such as 176Hf /177Hf and δ18O. Hafnium isotopes in zircon can distinguish mantle- and crust-derived sources of magma and fluids (Belousouva et al., 2006). At the time of formation, zircon incorporates large amounts of Hf that isotopically reflects the composition of its source. After formation, the 176Hf /177Hf isotopic ratio changes little because zircon incorporates minimal 176Lu, which would otherwise undergo decay to 176Hf (Kinny and Maas, 2003). Similarly, oxygen isotopes can distinguish hydrothermal zircons from magmatic zircons (Yang et al., 2014; Westhues et al., 2017), as well as characterize fluids in terms of their magmatic, hydrothermal or meteoric origins (Liu et al., 2019). 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Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of fergusonite-Y. Figure A 3. EPMA spot locations for ferriallanite-Ce and chevkinite-Ce. Table A 5. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of ferriallanite-Ce. Table A 6. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of chevkinite-Ce. Figure A 4. EPMA spot locations and X-ray element maps for igneous monazite. Table A 7. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of igneous monazite. Figure A5. EPMA spot locations of the Debert Lake zircons. Table A 8. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of the Debert Lake zircons. 76 Table A 1. Reference Materials used in EPMA. Element Crystal Standard Analysed mineral Si Ka LTAP Garnet (Spessartine) Pcl, Aes, Fer, Aln, Chk Diopside Arf, Aeg Wollastonite Mnz Zrn Zrn Ti Ka PET, LPET Sphene Arf, Aeg, Zrn, Pcl, Aes, Fer, Aln, Chk Al Ka LTAP Garnet (Almandine) Zrn, Pcl, Fer, Aes, Aln, Chk Orthoclase Arf, Aeg Fe Ka LLIF Garnet (Almandine) Arfvesonite, Aeg CFM Hornblende Pcl, Aes, Fer, Aln, Chk Mn Ka LLIF Rhodonite Arf Mg Ka LTAP, TAP Diopside Arf, Aegrine, Pcl, Aes, Fer Na Ka TAP Albite Arf, Aeg Zn Ka LLIF Sphalerite Arf K Ka LPET Orthoclase Arf Ca Ka PET Diopside Arf, Aeg, Pcl, Aes, Fer, Chk, Aln P Ka LLIF Apatite Mnz, Pcl, Aes, Fer F Ka LLIF Fluorite Arf, Pcl, Aes, Fer Cl Ka LLIF KCl Arf, Pcl, Aes, Fer Zr La LPET Zrn Zrn Hf La LLIF Hafnium Zrn Nb La LPET Niobium Pcl, Fer, Chk, Aln, Chk Th Ma LPET Thorium Oxide Mnz, Aln, Chk U Mb LPET Uranium Oxide Mnz, Aln, Chk Pb Ma LPET Lead Sulfide Pcl, Aes, Fer, Mnz Y La LPET Y Glass Zrn, Pcl, Fer, Aes, Aln, Chk La La LLIF La Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer, Mnz, Aln, Chk Ce La LLIF Ce Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer, Mnz, Aln, Chk Pr Lb LLIF Pr Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer, Mnz, Aln, Chk Nd Lb LLIF Nd Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer, Mnz, Aln, Chk Sm Lb LLIF Sm Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer, Mnz, Aln, Chk Eu Lb LLIF EuPO4 Pcl, Aes, Fer, Aln, Chk Gd Lb LLIF Gd Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer, Mnz, Aln, Chk Dy Lb LLIF Dy Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer, Aln, Chk Ho Lb LLIF Ho Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer Yb Lb LLIF Yb Glass Pcl, Aes, Fer, Aln, Chk Notes: Calibration standards used were oxides, phosphate, glasses, and mineral mounts from CF Minerals and Micro Analysis Consultants. Arf: arfvedsonite, Aug: augite, Zrn: zircon, Pcl: pyrochlore, Aes: aeschynite, Fer: fergusonite, Aln: allanite, Chk: chevkinite, Mnz: monazite. 77 Figure A 1. EPMA spot locations for arfvedsonite (alkali amphibole), aegirine (pyroxene), and EDS spot locations for aegirine-augite. 78 Table A 2. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of arfvedsonite (alkali amphibole). Host Rock Least-altered granite Sample MJ-5B Analysis No 1 / 1 . 1 / 2 . 1 / 4 . 1 / 5 . 1 / 6 . 1 / 7 . 1 / 8 . 1 / 9 . 3 / 1 . 3 / 2 . SiO2 50.11 49.37 49.78 48.86 50.22 50.90 50.83 51.52 50.84 50.08 TiO2 1.14 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.08 1.10 1.07 0.66 1.00 0.99 Al2O3 0.94 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.84 0.45 0.43 1.55 0.49 0.65 FeO 34.05 33.45 33.23 33.32 33.74 33.15 33.00 31.74 33.09 33.01 MnO 0.59 0.56 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.43 0.70 0.63 MgO 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.06 CaO 0.38 0.63 0.71 1.65 0.45 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.17 Na2O 8.11 8.85 8.57 8.68 8.25 8.61 8.86 8.51 8.67 9.59 K2O 1.24 1.49 1.46 1.33 1.51 1.68 1.65 1.22 1.64 1.83 ZnO 0.27 0.27 0.32 0.36 0.30 0.39 0.40 0.28 0.40 0.32 F 1.17 2.62 2.46 3.57 1.71 2.19 2.14 1.18 1.77 2.75 Cl 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 Total 98.05 99.46 99.31 100.51 98.74 99.28 99.16 97.28 98.82 100.09 Formula on the basis of O + OH + F = 24 atoms Si 8.013 7.912 7.997 7.833 8.060 8.158 8.132 8.264 8.143 7.920 Al 0.000 0.088 0.003 0.167 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.080 Total T 8.013 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.060 8.158 8.132 8.264 8.143 8.000 Ti 0.137 0.143 0.143 0.141 0.130 0.133 0.129 0.080 0.121 0.118 Al 0.177 0.101 0.180 0.007 0.159 0.085 0.081 0.293 0.092 0.042 Fe3+ 0.625 0.755 0.506 0.848 0.429 0.352 0.483 0.083 0.408 1.112 Zn 0.032 0.032 0.038 0.043 0.036 0.046 0.047 0.033 0.047 0.037 Mn2+ 0.080 0.076 0.082 0.081 0.084 0.087 0.087 0.058 0.095 0.084 Fe2+ 3.929 3.728 3.958 3.619 4.099 4.091 3.932 4.175 4.025 3.254 Mg 0.007 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.014 0.019 0.014 Total C 4.987 4.837 4.909 4.746 4.939 4.796 4.761 4.736 4.807 4.661 Ca 0.065 0.108 0.122 0.283 0.077 0.026 0.022 0.021 0.022 0.029 Na 1.935 1.892 1.878 1.717 1.923 1.974 1.978 1.979 1.978 1.971 Total B 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 Na 0.580 0.858 0.791 0.981 0.645 0.701 0.770 0.667 0.715 0.969 K 0.253 0.305 0.299 0.272 0.309 0.344 0.337 0.250 0.335 0.369 Total A 0.833 1.163 1.090 1.253 0.954 1.045 1.107 0.917 1.050 1.338 O (non-W) 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 OH 1.403 0.667 0.745 0.185 1.129 0.887 0.917 1.399 1.101 0.622 F 0.592 1.328 1.250 1.810 0.868 1.110 1.083 0.599 0.897 1.375 Cl 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.003 Total W 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.001 2.001 2.000 Total 15.833 16.000 15.999 15.999 15.953 15.999 16.000 15.917 16.000 15.999 Notes: The formula calculation was performed following the latest IMA 2012 recommendations (Hawthorne et al., 2012) using the Excel spreadsheet of Locock (2014). b.d.l.: below detection limit. 79 Table A2. Continued. Host Rock Least-altered granite Sample MJ-5B Analysis No 3 / 3 . 3 / 4 . 3 / 5 . 3 / 6 . 4 / 1 . 4 / 2 . 4 / 3 . 6 / 1 . 6 / 2 . SiO2 49.76 50.31 48.65 50.25 50.49 50.4 50.13 49.98 50.91 TiO2 1.30 1.42 1.35 0.73 1.29 1.38 1.21 1.20 0.82 Al2O3 1.57 1.08 1.27 0.96 0.35 0.35 0.32 0.91 0.59 FeO 31.27 31.52 31.17 34.22 32.32 32.32 32.22 32.38 32.51 MnO 0.58 0.59 0.54 0.48 0.67 0.62 0.64 0.70 0.64 MgO 0.48 0.74 0.85 0.57 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.14 0.33 CaO 0.22 0.21 2.81 0.25 0.14 0.15 0.09 0.23 0.15 Na2O 8.53 8.81 8.05 8.01 8.22 8.96 8.46 8.95 8.65 K2O 1.87 1.97 1.59 0.80 1.73 2.01 1.88 1.55 1.55 ZnO 0.27 0.21 0.26 0.18 0.46 0.34 0.45 0.43 0.37 F 2.05 2.24 3.58 1.16 1.73 2.92 1.78 2.30 1.85 Cl 0.01 b.d.l. 0.01 b.d.l. 0.01 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.02 b.d.l. Total 97.91 99.10 100.13 97.61 97.46 99.50 97.24 98.79 98.37 Formula on the basis of O + OH + F = 24 atoms Si 8.017 8.002 7.914 7.972 8.217 8.154 8.166 8.018 8.176 Total T 8.017 8.002 8.000 8.000 8.217 8.154 8.166 8.018 8.176 Ti 0.158 0.170 0.165 0.087 0.158 0.168 0.148 0.145 0.099 Al 0.298 0.202 0.157 0.152 0.067 0.067 0.061 0.172 0.112 Fe3+ 0.401 0.570 0.000 0.990 0.182 0.214 0.373 0.603 0.349 Zn 0.032 0.025 0.031 0.021 0.055 0.041 0.054 0.051 0.044 Mn2+ 0.079 0.079 0.074 0.065 0.092 0.085 0.088 0.095 0.087 Fe2+ 3.812 3.623 4.240 3.550 4.216 4.159 4.016 3.742 4.017 Mg 0.115 0.175 0.206 0.135 0.012 0.012 0.015 0.033 0.079 Total C 4.895 4.844 4.873 5.000 4.782 4.746 4.755 4.841 4.787 Ca 0.038 0.036 0.490 0.042 0.024 0.026 0.016 0.040 0.026 Na 1.962 1.964 1.510 1.958 1.976 1.974 1.984 1.960 1.974 Total B 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 Na 0.703 0.753 1.029 0.506 0.618 0.837 0.688 0.823 0.719 K 0.384 0.400 0.330 0.162 0.359 0.415 0.391 0.317 0.318 Total A 1.087 1.153 1.359 0.668 0.977 1.252 1.079 1.140 1.037 O (non-W) 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 22.000 OH 0.953 0.873 0.155 1.418 1.107 0.506 1.083 0.828 1.060 F 1.045 1.127 1.842 0.582 0.890 1.494 0.917 1.167 0.940 Cl 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 Total W 2.001 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 Total 15.999 15.999 16.232 15.668 15.976 16.152 16.000 15.999 16.000 Notes: The formula calculation was performed following the latest IMA 2012 recommendations (Hawthorne et al., 2012) using the Excel spreadsheet of Locock (2014). b.d.l.: below detection limit. 80 Table A 3. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of aegirine and aegirine-augite. Mineral Aegirine Aegirine-Augite Host Rock Least-altered granite Altered granite Sample MJ-5B MJ-23 Analysis No 2 / 1 . 2 / 2 . 2 / 3 . 2 / 4 . 2 / 5 . 5 / 1 . 5 / 2 . 5 / 3 . 7 / 1 . 7 / 2 . 7 / 3 . Spec. 40 SiO2 52.28 52.34 52.25 52.04 52.11 51.88 52.06 51.99 52.19 52.02 51.88 47.25 TiO2 0.92 1.07 1.03 0.89 1.20 0.99 0.84 0.79 1.15 1.11 1.11 0.39 Al2O3 0.75 0.85 0.84 0.53 0.91 0.31 0.57 0.71 0.82 0.50 0.35 0.56 FeO 30.35 30.11 30.39 30.86 30.02 30.87 31.09 30.54 30.36 30.72 30.65 28.13 MnO 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.18 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.12 0.29 MgO 0.01 0.01 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.03 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.02 0.07 b.d.l. CaO 0.03 0.04 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.03 0.01 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.01 9.40 Na2O 13.97 14.15 14.23 14.09 14.07 14.29 14.22 14.11 14.23 14.17 14.02 7.38 K2O b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.01 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 1.00 Total 98.34 98.63 98.77 98.44 98.34 98.58 98.87 98.21 98.78 98.61 98.21 94.40 Formula on the basis of 6 O Si 1.965 1.959 1.952 1.955 1.957 1.944 1.946 1.955 1.951 1.950 1.955 1.936 Ti 0.026 0.030 0.029 0.025 0.034 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.032 0.031 0.031 0.012 Al 0.008 0.010 0.019 0.019 0.009 0.014 0.025 0.022 0.017 0.018 0.014 0.027 Total T 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 1.986 1.995 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 1.975 Al 0.025 0.027 0.018 0.004 0.031 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.019 0.004 0.002 0.000 Fe+3 0.954 0.942 0.950 0.970 0.943 0.967 0.972 0.960 0.949 0.963 0.966 0.716 Ti 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Fe+2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.248 Mn 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.010 Mg 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.000 Total M1 0.981 0.972 0.969 0.974 0.975 0.975 0.974 0.972 0.969 0.970 0.976 0.974 Ca 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.413 Na 1.018 1.027 1.031 1.026 1.025 1.038 1.031 1.029 1.031 1.030 1.024 0.586 K 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.052 Total M2 1.020 1.028 1.031 1.026 1.025 1.039 1.031 1.029 1.031 1.030 1.025 1.051 Total 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 4.000 Aegirine analysis was done using EPMA, but data for aegirine-augite is acquired by SEM-EDS. b.d.l.: below detection limit. 81 Figure A 2. EPMA spot locations for fergusonite-Y. 82 Table A 4. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of fergusonite-Y. Host Rock Altered granite Sample MJ6 Formula YNbO4 Analysis No 1 / 1 . 1 / 2 . 2 / 1 . 2 / 2 . 2 / 3 . 2 / 4 . 3 / 1 . 3 / 2 . 3 / 3 . SiO2 0.16 0.3 0.12 0.3 0.11 0.08 0.66 0.04 0.12 TiO2 0.64 0.53 0.57 0.47 0.27 0.28 0.15 0.22 0.19 FeO b.d.l. 0.02 0.16 0.66 0.21 0.20 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. CaO 0.33 0.61 0.49 0.55 1.13 0.64 1.57 1.31 1.00 P2O5 0.82 0.60 0.84 0.73 0.88 0.86 0.66 0.60 0.63 F 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.98 0.07 Cl 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.04 Nb2O5 45.92 45.71 46.35 46.34 47.9 48.43 46.4 46.85 47.18 Ta2O5 1.50 1.16 1.20 1.14 0.83 0.69 0.99 1.20 1.31 ThO2 0.97 0.86 0.61 0.47 1.18 0.94 0.47 0.68 0.58 UO2 0.53 0.67 0.60 0.68 0.79 0.80 0.78 0.70 0.74 Y2O3 25.94 25.29 26.74 25.26 27.28 27.03 24.12 23.84 24.24 La2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.01 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.05 0.06 0.01 Ce2O3 0.38 0.63 0.43 0.52 0.13 0.20 0.78 1.32 1.01 Pr2O3 0.30 0.52 0.41 0.33 0.38 0.34 0.64 0.72 0.59 Nd2O3 0.87 1.37 1.09 1.09 0.61 0.83 2.08 2.57 2.39 Eu2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.04 0.14 0.03 Sm2O3 0.33 0.55 0.59 0.65 0.47 0.55 0.80 1.02 0.99 Gd2O3 3.38 3.51 3.7 3.39 3.57 3.67 3.57 3.68 3.88 Dy2O3 3.74 3.95 3.73 3.81 4.05 4.26 4.31 4.14 4.43 Yb2O3 3.65 3.05 2.55 2.19 2.71 2.74 2.53 2.73 2.53 Total 89.57 89.46 90.3 88.77 92.65 92.70 90.88 92.86 91.96 Formula on the basis of 4 O Si 0.008 0.015 0.006 0.015 0.005 0.004 0.032 0.002 0.006 Ti 0.023 0.020 0.021 0.017 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.008 0.007 Al 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Nb 1.009 1.011 1.011 1.023 1.017 1.029 1.007 1.019 1.024 Ta 0.020 0.015 0.016 0.015 0.011 0.009 0.013 0.016 0.017 B Site 1.060 1.061 1.053 1.070 1.042 1.051 1.057 1.045 1.053 Fe 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.027 0.008 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ca 0.017 0.032 0.025 0.029 0.057 0.032 0.081 0.068 0.051 P 0.034 0.025 0.034 0.030 0.035 0.034 0.027 0.024 0.026 Th 0.011 0.010 0.007 0.005 0.013 0.010 0.005 0.007 0.006 U 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.008 Y 0.592 0.581 0.606 0.579 0.602 0.597 0.544 0.539 0.546 La 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 Ce 0.007 0.011 0.008 0.009 0.002 0.003 0.014 0.023 0.018 Pr 0.005 0.009 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.011 0.013 0.010 Nd 0.015 0.024 0.019 0.019 0.010 0.014 0.036 0.044 0.041 Sm 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.016 Eu 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 Gd 0.054 0.057 0.059 0.055 0.056 0.057 0.057 0.059 0.062 Dy 0.059 0.062 0.058 0.060 0.061 0.064 0.067 0.064 0.068 Yb 0.083 0.070 0.058 0.050 0.060 0.060 0.057 0.062 0.057 A Site 0.888 0.899 0.904 0.888 0.926 0.904 0.921 0.930 0.911 Notes: Analyses with low totals reflect high concentration for other HFSE and REE not analyzed by EPMA. b.d.l.: below detection limit. 83 Figure A 3.EPMA spot locations for a) ferriallanite-Ce, and b) chevkinite-Ce. 84 Table A 5. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of ferriallanite-Ce. Host Rock Altered granite Sample MJ6 Formula CaCeFe2+Fe3+Al (SiO4) (Si2O7)O(OH) Analysis No 2/1 . 2/2 . SiO2 27.71 28.05 TiO2 2.86 2.33 Al2O3 4.21 3.39 FeO 26.01 27.63 CaO 9.27 9.82 Nb2O5 b.d.l. b.d.l. ThO2 b.d.l. b.d.l. UO2 b.d.l. b.d.l. Y2O3 b.d.l. 0.53 La2O3 6.95 5.56 Ce2O3 13.51 12.68 Pr2O3 0.85 0.99 Nd2O3 1.26 2.23 Sm2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. Eu2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. Gd2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. Total 92.63 93.21 Formula on the basis of ∑ A + M+ T = 8 Si 2.97 2.97 Ti 0.23 0.19 Al 0.53 0.42 Fe3+ 0.76 0.86 Fe2+ 1.13 1.04 Ca 1.06 1.11 La 0.27 0.22 Ce 0.53 0.49 Pr 0.03 0.04 Nd 0.05 0.08 Y 0.00 0.03 Total(apfu) 8.00 8.00 Si 2.97 2.97 Al 0.04 0.03 Total T-site 3.01 3.00 Ti 0.23 0.19 Al 0.5 0.39 Fe3+ 0.76 0.86 Fe2+ 1.13 1.04 Total M-site 2.62 2.48 Fe2+ 0.00 0.00 Ca 1.06 1.11 REE 0.89 0.86 Total A-site 1.95 1.98 Notes: Allanite analyses are calculated by WinEpclas (Yavuz and Kiran Yildirim, 2018) on the basis of ∑ (A+M+T) = 8.0 normalization scheme. Analyses with low totals reflect high concentration for other HFSE and REE not analyzed by EPMA. b.d.l.: below detection limit. 85 Table A 6. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of chevkinite-Ce. Host Rock REE-rich granite Sample MJ30 Formula Ce4(Ti, Fe2+, Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2 Anaysis No 2/4 . 2/5 . 2/7 . 2/8 . SiO2 18.09 18.89 18.49 18.48 TiO2 15.91 16.76 16.37 16.33 FeO 12.35 12.11 11.58 11.45 CaO 0.61 0.37 0.32 0.32 Nb2O5 1.19 0.91 1.48 1.57 ThO2 2.00 1.45 1.83 1.65 UO2 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. PbO 0.12 0.05 0.16 0.13 Y2O3 0.07 1.10 1.26 1.13 La2O3 11.90 10.48 10.79 10.81 Ce2O3 25.03 23.19 22.79 22.71 Pr2O3 2.78 2.73 2.59 2.61 Nd2O3 6.51 7.17 6.90 6.98 Sm2O3 0.38 0.85 0.77 0.81 Eu2O3 0.32 0.35 0.32 0.34 Gd2O3 b.d.l. 0.86 0.58 0.62 Dy2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. Ho2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. Yb2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. F b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. Cl 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.05 Total 97.35 97.32 96.30 95.99 Formula on the basis of 22 O Ca 0.145 0.086 0.076 0.076 Th 0.101 0.072 0.092 0.083 Pb 0.007 0.003 0.010 0.008 Y 0.007 0.113 0.131 0.118 La 0.974 0.843 0.880 0.883 Ce 2.034 1.851 1.845 1.842 Pr 0.225 0.217 0.209 0.211 Nd 0.516 0.558 0.545 0.552 Sm 0.029 0.064 0.059 0.062 Eu 0.024 0.026 0.024 0.026 Gd 0.000 0.062 0.043 0.046 Sum A 4.063 3.895 3.911 3.905 Fe 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Sum B(Fe2+) 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Ti 2.655 2.748 2.722 2.720 Al 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Fe 1.292 1.208 1.141 1.121 Nb 0.119 0.090 0.148 0.157 Ta 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Sum C 4.067 4.046 4.011 3.999 Si 4.015 4.119 4.088 4.094 Sum D 4.015 4.119 4.088 4.094 Notes: Analyses with low totals reflect high concentration for other HFSE and REE not analyzed by EPMA. b.d.l.: below detection limit. 86 Figure A 4. EPMA spot locations and X-ray element (Cerium-Ce, thorium-Th, and yttrium-Y) maps of igneous monazite grain. Warmer colours indicate higher abundance. Scale bar is 50 μm in size. 87 Table A 7. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of igneous monazite. Host Rock Least-altered granite Sample MJ-3 Analysis No 3 / 1 . 3 / 2 . 5 / 1 . 5 / 2 . 8 / 1 . SiO2 0.95 0.88 1.35 1.02 0.99 CaO 0.03 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.05 P2O5 31.29 31.24 31.13 28.77 31.04 ThO2 2.47 2.40 3.37 2.83 2.24 UO2 b.d.l. 0.01 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. PbO 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 Y2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.04 0.01 0.00 La2O3 22.03 22.02 22.10 22.50 23.13 Ce2O3 33.36 33.36 32.05 31.74 32.57 Pr2O3 3.42 3.56 3.26 3.32 3.35 Nd2O3 7.42 7.59 6.82 6.87 6.98 Sm2O3 0.36 0.38 0.23 0.23 0.40 Gd2O3 0.28 0.31 0.19 0.17 0.30 Total 101.58 101.75 100.68 97.56 101.08 Formula on the basis of 4 O Si 0.036 0.033 0.051 0.041 0.038 Ca 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.002 P 1.000 1.000 0.997 0.975 0.998 Th 0.021 0.021 0.029 0.026 0.019 U 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Pb 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Y 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 La 0.307 0.307 0.308 0.332 0.324 Ce 0.461 0.462 0.444 0.465 0.453 Pr 0.047 0.049 0.045 0.048 0.046 Nd 0.100 0.102 0.092 0.098 0.095 Sm 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.005 Gd 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 Notes: b.d.l.: below detection limit. 88 Figure A 5. EPMA spot locations for the Debert Lake zircons. 89 Table A 8. Major element concentrations and calculated stoichiometry of the Debert Lake zircons. Stage Late-magmatic stage Analysis No 1 / 1 . 1 / 3 . 1 / 4 . 1 / 5 . 2 / 1 . 2 / 2 . 2 / 3 . 3 / 1 . 3 / 2 . 3 / 3 . 4 / 1 . 4 / 2 . 4 / 3 . 5 / 1 . 5 / 2 . 5 / 4 . Type Zrn-I SiO2 28.49 28.87 28.12 28.85 29.3 28.67 29.28 28.27 29.37 29.34 28.92 28.87 28.19 28.33 28.87 28.92 ZrO2 64.31 63.32 64.53 63.06 65.05 67.15 68.75 65.55 66.82 68.37 66.01 65.71 63.88 64.55 65.69 65.24 HfO2 1.15 1.21 1.13 1.3 0.77 1.07 0.91 0.62 1.03 0.86 1.01 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.86 1.5 Al2O3 b.d.l. 0.02 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.19 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.04 0.06 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.07 Y2O3 2.11 1.73 1.99 1.88 0.7 0.23 0.77 0.73 0.81 0.62 1.38 1.57 2.82 2.02 1.64 0.96 CaO 0.09 0.39 0.16 0.32 0.26 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.27 0.11 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.41 FeO 0.23 0.15 0.25 0.07 1.4 3.54 0.17 3.04 0.29 0.17 0.01 0.03 0.17 0.06 b.d.l. 0.08 Total 96.38 95.69 96.18 95.48 97.67 100.66 99.88 98.52 98.49 99.36 97.33 97.16 95.99 95.83 97.07 97.18 Formula on the basis of 4 O SiO2 0.933 0.947 0.925 0.948 0.939 0.906 0.924 0.910 0.936 0.928 0.935 0.935 0.929 0.932 0.935 0.936 ZrO2 1.027 1.012 1.035 1.011 1.017 1.035 1.057 1.029 1.038 1.055 1.040 1.038 1.027 1.036 1.038 1.029 HfO2 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.007 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.014 Al2O3 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 Y2O3 0.032 0.027 0.031 0.029 0.011 0.003 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.009 0.021 0.024 0.044 0.031 0.025 0.015 CaO 0.003 0.014 0.006 0.011 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.014 FeO 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.002 0.038 0.094 0.004 0.082 0.008 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.000 0.002 Total 2.013 2.016 2.014 2.014 2.028 2.047 2.005 2.049 2.009 2.004 2.005 2.007 2.014 2.009 2.006 2.013 Notes: Analysis with low totals reflect high concentration for HFSE and REE detected by LA-ICP MS. b.d.l.: below detection limit. 90 Table A 8. Continued. Stage Post-magmatic stage Analysis No 1 / 1 . 1 / 2 . 1 / 3 . 1 / 4 . 1 / 5 . 1 / 6 . 1 / 7 . 1 / 8 . 1 / 9 . 1 / 10 . 1 / 11 . 1 / 12 . 1 / 13 . 1 / 14 . 1 / 15 . 1 / 16 . Type Zrn-IIa SiO2 28.82 28.89 28.82 28.9 29.28 29.42 29.85 29.26 29.93 28.85 29.89 29.65 29.77 32.93 29.59 28.9 ZrO2 67.91 67.59 67.58 67.82 64.51 64.65 65.31 63.81 64.45 64.1 65.66 66.99 65.23 59.64 63.31 66.32 HfO2 1.41 1.25 1.29 1.28 1.56 1.69 1.76 1.8 1.6 1.45 1.38 1.61 1.3 1.06 1.52 1.36 Al2O3 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.51 0.56 0.57 0.54 0.65 0.57 0.51 0.39 0.59 0.62 0.68 0.4 Y2O3 0.8 0.93 0.88 0.93 1.39 1.35 1.18 2.07 1.12 1.36 0.25 0.86 0.69 1.26 2.1 0.82 CaO 0.13 0.14 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.15 0.25 0.18 0.34 0.19 0.58 0.21 0.55 0.3 0.25 0.13 FeO 0.09 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.22 0.15 0.25 0.17 0.37 0.79 0.44 0.25 0.43 0.23 0.2 0.14 Total 99.28 99.03 99.03 99.37 97.64 97.97 99.17 97.83 98.46 97.31 98.71 99.96 98.56 96.04 97.65 98.07 Formula on the basis of 4 O SiO2 0.917 0.921 0.919 0.919 0.940 0.941 0.942 0.940 0.948 0.932 0.944 0.932 0.942 1.036 0.948 0.926 ZrO2 1.054 1.050 1.051 1.051 1.010 1.008 1.005 0.999 0.996 1.009 1.011 1.027 1.007 0.915 0.989 1.037 HfO2 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.014 0.012 Al2O3 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.019 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.014 0.022 0.023 0.026 0.015 Y2O3 0.012 0.014 0.013 0.014 0.021 0.020 0.017 0.031 0.017 0.021 0.004 0.013 0.010 0.019 0.032 0.012 CaO 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.006 0.012 0.007 0.020 0.007 0.019 0.010 0.009 0.004 FeO 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.010 0.021 0.012 0.007 0.011 0.006 0.005 0.004 Total 2.008 2.008 2.010 2.010 2.016 2.015 2.017 2.018 2.021 2.025 2.021 2.014 2.023 2.018 2.021 2.011 Notes: Analysis with low totals reflect high concentration for HFSE and REE detected by LA-ICP MS. 91 Table A8. Continued. Stage Post-magmatic stage Analysis No 1 / 1 . 1 / 2 . 2 / 1 . 2 / 2 . 2 / 3 . 2 / 4 . 2 / 5 . Type Zrn-IIb SiO2 26.92 27.9 25.91 25.69 26.25 25.34 25.72 ZrO2 61.34 54.99 59.85 60.32 59.15 57.86 57.26 HfO2 1.46 1.39 1.4 1.33 1.37 1.24 1.41 Al2O3 0.16 0.2 0.23 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.28 Y2O3 1.29 1.24 1.66 1.25 1.29 1.25 2.26 CaO 0.86 0.51 0.61 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.4 FeO 0.6 8.02 0.94 0.83 0.99 5.96 3.88 Total 92.63 94.25 90.6 90.12 89.75 92.36 91.21 Formula on the basis of 4 O SiO2 0.919 0.940 0.909 0.907 0.925 0.885 0.904 ZrO2 1.022 0.904 1.024 1.038 1.016 0.985 0.981 HfO2 0.014 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.014 0.012 0.014 Al2O3 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.012 Y2O3 0.021 0.020 0.027 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.037 CaO 0.031 0.018 0.023 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.015 FeO 0.017 0.226 0.028 0.024 0.029 0.174 0.114 Total 2.031 2.129 2.034 2.030 2.032 2.104 2.077 Notes: Analysis with low totals reflect high concentration for HFSE and REE detected by LA-ICP MS. 92 APPENDIX B Table B 1. Accuracy and Precision of the reference materials (NIST 612 and BCR-2G) used in analyses by LA-ICP MS. Table B 2. Trace element composition of the Debert Lake zircons. Table B 3. Centered log-ratio transformed data of the Debert Lake zircons. Table B 4. Proportion of variance for principal components of the Debert Lake zircons. Table B 5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores for the Debert Lake zircons. Table B 6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) loadings for the Debert Lake zircons. Table B 7. Centered log-ratio transformed data of zircon-I. Table B 8. Proportion of variance for principal components of the zircon-I. Table B 9. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores for zircon-I. Table B 10. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) loadings for zircon-I. Table B 11. U-Pb geochronology results for the Debert Lake zircons and igneous monazite. Table B 12. U-Pb geochronology results for secondary reference ‘91500’ zircon. Table B 13. U-Pb geochronology results for secondary reference ‘STERN’ monazite. Figure B 1. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U age for secondary reference ‘91500’ zircon. Figure B21. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U age for secondary reference ‘STERN’ monazite. 93 Table B 1. Accuracy and Precision of the Reference Materials (NIST 612 and BCR-2G) used in analyses by LA-ICP MS. Secondary Ref. NIST612 BCR-2G Element Accepted Mean %RSD Accuracy Mean %RSD Accuracy Mean %RSD Accuracy Accepted Mean %RSD Accuracy Na 103858 98800 1.67 4.87 99300 1.58 4.39 99720 0.97 3.98 23962 23100 1.72 3.60 Mg 68 55.3 2.71 18.65 56.2 3.81 17.35 55.3 2.22 18.67 21467 18500 2.81 13.82 Al 11167 10800 1.52 3.29 1110 2.50 0.51 11110 0.48 0.51 70913 74600 1.33 5.20 K 62.3 56.1 10.62 9.95 61 14.86 1.51 67.3 5.21 7.99 14900 14400 4.37 3.36 Ca 85002 85100 2.27 0.12 82800 2.35 2.59 84300 1.34 0.83 50429 50300 3.84 0.26 Ti 44 38.6 11.03 12.31 39.9 6.36 9.23 39.2 5.33 11.01 14100 12600 2.87 10.64 Mn 38.7 36.7 2.27 5.18 36.9 1.96 4.63 38.8 2.12 0.26 1550 1490 2.95 3.87 Sr 78.4 76.2 2.98 2.83 76.7 2.98 2.23 77.7 3.00 0.90 342 329 3.34 3.72 Y 38.3 38.1 2.16 0.57 36.87 0.84 3.73 38.87 0.52 1.49 35 30.7 4.01 12.36 Zr 37.9 37.6 3.71 0.79 37.5 2.44 1.12 39.8 8.21 5.13 184 169 5.06 8.40 Nb 38.9 37.6 1.58 3.37 38.0 1.90 2.32 38.5 2.15 0.97 12.5 11.5 2.36 7.85 Ba 42.7 38.8 5.60 9.09 37.7 7.24 4.18 39.18 0.50 0.32 683 669 2.38 2.11 La 39.3 35.8 2.37 8.86 35.2 1.49 2.35 35.12 0.50 2.43 24.7 23.9 4.43 3.21 Ce 36 37.6 1.51 4.54 36.8 2.52 4.05 37.6 1.19 2.13 53.3 51.1 2.02 4.11 Pr 38.4 37.0 2.38 3.72 36.7 3.82 3.24 37.4 1.15 1.35 6.7 6.38 2.59 4.78 Nd 37.9 34.1 2.02 10.01 33.4 3.66 6.00 34.9 1.49 1.83 28.9 26.6 5.33 7.95 Sm 35.5 36.5 3.92 2.74 36.4 3.16 3.33 37.3 2.75 1.10 6.59 6.17 9.60 6.32 Eu 37.7 34.5 1.45 8.54 34.1 4.16 4.23 34.98 0.95 1.75 1.97 1.85 7.25 6.06 Gd 35.6 37.6 3.35 5.72 37.0 3.71 0.91 37.8 1.95 1.22 6.71 6.04 7.75 9.97 Tb 37.3 36.7 1.58 1.67 35.8 2.37 4.76 37.0 1.09 1.54 1.02 0.948 7.08 7.07 Dy 37.6 35.3 1.71 6.24 35.2 3.44 0.85 35.5 2.15 0.00 6.44 5.48 3.96 14.98 Ho 35.5 37.2 1.83 4.75 36.08 0.89 5.80 37.87 0.74 1.12 1.27 1.12 3.60 11.87 Er 38.3 38.1 1.43 0.64 37.6 2.47 1.04 38.4 1.21 1.17 3.7 3.25 9.35 12.11 Tm 38 36.4 1.92 4.10 35.7 1.39 3.02 36.5 2.15 0.78 0.51 0.435 8.36 14.71 Yb 36.8 37.7 2.59 2.52 37.0 1.44 5.57 37.5 2.82 4.21 3.39 3.22 3.00 4.88 Lu 39.2 36.7 1.89 6.39 35.4 2.19 4.37 36.80 0.79 0.55 0.503 0.434 6.78 13.69 Hf 37 36.3 2.87 1.78 36.4 2.94 0.83 36.6 3.36 0.33 4.84 4.31 3.95 11.02 Ta 36.7 36.3 1.92 1.14 36.6 1.54 2.77 37.32 0.34 0.74 0.78 0.63 11.49 18.80 Th 37.8 37.2 1.71 1.60 36.7 3.24 2.92 37.1 1.57 1.83 5.9 11 1.64 6.94 U 37.4 36.5 2.05 2.26 36.1 2.59 3.42 36.3 1.21 2.93 1.69 11.35 3.37 1.21 Pb 38.6 38.1 1.54 1.32 37.1 3.61 3.83 38.0 2.50 1.42 11 10.3 2.83 6.30 Notes: Concentrations are in ppm. Accepted values are from (Jochum, 2011) for NIST-612 and (Jochum, 2005) for BCR-2G. Precision = %RSD = relative standard deviation = the sample standard deviationsample mean *100%, Accuracy = 100 %n ∗ ∑ measured(t)−acceptedacceptednt=1 , where n = total number of the measurements and t = number of the measurement. 94 Table B 2. Trace element compositions (ppm) of the Debert Lake zircons. Type Analysis Na Mg Al P K Ca Ti Mn Fe Sr Y Zr Nb Zircon-I MJ30-1-1 443.78 6.98 71.30 2604.63 77.77 817.21 1261.24 14.94 479.47 19.68 29291.22 391985.19 812.93 Zircon-I MJ30-1-2 222.03 16.28 70.11 2114.47 51.47 891.23 1386.75 17.09 883.21 19.28 25557.52 384622.88 1735.45 Zircon-I MJ30-1-3 202.92 44.02 122.10 2278.16 94.69 585.79 1282.23 7.09 745.51 12.54 19170.03 398844.83 1115.39 Zircon-I MJ30-1-4 467.59 145.90 344.39 3733.41 272.13 1471.55 1350.22 52.49 4065.01 36.69 15871.37 390098.99 894.16 Zircon-I MJ30-1-5 456.05 57.93 525.64 1434.35 366.73 1570.77 1349.46 26.14 2093.80 33.71 11175.67 396149.30 1127.65 Zircon-I MJ30-1-6 173.03 147.63 486.40 607.05 197.28 593.22 1330.75 327.25 4706.49 8.02 17641.45 402820.32 975.44 Zircon-I MJ30-1-7 511.07 40.66 1681.80 2070.04 295.05 2832.13 1706.62 105.40 5623.42 47.03 11761.86 389167.80 4000.26 Zircon-I MJ30-2-1 147.80 137.84 300.02 2897.86 119.91 1359.13 1513.92 430.83 4104.12 9.03 22917.10 386799.51 1871.78 Zircon-I MJ30-2-2 522.02 36.17 337.34 1354.19 341.55 2463.62 1508.41 77.02 1798.45 42.75 10343.94 420270.64 1340.42 Zircon-I MJ30-2-3 104.52 22.59 127.26 3388.03 76.82 1315.27 1465.64 56.21 989.09 9.62 24308.05 401066.01 509.16 Zircon-I MJ30-2-4 221.60 11.12 159.06 3149.15 129.00 1094.21 1465.54 19.46 1281.61 15.40 21283.45 403243.97 798.93 Zircon-I MJ30-3-2 266.91 1030.01 2417.85 847.42 405.72 508.78 1445.88 145.56 9692.31 2.96 3948.61 418058.82 456.00 Zircon-I MJ30-3-3 656.13 202.40 2023.76 939.36 1517.17 882.57 1382.58 68.51 6677.69 2.90 4470.58 387327.20 367.60 Zircon-I MJ30-3-4 118.86 121.47 536.31 1041.85 485.82 270.92 1484.38 50.01 8763.00 2.26 3999.84 411800.24 859.71 Zircon-I MJ30-4-1 276.59 72.78 629.77 1228.13 497.47 424.78 1415.29 22.80 2396.74 7.23 6020.41 414993.52 298.81 Zircon-I MJ30-4-2 697.32 46.16 848.50 926.05 672.89 3073.93 1390.22 39.94 4083.61 57.50 6631.88 411489.73 431.70 Zircon-I MJ30-5-1 151.21 241.29 599.54 1087.55 227.18 611.77 1336.96 31.66 2817.19 1.94 6669.72 419443.72 220.39 Zircon-I MJ30-5-2 1193.48 4.56 860.21 972.61 755.66 4092.27 1335.16 31.65 611.69 102.04 10330.64 400338.17 403.90 Zircon-I MJ30-5-3 362.08 16.11 1325.65 1375.00 1292.46 921.70 1406.03 52.79 4191.92 13.69 5675.53 407393.06 268.20 Zircon-I MJ30-5-4 756.04 42.45 1623.25 1514.07 1236.42 547.65 1401.68 133.73 8098.69 9.64 4883.51 401511.07 384.84 Zircon-I MJ30-5-5 613.11 37.31 1094.07 836.58 809.26 1386.11 1341.43 52.30 4198.69 10.95 4763.46 396926.02 257.05 Zircon-I MJ30-B-1 357.28 403.42 1271.60 1723.91 1177.72 1751.73 1355.83 188.19 7318.59 21.83 4337.99 396314.19 411.67 Zircon-I MJ30-B-2 256.29 218.31 882.90 989.71 322.01 7181.83 1436.06 57.11 5403.70 10.97 4188.17 416643.68 1825.20 Zircon-I MJ30-B-3 637.66 51.02 1351.17 1309.79 920.39 73.20 1330.81 194.20 4097.37 6.36 4135.00 397669.75 187.89 Zircon-I MJ30-B-4 705.32 122.97 1333.95 994.37 708.80 3689.63 1341.77 56.08 7822.29 4.92 4509.12 390680.03 445.27 Zircon-I MJ30-B-5 172.45 415.71 653.05 1074.31 869.35 5044.41 1368.26 107.46 16075.42 3.60 4354.33 419291.89 444.60 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C1 438.40 38.91 247.76 2608.21 256.66 1267.25 1239.53 23.29 662.47 31.75 10466.57 380975.33 404.53 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C2 353.54 227.86 457.99 1790.45 229.59 757.95 1835.86 41.07 4910.23 21.73 9246.46 377311.92 3269.11 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C3 962.65 151.55 466.24 1238.74 257.69 1907.21 1423.06 31.40 3045.42 45.47 11978.73 373232.50 1297.10 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M1 91.85 42.19 111.86 4537.97 99.91 154.66 1191.94 20.91 1049.55 7.62 23219.17 362340.06 924.47 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M2 369.96 36.57 322.17 4252.06 284.20 675.61 1128.00 33.01 732.13 21.97 22513.22 369011.11 692.82 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M3 92.57 36.67 196.84 4197.31 96.30 4796.31 1196.40 161.60 17612.68 16.11 14913.81 385757.28 487.61 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M4 74.59 30.43 131.33 3876.97 138.56 140.09 1189.57 32.82 952.10 7.79 25325.85 369687.66 325.82 Zircon-I MJ30-6-R2 85.19 36.54 147.45 2955.78 115.93 1222.32 1216.62 82.07 4140.12 9.81 11465.11 387937.20 309.51 Zircon-I MJ30-7-C1 371.39 382.52 808.33 3897.43 437.92 1738.68 1394.19 70.16 8236.05 22.30 15007.50 400370.37 785.33 Zircon-I MJ30-7-C2 109.45 3.04 134.94 3622.86 109.43 274.41 1256.60 8.25 525.01 6.98 19330.47 408915.84 666.92 Zircon-I MJ30-7-C3 164.27 44.69 211.51 2613.78 239.92 773.38 1277.56 33.94 1195.87 16.08 14130.83 406046.06 440.60 Zircon-I MJ30-7-A1 891.92 109.85 1473.69 1971.44 1441.58 1867.51 1303.61 73.35 2864.71 41.12 7380.20 392569.05 442.02 95 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Na Mg Al P K Ca Ti Mn Fe Sr Y Zr Nb Zircon-I MJ30-7L-1 57.09 16.09 175.60 2031.49 87.89 169.65 1257.17 7.06 425.04 2.65 11494.56 399427.00 486.68 Zircon-I MJ30-7U-1 64.26 7.45 54.66 3595.54 41.06 85.46 1123.98 3.17 169.00 4.89 24835.26 368661.44 700.90 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C1 413.48 23.96 202.00 2470.47 170.66 938.81 1355.83 172.98 6703.62 29.62 15469.28 419294.79 841.65 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C2 792.25 2.90 589.79 3445.42 452.82 1638.42 1293.88 107.93 633.95 32.55 14366.71 403598.51 1479.72 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C3 632.78 239.79 816.17 1827.91 582.15 1004.92 1333.76 56.06 2780.24 19.88 9320.04 414127.24 1280.01 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R1 96.35 0.96 93.13 1651.38 81.47 274.29 1237.89 4.41 138.21 6.01 10245.84 415407.99 334.24 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R3 56.87 2.15 67.36 2628.69 46.42 237.28 1244.49 6.03 368.84 2.73 16349.05 411027.85 539.84 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R4 18.48 0.16 22.05 2460.47 25.94 100.99 1239.01 1.35 19.64 2.45 14951.29 410308.13 441.51 Zircon-IIa MJD-1-M1 1031.13 6.52 2200.17 94.73 238.83 2742.11 2496.62 1580.95 5959.76 70.80 2498.00 383784.95 1971.28 Zircon-IIa MJD-2-C 736.08 255.03 1169.07 32.64 163.73 2244.18 3680.29 878.85 3442.98 2.96 2782.00 425502.27 1445.99 Zircon-IIa MJD-3-1 1565.89 133.50 717.22 45.96 321.25 317.90 2544.56 1896.46 3241.02 5.21 2057.00 392697.00 1767.21 Zircon-IIa MJD-4-1 2526.76 1.52 406.17 22.57 501.34 424.05 2803.22 2405.11 2818.81 9.08 1336.00 391745.06 1163.08 Zircon-IIa MJD-4-2 860.79 92.46 1251.17 272.48 264.29 4368.95 4764.74 688.70 4830.03 7.10 6838.00 378992.57 1711.18 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-1 2567.50 1.03 723.80 29.83 407.37 494.14 2848.03 2346.62 2800.33 7.11 6111.00 389486.99 679.68 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-2 2725.35 1.12 609.96 22.95 455.21 293.94 2831.87 2453.71 2428.90 5.16 7117.00 388394.70 649.27 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-1 1878.50 2.13 1320.79 33.91 329.65 1080.64 2901.93 2724.31 3459.10 18.13 2213.00 381040.23 1726.28 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-2 1966.02 3.32 919.96 45.94 448.82 297.98 2524.25 2559.25 2562.53 4.82 2096.00 409350.07 2389.36 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-3 2195.49 1.03 647.29 70.11 504.96 247.75 2372.79 1613.23 1921.49 5.65 9511.00 387805.69 754.69 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-4 2476.44 1.34 1075.98 47.74 432.56 273.95 2921.48 2332.10 2860.50 5.07 5833.00 383926.27 1237.85 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-3 1635.64 4.70 492.84 64.70 308.31 467.87 2816.25 2796.03 2754.10 2.78 1966.00 402649.40 2270.06 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-1 1868.13 459.91 3683.27 348.01 645.47 4993.60 1020.09 581.51 13617.94 226.23 38296.57 307622.74 9049.90 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-2 2152.28 322.92 3187.58 345.22 519.19 4375.66 1095.00 478.00 10757.73 212.28 36954.69 327386.32 6898.24 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-3 2114.44 66.36 2032.43 374.77 258.85 4564.51 1160.01 460.54 7001.66 231.53 37900.89 340397.77 7535.77 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-4 1867.63 152.56 2303.78 332.24 351.07 5311.36 1101.74 516.99 8977.11 257.24 41341.96 340144.25 8326.49 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-1 4633.67 43.18 1205.76 288.70 192.47 4185.37 1220.14 444.05 6996.35 174.86 23512.54 335858.59 4840.11 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-2 1785.55 793.80 7379.28 449.13 806.59 2702.72 1003.30 391.27 16532.08 112.87 29268.54 308974.81 7009.65 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-3 2721.49 149.08 1844.38 305.93 240.00 3933.78 1128.13 382.90 7877.87 187.49 27692.32 341295.86 6757.12 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-5 1581.46 118.80 1958.56 321.81 212.51 6182.69 1073.44 413.95 11132.71 330.94 40589.30 318156.68 14482.65 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-1 3342.06 40.17 948.01 262.80 163.63 4585.04 1161.68 485.88 9503.11 205.87 27545.07 349021.75 6871.33 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-2 4501.53 27.08 1013.61 254.95 166.82 4161.58 1243.24 424.47 8878.48 162.51 25185.18 364471.50 5936.38 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-3 2666.21 68.74 1349.49 303.72 223.31 5889.88 1202.73 488.01 9861.19 276.31 34229.75 350093.06 9836.46 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-4 2419.95 275.96 2735.78 303.54 466.98 4055.26 1092.36 504.30 9548.54 203.13 29690.28 341740.60 7647.69 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-5 1728.51 119.74 1581.80 304.29 255.14 7595.83 1096.23 491.70 12047.68 359.31 41966.13 333462.50 14622.13 Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-1 1956.72 1271.74 7623.63 585.56 1726.65 3402.59 976.01 920.16 25354.89 122.93 31664.27 315656.28 5580.66 Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-2 1641.40 610.29 6052.77 526.28 1088.00 5438.20 1023.51 602.43 15412.29 216.75 43334.81 332292.27 5868.52 Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-3 1824.88 147.45 2042.21 444.35 437.03 7477.79 1079.11 585.84 10836.67 379.73 44115.26 317080.34 13347.54 Zircon-IIb MJ23-8-1 2753.78 115.79 1376.52 227.30 430.90 5288.69 1248.87 643.24 7745.20 230.34 23025.78 363291.84 5124.14 Zircon-IIb MJ23-8-2 2005.88 1366.62 3975.30 230.18 1434.88 5190.16 1051.25 1829.06 20540.95 227.09 25838.28 317198.52 4920.11 96 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Na Mg Al P K Ca Ti Mn Fe Sr Y Zr Nb Zircon-IIb MJ23-9 2288.42 1371.18 5699.59 353.88 1590.00 3175.36 1000.29 1053.97 25477.26 126.13 31620.63 299773.80 13053.16 Zircon-IIb MJ23-10-1 1629.28 179.88 2029.34 328.86 517.09 6039.13 1109.41 484.49 10557.80 303.96 37180.02 339837.17 9238.31 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-1 2670.72 97.54 1476.85 280.69 304.71 4729.27 1227.82 520.18 7653.08 213.73 28066.07 359912.36 6881.03 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-2 3485.03 54.15 1240.78 272.86 336.88 5779.71 1221.06 612.79 9055.94 232.02 28232.11 358954.46 4676.01 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-3 1604.52 492.59 4635.50 349.67 878.33 4489.17 1045.77 688.91 14190.48 177.62 37038.74 327032.48 5067.75 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-4 2117.40 476.81 4185.97 342.10 898.52 4447.69 1132.75 712.83 13138.63 166.59 30579.49 327841.45 4570.42 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-1 1875.56 75.94 1477.16 236.07 344.37 6379.53 1130.22 578.95 9413.93 324.70 34498.90 340285.66 8774.15 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-2 2515.01 113.49 1368.49 255.96 275.34 4951.02 1162.61 521.62 8618.21 225.46 27005.31 358899.54 7783.22 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-3 2124.41 123.11 1526.04 277.95 238.15 4086.85 1179.31 428.58 7966.59 172.64 27947.70 356041.64 8620.61 Zircon-IIb MJ23-13-1 3334.65 234.80 2568.02 377.51 584.22 4561.89 1222.39 494.51 9532.03 212.47 31723.30 348624.30 9765.35 Zircon-IIb MJ23-13-2 2642.74 53.81 1058.83 245.60 194.11 5639.02 1177.71 449.79 8627.95 242.43 29920.52 352713.44 8610.87 Zircon-IIb MJ23-14-1 1857.01 228.17 2381.51 252.50 493.70 4736.12 1125.37 610.46 9130.56 230.21 34161.67 329168.52 11517.61 Zircon-IIb MJ23-15-1 1487.17 264.56 3172.45 353.36 422.29 4001.41 1135.27 522.18 10097.43 191.24 41086.77 335345.25 13370.89 Zircon-IIb MJ23-15-2 1446.33 545.06 4673.90 390.02 738.64 2915.30 1116.49 584.97 13508.88 102.92 40097.72 335329.29 13880.34 Zircon-IIb MJ23-16 1493.24 701.51 3555.95 303.50 589.74 2630.26 1126.55 620.63 12754.37 76.72 27085.98 334829.22 8526.78 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-1 2022.94 852.09 3233.08 198.44 909.84 5322.66 1134.89 780.16 16153.43 243.02 34566.62 327277.88 11966.26 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-2 1805.33 320.66 1797.22 197.43 385.98 5756.23 1150.59 529.06 10268.75 279.73 36611.51 328525.85 12554.08 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-3 2297.11 703.04 3189.34 207.64 818.76 3858.59 1200.83 848.93 14587.33 178.68 32519.43 349316.96 11594.01 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-4 2299.86 479.37 2219.55 183.22 540.35 5333.03 1300.55 978.32 10713.68 213.90 28304.34 340940.39 11528.02 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-5 2078.69 312.68 1803.15 204.72 417.11 5384.10 1192.48 498.75 10550.60 269.11 35783.10 347227.89 12298.75 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-6 2168.22 828.17 3068.10 167.18 968.50 5491.07 1125.88 632.75 14342.56 238.38 29710.48 333205.72 9564.05 Zircon-IIb MJ24-UP-1 1315.59 109.21 3450.45 1283.74 2799.00 1538.19 1134.53 167.36 8053.36 44.11 19049.34 315916.86 2391.32 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-1-1 2376.83 65.89 1112.58 286.62 218.51 2767.36 1172.31 282.36 16173.40 113.15 14689.98 288178.75 5032.28 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-1-3 2498.33 19.26 1090.66 636.48 134.28 3897.90 1342.86 398.71 80340.86 134.45 15404.30 327851.86 5969.40 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-2 3417.52 34.37 887.85 413.52 157.96 3314.67 1077.65 376.36 10097.56 105.74 11300.84 285112.83 3418.44 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-4 3461.01 232.52 1376.05 1010.72 187.69 3394.52 1246.20 298.50 18971.33 137.00 23543.01 328336.86 5871.75 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-3 2032.66 53.42 1847.09 696.36 154.15 3100.34 1169.53 244.46 20523.27 138.90 26561.21 286888.91 9794.29 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-2-1 2442.41 15.71 876.31 280.31 103.21 3048.45 1252.01 375.45 9611.18 116.94 13775.41 327848.18 5096.59 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-2-2 2324.04 32.03 1117.25 309.83 136.46 3318.63 1180.67 365.86 9344.67 122.80 14350.80 307575.23 5215.83 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-2-2 2620.45 17.58 886.40 702.60 197.46 2987.74 1289.99 580.25 64767.83 85.05 9954.65 358438.38 1288.99 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-3-2 6621.44 8.98 754.39 1380.66 169.43 4366.28 1448.68 764.15 9482.62 104.42 9766.34 372886.79 1879.50 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-4-1 2217.45 19.17 1011.79 1437.32 192.97 3604.72 1413.93 808.04 48688.83 101.61 11297.78 343778.56 2081.70 Zircon-IIb MJ6-3-1-1 2022.15 36.02 1788.20 613.65 278.62 2234.50 1311.42 549.56 90317.77 65.10 12059.48 351690.75 3868.29 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-5-1 2479.35 15.53 962.20 845.12 185.13 3116.92 1107.37 528.47 30903.77 76.05 9112.37 290561.40 3124.82 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-6-1 4537.62 13.42 1149.80 791.47 328.04 5182.84 1560.71 824.87 48515.43 118.12 12009.39 354910.15 1805.33 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-7-1 2025.24 26.99 730.38 314.14 180.35 2446.77 1096.03 434.80 47214.98 51.71 6576.08 309100.91 1532.96 Zircon-IIb MJ6-3-1-2 974.22 12.53 769.63 595.26 164.07 2702.35 1257.27 748.64 9837.76 52.84 6840.31 314090.54 2231.75 97 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Zircon-I MJ30-1-1 2.21 79.47 925.12 22.13 131.36 189.16 17.03 1021.31 434.38 5155.72 1574.68 6127.50 955.67 Zircon-I MJ30-1-2 3.80 84.81 794.22 26.37 142.57 157.03 13.53 816.93 348.34 4143.35 1241.74 4972.89 836.63 Zircon-I MJ30-1-3 1.87 65.24 665.71 16.81 87.98 99.26 8.57 534.40 249.62 3156.65 1011.38 4201.27 722.83 Zircon-I MJ30-1-4 6.63 185.39 662.72 46.97 227.15 128.82 8.95 509.45 201.82 2490.26 860.55 3673.71 641.13 Zircon-I MJ30-1-5 6.59 146.48 613.43 42.58 185.65 96.81 7.18 326.86 135.64 1739.06 585.65 2520.80 474.83 Zircon-I MJ30-1-6 4.55 35.91 650.13 10.85 51.91 76.78 7.20 472.66 233.66 2936.22 920.28 3571.74 654.52 Zircon-I MJ30-1-7 7.08 561.04 1394.23 137.35 501.35 171.35 7.25 393.72 149.97 1903.81 684.86 3138.79 612.07 Zircon-I MJ30-2-1 7.89 52.49 670.50 25.18 125.86 151.66 12.48 723.08 320.55 3818.33 1177.56 4854.15 847.18 Zircon-I MJ30-2-2 4.02 195.68 647.59 58.82 218.52 101.08 5.32 257.90 110.08 1492.05 534.62 2566.00 539.28 Zircon-I MJ30-2-3 6.30 21.48 691.80 9.54 66.92 127.25 11.48 739.61 330.99 4135.04 1378.41 5817.87 962.85 Zircon-I MJ30-2-4 3.05 72.06 637.36 23.05 109.41 122.60 10.81 668.48 296.36 3569.57 1200.27 5168.69 873.30 Zircon-I MJ30-3-2 4.12 32.60 174.76 15.84 72.74 38.51 2.08 107.57 44.44 580.10 212.37 977.24 185.53 Zircon-I MJ30-3-3 5.32 28.36 177.47 26.13 156.05 102.03 4.56 217.00 64.84 711.29 246.39 1058.21 190.36 Zircon-I MJ30-3-4 4.67 16.94 121.78 7.37 33.10 22.77 1.56 92.92 43.17 608.36 228.17 1100.54 215.40 Zircon-I MJ30-4-1 1.60 39.57 223.26 12.63 60.09 34.17 2.36 146.46 67.59 938.90 353.05 1629.27 320.85 Zircon-I MJ30-4-2 5.97 269.70 592.90 62.97 288.55 98.46 4.50 215.82 73.51 922.79 345.83 1781.55 369.62 Zircon-I MJ30-5-1 1.71 37.15 239.47 28.47 176.62 91.77 2.41 235.85 75.81 953.02 328.58 1478.73 279.48 Zircon-I MJ30-5-2 9.45 577.13 1412.96 165.08 752.06 288.20 13.35 509.75 130.28 1539.56 522.43 2491.11 497.15 Zircon-I MJ30-5-3 3.54 90.52 259.75 25.99 105.94 48.81 2.84 154.86 62.73 908.70 345.23 1709.54 340.84 Zircon-I MJ30-5-4 25.71 36.30 139.53 15.09 82.15 42.26 2.62 129.19 52.71 781.02 305.48 1550.55 309.31 Zircon-I MJ30-5-5 1.92 57.35 202.49 14.11 63.96 30.81 1.97 119.29 52.83 751.05 273.22 1285.30 262.56 Zircon-I MJ30-B-1 5.43 193.75 587.83 70.43 272.87 75.58 3.67 132.75 47.11 600.88 234.33 1153.05 236.81 Zircon-I MJ30-B-2 2.80 113.32 407.92 54.78 249.31 95.60 4.69 163.01 48.71 590.16 209.17 1029.49 208.52 Zircon-I MJ30-B-3 45.27 13.04 110.63 7.01 34.44 21.96 1.41 83.01 34.50 514.45 208.32 1036.02 218.71 Zircon-I MJ30-B-4 4.86 22.81 120.61 7.74 35.37 21.69 1.43 84.05 39.80 565.11 221.93 1110.00 229.40 Zircon-I MJ30-B-5 5.10 26.34 135.48 12.96 65.05 36.61 2.02 96.64 38.22 539.11 215.20 1044.82 225.64 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C1 2.30 131.52 439.42 33.93 149.60 79.72 5.42 309.94 123.20 1640.60 579.36 2554.59 482.48 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C2 5.07 134.52 578.46 55.08 231.63 106.22 5.09 277.72 113.10 1478.48 550.33 2532.81 506.51 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C3 5.15 135.10 561.62 38.94 183.44 95.40 5.60 336.30 130.00 1648.35 556.31 2591.28 503.05 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M1 1.30 21.26 718.03 8.07 56.53 114.88 11.16 679.25 302.34 3842.22 1233.57 5086.56 860.10 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M2 2.54 75.81 795.42 21.83 114.26 128.26 11.61 678.25 291.38 3673.73 1189.79 4882.51 860.62 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M3 26.19 52.98 436.89 31.94 200.48 143.74 8.79 484.32 197.36 2482.28 892.79 3997.06 776.42 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M4 3.17 20.32 597.87 7.33 52.12 126.03 12.23 783.63 359.35 4529.95 1479.56 6174.40 1071.85 Zircon-I MJ30-6-R2 11.25 217.38 677.49 49.34 200.46 82.05 5.30 328.14 134.07 1781.18 629.51 2838.35 545.10 Zircon-I MJ30-7-C1 10.39 109.59 644.19 39.65 194.47 125.82 8.30 465.14 184.00 2348.77 799.44 3473.42 663.13 Zircon-I MJ30-7-C2 1.02 18.00 464.21 7.36 53.25 90.91 8.23 557.89 241.24 2972.80 969.20 4049.34 708.80 Zircon-I MJ30-7-C3 2.64 96.81 576.77 24.65 111.98 86.44 6.75 422.49 171.58 2250.24 753.80 3132.16 564.43 Zircon-I MJ30-7-A1 8.34 587.59 1223.78 121.67 448.37 117.02 6.01 245.26 80.25 1054.48 389.37 1861.17 364.20 98 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Zircon-I MJ30-7L-1 1.38 40.28 356.98 18.00 74.99 54.90 4.87 309.31 134.27 1749.63 592.06 2510.57 462.95 Zircon-I MJ30-7U-1 0.49 12.41 722.96 4.69 40.65 121.68 11.97 779.26 343.87 4336.85 1397.18 5439.74 903.73 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C1 12.90 119.10 679.83 38.63 165.85 95.07 7.19 408.71 179.22 2363.22 794.79 3496.68 653.09 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C2 4.32 167.51 656.32 62.65 292.53 162.34 9.82 508.37 203.55 2600.69 894.97 4114.43 759.12 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C3 3.18 73.87 347.11 23.75 111.91 67.26 4.81 244.80 111.95 1540.92 566.55 2638.70 518.62 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R1 0.74 22.11 237.15 5.12 26.93 41.42 3.91 274.30 121.49 1666.98 555.52 2419.06 453.26 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R3 0.31 11.82 372.86 4.81 33.13 71.84 7.30 482.46 207.55 2674.68 866.30 3621.76 627.16 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R4 0.18 2.54 333.27 1.34 15.97 61.28 6.23 419.55 189.09 2466.15 821.84 3428.51 608.37 Zircon-IIa MJD-1-M1 39.17 1162.00 2746.01 259.89 736.42 144.05 4.13 129.27 32.93 334.79 109.24 597.09 177.66 Zircon-IIa MJD-2-C 20.25 452.00 1362.51 157.84 409.35 95.91 3.58 93.35 27.51 276.32 86.30 475.35 153.83 Zircon-IIa MJD-3-1 44.61 407.00 804.49 83.81 239.80 70.52 2.87 86.15 26.01 255.33 76.20 371.24 87.54 Zircon-IIa MJD-4-1 100.23 326.00 618.38 62.94 173.45 46.96 1.91 50.20 16.12 160.34 49.59 256.78 64.70 Zircon-IIa MJD-4-2 25.17 335.00 1224.85 136.52 466.35 167.93 6.97 222.76 75.11 848.37 275.13 1298.61 289.02 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-1 72.09 854.00 2069.33 206.65 583.46 160.70 6.06 151.34 44.53 399.68 105.73 524.90 143.02 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-2 89.37 789.00 2087.01 222.64 691.16 210.47 7.92 196.22 57.52 504.13 132.65 667.17 186.88 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-1 43.45 298.00 707.85 83.46 295.14 106.36 3.74 114.87 29.35 247.08 63.67 264.38 60.48 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-2 45.27 177.00 551.52 75.61 283.05 137.42 5.14 153.46 41.70 308.24 71.96 265.26 50.06 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-3 92.33 650.00 2096.40 231.40 745.34 235.24 9.47 229.80 66.85 597.99 158.25 799.98 232.07 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-4 70.18 787.00 1895.62 189.84 528.47 149.69 5.65 148.05 43.39 399.87 108.06 518.48 137.21 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-3 33.29 262.00 593.98 70.30 244.33 101.16 4.17 122.78 32.10 273.03 72.23 277.08 57.57 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-1 147.52 370.96 1606.94 223.03 1080.67 696.39 37.09 1462.48 461.09 4681.80 1415.77 5639.48 1059.43 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-2 137.38 341.97 1647.44 220.61 1118.44 761.05 42.81 1406.53 459.95 4632.85 1345.63 5382.39 1002.38 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-3 48.07 330.20 1952.68 257.39 1385.78 846.62 61.96 1492.35 467.43 4515.22 1338.20 5308.69 995.91 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-4 110.21 354.37 1723.71 234.90 1195.72 811.50 42.03 1558.00 492.83 5130.00 1534.34 6024.04 1116.78 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-1 28.03 248.70 1493.98 205.46 1129.49 735.68 35.65 1046.93 303.88 2930.40 823.90 3361.97 673.49 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-2 64.53 391.80 1358.65 190.76 852.27 528.49 28.72 1039.01 351.46 3618.76 1051.95 4275.41 821.41 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-3 36.25 282.27 1427.42 198.98 1055.41 743.31 34.98 1225.42 368.09 3546.69 1026.21 4158.13 800.57 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-5 58.22 464.60 1947.35 278.02 1319.48 825.80 42.60 1589.03 495.48 5048.12 1488.96 6009.34 1118.07 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-1 22.40 275.40 1472.59 206.32 1144.38 739.30 37.72 1227.00 350.78 3455.60 974.77 3980.67 786.91 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-2 21.50 263.80 1498.76 215.64 1184.24 778.57 39.56 1109.46 326.86 3080.28 873.59 3526.59 705.55 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-3 43.24 355.91 1683.37 237.94 1252.61 800.82 39.97 1442.60 432.60 4325.27 1254.83 5027.66 938.81 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-4 105.58 302.98 1415.17 181.07 898.07 590.03 31.38 1113.28 355.48 3554.50 1067.91 4337.50 825.34 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-5 67.15 476.95 1992.84 282.51 1434.83 887.12 44.11 1716.47 520.08 5293.48 1559.14 6079.27 1137.88 Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-1 398.64 426.16 1361.10 200.43 861.04 570.36 30.57 1093.04 378.41 3986.44 1157.26 4803.44 967.71 Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-2 236.16 427.16 1799.05 244.04 1160.92 756.30 40.18 1539.32 501.40 5196.62 1491.48 6104.44 1192.03 Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-3 99.17 477.53 2087.62 291.34 1454.44 889.20 46.73 1748.21 526.17 5213.35 1493.48 5951.39 1129.08 Zircon-IIb MJ23-8-1 49.64 289.65 1548.63 192.71 929.66 532.70 39.30 862.73 265.58 2634.86 761.59 3335.68 645.13 Zircon-IIb MJ23-8-2 254.56 300.86 1542.46 193.98 915.34 546.06 36.80 954.94 302.26 2925.54 858.17 3631.26 693.03 99 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Zircon-IIb MJ23-9 392.77 491.76 1657.68 237.29 993.40 590.39 32.57 1143.73 375.07 3735.01 1138.93 4685.79 917.40 Zircon-IIb MJ23-10-1 130.95 372.40 1682.60 224.22 1133.70 695.01 36.48 1351.47 413.21 4181.16 1221.43 5129.32 978.25 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-1 65.88 303.44 1756.42 228.39 1137.97 687.73 48.20 1092.73 328.22 3256.80 941.44 3868.58 738.39 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-2 31.61 276.59 1644.09 213.74 1075.62 641.72 39.49 1035.29 307.21 2995.44 880.47 3585.83 697.12 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-3 290.35 344.54 1584.82 203.15 954.97 611.16 35.62 1219.92 397.64 4258.02 1250.02 5154.69 976.48 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-4 236.66 333.78 1629.93 215.18 1001.42 624.45 30.78 1061.54 341.71 3409.28 1031.92 4254.06 814.29 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-1 62.51 376.75 1920.29 256.27 1284.84 750.50 47.63 1347.66 398.99 4017.66 1143.79 4581.35 851.31 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-2 54.71 320.80 1795.14 233.11 1151.80 631.58 51.30 1054.68 312.02 3212.84 940.94 3881.44 735.04 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-3 71.52 319.38 1659.15 214.21 1040.89 595.70 53.01 1010.87 315.45 3278.37 975.78 4063.88 764.52 Zircon-IIb MJ23-13-1 113.14 384.89 1780.35 229.92 1080.14 670.51 36.28 1210.23 382.27 3908.34 1145.40 4761.66 923.35 Zircon-IIb MJ23-13-2 35.99 340.05 1734.98 226.40 1130.47 671.96 48.42 1171.27 347.66 3436.68 1036.42 4230.69 764.45 Zircon-IIb MJ23-14-1 124.43 397.60 2029.75 263.36 1257.18 741.00 56.83 1315.12 403.62 4182.94 1200.74 4780.86 907.15 Zircon-IIb MJ23-15-1 129.26 480.03 2445.00 316.32 1450.60 842.17 72.47 1528.97 498.22 5111.80 1494.77 6003.36 1157.70 Zircon-IIb MJ23-15-2 209.23 489.75 2352.90 286.58 1285.43 777.63 62.61 1371.84 469.01 5146.20 1484.57 6005.31 1156.21 Zircon-IIb MJ23-16 236.58 397.43 2126.60 263.27 1141.32 567.27 65.02 919.11 304.87 3298.38 1002.32 4160.90 793.35 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-1 193.17 429.26 1883.72 253.83 1189.23 656.75 44.83 1265.11 396.17 4169.32 1199.50 4916.68 926.21 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-2 88.55 437.35 1989.70 265.95 1211.79 679.47 48.46 1329.82 414.26 4354.50 1254.54 5341.46 1004.16 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-3 224.22 407.26 1927.37 237.22 1038.47 595.28 48.64 1156.68 366.19 3924.15 1134.10 4670.54 899.47 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-4 91.40 393.85 1920.24 251.82 1164.30 668.73 48.26 1152.44 353.67 3502.71 1012.46 3959.86 724.92 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-5 119.38 433.41 1934.31 254.18 1205.07 683.91 46.67 1302.52 406.04 4231.91 1275.18 5152.69 952.81 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-6 153.73 406.38 1835.74 252.70 1167.98 638.41 50.43 1114.14 345.17 3625.45 1035.42 4240.93 826.10 Zircon-IIb MJ24-UP-1 22.39 120.27 481.24 39.64 163.49 100.71 6.19 279.92 124.33 1802.50 758.22 4669.26 1227.42 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-1-1 20.44 354.70 1819.81 175.45 679.53 315.19 39.35 552.45 182.43 1945.33 611.78 3009.98 617.57 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-1-3 30.33 326.08 1546.26 170.61 830.76 402.84 41.21 686.55 217.60 2307.21 656.17 3105.18 671.74 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-2 21.38 187.88 1033.90 118.17 552.55 280.63 26.26 466.12 149.06 1534.20 458.16 2002.59 431.93 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-4 41.26 195.55 795.19 99.43 434.74 278.32 14.71 710.68 275.05 3291.61 1084.21 4699.28 933.06 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-3 29.53 232.60 1124.29 128.64 633.19 374.50 20.94 895.63 329.11 3696.64 1153.84 4918.81 953.86 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-2-1 21.61 191.74 881.74 103.86 477.87 257.14 25.82 500.65 165.11 1730.26 552.76 2577.24 511.68 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-2-2 24.35 195.97 931.96 107.14 498.31 273.91 27.60 524.39 173.34 1877.93 582.69 2650.93 544.20 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-2-2 30.08 250.76 840.17 78.42 311.01 139.76 16.80 271.28 96.84 1120.55 348.87 1680.54 367.65 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-3-2 33.57 250.99 863.50 83.29 370.90 206.90 34.06 329.66 124.99 1550.23 525.13 2816.59 698.44 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-4-1 42.40 277.35 912.53 94.68 396.38 226.34 19.77 391.88 141.35 1623.39 501.18 2534.66 577.00 Zircon-IIb MJ6-3-1-1 29.76 207.13 559.47 71.37 295.64 180.32 15.90 374.73 136.95 1574.10 453.29 1991.21 400.76 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-5-1 32.12 243.89 844.42 86.43 328.04 162.51 22.34 293.09 113.26 1356.75 444.73 2190.85 529.67 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-6-1 45.09 317.62 1259.45 147.58 698.22 378.87 35.85 545.44 169.50 1658.84 434.51 1766.91 367.54 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-7-1 23.90 195.99 541.30 58.85 212.16 102.85 11.19 210.29 78.42 853.23 243.60 1049.73 216.15 Zircon-IIb MJ6-3-1-2 19.91 154.09 677.94 73.17 303.17 145.13 30.92 234.99 89.21 1028.06 323.92 1535.07 351.21 100 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Pb Eu/Eu* Ce/Ce* Sm/La N Ce/Ce* N Zircon-I MJ30-1-1 6798.94 850.55 8539.37 73.52 17413.74 383.69 314.39 0.04 22.06 3.81 5.34 Zircon-I MJ30-1-2 5799.17 790.25 8884.33 126.30 14287.51 318.35 273.90 0.04 16.79 2.96 4.06 Zircon-I MJ30-1-3 5112.76 706.97 10432.65 92.21 7828.31 708.13 185.42 0.04 20.10 2.44 4.86 Zircon-I MJ30-1-4 4692.18 666.88 8411.17 93.23 7007.06 1122.83 200.87 0.03 7.10 1.11 1.72 Zircon-I MJ30-1-5 3571.39 529.28 11913.33 107.70 8193.66 442.31 176.29 0.04 7.77 1.06 1.88 Zircon-I MJ30-1-6 4743.19 624.17 12884.85 96.23 9278.44 194.27 174.59 0.04 32.94 3.42 7.97 Zircon-I MJ30-1-7 4707.61 676.64 8867.19 219.67 12835.00 350.43 312.98 0.03 5.02 0.49 1.22 Zircon-I MJ30-2-1 6146.53 832.80 8142.32 174.25 12176.22 431.69 248.59 0.04 18.44 4.63 4.46 Zircon-I MJ30-2-2 4239.24 632.59 10612.73 116.75 5417.13 320.98 134.73 0.03 6.04 0.83 1.46 Zircon-I MJ30-2-3 6998.28 917.95 8192.49 54.30 5502.88 1119.06 164.22 0.04 48.33 9.49 11.69 Zircon-I MJ30-2-4 6245.16 858.07 8322.44 81.54 4917.35 1045.02 154.03 0.04 15.64 2.72 3.78 Zircon-I MJ30-3-2 1450.60 214.06 10144.13 32.51 646.07 293.21 45.47 0.03 7.69 1.89 1.86 Zircon-I MJ30-3-3 1458.88 212.23 8504.73 29.64 613.77 323.94 59.79 0.03 6.52 5.76 1.58 Zircon-I MJ30-3-4 1663.20 251.43 11428.39 37.55 554.11 303.16 39.94 0.03 10.90 2.15 2.64 Zircon-I MJ30-4-1 2486.19 368.37 11110.07 49.04 2410.77 429.44 72.08 0.03 9.99 1.38 2.42 Zircon-I MJ30-4-2 3000.04 466.47 12174.68 53.90 3567.97 238.39 94.48 0.03 4.55 0.58 1.10 Zircon-I MJ30-5-1 2059.10 288.11 9929.97 34.85 716.23 356.30 40.95 0.02 7.36 3.96 1.78 Zircon-I MJ30-5-2 3872.26 554.71 9809.56 55.10 5310.81 194.73 125.23 0.03 4.58 0.80 1.11 Zircon-I MJ30-5-3 2747.24 395.41 8916.63 36.29 1549.31 283.35 60.80 0.03 5.36 0.86 1.30 Zircon-I MJ30-5-4 2508.13 359.48 8118.65 37.08 1006.89 271.87 67.39 0.04 5.96 1.86 1.44 Zircon-I MJ30-5-5 2094.05 304.20 9878.78 33.91 937.24 298.60 54.28 0.03 7.12 0.86 1.72 Zircon-I MJ30-B-1 1993.75 311.69 9181.41 80.59 1436.11 249.30 80.65 0.04 5.03 0.62 1.22 Zircon-I MJ30-B-2 1786.82 279.99 12654.05 98.25 794.80 249.33 127.15 0.04 5.18 1.35 1.25 Zircon-I MJ30-B-3 1809.61 268.19 10249.94 65.75 921.61 221.64 71.72 0.03 11.57 2.70 2.80 Zircon-I MJ30-B-4 1856.39 277.74 12245.81 77.23 1401.56 197.49 62.41 0.03 9.08 1.52 2.20 Zircon-I MJ30-B-5 1881.98 288.54 13049.74 84.98 995.51 239.87 62.42 0.03 7.33 2.23 1.77 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C1 3571.09 509.58 7708.72 45.90 4405.29 537.46 123.52 0.03 6.58 0.97 1.59 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C2 3981.95 586.07 9075.81 277.02 8420.65 319.24 242.05 0.03 6.72 1.26 1.63 Zircon-I MJ30-6-C3 3913.02 568.26 9747.91 119.49 8778.94 237.03 201.73 0.03 7.74 1.13 1.87 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M1 6175.33 796.70 7664.29 93.37 7671.27 1334.62 226.32 0.04 54.82 8.65 13.26 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M2 5984.15 789.28 7620.01 71.36 7225.87 1345.47 217.37 0.04 19.55 2.71 4.73 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M3 5924.38 814.63 7907.92 45.97 6218.95 1192.37 181.39 0.03 10.62 4.34 2.57 Zircon-I MJ30-6-M4 7636.76 1013.20 7664.80 37.43 4372.47 923.26 133.40 0.04 48.99 9.93 11.85 Zircon-I MJ30-6-R2 4076.47 601.40 7697.26 41.09 1534.06 878.67 89.61 0.03 6.54 0.60 1.58 Zircon-I MJ30-7-C1 5030.76 672.73 7973.80 84.46 6405.75 1419.97 192.87 0.03 9.77 1.84 2.36 Zircon-I MJ30-7-C2 5074.45 676.41 7728.22 61.37 4534.24 1106.71 150.94 0.04 40.33 8.09 9.76 (Eu/Eu*) = [Eu/{Sm*Gd}]1/2 , (Ce/Ce*) = [Ce/{La*Pr}]1/2 , (Sm/La)N= Sm(N)/ La(N) (Ce/Ce*)N = [Ce(N)/{La(N)*Pr(N)}]1/2 (N) = Condrite Normalized (Values from McDonough & Sun, 1995) 101 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Pb Eu/Eu* Ce/Ce* Sm/La N Ce/Ce* N Zircon-I MJ30-7-C3 4130.08 540.86 7907.44 51.18 1873.58 1136.92 101.83 0.04 11.81 1.43 2.86 Zircon-I MJ30-7-A1 2868.40 396.47 9628.89 59.11 2766.81 698.73 106.16 0.04 4.58 0.32 1.11 Zircon-I MJ30-7L-1 3504.31 457.78 8559.61 56.72 2399.05 821.56 85.76 0.04 13.26 2.18 3.21 Zircon-I MJ30-7U-1 6660.30 807.57 7987.29 66.00 7527.84 1208.45 204.96 0.04 94.76 15.70 22.93 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C1 5042.70 652.33 9059.04 75.72 14289.00 464.81 281.56 0.04 10.02 1.28 2.42 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C2 5916.24 783.31 7911.13 85.68 14669.64 503.45 301.70 0.03 6.41 1.55 1.55 Zircon-I MJ30-8-C3 4065.89 563.62 9499.68 80.24 9230.14 432.00 211.72 0.04 8.29 1.46 2.00 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R1 3425.06 457.43 8262.14 42.76 1562.42 661.12 68.10 0.04 22.29 3.00 5.39 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R3 4626.03 611.15 8030.42 60.78 2936.72 1175.71 121.97 0.04 49.45 9.73 11.96 Zircon-I MJ30-8-R4 4467.90 593.04 7990.25 47.59 2248.95 1043.52 101.39 0.04 180.65 38.63 43.70 Zircon-IIa MJD-1-M1 2479.03 662.08 10456.47 299.23 656.43 272.32 1285.45 0.03 5.00 0.20 1.21 Zircon-IIa MJD-2-C 2399.63 682.38 11064.97 286.59 216.10 138.02 759.07 0.04 5.10 0.34 1.23 Zircon-IIa MJD-3-1 835.14 132.57 12065.31 180.91 262.10 529.47 1650.65 0.04 4.36 0.28 1.05 Zircon-IIa MJD-4-1 631.90 100.07 12459.33 206.33 118.48 478.35 2808.17 0.04 4.32 0.23 1.04 Zircon-IIa MJD-4-2 2727.61 435.23 12741.27 224.36 1450.71 819.73 916.75 0.04 5.73 0.80 1.39 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-1 1605.07 269.54 12759.24 214.11 722.59 559.83 3168.04 0.04 4.93 0.30 1.19 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-2 2039.25 343.86 12379.10 181.61 914.02 541.68 3315.49 0.04 4.98 0.43 1.20 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-1 629.80 109.41 13034.00 253.19 314.27 587.84 2567.98 0.03 4.49 0.57 1.09 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-2 399.51 60.88 16538.23 368.75 330.39 506.57 2786.64 0.04 4.77 1.24 1.15 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-3 2685.36 460.19 11951.85 181.60 810.33 578.97 3008.13 0.04 5.41 0.58 1.31 Zircon-IIa MJD-B-4 1462.96 251.07 12590.18 241.08 752.81 564.10 3051.53 0.04 4.90 0.30 1.19 Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-3 536.11 90.29 14291.79 307.01 404.81 658.96 2170.40 0.04 4.38 0.62 1.06 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-1 7969.49 1023.82 8959.11 300.05 7283.07 3289.58 246.94 0.04 5.59 3.01 1.35 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-2 7466.05 972.76 10244.95 368.81 6626.64 3791.75 245.75 0.04 6.00 3.56 1.45 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-3 7293.97 971.19 10349.67 367.54 5776.33 3543.81 195.75 0.06 6.70 4.11 1.62 Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-4 8442.05 1097.85 10055.00 331.89 7550.26 3602.10 218.07 0.04 5.97 3.67 1.45 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-1 5637.37 732.53 10897.97 575.03 7426.36 3393.47 261.60 0.04 6.61 4.74 1.60 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-2 6594.15 860.25 9656.03 423.78 8063.86 2787.22 290.76 0.04 4.97 2.16 1.20 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-3 6427.71 849.19 10705.13 523.25 6773.55 3305.17 248.70 0.04 6.02 4.22 1.46 Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-5 8460.77 1127.99 9863.11 487.27 7481.79 2761.44 197.21 0.04 5.42 2.85 1.31 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-1 6233.61 803.75 10639.90 526.17 5851.51 3266.42 208.46 0.04 6.18 4.30 1.49 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-2 5698.27 767.66 11347.12 622.21 6407.10 3149.26 230.06 0.04 6.28 4.73 1.52 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-3 7293.10 947.38 10899.92 584.84 6842.50 3385.58 213.29 0.04 5.78 3.60 1.40 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-4 6567.92 862.87 10261.34 475.31 8800.16 3368.16 268.29 0.04 6.04 3.12 1.46 Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-5 8540.52 1113.43 10024.94 512.20 7485.54 2919.60 191.05 0.04 5.43 2.98 1.31 Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-1 7656.12 1058.61 10008.59 396.65 11202.86 3459.46 355.75 0.04 4.66 2.14 1.13 (Eu/Eu*) = [Eu/{Sm*Gd}]1/2 , (Ce/Ce*) = [Ce/{La*Pr}]1/2 , (Sm/La)N= Sm(N)/ La(N) (Ce/Ce*)N = [Ce(N)/{La(N)*Pr(N)}]1/2 (N) = Condrite Normalized (Values from McDonough & Sun, 1995) 102 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Pb Eu/Eu* Ce/Ce* Sm/La N Ce/Ce* N Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-2 9044.45 1160.00 9867.33 378.41 13451.43 3683.90 311.99 0.04 5.57 2.84 1.35 Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-3 8720.92 1145.95 9824.04 371.04 13518.22 3138.33 237.10 0.04 5.60 2.98 1.35 Zircon-IIb MJ23-8-1 5477.29 745.16 10693.15 515.18 4027.64 5233.36 280.15 0.06 6.55 2.95 1.59 Zircon-IIb MJ23-8-2 5678.47 756.25 9444.67 406.49 4149.54 5294.30 311.21 0.05 6.38 2.91 1.54 Zircon-IIb MJ23-9 7484.17 1039.48 9954.38 437.19 9346.50 2390.94 478.29 0.04 4.85 1.92 1.17 Zircon-IIb MJ23-10-1 7898.63 1097.98 10347.68 358.62 10906.50 3150.16 266.63 0.04 5.82 2.99 1.41 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-1 6096.38 827.13 11198.06 594.32 7601.77 3376.12 235.22 0.06 6.67 3.63 1.61 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-2 5966.67 801.84 10703.47 578.42 10414.63 3648.36 277.90 0.05 6.76 3.72 1.64 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-3 7467.91 1028.84 9850.69 401.29 11232.57 3209.49 303.01 0.04 5.99 2.84 1.45 Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-4 6787.50 914.61 10090.00 452.20 12717.41 3087.94 354.00 0.04 6.08 3.00 1.47 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-1 6581.19 856.92 10133.17 438.47 7943.93 3716.31 212.23 0.05 6.18 3.19 1.50 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-2 5827.12 743.72 11073.57 457.71 5343.77 3277.18 194.31 0.06 6.56 3.15 1.59 Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-3 6168.82 815.69 11116.21 447.38 4564.37 2717.59 189.48 0.07 6.34 2.99 1.53 Zircon-IIb MJ23-13-1 7287.21 994.36 10799.83 503.32 9548.57 3185.83 297.43 0.04 5.98 2.79 1.45 Zircon-IIb MJ23-13-2 6104.00 798.38 10589.24 492.59 5834.83 3301.84 185.09 0.05 6.25 3.16 1.51 Zircon-IIb MJ23-14-1 6728.14 853.93 10270.01 435.77 3668.45 3622.61 184.58 0.06 6.27 2.98 1.52 Zircon-IIb MJ23-15-1 8623.07 1110.45 10659.48 471.20 4098.05 3394.52 217.51 0.06 6.27 2.81 1.52 Zircon-IIb MJ23-15-2 8448.92 1058.42 10386.57 442.00 3134.71 3538.72 296.70 0.06 6.28 2.54 1.52 Zircon-IIb MJ23-16 6309.91 782.42 10025.41 435.26 2234.48 2534.81 211.65 0.09 6.57 2.29 1.59 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-1 6718.21 866.38 10306.03 644.37 2934.66 4036.43 262.38 0.05 5.71 2.45 1.38 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-2 7293.67 956.04 10629.22 635.25 2623.76 3865.81 159.44 0.05 5.83 2.49 1.41 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-3 6819.16 885.08 11164.66 668.95 2668.80 3989.38 190.17 0.06 6.20 2.34 1.50 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-4 5698.53 725.13 11006.24 686.07 3496.02 4275.84 217.97 0.05 6.10 2.72 1.48 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-5 7049.38 906.51 11436.50 760.39 3361.35 3840.93 164.44 0.05 5.83 2.53 1.41 Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-6 6334.42 796.39 10466.14 582.28 2863.92 4404.06 196.20 0.06 5.73 2.52 1.39 Zircon-IIb MJ24-UP-1 11976.93 1789.41 9813.55 393.23 3343.10 2511.98 175.03 0.04 6.97 1.34 1.69 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-1-1 5205.29 662.26 9315.93 376.84 2602.98 3075.73 162.29 0.09 7.29 1.42 1.76 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-1-3 6214.30 672.03 9847.75 395.38 2789.25 3012.39 174.34 0.08 6.56 1.98 1.59 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-2 3736.24 464.91 9413.93 273.36 2838.15 3426.39 190.45 0.07 6.94 2.39 1.68 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-4 7881.35 920.06 10014.43 210.61 6341.44 4031.29 275.10 0.03 5.70 2.28 1.38 Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-3 7741.09 974.21 9265.27 294.42 7102.66 2938.41 172.78 0.04 6.50 2.58 1.57 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-2-1 4087.15 518.15 10321.90 463.13 2377.40 2839.21 160.17 0.07 6.25 2.15 1.51 Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-2-2 4123.47 539.95 10354.61 450.58 2287.03 2904.63 152.68 0.07 6.43 2.24 1.56 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-2-2 3121.68 424.17 11549.86 418.91 1962.50 3279.51 324.12 0.09 5.99 0.89 1.45 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-3-2 6475.82 797.22 11345.52 640.49 3640.99 3734.14 298.15 0.13 5.97 1.32 1.44 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-4-1 5169.88 631.38 11021.68 390.94 2560.07 2882.66 324.87 0.07 5.63 1.31 1.36 (Eu/Eu*) = [Eu/{Sm*Gd}]1/2 , (Ce/Ce*) = [Ce/{La*Pr}]1/2 , (Sm/La)N= Sm(N)/ La(N) (Ce/Ce*)N = [Ce(N)/{La(N)*Pr(N)}]1/2 (N) = Condrite Normalized (Values from McDonough & Sun, 1995) 103 Table B 2. Continued. Type Analysis Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Pb Eu/Eu* Ce/Ce* Sm/La N Ce/Ce* N Zircon-IIb MJ6-3-1-1 3253.53 406.06 11795.30 484.74 2324.32 3161.34 573.82 0.06 4.60 1.39 1.11 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-5-1 4829.92 582.64 9319.78 377.59 2119.80 2454.94 474.74 0.10 5.82 1.07 1.41 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-6-1 2802.73 336.36 11466.10 723.67 2511.10 4140.82 333.70 0.08 5.82 1.91 1.41 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-7-1 1684.61 202.55 10153.89 355.51 866.45 2748.40 266.57 0.08 5.04 0.84 1.22 Zircon-IIb MJ6-3-1-2 2926.50 379.00 10212.75 469.25 1716.42 2163.42 211.61 0.17 6.38 1.51 1.54 (Eu/Eu*) = [Eu/{Sm*Gd}]1/2 , (Ce/Ce*) = [Ce/{La*Pr}]1/2 , (Sm/La)N= Sm(N)/ La(N) (Ce/Ce*)N = [Ce(N)/{La(N)*Pr(N)}]1/2 (N) = Condrite Normalized (Values from McDonough & Sun, 1995) 104 Table B 3. Centered log-ratio transformed data of the Debert Lake zircons. Stage Type Na Mg Al P K Ca Ti Mn Fe Sr Y LM Zircon-I -0.06 -4.21 -1.89 1.71 -1.80 0.55 0.99 -3.45 0.02 -3.17 4.13 LM Zircon-I -0.75 -3.36 -1.90 1.51 -2.21 0.64 1.09 -3.31 0.63 -3.19 4.00 LM Zircon-I -0.67 -2.19 -1.17 1.75 -1.43 0.40 1.18 -4.02 0.64 -3.45 3.88 LM Zircon-I -0.25 -1.41 -0.55 1.83 -0.79 0.90 0.82 -2.43 1.92 -2.79 3.28 LM Zircon-I -0.06 -2.12 0.08 1.09 -0.28 1.18 1.03 -2.92 1.47 -2.66 3.14 LM Zircon-I -0.95 -1.11 0.09 0.31 -0.82 0.29 1.09 -0.31 2.36 -4.02 3.68 LM Zircon-I -0.36 -2.89 0.83 1.04 -0.91 1.35 0.85 -1.94 2.04 -2.74 2.78 LM Zircon-I -1.42 -1.49 -0.71 1.56 -1.63 0.80 0.91 -0.35 1.91 -4.21 3.63 LM Zircon-I 0.08 -2.59 -0.35 1.04 -0.34 1.63 1.14 -1.83 1.32 -2.42 3.07 LM Zircon-I -1.41 -2.95 -1.22 2.06 -1.72 1.12 1.23 -2.03 0.83 -3.80 4.04 LM Zircon-I -0.71 -3.70 -1.04 1.95 -1.25 0.89 1.18 -3.14 1.05 -3.37 3.86 LM Zircon-I 0.00 1.35 2.21 1.16 0.42 0.65 1.69 -0.60 3.59 -4.50 2.70 LM Zircon-I 0.77 -0.41 1.89 1.13 1.61 1.06 1.51 -1.49 3.09 -4.65 2.69 LM Zircon-I -0.56 -0.54 0.95 1.61 0.85 0.27 1.97 -1.42 3.74 -4.52 2.96 LM Zircon-I 0.05 -1.29 0.87 1.54 0.64 0.48 1.68 -2.45 2.21 -3.60 3.13 LM Zircon-I 0.46 -2.25 0.66 0.75 0.43 1.95 1.15 -2.40 2.23 -2.03 2.72 LM Zircon-I -0.54 -0.07 0.84 1.44 -0.13 0.86 1.64 -2.10 2.39 -4.89 3.25 LM Zircon-I 0.78 -4.79 0.45 0.58 0.32 2.01 0.89 -2.85 0.11 -1.68 2.94 LM Zircon-I 0.15 -2.96 1.45 1.49 1.43 1.09 1.51 -1.77 2.60 -3.12 2.91 LM Zircon-I 0.86 -2.02 1.63 1.56 1.36 0.54 1.48 -0.87 3.24 -3.50 2.73 LM Zircon-I 0.85 -1.95 1.43 1.16 1.13 1.67 1.63 -1.61 2.77 -3.17 2.90 LM Zircon-I -0.14 -0.02 1.13 1.43 1.05 1.45 1.19 -0.78 2.88 -2.94 2.35 LM Zircon-I -0.36 -0.52 0.88 0.99 -0.13 2.97 1.36 -1.86 2.69 -3.51 2.43 LM Zircon-I 1.01 -1.52 1.76 1.73 1.37 -1.16 1.74 -0.18 2.87 -3.60 2.88 LM Zircon-I 0.99 -0.76 1.62 1.33 0.99 2.64 1.63 -1.54 3.39 -3.98 2.84 LM Zircon-I -0.52 0.36 0.82 1.31 1.10 2.86 1.56 -0.99 4.02 -4.38 2.71 LM Zircon-I 0.16 -2.27 -0.41 1.94 -0.38 1.22 1.20 -2.78 0.57 -2.47 3.33 LM Zircon-I -0.38 -0.82 -0.12 1.24 -0.81 0.38 1.27 -2.53 2.25 -3.17 2.88 LM Zircon-I 0.65 -1.20 -0.07 0.90 -0.67 1.34 1.04 -2.77 1.80 -2.40 3.17 LM Zircon-I -1.43 -2.21 -1.23 2.47 -1.35 -0.91 1.13 -2.91 1.01 -3.92 4.10 LM Zircon-I -0.31 -2.62 -0.44 2.14 -0.57 0.30 0.81 -2.72 0.38 -3.13 3.80 LM Zircon-I -1.76 -2.69 -1.01 2.05 -1.72 2.18 0.79 -1.21 3.48 -3.51 3.32 LM Zircon-I -1.61 -2.50 -1.04 2.34 -0.99 -0.98 1.16 -2.43 0.94 -3.87 4.22 LM Zircon-I -1.54 -2.38 -0.99 2.01 -1.23 1.13 1.12 -1.57 2.35 -3.70 3.36 LM Zircon-I -0.53 -0.50 0.25 1.82 -0.37 1.01 0.79 -2.20 2.57 -3.34 3.17 LM Zircon-I -0.99 -4.58 -0.78 2.51 -0.99 -0.07 1.45 -3.58 0.57 -3.74 4.18 LM Zircon-I -0.84 -2.15 -0.59 1.92 -0.46 0.71 1.21 -2.42 1.14 -3.17 3.61 LM Zircon-I 0.49 -1.60 1.00 1.29 0.98 1.23 0.87 -2.00 1.66 -2.58 2.61 LM Zircon-I -1.45 -2.71 -0.32 2.12 -1.02 -0.36 1.64 -3.54 0.56 -4.52 3.86 LM Zircon-I -1.45 -3.61 -1.62 2.57 -1.90 -1.17 1.41 -4.46 -0.49 -4.03 4.50 LM Zircon-I -0.26 -3.11 -0.98 1.53 -1.15 0.56 0.93 -1.13 2.52 -2.90 3.36 LM Zircon-I 0.34 -5.27 0.04 1.81 -0.22 1.07 0.83 -1.65 0.12 -2.85 3.24 LM Zircon-I 0.31 -0.66 0.57 1.37 0.23 0.78 1.06 -2.11 1.79 -3.15 3.00 LM Zircon-I -0.62 -5.23 -0.66 2.22 -0.79 0.42 1.93 -3.70 -0.26 -3.40 4.05 LM Zircon-I -1.36 -4.63 -1.19 2.48 -1.56 0.07 1.73 -3.60 0.51 -4.39 4.30 LM Zircon-I -1.96 -6.74 -1.79 2.93 -1.62 -0.27 2.24 -4.58 -1.90 -3.98 4.73 PM Zircon-IIa 0.67 -4.40 1.42 -1.72 -0.80 1.64 1.55 1.09 2.42 -2.01 1.55 PM Zircon-IIa 0.65 -0.41 1.11 -2.47 -0.86 1.76 2.26 0.82 2.19 -4.87 1.98 PM Zircon-IIa 1.52 -0.94 0.74 -2.00 -0.06 -0.07 2.01 1.72 2.25 -4.18 1.80 PM Zircon-IIa 2.28 -5.14 0.45 -2.44 0.66 0.49 2.38 2.23 2.39 -3.35 1.64 PM Zircon-IIa 0.35 -1.88 0.73 -0.80 -0.83 1.98 2.06 0.13 2.08 -4.45 2.42 PM Zircon-IIa 1.77 -6.05 0.51 -2.68 -0.07 0.13 1.88 1.68 1.86 -4.12 2.64 PM Zircon-IIa 1.78 -6.02 0.28 -3.00 -0.01 -0.45 1.81 1.67 1.66 -4.49 2.74 PM Zircon-IIa 1.71 -5.07 1.35 -2.31 -0.03 1.15 2.14 2.08 2.32 -2.93 1.87 PM Zircon-IIa 1.81 -4.57 1.05 -1.94 0.33 -0.07 2.06 2.08 2.08 -4.20 1.88 PM Zircon-IIa 1.49 -6.17 0.27 -1.95 0.02 -0.69 1.57 1.19 1.36 -4.47 2.96 PM Zircon-IIa 1.73 -5.79 0.90 -2.22 -0.01 -0.47 1.90 1.67 1.88 -4.46 2.59 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. LM: Late magmatic stage, PM: Post-magmatic stage. 105 Table B 3. Continued. Stage Type Na Mg Al P K Ca Ti Mn Fe Sr Y PM Zircon-IIa 1.65 -4.20 0.45 -1.58 -0.01 0.40 2.20 2.19 2.18 -4.72 1.84 PM Zircon-IIb 0.20 -1.20 0.88 -1.48 -0.86 1.18 -0.41 -0.97 2.18 -1.91 3.22 PM Zircon-IIb 0.38 -1.52 0.77 -1.45 -1.05 1.09 -0.30 -1.13 1.98 -1.94 3.22 PM Zircon-IIb 0.46 -3.00 0.42 -1.27 -1.64 1.23 -0.14 -1.07 1.66 -1.75 3.34 PM Zircon-IIb 0.24 -2.26 0.45 -1.48 -1.43 1.29 -0.29 -1.04 1.81 -1.74 3.34 PM Zircon-IIb 1.43 -3.24 0.09 -1.34 -1.75 1.33 0.10 -0.91 1.85 -1.84 3.06 PM Zircon-IIb 0.27 -0.54 1.69 -1.11 -0.53 0.68 -0.31 -1.25 2.49 -2.49 3.06 PM Zircon-IIb 0.80 -2.10 0.42 -1.38 -1.62 1.17 -0.08 -1.16 1.87 -1.87 3.12 PM Zircon-IIb 0.08 -2.51 0.30 -1.51 -1.92 1.45 -0.30 -1.26 2.03 -1.48 3.33 PM Zircon-IIb 1.08 -3.34 -0.18 -1.46 -1.93 1.40 0.03 -0.84 2.13 -1.70 3.19 PM Zircon-IIb 1.41 -3.70 -0.08 -1.46 -1.88 1.33 0.13 -0.95 2.09 -1.91 3.13 PM Zircon-IIb 0.69 -2.97 0.01 -1.49 -1.79 1.48 -0.11 -1.01 2.00 -1.58 3.24 PM Zircon-IIb 0.59 -1.58 0.72 -1.48 -1.05 1.11 -0.20 -0.97 1.97 -1.88 3.10 PM Zircon-IIb 0.13 -2.54 0.04 -1.61 -1.78 1.61 -0.33 -1.13 2.07 -1.44 3.32 PM Zircon-IIb 0.15 -0.28 1.51 -1.05 0.03 0.71 -0.54 -0.60 2.71 -2.62 2.94 PM Zircon-IIb -0.07 -1.06 1.23 -1.21 -0.48 1.13 -0.54 -1.07 2.17 -2.10 3.20 PM Zircon-IIb 0.11 -2.41 0.22 -1.30 -1.32 1.52 -0.42 -1.03 1.89 -1.46 3.29 PM Zircon-IIb 0.86 -2.31 0.17 -1.63 -0.99 1.51 0.07 -0.59 1.89 -1.62 2.98 PM Zircon-IIb 0.29 -0.09 0.98 -1.87 -0.04 1.24 -0.35 0.20 2.62 -1.88 2.85 PM Zircon-IIb 0.29 -0.22 1.20 -1.58 -0.08 0.62 -0.54 -0.49 2.70 -2.61 2.91 PM Zircon-IIb 0.11 -2.09 0.33 -1.49 -1.04 1.42 -0.28 -1.10 1.98 -1.57 3.24 PM Zircon-IIb 0.75 -2.56 0.16 -1.50 -1.42 1.32 -0.03 -0.89 1.80 -1.78 3.10 PM Zircon-IIb 1.06 -3.10 0.03 -1.49 -1.28 1.57 0.01 -0.68 2.01 -1.65 3.15 PM Zircon-IIb 0.04 -1.14 1.10 -1.48 -0.56 1.07 -0.39 -0.81 2.22 -2.16 3.18 PM Zircon-IIb 0.36 -1.13 1.04 -1.47 -0.50 1.10 -0.27 -0.73 2.18 -2.19 3.03 PM Zircon-IIb 0.33 -2.87 0.09 -1.74 -1.36 1.56 -0.17 -0.84 1.95 -1.42 3.24 PM Zircon-IIb 0.72 -2.37 0.11 -1.56 -1.49 1.40 -0.05 -0.85 1.96 -1.69 3.10 PM Zircon-IIb 0.58 -2.27 0.25 -1.46 -1.61 1.23 -0.01 -1.02 1.90 -1.93 3.16 PM Zircon-IIb 0.81 -1.84 0.55 -1.37 -0.93 1.13 -0.19 -1.10 1.86 -1.94 3.07 PM Zircon-IIb 0.80 -3.10 -0.12 -1.58 -1.81 1.56 -0.01 -0.97 1.98 -1.59 3.23 PM Zircon-IIb 0.27 -1.83 0.51 -1.73 -1.06 1.20 -0.23 -0.85 1.86 -1.82 3.18 PM Zircon-IIb -0.06 -1.79 0.69 -1.50 -1.32 0.93 -0.33 -1.11 1.85 -2.11 3.26 PM Zircon-IIb -0.12 -1.10 1.05 -1.43 -0.79 0.58 -0.38 -1.03 2.11 -2.76 3.20 PM Zircon-IIb 0.11 -0.65 0.97 -1.49 -0.82 0.67 -0.17 -0.77 2.25 -2.86 3.01 PM Zircon-IIb 0.24 -0.63 0.71 -2.08 -0.56 1.21 -0.34 -0.71 2.32 -1.88 3.08 PM Zircon-IIb 0.24 -1.49 0.23 -1.98 -1.31 1.40 -0.21 -0.99 1.97 -1.63 3.25 PM Zircon-IIb 0.41 -0.77 0.74 -1.99 -0.62 0.93 -0.24 -0.58 2.26 -2.14 3.06 PM Zircon-IIb 0.48 -1.09 0.44 -2.05 -0.97 1.32 -0.09 -0.38 2.02 -1.90 2.99 PM Zircon-IIb 0.36 -1.54 0.22 -1.96 -1.25 1.31 -0.20 -1.07 1.98 -1.69 3.20 PM Zircon-IIb 0.38 -0.58 0.73 -2.18 -0.43 1.31 -0.28 -0.85 2.27 -1.83 3.00 PM Zircon-IIb 0.51 -1.98 1.47 0.48 1.26 0.66 0.36 -1.55 2.32 -2.89 3.18 PM Zircon-IIb 0.98 -2.61 0.22 -1.14 -1.41 1.13 0.27 -1.15 2.89 -2.07 2.80 PM Zircon-IIb 0.91 -3.96 0.08 -0.46 -2.01 1.35 0.29 -0.93 4.38 -2.01 2.73 PM Zircon-IIb 1.52 -3.08 0.17 -0.60 -1.56 1.49 0.36 -0.69 2.60 -1.96 2.71 PM Zircon-IIb 1.17 -1.53 0.24 -0.06 -1.75 1.15 0.15 -1.28 2.87 -2.06 3.08 PM Zircon-IIb 0.64 -3.00 0.55 -0.43 -1.94 1.07 0.09 -1.47 2.96 -2.04 3.21 PM Zircon-IIb 1.19 -3.85 0.17 -0.97 -1.97 1.42 0.53 -0.68 2.56 -1.85 2.92 PM Zircon-IIb 1.08 -3.20 0.35 -0.93 -1.75 1.44 0.41 -0.77 2.47 -1.86 2.90 PM Zircon-IIb 1.31 -3.69 0.23 0.00 -1.27 1.44 0.60 -0.20 4.52 -2.12 2.65 PM Zircon-IIb 2.05 -4.55 -0.12 0.48 -1.62 1.63 0.53 -0.11 2.41 -2.10 2.44 PM Zircon-IIb 0.94 -3.81 0.16 0.51 -1.50 1.43 0.49 -0.07 4.03 -2.14 2.57 PM Zircon-IIb 0.93 -3.10 0.80 -0.27 -1.06 1.03 0.49 -0.38 4.72 -2.51 2.71 PM Zircon-IIb 1.19 -3.88 0.25 0.12 -1.40 1.42 0.39 -0.35 3.72 -2.29 2.50 PM Zircon-IIb 1.57 -4.26 0.20 -0.18 -1.06 1.70 0.50 -0.14 3.94 -2.08 2.54 PM Zircon-IIb 1.36 -2.96 0.34 -0.51 -1.06 1.55 0.74 -0.18 4.51 -2.31 2.54 PM Zircon-IIb 0.51 -3.84 0.28 0.02 -1.27 1.53 0.77 0.25 2.83 -2.40 2.46 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. LM: Late magmatic stage, PM: Post-magmatic stage. 106 Table B 3. Continued. Stage Type Zr Nb Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb LM Zircon-I 6.73 0.55 -5.36 -1.78 0.68 -3.06 -1.27 -0.91 -3.32 0.78 -0.08 LM Zircon-I 6.71 1.31 -4.81 -1.71 0.53 -2.88 -1.19 -1.09 -3.54 0.56 -0.30 LM Zircon-I 6.92 1.04 -5.35 -1.80 0.52 -3.16 -1.50 -1.38 -3.83 0.30 -0.46 LM Zircon-I 6.48 0.40 -4.50 -1.17 0.10 -2.54 -0.97 -1.53 -4.20 -0.16 -1.09 LM Zircon-I 6.71 0.85 -4.30 -1.19 0.24 -2.43 -0.96 -1.61 -4.21 -0.39 -1.27 LM Zircon-I 6.81 0.78 -4.59 -2.52 0.38 -3.72 -2.15 -1.76 -4.13 0.06 -0.65 LM Zircon-I 6.28 1.70 -4.64 -0.26 0.65 -1.67 -0.38 -1.45 -4.61 -0.62 -1.58 LM Zircon-I 6.45 1.12 -4.35 -2.45 0.10 -3.19 -1.58 -1.39 -3.89 0.17 -0.64 LM Zircon-I 6.77 1.02 -4.78 -0.90 0.30 -2.10 -0.79 -1.56 -4.50 -0.62 -1.47 LM Zircon-I 6.84 0.17 -4.22 -3.00 0.48 -3.81 -1.86 -1.22 -3.62 0.54 -0.26 LM Zircon-I 6.80 0.58 -4.99 -1.83 0.35 -2.97 -1.41 -1.30 -3.73 0.40 -0.42 LM Zircon-I 7.36 0.54 -4.17 -2.10 -0.42 -2.82 -1.30 -1.93 -4.85 -0.91 -1.79 LM Zircon-I 7.15 0.19 -4.05 -2.37 -0.54 -2.46 -0.67 -1.09 -4.20 -0.34 -1.55 LM Zircon-I 7.59 1.42 -3.79 -2.51 -0.53 -3.34 -1.84 -2.21 -4.89 -0.80 -1.57 LM Zircon-I 7.36 0.13 -5.10 -1.90 -0.17 -3.04 -1.48 -2.04 -4.72 -0.59 -1.36 LM Zircon-I 6.84 -0.02 -4.30 -0.49 0.30 -1.94 -0.42 -1.49 -4.58 -0.71 -1.79 LM Zircon-I 7.39 -0.16 -5.02 -1.94 -0.08 -2.21 -0.38 -1.03 -4.67 -0.09 -1.23 LM Zircon-I 6.60 -0.30 -4.06 0.05 0.95 -1.20 0.32 -0.64 -3.71 -0.07 -1.43 LM Zircon-I 7.18 -0.15 -4.47 -1.23 -0.18 -2.48 -1.08 -1.85 -4.70 -0.70 -1.60 LM Zircon-I 7.14 0.19 -2.52 -2.17 -0.83 -3.05 -1.36 -2.02 -4.80 -0.90 -1.80 LM Zircon-I 7.32 -0.02 -4.92 -1.52 -0.26 -2.92 -1.41 -2.14 -4.89 -0.79 -1.60 LM Zircon-I 6.87 0.00 -4.33 -0.75 0.36 -1.77 -0.41 -1.70 -4.72 -1.13 -2.17 LM Zircon-I 7.03 1.60 -4.88 -1.18 0.10 -1.90 -0.39 -1.35 -4.36 -0.81 -2.02 LM Zircon-I 7.44 -0.21 -1.64 -2.88 -0.74 -3.50 -1.91 -2.36 -5.11 -1.03 -1.91 LM Zircon-I 7.30 0.53 -3.99 -2.44 -0.78 -3.52 -2.01 -2.49 -5.21 -1.14 -1.89 LM Zircon-I 7.28 0.43 -4.04 -2.39 -0.76 -3.10 -1.49 -2.07 -4.96 -1.09 -2.02 LM Zircon-I 6.92 0.08 -5.10 -1.05 0.16 -2.40 -0.92 -1.55 -4.24 -0.19 -1.11 LM Zircon-I 6.59 1.84 -4.63 -1.35 0.11 -2.24 -0.80 -1.58 -4.62 -0.62 -1.52 LM Zircon-I 6.61 0.95 -4.58 -1.31 0.11 -2.55 -1.01 -1.66 -4.49 -0.40 -1.35 LM Zircon-I 6.85 0.88 -5.69 -2.89 0.63 -3.86 -1.92 -1.21 -3.54 0.57 -0.24 LM Zircon-I 6.60 0.32 -5.29 -1.89 0.46 -3.14 -1.48 -1.37 -3.77 0.30 -0.55 LM Zircon-I 6.57 -0.10 -3.03 -2.32 -0.21 -2.83 -0.99 -1.32 -4.12 -0.11 -1.01 LM Zircon-I 6.90 -0.13 -4.76 -2.91 0.47 -3.93 -1.97 -1.08 -3.42 0.75 -0.03 LM Zircon-I 6.89 -0.25 -3.56 -0.60 0.54 -2.08 -0.68 -1.58 -4.31 -0.19 -1.08 LM Zircon-I 6.45 0.22 -4.11 -1.75 0.02 -2.77 -1.18 -1.61 -4.33 -0.31 -1.23 LM Zircon-I 7.23 0.81 -5.67 -2.80 0.45 -3.69 -1.71 -1.18 -3.58 0.64 -0.20 LM Zircon-I 6.97 0.14 -4.97 -1.37 0.41 -2.74 -1.23 -1.49 -4.04 0.10 -0.80 LM Zircon-I 6.58 -0.21 -4.18 0.08 0.81 -1.50 -0.19 -1.54 -4.51 -0.80 -1.91 LM Zircon-I 7.41 0.70 -5.17 -1.80 0.39 -2.60 -1.17 -1.49 -3.91 0.24 -0.59 LM Zircon-I 7.20 0.93 -6.33 -3.10 0.97 -4.07 -1.91 -0.82 -3.14 1.04 0.22 LM Zircon-I 6.66 0.45 -3.73 -1.51 0.24 -2.63 -1.17 -1.73 -4.31 -0.27 -1.10 LM Zircon-I 6.57 0.96 -4.87 -1.21 0.15 -2.20 -0.66 -1.25 -4.05 -0.10 -1.02 LM Zircon-I 6.80 1.02 -4.98 -1.84 -0.29 -2.97 -1.42 -1.93 -4.57 -0.64 -1.42 LM Zircon-I 7.75 0.62 -5.49 -2.09 0.28 -3.56 -1.90 -1.47 -3.83 0.42 -0.39 LM Zircon-I 7.53 0.89 -6.55 -2.93 0.52 -3.83 -1.90 -1.12 -3.41 0.78 -0.06 LM Zircon-I 8.04 1.21 -6.62 -3.95 0.93 -4.59 -2.11 -0.76 -3.05 1.16 0.36 PM Zircon-IIa 6.58 1.31 -2.61 0.78 1.64 -0.71 0.33 -1.30 -4.85 -1.41 -2.78 PM Zircon-IIa 7.01 1.32 -2.95 0.16 1.26 -0.89 0.06 -1.39 -4.68 -1.42 -2.64 PM Zircon-IIa 7.05 1.65 -2.03 0.18 0.86 -1.40 -0.35 -1.58 -4.78 -1.38 -2.57 PM Zircon-IIa 7.32 1.50 -0.95 0.23 0.87 -1.41 -0.40 -1.71 -4.91 -1.64 -2.78 PM Zircon-IIa 6.44 1.04 -3.18 -0.59 0.70 -1.49 -0.26 -1.28 -4.46 -1.00 -2.09 PM Zircon-IIa 6.80 0.45 -1.80 0.67 1.56 -0.74 0.29 -1.00 -4.27 -1.06 -2.28 PM Zircon-IIa 6.74 0.34 -1.64 0.54 1.51 -0.73 0.40 -0.78 -4.06 -0.86 -2.08 PM Zircon-IIa 7.02 1.62 -2.06 -0.14 0.73 -1.41 -0.14 -1.16 -4.51 -1.09 -2.45 PM Zircon-IIa 7.15 2.01 -1.96 -0.60 0.54 -1.45 -0.13 -0.85 -4.13 -0.74 -2.04 PM Zircon-IIa 6.67 0.43 -1.68 0.28 1.45 -0.76 0.41 -0.74 -3.95 -0.76 -2.00 PM Zircon-IIa 6.78 1.04 -1.83 0.59 1.47 -0.83 0.19 -1.07 -4.35 -1.08 -2.31 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. LM: Late magmatic stage, PM: Post-magmatic stage. 107 Table B 3. Continued. Stage Type Zr Nb Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb PM Zircon-IIa 7.16 1.98 -2.24 -0.18 0.64 -1.49 -0.25 -1.13 -4.32 -0.94 -2.28 PM Zircon-IIb 5.30 1.78 -2.34 -1.42 0.05 -1.93 -0.35 -0.79 -3.72 -0.05 -1.20 PM Zircon-IIb 5.40 1.54 -2.38 -1.46 0.11 -1.90 -0.28 -0.66 -3.54 -0.05 -1.17 PM Zircon-IIb 5.54 1.73 -3.33 -1.40 0.38 -1.65 0.04 -0.46 -3.07 0.11 -1.05 PM Zircon-IIb 5.45 1.74 -2.59 -1.42 0.16 -1.83 -0.20 -0.59 -3.55 0.06 -1.09 PM Zircon-IIb 5.72 1.48 -3.67 -1.49 0.30 -1.68 0.02 -0.41 -3.43 -0.05 -1.29 PM Zircon-IIb 5.42 1.64 -3.05 -1.25 -0.01 -1.97 -0.47 -0.95 -3.86 -0.27 -1.36 PM Zircon-IIb 5.64 1.71 -3.51 -1.46 0.16 -1.81 -0.14 -0.49 -3.55 0.01 -1.20 PM Zircon-IIb 5.39 2.30 -3.22 -1.14 0.29 -1.66 -0.10 -0.57 -3.53 0.09 -1.08 PM Zircon-IIb 5.73 1.81 -3.92 -1.41 0.27 -1.70 0.01 -0.42 -3.40 0.08 -1.17 PM Zircon-IIb 5.81 1.69 -3.93 -1.42 0.31 -1.63 0.08 -0.34 -3.32 0.01 -1.21 PM Zircon-IIb 5.56 1.99 -3.43 -1.33 0.23 -1.73 -0.07 -0.52 -3.51 0.07 -1.13 PM Zircon-IIb 5.54 1.75 -2.54 -1.48 0.06 -2.00 -0.40 -0.82 -3.75 -0.18 -1.32 PM Zircon-IIb 5.39 2.26 -3.12 -1.16 0.27 -1.68 -0.06 -0.54 -3.54 0.12 -1.07 PM Zircon-IIb 5.24 1.20 -1.44 -1.37 -0.21 -2.13 -0.67 -1.08 -4.01 -0.43 -1.49 PM Zircon-IIb 5.24 1.20 -2.01 -1.42 0.02 -1.98 -0.42 -0.85 -3.78 -0.14 -1.26 PM Zircon-IIb 5.27 2.10 -2.80 -1.23 0.24 -1.73 -0.12 -0.61 -3.56 0.06 -1.14 PM Zircon-IIb 5.74 1.48 -3.16 -1.39 0.28 -1.80 -0.23 -0.78 -3.39 -0.30 -1.48 PM Zircon-IIb 5.36 1.19 -1.77 -1.60 0.03 -2.04 -0.49 -1.01 -3.70 -0.45 -1.60 PM Zircon-IIb 5.16 2.03 -1.47 -1.25 -0.03 -1.98 -0.55 -1.07 -3.96 -0.41 -1.52 PM Zircon-IIb 5.45 1.84 -2.41 -1.37 0.14 -1.87 -0.25 -0.74 -3.69 -0.08 -1.26 PM Zircon-IIb 5.65 1.70 -2.95 -1.43 0.33 -1.71 -0.10 -0.61 -3.27 -0.14 -1.35 PM Zircon-IIb 5.69 1.35 -3.64 -1.47 0.31 -1.73 -0.12 -0.63 -3.42 -0.15 -1.37 PM Zircon-IIb 5.36 1.19 -1.67 -1.50 0.03 -2.03 -0.48 -0.93 -3.77 -0.23 -1.36 PM Zircon-IIb 5.40 1.13 -1.83 -1.49 0.10 -1.93 -0.39 -0.86 -3.87 -0.33 -1.47 PM Zircon-IIb 5.53 1.87 -3.07 -1.27 0.36 -1.66 -0.05 -0.58 -3.34 0.00 -1.22 PM Zircon-IIb 5.68 1.85 -3.10 -1.34 0.39 -1.65 -0.06 -0.66 -3.17 -0.15 -1.36 PM Zircon-IIb 5.70 1.98 -2.81 -1.32 0.33 -1.72 -0.13 -0.69 -3.11 -0.16 -1.33 PM Zircon-IIb 5.46 1.89 -2.57 -1.35 0.19 -1.86 -0.31 -0.79 -3.71 -0.20 -1.35 PM Zircon-IIb 5.69 1.98 -3.50 -1.25 0.38 -1.66 -0.05 -0.57 -3.20 -0.02 -1.23 PM Zircon-IIb 5.44 2.09 -2.44 -1.28 0.36 -1.69 -0.12 -0.65 -3.22 -0.08 -1.26 PM Zircon-IIb 5.36 2.13 -2.51 -1.19 0.43 -1.61 -0.09 -0.63 -3.08 -0.04 -1.16 PM Zircon-IIb 5.33 2.14 -2.05 -1.20 0.37 -1.74 -0.24 -0.74 -3.26 -0.17 -1.25 PM Zircon-IIb 5.52 1.85 -1.74 -1.22 0.46 -1.63 -0.16 -0.86 -3.03 -0.38 -1.48 PM Zircon-IIb 5.32 2.02 -2.11 -1.31 0.17 -1.84 -0.29 -0.89 -3.57 -0.23 -1.39 PM Zircon-IIb 5.44 2.18 -2.78 -1.18 0.33 -1.68 -0.16 -0.74 -3.38 -0.07 -1.24 PM Zircon-IIb 5.44 2.03 -1.92 -1.32 0.24 -1.86 -0.38 -0.94 -3.44 -0.28 -1.43 PM Zircon-IIb 5.48 2.09 -2.75 -1.29 0.30 -1.73 -0.20 -0.76 -3.38 -0.21 -1.39 PM Zircon-IIb 5.48 2.14 -2.50 -1.21 0.29 -1.74 -0.19 -0.75 -3.44 -0.11 -1.27 PM Zircon-IIb 5.41 1.86 -2.27 -1.30 0.21 -1.77 -0.24 -0.84 -3.38 -0.29 -1.46 PM Zircon-IIb 5.99 1.10 -3.57 -1.89 -0.50 -3.00 -1.58 -2.06 -4.85 -1.04 -1.85 PM Zircon-IIb 5.77 1.73 -3.78 -0.93 0.71 -1.63 -0.28 -1.04 -3.13 -0.48 -1.59 PM Zircon-IIb 5.79 1.78 -3.50 -1.13 0.43 -1.77 -0.19 -0.92 -3.20 -0.38 -1.53 PM Zircon-IIb 5.94 1.52 -3.56 -1.38 0.32 -1.85 -0.31 -0.98 -3.35 -0.48 -1.62 PM Zircon-IIb 5.72 1.70 -3.26 -1.71 -0.30 -2.38 -0.91 -1.35 -4.29 -0.42 -1.37 PM Zircon-IIb 5.59 2.22 -3.59 -1.52 0.05 -2.12 -0.52 -1.05 -3.93 -0.18 -1.18 PM Zircon-IIb 6.09 1.93 -3.53 -1.35 0.17 -1.96 -0.44 -1.06 -3.36 -0.39 -1.50 PM Zircon-IIb 5.97 1.89 -3.47 -1.39 0.17 -1.99 -0.46 -1.05 -3.35 -0.41 -1.51 PM Zircon-IIb 6.23 0.60 -3.15 -1.03 0.18 -2.20 -0.82 -1.62 -3.74 -0.96 -1.99 PM Zircon-IIb 6.08 0.79 -3.24 -1.22 0.01 -2.33 -0.83 -1.42 -3.22 -0.95 -1.92 PM Zircon-IIb 5.99 0.88 -3.01 -1.14 0.06 -2.21 -0.78 -1.34 -3.78 -0.79 -1.81 PM Zircon-IIb 6.08 1.57 -3.29 -1.35 -0.36 -2.42 -1.00 -1.49 -3.92 -0.76 -1.77 PM Zircon-IIb 5.96 1.43 -3.15 -1.13 0.12 -2.16 -0.83 -1.53 -3.52 -0.94 -1.89 PM Zircon-IIb 5.93 0.65 -3.04 -1.09 0.29 -1.86 -0.30 -0.91 -3.27 -0.55 -1.72 PM Zircon-IIb 6.39 1.08 -3.08 -0.98 0.04 -2.18 -0.90 -1.62 -3.84 -0.91 -1.89 PM Zircon-IIb 6.29 1.34 -3.38 -1.33 0.15 -2.08 -0.65 -1.39 -2.94 -0.91 -1.88 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. LM: Late magmatic stage, PM: Post-magmatic stage. 108 Table B 3. Continued. Stage Type Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Pb LM Zircon-I 2.40 1.21 2.57 0.71 2.67 0.59 2.90 -1.85 3.61 -0.20 -0.40 LM Zircon-I 2.18 0.97 2.36 0.58 2.52 0.52 2.94 -1.31 3.42 -0.39 -0.54 LM Zircon-I 2.08 0.94 2.37 0.61 2.56 0.58 3.27 -1.45 2.99 0.58 -0.76 LM Zircon-I 1.43 0.36 1.82 0.07 2.06 0.11 2.64 -1.86 2.46 0.63 -1.09 LM Zircon-I 1.28 0.19 1.65 -0.02 2.00 0.09 3.20 -1.50 2.83 -0.09 -1.01 LM Zircon-I 1.88 0.72 2.08 0.38 2.36 0.34 3.36 -1.53 3.04 -0.83 -0.94 LM Zircon-I 0.96 -0.07 1.46 -0.18 1.86 -0.08 2.50 -1.20 2.87 -0.74 -0.85 LM Zircon-I 1.84 0.66 2.08 0.33 2.31 0.31 2.59 -1.25 3.00 -0.34 -0.90 LM Zircon-I 1.13 0.11 1.67 0.11 2.18 0.27 3.09 -1.42 2.42 -0.40 -1.27 LM Zircon-I 2.26 1.17 2.61 0.81 2.79 0.76 2.95 -2.07 2.55 0.96 -0.96 LM Zircon-I 2.07 0.98 2.44 0.66 2.63 0.65 2.92 -1.71 2.39 0.84 -1.07 LM Zircon-I 0.78 -0.23 1.30 -0.36 1.70 -0.22 3.64 -2.10 0.89 0.10 -1.77 LM Zircon-I 0.85 -0.21 1.25 -0.47 1.57 -0.36 3.33 -2.33 0.70 0.06 -1.63 LM Zircon-I 1.08 0.09 1.67 0.04 2.08 0.19 4.01 -1.71 0.98 0.38 -1.65 LM Zircon-I 1.27 0.29 1.82 0.20 2.24 0.34 3.74 -1.68 2.21 0.49 -1.30 LM Zircon-I 0.74 -0.24 1.40 -0.17 1.92 0.06 3.32 -2.10 2.10 -0.61 -1.53 LM Zircon-I 1.31 0.24 1.74 0.08 2.08 0.11 3.65 -2.00 1.02 0.32 -1.84 LM Zircon-I 1.03 -0.05 1.52 -0.10 1.96 0.01 2.89 -2.30 2.27 -1.03 -1.47 LM Zircon-I 1.07 0.11 1.71 0.09 2.18 0.24 3.36 -2.15 1.61 -0.09 -1.63 LM Zircon-I 0.90 -0.04 1.58 -0.03 2.06 0.12 3.24 -2.15 1.15 -0.16 -1.55 LM Zircon-I 1.05 0.04 1.59 0.00 2.08 0.15 3.63 -2.04 1.27 0.13 -1.57 LM Zircon-I 0.38 -0.56 1.03 -0.55 1.58 -0.28 3.10 -1.63 1.25 -0.50 -1.63 LM Zircon-I 0.47 -0.56 1.03 -0.57 1.58 -0.27 3.54 -1.32 0.77 -0.39 -1.06 LM Zircon-I 0.79 -0.11 1.49 -0.06 2.05 0.14 3.78 -1.26 1.38 -0.05 -1.18 LM Zircon-I 0.77 -0.17 1.44 -0.14 1.96 0.06 3.84 -1.22 1.67 -0.29 -1.44 LM Zircon-I 0.62 -0.29 1.29 -0.25 1.87 0.00 3.81 -1.22 1.24 -0.19 -1.53 LM Zircon-I 1.48 0.44 1.92 0.25 2.25 0.31 3.02 -2.10 2.46 0.36 -1.11 LM Zircon-I 1.05 0.06 1.59 -0.02 2.04 0.12 2.86 -0.62 2.79 -0.48 -0.76 LM Zircon-I 1.19 0.10 1.64 0.00 2.06 0.13 2.97 -1.43 2.86 -0.75 -0.91 LM Zircon-I 2.30 1.17 2.58 0.81 2.78 0.73 2.99 -1.41 2.99 1.25 -0.53 LM Zircon-I 1.99 0.86 2.27 0.54 2.48 0.45 2.72 -1.95 2.67 0.98 -0.84 LM Zircon-I 1.52 0.50 2.00 0.36 2.39 0.41 2.68 -2.46 2.44 0.79 -1.09 LM Zircon-I 2.50 1.38 2.81 1.06 3.02 1.00 3.03 -2.30 2.46 0.91 -1.03 LM Zircon-I 1.50 0.46 1.97 0.32 2.33 0.42 2.97 -2.27 1.35 0.80 -1.49 LM Zircon-I 1.31 0.24 1.71 0.05 2.08 0.06 2.54 -2.01 2.32 0.81 -1.19 LM Zircon-I 2.31 1.19 2.62 0.88 2.84 0.83 3.26 -1.57 2.73 1.32 -0.67 LM Zircon-I 1.77 0.68 2.10 0.39 2.38 0.35 3.03 -2.01 1.59 1.09 -1.32 LM Zircon-I 0.66 -0.33 1.23 -0.40 1.66 -0.32 2.87 -2.22 1.63 0.25 -1.63 LM Zircon-I 1.97 0.89 2.34 0.65 2.67 0.63 3.56 -1.45 2.29 1.22 -1.04 LM Zircon-I 2.76 1.62 2.98 1.19 3.19 1.08 3.37 -1.43 3.31 1.48 -0.29 LM Zircon-I 1.48 0.39 1.87 0.20 2.24 0.19 2.83 -1.96 3.28 -0.14 -0.65 LM Zircon-I 1.53 0.46 1.99 0.30 2.35 0.33 2.64 -1.88 3.26 -0.11 -0.63 LM Zircon-I 1.20 0.20 1.74 0.11 2.17 0.20 3.02 -1.75 2.99 -0.07 -0.78 LM Zircon-I 2.23 1.13 2.60 0.93 2.95 0.94 3.83 -1.43 2.16 1.30 -0.97 LM Zircon-I 2.49 1.37 2.80 1.04 3.04 1.02 3.59 -1.29 2.59 1.67 -0.59 LM Zircon-I 2.93 1.83 3.26 1.53 3.52 1.50 4.11 -1.02 2.84 2.07 -0.26 PM Zircon-IIa -0.46 -1.58 0.12 -1.09 1.54 0.22 2.98 -0.57 0.21 -0.67 0.89 PM Zircon-IIa -0.33 -1.50 0.21 -0.92 1.83 0.57 3.36 -0.30 -0.58 -1.03 0.68 PM Zircon-IIa -0.29 -1.50 0.09 -1.36 0.90 -0.94 3.57 -0.63 -0.26 0.44 1.58 PM Zircon-IIa -0.48 -1.65 -0.01 -1.39 0.89 -0.95 3.87 -0.23 -0.78 0.61 2.38 PM Zircon-IIa 0.34 -0.79 0.76 -0.74 1.50 -0.33 3.05 -0.99 0.87 0.30 0.41 PM Zircon-IIa -0.09 -1.42 0.19 -1.11 1.31 -0.48 3.38 -0.71 0.51 0.25 1.98 PM Zircon-IIa 0.09 -1.25 0.37 -0.90 1.49 -0.29 3.29 -0.93 0.68 0.16 1.97 PM Zircon-IIa -0.32 -1.68 -0.25 -1.73 0.61 -1.14 3.64 -0.30 -0.08 0.54 2.02 PM Zircon-IIa -0.04 -1.50 -0.19 -1.86 0.22 -1.66 3.94 0.14 0.03 0.46 2.16 PM Zircon-IIa 0.19 -1.14 0.48 -0.75 1.70 -0.07 3.19 -1.00 0.50 0.16 1.81 PM Zircon-IIa -0.09 -1.40 0.17 -1.16 1.21 -0.56 3.36 -0.60 0.54 0.25 1.94 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. LM: Late magmatic stage, PM: Post-magmatic stage. 109 Table B 3. Continued. Stage Type Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Pb PM Zircon-IIa -0.14 -1.47 -0.12 -1.69 0.54 -1.24 3.82 -0.02 0.26 0.75 1.94 PM Zircon-IIb 1.12 -0.08 1.30 -0.37 1.65 -0.40 1.77 -1.63 1.56 0.76 -1.83 PM Zircon-IIb 1.14 -0.09 1.29 -0.39 1.62 -0.42 1.94 -1.39 1.50 0.94 -1.79 PM Zircon-IIb 1.22 0.00 1.38 -0.30 1.70 -0.32 2.05 -1.29 1.46 0.97 -1.92 PM Zircon-IIb 1.25 0.05 1.41 -0.27 1.75 -0.29 1.93 -1.49 1.64 0.90 -1.91 PM Zircon-IIb 0.98 -0.29 1.11 -0.49 1.63 -0.41 2.29 -0.65 1.91 1.12 -1.44 PM Zircon-IIb 0.97 -0.26 1.14 -0.51 1.57 -0.46 1.96 -1.17 1.78 0.71 -1.55 PM Zircon-IIb 1.07 -0.17 1.23 -0.42 1.66 -0.36 2.17 -0.84 1.72 1.00 -1.59 PM Zircon-IIb 1.24 0.02 1.42 -0.26 1.76 -0.26 1.91 -1.09 1.64 0.64 -2.00 PM Zircon-IIb 1.12 -0.15 1.26 -0.36 1.71 -0.34 2.24 -0.76 1.64 1.06 -1.69 PM Zircon-IIb 1.03 -0.23 1.17 -0.44 1.65 -0.36 2.34 -0.57 1.76 1.05 -1.56 PM Zircon-IIb 1.17 -0.07 1.32 -0.36 1.69 -0.35 2.10 -0.83 1.63 0.93 -1.84 PM Zircon-IIb 0.98 -0.22 1.18 -0.48 1.59 -0.44 2.04 -1.03 1.89 0.93 -1.61 PM Zircon-IIb 1.25 0.03 1.39 -0.29 1.73 -0.31 1.89 -1.09 1.60 0.65 -2.07 PM Zircon-IIb 0.86 -0.37 1.05 -0.55 1.52 -0.46 1.78 -1.44 1.90 0.72 -1.55 PM Zircon-IIb 1.08 -0.17 1.24 -0.39 1.63 -0.42 1.72 -1.54 2.03 0.74 -1.73 PM Zircon-IIb 1.16 -0.09 1.29 -0.37 1.67 -0.36 1.79 -1.49 2.11 0.65 -1.93 PM Zircon-IIb 0.82 -0.42 1.05 -0.59 1.55 -0.45 2.22 -0.82 1.24 1.50 -1.42 PM Zircon-IIb 0.67 -0.56 0.89 -0.77 1.33 -0.68 1.84 -1.30 1.02 1.26 -1.57 PM Zircon-IIb 0.78 -0.41 1.00 -0.63 1.47 -0.50 1.76 -1.37 1.69 0.33 -1.28 PM Zircon-IIb 1.05 -0.18 1.26 -0.40 1.69 -0.29 1.96 -1.40 2.01 0.77 -1.70 PM Zircon-IIb 0.95 -0.29 1.12 -0.54 1.57 -0.42 2.18 -0.75 1.80 0.98 -1.68 PM Zircon-IIb 0.91 -0.32 1.09 -0.55 1.60 -0.41 2.18 -0.74 2.15 1.11 -1.47 PM Zircon-IIb 1.02 -0.21 1.21 -0.46 1.58 -0.40 1.85 -1.35 1.99 0.73 -1.63 PM Zircon-IIb 0.83 -0.36 1.05 -0.60 1.52 -0.48 1.92 -1.19 2.15 0.73 -1.43 PM Zircon-IIb 1.09 -0.16 1.22 -0.46 1.59 -0.45 2.02 -1.12 1.78 1.02 -1.85 PM Zircon-IIb 0.97 -0.26 1.16 -0.51 1.56 -0.49 2.21 -0.98 1.48 0.99 -1.84 PM Zircon-IIb 1.01 -0.20 1.23 -0.44 1.64 -0.38 2.23 -0.98 1.34 0.82 -1.84 PM Zircon-IIb 0.97 -0.26 1.17 -0.47 1.59 -0.40 1.99 -1.08 1.87 0.77 -1.60 PM Zircon-IIb 1.06 -0.14 1.27 -0.44 1.64 -0.40 2.19 -0.88 1.59 1.02 -1.86 PM Zircon-IIb 1.08 -0.17 1.21 -0.45 1.55 -0.51 1.98 -1.18 0.95 0.93 -2.04 PM Zircon-IIb 1.17 -0.06 1.33 -0.31 1.69 -0.36 1.91 -1.21 0.95 0.76 -1.99 PM Zircon-IIb 1.15 -0.09 1.30 -0.34 1.64 -0.43 1.85 -1.31 0.65 0.77 -1.70 PM Zircon-IIb 0.90 -0.29 1.13 -0.53 1.55 -0.54 2.01 -1.13 0.51 0.64 -1.85 PM Zircon-IIb 0.96 -0.28 1.13 -0.54 1.44 -0.61 1.87 -0.91 0.61 0.93 -1.80 PM Zircon-IIb 1.12 -0.13 1.32 -0.35 1.63 -0.40 2.01 -0.81 0.61 1.00 -2.19 PM Zircon-IIb 0.95 -0.29 1.12 -0.53 1.50 -0.54 1.99 -0.82 0.56 0.96 -2.08 PM Zircon-IIb 0.90 -0.34 1.02 -0.67 1.39 -0.67 2.05 -0.73 0.90 1.10 -1.88 PM Zircon-IIb 1.07 -0.13 1.27 -0.42 1.58 -0.47 2.06 -0.65 0.84 0.97 -2.18 PM Zircon-IIb 0.89 -0.36 1.05 -0.59 1.45 -0.62 1.95 -0.94 0.66 1.09 -2.02 PM Zircon-IIb 0.82 -0.04 1.77 0.44 2.72 0.81 2.52 -0.70 1.44 1.15 -1.51 PM Zircon-IIb 0.78 -0.38 1.21 -0.37 1.76 -0.30 2.34 -0.87 1.07 1.23 -1.71 PM Zircon-IIb 0.83 -0.43 1.13 -0.40 1.82 -0.40 2.28 -0.93 1.02 1.10 -1.75 PM Zircon-IIb 0.72 -0.49 0.98 -0.55 1.61 -0.48 2.53 -1.01 1.33 1.52 -1.37 PM Zircon-IIb 1.12 0.01 1.47 -0.14 1.99 -0.16 2.23 -1.63 1.77 1.32 -1.37 PM Zircon-IIb 1.24 0.08 1.53 -0.11 1.98 -0.09 2.16 -1.29 1.89 1.01 -1.82 PM Zircon-IIb 0.85 -0.29 1.25 -0.37 1.71 -0.36 2.63 -0.47 1.17 1.34 -1.53 PM Zircon-IIb 0.87 -0.30 1.22 -0.37 1.66 -0.38 2.58 -0.56 1.07 1.31 -1.64 PM Zircon-IIb 0.46 -0.70 0.87 -0.65 1.49 -0.51 2.80 -0.52 1.02 1.54 -0.78 PM Zircon-IIb 0.60 -0.49 1.19 -0.20 2.03 -0.07 2.59 -0.29 1.45 1.48 -1.05 PM Zircon-IIb 0.63 -0.54 1.08 -0.40 1.79 -0.31 2.55 -0.79 1.09 1.21 -0.98 PM Zircon-IIb 0.68 -0.57 0.91 -0.69 1.40 -0.68 2.69 -0.50 1.06 1.37 -0.33 PM Zircon-IIb 0.59 -0.52 1.07 -0.35 1.86 -0.25 2.52 -0.69 1.04 1.18 -0.46 PM Zircon-IIb 0.56 -0.78 0.63 -0.95 1.09 -1.03 2.50 -0.27 0.98 1.48 -1.04 PM Zircon-IIb 0.49 -0.76 0.70 -0.88 1.17 -0.94 2.97 -0.38 0.51 1.66 -0.67 PM Zircon-IIb 0.57 -0.59 0.97 -0.51 1.61 -0.43 2.86 -0.22 1.08 1.31 -1.01 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. LM: Late magmatic stage, PM: Post-magmatic stage. 110 Table B 4. Proportion of variance for principal components of the Debert Lake zircons. Principal Components Standard deviation Proportion of Variance Cumulative Proportion PC1 3.278 0.446 0.446 PC2 2.133 0.189 0.635 PC3 1.940 0.156 0.792 PC4 1.077 0.048 0.840 PC5 0.995 0.041 0.881 PC6 0.798 0.026 0.908 PC7 0.701 0.020 0.928 PC8 0.603 0.015 0.943 PC9 0.498 0.010 0.953 PC10 0.439 0.008 0.961 PC11 0.432 0.008 0.969 PC12 0.383 0.006 0.975 PC13 0.343 0.005 0.980 PC14 0.330 0.005 0.985 PC15 0.302 0.004 0.988 PC16 0.263 0.003 0.991 PC17 0.246 0.003 0.994 PC18 0.230 0.002 0.996 PC19 0.189 0.001 0.997 PC20 0.156 0.001 0.998 PC21 0.109 0.000 0.999 PC22 0.086 0.000 0.999 PC23 0.079 0.000 1.000 PC24 0.064 0.000 1.000 PC25 0.052 0.000 1.000 PC26 0.040 0.000 1.000 PC27 0.027 0.000 1.000 PC28 0.024 0.000 1.000 PC29 0.022 0.000 1.000 PC30 0.016 0.000 1.000 PC31 0.012 0.000 1.000 PC32 0.009 0.000 1.000 PC33 0.000 0.000 1.000 111 Table B 5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores for the Debert Lake zircons. Stage Zircon Type Analysis Principal Components PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 LM Zircon-I MJ30-1-1 -5.68 0.30 3.01 0.20 1.01 LM Zircon-I MJ30-1-2 -4.94 -0.12 2.27 0.51 0.65 LM Zircon-I MJ30-1-3 -5.47 0.00 0.78 0.66 0.57 LM Zircon-I MJ30-1-4 -2.91 -0.16 -0.91 -0.37 0.58 LM Zircon-I MJ30-1-5 -2.43 0.30 -0.59 -0.43 1.38 LM Zircon-I MJ30-1-6 -2.90 0.56 -1.48 1.60 -1.03 LM Zircon-I MJ30-1-7 -1.01 0.50 -0.09 -0.99 1.89 LM Zircon-I MJ30-2-1 -3.26 0.10 -0.60 1.26 -1.10 LM Zircon-I MJ30-2-2 -1.90 0.63 -0.21 -0.97 1.64 LM Zircon-I MJ30-2-3 -5.37 0.20 0.94 0.84 -1.16 LM Zircon-I MJ30-2-4 -4.93 0.38 1.45 -0.24 0.04 LM Zircon-I MJ30-3-2 -0.68 1.18 -5.60 0.66 -0.72 LM Zircon-I MJ30-3-3 -0.72 1.45 -4.18 0.11 0.01 LM Zircon-I MJ30-3-4 -2.04 1.82 -4.13 0.40 -1.70 LM Zircon-I MJ30-4-1 -3.19 1.53 -2.54 -0.27 0.22 LM Zircon-I MJ30-4-2 -0.93 0.74 -1.49 -1.76 2.35 LM Zircon-I MJ30-5-1 -2.67 0.99 -3.24 0.68 0.45 LM Zircon-I MJ30-5-2 -1.10 0.78 1.68 -1.71 4.10 LM Zircon-I MJ30-5-3 -1.81 2.00 -2.07 -1.43 0.85 LM Zircon-I MJ30-5-4 -0.63 1.97 -3.31 -0.63 -0.83 LM Zircon-I MJ30-5-5 -1.61 1.85 -2.84 -1.54 0.43 LM Zircon-I MJ30-B-1 0.05 1.12 -4.00 -0.79 1.51 LM Zircon-I MJ30-B-2 -0.34 0.77 -2.91 -0.97 1.26 LM Zircon-I MJ30-B-3 -0.59 2.81 -3.66 0.65 -1.94 LM Zircon-I MJ30-B-4 -1.30 1.76 -4.42 -1.39 -0.60 LM Zircon-I MJ30-B-5 -1.04 1.39 -5.22 -0.77 -0.76 LM Zircon-I MJ30-6-C1 -3.57 0.55 -0.20 -0.72 1.76 LM Zircon-I MJ30-6-C2 -2.10 0.21 -1.48 0.24 0.77 LM Zircon-I MJ30-6-C3 -2.17 -0.08 -1.21 -0.56 1.47 LM Zircon-I MJ30-6-M1 -6.39 0.31 0.76 1.52 -1.25 LM Zircon-I MJ30-6-M2 -4.79 0.28 0.59 0.37 0.44 LM Zircon-I MJ30-6-M3 -2.86 0.03 -0.60 -0.86 -1.43 LM Zircon-I MJ30-6-M4 -6.33 0.40 0.54 1.77 -1.23 LM Zircon-I MJ30-6-R2 -2.66 0.77 -0.50 -0.18 0.14 LM Zircon-I MJ30-7-C1 -2.61 -0.21 -2.38 -0.01 -0.05 LM Zircon-I MJ30-7-C2 -6.53 1.16 2.17 0.21 -0.73 LM Zircon-I MJ30-7-C3 -3.93 0.50 -0.30 0.11 0.39 LM Zircon-I MJ30-7-A1 -0.48 0.88 -1.95 -1.02 2.58 LM Zircon-I MJ30-7L-1 -5.40 1.18 0.51 1.20 0.18 LM Zircon-I MJ30-7U-1 -8.38 0.49 2.87 1.81 -0.66 LM Zircon-I MJ30-8-C1 -2.43 0.85 0.25 -0.52 -0.24 LM Zircon-I MJ30-8-C2 -2.94 1.48 2.17 -1.02 1.58 LM Zircon-I MJ30-8-C3 -2.69 0.54 -2.33 0.03 0.67 LM Zircon-I MJ30-8-R1 -6.22 1.85 2.51 -0.25 -0.01 LM Zircon-I MJ30-8-R3 -7.35 1.44 2.57 0.39 -1.16 LM Zircon-I MJ30-8-R4 -9.64 2.01 5.23 1.03 -1.06 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-1-M1 5.08 3.10 1.05 -0.92 1.76 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-2-C 4.42 2.93 -1.93 1.85 1.45 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-3-1 5.25 3.64 -1.44 2.18 -0.03 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-4-1 6.57 5.66 1.35 0.39 -0.56 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-4-2 2.18 2.27 -0.82 0.68 0.57 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-B-1 5.30 5.03 2.94 0.81 0.69 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-B-2 5.04 4.92 3.21 1.54 0.66 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-1 6.06 4.52 1.54 -0.09 -0.22 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-2 5.60 4.89 1.36 1.29 -0.84 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-B-3 4.06 4.77 3.26 1.47 0.64 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-B-4 5.13 5.14 2.56 1.15 0.40 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. LM: Late magmatic stage, PM: Post-magmatic stage. 112 Table B 5. Continued. Stage Zircon Type Analysis Principal Components PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PM Zircon-IIa MJD-B2-3 5.11 4.96 1.08 1.07 -0.83 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-1 1.55 -2.66 -0.48 0.78 0.16 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-2 1.45 -2.47 -0.03 0.70 0.11 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-3 0.99 -2.20 1.62 -0.06 0.27 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-4-4 1.18 -2.54 0.82 0.40 0.19 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-1 1.36 -1.45 1.85 -0.65 0.10 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-2 1.34 -2.04 -1.49 0.86 0.24 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-3 1.13 -2.08 0.85 0.07 0.17 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-5-5 1.11 -2.80 1.28 -0.05 0.38 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-1 1.20 -1.79 2.01 -0.74 -0.07 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-2 1.31 -1.40 2.26 -0.88 -0.03 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-3 1.23 -2.22 1.65 -0.41 0.10 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-4 1.58 -2.18 -0.01 0.53 0.05 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-6-5 1.25 -2.85 1.31 -0.11 0.34 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-1 2.06 -1.99 -2.16 1.27 -0.23 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-2 1.40 -2.48 -0.94 0.89 0.30 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-7-3 1.19 -2.73 0.96 0.03 0.53 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-8-1 1.97 -1.61 0.80 -0.16 -0.06 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-8-2 3.07 -2.24 -1.83 1.10 -0.50 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-9 2.60 -2.06 -1.83 1.63 -0.08 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-10-1 1.37 -2.42 0.49 0.31 0.35 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-1 1.60 -1.92 1.20 -0.02 0.14 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-2 1.45 -1.53 1.52 -0.71 0.15 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-3 1.77 -2.24 -0.84 1.04 0.02 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-11-4 1.99 -1.93 -0.83 0.88 0.17 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-1 1.57 -2.32 1.47 -0.20 0.28 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-2 1.69 -2.11 1.05 -0.10 0.15 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-12-3 1.54 -2.09 0.93 0.22 0.07 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-13-1 1.59 -2.05 0.23 0.39 0.31 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-13-2 1.38 -2.09 1.82 -0.53 0.13 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-14-1 1.97 -2.53 0.44 0.68 0.14 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-15-1 1.56 -2.59 0.48 0.96 0.20 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-15-2 1.83 -2.25 -0.50 1.64 -0.08 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-16 2.36 -2.06 -0.97 1.62 -0.12 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-1 2.62 -2.67 -0.84 1.13 -0.10 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-2 1.93 -2.85 0.38 0.58 0.10 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-3 2.63 -2.47 -0.78 1.23 -0.32 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-4 2.53 -2.41 -0.13 0.79 -0.06 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-5 2.00 -2.76 0.36 0.60 0.04 PM Zircon-IIb MJ23-S-6 2.64 -2.72 -0.89 0.95 0.06 PM Zircon-IIb MJ24-UP-1 -0.80 0.28 -2.01 -0.31 -0.60 PM Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-1-1 1.51 -1.27 0.75 -0.85 -0.18 PM Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-1-3 1.58 -0.96 1.25 -2.17 -1.26 PM Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-2 1.54 -0.76 0.99 -1.32 -0.56 PM Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-4 0.20 -1.60 -0.51 -0.62 -0.89 PM Zircon-IIb MJ24-2-2-3 0.21 -1.76 0.81 -0.91 -0.64 PM Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-2-1 1.45 -0.76 1.77 -1.32 -0.88 PM Zircon-IIb MJ24-1-2-2 1.44 -1.06 1.17 -1.05 -0.73 PM Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-2-2 2.03 0.73 0.22 -2.45 -1.79 PM Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-3-2 1.15 0.63 1.72 -2.36 -1.21 PM Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-4-1 1.47 0.42 0.45 -2.21 -1.63 PM Zircon-IIb MJ6-3-1-1 1.94 0.46 -0.34 -1.59 -2.16 PM Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-5-1 1.64 0.52 0.76 -1.92 -1.46 PM Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-6-1 2.56 0.36 1.07 -2.43 -1.33 PM Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-7-1 2.62 0.66 -0.32 -1.93 -1.87 PM Zircon-IIb MJ6-3-1-2 1.59 0.60 0.95 -1.46 -1.33 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. LM: Late magmatic stage, PM: Post-magmatic stage. 113 Table B 6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) loadings for the Debert Lake zircons. Element Principal Components PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 Na -0.16 -0.18 0.27 0.00 0.35 Mg -0.40 0.36 -0.48 -0.46 0.04 Al -0.30 0.05 0.35 -0.09 0.12 P 0.12 0.13 0.08 0.03 -0.19 K -0.26 0.02 0.48 -0.06 0.06 Ca -0.16 -0.25 -0.09 -0.07 -0.27 Ti 0.00 0.12 0.19 -0.09 0.00 Mn -0.26 0.13 -0.15 0.51 0.02 Fe -0.35 0.23 -0.19 0.18 -0.11 Sr -0.02 -0.38 0.00 0.09 0.14 Y 0.17 0.08 -0.03 0.02 -0.01 Zr 0.01 0.13 0.22 -0.08 -0.04 Nb 0.04 0.01 -0.14 -0.18 0.36 Ba -0.20 0.02 -0.04 0.57 -0.06 La -0.11 -0.44 -0.09 -0.11 -0.15 Ce 0.10 -0.13 -0.07 -0.08 -0.07 Pr -0.12 -0.32 -0.08 -0.10 -0.19 Nd -0.08 -0.26 -0.05 -0.10 -0.21 Sm 0.09 -0.08 -0.04 -0.06 -0.14 Eu 0.15 -0.02 -0.05 0.00 -0.08 Gd 0.18 0.03 -0.05 0.00 -0.08 Tb 0.20 0.07 -0.06 0.03 -0.02 Dy 0.19 0.08 -0.04 0.04 -0.01 Ho 0.18 0.09 -0.02 0.04 -0.01 Er 0.16 0.08 0.01 0.04 -0.01 Tm 0.14 0.07 0.02 0.05 -0.01 Yb 0.13 0.07 0.04 0.05 -0.01 Lu 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.04 -0.01 Hf -0.01 0.13 0.21 -0.12 0.02 Ta 0.03 0.04 -0.04 -0.12 0.29 Th 0.17 -0.13 -0.25 0.11 0.43 U 0.15 0.19 0.14 -0.09 -0.35 Pb 0.10 -0.01 -0.08 0.02 0.21 114 Table B 7. Centered log-ratio transformed data of zircon-I. Domain Analysis Na Mg Al P K Ca Ti Mn Fe Sr Y Spongy Core MJ30-1-1 -0.06 -4.21 -1.89 1.71 -1.80 0.55 0.99 -3.45 0.02 -3.17 4.13 Spongy Core MJ30-1-2 -0.75 -3.36 -1.90 1.51 -2.21 0.64 1.09 -3.31 0.63 -3.19 4.00 Spongy Core MJ30-1-3 -0.67 -2.19 -1.17 1.75 -1.43 0.40 1.18 -4.02 0.64 -3.45 3.88 Spongy Core MJ30-1-4 -0.25 -1.41 -0.55 1.83 -0.79 0.90 0.82 -2.43 1.92 -2.79 3.28 Spongy Core MJ30-1-5 -0.06 -2.12 0.08 1.09 -0.28 1.18 1.03 -2.92 1.47 -2.66 3.14 Spongy Core MJ30-1-7 -0.36 -2.89 0.83 1.04 -0.91 1.35 0.85 -1.94 2.04 -2.74 2.78 Spongy Core MJ30-2-1 -1.42 -1.49 -0.71 1.56 -1.63 0.80 0.91 -0.35 1.91 -4.21 3.63 Spongy Core MJ30-2-2 0.08 -2.59 -0.35 1.04 -0.34 1.63 1.14 -1.83 1.32 -2.42 3.07 Spongy Core MJ30-2-3 -1.41 -2.95 -1.22 2.06 -1.72 1.12 1.23 -2.03 0.83 -3.80 4.04 Spongy Core MJ30-2-4 -0.71 -3.70 -1.04 1.95 -1.25 0.89 1.18 -3.14 1.05 -3.37 3.86 Spongy Core MJ30-3-2 0.00 1.35 2.21 1.16 0.42 0.65 1.69 -0.60 3.59 -4.50 2.70 Spongy Core MJ30-3-3 0.77 -0.41 1.89 1.13 1.61 1.06 1.51 -1.49 3.09 -4.65 2.69 Spongy Core MJ30-3-4 -0.56 -0.54 0.95 1.61 0.85 0.27 1.97 -1.42 3.74 -4.52 2.96 Spongy Core MJ30-4-1 0.05 -1.29 0.87 1.54 0.64 0.48 1.68 -2.45 2.21 -3.60 3.13 Spongy Core MJ30-4-2 0.46 -2.25 0.66 0.75 0.43 1.95 1.15 -2.40 2.23 -2.03 2.72 Spongy Core MJ30-5-1 -0.54 -0.07 0.84 1.44 -0.13 0.86 1.64 -2.10 2.39 -4.89 3.25 Spongy Core MJ30-5-2 0.78 -4.79 0.45 0.58 0.32 2.01 0.89 -2.85 0.11 -1.68 2.94 Spongy Core MJ30-5-3 0.15 -2.96 1.45 1.49 1.43 1.09 1.51 -1.77 2.60 -3.12 2.91 Spongy Core MJ30-5-4 0.86 -2.02 1.63 1.56 1.36 0.54 1.48 -0.87 3.24 -3.50 2.73 Spongy Core MJ30-5-5 0.85 -1.95 1.43 1.16 1.13 1.67 1.63 -1.61 2.77 -3.17 2.90 Spongy Core MJ30-B-1 -0.14 -0.02 1.13 1.43 1.05 1.45 1.19 -0.78 2.88 -2.94 2.35 Spongy Core MJ30-B-2 -0.36 -0.52 0.88 0.99 -0.13 2.97 1.36 -1.86 2.69 -3.51 2.43 Spongy Core MJ30-B-3 1.01 -1.52 1.76 1.73 1.37 -1.16 1.74 -0.18 2.87 -3.60 2.88 Spongy Core MJ30-B-4 0.99 -0.76 1.62 1.33 0.99 2.64 1.63 -1.54 3.39 -3.98 2.84 Spongy Core MJ30-B-5 -0.52 0.36 0.82 1.31 1.10 2.86 1.56 -0.99 4.02 -4.38 2.71 Spongy Core MJ30-6-C2 -0.38 -0.82 -0.12 1.24 -0.81 0.38 1.27 -2.53 2.25 -3.17 2.88 Spongy Core MJ30-6-C3 0.65 -1.20 -0.07 0.90 -0.67 1.34 1.04 -2.77 1.80 -2.40 3.17 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M1 -1.43 -2.21 -1.23 2.47 -1.35 -0.91 1.13 -2.91 1.01 -3.92 4.10 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M2 -0.31 -2.62 -0.44 2.14 -0.57 0.30 0.81 -2.72 0.38 -3.13 3.80 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M3 -1.76 -2.69 -1.01 2.05 -1.72 2.18 0.79 -1.21 3.48 -3.51 3.32 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M4 -1.61 -2.50 -1.04 2.34 -0.99 -0.98 1.16 -2.43 0.94 -3.87 4.22 Spongy Core MJ30-7-C1 -0.53 -0.50 0.25 1.82 -0.37 1.01 0.79 -2.20 2.57 -3.34 3.17 Spongy Core MJ30-7-A1 0.49 -1.60 1.00 1.29 0.98 1.23 0.87 -2.00 1.66 -2.58 2.61 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C1 -0.26 -3.11 -0.98 1.53 -1.15 0.56 0.93 -1.13 2.52 -2.90 3.36 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C2 0.34 -5.27 0.04 1.81 -0.22 1.07 0.83 -1.65 0.12 -2.85 3.24 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C3 0.31 -0.66 0.57 1.37 0.23 0.78 1.06 -2.11 1.79 -3.15 3.00 Overgrowth MJ30-1-6 -0.62 -5.23 -0.66 2.22 -0.79 0.42 1.93 -3.70 -0.26 -3.40 4.05 Overgrowth MJ30-6-C1 -1.36 -4.63 -1.19 2.48 -1.56 0.07 1.73 -3.60 0.51 -4.39 4.30 Overgrowth MJ30-6-R2 -1.96 -6.74 -1.79 2.93 -1.62 -0.27 2.24 -4.58 -1.90 -3.98 4.73 Overgrowth MJ30-7-C2 -1.45 -3.61 -1.62 2.57 -1.90 -1.17 1.41 -4.46 -0.49 -4.03 4.50 Overgrowth MJ30-7-C3 -1.45 -2.71 -0.32 2.12 -1.02 -0.36 1.64 -3.54 0.56 -4.52 3.86 Overgrowth MJ30-7L-1 -0.84 -2.15 -0.59 1.92 -0.46 0.71 1.21 -2.42 1.14 -3.17 3.61 Overgrowth MJ30-7U-1 -0.99 -4.58 -0.78 2.51 -0.99 -0.07 1.45 -3.58 0.57 -3.74 4.18 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R1 -1.54 -2.38 -0.99 2.01 -1.23 1.13 1.12 -1.57 2.35 -3.70 3.36 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R3 0.16 -2.27 -0.41 1.94 -0.38 1.22 1.20 -2.78 0.57 -2.47 3.33 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R4 -0.95 -1.11 0.09 0.31 -0.82 0.29 1.09 -0.31 2.36 -4.02 3.68 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. 115 Table B 7. Continued. Domain Analysis Zr Nb Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Spongy Core MJ30-1-1 6.73 0.55 -5.36 -1.78 0.68 -3.06 -1.27 -0.91 -3.32 0.78 -0.08 Spongy Core MJ30-1-2 6.71 1.31 -4.81 -1.71 0.53 -2.88 -1.19 -1.09 -3.54 0.56 -0.30 Spongy Core MJ30-1-3 6.92 1.04 -5.35 -1.80 0.52 -3.16 -1.50 -1.38 -3.83 0.30 -0.46 Spongy Core MJ30-1-4 6.48 0.40 -4.50 -1.17 0.10 -2.54 -0.97 -1.53 -4.20 -0.16 -1.09 Spongy Core MJ30-1-5 6.71 0.85 -4.30 -1.19 0.24 -2.43 -0.96 -1.61 -4.21 -0.39 -1.27 Spongy Core MJ30-1-7 6.28 1.70 -4.64 -0.26 0.65 -1.67 -0.38 -1.45 -4.61 -0.62 -1.58 Spongy Core MJ30-2-1 6.45 1.12 -4.35 -2.45 0.10 -3.19 -1.58 -1.39 -3.89 0.17 -0.64 Spongy Core MJ30-2-2 6.77 1.02 -4.78 -0.90 0.30 -2.10 -0.79 -1.56 -4.50 -0.62 -1.47 Spongy Core MJ30-2-3 6.84 0.17 -4.22 -3.00 0.48 -3.81 -1.86 -1.22 -3.62 0.54 -0.26 Spongy Core MJ30-2-4 6.80 0.58 -4.99 -1.83 0.35 -2.97 -1.41 -1.30 -3.73 0.40 -0.42 Spongy Core MJ30-3-2 7.36 0.54 -4.17 -2.10 -0.42 -2.82 -1.30 -1.93 -4.85 -0.91 -1.79 Spongy Core MJ30-3-3 7.15 0.19 -4.05 -2.37 -0.54 -2.46 -0.67 -1.09 -4.20 -0.34 -1.55 Spongy Core MJ30-3-4 7.59 1.42 -3.79 -2.51 -0.53 -3.34 -1.84 -2.21 -4.89 -0.80 -1.57 Spongy Core MJ30-4-1 7.36 0.13 -5.10 -1.90 -0.17 -3.04 -1.48 -2.04 -4.72 -0.59 -1.36 Spongy Core MJ30-4-2 6.84 -0.02 -4.30 -0.49 0.30 -1.94 -0.42 -1.49 -4.58 -0.71 -1.79 Spongy Core MJ30-5-1 7.39 -0.16 -5.02 -1.94 -0.08 -2.21 -0.38 -1.03 -4.67 -0.09 -1.23 Spongy Core MJ30-5-2 6.60 -0.30 -4.06 0.05 0.95 -1.20 0.32 -0.64 -3.71 -0.07 -1.43 Spongy Core MJ30-5-3 7.18 -0.15 -4.47 -1.23 -0.18 -2.48 -1.08 -1.85 -4.70 -0.70 -1.60 Spongy Core MJ30-5-4 7.14 0.19 -2.52 -2.17 -0.83 -3.05 -1.36 -2.02 -4.80 -0.90 -1.80 Spongy Core MJ30-5-5 7.32 -0.02 -4.92 -1.52 -0.26 -2.92 -1.41 -2.14 -4.89 -0.79 -1.60 Spongy Core MJ30-B-1 6.87 0.00 -4.33 -0.75 0.36 -1.77 -0.41 -1.70 -4.72 -1.13 -2.17 Spongy Core MJ30-B-2 7.03 1.60 -4.88 -1.18 0.10 -1.90 -0.39 -1.35 -4.36 -0.81 -2.02 Spongy Core MJ30-B-3 7.44 -0.21 -1.64 -2.88 -0.74 -3.50 -1.91 -2.36 -5.11 -1.03 -1.91 Spongy Core MJ30-B-4 7.30 0.53 -3.99 -2.44 -0.78 -3.52 -2.01 -2.49 -5.21 -1.14 -1.89 Spongy Core MJ30-B-5 7.28 0.43 -4.04 -2.39 -0.76 -3.10 -1.49 -2.07 -4.96 -1.09 -2.02 Spongy Core MJ30-6-C2 6.59 1.84 -4.63 -1.35 0.11 -2.24 -0.80 -1.58 -4.62 -0.62 -1.52 Spongy Core MJ30-6-C3 6.61 0.95 -4.58 -1.31 0.11 -2.55 -1.01 -1.66 -4.49 -0.40 -1.35 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M1 6.85 0.88 -5.69 -2.89 0.63 -3.86 -1.92 -1.21 -3.54 0.57 -0.24 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M2 6.60 0.32 -5.29 -1.89 0.46 -3.14 -1.48 -1.37 -3.77 0.30 -0.55 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M3 6.57 -0.10 -3.03 -2.32 -0.21 -2.83 -0.99 -1.32 -4.12 -0.11 -1.01 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M4 6.90 -0.13 -4.76 -2.91 0.47 -3.93 -1.97 -1.08 -3.42 0.75 -0.03 Spongy Core MJ30-7-C1 6.45 0.22 -4.11 -1.75 0.02 -2.77 -1.18 -1.61 -4.33 -0.31 -1.23 Spongy Core MJ30-7-A1 6.58 -0.21 -4.18 0.08 0.81 -1.50 -0.19 -1.54 -4.51 -0.80 -1.91 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C1 6.66 0.45 -3.73 -1.51 0.24 -2.63 -1.17 -1.73 -4.31 -0.27 -1.10 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C2 6.57 0.96 -4.87 -1.21 0.15 -2.20 -0.66 -1.25 -4.05 -0.10 -1.02 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C3 6.80 1.02 -4.98 -1.84 -0.29 -2.97 -1.42 -1.93 -4.57 -0.64 -1.42 Overgrowth MJ30-1-6 7.75 0.62 -5.49 -2.09 0.28 -3.56 -1.90 -1.47 -3.83 0.42 -0.39 Overgrowth MJ30-6-C1 7.53 0.89 -6.55 -2.93 0.52 -3.83 -1.90 -1.12 -3.41 0.78 -0.06 Overgrowth MJ30-6-R2 8.04 1.21 -6.62 -3.95 0.93 -4.59 -2.11 -0.76 -3.05 1.16 0.36 Overgrowth MJ30-7-C2 7.20 0.93 -6.33 -3.10 0.97 -4.07 -1.91 -0.82 -3.14 1.04 0.22 Overgrowth MJ30-7-C3 7.41 0.70 -5.17 -1.80 0.39 -2.60 -1.17 -1.49 -3.91 0.24 -0.59 Overgrowth MJ30-7L-1 6.97 0.14 -4.97 -1.37 0.41 -2.74 -1.23 -1.49 -4.04 0.10 -0.80 Overgrowth MJ30-7U-1 7.23 0.81 -5.67 -2.80 0.45 -3.69 -1.71 -1.18 -3.58 0.64 -0.20 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R1 6.89 -0.25 -3.56 -0.60 0.54 -2.08 -0.68 -1.58 -4.31 -0.19 -1.08 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R3 6.92 0.08 -5.10 -1.05 0.16 -2.40 -0.92 -1.55 -4.24 -0.19 -1.11 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R4 6.81 0.78 -4.59 -2.52 0.38 -3.72 -2.15 -1.76 -4.13 0.06 -0.65 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. 116 Table B 7. Continued. Domain Analysis Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Pb Spongy Core MJ30-1-1 2.40 1.21 2.57 0.71 2.67 0.59 2.90 -1.85 3.61 -0.20 -0.40 Spongy Core MJ30-1-2 2.18 0.97 2.36 0.58 2.52 0.52 2.94 -1.31 3.42 -0.39 -0.54 Spongy Core MJ30-1-3 2.08 0.94 2.37 0.61 2.56 0.58 3.27 -1.45 2.99 0.58 -0.76 Spongy Core MJ30-1-4 1.43 0.36 1.82 0.07 2.06 0.11 2.64 -1.86 2.46 0.63 -1.09 Spongy Core MJ30-1-5 1.28 0.19 1.65 -0.02 2.00 0.09 3.20 -1.50 2.83 -0.09 -1.01 Spongy Core MJ30-1-7 0.96 -0.07 1.46 -0.18 1.86 -0.08 2.50 -1.20 2.87 -0.74 -0.85 Spongy Core MJ30-2-1 1.84 0.66 2.08 0.33 2.31 0.31 2.59 -1.25 3.00 -0.34 -0.90 Spongy Core MJ30-2-2 1.13 0.11 1.67 0.11 2.18 0.27 3.09 -1.42 2.42 -0.40 -1.27 Spongy Core MJ30-2-3 2.26 1.17 2.61 0.81 2.79 0.76 2.95 -2.07 2.55 0.96 -0.96 Spongy Core MJ30-2-4 2.07 0.98 2.44 0.66 2.63 0.65 2.92 -1.71 2.39 0.84 -1.07 Spongy Core MJ30-3-2 0.78 -0.23 1.30 -0.36 1.70 -0.22 3.64 -2.10 0.89 0.10 -1.77 Spongy Core MJ30-3-3 0.85 -0.21 1.25 -0.47 1.57 -0.36 3.33 -2.33 0.70 0.06 -1.63 Spongy Core MJ30-3-4 1.08 0.09 1.67 0.04 2.08 0.19 4.01 -1.71 0.98 0.38 -1.65 Spongy Core MJ30-4-1 1.27 0.29 1.82 0.20 2.24 0.34 3.74 -1.68 2.21 0.49 -1.30 Spongy Core MJ30-4-2 0.74 -0.24 1.40 -0.17 1.92 0.06 3.32 -2.10 2.10 -0.61 -1.53 Spongy Core MJ30-5-1 1.31 0.24 1.74 0.08 2.08 0.11 3.65 -2.00 1.02 0.32 -1.84 Spongy Core MJ30-5-2 1.03 -0.05 1.52 -0.10 1.96 0.01 2.89 -2.30 2.27 -1.03 -1.47 Spongy Core MJ30-5-3 1.07 0.11 1.71 0.09 2.18 0.24 3.36 -2.15 1.61 -0.09 -1.63 Spongy Core MJ30-5-4 0.90 -0.04 1.58 -0.03 2.06 0.12 3.24 -2.15 1.15 -0.16 -1.55 Spongy Core MJ30-5-5 1.05 0.04 1.59 0.00 2.08 0.15 3.63 -2.04 1.27 0.13 -1.57 Spongy Core MJ30-B-1 0.38 -0.56 1.03 -0.55 1.58 -0.28 3.10 -1.63 1.25 -0.50 -1.63 Spongy Core MJ30-B-2 0.47 -0.56 1.03 -0.57 1.58 -0.27 3.54 -1.32 0.77 -0.39 -1.06 Spongy Core MJ30-B-3 0.79 -0.11 1.49 -0.06 2.05 0.14 3.78 -1.26 1.38 -0.05 -1.18 Spongy Core MJ30-B-4 0.77 -0.17 1.44 -0.14 1.96 0.06 3.84 -1.22 1.67 -0.29 -1.44 Spongy Core MJ30-B-5 0.62 -0.29 1.29 -0.25 1.87 0.00 3.81 -1.22 1.24 -0.19 -1.53 Spongy Core MJ30-6-C2 1.05 0.06 1.59 -0.02 2.04 0.12 2.86 -0.62 2.79 -0.48 -0.76 Spongy Core MJ30-6-C3 1.19 0.10 1.64 0.00 2.06 0.13 2.97 -1.43 2.86 -0.75 -0.91 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M1 2.30 1.17 2.58 0.81 2.78 0.73 2.99 -1.41 2.99 1.25 -0.53 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M2 1.99 0.86 2.27 0.54 2.48 0.45 2.72 -1.95 2.67 0.98 -0.84 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M3 1.52 0.50 2.00 0.36 2.39 0.41 2.68 -2.46 2.44 0.79 -1.09 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M4 2.50 1.38 2.81 1.06 3.02 1.00 3.03 -2.30 2.46 0.91 -1.03 Spongy Core MJ30-7-C1 1.31 0.24 1.71 0.05 2.08 0.06 2.54 -2.01 2.32 0.81 -1.19 Spongy Core MJ30-7-A1 0.66 -0.33 1.23 -0.40 1.66 -0.32 2.87 -2.22 1.63 0.25 -1.63 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C1 1.48 0.39 1.87 0.20 2.24 0.19 2.83 -1.96 3.28 -0.14 -0.65 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C2 1.53 0.46 1.99 0.30 2.35 0.33 2.64 -1.88 3.26 -0.11 -0.63 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C3 1.20 0.20 1.74 0.11 2.17 0.20 3.02 -1.75 2.99 -0.07 -0.78 Overgrowth MJ30-1-6 2.23 1.13 2.60 0.93 2.95 0.94 3.83 -1.43 2.16 1.30 -0.97 Overgrowth MJ30-6-C1 2.49 1.37 2.80 1.04 3.04 1.02 3.59 -1.29 2.59 1.67 -0.59 Overgrowth MJ30-6-R2 2.93 1.83 3.26 1.53 3.52 1.50 4.11 -1.02 2.84 2.07 -0.26 Overgrowth MJ30-7-C2 2.76 1.62 2.98 1.19 3.19 1.08 3.37 -1.43 3.31 1.48 -0.29 Overgrowth MJ30-7-C3 1.97 0.89 2.34 0.65 2.67 0.63 3.56 -1.45 2.29 1.22 -1.04 Overgrowth MJ30-7L-1 1.77 0.68 2.10 0.39 2.38 0.35 3.03 -2.01 1.59 1.09 -1.32 Overgrowth MJ30-7U-1 2.31 1.19 2.62 0.88 2.84 0.83 3.26 -1.57 2.73 1.32 -0.67 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R1 1.50 0.46 1.97 0.32 2.33 0.42 2.97 -2.27 1.35 0.80 -1.49 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R3 1.48 0.44 1.92 0.25 2.25 0.31 3.02 -2.10 2.46 0.36 -1.11 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R4 1.88 0.72 2.08 0.38 2.36 0.34 3.36 -1.53 3.04 -0.83 -0.94 Notes: Methods used to transform data are given in the text. 117 Table B 8. Proportion of variance (eigenvalues) of each principal component for zircon-I. Principal Components Standard deviation Proportion of Variance Cumulative Proportion PC1 3.267 0.574 0.574 PC2 1.652 0.147 0.721 PC3 1.194 0.077 0.798 PC4 0.991 0.053 0.851 PC5 0.845 0.038 0.889 PC6 0.771 0.032 0.921 PC7 0.576 0.018 0.939 PC8 0.538 0.016 0.954 PC9 0.440 0.010 0.965 PC10 0.395 0.008 0.973 PC11 0.368 0.007 0.981 PC12 0.283 0.004 0.985 PC13 0.253 0.003 0.988 PC14 0.252 0.003 0.992 PC15 0.212 0.002 0.994 PC16 0.189 0.002 0.996 PC17 0.168 0.002 0.998 PC18 0.127 0.001 0.998 PC19 0.103 0.001 0.999 PC20 0.085 0.000 0.999 PC21 0.063 0.000 1.000 PC22 0.058 0.000 1.000 PC23 0.047 0.000 1.000 PC24 0.033 0.000 1.000 PC25 0.027 0.000 1.000 PC26 0.023 0.000 1.000 PC27 0.016 0.000 1.000 PC28 0.015 0.000 1.000 PC29 0.011 0.000 1.000 PC30 0.008 0.000 1.000 PC31 0.007 0.000 1.000 PC32 0.005 0.000 1.000 PC33 0.000 0.000 1.000 118 Table B 9. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) scores for zircon-I. Domain Analysis Principal Components PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 Spongy Core MJ30-1-1 4.31 -1.52 -0.61 0.31 0.62 Spongy Core MJ30-1-2 3.40 -1.12 -1.62 0.14 0.71 Spongy Core MJ30-1-3 2.79 -0.03 -0.82 -1.24 0.42 Spongy Core MJ30-1-4 -0.34 -0.63 -1.15 -0.22 -0.32 Spongy Core MJ30-1-5 -0.53 -1.42 -0.28 -0.39 0.65 Spongy Core MJ30-1-7 -1.29 -2.68 -0.97 -0.01 0.78 Spongy Core MJ30-2-1 0.41 1.21 -2.48 1.19 0.48 Spongy Core MJ30-2-2 -0.76 -2.04 -0.31 -0.04 0.47 Spongy Core MJ30-2-3 2.92 1.14 -0.83 1.21 -0.81 Spongy Core MJ30-2-4 2.74 -0.45 -0.05 0.21 -0.55 Spongy Core MJ30-3-2 -5.03 2.58 -0.25 -0.89 -0.10 Spongy Core MJ30-3-3 -4.19 1.23 1.23 -0.61 -0.56 Spongy Core MJ30-3-4 -3.05 2.92 0.59 -0.09 0.16 Spongy Core MJ30-4-1 -1.36 0.94 0.98 -0.88 0.42 Spongy Core MJ30-4-2 -2.51 -2.54 0.47 -0.16 -0.16 Spongy Core MJ30-5-1 -2.09 1.41 -0.13 -1.57 -1.42 Spongy Core MJ30-5-2 -0.32 -5.21 1.49 0.56 -0.50 Spongy Core MJ30-5-3 -2.26 -0.62 2.03 0.51 -0.29 Spongy Core MJ30-5-4 -3.73 0.90 1.77 1.86 0.30 Spongy Core MJ30-5-5 -2.89 0.02 1.77 -0.17 0.01 Spongy Core MJ30-B-1 -4.76 -0.69 -0.32 -0.61 -0.55 Spongy Core MJ30-B-2 -3.66 -0.83 -0.74 -1.75 -0.58 Spongy Core MJ30-B-3 -3.78 2.33 2.07 2.57 1.44 Spongy Core MJ30-B-4 -4.09 1.36 1.03 -0.11 0.91 Spongy Core MJ30-B-5 -4.71 1.97 -0.33 -0.43 -0.39 Spongy Core MJ30-6-C2 -1.21 -0.43 -1.65 -1.03 1.39 Spongy Core MJ30-6-C3 -1.15 -1.35 -1.00 -0.69 1.32 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M1 3.62 1.91 -0.91 -0.43 0.35 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M2 2.11 -0.21 0.06 -0.24 0.03 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M3 -0.14 0.42 -1.88 2.43 -1.97 Spongy Core MJ30-6-M4 3.40 2.06 -0.34 0.75 -0.52 Spongy Core MJ30-7-C1 -1.47 0.55 -1.17 -0.21 -0.50 Spongy Core MJ30-7-A1 -3.04 -2.42 0.62 -0.54 -0.84 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C1 0.07 -0.80 -1.18 2.06 0.43 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C2 1.53 -2.80 1.10 1.35 0.74 Spongy Core MJ30-8-C3 -1.48 0.21 -0.41 -0.80 1.44 Overgrowth MJ30-1-6 4.30 -0.19 2.22 -0.06 -0.15 Overgrowth MJ30-6-C1 5.33 1.24 0.85 -0.55 -0.32 Overgrowth MJ30-6-R2 8.84 1.03 2.41 -0.36 0.02 Overgrowth MJ30-7-C2 6.47 1.38 -0.02 -1.10 0.42 Overgrowth MJ30-7-C3 2.57 0.78 0.32 -1.06 -0.61 Overgrowth MJ30-7L-1 0.85 -0.05 -0.04 -0.38 -1.15 Overgrowth MJ30-7U-1 4.41 0.61 1.05 0.03 -0.01 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R1 -0.23 -0.38 -1.09 1.06 -2.44 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R3 0.44 -1.53 0.17 -0.61 -0.21 Overgrowth MJ30-8-R4 -0.46 1.75 -1.65 1.00 1.44 119 Table B 10. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) loadings for zircon-I. Element Principal Components PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 Na -0.16 -0.18 0.27 0.00 0.35 Mg -0.40 0.36 -0.48 -0.46 0.04 Al -0.30 0.05 0.35 -0.09 0.12 P 0.12 0.13 0.08 0.03 -0.19 K -0.26 0.02 0.48 -0.06 0.06 Ca -0.16 -0.25 -0.09 -0.07 -0.27 Ti 0.00 0.12 0.19 -0.09 0.00 Mn -0.26 0.13 -0.15 0.51 0.02 Fe -0.35 0.23 -0.19 0.18 -0.11 Sr -0.02 -0.38 0.00 0.09 0.14 Y 0.17 0.08 -0.03 0.02 -0.01 Zr 0.01 0.13 0.22 -0.08 -0.04 Nb 0.04 0.01 -0.14 -0.18 0.36 Ba -0.20 0.02 -0.04 0.57 -0.06 La -0.11 -0.44 -0.09 -0.11 -0.15 Ce 0.10 -0.13 -0.07 -0.08 -0.07 Pr -0.12 -0.32 -0.08 -0.10 -0.19 Nd -0.08 -0.26 -0.05 -0.10 -0.21 Sm 0.09 -0.08 -0.04 -0.06 -0.14 Eu 0.15 -0.02 -0.05 0.00 -0.08 Gd 0.18 0.03 -0.05 0.00 -0.08 Tb 0.20 0.07 -0.06 0.03 -0.02 Dy 0.19 0.08 -0.04 0.04 -0.01 Ho 0.18 0.09 -0.02 0.04 -0.01 Er 0.16 0.08 0.01 0.04 -0.01 Tm 0.14 0.07 0.02 0.05 -0.01 Yb 0.13 0.07 0.04 0.05 -0.01 Lu 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.04 -0.01 Hf -0.01 0.13 0.21 -0.12 0.02 Ta 0.03 0.04 -0.04 -0.12 0.29 Th 0.17 -0.13 -0.25 0.11 0.43 U 0.15 0.19 0.14 -0.09 -0.35 Pb 0.10 -0.01 -0.08 0.02 0.21 120 Table B 11. U-Pb geochronology results for the Debert Lake zircons and igneous monazite. Analysis Approx. Conc. Measured Isotopic Ratios Measured Isotopic Dates U (ppm) Th (ppm) U/Th Pb206/U238 2SE Pb207/Pb206 2SE Pb207/U235 2SE Rho 6/38-7/35 Age 206/238 2SE Age 207/206 2SE Age 207/235 2SE Zircon-I Core MJ30-3-1 631 34943 0.02 0.062 0.001 0.100 0.008 0.851 0.063 0.27 384 8 1600 150 623 38 MJ30-3-2 477 26136 0.02 0.078 0.004 0.239 0.023 2.670 0.361 0.37 475 22 3100 150 1278 78 MJ30-3-3 1141 15414 0.07 0.063 0.002 0.111 0.007 0.975 0.073 0.33 394 10 1800 110 685 34 MJ30-3-4 1731 13243 0.13 0.066 0.002 0.114 0.006 1.049 0.053 0.67 411 14 1863 96 721 32 MJ30-3-5 655 14893 0.05 0.073 0.003 0.201 0.027 2.043 0.326 0.22 452 16 2834 220 1120 94 MJ30-3-7 491 22099 0.02 0.154 0.013 0.501 0.029 10.957 1.458 0.65 880 74 4243 86 2444 100 MJ30-3-2-1 581 19528 0.03 0.074 0.002 0.235 0.010 2.410 0.142 0.47 459 12 3086 68 1240 36 MJ30-3-2-2 473 9631 0.05 0.085 0.002 0.315 0.021 3.663 0.326 0.31 525 14 3600 100 1568 58 MJ30-3-2-3 1712 10457 0.17 0.059 0.002 0.094 0.004 0.766 0.040 0.57 366 12 1507 80 572 24 MJ30-3-2-4 1619 9313 0.18 0.063 0.002 0.102 0.013 0.905 0.145 0.16 394 8 1700 240 644 62 MJ30-3-3-1 415 1166 0.35 0.245 0.055 0.508 0.045 18.713 5.226 0.80 1100 180 4264 130 2700 190 MJ30-3-3-2 403 1067 0.38 0.073 0.002 0.209 0.013 2.112 0.160 0.37 451 12 2897 100 1145 46 MJ30-3-3-3 473 1091 0.44 0.083 0.002 0.305 0.017 3.541 0.283 0.37 512 14 3495 86 1522 50 MJ30-3-3-4 462 1024 0.46 0.070 0.004 0.170 0.018 1.704 0.265 0.33 431 20 2600 180 977 72 MJ30-3-4-1 673 4514 0.16 0.064 0.001 0.140 0.010 1.226 0.084 0.33 396 10 2200 120 812 42 MJ30-3-4-2 381 6997 0.06 0.083 0.002 0.311 0.018 3.583 0.285 0.38 508 14 3525 90 1530 52 MJ30-3-5-1 598 1457 0.42 0.063 0.001 0.130 0.010 1.123 0.095 0.24 395 6 2100 140 769 42 MJ30-3-5-2 322 10642 0.03 0.093 0.002 0.353 0.014 4.595 0.218 0.48 572 12 3719 60 1734 38 MJ30-3-5-3 478 3153 0.15 0.075 0.002 0.237 0.020 2.424 0.211 0.29 464 12 3100 130 1253 64 MJ30-3-5-4 439 1960 0.22 0.090 0.003 0.338 0.014 4.172 0.197 0.62 552 16 3653 64 1668 42 MJ30-3-5-5 517 1966 0.27 0.075 0.002 0.247 0.013 2.498 0.132 0.58 462 14 3165 84 1280 44 MJ30-3-1-1- 368 2541 0.15 0.106 0.004 0.399 0.020 5.879 0.529 0.44 642 24 3905 76 1941 54 MJ30-3-1-2-1 369 1427 0.26 0.149 0.032 0.452 0.059 11.293 3.833 0.63 695 94 4100 190 2100 170 MJ30-3-1-2-2 347 1737 0.20 0.107 0.006 0.428 0.025 6.326 0.625 0.59 648 36 4010 88 2009 72 MJ30-3-1-2-3 309 2614 0.12 0.094 0.003 0.357 0.021 4.635 0.320 0.42 574 16 3736 90 1745 54 MJ30-3-1-2-4 362 1786 0.20 0.092 0.006 0.339 0.032 4.513 0.782 0.38 550 32 3700 140 1667 92 Zircon-I Overgrowth MJ30-6-C1 1038 9927 0.11 0.062 0.002 0.136 0.009 1.187 0.104 0.31 388 10 2200 120 784 38 MJ30-6-R1 1601 3023 0.46 0.058 0.001 0.068 0.003 0.551 0.029 0.36 361 6 868 92 439 18 MJ30-6-R2 1651 3339 0.46 0.059 0.001 0.092 0.004 0.757 0.037 0.40 368 6 1467 82 565 20 MJ30-7-C1 2689 14297 0.26 0.060 0.002 0.097 0.004 0.816 0.050 0.42 375 10 1566 78 598 22 MJ30-7-C2 2126 10268 0.28 0.059 0.001 0.071 0.002 0.577 0.020 0.44 367 6 956 58 460 12 MJ30-7L-1 1643 5681 0.38 0.056 0.001 0.070 0.003 0.547 0.022 0.43 354 6 927 88 441 16 Notes: Approx. Conc.: Approximate Concentration 121 Table B 11. Continued. Analysis Approx. Conc. Measured Isotopic Ratios Measured Isotopic Dates U (ppm) Th (ppm) U/Th Pb206/U238 2SE Pb207/Pb206 2SE Pb207/U235 2SE Rho 6/38-7/35 Age 206/238 2SE Age 207/206 2SE Age 207/235 2SE MJ30-7U-1 2556 18457 0.16 0.056 0.001 0.058 0.002 0.452 0.013 0.67 352 6 529 76 377 12 MJ30-8-R1 1410 3851 0.40 0.057 0.001 0.069 0.003 0.548 0.027 0.38 358 6 898 90 440 16 MJ30-8-R2 11596 8682 1.25 0.065 0.002 0.185 0.024 1.719 0.239 0.20 406 12 2700 210 992 84 MJ30-8-R3 2350 6826 0.37 0.058 0.001 0.059 0.003 0.471 0.021 0.31 361 4 566 110 390 18 MJ30-8-R4 2096 5228 0.42 0.057 0.001 0.057 0.002 0.453 0.014 0.35 356 4 490 78 374 12 MJ30-3-6 298 17473 0.02 0.071 0.002 0.211 0.014 2.046 0.114 0.48 438 12 2900 110 1130 48 Zircon-IIa MJD-1-C1 1741 6172 0.27 0.178 0.015 0.603 0.020 15.205 1.721 0.74 2733 78 988 68 4515 48 MJD-1-C2 2115 5561 0.36 0.199 0.025 0.604 0.022 17.323 2.865 0.77 2789 92 1041 86 4517 52 MJD-1-M1 378 1041 0.34 1.290 0.051 0.809 0.009 144.457 6.414 0.89 5034 44 5300 160 4937 16 MJD1-R1 2538 6801 0.35 0.176 0.005 0.614 0.009 14.982 0.584 0.76 2799 32 1035 30 4541 22 MJD-2-C 182 319 0.60 1.690 0.232 0.808 0.013 189.500 26.812 0.97 5200 130 5758 500 4935 22 MJD-2-R 1774 7390 0.23 0.273 0.007 0.718 0.008 26.675 0.712 0.94 3381 28 1552 36 4767 16 MJD-3-1 816 455 2.09 0.841 0.068 0.789 0.009 93.638 8.433 0.90 4553 66 3800 190 4901 16 MJD-4-1 746 214 3.97 1.577 0.019 0.823 0.009 180.003 2.249 0.95 5271 16 6097 50 4961 16 MJD-4-2 1234 2490 0.84 0.485 0.139 0.662 0.036 51.055 16.369 0.89 3200 180 1400 220 4650 78 MJD-B-1 855 1284 0.65 1.516 0.026 0.826 0.006 173.965 3.285 0.90 5232 20 5934 70 4967 10 MJD-B-2 847 1668 0.50 1.636 0.018 0.827 0.008 187.509 2.175 0.96 5313 16 6243 46 4968 14 MJD-B2-1 902 561 1.57 1.182 0.030 0.822 0.008 134.367 3.209 1.05 4973 26 5005 86 4960 14 MJD-B2-2 757 573 1.28 1.582 0.070 0.829 0.019 179.793 7.994 0.99 5273 52 6100 190 4972 32 MJD-B-3 913 1498 0.60 1.410 0.068 0.831 0.008 162.379 8.065 0.97 5145 44 5583 160 4975 14 MJD-B-4 888 1384 0.63 1.478 0.039 0.829 0.007 169.549 4.559 0.99 5206 28 5800 100 4972 12 MJD-B2-3 982 689 1.49 0.903 0.017 0.813 0.009 101.725 2.221 0.84 4694 22 4135 58 4944 16 Zircon-IIb MJ6-1-1-1 2942 5103 0.57 0.121 0.012 0.475 0.028 8.080 1.290 0.61 711 58 4165 88 2189 94 MJ6-1-1-2 4486 7838 0.57 0.101 0.005 0.439 0.017 6.153 0.523 0.56 610 24 4048 58 1976 50 MJ6-1-1-3 5867 4438 1.30 0.067 0.003 0.183 0.012 1.684 0.161 0.46 413 18 2700 110 997 52 MJ6-1-1-4 4045 6688 0.61 0.097 0.005 0.432 0.018 5.828 0.510 0.60 585 28 4024 62 1924 58 MJ6-1-2-1 2128 2072 1.02 0.069 0.002 0.239 0.006 2.288 0.096 0.61 431 10 3113 40 1205 26 MJ6-1-2-2 4933 3524 1.40 0.061 0.001 0.178 0.003 1.487 0.027 1.07 381 8 2634 28 927 16 MJ6-1-3-1 4704 6210 0.77 0.065 0.003 0.269 0.015 2.448 0.210 0.48 405 16 3299 88 1243 50 MJ6-1-3-2 7328 8305 0.88 0.053 0.001 0.112 0.005 0.827 0.037 0.30 335 4 1831 80 611 22 MJ6-1-4-1 4717 4878 0.96 0.060 0.002 0.210 0.006 1.716 0.070 0.62 371 10 2905 46 1014 24 MJ6-2-1-1 7911 3389 2.51 0.117 0.003 0.429 0.017 6.958 0.367 0.56 712 18 4013 60 2099 44 MJ6-3-1-1 4403 3832 1.14 0.082 0.003 0.330 0.018 3.780 0.350 0.44 502 18 3616 84 1568 52 Notes: The analyses with strikethrough are the outliers excluded from age calculation. Approx. Conc.: Approximate Concentration 122 Table B 11. Continued. Analysis Approx. Conc. Measured Isotopic Ratios Measured Isotopic Dates U (ppm) Th (ppm) U/Th Pb206/U238 2SE Pb207/Pb206 2SE Pb207/U235 2SE Rho 6/38-7/35 Age 206/238 2SE Age 207/206 2SE Age 207/235 2SE MJ6-1-5-1 4250 4397 0.97 0.089 0.009 0.404 0.043 5.393 1.054 0.54 507 50 3923 160 1700 120 MJ6-1-6-1 6993 5062 1.41 0.056 0.001 0.134 0.004 1.032 0.036 0.50 348 6 2150 52 716 18 MJ6-1-7-1 4645 1743 2.65 0.061 0.001 0.189 0.006 1.592 0.035 0.75 383 6 2733 52 968 22 MJ6-3-1-2 3795 3596 1.05 0.058 0.001 0.190 0.005 1.512 0.044 0.75 361 8 2741 44 934 22 Igneous Monazite MJ11-1 6 861 0.010 0.357 0.026 0.793 0.091 36.205 4.953 0.54 1966 125 4909 164 3745 135 MJ11-2 15 1457 0.013 0.170 0.024 0.516 0.048 11.581 1.950 0.84 1010 132 4287 137 2610 158 MJ11-3 30 1988 0.019 0.071 0.008 0.166 0.039 1.805 0.477 0.44 440 50 2517 394 976 164 MJ11-4 31 2224 0.018 0.105 0.005 0.381 0.029 5.636 0.504 0.54 645 30 3835 115 1905 78 MJ11-5 25 2337 0.014 0.060 0.003 0.105 0.020 0.879 0.172 0.26 378 19 1713 350 638 93 MJ11-6 43 3270 0.016 0.071 0.005 0.181 0.036 1.761 0.375 0.35 440 32 2661 330 1032 138 MJ11-7 71 4230 0.020 0.056 0.003 0.057 0.011 0.428 0.087 0.28 349 20 491 426 369 62 MJ11-8 30 2601 0.014 0.068 0.003 0.207 0.026 2.093 0.280 0.37 427 21 2881 204 1099 91 MJ11-9 26 2379 0.013 0.090 0.005 0.305 0.028 3.806 0.406 0.51 553 29 3495 142 1585 86 MJ11-10 51 4161 0.014 0.071 0.004 0.209 0.031 2.105 0.334 0.36 444 24 2897 240 1133 108 MJ11-11 55 4466 0.014 0.059 0.002 0.071 0.010 0.573 0.082 0.28 367 14 956 288 461 54 MJ11-12 36 4078 0.008 0.062 0.002 0.062 0.008 0.508 0.068 0.30 388 15 673 276 432 47 MJ11-13 37 4418 0.008 0.059 0.002 0.065 0.008 0.516 0.064 0.34 367 15 773 258 428 45 MJ11-14 26 3737 0.006 0.057 0.003 0.088 0.013 0.668 0.107 0.29 357 16 1382 284 533 64 MJ11-15 31 4233 0.006 0.057 0.002 0.056 0.009 0.437 0.068 0.27 356 15 451 356 369 51 MJ11-16 32 4331 0.006 0.066 0.005 0.133 0.033 1.375 0.350 0.27 414 28 2137 434 808 144 MJ11-17 28 3929 0.006 0.060 0.003 0.052 0.006 0.428 0.056 0.34 378 17 284 264 365 38 MJ11-18 21 3228 0.005 0.061 0.003 0.061 0.009 0.498 0.077 0.32 381 18 638 318 419 53 MJ11-19 16 2605 0.005 0.098 0.010 0.347 0.055 4.982 0.948 0.56 604 61 3693 242 1766 160 MJ11-20 8 1478 0.004 0.078 0.005 0.242 0.045 2.641 0.526 0.34 485 32 3132 296 1303 145 MJ11-21 8 1540 0.004 0.107 0.008 0.367 0.028 5.316 0.560 0.69 654 45 3778 116 1886 90 MJ11-22 9 1839 0.004 0.063 0.004 0.082 0.012 0.712 0.115 0.38 394 23 1245 286 546 67 MJ11-23 25 4170 0.005 0.060 0.002 0.056 0.008 0.437 0.063 0.27 376 14 451 318 386 48 Notes: Approx. Conc.: Approximate Concentration 123 Table B 12. U-Pb geochronology results for secondary reference '91500' zircon. Analysis Approx. Conc. Measured Isotopic Ratios Measured Isotopic Dates U (ppm) Th (ppm) U/Th Pb206/U238 2SE Pb207/Pb206 2SE Pb207/U235 2SE Rho 6/38-7/35 Age 206/238 2SE Age 207/206 2SE Age 207/235 2SE D/91500-1 109.37 41.84 2.57 0.074 0.003 0.176 0.003 1.786 0.082 1.00 1044 14 1041 82 1043 28 D/91500-2 106.17 40.26 2.55 0.075 0.003 0.175 0.003 1.797 0.077 1.03 1037 18 1068 80 1047 28 D/91500-3 105.91 41.20 2.81 0.074 0.003 0.180 0.003 1.821 0.084 1.02 1062 16 1041 82 1055 28 D/91500-4 104.99 40.14 2.92 0.076 0.004 0.178 0.002 1.850 0.079 1.09 1054 14 1100 100 1067 36 D/91500-5 108.71 42.96 2.52 0.074 0.004 0.179 0.003 1.835 0.089 0.99 1058 16 1000 100 1052 38 D/91500-6 109.25 41.94 2.57 0.074 0.003 0.177 0.003 1.811 0.081 0.96 1045 16 1041 82 1043 28 D/91500-7 107.05 41.74 2.60 0.073 0.004 0.176 0.003 1.771 0.077 1.14 1043 16 1000 100 1033 38 D/91500-8 104.92 40.79 2.66 0.075 0.003 0.178 0.003 1.848 0.087 0.96 1055 16 1068 80 1059 28 30/95100-1 117.02 49.36 2.37 0.082 0.008 0.179 0.004 2.045 0.204 1.01 1056 20 1300 200 1119 68 30/95100-2 116.85 49.51 2.36 0.079 0.007 0.176 0.004 1.949 0.195 0.93 1040 22 1200 200 1083 60 30/95100-3 114.60 47.73 2.41 0.091 0.008 0.173 0.004 2.184 0.172 1.12 1030 24 1500 200 1172 64 30/95100-4 117.38 49.95 2.35 0.074 0.009 0.179 0.003 1.838 0.233 0.99 1061 18 1000 200 1054 80 30/95100-5 115.18 48.96 2.36 0.073 0.007 0.176 0.004 1.801 0.180 0.97 1043 20 1000 200 1033 64 30/95100-6 116.90 50.40 2.33 0.080 0.008 0.174 0.003 1.941 0.207 0.93 1032 18 1200 200 1086 68 30/95100-7 118.46 49.46 2.42 0.074 0.008 0.175 0.003 1.791 0.194 1.03 1037 16 1000 200 1038 72 30/95100-8 117.57 48.70 2.43 0.082 0.008 0.173 0.004 1.946 0.191 0.99 1025 22 1200 200 1098 68 30/95100-9 116.14 48.78 2.40 0.068 0.006 0.178 0.004 1.646 0.159 0.98 1050 22 868 200 992 58 30OG/91500-1 105.03 39.33 2.62 0.069 0.003 0.177 0.003 1.712 0.088 0.94 1049 16 898 90 1001 30 30OG/91500-2 104.38 38.94 2.57 0.075 0.004 0.178 0.003 1.848 0.093 0.94 1054 18 1100 100 1058 38 30OG/91500-3 104.28 38.46 3.24 0.076 0.003 0.179 0.003 1.875 0.073 1.01 1061 14 1100 80 1072 28 30OG/91500-4 104.84 38.76 3.45 0.074 0.004 0.180 0.003 1.841 0.098 0.91 1063 18 1000 100 1056 38 30OG/91500-5 105.93 39.72 2.73 0.073 0.004 0.181 0.003 1.790 0.075 1.21 1070 16 1000 100 1052 38 30OG/91500-6 106.39 39.69 2.77 0.074 0.003 0.175 0.003 1.786 0.082 0.94 1035 18 1041 82 1037 28 30OG/91500-7 106.77 40.10 2.56 0.072 0.003 0.179 0.003 1.769 0.085 1.01 1057 16 985 84 1034 30 30OG/91500-8 107.69 40.61 2.47 0.075 0.003 0.178 0.003 1.844 0.077 1.06 1050 18 1068 80 1056 28 95100-1 108.69 44.45 2.44 0.076 0.004 0.179 0.003 1.843 0.085 1.08 1059 16 1100 100 1070 36 95100-2 113.09 44.47 2.51 0.073 0.003 0.178 0.003 1.790 0.063 1.13 1056 16 1013 84 1042 28 95100-3 106.79 44.37 2.41 0.077 0.003 0.176 0.003 1.860 0.070 1.16 1045 16 1120 78 1070 28 95100-4 108.42 43.81 2.46 0.077 0.004 0.179 0.003 1.877 0.080 1.14 1059 18 1100 100 1079 36 95100-5 117.02 48.33 2.43 0.076 0.004 0.178 0.003 1.861 0.080 1.10 1053 18 1100 100 1066 36 95100-6 112.05 46.31 2.43 0.076 0.003 0.178 0.004 1.850 0.089 0.95 1051 24 1094 80 1065 30 Notes: The analysis with strikethrough is the outlier excluded from age calculation. Approx. Conc.: Approximate Concentration 124 Table B 13. U-Pb geochronology results for secondary reference 'STERN' monazite. Analysis Approx. Conc. Measured Isotopic Ratios Measured Isotopic Dates U (ppm) Th (ppm) U/Th Pb206/U238 2SE Pb207/Pb206 2SE Pb207/U235 2SE Rho 6/38-7/35 Age 206/238 2SE Age 207/206 2SE Age 207/235 2SE Stern-1 3737 47774 0.073 0.083 0.002 0.057 0.002 0.647 0.030 0.52 513 12 502 86 511 18 Stern-2 3578 43208 0.079 0.083 0.002 0.057 0.002 0.644 0.031 0.55 513 13 510 88 512 19 Stern-3 4025 46291 0.085 0.082 0.002 0.057 0.002 0.634 0.028 0.53 507 12 483 83 503 18 Stern-4 2647 43660 0.061 0.084 0.002 0.061 0.002 0.707 0.032 0.53 518 12 638 83 541 19 Stern-5 2325 39326 0.058 0.084 0.002 0.058 0.002 0.673 0.032 0.60 523 14 533 83 525 19 Stern-6 1168 34657 0.026 0.084 0.002 0.060 0.002 0.680 0.032 0.56 521 13 588 84 534 19 Stern-7 1350 41030 0.025 0.086 0.002 0.061 0.002 0.715 0.034 0.58 532 14 621 84 549 20 Stern-8 1321 40331 0.024 0.085 0.003 0.060 0.002 0.701 0.036 0.60 524 15 606 88 540 21 Notes: The analysis with strikethrough is the outlier excluded from age calculation. Approx. Conc.: Approximate Concentration 125 Figure B 1. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages for secondary reference ‘91500’ zircon. Dating calculations used IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). Error is 2S. 126 Figure B 2. Weighted mean 206Pb/238U age for secondary reference ‘STERN’ monazite. Dating calculation used IsoplotR (Vermeesch, 2018). Error is 2S.
Thesis/Dissertation
eng
Earth and Environmental Sciences
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Graduate
Multistage, magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of the Debert Lake Rare Earth Element (REE) prospect, Nova Scotia, Canada
Text