Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
DSpace
UBCV
McNulty, Brian
Master of Science - MSc
University of British Columbia
The Neoproterozoic Alexander terrane Niblack Cu-Au-Zn-Ag volcanic-hosted massive sulfide camp is on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska. Multiple massive sulfide deposits occur at different stratigraphic levels in 565 ±1.25 Ma felsic volcanic strata. Host rocks are vent-proximal felsic pyroclastic volcanic breccia, lapilli tuff, coherent flows (Lookout deposit, Trio zone) and vent-distal felsic ash tuffs (Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones). New geochemical data and volcanic lithofacies indicate the host stratigraphy was deposited in a juvenile oceanic back-arc basin. Sub-seafloor mineralization (Lookout deposit, Trio zone) consists of 15-75% sulfide with disseminated to net-textured to semi-massive sulfide textures. These ores precipitated in unconsolidated water-laden vent-proximal felsic volcanic stratigraphy. Seafloor exhalative mineralization (Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones) is comprised of massive (>90%) poorly-banded sulfide. This type of sulfide precipitated on the paleo-seafloor in, or above, less-permeable vent-distal felsic ash tuff stratigraphy. Sub-seafloor sulfide, related hydrothermal alteration assemblages, and variations in metal ratios represent hydrothermal fluid flow and cooling through the host stratigraphy. Temperature estimates from chlorite microprobe data indicate sub-seafloor 1:1 Cu:Zn and 1:10 Au:Ag chlorite-rich alteration (Lookout deposit) formed at 321 ±19°C and seafloor exhalative 3:1 Cu:Zn and 1:10 Au:Ag magnesium-rich chlorite alteration (Niblack Mine) formed at 307 ±16°C. Sulfur, oxygen, deuterium and carbon stable isotope results are used to identify the origin of hydrothermal fluids. Sulfide mineral separates have δ³⁴S values of +6.6 to +10.5‰. Calculated fluid compositions of chlorite and sericite have values of +2.3 to +5.9‰ δ¹⁸O(water) and -24.9 to -77.1‰ δD(water). Calculated δ¹⁸O(water) values of magnetite are +8.1 to +15.5‰ and values of carbonate are -13.5 to +9.0‰ δ¹⁸O(water) and -4.4 to -0.5‰ δ¹³C(calcite). The sulfur isotope results indicate sulfur was derived from leached igneous sulfide and minor seawater sulfate reduction. The oxygen, deuterium and carbon isotopic signatures indicate evolved seawater and magmatic hydrothermal fluid sources. The Lookout deposit is the largest in the camp and has the largest magmatic fluid component. Seafloor exhalative sulfide mineralization (Niblack Mine) formed from an evolved seawater-dominant hydrothermal fluid. This suggests magmatic fluids contributed extra metals and sulfur to the hydrothermal system that enhanced the size of the Lookout deposit.
Geology, Alteration, Lithogeochemistry and Hydrothermal Fluid Characterization of theNeoproterozoic Niblack Polymetallic Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Camp, Southeast Alaska, USAbyBrian McNultyB.Sc., The University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2007A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OFMASTER OF SCIENCEinTHE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES(Geological Sciences)THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA(Vancouver)February 2014? Brian McNulty 2014AbstractThe Neoproterozoic Alexander terrane Niblack Cu-Au-Zn-Ag volcanic-hosted massive sulfide camp is on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska. Multiple massive sulfide deposits occur at different stratigraphic levels in 565 ?1.25 Ma felsic volcanic strata. Host rocks are vent-proximal felsic pyroclastic volcanic breccia, lapilli tuff, coherent flows (Lookout deposit, Trio zone) and vent-distal felsic ash tuffs (Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones). New geochemical data and volcanic lithofacies indicate the host stratigraphy was deposited in a juvenile oceanic back-arc basin. Sub-seafloor mineralization (Lookout deposit, Trio zone) consists of 15-75% sulfide with disseminated to net-textured to semi-massive sulfide textures. These ores precipitated in unconsolidated water-laden vent-proximal felsic volcanic stratigraphy. Seafloor exhalative mineralization (Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones) is comprised of massive (>90%) poorly-banded sulfide. This type of sulfide precipitated on the paleo-seafloor in, or above, less-permeable vent-distal felsic ash tuff stratigraphy.Sub-seafloor sulfide, related hydrothermal alteration assemblages, and variations in metal ratios represent hydrothermal fluid flow and cooling through the host stratigraphy. Temperature estimates from chlorite microprobe data indicate sub-seafloor 1:1 Cu:Zn and 1:10 Au:Ag chlorite-rich alteration (Lookout deposit) formed at 321 ?19?C and seafloor exhalative 3:1 Cu:Zn and 1:10 Au:Ag magnesium-rich chlorite alteration (Niblack Mine) formed at 307 ?16?C.Sulfur, oxygen, deuterium and carbon stable isotope results are used to identify the origin of hydrothermal fluids. Sulfide mineral separates have ?34S values of +6.6 to +10.5?. Calculated fluid compositions of chlorite and sericite have values of +2.3 to +5.9? ?18Owater and -24.9 to -77.1? ?Dwater. Calculated ?18Owater values of magnetite are +8.1 to +15.5? and values of carbonate are -13.5 to +9.0? ?18Owater and -4.4 to -0.5? ?13Ccalcite.The sulfur isotope results indicate sulfur was derived from leached igneous sulfide and minor seawater sulfate reduction. The oxygen, deuterium and carbon isotopic signatures indicate evolved seawater and magmatic hydrothermal fluid sources. The Lookout deposit is the largest in the camp and has the largest magmatic fluid component. Seafloor exhalative sulfide mineralization (Niblack Mine) formed from an evolved seawater-dominant hydrothermal fluid. This suggests magmatic fluids contributed extra metals and sulfur to the hydrothermal system that enhanced the size of the Lookout deposit.iiPrefaceThe thesis largely encompasses a journal manuscript written by the author entitled ?Lithological controls and hydrothermal fluid characterization of the Neoproterozoic Niblack polymetallic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide camp, southeast Alaska, USA?. For the purpose of the thesis, an expanded introduction to the research (Section 1) and discussion of research implications and suggested future work (Section 3) are provided. In addition, detailed methods and results of descriptive and quantitative data collected from this research are presented in topic-specific appendices.The author and his supervisor, Dr. Melissa Gregory identified the research objectives and designed the strategy of the research program. Additional contributors to the completion of the final thesis include members of the thesis committee, Dr. Craig Hart, Dr. Ken Hickey and Dr. Jim Oliver. Dr. Keith Roberts (Niblack Project Chief Geologist) and Dr. Rob Duncan (MDRU Post Doctorate Fellow) assisted the author throughout the duration of the project with insightful geologic discussions. The author is responsible for all descriptive data collected from detailed drill core logs presented in the thesis along with the generation of all figures and tables, unless otherwise noted. A brief comment on units of measure. Drill core was re-logged using imperial units (feet) and have been converted to SI units (meters) for the written thesis. However, the reader should note that distance is measured in imperial units in the appendices. The author is responsible for all sample selections for petrographic work, with the exception of twenty-two polished thin sections collected by Dr. Melissa Gregory and a collection of polished thin sections provided by Heatherdale Ltd. Vancouver Petrographics prepared all generations of polished thin sections and petrographic examinations were performed by the author at the Mineral Deposit Research Unit (MDRU), Dr. James Scoates and Dr. Ken Hickey microscope laboratories at the University of British Columbia (UBC).The author is responsible for the selection of the following analytical samples: (1) shortwave infrared spectroscopy; (2) X-ray diffraction; (3) microprobe; (4) lithogeochemical; and (5) stable isotopes. Analytical methods 1-3 were undertaken at UBC by the author with assistance from Dr. Melissa Gregory, Jenny Lai and Edith Czech. The preparation of lithogeochemical samples was performed by the author at the MDRU lab and analyzed at Acme Labs, Vancouver, Canada. The author at MDRU and Dr. Ken Hickey laboratories performed the preparation of sulfur, oxygen, deuterium and carbon stable isotope sample separates. Sulfur and oxygen stable isotopes were analyzed by the Queen?s Facility for Isotope Research, Queen?s University, Canada. GNS Science, New Zealand completed oxygen and deuterium stable isotopes analyses. Oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses were conducted at UBC by the author with the assistance of Dr. Shaun Barker and Michael Tucker.The author is not responsible for U-Pb geochronology data referenced in this research. Dr. Jim Oliver selected the geochronology samples. Sample preparation, analyses and age interpretations where provided by Dr. Richard Friedman of the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research Laboratory iii(PCIGR) at UBC.Two journal publications are planned for submittal in early 2014 as a result of this thesis:? ?Lithological controls and hydrothermal fluid characterization of the Neoproterozoic Niblack polymetallic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide camp, southeast Alaska, USA? by B.A. McNulty, M.J. Gregory and J. Oliver.? ?Structural, stratigraphic, U-Pb geochronology and depositional characteristics associated with formation of polymetallic, volcanic-hosted, Neoproterozoic massive sulphides, Niblack district, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska? by J. Oliver, R. Friedman and B.A. McNulty.Additionally the author presented this research at the 12th Biennial SGA Meeting in Uppsala, Sweden August 2013 and the following abstract was published:? ?Lithological controls and hydrothermal fluid characterization of the Neoproterozoic polymetallic Niblack volcanogenic massive sulfide system, Alaska, USA? by B.A. McNulty, M.J. Gregory and K. 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The final product is a testament to her mentorship and endless support, for which the author is truly grateful. Thank you to committee members, Dr. Craig Hart, Dr. Ken Hickey and Dr. Jim Oliver for their advice, criticism and valuable information. Thanks to Dr. Jim Mortensen for a year of stimulating and beneficial VHMS deposit discussions with afternoon coffee. Thank you to Charles ?Chip? Harraden for support and edits during the final hour.The author would like to thank Lena Brommeland, Patrick Smith, Dr. Jim Lang and Mark Rebagliati with Hunter Dickinson and Heatherdale Ltd for the opportunity, and for providing the necessary financial support, to work on the Niblack Project. Special thanks to Dr. Keith Roberts and Michael Hjelden for hours of geologic conversation, many games of liar?s dice, and the occasional music-jam session at the project site. Thank you to the Society of Economic Geology Graduate Student Fellowship committee for their recognition and financial support.This research is enhanced greatly by analytical work by a number of people and organizations. Thanks to Paul Alexandre with the Queen?s Facility for Isotope Research, Queen?s University for sulfur and oxygen stable isotope analyses. Thanks to Dr. Shaun Barker and Michael Tucker with UBC for assistance with oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses. Thanks to Jenny Lai, Edith Czech and Dr. Mati Raudsepp with UBC for their assistance with XRD and Microprobe analyses and interpretations. Thanks to Andy Phillips with GNS Science, New Zealand for oxygen and deuterium stable isotope analyses.Thank you to all my fellow colleagues and friends at the University of British Columbia for making this a wonderful experience. Special thanks to Erin Looby, Leif Bailey, Britt Bluemel, Michael Tucker, Lauren Greenlaw, Irene del Real and Esther Bordet for their friendship, geologic insight, many dinners and evenings of scotch. You all made me feel at home in a foreign place and I am grateful. Thank you to Mike and Melissa McNulty for the family support.xiiiTo CassadyI love you!xiv11 IntroductionVolcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits are defined by Franklin et al. (2005) as stratabound accumulations of sulfide minerals that precipitated at or below the seafloor. These deposits are syngenetic with contemporaneous submarine volcanism and the precipitation of sulfide is the result of hot, buoyant hydrothermal fluid mixing with cold, ambient seawater (Ohmoto et al., 1983; Huston et al., 2010). Compared to other ore deposits, VHMS deposits are distinct in that they are common and occur throughout the Earth?s history where they are present in rocks as old as the Archean to as recent as black and white smoker vents found on the modern seafloor (Hannington et al., 2005). Ancient VHMS deposits are an important economic resource and account for a significant amount of Canada?s historic base and precious metal production (27% Cu, 49% Zn, 20% Pb, 40% Ag and 3% Au; Galley et al., 2007).Accumulations of sulfide ores on or near the seafloor form by two hydrothermal processes: (1) sulfide precipitation from exhaling hydrothermal fluids onto the seafloor through hydrothermal vents; and (2) sub-seafloor sulfide precipitation in the open space, or replacement of, volcanic/sedimentary rocks (e.g., Ohmoto and Skinner, 1983; Large, 1992; Doyle and Allen, 2003). Until the early 2000?s, the first mode of sulfide deposition was thought to be the dominant style owing to the discovery of sulfide chimneys and mound deposits on the seafloor with stratabound massive (>90%) sulfide-bodies and extensive stratigraphic footwall hydrothermal alteration. However, Doyle and Allen (2003) established criteria for discerning sub-seafloor from seafloor exhalative sulfide precipitation and, as a result, the former style has now been recognized as an important component of many ancient VHMS deposits.A topic of interest in VHMS ore-forming process research is the role of magmatic hydrothermal fluid input. Two metal-bearing hydrothermal fluid end-member sources have been proposed in the literature. Ohmoto and Rye (1974) proposed a seawater convection and leaching model where by seawater convection is driven by shallow intrusive bodies that result in >400?C seawater leaching of metals from a mainly mafic volcanic substrate. Urabe and Sato (1978) proposed a direct magmatic fluid input model where base and precious metals are transported in a magmatic volatile phase. Stable isotope studies of hydrothermal fluids from modern seafloor vents support both metal-bearing fluid sources (Hannington et al., 2005). However assessing the role of magmatic fluid in ancient VHMS systems has been difficult because the hydrothermal fluids cannot be directly measured and the majority of stable isotope studies show that VHMS hydrothermal systems are seawater-dominant (e.g., Rio Tinto; Munha et al., 1986).Approximately half of the global VHMS deposit tonnage was deposited during a 340 million year period of subduction and associated arc and back-arc volcanism along Paleozoic continental margins (Barrie and Hannington, 1999; Franklin et al., 2005). The preservation and economic significance of Paleozoic VHMS deposits has resulted in a substantial volume of research pertaining to Paleozoic deposit tectonic environments and ore-forming processes. Research of Neoproterozoic VHMS deposits, however, is lacking.The Neoproterozoic Alexander terrane-hosted polymetallic Niblack VHMS camp in southeast Alaska is a 2large-scale hydrothermal system with multiple sub-seafloor and seafloor exhalative sulfide deposits that formed in a short-lived, felsic volcanic-volcaniclastic rock package. The local stratigraphy is affected only by low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism and the original hydrothermal ore-mineral assemblages are intact. Extensive hydrothermal alteration to the host stratigraphy is associated with variations in base and precious metal contents. These variations reflect ore-forming processes in a Neoproterozoic VHMS environment and are examined here.1.1 Thesis ObjectivesThe Niblack VHMS camp is a unique study area that preserves evidence for Neoproterozoic tectonism and ore-forming processes. The uniqueness of the deposit prompted the five research objectives of this study:? Identify the lithological controls on sulfide mineralization.? Identify the distribution of hydrothermal alteration assemblages and associated sulfide mineralization at the Niblack VHMS camp.? Assess the Neoproterozoic tectonic setting of the camp stratigraphy.? Characterize the hydrothermal fluid signatures, and source of sulfur, and infer the source of metal-bearing fluids of the Niblack Mine, Lookout deposit and Trio zone.? Synthesize the results from objectives 1-4, develop a Niblack-type Neoproterozoic VHMS deposit model and establish criteria for mineral exploration in the Alexander terrane on Prince of Wales Island. 1.2 MethodologyFieldwork for this research was completed at Niblack during the summers of 2011 and 2012. In total, twelve weeks of dedicated time was spent at the project. Fieldwork during this time consisted of detailed drill core logging and sample collection. With the exception of some stable isotope analyses and lithogeochemistry (see below), the majority of analytical work was conducted at the University of British Columbia (UBC). 1.2.1 De tailed drill logsThe author examined a total of 3,615 meters of core from 32 diamond drill holes. Five VHMS deposits were examined with the majority of re-logging efforts focused on the Lookout deposit, Trio zone and Niblack Mine. Drill core examination included documenting rock type, structure, alteration mineral assemblages, sulfide mineralogy and textures in an excel database. Detailed graphic logs of volcanic lithofacies (Appendix A) were constructed and strip logs with geological, geochemical and shortwave infrared spectral data were generated in Geosoft? for comparison. Strip logs were plotted onto cross-sections and geology; sulfide mineralization and hydrothermal alteration cross-sections were created and geo-referenced in 3D.1.2.2 SamplesA number of samples were collected from drill core over the course of this study. Samples were collected from halved and quartered core for petrography, mineral identification, stable isotope analysis, whole rock geochemistry, and library reference. Drill core samples were collected from both hydrothermally altered and least-altered rocks. A complete list of collected samples are presented in Appendix B. Representative 3drill core sample photographs and rock scans were amassed for the majority of collected samples, as well as additional rock examples, to document rock types, alteration assemblages and mineralization textures.1.2.3 P etrographyRepresentative samples of hydrothermally altered and sulfide mineralized rock types were collected for petrographic analysis. Mineral assemblages, hydrothermal alteration and sulfide textures were determined by transmitted and reflected light microscopy. Microprobe analysis was completed on selected thin section samples to determine the mineral compositions of hydrothermal chlorite, sericite and sphalerite mineralization. The author completed all petrographic work at UBC. Microprobe methods and results are presented in Appendix E. 1.2.4 Shortwave infrared spectrosc opyIn total, 926 drill core samples were collected for shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral analysis to characterize phyllosilicate alteration mineralogy of different hydrothermal alteration assemblages identified at Niblack. The author completed all SWIR analysis with a TerraSpec? unit at the Mineral Deposit Research Unit (MDRU). The SWIR spectral results for chlorite, sericite and illite were verified with X-ray diffraction and microprobe techniques where applicable. The SWIR results were combined with petrographic and drill core observations to construct a Niblack hydrothermal alteration model. The application of SWIR analysis and results are discussed in Appendix C.1.2.5 LithogeochemistryIn total, 39 drill core samples were collected for whole rock major and trace element geochemical characterization. Lithogeochemical results from least-altered rock samples were used to assess the tectonic, magmatic and primary rock type geochemical signatures. The degree of hydrothermal alteration was assessed using geochemical alteration indices. Samples were analyzed in a single batch at Acme Labs, Vancouver, Canada. Whole rock geochemical sampling methods, results and QA/QC are presented in Appendix D.1.2.6 St able isotopesIn total, 48 stable isotope analyses were used to determine the hydrothermal fluid signatures and source of sulfur and to infer the source of metals at Niblack. The author performed sample preparation and oxygen-carbon stable isotope analyses at UBC. Sulfur, oxygen and oxygen-deuterium stable isotope samples were sent to commercial laboratories for analyses. Stable isotope sample methods and results are presented in Appendix F. 41.3 Thesis StructureThe results of the thesis are presented in a manuscript entitled ? Geology and Fluid Genesis of the Niblack Cu-Au-Zn-Ag VHMS Camp? that will be submitted to Economic Geology in early 2014 for publication. The structure of the thesis is as follows:? Section 1: Introduction? Section 2: Economic Geology Journal Manuscript? Section 3: Implications of Research and Recommendations for Future Work52 Geology and Fluid Genesis of the Niblack Cu-Au-Zn-Ag VHMS Camp2.1 IntroductionVolcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits are stratabound accumulations of sulfide minerals whose formation are directly related to submarine volcanism. These deposits form as a result of the mixing of hot, buoyant hydrothermal fluid and ambient seawater at or below the seafloor (Ohmoto et al., 1983; Huston et al., 2010). Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits occur worldwide in rock units as old as the Archean to the black smoker deposits forming on the seafloor today (Hannington et al., 2005).Intermediate depth intrusions (<15 km) in the oceanic crust are recognized as a key physical component in the formation of many VHMS hydrothermal systems. Magmatic activity results in the deposition of subaqueous coherent volcanic rocks, dikes and subvolcanic sills that provide heat and produce fluid convection cells in the oceanic crust. Shallow seawater (<2 km) volcanic depositional environments such as near-vent dome complexes and syn-depositional volcanic breccia and lapilli flows create the necessary host medium for precipitation of sulfides from circulating hydrothermal fluids (Doyle and Allen, 2003; Franklin et al., 2005; Huston et al., 2010).The fluids responsible for base and precious metal precipitation in VHMS deposits are derived from seawater and magmatic hydrothermal fluid sources (e.g., Large, 1992). Thermal convection of the hydrothermal fluids result in large-scale leaching of metals from underlying stratigraphic footwall rocks. The hot, buoyant, metal-rich fluid rises to the seafloor through synvolcanic faults and permeable strata, and mixes with ambient seawater to precipitate sulfide (Franklin et al., 1981). As a result of the dynamic settings of VHMS deposits, certain geologic characteristics (i.e., host rock geochemistry) reflect tectonic processes and others reflect ore-forming processes (i.e., hydrothermal alteration zoning). The isotopic signatures of hydrothermal fluids at active seafloor black smoker vents imply that magmatic volatiles can contribute chemical components to the hydrothermal system (Hannington et al., 2005). Therefore, the total budget of base and precious metals and sulfur in active seafloor vents may not be singularly leached from underlying volcanic rocks. Analyzing the chemical and isotopic compositions of cogenetic sulfide and phyllosilicate alteration minerals in ancient VHMS deposits can establish the sources of key ore-forming elements.The Neoproterozoic Niblack Cu-Au-Zn-Ag VHMS camp in southeast Alaska is a large-scale hydrothermal system with multiple deposits within a rapidly emplaced, felsic volcanic rock package. Sulfide mineralization is restricted to the 100-200 m thick host Niblack Felsic Succession (NFS). The property stratigraphy is only affected by low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism. Although the property stratigraphy has been affected by two folding events, locally the host rocks only show evidence for weak development of penetrative deformation fabrics. In these least-deformed rock units, there is minor recrystallization of the phyllosilicate-rich groundmass, primary volcanic textures are preserved, and sulfides lack annealed mineral 6boundaries. Therefore Niblack is an appropriate study area to assess the significance of hydrothermal fluid mixing and the possible contributions of a magmatic fluid in a VHMS system with stable isotope studies.Five massive sulfide deposits are examined in this study ? Niblack Mine, Lookout deposit, Trio zone, Mammoth zone and Dama zone. Each deposit is preserved in a different volcanic lithofacies at different stratigraphic levels in the host stratigraphy. The variations in the mode of sulfide deposition, base and precious metal concentrations and phyllosilicate alteration assemblages indicate changes in temperature and chemistry of the hydrothermal fluids. The diversity of these deposits is related to volcanic depositional settings and the physiochemical nature of the ore-forming fluids. Detailed geologic logs and petrography of drill core combined with lithogeochemistry is used to distinguish the volcanic lithofacies and geochemical signatures of the host rock stratigraphy. Immobile major and trace element geochemistry is used to evaluate the tectonic environment of the camp; major element results are used to characterize the geochemical signatures of hydrothermal alteration assemblages. Sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon stable isotopes compositions for hydrothermal minerals in paragenetic context with sulfide mineralization are used to identify the sources of hydrothermal fluids. The fluid thermal history is determined from the chemical composition of chlorite, variations in copper-zinc metal ratios and the distribution of alteration assemblages. The results are combined to characterize the metal-bearing fluid, assess the role of magmatic-hydrothermal fluid input and identify the physiochemical controls on mineralization at Niblack.2.2 Regional GeologyThe Niblack VHMS camp is on southern Prince of Wales Island (Fig. 2.1A) in southeast Alaska. Prince of Wales Island is part of the Alexander terrane, which together with the Wrangellia terrane, form the Insular Terrane of the Canadian Cordillera (Nelson and Colpron, 2007). The Alexander terrane originally formed in an intraoceanic arc setting near the equator during the Neoproterozoic (Gehrels et al., 1996). The terrane comprises of >10 km of marine sedimentary and volcanic strata, with plutonic rocks of Neoproterozoic and Middle Jurassic ages (Gehrels and Saleeby, 1987; Gehrels and Berg, 1994). The northern Alexander terrane is predominately Paleozoic continental shelf platform strata (Mihalynuk et al., 1993) that formed over a long period of volcanic quiescence during the Devonian. Deformed Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic volcanic arc rocks dominate the southern region of the terrane (Eberlein et al., 1983).The Alexander terrane accreted to the oceanic arc-derived (Sampson et al., 1989) Wrangellia terrane during the Late Carboniferous to form the Wrangellia superterrane. By the Middle Jurassic the Wrangellia superterrane amalgamated to the North American continent followed by extensive plutonism between 175 and 150 Ma (Nelson and Colpron, 2007). 713758571361305657132KJBCAKPrinceof Wales IslandAdmiralityIsland0 80 KmALASKAAlexander terraneNNBGCWCIntermontane terranesChugach terraneVHMS depositsPlutonic rock unitsStratified rock unitsVolcanic-hosted massive sulphide depositsMesozoicPaleozoicNeoproterozoicUndivided -Silurian and younger strataWales Group -Neoproterozoic through CambrianMoira Sound Unit - Ordovican through Lower SilurianDescon Formation -Ordovician through Silurian55o30'132oHigh-angle faultThrust faultFaultsLEGEND0 20 Km5 10 15Wales Group VHMS depositsMoira Sounds Unit VHMS deposit12746Niblack PropertyMap Area3589BAFIG 2.1 Terrane map of southeast Alaska and geology map of southern Prince of Wales Island A. Generalized map of southeastern Alaska (modified from Campbell and Dodds, 1993; Gehrels and Berg, 1992; Taylor et al., 2008) showing the extent of the Alexander terrane and locations of significant VHMS deposits in southeast Alaska. B. Simplified geologic map of southern Prince of Wales Island showing the location of the Niblack VHMS camp and other VHMS deposits hosted in the Wales Group and Moira Sound unit. Geology is after Eberlein et al. (1983), Gehrels (1990, 1992), Slack et al. (2005), and Oliver et al. (2011, in prep). VHMS locations are shown by red squares and circles: (1) Niblack; (2) Luela zone; (3) Ruby Tuesday; (4) Khayyam; (5) Stumble-On; (6) Big Harbor; (7) Moira Copper; (8) Nicholas Bay; and (9) Barrier Islands. Figure abbreviations: WC=Windy Craggy; GC=Greens Creek; NB=Niblack; J=Juneau; K=Ketchikan; AK=Alaska; BC=British Columbia.82.3 Geology of Southern Prince of Wales IslandThe Alexander terrane is divided into the Admiralty and Craig sub-terranes. The latter forms the basement of southern Prince of Wales Island (Fig. 2.1B). The Craig sub-terrane is subdivided into four stratified rock packages, first by Eberlein et al. (1983) and subsequently by Slack et al. (2005). From oldest to youngest: (1) Neoproterozoic through Cambrian Wales Group; (2) Ordovician through Lower Silurian Moira Sound unit; (3) Ordovician through Silurian Descon Formation; and (4) Silurian and younger strata of the Heceta Limestone and Bay of Pillars Formation. As a result of the ~554 Ma Wales Orogeny, the Wales Group is characterized by isoclinal to recumbently folded, lower-greenschist to upper-amphibolite facies, metamorphosed arc-type volcanic, plutonic and lesser sedimentary strata (Gehrels et al., 1983; Gehrels et al., 1987). Post-Wales Orogeny stratigraphy consists of stratified volcanic rock units and lesser sedimentary rock units of the Moira Sound unit and sedimentary strata dominant Descon Formation (Slack et al., 2005). A second deformation event (Late Silurian), named the Klakas Orogeny by Gehrels et al. (1987), generated open folds, penetrative region fabric and greenschist facies metamorphism of the Wales Group, Moira Sound unit and Descon Formation. The Wales Group is discernible from the Moira Sound unit by the presence of two intersecting deformation fabrics from the Wales and Klakas orogenic events in the Wales Group, whereas the younger stratigraphy has only one deformation fabric. 2.4 VHMS Mineralization in the Alexander TerraneThere were three VHMS events in the Alexander terrane, and the two oldest of these are represented on Prince of Wales Island. The oldest events formed deposits in the Wales Group (>485 Ma) and in the Moira Sound unit (ca. 485-440 Ma; Slack et al., 2005). The youngest event, during Late Triassic (220 Ma) rifting of the Alexander terrane (Taylor et al., 2008), formed the Greens Creek Zn-Pb-Ag-Au VHMS camp on Admiralty Island, southeast Alaska (Fig. 2.1A), and the Windy Craggy Cu-Co-Au VHMS deposit, in northwestern British Columbia, Canada (Fig. 2.1A).The largest deposits on Prince of Wales Island are Neoproterozoic in age and include the Khayyam Cu-Zn-Ag, the Stumble-On Cu-Zn-Ag, the Ruby Tuesday Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag and the Niblack Cu-Au-Zn-Ag camps (Fig. 2.1B). The camps consists of multiple sulfide-lenses at different stratigraphic levels in meta-rhyolite, meta-basalt, meta-volcaniclastic rocks and meta-exhalative sedimentary host strata (Kucinski, 1987; Mass et al., 1996; Terry and Gibson, 1998). These deposits contain elevated gold and silver concentrations and are copper-zinc rich relative to lead, with the exception of the Ruby Tuesday camp. The smaller, Paleozoic Moira Sound unit deposits (Fig. 2.1B) are hosted in mafic to felsic meta-volcanosedimentary rocks and include the Moira Copper Cu-Zn deposit and Cu-Zn?Ag occurrences on the Barrier Islands and in Nicholas Bay (Wright and Wright, 1908; Slack et al., 2005).The Lookout deposit, Trio zone and Niblack Mine are economically significant. The estimated metal resource of the Lookout deposit is 5,638,000 tonnes of indicated resource at 0.95% copper, 1.75 g/t gold, 1.73% zinc, and 29.52 g/t silver; and 1,023,000 tonnes of inferred resource at 0.73% copper, 1.42 g/t gold, 1.17% zinc and 21.63 g/t silver (Nowak et al., 2011). The Trio zone has an inferred metal resource of 92,370,000 tonnes at 1.00% copper, 1.11 g/t gold, 1.56% zinc, and 16.56 g/t silver (Nowak et al., 2011). The historic Niblack Mine operated from 1902 to 1909 and produced 205,000 tons of ore grading 3.2% copper, 0.4 oz/ton gold, and 0.7 oz/ton silver; zinc was not reported (Peek, 1975; Barrie and Kyle 1988).2.5 Niblack GeologyThe Niblack stratigraphic sequence (Fig. 2.2) consists of Wales Group and Moira Sound unit strata. The Wales Group is structurally juxtaposed against the younger Moira Sound unit and is bounded to the north by the Niblack Thrust Fault and to the south by the Deer Creek Thrust Fault (Fig. 2.2; Oliver et al., in prep). This structural framework preserves and exposes the older Wales Group within a region of Prince of Wales Island dominated by the Moira Sound unit (Fig. 2.1B). There is a contentious history for stratigraphic correlations between the Niblack area and regional equivalents. Gehrels et al. (1996) obtained a U-Pb zircon age of 595 ?20 Ma for a quartz crystal-rich felsic tuff at Niblack. This result suggested the Niblack host rocks were deposited in the Neoproterozoic and were therefore part of the Wales Group. However, Slack et al. (2005) argued that the rocks at Niblack show only one deformation event with greenschist facies metamorphism, and suggested the stratigraphy was deposited post-Wales orogeny, belonging to the Moira Sound unit. Additional support for the younger inferred age is provided by a U-Pb zircon age of 476 ?1.5 Ma from a sample of ?Niblack rhyolite tuff? (Karl et al., 2009). This result would imply the zircon dated by Gehrels et al. (1996) was inherited from older basement rocks.Five samples of the Niblack Felsic Succession were dated by high-precision zircon U-Pb age dating by Oliver et al. (2011; in prep). Rock samples of rhyolite flow, quartz-rich ash tuff, quartz-feldspar phyric sill, and fine-grained blue felsic sill/dike were dated. The samples yielded weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages with an average of 565 ?1.25 Ma (Oliver et al. 2011; in prep ). These results demonstrate that the exposed corridor of Niblack VHMS host felsic stratigraphy is part of the Neoproterozoic Wales Group and not the Early Paleozoic Moira Sound unit.2.5.1 Wales Group stratigraphy The local stratigraphy consists of mafic and felsic volcanic sequence of flows, domes and volcaniclastic rock types overlain by interlayered mafic derived volcanosedimentary wacke, siltstones and pillowed basalt flows. Based on several generations of detailed fieldwork and drill core logs (Proffett, 1980; Brewer, 1989; Adamson and Gray, 1995a; Price, 1996; Lindberg, 1997; Oliver et al., in prep) the local Wales Group stratigraphy has been subdivided into three stratigraphic units (Fig. 2.3): (1) Niblack stratigraphic footwall; (2) Niblack Felsic Succession (NFS); and (3) Niblack stratigraphic hanging wall.The stratigraphic footwall consists of a thick, laterally extensive package of intermediate flows with intervals of argillaceous lithic wackes and poorly bedded intermediate tuffaceous rocks. The top of the stratigraphic footwall consists of non-magnetic, amygdaloidal mafic flow in contact with the NFS. At depth, 10FIG 2.2 Niblack geology, VHMS deposit locations and U-Pb geochronology sample locations map from Oliver et al. (2011; in prep ). Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits include (1) Lookout deposit; (2)Trio zone; (3) Dama zone; (4) Mammoth zone; (5) Niblack Mine; (6) Lindsy zone; and (7) Luela zone. Surface U-Pb geochronology samples are (A) Lookout Mountain and (B) Luela Lake. Drill core U-Pb geochronology samples are (C) U029, (D) LO141, (E) U006, and (F) LO06. Inset map shows the location of VHMS deposits and cross-sections traces for figures 2.10, 2.11, 2.14 and 2.16.D1D1D21234576ABEFDC362,102 N360,883 N1,180,000 N1,176,000 ft N914,400 E915,619 E916,838 E3,012,000 E3,016,000 EMafic dikes and sillsBlue felsic sills & dikesQuartz-feldspar phyric sillUndivided volcaniclastic rocksIntrusive Rock UnitsStratified Rock UnitsSymbols:1-7A-BLocation of VHMS depositsU-Pb geochronology surface sample locationsC-F U-Pb geochronology drill collar sample locationsStratigraphic hanging wallNiblack felsic volcaniclastic Stratigraphic footwallMoira Sound StrataWales Group StrataD1D20 1,200 m600300 900Antiform fold axisOverturned synform fold axisThrust faultNormal and strike slip faultsNNiblack exploration driftFIG 2.4Section Trace Niblack AnchorageLake LuelaMyrtle LakeNiblack Thrust FaultDeer Creek Thrust FaultD212345AA?BB?C?C DD?EE?GG?FF?0 600 m300611this rock unit pinches out, representing a paleo-lateral transition to distal volcanic-volcanosedimentary lithofacies of juvenile tuffaceous and wacke rock types.The NFS hosts six deposits at three stratigraphic levels in pyroclastic felsic volcanic rock types with lesser coherent rhyolite flows (Fig. 2.3). Intrusive rocks include syn-mineral blue felsic (Bf) sills/dikes, quartz-feldspar phyric (QFP) sill and variably thick, post-mineral mafic dikes. The stratigraphic hanging wall consists of moderately to strongly magnetic, reworked mafic volcanosedimentary and pillowed mafic flow rock types. The sequence varies from massive, coarse-medium grained juvenile wackes to fine-medium grained laminated mafic siltstones. The lithological contact between the QFP and the hanging wall is obscured by post-VHMS deformation and the intrusion of mafic dikes. The hydrothermal system does not extend beyond the QFP sill, with exception of local pyritic laminations in cherty siltstone immediately above the NFS (Nowak et al., 2011).2.5.2 Moira Sound unit stratigraphy Rocks of the Moira Sound unit crop out north of the Niblack and south of the Deer Creek Thrust Faults (Fig. 2.2). A stratified series of non-magnetic, bedded mafic ash tuffs, bedded siltstones and magnetic mafic volcaniclastic rocks occur north of the Niblack Thrust Fault (Fig. 2.2) and are interpreted as deep-marine turbidites (Oliver et al., in prep ). A similar sequence of argillaceous lithic wackes, conglomerates and mafic tuffs outcrop on the south side of the Deer Creek Thrust Fault (Fig. 2.2) and are interpreted by Oliver et al. (in prep) as part of the Moira Sound unit.MoiraSoundUnitWales GroupDeer Creek &Niblack ThrustsStratigraphicHanging WallStratigraphicFootwallNiblack Felsic SuccessionNIBLACK MINELOOKOUT DEPOSITTRIO ZONEACFDNiblack Anchorage StratigraphyPillowed Basalt Flow(s)Mafic VolcanicInterlayered Siltstone-WackeQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillFelsic VolcaniclasticRhyolite Flow/DomeIntermediate to Mafic Interlayered TuffGeology ExplanationLookout Mt: 565.2 ? 1.0 MaU029: 565.3 ? 0.4 MaLO206-723: ca 561-570 MaLO141-290: 565.1 ? 0.4 Ma U-Pb Geochronology Summary050 mACFDFIG. 2.3 Niblack schematic stratigraphic column showing key rock units and relative locations of Niblack VHMS deposits. U-Pb geochronology results are from Oliver et al. (2011; in prep).122.5.3 Niblack area deformation and metamorphic relationships The Wales Group was affected by two orogenic deformation events. The first event inverted the Niblack stratigraphy during regional scale recumbent folding. The second event refolded the stratigraphy sub-orthogonal to the F1 fold axis and formed asymmetrical southeast plunging folds. Detailed outcrop mapping and drill core logs (Oliver et al., 2011; in prep ) identified two (F1 and F2), penetrative deformation fabrics. The effects of the D1 event are best observed in drill core and are defined by a locally preserved S1 planar fabric with variable orientation and dip directions due to a penetrative S2 deformation fabric. The D2 event produced the dominant S2 planar fabric at Niblack with consistent orientation and dip directions of 209?/72? (Oliver et al., in prep). In both cases the deformation fabrics are defined by the variable alignment of chlorite and sericite. The metamorphic grade at Niblack is inferred to be lower-greenschist facies based on two metamorphic mineral assemblages: (1) chlorite + albite + zoisite + quartz ? carbonate ? sphene assemblage affecting mafic rock types of the Wales Group and Moira Sound unit; and (2) sericite + chlorite + quartz assemblage affecting felsic rocks of the Wales Group. These metamorphic assemblages define the S1 and S2 planar deformation fabrics (Oliver et al., in prep ) and are consistent with lower-greenschist facies metamorphism in mafic and felsic protoliths. There is no mineralogical or petrographic evidence to suggest the D2 lower-greenschist facies metamorphic assemblages overprinted a D1 amphibolite facies metamorphic event. The D1 event is therefore interpreted to have occurred under similar, lower-greenschist facies metamorphic conditions as the D2 event (Oliver et al., in prep).The most significant effect of deformation at Niblack was textural as a result of variations in rock strain. This is evident by the variable alignment of pre-existing mineral phases and metamorphic mineral assemblages such as pressure shadows around quartz phenocrysts in rhyolite flows. Variations in pyrite grain aspect ratios suggest variable strain effects on the stratigraphy (Oliver et al., in prep ) as observed at the Luela zone (Fig. 2.2), which has recrystallized and deformed pyrite grains with aspect ratios that exceed 5:1. There is significant variation in the degree of recrystallization from metamorphism and folding at Niblack because of the heterogeneous felsic stratigraphy. As a result, the host stratigraphy locally lacks evidence of recrystallization of alteration and ore minerals.132.6 Niblack Wales Group Stratigraphy Niblack hosts six VHMS deposits ? Lookout, Trio, Niblack Mine, Mammoth, Dama, and Lindsy (Fig. 2.2). The Lindsy zone is a small occurrence and is not further considered here. The geographic distribution of the deposits is controlled by D2 fold repetitions of the NFS (Fig. 2.4). The Lookout deposit and Trio zone are on the overturned, southwestern limb of a D2 antiformal syncline (Fig. 2.4). The two deposits are ~1,000 m apart along a west strike and are at different stratigraphic levels. The Lookout deposit is stratigraphically higher, near the stratigraphic hanging wall contact. The Trio zone is lower in the stratigraphy near the stratigraphic footwall contact. The Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones are on the northeastern limb of the corresponding D2 synformal anticline (Fig. 2.4). The Niblack Mine and Mammoth zone are stratigraphically higher near the stratigraphic hanging wall contact and the Dama zone is lower near the stratigraphic footwall contact. An unknown amount of stratigraphic section is missing owing to erosion and the original stratigraphic distance between the Niblack Mine and Lookout deposit is unknown.The classification of VHMS systems are based on camp-scale volcanic and sedimentary lithofacies and petrochemical signatures (Franklin et al., 2005; Piercey, 2007). Detailed graphic logs of the Niblack Wales Group stratigraphic sequence from represented drill holes of each deposit were completed to identify the volcanic depositional settings at Niblack. From these results whole rock lithogeochemical samples were selected from appropriate drill core samples to determine the petrochemical signatures of the camp host rocks in order to accurately classify the Niblack camp VHMS system.FIG 2.4 Schematic cross section through the Niblack Camp showing the relative location of the VHMS deposits of interest in the study.670 m457 m305 m152 m0 m-152 m-305 mElevation???? ?PortalNortheastern limb of Synformal AnticlineSouthwest Limb of Antiformal SynclineNiblackFelsicSuccessionNiblack StratigraphicHanging WallNiblackStratigraphic FootwallTrio ZoneLookout DepositLookout Deposit?MammothZoneDama Zone?HistoricNiblack MineNiblack Thrust FaultSouth NorthMoiraSound Unit142.6.1 Niblack stratigraphic footwall rock typesThe immediate stratigraphic footwall rocks are light green, non-magnetic fine- to medium-grained intermediate and mafic flows and tuffs (Figs. 2.5A-B). Mafic flows are massive with 3-6%, tabular plagioclase phenocrysts (<2 mm). The matrix of intermediate tuffs consists of angular grains of amphibole-feldspar ? quartz (0.4-2 mm) with 3-5%, thin elongated, white to dark green mafic lithic fragments.2.6.2 Niblack F elsic Succession rock typesThe NFS is a 100-200 m thick sequence of felsic volcanic pyroclastic rocks and lesser coherent rhyolite flows, related autobreccias and intrusive units. Nine distinct rock sub-units are identified from detailed drill logs and petrography (Figs. 2.5C-M). Felsic pyroclastic rock types are typically interbedded on the meter scale and locally transition from one to the other in reverse and normally graded beds that locally have sharp erosional contacts.2.6.2.1 Quartz-rich ash tuff and quartz-rich lapilli tuffThese rock types are green to gray, fine- to medium-grained pyroclastic rocks composed of quartz and feldspar crystals (Figs. 2.5C-E). Quartz-rich ash tuffs transition gradationally to quartz-rich lapilli tuff to form normally graded beds. Both rock types contain up to 10% blue quartz pyroclasts (2-4 mm). The quartz-rich lapilli tuff has 15-30%, 1-3 cm, white to green, flattened rhyolite fragments with a fine-grained groundmass and up to 5% round quartz (1-2 mm) and tabular feldspar (2-3 mm) phenocrysts.In thin section, the matrix of both rock types consists of interlocking, <0.5 mm quartz + albite ? chlorite and/or sericite. Blue quartz pyroclasts in thin section are subhedral with internal fractures and undulating extinction, and locally display primary volcanic textures (i.e., embayed crystal margins; Figs. 2.6A-B). Lesser albite pyroclasts are elongate and angular with variable sericite-epidote alteration overprints. Lapilli rhyolite fragments have an aphanitic groundmass of quartz + feldspar and support up to 5% tabular albite (<2 mm) with albite twinning and subhedral quartz (<2 mm) phenocrysts. 2.6.2.2 Monolithic and he terolithic volcanic brecciasMonolithic volcanic breccias are pyroclastic rocks with >30% angular to subrounded rhyolite blocks, 3-6 cm and up to meters in diameter (Fig. 2.5F). These blocks are white to gray with gray quartz and white feldspar phenocrysts (2-4 mm) in a fine- to medium-grained quartz + feldspar groundmass. The supporting pyroclastic matrix is green to gray, fine- to medium-grained, and has up to 10% blue quartz pyroclasts (2-4 mm). Heterolithic volcanic breccias are pyroclastic rocks with >30% total fragments of rhyolite blocks and basaltic clasts that are supported in the same pyroclastic matrix with the same size and morphology of rhyolite blocks as the monolithic volcanic breccia (Fig. 2.5G). Basaltic fragments are sub-angular, 1-3 cm in size, non-magnetic, fine-grained, green, gray and tan; and locally white tabular feldspar-phyric (2-3 mm). 15FIG 2.5 Photographs of typical Niblack rock types form drill core. A. Example of pillow structure in a chlorite-pyrite altered nonmagnetic mafic flow (Lookout). B. Intermediate tuff (Lookout). C. Chlorite-pyrite altered quartz-rich ash tuff with accessory angular lithics (Lookout). D. Strong chlorite-magnetite altered quartz-rich crystal ash tuff (Niblack Mine). E. Weakly sericite altered, quartz-rich crystal lapilli tuff (Trio). F. Weakly altered monolithic volcanic breccia (Lookout). G. Weakly chlorite-pyrite altered heterolithic volcanic breccia (Lookout). H. Sericite altered ash tuff (Lookout). I. Chlorite-pyrite altered lithic ash tuff (Trio). J. Flow banded rhyolite (Trio). K. Rhyolite autobreccia with silica-sericite-pyrite infill (Trio). L. Quartz-feldspar phyric (QFP) sill (Lookout). M. Aphanitic, moderately magnetic blue felsic (Bf) sill/dike (Trio). N. Example of fining-upwards sedimentary structures in mafic wacke and siltstone (Lookout). O. Magnetic, pillow basalt (Lookout). Figure abbreviations: NFS=Niblack Felsic Succession; Qtz=quartz; Fsp=feldspar; Abx=autobrecciaOPillowPillowU075 Hanging Wall Basalt @ 278 mNFining DirectionFlame StructureU088 Hanging Wall Sediments @ 192 mBLO181 Footwall Intermediate Tuff @ 152 mAPillowLO181 Footwall Mafic Flow @ 148 mL FspBlue QtzU049 Qtz-Fsp Phyric Sill @ 271 mU044 Ash Tuff @ 330 mHGU034 Heterolithic Volcanic Breccia @ 241 mJKFlow FabricRhyoliteFragmentFlow FabricLO206 Rhyolite Flow @ 143 mLO206 Abx @ 205 mEC Blue QtzLapilliLithicsBlue QtzLO125 Quartz-Rich Lapilli Tuff @ 158 mU095 Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff @ 333 m1 cmLO206 Lithic Ash Tuff @ 112 mILithicsBasaltFragmentRhyoliteFragmentFLO182 Monolithic Volcanic Breccia @ 89 mRhyoliteBlockS166 Blue Felsic Sill @ 395 mMDLO65 Qtz Ash Tuff @ 29 mBlue Qtz1 cm 1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cm 1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cm16In thin section, both rock types have interlocking, <0.5 mm quartz + feldspar ? chlorite ? sericite matrix. Blue quartz pyroclasts are subhedral with internal fractures. Lesser albite pyroclasts are angular shards with variable sericite-epidote alteration overprint, locally with albite twinning. 2.6.2.3 Ash tuffAsh tuffs (Fig. 2.5H) are a volumetrically minor pyroclastic unit and the least laterally extensive. These rocks are relatively thin do not exceed 5 m of total thickness and form abrupt depositional contacts with all NFS rock types. The matrix is green to gray, fine-grained and lacks quartz and feldspar pyroclasts in hand sample. In thin section, the matrix is homogenous (<0.25 mm) and consists of angular interlocking quartz + feldspar ? chlorite and/or sericite (Fig. 2.6C).2.6.2.4 Lithic ash tuffLithic ash tuffs occur at the base of the NFS and are 10-30 m in total thickness. These volcaniclastic rocks have 5-30% angular to sub-angular volcanic lithic fragments hosted in a gray to green matrix with 5-10% blue to gray, internally fractured quartz pyroclasts (2-4 mm)(Fig. 2.5I). Lithic fragments vary in mineral compositions and textures from white to gray quartz-feldspar phyric rhyolite, fine-grained white rhyolite, and green to gray fine- to medium-grained feldspar-phyric basalt. The abundance of heterolithic volcanic fragments suggests that this unit had a greater degree of volcanosedimentary reworking than the other NFS pyroclastic rocks. The rhyolite fragments are the largest, 2-6 cm, with smaller basaltic fragments, 1-3 cm. In thin section the matrix consists of interlocking quartz + feldspar ? chlorite and/or sericite supporting 2-4 mm quartz pyroclasts. 2.6.2.5 Rhyolite flowsRhyolite flows occur at the Lookout deposit, Trio and Dama zones, and are volumetrically significant and laterally extensive at the latter two zones (15-45 m total thicknesses). A rhyolite flow is present in the structural footwall of the Blue Bell Fault at the Lookout deposit. Flows are white to light green and have an aphanitic groundmass with 5-15% round quartz phenocrysts (1-3 mm)(Figs. 2.5J-K). Locally the alignment of quartz phenocrysts defines relict flow banding. The tops and bottoms of individual flows can have variably thick autoclastic rhyolite flow breccias that have jigsaw-fit textures with fine-grained quartz + feldspar ? pyrite + sericite infill and are compositionally identical to the parent flow. In appearance, the rhyolite flows are different than the coarser-grained, equigranular rhyolite blocks of the volcanic breccia rocks. In thin section, the groundmass is microcrystalline quartz + feldspar ? interstitial sericite (Fig. 2.6D). Round quartz phenocrysts (0.5-3 mm) are internally intact and locally embayed. Tabular, subhedral (0.5-2 mm) feldspar phenocrysts are rare and can display albite twinning.2.6.2.6 Quartz-f eldspar phyric sillA 10-50 m thick QFP sill, with a fine- to medium-grained quartz-feldspar groundmass, intrudes the top 17of the NFS (Fig. 2.5L). The groundmass is green to gray with 5-10% blue quartz phenocrysts (3-5 mm) and 3-6% white plagioclase phenocrysts (3-5 mm). In thin section, the groundmass consists of subhedral equigranular quartz and feldspar (<0.75 mm) with interstitial chlorite + magnetite + epidote + carbonate ? sericite. Quartz and feldspar phenocrysts are subhedral and define an intrusive, porphyritic texture (Fig. 2.6E).2.6.2.7 Blue f elsic sills and dikesVariably thick (5-20 m), magnetic, blue to dark gray aphanitic blue felsic (Bf) sills and dikes with >2% quartz and feldspar phenocrysts (1-2 mm) crosscut the NFS (Fig. 2.5M). In thin section, the aphanitic groundmass has quartz and feldspar interstitial with magnetite ? sericite (Fig. 2.6F). Rare quartz and albite-twinned feldspar phenocrysts are subhedral and >0.25 mm in diameter.2.6.3 Niblack stratigraphic hanging wall rock typesThe immediate stratigraphic hanging wall of the NFS consists of dark gray to green, fine- to medium-grained mafic wackes and bedded mafic siltstones that have well-preserved sedimentary feature (Fig. 2.5N). Way-up indicators in siltstones are normally graded bedding of medium-grained wacke and siltstone to fine-grained siltstone and flame structures along sharp contacts between siltstone and wacke rock types. These younging direction features indicate the stratigraphic hanging wall sequence, and subsequently the Wales Group stratigraphy, is inverted. Basalt flows are dark green, with a fine- to medium-grained groundmass and locally host 2-5% white plagioclase phenocrysts (Fig. 2.5O). Pillow structures are best preserved in FIG 2.6 Photomicrographs of typical volcanic and igneous textures of NFS rock types. A. Well preserved volcanic textures, with embayed and internally fractured quartz crystals in weakly sericite-chlorite altered quartz-rich crystal ash tuff (Trio). B. Strong chlorite-sericite altered interlocking quartz-feldspar pyroclastic matrix with chalcopyrite mineralization in quartz crystal-rich ash tuff (Lookout). C. Weak sericite-chlorite-pyrite alteration of interlocking primary feldspar and quartz pyroclastic matrix of ash tuff (Lookout). D. Moderately sericite-pyrite altered rhyolite flow, note the euhedral quartz phenocrysts and the lack of alignment of sericite grains (Trio). E. Weak sericite and chlorite alteration with relatively fresh feldspar phenocrysts and intact quartz phenocrysts in QFP sill (Lookout). F. Weak sericite and carbonate alteration with unaltered fine-grained tabular feldspar phenocrysts and intact quartz phenocrysts in Bf sill/dike (Mammoth).XPL; FOV: 7.8 mm; U035 @ 271.2 m XPL; FOV: 4.2 mm; U006 @ 285.3 mPPL; FOV: 2 mm; LO128 @ 134.8 m XPL; FOV: 1 mm; U032 @ 270.9 m XPL; FOV: 2 mm; U095 @ 285.3 mXPL; FOV: 7.8 mm; LO207 @ 201.7 mE FA CDBQtz FspQtzQtzAlbite Twinned FspQtzQtzQtzCcpAlbite Twinned FspEmbayedCrystal MarginInternalFractures18surface outcrops and are also locally observed in drill core. Disseminated alteration in both rock types includes >0.5 mm chlorite, epidote and carbonate and 0.5-2 mm magnetite porphyroblasts.2.7 Hydrothermal Alteration Assemblages Hydrothermal alteration is extensive throughout the NFS and includes chlorite, sericite (fine-grained muscovite), sulfide, magnetite, hematite, epidote and carbonate minerals. Understanding the camp-scale and deposit-scale distribution of hydrothermal alteration assemblages at Niblack is an important component for identifying VHMS ore-forming processes and selecting meaningful microprobe and stable isotope geochemistry analytical samples. Seven alteration assemblages are recognized based on detailed drill core logs, petrography, shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral analysis and microprobe chemistry, and are subdivided into three spatial groups: (1) ore-alteration; (2) ore-proximal; and (3) ore-distal (Table 2.1).2.7.1 Chlorite-rich alterationChlorite-rich alteration and copper-dominant sulfide mineralization is prominent at the Lookout deposit and Niblack Mine. Typical chlorite-rich alteration at Lookout has 1:1 Cu:Zn ratios and 3:1 Cu:Zn ratios at the Niblack Mine. Precious metal contents are variable, however are generally 1:10 Au:Ag at both deposits.In hand sample, this alteration type is green with pervasive chlorite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite ? sericite and carbonate in the matrix of all felsic pyroclastic rock types at Lookout (Fig. 2.7A). Rhyolite and basaltic fragments are unaltered and unmineralized with intact margins. At the Niblack Mine chlorite occurs as fine-grained shreddy masses, intergrown with sulfide or disseminated with magnetite (Fig. 2.7B). In thin section, 5-25% shreddy chlorite masses (<0.5 mm) are medium green with clear to medium green pleochroism in plane-polarized light and have first order brown and red interference colors in cross-polarized light (Fig. 2.7G). 2.7.2 Sericite-rich alterationSericite-rich alteration and zinc-dominant sulfide mineralization occurs at the Lookout deposit and Trio zone. This style of alteration is typically associated with Cu:Zn ratios >1:2 and Au:Ag ratios >1:20. In *from microprobe analysisnm=nanometers; SWIR=Shortwave Infrared Spectroscopy; L=Lookout deposit; N=Niblack Mine; T=Trio zone; D=Dama zone; M=Mammoth zone Table ?2.1. ?SWIR ?characteristics ?and ?chlorite ?compositions ?of ?Niblack ?hydrothermal ?alteration ?assemblages ?Alteration ?Assemblage ?Mineralization ? Spatial ?Group ?SWIR ?Absorption ?Feature ?(nm) ?*Average ?Fe/Fe+Mg ?Deposit ?Chlorite-??Rich ? 1:1 ?Cu:Zn ?& ?1:10 ?Au:Ag ? ore-??alteration ? 2250-??2258 ?FeOH ? 0.42 ? L ?Mg-??Rich ?Chlorite ? 3:1 ?Cu:Zn ?& ?1:10 ?Au:Ag ? ore-??alteration ? 2250-??2258 ?FeOH ? 0.38 ? N ?Sericite-??Rich ? 1:2 ?Cu:Zn ?& ?1:20 ?Au:Ag ? ore-??alteration ? 2199-??2216 ?AlOH ? -?? ? L, ?T ?Chl-??Mag ?? ?Ep ? unmineralized ? ore-??proximal ? 2250-??2259 ?FeOH ? 0.54 ? L ?Chl-??Py-??Cb ? unmineralized ? ore-??proximal ? 2252-??2256 ?FeOH ? 0.40 ? L ?Chl-??Cb ?? ?Hm ? unmineralized ? ore-??proximal ? 2248-??2257 ?FeOH ? -?? ? M, ?D ?Sericite-??Pyrite ? ? ?Cu; ?anomalous ?Au, ?Ag ? ore-??distal ? 2195-??2199 ?AlOH ? -?? ? L, ?T, ?D ? ?19FIG 2.7 Photographs and photomicrographs of typical Niblack alteration types and textures from drill core. A. Chlorite-rich alteration of monolithic volcanic breccia with semi-massive and net-texture pyrite-chalcopyrite-yellow sphalerite mineralization (Lookout). B. Mg-rich chlorite alteration with disseminated magnetite of quartz-rich ash tuff (Niblack Mine). C. Sericite-rich alteration of quartz-rich lapilli tuff with fine-grained, net-textured sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrite mineralization (Lookout). D. Disseminated magnetite-chlorite alteration and gradational contact of chlorite-rich sulfide bearing alteration of quartz-rich crystal tuff (Lookout). E. Pervasive chlorite-pyrite-carbonate alteration of quartz-rich crystal tuff (Lookout). F. Pervasive, fine-grained chlorite-carbonate-hematite alteration of felsic ash tuff (Mammoth). G. Reflective light and plane-polarized light photomicrographs of chlorite-rich alteration. H. Reflective light and plane-polarized light photomicrographs of sericite-rich alteration. Note the lack of annealed sulfide mineral boundaries and only local alignment of sericite and chlorite alteration minerals in Figures 2.7G-H. Figure abbreviations: Ccp=chalcopyrite; Chl=chlorite; FOV=field of view; Ga=galena; Mag=magnetite; Py=pyrite; RFL=reflected light; Ser=sericite; Sp=sphalerite; XPL=cross polarized light D(P). Mag-Chl & Chl-Rich Alteration1 cmMag+Chl Chl+SulfideE. Chl-Py-Cb Alteration1 cmF. Chl-Cb-Hm Alteration1 cmA. Chl-Rich Alteration1 cmC. Ser-Rich Alteration1 cmB. Mg-Rich Chlorite Alteration1 cmH. FOV 1 mm; Sericite-Rich AlterationPyPyCcpCcpSpSerChlRFLXPLG. FOV 2 mm; Chlorite-Rich AlterationRFLPPLPySpCcpGaChlChl20hand sample, this alteration is gray with pervasive sericite-sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrite ? chlorite and carbonate in the matrix of all felsic pyroclastic rock types (Fig. 2.7C). Rhyolite and basaltic fragments are unaltered and unmineralized with preserved margins. Disseminated sericite masses are fine-grained and intergrown with sulfide. In thin section, 5-20% bladed irregular sericite masses (<0.5 mm) are colorless in plane-polarized light and have second to third order blue to pink interference colors in cross-polarized light (Fig. 2.7H). 2.7.3 Chlorite-magnetite ? epidote alterationChlorite-magnetite ? epidote alteration at the Lookout deposit occurs at two stratigraphic levels. The alteration affects the lower 5-20 m of the QFP sill and forms 0.5-5 m thick, laterally extensive zones at the base of sulfide lenses. This alteration lacks sulfides and economic metals, is pervasive in the QFP groundmass and matrix of felsic pyroclastic rocks and can have sharp contacts with sulfide-bearing alteration or gradational contacts with variable combinations of magnetite-sulfide mixes (Fig. 2.7D).In hand sample, this alteration occurs as disseminations and/or in veinlets. Disseminated alteration of the groundmass includes 3-6% irregular chlorite masses (1-2 mm), 1-10% cubic magnetite (<1 mm) and 1% granular, apple-green epidote (1-2 mm). In thin section, irregular and shreddy chlorite masses are interstitial with the primary quartz-feldspar groundmass and secondary quartz-epidote veinlets, are light green with clear to light green pleochroism in plane-polarized light and have first order red and gray interference colors in cross-polarized light. 2.7.4 Chlorite-pyrite-carbonate alterationThis alteration type occurs as a 5-30 m thick zone at the top of the NFS below the QFP sill at Lookout. Chlorite-pyrite-carbonate alteration is pervasive in the matrix of volcanic breccias, ash tuffs, quartz-rich ash tuff and quartz-rich lapilli tuff rock types (Fig. 2.7E). This alteration lacks base metals, but can contain elevated gold and silver (0.5-1 g/t Au and 5-20 g/t Ag).In hand sample, up to 10% disseminated pyrite is common with 5-8% disseminated chlorite and 1-3% carbonate and volcanic fragments have discrete and unaltered margins. In thin section, chlorite-pyrite-carbonate have an interlocking texture with primary volcanic minerals. Irregular and shreddy chlorite masses are light green with clear to light green pleochroism and have first order brown and red interference colors in cross-polarized light. 2.7.5 Chlorite-carbonate ? hematite alterationThis alteration affects rocks at the Mammoth and Dama zones. At the Mammoth zone, this alteration type occurs as a 1-5 m zone stratigraphically below sulfide mineralization and a 10-15 m thick zone above sulfide mineralization at the Dama zone. In hand sample this alteration is light green to brown, pervasive to the matrix of quartz-rich ash tuffs and lithic ash tuffs (Fig. 2.7F) with <1% disseminated pyrite and lacks economic sulfides. Volcanic lithic fragments are unaltered and have intact margins. Red to brown, fine-21grained chlorite-carbonate-hematite irregular aggregates occur along the margins of volcanic fragments. 2.7.6 Sericite-pyrite alterationSericite-pyrite alteration is laterally extensive, variably thick (25-75 m) and predominately affects rhyolite flows and autobreccias at the Lookout deposit, Trio and Dama zones. In hand sample, the alteration is white with pervasive sericite-pyrite alteration to the groundmass and pyrite-rich 1-6 cm thick stockwork stringer veins. Pyrite contents vary (5-15%) and are subhedral crystals (1-5 mm) or disseminated aggregates (>5 mm). Locally, up to 2% copper is coincident with chalcopyrite-rich stockwork stringer veins and elevated precious metals (up to 10 g/t Ag and 1 g/t Au). In thin section, pervasive sericite (<0.1 mm) has an interlocking texture with the primary quartz-feldspar groundmass and 5-15% disseminated pyrite (Fig. 2.6D). Primary volcanic phenocrysts are well preserved, with minor sericite alteration of feldspar and sericite pressure shadows adjacent to quartz phenocrysts. 2.7.7 SWIR analysis of alteration assemblages Shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrometry has been used in ore deposit research to characterize cryptic hydrothermal alteration overprints (e.g. Jones et al., 2005; Harraden et al., 2013). Systematic SWIR measurements of drill core were completed with a TerraSpec? near-infrared and shortwave infrared spectrometer at the University of British Columbia, Canada to determine the absorption spectral variations of identified alteration assemblages and assess the application of SWIR analysis in a VHMS hydrothermal environment (Appendix C). A total of 926 drill core samples were analyzed, and chlorite, muscovite and illite phyllosilicate minerals were identified (Table 2.1). The illite and muscovite spectral mineral identifications were evaluated with full-width at half maximum (FWHM) calculations of the illite/muscovite diagnostic 001 peak near 10 ?2? CuK? from collected XRD patterns. Illite clay species have more expandable layers than muscovite and will have larger FWHM values relative to muscovite (Srodon and Eberl, 1984; Eberl and Velde, 1989). Meuneir and Velde (2004) established the FWHM criteria for distinguishing between illite and muscovite clay species with values <0.25 ?2? CuK? indicative of muscovite. The FWHM values of SWIR-identified illite samples (n=5) are 0.125-0.139 ?2? CuK? and are 0.118-0.125 ?2? CuK? for SWIR-identified muscovite samples (n=3; Appendix C). Therefore, all muscovite and illite spectral mineral identifications are interpreted to be muscovite phyllosilicate species.Systematic SWIR spectroscopy was unsuccessful in identifying variations of chlorite from mineralized and unmineralized alteration assemblages at Niblack. However, the technique was successful in distinguishing previously unmapped sericite alteration zones. Mineralized, sericite-rich alteration has muscovite-dominant SWIR spectral results with an average AlOH absorption feature of 2207 nm (2199-2216 nm), whereas unmineralized sericite-pyrite alteration has ?illite?-dominant SWIR spectral results with an average AlOH feature of 2198 nm (2195-2199 nm; Table 2.1). 222.8 Textural Styles of Sulfide MineralizationDetailed drill core logs and petrography were used to characterize the textures and mineralogy of the sulfide ores and determine their paragenetic relationships with the host rock stratigraphy at Niblack. Sulfide precipitation in VHMS hydrothermal systems can occur in three depositional settings (i.e., Large, 1992): (1) stockwork sulfide veins; (2) sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization; and (3) exhalative sulfide mineralization. Identifying the depositional setting of sulfide-ores at the Niblack camp is crucial to developing a robust hydrothermal genetic model. Sulfide mineralization at the Niblack camp includes pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and very rare galena. Sulfide concentrations vary from 15-95% and define five textures: (1) fine- to medium-grained disseminations (Figs. 2.8A-B); (2) fine- to medium-grained interconnecting net-texture (Figs. 2.8C-D); (3) semi-massive sulfide (Figs. 2.8E-F); (4) massive sulfide (Figs. 2.8G-I); and (5) pyrite-rich veins (Fig. 2.8J). The style of sulfide textures vary in the deposits at the Niblack camp. The Lookout deposit and the Trio zone have disseminated, net-textured and semi-massive sulfide mineralization. Pyrite-rich veins occur at the Lookout deposit, Trio and Dama zones. The Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones only have massive sulfide mineralization.Sulfide textures vary based on host rock lithology at the Niblack camp. Disseminated pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite is in all pyroclastic host rock types; however, is elevated in fine-grained ash tuff, quartz-rich ash tuff and lithic ash tuff rocks. Net-texture sulfide mineralization is chalcopyrite- and sphalerite-rich with lesser pyrite in quartz-rich ash tuff, quartz-rich lapilli tuff, lithic ash tuff, monolithic and heterolithic volcanic breccias. Semi-massive sulfide (50-75% sulfide) varies from pyrite-rich to chalcopyrite- and sphalerite-dominant in monolithic and heterolithic volcanic breccias; and can occur as variably thick lenses in quartz-rich ash tuff, quartz-rich lapilli tuff and lithic ash tuff rocks. It is common for the ore lenses to be discordant with lithological contacts (i.e., Fig. 2.9) and contain unaltered clasts of volcanic host rocks (Figs. 2.8D-F).Massive sulfide mineralization consist of intervals of >90% sulfide at the Niblack Mine, Dama and Mammoth zones. This style of mineralization is associated with 0.5-5 m thick intervals of massive jasper and magnetite chemical sedimentary rocks. Sulfide textures include poorly-banded, chalcopyrite-rich sulfide ores (Figs. 2.8G-H) or brecciated jasper and magnetite with sulfide infill (Fig. 2.8I). Variably thick (0.5-6 cm) pyrite-rich veins (>80%) locally crosscut hydrothermally-altered rhyolite flows. With the exception of recrystallization of pyrite in deformed pyrite-rich veins, local coarsening and partially annealed sulfide grains in massive sulfide lenses of the Mammoth zone and Niblack Mine, the sulfide textures lack evidence for deformation recrystallization and are interpreted as primary.Doyle and Allen (2003) established the following criteria for identifying sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization in VHMS deposits: (1) sulfide ores are hosted in volcanic or sedimentary facies that were rapidly deposited; (2) relics of the host lithofacies are within the sulfide-ores; (3) alteration replacement fronts occur between the sulfide-ores and the host lithofacies; (4) the sulfide-ores are discordant to bedding; and 23(5) hydrothermal alteration continues into the stratigraphic hanging wall rocks. Based on the paragenetic and textural observations, the precipitation of sulfide at the Niblack camp is interpreted to have formed in three depositional settings. Detailed graphic logs (i.e., Fig. 2.9) illustrate that in the Lookout deposit and Trio zone sulfide mineralization is hosted in a variety of felsic pyroclastic and volcaniclastic rock types that define a chaotic and rapidly changing volcanic depositional environment. Unaltered, pyroclastic fragments are common in mineralized zones (i.e., Fig. 2.8F) and sulfide ore lenses typically crosscut depositional contacts between various pyroclastic rock types (i.e., Fig. 2.9). Hydrothermal alteration fronts are best observed in quartz-rich ash tuffs at the stratigraphic base of sulfide ore-lenses in the Lookout deposit with gradational and sharp hydrothermal alteration transitions between chlorite-magnetite and chlorite-sulfide assemblages (Fig. FIG 2.8 Photographs of Niblack modes of sulfide deposition. A. Disseminated chalcopyrite-pyrite-sphalerite and pervasive chlorite-rich alteration (ash tuff). B. Disseminated chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite and chlorite alteration (quartz-rich ash tuff). C. Net-texture sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrite and sericite-rich alteration (quartz-rich ash tuff). D. Net-texture sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrite and sericite-rich alteration (quartz-rich lapilli tuff). E. Semi-massive chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite and chlorite-rich alteration (quartz-rich ash tuff). F. Semi-massive chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite and chlorite-rich alteration (monolithic volcanic breccia). G. Banded massive chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite and Mg-rich chlorite alteration. H. Banded massive sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrite and massive jasper-magnetite. I. Jasper-magnetite breccia with chalcopyrite infill. J. Pyrite-rich stockwork stringer veins with pervasive sericite-pyrite alteration (rhyolite flow). Figure abbreviations: Sp=sphalerite; Ccp=chalcopyrite; Qtz xl=quartz crystal; (P)=polished sample; MS=massive sulfide; Js=jasper; Chl=chlorite; Mag=magnetite; Py=pyrite.D(P). Net-Texture Sulfide F. Semi-Massive SulfideG(P). Banded MS I(P). Sulfide BrecciaE(P). Semi-Massive SulfideC(P). Net-Texture SulfideJ. Pyrite Stockwork Vein1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cm1 cmSpChlJsJsMagCcpQtz xlClastSpCcp Qtz xlPyA. Disseminated Sulfide B. Disseminated Sulfide1 cm 1 cmSpCcpQtz xl1 cm 1 cmSp CcpRhyolite FragmentH(P). Massive Sulfide & Massive Jasper-MagnetiteJasper +Magnetite1 cm242.7D). Strong chlorite-magnetite-epidote alteration affects the upper 5-20 m of a QFP sill in the Lookout deposit and the Trio zone (i.e., Fig. 2.9). For these reasons the sulfide mineralization at the Lookout deposit and the Trio zone is interpreted to have precipitated sub-seafloor.The paragenetic and textural relationship of sulfide ore-lenses at the Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones are indicative of another sulfide depositional setting. The host rocks in these deposits are predominantly very fine-grained felsic tuffs which suggest a relatively slow depositional environment relative to the rapid depositional environment of the Lookout deposit and Trio zone. Jasper and magnetite layers at the Niblack Mine likely represent exhalative sediments. The poorly banded sulfide texture in massive sulfide ore-lenses are locally discordant to the deformation fabric, however it is possible that these layers are a result of the deformation overprint and do not represent primary sedimentary depositional textures. Based on these observations, the sulfide ores at the Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones are interpreted to have formed by seafloor exhalative processes.Lastly, the pyrite-rich veins that crosscut rhyolite flows at the Lookout deposit and the Trio zone are interpreted to represent a stockwork vein depositional setting. These veins are intensely deformed and likely precipitated from the VHMS hydrothermal system. 2.9 Niblack VHMS Deposits2.9.1 Look out depositThe Lookout deposit (Fig. 2.2) has two, 25-30 m thick sulfide lenses that extend ~700 m along a strike at 90? and dip 45-55? south. Sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization is hosted in monolithic and heterolithic volcanic breccias, quartz-rich ash tuff, quartz-rich lapilli tuff and fine-grained ash tuff and is crosscut by post-ore mafic dikes (Figs. 2.9, 2.10). In plan (Fig. 2.2), the host stratigraphy is the overturned southwesterly dipping limb of a D2 antiformal syncline. The felsic stratigraphy (Figs. 2.9, 2.10) consists of a chaotic sequence of pyroclastic rocks that gradationally or abruptly transition from coarse volcanic breccias to quartz-rich lapilli tuffs to quartz-rich ash tuffs and is topped by QFP sill. The stratigraphy laterally transitions from coarse volcanic breccia and quartz-rich lapilli tuff dominant rocks in the west (Fig. 2.9) to finer-grained quartz-rich ash tuff and lesser, interlayered coarse pyroclastic volcanic rocks in the east (Fig. 2.10). This transition indicates a change in the paleo-depositional environment. West Lookout deposit rocks represent a vent-proximal depositional setting, whereas rocks in the east were deposited in a vent-distal setting.Hydrothermal alteration assemblages include chlorite-magnetite ? epidote, chlorite-pyrite-carbonate, chlorite-rich and sericite-rich. The geometry of ore-lenses and the spatial distribution of alteration assemblages are summarized on cross-sections A and B (Figs. 2.11A-B). A 10-30 m thick zone of chlorite-magnetite ? epidote alteration affects QFP sill at the NFS contact (Fig. 2.11A) and less than five-meter thick zones (Figs. 2.11A-B) at the base of ore-lenses. The top of the NFS is unmineralized and is characterized by 25chlorite-pyrite-carbonate alteration (Figs. 2.11A-B).West Lookout deposit ores are copper-dominant with chlorite-rich alteration (Fig. 2.11A). Sulfide mineralization has Cu:Zn ratios of 1:1 and Au:Ag ratios of 1:10. East Lookout ores shift from copper- to zinc-dominant (Fig. 2.11B) with sericite-rich alteration and >1:2 Cu:Zn and >1:10 Au:Ag metal ratios. Cross-section B-B? illustrates the start of the eastward transition from chlorite-rich to sericite-rich alteration assemblages (Fig. 2.11B).Alteration &Mineralization292305335365396AshTuffLapilliBlockDrill HoleDepth (m)3 2 1 2 4 6Cu (wt %)Zn (wt %)25 15 5 1 2Ag(g/t)Au(g/t)6 4 2Na (wt %)5 10S(wt %)Stratigraphic Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillFelsic Volcaniclastic StrataSub-Seafloor SulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization & Alteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richLate Mafic DikesMonolithic Volcanic BrecciaLithic Ash TuffAsh Tuff, Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff, Quartz-Rich Lapilli TuffHeterolithic Volcanic BrecciaBar Plot Explanation52550751001502000.250.51247140.10.512515300.512358100.512358100.10.51251530Ag (g/t) Au (g/t)Cu (wt %) Zn (wt %)Na (wt %) S (wt %)FIG 2.9 Selected interval 292-396 m from underground drill hole U154 showing detailed geology and hydrothermal alteration assemblages with Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, Na and S assay results. Stratigraphic younging direction is up drill hole. Drill hole intersects west Lookout and is located on cross-section A-A?.26243213182152121AshTuffLapilliBlockAlteration &MineralizationDrill HoleDepth (m)3 2 1 2 4 6Cu (wt %)Zn (wt %)2Ag(g/t)Au(g/t)151525 5 10S(wt %)Na (wt %)246 Stratigraphic Hanging WallStratigraphic FootwallFelsic Volcaniclastic StrataSub-Seafloor SulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization & Alteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpSer-richChl-richLate Mafic DikesMonolithic Volcanic BrecciaLithic Ash TuffAsh Tuff, Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff, Quartz-Rich Lapilli TuffHeterolithic Volcanic BrecciaBar Plot Explanation52550751001502000.250.51247140.10.512515300.512358100.512358100.10.51251530Ag (g/t) Au (g/t)Cu (wt %) Zn (wt %)Na (wt %) S (wt %)FIG 2.10 Selected interval 122-256 m from surface drill hole LO165 showing detailed geology and hydrothermal alteration assemblages with Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, Na and S assay results. Stratigraphic younging direction is down drill hole; log has been reversed in figure for direct comparison with figure 2.8 and 2.12. Drill hole intersects east Lookout and is located on cross-section B-B?.27StratigraphicFootwallStratigraphicHanging WallNSEW487 m365 m244 m122 m360090 N359968 NLO181LO182 LO165LO100B B?YS N487 m365 m244 m122 m915619 E 359969 N359907 N359785 NU041U035U037AU154U044A A???Blue Bell FaultFigure 2.11A Figure 2.11BYSW NEStratigraphicHanging WallStratigraphicFootwallNSEWGeology InterpretationAlteration InterpretationStratigraphicHanging WallQuartz-FeldsparPhyric SillNiblack FelsicSuccessionStratigraphicFootwallSub-SeafloorSulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization &AlterationExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richLate MaficDikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionFIG 2.11 Lookout deposit representative geologic and hydrothermal alteration cross-sections. A. Cross-section A-A? is located in west Lookout and oriented parallel to the D1 fold axis and perpendicular to the D2 fold axis. A-A? illustrates parasitic Z-folds of the NFS perpendicular to the D2 fold axis. B. Cross-section B-B? is located in east Lookout and is oriented sub-orthogonal to the D2 fold axis.282.9.2 T rio zoneThe Trio zone contains three 10-25 m thick ore lenses that extend ~300 m along a strike of 100? and dip 65-75? to the south. Sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization is hosted in heterolithic volcanic breccia, quartz-rich ash tuff and lithic ash tuff rock types. The Lookout deposit and Trio zone lithological transition (Figs. 2.12A-B) indicates that the stratigraphy youngs to the north-northwest.The base of the felsic sequence at the Trio-Lookout transition and the Trio zone consists of unmineralized basal lithic ash tuffs (Fig. 2.13). Two 10-25 m thick semi-massive sulfide lenses in lithic ash tuffs overly the basal unit (Figs. 2.12B, 2.13). Up-stratigraphy volcaniclastic felsic rock types transition to coherent rhyolite flows (Fig. 2.13). The top of the NFS transitions from coherent volcanic rocks to felsic heterolithic volcanic breccias and quartz-rich ash tuffs, correlative to the Lookout deposit (Figs. 2.9, 2.10, 2.13). Heterolithic volcanic breccias with lesser-interlayered quartz-rich ash tuff host a 10-25 m thick, semi-massive sulfide lens. A <15 m thick QFP sill cuts the top of the stratigraphy.Hydrothermal alteration at Trio includes sericite-pyrite and sericite-rich assemblages. The geometry of the ore-lenses and alteration in the Trio-Lookout transition and Trio zone are summarized on cross-sections C and D (Figs. 2.12A-B). Sericite-pyrite alteration is restricted to rhyolite flows (Figs. 2.11, 2.13) and is typically devoid of copper, but locally contains anomalous gold and silver (<0.5 g/t Au, <10g/t Ag). Sericite-rich alteration is zinc-dominant with 1:2 Cu:Zn ratios and >1:20 Au:Ag ratios.Semi-massive sulfide mineralization at the base of the NFS grades 1-2% Zn, <1% Cu, 0.5-5 g/t Au and 10-30 g/t Ag (Fig. 2.13). Sulfide ore at the top of the stratigraphy is zinc-dominant with greater grades (>9% Zn, 6% Cu, >2 g/t Au and >20 g/t Ag) than the lower lenses (Fig. 2.13). The similarities in grade and host rock between the Trio zone lens at the top of the NFS and the east Lookout deposit suggest this high-grade sulfide lens is equivalent to an eastern extension of the Lookout deposit. 29365 m244 m122 m3005400 E359968 N915924 E360090 NC C?Figure 2.12AYLO088LO007LO119SE NWStratigraphicFootwallStratigraphicHanging WallNSEW305 m183 m61 m-61 m360090 N359907 NLO204LO206LO207LO019D D?YFigure 2.12BS NStratigraphicFootwallStratigraphicHanging WallNSEWGeology InterpretationAlteration InterpretationRhyolite FlowStratigraphicHanging WallQuartz-FeldsparPhyric SillNiblack FelsicSuccessionStratigraphicFootwallSub-SeafloorSulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization &AlterationExplanationChl-Mag ? EpSer-PySer-richRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionFIG 2.12 Lookout-Trio transition and Trio zone representative geologic and hydrothermal alteration cross-sections. A. Cross-section C-C? is located east of cross-section B-B? and is orientated perpendicular to the D1 fold axis and parallel to the D2 fold axis. C-C? illustrates an S-fold of the NFS stratigraphy perpendicular to the D1 fold axis. The Trio zone cross-section D-D? is located in the south-central area of the inset map of figure 2.2. The section surface trace is oriented sub-orthogonal to the D2 fold axis.3024421315218391122AshTuffLapilliBlockAlteration &MineralizationDrill HoleDepth (m)3 2 1 2 4 6Cu (wt %)Zn (wt %)2Ag(g/t)Au(g/t)151525 5 10S(wt %)Na (wt %)246NS NSStratigraphic FootwallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillFelsic Volcaniclastic StrataSub-Seafloor SulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization & Alteration ExplanationSer-PySer-richLate Mafic DikesMonolithic Volcanic BrecciaLithic Ash TuffAsh Tuff, Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff, Quartz-Rich Lapilli TuffBar Plot Explanation52550751001502000.250.51247140.10.512515300.512358100.512358100.10.51251530Ag (g/t) Au (g/t)Cu (wt %) Zn (wt %)Na (wt %) S (wt %)NS - Interval Not SampledRhyolite FlowPyrite-Rich Stockwork VeinsFIG 2.13 Selected interval 91-244 m from the Trio zone surface drill hole LO206 showing detailed geology and hydrothermal alteration assemblages with Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, Na and S assay results. Stratigraphic younging direction is down drill hole; log has been reversed in figure for direct comparison with figured 2.8 and 2.9. Drill hole is located on cross-section D-D?.312.9.3 Mammoth z oneThe Mammoth zone, near the exploration portal (Fig. 2.2) has one 30 m long, discontinuous massive sulfide lens up to eight meters thick that strikes 100? and dips 75-80? south. Poorly-banded, exhalative sulfide mineralization is near the upper NFS contact (Fig. 2.14). The Mammoth zone is on the overturned northeasterly dipping limb of a D2 antiformal syncline where the NFS youngs to the southeast.The typical felsic stratigraphy has quartz-rich ash tuff, ash tuff, jasper-magnetite chert and Bf dike rock types (Figs. 2.14, 2.15A). Green, fine-grained ash tuff is stratigraphically above the ore-lens that is interlayered with jasper-magnetite chert. Blue, aphanitic and moderately magnetic Bf dikes crosscut the NFS along with post-ore mafic dikes. Chlorite-carbonate ? hematite alteration is dominant (Figs. 2.14), and the geometry of the sulfide lens and spatial distribution of alteration is shown on cross-section E-E? (Fig. 2.15A). Massive, poorly-banded sulfide mineralization is >90% sulfide with grades of 2-7% Cu, 1-6% Zn, 0.5-2 g/t Au and 5-60 g/t Ag (Fig. 2.14).Alteration &Mineralization152122AshTuffLapilliBlockDrill HoleDepth (m)3 2 1 2 4 6Cu (wt %)Zn (wt %)2Ag(g/t)Au(g/t)151525 5 10S(wt %)Na (wt %)246 Stratigraphic Hanging WallFelsic Volcaniclastic StrataSeafloor Exhalative SulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization & Alteration ExplanationChl-Py ? HmLate Mafic DikesAsh Tuff, Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff, Quartz-Rich Lapilli TuffBar Plot Explanation52550751001502000.250.51247140.10.512515300.512358100.512358100.10.51251530Ag (g/t) Au (g/t)Cu (wt %) Zn (wt %)Na (wt %) S (wt %)Stratigraphic FootwallChert ? Js-MagFIG 2.14 Selected interval 122-152 m from the Mammoth zone underground drill hole U112 showing detailed geology and hydrothermal alteration assemblages with Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, Na and S assay results. Stratigraphic younging direction is up drill hole. Drill hole is located on cross-section E-E?.322.9.4 Dama z oneThe Dama zone is a 5-15 m thick, ~45 m-long massive sulfide lens that strikes 300? and dips 70? northeast. Moderately-banded, exhalative sulfide mineralization occurs near the lower NFS contact (Fig. 2.16). The Dama zone is on the southwestern limb of an overturned D2 antiformal syncline where the NFS youngs northwesterly.The felsic stratigraphy in the Dama zone generally includes quartz-rich ash tuff, lithic ash tuff and rhyolite flows (Figs. 2.15B, 2.16). The base of the NFS is a quartz-rich ash tuff that transitions up-stratigraphy to lithic ash tuffs and topped by rhyolite flows (Fig. 2.16). Massive sulfide mineralization is interlayered with poorly-banded jasper-magnetite chert and is near the contact between the NFS and the footwall. The sulfide lens (Fig. 2.15B) has chlorite-carbonate ? hematite alteration which transitions up-stratigraphy to unmineralized sericite-pyrite alteration (Fig. 2.16). Chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite mineralization has metal ratios of :0.75 Cu:Zn and 1:10 Au:Ag.244 m122 m0 m917326 E917204 E359846 N359968 NLO042 LO046LO203YStratigraphicFootwallStratigraphicHanging WallNSEW360517 N360761 N122 m0 m-122 mU112U114Exploration DriftYStratigraphicHanging WallStratigraphicHanging WallNSEWGeology InterpretationAlteration InterpretationF?FE?E Figure 2.15A Figure 2.15BS N NESWRhyolite FlowYStratigraphicHanging WallBlue FelsicSill/DikeNiblack FelsicSuccessionStratigraphicFootwallSeafloorExhalativeSulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization &AlterationExplanationChl-Py ? HmSer-PyLate MaficDikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionFIG 2.15 Mammoth and Dama zones representative geologic and hydrothermal alteration cross-sections. A. Mammoth zone cross-section E-E? is west of the exploration portal and oriented perpendicular to the D2 fold axis. B. Dama zone cross-section F-F? is in the southeastern corner of the figure 2.2 inset map and is parallel to the D1 fold axis and sub-orthogonal to the D2 fold axis.33426191122152AshTuffLapilliBlockAlteration &MineralizationDrill HoleDepth (m)3 2 1 2 4 6Cu (wt %)Zn (wt %)2Ag(g/t)Au(g/t)151525 5 10S(wt %)Na (wt %)246 Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillFelsic Volcaniclastic StrataSeafloor Exhalative SulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization & Alteration ExplanationSer-PyChl-Py ? HmLate Mafic DikesLithic Ash TuffAsh Tuff, Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff, Quartz-Rich Lapilli TuffBar Plot Explanation52550751001502000.250.51247140.10.512515300.512358100.512358100.10.51251530Ag (g/t) Au (g/t)Cu (wt %) Zn (wt %)Na (wt %) S (wt %)Rhyolite FlowStratigraphic FootwallPyrite-Rich Stockwork VeinsFIG 2.16 Selected interval 39-158 m from the Dama zone surface drill hole LO203 showing detailed geology and hydrothermal alteration assemblages with Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, Na and S assay results. The stratigraphic younging direction is up drill hole. Drill hole is located on cross-section F-F?.342.9.5 Niblack MineThe Niblack Mine (Fig. 2.2 inset, NE corner) comprises two, 3-10 m thick exhalative sulfide lenses near the contact between the NFS and the stratigraphic hanging wall. The deposit is in a D2 synformal anticline with a fold axis that plunges steeply towards 135?. The northeastern limb of the fold is truncated by the Niblack Thrust Fault and juxtaposes the younger, Moira Sound unit against Wales Group strata (Fig. 2.17).The general felsic stratigraphy consists of fine-grained quartz-rich ash tuffs and jasper-magnetite chert (Figs. 2.17, 2.18). Green, fine-grained quartz-rich ash tuffs are above and below the ore-lenses. Red to purple jasper-magnetite chert is interlayered with sulfide mineralization that is poorly-banded or brecciated. Post-ore mafic dikes locally crosscut the stratigraphy (Fig. 2.18). Chlorite-rich alteration of the fine-grained quartz-rich ash tuffs is dominant and is dark green and locally strongly-magnetic (Figs. 2.17, 2.18). Sulfide mineralization is chalcopyrite-rich (3:1 Cu:Zn) with lesser sphalerite and pyrite.NSEWStratigraphicHanging WallMoira Sound Unit-122 m0 m915680 E361066 N361188 N LO169 LO065LO066Niblack ThrustYGeology InterpretationAlteration InterpretationG?G Figure 2.17SW NEStratigraphicHanging WallNiblack FelsicSuccessionSeafloorExhalativeSulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization &AlterationExplanationChl-richMoira SoundUnitRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionFIG 2.17 Niblack Mine representative geologic and hydrothermal alteration cross-section. G-G? is in the northeastern corner of the Figure 2.2 inset map and is oriented parallel to the D1 fold axis and perpendicular to the D2 fold axis. G-G? illustrates a synformal anticline fold closure of the NFS perpendicular to the D2 fold axis and truncated by the Niblack Thrust Fault to the northeast.35Alteration &Mineralization3 2 1 2 4 6Cu (wt %)Zn (wt %)2Ag(g/t)Au(g/t)151525 5 10S(wt %)Na (wt %)246NSNS03056EOHCasingMine WorkingsAshTuffLapilliBlockDrill HoleDepth (m)Felsic Volcaniclastic StrataSeafloor Exhalative SulfideGeology ExplanationMineralization & Alteration ExplanationChl-richLate Mafic DikesAsh Tuff, Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff, Quartz-Rich Lapilli TuffBar Plot Explanation52550751001502000.250.51247140.10.512515300.512358100.512358100.10.51251530Ag (g/t) Au (g/t)Cu (wt %) Zn (wt %)Na (wt %) S (wt %)Chert ? Js-MagJs-Mag BrecciaNS - Interval Not SampledFIG 2.18 Drill hole LO065 detailed geology and hydrothermal alteration log with Ag, Au, Cu, Zn, Na and S assay results. Stratigraphic younging direction is up drill hole. Drill hole is located in the northwest area of figure 2.2 inset map on cross-section G-G?.362.10 Whole Rock Geochemistry A major criteria for classifying VHMS systems is based on the lithogeochemical signature of the camp scale volcanic stratigraphy. To determine the primary geochemistry, tectonic setting and magmatic affinity of coherent and pyroclastic volcanic host rocks at Niblack major and trace element chemical analyses were completed on 39 samples from the local stratigraphy. Major oxides were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Lithium metaborate fusion was applied to ensure complete dissolution of the lithophile elements for major oxide results. Lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion and nitric acid digestion was used for refractory and rare earth element (REE) results and aqua regia digestion was used for precious and base metal assays. The samples were sent as a single batch and analyzed at Acme Labs, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.Samples were from the Lookout deposit, Trio and Dama zones (Fig. 2.19), and include intermediate tuff and mafic flows from the stratigraphic footwall (n=6) and basalt flows from the stratigraphic hanging wall (n=5). Niblack Felsic Succession samples include pyroclastic volcanic, rhyolite flow, QFP sill, lithic ash tuff, and Bf sill/dike rocks (n=26), as well as felsic fragments separated from volcanic breccias (n=3). Based on hand sample and petrographic examination, least-altered samples show well-preserved primary igneous phenocrysts and minimal chlorite-sericite alteration and sulfide content (Figs. 2.5E, I, M and Figs. 2.6A, C, F). Intensely altered rocks show pervasive chlorite and/or sericite alteration and visible sulfide minerals (Fig. 2.7). Bivariate plots of the major oxides show no correlations suggesting that even where weak, hydrothermal alteration has disturbed the major element geochemistry (Appendix D). The lost of ignition (LOI) versus total sulfur plot is used to subdivide the dataset into geochemical least-altered and altered samples (Fig. 2.20A). The increase of LOI and total sulfur is a proxy for the addition of chlorite, sericite and sulfide alteration minerals and samples with ?0.35% total sulfur are considered least-altered (n=17; Fig. 2.20A). These rock samples include basalt flow, Bf sill/dike, QFP sill, quartz-rich ash tuff, and separated felsic pyroclastic fragments (Table 2.2). The immobile major oxide TiO2 and high field strength elements (HFSE) Zr, Nb, V and Y results for least-altered samples are used to classify the primary geochemistry, tectonic setting and magmatic affinity of the Niblack stratigraphy.37StratigraphicHanging Wall Units:Not Observed inRelogging????F. Dama Zone: SurfaceA. Lookout West: UndergroundB. Lookout East I: SurfaceC. Lookout East II: SurfaceD. Trio Zone: Surface??????D2 F old A x is????Stratigraphic Hanging WallRhyolite FlowNiblack Felsic SuccessionStratigraphic FootwallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillRock Type Explanation: Rock Type Explanation:FlowInterlayered Siltstone-WackePillowed Flow Sub-Seafloor SulfideLithology Descriptors:Seafloor Exhalative SulfideMineralization Explanation:ExtrapolatedStratigraphyExtrapolatedMineralizationInterpreted Contacts:Interpreted ontacts:Major StratigraphicPackage Division0 15 30 45 mScale BarIntrusiveInterlayered TuffVolcaniclastic Blue Bell Fault45-789101, 311-1213-141516-171819202123-24252226-2930-3233-3536373839Sample LocationsWhole Rock Geochemistry:12FIG 2.19 Whole rock geochemical sample locations and Lookout deposit, Trio and Dama zones stratigraphic reconstruction. Summary stratigraphic columns A, B, C, D and F correspond to cross-sections A-A?, B-B?, C-C?, D-D? and F-F?.38IMRTS ?nbnb ?Neouz ?irisit; ?he;e ?kuz ?Onfregp ?,esxri, ?GMWaTS ?FMWS ? ADnlmnenrs ? ADnlmnenrv ? ADnlmnensl ? ADnlmnenrp ? ADnlmnensn ? ADnlmnenst ? ADnlmnenmp ? ADnlmnenmm ? ADnlmnenlv ? ADnlmnenrl ?Fnl& ?7&6? ?Muge;nut ? 62 ? 72 ? 82 ? 92 ? ?2 ? 652 ? 682 ? 692 ? 6?2 ? 6?2 ?Tugp ?Z-??xi ? CF ? CF ? CF ? SFR ? FF ? TF ? FF ? SFR ? SAZ ? CF ?W;ze;nlzexmng ?Wiy:itgi ? Hb ? Hb ? Hb ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? Hb ?0.;& ?B1 ?method ?-?? ?detection ?limit ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?WnP7 ? 9c ?0 ?5&6 ? ?9&?5 ? ?6&55 ? ?8&?5 ? <?&55 ? =9&65 ? =?&<5 ? =6&65 ? <=&55 ? =6&75 ? ?<&<5 ?Ar7P 8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 6>&5> ? 68&89 ? 6?&?? ? 6?&?5 ? 69&>? ? 67&?7 ? 6<&>8 ? 6<&6? ? 69&?7 ? 6?&6< ?Fi 7P 8Z ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 65&>8 ? 67&85 ? 67&85 ? 8&=9 ? 5&?8 ? 7&<6 ? 5&?6 ? 8&<9 ? 8&6? ? 66&75 ?DeP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 6&>? ? ?&>= ? 7&?< ? 5&?> ? 5&?= ? 5&6? ? 5&=9 ? 5&=< ? 6&88 ? 8&?> ?NlP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 8&98 ? <&69 ? 9&>? ? 5&?> ? 5&6< ? 7&>> ? 5&?> ? 7&=7 ? 6&77 ? 8&59 ?Oe7P ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? >&67 ? ?&9> ? <&=? ? >&87 ? >&?? ? 5&86 ? =&69 ? <&<? ? <&68 ? =&76 ?L7P ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&59 ? 5&9= ? 5&58 ? 5&6< ? 5&6< ? 7&<= ? 6&9< ? 5&=5 ? 5&=8 ? 5&58 ?NtP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&6> ? 5&6> ? 5&78 ? 5&5? ? 5&58 ? 5&58 ? 5&57 ? 5&7? ? 5&65 ? 5&6< ?ZnP7 ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&98 ? 6&?9 ? 5&?= ? 5&7? ? 5&77 ? 5&7> ? 5&95 ? 5&7? ? 5&79 ? 5&9> ?R7P ? ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&58 ? 5&6? ? 5&5? ? 5&59 ? 5&59 ? 5&5? ? 5&5< ? 5&5? ? 5&59 ? 5&6< ?Dz7P 8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ?WP8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&557 ? 5&67 ? 5&69 ? 5&69 ? 5&58 ? 5&55 ? 5&5< ? 5&55 ? 5&5= ? 5&56 ? 5&5? ?a7P ? ? 9c ?0 ?5&557 ? 5&5? ? 5&5< ? 5&5? ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&5= ?MPI ? 9c ? 6&?? ? 7&=7 ? 8&7= ? 6&56 ? 5&=8 ? 7&>? ? 6&67 ? 7&5< ? 6&7? ? 6&<= ?D: ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&556 ? 5&559 ? 5&56< ? C5&556 ? 5&589 ? C5&556 ? 5&55? ? 5&559 ? C5&556 ? 5&566 ?dt ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&56 ? 5&567 ? 5&568 ? 5&55> ? 5&597 ? 5&569 ? 5&57> ? 5&57= ? 5&55> ? 5&55? ?Rf ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&556 ? 5 ? 5&6? ? 5&578 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? 5&57? ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ?Zu;er ? ? ? 655&5= ? ??&>< ? 655&?7 ? ??&=6 ? 655&98 ? 655&5= ? 655&97 ? 655&9? ? ??&?? ? ??&>> ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Zu;er ?D ?0.;& ?B1 ? 7A ?Migu ?0 ?5&57 ? 5&5? ? 5&87 ? 5&8< ? 5&65 ? 5&5> ? 5&58 ? 5&5< ? 5&5> ? 5&56 ? 5&78 ?Zu;er ?W ?0b;& ?B1 ?7A ?Migu ?0 ?5&57 ? 5&56 ? 5&6? ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&75 ? 5&88 ? 5&57 ? 5&56 ? 5&59 ? 5&58 ?A: ?0xxf1 ? 6Ec ? 0 ?5&? ? C5&? ? C5&? ? C5&? ? C5&? ? 79&9 ? 8&? ? 7&< ? 6&8 ? 6?&8 ? C5&? ?Al ?0xxs1 ? 6Ec ? 0 ?5&6 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? 6&7 ? C5&6 ? 5&6 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 39IMRTS ?nbnb ?contin ed ?GMWaTS ?FMWS ? ADnlmnenro ? ADnlmnensp ? ADnlmnenln ? ADnlmnenss ? ADnlmnemvo ? ADnlmnemuu ? ADnlmnennv ? ADnlmnenop ? ADnlmmelmo ? ADnlmnensm ?Fnl& ?7&6? ?Muge;nut ? 752 ? 772 ? 782 ? 792 ? 852 ? 892 ? 8>2 ? 8? ? ? ? < ?Tugp ?Z-??xi ? SFR ? CF ? CFW ? CFW ? SAZ ? SAZ ? FF ? IF/Z ? AZ ? SAZ ?W;ze;nlzexmng ?Wiy:itgi ? OFW ? Hb ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? Fb ? OFW ? OFW ?0.;& ?B1 ?method ?-?? ?detection ?limit ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?WnP7 ? 9c ?0 ?5&6 ? =9&?5 ? 9>&=5 ? =6&55 ? =?&<5 ? <?&75 ? =5&=5 ? =<&75 ? =6&65 ? ?9&=5 ? <?&75 ?Ar7P 8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 67&>9 ? 68&?5 ? 6?&=? ? 67&=7 ? 6=&=6 ? 68&>9 ? 66&5> ? 67&68 ? 67&=7 ? 66&?5 ?Fi 7P 8Z ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 7&<8 ? 69&9> ? 8&?5 ? 7&>< ? 8&=< ? 8&5> ? 6&?? ? 9&?5 ? ?&86 ? <&9= ?DeP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&9> ? <&9< ? 5&88 ? 5&77 ? 6&7? ? 6&5> ? 7&?> ? 5&7? ? 7&=5 ? 6&56 ?NlP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 6&97 ? ?&>< ? 5&5? ? 5&88 ? 7&>9 ? 9&67 ? 5&9= ? 8&?6 ? 9&75 ? 7&?5 ?Oe7P ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? ?&78 ? 9&?6 ? ?&8= ? =&?= ? 9&>> ? ?&9> ? ?&77 ? 6&<< ? 9&9> ? 9&=7 ?L7P ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 6&59 ? 5&57 ? 5&59 ? 5&57 ? 6&>= ? 5&5< ? 5&7> ? 6&=6 ? 5&6> ? 5&68 ?NtP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&5< ? 5&96 ? 5&57 ? 5&57 ? 5&5? ? 5&5> ? 5&5> ? 5&5< ? 5&76 ? 5&5> ?ZnP7 ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&6? ? 7&<= ? 5&75 ? 5&6> ? 5&85 ? 5&79 ? 5&8? ? 5&95 ? 5&8> ? 5&8> ?R7P ? ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&58 ? 5&7< ? 5&59 ? 5&57 ? 5&59 ? 5&59 ? 5&5< ? 5&65 ? 5&5< ? 5&5? ?Dz7P 8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ?WP8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&557 ? 5&58 ? 5&5? ? 5&58 ? 5&59 ? 5&6< ? 5&5> ? 5&59 ? 5&6? ? 5&9? ? 5&69 ?a7P ? ? 9c ?0 ?5&557 ? 5&55 ? 5&5= ? 5&55 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&58 ? 5&56 ?MPI ? 9c ? 6&75 ? 7&=9 ? 5&66 ? 5&8? ? 7&7< ? 7&56 ? 6&=5 ? 8&89 ? ?&7< ? 8&6? ?D: ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&557 ? 5&559 ? 5&55? ? C5&556 ? 5&56 ? 5&558 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? 7&>7? ? 5&5=? ?dt ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&56 ? 5&569 ? 5&55= ? 5&55? ? 5&5<6 ? 5&576 ? 5&55? ? 5&55? ? 5&?56 ? 5&8?7 ?Rf ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? 5&588 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? 5&55= ? C5&556 ? 5&56= ? C5&556 ?Zu;er ? ? ? ??&<= ? 655&6? ? 655&?? ? ??&?> ? 655&9> ? 655&>9 ? ??&<= ? ??&=< ? ?>&9< ? 655&77 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Zu;er ?D ?0.;& ?B1 ? 7A ?Migu ?0 ?5&57 ? 5&59 ? 5&69 ? 5&59 ? 5&5? ? 5&5< ? 5&5? ? 5&86 ? 5&59 ? 5&?? ? 5&5> ?Zu;er ?W ?0b;& ?B1 ?7A ?Migu ?0 ?5&57 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&5? ? 5&56 ? 5&>> ? 8&8? ? 7&=6 ?A: ?0xxf1 ? 6Ec ? 0 ?5&? ? 67&? ? 5&= ? 6?&? ? ?&< ? <8&= ? ??&? ? 8&> ? ?&7 ? ????&= ? ==&< ?Al ?0xxs1 ? 6Ec ? 0 ?5&6 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? 5&? ? 5&9 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? 95&9 ? 8&6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 40IMRTS ?nbnb ?contin ed ?GMWaTS ?FMWS ? ADnlmmelop ? ADnlmmelnv ? ADnlmnennl ? ADnlmnennm ? ADnlmnenlo ? ADnlmnenlp ? ADnlmnenlu ? ADnlmnenrm ? ADnlmnemun ? ADnlmnemsl ?Fnl& ?7&6? ?Muge;nut ? = ? > ? 66 ? 67 ? 6< ? 6= ? 6> ? 76 ? 7? ? 7< ?Tugp ?Z-??xi ? SMZ ? AZ ? SAZ ? SAZ ? IF/Z ? IF/Z ? IF/Z ? IF/Z ? AZ ? TF ?W;ze;nlzexmng ?Wiy:itgi ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? Fb ? Fb ? Fb ? Fb ? OFW ? OFW ?0.;& ?B1 ?method ?-?? ?detection ?limit ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?WnP7 ? 9c ?0 ?5&6 ? ?=&75 ? =6&85 ? 9?&75 ? ?5&95 ? ?7&55 ? 9<&<5 ? 9<&<5 ? ?8&?5 ? <>&>5 ? >7&>5 ?Ar7P 8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 66&=8 ? 67&?6 ? >&=7 ? 65&96 ? 6?&=6 ? 6>&6= ? 75&56 ? 67&6> ? 66&55 ? >&=? ?Fi 7P 8Z ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 68&<? ? 9&9? ? 69&85 ? 6>&<7 ? 67&?9 ? 69&9< ? ?&?> ? 67&85 ? =&9= ? 7&6? ?DeP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 6&?? ? 5&<? ? >&9< ? 5&=> ? 5&95 ? 5&5> ? 5&5< ? 5&58 ? 5&5< ? 5&59 ?NlP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 8&8= ? 6&== ? 7&?? ? 6&=9 ? >&75 ? ?&6= ? 66&?8 ? 67&75 ? 9&?> ? 5&76 ?Oe7P ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 8&9? ? <&6< ? 6&99 ? 7&89 ? 6&<> ? 6&66 ? 5&?< ? 5&56 ? 5&75 ? 5&6> ?L7P ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&?> ? 5&6= ? 5&<9 ? 6&>6 ? 6&76 ? 6&?6 ? 7&76 ? 5&6? ? 6&=8 ? 7&?? ?NtP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&68 ? 5&5? ? 5&?< ? 5&58 ? 5&79 ? 5&76 ? 5&7? ? 5&8= ? 5&5= ? 5&55? ?ZnP7 ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&?7 ? 5&86 ? 5&89 ? 5&86 ? 5&8? ? 5&9? ? 5&8? ? 5&9= ? 5&8= ? 5&88 ?R7P ? ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&5< ? 5&5? ? 5&96 ? 5&59 ? 5&57 ? 5&59 ? 5&57 ? 5&57 ? 5&58 ? 5&57 ?Dz7P 8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&55 ? 5&55 ? 5&5? ? 5&56 ? 5&57 ?WP8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&557 ? 5&75 ? 5&68 ? ?&6? ? 5&7< ? 5&7< ? 5&75 ? 5&8> ? 5&86 ? 5&6? ? 5&55 ?a7P ? ? 9c ?0 ?5&557 ? 5&57 ? 5&56 ? 5&57 ? 5&57 ? 5&5? ? 5&5< ? 5&5? ? 5&58 ? 5&57 ? 5&55 ?MPI ? 9c ? <&?? ? 6&?7 ? <&8? ? ?&?< ? =&6= ? >&78 ? =&<8 ? =&?8 ? 9&>7 ? 7&79 ?D: ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&87> ? 5&68? ? 5&997 ? 5&<=< ? 5&56? ? 5&559 ? 5&556 ? C5&556 ? 5&86> ? 5&557 ?dt ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&?<7 ? 5&68? ? 5&868 ? 6&9?8 ? 5&58= ? 5&57? ? 5&57? ? 5&587 ? 5&579 ? 5&55> ?Rf ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? C5&556 ? 5&8=8 ? C5&556 ? 5&559 ? 5&557 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? 5&65< ? C5&556 ?Zu;er ? ? ? ??&?< ? 655&?> ? ?>&?> ? ?>&>< ? ??&?8 ? 655&=< ? 655&69 ? ??&?> ? ??&=? ? ??&8? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Zu;er ?D ?0.;& ?B1 ? 7A ?Migu ?0 ?5&57 ? 5&59 ? 5&59 ? 6&<7 ? 5&58 ? 5&69 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&58 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ?Zu;er ?W ?0b;& ?B1 ? 7A ?Migu ?0 ?5&57 ? =&79 ? 6&6< ? =&5> ? 69&59 ? 8&== ? 9&?9 ? 7&86 ? 8&=7 ? 8&7? ? 6&8= ?A: ?0xxf1 ? 6Ec ? 0 ?5&? ? =>>&9 ? 9==&8 ? 6?7&6 ? 75<=&? ? 78&> ? 78&? ? ?&? ? 65&8 ? 755&9 ? 77&? ?Al ?0xxs1 ? 6Ec ? 0 ?5&6 ? 75&6 ? 6?&< ? ??&? ? 9&? ? 5&7 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? 5&6 ? 65&? ? 5&8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 41*Least-Altered Samples; IF/T=Intermediate flow/tuff; MT=Mafic tuff; QFP=Quartz feldspar sill; Bfs=Blue felsic sill; RF=Rhyolite flow; QAT=Quartz-rich ash tuff; AT=Ash tuff; QLT=Quartz-rich lapilli tuff; LAT=Lithic ash tuff; FF=Felsic fragment; BF=Basalt flow; FW=Footwall; NFS=Niblack Felsic Succession; HW=Hanging Wall; 4X=Li2BO7/LiBO2 fusion, XRF analysis; 2A Leco=analysis by Leco; 1DX=Aqua regia digest, ICP-MS analysis IMRTS ?nbnb ?contin ed ? GMWaTS ?FMWS ? ADnlmnemtu ? ADnlmnemvn ? ADnlmnenpm ? ADnlmnemtr ? ADnlmnemts ? ADnlmnemus ? ADnlmnemvm ? ADnlmnemuo ? ADnlmnenpo ? Fnl& ?7&6? ?Muge;nut ? 7= ? 7> ? 7? ? 86 ? 87 ? 88 ? 8? ? 8< ? 8= ? Tugp ?Z-??xi ? TF ? TF ? TF ? SAZ ? AZ ? MAZ ? MAZ ? NZ ? TF ? W;ze;nlzexmng ?Wiy:itgi ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? OFW ? Fb ? OFW ? 0.;& ?B1 ?method ?-?? ?detection ?limit ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? WnP7 ? 9c ?0 ?5&6 ? =9&>5 ? >8&=5 ? ==&?5 ? <9&95 ? <?&75 ? ?>&75 ? <5&85 ? 9>&65 ? =<&>5 ? Ar7P 8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 68&<7 ? >&<= ? 65&=> ? 6<&86 ? 65&>6 ? 67&?9 ? 67&9= ? 6<&<7 ? 65&>? ? Fi 7P 8Z ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 6&?9 ? 6&?> ? 7&8? ? 9&77 ? <&8> ? 66&86 ? ?&68 ? 65&95 ? 8&>8 ? DeP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&69 ? 5&5? ? 5&68 ? 7&55 ? 5&?= ? 5&8? ? 5&?= ? 5&<= ? 5&6= ? NlP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 6&59 ? 5&67 ? 7&5< ? 7&<8 ? 7&>7 ? 9&=? ? 9&>5 ? 65&?9 ? 6&=6 ? Oe7P ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&9< ? 5&7> ? 8&?> ? 7&?? ? 8&=7 ? 8&7? ? 7&78 ? 8&?< ? 7&?9 ? L7P ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 8&=< ? 7&7> ? 5&>? ? 7&8> ? 5&?5 ? 5&=5 ? 6&78 ? 5&57 ? 6&5= ? NtP ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&55? ? 5&5< ? 5&66 ? 5&5? ? 5&67 ? 5&68 ? 5&88 ? 5&58 ? ZnP7 ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&95 ? 5&7? ? 5&7> ? 5&7> ? 5&8? ? 5&8> ? 5&9= ? 5&?< ? 5&6= ? R7P ? ? 9c ?0 ?5&56 ? 5&57 ? 5&57 ? 5&59 ? 5&59 ? 5&5< ? 5&5< ? 5&5? ? 5&59 ? 5&58 ? Dz7P 8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&55 ? 5&55 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&57 ? 5&58 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? WP8 ? 9c ?0 ?5&557 ? 5&58 ? 5&55 ? 5&55 ? 5&?6 ? 5&69 ? 5&76 ? 5&7? ? 5&?? ? 5&56 ? a7P ? ? 9c ?0 ?5&557 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&55 ? 5&56 ? 5&57 ? 5&57 ? 5&57 ? 5&5< ? 5&55 ? MPI ? 9c ? 7&96 ? 6&>? ? 6&>8 ? 7&=> ? 8&=9 ? <&5? ? ?&?? ? <&75 ? 7&<5 ? D: ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? 5&759 ? 5&989 ? 5&<?7 ? 5&<6< ? 5&66? ? 5&57 ? dt ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? 5&55< ? 5&55? ? 5&55> ? 5&798 ? 5&?5> ? 6&859 ? 6&?68 ? 6&76? ? 5&55? ? Rf ? 9c ?0 ?5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? C5&556 ? 5&56? ? Zu;er ? ? ? ?>&<9 ? ?>&>< ? ??&?7 ? ??&66 ? ??&=? ? 655&59 ? ??&98 ? ??&>7 ? ??&?5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Zu;er ?D ?0.;& ?B1 ? 7A ?Migu ?0 ?5&57 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&56 ? 5&6> ? 5&59 ? 5&58 ? 5&59 ? 5&6? ? 5&56 ? Zu;er ?W ?0b;& ?B1 ?7A ?Migu ?0 ?5&57 ? 5&9? ? 5&?> ? 5&=5 ? 5&?5 ? 8&<9 ? <&77 ? ?&89 ? 6&?5 ? 6&?7 ? A: ?0xxf1 ? 6Ec ? 0 ?5&? ? >?&? ? <&9 ? 8&< ? 67?&< ? ?<5&? ? 6<6?&8 ? 658?&7 ? 7=&< ? 9&< ? Al ?0xxs1 ? 6Ec ? 0 ?5&6 ? 5&7 ? C5&6 ? C5&6 ? 6<&? ? 69&> ? 6?&? ? 75&= ? 5&> ? 5&7 ? ?422.10.1 Chemical classification of least-altered volcanic rocks The primary geochemical signatures were assessed with the volcanic rock trace element discrimination diagram log(Nb/Y) versus log(Zr/Ti) of Pearce (1996; Fig. 2.20B). All the NFS samples have a rhyolite-dacite composition near the andesite-basalt compositional boundary (Fig. 2.20B). Four of the five stratigraphic hanging wall samples occupy a compositional range in the basalt field and one sample has an andesite-basalt composition (Fig. 2.20B). No stratigraphic footwall samples were classified as least-altered based on the established criteria of ?0.35% total sulfur. A stratigraphic footwall intermediate tuff with the lowest LOI and total sulfur results (3.34% LOI, 0.88% total sulfur) is interpreted as a least-altered equivalent and has an andesitic composition (Fig. 2.20B). 2.10.2 Tectonic and magmatic geochemical affinities of least-altered volcanic rocks Post-Archean VHMS deposits typically form in juvenile or evolved extensional tectonic settings (Piercey, 2007). Properly identifying the Niblack tectonic setting is necessary to develop a genetic deposit model. The NFS samples occupy a compositional range in the volcanic arc field of the discrimination diagram after Pearce et al. (1984; Fig. 2.20C). The stratigraphic hanging wall samples have low titanium island arc basalt (LOTI) and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) signatures on the discrimination diagram of Shervais (1982; Fig. 2.20D). The LOTI basalt samples are stratigraphically older than the MORB samples (Fig. 19). The least-altered stratigraphic footwall sample has a MORB signature (Fig. 2.20D). With the exception of three samples, the Niblack stratigraphy has a tholeiitic magmatic affinity (Y vs. Zr after MacLean and Barrett, 1992; Fig. 2.20E). This indicates the melts responsible for the volcanic and intrusive rocks at Niblack are primitive with mafic to intermediate compositions that likely formed in a juvenile extensional tectonic setting.2.10.3 REE and multi-element classification of least-altered volcanic rocks The stratigraphic footwall intermediate tuff sample has a flat primitive mantle normalized trace element pattern with moderately negative Nb and Ti anomalies (Fig. 2.21A). Older, stratigraphic hanging wall basalt flows are depleted in LREE and have flat primitive mantle normalized patterns with larger negative Nb anomalies than negative Ti anomalies, indicative of LOTI basalts (Kerrich et al., 1998; Piercey, 2007; Fig. 2.21B). Younger stratigraphic hanging wall basalt flows have smooth primitive mantle normalized patterns with weakly enriched LREE, akin to enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) signatures (Piercey, 2007; Fig. 2.21C). Felsic intrusive and volcanic rocks have low Zr/Y ratios (av. 3.3; Table 2.3), flat primitive mantle normalized trace element patterns with negative Nb and Ti anomalies (Figs. 2.21D-F); flat chondrite normalized REE patterns, (Figs. 2.21G-I) and depleted HFSE and REE concentrations (e.g., Zr<120 ppm; Table 2.3).43Least AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10ALOI (wt. %)Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18V (ppm)within plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arclow Ti islandarc basaltMORB22020015010005010 20 30 40 500calc-alkaline transitionaltholeiiticY/Zr = 25 Y/Zr = 7Y/Zr = 4.5Y/Zr = 2EY (ppm)Zr (ppm)n = 18low Ti island arc basaltisland arc basaltmid oceanridge basaltocean islandbasaltTi/V = 50Ti/V = 10Ti/V = 20250020001500100005000 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0Ti/1000 (ppm)D n = 6Intermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesFIG 2.20 Trace element discrimination diagrams for least-altered Niblack stratigraphy. A. LOI vs Total Sulfur diagram showing the classification of least-altered volcanic rocks (?0.35% Total Sulfur). B. Log(Nb/Y) vs. Log(Zr/Ti) diagram after Pearce (1996), showing bimodal composition of rhyolite-dacite NFS rocks, basalt hanging wall rocks and andesitic basalt footwall sample. C. Y vs. Nb tectonic discrimination diagrams after Pearce et al. (1984). The NFS rocks occupy a limited compositional range in the volcanic arc field. D. Ti/1000 vs. V mafic tectonic affinity diagram from Shervais (1982). E. Y vs. Zr diagram after MacLean and Barrett (1993), showing the majority of felsic and basalt rocks are tholeiitic.[binary] Tuff/FlowVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillBasalt FlowSymbol Explanation ADGBEHCFIn=1 n=3 n=2n=5 n=1 n=3n=5 n=1 n=3FIG 2.21 Primitive mantle normalized multi-element plots and chondrite normalized REE plots for least-altered samples. A-F. Primitive mantle normalized plots for footwall, hanging wall and NFS rocks (normalized values from Sun & McDonough, 1989). A. Intermediate tuff sample from the footwall has an intermediate pattern between MORB and LOTI basalts. B-C. There are two populations of basalt flow samples from the hanging wall stratigraphy. B. Low-Ti tholeiitic basalts immediately above the NFS and (C) younger E-MORB basalts from higher-up in the hanging wall stratigraphy. D-F. Primitive mantle normalized multi-element plot for least-altered NFS rocks illustrating the tholeiitic rhyolite nature of the NFS. G-I. Chondrite normalized REE plots for least-altered NFS rocks (normalized values from Boynton, 1984). With the exception of one sample, all samples have tholeiitic rhyolite chondrite normalized REE patterns.45IMRTS ?nbob ?Wxdfh ?hohphrz ?gdzd ?isx ?ohdyz-??dozhxhg ?Omeodfn ?ydptohy ?GMWaTS ?FMWS ? ADnlmnenrs ? ADnlmnenrv ? ADnlmnensl ? ADnlmnenrl ? ADnlmnensp ? ADnlmnenln ? ADnlmnenss ? ADnlmnensn ? ADnlmnenmp ? ADnlmnennv ? ADnlmnenrp ?com ? ?dheo-?? ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ? 3< ? 44 ? 45 ? 46 ? < ? 35 ? 5? ? 6 ?Ssfn ?W;th ? CH ? CH ? CH ? CH ? CH ? CHT ? CHT ? HH ? HH ? HH ? RHP ?Tzxdzmkxdtlmf ?Thu,hrfh ? LZ ? LZ ? LZ ? LZ ? LZ ? OHT ? OHT ? OHT ? OHT ? OHT ? OHT ?&ttp/ ? lni ? ?illho-?? ?to o ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Wl ? 6C ?-?? ?2:4 ? 2:5 ? 2:4 ? 2:5 ? 2:4 ? 2:5 ? 2:9 ? 2:7 ? 2:7 ? 3 ? 2:6 ? 2:8 ?Oe ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 3:5 ? 5:3 ? 2:6 ? 2:5 ? 6:4 ? 3:5 ? 2:< ? 2:9 ? 3:6 ? 2:7 ? 5 ?Nd ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 3:< ? 7:9 ? 3:5 ? 3:< ? 9:8 ? 4:< ? 6:4 ? 3:3 ? 2:6 ? 7:6 ? 4:7 ?Dh ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 8:4 ? 3?:< ? 7:9 ? 8 ? 48 ? <:8 ? 33:< ? 5:5 ? 3:6 ? 34:6 ? <:9 ?Px ? 6C ?-?? ?2:24 ? 2:98 ? 4:?4 ? 2:7< ? 2:? ? 6 ? 3:8 ? 3:73 ? 2:78 ? 2:4? ? 3:7? ? 3:79 ?Og ? 6C ?-?? ?2:5 ? 6:3 ? 37:< ? 5:6 ? 5:9 ? 42:4 ? ?:6 ? 9:6 ? 5:< ? 3:4 ? 9:9 ? <:4 ?Tp ? 6C ?-?? ?2:27 ? 3:5< ? 7:27 ? 3:3< ? 3:54 ? 8:5? ? 5:79 ? 4:77 ? 3:44 ? 2:88 ? 4:94 ? 4:<3 ?cx ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 47:4 ? 366:< ? 56 ? 53:4 ? 3<8:7 ? 337:3 ? 94 ? 96:< ? 345:5 ? 98:4 ? ??:5 ?Li ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 3:3 ? 6:3 ? 3:3 ? 3:3 ? 7:7 ? 5:8 ? 4:< ? 4:7 ? 6:6 ? 4 ? 5 ?F, ? 6C ?-?? ?2:24 ? 2:64 ? 3:4? ? 2:56 ? 2:6< ? 4:89 ? 2:?3 ? 2:94 ? 2:5< ? 2:57 ? 2:<5 ? 2:?3 ?Wm0 ? 6a ?-?? ?2:23 ? 479? ? 33852 ? 5639 ? 4?9? ? 38229 ? 33<< ? 329< ? 353< ? 45<? ? 42<? ? 36<< ?Ig ? 6C ?-?? ?2:27 ? 3:< ? 8:26 ? 3:?5 ? 4:2? ? ?:93 ? 6:<4 ? 5:6? ? 4:2< ? 3:43 ? 5:4 ? 6:86 ?We ? 6C ?-?? ?2:23 ? 2:57 ? 3:26 ? 2:56 ? 2:5< ? 3:66 ? 3 ? 2:84 ? 2:59 ? 2:4? ? 2:83 ? 2:?8 ?E; ? 6C ?-?? ?2:27 ? 4:33 ? 8:?4 ? 4:4< ? 4:<6 ? < ? 8:64 ? 5:<3 ? 4:84 ? 4:8 ? 6:87 ? 8:43 ?Ls ? 6C ?-?? ?2:24 ? 2:76 ? 3:65 ? 2:78 ? 2:83 ? 3:?8 ? 3:75 ? 2:<3 ? 2:8< ? 2:96 ? 2:<6 ? 3:66 ?b ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 32:< ? 58:4 ? 35:3 ? 3?:6 ? 6<:3 ? 5<:< ? 43:< ? 3<:3 ? 43:4 ? 47 ? 62:? ?Fx ? 6C ?-?? ?2:25 ? 3:73 ? 6:43 ? 3:8< ? 3:?6 ? 7:5 ? 7:36 ? 4:< ? 4:54 ? 4:?< ? 5:46 ? 6:? ?Wp ? 6C ?-?? ?2:23 ? 2:46 ? 2:8 ? 2:48 ? 2:5 ? 2:? ? 2:?4 ? 2:64 ? 2:5< ? 2:64 ? 2:69 ? 2:96 ?be ? 6C ?-?? ?2:27 ? 3:69 ? 5:6? ? 3:8 ? 3:<7 ? 6:? ? 7:65 ? 4:?5 ? 4:7< ? 5:54 ? 5:6 ? 6:9 ?N, ? 6C ?-?? ?2:23 ? 2:47 ? 2:76 ? 2:4? ? 2:54 ? 2:9< ? 2:?8 ? 2:69 ? 2:67 ? 2:7 ? 2:74 ? 2:9< ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?cx.b ? ? ? 4:5 ? 6:2 ? 4:8 ? 3:9 ? 6:2 ? 4:< ? 5:5 ? 5:< ? 7:? ? 5:2 ? 4:4 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?46IF/T=Intermediate flow/tuff; MT=Mafic tuff; QFP=Quartz feldspar sill; Bfs=Blue felsic sill; RF=Rhyolite flow; QAT=Quartz-rich ash tuff; AT=Ash tuff; QLT=Quartz-rich lapilli tuff; LAT=Lithic ash tuff; FF=Felsic fragment; BF=Basalt flow; FW=Footwall; NFS=Niblack Felsic Succession; HW=Hanging Wall; 4B=LiBO2/Li2B4O7 fusion ICP-MS analysis; 4X=Li2BO7/LiBO2 fusion, XRF analysis ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?IMRTS ?nbob ?h-??o-??li ? ? ? ? ?GMWaTS ?FMWS ? ADnlmnenmm ? ADnlmnenro ? ADnlmnenst ? ADnlmnenlv ? ADnlmnemvo ? ADnlmnemuu ? ADnlmnenop ? ? ? ? ?com ? ?dheo-?? ? 36 ? 42 ? 32 ? 37 ? 52 ? 56 ? 5< ? ? ? ? ?Ssfn ?W;th ? RHP ? RHP ? SH ? RAW ? RAW ? RAW ? MH.W ? ? ? ? ?Tzxdzmkxdtlmf ?Thu,hrfh ? OHT ? OHT ? OHT ? OHT ? OHT ? OHT ? HZ ? ? ? ? ?&ttp/ ? lni ? ?illho-?? ?to o ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Wl ? 6C ?-?? ?2:4 ? 2:8 ? 2:7 ? 2:8 ? 2:8 ? 2:7 ? 2:7 ? 2:6 ? ? ? ? ?Oe ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 3:3 ? 2:6 ? 3:3 ? 2:8 ? 2:8 ? 2:7 ? 3:5 ? ? ? ? ?Nd ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 6:3 ? 3:5 ? 4:? ? 4:< ? 3:7 ? 4:< ? 5:4 ? ? ? ? ?Dh ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 33:4 ? 8:5 ? <:6 ? ? ? 8:8 ? < ? <:< ? ? ? ? ?Px ? 6C ?-?? ?2:24 ? 3:69 ? 2:<5 ? 3:48 ? 3:37 ? 2:79 ? 3:48 ? 3:57 ? ? ? ? ?Og ? 6C ?-?? ?2:5 ? ?:8 ? 7:7 ? 8:9 ? 8:7 ? 4:5 ? 8:? ? 9:? ? ? ? ? ?Tp ? 6C ?-?? ?2:27 ? 4:83 ? 4 ? 3:<< ? 3:<< ? 3 ? 4:67 ? 4:47 ? ? ? ? ?cx ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? <? ? 85:9 ? <3:8 ? ?3:8 ? <7 ? ?4:6 ? 8?:7 ? ? ? ? ?Li ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 5:8 ? 4:3 ? 5:3 ? 4:6 ? 5:4 ? 4:9 ? 3:< ? ? ? ? ?F, ? 6C ?-?? ?2:24 ? 2:? ? 2:69 ? 2:47 ? 2:8 ? 2:6? ? 2:84 ? 2:96 ? ? ? ? ?Wm0 ? 6a ?-?? ?2:23 ? 395< ? 335< ? 389< ? 365< ? 39<< ? 365< ? 45<? ? ? ? ? ?Ig ? 6C ?-?? ?2:27 ? 5:79 ? 5:34 ? 4:<5 ? 4:8< ? 3:7 ? 5:48 ? 5:5< ? ? ? ? ?We ? 6C ?-?? ?2:23 ? 2:89 ? 2:84 ? 2:83 ? 2:74 ? 2:54 ? 2:95 ? 2:89 ? ? ? ? ?E; ? 6C ?-?? ?2:27 ? 6:45 ? 6:53 ? 6:56 ? 5:86 ? 4:54 ? 7:25 ? 6:4< ? ? ? ? ?Ls ? 6C ?-?? ?2:24 ? 2:?? ? 3:27 ? 2:<< ? 2:? ? 2:74 ? 3:54 ? 3:53 ? ? ? ? ?b ? 6C ?-?? ?2:3 ? 45:8 ? 47:9 ? 48:3 ? 44:4 ? 39:6 ? 55:6 ? 47:3 ? ? ? ? ?Fx ? 6C ?-?? ?2:25 ? 4:? ? 5:24 ? 5:68 ? 4:6< ? 3:97 ? 6:23 ? 5:24 ? ? ? ? ?Wp ? 6C ?-?? ?2:23 ? 2:5< ? 2:69 ? 2:7 ? 2:59 ? 2:46 ? 2:87 ? 2:7< ? ? ? ? ?be ? 6C ?-?? ?2:27 ? 4:?3 ? 5:46 ? 5:58 ? 4:57 ? 3:47 ? 6:6 ? 4:<8 ? ? ? ? ?N, ? 6C ?-?? ?2:23 ? 2:67 ? 2:7 ? 2:77 ? 2:6 ? 2:44 ? 2:95 ? 2:7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?cx.b ? ? ? 6:4 ? 4:7 ? 5:7 ? 5:9 ? 7:7 ? 4:7 ? 4:9 ? ? ? ? ? ?472.10.4 Zircon saturation thermometryVolcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits are associated with geologic areas of anomalous heat flow, where heat is typically a product of shallow, synvolcanic intrusions. The emplacement temperature of QFP sill, Bf sill/dike and rhyolite flow are estimated with the zircon saturation temperature calculation after Watson and Harrison (1983) from the least-altered lithogeochemical dataset (n=6; Appendix D). Emplacement temperature estimates from the zircon solubility equation (Appendix D) assume that the melt is zircon saturated with no residual zircon remaining in the source region and that the magma ascended to the surface without significant cooling (Barrie, 1995). Ideal whole rock lithogeochemical samples should represent the liquid compositions of the melt and phenocryst-rich and/or altered rock samples should be avoided.Of the six least-altered samples used, three meet the idealized criteria (BM2012-267; BM2012-202; BM2012-266). These samples are of BF sills/dikes and rhyolite flow. The remaining three samples are QFP sills. The six samples have varying SiO2 contents (67-75 wt. %) and this may be a result of secondary geochemical affects, such as hydrothermal alteration or lower greenschist facies metamorphism. The calculated emplacement temperatures range from 760-793?C for QFP sills, 760-797?C for Bf sills/dikes, and 825?C for the rhyolite flow.The very low concentrations of zirconium (67-120 ppm) in the NFS samples are the primary reason why the felsic volcanic stratigraphy has been difficult to successfully obtain zircon U-Pb geochronology results. Barrie (1995) calculated zircon saturation temperatures of 753-926?C for high-silica (>73 wt. %), low zirconium (84-498 ppm) rhyolites associated with VHMS deposits in the Archean Abitibi subprovince and hypothesized that the low concentrations of zirconium is a result of anomalously high-temperature rhyolites derived by excess heat from the Archean mantle. It is difficult to assess whether a variation of this interpretation is also true for the NFS samples because of the small dataset. The estimated emplacement temperatures for the NFS do not reach the extreme temperatures calculated by Barrie (1995), but have less than half the contained zirconium as the samples from the Abitibi. It is, therefore, likely with the current dataset that the low zirconium NFS rock samples are a result of melting of primitive, low zirconium, basaltic oceanic crust.2.10.5 Hydrothermal alteration geochemical characterizationA major use of whole rock geochemistry in VHMS deposits is to characterize the geochemical nature and intensity of hydrothermal alteration of the volcanic host rocks. The geochemical characterization of hydrothermal alteration in VHMS deposits can be useful in mineral exploration because the alteration footprints are generally larger than the footprint of the ore-body and can be cryptic. Geochemical alteration indices and molar element ratios are calculated from the major element dataset to assess the geochemical signatures of hydrothermal alteration at Niblack.The alteration box plot of Large et al. (2001; Fig. 2.22A) is a graph of the Ishikawa alteration index (AI) 48versus the chlorite-carbonate-pyrite index (CCPI). The least-altered rock types plot near the center of the graph, and the hydrothermally altered rock types plot along different trends dependent on the dominant alteration minerals present (Large et al., 2001). The AI is a ratio of the principal rock-forming elements gained from chlorite and sericite alteration (MgO + K2O) over the elements lost and gained (Na2O + CaO + MgO + K2O)(Ishikawa et al., 1976). Unaltered rocks have index values from 20-60 and hydrothermally altered rocks between 50-100, with an index value of 100 representing full replacement of feldspars and glass by sericite and/or chlorite. The Ishikawa alteration index does not adequately distinguish between sericite and chlorite hydrothermal alteration end members. The CCPI is a similar major element ratio that was designed to quantify the geochemical affects of chlorite, carbonate and pyrite hydrothermal alteration and by plotting the two alteration indices against one another allows for geochemical characterization of different hydrothermal alterations of a deposit (Large et al., 2001).The least-altered major oxide results define the rhyolite-dacite and basalt fields on the alteration box plot (Fig. 2.22A). All samples from the stratigraphic footwall have an intense chlorite-pyrite alteration signature (Fig. 2.22A). The majority of altered felsic pyroclastic rocks have a moderate chlorite-sulfide ? sericite alteration signature (Fig. 2.22A). In contrast, altered rhyolite flows have a sericite-dominant alteration signature. Altered QFP sill, Bf sill/dike, and separated rhyolite fragments have least-altered rhyolite-dacite and albite altered signatures (Fig. 2.22A).The alteration box plot (Large et al., 2001) does not distinguish between the mineralized sericite-rich and mineralized chlorite-rich alteration types at Niblack identified from petrography and SWIR analysis. These alteration types are discernible with the K-Ca-Na alteration plot (Fig. 2.22B). Molar ratios from whole rock geochemistry allows for the comparison of the geochemical composition of a rock sample with the molar compositions of primary and hydrothermal alteration K-, Na-, Ca-, and Al-bearing minerals (i.e., Warren et al., 2007). Mineralized chlorite-rich altered samples plot along a flat trend from the least-altered field to the chlorite molar element ratio signature (Fig. 2.22B). Mineralized sericite-rich altered samples define a trend with a slope of ~2 from the least-altered field to the K-mica molar element ratio signature (Fig. 2.22B). Sericite-pyrite altered rhyolite flows cluster at the K-mica molar element ratio signature (Fig. 2.22B).49FIG 2.22 Alteration box plots for Niblack stratigraphy. A. Alteration box plot after Large et al. (2001). AI = 100(K2O+MgO)/(K2O+MgO+Na2O+CaO), CCPI = 100(MgO+FeO)/(MgO+FeO+Na2O+K2O). Footwall samples fall in the range typical of intense chlorite-pyrite alteration. Majority of NFS volcaniclastic rocks plot in the range of moderate to strong chlorite-sulfide ? sericite alteration. Rhyolite flow samples plot in the range typical of sericite-dominant alteration. QFP sill and three felsic volcaniclastic samples define the least-altered rhyolite-dacite field; and five samples of hanging wall basalt define the least-altered basalt field. B. Molar element ratio plot after Warren et al. (2007) of K/Al vs. (2Ca+Na+Ka)/Al for footwall and NFS rocks. Diagram illustrates two mineralized alteration trends for NFS samples, chlorite-rich and sericite-rich alteration.010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100i n cr e as i ng i nt e ns i t yo f fo o tw al l c h l- p y a l te r at i o nsericite ? pyritealteration of rhyolite flowa b + ch l ? py r al t er at i on ;u nmi n er al i ze d py ro cl a st i cf r ag me nt s a nd i n tr us i on sepidotecalciteankerite chloritepyritesericiteK-feldsparalbiteAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI ( Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleAIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowFootwall Samples Felsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesSymbol SizeAlteredLeast AlteredTotal Cu & Zn> 0.5 < 0.9 wt. %Total Cu & Zn> 0.9 wt. %Symbol SizeTotal Cu & Zn> 0.5 < 0.9 wt. %Total Cu & Zn> 0.9 wt. %K-feldspar, biotitealbite, plagioclaseCa, Na smectitekaolinite,chloriteK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationchlorite + sericitesericite dominateLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/ Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredB502.11 Mineral CompositionsChemical variations in hydrothermal alteration minerals were determined using a Cameca SX-50 scanning electron microprobe at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. The variations in chlorite, sericite and sphalerite mineral chemistry can be used to assess the physiochemical evolution of the hydrothermal fluids. Hydrothermal fluid temperatures can be empirically estimated based on observed mineral assemblages. Additionally, temperatures can be quantitatively estimated by chlorite composition thermometry. Alteration mineral chemistry can also vary spatially in VHMS systems that, if present, can be important exploration vectors (Galley et al., 2007). Samples include chlorite, sericite and sphalerite from sub-seafloor and exhalative sulfide ore zones; metamorphic chlorite from the stratigraphic hanging wall (Appendix E).2.11.1 Chlorite compositionsElectron microprobe data from 13 samples (108 grains, 296 points) of the Niblack Mine (n=3), Mammoth zone (n=2), Lookout deposit (n=6) and the Trio zone (n=2) are presented in Table 2.4. Representative examples of hydrothermal chlorite are from chlorite-rich and chlorite-magnetite-epidote alteration types and two samples of metamorphic chlorite from the Trio zone-hanging wall (LO208-760.8; S145-73.5). Analyzed hydrothermal chlorites display clear to light green and light green to medium green pleochroism with first order gray, red and second order blue interference colors. Analyzed metamorphic chlorites have light to medium green pleochroism with first order brown interference colors. Based on the classification diagram of Siiv versus Fe/Fe + Mg (Hey, 1954; Fig. 2.23), chlorites have ripidolite (n=11) and pynochlore (n=2) mineral compositions. Hydrothermal chlorites define an array of relative Fe-rich chlorite in the Mammoth zone to Mg-rich chlorite in the Niblack Mine (Fig. 2.23). Chlorites from Lookout have the widest range of compositions with Fe/Fe + Mg values of 0.30 to 0.58 (Table 2.4). Metamorphic chlorites have ripidolite and pynochlore compositions (Fig. 2.23) and Fe/Fe + Mg values of 0.42 to 0.46. With the exception of the Mammoth samples, Cu-Zn sulfide bearing chlorite alteration zones have elevated Mg-contents relative to unmineralized samples.The temperature of chlorite precipitation can be estimated based on the tetrahedral aluminum (Aliv) concentration of the chlorites, using the equation of Cathelineau and Nieva (1985):Eq. 1 T(?C) = 106 ? Al iv + 18Chlorite in equilibrium with quartz and an additional Al-rich mineral phase, in this case albite, is considered to lie along the chlorite Al-saturation boundary (Kranidiotis and MacLean, 1987). The application of Cathelineau and Nieva (1985) chlorite geothermometer for Al-saturated chlorite requires a correction for the calculated Aliv based on a 28-oxygen formula. The correction factor is (Kranidiotis and MacLean, 1987):Eq. 2 The Alivcorrected = Aliv + 0.7(Fe/Fe + Mg)51RTWba ?riti ?A;ixeli ?gmptxnzi ?yerupi ?gtrutynzntsy ?esh ?ziruixez,xi ?iyznreziy ?MTegba ?GTea ? AFroppl o/o ? AFroppl o.. ? AFroppl o.o ? AFroppl otp ? AFroppl out ? Sosu lpor/ ? Sout lv.r ? AFroppl oss ? AFroppl otz ? AFroppl oou ?HMI ?8&89 ?y.rftp ?3 ? 7 ? 8 ? 9 ? ? ? < ? = ? > ? ? ? @ ? 76 ?Ztgo ?b.ui ? Pa ? 0 ?RHa ? Pa ? 0 ?RHa ? PP ? 0 ?RHa ? Ab ?0 ?RHa ? WAb ?0 ?RHa ? WOb ?0 ?RHa ? WOb ?0 ?RHa ? WAb ?0 ?RHa ? WAb ?0 ?RHa ? WHT ?0 ?RHa ?s,rfix ?tk ?esep.yiy ? 8? ? = ? 8> ? 7< ? 89 ? 8> ? 8< ? 99 ? 8> ? 97 ?acMZ ?0 ?HiSL ? s,pp ?0 ?Pa ? s,pp ?0 ?Pa ? 88<? ?sr ? s,pp ? 88=6 ?sr ? 88<? ?sr ? s,pp ?0 ?Pa ? 88<? ?sr ? 88<< ?sr ? 88<= ?sr ?Eiutynz ? Rnfpego ? Rnfpego ? Rnfpego ? Perrtzm ? Perrtzm ? Ottot,z ? Ottot,z ? Ottot,z ? Ottot,z ? Ottot,z ?D,-??ds ? 7-??7 ? <-??7 ? se ? 7-??7&8 ? se ? 7-??7 ? 7-??7 ? se ? se ? se ?Apzixeznts ? gmp0xngm ? gmp0xngm ? gmp0rl ? gmp0xngm ? gmp0rl ? gmp0xngm ? gmp0xngm ? gmp0u.0gf ? gmp0rl ? gmp0rl 0iu ?anS8 ?0:z& ?C1 ? 8>&>= ? 8=&?@ ? 8<&=> ? 8?&77 ? 8?&>@ ? 8<&88 ? 8>&7@ ? 8<&?9 ? 8<&=@ ? 8<&?6 ?bnS8 ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&68 ? 6&68 ? 6&69 ? 6&69 ? 6&6? ? 6&6= ? 6&69 ? 6&69 ? 6&69 ? 6&6? ?Ap8S 9 ?0:z& ?C1 ? 7@&<8 ? 7@&@= ? 86&8? ? 87&6@ ? 86&?> ? 86&@7 ? 87&78 ? 87&6> ? 7@&?8 ? 87&77 ?Dx8S 9 ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&67 ? 6&76 ? 6&67 ? 6&68 ? 6&68 ? 6&69 ? 6&76 ? 6&6@ ? 6&68 ? 6&67 ?PlS ?0:z& ?C1 ? 7@&?? ? 7?&=> ? 7<&79 ? 76&?@ ? 77&@9 ? 79&9< ? 87&98 ? 7>&?? ? 79&?? ? 78&>6 ?DeS ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&6< ? 6&67 ? 6&69 ? 6&68 ? 6&68 ? 6&68 ? 6&69 ? 6&69 ?PsS ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&8= ? 6&<? ? 6&<? ? 7&@< ? 7&?7 ? 7&?8 ? 6&<@ ? 6&=6 ? 7&79 ? 6&=? ?HiS ?0:z& ?C1 ? 86&=7 ? 87&9< ? 8<&<? ? 8@&9< ? 8?&?? ? 8>&<7 ? 7=&7> ? 87&76 ? 8>&7? ? 8?&76 ?N8S ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&68 ? 6&67 ? 6&68 ? 6&69 ? 6&6= ?btzep ? ?>&=9 ? ?>&<> ? ?>&96 ? ?>&?= ? ?>&@8 ? ??&<7 ? ?=&<< ? ?=&=7 ? ?>&>? ? ??&68 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?R,rfix ?tk ?gezntsy ?ts ?zmi ?feyny ?tk ?8?S ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?an ?0n;1 ? <&=@ ? <&<= ? <&?= ? <&8> ? <&9< ? <&9= ? <&<9 ? <&?6 ? <&<6 ? <&?7 ?Ap ?0n;1 ? 8&97 ? 8&?? ? 8&<? ? 8&>9 ? 8&=< ? 8&=? ? 8&?> ? 8&=6 ? 8&<6 ? 8&<@ ?Ap ?0;n1 ? 8&?7 ? 8&?9 ? 8&<? ? 8&>7 ? 8&== ? 8&=6 ? 8&<@ ? 8&=6 ? 8&<6 ? 8&>8 ?Pl ? 0;n1 ? <&@? ? <&>< ? ?&>@ ? 9&<< ? 9&?? ? ?&89 ? =&?= ? <&<= ? ?&?8 ? ?&6? ?Hi ? 0;n1 ? 9&<? ? 9&=@ ? ?&<< ? <&9> ? <&87 ? ?&?@ ? 8&>< ? 9&=@ ? ?&?= ? <&68 ?bn ?0;n1 ? 6&66 ? 6&66 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? 6&66 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ?Dx ?0;n1 ? 6&66 ? 6&68 ? 6&66 ? 6&66 ? 6&66 ? 6&66 ? 6&68 ? 6&68 ? 6&66 ? 6&66 ?Ps ? 0;n1 ? 6&6< ? 6&76 ? 6&76 ? 6&9= ? 6&8= ? 6&8= ? 6&76 ? 6&77 ? 6&86 ? 6&77 ?btzep ?Dezntsy ? 7@&@? ? 7@&@@ ? 7@&@@ ? 86&66 ? 7@&@? ? 86&66 ? 7@&@8 ? 7@&@? ? 7@&@@ ? 7@&@7 ?Hi/HiDPl ? 6&9> ? 6&9@ ? 6&?@ ? 6&=6 ? 6&<? ? 6&<? ? 6&96 ? 6&?6 ? 6&<8 ? 6&<< ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?aerupi ?A;ixeli ?biruixez,xi ?Fyznreziy ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?b ?02D1 ? 8@6&8= ? 96<&<9 ? 989&?7 ? 9<7&>? ? 9?7&9< ? 99>&9? ? 968&76 ? 988&?= ? 988&89 ? 999&7@ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?52RTWba ?riti ?climhined ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?MTegba ?GTea ? AFroppl opo ? DIro.l zvoi. ? Mptulzsiu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?HMI ?8&89 ?y.rftp ?3 ? 77 ? 78 ? 79 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ztgo ?b.ui ? WAb ?0 ?RHa ? CH ?0 ?Lc ? Pc ? 0 ?Lc ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?s,rfix ?tk ?esep.yiy ? 7? ? 8? ? 78 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?acMZ ?0 ?HiSL ? 88<< ?sr ? 88<9 ?sr ? 88<= ?sr ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Eiutynz ? Ottot,z ? bxnt ? bxnt ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D,-??ds ? se ? se ? se ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Apzixeznts ? gmp0yix ? gmp ? gmp ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?anS8 ?0:z& ?C1 ? 8<&76 ? 8=&?? ? 8<&>> ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?bnS8 ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&69 ? 6&69 ? 6&6= ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ap8S 9 ?0:z& ?C1 ? 88&?> ? 7@&<= ? 87&69 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dx8S 9 ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&67 ? 6&68 ? 6&6= ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?PlS ?0:z& ?C1 ? 7?&?> ? 7>&7> ? 7<&>? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DeS ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&67 ? 6&6= ? 6&6= ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?PsS ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&<9 ? 6&<= ? 6&<< ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?HiS ?0:z& ?C1 ? 8?&<? ? 88&?< ? 89&@< ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?N8S ?0:z& ?C1 ? 6&6? ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?btzep ? ?>&86 ? ?=&>< ? ?>&8> ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?R,rfix ?tk ?gezntsy ?ts ?zmi ?feyny ?tk ?8?S ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?an ?0n;1 ? <&96 ? <&=? ? <&?9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ap ?0n;1 ? 8&>6 ? 8&9= ? 8&<> ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ap ?0;n1 ? 8&?@ ? 8&?? ? 8&=< ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Pl ? 0;n1 ? ?&<= ? <&9? ? ?&@< ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Hi ? 0;n1 ? ?&99 ? 9&@< ? ?&88 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?bn ?0;n1 ? 6&66 ? 6&67 ? 6&67 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dx ?0;n1 ? 6&66 ? 6&66 ? 6&67 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ps ? 0;n1 ? 6&76 ? 6&76 ? 6&76 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?btzep ?Dezntsy ? 7@&?@ ? 7@&@8 ? 7@&@? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Hi/HiDPl ? 6&?@ ? 6&?8 ? 6&?= ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?aerupi ?A;ixeli ?biruixez,xi ?Fyznreziy ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?b ?02D1 ? 9?6&8? ? 8@@&<@ ? 98?&@@ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Chlorite geothermometer equation from Cathelineau and Nieva (1985) and Kranidiotis and MacLean (1987); QFP=Quartz feldspar sill; RF=Rhyolite flow; QAT=Quartz-rich ash tuff; QLT=Quartz-rich lapilli tuff; LAT=Lithic ash tuff; MS=Massive Sulfide; BF=Basalt flow; MW=Mafic Wacke; NFS=Niblack Felsic Succession; HW=Hanging Wall; wt. %=weight percent; nm=nanometers; SWIR=Shortwave Infrared Spectroscopy; na=not available; ser=sericite; chl=chlorite; mag=magnetite; ep=epidote; py=pyrite; cb=carbonate 53The estimated temperatures for chlorite formation (Table 2.4; Appendix E) are 307 ?16?C for the Niblack Mine, 347 ?10?C for the Mammoth zone, 321 ?19?C for the Lookout deposit and 312 ?25?C for metamorphic chlorite.CCPT RP BRCPPC0.70.60.50.40.30.24.5 5.0 5.5 6.0Fe/Fe+MgSi (iv)Niblack MineLookout DepositMammoth ZoneHanging WallMineralizedUnmineralizedMineralizedUnmineralizedMineralizedUnmineralizedMetamorphic12345610987111213FIG 2.23 Chlorite composition diagram from Hey (1954) showing Siiv vs. Fe/Fe+Mg for mineralized and unmineralized chlorite samples of the Niblack Mine, Lookout deposit and Mammoth zone; and metamorphic chlorite from the hanging wall sequence. Note the variations of Mg and Fe chlorites between VHMS deposits and the relative enrichment of Mg in chlorites associated with mineralized samples compared to unmineralized samples. Figure abbreviations: PT=Pseudothuringite; CP=Corundophilite; RP=Ripidolite; BR=Brunsvigite; PC=Pynochlorite; CC=Clinochlore. 542.11.2 Sericite compositionsSericite compositions (Table 2.5; Appendix E) are from five samples (30 grains, 63 points) from the Trio zone (n=3) and Lookout deposit (n=2). Representative examples of sericite are of sericite-rich, sericite-pyrite and chlorite-rich hydrothermal alteration types. All samples co-precipitated with hydrothermal quartz-albite ? chlorite and Cu-Zn sulfides.IRSWT ?oese ?Ayfschf ?tfskekuf ?tcnrmf ?epnrptkukpot ?GRabWT ?FRaT ? ADomnngnps ? ADomnngmvu ? ADomnngnop ? Mmrvgtrn ? ADomnngmnm ?EIF ?5.57 ?tcnrmf ?0 ? 4 ? 5 ? 6 ? 7 ? 8 ?Spel ?W,rf ? SE ?& ?OET ? NT ? & ?OET ? NT ? & ?OET ? Na ? & ?OET ? RAW ?& ?OET ?Oxndfs ?pg ?cocm,tft ? 5 ? 57 ? = ? 45 ? 49 ?TZIS ? & ?AmPH ? 5=4< ?on ? oxmm ?& ?NT ? oxmm ?& ?NT ? 5555 ?on ? 5533 ?on ?Dfrptku ? Wkp ? Wskp ? Wskp ? Mpplpxu ? Mpplpxu ?Cx:bo ? oc ? 4:5 ? 4:4 ? 4:6 ? oc ?Amufscukpo ? tfs &r, ? tfs &skei ? tfs &skei ? tfs &skei ? eim&tfs ?TkP5 ?/zu. ?@0 ? 76.6< ? 77.== ? 78.?< ? 78.36 ? 79.== ?WkP5 ?/zu. ?@0 ? 3.48 ? 3.35 ? 3.4? ? 3.59 ? 3.46 ?Am5P 6 ?/zu. ?@0 ? 65.7= ? 66.97 ? 66.?? ? 5=.?= ? 66.46 ?EfP ?/zu. ?@0 ? 4.=4 ? 5.<5 ? 4.7= ? 7.56 ? 5.?3 ?NoP ?/zu. ?@0 ? 3.4? ? 3.34 ? 3.38 ? 3.38 ? 3.35 ?NhP ?/zu. ?@0 ? 7.=< ? 3.=4 ? 4.54 ? 4.68 ? 3.99 ?CcP ?/zu. ?@0 ? 3.34 ? 3.34 ? 3.34 ? 3.37 ? 3.34 ?Oc5P ?/zu. ?@0 ? 3.89 ? 3.<5 ? 3.9< ? 3.5? ? 4.84 ?L 5P ?/zu. ?@0 ? 9.7= ? =.?? ? 43.46 ? 43.46 ? =.63 ?E ?/zu. ?@0 ? 3.33 ? 3.65 ? 3.47 ? 3.43 ? 3.47 ?Cm ?/zu. ?@0 ? 3.34 ? 3.34 ? 3.34 ? 3.33 ? 3.36 ?Cs5P 6 ?/zu. ?@0 ? 3.35 ? 3.34 ? 3.35 ? 3.38 ? 3.35 ?PBE;Cm ?/zu. ?@0 ? 3.33 ? 3.47 ? 3.39 ? 3.37 ? 3.39 ?Wpucm ? =3.49 ? =6.4= ? =6.73 ? =4.58 ? =7.88 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Oxndfs ?pg ?ecukpot ?po ?uif ?dctkt ?pg ?5<P ? ? ? ?Tk ?/ky0 ? 9.36 ? 9.49 ? 9.56 ? 9.6? ? 9.65 ?Am ?/ky0 ? 4.=? ? 4.<7 ? 4.?? ? 4.96 ? 4.9< ?Am ?/yk0 ? 6.68 ? 6.93 ? 6.97 ? 6.67 ? 6.8< ?Wk ?/yk0 ? 3.35 ? 3.33 ? 3.35 ? 3.36 ? 3.34 ?Cs ?/yk0 ? 3.33 ? 3.33 ? 3.33 ? 3.34 ? 3.33 ?Ef ?/yk0 ? 3.55 ? 3.6? ? 3.4? ? 3.83 ? 3.63 ?No ? /yk0 ? 3.35 ? 3.33 ? 3.<= ? 3.34 ? 3.33 ?Nh ? /yk0 ? 4.37 ? 3.4< ? 3.58 ? 3.5= ? 3.46 ?Cc ?/yk0 ? 3.33 ? 3.33 ? 3.33 ? 3.34 ? 3.33 ?Oc ?/yk0 ? 3.48 ? 3.55 ? 3.4< ? 3.3? ? 3.6= ?L ?/yk0 ? 4.48 ? 4.?4 ? 4.?9 ? 4.<6 ? 4.93 ?PH ? 7.33 ? 6.<9 ? 6.=7 ? 6.=8 ? 6.=7 ?E ? 3.33 ? 3.47 ? 3.39 ? 3.38 ? 3.39 ?Cm ? 3.33 ? 3.33 ? 3.33 ? 3.33 ? 3.34 ?Wpucm ?Ccukpot ? 4?.=7 ? 4<.3< ? 4<.=3 ? 4<.3? ? 4<.36 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Oc-??OcAL ? 3.45 ? 3.44 ? 3.3= ? 3.37 ? 3.53 ? ?RF=Rhyolite flow; QAT=Quartz-rich ash tuff; MX=Monolithic volcanic breccia; MS=Massive Sulfide; NFS=Niblack Felsic Succession; wt. %=weight percent; nm=nanometers; SWIR=Shortwave Infrared Spectroscopy; na=not available; ser=sericite; chl=chlorite; py=pyrite; null=SWIR result from samples with no absorption spectra typically from sulfide rich samples55Sericite from sericite-rich alteration (BM2011-098; BM2011-123, UO49-641) of quartz-rich ash tuff and felsic monolithic volcanic breccia in thin section is fine-medium grained and irregular to bladed interstitial masses with quartz ? albite, sulfide and lesser chlorite. Sericite from sericite-pyrite alteration (BM2011-135) of rhyolite flows is fine-grained in thin section with fine-grained disseminated pyrite. Sericite from unmineralized, least-altered, distal quartz-rich ash tuff is fine-grained and intergrown with fine-grained chlorite and disseminated pyrite (BM2011-010).All sericite samples are muscovite-dominant (Velde, 1977; Fig. 2.24), show little phengite substitution and have Na/Na + K ratios of 0.04 to 0.2 (Table 2.5). Phengite is recognized in other VHMS systems (Monecke et al., 2001) as a result of greenschist facies metamorphic overprints. The absence of phengite suggests the regional lower-greenschist facies metamorphism at Niblack did not affect the hydrothermal chemical compositions of phyllosilicate alteration minerals.Sericite from sericite-rich altered felsic volcanic rocks (n=3) have an average measured MgO content of 1.16 wt. % and 2.95 wt. % FeO. Sericite from sericite-pyrite altered rhyolite flows is enriched in magnesium with 4.98 wt. % MgO and 1.91 wt. % FeO. Sericite alteration from unmineralized quartz-rich ash tuff is depleted in magnesium, 0.66 wt. %. These results indicate that the metal-bearing hydrothermal fluids are Mg- and Fe-rich.Fe + Mg + MnSi (vi)4.03.02.01.00.5 1.0 2.01.5MuscoviteAl-CeladoniteCeladonitePhengi te Subs titionLookout DepositTrio ZoneMineralizedUnmineralizedMineralizedUnmineralized12345FIG 2.24 Diagram from Velde (1977) showing Sivi vs. Fe+Mg+Mn for sericite samples from mineralized and unmineralized zones at the Lookout deposit and Trio zone. All sericite samples plot near the muscovite end-member composition.562.11.3 Sphalerite compositionsSphalerite compositions (Table 2.6) from nine samples (61 grains, 193 points) are from the Niblack Mine (n=3), Mammoth zone (n=2) Lookout deposit (n=2) and Trio zone (n=2). Typical examples of sphalerite were selected from chlorite-rich and sericite-rich alteration types with gold concentrations (from drill core assays) of 0.005 to 6.31 g/t (Table 2.6).In hand sample, sphalerite is fine- to medium-grained, yellow and intergrown with fine- to medium-grained chalcopyrite-pyrite and chlorite-sericite-quartz. In transmitted light, sphalerite is light brown, has moderate relief and lacks evidence for compositional zoning. In reflected light homogenous sphalerite is interstitial with hydrothermal silicates and phyllosilicates. Sphalerite grains locally have inclusions of chalcopyrite and were avoided during microprobe analysis. The sphalerites are Fe-poor (Fig. 2.25A) with concentrations of Fe between 0.2 and 0.67 wt. % (av. 0.45 wt. %) and Zn contents of 65.89 to 66.97 wt. % (av. 66.45 wt. %; Fig. 2.25B).There is no compositional variation of sphalerites from the different deposits at Niblack. With the exception of three samples from the Niblack Mine, all sphalerites have <1 mol % FeS (Fig. 2.25C). The low FeS contents indicate the sphalerite precipitated at low temperatures (200-300?C) and gold was likely transported in solution as gold-bisulfide complexes (Hannington and Scott, 1989). The homogenous petrographic textures and chemical compositions suggest the sphalerite precipitated late, relative to chalcopyrite, and there was little remobilization or zone refining of Cu-Zn sulfides at Niblack. The composition of sphalerite (av. 0.39 mol % FeS) and associated gold content (av. 2.08 g/t Au) is consistent with other copper-zinc-rich, lead-poor, gold enhanced VHMS systems such as the Kuroko deposits in Japan and the Seneca and Lynx deposits in Canada (Hannington and Scott, 1989, and references therein ).0.25 0.75 1.25020406080100120FeS (mol %)C02040601030500.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3Fe (wt. %)A1.5 1.7Frequency04080120206010014062 64 66 68Zn (wt. %)70 72 74BNiblack MineLookout DepositMammoth ZoneTrio Zonen=61n=43n=34n=55FIG 2.25 Distribution of Fe, Zn and FeS contents of sphalerite from the Niblack Mine, Lookout deposit, Mammoth and Trio zones. A. Histogram of Fe (wt. %), note the Fe-poor composition of sphalerite for all deposits. B. Histogram of Zn (wt. %), note the overall homogeneity between the deposits. C. Histogram of FeS (mol. %) of sphalerite for all deposits.57IRSWT ?ul/l ?NphhSms ?heWmklmkTa ?manpgon ?bkm ?SiSgstaZ ?nldSgameoa ?nShlgan ?GRaeWT ?FRaT ? Niblack ?Camp ?Average ? ADusttms)) ? ADusttms*s ? ADusttms)s ? ADusttmszt ? ADusttms.z ? Msv.mtsu* ? ADusttmsz( ? ADusttmtt) ? ADusttmtz/ ?MkWf ?Osla ? ? ? ? ? HN ?y ?IEN ? HN ?y ?IEN ? LAO ?y ?IEN ? HN ?y ?IEN ? LAO ?y ?IEN ? LFO ?y ?IEN ? LAO ?y ?IEN ? FAO ?y ?IEN ? HP ? y ?IEN ?IphTam ?kb ?SiSgsnan ? ? ?&2 ? &1 ? 4 ? &3 ? -??0 ? &0 ? 4 ? &4 ? &1 ?Dalkneo ? ? ?IeTgSWf ? IeTgSWf ? IeTgSWf ? HShhkod ? HShhkod ? Fkkfkpo ? Fkkfkpo ? Omek ? Omek ?AgoamSoeki ? ? ?WdgymeWd ? WdgymeWd ? WdgymeWd ? namymeWd ? WdgymeWd ? WdgymeWd ? WdgymeWd ? namymeWd ? namymeWd ? ?cnhmeih ? delih ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ap ?zcxo, ? o -?? ? o  ?t ?o-?? ? 0u30. ? .u04. ? 1u/-??. ? -??u-??1. ? .u..0 ? &u20. ? -??u-??0. ? .u24. ? .u-??/. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?N ?zrou ?7, ? o-?? ? o ?t ?o ? //u-??4 ? //u.1 ? /&u40 ? //u-??4 ? //u.2 ? //u-??1 ? /&u2/ ? //u/& ? //u&1 ?Ea ?zro ?7, ? o ? o ?t ? o ? .u11 ? .u02 ? .u&. ? .u0-?? ? .u// ? .u00 ? .u0/ ? .u12 ? .u/3 ?Ri ?zrou ?7, ? o ?o ?t ?o ? 11u.. ? 11u-??3 ? 11u3& ? 11u00 ? 11u42 ? 11u/4 ? 10u34 ? 11u&2 ? 12u.4 ?CZ ?zrou ?7, ? o ? o-?? ?t o ? .u00 ? .u&3 ? .u/4 ? .u/& ? .u-??0 ? .u/& ? .u// ? .u&1 ? .u-??3 ? ?IbgRW ?nig ?+o ? -??..u/. ? 44u44 ? -??..u/0 ? -??..u/2 ? -??..u0& ? -??..u/& ? 44u/3 ? -??..u0& ? -??..u4. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Sol ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?N ?  o-?? ? o ?t ? o ? 0.u&0 ? 0.u/. ? 04u32 ? 0.u&0 ? 0.u.2 ? 0.u&-?? ? 0.u.0 ? 0.u-??4 ? 0.u-??. ?Ea ? o ? o-?? ?t ? o ? .u021 ? .u0-??& ? .u-??2& ? .u/03 ? .u&30 ? .u/30 ? .u/3-?? ? .u030 ? .u//. ?Ri ? o ?o ?t ?o ? 04u.. ? 04u/2 ? 04u1& ? 04u// ? 04u2/ ? 04u&4 ? 04u0. ? 03u42 ? 04u02 ?CZ ? o-?? ? o  ?t ? o-?? ? .u-??4& ? .u-??&/ ? .u-??12 ? .u-??/3 ? .u.1& ? .u-??0. ? .u-??0/ ? .u-??-??& ? .u.21 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?EaN ?zhkg ?7, ? o ? o-?? ?t o ? .u03 ? .u0-?? ? .u-??2 ? .u/1 ? .u&3 ? .u/4 ? .u/3 ? .u03 ? .u// ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?QAT=Quartz-rich ash tuff; QLT=Quartz-rich lapilli tuff; LAT=Lithic ash tuff; MX=monolithic volcanic breccia; MS=Massive Sulfide; NFS=Niblack Felsic Succession; mol %=mole percent582.12 Stable Isotope GeochemistryThe source of base and precious metals in VHMS deposits are believed to be from hydrothermal seawater convection leaching of footwall rocks and/or magmatic hydrothermal fluid input (e.g., Large, 1992). Magmatic hydrothermal fluid input is speculated to be a contributor for precious metal enhancement of VHMS deposits (e.g., Gemmell et al., 2004, Hannington et al., 2005). Calculated fluid compositions from stable isotope ratios of hydrothermal alteration and ore-minerals can be used to identify the fluid source of those minerals and infer the source of metal-bearing fluid.Stable isotope samples were selected from ore and alteration mineral separates in a variety of alteration zones and sulfide deposition styles to determine the source and evolution of metal-bearing hydrothermal fluids at the Niblack VHMS camp. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, sericite, chlorite, magnetite and calcite mineral separates are from seafloor exhalative, sub-seafloor and stockwork vein sulfide depositional settings and chlorite-rich, sericite-rich, sericite-pyrite, chlorite-magnetite ? epidote, massive jasper-magnetite, chlorite-pyrite-carbonate, and chlorite-carbonate ? hematite alteration types. Samples for stable isotope analyses were selected from least-deformed drill core samples that lack petrographic evidence for recrystallization of sulfide and deformation alignment of phyllosilicate minerals. Individual minerals were extracted from drill core by crushing the sample followed by hand picking mineral grains, micro drilling or by a liquid suspension circuit (Appendix F). The quality of the mineral separates were verified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis at the University of British Columbia, Canada (Appendix F). Sulfur and oxygen stable isotope analyses on sulfide and magnetite separates were completed at the Queen?s Facility for Isotope Research, Queen?s University, Canada. Oxygen and deuterium stable isotope analyses on chlorite and sericite concentrates were completed at GNS Science, New Zealand. Carbon and oxygen stable isotope measurements on calcite separates were completed at the University of British Columbia, Canada with the Mineral Isotope Analyzer (Barker et al., 2011).2.12.1 Sulfur isotope analysis of sulfide mineralsPyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite seafloor exhalative (n=4 Niblack, n=2 Mammoth), sub-seafloor sulfide (n=4 Lookout, n=4 Trio), and pyrite-rich stockwork stringer vein mineralization (n=4 Trio) were analyzed for ?34S. The ?34Ssulfide values range from +6.6 to +10.5? (Table 2.7) and the variation in values does not vary with the deposit or mineral sampled (Figs. 2.26A-B). Sulfide from mineralized chlorite-rich alteration has ?34Ssulfide values of +6.6 to +7.5? (n=2; Table 2.7) and ?34Ssulfide values from mineralized, Mg-rich chlorite alteration range from +7.2 to +8.1? (n=4; Table 2.7). Mineralized sericite-rich alteration has ?34S sulfide values of +7.9 to +9.9? (n=6; Table 2.7) and unmineralized sericite-pyrite alteration has ?34S sulfide values of +8.2 to +10.5? (n=4; Table 2.7).59CDT=Canyon Diablo Troilite; ser=sericite; chl=chlorite; py=pyriteMRSeW ?/.*. ?DPLgifPO ?o ,; F ?kLaiPg ?dR ?giaRWOP ?bWcPfLa ?gPeLfLhPg ?IRgmeW ?FRgW ? DWmlobp ? DWoTnbmpbliz ?opteWv ?pWsprnWv ?RepWnRpbli ?u() I ?GtnbpW ?+ ADM ?u() I ?AaReTlmtnbpW ?+ ADM ?u() I ?ImaReWnbpW ?+ ADM ?ADzxyys x-??; ? E WMaLNZ ? PmTLaLhWkPp ?bLggWkPp ?NTasfWNT ? 0&ry ? 0-??rz ? s ?ADzxyys x-??: ? E WMaLNZ ? PmTLaLhWkPp ?bLggWkPp ?NTasfWNT ? s ? 0-??r& ? s ?ADzxyys y:: ? E WMaLNZ ? PmTLaLhWkPp ?bLggWkPp ?NTasfWNT ? 0-??r. ? s ? s ?ADzxyys x;y ? D LbbdhT ? PmTLaLhWkPp ?bLggWkPp ?NTasfWNT ? 0/r/ ? 0yxr, ? s ?Ix;/s .;y ? C ddZdih ? giMsgPLRaddfp ?gPbWsbLggWkPp ?gPfsfWNT ? s ? s ? 0&r; ?Ix,;s &&& ? CddZdih ? giMsgPLRaddfp ?gPbWsbLggWkPp ?gPfsfWNT ? s ? s ? 0&r, ?ADzxyys x;& ? CddZdih ? giMsgPLRaddfp ?cPh ?hPmhifPOp ?NTasfWNT ? 0-??r: ? 0.r. ? s ?ADzxyys x/: ? HfWd ? giMsgPLRaddfp ?gPbWsbLggWkPp ?gPfsfWNT ? s ? s ? 0-??r/ ?ADzxyys x/& ? HfWd ? giMsgPLRaddfp ?gPbWsbLggWkPp ?gPfsfWNT ? s ? s ? 0-??r/ ?ADzxyys yyy ? HfWd ? giMsgPLRaddfp ?gPbWsbLggWkPp ?gPfsfWNT ? 0/r-?? ? s ? s ?ADzxyys yy, ? H fWd ? giMsgPLRaddfp ?cPh ?hPmhifPOp ?gPfsfWNT ? 0-??r; ? s ? s ?ADzxyys yy& ? HfWd ? enfWhPsfWNT ?ghdNZldfZ ?ghfWcSPf ?kPWcp ?gPfsen ? 0/r& ? 0/rz ? s ?ADzxyys y,& ? HfWd ? enfWhPsfWNT ?ghdNZldfZ ?ghfWcSPf ?kPWcp ?gPfsen ? 0yxr: ? 0&rz ? s ? ? ?chalcopyritesphaleritepyriteSulfide Separatesn=6n=4n=8Mammoth ZoneNiblack MineLookout DepositTrio ZoneNiblack MineLookout DepositMammoth ZoneTrio Zonen=4n=2n=4n=80123456780 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Count?34S (? CDT) ?34S (? CDT)A B5 10 15 20 25 30 350-5Magmatic SulfurNeoproterozoicSeawaterFIG 2.26 Summary of measured ?34S values of sulfide mineral separates. A. Comparison of Niblack sulfur isotope results with possible sulfur reservoirs; magmatic sulfur signature from Chaussidon and Lorando (1990) and estimated Neoproterozoic seawater signature from age curves of ?34S values measured in sulfate from evaporates by Claypool et al., (1980). B. Histogram of measured ?34S values in sulfide, color-coded by deposit. 602.12.2 O xygen-deuterium isotope analysis of phyllosilicate mineralsEight sericite and six chlorite concentrates were analyzed for ?18O and ?D from the Trio zone, Lookout deposit and Niblack Mine (n=14; Table 2.8). Samples are from sericite-pyrite, sericite-rich and chlorite-rich alteration types. Sericite-pyrite alteration has ?18Osericite values of +6.4 to +8.2? and ?Dsericite values of -51.1 to -64.0? (n=3; Table 2.8). Sericite-rich alteration has ?18Osericite values of +5.9 to +6.8? and ?Dsericite values of -73.4 to -102.1? (n=5; Table 2.8). The ?18Ochlorite and ?Dchlorite results from chlorite-rich alteration range from +4.8 to +5.9? and -64.0 to -91.1?, respectively (n=6; Table 2.8). 2.12.3 Oxygen isotope analysis of magnetiteSeven magnetite separates were analyzed for ?18O from the Niblack Mine (n=3) Mammoth zone (n=2), Dama zone (n=1) and Lookout deposit (n=1). Massive and poorly-banded magnetite alteration occurs with jasper or chlorite in seafloor exhalative samples from the Niblack Mine, Mammoth and Dama zones. Semi-massive, sub-seafloor magnetite from the Lookout deposit co-precipitated with chlorite and minor epidote alteration minerals. The ?18Omagnetite values range from -0.4 to +7.0? (Table 2.9). The magnetite oxygen isotope results from the Niblack Mine are considerably lighter (-0.4 to +2.6?) than the results from the other deposits (+5.1 to +7.0?).TWale ? +.$. ? IbTnpmba ? t ;0M ? Tia ? tD ? rTgpbn ? kc ? Zdgkmeob ? Tia ? nbmeZeob ? heibmTg ? nblTmTobn ? Tia ?ZTgZpgToba ?dsamkodbmhTg ?cgpea ?Zkhlkneoekin ?SWmple ?IWme ?Feposgt ?Robi ?Tvpe ?AlterWtgon ?Tvpe ?GgnerWl ? ? z 2$Mmgn ? ? zF mgn ? Temp ?/*D( ? z2$MuWter ? ) zF uWter ?CI:,;:x ;/, ? Rmek ? OE ? nbmxls ? nbmeZeob ? 20u: ? x&;u; ? :0, ?3:, ? 2-??u: ?3,u/ ? x:/u; ?3& ?CI:,;:x ;0, ? R mek ? OES ? nbmxls ? nbmeZeob ? 2/u-?? ? x/-??u, ? :0, ?3:, ? 2:u. ?3,u/ ? x.1u, ?3& ?CI:,;:x :-??& ? Hkkfkpo ? OE ? nbmxls ? nbmeZeob ? 2/u/ ? x&&u. ? :0, ?3:, ? 2:u& ?3,u/ ? x.,u. ?3& ?CI:,;:x ::. ? H kkfkpo ? FS ? nbmxmeZd ? nbmeZeob ? 2/u. ? x1-??u0 ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2.u. ?3,u/ ? x/1u0 ?3& ?CI:,;:x ::; ? H kkfkpo ? NAR ? nbmxmeZd ? nbmeZeob ? 2/u-?? ? x0.u-?? ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2.u-?? ?3,u/ ? x-??0u-?? ?3& ?CI:,;;x ;;0 ? Rmek ? NHR ? nbmxmeZd ? nbmeZeob ? 2/u; ? x0&u, ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2.u; ?3,u/ ? x/,u, ?3& ?CI:,;;x ;:1 ? R mek ? NAR ? nbmxmeZd ? nbmeZeob ? 2&u1 ? x0-??u1 ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2:u1 ?3,u/ ? x-??1u1 ?3& ?CI:,;;x ,1& ? Rmek ? NAR ? nbmxmeZd ? nbmeZeob ? 2/u0 ? x;,:u; ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2.u0 ?3,u/ ? x00u; ?3& ?CI:,;;x ,0, ? L eWgTZf ? II ? ZdgxmeZd ? Zdgkmeob ? 2-??u0 ? x/1u. ? .,/ ?3;/ ? 2-??u0 ?3,u: ? x.,u: ?CI:,;;x ,00 ? L eWgTZf ? IP ? ZdgxmeZd ? Zdgkmeob ? 2&u1 ? x/0u0 ?.,/ ?3;/ ? 2&u1 ?3,u: ? x:0u/ ?CI:,;;x ,.& ? Hkkfkpo ? FS ? ZdgxmeZd ? Zdgkmeob ? 2&u0 ? x00u, ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2&u0 ?3,u: ? x.0u1 ?CI:,;;x ,:: ? H kkfkpo ? NAR ? ZdgxmeZd ? Zdgkmeob ? 2&u0 ? x1;u: ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2&u0 ?3,u: ? x&:u; ?CI:,;;x ;-??; ? R mek ? NAR ? ZdgxmeZd ? Zdgkmeob ? 2-??u1 ? x/-??u, ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2&u, ?3,u: ? x:-??u1 ?CI:,;;x ;:. ? R mek ? FS ? ZdgxmeZd ? Zdgkmeob ? 2&u-?? ? x/1u0 ? .:; ?3;1 ? 2&u& ?3,u: ? x.,u0 ? ???18Omin and ??Dmin=measured values (?VSMOW)??18Owater-sericite=Shepard and Gilg (1996) calculated fluid composition (?)??18Owater-chlorite=Cole and Ripely & (1999) calculated fluid composition (?)*?Dwater-sericite=Shepard and Gilg (1996) calculated fluid composition (?)*?Dwater-chlorite=Graham (1985) calculated fluid composition (?)ser=sericite; chl=chlorite; min=mineral; VSMOW=Vienna Standard Mean Oceanic Water; RF=Rhyolite flow; RFX=Rhyolite autobreccia; HX=Heterolithic volcanic breccia; QAT=Quartz-rich ash tuff; QLT=Quartz-rich lapilli tuff; MM=Massive magnetite; MS=Massive sulfide612.12.4 O xygen-carbon isotope analysis of calciteThirteen calcite separates were analyzed for ?18O and ?13C. Hydrothermal calcite samples are from the Niblack Mine (n=1), Mammoth zone (n=3), Lookout deposit (n=5) and Dama zone (n=1). Late calcite veins were also analyzed (n=3). The ?18O and ?13C values for hydrothermal calcite vary from +1.3 to +9.9? and -4.1 to -0.5?, respectively (n=10; Table 2.10), whereas late calcite veins have ?18O values of +8.2 to +23.8? and ?13C values of -2.3 to -4.2? (n=3; Table 2.10).??18Omag=measured value (?VSMOW)??18Owater=Zheng and Simon (1991) calculated fluid composition (?)chl=chlorite; ep=epidote; mag=magnetite; VSMOW=Vienna Standard Mean Ocean WaterMRSeW ?+/%/ ?EOIgifON ?n x-?? H ?dP ?bIRcOhThO ?IcN ?MIaMiaIhON ?SmNfdhSOfbIa ?PaiTN ?MdbedgThTdcg ?IRgmeW ?FRgW ? DWmlobp ? DWoTnbmpbli. ?opueWz ?pWtprnWz ?RepWnRpbli ?? v2$GgRa ? MWgm ?(*A) ? v2$GsRpWn ?AEyuxxr u.; ? FTLaIMZ ? OlSIaIhTkOo ?bIggTkOo ?WIgeOf ? /up& ? x&u ?0xu ? /&p, ?0upu; ?AEyuxxr u-??, ? FTLaIMZ ? OlSIaIhTkOo ?bIggTkOo ?WIgeOf ? rup, ? x&u ?0xu ? /-??px ?0upu; ?AEyuxxr x;u ? FTLaIMZ ? OlSIaIhTkOo ?bIggTkOo ?MSarfTMS ? /yp: ? x&u ?0xu ? /xxpx ?0upu; ?AEyuxxr u;, ? EIbbdhS ? OlSIaIhTkOo ?bIggTkOo ?MSarfTMS ? /;px ? x&u ?0xu ? /xzp: ?0upu; ?AEyuxxr u:z ? EIbbdhS ? OlSIaIhTkOo ?LIcNONo ?MSarfTMS ? /:py ? x&u ?0xu ? /x,p. ?0upu; ?AEyuxyr yz& ? CIbI ? OlSIaIhTkOo ?bIggTkOo ?WIgeOf ? /.pu ? x&u ?0xu ? /x;p; ?0upu; ?AEyuxyr yx-?? ? DddZdih ? giL rgOIPaddfo ?gObTrbIggTkOo ?MSa ?0 ?Oe ? /:p& ? x&u ?0xu ? /x;p, ?0upu; ? ?TWale ? $.+2. ?HTOlnkTS ? r z/L ? OgS ? r z; D ? hW ? ROeRbmT ? fbgTkOe ? lTiOkOmTl ? OgS ? ROeRneOmTS ?apSkhmaTkfOe ?WenbS ?Rhfihlbmbhgl ?SWmple ?IWme ? Feposgt ?Robi ?Tvpe ?AlterWtgon ?Tvpe ?GgnerWl ? ? z +&MbWlbgte ? z+%DbWlbgte ? Temp ?/*D( ? )z+&MuWter ?CH,yzzt y:-?? ? H Offhma ? MAN ? RaetRP1af ? ROeRbmT ? 00s0 ? t;s, ? z/y ?1zy ? t.sy ?1ys0 ?CH,yzzt y:: ? H Offhma ? MAN ? RaetRP1af ? ROeRbmT ? 00sy ? t;s, ? z/y ?1zy ? t.s/ ?1ys0 ?CH,yzzt y-??0 ? H Offhma ? MAN ? RaetRP1af ? ROeRbmT ? 0:s, ? t :sz ? z/y ?1zy ? tzys-?? ?1ys0 ?CH,yzzt z.z ? I bPeORd ? D ? fOZ tcl ? ROeRbmT ? 0/s-?? ? t,s& ? z/y ?1zy ? t-??s; ?1ys0 ?CH,yzzt yz0A, ? Fhhdhnm ? MAN ? Raetip tRO ? ROeRbmT ? 0:s& ? tzs/ ? z/y ?1zy ? tzys, ?1ys0 ?CH,yzzt y,yA, ? Fhhdhnm ? MAN ? Raetip tRO ? ROeRbmT ? 0zs. ? t ,s; ? z/y ?1zy ? tz;s: ?1ys0 ?CH,yzzt y,zA, ? Fhhdhnm ? MAN ? Raetip tRO ? ROeRbmT ? 0zs; ? t zs: ? z/y ?1zy ? tz;s. ?1ys0 ?CH,yzzt y,zC ? Fhhdhnm ? MAN ? Raetip tRO ? ROeRbmT ? 00sy ? t,s, ? z/y ?1zy ? t.s0 ?1ys0 ?CH,yz,t ,,: ? Fhhdhnm ? MAN ? Raetip tRO ? ROeRbmT ? 0.s0 ? tys. ? z/y ?1zy ? t/s0 ?1ys0 ?CH,yz,t ,;& ? EOfO ? MAN ? RaetRO1af ? ROeRbmT ? 0/s. ? tzs: ? z/y ?1zy ? t-??s: ?1ys0 ?CH,yz,t ,-??; ? Fhhdhnm ? HE ? eOmT ?RO ?og ? ROeRbmT ? 0/s, ? t:s, ? ;zy ?1zy ? t -??s& ?1ys: ?CH,yz,t ,z. ? Fhhdhnm ? HE ? eOmT ?RO ?og ? ROeRbmT ? 00s; ? t:s: ? ;zy ?1zy ? t .s. ?1ys: ?CH,yz,t ,y. ? Fhhdhnm ? HE ? eOmT ?RO ?og ? ROeRbmT ? 0,;s/ ? t,s; ? ;zy ?1zy ? 00sy ?1ys: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???18Ocalcite=measured values (?VSMOW)??13Ccalcite=measured values (?VPDB)*?18Owater-calcite=Zheng (1999) calculated fluid composition (?)chl=chlorite; ca=calcite; hm=hematite; js=jasper; py=pyrite; vn=vein; min=mineral; VSMOW=Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water; PDB=Pee Dee Belemnite; QAT=Quartz-rich ash tuff; C=Chert; MD=Mafic dike622.13 Source of Sulfur Two prevailing models for the source of sulfur in VHMS deposits are reduced seawater sulfate (Sangster, 1968) and leached igneous sulfide (Shanks, 2001). If sulfur were reduced from Neoproterozoic seawater sulfate, then the ?34Ssulfide would be in isotopic fractionation equilibrium with ?34Ssulfate (Sangster, 1968). Therefore the ?34S of Neoproterozoic seawater (+31 ?2?; Claypool et al., 1980) and precipitated sulfide would equal +15 ?5?. If the source of sulfur was leached from mafic footwall igneous sulfide by hot seawater convection, the measured ?34S results would mirror a magmatic sulfur signature (0 ?3?; Chaussidon and Lorando, 1990). The isotope results (+6.6 to +10.5? ?34S) have a mixed signature between Neoproterozoic seawater and magmatic sulfur sources (Fig. 2.26A). The average ?34Ssulfide value for the Niblack camp is +8.5?, which is +22.5 ?2? lighter than the signature of Neoproterozoic seawater and +5.5? heavier than the signature of magmatic sulfur. The mixed sulfur isotope signature indicates the source of sulfur in the Niblack deposits is likely a combination of leached igneous sulfide and minor reduced Neoproterozoic seawater sulfate. 2.14 Source of Hydrothermal Fluids The study of oxygen isotopes combined with isotopes of hydrogen and carbon is a powerful tool in assessing geologic processes involving water. For example studies on the Panorama VHMS system (Drieberg et al., 2013), Neves-Corvo deposit (Relvas et al., 2006) and Eskay Creek deposit (Sherlock et al., 1999) identified the sources of metal-bearing fluids as seawater or minor magmatic input into a seawater-dominant hydrothermal system. The signatures of fluids responsible for hydrothermal alteration at Niblack are investigated by calculating the isotopic composition of water in equilibrium with phyllosilicate, oxide and carbonate alteration minerals and then are compared to the compositions of fluids from other geologic environments.2.14.1 Sericite and chlorite alterationOxygen is an abundant rock-forming mineral element. As a result, oxygen isotope ratios are less sensitive to change in hydrothermal environments with low water/rock ratios. Hydrogen is a minor component of most rocks and has the inverse relationship. Water/rock ratios for altered basalts at the East Pacific rise (Stakes and O?Neil, 1982) have been calculated in excess of 50. Water/rock ratios have not been calculated at the Niblack Camp, but empirically are likely very high based on the genetic relationship of the occurrence of VHMS systems with seafloor vents and large, convective hydrothermal systems. Therefore, the calculated isotopic fluid signature in equilibrium with hydrothermal phyllosilicate alteration minerals should reflect the origin of the hydrothermal fluid and not the igneous isotopic composition of the host rocks.The ?18Owater and ?Dwater values of the hydrothermal fluids in equilibrium with sericite-pyrite, sericite-rich and chlorite-rich alteration types are calculated using the sericite-water fractionation equations for ?18O and ?D (Eq. 3-4) of Sheppard and Gilg (1996) and chlorite-water fractionation equations (Eq. 5-6) of Cole 63and Ripley (1999) and Graham (1984) (T in degrees Kelvin):Eq. 3 103 ln ?sericite-water = 2.39 ? 106 ? T2 ? 3.76Eq. 4 103 ln ?sericite-water = -25 ?5Eq. 5 103 ln ?chlorite-water = 2.693 ? 109 ? T3 ? 6.342 ? 106 ? T2 + 2.69 ? 103 ? TEq. 6 103 ln ?chlorite-water = -39.1Temperatures for temperature-dependent fractionation equations are estimated from the composition of chlorite. A temperature range for chlorite-rich alteration samples of 307 ?16?C is used for the Niblack Mine and 321 ?19?C for the Trio zone and Lookout deposit. These estimates are consistent with the expected temperatures of Cu ? Au sulfide precipitation (300-375?C) from a typical VHMS hydrothermal fluid (Large, 1992). The precipitation of zinc increases with cooler temperatures, therefore 300 ?25?C for sericite-rich alteration samples from the Trio zone and Lookout deposit is used. High-temperature, unmineralized sericite-pyrite alteration (>350?C) has been identified in the core of zoned alteration pipes below massive sulfide-ores, for example the Hellyer VHMS deposit (Gemmell and Fulton, 2001). This alteration is associated with silica flooding and pyritic stockwork veins. The sericite-pyrite alteration at Niblack forms peripheral to sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization at the Trio zone and Lookout deposit and silica flooding is absent. Sericite is the dominant alteration mineral, and is interpreted to represent a cooler-hydrothermal process and 280 ?20?C is used to calculate the fluid composition.The isotopic fluid compositions of sericite and chlorite indicate mixing of two hydrothermal fluids at Niblack (Table 2.8; Fig. 2.27A). Sericite-pyrite (Lookout deposit, Trio zone) and chlorite-rich (Trio zone, Niblack Mine) alterations have ?18Owater between +2.5 to +5.9? and ?Dwater between -30.7 to -24.9? (Table 2.8). The oxygen and deuterium isotopic composition of Neoproterozoic seawater is -7 to -5 ?18O? and -46 to -30 ?D?. The calculated fluid signatures indicate the fluid responsible for these alteration assemblages was evolved Neoproterozoic seawater. Evolved seawater signatures are the result of fluid-rock interactions. As cold ambient seawater is heated and circulated through footwall strata, oxygen isotopic signatures become more positive and deuterium values remain unchanged because the footwall rocks have abundant oxygen and minor hydrogen.Sericite-rich (Lookout deposit, Trio zone) and chlorite-rich (Lookout deposit) alteration types have ?18Owater between +2.9 to +5.8 ?Dwater ? values between 48.4 to -77.1? (Table 2.8). The ?D fluid signatures are more negative than the range for Neoproterozoic seawater (-30 to -46 ?D?) and indicate the addition of a magmatic fluid (+5.5 to +9 ?Dwater ? and -40 to -80 ?D?; Taylor, 1974). The sericite-rich alteration fluid signatures define a mixing trend between the moderately-evolved seawater fluid responsible for sericite-pyrite alteration and a magmatic fluid (Fig. 2.27A). Chlorite-rich alteration (Lookout deposit) isotopic fluid signatures define a mixing trend between the highly-evolved seawater fluid responsible for the Niblack Mine and Trio zone chlorite-rich alteration and a magmatic fluid (Fig. 2.27A).64FIG 2.27 Niblack camp calculated fluid compositions from stable isotope data. A. Calculated ?18Owater vs. ?Dwater of hydrothermal fluid responsible for sericite and chlorite hydrothermal alteration at Lookout, Trio and Niblack Mine. B. Calculated ?18Owater in equilibrium with hydrothermal magnetite alteration at Mammoth, Niblack Mine, Lookout and Dama. C. Calculated ?18Owater in equilibrium with hydrothermal carbonate alteration at Mammoth, Niblack Mine, Lookout and Dama and from late carbonate veins. Meteoric water line (MWL) from Craig (1961); Neoproterozoic seawater field estimated from Claypool et al. (1980), Wadleigh and Viezer (1992) and Butler et al. (1997); metamorphic water field from Taylor (1974) and Sheppard (1981); felsic magmatic water field (FMW) from Taylor (1992); and primary magmatic water filed (PMW) from Taylor (1974). MetamorphicSingatureMagmaticSignatureNeoproterozoicSeawater5.7Metoric Signature (to -40)Mammoth Zone (190?10?C)Niblack Mine (190?10?C)Lookout Deposit (190?10?C)Dama Zone (190?10?C)Magnetite Separates-16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20Mammoth Zone (180?10?C)Niblack Mine (180?10?C)Lookout Deposit (180?10?C)Dama Zone (180?10?C)Carbonate SeparatesLate cb veins (310?10?C)0-20-40-60-80-100-120NeoproterozoicSeawaterSignatureSMOWMetamorphic WaterFMWPMWMWL-16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20Niblack MineLookout DepositTrio ZoneChl-rich (307?16?C)Ser-py (280?20?C)Ser-rich (300?25?C)Chl-rich (321?19?C)Ser-py (280?20?C)Ser-rich (300?25?C)Chl-rich (321?19?C)ABC? 2ZDWHU (? 9S02:)? 2ZDWHU (? 9S02:)?'ZDWHU (?9S02:)n=14n=7n=131818652.14.2 Magnetite alterationThe fluid source of magnetite alteration is assessed using the temperature dependent (T in Kelvin) magnetite-water fractionation equation of Zheng and Simon (1991) for oxygen:Eq. 7 103 ln ?magnetite-water = 3.02 ? 106 ? T2 ? 12.00 ? 103 ? T + 3.31Magnetite alteration forms distal to sulfide mineralization and is associated with carbonate + chlorite alteration or jasper chert. Hannington and Scott (1988) observed at the Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge, that hydrothermal fluid mixing with ambient seawater at 185?C precipitated jasper + sulfide chimneys. Based on this modern analog, 190 ?10?C was used to calculate the fluid composition of seafloor exhalative and distal sub-seafloor magnetite alteration types. The calculated fluid compositions of magnetite vary from +8.1 to +15.5? ?18O (Table 2.9). The Niblack Mine has +8.1 to +11.1? oxygen compositions and represents an evolved seawater fluid signature (Fig. 2.27B). The shift from lighter ?18O compositions at the Niblack Mine to heavier, more evolved ?18O signatures at Lookout deposit, Trio and Dama zones (+13.6 to +15.5?) indicate increasing oxygen isotopic exchange between a cooling evolved seawater hydrothermal fluid and primary volcanic minerals, such as feldspar. For example, Roberts et al. (2003) showed a similar shift from light to heavy ?18O whole-rock values between hotter-temperature, mineralized alteration assemblages to cooler, distal alteration assemblages in the Proterozoic Vihanti-Pyh?salmi VHMS district of central Finland.2.14.3 Calcite alterationThe ?18Owater values of the fluid in equilibrium with calcite has been calculated using the temperature-dependent fractionation equation of Zheng (1999):Eq. 8 103 ln ?calcite-water = 4.01 ? 106 ? T2 ? 4.66Hydrothermal calcite alteration is distal to sulfide mineralization and typically is with minor, fine-grained chlorite-pyrite and locally epidote or hematite. Generally, distal carbonate alteration in VHMS deposits precipitate in the later stages of the system, below 200?C (Large, 1992), and an assumed temperature range of 180 ?10?C is used. The fluid compositions for water in equilibrium with calcite from late, cross-cutting calcite veins were calculated using a range of 310 ?10?C, estimated from the composition of metamorphic chlorite in hanging wall basalts.The results (Table 2.10) for hydrothermal calcite indicate a probable fluid source of Neoproterozoic seawater (Figs. 2.27C, 2.28). There are no systematic shifts in the ?18Owater results between deposits at Niblack. The ?13Cmeasured results from the Mammoth zone and Niblack Mine are slightly more negative than the estimated values for Neoproterozoic seawater (-2.5 to +1.5?; Wadleigh and Viezer, 1992; Butler et al., 1997) and three of the four results have slightly lighter ?18Owater results than Neoproterozoic seawater 66suggesting minor mixing between seawater and a magmatic source (Fig. 2.28). The metamorphic calcite fluid compositions are enriched in ?18O compared to the hydrothermal calcite data. This suggests that the enrichment is a result of oxygen fractionation during post-mineralization greenschist facies metamorphism. 2.14.4 Niblack VHMS hydrothermal fluid genesisThe three calculated isotopic fluid composition trends from four hydrothermal alteration assemblages at the Niblack camp are interpreted to represent an evolution from a Neoproterozoic seawater-dominant to magmatic hydrothermal dominant ore-fluid system (Fig. 2.29). Stable isotope samples were selected from least-deformed and least-recrystallized rock examples. Invariably there is some affect of the metamorphic overprint on the stable isotope results. Locally there is phyllosilicate crystal coarsening, most notably in pressure shadows along quartz phenocrysts in rhyolite flows and pyrite crystal coarsening with inclusions of other sulfide minerals near the pyrite crystal margins. However, based on the significant spread in measured and calculated isotopic compositions of oxygen and deuterium, it is likely that the water/rock ratios during metamorphism were very low and the interpreted hydrothermal mineral assemblages at Niblack did not completely re-equilibrate during metamorphism.-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20-16151050510n=13NeoproterozoicSeawaterMagmaticWater? 2ZDWHU (? 9S02:)? & (?VPDB)0DPPRWK =RQH (?10?& 1LEODFN 0LQH (?10?& /RRNRXW 'HSRVLW (?10?& 'DPD =RQH (?10?& &DUERQDWH SHSDUDWHV/DWH FE YHLQV (3?10?& 1813FIG 2.28 Calculated ?18Owater vs. ?13Ccalcite of fluids associated with hydrothermal calcite alteration from the Niblack Mine, Lookout deposit, Mammoth zone and Dama zone; and fluids responsible for late carbonate veins. Neoproterozoic seawater field estimated from Claypool et al. (1980), Wadleigh and Viezer (1992) and Butler et al. (1997); and the magmatic water field from Taylor (1974) and Exely et al. (1986).67Sulfur isotope data indicate sulfur was dominantly sourced from leached igneous sulfide. The heavy oxygen isotope results from phyllosilicate minerals suggest an evolved seawater hydrothermal fluid. The very light deuterium isotope signatures from mineralized phyllosilicate alteration assemblages indicate the addition of a magmatic hydrothermal fluid to the system. Therefore it is likely the source of heat to generate seawater convection, which produced leached igneous sulfur and evolved Neoproterozoic seawater isotopic signatures, was from a shallow (sub 2 km) intrusion (Fig. 2.29). Furthermore, this intrusion likely contributed magmatic hydrothermal fluids, as determined by oxygen and deuterium isotopic compositions. Mafic to IntermediateStratigraphic FootwallPaleo-SeafloorShallow IntrusionShallow IntrusionNiblack MinePaleo-SeafloorMafic to IntermediateStratigraphic FootwallLookoutDepositTrio ZoneQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology Explanation Mineralization & Alteration ExplanationCoarse Volcanic PyroclasticLithic Ash TuffQuartz-rich Ash TuffRhyolite FlowSub-SeafloorSulfideSeafloor ExhalativeSulfideChlorite-rich, Cu-dominantSericite-rich, Zn-dominantSericite-PyriteMg-rich Chlorite, Cu-richFluid Source Explanation12334Magmatic FluidEvolved SeawaterA BFIG 2.29 Niblack VHMS camp fluid genesis model. A. Idealized geologic setting of the camp with hanging wall rocks removed. The Lookout deposit and Trio zone are sub-seafloor sulfide bodies whereas the Niblack Mine is an exhalative massive sulfide body. B. Niblack camp hydrothermal alteration zoning and proposed fluid sources. Stable isotope data indicates the ore-forming fluids at Niblack are a combination of evolved seawater and magmatic fluid. (1) Niblack Mine has the most evolved seawater signature and copper-rich sulfide mineralization with Mg-rich chlorite alteration. (2) The Lookout deposit is the largest in the camp and has the largest magmatic fluid component. (3-4) The margins of the Lookout deposit and the Trio zone are zinc-rich with sericite-dominant alteration and unmineralized sericite-pyrite alteration. Mineralized sericite-rich alteration has a mixed evolved seawater and magmatic fluid composition and unmineralized sericite-pyrite alteration has less evolved seawater-dominant fluid composition. 682.15 DiscussionThe 565 ?1.25 Ma Niblack camp is one of the youngest Proterozoic VHMS deposits on Earth. The volcanic host rocks occur in the oldest Wales Group basement rocks of the Alexander terrane. The camp is a unique study area for assessing both the early Alexander terrane tectonic environment and Neoproterozoic VHMS ore-forming processes.2.15.1 Tectonic settingEstablishing the tectonic setting of the study area is necessary to correctly classify the Niblack VHMS camp and requires understanding the nature of volcanic lithofacies and their geochemical signatures. A sample of the stratigraphic footwall has a tholeiitic MORB geochemical composition (Figs. 2.20D-E). The coherent and pyroclastic felsic samples have tholeiitic rhyolite compositions and volcanic arc tectonic affinities (Figs. 2.20C, E). The stratigraphic hanging wall pillow basalts have two geochemical signatures; older primitive LOTI basalts and younger E-MORB basalts (Figs. 2.20D-E), which indicates an evolution in the tectonic environment with time.With the exception of the E-MORB pillow basalts, the local stratigraphy has a primitive geochemical signature. Tholeiitic MORB rocks typically form as a result of incipient extension of back-arc basins or at mid-ocean ridges (Piercey, 2007). The age of the stratigraphic footwall sequence at Niblack is unknown, so either of these tectonic settings is possible. Tholeiitic rhyolites are derived from the melting of andesitic to mafic crust associated with fore-arc, intra-arc or back-arc basin rifting, and LOTI basalts are formed during fore-arc extension and commencement of subduction or back-arc basin environments (Piercey, 2007). The primitive geochemical signatures, tholeiitic rhyolite and LOTI basalt compositions of the volcanic stratigraphy and the volcanic and sedimentary lithofacies suggest a juvenile back-arc tectonic setting at Niblack (Fig. 2.30). It is unclear if the mafic footwall stratigraphy was present prior to, or the result of, the initiation of the back-arc basin and this question needs to be further assessed. For simplicity, the stratigraphic footwall rocks are interpreted to have formed prior to the start of back-arc rifting (Figs. 2.30A-B). The NFS formed from the crystal fractionation of a primitive subarc lithospheric mantle melt and was deposited in the early back-arc basin (Fig. 2.30C). Juvenile magmatism continued through the deposition of the LOTI stratigraphic hanging wall pillowed basalts. Mafic volcanism continued and mafic wackes-siltstones, interlayered with the pillowed basalt flows, were deposited in the stratigraphic hanging wall sequence (Fig. 2.30D). The mafic sediment rocks were likely derived from erosion of the outboard oceanic volcanic arc. Younger E-MORB pillow basalts of the stratigraphic hanging wall indicate the back-arc basin tectonic architecture evolved to a mature rift. The proposed tectonic environment is reasonable with the regional setting based on the work of Churkin and Eberlein (1977), Eberlein et al., (1983), Gehrels and Saleeby (1987), Gehrels et al., (1996), and Samson et al. (1989; 1991) who interpreted that the Wales Group formed in an intraoceanic arc environment near the equator that was not juxtaposed alongside a continental margin until the Middle Silurian to Earliest Devonian time. 692.15.2 VHMS deposit classificationVolcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits are grouped into five deposit classes according to volcanic lithofacies and metal concentrations (Franklin et al., 2005; Gibson et al., 2007; Piercey, 2007). The Niblack camp stratigraphy consists of coherent and pyroclastic bimodal-volcanic rocks with lesser sedimentary rocks. Based on this, Niblack could be either a bimodal-mafic or bimodal-felsic type VHMS camp. Bimodal-felsic VHMS deposits have peralkaline or calc-alkalic rhyolites enriched in HFSE whereas bimodal-mafic VHMS deposits have tholeiitic or boninitic rhyolite geochemical signatures (Piercey, 2007). The NFS is characterized by tholeiitic rhyolites (Fig. 2.20E) with low Zr/Y ratios (av. 3.3, Table 2.3) and depleted HFSE and REE concentrations (e.g., Zr<120 ppm; Table 2.3). The LOTI stratigraphic hanging wall basalt flows have tholeiitic geochemical signatures that are typical of bimodal-mafic VHMS deposits (Piercey, 2007). Furthermore, the volume of mafic volcanic rocks is significantly greater than the felsic volcanic rocks at Niblack. Gibson et al., (2007) defined the volcanic stratigraphy of bimodal-mafic deposits as subordinate (<25%) coherent and pyroclastic felsic rocks with mafic flows dominant and potential sulfide mineralization in both volcanic lithofacies. Based on this new data, Niblack is therefore classified as a bimodal-mafic VHMS deposit.Compared with the worldwide averages of contained metals and tonnages for different VHMS deposit classes (Fig. 2.31), Niblack is also most similar to other bimodal-mafic VHMS deposits. The copper grade at Niblack is comparable, although lower than the worldwide average for bimodal-mafic deposits. The zinc grade is lower than all deposit type averages, except for mafic-dominant VHMS deposits. There is a minor amount of lead in the Niblack VHMS camp. Low lead grades are typical of juvenile, mafic volcanic FIG 2.30 Schematic reconstruction of Neoproterozoic Niblack oceanic back-arc basin tectonic setting. A. Illustration of Alexander terrane oceanic arc architecture. B. Oceanic crustal thinning results from back-arc basin extension and large volumes of lithospheric melting formed by the emplacement of shallow primitive melts/subvolcanic intrusion. C. Continued extension results in felsic volcanism and deposition of NFS strata and synchronous volcanic-hosted massive sulfide mineralization. D. Mafic derived volcanic wacke and siltstones are deposited during a period of sporadic and waning volcanism and forms interlayered pillow basalt flows and sedimentary rocks of the stratigraphic hanging wall sequence. Figure abbreviations: D=Dama; L=Lookout; N=Niblack Mine; T=TrioWaning felsic volcanism. Deposition of hanging wall interlayeredmafic wacke-siltstones and pillowed basalt flowsFractionation of primitive intrusion and deposition of Niblack Felsic Succession of at 565 Ma and VHMS deposits Oceanic CrustSubvolcanic Intrusion Rhyolite DomesFelsic Pyroclastic RocksQFP SillVHMS depositsHanging Wall Mafic WackeHanging Wall BasaltOceanic Volcanic ArcBack-Arc BasinOceanicCrustAm0002LDNTLDNTBC DC-D insetB insetN70dominant deposit types due to the lack of volcanism derived from partial melting of continental sediment-rich crust. 2.15.3 VHMS deposit me tal sourcesThe deposit classification alone does not explain why some VHMS deposits, including Niblack, are precious metal enhanced compared to others (Table 2.11). Previous works have proposed two end member sources of metals in VHMS systems (Fig. 2.32). Ohmoto and Rey (1974) suggested that the precious metals are leached from mafic substrate and the volcanic pile by hot, seawater convection driven by shallow 21.510.5Cu (wt %)2.53531Zn (wt %)1.50.51Pb (wt %)80604020Ag (g/t)100210.51.5Au (g/t)2.5252015105Tonnes(MT)1.27.534.34.78.7 9.2Mafic-dominantBimodal-maficMafic-siliciclasticBimodal-felsicBimodal-siliciclasticNiblack VHMS CampFIG 2.31 Niblack metal and tonnage comparison with global VHMS deposit averages. The global statistics are from Barrie and Hannington (1999) and figure is modified from Galley et al. (2007). The Niblack camp data include 43-101 compliant resource estimates from the Lookout deposit and Trio zone and includes the documented mined resources from the Niblack Mine (Nowak et al., 2011).71magmatism; whereas, Urabe and Sato (1978) suggested that the precious metals are from direct input of a magmatic volatile phase from an intrusive at depth. In the seawater convection and leaching model, seawater is convected through the footwall stratigraphy along synvolcanic faults and permeable substrate (Fig. 2.32A). As convection circulates the seawater to depth, temperatures rise (up to 400?C) and base metals, igneous sulfide (e.g., Solomon, 1976) and possibly gold (e.g., Stolz and Large, 1992) are leached from the rocks. This zone is referred to as the recharge zone (Franklin et al., 2005). The hot, buoyant metal-bearing fluid migrates to the seafloor and the rapid change in fluid temperature as it mixes with cold, ambient seawater results in precipitation of base and precious sulfides near the seafloor in the reaction zone (Franklin et al., 2005).Evolved Seawater Convection Magmatic Fluid sulfide mound sulfide stockwork200?C300?C400?C5000 mRecharge ZoneReaction ZonePb, Zn, Cu, SleachingReducedSeawaterSulfateA. Seawater Convection Metal Source ModelDeep intrusion200?C300?C400?C2000 mRecharge ZoneReaction ZoneB. Direct Magmatic Metal Source ModelReducedSeawaterSulfateMagmaticvapourCu, Pb, Zn,H S, Au, Ag2Shallow intrusionFIG 2.32 Schematic diagrams of the two end-member VHMS metal source models (modified after Large, 1992 and Galley et al., 2007). A. Hot seawater convection through mafic substrate results in the leaching of base metals and sulfur from underlying volcanic rocks (recharge zone). As the metal bearing fluid rises to the seafloor, rapid cooling by mixing with cold seawater precipitates sulfide mineralization (reaction zone). In this model sulfur is sourced from the leaching of igneous sulfide and the reduction of seawater sulfate. B. Metals are sourced from a shallow level intrusion. Magmatic fluid/volatiles contribute all the metals and sulfur to the hydrothermal system. This typically results in high sulfidation and advanced argillic mineral assemblages (Sillitoe et al., 1996).?Metal resource estimates from Galley et al. 2007, references therein.*Metal resource estimates from Nowak et al., 2011.?Deposit type classification from Gas?kov et al., 2006?Deposit type classification from Gibson et al., 2007+Deposit type classification from Piercey, 2007MSTeW ?ztvvt ?DuWknicp ?md ?iWoec ?SHMP ?bcnmpgrp ?tgrf ?80 ?e,r ?As ?FWlinbo ? Dipgoms ? GM ? Dp ?rot ?( ? IT ? rot ?( ? Rg ?rot ?( ? Ap ?auo ? Aa ?auo ? AaW ?GS ? FWlinbo ?MslW ?? TsZgicglmc ? OsppgW ? /&4z& ? /z6 ? &z/ ? /z0 ? 0z2 ? /3 ? 060 ?9ZgkmbWi;dcipga ?? OmpcZcox ? AsproWigW ? 00z4 ? &z25 ? 1z1 ? /1z2 ? 0z4 ? /12 ? 162 ? ZgkmbWi;dcipga ?? MxoW ?EWiip ? CWlWbW ? 06z0 ? /z50 ? &z22 ? 3z02 ? 0 ? 16 ? 032 ? ZgkmbWi;dcipga ?? LWOmlbc ? CWlWbW ? 55z& ? &z0 ? ; ? /z4 ? 2z&4 ? 1&z6 ? 04/& ?ZgkmbWi;kWdga ?? Eigl ?Eiml ? CWlWbW ? 30z6 ? 0z0 ? ; ? 1z/ ? 0z52 ? 10z0 ? /542 ? 7ZgkmbWi;kWdga ?? Focclp ?Cocch ? RPA ? 02z& ? &z00 ? 2z/ ? /0z6 ? 2z3/ ? 4&3 ? 00& ?7kWdga;pgigagaiWprga ?? Ogbbco;Pmhmi ? IWyWhfprWl ? /02z& ? &z0 ? 0 ? 1 ? 0z2 ? /& ? 1&& ? pgigagaiWprga;dcipga ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?: NgZiWah ? RPA ? 6z0 ? &z6 ? ?; ? /z3 ? /z1 ? 03 ? 232 ? ZgkmbWi;kWdga ? ? ? ? ?72In the magmatic model, base and precious metals and sulfur are sourced from a magmatic fluid derived from an intrusion at depth. Sillitoe (1994) and Thompson (1994) proposed a high sulfidation end member VHMS model to explain the mineralogical and precious metal contents in shallow water, felsic volcanic hosted, island-arc VHMS deposits. This classification (Sillitoe et al., 1996) is based on VHMS deposits that contain bornite, enargite, covellite, low-Fe sphalerite and/or other high sulfidation mineral assemblages. Hydrothermal alteration includes advanced argillic minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, alunite and native sulfur. The formation of high sulfidation VHMS systems is attributed to ascending magmatic volatiles, from a shallow intrusive body, which condenses into circulating seawater (Fig. 2.32B).Analysis of vent fluids from active mid-ocean ridge, volcanic arc and back-arc basin seafloor vents provide modern analogs to ancient VHMS ore-forming processes. Evidence from these vents supports both metal source models (Hannington et al., 2005). The ?Dwater and ?18Owater values of vent fluids at mid-oceanic ridges mirror those of seawater (Hannington et al., 2005) and indicate the hydrothermal system is seawater-dominant. Shanks et al. (1995) reported ?Dwater values of -2.2? for one mid-oceanic ridge vent and interpreted this result to represent a small magmatic fluid component. Delta 34S from hydrogen sulfide in vent fluids have values of +1 to +7? (Hannington et al., 2005) and are consistent with values from sulfides in chimneys and indicate leaching of igneous sulfur from mafic substrate (Shanks et al., 1995).The chemistry of vent fluids and precipitated hydrothermal minerals in arc and back-arc seafloor vent environments are similar to those of mid-oceanic ridge systems, however are suggestive of greater magmatic contributions. For example, high concentrations of CO2 in vent fluids are considered to represent volcanic degassing (Resing and Sansone, 1996; Gamo et al., 1997). Volcanic arc related seafloor vents have higher concentrations of CO2 (40-260 mmol/kg) than mid-ocean ridge seafloor vents (5-15 mmol/kg) and are interpreted to reflect greater volcanic degassing (Hannington et al., 2005, and references therein). Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data suggest magmatic hydrothermal fluid contributions in some back-arc and arc vents. The DESMOS cauldron has very low, down to -8? ?D values (Gamo et al., 1997), which implies a magmatic hydrothermal fluid component in the vent fluid (Hannington et al., 2005). Sulfur isotope results from precipitated sulfide typically are in the range of leached igneous sulfur from mafic substrate. Anomalously low ?34S have been reported and are believed to represent the input of volcanic SO2 (e.g. Gemmell et al., 1999) and the presence of sulfur-rich fumaroles in seafloor arc and back-arc environments indicate direct venting of volcanic SO2 (Hannington et al., 2005). The polymetallic Conical seamount, Papua New Guinea has very light ?34S values (-17.5 to +6.1?) from hydrothermal sulfide and is interpreted to be the product of magmatic volatiles in the hydrothermal system (Gemmell et al., 2004).It is possible that the stable isotope data and hydrothermal fluid temperature estimates presented here have been disturbed by the deformation and metamorphic events at Niblack. However, Considerable effort was taken to select analytical samples from representative and least-deformed sulfide ores to assess the sources and temperatures of the hydrothermal fluids at Niblack. This included collecting samples that displayed minimal development of penetrative fabrics and lacked obvious evidence for the 73recrystallization of phyllosilicate and sulfide minerals. The results are therefore interpreted to represent primary hydrothermal ore-forming processes. This, of course, is an empirical approach to assessing the degree of disturbance from deformation and metamorphism. However the calculated seawater-dominant fluid signatures are in agreement with other VHMS stable isotope studies (Fig. 2.33), such as the Neves Corvo (Relvas et al., 2006) and Blue Hill deposits (Munha et al., 1986). Additionally the estimated hydrothermal fluid temperatures from chlorite thermometry and mineral assemblages, although over lap with low-grade greenschist facies metamorphism, are in agreement of the measured hydrothermal fluid temperatures from active seafloor vents (Hannington et al., 2005). Therefore, this suggests that these results and proceeding interpretations are reasonable.The calculated fluid compositions of hydrothermal minerals at Niblack indicate multiple sources of ore-forming fluids. Delta 34S values (+6.6 to +10.5?) of sulfides support a leached igneous sulfide-dominant sulfur source with minor seawater sulfate reduction. Oxygen, deuterium and carbon stable isotopes of alteration minerals indicate that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for cogenetic sulfide were evolved seawater and magmatic fluid. The ?18Owater and ?Dwater compositions of sericite and chlorite define three fluid mixing trends: (1) evolved seawater-dominant fluid, (2) mixed moderately-evolved seawater and magmatic fluid and (3) mixed highly-evolved seawater and magmatic fluid (Fig. 2.33). Therefore, the base and precious metals were products of leaching from mafic substrate by evolved seawater convection and by magmatic hydrothermal fluid input. Magnetite oxygen stable isotopes and calcite oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of lower-temperature hydrothermal alteration also suggest an evolved seawater-dominant fluid source.The fluid temperature estimates for mineralized chlorite-rich alteration from microprobe results are 315-350?C. Based on the two-phase seawater curve of Bischoff and Rosenbauer (1987), the Niblack VHMS system formed at a depth between 1,000 and 1,800 meters below sea-level. This depth is consistent with the majority of arc and back-arc basin active seafloor vents (Hannington et al., 2005). The composition and texture of sphalerite indicate that precipitation occurred at cooler temperatures (200-300?C) than the chalcopyrite mineralization (300-350?C). Sphalerite is interstitial to coarser grained chalcopyrite and pyrite; this suggests precipitation was later as the metal-bearing hydrothermal fluid cooled. The lack of compositional zoning in sphalerite also suggests that the hydrothermal fluid cooled quickly and that there was no remobilization or zone refining of sulfides.Compared to other VHMS camps, the Niblack camp ores contain a significant magmatic hydrothermal fluid component (Fig. 2.33). The Lookout deposit is the largest ore zone with the highest base and precious metal grades and has the greatest magmatic fluid affinity. Therefore, the physiochemical contributions of a magmatic hydrothermal fluid such as heat, sulfur, base and precious metals were important in forming the larger and higher-grade deposits with the Niblack camp. 740-20-40-60-80-100-120NeoproterozoicSeawaterSignatureSMOWMetamorphic WaterFMWPMWMWL-16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20A? 2ZDWHU (? 9S02:)?'ZDWHU (?9S02:)18$FWLYH SHDIORRU 9HQW5LR 7LQWR1HYHV &RUYR%OXH +LOO1LEODFN +\GURWKHUPDO )OXLG 7UHQGV (YROYHG SHDZDWHU0RGHUDWHO\(YROYHG SHDZDWHUDQG 0DJPDWLF )OXLGV+LJKO\(YROYHG SHDZDWHUDQG 0DJPDWLF )OXLGV'HSRVLW )OXLG SLJQDWXUHV Example Age (Ma) VHMS Classification Stable Isotope Reference1HYHV &RUYR 320 )HOVLFVLOLFLFODVWLF$FWLYH SHDIORRU 9HQW - -5LR 7LQWR 320 )HOVLFVLOLFLFODVWLF5HOYDV HW DO GH 5RQGH  0XQKD HW DO  Metals&XSQ=Q$J-&X=Q3E$J$X1LEODFN  %LPRGDOPDILF%OXH +LOO 3 0DILFVLOLFLFODVWLFWKLV VWXG\0XQKD HW DO  &X$X=Q$J=Q&X3E$JFIG 2.33 Comparison of Niblack VHMS camp calculated hydrothermal fluid signatures from stable isotope studies with active seafloor vents and other VHMS camps. Meteoric water line (MWL) from Craig (1961); Neoproterozoic seawater field estimated from Claypool et al. (1980), Wadleigh and Viezer (1992) and Butler et al. (1997); metamorphic water field from Taylor (1974) and Sheppard (1981); felsic magmatic water field (FMW) from Taylor (1992); and primary magmatic water filed (PMW) from Taylor (1974). 752.15.5 VHMS deposit modelA Niblack-type VHMS deposit model is presented for the newly recognized Neoproterozoic tectonic setting and VHMS deposit classification of the Niblack camp (Fig. 2.34). The volcanic stratigraphy is characterized by mafic flows with lesser coherent and pyroclastic felsic rocks (<25%). Permeable, felsic volcanic breccias and lapilli tuffs form at the margins of rhyolite flows and proximal to a seafloor volcanic vent (Fig. 2.34A). Fine-grained, less-permeable felsic ash tuffs are deposited distal to the volcanic vent (Fig. 2.34A). The high porosity of unconsolidated, felsic pyroclastic rock types provides the necessary hydrothermal fluid pathways for sub-seafloor sulfide precipitation whereas the less-permeable felsic ash tuffs localize hydrothermal fluid flow to the seafloor and exhalative sulfide mineralization forms.Sub-seafloor sulfide ore hosts most of the metals at the Niblack camp and is characterized by disseminations to net-texture to semi-massive sulfide mineralization textures. The variations in sulfide textures are a result of host rock permeability with net-textured and semi-massive sulfide in coarser-grained pyroclastic rock types and disseminated sulfide in finer-grained ash tuffs. Ore lenses have clasts of the host volcanic lithofacies and are weakly discordant to the stratigraphy indicating that sulfide precipitated after the deposition of the host rocks. These textures and paragenetic relationships are in agreement with the defined criteria of sub-seafloor sulfide precipitation presented by Doyle and Allen (2003). Exhalative massive sulfide ores are also important at Niblack and formed in and on top of vent-distal fine-grained ash tuffs (Fig. 2.34A).The mode of sulfide deposition dictated the zoning of hydrothermal alteration assemblages (Fig. 2.34B). Hydrothermal fluids were thermally insulated in the sub-seafloor precipitation environment compared to seafloor venting. As a result, hydrothermal alteration assemblages are zoned based on the proximity to the fluid pathway. Chlorite-rich alteration and copper-dominant ores formed the core of the Lookout deposit from the hottest hydrothermal fluid (325-350?C). As the hydrothermal fluid migrated, it cooled and precipitated sericite-rich and zinc-dominant ores from cooler hydrothermal fluid (275-325?C). Continued dispersion of the hydrothermal fluid resulted in anomalous Cu-Au-Ag sericite-pyrite alteration and unmineralized chlorite-magnetite ? epidote, chlorite-pyrite-carbonate and sericite-pyrite alteration assemblages. The direct venting of hydrothermal fluid onto the paleo-seafloor formed Mg-rich chlorite alteration with copper-rich ores from 290 to 320?C fluid. As the exhalative hydrothermal fluid cooled, below 200?C, jasper and magnetite formed above and on the margins of the sulfide mound.The Niblack hydrothermal alteration assemblages can be distinguished using the alteration box plot approach (after Large et al., 2001) and the K-Ca-Na alteration plot (after Warren et al., 2007; Fig. 2.22). Unmineralized, chlorite-pyrite alteration of stratigraphic footwall rock types plot along the chlorite-pyrite ? sericite array with AI values >70. Unmineralized, sericite-pyrite alteration of coherent rhyolite flows plot along the sericite-pyrite array with AI values >80. The alteration box plot does not distinguish between mineralized chlorite-rich and sericite-rich alteration assemblages. However, with the K-Ca-Na alteration plot, the two mineralized alteration assemblages plot along two different trends (Fig. 2.22B). The various 76hydrothermal chlorite alterations cannot be distinguished with SWIR spectroscopy, however unmineralized sericite-pyrite alteration and mineralized sericite-rich alteration can. Both alteration types have white mica dominant spectral patterns with variations in AlOH absorption feature values. Unmineralized sericite-pyrite alteration has an AlOH absorption feature between 2195-2199 nm and mineralized sericite-rich alteration has an AlOH absorption feature between 2199-2216 nm. Geology Explanation Sulfide Mineralization & Alteration ExplanationCoarse Felsic Volcanic Breccia & Lapilli TuffPillow BasaltsChlorite-rich, Cu-dominantSericite-rich, Zn-dominantSericite-PyriteMg-rich Chlorite, Cu-richSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideChlorite-Magnetite? EpidoteChlorite-Pyrite-CarbonateJasper-MagnetiteMedium Grained Felsic Ash TuffFine Grained Felsic Ash TuffRhyolite Flows/DomesLabel Alteration Type Estimated Temperature Metal Signature SWIR Absorption Feature (nm)Chlorite-rich 325-350?C 1:1 Cu:Zn; Au+AgSericite-rich 275-325?C 1:2 Cu:Zn; Ag+AuMg-rich Chlorite 290-320?C 3:1 Cu:Zn; Au+AgChlorite-Pyrite-Carbonate 170-190?C -Sericite-Pyrite 260-300?C -1234Chlorite, FeOH av. 2255 (2250-2258)White Mica, AlOH av. 2207 (2199-2216)Chlorite, FeOH av. 2254 (2252-2256)White Mica, AlOH av. 2198 (2195-2199)Chlorite-Magnetite ? Epidote 180-200?C -5 Chlorite, FeOH av. 2254 (2252-2256)Chlorite, FeOH av. 2255 (2252-2258)Jasper-Magnetite 180-200?C - -67? 34 S sulfide ? CDT +6.6 to +7.5+7.9 to +9.7+7.2 to +8.1-+8.2 to +10.5--Seafloor Exhalative Massive Sulfide DepositSub Seafloor Semi-Massive Sulfide Deposit?18 O water ? VSMOW +5.0 to +5.8+2.9 to +3.8-8.1 to -15.5-5.9 to -13.9+2.3 to +4.2--?18 Owater? VSMOW from phyllosilicate and calcite data 1234567AB - insetB - insetincrease in ? 34 Ssulfide decrease in ?18 Owater 1500 meters below sea level0 100 meters50hydrothermal fluid flowFIG 2.34 Niblack-Type VHMS deposit model. A. Host rock volcanic lithofacies schematic. Rapidly emplaced felsic pyroclastic volcanic breccia, lapilli and ash tuff are the host rocks for sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization. Seafloor exhalative sulfide forms by localized hydrothermal fluid flow through less permeable, vent-distal volcanic rocks. B. Hydrothermal alteration distribution and associated metal concentrations. Stable isotope results indicate that as the hydrothermal fluid cools and interacts with the host rocks and seawater ?34Ssulfide ratios will increase and ?18Owater ratios will decrease away from the core of the hydrothermal system.77New stable isotope measurements in context with the hydrothermal alteration model indicate fluid mixing trends and water-rock interactions (Fig. 2.34B). For example, ?34S of sulfide values increase away from the hydrothermal pathway as a result of hydrothermal fluid mixing with ambient seawater. Calculated ?18O compositions of fluid in equilibrium with chlorite, sericite and calcite alteration minerals decrease away from the hydrothermal source. The variations in hydrothermal fluid compositions highlight increases of fluid/rock ratio interactions and mixing with ambient seawater away from the fluid pathway.2.16 ConclusionsNiblack is a notable VHMS camp because it formed in the Neoproterozoic and contains elevated precious metal contents. The Niblack Wales Group stratigraphy is preserved and exposed at surface by two property scale thrust faults. This structural corridor provides a geologic window to Late Neoproterozoic VHMS ore deposit formation.New geologic observations indicate three modes of sulfide deposition that are controlled by host rock permeability. These include pyritic-stockwork stringer veins, sub-seafloor sulfide precipitation and massive seafloor exhalative sulfide mineralization. Multiple base and precious metal sulfide deposits occur at the Niblack VHMS camp and are hosted at three stratigraphic levels in moderate-water depth felsic volcanic lithofacies.From detailed geology and hydrothermal alteration logs the Niblack deposits are hosted in three volcanic depositional settings. Sub-seafloor sulfide precipitated in water-laden, vent-proximal felsic pyroclastic rock types at the Lookout deposit and in porous, moderately-reworked lithic volcaniclastic rock types at the Trio zone. Seafloor exhalative sulfide mineralization formed in vent-distal ash tuffs on the paleo-seafloor at the Niblack Mine, Dama and Mammoth zones.Collected whole rock major and trace element lithogeochemical data indicate that the Niblack volcanic stratigraphy consists of rhyolite volcanic arc and low titanium island arc basalt rock types that were derived from a primitive mafic to intermediate melt. These geochemical signatures suggest a juvenile, oceanic back-arc basin tectonic environment for the Neoproterozoic Niblack VHMS camp. The camp scale volcanic and sedimentary lithofacies, lithogeochemistry and, to a lesser extent, metal concentrations are used to classify the Niblack VHMS camp. The camp stratigraphy is characterized by mafic greater than felsic volcanic rock types. Coherent and pyroclastic rock types with low Zr/Y ratios (av. 3.3; Table 2.3) and depleted HFSE and REE concentrations (e.g., Zr<120 ppm; Table 2.3) dominate the 100-200 m thick host felsic stratigraphy. This indicates that the Niblack VHMS camp is a bimodal-mafic VHMS deposit, and in conjunction with the tectonic environment classification, has implications for understanding the Neoproterozoic tectonic setting and enhancing mineral exploration in the Alexander terrane.Seven distinct alteration assemblages (Table 2.1) were identified based on detailed drill core logs, petrography, systematic shortwave infrared (SWIR) analysis, and mineral compositions by microprobe 78analysis define camp- and deposit-scale alteration zoning. The presence of multiple sulfide deposits at different stratigraphic levels within a short-lived felsic depositional environment and three styles of sulfide precipitation, demonstrates that Niblack is a product of a large-scale, fertile hydrothermal system in the Neoproterozoic. New evidence from stable isotope analysis of alteration and ore minerals suggest a significant contribution of magmatic hydrothermal fluid to the ore system. Most significantly, the largest magmatic hydrothermal fluid component is associated with the Lookout deposit, the largest ore deposit, to date of the Niblack Camp. This suggests that the addition of heat and metals (Cu, Zn, Au, Ag, S) from a magmatic hydrothermal fluid source is an important ore-forming process at the Neoproterozoic Niblack VHMS camp.793 Implications of Research and Recommendations for Future Work3.1 Research Implications3.1.1 Global Neoprot erozoic VHMS metallogenyBased on U-Pb geochronology, the Niblack camp formed 565 ? 1.25 million years ago (Oliver et al., 2011; in prep). There are few recorded VHMS deposits between 860-500 Ma (e.g., Huston et al., 2010), even though this period is characterized by extensional tectonism associated with the breakup of Rodinia (Li et al., 2008) and elevated global igneous activity with the amalgamation of Gondwana (Meert, 2003). Niblack provides a geologic window to the tectonic setting and ore-forming processes during a period of little known VHMS activity.Franklin et al. (2005) estimated a total of 673,000 km2 for exposed Meso- and Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks on Earth. Geographic regions of Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks are limited (Table 3.1) and examples, together with their orogenic settings include: (1) southeast Alaska in the northern Cordilleran Orogen; (2) northwest France in the Caledonian Orogen; (3) Namibia in the Gariep-Damara Orogen; and (4) Eritrea in the Pan Africa Orogen. The limited exposure of Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks may explain the scarcity of identified Neoproterozoic deposits. For example, Paleozoic volcanic rocks cover 9.4% of the total area of exposed volcanic rocks on Earth and host the majority of the global metal resource from all ages of VHMS deposit (Franklin et al., 2005).Deposit preservation is commonly related to tectonic setting and is a controlling factor for the rarity of recorded Neoproterozoic VHMS deposits worldwide. The majority of preserved Neoproterozoic deposits formed during initial rifting of Rodinia and during subsequent seafloor extension before the amalgamation of Gondwana (e.g., Huston et al., 2010). This period of seafloor extension (860-500 Ma) likely produced juvenile bimodal-mafic and mature mafic-dominant (ophiolite) VHMS deposits. However, subduction of oceanic crust during the amalgamation of Gondwana likely destroyed a number of these deposits. The southern region of the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic Alexander terrane consists of amalgamated juvenile oceanic arcs. The lack of mature continental crust in the early accretionary history of the Alexander terrane may explain why Neoproterozoic VHMS deposits are preserved in the rock record. Additionally, on average bimodal-mafic and mafic-dominant VHMS deposits are small (<5.1 Mt; Galley et al., 2007) and therefore possibly more difficult to find than larger mafic-siliciclastic (av. 34.3 Mt; Galley et al., 2007) and bimodal-siliciclastic deposits (av. 8.7 Mt; Galley et al., 2007).Tabng ?(v/v ?FxZlokdr ?ne ?Ndnopnsdpnznhb ?TLMS ?cdonrhsr ?WFIS ?Dgrptmut ? Gpeaumpo ? Msplgo ? Alg ?zIa. ? Iguant ? Rgigsgoeg ?NhakZbi ?bZlo ? AkZriZ ? Nnpsgdpm ?DnpchkkdpZm ? 232-?? ? Dt.Wm.At. Af ? Okhudp ?ds ?Zk:, ?0/00; ?hm ?opdo ?Rntdz ?cdon rhs ? HpZmbd ? DZkdcnmhZm ? 3//-?? ? Wm.Dt. At. Af ? IZkkdy ?ds ?Zk:, ?0//4 ?Sinpohnm ?cdonrhs ? NZlhahZ ? IZphdo.EZlZpZ ? 420-?? ? Wm.Pa ? Cnpf ?ds ?Zk:, ?0//1; ?IZkkdy ?ds ?Zk:, ?0//4 ?ChrgZ ?bZlo ? FphspdZ ? PZm ?AephbZm ? 45/.44/-??-?? ? Wm.Dt. Af .At ? IZkkdy ?ds ?Zk:, ?0//4; ?CZpphd ?ds ?Zk:, ?0//4 ?ArlZpZ ?bZlo ? FphspdZ ? PZm ?AephbZm ? 40/-??-?? ? Dt.Wm.Af .At ? CZpphd ?ds ?Zk:, ?0//4; ?IgdapdZa ?ds ?Zk:, ?0//5 ? ?*U-Pb geochronology**Modeled Pb ages80The results of this study indicate a bimodal-mafic VHMS deposit classification and a juvenile, oceanic back-arc basin tectonic environment for Niblack. These conclusions are consistent with the suggested paleo-tectonic environment of Gehrels and Saleeby (1987) and the expected VHMS tectonic settings during seafloor spreading following the breakup of Rodinia. Implications for ore-forming processes of VHMS camps in the Alexander terrane and on Prince of Wales Island are additional outcomes of this study.3.1.2 Ale xander terrane VHMS metallogenyThe Alexander terrane is a large crustal fragment with >10 km of marine sedimentary and volcanic strata, and plutonic rocks of Neoproterozoic to Middle Jurassic ages (Gehrels and Saleeby, 1987; Gehrels and Berg, 1994). Three VHMS events have been identified in the Alexander terrane (Fig. 2.1A) and the two oldest are preserved on southern Prince of Wales Island (Fig. 2.1B). The oldest event (e.g., Niblack, 565 Ma) formed deposits in the Neoproterozoic Wales Group, and the younger event (ca. 485-440 Ma) formed deposits in the Paleozoic Moira Sound unit (Slack et al., 2005). Currently, the Niblack camp is the only economically significant VHMS system on Prince of Wales Island. The youngest Alexander terrane VHMS event is related to Latest Triassic intra-arc or back-arc rifting of the Alexander terrane (e.g., Barker et al., 1989). This event formed the Greens Creek Zn-Pb-Ag-Au VHMS camp on Admiralty Island, southeast Alaska (Fig. 2.1A) and the Windy Craggy Cu-Co-Au VHMS deposit in British Columbia, Canada (Fig. 2.1A). The size and metal contents of Niblack, Greens Creek and Windy Craggy are compared with the Myra Falls deposit in Figure 3.1. The Myra Falls deposit is hosted in the Paleozoic Sicker Group of the Wrangellia terrane on Vancouver Island, Canada (Muller, 1980; Juras, 1987) and is a significant polymetallic VHMS deposit of the northern Cordilleran Orogeny. These examples represent three deposit classifications: (1) bimodal-mafic (Niblack); (2) bimodal-felsic (Myra Falls); and (3) mafic-siliciclastic (Greens Creek, Windy Craggy). With the exception of copper (Niblack, Myra Falls, Greens Creek) and gold (Niblack, Myra Falls) there is little correlation between deposit type and contained metals and there is major variation in tonnage. At 9.2 Mt, Niblack is considered an average sized deposit, whereas Myra Falls and Greens Creek are large deposits (>25 Mt) and Windy Craggy, at 297.4 Mt, is a supergiant deposit (Galley et al., 2007).The diversity in size and metal contents represent variations in ore-forming processes. For example, mineralization at Niblack precipitated from one hydrothermal fluid event, with no evidence for zone-refinement. Conversely, mineralization at Greens Creek is two staged: (1) early low-temperature, precious metal-rich event; and (2) a later higher-temperature, base metal-rich event (Taylor et al., 2010). Zone refinement of the first stage mineralization by the second stage fluids resulted in base and precious metal-rich ores (Taylor et al., 2010). Additionally, a shale unit caps the top of the Greens Creek deposit and is interpreted by Taylor et al. (2010) as an important hydrothermal fluid trap and thermal insulator that enhanced the size of the deposit.The results of this study, combined with U-Pb geochronological studies by Oliver et al. (2011; in prep ), have confirmed three VHMS events in the Alexander terrane. The Niblack paleo-tectonic environment indicates 81diversity in the tectonic setting of VHMS deposits in the Alexander terrane and throughout geologic time. Neoproterozoic VHMS deposits of the Alexander terrane (Niblack) formed in juvenile, oceanic back-arc basins with no evidence for continental contamination. As the Alexander terrane formed through the Mesozoic, the tectonic setting transitioned from isolated juvenile, oceanic arcs to island arcs proximal to continental arc settings (e.g., Greens Creek; Taylor et al., 2010). This transition might explain the variations in size and metal endowment of VHMS deposits in the Alexander terrane over time.3.1.3 Princ e of Wales Island VHMS metallogeny There are >30 VHMS deposits on southern Prince of Wales Island (e.g., Slack et al., 2005). Neodymium-isotopic studies by Samson et al. (1989; 1991), indicate that the Neoproterozoic Alexander terrane, although composed of a variety of rock types, is predominately juvenile, mantle-derived oceanic crust with little to no crustal input of older or reworked oceanic or continental crust. A likely tectonic setting for the Alexander terrane is an intraoceanic-arc environment (e.g., Ayuso et al., 2005). Volcanic lithofacies and lithogeochemical data from Niblack confirm a juvenile oceanic back-arc basin at the onset of back-arc rifting at 565 Ma.Deposit Age (Ma) VHMS Classification Zn (wt. %)Greens Creek 220 Mafic-siliciclasticWindy Craggy 220 Mafic-siliciclasticNiblack 565 Bimodal-maficMyra Falls 365 Bimodal-felsic13.90.251.66.25Size (Mt)25.0297.49.229.32Cu (wt. %)0.321.380.91.83Pb (wt. %)5.1--0.55Co (wt. %)-0.07--Au (g/t)4.80.221.42.0Ag (g/t)5993.83261251:1.8 Cu:Zn1:18.5 Au:Ag 1:3.4 Cu:Zn1:72.5 Au:Ag1:43 Cu:Zn1:125 Au:Ag5.5:1 Cu:Zn1:17.4 Au:Ag2.01.51.00.5Cu (wt. %)35025015050Tonnage (Mt)700500300100Ag (g/t)6.04.53.01.5Au (g/t)161284Zn (wt. %)64.531.5Pb (wt. %)FIG 3.1 Comparison of Niblack camp contained metals, tonnage and deposit classification with Myra Falls, Windy Craggy and Greens Creek camps. Niblack resource data from Nowak et al. (2011) and Myra Falls, Windy Craggy and Greens Creek resources from Galley et al. (2007, references therein ).82There are few publicly available lithogeochemical datasets of Wales Group VHMS deposits for comparison. An exception is a dataset (n=10) from the Khayyam and Stumble-On deposits (Barrie and Kyle, 1988) located ~30 km northwest of Niblack (Fig. 2.1B). Amphibolite facies meta-basalts are the primary host rocks to massive sulfide mineralization and have MORB geochemical signatures (Barrie and Kyle, 1988). Based on the limited geochemical data and the geologic descriptions of Barrie and Kyle (1988), the Khayyam and Stumble-On deposits are likely mafic-dominant (ophiolite) VHMS deposits that formed in a mature oceanic back-arc rift tectonic environment. The ages and stratigraphic positions of the Khayyam and Stumble-On deposits relative to Niblack are unknown. The younger E-MORB Niblack hanging wall pillow basalts suggest that the early back-arc basin evolved to a mature rift and the three camps could define a new Neoproterozoic VHMS metallogenic belt.The fluid sources at the Niblack VHMS camp were assessed by sulfur, oxygen, deuterium and carbon stable isotope ratios of hydrothermal sulfide and alteration minerals. Magmatic fluid input is believed to be a contributor of metals and sulfur into VHMS systems; however, it is difficult to positively identify or quantify in ancient deposits (Hannington et al, 2005). Lead isotopic compositions of sulfide from Niblack indicate a predominately mantle source with no evidence of lead from the upper or lower continental crust (data from Ayuso et al., 2005). This is consistent with the Niblack trace element geochemistry that indicates primitive magmatic source compositions for the volcanic rocks.Sulfur at Niblack was derived from a combination of thermal leaching of igneous sulfide and minor seawater sulfate reduction by convection of hot evolved seawater. Hydrothermal fluids responsible for co-precipitated phyllosilicate alteration minerals (chlorite, sericite) with sulfides were derived from mixed evolved seawater and magmatic fluids (Fig. 2.33). The source of metals is therefore inferred to be a combination of metal leaching from mafic substrate and direct input from a magmatic fluid. The Rio Tinto deposit (Iberia Pyrite Belt) has a seawater dominant hydrothermal fluid signature (Munha et al., 1986), which overlaps with the fluid signatures of modern day active vents (de Ronde, 1995) and has no evidence for magmatic fluid input. The Blue Hill (Maine, US) deposit has heavy ?18O values that were interpreted by Munha et al. (1986) to represent a significant contribution of magmatic fluid input to the hydrothermal system. The Neves Corvo deposit is one of the largest (>300 Mt) deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt and has a significant resource of tin (4.5 Mt at 2.2% Sn)(Relvas et al., 2006). Cassiterite stockwork vein mineralogy and texture with lithogeochemistry indicate the tin-bearing fluid had a low pH and ~380?C fluid temperature (Relvas et al., 2006). Oxygen and deuterium stable isotope results from Neves Corvo, (Fig. 2.33; Relvas et al., 2006) coupled with mineral, textural and geochemical affinities of the tin-ores, indicate a magmatic and/or metamorphic fluid input(s) to a seawater-dominant hydrothermal system (Relvas et al., 2006). The Niblack camp has some fluid signature overlap with the Neves Corvo and Blue Hill deposits; however, it has a greater magmatic fluid isotopic signature (Fig. 2.33). The fluid mixing trend of evolved seawater with 83magmatic fluid is from chlorite-rich alteration and copper-dominant sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization at the Lookout deposit. The highly-evolved seawater-dominant fluid signature is from Mg-rich chlorite alteration and copper-rich seafloor exhalative sulfide mineralization at the Niblack Mine. Lastly, the moderately-evolved seawater and magmatic fluid mixing trend is defined by unmineralized sericite-pyrite and sericite-rich alteration with zinc-dominant sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization at the Lookout deposit and Trio zone. The lighter deuterium values are coincident with zinc-dominant mineralization.Stable isotope results from the Neoproterozoic Niblack VHMS camp indicate a significant contribution of magmatic fluid input to the hydrothermal system. Specifically, the largest deposit (Lookout) is coincident with a magmatic-dominant fluid isotopic signature compared to the other deposits. The preservation of a magmatic fluid signature may be linked to sub-seafloor sulfide deposition where there is possibly less seawater fluid mixing compared with seafloor exhalative sulfide deposition, but the hypothesis requires further study.3.1.4 Exploration implications An objective of this research is to establish mineral exploration criteria for Neoproterozoic VHMS deposits, specifically those on Prince of Wales Island. The following methods are suggested based on the results of this study and previously established exploration tools.3.1.4.1 Neoproterozoic Prince of Wales Island VHMS exploration:? Sections of the Alexander terrane that are composed of subaqueous volcanic and volcanosedimentary stratigraphy, specifically the southern portion of Prince of Wales Island should be considered favorable exploration targets as opposed to the northern portions of the Alexander terrane, which consist dominantly of continental shelf stratigraphy.? Narrow corridors of exposed Neoproterozoic Wales Group stratigraphy are located in SW trending thrust fault windows in regions dominated by the Moira Sound unit (i.e., Niblack, Oliver et al., in prep). Additionally, a number of deposits (Khayyam, Stumble-On, Ruby Tuesday) are located in amphibolite to greenschist facies metamorphosed Wales Group strata in the south central region of Prince of Wales Island.? The Niblack stratigraphic hanging wall succession is strongly magnetic compared to the stratigraphic footwall succession and the younger Moira Sound unit. Therefore airborne magnetic surveys could assist in identifying Wales Group stratigraphy from previously mapped Moira Sound unit regions on Prince of Wales Island. ? There are few published Prince of Wales Island VHMS deposit studies and, as a result, available whole rock geochemical data in the context of VHMS characterization and tectonic setting is limited. Results from this study, in conjunction with data from the Khayyam and Stumble-On camps, indicate juvenile oceanic arc and mature oceanic rift tectonic environments are favorable settings for Neoproterozoic deposits on Prince of Wales Island.? The distribution of massive sulfide deposits at Niblack is lithologically controlled. Felsic coherent 84and pyroclastic stratigraphy is an important host rock sequence. Mafic flows and volcaniclastic-volcanosedimentary stratigraphy, however should not be ignored, since significant massive sulfide deposits are found in such settings at the Khayyam and the Stumble-On deposits.? U-Pb dating of volcanic stratigraphy is preferred; however, that method is expensive and challenging to obtain from Wales Group felsic rocks that have low zircon contents. Field criteria for discerning the older Wales Group from the Moira Sound unit strata are two intersecting deformation fabrics and locally amphibolite facies metamorphism. However, as in the case of Niblack, the Wales Group stratigraphy is only affected by greenschist facies metamorphism.3.1.4.2 Niblack property exploration:? Detailed mapping and drill core logging of volcanic lithofacies is critical to understand the paleo-seafloor environment:o The majority of metals at Niblack are hosted in sub-seafloor sulfide mineralized vent-proximal felsic pyroclastic volcanic breccias and lapilli tuffs (Lookout). Property exploration could be facilitated by identifying the spatial extents of these favorable rock types.o All sub-seafloor mineralization at Niblack is coincident with overlying quartz-feldspar phyric sills, which are an important geologic marker for mineral exploration. Identifying the location and contact relationships of these sills will assist in targeting sub-seafloor-type mineralization.o Meta-exhalative sediments such as jasper-magnetite chert are important vectors for exhalative style sulfide mineralization (Niblack Mine), which indicate the distal extents of seafloor venting. ? Hydrothermal alteration and metal zoning vectors for mineral exploration:o Sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization at Niblack has alteration and metal zoning that reflects the cooling of hydrothermal fluids as they migrate away from their source. Chlorite-rich alteration with 1:1 Cu:Zn and 1:10 Au:Ag ratios represent the core of the metal-bearing hydrothermal system. Sericite-rich alteration with 1:2 Cu:Zn and 1:20 Au:Ag ratios envelopes the chlorite-rich alteration core, representing a location proximal to the fluid source. o Distal alteration assemblages of sub-seafloor sulfide mineralization can be used to vector to mineralized alteration assemblages and include chlorite-pyrite-carbonate, sericite-pyrite and chlorite-magnetite-epidote alteration. In particular chlorite-epidote-magnetite altered QFP sill and chlorite-pyrite-carbonate altered vent-proximal felsic pyroclastic rocks overlie mineralized chlorite and sericite alteration assemblages. o Chalcopyrite stockwork veins and chlorite alteration pipes typically underpin seafloor exhalative mineralization in VHMS deposits (e.g., Large, 1992). This style of mineralization and alteration is not well defined at the Niblack Mine, Dama and Mammoth zones. This could be due to a lack of exposure in core or surface outcrop or it simply does not exist at Niblack. Regardless, this style of alteration and mineralization is a useful vector for 85seafloor exhalative sulfide ore-bodies, and should be considered.? Systematic shortwave Infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy can differentiate hydrothermal alteration assemblages for mineral exploration:o SWIR analysis at Niblack distinguished different white mica alteration assemblages. Specifically, sericite alteration with Zn + Ag + Au ? Cu mineralization has white mica dominant SWIR spectra with a range of AlOH absorption values of 2199-2216 nm (av. 2207 nm); whereas, unmineralized sericite alteration has illite dominant SWIR spectra with a range of AlOH absorption values of 2195-2199 nm (av. 2198 nm).o SWIR analysis could not distinguish between different chlorite alteration assemblages, but are identifiable with microprobe analysis.? Geochemical alteration indices can be used to identify favorable hydrothermal alteration for mineral exploration:o The alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001) successfully distinguishes between unaltered and variably hydrothermally altered host rocks at Niblack. o The Wales Group stratigraphy is inverted at Niblack and a significant volume of footwall stratigraphy is exposed at surface. The footwall proximal to ore-lenses has intensely chlorite-pyrite altered geochemical indices. Mapping the spatial distribution and variations in chlorite-pyrite alteration intensity can highlight favorable areas for future exploration drilling.o The same strategy is recommended for the NFS stratigraphy which has three alteration trends on the alteration box plot: (1) unaltered; (2); variably chlorite-pyrite altered; and (3) variably sericite altered.o Mineralized versus unmineralized chlorite and sericite hydrothermal alterations can be distinguished with the K-Ca-Na alteration plot and can be used to refine known mineralization targets and generate new exploration targets in untested favorable stratigraphy.3.2 Recommendations for Future WorkNeoproterozoic polymetallic VHMS deposits have been known on Prince of Wales Island since the 1900?s. Base and precious metals were extracted from some of these deposits between 1900-1910, including the Historic Niblack Mine. Though these deposits are small (<10 Mt, i.e., Niblack) they represent new mining potential in southeast Alaska. Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits in the Neoproterozoic are understudied compared to Archean and Phanerozoic VHMS deposits. A significant reason for the lack of research is that few Neoproterozoic deposits have been identified. New research on Neoproterozoic VHMS deposits in the Alexander terrane can increase our understanding of ore-forming processes in ancient juvenile oceanic crust VHMS environments; in addition to the tectonic setting of VHMS deposits and the tectonic evolution of the Alexander terrane in relationship to VHMS deposit formation. The following research topics are suggested:863.2.1 Niblack VHMS Camp ? The source of metal bearing fluids at Niblack can be further enhanced with additional stable isotope data, specifically a larger dataset of oxygen and deuterium stable isotope ratios from phyllosilicate alteration minerals and lead isotope ratios from sulfide.? The conclusion that sphalerite mineralization precipitated from one hydrothermal event could be further tested with zinc stable isotope ratios.? The conclusion that sulfur was dominantly sourced from leached igneous sulfide can be further assessed with in situ sulfur stable isotope analysis on sulfide and sulfate minerals, though currently sulfates have not been identified at Niblack.? Evaluation of identified variations in hydrothermal and metamorphic chlorite species with Corescan?. This is a hyperspectral analysis technique, similar to the TerraSpec?; however, it has greater accuracy and precision.3.2.2 A de tailed lithological, tectonic and metallogenic study of the Neoproterozoic Niblack, Khayyam, Stumble-On and Ruby Tuesday VHMS camps:This would entail descriptive geology of volcanic lithofacies, hydrothermal alteration and ore-textures in conjunction with U-Pb geochronology, lithogeochemical analysis; and where applicable sulfur, oxygen and deuterium stable isotope analysis for identifying the source of hydrothermal fluids and radiogenic isotopes (Sr, Nd, Rb, Sr, Pb) for assessing the sources of magmatism. The results of this large-scale study would significantly increase our understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Neoproterozoic Alexander terrane. 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J. Mineral, v. 3, p. 877-886.96Appendix A:Drill Core Graphic LogsQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic Succession:Rhyolite FlowUndifferentiated Intermediate TuffsSemi-Massive SulfideGeology Explanation Mineralization & Alteration ExplanationChlorite-Magnetite ? EpidoteChlorite-Pyrite-CarbonateChlorite-Rich; Copper-DominantSericite-Rich; Zinc-Dominant`Chert ? Jasper-MagnetiteSericite-Pyrite; Anomalous MetalsPost-Mineral Mafic Dike Massive SulfideChlorite-Pyrite ? HematiteBlue Felsic Sill/DikeMonolithic Volcanic BrecciaLithic Ash TuffAsh Tuff, Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff, Quartz-Rich Lapilli TuffHeterolithic Volcanic BrecciaPyrite-Rich Stockwork VeinsJasper-Magnetite BrecciaMafic FragmentalMafic SiltstoneMafic WackeBasalt FlowPillowed Basalt FlowMoira Sound UnitMafic SiltstoneMafic WackeWales Group StratigraphyNiblack Hanging Wall:Niblack Footwall:Intermediate/Basalt FlowIntermediate/Basalt AutobrecciaDisseminated SulfideMassive MagnetiteStructure & SymbolsRhyolite AutobrecciaFaultYoungingDirection40?B30?I45?F60?CTBeddingMeasurementFabricMeasurementContactMeasurementIntrusive ContactMeasurementContinuation ofDrill LogEOH = End of Hole9720?F60?I35?I30?F25?F30?F30?I10?F25?F30?F20?F0100200300300400500631EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO019Orientation? -??? @ 224? Deposit: Trio Zone Relogged Interval? ? to ??? ?35?F40?F0100200300300400465.3EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO007Orientation? -??? @ 0? Deposit? Lookout-Trio Transition Relogged Interval? ? to ??? ?9845?F60?I40?F60?FCasing45?F40?F60?F60?F60?F60?F01002003003003901290EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO042Orientation? -??? @ 40? Deposit: Dama Zone Relogged Interval? ? to ??? ?9960?I35?FCasingNo coreNo coreNo corecpy vn50?F50?F35?I50?F45?F60?I50?F50?F60?F45?F45?F40?F40?F0100200300300400500600600700800945EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO046Orientation? -??? @ 40? Deposit: Dama Zone Relogged Interval? ? to ??? ?50?F40?FCasingWorkings48?F0100184EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO065Orientation? -??? @ 35? Deposit: Niblack MineRelogged Interval? ?? to ??? ?10020?B45?FCasing0?B22?B35?B28?B5?BWorkings38?I40?B5?FLT0100200300300400500600600700702EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO066Orientation? -??? @ 207? Deposit: Niblack Mine Relogged Interval? ??? to ??? ?101No Core60?F80?I55?F45?F0100200300300400500553EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO088Orientation: -45? @ 1? Deposit: Lookout-Trio Transition Relogged Interval: 0 to 553 ftNo CoreCasing45?F25?B0100200300300400500550EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO119Orientation: -??? @ 0? Deposit: Lookout-Trio Transition Relogged Interval: 0 to 550 ft10245?F60?CT25?B45?FCasing0100200300300400500600600686EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO100Orientation: -??? @ 4? Deposit: East Lookout Relogged Interval: 0 to ??? ft10345?F25?I45?FCasing45?F50?B0100200300300400500600600700737EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO125Orientation: -?0? @ 0? Deposit: Trio Zone Relogged Interval: 35? to ?44 ft10440?F40?FCasingandRubble Core010020030030040050060060070080090090010001010EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO134Orientation: -?3? @ 0? Deposit: Trio Zone Relogged Interval: ??0 to ?4? ft10535?F40?I40?F35?F20?B35?F35?F60?F30?F30?B0100200300300400500600600700800900900966EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO165Orientation: -?5? @ 355? Deposit: East Lookout Relogged Interval: 0 to ??? ft10665?B50?I55?I60?I70?I70?B60?B70?FLT55?I45?FLT45?F45?F65?FLT60?B40?B60?F0100200300300400500EOH531A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO169Orientation: -55? @ 40? Deposit: Niblack Mine Relogged Interval: 350 to 4?? ft10750?B40?F30?F40?F55?INo CoreCasing30?F50?F30?F40?F40?F60?F60?F60?F15?F010020030030040050060060070080090090010001100120012001249EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO181Orientation: -?5? @ 0? Deposit: East Lookout Relogged Interval: 0 to ??4? ft10830?F30?I65?I60?I35?F8609601060116011601249EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO182Orientation: -???5? @ 0? Deposit: East Lookout Relogged Interval: ??0 to ??4? ft10935?FCasingandRubble Core0100200300300400500600600700800852EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO204Orientation: -?0? @ 0? Deposit: Trio Zone Relogged Interval: ??5 to ??? ft11045?F60?F40?F0100200300300400500600600700800900900974EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO206Orientation: -??? @ 0? Deposit: Trio Zone Relogged Interval: ?55 to ?4? ft11140?F30?FCasingandRubble Core40?F40?F35?F010020030030040050060060070080090090010001024EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: LO207Orientation: -?5? @ 0? Deposit: Trio Zone Relogged Interval: 4?5 to ??? ft11255?I50?I50?B70?B70?B10?I60?B50?FLT50?B50?B60?F0100200300300400500EOH500A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: U005Orientation: -55? @ 18? Deposit: Mammoth Zone Relogged Interval: 3?0 to 45? ft11360?I70?B52?F50?F50?I50?F60?F01002003003004005006006007008009009001000110012001200EOH1220A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: U006Orientation: -??? @ 18? Deposit: Mammoth Zone Relogged Interval: 440 to 550 ft11455?I70?B40?B45?B50?B70?I70?I40?B40?F45?I45?I80?F01002003003004005006006007008009009001000110012001200130014001500A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .150016001700EOH1710Drill Hole: U035Orientation: -?5? @ 0? Deposit: East Lookout Relogged Interval: ??4 to ??50 ft11545?B30?I70?I45?B40?F65?F70?F40?B50?I65?UCT90?I50?I45?I70?F60?CT60?CT70?CT40?I60?I01002003003004005006006007008009009001000110012001200130014001500A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .150016001700EOH1710Drill Hole: U037AOrientation: ??? @ 202? Deposit: West Lookout Relogged Interval: ?40 to ?3?0 ft116850950105011501150125013501391EOHA shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: U041Orientation: ?????? @ 202? Deposit: West Lookout Relogged Interval: ?50 to ?3?? ft11740?B30?I40?B35?I60?F45?I50?F01002003003004005006006007008009009001000110012001200130014001500A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .15001600EOH1622Drill Hole: U044Orientation: -0?5? @ 201? Deposit: West Lookout Relogged Interval: ??0 to ??50 ft11860?I50?B60?B30?F20?B50?CT60?CT45?B50?F40?I40?B50?F65?I25?B30?B65?I40?B60?CT80?CT50?I50?CT55?CT0100200300300400500600600700800900900100011001200120013001400EOH1420A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: U154Orientation: ?5? @ 202? Deposit: West Lookout Relogged Interval: ?0?? to ???? ft11960?I75?B60?F60?F0100200300300400500600600700800900900EOH933.5A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: U112Orientation: -5???? @ 355? Deposit: Mammoth Zone Relogged Interval: 4?3 to 5?0 ft12070?B50?F35?F0100200300300400500600600EOH615.2A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .A shT uffL ap i ll iB l oc kA lt .Drill Hole: U114Orientation: -?5??? @ 355? Deposit: Mammoth Zone Relogged Interval: 4?? to 5?3 ft121Appendix B:rill ore Sample escriptionsTable AbbreviationsDeposit:D = DamaL = Lookout DepositLE = Lookout EastM = Mammoth zoneN = Niblack MineT = Trio zoneSample Types:yRD ? y-Ra? Diffra?tionRock Type: ? s? TuffB = BasaltBf = Blue Felsic Sill/DikeC = ChertHX = Heterolithic Volcanic BrecciaIT ? Inter?ediate TuffIF = Intermediate FlowIT?& ? Inter?ediate Tuff?&lo?:y ? :asper-Dagnetite re??iaLT ? Lit?i? s? TuffDD ? Da?? DikeDD ? Dassive DagnetiteDD^ ? Dassive Dagnetite-^ul?deD^ ? Dassive ^ul?deDT ? Da?? TuffDt ? Da?? ta?keMX = Monolithic Volcanic BrecciaYT ? Yuart?-ri?? s? TuffQFP = Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillYLT ? Yuart?-ri?? Lapilli TuffRF = Rhyolite FlowRFX = Rhyolite Autobreccia^D^ ? ^e?i-Dassive ^ul?deIsotope Type:C = CarbonD = DeuteriumO = OxygenS = Sulfur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continued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continued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continued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continued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ppendix C:SWIR Methods and ResultsTable AbbreviationsDeposit:D = DamaL = Lookout DepositLE = Lookout EastM = Mammoth zoneN = Niblack MineT = Trio zoneTSA Mineral:?t ? ?tinoliteAnk = AnkeriteASP = AspectralBru = BruciteCa = CalciteDol = DolomiteEp = EpidoteFeChl = Iron ChloriteFeTr = Iron TourmalineHbl = HornblendeIll = IlliteInt = Intermediate ChloriteMg = Magnesium ChloriteMus = MuscoviteOp = OpalPar = ParagonitePhl = PhlogopitePhn = PhengiteSid = SideriteTr = Tourmaline128MethodsA total of 926 Niblack drill core samples were analyzed with a TerraSpec ? at UBC. The collected spectral data was investigated with TSG? software (The Spectral Geologist) and a number of alteration minerals were identified. This software compares the collected spectra with a series of databases for mineral identification. A ?positive? TSG? mineral match requires at least 10% of an infrared-active mineral to be present in the analyzed sample (Fig. C.1; Thompson et al., 1999). The dominant alteration minerals identified with the TSG? software were chlorite, illite and muscovite (Fig. C.2; Table C.1).Chlorite is the dominant TSG? identified mineral (n=541). Unfortunately, chlorite-dominant spectra from the footwall, hanging wall and Niblack Felsic Succession do not have distinguishable FeOH or MgOH bond absorption features (Fig. C.3). The majority of chlorite species are identifeid as intermediate-chlorite by the TSG? software, with lesser magnesium- and iron-rich chlorite species. There is no correlation between intermediate-, magnesium- and iron-rich chlorite species and stratigraphic location.Based on the wavelength location of the AlOH absorption feature (Fig. C.2) the TSG software identified white mica clay species ?illite? dominant spectra with an AlOH absorption feature between 2195 nm to 2199 nm and ?muscovite? dominant spectra with AlOH absorption features from 2199 nm to 2216 nm. The white mica clay species identified with SWIR analysis were verified with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The positive identification of illite versus muscovite at Niblack has significant hydrothermal temperature implications with muscovite forming at hotter temperatures than illite and suggests either a cooler-hydrothermal event or metamorphic or diagenetic overprints. Standard peak-search and match methods of XRD data are not conclusive for distinguishing between illite and muscovite as they share many of the diagnostic peak locations. A measurement of the full-width IntermediateChloriteMuscoviteFIG. C.1. Reference intermediate chlorite and muscovite mineral spectra and shortwave infrared spectrum with key bond absorption wavelengths (after GMEX, 2008).129at half the height above background (FWHM) of the illite/muscovite 001 peak near 10 ?2? CuK? can be used to distinguish the two mineral species (Moore and Reynolds, 1997). The FWHM measurement is a function of the X-ray scattering domain size and the abundance of expandable layers, therefore clay with more expandable layers (illite) has a wider peak (Eberl and Velde, 1989; Srodon and Eberl, 1984). This approach is used to verify the SWIR spectral results for white mica speciation.Discussion of ResultsIllite samples (n=5) have FWHM values between 0.125-0.139 ?2? CuK? and muscovite samples (n=3) have values between 0.118-0.125 ?2? CuK? (Fig. C.4). Meuneir and Velde (2004) classify white mica clay species with FWHM values <0.25 ?2? CuK? as muscovite. Therefore, the TSG? identified illite is muscovite, and not illite. In addition to the FWHM measurements, the TSG? identified illite spectra do not have well-developed H2O absorption features (Fig. C.2). This feature can be used as a proxy for illite crystallinity. Less crystalline white mica clay species will have a pronounced spectral trough near 1900 nm, whereas crystalline white mica clay species have a smooth spectral feature. 1300 1500 1700 1800 190016001400 2000 2100 2200 2300 25002400Wavelength (nm)1.2.3.1. Example of Intermediate Chlorite | Sample BM2011-0352. Example of Illite | Sample BM2011-1353. Example of Muscovite | Sample BM2011-108FIG. C.2. Examples of typical TSG? identified intermediate chlorite, illite and muscovite spectra patterns. Note the subtle shift in the AlOH absorption feature for the illite and muscovite spectra.130800006000040000200000Counts10 1110.59.52ThetaFWHM = 0.116BM2011-0953000020000100000Counts10 1110.59.52Theta9FWHM = 0.139BM2011-1173000020000100000Counts10.2 10.810.4102Theta9.8 10.6FWHM = 0.120BM2011-1293000020000100000Counts10 1110.59.52Theta9FWHM = 0.116BM2012-160250001500050000Counts1110.5102ThetaFWHM = 0.129BM2012-1804000020000100000Counts1110.5102Theta30000FWHM = 0.113BM2012-22112000600030000Counts109.52Theta90001500010.5FWHM = 0.118BM2012-223 200001200040000Counts1110.5102ThetaFWHM = 0.124BM2012-245A BDCE FHGFIG. C.4. Results of FWHM measurements of TSG? identified illite and muscovite spectra. A-E are examples of ?illite? spectra 001 peak XRD results. F-H are examples of muscovite spectra XRD results.FIG. C.3. Chlorite MgOH and FeOH absorption feature values of footwall, hanging wall and Niblack Felsic Succession rock types.131ReferencesEberl, D.D., and Velde, B., 1989, Beyond the Kubler index: Clay Minerals, v. 24, p. 571- 577.GMEX, 2008, Spectral interpretation field manual, 3rd ed.: AusSpec International Ltd., v. I, II, III.Meunier, A., and Velde, B., 2004, Illite: Berlin, Springer, 286 p.Moore, D.M., and Reynolds, R.C., Jr., 1997, X-Ray Diffraction and the identification of clay minerals: New York, Oxford University Press, 378 p.Srodon, J., and Eberl, D.D., 1984, Illite, in Bailey, S.W., ed., Micas, v. 13 in Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C., p. 495-544.Thompson, A.J.B., Hauff, P.L., and Robitaille, A.J., 1999, Alteration mapping in exploration: application of short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy: SEG Newsletter, Society of Economic Geologists, no. 39, p. 15-27.132Table ?C.1. ?Shortwave ?Infrared ?spectral ?results ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??001 ? T ? LO019 ? 6.1 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2202 ? 2348 ? 1915 ? 0.445 ? 0.072 ? 6.2 ?TS12-??002 ? T ? LO019 ? 19.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2201 ? 2349 ? 1917 ? 0.403 ? 0.049 ? 8.2 ?TS12-??003 ? T ? LO019 ? 33.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2203 ? 2350 ? 1916 ? 0.304 ? 0.061 ? 5.0 ?TS12-??004 ? T ? LO019 ? 50.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2200 ? 2347 ? 1935 ? 0.396 ? 0.045 ? 8.8 ?TS12-??005 ? T ? LO019 ? 65.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2199 ? 2349 ? 1918 ? 0.393 ? 0.048 ? 8.1 ?TS12-??006 ? T ? LO019 ? 80.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2199 ? 2349 ? 1935 ? 0.261 ? 0.033 ? 7.8 ?TS12-??007 ? T ? LO019 ? 99.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2200 ? 2346 ? 1916 ? 0.344 ? 0.062 ? 5.5 ?TS12-??008 ? T ? LO019 ? 113.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2199 ? 2348 ? 1934 ? 0.486 ? 0.085 ? 5.7 ?TS12-??009 ? T ? LO019 ? 123.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2200 ? 2348 ? 1919 ? 0.449 ? 0.070 ? 6.4 ?TS12-??010 ? T ? LO019 ? 135.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1924 ? 0.426 ? 0.053 ? 8.0 ?TS12-??011 ? T ? LO019 ? 150.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2198 ? 2347 ? 1925 ? 0.364 ? 0.047 ? 7.8 ?TS12-??012 ? T ? LO019 ? 164.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2199 ? 2346 ? 1940 ? 0.361 ? 0.081 ? 4.5 ?TS12-??013 ? T ? LO019 ? 192.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2202 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 0.161 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??014 ? T ? LO019 ? 205.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2200 ? 2348 ? 1915 ? 0.349 ? 0.051 ? 6.9 ?TS12-??015 ? T ? LO019 ? 220.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2199 ? 2345 ? 1928 ? 0.336 ? 0.051 ? 6.6 ?TS12-??016 ? T ? LO019 ? 235.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2199 ? 2349 ? 1939 ? 0.243 ? 0.029 ? 8.4 ?TS12-??017 ? T ? LO019 ? 250.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2198 ? 2348 ? 1915 ? 0.292 ? 0.032 ? 9.1 ?TS12-??018 ? T ? LO019 ? 265.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2198 ? 2348 ? 1936 ? 0.247 ? 0.031 ? 7.9 ?TS12-??019 ? T ? LO019 ? 280.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2199 ? 2350 ? NULL ? 0.241 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??020 ? T ? LO019 ? 295.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2251 ? 2343 ? 2198 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.285 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??021 ? T ? LO019 ? 313.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2343 ? 2198 ? 2343 ? 1912 ? 0.353 ? 0.072 ? 4.9 ?TS12-??022 ? T ? LO019 ? 327.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2199 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 0.261 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??023 ? T ? LO019 ? 346.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2199 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.247 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??024 ? T ? LO019 ? 362.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??025 ? T ? LO019 ? 383.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1912 ? 0.435 ? 0.095 ? 4.6 ?TS12-??026 ? T ? LO019 ? 400.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2343 ? 2198 ? 2343 ? 1912 ? 0.427 ? 0.113 ? 3.8 ?TS12-??027 ? T ? LO019 ? 415.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2198 ? 2344 ? 1936 ? 0.264 ? 0.055 ? 4.8 ?TS12-??028 ? T ? LO019 ? 430.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2342 ? 2197 ? 2342 ? 1914 ? 0.336 ? 0.083 ? 4.1 ?TS12-??029 ? T ? LO019 ? 443.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.348 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??030 ? T ? LO019 ? 455.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2344 ? 2197 ? 2344 ? 1938 ? 0.313 ? 0.055 ? 5.7 ?TS12-??031 ? T ? LO019 ? 470.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1916 ? 0.127 ? 0.056 ? 2.3 ?TS12-??032 ? T ? LO019 ? 478.2 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2344 ? 2197 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.188 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??033 ? T ? LO019 ? 485.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2347 ? 2198 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 0.257 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??034 ? T ? LO019 ? 500.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2198 ? 2344 ? 1914 ? 0.354 ? 0.066 ? 5.3 ?TS12-??035 ? T ? LO019 ? 520.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2198 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 0.198 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??036 ? T ? LO019 ? 528.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2343 ? 2198 ? 2343 ? 1939 ? 0.235 ? 0.053 ? 4.4 ?TS12-??037 ? T ? LO019 ? 540.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2198 ? 2348 ? 1914 ? 0.248 ? 0.047 ? 5.2 ?TS12-??038 ? T ? LO019 ? 553.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 2336 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?133Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??039 ? T ? LO019 ? 572.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2254 ? 2337 ? 2192 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 0.236 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??040 ? T ? LO019 ? 602.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2253 ? 2338 ? 2191 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.173 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??041 ? T ? LO019 ? 622.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2255 ? 2342 ? 2192 ? 2342 ? 1885 ? 0.155 ? 0.099 ? 1.6 ?TS12-??042 ? T ? LO204 ? 343.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??043 ? T ? LO204 ? 356.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2206 ? 2349 ? 1909 ? 0.403 ? 0.046 ? 8.7 ?TS12-??044 ? T ? LO204 ? 371.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2208 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.119 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??045 ? T ? LO204 ? 383.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2201 ? 2347 ? 1909 ? 0.179 ? 0.029 ? 6.1 ?TS12-??046 ? T ? LO204 ? 392.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1914 ? 0.411 ? 0.062 ? 6.6 ?TS12-??047 ? T ? LO204 ? 402.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1913 ? 0.461 ? 0.071 ? 6.5 ?TS12-??048 ? T ? LO204 ? 509.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2200 ? 2347 ? 1936 ? 0.234 ? 0.023 ? 10.3 ?TS12-??049 ? T ? LO204 ? 514.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2199 ? 2348 ? 1915 ? 0.309 ? 0.026 ? 12.0 ?TS12-??050 ? T ? LO204 ? 523.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2199 ? 2348 ? 1931 ? 0.205 ? 0.033 ? 6.2 ?TS12-??051 ? T ? LO204 ? 553.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??052 ? T ? LO204 ? 562.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1916 ? 0.366 ? 0.047 ? 7.8 ?TS12-??053 ? T ? LO204 ? 572.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2197 ? 2348 ? 1915 ? 0.316 ? 0.052 ? 6.0 ?TS12-??054 ? T ? LO204 ? 584.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1917 ? 0.260 ? 0.028 ? 9.3 ?TS12-??055 ? T ? LO204 ? 592.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2196 ? 2344 ? 1914 ? 0.273 ? 0.025 ? 10.7 ?TS12-??056 ? T ? LO204 ? 602.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2343 ? 2196 ? 2343 ? 1913 ? 0.297 ? 0.039 ? 7.6 ?TS12-??057 ? T ? LO204 ? 611.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2195 ? 2344 ? 1911 ? 0.499 ? 0.108 ? 4.6 ?TS12-??058 ? T ? LO204 ? 622.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2196 ? 2344 ? 1912 ? 0.489 ? 0.085 ? 5.8 ?TS12-??059 ? T ? LO206 ? 255.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.110 ? NULL ?TS12-??060 ? T ? LO206 ? 265.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??061 ? T ? LO206 ? 276.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? S d ? 2252 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? 1938 ? NULL ? 0.065 ? NULL ?TS12-??062 ? T ? LO206 ? 289.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1881 ? NULL ? 0.068 ? NULL ?TS12-??063 ? T ? LO206 ? 298.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2252 ? 2350 ? 2204 ? 2350 ? 1913 ? 0.241 ? 0.080 ? 3.0 ?TS12-??064 ? T ? LO206 ? 314.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2251 ? 2348 ? 2201 ? 2348 ? 1913 ? 0.301 ? 0.053 ? 5.7 ?TS12-??065 ? T ? LO206 ? 324.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2204 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.188 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??066 ? T ? LO206 ? 334.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2200 ? 2349 ? 1907 ? 0.177 ? 0.033 ? 5.4 ?TS12-??067 ? T ? LO206 ? 344.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? 1937 ? NULL ? 0.049 ? NULL ?TS12-??068 ? T ? LO206 ? 352.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??069 ? T ? LO206 ? 374.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2339 ? 2204 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 0.044 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??070 ? T ? LO206 ? 394.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2342 ? 2213 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.214 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??071 ? T ? LO206 ? 434.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??072 ? T ? LO206 ? 444.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? 1913 ? 0.487 ? 0.080 ? 6.1 ?TS12-??073 ? T ? LO206 ? 454.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2198 ? 2348 ? 1912 ? 0.259 ? 0.025 ? 10.3 ?TS12-??074 ? T ? LO206 ? 474.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2198 ? 2347 ? 1912 ? 0.403 ? 0.188 ? 2.1 ?TS12-??075 ? T ? LO125 ? 359.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1885 ? NULL ? 0.092 ? NULL ?TS12-??076 ? T ? LO125 ? 369.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?134Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??077 ? T ? LO125 ? 379.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??078 ? T ? LO125 ? 389.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2342 ? 2205 ? 2342 ? 1912 ? 0.299 ? 0.073 ? 4.1 ?TS12-??079 ? T ? LO125 ? 399.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??080 ? T ? LO125 ? 409.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2202 ? 2341 ? 1905 ? 0.076 ? 0.097 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??081 ? T ? LO125 ? 425.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2202 ? 2349 ? 1911 ? 0.359 ? 0.065 ? 5.5 ?TS12-??082 ? T ? LO125 ? 432.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2200 ? 2346 ? 1917 ? 0.286 ? 0.040 ? 7.1 ?TS12-??083 ? T ? LO125 ? 461.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2200 ? 2348 ? 1916 ? 0.193 ? 0.033 ? 5.9 ?TS12-??084 ? T ? LO125 ? 471.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2197 ? 2345 ? 1915 ? 0.217 ? 0.030 ? 7.1 ?TS12-??085 ? T ? LO125 ? 481.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? 1926 ? 0.186 ? 0.028 ? 6.6 ?TS12-??086 ? T ? LO125 ? 494.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2199 ? 2346 ? 1938 ? 0.173 ? 0.029 ? 5.9 ?TS12-??087 ? T ? LO125 ? 503.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2199 ? 2345 ? 1938 ? 0.125 ? 0.023 ? 5.4 ?TS12-??088 ? T ? LO125 ? 511.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1912 ? 0.455 ? 0.045 ? 10.2 ?TS12-??089 ? T ? LO125 ? 521.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2197 ? 2347 ? 1933 ? 0.197 ? 0.042 ? 4.7 ?TS12-??090 ? T ? LO125 ? 529.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1916 ? 0.168 ? 0.031 ? 5.5 ?TS12-??091 ? T ? LO125 ? 539.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? 2246 ? 2347 ? 2197 ? 2347 ? 1914 ? 0.229 ? 0.028 ? 8.1 ?TS12-??092 ? T ? LO125 ? 548.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? 1926 ? 0.185 ? 0.035 ? 5.3 ?TS12-??093 ? T ? LO125 ? 564.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2197 ? 2345 ? 1914 ? 0.410 ? 0.046 ? 9.0 ?TS12-??094 ? T ? LO125 ? 574.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2197 ? 2348 ? 1919 ? 0.229 ? 0.032 ? 7.1 ?TS12-??095 ? T ? LO125 ? 587.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2342 ? 2198 ? 2342 ? 1916 ? 0.189 ? 0.049 ? 3.9 ?TS12-??096 ? T ? LO125 ? 592.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2199 ? 2349 ? 1929 ? 0.160 ? 0.065 ? 2.5 ?TS12-??097 ? T ? LO125 ? 602.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2343 ? 2198 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.165 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??098 ? L ? LO181 ? 12.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??099 ? L ? LO181 ? 21.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2349 ? 2202 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 0.303 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??100 ? L ? LO181 ? 32.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2345 ? 2204 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.178 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??101 ? L ? LO181 ? 42.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? S d ? 2256 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??102 ? L ? LO181 ? 52.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1881 ? NULL ? 0.130 ? NULL ?TS12-??103 ? L ? LO181 ? 61.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.123 ? NULL ?TS12-??104 ? L ? LO181 ? 72.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??105 ? L ? LO181 ? 82.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1885 ? NULL ? 0.057 ? NULL ?TS12-??106 ? L ? LO181 ? 92.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.047 ? NULL ?TS12-??107 ? L ? LO181 ? 102.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? 1937 ? NULL ? 0.033 ? NULL ?TS12-??108 ? L ? LO181 ? 112.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2342 ? 2203 ? 2342 ? 1884 ? 0.069 ? 0.046 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??109 ? L ? LO181 ? 122.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1884 ? NULL ? 0.071 ? NULL ?TS12-??110 ? L ? LO181 ? 132.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2202 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.071 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??111 ? L ? LO181 ? 142.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2340 ? 2203 ? 2340 ? 1884 ? 0.099 ? 0.056 ? 1.8 ?TS12-??112 ? L ? LO181 ? 152.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.058 ? NULL ?TS12-??113 ? L ? LO181 ? 162.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??114 ? L ? LO181 ? 172.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?135Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??115 ? L ? LO181 ? 182.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??116 ? L ? LO181 ? 192.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2342 ? 2201 ? 2342 ? 1886 ? 0.124 ? 0.088 ? 1.4 ?TS12-??117 ? L ? LO181 ? 202.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2341 ? 2200 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.163 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??118 ? L ? LO181 ? 212.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2345 ? 2199 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.205 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??119 ? L ? LO181 ? 232.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2199 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.194 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??120 ? L ? LO181 ? 242.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2342 ? 2199 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.181 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??121 ? L ? LO181 ? 252.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? ar ? 2260 ? 2344 ? 2191 ? 2344 ? 1882 ? 0.167 ? 0.071 ? 2.4 ?TS12-??122 ? L ? LO181 ? 262.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? ar ? 2259 ? 2342 ? 2191 ? 2342 ? 1885 ? 0.160 ? 0.091 ? 1.8 ?TS12-??123 ? L ? LO181 ? 272.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? p ? 2260 ? 2343 ? 2191 ? 2343 ? 1899 ? 0.226 ? 0.068 ? 3.4 ?TS12-??124 ? L ? LO181 ? 282.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2254 ? 2338 ? 2199 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.189 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??125 ? L ? LO181 ? 292.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2341 ? 2201 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.171 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??126 ? L ? LO181 ? 302.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? ar ? 2260 ? 2344 ? 2190 ? 2344 ? 1906 ? 0.216 ? 0.110 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??127 ? L ? LO181 ? 319.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? ar ? 2259 ? 2343 ? 2193 ? 2343 ? 1901 ? 0.287 ? 0.113 ? 2.5 ?TS12-??128 ? L ? LO181 ? 332.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? ar ? 2260 ? 2346 ? 2192 ? 2346 ? 1883 ? 0.148 ? 0.050 ? 3.0 ?TS12-??129 ? L ? LO181 ? 342.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2200 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.197 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??130 ? L ? LO181 ? 362.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??131 ? L ? LO181 ? 372.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2345 ? 2200 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.161 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??132 ? L ? LO181 ? 382.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? ar ? 2259 ? 2349 ? 2194 ? 2349 ? 1885 ? 0.185 ? 0.108 ? 1.7 ?TS12-??133 ? L ? LO181 ? 392.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2258 ? 2334 ? 2191 ? 2334 ? 1906 ? 0.330 ? 0.114 ? 2.9 ?TS12-??134 ? L ? LO181 ? 402.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2199 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.061 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??135 ? L ? LO181 ? 412.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2341 ? 2202 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.133 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??136 ? L ? LO181 ? 422.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??137 ? L ? LO181 ? 432.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? 1881 ? NULL ? 0.099 ? NULL ?TS12-??138 ? L ? LO181 ? 442.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??139 ? L ? LO181 ? 452.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2340 ? 2201 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 0.116 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??140 ? L ? LO181 ? 462.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2342 ? 2201 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.192 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??141 ? L ? LO181 ? 472.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2338 ? 2201 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.166 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??142 ? L ? LO181 ? 482.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2340 ? 2200 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 0.169 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??143 ? L ? LO181 ? 492.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??144 ? L ? LO181 ? 512.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2339 ? 2202 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 0.172 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??145 ? L ? LO181 ? 522.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2251 ? 2330 ? NULL ? 2330 ? 1913 ? NULL ? 0.100 ? NULL ?TS12-??146 ? L ? LO181 ? 532.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2327 ? NULL ? 2327 ? 1916 ? NULL ? 0.104 ? NULL ?TS12-??147 ? L ? LO181 ? 542.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2262 ? 2327 ? 2228 ? 2318 ? 1908 ? 0.118 ? 0.120 ? 1.0 ?TS12-??148 ? L ? LO181 ? 552.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2334 ? 2229 ? 2334 ? 1916 ? 0.083 ? 0.104 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??149 ? L ? LO181 ? 682.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2347 ? 2208 ? 2347 ? 1906 ? 0.265 ? 0.145 ? 1.8 ?TS12-??150 ? L ? LO181 ? 692.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2347 ? 2210 ? 2347 ? 1908 ? 0.323 ? 0.144 ? 2.2 ?TS12-??151 ? L ? LO181 ? 702.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2343 ? 2211 ? 2343 ? 1907 ? 0.291 ? 0.123 ? 2.4 ?TS12-??152 ? L ? LO181 ? 723.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2339 ? 2218 ? 2339 ? 1909 ? 0.183 ? 0.137 ? 1.3 ?136Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??153 ? L ? LO181 ? 732.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2343 ? 2215 ? 2343 ? 1908 ? 0.293 ? 0.136 ? 2.2 ?TS12-??154 ? L ? LO181 ? 742.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 2336 ? 1907 ? NULL ? 0.148 ? NULL ?TS12-??155 ? L ? LO181 ? 772.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??156 ? L ? LO181 ? 789.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??157 ? L ? LO181 ? 801.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2336 ? 2212 ? 2336 ? 1912 ? 0.130 ? 0.152 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??158 ? L ? LO181 ? 805.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2217 ? 2341 ? 1913 ? 0.093 ? 0.118 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??159 ? L ? LO181 ? 816.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? 1918 ? NULL ? 0.150 ? NULL ?TS12-??160 ? L ? LO181 ? 899.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2336 ? 2215 ? 2336 ? 1911 ? 0.058 ? 0.149 ? 0.4 ?TS12-??161 ? L ? LO181 ? 902.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Tr ? 2250 ? 2342 ? 2208 ? 2342 ? 1910 ? 0.064 ? 0.195 ? 0.3 ?TS12-??162 ? L ? LO181 ? 912.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2209 ? 2349 ? 1910 ? 0.470 ? 0.179 ? 2.6 ?TS12-??163 ? L ? LO181 ? 925.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2209 ? 2347 ? 1908 ? 0.454 ? 0.104 ? 4.4 ?TS12-??164 ? L ? LO181 ? 932.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2210 ? 2352 ? 1908 ? 0.235 ? 0.042 ? 5.5 ?TS12-??165 ? L ? LO181 ? 942.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2245 ? 2349 ? 2210 ? 2349 ? 1909 ? 0.312 ? 0.117 ? 2.7 ?TS12-??166 ? L ? LO181 ? 952.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? 1904 ? NULL ? 0.111 ? NULL ?TS12-??167 ? L ? LO181 ? 961.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1908 ? NULL ? 0.134 ? NULL ?TS12-??168 ? L ? LO181 ? 972.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2211 ? 2352 ? 1907 ? 0.301 ? 0.061 ? 4.9 ?TS12-??169 ? L ? LO181 ? 979.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2210 ? 2349 ? 1909 ? 0.296 ? 0.064 ? 4.6 ?TS12-??170 ? L ? LO181 ? 1026.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2207 ? 2351 ? 1920 ? 0.153 ? 0.100 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??171 ? L ? LO181 ? 1032.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2207 ? 2351 ? 1909 ? 0.244 ? 0.051 ? 4.8 ?TS12-??172 ? L ? LO181 ? 1042.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2212 ? 2351 ? 1907 ? 0.293 ? 0.073 ? 4.0 ?TS12-??173 ? L ? LO181 ? 1054.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2214 ? 2352 ? 1908 ? 0.250 ? 0.048 ? 5.2 ?TS12-??174 ? L ? LO181 ? 1062.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1909 ? NULL ? 0.167 ? NULL ?TS12-??175 ? L ? LO181 ? 1071.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1884 ? NULL ? 0.164 ? NULL ?TS12-??176 ? L ? LO181 ? 1082.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 2349 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??177 ? L ? LO181 ? 1092.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2340 ? 2228 ? 2340 ? 1880 ? 0.020 ? 0.049 ? 0.4 ?TS12-??178 ? L ? LO181 ? 1112.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2339 ? 2229 ? 2339 ? 1882 ? 0.060 ? 0.125 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??179 ? L ? LO181 ? 1134.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2250 ? NULL ? NULL ? 2325 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??180 ? L ? LO181 ? 1152.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??181 ? L ? LO100 ? 9.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2199 ? 2345 ? 1909 ? 0.281 ? 0.048 ? 5.8 ?TS12-??182 ? L ? LO100 ? 27.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2200 ? 2348 ? 1910 ? 0.305 ? 0.051 ? 5.9 ?TS12-??183 ? L ? LO100 ? 81.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2347 ? 2204 ? 2347 ? 1914 ? 0.245 ? 0.091 ? 2.7 ?TS12-??184 ? L ? LO100 ? 97.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2344 ? 2208 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.125 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??185 ? L ? LO100 ? 187.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2350 ? 2208 ? 2350 ? 1913 ? 0.209 ? 0.091 ? 2.3 ?TS12-??186 ? L ? LO100 ? 207.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2244 ? 2343 ? 2209 ? 2343 ? 1909 ? 0.401 ? 0.103 ? 3.9 ?TS12-??187 ? L ? LO100 ? 210.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2338 ? 2210 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.339 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??188 ? L ? LO100 ? 215.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2342 ? 2210 ? 2342 ? 1910 ? 0.125 ? 0.057 ? 2.2 ?TS12-??189 ? L ? LO100 ? 220.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2343 ? 2213 ? 2343 ? 1911 ? 0.052 ? 0.067 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??190 ? L ? LO100 ? 230.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2216 ? 2344 ? 1914 ? 0.055 ? 0.049 ? 1.1 ?137Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??191 ? L ? LO100 ? 270.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1907 ? NULL ? 0.153 ? NULL ?TS12-??192 ? L ? LO100 ? 287.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 2336 ? 1913 ? NULL ? 0.094 ? NULL ?TS12-??193 ? L ? LO100 ? 310.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2343 ? 2215 ? 2343 ? 1910 ? 0.094 ? 0.033 ? 2.8 ?TS12-??194 ? L ? LO100 ? 320.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2214 ? 2349 ? 1907 ? 0.173 ? 0.019 ? 9.1 ?TS12-??195 ? L ? LO100 ? 330.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2347 ? 2212 ? 2347 ? 1911 ? 0.268 ? 0.071 ? 3.8 ?TS12-??196 ? L ? LO100 ? 340.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2348 ? 2212 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 0.182 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??197 ? L ? LO100 ? 347.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2249 ? 2346 ? 2211 ? 2346 ? 1910 ? 0.284 ? 0.068 ? 4.2 ?TS12-??198 ? L ? LO100 ? 361.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2343 ? 2213 ? 2343 ? 1914 ? 0.094 ? 0.054 ? 1.7 ?TS12-??199 ? L ? LO100 ? 387.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2344 ? 2210 ? 2344 ? 1882 ? 0.114 ? 0.121 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??200 ? L ? LO100 ? 393.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? An ? NULL ? 2355 ? 2211 ? 2355 ? 1909 ? 0.088 ? 0.014 ? 6.3 ?TS12-??201 ? L ? LO100 ? 402.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2211 ? 2351 ? 1915 ? 0.101 ? 0.010 ? 10.3 ?TS12-??202 ? L ? LO100 ? 412.0 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2342 ? 2228 ? 2342 ? 1909 ? 0.068 ? 0.089 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??203 ? L ? LO100 ? 425.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1916 ? NULL ? 0.063 ? NULL ?TS12-??204 ? L ? LO100 ? 438.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1905 ? NULL ? 0.075 ? NULL ?TS12-??205 ? L ? LO100 ? 446.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1915 ? NULL ? 0.136 ? NULL ?TS12-??206 ? L ? LO100 ? 456.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1914 ? NULL ? 0.168 ? NULL ?TS12-??207 ? L ? LO100 ? 460.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1884 ? NULL ? 0.168 ? NULL ?TS12-??208 ? L ? LO100 ? 470.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1917 ? NULL ? 0.154 ? NULL ?TS12-??209 ? L ? LO100 ? 480.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2255 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??210 ? L ? LO100 ? 490.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Hl ? 2254 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? 1884 ? NULL ? 0.117 ? NULL ?TS12-??211 ? L ? LO100 ? 500.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Hl ? 2253 ? NULL ? NULL ? 2321 ? 1881 ? NULL ? 0.080 ? NULL ?TS12-??212 ? L ? LO100 ? 512.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? 1909 ? NULL ? 0.121 ? NULL ?TS12-??213 ? L ? LO100 ? 522.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2254 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? 1915 ? NULL ? 0.150 ? NULL ?TS12-??214 ? L ? LO100 ? 532.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Hl ? 2254 ? 2326 ? NULL ? 2321 ? 1905 ? NULL ? 0.089 ? NULL ?TS12-??215 ? L ? LO100 ? 540.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2254 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??216 ? L ? LO100 ? 550.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1908 ? NULL ? 0.094 ? NULL ?TS12-??217 ? L ? LO100 ? 558.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2256 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??218 ? L ? LO100 ? 570.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? S d ? 2257 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? 1924 ? NULL ? 0.111 ? NULL ?TS12-??219 ? L ? LO100 ? 580.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.181 ? NULL ?TS12-??220 ? L ? LO100 ? 600.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1881 ? NULL ? 0.179 ? NULL ?TS12-??221 ? L ? LO100 ? 620.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 1880 ? NULL ? 0.065 ? NULL ?TS12-??222 ? L ? LO100 ? 666.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2254 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??223 ? L ? LO165 ? 22.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1881 ? NULL ? 0.156 ? NULL ?TS12-??224 ? L ? LO165 ? 30.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??225 ? L ? LO165 ? 50.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??226 ? L ? LO165 ? 60.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2343 ? 2194 ? 2343 ? 1913 ? 0.113 ? 0.099 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??227 ? L ? LO165 ? 80.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2338 ? 2193 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.122 ? NULL ? NULL ?138Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??228 ? L ? LO165 ? 89.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2256 ? 2343 ? 2191 ? 2343 ? 1932 ? 0.072 ? 0.111 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??229 ? L ? LO165 ? 112.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2259 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 2349 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.136 ? NULL ?TS12-??230 ? L ? LO165 ? 162.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2255 ? 2334 ? 2190 ? 2334 ? 1938 ? 0.126 ? 0.042 ? 3.0 ?TS12-??231 ? L ? LO165 ? 171.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2257 ? 2340 ? 2192 ? 2340 ? 1920 ? 0.153 ? 0.145 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??232 ? L ? LO165 ? 249.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2254 ? 2338 ? 2192 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.152 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??233 ? L ? LO165 ? 259.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??234 ? L ? LO165 ? 279.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2255 ? 2340 ? 2196 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 0.158 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??235 ? L ? LO165 ? 322.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2344 ? 2200 ? 2344 ? 1907 ? 0.207 ? 0.063 ? 3.3 ?TS12-??236 ? L ? LO165 ? 340.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2203 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.159 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??237 ? L ? LO165 ? 351.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2337 ? 2227 ? 2337 ? 1911 ? 0.038 ? 0.064 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??238 ? L ? LO165 ? 360.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2204 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.134 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??239 ? L ? LO165 ? 392.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2344 ? 2205 ? 2344 ? 1881 ? 0.113 ? 0.137 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??240 ? L ? LO165 ? 400.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2347 ? 2207 ? 2347 ? 1883 ? 0.098 ? 0.069 ? 1.4 ?TS12-??241 ? L ? LO165 ? 410.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??242 ? L ? LO165 ? 420.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2349 ? 2204 ? 2349 ? 1898 ? 0.129 ? 0.150 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??243 ? L ? LO165 ? 433.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2346 ? 2202 ? 2346 ? 1917 ? 0.127 ? 0.084 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??244 ? L ? LO165 ? 440.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2256 ? 2346 ? 2202 ? 2346 ? 1907 ? 0.232 ? 0.134 ? 1.7 ?TS12-??245 ? L ? LO165 ? 450.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2257 ? 2348 ? 2201 ? 2348 ? 1909 ? 0.225 ? 0.148 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??246 ? L ? LO165 ? 463.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2348 ? 2201 ? 2348 ? 1905 ? 0.131 ? 0.111 ? 1.2 ?TS12-??247 ? L ? LO165 ? 473.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2346 ? 2203 ? 2346 ? 1910 ? 0.077 ? 0.117 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??248 ? L ? LO165 ? 480.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2256 ? 2349 ? 2203 ? 2349 ? 1907 ? 0.212 ? 0.145 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??249 ? L ? LO165 ? 500.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1910 ? NULL ? 0.167 ? NULL ?TS12-??250 ? L ? LO165 ? 510.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1910 ? NULL ? 0.138 ? NULL ?TS12-??251 ? L ? LO165 ? 520.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1914 ? NULL ? 0.122 ? NULL ?TS12-??252 ? L ? LO165 ? 530.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2343 ? 2210 ? 2343 ? 1905 ? 0.079 ? 0.088 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??253 ? L ? LO165 ? 610.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 2348 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??254 ? L ? LO165 ? 620.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2208 ? 2351 ? 1908 ? 0.384 ? 0.055 ? 7.0 ?TS12-??255 ? L ? LO165 ? 633.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2208 ? 2351 ? 1908 ? 0.283 ? 0.033 ? 8.5 ?TS12-??256 ? L ? LO165 ? 640.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2209 ? 2349 ? 1908 ? 0.287 ? 0.055 ? 5.2 ?TS12-??257 ? L ? LO165 ? 647.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2348 ? 2213 ? 2348 ? 1906 ? 0.101 ? 0.052 ? 1.9 ?TS12-??258 ? L ? LO165 ? 653.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2213 ? 2350 ? 1909 ? 0.210 ? 0.063 ? 3.3 ?TS12-??259 ? L ? LO165 ? 675.0 ? Mg(OH)-??3 ? ru ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2326 ? 2219 ? 2310 ? 1914 ? 0.017 ? 0.006 ? 3.0 ?TS12-??260 ? L ? LO165 ? 693.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2215 ? 2349 ? 1907 ? 0.075 ? 0.029 ? 2.6 ?TS12-??261 ? L ? LO165 ? 703.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? 2246 ? 2352 ? 2215 ? 2352 ? 1925 ? 0.082 ? 0.031 ? 2.7 ?TS12-??262 ? L ? LO165 ? 705.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? NULL ? 2358 ? 2215 ? 2358 ? 1920 ? 0.122 ? 0.060 ? 2.1 ?TS12-??263 ? L ? LO165 ? 709.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? 2247 ? 2349 ? 2217 ? 2349 ? 1926 ? 0.106 ? 0.069 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??264 ? L ? LO165 ? 728.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2356 ? 2216 ? 2356 ? 1917 ? 0.076 ? 0.015 ? 5.1 ?TS12-??265 ? L ? LO165 ? 734.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2217 ? 2346 ? 1904 ? 0.132 ? 0.069 ? 1.9 ?139Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??266 ? L ? LO165 ? 739.2 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2216 ? 2349 ? 1910 ? 0.132 ? 0.096 ? 1.4 ?TS12-??267 ? L ? LO165 ? 747.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? hn ? 2254 ? 2329 ? 2217 ? 2329 ? 1931 ? 0.082 ? 0.094 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??268 ? L ? LO165 ? 749.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2253 ? 2339 ? 2216 ? 2339 ? 1889 ? 0.045 ? 0.082 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??269 ? L ? LO165 ? 750.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2350 ? 2213 ? 2350 ? 1927 ? 0.111 ? 0.087 ? 1.3 ?TS12-??270 ? L ? LO165 ? 758.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2249 ? 2344 ? 2214 ? 2344 ? 1910 ? 0.196 ? 0.035 ? 5.6 ?TS12-??271 ? L ? LO165 ? 768.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2212 ? 2349 ? 1910 ? 0.093 ? 0.049 ? 1.9 ?TS12-??272 ? L ? LO165 ? 825.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 2336 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.065 ? NULL ?TS12-??273 ? L ? LO165 ? 838.0 ? S l cate ? Tr ? ol ? 2249 ? 2333 ? 2196 ? 2333 ? 1883 ? 0.111 ? 0.157 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??274 ? L ? LO165 ? 857.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? Ca ? 2254 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? 1929 ? NULL ? 0.120 ? NULL ?TS12-??275 ? L ? LO165 ? 873.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??276 ? L ? LO165 ? 883.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2251 ? 2347 ? 2220 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 0.178 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??277 ? L ? LO165 ? 905.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2253 ? 2342 ? 2221 ? 2342 ? 1904 ? 0.156 ? 0.146 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??278 ? L ? LO165 ? 928.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2220 ? 2344 ? 1906 ? 0.275 ? 0.133 ? 2.1 ?TS12-??279 ? L ? LO165 ? 943.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2251 ? 2343 ? 2220 ? 2343 ? 1902 ? 0.190 ? 0.096 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??280 ? L ? LO165 ? 953.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2254 ? 2346 ? 2221 ? 2346 ? 1882 ? 0.087 ? 0.108 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??281 ? L ? LO182 ? 861.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2342 ? 2207 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.128 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??282 ? L ? LO182 ? 871.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2198 ? 2348 ? 1916 ? 0.264 ? 0.019 ? 13.8 ?TS12-??283 ? L ? LO182 ? 881.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2199 ? 2347 ? 1914 ? 0.334 ? 0.028 ? 12.0 ?TS12-??284 ? L ? LO182 ? 891.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2204 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.209 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??285 ? L ? LO182 ? 901.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2344 ? 2204 ? 2344 ? 1907 ? 0.101 ? 0.162 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??286 ? L ? LO182 ? 930.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2334 ? 2228 ? 2334 ? 1912 ? 0.083 ? 0.078 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??287 ? L ? LO182 ? 941.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? 1901 ? NULL ? 0.102 ? NULL ?TS12-??288 ? L ? LO182 ? 961.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1937 ? NULL ? 0.072 ? NULL ?TS12-??289 ? L ? LO182 ? 971.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2243 ? 2350 ? 2200 ? 2350 ? 1915 ? 0.135 ? 0.022 ? 6.3 ?TS12-??290 ? L ? LO182 ? 981.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2200 ? 2347 ? 1913 ? 0.323 ? 0.057 ? 5.7 ?TS12-??291 ? L ? LO182 ? 991.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2202 ? 2345 ? 1901 ? 0.109 ? 0.113 ? 1.0 ?TS12-??292 ? L ? LO182 ? 1005.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1886 ? NULL ? 0.087 ? NULL ?TS12-??293 ? L ? LO182 ? 1011.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.101 ? NULL ?TS12-??294 ? L ? LO182 ? 1021.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??295 ? L ? LO182 ? 1031.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??296 ? L ? LO182 ? 1051.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? MgChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2335 ? NULL ? 2335 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??297 ? L ? LO182 ? 1061.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ca ? 2253 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??298 ? L ? LO182 ? 1066.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??299 ? L ? LO182 ? 1080.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2350 ? 2200 ? 2350 ? 1938 ? 0.083 ? 0.042 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??300 ? L ? LO182 ? 1085.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2252 ? 2345 ? 2201 ? 2345 ? 1936 ? 0.132 ? 0.022 ? 6.0 ?TS12-??301 ? L ? LO182 ? 1092.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2339 ? 2201 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 0.198 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??302 ? L ? LO182 ? 1101.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?140Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??303 ? L ? LO182 ? 1113.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? MgChl ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2326 ? NULL ? 2326 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??304 ? L ? LO182 ? 1122.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2203 ? 2348 ? 1935 ? 0.215 ? 0.046 ? 4.7 ?TS12-??305 ? L ? LO182 ? 1131.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2252 ? 2350 ? 2205 ? 2350 ? 1936 ? 0.131 ? 0.038 ? 3.5 ?TS12-??306 ? L ? LO182 ? 1141.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??307 ? L ? LO182 ? 1150.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??308 ? L ? LO182 ? 1160.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2247 ? 2347 ? 2209 ? 2347 ? 1916 ? 0.301 ? 0.099 ? 3.0 ?TS12-??309 ? L ? LO182 ? 1171.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2209 ? 2352 ? 1916 ? 0.138 ? 0.150 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??310 ? L ? LO182 ? 1180.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Act ? 2253 ? 2327 ? NULL ? 2327 ? 1913 ? NULL ? 0.083 ? NULL ?TS12-??311 ? L ? LO182 ? 1188.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2210 ? 2351 ? 1927 ? 0.133 ? 0.065 ? 2.1 ?TS12-??312 ? L ? LO182 ? 1191.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2338 ? 2206 ? 2338 ? 1912 ? 0.330 ? 0.287 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??313 ?  ? LO046 ? 5.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2338 ? 2227 ? 2338 ? 1881 ? 0.041 ? 0.075 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??314 ?  ? LO046 ? 15.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2339 ? 2209 ? 2339 ? 1883 ? 0.087 ? 0.155 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??315 ?  ? LO046 ? 25.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.115 ? NULL ?TS12-??316 ?  ? LO046 ? 35.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? MgChl ? 2247 ? 2335 ? 2218 ? 2335 ? 1884 ? 0.141 ? 0.176 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??317 ?  ? LO046 ? 45.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??318 ?  ? LO046 ? 55.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2349 ? 2213 ? 2349 ? 1898 ? 0.092 ? 0.081 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??319 ?  ? LO046 ? 6.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2352 ? 2213 ? 2352 ? NULL ? 0.115 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??320 ?  ? LO046 ? 75.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2248 ? 2346 ? 2211 ? 2346 ? 1909 ? 0.278 ? 0.077 ? 3.6 ?TS12-??321 ?  ? LO046 ? 85.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2341 ? 2216 ? 2341 ? 1907 ? 0.103 ? 0.083 ? 1.2 ?TS12-??322 ?  ? LO046 ? 125.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??323 ?  ? LO046 ? 135.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2350 ? 2208 ? 2350 ? 1905 ? 0.194 ? 0.068 ? 2.9 ?TS12-??324 ?  ? LO046 ? 146.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? NULL ? 2336 ? 2204 ? 2336 ? 1881 ? 0.157 ? 0.182 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??325 ?  ? LO046 ? 156.0 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2246 ? NULL ? 2209 ? 2325 ? 1884 ? 0.086 ? 0.129 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??326 ?  ? LO046 ? 165.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2336 ? 2202 ? 2322 ? NULL ? 0.153 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??327 ?  ? LO046 ? 205.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2203 ? 2346 ? 1910 ? 0.530 ? 0.076 ? 6.9 ?TS12-??328 ?  ? LO046 ? 215.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.072 ? NULL ?TS12-??329 ?  ? LO046 ? 225.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2202 ? 2350 ? 1914 ? 0.189 ? 0.028 ? 6.8 ?TS12-??330 ?  ? LO046 ? 245.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.151 ? NULL ?TS12-??331 ?  ? LO046 ? 255.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1885 ? NULL ? 0.118 ? NULL ?TS12-??332 ?  ? LO046 ? 265.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2344 ? 2208 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.134 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??333 ?  ? LO046 ? 295.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1884 ? NULL ? 0.159 ? NULL ?TS12-??334 ?  ? LO046 ? 306.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2344 ? 2206 ? 2344 ? 1882 ? 0.177 ? 0.144 ? 1.2 ?TS12-??335 ?  ? LO046 ? 316.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2341 ? 2209 ? 2341 ? 1912 ? 0.145 ? 0.132 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??336 ?  ? LO046 ? 325.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2348 ? 2205 ? 2348 ? 1881 ? 0.132 ? 0.129 ? 1.0 ?TS12-??337 ?  ? LO046 ? 335.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??338 ?  ? LO046 ? 345.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2257 ? 2346 ? 2202 ? 2346 ? 1885 ? 0.144 ? 0.106 ? 1.4 ?TS12-??339 ?  ? LO046 ? 355.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2345 ? 2202 ? 2345 ? 1886 ? 0.128 ? 0.042 ? 3.1 ?TS12-??340 ?  ? LO046 ? 365.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? 1888 ? NULL ? 0.080 ? NULL ?141Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??341 ?  ? LO046 ? 375.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.130 ? NULL ?TS12-??342 ?  ? LO046 ? 385.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2347 ? 2201 ? 2347 ? 1887 ? 0.160 ? 0.081 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??343 ?  ? LO046 ? 395.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2345 ? 2200 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.160 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??344 ?  ? LO046 ? 405.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??345 ?  ? LO046 ? 415.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? 1891 ? NULL ? 0.065 ? NULL ?TS12-??346 ?  ? LO046 ? 425.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2343 ? 2202 ? 2343 ? 1937 ? 0.067 ? 0.058 ? 1.2 ?TS12-??347 ?  ? LO046 ? 436.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??348 ?  ? LO046 ? 445.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2345 ? 2200 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.159 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??349 ?  ? LO046 ? 455.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2343 ? 2199 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.180 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??350 ?  ? LO046 ? 465.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2199 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.161 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??351 ?  ? LO046 ? 475.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2339 ? 2202 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 0.100 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??352 ?  ? LO046 ? 495.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2199 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.199 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??353 ?  ? LO046 ? 505.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2339 ? 2197 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 0.159 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??354 ?  ? LO046 ? 515.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2252 ? 2340 ? 2194 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 0.234 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??355 ?  ? LO046 ? 525.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2251 ? 2338 ? 2193 ? 2338 ? 1910 ? 0.208 ? 0.051 ? 4.1 ?TS12-??356 ?  ? LO046 ? 535.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2251 ? 2341 ? 2193 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.217 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??357 ?  ? LO046 ? 536.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2251 ? 2342 ? 2195 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.194 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??358 ?  ? LO046 ? 545.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2251 ? 2338 ? 2196 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.097 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??359 ?  ? LO046 ? 555.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2349 ? 2197 ? 2349 ? 1910 ? 0.225 ? 0.056 ? 4.0 ?TS12-??360 ?  ? LO046 ? 565.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2333 ? 2197 ? 2319 ? 1933 ? 0.093 ? 0.148 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??361 ?  ? LO046 ? 575.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2255 ? 2350 ? 2200 ? 2350 ? NULL ? 0.120 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??362 ?  ? LO046 ? 585.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??363 ?  ? LO046 ? 591.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2342 ? 2202 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.212 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??364 ?  ? LO046 ? 745.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2347 ? 2200 ? 2347 ? 1910 ? 0.383 ? 0.083 ? 4.6 ?TS12-??365 ?  ? LO046 ? 755.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2343 ? 2200 ? 2343 ? 1910 ? 0.337 ? 0.087 ? 3.9 ?TS12-??366 ?  ? LO046 ? 765.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2347 ? 2201 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 0.185 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??367 ?  ? LO046 ? 775.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2200 ? 2344 ? 1911 ? 0.371 ? 0.073 ? 5.1 ?TS12-??368 ?  ? LO046 ? 795.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2202 ? 2344 ? 1912 ? 0.337 ? 0.090 ? 3.8 ?TS12-??369 ?  ? LO046 ? 815.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??370 ?  ? LO046 ? 835.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1907 ? NULL ? 0.128 ? NULL ?TS12-??371 ?  ? LO046 ? 845.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2345 ? 2209 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.039 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??372 ?  ? LO046 ? 855.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ca ? 2255 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??373 ?  ? LO042 ? 41.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2350 ? NULL ? 2350 ? 1917 ? NULL ? 0.127 ? NULL ?TS12-??374 ?  ? LO042 ? 51.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2352 ? NULL ? 2352 ? 1890 ? NULL ? 0.080 ? NULL ?TS12-??375 ?  ? LO042 ? 60.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2344 ? 2208 ? 2344 ? 1912 ? 0.365 ? 0.114 ? 3.2 ?TS12-??376 ?  ? LO042 ? 70.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2248 ? 2344 ? 2208 ? 2344 ? 1911 ? 0.350 ? 0.113 ? 3.1 ?TS12-??377 ?  ? LO042 ? 80.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2208 ? 2345 ? 1909 ? 0.442 ? 0.128 ? 3.4 ?TS12-??378 ?  ? LO042 ? 90.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1897 ? NULL ? 0.159 ? NULL ?142Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??379 ?  ? LO042 ? 120.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2210 ? 2346 ? 1910 ? 0.444 ? 0.112 ? 4.0 ?TS12-??380 ?  ? LO042 ? 130.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2344 ? 2210 ? 2344 ? 1909 ? 0.068 ? 0.110 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??381 ?  ? LO042 ? 140.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2335 ? 2196 ? 2335 ? 1909 ? 0.126 ? 0.235 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??382 ?  ? LO042 ? 150.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2334 ? 2208 ? 2317 ? 1882 ? 0.185 ? 0.266 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??383 ?  ? LO042 ? 180.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2243 ? NULL ? 2199 ? NULL ? 1882 ? 0.250 ? 0.328 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??384 ?  ? LO042 ? 190.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? NULL ? 2342 ? 2212 ? 2342 ? 1882 ? 0.209 ? 0.259 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??385 ?  ? LO042 ? 200.0 ? Mg(OH)-??3 ? ru ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2331 ? NULL ? 2315 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??386 ?  ? LO042 ? 210.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2338 ? 2187 ? 2316 ? 1884 ? 0.151 ? 0.229 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??387 ?  ? LO042 ? 220.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2343 ? 2208 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.321 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??388 ?  ? LO042 ? 230.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2344 ? 2206 ? 2344 ? 1908 ? 0.362 ? 0.121 ? 3.0 ?TS12-??389 ?  ? LO042 ? 260.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2349 ? 2201 ? 2349 ? 1939 ? 0.160 ? 0.047 ? 3.4 ?TS12-??390 ?  ? LO042 ? 269.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2346 ? 2203 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 0.128 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??391 ?  ? LO042 ? 280.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2344 ? 2202 ? 2344 ? 1885 ? 0.162 ? 0.101 ? 1.6 ?TS12-??392 ?  ? LO042 ? 290.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2259 ? 2353 ? NULL ? 2353 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.153 ? NULL ?TS12-??393 ?  ? LO042 ? 295.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2260 ? 2349 ? 2202 ? 2349 ? 1901 ? 0.164 ? 0.089 ? 1.8 ?TS12-??394 ?  ? LO042 ? 300.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2260 ? 2356 ? 2201 ? 2356 ? 1899 ? 0.119 ? 0.124 ? 1.0 ?TS12-??395 ?  ? LO042 ? 320.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2199 ? 2344 ? 1917 ? 0.150 ? 0.075 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??396 ?  ? LO042 ? 340.0 ? Caronate ? Calc te ? hl ? NULL ? 2333 ? NULL ? 2333 ? 1923 ? NULL ? 0.121 ? NULL ?TS12-??397 ?  ? LO042 ? 350.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2344 ? 2199 ? 2344 ? 1908 ? 0.184 ? 0.077 ? 2.4 ?TS12-??398 ?  ? LO042 ? 360.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2256 ? 2343 ? 2200 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.132 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??399 ?  ? LO042 ? 370.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2347 ? 2201 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 0.096 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??400 ?  ? LO042 ? 380.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2342 ? 2199 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.207 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??401 ?  ? LO042 ? 390.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2199 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.117 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??402 ?  ? LO203 ? 7.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2253 ? 2346 ? 2201 ? 2346 ? 1910 ? 0.224 ? 0.045 ? 5.0 ?TS12-??403 ?  ? LO203 ? 17.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2351 ? 2201 ? 2351 ? 1882 ? 0.268 ? 0.095 ? 2.8 ?TS12-??404 ?  ? LO203 ? 27.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2258 ? 2349 ? 2200 ? 2349 ? 1881 ? 0.252 ? 0.105 ? 2.4 ?TS12-??405 ?  ? LO203 ? 47.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2256 ? 2347 ? 2201 ? 2347 ? 1906 ? 0.268 ? 0.125 ? 2.1 ?TS12-??406 ?  ? LO203 ? 57.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2350 ? 2202 ? 2350 ? 1898 ? 0.147 ? 0.137 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??407 ?  ? LO203 ? 67.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2201 ? 2351 ? 1926 ? 0.210 ? 0.040 ? 5.3 ?TS12-??408 ?  ? LO203 ? 87.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2256 ? 2348 ? 2201 ? 2348 ? 1908 ? 0.236 ? 0.103 ? 2.3 ?TS12-??409 ?  ? LO203 ? 99.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2346 ? 2201 ? 2346 ? 1910 ? 0.281 ? 0.077 ? 3.7 ?TS12-??410 ?  ? LO203 ? 107.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??411 ?  ? LO203 ? 131.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2346 ? 2201 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 0.214 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??412 ?  ? LO203 ? 137.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2254 ? 2344 ? 2198 ? 2344 ? 1915 ? 0.180 ? 0.038 ? 4.7 ?TS12-??413 ?  ? LO203 ? 147.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2198 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.312 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??414 ?  ? LO203 ? 157.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2196 ? 2343 ? 1914 ? 0.268 ? 0.075 ? 3.6 ?TS12-??415 ?  ? LO203 ? 167.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? IntChl ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2195 ? 2344 ? 1911 ? 0.367 ? 0.104 ? 3.5 ?TS12-??416 ?  ? LO203 ? 177.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? IntChl ? 2253 ? 2343 ? 2194 ? 2343 ? 1911 ? 0.391 ? 0.106 ? 3.7 ?143Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??417 ?  ? LO203 ? 187.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2254 ? 2345 ? 2196 ? 2345 ? 1912 ? 0.292 ? 0.054 ? 5.4 ?TS12-??418 ?  ? LO203 ? 194.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2196 ? 2347 ? 1916 ? 0.301 ? 0.055 ? 5.5 ?TS12-??419 ?  ? LO203 ? 209.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2255 ? 2343 ? 2195 ? 2343 ? 1910 ? 0.403 ? 0.097 ? 4.1 ?TS12-??420 ?  ? LO203 ? 217.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2255 ? 2345 ? 2197 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.235 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??421 ?  ? LO203 ? 227.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2254 ? 2344 ? 2197 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.244 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??422 ?  ? LO203 ? 237.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2345 ? 2196 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.167 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??423 ?  ? LO203 ? 247.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2345 ? 2197 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.350 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??424 ?  ? LO203 ? 257.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2253 ? 2344 ? 2197 ? 2344 ? 1937 ? 0.189 ? 0.037 ? 5.1 ?TS12-??425 ?  ? LO203 ? 267.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2252 ? 2343 ? 2197 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.185 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??426 ?  ? LO203 ? 277.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? 1937 ? 0.220 ? 0.063 ? 3.5 ?TS12-??427 ?  ? LO203 ? 287.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2199 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.077 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??428 ?  ? LO203 ? 293.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? 2247 ? 2346 ? 2200 ? 2346 ? 1914 ? 0.110 ? 0.057 ? 1.9 ?TS12-??429 ?  ? LO203 ? 308.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2246 ? 2349 ? 2199 ? 2349 ? 1918 ? 0.193 ? 0.058 ? 3.3 ?TS12-??430 ?  ? LO203 ? 317.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2257 ? 2349 ? 2200 ? 2349 ? 1909 ? 0.298 ? 0.077 ? 3.9 ?TS12-??431 ?  ? LO203 ? 327.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2257 ? 2344 ? 2202 ? 2344 ? 1907 ? 0.137 ? 0.048 ? 2.8 ?TS12-??432 ?  ? LO203 ? 377.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??433 ?  ? LO203 ? 387.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? MgChl ? Mus ? 2249 ? 2329 ? 2201 ? 2329 ? NULL ? 0.311 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??434 ?  ? LO203 ? 397.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??435 ?  ? LO203 ? 417.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2255 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1918 ? NULL ? 0.138 ? NULL ?TS12-??436 ?  ? LO203 ? 427.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1908 ? NULL ? 0.158 ? NULL ?TS12-??437 ?  ? LO203 ? 437.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2349 ? 2205 ? 2349 ? 1907 ? 0.203 ? 0.089 ? 2.3 ?TS12-??438 ?  ? LO203 ? 451.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2345 ? 2203 ? 2345 ? 1910 ? 0.435 ? 0.143 ? 3.0 ?TS12-??439 ?  ? LO203 ? 467.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2203 ? 2346 ? 1909 ? 0.503 ? 0.154 ? 3.3 ?TS12-??440 ?  ? LO203 ? 477.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2338 ? 2205 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.271 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??441 ?  ? LO203 ? 487.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2349 ? 2197 ? 2349 ? 1910 ? 0.128 ? 0.135 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??442 ?  ? LO203 ? 507.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2345 ? 2200 ? 2345 ? 1913 ? 0.368 ? 0.097 ? 3.8 ?TS12-??443 ?  ? LO203 ? 517.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2253 ? 2345 ? 2199 ? 2345 ? 1911 ? 0.421 ? 0.105 ? 4.0 ?TS12-??444 ?  ? LO203 ? 527.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2344 ? 2199 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.302 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??445 ? L ? LO007 ? 10.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2196 ? 2344 ? 1929 ? 0.426 ? 0.201 ? 2.1 ?TS12-??446 ? L ? LO007 ? 19.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? IntChl ? 2251 ? 2342 ? 2195 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.212 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??447 ? L ? LO007 ? 31.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? Ill ? 2249 ? 2344 ? 2195 ? 2344 ? 1916 ? 0.291 ? 0.078 ? 3.7 ?TS12-??448 ? L ? LO007 ? 39.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? Ill ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2195 ? 2344 ? 1923 ? 0.384 ? 0.079 ? 4.9 ?TS12-??449 ? L ? LO007 ? 50.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2197 ? NULL ? 1938 ? 0.050 ? 0.264 ? 0.2 ?TS12-??450 ? L ? LO007 ? 60.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2196 ? 2345 ? 1930 ? 0.362 ? 0.161 ? 2.2 ?TS12-??451 ? L ? LO007 ? 70.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2197 ? 2345 ? 1928 ? 0.315 ? 0.088 ? 3.6 ?TS12-??452 ? L ? LO007 ? 80.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2197 ? 2344 ? 1926 ? 0.252 ? 0.071 ? 3.5 ?TS12-??453 ? L ? LO007 ? 91.4 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2199 ? 2347 ? 1927 ? 0.458 ? 0.144 ? 3.2 ?TS12-??454 ? L ? LO007 ? 95.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2201 ? 2347 ? 1929 ? 0.321 ? 0.079 ? 4.1 ?144Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??455 ? L ? LO007 ? 105.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2346 ? 2203 ? 2346 ? 1916 ? 0.207 ? 0.087 ? 2.4 ?TS12-??456 ? L ? LO007 ? 113.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2202 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 0.196 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??457 ? L ? LO007 ? 124.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2199 ? 2347 ? 1913 ? 0.433 ? 0.108 ? 4.0 ?TS12-??458 ? L ? LO007 ? 134.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2199 ? 2346 ? 1925 ? 0.333 ? 0.059 ? 5.7 ?TS12-??459 ? L ? LO007 ? 145.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2203 ? 2347 ? 1934 ? 0.112 ? 0.063 ? 1.8 ?TS12-??460 ? L ? LO007 ? 152.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? S d ? 2245 ? 2350 ? 2201 ? 2350 ? NULL ? 0.042 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??461 ? L ? LO007 ? 159.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2201 ? 2347 ? 1925 ? 0.349 ? 0.082 ? 4.3 ?TS12-??462 ? L ? LO007 ? 165.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2200 ? 2347 ? 1924 ? 0.339 ? 0.054 ? 6.2 ?TS12-??463 ? L ? LO007 ? 171.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2200 ? 2347 ? 1934 ? 0.290 ? 0.068 ? 4.3 ?TS12-??464 ? L ? LO007 ? 197.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2342 ? 2199 ? 2342 ? 1916 ? 0.222 ? 0.064 ? 3.5 ?TS12-??465 ? L ? LO007 ? 207.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2198 ? 2348 ? 1924 ? 0.218 ? 0.049 ? 4.5 ?TS12-??466 ? L ? LO007 ? 217.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1919 ? 0.233 ? 0.050 ? 4.7 ?TS12-??467 ? L ? LO007 ? 227.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2198 ? 2348 ? 1929 ? 0.206 ? 0.038 ? 5.5 ?TS12-??468 ? L ? LO007 ? 242.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1919 ? 0.293 ? 0.045 ? 6.5 ?TS12-??469 ? L ? LO007 ? 248.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1923 ? 0.268 ? 0.056 ? 4.8 ?TS12-??470 ? L ? LO007 ? 262.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2251 ? 2344 ? 2199 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.149 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??471 ? L ? LO007 ? 269.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? 1911 ? 0.532 ? 0.188 ? 2.8 ?TS12-??472 ? L ? LO007 ? 281.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2251 ? 2343 ? 2198 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.143 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??473 ? L ? LO007 ? 291.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1925 ? 0.281 ? 0.049 ? 5.8 ?TS12-??474 ? L ? LO007 ? 301.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2199 ? 2350 ? 1917 ? 0.220 ? 0.054 ? 4.0 ?TS12-??475 ? L ? LO007 ? 317.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1930 ? 0.312 ? 0.073 ? 4.3 ?TS12-??476 ? L ? LO007 ? 322.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2197 ? 2345 ? 1928 ? 0.384 ? 0.087 ? 4.4 ?TS12-??477 ? L ? LO007 ? 329.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? 1932 ? 0.223 ? 0.058 ? 3.8 ?TS12-??478 ? L ? LO007 ? 339.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2197 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 0.281 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??479 ? L ? LO007 ? 350.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2197 ? 2349 ? 1924 ? 0.325 ? 0.064 ? 5.1 ?TS12-??480 ? L ? LO007 ? 362.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 0.284 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??481 ? L ? LO007 ? 371.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1935 ? 0.371 ? 0.176 ? 2.1 ?TS12-??482 ? L ? LO007 ? 383.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2251 ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.277 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??483 ? L ? LO007 ? 392.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2199 ? 2348 ? 1931 ? 0.196 ? 0.043 ? 4.5 ?TS12-??484 ? L ? LO007 ? 399.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2199 ? 2347 ? 1916 ? 0.286 ? 0.043 ? 6.6 ?TS12-??485 ? L ? LO007 ? 413.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??486 ? L ? LO119 ? 6.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2365 ? NULL ? NULL ? 1935 ? NULL ? 0.367 ? NULL ?TS12-??487 ? L ? LO119 ? 20.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2199 ? 2346 ? 1929 ? 0.233 ? 0.095 ? 2.5 ?TS12-??488 ? L ? LO119 ? 40.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? S d ? 2245 ? 2351 ? 2199 ? 2351 ? 1931 ? 0.090 ? 0.124 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??489 ? L ? LO119 ? 50.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2199 ? 2347 ? 1936 ? 0.111 ? 0.074 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??490 ? L ? LO119 ? 60.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2199 ? 2346 ? 1927 ? 0.248 ? 0.177 ? 1.4 ?TS12-??491 ? L ? LO119 ? 70.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2198 ? 2347 ? 1931 ? 0.153 ? 0.102 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??492 ? L ? LO119 ? 80.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2255 ? NULL ? 2198 ? NULL ? 1935 ? 0.004 ? 0.323 ? 0.0 ?145Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??493 ? L ? LO119 ? 100.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1921 ? 0.431 ? 0.202 ? 2.1 ?TS12-??494 ? L ? LO119 ? 110.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??495 ? L ? LO119 ? 120.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? 1930 ? NULL ? 0.329 ? NULL ?TS12-??496 ? L ? LO119 ? 170.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? Ill ? NULL ? 2340 ? 2195 ? 2340 ? 1923 ? 0.303 ? 0.114 ? 2.7 ?TS12-??497 ? L ? LO119 ? 180.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? IntChl ? 2251 ? 2342 ? 2194 ? 2342 ? 1927 ? 0.217 ? 0.107 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??498 ? L ? LO119 ? 190.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? Ill ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2195 ? 2344 ? 1922 ? 0.290 ? 0.110 ? 2.6 ?TS12-??499 ? L ? LO119 ? 204.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? 2250 ? 2344 ? 2196 ? 2344 ? 1928 ? 0.238 ? 0.263 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??500 ? L ? LO119 ? 210.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2196 ? 2346 ? 1930 ? 0.108 ? 0.125 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??501 ? L ? LO119 ? 220.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2196 ? 2344 ? 1926 ? 0.284 ? 0.162 ? 1.8 ?TS12-??502 ? L ? LO119 ? 230.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2196 ? 2346 ? 1925 ? 0.304 ? 0.161 ? 1.9 ?TS12-??503 ? L ? LO119 ? 240.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? NULL ? 2250 ? 2350 ? 2196 ? 2350 ? 1936 ? 0.104 ? 0.214 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??504 ? L ? LO119 ? 250.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1929 ? 0.152 ? 0.287 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??505 ? L ? LO119 ? 260.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2198 ? 2347 ? 1928 ? 0.331 ? 0.212 ? 1.6 ?TS12-??506 ? L ? LO119 ? 270.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1929 ? 0.316 ? 0.375 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??507 ? L ? LO119 ? 280.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? S d ? 2251 ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1932 ? 0.140 ? 0.113 ? 1.2 ?TS12-??508 ? L ? LO119 ? 290.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2196 ? 2348 ? 1934 ? 0.153 ? 0.061 ? 2.5 ?TS12-??509 ? L ? LO119 ? 300.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? ar ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? 1923 ? 0.274 ? 0.091 ? 3.0 ?TS12-??510 ? L ? LO119 ? 310.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1931 ? 0.144 ? 0.054 ? 2.7 ?TS12-??511 ? L ? LO119 ? 320.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2200 ? 2350 ? 1929 ? 0.253 ? 0.090 ? 2.8 ?TS12-??512 ? L ? LO119 ? 325.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2200 ? 2347 ? 1929 ? 0.188 ? 0.174 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??513 ? L ? LO119 ? 330.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2259 ? 2327 ? 2194 ? NULL ? 1934 ? 0.001 ? 0.328 ? 0.0 ?TS12-??514 ? L ? LO119 ? 334.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2254 ? 2344 ? 2206 ? 2344 ? 1925 ? 0.079 ? 0.250 ? 0.3 ?TS12-??515 ? L ? LO119 ? 338.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1915 ? NULL ? 0.159 ? NULL ?TS12-??516 ? L ? LO119 ? 360.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2250 ? 2344 ? 2217 ? 2344 ? 1914 ? 0.273 ? 0.165 ? 1.7 ?TS12-??517 ? L ? LO119 ? 369.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2252 ? 2340 ? 2220 ? 2340 ? 1916 ? 0.206 ? 0.137 ? 1.5 ?TS12-??518 ? L ? LO119 ? 380.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? 2246 ? 2348 ? 2218 ? 2348 ? 1911 ? 0.334 ? 0.121 ? 2.8 ?TS12-??519 ? L ? LO119 ? 390.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2342 ? 2219 ? 2342 ? 1908 ? 0.237 ? 0.059 ? 4.0 ?TS12-??520 ? L ? LO119 ? 400.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? 2246 ? 2345 ? 2217 ? 2345 ? 1913 ? 0.323 ? 0.172 ? 1.9 ?TS12-??521 ? L ? LO119 ? 410.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? 2246 ? 2344 ? 2220 ? 2344 ? 1911 ? 0.414 ? 0.104 ? 4.0 ?TS12-??522 ? L ? LO119 ? 420.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? hn ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2225 ? 2341 ? 1915 ? 0.242 ? 0.120 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??523 ? L ? LO119 ? 430.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2249 ? 2343 ? 2221 ? 2343 ? 1914 ? 0.361 ? 0.157 ? 2.3 ?TS12-??524 ? L ? LO119 ? 440.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? 2246 ? 2347 ? 2220 ? 2347 ? 1915 ? 0.370 ? 0.132 ? 2.8 ?TS12-??525 ? L ? LO119 ? 470.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2343 ? 2223 ? 2343 ? 1912 ? 0.036 ? 0.072 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??526 ? L ? LO088 ? 1.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??527 ? L ? LO088 ? 22.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??528 ? L ? LO088 ? 78.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2339 ? 2204 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 0.155 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??529 ? L ? LO088 ? 87.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2339 ? 2204 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 0.177 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??530 ? L ? LO088 ? 97.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2338 ? 2206 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.236 ? NULL ? NULL ?146Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??531 ? L ? LO088 ? 105.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2345 ? 2204 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.123 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??532 ? L ? LO088 ? 115.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 2336 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??533 ? L ? LO088 ? 124.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??534 ? L ? LO088 ? 228.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2335 ? NULL ? 2335 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??535 ? L ? LO088 ? 243.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??536 ? L ? LO088 ? 281.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??537 ? L ? LO088 ? 293.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??538 ? L ? LO088 ? 300.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2337 ? NULL ? 2337 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??539 ? L ? LO088 ? 310.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??540 ? L ? LO088 ? 319.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2343 ? 2202 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.339 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??541 ? L ? LO088 ? 328.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2341 ? 2202 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.339 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??542 ? L ? LO088 ? 345.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2250 ? 2342 ? 2200 ? 2342 ? 1913 ? 0.289 ? 0.085 ? 3.4 ?TS12-??543 ? L ? LO088 ? 363.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? 1914 ? NULL ? 0.176 ? NULL ?TS12-??544 ? L ? LO088 ? 371.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2251 ? 2343 ? 2201 ? 2343 ? 1917 ? 0.120 ? 0.035 ? 3.5 ?TS12-??545 ? L ? LO088 ? 380.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? 2244 ? NULL ? 2203 ? 2316 ? 1936 ? 0.048 ? 0.066 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??546 ? L ? LO088 ? 390.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2199 ? 2345 ? 1935 ? 0.166 ? 0.048 ? 3.4 ?TS12-??547 ? L ? LO088 ? 394.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2199 ? 2346 ? 1919 ? 0.162 ? 0.032 ? 5.1 ?TS12-??548 ? L ? LO088 ? 416.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2201 ? 2348 ? 1912 ? 0.270 ? 0.073 ? 3.7 ?TS12-??549 ? L ? LO088 ? 424.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2200 ? 2349 ? 1938 ? 0.176 ? 0.062 ? 2.8 ?TS12-??550 ? L ? LO088 ? 432.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??551 ? L ? LO088 ? 440.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2253 ? 2348 ? 2201 ? 2348 ? 1917 ? 0.081 ? 0.046 ? 1.8 ?TS12-??552 ? L ? LO088 ? 450.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2206 ? 2348 ? 1910 ? 0.351 ? 0.051 ? 6.8 ?TS12-??553 ? L ? LO088 ? 454.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? p ? 2256 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.129 ? NULL ?TS12-??554 ? L ? LO088 ? 463.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1907 ? NULL ? 0.147 ? NULL ?TS12-??555 ? L ? LO088 ? 473.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ca ? 2256 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??556 ? L ? LO088 ? 483.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2249 ? 2350 ? 2217 ? 2350 ? 1909 ? 0.172 ? 0.072 ? 2.4 ?TS12-??557 ? L ? LO088 ? 493.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Tr ? 2245 ? 2350 ? 2218 ? 2350 ? 1907 ? 0.241 ? 0.051 ? 4.7 ?TS12-??558 ? L ? LO088 ? 540.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2246 ? 2325 ? 2188 ? 2310 ? NULL ? 0.106 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??559 ? L ? U041 ? 847.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2348 ? 2217 ? 2348 ? 1909 ? 0.081 ? 0.149 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??560 ? L ? U041 ? 857.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2349 ? 2215 ? 2349 ? 1908 ? 0.112 ? 0.135 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??561 ? L ? U041 ? 867.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2349 ? 2210 ? 2349 ? 1906 ? 0.057 ? 0.106 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??562 ? L ? U041 ? 877.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2352 ? 2214 ? 2352 ? 1910 ? 0.075 ? 0.136 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??563 ? L ? U041 ? 886.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2352 ? 2210 ? 2352 ? 1917 ? 0.148 ? 0.149 ? 1.0 ?TS12-??564 ? L ? U041 ? 897.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? An ? 2257 ? 2350 ? 2208 ? 2350 ? 1920 ? 0.029 ? 0.123 ? 0.2 ?TS12-??565 ? L ? U041 ? 906.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2255 ? 2346 ? 2210 ? 2346 ? 1910 ? 0.037 ? 0.113 ? 0.3 ?TS12-??566 ? L ? U041 ? 919.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2347 ? 2227 ? 2347 ? 1911 ? 0.041 ? 0.150 ? 0.3 ?TS12-??567 ? L ? U041 ? 930.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2344 ? 2199 ? 2344 ? 1910 ? 0.082 ? 0.170 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??568 ? L ? U041 ? 940.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2351 ? 2227 ? 2351 ? 1907 ? 0.030 ? 0.120 ? 0.2 ?147Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??569 ? L ? U041 ? 948.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2350 ? NULL ? 2350 ? 1914 ? NULL ? 0.185 ? NULL ?TS12-??570 ? L ? U041 ? 955.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2247 ? 2356 ? 2214 ? 2356 ? 1903 ? 0.248 ? 0.094 ? 2.6 ?TS12-??571 ? L ? U041 ? 965.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2247 ? 2350 ? 2214 ? 2350 ? 1905 ? 0.332 ? 0.144 ? 2.3 ?TS12-??572 ? L ? U041 ? 976.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.101 ? NULL ?TS12-??573 ? L ? U041 ? 987.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2350 ? 2220 ? 2350 ? 1882 ? 0.155 ? 0.176 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??574 ? L ? U041 ? 998.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2346 ? 2215 ? 2346 ? 1906 ? 0.200 ? 0.118 ? 1.7 ?TS12-??575 ? L ? U041 ? 1025.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??576 ? L ? U041 ? 1032.9 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.082 ? NULL ?TS12-??577 ? L ? U041 ? 1037.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2213 ? 2350 ? 1910 ? 0.442 ? 0.088 ? 5.0 ?TS12-??578 ? L ? U041 ? 1047.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2252 ? 2345 ? 2217 ? 2345 ? 1883 ? 0.082 ? 0.060 ? 1.4 ?TS12-??579 ? L ? U041 ? 1049.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2343 ? 2215 ? 2343 ? 1904 ? 0.124 ? 0.062 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??580 ? L ? U041 ? 1053.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??581 ? L ? U041 ? 1057.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.077 ? NULL ?TS12-??582 ? L ? U041 ? 1059.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1914 ? NULL ? 0.089 ? NULL ?TS12-??583 ? L ? U041 ? 1084.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2344 ? 2209 ? 2344 ? 1920 ? 0.038 ? 0.089 ? 0.4 ?TS12-??584 ? L ? U041 ? 1086.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2249 ? 2345 ? 2210 ? 2345 ? 1906 ? 0.338 ? 0.078 ? 4.3 ?TS12-??585 ? L ? U041 ? 1088.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.087 ? NULL ?TS12-??586 ? L ? U041 ? 1093.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Tr ? 2254 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??587 ? L ? U041 ? 1098.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??588 ? L ? U041 ? 1104.8 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2352 ? 2209 ? 2352 ? NULL ? 0.059 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??589 ? L ? U041 ? 1111.6 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2340 ? 2210 ? 2340 ? 1882 ? 0.100 ? 0.130 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??590 ? L ? U041 ? 1115.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2336 ? 2192 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 0.071 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??591 ? L ? U041 ? 1137.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??592 ? L ? U041 ? 1139.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? 1912 ? NULL ? 0.103 ? NULL ?TS12-??593 ? L ? U041 ? 1142.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??594 ? L ? U041 ? 1142.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 2349 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??595 ? L ? U041 ? 1145.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2348 ? 2210 ? 2348 ? 1904 ? 0.049 ? 0.111 ? 0.4 ?TS12-??596 ? L ? U041 ? 1151.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2350 ? 2210 ? 2350 ? 1922 ? 0.086 ? 0.117 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??597 ? L ? U041 ? 1157.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2349 ? 2224 ? 2349 ? 1921 ? 0.065 ? 0.125 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??598 ? L ? U041 ? 1165.3 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2351 ? 2212 ? 2351 ? 1882 ? 0.044 ? 0.070 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??599 ? L ? U041 ? 1170.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2351 ? 2212 ? 2351 ? 1883 ? 0.033 ? 0.105 ? 0.3 ?TS12-??600 ? L ? U041 ? 1175.9 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2354 ? 2228 ? 2354 ? 1935 ? 0.033 ? 0.055 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??601 ? L ? U041 ? 1178.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 2349 ? 1904 ? NULL ? 0.152 ? NULL ?TS12-??602 ? L ? U041 ? 1219.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??603 ? L ? U041 ? 1224.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2341 ? 2202 ? 2341 ? 1882 ? 0.079 ? 0.164 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??604 ? L ? U041 ? 1234.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??605 ? L ? U041 ? 1242.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??606 ? L ? U041 ? 1255.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? S d ? 2253 ? 2341 ? 2228 ? 2341 ? 1913 ? 0.024 ? 0.090 ? 0.3 ?148Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??607 ? L ? U041 ? 1263.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? 1903 ? NULL ? 0.152 ? NULL ?TS12-??608 ? L ? U041 ? 1274.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??609 ? L ? U041 ? 1283.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1904 ? NULL ? 0.101 ? NULL ?TS12-??610 ? L ? U041 ? 1290.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??611 ? L ? U041 ? 1296.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1903 ? NULL ? 0.114 ? NULL ?TS12-??612 ? L ? U041 ? 1307.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??613 ? L ? U041 ? 1320.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Ca ? 2257 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? 1904 ? NULL ? 0.091 ? NULL ?TS12-??614 ? L ? U041 ? 1338.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2351 ? NULL ? 2351 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.127 ? NULL ?TS12-??615 ? L ? U041 ? 1356.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1903 ? NULL ? 0.139 ? NULL ?TS12-??616 ? L ? U041 ? 1363.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2202 ? 2348 ? 1914 ? 0.169 ? 0.030 ? 5.7 ?TS12-??617 ? L ? U041 ? 1381.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2341 ? 2201 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.261 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??618 ? L ? U041 ? 1386.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2341 ? 2200 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.257 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??619 ? L ? U037A ? 843.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??620 ? L ? U037A ? 850.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2259 ? 2351 ? NULL ? 2351 ? 1909 ? NULL ? 0.148 ? NULL ?TS12-??621 ? L ? U037A ? 857.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 2348 ? 1909 ? NULL ? 0.197 ? NULL ?TS12-??622 ? L ? U037A ? 868.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2257 ? 2352 ? 2218 ? 2352 ? 1915 ? 0.033 ? 0.086 ? 0.4 ?TS12-??623 ? L ? U037A ? 872.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2350 ? 2211 ? 2350 ? 1918 ? 0.058 ? 0.123 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??624 ? L ? U037A ? 881.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2257 ? 2349 ? 2209 ? 2349 ? 1928 ? 0.042 ? 0.089 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??625 ? L ? U037A ? 889.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2352 ? 2211 ? 2352 ? 1908 ? 0.051 ? 0.113 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??626 ? L ? U037A ? 895.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2341 ? 2210 ? 2341 ? 1918 ? 0.066 ? 0.084 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??627 ? L ? U037A ? 901.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Ca ? 2257 ? 2345 ? 2210 ? 2345 ? 1910 ? 0.045 ? 0.107 ? 0.4 ?TS12-??628 ? L ? U037A ? 916.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2256 ? 2350 ? 2210 ? 2350 ? 1909 ? 0.087 ? 0.100 ? 0.9 ?TS12-??629 ? L ? U037A ? 926.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2351 ? NULL ? 2351 ? 1886 ? NULL ? 0.129 ? NULL ?TS12-??630 ? L ? U037A ? 934.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 2349 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.129 ? NULL ?TS12-??631 ? L ? U037A ? 941.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? An ? 2259 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? 1921 ? NULL ? 0.108 ? NULL ?TS12-??632 ? L ? U037A ? 951.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2259 ? 2349 ? 2210 ? 2349 ? 1909 ? 0.025 ? 0.079 ? 0.3 ?TS12-??633 ? L ? U037A ? 974.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2349 ? 2210 ? 2349 ? 1907 ? 0.279 ? 0.114 ? 2.5 ?TS12-??634 ? L ? U037A ? 977.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ca ? 2253 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? 1917 ? NULL ? 0.115 ? NULL ?TS12-??635 ? L ? U037A ? 981.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??636 ? L ? U037A ? 987.6 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2212 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 0.187 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??637 ? L ? U037A ? 992.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2343 ? 2215 ? 2343 ? 1881 ? 0.197 ? 0.078 ? 2.5 ?TS12-??638 ? L ? U037A ? 998.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? 1937 ? NULL ? 0.066 ? NULL ?TS12-??639 ? L ? U037A ? 1000.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? 2228 ? 2344 ? 1915 ? 0.036 ? 0.053 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??640 ? L ? U037A ? 1002.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1937 ? NULL ? 0.069 ? NULL ?TS12-??641 ? L ? U037A ? 1004.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??642 ? L ? U037A ? 1010.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1906 ? NULL ? 0.082 ? NULL ?TS12-??643 ? L ? U037A ? 1022.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1881 ? NULL ? 0.013 ? NULL ?TS12-??644 ? L ? U037A ? 1027.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1938 ? NULL ? 0.073 ? NULL ?149Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??645 ? L ? U037A ? 1037.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? 1906 ? NULL ? 0.111 ? NULL ?TS12-??646 ? L ? U037A ? 1040.3 ? Caronate ? S d ? Ill ? 2248 ? 2340 ? 2192 ? 2307 ? 1903 ? 0.067 ? 0.120 ? 0.6 ?TS12-??647 ? L ? U037A ? 1053.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2349 ? 2211 ? 2349 ? 1913 ? 0.085 ? 0.068 ? 1.3 ?TS12-??648 ? L ? U037A ? 1054.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2348 ? 2214 ? 2348 ? 1908 ? 0.161 ? 0.084 ? 1.9 ?TS12-??649 ? L ? U037A ? 1061.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2251 ? 2348 ? 2216 ? 2348 ? 1907 ? 0.116 ? 0.030 ? 3.9 ?TS12-??650 ? L ? U037A ? 1068.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2216 ? 2344 ? 1911 ? 0.070 ? 0.029 ? 2.4 ?TS12-??651 ? L ? U037A ? 1069.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? p ? 2255 ? 2347 ? 2212 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 0.074 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??652 ? L ? U037A ? 1084.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2350 ? NULL ? 2350 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??653 ? L ? U037A ? 1089.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 2348 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??654 ? L ? U037A ? 1115.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2345 ? 2210 ? 2345 ? 1910 ? 0.051 ? 0.114 ? 0.4 ?TS12-??655 ? L ? U037A ? 1119.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2345 ? 2210 ? 2345 ? 1913 ? 0.046 ? 0.092 ? 0.5 ?TS12-??656 ? L ? U037A ? 1126.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1930 ? NULL ? 0.103 ? NULL ?TS12-??657 ? L ? U037A ? 1134.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2342 ? 2230 ? 2342 ? 1907 ? 0.023 ? 0.101 ? 0.2 ?TS12-??658 ? L ? U037A ? 1139.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1915 ? NULL ? 0.072 ? NULL ?TS12-??659 ? L ? U037A ? 1147.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2346 ? 2227 ? 2346 ? 1917 ? 0.025 ? 0.089 ? 0.3 ?TS12-??660 ? L ? U037A ? 1159.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? 1910 ? NULL ? 0.070 ? NULL ?TS12-??661 ? L ? U037A ? 1164.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? NULL ? 2353 ? 2217 ? 2353 ? 1908 ? 0.195 ? 0.027 ? 7.2 ?TS12-??662 ? L ? U037A ? 1168.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2349 ? 2216 ? 2349 ? 1909 ? 0.178 ? 0.039 ? 4.6 ?TS12-??663 ? L ? U037A ? 1175.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2339 ? 2216 ? 2339 ? 1920 ? 0.065 ? 0.082 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??664 ? L ? U037A ? 1180.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2256 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1916 ? NULL ? 0.049 ? NULL ?TS12-??665 ? L ? U037A ? 1192.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2250 ? 2347 ? 2215 ? 2347 ? 1913 ? 0.084 ? 0.041 ? 2.0 ?TS12-??666 ? L ? U037A ? 1200.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2255 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??667 ? L ? U037A ? 1205.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2249 ? 2351 ? 2216 ? 2351 ? NULL ? 0.079 ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??668 ? L ? U037A ? 1214.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2344 ? 2215 ? 2344 ? 1930 ? 0.077 ? 0.023 ? 3.4 ?TS12-??669 ? L ? U037A ? 1221.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??670 ? L ? U037A ? 1226.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2353 ? 2215 ? 2353 ? 1914 ? 0.107 ? 0.015 ? 7.4 ?TS12-??671 ? L ? U037A ? 1234.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? p ? 2257 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??672 ? L ? U037A ? 1238.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??673 ? L ? U037A ? 1242.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2345 ? 2219 ? 2345 ? 1882 ? 0.170 ? 0.154 ? 1.1 ?TS12-??674 ? L ? U037A ? 1244.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2215 ? 2351 ? 1912 ? 0.409 ? 0.080 ? 5.1 ?TS12-??675 ? L ? U037A ? 1257.9 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??676 ? L ? U037A ? 1262.5 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2341 ? 2196 ? 2341 ? 1900 ? 0.139 ? 0.197 ? 0.7 ?TS12-??677 ? L ? U037A ? 1269.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??678 ? L ? U037A ? 1279.3 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? 1916 ? NULL ? 0.079 ? NULL ?TS12-??679 ? L ? U037A ? 1287.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?TS12-??680 ? L ? U037A ? 1293.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1885 ? NULL ? 0.147 ? NULL ?TS12-??681 ? L ? U037A ? 1296.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2345 ? 2228 ? 2345 ? 1881 ? 0.101 ? 0.120 ? 0.8 ?TS12-??682 ? L ? U037A ? 1325.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.138 ? NULL ?150Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?TS12-??683 ? L ? U037A ? 1340.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1896 ? NULL ? 0.106 ? NULL ?TS12-??684 ? L ? U037A ? 1353.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2255 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1886 ? NULL ? 0.125 ? NULL ?TS12-??685 ? L ? U037A ? 1361.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2249 ? 2345 ? 2216 ? 2345 ? 1907 ? 0.310 ? 0.080 ? 3.9 ?TS12-??686 ? L ? U037A ? 1371.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2350 ? 2214 ? 2350 ? 1883 ? 0.256 ? 0.119 ? 2.2 ?M2011-??001 ? L ? U142A ? 503.5 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2248 ? 2337 ? 2207 ? 2316 ? 1933 ? 0.064 ? 0.064 ? 1.0 ?M2011-??002 ? L ? U142A ? 515.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2347 ? 2228 ? 2347 ? 1934 ? 0.020 ? 0.014 ? 1.5 ?M2011-??003 ? L ? U035 ? 818.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2350 ? NULL ? 2350 ? NULL ? 0.021 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??004 ? L ? U035 ? 825.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ca ? 2259 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1938 ? NULL ? 0.026 ? NULL ?M2011-??005 ? L ? U035 ? 889.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2351 ? 2207 ? 2351 ? 1940 ? 0.045 ? 0.049 ? 0.9 ?M2011-??006 ? L ? U035 ? 895.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2259 ? 2346 ? 2207 ? 2346 ? 1936 ? 0.023 ? 0.029 ? 0.8 ?M2011-??013 ? L ? U035 ? 1014.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1885 ? NULL ? 0.061 ? NULL ?M2011-??014 ? L ? U035 ? 1016.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??015 ? L ? U035 ? 1127.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2342 ? 2223 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.039 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??016 ? L ? U035 ? 1133.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2253 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? 1938 ? 0.029 ? 0.022 ? 1.3 ?M2011-??017 ? L ? U150 ? 1589.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2336 ? 2227 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 0.057 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??018 ? L ? U150 ? 1590.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2254 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??019 ? L ? U150 ? 1668.5 ? Caronate ? Ca ? hl ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2325 ? 1926 ? NULL ? 0.082 ? NULL ?M2011-??020 ? L ? U150 ? 1672.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? S d ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??021 ? L ? U150 ? 1673.5 ? S l cate ? Tr ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? NULL ? 2349 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??022 ? L ? U150 ? 1678.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 2346 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??023 ? L ? U044 ? 995.3 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? 2222 ? 2341 ? 1940 ? 0.075 ? 0.025 ? 2.9 ?M2011-??024 ? L ? U044 ? 1001.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2350 ? 2214 ? 2350 ? 1939 ? 0.081 ? 0.035 ? 2.3 ?M2011-??025 ? L ? U044 ? 1015.2 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ca ? 2252 ? 2351 ? 2219 ? 2351 ? 1929 ? 0.034 ? 0.023 ? 1.5 ?M2011-??026 ? L ? U044 ? 1043.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2253 ? 2349 ? 2212 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 0.067 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??027 ? L ? U044 ? 1060.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2342 ? 2219 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.025 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??028 ? L ? U044 ? 1063.9 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??029 ? L ? U044 ? 1082.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??030 ? L ? U044 ? 1131.2 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2341 ? 2211 ? 2341 ? 1938 ? 0.020 ? 0.032 ? 0.6 ?M2011-??031 ? L ? U044 ? 1134.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2343 ? 2228 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.020 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??032 ? L ? U095 ? 1089.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??033 ? L ? U095 ? 1094.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??034 ? L ? U095 ? 1097.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? 2227 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.051 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??035 ? L ? U095 ? 1107.9 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??036 ? L ? U095 ? 1113.1 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2213 ? 2352 ? 1910 ? 0.251 ? 0.029 ? 8.7 ?M2011-??037 ? L ? U095 ? 1118.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.046 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??038 ? L ? U095 ? 1134.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? 2247 ? 2348 ? 2215 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 0.142 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??039 ? L ? U095 ? 1140.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2253 ? 2351 ? 2218 ? 2351 ? NULL ? 0.082 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??040 ? L ? U095 ? 1152.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2250 ? 2341 ? 2220 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.269 ? NULL ? NULL ?151Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?M2011-??047 ? L ? U154 ? 1207.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2260 ? 2349 ? 2226 ? 2349 ? 1935 ? 0.083 ? 0.093 ? 0.9 ?M2011-??048 ? L ? U154 ? 1230.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? 2217 ? 2344 ? 1938 ? 0.032 ? 0.039 ? 0.8 ?M2011-??049 ? L ? U154 ? 1255.9 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2349 ? 2217 ? 2349 ? 1937 ? 0.034 ? 0.035 ? 1.0 ?M2011-??050 ? L ? U154 ? 1260.2 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2340 ? 2228 ? 2340 ? 1937 ? NULL ? 0.018 ? NULL ?M2011-??051 ? L ? U154 ? 1277.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2351 ? 2229 ? 2351 ? 1935 ? NULL ? 0.011 ? NULL ?M2011-??052 ? L ? U154 ? 1284.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2255 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??085 ? L ? U157 ? 1438.5 ? Caronate ? S d ? Ill ? 2248 ? 2336 ? 2201 ? 2336 ? 1928 ? 0.023 ? 0.052 ? 0.4 ?T-??M2011-??005 ? L ? U035 ? 889.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2256 ? 2344 ? 2205 ? 2344 ? 1923 ? 0.065 ? 0.095 ? 0.7 ?T-??M2011-??013 ? L ? U035 ? 1014.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? NULL ? 2208 ? NULL ? NULL ? 0.055 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??014 ? L ? U035 ? 1016.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.131 ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??017 ? L ? U150 ? 1589.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2336 ? 2227 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 0.058 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??029 ? L ? U044 ? 1082.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.043 ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??032 ? L ? U095 ? 1089.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1938 ? NULL ? 0.046 ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??033 ? L ? U095 ? 1094.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? 1921 ? NULL ? 0.044 ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??034 ? L ? U095 ? 1097.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2344 ? 2227 ? 2344 ? 1883 ? 0.080 ? 0.057 ? 1.4 ?T-??M2011-??036 ? L ? U095 ? 1113.1 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2212 ? 2352 ? 1909 ? 0.475 ? 0.037 ? 12.9 ?T-??M2011-??038 ? L ? U095 ? 1134.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? 2251 ? 2353 ? 2211 ? 2353 ? 1919 ? 0.080 ? 0.072 ? 1.1 ?T-??M2011-??040 ? L ? U095 ? 1152.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2250 ? 2343 ? 2220 ? 2343 ? 1883 ? 0.408 ? 0.111 ? 3.7 ?T-??M-??01 ? L ? U030 ? 838.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2244 ? 2350 ? 2212 ? 2350 ? 1886 ? 0.095 ? 0.054 ? 1.8 ?T-??M-??02 ? L ? U031 ? 965.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2246 ? 2350 ? 2211 ? 2350 ? 1916 ? 0.127 ? 0.100 ? 1.3 ?T-??M-??03 ? L ? U032 ? 889.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2348 ? 2211 ? 2348 ? 1892 ? 0.100 ? 0.085 ? 1.2 ?T-??M-??04 ? L ? U034 ? 888.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2341 ? 2230 ? 2341 ? 1915 ? NULL ? 0.037 ? NULL ?T-??M-??05 ? L ? U035 ? 1029.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? hn ? 2256 ? 2353 ? 2218 ? 2353 ? 1882 ? 0.055 ? 0.042 ? 1.3 ?T-??M-??06 ? L ? U035 ? 1206.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? Mus ? 2245 ? 2345 ? 2214 ? 2345 ? 1928 ? 0.073 ? 0.068 ? 1.1 ?T-??M-??07 ? L ? U037A ? 1050.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2355 ? 2211 ? 2355 ? 1920 ? 0.244 ? 0.034 ? 7.2 ?T-??M-??08 ? L ? U037A ? 1131.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? 1909 ? NULL ? 0.091 ? NULL ?T-??M-??09 ? L ? U037A ? 1224.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2254 ? 2342 ? 2212 ? 2342 ? 1910 ? 0.042 ? 0.047 ? 0.9 ?T-??M-??10 ? L ? U039 ? 1071.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1888 ? NULL ? 0.045 ? NULL ?T-??M-??11 ? L ? U039 ? 1137.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? 2246 ? 2351 ? 2218 ? 2351 ? 1885 ? 0.096 ? 0.062 ? 1.5 ?T-??M-??12 ? L ? U039 ? 1162.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? NULL ? 2327 ? 2211 ? 2327 ? NULL ? 0.089 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M-??13 ? L ? U041 ? 1107.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2350 ? 2208 ? 2350 ? 1881 ? 0.101 ? 0.152 ? 0.7 ?T-??M-??14 ? L ? U044 ? 1089.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2344 ? 2217 ? 2344 ? 1906 ? 0.072 ? 0.110 ? 0.7 ?T-??M-??15 ? L ? U049 ? 641.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? 2246 ? 2328 ? 2223 ? 2328 ? NULL ? 0.014 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M-??16 ? L ? U050 ? 644.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2340 ? 2206 ? 2340 ? 1888 ? 0.121 ? 0.178 ? 0.7 ?T-??M-??17 ? L ? U052 ? 689.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2248 ? 2347 ? 2211 ? 2347 ? 1923 ? 0.110 ? 0.131 ? 0.8 ?T-??M-??18 ? L ? U053A ? 639.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2334 ? 2224 ? 2334 ? 1913 ? 0.035 ? 0.067 ? 0.5 ?T-??M-??19 ? L ? U053A ? 768.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2210 ? 2348 ? 1918 ? 0.149 ? 0.056 ? 2.6 ?T-??M-??20 ? L ? U054 ? 638.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2350 ? 2205 ? 2350 ? 1887 ? 0.039 ? 0.027 ? 1.5 ?152Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?T-??M-??21 ? L ? U054 ? 682.0 ? S )e(OH) ? Op ? NULL ? 2250 ? 2335 ? 2217 ? 2335 ? 1938 ? 0.042 ? 0.055 ? 0.8 ?T-??M-??22 ? L ? U054 ? 802.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Ill ? NULL ? 2353 ? 2210 ? 2353 ? 1906 ? 0.392 ? 0.035 ? 11.2 ?T-??N-??01 ? L ? S145 ? 92.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1905 ? NULL ? 0.112 ? NULL ?T-??N-??02 ? L ? S145 ? 73.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 2345 ? 1902 ? NULL ? 0.150 ? NULL ?T-??N-??22 ? L ? U011 ? 316.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2251 ? 2345 ? 2199 ? 2345 ? 1911 ? 0.331 ? 0.058 ? 5.7 ?T-??N-??24 ? L ? U027 ? 628.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2206 ? 2350 ? 1906 ? 0.563 ? 0.073 ? 7.7 ?T-??N-??25 ? L ? U010 ? 128.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? 1902 ? NULL ? 0.076 ? NULL ?T-??N-??26 ? L ? U022 ? 632.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? NULL ? 2329 ? 2212 ? 2309 ? NULL ? 0.042 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??27 ? L ? U018 ? 350.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? p ? 2254 ? 2342 ? 2227 ? 2342 ? 1940 ? NULL ? 0.044 ? NULL ?T-??N-??28 ? L ? U018 ? 350.0 ? Ca(Al ?eOH) ? p ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??29 ? L ? U025 ? 328.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2200 ? 2347 ? 1912 ? 0.278 ? 0.023 ? 11.9 ?T-??N-??30 ? L ? U019 ? 288.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2335 ? NULL ? 2335 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??31 ? L ? U019 ? 288.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2344 ? 2201 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.301 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??32 ? L ? U028 ? 624.0 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2249 ? NULL ? 2207 ? 2325 ? 1881 ? 0.038 ? 0.078 ? 0.5 ?T-??N-??33 ? L ? U028 ? 625.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2348 ? 2209 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 0.040 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??34 ? L ? U017 ? 320.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2340 ? 2204 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 0.254 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??35 ? L ? U019 ? 255.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2205 ? 2348 ? 1910 ? 0.620 ? 0.099 ? 6.2 ?T-??N-??36 ? L ? U027 ? 627.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2344 ? 2207 ? 2344 ? 1926 ? 0.199 ? 0.204 ? 1.0 ?T-??N-??37 ? L ? U019 ? 267.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??38 ? L ? U010 ? 142.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 2341 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??39 ? L ? U022 ? 595.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2198 ? 2347 ? 1914 ? 0.536 ? 0.042 ? 12.7 ?T-??N-??40 ? L ? U028 ? 618.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? 1882 ? NULL ? 0.184 ? NULL ?T-??N-??41 ? L ? LO132 ? 268.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 2349 ? 1925 ? NULL ? 0.048 ? NULL ?T-??N-??43 ? L ? U055A ? 581.2 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2328 ? 2211 ? 2328 ? 1932 ? 0.013 ? 0.045 ? 0.3 ?T-??N-??44 ? L ? U056 ? 471.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2350 ? 2211 ? 2350 ? 1918 ? 0.033 ? 0.025 ? 1.3 ?T-??N-??45 ? L ? U057 ? 317.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2349 ? 2220 ? 2349 ? 1908 ? 0.188 ? 0.050 ? 3.7 ?T-??N-??46 ? L ? U057 ? 319.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? hn ? 2248 ? 2347 ? 2220 ? 2347 ? 1908 ? 0.224 ? 0.064 ? 3.5 ?T-??N-??47 ? L ? U057 ? 325.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1905 ? NULL ? 0.076 ? NULL ?T-??N-??48 ? L ? U057 ? 375.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1904 ? NULL ? 0.074 ? NULL ?M2011-??041 ? M ? U112 ? 476.9 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2209 ? 2352 ? 1937 ? 0.085 ? 0.020 ? 4.2 ?M2011-??042 ? M ? U112 ? 482.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2348 ? 2208 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 0.035 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??043 ? M ? U112 ? 484.3 ? S )e(OH) ? Op ? NULL ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2212 ? 2352 ? 1927 ? 0.036 ? 0.018 ? 2.0 ?M2011-??044 ? M ? U112 ? 506.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2249 ? 2341 ? 2208 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.087 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??045 ? M ? U112 ? 534.2 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2328 ? 2221 ? 2308 ? 1935 ? 0.088 ? 0.109 ? 0.8 ?M2011-??046 ? M ? U112 ? 539.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? Ca ? 2258 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? 1936 ? 0.046 ? 0.076 ? 0.6 ?M2011-??053 ? M ? U114 ? 509.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2350 ? 2221 ? 2350 ? NULL ? 0.028 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??054 ? M ? U114 ? 513.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2260 ? 2358 ? NULL ? 2358 ? NULL ? 0.019 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??055 ? M ? U114 ? 580.4 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2258 ? NULL ? 2219 ? 2324 ? 1937 ? 0.079 ? 0.085 ? 0.9 ?153Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?M2011-??056 ? M ? U005 ? 396.6 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2204 ? 2348 ? 1924 ? 0.214 ? 0.044 ? 4.8 ?M2011-??057 ? M ? U005 ? 421.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2260 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 2348 ? 1938 ? NULL ? 0.019 ? NULL ?M2011-??058 ? M ? U005 ? 413.2 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2203 ? 2350 ? 1940 ? 0.078 ? 0.020 ? 3.9 ?M2011-??059 ? M ? U005 ? 427.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 2348 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??060 ? M ? U005 ? 435.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2249 ? 2345 ? 2210 ? 2345 ? 1914 ? 0.334 ? 0.100 ? 3.3 ?M2011-??061 ? M ? U005 ? 456.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2249 ? 2342 ? 2210 ? 2342 ? 1913 ? 0.358 ? 0.106 ? 3.4 ?M2011-??062 ? M ? U006 ? 468.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2207 ? 2350 ? 1939 ? 0.085 ? 0.020 ? 4.3 ?M2011-??063 ? M ? U006 ? 474.1 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2243 ? 2354 ? 2209 ? 2354 ? 1916 ? 0.120 ? 0.018 ? 6.7 ?M2011-??064 ? M ? U006 ? 475.8 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2343 ? 2208 ? 2343 ? 1919 ? 0.145 ? 0.011 ? 13.4 ?M2011-??065 ? M ? U006 ? 480.2 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2210 ? 2348 ? 1938 ? 0.032 ? 0.015 ? 2.1 ?M2011-??066 ? M ? U006 ? 484.9 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2353 ? 2230 ? 2353 ? 1937 ? NULL ? 0.011 ? NULL ?M2011-??067 ? M ? U006 ? 518.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2262 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.024 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??068 ? M ? U006 ? 536.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??069 ? M ? U006 ? 540.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2247 ? 2341 ? 2210 ? 2341 ? NULL ? 0.143 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??070 ? M ? U006 ? 541.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? p ? 2248 ? 2341 ? 2212 ? 2341 ? 1919 ? 0.157 ? 0.020 ? 7.7 ?M2011-??071 ? M ? U006 ? 546.9 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2245 ? 2343 ? 2214 ? 2343 ? 1910 ? 0.302 ? 0.042 ? 7.2 ?T-??M2011-??055 ? M ? U114 ? 580.4 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2246 ? 2325 ? 2202 ? 2311 ? NULL ? 0.112 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??071 ? M ? U006 ? 546.9 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? hn ? Tr ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2214 ? 2344 ? 1909 ? 0.526 ? 0.054 ? 9.8 ?T-??N-??19 ? M ? U006 ? 936.0 ? S l cate ? Tr ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2207 ? 2304 ? 1882 ? 0.057 ? 0.082 ? 0.7 ?M2011-??072 ? N ? LO065 ? 60.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2340 ? 2214 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 0.141 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??073 ? N ? LO065 ? 62.5 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2250 ? NULL ? 2227 ? 2315 ? 1934 ? NULL ? 0.017 ? NULL ?M2011-??074 ? N ? LO065 ? 68.0 ? S )e(OH) ? Op ? NULL ? 2244 ? 2331 ? 2209 ? 2319 ? 1935 ? 0.020 ? 0.028 ? 0.7 ?M2011-??075 ? N ? LO065 ? 69.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2327 ? 2217 ? 2327 ? 1940 ? 0.020 ? 0.042 ? 0.5 ?M2011-??076 ? N ? LO065 ? 70.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2253 ? NULL ? 2216 ? 2311 ? 1937 ? 0.021 ? 0.035 ? 0.6 ?M2011-??077 ? N ? LO065 ? 74.8 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2327 ? 2210 ? 2327 ? 1938 ? 0.025 ? 0.022 ? 1.1 ?M2011-??078 ? N ? LO065 ? 76.7 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2334 ? 2211 ? 2322 ? 1940 ? 0.041 ? 0.059 ? 0.7 ?M2011-??079 ? N ? LO065 ? 83.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2257 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 2348 ? 1938 ? NULL ? 0.007 ? NULL ?M2011-??080 ? N ? LO065 ? 88.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2258 ? 2345 ? 2230 ? 2345 ? 1937 ? NULL ? 0.009 ? NULL ?M2011-??081 ? N ? LO065 ? 99.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 2340 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??082 ? N ? LO065 ? 106.5 ? S l cate ? eTr ? NULL ? 2253 ? NULL ? NULL ? 2324 ? NULL ? 0.024 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??083 ? N ? LO065 ? 112.1 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2255 ? NULL ? 2215 ? 2312 ? 1937 ? 0.047 ? 0.043 ? 1.1 ?M2011-??084 ? N ? LO065 ? 113.7 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2248 ? 2354 ? 2224 ? NULL ? 1939 ? 0.018 ? 0.024 ? 0.8 ?M2011-??086 ? N ? LO204 ? 395.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 2336 ? NULL ? 0.028 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??087 ? N ? LO169 ? 405.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2334 ? NULL ? 2334 ? 1928 ? NULL ? 0.016 ? NULL ?M2011-??088 ? N ? LO169 ? 412.8 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2246 ? 2326 ? 2202 ? 2312 ? NULL ? 0.039 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??089 ? N ? LO169 ? 422.9 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2343 ? 2219 ? 2343 ? 1934 ? 0.031 ? 0.017 ? 1.9 ?M2011-??090 ? N ? LO169 ? 437.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? 2246 ? 2328 ? 2189 ? 2319 ? NULL ? 0.024 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??091 ? N ? LO169 ? 443.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2325 ? 2192 ? 2326 ? NULL ? 0.126 ? NULL ? NULL ?154Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?M2011-??092 ? N ? LO169 ? 447.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? 1936 ? NULL ? 0.037 ? NULL ?M2011-??150 ? N ? LO066 ? 420.0 ? Caronate ? An ? NULL ? 2261 ? 2338 ? 2224 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.020 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??151 ? N ? LO066 ? 423.0 ? Caronate ? Ca ? NULL ? NULL ? 2336 ? 2227 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 0.017 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??152 ? N ? LO066 ? 464.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? 2247 ? 2327 ? 2208 ? 2327 ? 1936 ? 0.046 ? 0.051 ? 0.9 ?M2011-??153 ? N ? LO066 ? 488.0 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? 2250 ? 2327 ? 2209 ? 2327 ? 1937 ? 0.030 ? 0.037 ? 0.8 ?M2011-??154 ? N ? LO066 ? 490.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? 2208 ? 2316 ? 1936 ? 0.103 ? 0.091 ? 1.1 ?M2011-??155 ? N ? LO066 ? 582.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? MgChl ? Op ? 2252 ? 2327 ? 2228 ? 2327 ? 1938 ? NULL ? 0.045 ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??079 ? N ? LO065 ? 83.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2256 ? 2334 ? NULL ? 2334 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??081 ? N ? LO065 ? 99.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??087 ? N ? LO169 ? 405.6 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 2344 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??089 ? N ? LO169 ? 422.9 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2250 ? 2338 ? 2220 ? 2338 ? 1889 ? 0.158 ? 0.187 ? 0.8 ?T-??M2011-??091 ? N ? LO169 ? 443.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2344 ? 2185 ? 2344 ? 1939 ? 0.098 ? 0.152 ? 0.6 ?M2011-??007 ? T ? LO128 ? 164.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 2339 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??008 ? T ? LO128 ? 228.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2343 ? 2204 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.210 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??009 ? T ? LO128 ? 425.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2345 ? 2201 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.122 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??010 ? T ? LO128 ? 442.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2348 ? 2200 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 0.272 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??011 ? T ? LO128 ? 466.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2199 ? 2347 ? 1914 ? 0.418 ? 0.074 ? 5.7 ?M2011-??012 ? T ? LO128 ? 480.5 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2328 ? 2209 ? 2315 ? NULL ? 0.095 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??093 ? T ? LO134 ? 689.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? hn ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2202 ? 2348 ? 1913 ? 0.301 ? 0.047 ? 6.4 ?M2011-??094 ? T ? LO134 ? 690.6 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2201 ? 2348 ? 1932 ? 0.313 ? 0.031 ? 10.2 ?M2011-??095 ? T ? LO134 ? 693.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2343 ? 2202 ? 2343 ? 1936 ? 0.089 ? 0.009 ? 9.9 ?M2011-??096 ? T ? LO134 ? 693.5 ? S l cate ? eTr ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2332 ? 2201 ? 2304 ? 1937 ? 0.023 ? 0.029 ? 0.8 ?M2011-??097 ? T ? LO134 ? 695.2 ? S )e(OH) ? Op ? NULL ? 2247 ? 2334 ? 2208 ? NULL ? 1937 ? 0.031 ? 0.035 ? 0.9 ?M2011-??098 ? T ? LO134 ? 699.0 ? Inval d ? AS ? NULL ? NULL ? 2361 ? 2228 ? 2361 ? 1881 ? 0.061 ? 0.004 ? 15.9 ?M2011-??099 ? T ? LO134 ? 704.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2344 ? 2203 ? 2344 ? 1914 ? 0.273 ? 0.101 ? 2.7 ?M2011-??100 ? T ? LO134 ? 722.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2251 ? 2343 ? 2201 ? 2343 ? 1912 ? 0.385 ? 0.095 ? 4.1 ?M2011-??101 ? T ? LO134 ? 729.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2253 ? 2345 ? 2201 ? 2345 ? 1911 ? 0.388 ? 0.070 ? 5.5 ?M2011-??102 ? T ? LO134 ? 733.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2202 ? 2348 ? 1938 ? 0.115 ? 0.032 ? 3.7 ?M2011-??103 ? T ? LO134 ? 739.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2251 ? 2336 ? 2201 ? 2336 ? NULL ? 0.163 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??104 ? T ? LO134 ? 743.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2345 ? 2202 ? 2345 ? NULL ? 0.181 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??105 ? T ? LO134 ? 754.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2247 ? 2350 ? 2202 ? 2350 ? 1937 ? 0.224 ? 0.037 ? 6.0 ?M2011-??106 ? T ? LO134 ? 755.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2345 ? 2201 ? 2345 ? 1913 ? 0.409 ? 0.078 ? 5.2 ?M2011-??107 ? T ? LO134 ? 774.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? S d ? 2262 ? 2345 ? 2205 ? 2345 ? 1938 ? 0.088 ? 0.005 ? 17.6 ?M2011-??108 ? T ? LO134 ? 779.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2201 ? 2347 ? 1914 ? 0.316 ? 0.053 ? 6.0 ?M2011-??109 ? T ? LO134 ? 825.8 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2350 ? 2202 ? 2350 ? 1931 ? 0.222 ? 0.023 ? 9.9 ?M2011-??110 ? T ? LO134 ? 836.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2262 ? 2353 ? NULL ? 2353 ? 1938 ? NULL ? 0.023 ? NULL ?M2011-??111 ? T ? LO206 ? 640.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? 2249 ? 2325 ? 2197 ? 2304 ? 1939 ? 0.062 ? 0.052 ? 1.2 ?M2011-??112 ? T ? LO206 ? 674.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2347 ? 2197 ? 2347 ? 1936 ? 0.336 ? 0.037 ? 9.2 ?155Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?M2011-??113 ? T ? LO206 ? 684.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? ar ? NULL ? 2245 ? 2351 ? 2201 ? 2351 ? NULL ? 0.052 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??114 ? T ? LO206 ? 699.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? 2244 ? 2343 ? 2196 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.180 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??115 ? T ? LO206 ? 729.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2197 ? 2348 ? 1920 ? 0.312 ? 0.032 ? 9.8 ?M2011-??116 ? T ? LO206 ? 756.4 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2198 ? 2351 ? 1939 ? 0.139 ? 0.051 ? 2.7 ?M2011-??117 ? T ? LO206 ? 764.8 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2344 ? 2197 ? 2344 ? 1928 ? 0.300 ? 0.061 ? 4.9 ?M2011-??118 ? T ? LO206 ? 767.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2338 ? 2197 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.084 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??119 ? T ? LO206 ? 806.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2254 ? 2340 ? 2196 ? 2340 ? NULL ? 0.296 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??120 ? T ? LO206 ? 838.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2252 ? 2339 ? 2193 ? 2339 ? NULL ? 0.236 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??121 ? T ? LO207 ? 480.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??122 ? T ? LO207 ? 480.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2349 ? 2204 ? 2349 ? NULL ? 0.124 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??123 ? T ? LO207 ? 494.2 ? Caronate ? An ? NULL ? NULL ? 2329 ? 2199 ? 2329 ? 1932 ? 0.021 ? 0.081 ? 0.3 ?M2011-??124 ? T ? LO207 ? 498.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??125 ? T ? LO207 ? 518.2 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2346 ? 2199 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 0.181 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??126 ? T ? LO207 ? 540.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2342 ? 2199 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.061 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??127 ? T ? LO207 ? 546.6 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2199 ? 2351 ? NULL ? 0.137 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??128 ? T ? LO207 ? 550.2 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2344 ? 2201 ? 2344 ? 1938 ? 0.084 ? 0.014 ? 5.8 ?M2011-??129 ? T ? LO207 ? 561.2 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2250 ? 2344 ? 2201 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.132 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??130 ? T ? LO207 ? 594.8 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2248 ? 2349 ? 2204 ? 2349 ? 1909 ? 0.292 ? 0.049 ? 6.0 ?M2011-??131 ? T ? LO207 ? 598.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2250 ? 2342 ? 2203 ? 2342 ? 1909 ? 0.267 ? 0.078 ? 3.4 ?M2011-??132 ? T ? LO207 ? 603.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2352 ? 2203 ? 2352 ? NULL ? 0.103 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??133 ? T ? LO207 ? 622.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??134 ? T ? LO207 ? 641.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? 2244 ? 2349 ? 2205 ? 2349 ? 1934 ? 0.032 ? 0.018 ? 1.8 ?M2011-??135 ? T ? LO207 ? 661.8 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2198 ? 2345 ? 1911 ? 0.404 ? 0.043 ? 9.5 ?M2011-??136 ? T ? LO207 ? 683.1 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2199 ? 2348 ? 1914 ? 0.243 ? 0.035 ? 7.0 ?M2011-??137 ? T ? LO207 ? 700.5 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2199 ? 2346 ? 1912 ? 0.324 ? 0.065 ? 5.0 ?M2011-??138 ? T ? LO207 ? 713.4 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? 2255 ? 2329 ? 2197 ? 2329 ? NULL ? 0.059 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??139 ? T ? LO207 ? 798.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2198 ? 2348 ? NULL ? 0.189 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??140 ? T ? LO207 ? 803.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2252 ? 2343 ? 2197 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 0.181 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??141 ? T ? LO207 ? 884.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? IntChl ? 2246 ? 2347 ? 2198 ? 2347 ? 1914 ? 0.198 ? 0.035 ? 5.7 ?M2011-??142 ? T ? LO207 ? 908.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2344 ? 2198 ? 2344 ? NULL ? 0.269 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??143 ? T ? LO204 ? 269.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2203 ? 2348 ? 1911 ? 0.239 ? 0.042 ? 5.6 ?M2011-??144 ? T ? LO204 ? 283.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2251 ? 2346 ? 2202 ? 2346 ? 1916 ? 0.210 ? 0.047 ? 4.5 ?M2011-??145 ? T ? LO204 ? 295.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2251 ? 2345 ? 2202 ? 2345 ? 1916 ? 0.248 ? 0.065 ? 3.8 ?M2011-??146 ? T ? LO204 ? 301.2 ? Caronate ? S d ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2342 ? 2228 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 0.016 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??147 ? T ? LO204 ? 315.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2252 ? 2338 ? 2201 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 0.074 ? NULL ? NULL ?M2011-??148 ? T ? LO204 ? 317.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2340 ? 2230 ? 2340 ? 1940 ? 0.022 ? 0.034 ? 0.6 ?M2011-??149 ? T ? LO204 ? 330.3 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2204 ? 2348 ? 1910 ? 0.343 ? 0.043 ? 7.9 ?T-??M2011-??007 ? T ? LO128 ? 164.4 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2250 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?156Table ?C.1. ?continued ?Sample ?Name ? Deposit ?Drill ?Hole ?Depth ? TSA ?Group ?TSA ?Mineral ?1 ?TSA ?Mineral ?2 ?FeOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?MgOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Absorption ?(nm) ?CO3 ?Absorption ?(nm) ?H2O ?Absorption ?(nm) ?AlOH ?Depth ?H2O ?Depth ?Illite ?Crystallinity ?T-??M2011-??010 ? T ? LO128 ? 442.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Mus ? 2255 ? 2348 ? 2200 ? 2348 ? 1910 ? 0.371 ? 0.068 ? 5.4 ?T-??M2011-??011 ? T ? LO128 ? 466.7 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2348 ? 2200 ? 2348 ? 1910 ? 0.487 ? 0.056 ? 8.7 ?T-??M2011-??100 ? T ? LO134 ? 722.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2252 ? 2345 ? 2201 ? 2345 ? 1910 ? 0.472 ? 0.084 ? 5.6 ?T-??M2011-??109 ? T ? LO134 ? 825.8 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? NULL ? NULL ? 2351 ? 2203 ? 2351 ? 1910 ? 0.258 ? 0.037 ? 7.1 ?T-??M2011-??110 ? T ? LO134 ? 836.3 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? eChl ? NULL ? 2262 ? 2347 ? NULL ? 2347 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??119 ? T ? LO206 ? 806.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2253 ? 2346 ? 2197 ? 2346 ? 1912 ? 0.449 ? 0.096 ? 4.7 ?T-??M2011-??123 ? T ? LO207 ? 494.2 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2343 ? NULL ? 2343 ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??M2011-??135 ? T ? LO207 ? 661.8 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2346 ? 2198 ? 2346 ? 1910 ? 0.574 ? 0.043 ? 13.3 ?T-??M2011-??144 ? T ? LO204 ? 283.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Mus ? IntChl ? 2247 ? 2348 ? 2202 ? 2348 ? 1911 ? 0.388 ? 0.054 ? 7.2 ?T-??N-??03 ? T ? S148A ? 68.1 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2338 ? NULL ? 2338 ? 1903 ? NULL ? 0.086 ? NULL ?T-??N-??04 ? T ? S148A ? 152.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2252 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1904 ? NULL ? 0.092 ? NULL ?T-??N-??05 ? T ? S148A ? 71.5 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2254 ? 2342 ? NULL ? 2342 ? 1883 ? NULL ? 0.128 ? NULL ?T-??N-??18 ? T ? LO204 ? 208.7 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? ar ? 2256 ? 2346 ? 2196 ? 2346 ? NULL ? 0.207 ? NULL ? NULL ?T-??N-??21 ? T ? LO206 ? 723.0 ? Al(OH)-??1 ? Ill ? NULL ? NULL ? 2345 ? 2196 ? 2345 ? 1903 ? 0.162 ? 0.033 ? 4.9 ?T-??N-??23 ? T ? LO206 ? 804.0 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? Ill ? 2254 ? 2342 ? 2196 ? 2342 ? 1909 ? 0.411 ? 0.086 ? 4.8 ?T-??N-??42 ? T ? LO208 ? 760.8 ? Mg(OH)-??2 ? IntChl ? NULL ? 2253 ? 2335 ? NULL ? 2335 ? 1905 ? NULL ? 0.051 ? NULL ? ?157Appendix D:Lithogeochemistry Methods and Resultsd????CD???????????Deposit:D = DamaL = Lookout DepositLE = Lookout EastT = Trio zoneRock Type:C?C??d??B = BasaltBf = Blue Felsic Sill/DikeHX = Heterolithic Volcanic Breccia0d?0???????????d??IF = Intermediate Flow0d?v?0???????????d???v???>d?>?????C??d??Dd?D???d??YCd?Y??????????C??d??QFP = Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillY>d?Y??????????>??????d??RF = Rhyolite FlowMS = Main Stream SampleRD = Rock DuplicatePD = Pulp DuplicateTe>?T????e???????>????Ce>?C????e???????>?????Ze?W??????Z??????e?????????Z^e?W??????Z??????^???????e???????TOT = Total158/??????????Thirty-nine samples were selected from the Niblack Wales Group stratigraphy to characterize the primary geochemistry, tectonic environment, and magmatic affinity and assess the chemical affects of hydrothermal alteration with alteration indices.Sample MethodsRepresentative samples were selected from exploration drill core of least-altered and hydrothermally altered, coherent and pyroclastic volcanic rocks (Table D.1). The majority of samples are half HQ core and at least 10 cm in length. Digital scans were collected for each sample prior to shipment to Acme Labs. Each sample was individually packed in a plastic sample bag and given a unique sample name. Three DY-4 standards were randomly placed in the sample stream.e????????dD??????The suite of samples was analyzed as a single batch at Acme Labs, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Major oxides were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) with a Lithium metaborate fusion finish. Trace elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) with a lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion finish. Nitric acid digestion was used for rare earth (REE) and refractory element results. Aqua Regia digestion was used for precious and base metal results. Detection limits are shown in Table D.2 for each element and method. The major oxide and trace element results are presented in Tables D.3 and D.4, respectively. Sample summary sheets for least-altered rocks and hydrothermally altered rocks are provided on pages 80-97 and pages 98-118, respectively.QA/QCThe accuracy and precision of the analytical results were verified by calculating the percent relative difference (%RD) and percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) from inserted standards and duplicate analyses, as outlined by Piercey (in press). A total of five SY-4 and four SO-18 reference standards were analyzed. Three SY-4 reference standards (ROCK ST 1, 2, 3) were randomly inserted in the sample stream by the author and the remaining standards were inserted by Acme Labs.The percent relative difference (%RD) equation is (Piercey, in press; references therein ): Eq 1. %RDi = 100 x (?i ? STDi) / STDiwhere ?i = mean value of element i in the standard over a number of analytical runs; and STDi = ?certified? value of i in the reference standard. The calculated results can be positive or negative and in general values of %RD that are ?0-3% are classified to have excellent accuracy. Values of %RD that are ?3-7% are considered to have very good accuracy; values of ?7-10% have good accuracy; and values >?10% are not accurate (Jenner, 1996).159Precision is tested by the calculation of the percent relative standard deviation (%RSD)(Piercey, in press; references therein ):Eq 2. %RSDi = 100 x (si / ?i)where %RSDi = percent relative standard deviation for element i; si = standard deviation of the mean from the series of analytical runs for element i; and ?i = mean of value of element i over a series of analytical runs. If a measured result for an element is above the lower detection limit and the %RSD is 0-3% than the precision is considered excellent, between 3-7% RSD is very good to good, 7-10% RSD is good, and >10% RSD is not precise (Jenner, 1996). The results of the accuracy and precision tests are presented in Tables D.5-10. Results that failed the accuracy and/or precision tests are highlighted in red. In some cases, the reference standard or main stream duplicate was below the detection limit for a given element; those results are highlighted in gray. ?????d^????????dd??????????d ???????Zircon saturation temperatures were calculated from bulk-rock compositions from geochemically least-altered quartz-feldspar phyric sill, blue felsic dike/sill and rhyolite flow. The empirical geothermometer equation is after Watson and Harrison (1983) expression for zircon solubility (T is degrees Kelvin):Eq 1. DZrzircon/melt = [-3.80 - {0.85 x (M-1)} + 12900/Twhere DZrzircon/melt is the ratio of zirconium concentration (ppm) in zircon to that of the saturated melt; M is equal to (Na + K + 2Ca) / (Al x Si) in cation fraction, and is a composition factor for the dependence of zircon solubility on SiO2 and peraluminosity of the melt. The above equation can be writen to solve for temperature:Eq 2. TZr = 1290 / [2.95 + 0.85M + ln(Zrzircon / Zrmelt)]where TZr is the calculated zircon saturation temperature; Zrzircon is the concentration of zirconium in zircon (assumed at 497646 ppm after Hanchar and Watson, 2003); and Zrmelt is the zirconium in ppm measured in the melt (in the case the whole rock lithogeochem result for Zr).Cation ratios are calcualted for the least-altered major oxide results by dividing the wieght percent result by the following cation-equivalent molecular weights for a given oxide result: SiO2 = 60.084; Al2O3=50.9806; Fe2O3=79.8461; MgO=40.304; CaO=56.077; Na2O=30.895; K2O=47.0977; TiO2=79.866; P2O5=70.9723; MnO=70.937; Cr2O3=75.9951. M factors for each sample are calculated from the obtained cation ratios. The results are shown in Table D11 and compared with high-temperature rhyolites of the Abitibi in Figure D.1.160ReferencesBarrie, C.T., 1995, Zircon thermometry of high-temperature rhyolites near volcanic-associated massive sulfdie deposits, Abitibi subprovince, Canada: Geology, v. 23, p. 169-172.Hanchar, J. M., and Watson, E. B., 2003, Zircon saturation thermometry: Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry, v. 53, p. 89-112.Piercey, S.J., in press. A review of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures for lithogeochemical data: Geoscience Canada.Jenner, G.A., 1996, Trace element geochemistry of igneous rocks: Geochemical nomenclature and analytical geochemistry, in Wyman, D.A., ed., Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulfide Exploration. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, p. 51-77.Watson, E.B., and Harrison, T.M., 1983, Zircon saturation revisited: Temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal types: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 64, p. 295-304.161Sample ?NameDeposit Strata ?ZoneRock ?TypeDescriptionDrill ?HoleDepth ?(ft)BM2011-??013 L Felsic A gray, ?very ?fine-??grained ?sulfide ?bearing ?ash ?tuff U035 1014.0BM2011-??029 L Felsic A gray, ?very ?fine-??grained ?sulfide ?bearing ?ash ?tuff U044 1082.0BM2011-??034 L Felsic QLT green ?matrix ?with ?blue ?quartz ?crystals ?and ?white ?elongate ?lapilli U095 1097.3BM2012-??160 T Felsic RFwhite-??light ?green, ?fine-??grained ?groundmass ?with ?fine ?grained ?qtz ?phenocrystsLO019 82.0BM2012-??175 T Felsic QAT green, ?fine-?? ?to ?medium-??grained ?tuff ?with ?blue ?quartz ?crystals LO204 375.0BM2012-??176 T Felsic A gray, ?very ?fine-??grained ?sulfide ?bearing ?ash ?tuff LO204 380.0BM2012-??178 T Felsic RFwhite-??light ?green, ?fine-??grained ?groundmass ?with ?fine ?grained ?qtz ?phenocrystsLO204 492.0BM2012-??182 T Felsic A gray, ?very ?fine-??grained ?sulfide ?bearing ?ash ?tuff LO204 559.0BM2012-??183 T Footwall MT green, ?non-??magnetic ?mafic ?tuff LO206 252.0BM2012-??186 T Felsic LT heterolithic ?volcaniclastic LO206 369.5BM2012-??188 T Felsic QAT green, ?fine-?? ?to ?medium-??grained ?tuff ?with ?blue ?quartz ?crystals LO206 404.0BM2012-??191 T Felsic LT heterolithic ?volcaniclastic LO206 470.0BM2012-??192 T Felsic RF White, ?fine-??grained ?groundmass ?with ?fine ?grained ?quartz ?phenocrysts LO206 470.0BM2012-??193 T Felsic QAT green, ?fine-?? ?to ?medium-??grained ?tuff ?with ?blue ?quartz ?crystals LO125 383.0BM2012-??202 T Felsic Bf aphanitic, ?blue-??gray, ?magnetic ?felsic ?sill/dike LO125 632.0BM2012-??203 LE Footwall IT/Fgray-??blue, ?massive ?fine-??grained ?tuff ?or ?flow ?with ?3% ?quartz ?and ?1% ?feldspar ?crystalsLO181 163.0BM2012-??204 LE Footwall IT green, ?quatz ?and ?flesdpar ?bearing ?tuffaceous ?rock LO181 222.0BM2012-??208 LE Footwall IF gray, ?fine-??grained ?groundmass ?with ?15% ?light ?green ?to ?white ?fiami(?) LO181 499.5BM2012-??209 LE Felsic QATblue ?quartz ?crystal ?tuff, ?chlorite ?and ?magnetite ?altered ?-?? ?base ?of ?Lookout ?mineralizationLO181 901.5BM2012-??211 LE Felsic QFP medium-??grained, ?quartz-??feldspar ?porphyry ?sill LO181 1059.2BM2012-??214 LE Felsic HX feldspar-??quartz ?porphyritic ?rhyolite ?fragment LO100 217.0BM2012-??220 LE Felsic QATgreen-??gray, ?graded ?medium-?? ?to ?fine-??grained ?quart-??rich ?ash ?tuff, ?chloirte-??pyrite ?alteredLO165 609.5BM2012-??221 LE Felsic QAT gradded, ?medium-?? ?to ?fine-??grained ?quartz ?crystal ?tuff LO165 698.0BM2012-??229 D Felsic LT feldspar-??quartz ?porphyritic ?rhyolite ?fragment LO046 130.5BM2012-??234 D Footwall IT quartz ?poor, ?light ?to ?moderate ?green ?intermediate ?tuff LO046 791.5BM2012-??241 T Felsic RF white, ?2-??5% ?quartz ?phenocrysts ?in ?a ?fine-??grained ?groundmass S164 132.0BM2012-??243 D Felsic RFwhite, ?fine-??grained ?groundmass ?with ?medium ?grained ?quartz ?phenocrystsLO203 167.0BM2012-??250 LE Hanging ?Wall B massive ?basalt ?flow LO119 550.0BM2012-??251 LE Footwall IF green, ?fine-??graiend, ?minor ?free ?quartz, ?intermetiate ?unit LO088 301.0BM2012-??253 LE Felsic QFP medium-??grained, ?quartz-??feldspar ?porphyry ?sill LO088 481.0BM2012-??254 L Felsic QFP medium-??grained ?quartz-??feldspar ?phyric ?sill U041 890.0BM2012-??256 L Hanging ?Wall B massive ?basalt ?flow U104 1060.0BM2012-??259 L Hanging ?Wall B hyaloclastic ?basalt ?flow U124 32.5BM2012-??260 L Hanging ?Wall B massive ?basalt ?flow U127 1281.5BM2012-??261 L Felsic QAT green, ?fine-??grained ?lithic ?tuff, ?chlorite-??pyrite ?altered U041 1156.4BM2012-??262 L Felsic HX feldspar-??auartz ?porphyritic ?rhyolite ?fragment U041 1156.4BM2012-??264 T Hanging ?Wall B green, ?aphanitic, ?strongly ?magnetic ?basalt ?flow LO204 828.0BM2012-??266 T Felsic Bf aphanitic, ?blue-??gray, ?magnetic ?felsic ?sill/dike S166 1296.0BM2012-??267 L Felsic RF rhyolite ?from ?the ?the ?Blue ?Bell ?fault U037A 1487.0Table D.1. Sample Locations and Descriptions162Sepfmc ? DlZirpe ? Niekelp ? Hepeaphml ?Rhkhp ? Tnneo ?Rhkhp ?1d ? WpS5 ? Wprpiut ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? Ar5S 0 ? Arzsptzs ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? Hl5S 0 ? Mwut ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? DgS ? Dgripzs ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? QnS ? Qgntlxpzs ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? Rg5S ? Wukpzs ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? O5S ? Tuygxxpzs ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? QtS ? Q gtngtlxl ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? XpS5 ? Xpygtpzs ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? T5S 2 ? Touxvouwzx ? )/)47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? Dw5S 0 ? Dowuspzs ? )/))47 ? 4))7 ?1d ? Bg ? Bgwpzs ? )/)47 ? 27 ?1d ? PSM ? Puxx ?um ?pntpyput ? )/4)7 ? 4))7 ?5A ?Pliu ? Xuygr ?D ? Xuygr ?Dgwhut ? )/)57 ? 4))7 ?5A ?Pliu ? Xuygr ?W ? Xuygr ?Wzrmzw ? )/)57 ? 4))7 ?1d ? Dz ? Duvvlw ? )/))47 ? 47 ?1d ? Rp ? Rpiqlr ? )/))47 ? 4)7 ?1d ? Th ? Plgk ? )/))47 ? 4)7 ?1d ? WS0 ? Wzrmzw ?Xwpu,pkl ? )/))57 ? 3)7 ?1d ? Ww ? Wywutypzs ? )/))57 ? 1)7 ?1d ? b5S 2 ? bgtgkpzs ? )/))57 ? 427 ?1d ? ft ? fpti ? )/))47 ? 47 ?1d ? fw ? fpwiutpzs ? )/))57 ? 2)7 ?4Ed ? Az ? Iurk ? )/2 ?vvh ? 4)) ?vvs ?4Ed ? An ? Wpr?lw ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4)) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Ax ? Awxltpi ? )/2 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Bg ? Bgwpzs ? 4 ?vvs ? 2)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Bl ? Blw.rrpzs ? 4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Bp ? Bpxszyo ? )/4 ?vvs ? 5))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Dk ? Dgkspzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 5))) ?vvs ?1B ? Du ? Duhgry ? )/5 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Dx ? Dlx pzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Dz ? Duvvlw ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Ig ? Igrrpzs ? )/2 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Lm ? Lgmtpzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Ln ? Qlwizw. ? )/4 ?vvs ? 2) ?vvs ?1B ? Qu ? Qur.hkltzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 5))) ?vvs ?1B ? Rh ? Rpuhpzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 2)))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Rp ? Rpiqlr ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Th ? Plgk ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Uh ? Uzhpkpzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Wh ? Atypsut. ? )/4 ?vvs ? 5))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Wl ? Wlrltpzs ? )/2 ?vvs ? 4)) ?vvs ?1B ? Wt ? Xpt ? 4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Ww ? Wywutypzs ? )/2 ?vvs ? 2)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Xg ? Xgtygrzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 2)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Xo ? Xouwpzs ? )/5 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? Xr ? Xogrrpzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4))) ?vvs ?1B ? a ? awgtpzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? b ? bgtgkpzs ? 4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? c ? Xztnxylt ? )/2 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? e ? eyywpzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 2)))) ?vvs ?4Ed ? ft ? fpti ? 4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? fw ? fpwiutpzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 2)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Pg ? Pgtyogtzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 2)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Dl ? Dlwpzs ? )/4 ?vvs ? 2)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Tw ? Twgxluk.spzs ? )/)5 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Rk ? Rluk.spzs ? )/0 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Ws ? Wgsgwpzs ? )/)2 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Fz ? Fzwuvpzs ? )/)5 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Ik ? Igkurptpzs ? )/)2 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Xh ? Xlwhpzs ? )/)4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? E. ? E.xvwuxpzs ? )/)2 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Lu ? Lurspzs ? )/)5 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Fw ? Fwhpzs ? )/)0 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Xs ? Xozrpzs ? )/)4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? eh ? eyylwhpzs ? )/)2 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?1B ? Pz ? Pzylypzs ? )/)4 ?vvs ? 4)))) ?vvs ?Table D.2. Detection Limits163Tcenh ?D  ?Pfors ?rxnik ?sktvput ?Scosnh ?Ncoh ? BP4()) ,()5 ? BP4()) ,(45 ? BP4()) ,(50 ? BP4()4,)2( ? BP4()4,)31 ? BP4()4,)32 ? BP4()4,)34 ? BP4()4,)44 ? BP4()4,)45 ? BP4()4,)42 ?Rrfm ?T)sh ? A ? A ? TOX ? UH ? TAX ? A ? UH ? A ? PX ? OX ?S(tc(c ?arph ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hrruwfpp ? Hkptnh ?Dhsryl( ? O ? O ? O ? X ? X ? X ? X ? X ? X ? X ?Zhlik( ? Hi ? (z)4 ? (z)4 ? (z)2 ? (z55 ? (z40 ? (z)5 ? (z44 ? (z40 ? (z40 ? (z41 ?Aqfpyuk ? aqnu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?WnR4 ? 8 ? 10z3 ? 3)z5 ? 13z4 ? 44z4 ? 20z0 ? 25z4 ? 30z4 ? 24z4 ? 04z) ? 14z4 ?Ap4R5 ? 8 ? )4z34 ? )4z5) ? ))z35 ? 4z35 ? )2z5) ? )(z4) ? )5z24 ? )) ? )2z24 ? )4z10 ?Hk4R5 ? 8 ? 5z5) ? 0z01 ? )5z25 ? 4z)1 ? 0z44 ? 2z54 ? )z50 ? 3z03 ? )(z0 ? ))z5) ?DfR ? 8 ? 4z3 ? (z21 ? )z11 ? (z(0 ? 4 ? (z13 ? (z)0 ? (z(2 ? (z23 ? (z55 ?PmR ? 8 ? 0z4 ? )z33 ? 5z53 ? (z4) ? 4z25 ? 4z44 ? )z(0 ? 0z14 ? )(z50 ? 0z35 ?Qf4R ? 8 ? 0z04 ? 2z)2 ? 5z01 ? (z)4 ? 4z55 ? 5z34 ? (z02 ? (z4 ? 5z52 ? 5z45 ?M4R ? 8 ? (z)4 ? (z)3 ? (z14 ? 4z11 ? 4z54 ? (z1 ? 5z32 ? )z35 ? (z(4 ? (z3 ?PqR ? 8 ? (z4) ? (z(5 ? (z)5 ? 9(z() ? (z)) ? (z(5 ? (z() ? (z(3 ? (z55 ? (z)4 ?XnR4 ? 8 ? (z54 ? (z5) ? (z14 ? (z55 ? (z44 ? (z51 ? (z0 ? (z53 ? (z12 ? (z54 ?S4R1 ? 8 ? (z(2 ? (z(1 ? (z(2 ? (z(4 ? (z(0 ? (z(2 ? (z(4 ? (z(5 ? (z(0 ? (z(2 ?Ds4R5 ? 8 ? (z((2 ? (z()) ? (z()) ? (z()4 ? (z((3 ? (z((1 ? (z((4 ? (z((4 ? (z((0 ? (z(45 ?Bf ? 8 ? (z(4 ? 9(z() ? (z() ? (z(4 ? (z45 ? (z(0 ? (z(3 ? (z(0 ? 9(z() ? (z(5 ?Dv ? 8 ? 4z441 ? (z)51 ? (z544 ? (z((4 ? (z4(0 ? (z050 ? 9(z(() ? (z5)4 ? (z))5 ? (z214 ?Qn ? 8 ? (z(() ? (z((3 ? 9(z(() ? (z(0) ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z((5 ? (z((0 ?Sg ? 8 ? (z)1 ? (z(45 ? (z()3 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z535 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z((0 ?Ws ? 8 ? (z((3 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((1 ? 9(z((4 ? (z() ? (z((2 ? (z((0 ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((2 ?eq ? 8 ? (z5() ? (z)55 ? (z124 ? (z((4 ? (z405 ? (z5(4 ? (z((2 ? (z(40 ? )z4)1 ? )z5(0 ?es ? 8 ? (z((5 ? (z((1 ? (z((5 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((4 ? (z((3 ? (z((1 ? (z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((2 ?WR5 ? 8 ? (z045 ? (z)41 ? (z4(4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z1) ? (z)05 ? (z(42 ? (z)03 ? (z145 ? (z4(1 ?b4R1 ? 8 ? (z(41 ? (z()4 ? (z(45 ? (z((5 ? (z((4 ? (z()1 ? (z((0 ? (z()3 ? (z(12 ? (z(4) ?WaP ? 8 ? 50z4) ? 55z35 ? 54z40 ? 55z54 ? 54z53 ? 54z44 ? 54z3) ? 55z)1 ? 53z42 ? 53z44 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ORL ? 8 ? 1z42 ? )z54 ? 2z11 ? 4z40 ? 4z34 ? 5z30 ? 4z0) ? 0z44 ? 2z4 ? 2z(1 ?XRX?D ? 8 ? (z11 ? (z(0 ? (z(0 ? 9(z(4 ? (z)4 ? (z(0 ? 9(z(4 ? 9(z(4 ? (z)5 ? (z(5 ?XRX?W ? 8 ? 5z51 ? )z)2 ? 3z40 ? )z53 ? (z1 ? 5z20 ? (z01 ? 5z41 ? )z1 ? 2z44 ?*Least-Altered Sample ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?164Tcenh ?D  ?  ?Scosnh ?Ncoh ? BP4()4,)44 ? BP4()4,)5) ? BP4()4,)54 ? BP4()4,)55 ? BP4()4,4(4 ? BP4()4,4(5 ? BP4()4,4(0 ? BP4()4,4(4 ? BP4()4,4(5 ? BP4()4,4)) ?Rrfm ?T)sh ? TAX. ? OX ? UH ? TAX. ? Bl. ? LX?H ? LX ? LH ? TAX. ? THS. ?S(tc(c ?arph ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hrruwfpp ? Hrruwfpp ? Hrruwfpp ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ?Dhsryl( ? X ? X ? X ? X ? X ? OF ? OF ? OF ? OF ? OF ?Zhlik( ? Hi ? (z41 ? (z44 ? (z)4 ? (z5 ? (z53 ? (z44 ? (z5 ? (z55 ? (z42 ? (z42 ?Aqfpyuk ? aqnu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?WnR4 ? 8 ? 3(z3 ? 2(z5 ? 45z3 ? 21z4 ? 3) ? 14 ? 02z2 ? 02z2 ? 3)z4 ? 23 ?Ap4R5 ? 8 ? )5z40 ? )4z03 ? 4z23 ? )3z3) ? )1z35 ? )1z3) ? )4z)3 ? 4(z() ? )0z14 ? )2z)5 ?Hk4R5 ? 8 ? 5z(4 ? 5z)5 ? )z14 ? 5z32 ? 5z1 ? )4z10 ? )0z02 ? 5z14 ? 5z)1 ? 5z20 ?DfR ? 8 ? )z(4 ? (z13 ? (z(1 ? )z45 ? (z55 ? (z0 ? (z(4 ? (z(2 ? )z55 ? (z32 ?PmR ? 8 ? 0z)4 ? 0z4 ? (z)4 ? 4z40 ? (z(5 ? 4z4 ? 5z)3 ? ))z55 ? )z44 ? 4z34 ?Qf4R ? 8 ? 1z04 ? 4z45 ? (z44 ? 0z44 ? 5z53 ? )z24 ? )z)) ? (z52 ? 2z)5 ? 2z21 ?M4R ? 8 ? (z(2 ? )z45 ? 4z44 ? )z43 ? (z(0 ? )z4) ? )z5) ? 4z4) ? (z35 ? (z3 ?PqR ? 8 ? (z(4 ? (z)5 ? 9(z() ? (z(5 ? (z(4 ? (z40 ? (z4) ? (z45 ? (z) ? (z41 ?XnR4 ? 8 ? (z40 ? (z03 ? (z41 ? (z5 ? (z4 ? (z55 ? (z05 ? (z55 ? (z40 ? (z45 ?S4R1 ? 8 ? (z(0 ? (z(1 ? (z(4 ? (z(0 ? (z(0 ? (z(4 ? (z(0 ? (z(4 ? (z(0 ? (z(1 ?Ds4R5 ? 8 ? (z(() ? (z(41 ? (z((4 ? (z((0 ? (z()5 ? (z((5 ? (z((4 ? (z((0 ? (z((5 ? (z((0 ?Bf ? 8 ? 9(z() ? (z4 ? (z(4 ? (z(1 ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? (z(4 ? (z(4 ? (z(1 ? (z(0 ?Dv ? 8 ? (z((5 ? (z2)2 ? 9(z(() ? (z() ? (z((5 ? (z()1 ? (z((0 ? (z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z((0 ?Qn ? 8 ? 9(z(() ? (z((5 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z((4 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z((5 ? 9(z(() ? (z((0 ?Sg ? 8 ? 9(z(() ? (z(41 ? 9(z(() ? (z((4 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ?Ws ? 8 ? (z()1 ? (z((4 ? (z((5 ? (z()0 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((2 ? (z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z()1 ? (z((5 ?eq ? 8 ? (z(4) ? )z1)5 ? (z((1 ? (z(2) ? (z((3 ? (z(53 ? (z(41 ? (z(41 ? (z((4 ? (z(43 ?es ? 8 ? (z((5 ? (z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((0 ? (z((5 ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((1 ? (z((2 ?WR5 ? 8 ? (z(33 ? (z45 ? 9(z((4 ? (z)2) ? (z(42 ? (z425 ? (z4() ? (z54) ? (z()0 ? (z(3) ?b4R1 ? 8 ? (z((3 ? (z()3 ? (z((2 ? (z((3 ? 9(z((4 ? (z(1) ? (z(15 ? (z(04 ? (z((4 ? (z((5 ?WaP ? 8 ? )((z31 ? 53z)0 ? 54z42 ? )((z42 ? )((z05 ? 55z14 ? )((z1 ? 55z23 ? 55z53 ? )((z55 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ORL ? 8 ? 4z() ? 1z15 ? )z45 ? 4z42 ? (z)) ? 3z)3 ? 4z45 ? 3z25 ? )z41 ? 4z(2 ?XRX?D ? 8 ? (z(1 ? (z(0 ? 9(z(4 ? (z(2 ? (z(0 ? (z)0 ? 9(z(4 ? 9(z(4 ? 9(z(4 ? (z(4 ?XRX?W ? 8 ? (z(1 ? 1z50 ? (z54 ? 9(z(4 ? 9(z(4 ? 5z33 ? 0z50 ? 4z5) ? (z(0 ? 9(z(4 ?*Least-Altered Sample ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?165Tcenh ?D  ?  ?Scosnh ?Ncoh ? BP4()4,4)0 ? BP4()4,44( ? BP4()4,44) ? BP4()4,445 ? BP4()4,450 ? BP4()4,40) ? BP4()4,405 ? BP4()4,41( ? BP4()4,41) ? BP4()4,415 ?Rrfm ?T)sh ? Id. ? TAX ? TAX ? OX. ? LX. ? UH ? UH ? B. ? LH ? THS. ?S(tc(c ?arph ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Hrruwfpp ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Ifqmnqm ?cfpp ? Hrruwfpp ? Hkptnh ?Dhsryl( ? OF ? OF ? OF ? E ? E ? X ? E ? OF ? OF ? OF ?Zhlik( ? Hi ? (z4) ? (z4) ? (z41 ? (z)1 ? (z44 ? (z55 ? (z44 ? (z2) ? (z45 ? (z54 ?Aqfpyuk ? aqnu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?WnR4 ? 8 ? 3)z) ? 05z4 ? 1(z0 ? 32z4 ? 3)z) ? 33z1 ? 32z4 ? 12z2 ? 15z5 ? 30z1 ?Ap4R5 ? 8 ? )2z45 ? 4z34 ? )(z0) ? ))z(4 ? )4z)5 ? )(z34 ? )(z45 ? )1z)2 ? )4z)4 ? )4z40 ?Hk4R5 ? 8 ? (z5) ? )0z5 ? )4z24 ? )z15 ? 0z5 ? 4z55 ? 5z45 ? ))z4 ? )4z5 ? 4z25 ?DfR ? 8 ? (z30 ? 4z02 ? (z34 ? 4z14 ? (z45 ? (z)5 ? (z)3 ? 5z54 ? (z(5 ? (z04 ?PmR ? 8 ? (z14 ? 4z11 ? )z30 ? (z03 ? 5z5) ? 4z(2 ? )z3) ? 5z(0 ? )4z4 ? )z04 ?Qf4R ? 8 ? 3z)0 ? )z00 ? 4z50 ? 1z44 ? )z22 ? 5z14 ? 4z10 ? 3z4) ? (z() ? 1z45 ?M4R ? 8 ? )z02 ? (z20 ? )z4) ? (z44 ? )z3) ? (z41 ? )z(3 ? (z(5 ? (z)1 ? )z(0 ?PqR ? 8 ? (z(4 ? (z12 ? (z(5 ? (z(4 ? (z(2 ? (z(2 ? (z(5 ? (z)2 ? (z53 ? (z(2 ?XnR4 ? 8 ? (z0 ? (z50 ? (z5) ? (z51 ? (z0 ? (z44 ? (z)3 ? (z04 ? (z03 ? (z)5 ?S4R1 ? 8 ? (z(2 ? (z0) ? (z(0 ? (z(2 ? (z) ? (z(0 ? (z(5 ? (z)2 ? (z(4 ? (z(5 ?Ds4R5 ? 8 ? (z((5 ? (z((4 ? (z((2 ? (z((2 ? (z(() ? (z((0 ? (z((3 ? (z((4 ? (z(1 ? (z((1 ?Bf ? 8 ? (z(4 ? (z) ? (z)) ? 9(z() ? (z(4 ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? (z() ?Dv ? 8 ? (z((1 ? (z004 ? (z232 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z(4 ? (z()) ? 9(z(() ? (z((4 ?Qn ? 8 ? (z((4 ? 9(z(() ? (z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z((3 ? (z((2 ? (z((5 ? (z((5 ?Sg ? 8 ? 9(z(() ? (z(55 ? (z)(2 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ?Ws ? 8 ? (z((3 ? (z()) ? 9(z((4 ? (z(44 ? (z((1 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((4 ? (z()5 ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ?eq ? 8 ? (z(44 ? (z5)5 ? )z015 ? (z((1 ? (z((5 ? (z((4 ? (z((1 ? (z((5 ? (z(54 ? (z() ?es ? 8 ? (z() ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((5 ? (z((1 ? (z((5 ? (z((1 ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((5 ?WR5 ? 8 ? 9(z((4 ? 1z)5 ? (z414 ? (z(0 ? (z)05 ? (z((0 ? (z((5 ? (z(45 ? (z5(3 ? (z(42 ?b4R1 ? 8 ? (z()4 ? (z(4 ? (z(4) ? (z((1 ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z(3 ? (z(44 ? (z((0 ?WaP ? 8 ? )((z1) ? 55z)1 ? 52z13 ? 55z24 ? 55z15 ? 55z14 ? 55z45 ? 55z23 ? 55z14 ? 55z2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ORL ? 8 ? )z)4 ? 2z55 ? 5z52 ? )z3 ? 5z50 ? )z45 ? 4z2 ? )z23 ? 3z55 ? )z4 ?XRX?D ? 8 ? (z(2 ? )z24 ? (z(5 ? (z5) ? (z(0 ? 9(z(4 ? 9(z(4 ? (z45 ? (z(5 ? (z(0 ?XRX?W ? 8 ? (z(4 ? 3z(4 ? )0z(0 ? 9(z(4 ? (z44 ? (z3 ? )z14 ? (z(5 ? 5z34 ? 9(z(4 ?*Least-Altered Sample ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?166Tcenh ?D  ?  ?Scosnh ?Ncoh ? BP4()4,410 ? BP4()4,412 ? BP4()4,415 ? BP4()4,42( ? BP4()4,42) ? BP4()4,424 ? BP4()4,420 ? BP4()4,422 ? BP4()4,423 ?Rrfm ?T)sh ? THS. ? B. ? B. ? B. ? TAX ? Id. ? B. ? Bl. ? UH. ?S(tc(c ?arph ? Hkptnh ? Ifqmnqm ?cfpp ? Ifqmnqm ?cfpp ? Ifqmnqm ?cfpp ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ? Ifqmnqm ?cfpp ? Hkptnh ? Hkptnh ?Dhsryl( ? O ? O ? O ? O ? O ? O ? X ? X ? O ?Zhlik( ? Hi ? (z41 ? (z44 ? (z00 ? (z13 ? (z5 ? (z)5 ? (z34 ? (z53 ? (z42 ?Aqfpyuk ? aqnu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?WnR4 ? 8 ? 25 ? 10z5 ? 1) ? 15z5 ? 25z4 ? 30z) ? 04z3 ? 31z2 ? 31z2 ?Ap4R5 ? 8 ? )1z1 ? )4z(4 ? )5z50 ? )1z51 ? ))z1 ? )0z41 ? )5z5 ? )4z34 ? )4z14 ?Hk4R5 ? 8 ? 5z30 ? )(z45 ? )4z5 ? )4z5 ? 2z03 ? (z55 ? )0z04 ? 4z42 ? 4z2) ?DfR ? 8 ? (z14 ? )z45 ? 1z43 ? 4z12 ? )z() ? (z13 ? 2z02 ? (z44 ? (z)5 ?PmR ? 8 ? (z54 ? 5z05 ? 2z)0 ? 0z45 ? 4z5 ? (z)2 ? 1z42 ? (z55 ? 4z44 ?Qf4R ? 8 ? 4z54 ? 4z)4 ? 1z04 ? 2z35 ? 0z34 ? 4z11 ? 0z1) ? 3z13 ? (z5) ?M4R ? 8 ? (z)2 ? (z(0 ? (z03 ? (z(5 ? (z)5 ? (z)2 ? (z(4 ? (z(4 ? 4z23 ?PqR ? 8 ? (z(1 ? (z)4 ? (z)4 ? (z45 ? (z(4 ? (z(5 ? (z0) ? (z(4 ? (z(5 ?XnR4 ? 8 ? (z41 ? (z05 ? )z50 ? (z13 ? (z54 ? (z44 ? 4z23 ? (z)4 ? (z44 ?S4R1 ? 8 ? (z(0 ? (z(5 ? (z)5 ? (z(1 ? (z(1 ? (z(0 ? (z42 ? (z(4 ? (z(1 ?Ds4R5 ? 8 ? (z((5 ? (z((5 ? (z((4 ? (z((4 ? (z((5 ? (z((5 ? (z()) ? (z((1 ? (z(() ?Bf ? 8 ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? 9(z() ? (z(1 ?Dv ? 8 ? 9(z(() ? (z(() ? (z((0 ? (z()2 ? (z(35 ? (z(50 ? (z((0 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ?Qn ? 8 ? (z((4 ? 9(z(() ? (z((5 ? 9(z(() ? (z((4 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ?Sg ? 8 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9 (z(() ? 9(z(() ? (z()5 ? (z((3 ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ? 9(z(() ?Ws ? 8 ? (z((4 ? (z((4 ? (z((2 ? (z((2 ? (z() ? (z((1 ? (z()5 ? 9(z((4 ? (z()) ?eq ? 8 ? (z((4 ? (z() ? (z()4 ? (z()5 ? (z514 ? (z(04 ? (z()0 ? (z((5 ? (z()0 ?es ? 8 ? (z((2 ? 9(z((4 ? (z()4 ? 9(z((4 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((5 ? (z()2 ? (z((0 ? (z((2 ?WR5 ? 8 ? (z(43 ? (z))4 ? (z)05 ? (z)0 ? (z)54 ? 9(z((4 ? (z(43 ? (z(00 ? (z(20 ?b4R1 ? 8 ? (z((5 ? (z(15 ? (z(2 ? (z(10 ? (z()5 ? (z((2 ? (z(22 ? 9(z((4 ? (z((1 ?WaP ? 8 ? 55z22 ? 55z45 ? 55z2 ? )((z14 ? 55z25 ? )((z54 ? )((z(1 ? 55z5) ? )((z() ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ORL ? 8 ? )z() ? )z51 ? 4z34 ? 5z43 ? 5z)5 ? (z35 ? 4z30 ? (z51 ? 4z41 ?XRX?D ? 8 ? (z) ? (z(5 ? (z54 ? (z52 ? (z(4 ? (z(4 ? (z)0 ? (z(1 ? (z(5 ?XRX?W ? 8 ? 9(z(4 ? 9(z(4 ? (z)5 ? 9(z(4 ? 4z3) ? (z4 ? 9(z(4 ? 9(z(4 ? (z55 ?*Least-Altered Sample ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?167RSTaZ ?Dfhf ?Sqbdf ?flfmfns ?qfrtlsr ?NSceaZ ?HScZ ? BM.?,, w?,/ ? BM.?,, w?.0 ? BM.?,, w?/-?? ? BM.?,. w,)? ? BM.?,. w,4( ? BM.?,. w,4) ? BM.?,. w,45 ? BM.?,. w,5. ? BM.?,. w,5/ ? BM.?,. w,5) ?Bb ? ppm ? ,4, ? -??4 ? ,.? ? /,( ? ..?5 ? /-??, ? 4)? ? /04 ? 4 ? .)-?? ?Bf ? ppm ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ?Do ? ppm ? ,4v4 ? 4v5 ? .,v4 ? -??v, ? .v) ? ,/v( ? ,v0 ? ,,v( ? /(v/ ? .?v( ?Dr ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? ?v4 ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? ?v, ?Hb ? ppm ? .? ? ,,v-?? ? ,-??v, ? ,?v. ? ,)v/ ? ,.v, ? ,)v, ? ,.v0 ? ,-??v( ? .? ?Ig ? ppm ? .v5 ? /v-?? ? ,v0 ? ,v-?? ? /v, ? ,v) ? /v/ ? ,v) ? ?v5 ? .v/ ?Oc ? ppm ? .v-?? ? ,v/ ? ,v/ ? ,v, ? ,v( ? ?v5 ? ,v/ ? ?v4 ? ?v( ? ?v5 ?Qc ? ppm ? .v/ ? .v. ? 4v. ? .?v4 ? .-??v. ? -??v-?? ? //v5 ? ,( ? 1?v, ? 4v. ?Rn ? ppm ? -?? ? , ? . ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? , ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ?Rq ? ppm ? 0(v5 ? 4. ? 5/v, ? .0v0 ? ,/)v0 ? 5? ? -??5v0 ? -???v) ? (4v4 ? )0 ?Sb ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Si ? ppm ? ,v. ? ?v4 ? ?v-?? ? ?v-?? ? ?v4 ? ?v/ ? ?v4 ? ?v-?? ? 1?v. ? ?v( ?T ? ppm ? ,v5 ? ?v5 ? ?v( ? ?v5 ? ?v, ? ?v) ? .v4 ? ?v( ? ?v, ? ?v5 ?U ? ppm ? ,/, ? 44 ? ,.5 ? ,5 ? /4 ? 4, ? .( ? 4-?? ? /,? ? ,.-?? ?W ? ppm ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? ?v) ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? ?v) ? ?v) ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ?aq ? ppm ? 0(v0 ? 5)v0 ? )5v( ? (,v-?? ? 55v) ? ),v5 ? 5,v. ? ),v-?? ? ..v, ? 4-?? ?X ? ppm ? .?v0 ? .(v4 ? .(v, ? -?? ? .?v. ? ,) ? ,/v0 ? .? ? 0v. ? ./v4 ?Lb ? ppm ? -??v5 ? -?? ? /v. ? ,v( ? .v, ? ,v4 ? .v. ? .v, ? ?v5 ? /v4 ?Df ? ppm ? ,.v0 ? ,.v( ? 0v0 ? -??v/ ? ) ? )v/ ? )v4 ? 4 ? .v0 ? ,?v. ?Pq ? ppm ? ,v)5 ? ,v() ? ,v/( ? ?v). ? ?v4) ? ?v5( ? ,v?0 ? ?v00 ? ?v-??. ? ,v(, ?Oe ? ppm ? 5v4 ? 5v) ? 4v5 ? /v/ ? /v0 ? (v/ ? (v0 ? (v, ? .v5 ? )v0 ?Rm ? ppm ? .v(/ ? .v/5 ? .v.( ? ?v0) ? ,v(5 ? ,v)) ? ,v4-?? ? ,v5. ? ?v5( ? .v-??) ?Ft ? ppm ? ?v4( ? ?v4 ? ?v4-?? ? ?v,0 ? ?v). ? ?v)0 ? ?v0 ? ?v)0 ? ?v(-?? ? ?v)4 ?He ? ppm ? /v?0 ? /v/, ? /v/0 ? ?v5) ? .v/) ? .v.-?? ? .v, ? .v() ? ,v,5 ? /v. ?Sc ? ppm ? ?v(0 ? ?v)( ? ?v)4 ? ?v,4 ? ?v(. ? ?v-??/ ? ?v-??, ? ?v( ? ?v.-?? ? ?v), ?Eu ? ppm ? /v)4 ? -??v?-?? ? -??v.0 ? ,v?, ? /v(0 ? /v?5 ? .v00 ? /v.) ? ,v). ? /v0. ?Io ? ppm ? ?v55 ? ?v00 ? ?v00 ? ?v.) ? ?v5) ? ?v4-?? ? ?v(4 ? ?v40 ? ?v/( ? ?v0/ ?Fq ? ppm ? .v40 ? /v-??. ? /v?. ? ?v)) ? .v-??0 ? .v,-?? ? . ? .v/, ? ,v?( ? .v5( ?Sm ? ppm ? ?v-??, ? ?v( ? ?v-??( ? ?v?5 ? ?v-??4 ? ?v/. ? ?v.0 ? ?v/( ? ?v,) ? ?v-?? ?Xc ? ppm ? .v5) ? /v,4 ? .v0) ? ?v). ? /v.-?? ? .v.( ? .v,5 ? .v-??) ? , ? /v,. ?Lt ? ppm ? ?v-??4 ? ?v(( ? ?v( ? ?v, ? ?v(. ? ?v/5 ? ?v/( ? ?v/5 ? ?v,) ? ?v-??( ?Mo ? ppm ? 5v) ? .v4 ? . ? (v/ ? 1?v, ? 5v-?? ? -??v4 ? 0v4 ? ?v, ? /v-?? ?Dt ? ppm ? 2,????v? ? ,-??,/v/ ? /-??)5v5 ? /0v) ? .?-???v5 ? -??-??0)v, ? ,5v( ? //./v-?? ? ,./,v. ? ))05v5 ?Pc ? ppm ? ,(-??/v0 ? ..)v) ? ,-??5v0 ? ,?v, ? (v/ ? /4,) ? ( ? ,/v( ? -??v/ ? /0v5 ?an ? ppm ? 55-??( ? ,/., ? ((/) ? /4 ? ../, ? 540. ? /, ? ,40 ? 2,???? ? 2,???? ?Ah ? ppm ? -???v-?? ? ,(v) ? .?v, ? ?v/ ? ,)v( ? ,-??v5 ? ?v. ? ,?v0 ? ?v5 ? ,0v0 ?Ok ? ppm ? /(v5 ? 5 ? .-??v-?? ? ,v, ? /v5 ? ,.v, ? ,v5 ? ,,v) ? ./v5 ? .0v-?? ?Ar ? ppm ? (v/ ? ,-??v4 ? 4v0 ? 5v. ? ,v/ ? ,.v) ? ,.v0 ? ,4v4 ? .v, ? .?v/ ?At ? ppc ? (((0v4 ? -??44v/ ? 455v-?? ? ..v( ? ,.(v) ? ()?v0 ? 5(v0 ? .??v-?? ? .4v) ? ,),0v/ ?De ? ppm ? (?v( ? (v-?? ? .)v, ? .v. ? .v) ? -??-??v( ? 1?v, ? ?v/ ? ,(-??v) ? (-?? ?Rc ? ppm ? ,v-?? ? ?v-?? ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? .v/ ? ?v. ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v, ?Bk ? ppm ? ..v, ? ,v0 ? .v4 ? ?v-?? ? 1?v, ? , ? ?v, ? ,v, ? ?v. ? ,v, ?Ih ? ppm ? ,v,. ? ?v,0 ? ,v,0 ? ?v?. ? ?v,. ? ?v-??4 ? 1?v?, ? ?v?, ? ?v5/ ? ?v0/ ?Sl ? ppm ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Rf ? ppm ? -??v, ? ,v, ? .v, ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? /v0 ? 1?v( ? ,v4 ? ?v5 ? .v) ?*Least-Altered Sample ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?168RSTaZ ?Dfhf ?  ?NSceaZ ?HScZ ? BM.?,. w,55x ? BM.?,. w,0, ? BM.?,. w,0. ? BM.?,. w,0/x ? BM.?,. w.?.x ? BM.?,. w.?/ ? BM.?,. w.?-?? ? BM.?,. w.?5 ? BM.?,. w.?0x ? BM.?,. w.,,x ?Bb ? ppm ? -??) ? ,5./ ? ..-?? ? (?. ? ,-?? ? ,?? ? ,)( ? .?5 ? -??0? ? /(/ ?Bf ? ppm ? 1, ? 1, ? , ? . ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? . ? 1, ? 1, ?Do ? ppm ? -??v5 ? ,4v4 ? , ? -??v) ? ?v/ ? /(v) ? /,v5 ? /5v) ? ,v4 ? (v. ?Dr ? ppm ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? ?v. ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v, ?Hb ? ppm ? ,?v( ? ,/v) ? ,?v) ? ,5v-?? ? ,,v) ? ,(v. ? ,0v. ? ,5v, ? 0v) ? ,-??v5 ?Ig ? ppm ? .v4 ? ,v0 ? ,v) ? /v. ? /v) ? ?v-?? ? ?v) ? ?v( ? .v-?? ? /v) ?Oc ? ppm ? ?v( ? ?v-?? ? ?v0 ? ?v) ? ,v/ ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v) ? ,v, ?Qc ? ppm ? ?v. ? ,,v-?? ? ,4v-?? ? .,v. ? 1?v, ? ,?v4 ? ,5v5 ? ..v. ? (v0 ? 5v4 ?Rn ? ppm ? 1, ? , ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ?Rq ? ppm ? ,4)v. ? -??/v4 ? /.v. ? ,4)v. ? (5v0 ? .5v-?? ? /,v-?? ? .5v) ? ,-??5v-?? ? ,?,v-?? ?Sb ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Si ? ppm ? ?v( ? ?v-?? ? ?v( ? ?v( ? ?v4 ? 1?v. ? 1?v. ? 1?v. ? ?v) ? ?v) ?T ? ppm ? ?v. ? ?v4 ? ?v/ ? ?v, ? ?v-?? ? ?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v, ?U ? ppm ? /-?? ? ,?, ? ,. ? // ? 15 ? .5/ ? /.-?? ? .55 ? -??, ? () ?W ? ppm ? 1?v( ? ?v0 ? ?v5 ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? ?v4 ? ?v) ? ?v) ? 1?v( ?aq ? ppm ? 5.v-?? ? )(v. ? )?v. ? 0( ? ,,(v, ? ,(v, ? ,0v/ ? ,-??v-?? ? 5,v) ? 05 ?X ? ppm ? //v-?? ? /)v. ? ,-??v, ? ,4v-?? ? /0v0 ? 4v/ ? 5v) ? 0v, ? ..v. ? ./v) ?Lb ? ppm ? .v0 ? 4v/ ? ,v) ? ,v( ? .v0 ? ?v( ? ,v( ? ,v/ ? .v0 ? -??v, ?Df ? ppm ? 0 ? .,v4 ? /v0 ? )v) ? 0v) ? , ? /v5 ? /v. ? 5 ? ,,v. ?Pq ? ppm ? ,v.) ? .v0) ? ?v(/ ? ?v(4 ? ,v) ? ?v,5 ? ?v(-?? ? ?v-??4 ? ,v,( ? ,v-??4 ?Oe ? ppm ? )v5 ? ,.v4 ? . ? .v/ ? 5v-?? ? ?v5 ? .v0 ? .v) ? )v( ? 5v) ?Rm ? ppm ? .v-??( ? -??v?5 ? ?v40 ? , ? /v(4 ? ?v( ? ?v50 ? ?v5-?? ? ,v00 ? .v), ?Ft ? ppm ? ?v). ? ,v(5 ? ?v/5 ? ?v-??5 ? ?v5, ? ?v.5 ? ?v(-?? ? ?v-?? ? ?v) ? ?v5 ?He ? ppm ? /v.) ? -??v5( ? ,v/ ? ,v( ? -??v0. ? ?v5( ? ,v./ ? ,v.. ? .v)0 ? /v(4 ?Sc ? ppm ? ?v4/ ? ?v0/ ? ?v/, ? ?v/. ? , ? ?v. ? ?v.. ? ?v./ ? ?v(. ? ?v)4 ?Eu ? ppm ? (v?/ ? (v5/ ? .v.0 ? .v/. ? )v-??. ? ,v.( ? ,v-??-?? ? ,v/-?? ? /v)-?? ? -??v./ ?Io ? ppm ? ,v/. ? ,v/( ? ?v(4 ? ?v(. ? ,v(/ ? ?v.4 ? ?v/( ? ?v/( ? ?v5 ? ?v55 ?Fq ? ppm ? -??v?, ? /v)) ? ,v)( ? ,v4( ? (v,-?? ? ?v5-?? ? ,v?0 ? ?v5( ? .v-??0 ? .v5 ?Sm ? ppm ? ?v)( ? ?v(-?? ? ?v.) ? ?v.-?? ? ?v5. ? ?v,. ? ?v,( ? ?v,/ ? ?v/4 ? ?v/0 ?Xc ? ppm ? -??v-?? ? /v), ? ,v4. ? ,v.( ? (v-??/ ? ?v55 ? ?v54 ? ?v0-?? ? .v/( ? .v5, ?Lt ? ppm ? ?v4/ ? ?v(( ? ?v/-?? ? ?v.. ? ?v5) ? ?v,/ ? ?v,) ? ?v,( ? ?v-?? ? ?v-??( ?Mo ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 4v) ? .v. ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v5 ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Dt ? ppm ? )/v, ? )((/v, ? ,?v) ? ).v, ? .v4 ? ,5?v-?? ? )5v, ? /)v-?? ? )v/ ? .v0 ?Pc ? ppm ? ,v, ? .-??5v/ ? .v5 ? ,?v5 ? ?v) ? ,v. ? , ? ?v) ? (v) ? ?v( ?an ? ppm ? ,/5 ? 2,???? ? .? ? -??50 ? -??/ ? .45 ? ,5? ? ,(. ? )( ? .-??? ?Ah ? ppm ? ?v-?? ? .?v4 ? 1?v, ? ?v( ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Ok ? ppm ? .v-?? ? ,-??v5 ? ?v4 ? /v, ? ?v/ ? ,0v0 ? ,4v4 ? .5v5 ? /v, ? -??v4 ?Ar ? ppm ? ,v/ ? ,/v0 ? .v4 ? ,v5 ? ?v5 ? 0v( ? ,5v) ? -??v-?? ? ?v0 ? ,v) ?At ? ppc ? 0(v( ? ,?/0v. ? )v-?? ? )/v4 ? ,(v0 ? ./v5 ? ./v0 ? (v0 ? ,0v/ ? ,v/ ?De ? ppm ? ?v, ? 45v( ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ?Rc ? ppm ? ?v, ? ?v-?? ? 1?v, ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Bk ? ppm ? 1?v, ? ,v, ? ?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v-?? ? ?v/ ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Ih ? ppm ? ?v?, ? ,v,, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ?Sl ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Rf ? ppm ? 1?v( ? /v, ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ?*Least-Altered Sample ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?169RSTaZ ?Dfhf ?  ?NSceaZ ?HScZ ? BM.?,. w.,-??x ? BM.?,. w..? ? BM.?,. w.., ? BM.?,. w..0x ? BM.?,. w./-??x ? BM.?,. w.-??, ? BM.?,. w.-??/ ? BM.?,. w.(?x ? BM.?,. w.(, ? BM.?,. w.(/x ?Bb ? ppm ? 5?4 ? 05? ? ,?(0 ? 4( ? ,05 ? 4( ? 40 ? ,( ? ), ? ,-??? ?Bf ? ppm ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ?Do ? ppm ? ?v. ? .0v( ? .-??v5 ? ?v0 ? .v( ? ?v5 ? ,v( ? .(v. ? .(v4 ? / ?Dr ? ppm ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v. ?Hb ? ppm ? ,, ? ,/v4 ? ,. ? ,,v5 ? ,/v( ? 0v4 ? 0v4 ? ,.v( ? ,.v0 ? 0v. ?Ig ? ppm ? -??v-?? ? ,v. ? ,v-?? ? . ? / ? .v) ? .v/ ? ,v, ? ?v4 ? .v, ?Oc ? ppm ? ,v-?? ? ?v4 ? ,v( ? ?v( ? ,v-?? ? ?v5 ? ?v5 ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? ?v-?? ?Qc ? ppm ? ,5v0 ? 4v, ? ./ ? .v4 ? ,4v/ ? )v) ? 4v-?? ? 1?v, ? ,v/ ? ,-??v4 ?Rn ? ppm ? 1, ? 1, ? , ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ?Rq ? ppm ? ,,.v) ? ,.?v. ? -??-??v5 ? .()v-?? ? (,v. ? .4v4 ? (0v. ? 0(v, ? .v/ ? )? ?Sb ? ppm ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Si ? ppm ? , ? ?v/ ? ?v/ ? ?v-?? ? ?v( ? ?v( ? ?v-?? ? ?v. ? 1?v. ? ?v( ?T ? ppm ? ?v) ? ?v( ? ?v4 ? ?v-?? ? ?v/ ? ?v/ ? ?v) ? ?v. ? ?v, ? ?v/ ?U ? ppm ? 4? ? 0-?? ? 05 ? .-?? ? ,) ? 15 ? 15 ? -???) ? ,44 ? .? ?W ? ppm ? ?v4 ? ?v) ? ?v4 ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? ?v0 ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ?aq ? ppm ? ,./v/ ? -??/v) ? -??.v4 ? 4)v. ? 05v-?? ? 4)v0 ? 5.v0 ? /,v. ? ,-??v) ? )/v4 ?X ? ppm ? .,v. ? //v-?? ? ,-??v5 ? .( ? /4v, ? /?v/ ? /,v. ? ,5v-?? ? )v4 ? .(v4 ?Lb ? ppm ? ?v-?? ? ,,v( ? .v) ? (v-?? ? (v-?? ? /v-?? ? /v, ? ,v0 ? ?v4 ? ,v/ ?Df ? ppm ? ,v-?? ? /,v) ? ) ? ,.v-?? ? ,) ? ,,v) ? 0v( ? ) ? ,v( ? )v/ ?Pq ? ppm ? ?v.5 ? /v40 ? ?v04 ? ,v(5 ? .v.0 ? ,v() ? ,v-??) ? ?v5 ? ?v. ? ?v0/ ?Oe ? ppm ? ,v. ? ,)v5 ? -??v( ? 4v4 ? ,?v4 ? 5v4 ? 4v4 ? /v4 ? ,v. ? (v( ?Rm ? ppm ? ?v)) ? (v/0 ? ,v() ? .v4. ? /v0 ? .v-??0 ? .v45 ? ,v/. ? ?v/0 ? . ?Ft ? ppm ? ?v/( ? ,v-??0 ? ?v(/ ? ?v0/ ? ?v0 ? ?v4. ? ?v/5 ? ?v-??0 ? ?v?4 ? ?v-??4 ?He ? ppm ? ,v., ? )v/) ? .v,( ? /v. ? (v?. ? /v4, ? -?? ? .v?5 ? ?v)4 ? /v,. ?Sc ? ppm ? ?v.5 ? ,v?, ? ?v-?? ? ?v), ? ?v0, ? ?v)0 ? ?v4-?? ? ?v/0 ? ?v,) ? ?v). ?Eu ? ppm ? .v) ? (v4) ? .v(/ ? -??v)( ? (v)4 ? -??v54 ? (v/. ? .v0-?? ? ,v/) ? -??v/, ?Io ? ppm ? ?v4-?? ? ,v./ ? ?v(-?? ? ?v0-?? ? ,v/, ? ,v?5 ? ,v,-?? ? ?v), ? ?v.5 ? ,v?( ?Fq ? ppm ? .v50 ? /v/5 ? ,v), ? /v.-?? ? -??v?( ? /v-??) ? /v)) ? ,v5-?? ? ?v40 ? /v?. ?Sm ? ppm ? ?v-??. ? ?v-??, ? ?v.0 ? ?v-??4 ? ?v(0 ? ?v(-?? ? ?v(( ? ?v/ ? ?v,/ ? ?v-??4 ?Xc ? ppm ? /v/. ? .v4. ? ,v5( ? /v-?? ? -??v,4 ? /v)-?? ? /v40 ? ,v0( ? ?v4( ? /v.-?? ?Lt ? ppm ? ?v( ? ?v-??, ? ?v.0 ? ?v(. ? ?v4, ? ?v(5 ? ?v)( ? ?v/. ? ?v,. ? ?v( ?Mo ? ppm ? 1?v, ? .v0 ? .v5 ? 1?v, ? ,v4 ? ?v) ? ?v5 ? ?v. ? , ? 1?v, ?Dt ? ppm ? (?v, ? -??.0/v-?? ? 4,(.v/ ? ,4 ? ,,v4 ? /v4 ? .40v, ? 0)v) ? .(v/ ? ( ?Pc ? ppm ? 5v-?? ? /-??,v) ? ,?-??4v) ? (v4 ? .v( ? ?v0 ? ,v) ? ,v, ? ,v( ? ?v4 ?an ? ppm ? ./4 ? .044 ? 2,???? ? .) ? (5 ? -??/ ? .0 ? -??-?? ? .?? ? )( ?Ah ? ppm ? ?v, ? 00v( ? -??v( ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ?Ok ? ppm ? ?v4 ? ,-??v, ? .?v) ? ,v-?? ? ?v( ? ?v. ? ?v/ ? 0v, ? )5v) ? ,v0 ?Ar ? ppm ? , ? ).v, ? ,)v5 ? ?v4 ? ,v. ? ?v5 ? , ? ,v/ ? .v-?? ? ?v5 ?At ? ppc ? .v) ? ,(.v, ? .?)4v( ? /v5 ? (v. ? /v) ? -??v) ? 1?v( ? ,?v/ ? ,.v0 ?De ? ppm ? ,v/ ? ,?v) ? )4v5 ? ?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Rc ? ppm ? ?v/ ? ?v( ? ?v( ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Bk ? ppm ? 1?v, ? /v) ? /v4 ? 1?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ?Ih ? ppm ? ?v?-?? ? ?v.. ? ,v.4 ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ?Sl ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Rf ? ppm ? 1?v( ? ,v0 ? .v0 ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 4v/ ? 1?v( ?*Least-Altered Sample ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?170RSTaZ ?Dfhf ?  ?NSceaZ ?HScZ ? BM.?,. w.(-??x ? BM.?,. w.()x ? BM.?,. w.(0x ? BM.?,. w.)?x ? BM.?,. w.), ? BM.?,. w.).x ? BM.?,. w.)-??x ? BM.?,. w.))x ? BM.?,. w.)4x ?Bb ? ppm ? -??. ? ,4 ? 0-?? ? ,? ? /0 ? /0 ? ,( ? ( ? -??0, ?Bf ? ppm ? 1, ? 1, ? , ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ?Do ? ppm ? -??v4 ? ./v/ ? /)v) ? -??/v) ? .(v( ? ?v-?? ? -???v, ? ?v4 ? ,v( ?Dr ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v. ?Hb ? ppm ? ,(v, ? ,-?? ? ,.v0 ? ,-??v/ ? 0v) ? ,?v( ? ,0v0 ? ,,v/ ? ,.v4 ?Ig ? ppm ? / ? ,v, ? -??v, ? ,v, ? ,v5 ? .v( ? (v( ? .v0 ? /v, ?Oc ? ppm ? / ? ,v/ ? /v, ? ?v-?? ? , ? ?v4 ? -??v. ? ?v0 ? ,v, ?Qc ? ppm ? ,v5 ? ?v, ? (v, ? 1?v, ? ,v) ? ,v4 ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? .0 ?Rn ? ppm ? 1, ? 1, ? , ? 1, ? 1, ? 1, ? , ? 1, ? 1, ?Rq ? ppm ? ,?)v) ? 0?v-?? ? 4(v, ? )?v( ? ,.-??v( ? ,?-??v4 ? ,-??(v5 ? .5v) ? 05 ?Sb ? ppm ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? ?v, ?Si ? ppm ? ?v) ? ?v/ ? ?v. ? ?v/ ? ?v/ ? ?v( ? ?v/ ? ?v( ? ?v) ?T ? ppm ? ?v) ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? 1?v, ? ?v-?? ? ?v) ? ?v. ? ?v, ? ?v4 ?U ? ppm ? /) ? /,/ ? /-??) ? //, ? 4-?? ? .-?? ? -??./ ? 15 ? .? ?W ? ppm ? ?v) ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? , ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ?aq ? ppm ? 55v/ ? .(v. ? ,-??-??v0 ? /-?? ? (4v4 ? 4-??v0 ? ,0)v( ? 4. ? 0,v) ?X ? ppm ? -???v5 ? ,?v0 ? /)v. ? ,/v, ? ,4v4 ? ,0v, ? -??0v, ? .,v0 ? .)v, ?Lb ? ppm ? .v( ? ,v0 ? (v4 ? ,v/ ? .v-?? ? ,v, ? 4v) ? -??v. ? .v5 ?Df ? ppm ? 0v4 ? )v. ? ,5v0 ? (v4 ? 4v( ? /v/ ? .) ? ,,v0 ? 0v-?? ?Pq ? ppm ? ,v(4 ? ?v4) ? .v5. ? ?v(0 ? ,v, ? ?v() ? -?? ? ,v(, ? ,v.) ?Oe ? ppm ? 0v. ? -??v, ? ,(v0 ? /v-?? ? (v, ? /v0 ? .?v. ? 4v-?? ? )v4 ?Rm ? ppm ? .v0, ? ,v/0 ? (v?( ? ,v,0 ? ,v5, ? ,v.. ? )v/5 ? .v(( ? ,v00 ?Ft ? ppm ? ?v5, ? ?v-??. ? ,v.5 ? ?v/-?? ? ?v). ? ?v/0 ? .v)4 ? ?v4. ? ?v.( ?He ? ppm ? -??v)-?? ? ,v0 ? )v?-?? ? ,v5/ ? .v() ? .v?0 ? 5v4, ? /v-??5 ? .v0/ ?Sc ? ppm ? ?v5) ? ?v/( ? ,v?-?? ? ?v/-?? ? ?v-??) ? ?v/4 ? ,v-??-?? ? ?v). ? ?v), ?Eu ? ppm ? )v., ? .v,, ? )v5. ? .v.0 ? .v05 ? .v). ? 0 ? /v0, ? -??v/-?? ?Io ? ppm ? ,v-??-?? ? ?v(-?? ? ,v-??/ ? ?v() ? ?v4, ? ?v)0 ? ,v5) ? ?v0, ? ?v00 ?Fq ? ppm ? -??v5 ? ,v(, ? -??v., ? ,v)0 ? .v. ? .v/. ? (v/ ? .v0 ? /v-??) ?Sm ? ppm ? ?v4-?? ? ?v.-?? ? ?v) ? ?v.) ? ?v// ? ?v/0 ? ?v5 ? ?v-??. ? ?v( ?Xc ? ppm ? -??v4 ? ,v-??4 ? /v-??5 ? ,v) ? .v,4 ? .v(0 ? -??v5 ? .v5/ ? /v/) ?Lt ? ppm ? ?v40 ? ?v.( ? ?v(-?? ? ?v.5 ? ?v/, ? ?v-??( ? ?v40 ? ?v-??4 ? ?v(( ?Mo ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ?v-?? ? 1?v, ? .v, ? 1?v, ? ?v-?? ? 1?v, ? ?v) ?Dt ? ppm ? .v( ? /,v-?? ? ((v, ? ,(?v) ? 5(( ? -??.4v) ? )0v( ? ,v0 ? -??v/ ?Pc ? ppm ? ?v-?? ? ?v4 ? ?v) ? ?v5 ? ,4) ? )0v. ? ,v/ ? ?v) ? ?v5 ?an ? ppm ? )-?? ? )) ? (, ? 5( ? /.,5 ? /(. ? 0, ? (0 ? 5, ?Ah ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? /v, ? ,v. ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Ok ? ppm ? ?v0 ? ,?v0 ? 4v-?? ? ,4v, ? ,)v-?? ? ?v5 ? ,5v. ? ?v0 ? ?v( ?Ar ? ppm ? 1?v( ? ,v, ? ,v0 ? ?v) ? ,.v/ ? ,v0 ? /v. ? ?v0 ? ,v, ?At ? ppc ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 44v) ? .-??v-?? ? ?v4 ? (v) ? /v( ?De ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? /.v) ? ,v-?? ? ?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Rc ? ppm ? 1?v, ? ?v. ? ?v, ? ?v. ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? ?v/ ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Bk ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? ,v-?? ? ?v-?? ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Ih ? ppm ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? ?v?. ? ?v?, ? ?v/, ? ?v?/ ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ? 1?v?, ?Sl ? ppm ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ? 1?v, ?Rf ? ppm ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? /v/ ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ? 1?v( ?*Least-Altered Sample ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?171Dofntrk ?Standard ?Hkprmlmki ?cfnsk ? ! $ ?)%y( ? $TN ? Dhhspfht ?TSHR ?Za ? ?? ? TSHR ?Za ? ?? ? TSHR ?Za ? ?? ? Ze( w? ? Ze( w? ?LPH ? ,t/-?? ? .t() ? ,t4, ? .t/-?? ? .t/-?? ? .t/-?? ? yty( ? u-??t? ? qcms ?ellb ?RgP? ? .4t) ? .4t) ? .4t) ? /ytz ? /yt? ? .4t4 ? ytz ? ytz ? crachhcko ?Ah?P , ? ?yt-??4 ? ?yt-??( ? ?yt(. ? ?yt(? ? ?yt(. ? ?yt-??4 ? yty) ? ytz ? crachhcko ?Fc?P , ? -??tz) ? -??t?/ ? -??t?. ? -??t? ? -??t?z ? -??t?z ? yty, ? ytz ? crachhcko ?DWP ? (t4( ? )ty, ? )tyz ? )tz. ? )tz) ? )ty/ ? yt. ? yt? ? crachhcko ?MeP ? yt/, ? yt/, ? yt/, ? yt/. ? yt/-?? ? yt/. ? ytyz ? uyt. ? crachhcko ?OW?P ? (t?z ? (ty. ? (ty4 ? (tz. ? (tz( ? (tz ? yty/ ? yt. ? crachhcko ?I ?P ? zt// ? zt.) ? zt/, ? zt/( ? zt/4 ? zt-??-?? ? yty? ? u(ty ? qcms ?ellb ?MkP ? ytzz ? ytzz ? ytzz ? ytzz ? ytzz ? ytzy) ? ytyyz ? zt4 ? crachhcko ?SgP? ? yt?-?? ? yt?( ? yt?( ? yt?) ? yt?) ? yt?)( ? ytyy, ? u /t? ? qcms ?ellb ?Q?P / ? ytz? ? ytz? ? ytz? ? ytz? ? ytz, ? ytz,z ? ytyy. ? u -??t4 ? qcms ?ellb ?Dmv ? ytyy, ? 5ytyyz ? ytyy? ? ytyyz ? ytyy, ? ytyyz? ? ytyyyz ? )/t, ? BEL ?Ba ? 0.05 ? 0.04 ? 0.05 ? 0.05 ? 0.05 ? 0.034 ? 0.0005 ? 41.2 ? not ?accurate ?Dp ? ytyyz ? ytyy? ? 5ytyyz ? 5ytyyz ? 5ytyyz ? ytyyy( ? ytyyyz ? zz.t, ? BEL ?Og ? ytyyz ? 5ytyyz ? ytyy? ? 5ytyyz ? 5ytyyz ? ytyyy4 ? ytyyyz ? -??-??t( ? BEL ?QX ? 5ytyyz ? 5ytyyz ? 5ytyyz ? 5ytyyz ? 5ytyyz ? ytyyz ? ytyyyz ? u ? BEL ?Rm ? ytzz( ? ytz?. ? ytz?z ? ytzz( ? ytzz-?? ? ytzz4z ? ytyyz? ? uytz ? crachhcko ?Zn ? 0.012 ? 0.012 ? 0.011 ? 0.012 ? 0.012 ? 0.0093 ? 0.0002 ? 26.9 ? not ?accurate ?Um ? yty/-?? ? yty/. ? yty/( ? yty/( ? yty/, ? yty/z( ? ytyyz-?? ? (t? ? ellb ?Tv ? ytyy? ? ytyyz ? ytyy? ? 5ytyy? ? ytyy? ? ytyyy) ? ytyyyz-?? ? zzytz ? BEL ?vDlkqcmocb ?dmli ?lrgbc ?mcnpho ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???Sfgn ?nopbs ?noWkbWmb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?w?Aaic ?RoWkbWmb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Table D.5. Accuracy test for major element results172Dlakpnf ?SrZecZoc ?Hfmnihife ?Zakof ?  ?t!rsy ? SN ? Dccomacp ?TRs) ?? ? TRs) ?? ? TRs) ?? ? TRs) ?? ?Ba ? /?. ? /,( ? /y/ ? /z) ? /z. ? /zu. ? zu. ? esceiielp ?Bd ? 1 ? 20 ? 20 ? 1 ? 0 ? 1 ? 0..u. ? enr ?ZaatoZrd ?Dm ? ?(u? ? ?(u) ? ?/u-?? ? ?/u, ? ?-??u? ? ?u-?? ? zuy ? esceiielp ?Do ? (u. ? (uz ? -??u, ? -??u/ ? (uz ? yu) ? v,u4 ? rent ?gmmd ?Ha ? z(u) ? z(u, ? z-??u, ? z(u? ? z(u-?? ? zu) ? v?u-?? ? esceiielp ?If ? zyuz ? zyu. ? 4u. ? zy ? 4u) ? z ? zu) ? esceiielp ?Mb ? z4u) ? ?yu-?? ? ?zuz ? ?yu-?? ? ?yu4 ? ?uz ? vzu) ? esceiielp ?Pb ? ?(u. ? ?(u. ? ?-??u4 ? ?-??u-?? ? ?)u( ? ?u4 ? v/u( ? rent ?gmmd ?Ql ? z/ ? z-?? ? z. ? z/ ? z/ ? / ? yuy ? esceiielp ?Qn ? ,4yu-?? ? .y?u. ? .z(u) ? .z(u. ? .y(u. ? .yu( ? vyuz ? esceiielp ?Ra ? ( ? (uz ? -??u) ? -??u4 ? (u. ? yu( ? v-??uz ? rent ?gmmd ?Rh ? zyu? ? zyu? ? zyu. ? zyu/ ? 4u4 ? z ? .u, ? rent ?gmmd ?S ? z(u. ? z)u? ? z/u, ? z/u4 ? z-??u. ? zu-?? ? zu) ? esceiielp ?T ? ??y ? ?z( ? ?z? ? ?zy ? ?yy ? ?y ? (u. ? gmmd ?U ? z/u( ? z/u. ? z.u. ? z/u? ? z/uz ? ?u, ? yu/ ? esceiielp ?Xn ? ?4/uz ? ,y/u/ ? ?4-??u/ ? ?4-??u? ? ?)y ? ?) ? -??u/ ? rent ?gmmd ?W ? ,y ? ,yu-?? ? ,zu? ? ?4u/ ? ,, ? ,u, ? v)uz ? gmmd ?La ? z?u4 ? z.u. ? z?u( ? z?u( ? z?u, ? zu) ? (uz ? gmmd ?De ? ?)u/ ? ,y ? ?(u-?? ? ?)u/ ? ?(uz ? ?u( ? /u( ? rent ?gmmd ?On ? ,u,4 ? ,u./ ? ,u?/ ? ,u?-?? ? ,u./ ? yu,/ ? v,u, ? rent ?gmmd ?Md ? z,u) ? z,u, ? z?u( ? z/u/ ? z. ? zu. ? vzu, ? esceiielp ?Qk ? ?u4) ? ,uyz ? ?u)) ? ?u)/ ? , ? yu. ? v?u, ? esceiielp ?Fq ? yu)( ? yu4z ? yu). ? yu4. ? yu)4 ? yuy4 ? yuy ? esceiielp ?Hd ? ,uy( ? ,uyz ? ?u4( ? ?u4-?? ? ?u4, ? yu?4 ? ?u/ ? esceiielp ?Rb ? yu.4 ? yu/ ? yu.4 ? yu/ ? yu/, ? yuy/ ? v-??u-?? ? rent ?gmmd ?Et ? ?u)-?? ? ,uz/ ? ?u4? ? ?u(/ ? , ? yu, ? v?u( ? esceiielp ?Im ? yu(? ? yu-??. ? yu-??/ ? yu/) ? yu-??? ? yuy-?? ? .u. ? rent ?gmmd ?Fn ? zu(/ ? zu) ? zu), ? ?uy, ? zu). ? yuz) ? yu( ? esceiielp ?Rk ? yu?) ? yu?) ? yu?-?? ? yu?) ? yu?4 ? yuy, ? v/u? ? rent ?gmmd ?Wb ? zu)/ ? zu4. ? zu-??( ? zu-??/ ? zu(4 ? yuz) ? vyu( ? esceiielp ?Lq ? yu?( ? yu?( ? yu?-?? ? yu?4 ? yu?( ? yuy, ? yu4 ? esceiielp ???Acke ?Qpaldand ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Table D.6. Accuracy test for trace element results173RTceaZ ?NTcZ ? DHliklh lmi ?'noZ ? e60u19143 ? ?RTceaZ ?NTcZ ? DHliklh lmi ?'noZ ? e60u19143 ?SfeZ ? QW ? UE ? TE ? ?SfeZ ? QW ? UE ? TE ?Arfp?wk ? arow ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Arfp?wk ? arow ? ? ? ? ? ? ?PSM ? 9 ? 4,34 ? 4,41 ? 4,44 ? 5,4 ? kzhkppkrw ? ?Ls ? ttq ? ),34 ? ),22 ? / ? 4,0 ? mssi ?WoS5 ? 9 ? 23,3 ? 24,5 ? 23,5 ? ),2 ? kzhkppkrw ? ?Fu ? ttq ? 4,51 ? 4,55 ? / ? ),5 ? kzhkppkrw ?Ap5S 0 ? 9 ? 42,43 ? 42,54 ? 42,0 ? ),2 ? kzhkppkrw ? ?Xq ? ttq ? ),0 ? ),54 ? / ? 4,1 ? mssi ?Hk5S 0 ? 9 ? 44,5 ? 44,44 ?44,44 ? ),1 ? kzhkppkrw ? ?dg ? ttq ? 4,62 ? 4,54 ? / ? 2,0 ? yku? ?mssi ?DfS ? 9 ? 0,65 ? 1,)4 ? 0,63 ? ),3 ? kzhkppkrw ? ?Px ? ttq ? ),05 ? ),05 ? / ? ),) ? kzhkppkrw ?QmS ? 9 ? 0,)1 ? 0,)0 ? 0,)2 ? ),0 ? kzhkppkrw ? ?a4 ? 552 ?  ?  ?  ? # ?34 ?560u190 ?Rf 5S ? 9 ? 4,54 ? 4,0 ? 4,55 ? ),4 ? kzhkppkrw ? ?Dx ? ttq ? 63,3 ? 60,1 ? / ? 5,1 ? kzhkppkrw ?O5S ? 9 ? ),)0 ? ),)0 ? ),)0 ? ),) ? kzhkppkrw ? ?et ? 552 ?  ?  ?  ? # ?34 ?560u190 ?QrS ? 9 ? ),43 ? ),42 ? ),43 ? 0,4 ? yku? ?mssi ? ?er ? ttq ? 11 ? 15 ? / ? 0,0 ? yku? ?mssi ?XoS5 ? 9 ? ),15 ? ),2 ? ),16 ? 5,) ? kzhkppkrw ? ?Am ? ttq ? @),4 ? @),4 ? / ? / ? BEP ?T5S 2 ? 9 ? ),43 ? ),43 ? ),43 ? ),) ? kzhkppkrw ? ?Ro ? ttq ? 6,4 ? 5,5 ? / ? 5,1 ? kzhkppkrw ?S6 d ? ' ? # ?$ ? ? "# ?34 ?560u190 ? ?B9 ? 552 ?  ?  ?  ?  ?34 ?560u190 ?Bf ? 9 ? @),)4 ? @),)4 ? @),)4 ? / ? BEP ? ?Ax ? ttg ? @),2 ? 4,4 ? / ? / ? BEP ?S ? ' ?  ?# ?# ? $ ?34 ?560u190 ? ?Di ? ttq ? @),4 ? @),4 ? / ? / ? BEP ?c1 ? ' ? ! ? ?( ? " ?34 ?560u190 ? ?ot ? 552 ?  ?  ?  ? " ?34 ?560u190 ?Tg ? 9 ? @),))4 ? @),))4 ? @),))4 ? / ? BEP ? ?Bo ? ttq ? @),4 ? @),4 ? / ? / ? BEP ?o6 ? ' ?  ?# ?# ? $$ ?34 ?560u190 ? ?Lm ? ttq ? @),)4 ? @),)4 ? / ? / ? BEP ?r3 ? ' ? $ ?# ? ?  ?34 ?560u190 ? ?Xp ? ttq ? @),4 ? @),4 ? / ? / ? BEP ?eu ? 9 ? @),))5 ? @),))5 ? @),))5 ? / ? BEP ? ?Wk ? ttq ? @),2 ? @),2 ? / ? / ? BEP ?od ? ' ? #$ ?$ ? ? $ ?34 ?560u190 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?b5S 2 ? 9 ? ),)4 ? ),)36 ? ),)44 ? 4,1 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?WaQ ? 9 ? 66,34 ? 4)),16 ? 4)),42 ? ),1 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?XSX.D ? 9 ? ),50 ? ),50 ? / ? ),) ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?XSX.W ? 9 ? ),)0 ? @),)5 ? / ? / ? BEP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Bf ? ttq ? 42 ? 45 ? / ? 42,4 ? rsw ?tukhovk ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Bk ? ttq ? @4 ? @4 ? / ? / ? BEP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ds ? ttq ? 52,5 ? 53,5 ? / ? 1,1 ? yku? ?mssi ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dv ? ttq ? @),4 ? @),4 ? / ? / ? BEP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?If ? ttq ? 45,2 ? 45,0 ? / ? 4,4 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ll ? ttq ? 4,4 ? 4 ? / ? 3,4 ? yku? ?mssi ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Rg ? ttq ? ),0 ? @),4 ? / ? / ? BEP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ug ? ttq ? @),4 ? @),4 ? / ? / ? BEP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Wr ? ttq ? @4 ? @4 ? / ? / ? BEP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Wu ? ttq ? 62,4 ? 62,4 ? / ? ),) ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Xf ? ttq ? ),4 ? @),4 ? / ? / ? BEP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Xn ? ttq ? ),5 ? ),5 ? / ? ),) ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?a ? ttq ? ),5 ? ),5 ? / ? ),) ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?b ? ttq ? 1)3 ? 1)5 ? / ? ),0 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?c ? ttq ? @),2 ? @),2 ? / ? / ? BEP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?eu ? ttq ? 04,5 ? 0),0 ? / ? 5,4 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?d ? ttq ? 45,1 ? 45,4 ? / ? 4,4 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Pf ? ttq ? 4,6 ? 5 ? / ? 0,3 ? yku? ?mssi ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dk ? ttq ? 3 ? 2,6 ? / ? 4,5 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Tu ? ttq ? ),5 ? ),44 ? / ? 5,4 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?c. ? 552 ? " ? ! ?  ?  ? 34 ?560u190 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Wq ? ttq ? 4,05 ? 4,15 ? / ? 5,4 ? mssi ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Fx ? ttq ? ),16 ? ),2 ? / ? 4,1 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ii ? ttq ? 5,)5 ? 5,)1 ? / ? 4,1 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Xg ? ttq ? ),06 ? ),05 ? / ? 4,5 ? kzhkppkrw ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?E? ? ttq ? 5,61 ? 5,44 ? / ? 2,5 ? yku? ?mssi ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Table D.7. Precision test for major and trace element results174TZaec ?Hk)k ?Qshfmtmqp ?uhtu ?iqs ?usdfh ?hnhohpu ?shtvnut ?SZfhec ?RZfc ? DNroprl rst ?$cdS ? a4tr.5.21 ? ?SZfhec ?RZfc ? DNroprl ry( ?$cdS ? a4tr.5.21 ?Tihc ? MS ? RE ? ?Tihc ? MS ? RE ?Apdnyuh ? Upmu ? ? ? ? ? ?Apdnyuh ? Upmu ? ? ? ? ?Bd ? rro ? -??32 ? -??33 ? /z4 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Bd ? rro ? 43-?? ? 411 ? (z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ?Bh ? rro ? 7-?? ? 7-?? ? ? ? BEL ? ?Bh ? rro ? 7-?? ? 7-?? ? ? ? BEL ?B2 ? 330 ?  ?  ?   ?126 ?34tr.5t ? ?B2 ? 330 ?  ?  ?  ?126 ?34tr.5t ?Dt ? rro ? /z-?? ? 7/z-?? ? ? ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?B5 ? 330 ?  ?  ?   ? 126 ?34tr.5t ?Hd ? rro ? -??)z5 ? -??)z4 ? /z5 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Hd ? rro ? -??(z1 ? -??(z4 ? -??z1 ? hxfhnnhpu ?Ii ? rro ? ) ? ) ? /z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Ii ? rro ? )z-?? ? )z4 ? 0z5 ? whsy ?kqqg ?Oe ? rro ? -??z4 ? -??z5 ? 4z3 ? whsy ?kqqg ? ?Oe ? rro ? -??z-?? ? -??z( ? 0z-?? ? whsy ?kqqg ?Re ? rro ? -??1z) ? -??1z0 ? -??z( ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Re ? rro ? (3 ? (3z1 ? -??z1 ? hxfhnnhpu ?Sp ? rro ? 7-?? ? 7-?? ? ? ? BEL ? ?Sp ? rro ? 7-?? ? 7-?? ? ? ? BEL ?Ss ? rro ? 5-??z( ? 5-??z2 ? /z2 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Ss ? rro ? 32 ? 33z-?? ? /z2 ? hxfhnnhpu ?Td ? rro ? 7/z-?? ? 7/z-?? ? ? ? BEL ? ?Td ? rro ? /z-?? ? 7/z-?? ? /z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ?Tl ? rro ? /z5 ? /z5 ? /z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?eu ? 330 ?  ?  ? ! ?126 ?34tr.5t ?n ? 330 ?  ?  ?  ?126 ?34tr.5t ? ?U ? rro ? /z1 ? /z2 ? 3z4 ? kqqg ?W ? rro ? -??0 ? -??5 ? 4z0 ? whsy ?kqqg ? ?o ? 330 ?  ?  ? ! ?126 ?34tr.5t ?X ? rro ? 7/z5 ? 7/z5 ? ? ? BEL ? ?X ? rro ? 7/z5 ? 7/z5 ? ? ? BEL ?cs ? rro ? 32z4 ? 32z( ? /z-?? ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?cs ? rro ? 3-??z0 ? -??//z3 ? 0z2 ? whsy ?kqqg ?b ? rro ? )1z-?? ? )5z-?? ? )z3 ? whsy ?kqqg ? ?b ? rro ? (0z-?? ? (3z( ? 1z3 ? kqqg ?Ld ? rro ? 5z4 ? 5z-?? ? 4z/ ? whsy ?kqqg ? ?Ld ? rro ? (z2 ? (z3 ? (z5 ? hxfhnnhpu ?Dh ? rro ? -??0 ? -??4z1 ? 0z/ ? whsy ?kqqg ? ?Dh ? rro ? 3z4 ? 3z-?? ? (z) ? hxfhnnhpu ?Qs ? rro ? (z(3 ? (z) ? /z) ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Qs ? rro ? -??z(0 ? -??z) ? (z( ? hxfhnnhpu ?Og ? rro ? -??/z1 ? -??( ? 2z-?? ? kqqg ? ?Og ? rro ? 0z1 ? 1 ? )z-?? ? whsy ?kqqg ?So ? rro ? )z3 ? 4z/0 ? (z2 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?So ? rro ? -??z33 ? (z-??-?? ? 4z-?? ? whsy ?kqqg ?Fv ? rro ? /z3 ? /z3-?? ? /z2 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Z9 ? 330 ?  ?  ? ! ?126 ?34tr.5t ?Hg ? rro ? 5z/( ? 4z1( ? 4z4 ? whsy ?kqqg ? ?Hg ? rro ? (z3) ? )z-??5 ? 5z-?? ? whsy ?kqqg ?Te ? rro ? /z3-?? ? /z3-?? ? /z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Te ? rro ? /z0-?? ? /z00 ? 5z0 ? whsy ?kqqg ?Ey ? rro ? 5z01 ? 5z25 ? (z( ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Ey ? rro ? 4z)4 ? 4z5 ? (z0 ? hxfhnnhpu ?Iq ? rro ? -??z)-?? ? -??z)( ? /z5 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Iq ? rro ? /z33 ? -??z-??( ? 2z1 ? whsy ?kqqg ?Fs ? rro ? 4z/5 ? )z2) ? )z3 ? whsy ?kqqg ? ?Fs ? rro ? )z40 ? )z)2 ? -??z1 ? hxfhnnhpu ?To ? rro ? /z53 ? /z51 ? (z4 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?To ? rro ? /z5 ? /z55 ? 0z1 ? whsy ?kqqg ?be ? rro ? 4z-??1 ? )z3) ? 4z( ? whsy ?kqqg ? ?be ? rro ? )z)0 ? )z43 ? (z1 ? hxfhnnhpu ?Lv ? rro ? /z1-?? ? /z0) ? 2z4 ? kqqg ? ?Lv ? rro ? /z55 ? /z52 ? )z2 ? whsy ?kqqg ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?TZaec ?Hkk ?Qshfmtmqp ?uhtu ?iqs ?( ?Lhfq ?shtvnut ? TZaec ?Hkpok ?Qshfmtmqp ?uhtu ?iqs ?-??Ea ? ohudn ?shtvnut ?SZfhec ?RZfc ? DNroppl or ?$cd ? ? a4tr.5.21 ? ? ?SZfhec ?RZfc ? DNroprl p)y ?$cdS ? a4tr.5.21 ?Tihc ? ? ? MS ? RE ? ?Tihc ? ? ? MS ? RE ?Apdnyuh ? Upmu ? ? ? ? ? ?Apdnyuh ? Upmu ? ? ? ? ?TPT?D ? 6 ? /z/4 ? /z/4 ? /z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Mq ? r ro ? )z4 ? )z1 ? 0z/ ? whsy ?kqqg ?TPT?S ? 6 ? -??z-??0 ? -??z-??3 ? -??z2 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ?Dv ? r ro ? 0032z2 ? 0112z( ? /z2 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Qe ? r ro ? )3z2 ? 4-??z4 ? (z2 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?cp ? r ro ? 8-??//// ? 8-??//// ? ? ? AEL ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ak ? r ro ? -??3z3 ? (/z-?? ? /z1 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Om ? r ro ? (3z4 ? (2z4 ? (z4 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?At ? r ro ? (/z) ? (/z1 ? -??z4 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Av ? r re ? -??0-??3z) ? -??445z( ? 2z/ ? kqqg ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Dg ? r ro ? 54 ? 50z( ? (z2 ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Se ? r ro ? /z-?? ? /z-?? ? /z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Bm ? r ro ? -??z-?? ? -??z-?? ? /z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Ik ? r ro ? /z3) ? /z31 ? )z/ ? hxfhnnhpu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Tn ? r ro ? 7/z-?? ? 7/z-?? ? ? ? BEL ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?dt ? 330 ?  ?  ?  ?126 ?34tr.5t ? ?175TZaec ?Hinni ?Wemaki ?nXopmXoeki ?odbmhkhboms ?mbnpgon ?SZfhec ?RZfc ? DNomnokosr ? DNomnokoty ? DNomnokonn ? DNomnokosp ? DNomnokomo ? DNomnokott ?Eect ?.t,0 ?IkaXoeki ? -??w ? ,?w ? ,-??w ? .?w ? ./w ? .-??w ?Rkaf ?Tslb ? QEP ? RE ? QEP ? QEP ? BES ? BES ?SeO. ?urot3v ? )0t?? ? 4(t)? ? )4t?? ? 4-??t(? ? 4,t?? ? 4(t)? ?Ag. O/ ?urot3v ? ,(t(? ? ,.t(. ? ,)t,0 ? ,.t5-?? ? ,(t40 ? ,.t4. ?Eb. O/T ?urot3v ? /t4-?? ? .t), ? /t)-?? ? .t)/ ? /t(? ? .t5) ?DXO ?urot3v ? ?t(5 ? ?t,0 ? ?t4) ? ?t-??5 ? ?t// ? ?t.. ?LcO ?urot3v ? ?t05 ? .t55 ? .t4. ? ,t-??. ? ?t?0 ? ?t// ?MX. O ?urot3v ? 5t/. ? ?t/, ? )t)( ? (t./ ? 0t/4 ? 4t(4 ?H. O ?urot3v ? ?t,) ? .t)4 ? ?t4? ? ,t?-?? ? ?t?-?? ? ?t?. ?L iO ?urot3v ? ?t?( ? ?t?/ ? ?t.( ? ?t?) ? ?t?. ? ?t?. ?TeO. ? urot3v ? ?t.( ? ?t.5 ? ?t.0 ? ?t,0 ? ?t.? ? ?t,5 ?P. O( ? urot3v ? ?t?-?? ? ?t?( ? ?t?( ? ?t?/ ? ?t?-?? ? ?t?. ?Dm. O/ ?urot3v ? ?t?, ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?, ? ?t?, ? ?t?, ?SO/ ?urot3v ? ?t?/ ? ?t?) ? ?t?4 ? ?t?/ ? ?t?/ ? ?t?-?? ?U. O( ? urot3v ? ?t?, ? ?t?, ? ?t?, ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ?IOF ?urot3v ? ,t?, ? .t5( ? .t?) ? ,t.? ? ?t,, ? ?t/( ?TkoXg ?urot3v ? 00t4, ? ,??t?4 ? ,??t-??( ? 00t)4 ? ,??t(( ? 00t05 ?Wm ?ullhv ? 55t/ ? 0,t) ? 05 ? )/t4 ? ,,(t, ? 4. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DXoeki ?Dkiqbmneki ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Se ? ,t,( ? ,t.) ? ,t,. ? ,t.-?? ? ,t,5 ? ,t.) ?Ag ? ?t/? ? ?t.( ? ?t/. ? ?t.( ? ?t/, ? ?t.( ?Eb ? ?t?( ? ?t?/ ? ?t?( ? ?t?/ ? ?t?-?? ? ?t?-?? ?DX ? ?t?, ? ?t?? ? ?t?, ? ?t?, ? ?t?, ? ?t?? ?Lc ? ?t?. ? ?t?4 ? ?t?4 ? ?t?-?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?, ?MX ? ?t.4 ? ?t?, ? ?t., ? ?t,4 ? ?t/? ? ?t.-?? ?H ? ?t?? ? ?t?) ? ?t?, ? ?t?. ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ?Li ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ?Te ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ?P ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ?Dm ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ? ?t?? ?L EXaokm ? ?t5-?? ? ?t.-?? ? ?t4. ? ?t)4 ? ?t5) ? ?t5? ?WmTdbmhkhboms ?uxDv ? 44(t4? ? 5.-??t(, ? 40/t,? ? 4)?t(-?? ? 404t?0 ? 4)?t0-?? ? ?176FIG. D.1. Calculated zircon saturation temperatures vs zirconium. Note that the Niblack samples have some of the lowest zirconium values for felsic rocks, however this does not directly correlate to extremely high temperatures. Compared to the temperatures of the Abitibi and contained zirconium, it is more likely the Niblack felsic rocks represent melting of a mafic substrate depleted in a zirconium.177010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO204LO206LO207LO019D D?YS N0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 70.70 MgO 4.12 TiO2 0.24 V2O5 0.01 Nb 0.5Al2O3 13.84 Na2O 5.48 P2O5 0.04 LOI 2.01 Zr 82.4 Fe2O3Total 3.08 K2O 0.06 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.05 Y 33.4 CaO 1.08 MnO 0.08 SO3 0.08 Zr/Y 2.5A1cmFine- to medium-grained quartz-rich ash tuff. Crowded, medium-grained blue quartz pyroclasts. Weak chlorite-sericite alteration of the matrix. Typical example of unmineralized and weakly-altered quartz-rich ash tuff.BM2012-188 | Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff | LO206 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoira Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples178010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO204LO206LO207LO019D D?YS N0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 65.20 MgO 2.84 TiO2 0.30 V2O5 0.01 Nb 0.6Al2O3 17.71 Na2O 4.88 P2O5 0.04 LOI 2.26 Zr 81.6 Fe2O3Total 3.76 K2O 1.87 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.01 Y 22.2 CaO 1.29 MnO 0.09 SO3 0.16 Zr/Y 3.7A1cmFine- to medium-grained quartz-rich ash tuff. Crowded, medium-grained blue quartz pyroclasts. Weak chlorite-sericite alteration of the matrix. Typical example of unmineralized and weakly-altered quartz-rich ash tuff. (projected sample location on cross-section)BM2012-193 | Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff | LO125 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples179010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO204LO206LO207LO019D D?YS N0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 71.00 MgO 0.09 TiO2 0.20 V2O5 0.00 Nb 1.3Al2O3 15.79 Na2O 9.37 P2O5 0.04 LOI 0.11 Zr 115.1 Fe2O3Total 3.50 K2O 0.04 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.01 Y 39.9 CaO 0.33 MnO 0.02 SO3 0.03 Zr/Y 2.9A1cmBlue, aphanitic, strongly magnetic felsic sill/dike.(projected sample location on cross-section)BM2012-202 | Blue Felsic Sill/Dike | LO125 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples180010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO181LO182 LO165LO100B B?YS N0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 71.20 MgO 1.22 TiO2 0.24 V2O5 0.01 Nb 0.6Al2O3 14.52 Na2O 6.13 P2O5 0.04 LOI 1.25 Zr 81.6 Fe2O3Total 3.15 K2O 0.73 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.04 Y 22.2 CaO 1.33 MnO 0.10 SO3 0.01 Zr/Y 3.7A1cmCrowded, blue quartz-rich ash tuff. Quatz pyoclasts are medium-grained and have internal fractures. Weakly altered by fine-grained, disseminated magne-tite, chlorite and epidote. This rock type typcially occurs at the base of the NFS in the Lookout depoist.BM2012-209 | Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff | LO181 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples181010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO181LO182 LO165LO100B B?YS N0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 67.00 MgO 2.72 TiO2 0.29 V2O5 0.01 Nb 1.1Al2O3 16.19 Na2O 6.65 P2O5 0.05 LOI 2.06 Zr 98 Fe2O3Total 3.64 K2O 0.70 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.01 Y 23.6 CaO 0.76 MnO 0.25 SO3 0.07 Zr/Y 4.2A1cmMedium-grained quartz-feldspar phyric sill. Abundant, white tabular feldpar phenocryts and euhedral blue quartz phenocrysts. Type example of least altered QFP rock type at the Lookout deposit and Trio zone.BM2012-211 | Quartz Feldspar Phyric Sill | LO181 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples182010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO181LO182 LO165LO100B B?YS N0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 71.10 MgO 0.58 TiO2 0.40 V2O5 0.01 Nb 1.4 Al2O3 16.83 Na2O 7.14 P2O5 0.06 LOI 1.12 Zr 123.3 Fe2O3Total 0.91 K2O 1.46 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.02 Y 21.1 CaO 0.74 MnO 0.02 SO3 0.00 Zr/Y 5.8A1cmFine-grained, white rhyolite pyroclastic fragment. Fragment contains small, round quartz phenocrysts in a fine-grained feldspar-quartz groundmass. Rhyolite fragment is from a heterolithic volcanic breccia rock type.BM2012-214 | Felsic Fragment | LO100 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples183010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO042 LO046LO203YF?FNESW0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 76.20 MgO 0.47 TiO2 0.35 V2O5 0.01 Nb 0.4Al2O3 11.08 Na2O 5.22 P2O5 0.06 LOI 1.70 Zr 76.2 Fe2O3Total 1.59 K2O 0.28 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.01 Y 25.0 CaO 2.58 MnO 0.08 SO3 0.04 Zr/Y 3.0A1cmWhite, medium grained quartz-feldspar phyric rhyolite fragment in quartz-rich lithic tuff. Fine- to medium-grained volcaniclastic matrix with blue quartz pyroclasts. Chlorite alteration of the matrix does not extend into the rhyolite fragment.BM2012-229 | Felsic Fragment | LO046 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples184010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDlow Ti island arc basaltisland arc basaltmid oceanridge basaltocean islandbasaltTi/V = 50Ti/V = 10Ti/V = 20250020001500100005000 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0Ti/1000 (ppm)Cn = 6V (ppm)ARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO042 LO046LO203YF?FNESW0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 71.10 MgO 3.91 TiO2 0.40 V2O5 0.00 Nb 1.3Al2O3 12.13 Na2O 1.66 P2O5 0.10 LOI 3.34 Zr 68.5 Fe2O3Total 4.90 K2O 1.71 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.88 Y 25.1 CaO 0.29 MnO 0.06 SO3 0.15 Zr/Y 2.7A1cmFine grained, intermeidate tuff. Moderate chlorite and very fine-grained disseminated pyrite alteration. Example of the least-altered footwall rock type in the geochemical dataset based on the LOI and Total Suflur content.BM2012-234 | Intermediate Tuff | LO046 | Footwall | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples185010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18low Ti island arc basaltisland arc basaltmid oceanridge basaltocean islandbasaltTi/V = 50Ti/V = 10Ti/V = 20250020001500100005000 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0Ti/1000 (ppm)Cn = 6V (ppm)C C?YLO088LO007LO119SE NW0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 56.60 MgO 3.04 TiO2 0.48 V2O5 0.07 Nb 0.3Al2O3 15.16 Na2O 7.21 P2O5 0.16 LOI 1.67 Zr 31.2 Fe2O3Total 11.20 K2O 0.03 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.03 Y 18.4 CaO 3.98 MnO 0.16 SO3 0.09 Zr/Y 1.7 A1cmDark green, fine-grained magnetic basalt. Typical example of a hanging wall basalt flow at the the Lookout deposit. BM2012-250 | Basalt Flow | LO119 | Hanging Wall | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Shervals 1982) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples186010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18C C?YLO088LO007LO119SE NW0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 74.50 MgO 1.42 TiO2 0.19 V2O5 0.00 Nb 0.4 Al2O3 12.84 Na2O 5.23 P2O5 0.03 LOI 1.20 Zr 63.7 Fe2O3Total 2.63 K2O 1.04 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.01 Y 25.7 CaO 0.48 MnO 0.06 SO3 0.03 Zr/Y 2.5 A1cmGreen, medium-grained, weakly magnetic quartz-feldspar phyric sill. Weak chlorite-carbonate alteration of the groundmass.BM2012-253 | Quartz Felspar Phyric Sill | LO088 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples187010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18U041U035U037AU154U044A A???YSW NE0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 69.00 MgO 0.98 TiO2 0.25 V2O5 0.01 Nb 3 Al2O3 15.50 Na2O 8.32 P2O5 0.04 LOI 1.01 Zr 88.3 Fe2O3Total 3.74 K2O 0.16 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.10 Y 40.8 CaO 0.58 MnO 0.05 SO3 0.03 Zr/Y 2.2 A1cmGreen, medium-grained, weakly magnetic quartz-feldspar phyric sill. Blue quartz and white feldspar phenocrysts. Weak chlorite-carbonate alteration of the groundmass.BM2012-254 | Quartz Feldspar Phyric Sill | U041 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples188010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDlow Ti island arc basaltisland arc basaltmid oceanridge basaltocean islandbasaltTi/V = 50Ti/V = 10Ti/V = 20250020001500100005000 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0Ti/1000 (ppm)Cn = 6V (ppm)ARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18U041U035U037AU154U044A A???YSW NE0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 54.90 MgO 3.43 TiO2 0.43 V2O5 0.05 Nb 1.3 Al2O3 18.08 Na2O 8.12 P2O5 0.03 LOI 1.95 Zr 25.2Fe2O3Total 10.83 K2O 0.04 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.01 Y 10.9 CaO 1.89 MnO 0.18 SO3 0.12 Zr/Y 2.3A1cmGreen, moderately magnetic, massive basalt flow. (projected sample location on cross-section)BM2012-256 | Basalt Flow | U104 | Hanging Wall | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Shervals 1982) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples189010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDlow Ti island arc basaltisland arc basaltmid oceanridge basaltocean islandbasaltTi/V = 50Ti/V = 10Ti/V = 20250020001500100005000 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0Ti/1000 (ppm)Cn = 6V (ppm)ARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18U041U035U037AU154U044A A???YSW NE0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 51.00 MgO 6.14 TiO2 1.94 V2O5 0.05 Nb 3.1 Al2O3 13.34 Na2O 5.48 P2O5 0.19 LOI 3.27 Zr 144.9Fe2O3Total 12.30 K2O 0.47 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.19 Y 36.2 CaO 5.87 MnO 0.18 SO3 0.14 Zr/Y 4.0A1cmGreen, moderately magnetic, massive basalt flow. (projected sample location on cross-section)BM2012-259 | Basalt Flow | U124 | Hanging Wall | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Shervals 1982) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples190010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDlow Ti island arc basaltisland arc basaltmid oceanridge basaltocean islandbasaltTi/V = 50Ti/V = 10Ti/V = 20250020001500100005000 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0Ti/1000 (ppm)Cn = 6V (ppm)ARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18U041U035U037AU154U044A A???YSW NE0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 53.90 MgO 4.89 TiO2 0.57 V2O5 0.05 Nb 0.4Al2O3 15.95 Na2O 6.79 P2O5 0.05 LOI 3.27 Zr 34.0Fe2O3Total 12.30 K2O 0.03 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.01 Y 13.1 CaO 2.56 MnO 0.23 SO3 0.14 Zr/Y 2.6A1cmGreen, strongly magnetic, massive basalt flow. (projected sample location on cross-section)BM2012-260 | Basalt Flow | U127 | Hanging Wall | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Shervals 1982) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples191010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18U041U035U037AU154U044A A???YSW NE0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 74.10 MgO 0.16 TiO2 0.22 V2O5 0.01 Nb 0.7 Al2O3 14.85 Na2O 8.55 P2O5 0.04 LOI 0.73 Zr 74.9 Fe2O3Total 0.93 K2O 0.16 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.20 Y 19.1 CaO 0.57 MnO 0.03 SO3 0.00 Zr/Y 3.9A1cmWhite rhyolite flow fragment from heterolithic volcanic breccia.BM2012-262 | Felsic Fragment | U041 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples192010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDlow Ti island arc basaltisland arc basaltmid oceanridge basaltocean islandbasaltTi/V = 50Ti/V = 10Ti/V = 20250020001500100005000 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0Ti/1000 (ppm)Cn = 6V (ppm)ARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO204LO206LO207LO019D D?YS N0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 48.70 MgO 5.86 TiO2 2.67 V2O5 0.07 Nb 4.2Al2O3 13.90 Na2O 4.51 P2O5 0.26 LOI 2.74 Zr 196.5 Fe2O3Total 14.48 K2O 0.02 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.01 Y 49.1 CaO 6.46 MnO 0.41 SO3 0.09 Zr/Y 4.0A1cmGreen, fine-grained, strongly magnetic hanging wall basalt flow with late, carbonate-chlorite-epidote veinlets and dark green chlorite filled fractures.BM2012-264 | Basalt Flow | LO204 | Hanging Wall | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Shervals 1982) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples193010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18LO204LO206LO207LO019D D?YS N0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 75.60 MgO 0.33 TiO2 0.18 V2O5 0.00 Nb 0.9Al2O3 12.72 Na2O 7.57 P2O5 0.02 LOI 0.35 Zr 72 Fe2O3Total 2.86 K2O 0.02 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.01 Y 21.9 CaO 0.22 MnO 0.02 SO3 0.04 Zr/Y 3.3A1cmTypical aphanitic, moderately magnetite blue felsic sill. Fine-grained carbonate vesicles or altered feldspar(?). Fine-grained, tabular, chlorite(?) altered soft phenocryts.(projected sample location on cross-section)BM2012-266 | Blue Felsic Dike | S166 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples194010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleDwithin plate(A-type)syn-collisional(S-type)within plate and anomalous ocean ridgeocean ridge(OR-type)C1 10 100 10001101001000Nb (ppm)Y (ppm)n = 12volcanic arc(I-type)M-typeARPhonliteTephriphonoliteFoiditeTrachyteTrachyAndesiteAlkaliBasaltBasaltRhyolite-DaciteAndesite-Basalt0.250-0.5-1-1.5-2-2.5-3-3.5-2.5 -1.5 -.5 5 1.5 2.5BLog(Zr/Ti)Log(Nb/Y)n = 18U041U035U037AU154U044A A???YSW NE0 100 ftElement wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 75.60 MgO 2.88 TiO2 0.28 V2O5 0.01 Nb 1.1 Al2O3 12.52 Na2O 0.31 P2O5 0.05 LOI 2.85 Zr 91.6 Fe2O3Total 2.61 K2O 2.67 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.33 Y 26.1 CaO 0.19 MnO 0.03 SO3 0.06 Zr/Y 3.5A1cmBlue Bell Fault rhyolte flow. Blue, round quartz pheno-cyrsts. Dissemianted sericite-carbonate alteration of the groundmass.BM2012-267 | Rhyolite Flow | U037A | Niblack Felsic Succession | Least-AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. Primary Rock Chemistry (after Pearce, 1996) C. Tectonic Affinity (after Pearce et al., 1984) D. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Niblack Hanging WallQuartz-Feldspar Phyric SillNiblack Felsic SuccessionNiblack FootwallGeology ExplanationLate Mafic DikesRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideMoria Sound UnitBlue Felsic Sill/DikeRhyolite FlowIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic Fragment Basalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall Samples Felsic Succession Samples Hanging Wall Samples195Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 54.70 MgO 4.20 TiO2 0.38 V2O5 0.03 Nb 2.4 Al2O3 12.72 Na2O 4.48 P2O5 0.06 LOI 5.26 Zr 95.9 Fe2O3Total 9.31 K2O 0.18 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 3.35 Y 20.9 CaO 2.70 MnO 0.21 SO3 0.49 Cu+Zn 18845.1A A?SW NEHanging WallFootwall NSEWU041U035U037AU154U0440 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2254 nmA1cmFine-grained, green felsic ash tuff. Pervasive, fine-grained chlorite alteration with pyrite and chalcopyrite.BM2011-013 | Ash Tuff | U035 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Chlorite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C196Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 71.30 MgO 1.77 TiO2 0.31 V2O5 0.01 Nb 1.3 Al2O3 12.91 Na2O 6.16 P2O5 0.05 LOI 1.92 Zr 86.9Fe2O3Total 4.45 K2O 0.17 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 1.16 Y 25.7 CaO 0.65 MnO 0.09 SO3 0.13 Cu+Zn 2734.3A A?SW NEHanging WallFootwall NSEWU041U035U037AU154U0440 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2255 nmA1cmVery fine-grained, green, pervasive chlorite altered ash-tuff.BM2011-029 | Ash Tuff | U044 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Chlorite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C197Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 57.20 MgO 3.37 TiO2 0.52 V2O5 0.02 Nb 1.9Al2O3 11.73 Na2O 3.45 P2O5 0.06 LOI 6.55 Zr 25.1 Fe2O3Total 13.69 K2O 0.58 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 7.24 Y 68.5 CaO 1.55 MnO 0.13 SO3 0.20 Cu+Zn 9004.8A A?SW NEHanging WallFootwall NSEWU041U035U037AU154U0440 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2254 nmA1cmMedium-grained, quartz-rich felsic lapilli. Dissemianted pyrite and yellow sphalerite mineralization with chlorite and epidote massess. Flattened, white volcanic lapilli fragments supported in fine-grained pyroclastic matrix.(projected sample location on section)BM2011-034 | Quartz-Rich Lapilli Tuff | U095 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Chlorite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C198Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 82.80 MgO 0.21 TiO2 0.33 V2O5 0.00 Nb 1.1 Al2O3 8.79 Na2O 0.18 P2O5 0.02 LOI 2.24 Zr 51.4 Fe2O3Total 2.15 K2O 2.55 Cr2O3 0.02 Total S 1.37 Y 4.0 CaO 0.04 MnO <0.01 SO3 0.00 Cu+Zn 76.6D D?S N0 100 ftFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO019010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = IlliteAlOH = 2199 nmA1cmWhite, aphanitic rhyolite flow with fine-grained round quartz phenocrysts. Pervasive sericite alteraiton with minor pyrite.BM2012-160 | Rhyolite Flow | LO019 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Pyrite AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C199Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 64.40 MgO 2.63 TiO2 0.28 V2O5 0.01 Nb 1.5Al2O3 16.31 Na2O 2.99 P2O5 0.04 LOI 2.78 Zr 88.6 Fe2O3Total 4.22 K2O 2.38 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.50 Y 20.2CaO 2.00 MnO 0.11 SO3 0.51 Cu+Zn 4271.8D D?S N0 100 ftFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO019010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2253 nm and AlOH = 2204 nmA1cmGreen, medium-grained quartz-rich ash tuff with chlorite-sericite alteraiton and minor, fine-grained sulfide.BM2012-175 | Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff | LO204 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Chlorite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C200Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 69.20 MgO 2.82 TiO2 0.35 V2O5 0.02 Nb 0.8Al2O3 10.81 Na2O 3.72 P2O5 0.06 LOI 3.74 Zr 61.8 Fe2O3Total 6.38 K2O 0.50 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 3.64 Y 16.0CaO 0.57 MnO 0.09 SO3 0.14 Cu+Zn 13288.1D D?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO0190 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Chloirte & MuscoviteFeOH = 2251 nm and AlOH = 2204 nm A1cmGray, fine-grained ash tuff with sericite alteraiton and dissemi-nated fine-grained sphalerite-chalcopyrite and pyrite.BM2012-176 | Ash Tuff | LO204 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C201Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 74.80 MgO 1.04 TiO2 0.40 V2O5 0.00 Nb 1.3 Al2O3 13.62 Na2O 0.46 P2O5 0.02 LOI 2.41 Zr 81.2 Fe2O3Total 1.94 K2O 3.76 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.45 Y 13.9 CaO 0.14 MnO 0.01 SO3 0.03 Cu+Zn 49.5D D?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO0190 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = MuscoviteAlOH = 2200 nmA1cmGray, aphanitic rhyolite flow with fine-grained round quartz phenocrysts. Pervasive sericite alteraiton with minor pyrite.BM2012-178 | Rhyolite Flow | LO204 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Pyrite AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C202Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 68.80 MgO 4.58 TiO2 0.37 V2O5 0.02 Nb 0.7Al2O3 11.00 Na2O 0.20 P2O5 0.03 LOI 4.82 Zr 61.4Fe2O3Total 7.47 K2O 1.73 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 3.25 Y 20.0 CaO 0.06 MnO 0.07 SO3 0.15 Cu+Zn 350.2D D?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO0190 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate Chlorite and IlliteFeOH = 2253 nm and AlOH = 2199 nmA1cmGray, fine-grained ash tuff interlayered with rhyolite flow sequence. Pervasive sericite alteraiton with minor base metal suflides.BM2012-182 | Ash Tuff | LO204 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Pyrite AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C203Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 48.10 MgO 10.94 TiO2 0.56 V2O5 0.06 Nb 0.5Al2O3 16.62 Na2O 3.96 P2O5 0.04 LOI 6.20 Zr 22.1Fe2O3Total 10.40 K2O 0.02 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 1.50 Y 9.2 CaO 0.67 MnO 0.33 SO3 0.59 Cu+Zn 11231.3D D?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO0190 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2253 nmA1cmGreen, fine-grained intermediate tuff. Pervasive chlorite altera-tion and minor disseminated pyrite.BM2012-183 | Mafic Tuff | LO206 | Footwall | Chlorite-Pyrite AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C204Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 58.20 MgO 4.79 TiO2 0.38 V2O5 0.02 Nb 0.8Al2O3 12.54 Na2O 3.29 P2O5 0.06 LOI 6.05 Zr 74.0Fe2O3Total 11.31 K2O 0.70 Cr2O3 0.02 Total S 6.22 Y 23.7 CaO 0.39 MnO 0.12 SO3 0.21 Cu+Zn 16698.9D D?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO0190 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Int-Chlorite and MuscoviteFeOH = 2252 nm and AlOH = 2208A1cmGray-green, medium-grained heterolithic tuff. Fine grained disseminated blond sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrite with chlorite and sericite alteration.BM2012-186 | Lithic Tuff | LO206 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Chlorite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C205Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 60.30 MgO 4.80 TiO2 0.47 V2O5 0.02 Nb 0.4Al2O3 12.47 Na2O 2.23 P2O5 0.05 LOI 5.59 Zr 65.2Fe2O3Total 9.13 K2O 1.23 Cr2O3 0.03 Total S 5.34 Y 36.2 CaO 0.57 MnO 0.13 SO3 0.29 Cu+Zn 16553.2D D?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO0190 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Muscovite and Int-ChloriteAlOH = 2203 nm and FeOH = 2251A1cmGray-green, medium-grained heterolithic tuff. Fine grained disseminated blond sphalerite-chalcopyrite-pyrite with chlorite and sericite alteration.BM2012-191 | Lithic Tuff | LO206 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C206Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 83.70 MgO 0.12 TiO2 0.37 V2O5 0.01 Nb 0.9Al2O3 8.67 Na2O 0.28 P2O5 0.03 LOI 1.89 Zr 60.2 Fe2O3Total 1.58 K2O 2.28 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 0.98 Y 14.1 CaO 0.05 MnO <0.01 SO3 0.15 Cu+Zn 30.6D D?S N0 100 ftFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO019010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = IlliteAlOH = 2197 nmA1cmWhite, aphanitic rhyolite flow with fine-grained round quartz phenocrysts. Pervasive sericite alteraiton with minor pyrite.BM2012-192 | Rhyolite Flow | LO206 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Pyrite AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C207Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 52.00 MgO 8.20 TiO2 0.39 V2O5 0.05 Nb <0.1Al2O3 15.71 Na2O 1.68 P2O5 0.02 LOI 7.17 Zr 15.1 Fe2O3Total 12.54 K2O 1.21 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 3.77 Y 7.3 CaO 0.40 MnO 0.24 SO3 0.26 Cu+Zn 458.4B B?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO181LO165 LO100LO1820 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2252 nmA1cmGreen, fine- to medium-grained massive intermediate tuff with pervasive chlorite and pyrite alteration to the matrix.BM2012-203 | Intermediate Tuff | LO181 | Footwall | Chlorite-Pyrite AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C208Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 46.60 MgO 9.17 TiO2 0.49 V2O5 0.06 Nb <0.1Al2O3 18.17 Na2O 1.11 P2O5 0.04 LOI 8.23 Zr 19.3 Fe2O3Total 14.46 K2O 1.91 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 4.94 Y 8.6 CaO 0.08 MnO 0.21 SO3 0.20 Cu+Zn 248.1B B?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO181LO165 LO100LO1820 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2253 nmA1cmGreen, fine-grained massive intermediate tuff with pervasive chlorite and pyrite alteration to the matrix.BM2012-204 | Intermediate Tuff | LO181 | Footwall | Chlorite-Pyrite AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C209Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 46.60 MgO 11.93 TiO2 0.39 V2O5 0.05 Nb <0.1Al2O3 20.01 Na2O 0.96 P2O5 0.02 LOI 7.63 Zr 14.4Fe2O3Total 9.58 K2O 2.21 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 2.31 Y 9.1 CaO 0.06 MnO 0.29 SO3 0.38 Cu+Zn 188.4B B?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO181LO165 LO100LO1820 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Int-Chlorite and MuscoviteFeOH = 2251 nm and AlOH = 2200 nmA1cmGray, fine-grained massive intermediate tuff with pervasive chlorite-sericite and pyrite alteration to the matrix.BM2012-208 | Intermediate Tuff | LO181 | Footwall | Chlorite-Sericite Pyrite AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C210Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 49.20 MgO 2.55 TiO2 0.34 V2O5 0.02 Nb 0.7 Al2O3 8.72 Na2O 1.44 P2O5 0.41 LOI 6.39 Zr 43.6 Fe2O3Total 14.30 K2O 0.64 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 7.08 Y 33.4 CaO 8.46 MnO 0.56 SO3 5.19 Cu+Zn 7270.4B B?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO181LO165 LO100LO1820 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Int-Chlorite and MuscoviteFeOH = 2256 nm and AlOH = 2207 nmA1cmFine-grained, gray-green, graded felsic ash tuff. Pervasive, sericite > chlorite alteration.BM2012-220 | Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff | LO165 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C211Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 50.40 MgO 1.74 TiO2 0.31 V2O5 0.02 Nb 1.5 Al2O3 10.41 Na2O 2.34 P2O5 0.04 LOI 9.96 Zr 42.7 Fe2O3Total 18.62 K2O 1.81 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 14.04 Y 14.8 CaO 0.78 MnO 0.03 SO3 0.26 Cu+Zn 17152.4B B?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO181LO165 LO100LO1820 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = PhengiteAlOH = 2214 nmA1cmMedium-grained, gray, graded felsic ash tuff. Pervasive, sericite > chlorite alteration with fine-grained disseminated pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite.BM2012-221 | Quartz-Rich Ash Tuff | LO165 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Rich AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C212Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 77.50 MgO 2.06 TiO2 0.28 V2O5 0.00 Nb 0.8Al2O3 10.78 Na2O 3.58 P2O5 0.04 LOI 1.83 Zr 76.9Fe2O3Total 2.39 K2O 0.85 Cr2O3 0.00 Total S 0.70 Y 30.3 CaO 0.13 MnO 0.06 SO3 0.00 Cu+Zn 46.7D D?S NFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO204LO206LO207LO0190 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate Chlorite and IlliteFeOH = 2252 nm and AlOH = 2199 nmA1cmLight green, fine-grained rhyolite flow. Moderate chlorite-sericite alteration to the groundmass with minor disseminated fine-grained pyrite.(projected sample location on cross-scetion)BM2012-241 | Rhyolite Flow | S164 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Chlorite-Sericite-Pyrite Altered A. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C213Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 76.80 MgO 1.71 TiO2 0.17 V2O5 0.00 Nb 0.8Al2O3 10.89 Na2O 2.54 P2O5 0.03 LOI 3.56 Zr 82.9 Fe2O3Total 3.83 K2O 1.07 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 1.52 Y 31.2 CaO 0.17 MnO 0.03 SO3 0.01 Cu+Zn 308.1F F?SW NEFootwallHanging WallNSEWLO042 LO046LO2030 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = IlliteAlOH = 2295 nmA1cmWhite, rhyolite flow with round quartz phenocrysts. Pervasive sericite alteraiton with minor pyrite.BM2012-243 | Rhyolite Flow | LO203 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Sericite-Pyrite AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C214Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 53.90 MgO 12.20 TiO2 0.47 V2O5 0.03 Nb <0.1 Al2O3 12.18 Na2O 0.01 P2O5 0.02 LOI 7.93 Zr 14.6 Fe2O3Total 12.30 K2O 0.15 Cr2O3 0.05 Total S 3.72 Y 6.7 CaO 0.03 MnO 0.37 SO3 0.31 Cu+Zn 225.3C C?SE NWFootwall Hanging WallNSEWLO088LO007LO1190 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2250 nmA1cmGreen, fine-grained, intermediate flow with pervasive chlorite and minor pyrite alteration.(projected sample location - sample is behind the cross-section in the footwall)BM2012-251 | Intermediate Flow | LO088 | Footwall | Chlorite-Pyrite AlteredA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C215Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element wt. % Element ppm SiO2 62.20 MgO 2.90 TiO2 0.38 V2O5 0.01 Nb 1.0 Al2O3 11.50 Na2O 4.72 P2O5 0.05 LOI 3.19 Zr 57.7Fe2O3Total 6.47 K2O 0.13 Cr2O3 0.01 Total S 2.71 Y 17.7 CaO 1.01 MnO 0.08 SO3 0.14 Cu+Zn 4073.0A A?SW NEHanging WallFootwall NSEWU041U035U037AU154U0440 100 ft010203040506070809010010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100chl-pyser + pyab + chl ? pyEPCAAK CHLPYSERKFABAI (Ishikawa Alteration Index)CCPI (Chlorite-Carbonate-Pyrite Index)Least Altered Rhyolite-DaciteLeast Altered BasaltLeast AlteredFW SampleEKF, BOABPLCa, Na smectiteKACHLK-micailliteinterlayered illite-smectiteincreaseing chlorite alterationChl + SerSerLA FWSample1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9K/Al(2Ca + Na + K)/AlLeast AlteredDBTSG = Intermediate ChloriteFeOH = 2254 nmA1cmFine-grained, green felsic ash tuff. Pervasive, fine-grained chlorite-pyrite-caronbate alteration.BM2012-261 | Ash Tuff | U041 | Niblack Felsic Succession | Chlorite-Pyrite-Carbonate AlterationA. Sample Photograph B. SWIR Spectra C. LOI vs Total Sulfur Plot D. K-Ca-Na Alteration Plot E. Alteration box plot (after Large et al., 2001)Quartz-Feldspar Phyric SillGeology ExplanationRe-logged Drill HoleSurface Drill HoleUnderground Drill HoleDrill Hole ExplanationYYoungingDirectionSub-Seafloor SulfideSeafloor Exhalative SulfideRhyolite FlowAlteration ExplanationChl-Mag ? EpChl-Py-CbChl-richSer-richChl-Py ? HmLeast AlteredHydrothermallyAltered0.35% Sulfur141312111098765432100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Total Sulfur (wt. %)n = 39Least AlteredFW SampleIntermediate Tuff/FlowMafic TuffVolcaniclasticRhyolite FlowQuartz Feldspar Phyric SillBlue Felsic SillFelsic Pyroclastic FragmentBasalt FlowSymbol ExplanationFootwall SamplesFelsic Succession SamplesHanging Wall SamplesLost of Ignition (wt. %)C216Appendix E:Microprobe Methods and Results217MethodsSphalerite, chlorite and sericite (fine-grained muscovite) mineral compositions were measured with a fully automated Cameca SX-50 scanning electron microprobe at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Nineteen polished thin sections of various alteration types were examined by traditional transmitted and reflected light microscopy prior to the analysis (Table 1). Where possible, three spot measurements were completed on individual grains, however some were analyzed only once, due to small grain sizes.Sphalerite spot analyses were discarded from the dataset if there was no zinc or if the total weight percent was <90%. Chlorite and sericite analyses were discarded if SiO2 was >30% for chlorite or >55% for sericite analyses or if the total weight percent was <80%. The variations typically were the result of spot analyses to close to mineral margins and inadvertently analyzed quartz or pyrite. Mineral compositions were calculated for each spot measurement from which average grain compositions were calculated, and thin section composition averages. Chlorite and sericite mineral formulas were calculated from the measured oxide data based on 28 oxygen mineral formulas.Table E.1. Electron microprobe sample summaryTable E.2. Electron microprobe instrument conditions and standardsTable E.3. Electron microprobe analyses of sphalerite from NiblackTable E.4. Electron microprobe analyses of chlorite from NiblackTable E.5. Electron microprobe analyses of sericite from NiblackSample Photomicrographs pages 135-149ReferencesPouchou, J.L., and Pichoir, F., 1985, PAP ?(?Z) procedure for improved quantitative microanalysis: Microbeam Analysis, p. 104-106.218Sample ?Name Alteration ?Assembalge Analyzed ?MineralBM2011-??005 Chlorite-??Magnetite-??Epidote ChloriteBM2011-??010 Chlorite-??Rich Chlorite, ?SericiteBM2011-??033 Chlorite-??Pyrite-??Carbonate ChloriteBM2011-??041 Chlorite-??Rich Chlorite, ?SphaleriteBM2011-??047 Chlorite-??Magnetite Chlorite, ?SphaleriteBM2011-??054 Chlorite-??Magnetite Chlorite, ?SphaleriteBM2011-??080 Chlorite-??Magnetite Chlorite, ?SphaleriteBM2011-??088 Chlorite-??Rich Chlorite, ?SphaleriteBM2011-??090 Chlorite-??Rich Chlorite, ?SphaleriteBM2011-??098 Sericite-??Rich SericiteBM2011-??118 Sericite-??Rich SphaleriteBM2011-??123 Sericite-??Rich SericiteBM2011-??135 Sericite-??Pyrite SericiteBM2011-??146 Sericite-??Rich SphaleriteLO208-??760.8 Metamorphic ?Chlorite ChloriteS145-??73.5 Metamorphic ?Chlorite ChloriteU035-??1029 Chlorite-??Rich Chlorite, ?SphaleriteU049-??641 Sericite-??Rich SericiteU054-??682 Chlorite-??Rich ChloriteTable E.1. Electron microprobe sample summaryTable E.2. Electron microprobe instrument conditions and standardsArgpnm ?aornygpSpnlysr ?aolystysin ?MsrmoosrzNgg ?bnmlosrebg ?dgrmgymz Myzgp ?dgrmgymza-??oetl p0l3e2ltl,n0o,ip -??l p., ?y.il ?3p0o ?l4hp0e0p., ?2.t0enl ?.m ?53 ?rc+ ?gley ?h1 l,0 ?.m ?53 ?,B+ ?-??ler ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?53 ? + ?gehrn .1,i ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?43 ? ?e,i ? -??.0 ?ipeyl0l ?.m ?4,8 ?6yUBU/ ?8-7d. ?em0l ?U.1ho.1 ?0 ?Upho.p 9 ?4;:8 -??oetl p0l ?< ?aka ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?-??5 p0l ?< ?LlKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? -??oetl p0l ?< ?d,Ka ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?heiyp1y ?< ?Ci La -??oetl p0l ?< ?UEb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?-??5 p0l ?< ?PML ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? -??oetl p0l ?< ?PML ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?heiyp1y ?< ?UEb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Cot. p0l3e2ltl,n0o,ip -??l p., ?y.il ?3p0o ?l4hp0e0p., ?2.t0enl ?.m ?48 ?rc+ ?gley ?h1 l,0 ?.m ?43 ?,B9 ?-??ler ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?53 ? + ?gehrn .1,i ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?43 ? + ?e,i ? -??.0 ?ipeyl0l ?.m ?43 ?6yUBU/ ?8-7d. ?em0l ?U.1ho.1 ?0 ?Upho.p 9 ?4;:8 5,0ol0ph ?-??ot.n.-??p0l ?< ?RnKa+ ?apKa+ ?OKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?re5e,p0l ?< ?BtKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ip.-?? pil ?< ?CeKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10ptl ?< ?bpKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?yen,l p.ho .yp0l ?< ?C Ka ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ? o.i.,p0l ?< ?R,Ka ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?me5etp0l ?< ?LlKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph -??ot.n.-??p0l ?< ?bBU9 ?bBU9 ?UEb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?re5e,p0l ?< ?bBU ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ip.-?? pil ?< ?UEb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10ptl ?< ?UEb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?yen,l p.ho .yp0l ?< ?PML ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ? o.i.,p0l ?< ?PML ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?me5etp0l ?< ?PMLal php0l3e2ltl,n0o,ip -??l p., ?y.il ?3p0o ?l4hp0e0p., ?2.t0enl ?.m ?48 ?rc+ ?gley ?h1 l,0 ?.m ?43 ?,B9 ?-??ler ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?53 ? ?-L,-??ler ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?93 ? + ?Ct,-??ler ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?73 .+ ?gehrn .1,i ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?43 ? ?-L,gehrn .1,i ?h.1,0 ?0pyl ?.m ?63 + ?C,gehrn .1,i ?h.1,0 ?.m ?53 .+ ?e,i ? -??.0 ?ipeyl0l ?.m ?43 ?6y ?UBU/ ?8-7d. ?em0l ?U.1ho.1 ?0 ?Upho.p 9 ?4;:8 5,0ol0ph ?-??ot.n.-??p0l ?< ?LKa+ ?RnKa+ ?apKa+ ?OKa ?etgp0l ?< ?SeKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?r5e,p0l ?< ?BtKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? he-??.tp0l ?< ?CtKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ip.-?? pil ?< ?CeKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10ptl ?< ?bpKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?yen,l p.ho .yp0l ?< ?C Ka ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ? o.i.,p0l ?< ?R,Ka ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?me5etp0l ?< ?LlKa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?-??ot.n.-??p0l ?< ?bBU+ ?bBU+ ?bBU+ ?UEb ?etgp0l ?< ?bBU ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?r5e,p0l ?< ?bBU ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? he-??.tp0l ?< ?UEb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ip.-?? pil ?< ?UEb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10ptl ?< ?UEb ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?yen,l p.ho .yp0l ?< ?PML ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ? o.i.,p0l ?< ?PML ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5,0ol0ph ?me5etp0l ?< ?PML219Table E.3. Electron microprobe analyses of sphalerite from NiblackSegln a ?ztsy ? Ml ?ztsy ? do ?ztsy ? ? Ai ?ztsy ? bpsen ?ztsy ? Nremo ?CaRLBRLR UUEPcR PEbPP cbEdbU PEUgR ggEdP RCaRLBRLS UUEScc PEbSb ccEbPR PEURU RPPEcP RCaRLBRLU UUESPR PEbSa ccESRR PEURc RPPESb RCaRLBRLa UUESSd PEbeR ccEPec PEUPc RPPESP SCaRLBULR UUEaPc PEcaR ccEabU PEUPS RPPEeP UCaRLBULS UUESSU PEaSS ccESab PEUdP RPPESc aCaRLBULU USEgbc PEace ccEUPe PEUUc RPPEPd aCaRLBULa UUEPbe PEbPa ccEUSg PEUdR RPPESc aCaRLBULb UUERgb PEdbU ccEbRc PESaS RPPEdR bCaRLBULc UUEUea PEaUP ccEUcb PEUbU RPPEbU bCaRLBULd UUEaRd PEUcc ccESbb PEUdc RPPEaR bCaRLBbLR UUEacc PEUSS ccEePR PESeU RPPEed cCaRLBbLS UUEPgb PEUUS ccEdbS PEaPU RPPEbe cCaRLBbLU USEead PEUcP ccEPRR PEUPa ggEbS dCaRLBbLa UUEUUe PESbS ccEdRR PEUUR RPPEcU dCaRLBbLb UUEUca PEUSS ccEgSb PEUSU RPPEgU dCaRLBcLR UUESUe PEUdP ccEaRc PESUU RPPESc eCaRLBcLS UUEPgg PEUca ccEdPS PEURg RPPEae eCaRLBcLU UUEPPR PEUSc ccEUdP PESge ggEgg eCaRLBcLa UUERcS PESec ccEgRb PEUba RPPEdS gCaRLBcLb UUESgS PESeb ccEdRe PESUg RPPEbU gCaRLBcLc UUERPP PEURS ccEUUP PEUSg RPPEPd gCaRLBdLR UUEPRP PEaUd ccEbRR PEUba RPPEUR RPCaRLBdLS UUEPcc PESgd ccEdRg PESgR RPPEUd RPCaRLBdLU UUESgd PEURS ccEbab PEUUa RPPEag RPCaRLBdLa UUESUc PEaPa ccEbSb PEScU RPPEaU RRCaRLBdLb UUEPeP PEUeU ccESSc PEUSg RPPEPS RRCaRLBdLc UUEUag PEaba ccESRe PEUPR RPPEUS RRCRReLBRLR UUEebS PEeSP cbEecd PESeb RPPEeS RSCRReLBRLS UaERUP PEdRa ccEeba PESba RPREgb RSCRReLBRLU UUESgS PEceP ccEcSd PESda RPPEed RSCRReLBSLR UUESPe PEcdR ccERUg PEURc RPPEUU RUCRReLBSLS UUESda PEbgR ccEUbR PESaR RPPEac RUCRReLBSLU UUEPdd PEdPR cbEeee PESee ggEgb RUCRReLBSLa UUEPPU PEceb cbEeeg PESUc ggEeR RaCRReLBSLb UUEUUR PEbgS ccEScb PESbU RPPEaa RaCRReLBSLc UUEaSa PEbed ccEeSc PESSe RPREPc RaCRReLBULR UUESeS PEcPa cbEdde PESPg ggEed RbCRReLBULS USEgeR PEbcP cbEUPe PESUU ggEPe RbCRReLBULU UUESdg PEbeP cbEPad PERgU ggERP RbCRReLBaLS UUEbaP PEgUb ccERPa PEURe RPPEgP RcCRReLBaLU UUEUUS PEdPU cbEdgc PESbU RPPEPe RcCRReLBbLR UUEcPb PEcSc ccEdUd PESca RPRESU RdCRReLBbLS UUESSd PEbde cdERcP PESUb RPRESP RdCRReLBbLU UUEcbg PEbba ccEPcb PESaa RPPEbS RdCRReLBbLa USEgbR PEceR ccEagR PESbS RPPEUd ReCRReLBbLb UUESaP PEdPS ccEPeg PESSa RPPESc ReCRReLBbLc UUEdag PEcgb ccEade PEScU RPRERe ReCRReLBbLd USEgSd PEbed ccEUUg PESca RPPERS RgCRReLBbLe USEegU PEbSU ccEeea PESPb RPPEbR RgCRReLBcLR UUEbdP PEgbP ccEbbd PEScd RPREUa SPCRReLBcLS UUEUSS PEgab ccEcUR PESdS RPRERd SPCRReLBcLU UUERdU PEdeU ccEbSa PESRg RPPEdP SPCRReLBdLR UUEPUd PEccd ccESUc PEUSc RPPESd SRCRReLBdLS UUERcb PEcRc ccEUSa PEUSU RPPEaU SRCRReLBdLU UUEaUR PEcRb ccESea PEURU RPPEca SR220Table E.3. ????????Segln a ?ztsy ? Ml ?ztsy ? do ?ztsy ? ? Ai ?ztsy ? bpsen ?ztsy ? Nremo ?CRacLBRLR UUERPc PEUac cdEacg PERcg RPREPg SSCRacLBRLS UUEaSb PEUUd cdEUUb PERPg RPRESR SSCRacLBRLU UUESae PEURc cdEaUa PERec RPRERe SSCRacLBSLR UUEPRc PEabc cdEScS PERaa RPPEee SUCRacLBSLS UUEReR PESga cdESbe PERUa RPPEed SUCRacLBSLU UUESbP PEUSU cdESPg PESaS RPREPS SUCRacLBULR UUESRP PEUaU cdESdc PESPR RPREPU SaCRacLBULS UUESaR PEUcd cdESgR PERdU RPREPd SaCRacLBULU UUEPag PEUPd cdEUUb PERRS RPPEeP SaCRacLBaLR UUERRa PEbRa ccEdRP PESeP RPPEcS SbCRacLBaLS UUEUaU PEbdg ccEabP PERdU RPPEba SbCRacLBaLU UUEbgg PEbSg ccEecP PEPed RPREPe SbCRacLBbLR UUEPeS PEUSe ccEeeg PESPc RPPEbR ScCRacLBcLR UUEaga PEURa cdEbSc PEReU RPREbS SdCRacLBcLS UUEUea PEUbS cdEaUa PESPc RPREUe SdCRacLBcLU UUESSb PEUUS ccEdPe PEReb RPPEab SdCRacLBcLa UUEUaP PEaSb ccEcaU PESRc RPPEcS SeCRacLBcLb UUERab PEUca ccEgRS PESSR RPPEca SeCRacLBcLc UUEaeP PEada ccEcga PESbb RPPEgP SeCRacLBdLR USEggS PEUcd ccEbde PERba RPPEPg SgCRacLBdLS UUERUe PEUae cdEPUc PERce RPPEcg SgCRacLBdLU UUEUed PEUSd cdESRU PERda RPRERP SgCRacLBdLa UUERgd PEbRS ccEedg PEReR RPPEdd UPCRacLBeLR UUEUcS PEUea cdEaae PERSR RPREUS URCRacLBeLS UUEacb PEUSP cdESPS PERSg RPRERS URCRacLBeLU UUESPU PEUbU cdESPb PERda RPPEga URCeeLBRLR UUEbae PEUdd ccEgRb PEbPb RPREUa USCeeLBRLS UUEPec PEcSd ccEUSc PEaSa RPPEac USCeeLBRLU USEgcR PEagc ccEecc PEadc RPPEeP USCeeLBRLa UUEUag PEdcc ccERSR PEadb RPPEdR UUCeeLBRLb UUEUba PEceU cbEgdU PEUdR RPPEUe UUCeeLBSLR USEePc PEgbS cbEeag PEbPa RPPERR UaCeeLBSLS UUESee PEcaR ccERcP PEbRR RPPEcP UaCeeLBSLU UUESUS PEdPg cbEeUg PEaRe RPPESP UaCeeLBULR UUEUUR PEagg cbEaSe PEaeS ggEda UbCeeLBULS USEggc PEbcS ccEaUP PEabR RPPEaa UbCeeLBULU USEgga PEcPd cbEdSe PEUdg ggEdR UbCeeLBaLR USEgRP REUSR caEabd PEbPR ggERg UcCeeLBaLS USEgRS REPcP caEgSe PEaSe ggEUU UdCeeLBaLU USEegg REUab caEadP PEaUe ggERb UdCeeLBbLR UUESee PEdbU ccERce PEUgR RPPEcP UeCeeLBbLS UUESeR PEdUP ccEScd PEacc RPPEda UeCeeLBbLU UUEUgc PEcSe ccEaRd PEadc RPPEgS UeCeeLBbLa UUEaeb PEdSc cbEeSc PEaRb RPPEab UgCeeLBbLb UUEPRS PEeUU cbEddU PEaUS RPPEPb UgCeeLBbLc UUEaPg PEcbd ccERad PEadg RPPEcg UgCeeLBcLR UUEUUP PEcRP ccERde PEadU RPPEbg aPCeeLBdLR UUEPPU PEbaS cbEgaa PEaPR ggEeg aRCeeLBdLS USEggb PEaRc ccEUUd PEaSS RPPERd aRCeeLBdLU UUEdRS PEUcb cbEgeg PEUgd RPPEac aSCeeLBdLa UUESeR PERdg ccEdUc PEbSc RPPEdS aSCeeLBdLb UUERbg PERUe ccEcdd PEUaa RPPEUS aSCgPLBRLR UUEaUR PESPS caEgaU PESaU geEeS aUCgPLBRLS UUESPc PESgS caEcgb PESRc geEaR aaCgPLBSLR UUERSc PESUe ccEUbg PESeU RPPEPP aeCgPLBSLS UUEScP PESUd ccERgb PEScR ggEgb ae221Table E.3. ????????Segln a ?ztsy ? Ml ?ztsy ? do ?ztsy ? ? Ai ?ztsy ? bpsen ?ztsy ? Nremo ?CgPLBSLU UUESSg PESRc ccEUac PESec RPPEPe aeCgPLBULR USEebU PESba ccEdeS PEUSg RPPESS agCgPLBULS UUEUPd PESga cdEUPg PESbd RPRERd agCgPLBULU UUEReP PEScc ccESab PESbg ggEgb agCgPLBULa USEgdb REcda cbERgP PEUPP RPPERa bPCgPLBbLR UUEUbU PEbUS ccEcda PESgc RPPEeb bRCgPLBbLS USERdS PEdPb ccEcSR PESeS ggEde bRCgPLBbLU UUEcRc PEUdc ccEdRc PESPd RPPEgS bRCgPLBcLR USEede PEbcg ccERSg PESag ggEeS bSCgPLBcLS UUEPeg PEUaS ccEUgb PESed RPPERR bSCgPLBcLU UUEPag PEUSg ccERgP PESba ggEeS bSCgPLBdLR UUEPSc PEUeS ccEdbU PESad RPPEaR bUCgPLBdLS UPERUR PEagR cREPeb PESgc gSEPP baCgPLBdLU UUESSg PEUSe ccEgPc PEUaa RPPEeR bbCgPLBeLS UUEUUP PEbSd cdESce PESUd RPREUc bcCgPLBeLU UUEPge PEUbS cdESeS PEUgd RPRERU bcCgPLBeLa UUESce PEcbb cbEgcb PEUPR RPPERg bcCgPLBRPLR bEPba PEbcS RSEaeg PEPeP ReERg abCgPLBRPLS UUEUeP PESUb ccESbS PEUaU RPPESR abCgPLBRPLU UUEUUS PESSc ccEUSc PEUPc RPPERg abCgPLBRRLR UUEUSP PEgPP ccESdd PEUbc RPPEeb acCgPLBRRLS UUEcaP PEcSb ccEeaP PESbg RPREUc adCgPLBRRLU UUERgR PEdgb ccEeUc PEScd RPREPg adCadLBRLR USEeae PEbaR ccEPdU PEUUb ggEeP bdCadLBSLR USEdeS PEUdg ccESgS PEUSP ggEdd beCadLBSLS UUEPbU PEUPe ccEbPg PEURS RPPERe beCadLBSLU UUERcb PESgR ccEcUe PEUba RPPEab beCadLBULS UUEPda PEUgd ccEPSU PEUdg ggEed bgCadLBULU UPEgUc PEdPg cREabP PESbR gUEUb bgCadLBULa UUERcd PEagd ccEaad PEUSb RPPEaa bgCadLBULb USEdbU PEabR ccEbac PEUdP RPPERS cPCadLBULc USEePU PEUUg cdEPUc PEUPb RPPEae cPCbaLBULR UUEaPU PEUgg ccERdb PESaR RPPESS cRCbaLBULS UUEPda PEUbe ccESge PERaa ggEed cRCbaLBaLR UUESSe PEcbe ccEgRc PERSd RPPEgU cSCbaLBaLS USEgbe PEbcb cdEUUb PEPbS RPPEgR cSCbaLBaLU USEgde PERdd ccEeca PERgS RPPESR cUCbaLBaLa UUERdc PESbc cdEPgR PERaP RPPEcc cUCbaLBaLb UUEReU PEUaS cdEPeg PERbg RPPEdd cUCbaLBaLc UUEPSa PESeR ccEeaS PERbP RPPEUP caCbaLBaLd USEdSa PESee ccEdUR PERSP ggEec caCbaLBcLR USEeaU PEaec ccEcec PEPgP RPPERP cbCbaLBcLS UUERSU PEUUd cdESeP PEScb RPREPP cbCbaLBcLU USEgcU PEURP cdERba PEPgd RPPEbS cbCbaLBeLR UUEPgb PERbc cdESbe PERSP RPPEcU ccCbaLBeLS UUERcR PERSa cdEaUa PERbS RPPEed ccCbaLBeLU UUERdc PEReR cdEaaa PEPgb RPPEgP ccCePLBdLR USEgbe PERRS ccEUPg PEaUU ggEeR cdCePLBdLS USEccd PEPbS cdEUec PEaab RPPEbb cdCePLBdLU USEege PEPcb ccEaaS PEUba ggEdc cdCePLBdLa USEgee PESbP ccEdcd PEaPd RPPEaR ceCePLBdLb UUEPga PEaac ccEccS PEUgc RPPEcP ceCePLBdLc USEegU PESge ccEdRc PEaRS RPPEUS ceCePLBdLd UUEPRa PERgd cdEUUR PESea RPPEeU cgCePLBdLe USEgde PERbc ccEgUS PEaPd RPPEad cgCePLBdLg UUEPPc PESRP ccEedU PEUbP RPPEaa cg222Table E.3. ????????Segln a ?ztsy ? Ml ?ztsy ? do ?ztsy ? ? Ai ?ztsy ? bpsen ?ztsy ? Nremo ?C ?PUbLBRLR UUEecS PEbba cbEdcP PEaRR RPPEbg dPC ?PUbLBRLS UUESbg PEbcU cbEega PEUgd RPPERR dPC ?PUbLBRLU UUEPgS PEcPU cbEbgU PEUUS ggEcS dPC ?PUbLBRLa UUEUPU PEaRS cbEaaa PESgP ggEab dRC ?PUbLBRLb USEeag PEUbP cbEebS PESde ggEUU dRC ?PUbLBRLc UUERUP PEUUa cbEdaa PESad ggEac dRC ?PUbLBRLd UUEPcR PEaab cbEPSb PESgg geEeU dSC ?PUbLBRLe USEgae PEbUP cbESdS PEUaS ggEPg dSC ?PUbLBSLR USEgdU PEUec ccEePd PEabd RPPEcS dUC ?PUbLBSLS UUEUUP PEUUa ccEdPU PEURU RPPEce dUC ?PUbLBSLU UUEagS PEUac ccEcgU PESUd RPPEdd daC ?PUbLBSLa UUEURb PEUbU ccEgac PEUPS RPPEgR daC ?PUbLBSLb UUESPb PEabc ccEcSP PEUUe RPPEcS daC ?PUbLBSLc UUEPaR PEada ccEdRR PEUde RPPEcP dbC ?PUbLBSLd UUEUgd PEUbg ccEUcU PEURg RPPEaa dbC ?PUbLBSLe UUERUe PEaPS ccEeaS PEURS RPPEcg dbC ?PUbLBULS bSEccb abESRa PEPPP PEPRc gdEeg dcC ?PUbLBULU bSEddg acEadS PEPRS PEPPP ggESc dcC ?PUbLBULa bUEPce acEaaU PEPUS PEPPP ggEba dcC ?PUbLBaLR UUEPag PEacg ccEeRg PEUcS RPPEdP ddC ?PUbLBaLS UUEPeS PEaaU ccEUSP PESgb RPPERa ddC ?PUbLBaLU USEgUa PEaec ccEege PESgP RPPEcR ddC ?PUbLBaLa USEgUb PEbab ccEcbb PEUcU RPPEbP deC ?PUbLBaLb UUEPSU PEadR ccEgdP PEUSS RPPEde deC ?PUbLBaLc UUEUcU PEbcR ccEeaR PESdR RPREPa deC ?PUbLBbLR UUEPbd PEaSe ccEeUP PESgc RPPEcR dgC ?PUbLBbLS UUERdg PEUaP cdEUaR PEURU RPRERd dgC ?PUbLBbLU UUEPea PEaUS ccEdcd PEUUU RPPEcS dg223Table E.4. Electron microprobe analyses of sphalerite from Niblackblmnrdoe ?z ?  ?Are ?z ?  ?gpe ?z ?  ?ae ?z ?  ?Mle ?z ?  ?ipe ?z ?  ?Mye ?z ? dse ?z ?  ?Nne ?z ?  ?itzlr ?z ?Sylps ?LcgOLUOU UbMcha aSMbgb adMacd SMSSS SMSdU SMScS SMSUU UMUbd agMdbb hgMhg ULcgOLUOa UbMegd UiMhgh adMcbc SMSdb SMSdh SMSae SMSSS UMSig agMabg hgMce ULcgOLUOb UbMSeh aUMShU acMcic SMSSc SMSUd SMSah SMSSS UMadb ahMaic hhMac ULcgOLUOc UbMaiS UiMeig aeMSaa SMSbh SMSdg SMSUe SMSSS UMSiS agMehb hgMhi aLcgOLUOd UbMagg aSMUeb adMeSh SMSbb SMSSb SMSSc SMSSc UMUii ahMSbb hhMba aLcgOLUOe UaMgbh aSMeea aeMSUd SMabd SMSSS SMSUU SMSSS UMUed agMSba hgMhe aLcgOLaOU UcMUUd UiMbde aeMSdc SMScU SMSad SMSac SMSSS UMSge adMiaS heMeU aLcgOLaOa UbMecU aSMbSg adMgSa SMSUc SMSUa SMScb SMSab UMShU aeMiad hgMgd bLcgOLaOb UbMgSe UiMihi adMhUa SMSdS SMSag SMSda SMSbS UMUia ahMUUh hhMih bLcgOLbOU UbMgUS aSMUga adMggg SMSba SMSbb SMScg SMSei UMUdU aeMide hgMid cLcgOLbOa UcMSdi UiMgSc adMgUi SMSbU SMScd SMSUb SMSbc UMUUi agMSid hgMha cLcgOLbOb UaMigS UiMhdh adMaib SMSSS SMSci SMScd SMSci UMabe agMSdc heMdd cLcgOLbOc UbMghd UhMgeh aeMche SMSca SMUag SMSgb SMShS SMicg adMcdh hdMgg dLcgOLbOd UcMdia UiMSaa aeMaeb SMSUc SMSSS SMSba SMSgb UMSUh adMiUi heMib dLcgOLcOU UcMSgg UiMebb adMdai SMSSU SMSUh SMSab SMSSS UMSie agMbag hgMgS eLcgOLcOa UbMeig UiMiSb adMeUd SMSSS SMSbe SMSUi SMSSS UMSdh aeMehb hgMSU eLcgOLcOb UbMhhU aSMUeg adMcdh SMSSc SMSUg SMSge SMSSS UMUea agMadS hhMSU gLcgOLcOc UcMUai UiMida adMhci SMSaa SMSUi SMSdU SMSUU UMUaU agMheg hiMSa gLcgOLdOU UcMbgU UiMdSc adMiaU SMSaa SMSSg SMSid SMSSc UMSid agMdgh hhMeS hLcgOLdOa UbMgih aSMSbi adMgbU SMSSS SMSbc SMSdb SMSSS UMaUc agMahi hhMUe hLcgOLdOb UbMiSb UiMehh adMgie SMSSd SMSch SMSSh SMSUi UMaeh agMeag hhMbe hLcgOLeOU UcMccd UhMigU adMebc SMSSg SMSbd SMSUd SMSSS UMShc aeMhgb hgMSe iLcgOLeOa UcMbgd UiMgde adMaaU SMSUc SMSSS SMSUc SMSSS UMShb agMUSU hgMde iLcgOLeOb UcMgab UiMaSS adMhSS SMSSh SMSUh SMSbd SMSag UMShh agMSbd hgMib iLcgOLgOU UbMiae UiMhai adMeSd SMSUc SMSSS SMSgg SMSSh UMUgd agMbce hgMih USLcgOLgOa UcMUai aSMUce adMiUd SMSSU SMSSS SMSSS SMSSS UMUcU agMaSe hhMdc USLcgOLgOb UcMUga UiMbdi adMeaa SMSSg SMSaa SMSSS SMSii UMSbh agMchi hgMhU USLdOLUOU UaMdUU aUMhSc acMSga SMSUc SMSUi SMSah SMSSS SMgba ahMbdh hgMdc UULdOLUOa UaMhgU aUMUad adMcie SMSUc SMSSS SMSbU SMSSS SMgaa ahMdae hhMgi UULdOLaOU USMcgb aaMUia SMSSS SMSSS SMSUb SMSbd SMScb SMehU SMSSS bbMcc UaLdOLaOa UaMgea aSMSUe acMede SMSaU SMSai SMSab SMSSS SMdgU agMacg hdMba UaLdOLaOb UbMUca aSMbeg acMeib SMSSc SMScUSMSgd SMSSS SMddd agMUSi hdMih UaLdOLbOU UbMcUa aSMhiS adMchg SMSSS SMSUU SMSgb SMSSS SMgbS agMhUc hhMca UbLdOLbOa UbMbed aSMidh adMadi SMSSS SMSSS SMSSc SMSSS SMeUe agMhUU hhMSU UbLdOLbOb UbMcSi aSMdbg adMhhe SMSae SMSSi SMSaS SMSSS SMebb agMUgU hgMei UbLdOLcOU UaMdbh aUMeSU adMScd SMSSS SMUbb SMSbh SMSSh SMgic ahMbbg hhMdS UcLdOLcOa UaMhdd aUMibe acMceh SMSSe SMSia SMSbd SMSUi SMedg ahMdUb hhMdh UcLdOLcOb UaMUiS aUMcUa acMdhc SMSSS SMUaS SMSda SMSSS SMeii ahMiad hgMih UcLdOLdOU UaMccc aUMbda adMSSe SMSSi SMSbi SMSaS SMSSS SMead ahMhdb hhMbd UdLdOLdOa UaMgUh aUMcUe acMiUe SMSSS SMSSS SMSgU SMSSS SMebU ahMdSa hhMad UdLdOLdOb UaMbgi aSMiec acMeeS SMSbS SMSca SMSdi SMSSc SMecc aiMSdh hgMhc UdLdOLdOc UaMege aUMdeU adMUUc SMSUh SMSSi SMSeb SMSSS SMeah ahMdgi hhMed UeLdOLdOd UaMdhU aUMced acMgii SMSSe SMSSS SMScS SMSdb SMeai ahMbbg hgMiU UeLdOLdOe UaMdhS aUMdab acMcdU SMSaa SMSSS SMSSe SMSSS SMdgc ahMcih hgMed UeLdOLeOU UaMdcS aUMcbc acMech SMSSU SMSSi SMSeS SMSag SMdbh ahMbdh hgMeU UgLdOLeOa UbMShb aaMUhU acMgcS SMSSS SMSaU SMUSU SMSSS SMeae agMdiS hhMbc UgLdOLeOb UaMaai aaMSUS adMcgS SMSSU SMSSi SMSdU SMSSc SMeba agMiag hhMbb UgLdOLeOc USMddi abMSUS aiMUee UMeUg SMSai SMSbi SMSUi SMchc acMUSc hiMSb UhLdOLeOd UaMSaS aUMUhg acMgUg SMSah SMSSS SMSah SMSec SMdgi ahMeSh hgMab UhLdOLeOe USMiia UiMehi bdMbba SMSUb SMSbe SMSba SMSUe SMdce adMgci iaMcS Uh224Table E.4. ????????blmnrdoe ?z ?  ?Are ?z ?  ?gpe ?z ?  ?ae ?z ?  ?Mle ?z ?  ?ipe ?z ?  ?Mye ?z ? dse ?z ?  ?Nne ?z ?  ?itzlr ?z ?Sylps ?LdOLgOU UbMUdh aSMghi adMcad SMSSd SMSSb SMSSb SMSSS SMdib ahMUbi hhMUU UiLdOLgOa UbMdhe aSMgUa adMcSS SMSUc SMSaS SMSci SMSUd SMedg ahMhgc hiMbb UiLdOLgOb UbMcie aSMeca adMgah SMSSS SMSUd SMSUd SMSUi SMech ahMdga hiMUb UiLdOLgOc UaMhdb aSMeSb acMSag SMSUd SMSSg SMSbh SMSSh SMehi ahMbhe heMeb aSLdOLgOd UaMdUh aSMecc abMidh SMSae SMSed SMSae SMSSc SMegi ahMgih heMga aSLdOLgOe UbMada UiMiai acMdid SMSab SMSba SMSag SMSSS SMddg ahMeag hgMSc aSLdOLhOU UaMieg aUMUhe adMcbh SMSUh SMSUe SMSUS SMSUU SMgai ahMhSb hiMUh aULdOLhOa UaMgiU aUMacd adMUaS SMSSS SMScU SMSSS SMSUU SMeib ahMead hhMdb aULdOLhOb UbMahd aSMUic adMUbd SMSUa SMSUd SMSbb SMSUi SMeUi ahMaga hgMdh aULbdOLUOU UaMbgg aUMdiU aeMUhd SMcUg SMSaU SMSeU SMSSS UMbcS aeMceb hhMce aaLbdOLUOa bMbih ahMUed cUMUic gMheg SMSbd SMade SMSSS SMbdc iMUhc iSMcd aaLbdOLUOb UbMUda aSMihd adMabU SMSSc SMSUg SMScd SMSce UMbha agMbae hhMUi abLbdOLUOc UbMSUU aSMedg acMiei SMSSg SMSSS SMSbU SMSSh UMbhc ahMceg hhMdb acLbdOLUOd UbMSUi aSMdgU adMaic SMSca SMSUh SMSeg SMSag UMdaU agMahb hgMhc acLbdOLaOU UaMheb aUMScS adMcUa SMSSU SMSaa SMSUg SMShS UMdUU ahMbUh hiMae adLbdOLaOa UMhaS ahMUbb cdMUed iMihc SMSSc SMbeS SMSSS SMSUc eMbbi iUMha adLbdOLaOb UaMhhh aSMdhc acMgUa SMSSS SMSce SMSbe SMSbS UMdbg ahMbab hhMUe adLbdOLaOc UbMSUg aSMeii acMiSg SMSaa SMSSU SMShS SMSga UMchU agMehi hgMig aeLbdOLaOd UbMcUh aSMUah adMccS SMSaU SMSSS SMSdc SMSab UMcUb ahMUUg hhMeU aeLbdOLaOe UaMgbi aUMUdg acMica SMSUU SMSeS SMSga SMSii UMcee agMieU hhMdS agLbdOLaOg UaMeUg aSMeae adMSbc SMSSS SMSaS SMSeS SMSSS UMdac ahMgUh hhMeS agLbdOLaOh UaMgbh aSMhae acMibS SMSai SMSUh SMSeb SMSci UMcUU agMigd hhMSc agLbdOLbOU UbMeeg aUMShU adMaie SMSSS SMSad SMSdh SMSSh UMaic agMbgh hhMhU ahLbdOLbOa UcMbag aUMcUi acMhdU SMSSh SMSSS SMSgg SMSSS UMbcd aeMUai hhMUe ahLbdOLbOb UbMheh aSMhhg adMaUh SMSSS SMSad SMSdh SMSSS UMdSa aeMiUb hhMcg ahLbdOLcOU UcMSdd aUMcca adMbgb SMSUc SMSbe SMUSg SMSSS UMcda aeMUiU hhMeg aiLbdOLcOa UcMdga aUMUiS adMbac SMSUa SMSSe SMSih SMSUi UMcaS aeMbgi hiMSa aiLbdOLcOb UbMhci aUMchi adMcgh SMSSi SMSbc SMSdU SMSSS UMbbg aeMbeU hhMeU aiLbdOLcOc UbMecS aUMbag acMhhU SMSSS SMSeb SMShS SMSbh UMbca agMUaa hhMci bSLbdOLcOd UbMhei aSMiid adMdhg SMSSS SMSUb SMSdb SMSag UMagU aeMged hhMdh bSLbdOLcOe UbMSaU aUMUdi adMaic SMSba SMSSS SMSch SMScd UMcUa aiMUag iSMUc bSLbdOLcOg UaMhec aSMeUe acMibU SMSSa SMSbaSMSbb SMSUU UMbiU ahMUce hhMSb bULbdOLcOh UaMied aUMSgb adMSSh SMSSS SMSaa SMSUd SMSag UMdag ahMSeS hhMgS bULbdOLcOi UcMcad aSMiic adMaUU SMSSS SMSUS SMSca SMSSS UMcab aeMUcc hhMad bULbdOLdOU UaMiaS aSMgde acMibh SMSSS SMSUU SMSga SMSag UMbbh ahMagg hhMbc baLbdOLdOa UbMgce aSMUic adMggi SMSUU SMSad SMSha SMSSS UMcgg agMhhi hiMaS baLbdOLdOb UbMbed aSMacd adMcSe SMSSS SMSbh SMSbd SMSbh UMbge agMhce hhMbd baLhSOLUOU UdMaii aSMbSc adMghh SMSSe SMSed SMSgb SMSSc SMddg adMdde hgMed bbLhSOLUOa UdMdaS aSMdie adMgha SMSaS SMSca SMSSb SMSgb SMdUU adMece hhMUi bbLhSOLUOb UdMdSg UiMgii adMecU SMSUh SMSig SMSad SMSSS SMcid adMSSb heMdh bbLhSOLUOc UdMeca UiMecc adMdbg SMSUa SMabi SMSdg SMSUa SMcda adMUaS heMga bcLhSOLUOd UdMeSd UiMhce adMicc SMSSS SMSaU SMSUU SMSSS SMcbi adMUUU heMih bcLhSOLUOe UdMdbg UiMghg adMieS SMSSS SMSeS SMSeU SMSSS SMcgd acMicb heMha bcLhSOLaOU UcMgbc aSMhgd adMUaa SMSaU SMSSi SMScb SMSSc SMdea aeMSbU hgMcS bdLhSOLaOa UcMibb aSMaUi adMcSc SMSSS SMSUh SMSca SMSSS SMdSc adMieg hgMSi bdLhSOLaOb UdMUeS aSMUhg adMeec SMSac SMSdS SMSai SMSSc SMdcS adMdgc hgMab bdLhSOLaOc UdMcdi aSMaeh aeMUcU SMSSa SMSUg SMSae SMSSS SMdSc adMghh hhMaS beLhSOLaOd UcMebc aSMUbh adMgSd SMSSS SMSSS SMSbU SMSbU SMdhc aeMech hgMgg beLhSOLaOe UdMSgc UiMgih adMccU SMSSa SMSSb SMSdd SMSSh SMdiU adMgie heMgg beLhSOLbOU UcMcgg aSMcbh adMedd SMSUa SMShe SMSSS SMSSc SMdab aeMSie hgMai bg225Table E.4. ????????blmnrdoe ?z ?  ?Are ?z ?  ?gpe ?z ?  ?ae ?z ?  ?Mle ?z ?  ?ipe ?z ?  ?Mye ?z ? dse ?z ?  ?Nne ?z ?  ?itzlr ?z ?Sylps ?LhSOLbOa UcMheU aSMbga adMhgS SMSac SMSdc SMSee SMSSS SMdbe aeMdce hhMbb bgLhSOLbOb UcMdab aSMSde adMeid SMSSS SMSci SMSdU SMSca SMcca adMhch heMgU bgLhSOLcOU UdMedd aSMUhe aeMUSb SMSSU SMSah SMSch SMSed SMcgd adMUSU hgMee bhLhSOLcOa UdMdUe aSMSbh aeMSUe SMSSa SMSUc SMScS SMSSc SMddS adMShc hgMae bhLhSOLcOb UdMdSb aSMadb aeMUeb SMSad SMSdd SMSba SMSce SMdee adMadb hgMiS bhLhSOLcOc UcMddS aSMgea acMgcg SMSbi SMSbh SMSUS SMSSS SMdeS adMUha hdMhi biLhSOLcOd UcMiUi aSMaUe aeMSee SMSUb SMSea SMSbg SMSSh SMdeb aeMbSc hhMUi biLhSOLcOe UcMihU aSMSUd adMhUe SMSUa SMScg SMSaS SMSUd SMdge acMhdd heMbc biLhSOLdOU UdMaiU aSMadg adMegb SMSUa SMSSe SMSae SMSUa SMdhi adMeeb hgMdb cSLhSOLdOa UdMSSa aSMUUi adMeUi SMSSS SMSaa SMSSS SMSUd SMecS aeMbgc hgMgi cSLhSOLdOb UdMdci UiMiig adMhgd SMSSU SMSSe SMSSi SMSSS SMdUc adMUda hgMUS cSLhSOLgOU UcMici aUMSaU adMbUi SMSag SMUce SMScd SMSSS SMeec acMihU hgMUd cULhSOLgOa UdMUba aUMSgb adMcSa SMSSa SMaaa SMSdS SMSSS SMdcS adMcaS hgMhc cULhSOLgOb UcMdeg aUMagU acMhgg SMSSS SMSae SMScc SMSSc SMdih adMgbd hgMUa caLdcOLUOU UUMhgS aUMSci acMgdS SMSSS SMScc SMSdU SMSSS UMcdc aiMbgc hhMdi cbLdcOLUOa UUMdeh aUMbhb acMace SMSSS SMSSi SMShc SMSSS UMbUh aiMbgh hgMii cbLdcOLUOb UUMbhh aUMdUS acMdde SMSSS SMSba SMScS SMSde UMbbh aiMahc hhMaS cbLdcOLUOc UaMecg aSMUgg adMcUh SMSUc SMSSS SMScS SMSSS UMbUh ahMddi hhMUg ccLdcOLUOd UaMecb aSMUaU adMgai SMSSS SMSSS SMSgc SMSUd UMbge ahMcah hhMbi ccLdcOLUOe UaMhig aSMahh adMhaS SMSSh SMSaa SMSga SMSSS UMbca ahMSai hhMch ccLdcOLaOU UUMdaS aUMUga acMeeh SMUUb SMSUb SMSec SMSSS UMdUh ahMehS hgMgd cdLdcOLaOa UUMhcS aUMbaU acMbae SMSbe SMSbg SMSbe SMSih UMcSg ahMiai hhMSb cdLdcOLaOb UUMgeg aUMUbU acMdUh SMSae SMSSS SMSdS SMSUi UMchS aiMScc hhMSb cdLdcOLbOU UUMdeh aUMSec acMcea SMSSa SMSUU SMSda SMSbc UMcSU ahMUhd heMgh ceLdcOLbOa UUMegd aSMgib acMebc SMSSa SMSSS SMSbi SMSab UMadS ahMdad heMic ceLdcOLcOU UUMiUi aUMSUS acMehh SMSSS SMSUU SMSaS SMSSS UMbcg ahMchh hgMch cgLdcOLcOa UUMcae aSMUba acMaUg SMSSd SMUcc SMSbc SMSSS UMcUi bSMbch hgMga cgLdcOLcOb UUMUde aSMcad abMibc SMSSS SMUcc SMSab SMSSS UMcbS aiMddb heMee cgLdcOLcOc UUMgaS aUMadd acMiSS SMSSS SMSSS SMSbg SMSSS UMbia ahMhbb hhMUc chLdcOLcOd UUMhUc aUMbbh acMdbb SMSSS SMSaS SMSah SMSSS UMcci aiMSga hhMae chLdcOLcOe UUMchS aUMdiU adMSSh SMSae SMSSg SMSSS SMSSS UMbcU ahMddd hhMSU chLdcOLdOU UaMabc aSMeUi acMidS SMSUb SMSSSMSab SMSae UMcbe ahMchS hgMgh ciLdcOLdOa UaMbSe aUMSia acMhhh SMSSS SMSUd SMSbe SMSbS UMbge ahMhUS hhMdd ciLdcOLdOb UaMUdd aUMUab acMhge SMSSS SMSSh SMSUh SMSUd UMdbe aiMcab hiMUd ciLdcOLeOU UaMcab aSMcUb acMgce SMSSi SMSad SMSai SMSab UMdUi ahMcbb hgMea dSLdcOLeOa UaMcSS aSMbbg adMbiS SMSSS SMSdU SMSde SMSSS UMcig ahMUSb hgMhb dSLdcOLeOb UUMhgU aSMeSa acMicc SMSch SMSab SMSdb SMSae UMchd ahMghS hgMhb dSLiSOLbOU UiMbUh UiMghS agMgab SMSab SMSbb SMSaa SMSSS SMaeg aSMghi hgMie dULiSOLbOa UiMSeS aSMShe agMcUb SMSUa SMSUe SMSSd SMSSS SMadg aUMSSU hgMhd dULiSOLbOb UiMUdS UiMhic agMegh SMSSS SMSad SMSUS SMSUa SMUeU aUMSeg hhMSS dULiSOLcOU UiMcda UiMSac agMdgg SMSbS SMSSa SMSUg SMSgU SMaeS aSMSbU heMce daLiSOLcOa UiMhdg UiMUSe agMihd SMSSS SMSUS SMSSS SMSah SMagg UiMdcS heMhS daLiSOLcOb aSMcdU UiMSah ahMUeh SMSaU SMSSS SMSSh SMSah SMbcb UiMbge hgMca daLiSOLeOU UhMheg UiMgib agMcic SMSUU SMSSS SMSae SMSUe SMUhU aUMUii hgMdi dbLiSOLeOa UiMabh UiMgUi agMiig SMSSU SMSad SMSSS SMSSS SMaUc aUMaig hhMci dbLiSOLeOb UhMdhc aSMSid agMUba SMSad SMSSS SMSSS SMSbU SMage aUMSie hgMac dbLiSOLgOU aSMaeg UiMcah ahMaUg SMSUS SMSSS SMSSS SMSSS SMbag UiMiee hhMaU dcLiSOLgOa UiMgcg UiMaah ahMUdd SMSSS SMSUd SMSSb SMSSS SMahb aSMcci hgMhh dcLiSOLgOb UhMhdc UhMiUh agMhUc SMSUU SMSUc SMSaS SMSSS SMUdh aaMbgU hhMUe dcLiSOLgOc aaMSag UhMhea ahMiUi SMSaa SMSSS SMSUd SMSSS SMcah UeMhhc hgMUe dd226Table E.4. ????????blmnrdoe ?z ?  ?Are ?z ?  ?gpe ?z ?  ?ae ?z ?  ?Mle ?z ?  ?ipe ?z ?  ?Mye ?z ? dse ?z ?  ?Nne ?z ?  ?itzlr ?z ?Sylps ?LiSOLgOd aaMSUS UhMega ahMhcb SMSUU SMSSg SMSde SMSSS SMbbh UgMhah hgMge ddLiSOLgOe UiMace UhMgba ahMSSd SMSUS SMSSb SMSSS SMSSS SMadS aUMcdh hgMgS ddLiSOLiOU UhMhbc aSMShS agMcac SMSSd SMSSa SMSaa SMSSS SMSga aUMhhe hhMbb deLiSOLiOa UhMaei UiMgbc aeMhbg SMSbc SMSbg SMSSS SMSSS SMaci aaMUhh hgMbd deLiSOLiOb aSMdUh UiMcgS ahMSeS SMSSS SMSSS SMSUh SMSSS SMaUU UiMicg hhMaa deLiSOLUSOU UiMhUd UiMSii ahMUdh SMSSc SMSUh SMSdS SMSSS SMbUe aSMiaS hhMbh dgLiSOLUSOa aSMcbb UhMieU ahMSbU SMSSU SMSSS SMSSU SMSSh SMaUd UiMgbh hgMbi dgLiSOLUSOb UiMSec UiMaUd agMdUa SMSbS SMSag SMSbi SMScg SMage aSMgie hgMSU dgLiSOLUUOU UhMhSg UiMhSU agMcSh SMSae SMSae SMSSS SMSSS SMbea aSMdUS heMic dhLiSOLUUOa UhMbaU aSMahg agMdba SMSUi SMSaa SMSca SMSSS SMUcd aUMbaa hgMei dhLiSOLUUOb UhMhSb UiMhag agMeUg SMSSS SMSSh SMScU SMSSS SMaeS aSMigi hgMdb dhLiSOLUaOU UhMgae aSMUSc agMcSe SMSSS SMSUc SMSSS SMSSS SMagS aUMSac hgMdc diLiSOLUaOa UhMhdh UiMchg agMaSg SMSdS SMSaS SMSbe SMSSS SMbda aUMdSS hgMdU diLiSOLUaOb UhMbcU aSMdci agMUcb SMSag SMSUc SMSSS SMSaS SMbeh aUMbie hgMhe diLhhOLeOU UhMchi aSMSih agMabU SMSSS SMSSb SMSUa SMSee SMeSd aUMcUg hgMia eSLhhOLeOa UiMagi aSMbac agMSgc SMSSh SMSSg SMSaU SMSha SMeSi aSMdSh hgMiU eSLhhOLeOb UhMhai UiMeii agMahe SMSaU SMSSS SMSSS SMSbi SMddd aUMeUa hhMSc eSLhhOLgOU UhMagU UiMggc aeMgdc SMSSS SMSbe SMScg SMUch SMded aUMccg hgMSc eULhhOLgOa UhMcgb UiMhhg aeMbbe SMSSa SMSUa SMScb SMUSi SMddU aUMgdS hgMUe eULhhOLgOb UhMeea UiMihS aeMeha SMSSS SMSSS SMSUc SMUai SMdha aUMbda hgMcS eULcUOLaOU USMahg aUMUeh acMaUc SMSSa SMSUi SMSSS SMSbc UMhig aiMcUe hgMSc eaLcUOLaOa USMbab aSMigd abMicS SMSai SMSUe SMSSd SMScd UMiaU aiMead heMhh eaLcUOLaOb USMgbg aUMSdh abMihg SMSSU SMSbc SMSaS SMSUd UMiig aiMdaS hgMbg eaLcUOLbOU UUMSbc aUMUSU abMehb SMSUh SMSSU SMSbi SMSSS aMSch ahMdiS heMdU ebLcUOLbOa USMhec aUMUSc acMbbi SMSca SMSUa SMSac SMSSS UMiSd aiMSbd hgMbb ebLcUOLcOU USMicU aSMhei acMbdS SMSci SMSSa SMSSe SMSSS UMieU aiMeic hgMhg ecLcUOLcOa UUMUUg aSMheS abMicc SMSSS SMSSU SMScg SMSSS aMSgh aiMUha hgMab ecLcUOLcOb UUMSiU aUMaUe acMbUc SMSSS SMSaa SMSaS SMSSS UMiSa aiMahc hgMhd ecLcUOLcOc USMhhb aUMbdg acMcgS SMSSh SMSSi SMScc SMSSS aMSde aiMcbb hhMae edLcUOLcOd UUMSUc aUMbeh abMiSb SMSSS SMSSa SMSUU SMSUU UMiSb aiMggg hgMii edLcUOLcOe USMgbg aUMUeU acMcSg SMSSh SMSai SMSed SMSUi UMiid aiMUhd hgMeU edLcUOLdOU USMgbc aSMeaS abMicS SMSUe SMSSeMShg SMScd UMigS aiMdbg heMie eeLcUOLgOU USMiSd aUMSab abMhah SMSSS SMSag SMSaS SMSbS UMiiS aiMgSe hgMdb egLcUOLgOa UUMUce aUMaSc acMUic SMSSi SMSSS SMSeg SMSSS UMhbS aiMeSd hhMSe egLcUOLgOb UUMdUi aUMadh acMUSh SMSSS SMSSS SMSdi SMScd UMhbe ahMgba hgMde egL ?BaShOLUOU UbMbeU UiMScc bdMhUd SMSUc SMbeg SMSic SMSSh SMcSh UhMhSa hgMiU ehL ?BaShOLUOa UgMdgi UiMehS aeMbeh SMSSS SMShd SMScd SMSdc SMche aaMgSb hgMSS eiL ?BaShOLUOb UgMdic UiMbid aeMeib SMSUh SMSdb SMSSS SMSea SMdbh abMaca hgMdi eiL ?BaShOLUOc UhMScS UiMbSc aeMhgi SMSUa SMSab SMSec SMSSS SMceb aaMhgU hgMee eiL ?BaShOLUOd UgMcic UiMghc aeMaic SMSSS SMSgd SMSbg SMSUi SMcga abMaeb hgMcc gSL ?BaShOLUOe UgMcSh UiMihd aeMeSe SMSSd SMSeU SMSSS SMSbi SMchb aaMedS hgMac gSL ?BaShOLUOg UgMdSb UiMdeh aeMcaU SMSSS SMSSd SMScS SMSSh SMeag aaMecg heMha gUL ?BaShOLUOh UgMich UiMbiU aeMgeU SMSSS SMSea SMSUi SMSSS SMedg aaMbca hgMUh gUL ?BaShOLUOi SMUSb SMSSg SMSSa SMSSS dgMSSU SMSSS SMUUe SMddb SMacU dhMSa gaL ?BaShOLUOUS SMShg SMSaU SMSeS SMSUa deMbdc SMSSS SMSSS SMdbb SMahc dgMbd gaL ?BaShOLbOU UgMcdh aSMSSd aeMcSc SMSSS SMSdc SMScS SMSbU SMeUc aaMcie hgMUS gbL ?BaShOLbOa UgMUaU UiMdSc aeMbiS SMSUS SMShi SMSSc SMSSS SMeac aaMbea heMUS gbL ?BaShOLbOb UgMShc UiMdei aeMbSg SMSSa SMScg SMSUa SMSca SMdiU aaMchc heMUc gbL ?BaShOLbOc UgMcUb UiMbhg adMega SMSSh SMSdi SMSbh SMSSS SMcgi aaMiUa hdMig gcL ?BaShOLbOd UgMbiS UiMdhe adMdah SMSaU SMSbg SMScc SMSSS SMeSi abMcag heMec gc227Table E.4. ????????LabelMgO ?(wt. ?%) ?Al2O3 ?(wt. ?%) ?SiO2 ?(wt. ?%) ?K2O ?(wt. ?%) ?CaO ?(wt. ?%) ?TiO2 ?(wt. ?%) ?Cr2O3 ?(wt. ?%)MnO ?(wt. ?%) ?FeO ?(wt. ?%) ?Total ?(wt.% ?)Grain ?#cLO208-??c3-??6 17.118 19.639 25.899 0.013 0.060 0.039 0.019 0.614 22.359 85.76 74cLO208-??c4-??1 17.074 19.659 25.721 0.005 0.027 0.021 0.065 0.610 22.820 86.00 75cLO208-??c4-??2 17.419 19.569 26.288 0.027 0.056 0.044 0.031 0.610 22.844 86.89 75cLO208-??c4-??3 15.008 19.157 31.132 0.018 0.065 0.036 0.000 0.469 20.316 86.20 76cLO208-??c4-??4 16.948 19.135 26.029 0.037 0.030 0.028 0.000 0.509 22.100 84.82 76cLO208-??c4-??5 16.476 19.303 27.298 0.053 0.098 0.078 0.054 0.622 21.401 85.38 76cLO208-??c4-??6 5.729 15.479 45.815 0.025 6.345 7.886 0.000 0.227 8.364 89.87 76cLO208-??c5-??1 17.892 19.884 25.966 0.044 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.653 22.842 87.33 77cLO208-??c5-??2 17.583 19.650 26.024 0.000 0.046 0.009 0.000 0.594 23.233 87.14 77cLO208-??c5-??3 17.824 19.775 26.279 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.601 23.005 87.49 77cLO208-??c5-??4 17.927 19.808 26.340 0.011 0.023 0.027 0.000 0.529 22.797 87.46 78cLO208-??c5-??5 0.077 0.000 0.042 0.012 57.077 0.028 0.004 0.539 0.335 58.11 78cLO208-??c5-??6 17.475 19.630 25.974 0.000 0.035 0.058 0.031 0.568 22.988 86.76 79c33-??c1-??1 18.098 20.768 25.999 0.015 0.012 0.002 0.027 0.547 21.242 86.71 80c33-??c1-??2 17.127 22.782 25.090 0.027 0.049 0.003 0.175 0.633 20.130 86.02 80c33-??c1-??3 17.643 21.667 25.715 0.036 0.035 0.000 0.155 0.596 20.690 86.54 80c33-??c1-??4 18.065 20.684 25.800 0.031 0.014 0.058 0.147 0.685 21.301 86.78 81c33-??c1-??5 17.638 21.150 25.312 0.036 0.005 0.035 0.136 0.556 21.065 85.93 81c33-??c2-??1 0.000 0.000 101.109 0.000 0.029 0.000 0.004 0.031 0.221 101.39 82c33-??c2-??2 0.008 18.180 67.193 0.067 0.138 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.59 82c33-??c2-??3 0.000 17.823 67.182 0.062 0.079 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.002 85.16 82c33-??c2-??4 17.409 22.870 25.302 0.039 0.031 0.024 0.058 0.626 20.724 87.08 83c33-??c2-??5 18.195 20.839 25.947 0.000 0.024 0.002 0.047 0.550 21.200 86.80 83c33-??c2-??6 17.667 20.747 25.324 0.006 0.000 0.032 0.027 0.629 20.858 85.29 83c33-??c2-??7 17.821 20.721 26.327 0.000 0.000 0.072 0.077 0.662 21.211 86.89 84c33-??c2-??8 17.816 21.133 25.710 0.000 0.029 0.041 0.062 0.628 21.703 87.12 84c33-??c2-??9 18.189 21.193 26.104 0.000 0.010 0.036 0.000 0.577 20.995 87.10 84c33-??c3-??1 17.266 21.130 26.366 0.047 0.022 0.034 0.124 0.599 21.072 86.66 85c33-??c3-??2 17.929 20.983 25.969 0.013 0.016 0.022 0.078 0.639 21.118 86.77 85c33-??c3-??3 17.596 20.911 26.154 0.000 0.050 0.018 0.089 0.570 21.243 86.63 85c33-??c3-??4 18.094 20.652 25.662 0.010 0.014 0.018 0.136 0.497 21.132 86.21 85c33-??c3-??5 17.753 21.448 25.391 0.025 0.026 0.043 0.236 0.543 20.894 86.36 86c33-??c3-??6 17.084 20.590 26.294 0.042 0.031 0.009 0.182 0.695 20.812 85.74 86c33-??c3-??7 17.373 20.599 24.694 0.195 0.076 0.026 0.209 0.658 21.390 85.22 86c33-??c4-??1 17.707 21.483 26.123 0.013 0.003 0.016 0.081 0.599 21.325 87.35 87c33-??c4-??2 18.040 21.346 26.370 0.000 0.026 0.033 0.035 0.616 21.296 87.76 87c33-??c4-??3 17.548 21.314 25.865 0.026 0.009 0.057 0.031 0.587 20.584 86.02 87c33-??c4-??4 18.292 21.016 26.147 0.007 0.027 0.027 0.023 0.550 21.224 87.31 88c33-??c4-??5 17.936 20.942 25.795 0.026 0.033 0.039 0.112 0.694 21.355 86.93 88c33-??c4-??6 18.737 20.794 26.485 0.000 0.000 0.072 0.039 0.547 20.818 87.49 88c33-??c5-??1 12.836 20.064 37.230 0.028 0.032 0.019 0.008 0.424 15.918 86.56 89c33-??c5-??2 17.901 20.729 25.524 0.000 0.008 0.012 0.043 0.579 21.256 86.05 89c33-??c5-??3 18.189 21.046 26.065 0.011 0.017 0.067 0.019 0.556 21.688 87.66 89c33-??c5-??4 17.812 21.162 25.535 0.025 0.000 0.014 0.225 0.606 21.135 86.51 90c33-??c5-??5 18.012 20.900 26.093 0.001 0.051 0.048 0.147 0.612 21.819 87.68 90c33-??c5-??6 17.973 20.782 25.719 0.013 0.016 0.004 0.171 0.551 20.269 85.50 90c33-??c5-??7 18.114 20.754 25.795 0.000 0.011 0.034 0.019 0.547 21.089 86.36 91c33-??c5-??8 18.319 20.930 26.438 0.002 0.000 0.016 0.062 0.556 21.544 87.87 91c33-??c5-??9 17.417 20.818 25.676 0.023 0.015 0.006 0.039 0.613 20.589 85.20 91c33-??c5-??10 18.108 20.525 25.665 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.012 0.628 21.683 86.64 92228Table E.4. ????????LabelMgO ?(wt. ?%) ?Al2O3 ?(wt. ?%) ?SiO2 ?(wt. ?%) ?K2O ?(wt. ?%) ?CaO ?(wt. ?%) ?TiO2 ?(wt. ?%) ?Cr2O3 ?(wt. ?%)MnO ?(wt. ?%) ?FeO ?(wt. ?%) ?Total ?(wt.% ?)Grain ?#c10-??c1-??1 14.607 22.501 25.068 0.000 0.000 0.033 0.031 0.490 24.746 87.47 93c10-??c1-??2 14.468 22.223 24.486 0.020 0.029 0.059 0.027 0.617 24.493 86.42 93c10-??c1-??3 14.540 22.322 24.689 0.036 0.000 0.069 0.015 0.569 24.412 86.65 93c10-??c1-??4 14.443 22.370 24.831 0.000 0.031 0.035 0.004 0.523 24.635 86.87 94c10-??c1-??5 14.352 22.487 24.611 0.146 0.005 0.024 0.015 0.539 25.037 87.22 94c10-??c1-??6 14.315 22.608 25.062 0.048 0.034 0.022 0.015 0.468 23.919 86.49 94c10-??c1-??7 14.526 22.883 24.972 0.024 0.014 0.024 0.042 0.537 24.623 87.64 95c10-??c1-??8 14.762 22.265 25.295 0.029 0.018 0.030 0.004 0.514 23.725 86.64 96c10-??c1-??9 14.755 22.049 24.664 0.000 0.002 0.055 0.023 0.529 24.702 86.78 96c10-??c1-??10 12.456 22.440 30.459 0.753 0.045 0.059 0.012 0.534 21.536 88.29 96c10-??c2-??1 14.393 22.623 24.528 0.001 0.020 0.007 0.004 0.549 24.810 86.93 97c10-??c2-??2 13.598 22.542 27.298 0.058 0.002 0.027 0.000 0.511 23.656 87.69 97c10-??c2-??3 14.241 22.880 25.414 0.186 0.000 0.048 0.000 0.428 24.780 87.98 97c10-??c2-??4 14.612 22.438 24.827 0.000 0.000 0.034 0.000 0.634 24.914 87.46 98c10-??c2-??5 14.471 22.385 24.855 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.500 24.982 87.20 98c10-??c2-??6 14.548 22.298 24.944 0.065 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.562 24.470 86.89 98c10-??c3-??1 14.685 22.617 25.221 0.008 0.000 0.058 0.046 0.536 24.604 87.77 99c10-??c3-??2 14.387 23.053 25.645 0.020 0.026 0.000 0.000 0.595 25.029 88.75 99c10-??c3-??3 14.826 21.897 25.421 0.008 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.497 24.148 86.81 99c054-??c1-??1 21.734 21.480 27.189 0.020 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.453 16.061 87.01 100c054-??c1-??2 21.880 20.645 27.396 0.000 0.033 0.000 0.191 0.500 15.609 86.25 100c054-??c1-??3 21.054 20.995 26.946 0.011 0.025 0.022 0.056 0.556 15.709 85.38 101c054-??c1-??4 21.119 21.982 27.013 0.004 0.000 0.045 0.000 0.656 16.112 86.93 101c054-??c1-??5 21.541 21.223 27.186 0.000 0.040 0.025 0.234 0.517 15.749 86.51 101c054-??c2-??1 21.188 21.804 27.065 0.016 0.046 0.081 0.056 0.566 15.845 86.67 102c054-??c2-??2 21.871 21.125 27.278 0.023 0.044 0.000 0.032 0.537 15.160 86.07 102c054-??c2-??3 20.787 21.048 27.118 0.009 0.007 0.046 0.075 0.698 16.624 86.41 102c054-??c2-??4 21.037 21.661 26.881 0.002 0.031 0.056 0.036 0.643 15.643 85.99 103c054-??c2-??5 20.561 21.172 26.920 0.005 0.067 0.081 0.028 0.522 17.098 86.45 103c054-??c2-??6 21.012 21.356 26.812 0.033 0.003 0.013 0.059 0.586 16.433 86.31 103c054-??c2-??7 21.012 20.717 27.029 0.000 0.023 0.071 0.111 0.679 16.358 86.00 104c054-??c2-??8 21.353 21.090 27.135 0.000 0.014 0.040 0.000 0.649 16.099 86.38 104c054-??c2-??9 20.473 21.045 27.432 0.022 0.024 0.050 0.071 0.645 16.878 86.64 104c054-??c3-??1 22.206 21.082 27.288 0.028 0.019 0.017 0.016 0.583 15.714 86.95 105c054-??c3-??2 21.230 20.557 27.495 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.024 0.549 16.849 86.72 105c054-??c3-??3 21.462 20.687 27.559 0.029 0.035 0.047 0.056 0.513 15.876 86.26 105c054-??c3-??4 21.375 21.003 27.578 0.018 0.003 0.002 0.024 0.717 16.133 86.85 106c054-??c3-??5 21.603 21.142 27.482 0.000 0.010 0.051 0.032 0.613 16.502 87.44 106c054-??c3-??6 22.230 20.874 27.956 0.000 0.014 0.030 0.000 0.541 15.368 87.01 106c054-??c3-??7 17.541 22.788 30.437 1.555 0.031 0.048 0.092 0.525 14.351 87.37 107c054-??c3-??8 18.345 21.250 30.639 0.765 0.001 0.015 0.184 0.484 14.737 86.42 107c054-??c4-??1 21.378 21.103 26.944 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.131 0.646 16.142 86.35 108c054-??c4-??2 21.267 21.440 26.556 0.000 0.000 0.045 0.111 0.563 16.641 86.62 108c054-??c4-??3 21.843 20.829 27.254 0.000 0.008 0.019 0.282 0.544 15.797 86.58 108c054-??c4-??4 21.225 21.207 27.195 0.056 0.022 0.063 0.309 0.649 16.886 87.61 109c054-??c4-??5 20.447 20.665 27.138 0.007 0.009 0.030 0.616 0.525 16.944 86.38 109c054-??c4-??6 12.550 22.021 32.074 3.443 0.379 0.220 0.211 0.383 11.442 82.72 109c145-??c1-??1 15.426 21.133 25.488 0.000 0.169 0.228 0.015 0.544 23.916 86.92 110c145-??c1-??2 11.018 14.758 18.227 0.019 15.017 0.024 0.000 0.911 17.168 77.14 110c145-??c1-??3 16.191 20.672 25.973 0.000 0.109 0.226 0.081 0.676 22.980 86.91 110229Table E.4. ????????LabelMgO ?(wt. ?%) ?Al2O3 ?(wt. ?%) ?SiO2 ?(wt. ?%) ?K2O ?(wt. ?%) ?CaO ?(wt. ?%) ?TiO2 ?(wt. ?%) ?Cr2O3 ?(wt. ?%)MnO ?(wt. ?%) ?FeO ?(wt. ?%) ?Total ?(wt.% ?)Grain ?#c145-??c1-??4 17.422 19.717 26.943 0.000 0.029 0.022 0.062 0.565 22.771 87.53 111c145-??c1-??5 15.359 21.034 25.568 0.000 0.033 0.051 0.000 0.540 23.850 86.43 111c145-??c1-??6 15.535 21.220 25.330 0.014 0.079 0.024 0.065 0.458 24.699 87.42 111c145-??c2-??1 15.651 21.333 25.563 0.012 0.049 0.000 0.138 0.458 24.179 87.38 112c145-??c2-??2 15.463 21.124 25.315 0.001 0.027 0.026 0.180 0.681 24.106 86.92 112c145-??c2-??3 15.510 21.420 25.544 0.022 0.026 0.011 0.115 0.599 24.368 87.61 112c145-??c2-??4 15.825 20.817 25.886 0.000 0.078 0.041 0.084 0.507 24.134 87.37 112c145-??c3-??1 0.464 0.010 0.005 0.005 53.571 0.000 0.000 1.705 0.842 56.60 113c145-??c3-??2 1.096 0.873 1.061 0.002 50.542 0.014 0.000 1.400 1.886 56.87 113c145-??c3-??3 15.873 21.401 25.883 0.047 0.018 0.080 0.000 0.492 23.937 87.73 113c145-??c3-??4 15.470 21.073 25.826 0.000 0.056 0.010 0.004 0.507 24.375 87.32 114c145-??c3-??5 15.603 21.430 25.907 0.000 0.061 0.030 0.000 0.554 24.132 87.72 114c145-??c3-??6 0.372 0.000 0.040 0.008 52.033 0.008 0.000 1.814 0.791 55.07 115c145-??c3-??7 0.397 0.000 0.063 0.012 53.111 0.004 0.034 1.797 0.800 56.22 115230Table E.5. Electron microprobe analyses of sericite from NiblackLbegnF ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?).w( ? #Ob3S ?).w( ? #MiS ?).w( ? #An3S ?).w( ? #TlS3 ?).w( ? #Cn ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?).w( ? #K3S ?).w( ? #CbS ?).w( ? #alS3 ?).w( ? #Ct3S ?).w( ? #MoS ?).w( ? #FgS ?).w( ? #arwbn ?).w( ? #Gtblo ?2 13cO c  032 5 1 023 6245 05 17  146 3   241 7727  13cO c0  0 6  32 15 74731  2 00  3   5  61 005 0 13cO0c  5 15 2 115 7 22674 0 5471  2  6 1   025 7124 1 13cO0c0  2 4 4026 1 04 2 635 02 307 6  75  002 125 6465 276cO c 325 573  5 12 47 2504   773     41 7227 376cO c0 132 603 17 12155 24171 0  76  04 25    3 7222 376cO c1 357 61 74 12500 24417  7 152  2  12  6 5 73 0 476cO c2  575 11 12114 244 05 7774   0  2 674 7150 476cO c3 027 303 163 03 26 1 055  4650     4013 647 576cO c4 10 457 012 14 2 2313  251  0  26 26 7204 576cO c5 033 644 6  11426 24 57  7713  1 7 1 0114 725 576cO c6 066 674 4 1272 25261   71    02 537 736 576cO c7 001 64 427 12115 24 25  4  43 0 17  16 0177 7260 676cO c   55 30 1226 23313  0  0 2   0032 7151 676cO0c 2 3 635 3 11515 24523 25 740  1   53 7203 776cO0c0 417 751 06 1351 23757 7 26   16   61 7275 776cO0c1 227 556  12245 24455  0 4 3 30   25 73 776cO0c2 2 6 67 160 11613 24436  71  26    3 7212 76cO0c3 035 745  06 12305 24206  76 1   0  0 0 7213 76cO0c4  6 675 25 12466 23772 0 75 10 31 7  5 147 7302 76cO0c5 13 56 576 12345 22617  2 24 6 11   620 7106 76cO1c  743 450 13 1 245 5  77 1  0  7  3  7271 076cO1c0 10 562  1252 25146  2  12   21 26 466 736 176cO1c1  03 314 306 6337 02744  7 372 07 54 67  041 316 176cO1c2 130 706 43 1227 242 4 17  6 6  7 30 425 733 176cO1c3 10 543  34 117 5 2475 13 04 0 11 7 5 640 73 0 276cO1c4 513 745 032 124 2470 20 7570 3 26 12   11 7336 276cO1c5  644 26 12214 24050  2  06  01    0 716 376cO1c6 10 45 713 1315 24574  7703  5  2 04  2 6 7333 3 01cO c 43 5 5 710 11607 23465 0 070 0  33 0 64 123 71 3 4 01cO c0  07 455 721 12 67 23610  3 2 7  4  21  2 010 7142 4 01cO c1 07 33 5 11154 23533  32 2 03 42  306 7106 4 01cO0c  45 1261 11232 21415 0 630 01  44   4 0621 7067 5 01cO0c0  571 641 123 2430  2 023 23  30  23  5 7206 5 01cO0c1  12 567 1276 24172 12 763  1  30  36  2 7215 5 01cO0c2  55 612 10224 2662 11 7472   54 2 61 33 7165 5 01cO0c3 001 465 012 1117 2320  750 07  43 2  2 0 5 714 5 01cO0c4  04 611 1246 11112 22062 01 6163 3 0 6 1 74 065 7150 5L27cO c  7 04 2 1 7 22362 4 263  7 02 75 0 1527 7 6 6L27cO c0 10 05 201 070 232  27  073  23 201 753 6L27cO c1 034 17 60 1033 23241  7557  04 0 4 02 05 7  4 7L27cO c2 060 022 127 06451 22625 4 57  020 2 50 3312 7 11 7L27cO0c   11 104 0761 2325 2 36  5   04 411 7023 0L27cO0c0   3 457 06202 2 735  764 157 75   21 557 665 0L27cO0c1  242 51 07542 22727  7602 07 210 46 40 0650 7 7 0 L27cO0c2 1 5 053 343 1221 24 74   5  14 03 12 147 7076 00L27cO0c3 10  5 026 0750 2323  24  011 1 40 2 20 7 33 01L27cO0c4 73 0 6 154 162 23113 2 102  023 20  5 2012 7 75 02L27cO0c5  013 2 5 1172 23 32 0 073 3 026 63  106 7  03L27cO0c6  15 203 07703 22267 7 7740 0 045 62  2 0 744 03 cO c  2  3 11650 2465 03 7252 3  0   0164 7166 04 cO c0  37 056 625 11331 244 6 07 7 37  70 37 0 0667 725 04 cO c1 2 0  63 36212070 2424 27 7543 40     0454 7337 04 cO c2 000 013 277 110 5 26204 11 6557       03 2 7361 04231Table E.5. ????????LbegnF ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?).w( ? #Ob3S ?).w( ? #MiS ?).w( ? #An3S ?).w( ? #TlS3 ?).w( ? #Cn ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?).w( ? #K3S ?).w( ? #CbS ?).w( ? #alS3 ?).w( ? #Ct3S ?).w( ? #MoS ?).w( ? #FgS ?).w( ? #arwbn ?).w( ? #Gtblo ?2 cO c3   13 4 7 11336 24 1 11 7511 01   33 051 72 1 05 cO c4  01 470 11 16 243 17 7114  0 7  23 044 7147 05 cO c5  00 43 11131 24263  0 742   4  02 0324 7154 05 cO0c   42 30 1 632 23250  3 753 5  5  2 20 7131 06 cO0c0  142 405 12 6 3 201 00 6 67 0 7  1  036 7416 06 cO0c1  1653 355 130 3 6 0  6 4776 02  4 7  2 0054 7354 06 cO0c2 064 45 366 1164 23721 0 7707 0  33   0515 7235 07 cO0c3  110 226 11 30 24777 47 73  7  6   017 7172 07 cO0c4 00  64 536 11 7 22656 02 7114   0 33 1 101 7070 07 cO1c 36 16 334 12131 24 06  7 7642   30 33 5 0201 73  1 cO1c0 74  2 303 12122 24004 02 33  05 46  031 7302 1 cO1c1 1 7 721 3 3 1226 24 70 01 26 07  37  0 03 0 7302 1232FOV 460 ?m1.1 1.2FOV 460 ?m2.12.32.2FOV 460 ?m4.14.24.3FOV 460 ?m3.13.23.3FOV 690 ?m5.15.55.65.45.25.3FOV 850 ?m6.66.56.46.16.26.3FOV 1150 ?m7.1`7.27.37.47.57.6FOV 460 ?m8.18.28.3CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 6CIRCLE 7CIRCLE 8BM2011-00512 3456 78Sample Name: BM2011-005 | Chlorite233FOV 770 ?m1.11.21.31.61.51.41.71.81.91.10FOV 385 ?m2.1 2.22.32.4 2.52.6FOV 700 ?m3.23.33.1FOV 770 ?m1.11.21.31.41.51.61.7FOV 385 ?m2.12.22.32.42.62.5FOV 770 ?m3.23.33.1CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 3BM2011-0101 23Sample Name: BM2011-010 | Chlorite & Sericite234FOV 385 ?m1.11.21.31.41.5FOV 580 ?m2.12.32.22.62.42.52.72.8 2.9FOV 580 ?m3.1 3.23.3 3.43.53.63.7FOV 385 ?m4.14.24.34.44.54.6FOV 580 ?m4.1 4.24.34.4 4.54.64.74.84.94.10CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5BM2011-0331234Sample Name: BM2011-033 | Chlorite235FOV 850 ?m1.11.21.31.4FOV 460 ?m2.12.3 2.2FOV 460 ?m3.13.2FOV 1000 ?m3.13.23.33.43.53.6 3.7FOV 700 ?m4.1 4.24.34.4 4.5 4.6FOV 460 ?m5.1FOV 770 ?m5.35.1 5.25.45.6FOV 770 ?m6.36.16.26.46.56.6FOV 620 ?m7.17.27.3FOV 1080 ?m7.17.27.37.4 7.57.6CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 6BM2011-0411 23456 7CIRCLE 7CIRCLE 7Sample Name: BM2011-041 | Chlorite & Sphalerite236FOV 230 ?m1.11.21.31.61.51.4FOV 500 ?m2.12.22.3FOV 500 ?m3.13.23.33.43.5FOV 600 ?m4.44.34.14.2FOV 500 ?m5.35.15.2FOV 500 ?m6.36.16.2FOV 540 ?m7.37.17.2CIRCLE 7FOV 230 ?m1.1FOV 500 ?m2.12.22.3FOV 540 ?m3.43.23.33.53.6CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 6BM2011-0471 2 3 4567Sample Name: BM2011-047 | Chlorite & Sphalerite237FOV 770 ?m1.11.21.31.41.51.6FOV 230 ?m2.12.32.2FOV 230 ?m3.13.2FOV 230 ?m3.13.2FOV 1080 ?m4.14.24.34.44.64.5FOV 1080 ?m4.14.24.34.44.54.64.7FOV 460 ?m5.15.35.2FOV 460 ?m6.16.26.3FOV 460 ?m6.16.26.3CIRCLE 6FOV 460 ?m8.18.28.3CIRCLE 8CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 6BM2011-0541 2 345678Sample Name: BM2011-054 | Chlorite & Sphalerite238FOV 620 ?m1.11.21.31.4 1.51.6FOV 770 ?m2.12.32.22.42.52.6FOV 690 ?m4.1 4.2 4.34.44.54.6FOV 460 ?m3.1 3.23.3FOV 460 ?m5.15.25.3FOV 460 ?m7.17.37.2FOV 1700 ?m7.17.27.37.47.57.67.77.87.9CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 7CIRCLE 7BM2011-0801234567Sample Name: BM2011-080 | Chlorite & Sphalerite239FOV 620 ?m1.11.21.31.41.5FOV 460 ?m2.12.32.2FOV 460 ?m3.13.23.3FOV 460 ?m4.14.24.3FOV 770 ?m5.1 5.25.35.45.55.6FOV 460 ?m6.16.26.3FOV 460 ?m6.1FOV 460 ?m7.37.17.2FOV 800 ?m7.17.27.37.47.5CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 6CIRCLE 6CIRCLE 7CIRCLE 7BM2011-0881 2345 67Sample Name: BM2011-088 | Chlorite & Sphalerite240FOV 270 ?m1.11.2FOV 270 ?m2.12.32.2FOV 380 ?m3.13.23.33.4FOV 820 ?m3.13.23.3FOV 460 ?m4.14.24.3FOV 460 ?m5.15.2 5.3FOV 620 ?m6.1c6.3c6.2c6.16.26.3FOV 1.15 mm7.37.17.27.47.57.6 7.1 7.2 7.3FOV 460 ?m9.19.29.3FOV 460 ?m10.1 10.210.3CIRCLE 10FOV 460 ?m10.110.210.3CIRCLE 10FOV 460 ?m11.111.211.3CIRCLE 11FOV 460 ?m11.111.211.3CIRCLE 11FOV 385 ?m8.48.28.3CIRCLE 8FOV 460 ?m12.1 12.2 12.3CIRCLE 12CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 6CIRCLE 7CIRCLE 9BM2011-0901 2 3 4 56789101112Sample Name: BM2011-090 | Chlorite & Sphalerite241FOV 385 ?m1.11.21.3 1.41.51.8 1.71.61.91.10FOV 580 ?m2.1 2.32.22.62.42.52.7FOV 580 ?m3.13.23.83.43.53.63.7CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3BM2011-098123Sample Name: BM2011-098 | Sericite FOV 460 ?m1.11.21.3FOV 1.2 mm2.12.32.22.42.62.5FOV 460 ?m3.13.23.3FOV 230 ?m4.14.24.3FOV 1000 ?m5.15.25.35.45.55.65.75.8FOV 230 ?m6.16.26.3FOV 340 ?m7.37.17.2CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 6CIRCLE 7BM2011-1181 234567Sample Name: BM2011-118 | Sphalerite242FOV 770 ?m1.11.21.3FOV 385 ?m2.12.2 2.32.42.52.6CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2BM2011-12312Sample Name: BM2011-123 | Sericite FOV 385 ?m1.1FOV 580 ?m2.1CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2BM2011-13512Sample Name: BM2011-135 | Sericite 243FOV 460 ?m1.11.21.3FOV 460 ?m2.12.32.2FOV 460 ?m3.13.23.3FOV 460 ?m4.14.24.3FOV 460 ?m5.1FOV 850 ?m6.16.26.36.46.56.6FOV 700 ?m7.37.1 7.27.4FOV 460 ?m8.38.18.2CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5CIRCLE 6CIRCLE 7CIRCLE 8BM2011-1461 2 34567 8Sample Name: BM2011-146 | Sphalerite244FOV 1160 ?m1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.91.10FOV 770 ?m3.1 3.33.23.63.43.5FOV 1000 ?m4.1 4.24.34.44.54.6FOV 925 ?m5.15.2 5.35.45.55.6CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 5LO208-760.81 2345Sample Name: LO208-760.8 | ChloriteFOV 770 ?m1.11.21.31.4 1.51.6FOV 770 ?m2.12.3 2.22.4FOV 770 ?m3.1 3.23.33.43.53.63.7CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3S145-73.512345Sample Name: S145-73.5 | Chlorite 245FOV 1000 ?m1.1c1.2c1.3c1.4c1.5c1.11.21.31.4 1.51.61.7 1.8FOV 1300 ?m2.1c2.2c2.3c2.4c2.5c2.6c2.7c2.8c2.12.32.22.42.52.62.72.8FOV 1000 ?m4.1c4.2c4.3c4.4c4.5c4.6c4.7c4.8c4.9c4.14.24.34.44.54.6FOV 460 ?m3.1c3.2c3.3c3.43.23.3FOV 460 ?m5.1c5.2c5.3c5.15.25.3CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 4CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 5U035-10291 2 345Sample Name: U035-1029 | Chlorite & Sphalerite246FOV 1000 ?m1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8FOV 770 ?m2.12.22.32.4CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2U049-69112Sample Name: U049-691 | Sericite FOV 925 ?m1.11.21.31.41.51.9FOV 540 ?m2.12.32.22.62.42.52.72.82.9FOV 11600 ?m3.1 3.23.33.43.53.63.73.8FOV 1130 ?m4.14.24.34.4 4.54.6CIRCLE 1CIRCLE 2CIRCLE 3CIRCLE 4U054-6821234Sample Name: U054-682 | Chlorite247Appendix F:Mineral Separation dec?ni?ues ?or Stable /sotope Analysis248Stable Isotope MethodsSulfur isotope ratios of sulfide and oxygen isotope ratios of magnetite were measured at the University of Queen?s, Queen?s Facility for Isotope Research.Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of chlorite and sericite were measured at GNS Science.Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of calcite were measured at the University of British Columbia.MOSgb ?C#2L0# (!L.79"$L L-??! " L1!7 9L2L7 L ! " L7 7$!!L #  "&L!"7 7 !L7 L 9! LL.OSgb ?Fwn.nob ?GelbtOg ? Ar(eoibl. ? L.OlaOtaw ? KtbTewenl ?Gelei(i ?LOiogb ?Le)b ?./2L $ "&L979 $ "&L! 7 "L7  )4 87Lc "LO 7$% L7 L ) L. 7 L7"L-0-L! " L7!!L! 9L7 $ L78 L3 "L+'0L4L 0LL,1 L 7 ""L ) L. 7 LO3L! " L 7" L7!!L! 9L52 6L +'.L4L 0LL ?MOSgb ?C#2#L 8 48 L5L8 87L 180L#L8  4L00 8L4 84 !L 0303L03L4288LL.OSgb ?Fwn.nob ?GelbtOg ? Ar(eoibl. ? L.OlaOtaw ? KtbTewenl ?Gelei(i ?LOiogb ?Le)b ?)/L 2010 4L.840Lc 4LO0 4L$094L4 L0"!L*())%L-??#)+L3L)+".,L2L$094L4 L0"!L*())%L("-L2L +-L6L)+L 2010 4LL.840Lc 4LO0 4L$094L4 L0"!L*())%L-??#)+L3L)"/,L2LL$094L4 L0"!L*())%L("+L2L +-L6L ?MOSgb ?C#2#Lc03L38 8L67 6" %L1*L! " L6 6%!!L #  "'L!"6 96 9!L6 9L6 6%"86L 8! LL.OSgb ?Fwn.nob ?GelbtOg ? Ar(eoibl. ? L.OlaOtaw ? KtbTewenl ?Gelei(i ?LOiogb ?Le)b ?171L !86"!Lc4-??L-??! L8 # 9L$"L.66"8LL"  6"# L6 6%& L6 9L6! L#  6" L L42OL-L3 15(L67! #"L! " L 6" L L2004)20L<L0)34*5L+O6 "!8 'L1865,0)1L;L 2LLL %9 !86"!L# 6Lc L20*20L9#6L "L6 6%& L43 15(L67! #"L! " L 6" L L144)65L<L0)04*5LLL LLLLLLLLLLLLLL+.66 L"L6)'L1860,4LL;L 40LL ?249Mineral Separates ProcedureSulfide and magnetite mineral separates were extracted from drill core samples by crushing with a rock hammer and hand picking mineral grains. Carbonate mineral separates were extracted from rock samples with a micro drill. The separation of chlorite and sericite was more involved and is described in detail below.Clay concentrates were collected from drill core samples for O-D stable isotope analysis using a liquid suspension circuit technique with sodium hexametaphosphate and centrifuge finish. The quality of the clay concentrate was checked using XRD analysis. A considerable effort was made to remove quartz and feldspar from white mica and chlorite samples to obtain the highest quality sample.Cogenetic chlorite and white mica phyllosilicate alteration minerals with base and precious metal mineralization were selected from drill core samples. The mineral separation method utilizes particle size and, to a lesser extent, mineral density. This method has a bias towards particle size and is not effective for separating white mica from chlorite in the same sample. Sodium hexametaphosphate is a compound that suspends the clay fraction particle size, <2 ?m. Therefore, if rock samples contain elevated amounts of sub-2 ?m feldspar and/or quartz the method will be unsuccessful. ????????d?d???????1) Hardened alloy steel mortar and pestle 2) Rock hammer3) Plastic petri dish4) Scale (to the g) ????????d?d???d^????????1) High intensity ultrasonic processor2) Centrifuge3) Drying oven4) Scale (to the mg)5) Distilled water (~250 ml per sample)6) Sodium Hexametaphosphate7) Plastic pipet8) Small metal spatula 9) 80 ml glass beaker (4)10) 50 ml glass beaker (3)11) 50 ml plastic centrifuge tubes (3)12) Small glass petri dish (1)13) Small glass sample vile (1)250W????????d?d???????d????d???d???????Crush the sample to a heterogeneous grain size with the hardened alloy steel mortar and pestle and rock hammer. This technique is a clay fraction size separation technique, and care should be taken not to crush the entire rock sample to a homogenous grain size. The mortar and pestle hand crusher can accommodate 1-1.5 cm wide rock samples. Pulverize the rock sample by striking the top of the pestle with the rock hammer. Poor the crushed rock sample from the mortar and steel sleeve into a plastic petri dish. Approximately 30-50 grams of crushed rock will be required to separate sufficient clay material for O-D stable isotope analysis. W????????d?d???d^????????d????d???d???????This procedure is modified from Norris (2012) and McClenaghan (2013).Step 1:Poor approximately equal amounts of the crushed sample into three 80 ml glass beakers. Add 50 ml of distilled water to each beaker and gently agitate with a glass stir rod. Disaggregate each sample with the high intensity ultrasonic processor for two minutes. Next, add a small amount of sodium hexametaphosphate to each sample. Agitate each sample again with the ultrasonic processor for two minutes. Then, let each beaker sit for ~2 minutes to allow coarser particles to settle to the bottom of the beaker. Remove the top 25 ml of liquid with a plastic pipet and transfer to a clean 50 ml glass beaker for all three samples. Combine the remaining crushed material and liquid into a 80 ml beaker. This material can be reprocessed if more clay sample is required after the first separation. Step 2:Add 25 ml of distilled water to each 50 ml beaker. After 20 minutes of settling time, remove the top 25 ml of liquid from each 50 ml glass beaker and poor into three separate 50 ml plastic centrifuge tubes. Next, place the tubes in the centrifuge and run for 10 minutes. Carefully decant the clear liquid in each centrifuge tube and discarded. Remove the small amount of clay in the bottom of each centrifuge tube with the small spatula and transfer to a small glass petri dish. Lastly, place the sample in the drying oven at 40?C for ~2 hours or until the sample is dry.Step 3:Remove sample from the glass petri dish and measure sample weight to the milligram, and place into a glass vile. 251References Baertschi, P., 1976, Absolute 18O content of standard mean ocean water: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 31, p. 341-344.Barker, S.L., Dipple, G.M., Dong, F., Baer, D.S., 2011, Use of Laser Spectroscopy to Measure the 13C/12C and 18O/16O Compositions of Carbonate Minerals: Anal. Chem., v. 83, p. 2220-2226.Hagemann, R., Nief, G., and Roth, E., 1970, Absolute isotopic scale for deuterium analysis of natural waters. Absolute D/H ratio for SMOW1: Tellus, v. 22, p. 712-715.McClenaghan, L., 2013, Geology and genesis of the Newton bulk-tonnage gold-silver deposit central British Columbia: University of British Columbia MSc Thesis, 205 pages.Norris, J.R., 2012, Evolution of alteration and mineralization at the Red Chris copper-gold porphyry deposit East zone, northwestern British Columbia, Canada: University of British Columbia MSc Thesis, 212 pages.252Appendix G:XRD Sample Resultsd????CF???????????Deposit:D = DamaL = Lookout DepositM = Mammoth zoneT = Trio zone253chlinochlore muscovite quartz albite chalcopyrite pyrite sphaleritemagnesium-??calcitemagnetite ankerite epidote sphene other.-+,,(+/, 49  6 .52 L8 66(324L2  6L49  6".-+,,(+33 49  6 -??52 L8 66(324L2  6L49  6" " " ".-+,,(+4+ 49  6 -??52 L8 66L49  6L! 9L L42 32 6" " " " ".-+,,(+3+ 49  6 -??52 L8 66L49  6L25L286  6" " " " ".-+,,(+0/ 49  6 .52 L8 66L49  6L25L286  6" " ".-+,,(+-3 49  6 c!2"#L8 66L49  6L! 9L286  6'962  6" " " ".-+,,(+.0 49  6 c52 L8 66L49  6L! 9L 2 $'23 6L25L 6(2  6L 756" " " ".-+,,(+/2 49  6 c52 L8 66L49  6L! 9L 756L25L286  6L" % " " ".-+,,(+.. 49  6 c89 L8 66L49  6L! 9L 6 4 6L25L L 756" " " ".-+,,(+.- 49  6 c89 L8 66L49  6L! 9L 6 4 6L25L L 756" " " "OKA ?FgnetSiLSlrie ?GSleLeiea.eb ?FgnetSiAerowg. Aewatgr.gonMSTie ?C()(L1L 6  L 2 #L 236254chlinochlore muscovite quartz albite chalcopyrite pyrite sphaleritemagnesium-??calcitemagnetite ankerite epidote sphene other0+.2O(,,., 49  6 c65 L8 66L49  6L25L 2 $'23 6L! 9L 756" % " " ".-+,,(+0- 49  6 c65 L8 66L49  6L25L 2 $'23 6" " " % ".-+,,(++. 49  6 c65 L8 66L49  6L! 9L286  6L25L 2 $" " " ".-+,,(+.1 6 4 6 c8 2#L 6 4 6L25L 2 $" " "0+0.O(213 6 4 6 c8 2#L 6 4 6L25L 2 $L! 9L 756" " " " " " "0+0/(3+- 6 4 6 c8 2#L 6 4 6L! 9L L 756" " ".-+,-(+4/ 6 4 6 8 2#&L76L8 265L 6 4 6L25L 2 $L! 9L L 756" " " " ".-+,,(,,- 6 4 6 !9 6&L 6 #L76L8 265L25L 2 $L! 9L L#  6" " ".-+,,(,,2 6 4 6 !9 6&L76L8 265L 6 4 6L25L 2 $L! 9L L#  6" " " ".-+,,(,+4 6 4 6 8 2#&L76L8 265L 6 4 6L25L 2 $L! 9L 756" " " " " ".-+,,(,/. 6 4 6 4 62L4 &L76L8 265L42#L! 9L 2 $" " " ".-+,,(,+3 6 4 6 8 2#&L76L8 265L 6 4 6L! 9L 2 $L25L 756" " " "MSTie ?C()(continuedLSlrie ?GSleLeiea.eb ?FgnetSiAerowg. Aewatgr.gonOKA ?FgnetSi255chlinochlore muscovite quartz albite chalcopyrite pyrite sphaleritemagnesium-??calcitemagnetite ankerite epidote sphene other.-+,,(,-4 6 4 6 26L8 66L42#L! 9L L 2 $" " " " " ".-+,,(,/4 6 4 6 26L#6!(8 66L42#L! 9L L 2 $" " " " ".-+,,(,,/ 6 4 6 !9 6&L 6 4 6L! 9L L 2 $L25L 756" " ".-+,,(,.- 6 4 6 8 2#&L76L8 265L 6 4 6L! 9L 756" " " " " ".-+,,(,-. 49  6 65 L8 66L49  6L! 9L L 756" " " ".-+,,(,,+ 49  6 65 L8 66L49  6L! 9L L 756" % " % ".-+,,(,.. 49  6 65 L8 66L49  6L! 9L L 756" " ".-+,,(,-/ 49  6 89 L8 66L49  6L! 9L 756" " " " " ".-+,,(+02 49  6 .52 L8 66L49  6L! 9L286  6" ".-+,,(+13 49  6 .65 L8 66L49  6" " " %.-+,,(+/1 49  6 .65 L8 66L49  6L! 9L42 32 6" " " 82 6 %.-+,,(+04 49  6 . 52 L8 66L49  6 "" 82 6 %.-+,,(+40 6 4 6 !9 6&L76L8 265L 6 4 6L! 9L L 756" " ".-+,,(+01 6 4 6 .89 L8 66&L76L8 265L 6 4 6" " "MSTie ?C()(continuedLSlrie ?GSleLeiea.eb ?FgnetSiAerowg. Aewatgr.gonOKA ?FgnetSi256chlinochlore muscovite quartz albite chalcopyrite pyrite sphaleritemagnesium-??calcitemagnetite ankerite epidote sphene other.-+,,(+2, 6 4 6 .!9 6&L76L8 265L 6 4 6" " " ".-+,,(+4- 42 32 6 -??42 32 6L! 9L49  6L 6 " " " ".-+,,(+,3 49  6 c52 L8 66L49  6L25L 2 $L 6" ".-+,,(,-+ 42 32 6 5 62 65L42 32 6" " " ".-+,,(,/- 42 32 6 5 62 65L42 32 6.-+,,(++/ 49  6 c52 L8 66L49  6L25L 2 $L 6" ".-+,,(+// 42 32 6 .2  6L#6!( 286L42 32 6" "MSTie ?C()(continuedLSlrie ?GSleLeiea.eb ?FgnetSiAerowg. Aewatgr.gonOKA ?FgnetSi
Thesis/Dissertation
eng
Geological Sciences
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Graduate
Geology, alteration, lithogeochemistry and hydrothermal fluid characterization of the Neoproterozoic Niblack polymetallic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide camp, southeast Alaska, USA
Text