Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
DSpace
UBCV
Escalante Aramburu, Abraham David
Doctor of Philosophy - PhD
University of British Columbia
Intrusion-related, carbonate rock–hosted replacement deposits are an important source of global base metal production that includes: Cu-Zn skarn, Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate replacement and Ag-base metal deposits. These deposits are located in multiple geological settings and are commonly associated with low-grade Cu-Mo calc-alkaline porphyry districts. Visible alteration halos to these deposits range from ten to hundreds of metres around high temperature skarn deposits, being small to imperceptible around the distal relatively low temperature members of this clan. Patterns of visible and cryptic alteration are described and constrained in this study particularly around paleo-fluid flow zones at different distances and elevations from the ore centre. This was done in order to identify the large-scale zonation, mechanisms, and effects of fluid infiltration especially into the distal portions of these deposits. The main alteration tracers employed included mineralogy, major and trace element geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotopes, and the fluorescent signature of calcite veins associated with the fluids conduits. Two areas were selected for this study: the large Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base metal Uchucchacua vein deposits in the Peruvian Central Andes as these deposits represent the end-members of the polymetallic carbonate rock-hosted deposits and hence, provide an excellent opportunity to examine the margins and upper sections of these hydrothermal systems. Geochronological analyses of intrusive dikes were used to establish the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution associated with mineralization, as well as the genetic linkage between proximal and distal portions of the mineralizing system at Antamina. Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope data of vein minerals is also used to constrain the temperature of the fluids proximal and distal to the magmatic centre. Chemical data of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins were used to determine the main activators of fluorescence and to constrain its relationship with mineralizing fluids. In summary, results of this research identify a large-scale zonation of visible and cryptic alteration around paleo-fluid flow zones demonstrating the linkage between Ag-base metal veins, replacement and skarn deposits. Anomalous halos determined throughout Antamina and Uchucchacua deposits may contribute to the development of a more systematic exploration methodology for these types of deposits.
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PATTERNS OF DISTAL ALTERATION ZONATION AROUND ANTAMINA CU-ZN SKARN AND UCHUCCHACUA AG-BASE METAL VEIN DEPOSITS, PERU: MINERALOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR FLUID COMPOSITION, AND INFILTRATION, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION by ABRAHAM DAVID ESCALANTE ARAMBURU B.Sc., Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 1988 M.Sc., New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 2003 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Geological Sciences) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August, 2008 ©Abraham David.Escalante Aramburu, 2008 Abstract Intrusion-related, carbonate rock–hosted replacement deposits are an important source of global base metal production that includes: Cu-Zn skarn, Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate replacement and Ag-base metal deposits. These deposits are located in multiple geological settings and are commonly associated with low-grade Cu-Mo calc-alkaline porphyry districts. Visible alteration halos to these deposits range from ten to hundreds of metres around high temperature skarn deposits, being small to imperceptible around the distal relatively low temperature members of this clan. Patterns of visible and cryptic alteration are described and constrained in this study particularly around paleo-fluid flow zones at different distances and elevations from the ore centre, which was done to identify the large- scale zonation, mechanisms, and effects of fluid infiltration, especially into the distal portions of these deposits. The main alteration tracers employed included mineralogy, major and trace element geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotopes, and the fluorescent signature of calcite veins associated with the fluids conduits. Two areas were selected for this study: the large Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base metal Uchucchacua vein deposits in the Peruvian Central Andes. These deposits represent the end-members of the polymetallic carbonate rock-hosted deposits and, hence, provide an excellent opportunity to examine the margins and upper sections of these hydrothermal systems. Geochronology of intrusive dikes was used to establish the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution associated with mineralization, as well as the genetic linkage between proximal and distal portions of the mineralizing system at Antamina. Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope compositions of vein minerals are also used to constrain the temperature of the fluids proximal and distal to the magmatic centre. The chemistry of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins was used to determine the main activators of fluorescence and to constrain its relationship with mineralizing fluids. In summary, the results of this research identify a large-scale zonation of visible and cryptic alteration around paleo-fluid flow zones demonstrating the linkage between Ag- base metal veins, replacement and skarn deposits. Anomalous halos determined throughout Antamina and Uchucchacua deposits will contribute to the development of a more systematic exploration methodology for these types of deposits. ii Table of contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..... ii Table of contents……………………………………………………………………... iii List of tables………………………………………………………………………… xii List of figures………………………………………………………………………... xiv List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………… xx List of symbols………………………………………………………………………. xxii Minerals………………………………………………………………………………. xxiii Foreword……………………………………………………………………………... xxv Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………... xxvii Co-authorship statement……………………………………………………………… xxix Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................1 1.1 General overview..........................................................................................................1 1.2 Previous work ...............................................................................................................1 1.3 Geologic setting of the Peruvian Central Andes...........................................................3 1.3.1 Stratigraphy and tectonism ....................................................................................3 1.3.2 Cenozoic magmatism and metallogenesis of the Central Andes...........................4 1.4 Objectives .....................................................................................................................4 1.5 Methods ........................................................................................................................5 1.6 Presentation...................................................................................................................6 1.7 The scientific contributions of this study......................................................................7 1.8 References.....................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2: Geochemical characterization of host rocks and geochemical halos to the fluid escape pathways at Antamina, Perú ........................................................................12 2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................12 2.2 Problem definition ......................................................................................................13 2.3 Geologic framework ...................................................................................................15 2.4 Sampling and methods................................................................................................17 2.5 Geochemical characterization of the host rocks at Antamina.....................................18 2.5.1 Major elements ....................................................................................................28 iii 2.5.2 Rare earth elements (REE) ..................................................................................33 2.5.3 Interpretation of major elements and REE systematics .......................................40 2.5.4 Trace element composition of host rocks ............................................................41 2.5.4.1 Analysis of correlation coefficients ..............................................................42 2.5.4.2 Statistical distribution ...................................................................................44 2.5.5 Background and threshold determination ............................................................46 2.5.5.1 Mathematical procedure ...............................................................................48 2.5.5.2 Detection of outliers......................................................................................53 2.6 Geochemical halos to fluid conduits...........................................................................55 2.6.1 Criteria of identification.......................................................................................55 2.6.2 Results: definition of alteration halos ..................................................................56 2.6.3 Lateral and vertical zoning ..................................................................................61 2.7 Discussion...................................................................................................................61 2.7.1 Geochemical signatures of Antamina host rocks.................................................61 2.7.2 Recognition of geochemical halos.......................................................................63 2.7.3 Implications for mineral exploration ...................................................................64 2.8 Conclusions.................................................................................................................65 2.8 References...................................................................................................................67 Chapter 3: Patterns of distal alteration zonation around Antamina: mineralogical, chemical and isotopic evidence for fluid composition and infiltration ..........................72 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................72 3.2 Deposit geology ..........................................................................................................73 3.3 Sampling strategy .......................................................................................................75 3.4 Intrusive rocks.............................................................................................................77 3.4.1 Classification and distribution .............................................................................77 3.4.2 Petrography and alteration ...................................................................................77 3.4.3 Age determination................................................................................................83 3.4.3.1 Previous studies ............................................................................................83 3.4.3.2 Samples and analytical methods ...................................................................87 3.4.3.3 40Ar/39Ar geochronology...............................................................................90 3.4.3.4 U-Pb geochronology .....................................................................................94 iv 3.4.3.5 Interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb results.................................................98 3.5 Host rocks and visible alteration patterns .................................................................100 3.5.1 Methods .............................................................................................................100 3.5.2 Limestone...........................................................................................................102 3.5.3 Sedimentological and stratigraphic constraints .................................................104 3.5.4 Hornfels .............................................................................................................104 3.5.5 Marble................................................................................................................115 3.5.6 Skarn ..................................................................................................................124 3.5.7 Veins ..................................................................................................................132 3.5.8 Visible alteration zoning (summary) .................................................................138 3.6 Patterns of cryptic alteration .....................................................................................140 3.6.1 Trace element geochemistry ..............................................................................140 3.6.2 Ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) of calcite veins ................................................144 3.6.2.1 UVF observations and halos to fluid conduits............................................144 3.6.2.2 Summary of main points.............................................................................146 3.6.3 Oxygen and carbon Isotopes..............................................................................148 3.6.3.1 Sampling and analysis ................................................................................148 3.6.3.2 Host rocks ...................................................................................................148 3.6.3.3 Summary of main observations ..................................................................156 3.7 Source of fluids.........................................................................................................157 3.7.1 Oxygen and carbon isotopes in carbonate minerals...........................................157 3.7.2 Oxygen isotope thermometry.............................................................................161 3.7.2.1 Oxygen isotopes in silicates........................................................................161 3.7.2.2 Oxygen isotopes in calcite veins.................................................................161 3.7.3 Strontium isotopes .............................................................................................164 3.7.3.1 Sampling and analytical procedures ...........................................................164 3.7.3.2 Results.........................................................................................................167 3.8 Discussion.................................................................................................................169 3.8.1 Mineral reactions and alteration zoning.............................................................169 3.8.1.1 Prograde metamorphism.............................................................................170 3.8.1.2 Metasomatic effects ....................................................................................176 v 3.8.2 Fluid rock interaction processes ........................................................................177 3.8.3 Source of fluids..................................................................................................182 3.8.4 Implications for mineral exploration .................................................................184 3.9 References.................................................................................................................186 Chapter 4: Distal alteration and source of fluids in the Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn Rosa vein and associated replacement deposits at Uchucchacua, Perú................................................193 4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................193 4.2 Deposit geology ........................................................................................................194 4.3 Intrusive igneous rocks .............................................................................................198 4.4 Host rocks and visible alteration patterns .................................................................201 4.4.1 Methods .............................................................................................................201 4.4.2 Limestone...........................................................................................................204 4.4.3 Hornfels .............................................................................................................204 4.4.4 Marble................................................................................................................205 4.4.5 Skarn ..................................................................................................................205 4.4.6 Veins ..................................................................................................................206 4.5 Trace element composition of host rocks .................................................................207 4.5.1 Methods .............................................................................................................207 4.5.2 Recognition of trace element anomalies............................................................209 4.5.3 Statistical distribution ........................................................................................215 4.5.4 Statistical correlation .........................................................................................218 4.5.5 Geochemical background and threshold estimation ..........................................220 4.5.6 Criteria used to identify geochemical halos to fluid conduits ...........................222 4.5.7 Summary of main points....................................................................................225 4.6 UVF of calcite veins .................................................................................................228 4.6.1 Methodology......................................................................................................228 4.6.2 Results: lateral and vertical zoning....................................................................230 4.7 Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions ................................................................232 4.7.1 Sampling and analysis .......................................................................................232 4.7.2 Host rocks ..........................................................................................................234 4.7.3 Veins ..................................................................................................................239 vi 4.8 Strontium isotopes ....................................................................................................244 4.8.1 Analytical procedures ........................................................................................244 4.8.2 Results................................................................................................................247 4.9 Discussion.................................................................................................................249 4.9.1 Visible alteration zonation .................................................................................249 4.9.2 Trace element distribution of metals .................................................................250 4.9.3 Fluid-rock interaction processes ........................................................................251 4.9.4 Fluid sources ......................................................................................................253 4.9.5 Relevance in mineral exploration ......................................................................255 4.10 Conclusions.............................................................................................................257 4.11 References...............................................................................................................259 Chapter 5: UV fluorescence of carbonate veins at Antamina Cu-Zn skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits, Northern-Central Perú............................264 5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................264 5.2 Geologic setting ........................................................................................................265 5.3 Analytical procedures ...............................................................................................268 5.3.1 UVF intensity.....................................................................................................268 5.3.2 Major and trace element content........................................................................268 5.4 Analytical results ......................................................................................................270 5.4.1 General overview...............................................................................................270 5.5 Antamina...................................................................................................................270 5.5.1 SEM observations ..............................................................................................270 5.5.2 UVF observations ..............................................................................................278 5.5.3 Major and trace element composition................................................................282 5.6 Uchucchacua.............................................................................................................284 5.6.1 SEM observations ..............................................................................................284 5.6.2 UVF observations ..............................................................................................284 5.6.3 Trace element composition................................................................................289 5.6.3.1 Sampling and analysis ................................................................................289 5.6.3.2 ICP-MS results............................................................................................291 5.6.3.3 Microprobe results ......................................................................................291 vii 5.7 Discussion.................................................................................................................294 5.7.1 Activators of UV fluorescence ..........................................................................294 5.7.2 Implications for mineral exploration .................................................................296 5.8 Conclusions...............................................................................................................297 5.9 References.................................................................................................................299 Chapter 6: Summary and conclusions ............................................................................302 6.1 Visible alteration features .........................................................................................302 6.2 Trace element anomalies in carbonate rocks ............................................................303 6.3 Oxygen and carbon isotope systematics in host rocks..............................................304 6.4 UVF of veins.............................................................................................................305 6.5 Source of fluids.........................................................................................................305 6.6 Large-scale zonation as proof of genetic linkage between proximal and distal carbonate rock-hosted deposits – implications for mineral exploration .........................306 6.7 References.................................................................................................................311 Appendices – Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................313 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) .314 Appendix A2: Trace element data from Antamina (ME-MS61) ....................................345 Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at Antamina.........................................................................................................................362 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina....................................366 Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West .374 Appendix A5.2: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Fortuna..............378 Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the host-rocks at Fortuna East .....382 Appendix A6: Frequency intervals used to construct histograms ..................................386 Appendix A7: Samples used to estimate geochemical background ...............................388 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet .........................................................390 Appendix A9: Threshold calculation worksheet ............................................................397 Appendices A10.1 to A10.8: Bivariate graphs of metal versus La graphs for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina...............................................................................440 viii Appendices A11.1 to A11.6: Plots of metal content in marble vs. distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods...........................................................................................................................449 Appendices A11.7 to A11.12: Plots of metal content vs. distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods...........................................................................................................................456 Appendices A11.13 to A11.18: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP dike at transect 13 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods .463 Appendices A11.19 to A11.24: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP dike at transect 14 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods .470 Appendices A11.25 to A11.30: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (transect 5) in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods...........................................................................................................................477 Appendices A11.31 to A11.36: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP dike at transect 10 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods .484 Appendices A11.37 to A11.42: Plots of metal content in the host rocks vs. distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge Road in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods...........................................................................................................................491 Appendix A12: Geochemical alteration halos obtained by different methods for the sampling transects at Antamina ......................................................................................498 Appendix A13: Graphs of anomalous halos of metals to paleo fluid escape conduits at Antamina.........................................................................................................................503 Appendices – Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................520 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina....................................521 Appendix B2: 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb Geochronology: analytical techniques and data interpretation...................................................................................................................548 Appendix B3: 40Ar/39Ar analytical data for biotite and hornblende ...............................552 Appendix B4.1: Mineral content of limestone determined by optical mineralogy, PIMA, XRD and SEM................................................................................................................575 Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina .........................................................577 Appendix B5: X-ray diffractograms ...............................................................................581 ix Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina....................................605 Appendix B7: Oxygen and carbon isotope analytical procedures..................................613 Appendices – Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................615 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description ....................................616 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins from Uchucchacua (petrography, PIMA, XRD and SEM data) ....................................................................649 Appendix C3: Sampling transect maps...........................................................................657 Appendix C4: Uchucchacua geochemical database .......................................................665 Appendix C5: Lithium borate and 4 acid digestion data for Al, La, Y and Zr of sample rocks from Antamina ......................................................................................................696 Appendix C6.1: Trace element correlation in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein (surface samples) ............................................................................................................699 Appendix C6.2: Trace element correlation in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein (underground levels) .......................................................................................................703 Appendix C7: Samples used to calculate the geochemical background for the host rocks at Uchucchacua ...............................................................................................................707 Appendix C8: Geochemical background calculation for metal/Al ratios in limestone from Uchucchacua...................................................................................................................709 Appendix C9: Trace element threshold for the host rocks at Uchucchacua – calculation worksheet ........................................................................................................................714 Appendix C10: Graphs of metal content versus distance to the Rosa vein showing the lateral and vertical distribution of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn in the host rocks..................................................................................................739 Appendix C11: Graphs of metal content versus distance to the Plomopampa vein showing the lateral and vertical distribution of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn in the host rocks ...........................................................................755 Appendix C12: Oxygen and carbon isotope data Uchucchacua.....................................764 Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein – all transects769 Appendices – Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................773 Appendix D1: Trace element content in selected fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua ..........................................................................................................774 x Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins ....................................779 Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins .........................784 xi List of tables Table 2.1: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (major elements and REE)................................................................................................................19 Table 2.2: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (trace elements)*.............................................................................................................................21 Table 2.3: Trace element correlation for marble at Antamina West ....................................43 Table 2.4: Trace element correlation for limestone at Fortuna.............................................43 Table 2.5: Upper background values of metal/La ratios calculated using the median + 2MAD formula on 11 unaltered samples from Antamina ....................................................51 Table 2.6: Visual cut-off values of trace elements in Antamina host rocks .........................55 Table 3.1: Previous geochronology results for intrusive rocks from Antamina...................86 Table 3.2: Description and age of intrusive rocks at Antamina............................................88 Table 3.3: Zircon U-Pb TIMS analytical data ......................................................................95 Table 3.4: Summary of U-Pb zircon ages.............................................................................96 Table 3.5: Host rock mineral assemblage at Antamina ......................................................101 Table 3.6: Oxygen and carbon isotope values of calcite vein and unaltered limestone from Antamina.............................................................................................................................158 Table 3.7: Oxygen isotope composition of quartz, silicates and intrusive rocks from Antamina.............................................................................................................................159 Table 3.8: Delta values of calcite-water exchange, temperature range: 200 and 800˚C ....163 Table 3.9: Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestones from Antamina.............................................................................................................................165 Table 3.10: Oxygen and strontium isotope composition of intrusive rocks from Antamina and Cordillera Blanca .........................................................................................................166 Table 4.1: Averages, median and standard deviation of the host rocks to the Rosa vein...210 Table 4.2: Statistical correlation of metals in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein ...........219 Table 4.3: Geochemical halos to the Rosa vein based on metal/Al ratios (synthesis) .......223 Table 4.4: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite associated with the Rosa vein ...241 Table 4.5: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite associated with the Rosa vein without distinct fluorescence signatures .............................................................................242 xii Table 4.6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data associated with Marion, Plomopampa and Morococha (Pozo Rico) veins.............................................................................................242 Table 4.7: Strontium composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestones from Uchucchacua.......................................................................................................................246 Table 5.1: Selected fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua showing the main metal indicators of fluorescence ................................................................................269 Table 5.2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins in mol percent ......................271 Table 5.3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua calcite veins in mol percent.................273 Table 5.4: Mineral paragenetic sequence of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Antamina.............................................................................................................................279 Table 5.5: Mineral paragenetic sequence of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua.......................................................................................................................287 xiii List of figures Chapter 1 Figure 1.1: Location map of the study area……………………………………………. 2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1: Geographic, regional and district geological map of Antamina………....... 16 Figure 2.2: CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary plots for limestone, marble, hornfels, and skarn and intrusive rocks from Antamina…………………………………………................. 23 Figure 2.3: Plots of major elements vs. silica for limestone rocks from Antamina…… 24 Figure 2.4: Plots of major elements vs. silica for marble units at Antamina………….. 25 Figure 2.5: Plots of major elements vs. silica for the different types of hornfels recognized at Antamina………………………………………………………………... 26 Figure 2.6: Plots of major elements vs. silica for a green exoskarn, brown endoskarn and seven samples of intrusive rocks from Antamina and surroundings……………… 27 Figure 2.7: Bivariate plots of selected immobile elements for limestone, marble, hornfels and skarn from Antamina…………………………………………………….. 29 Figure 2.8: Bivariate plots of TiO2 vs. SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2 vs. La and Al2O3 vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina……………………………………….. 30 Figure 2.9: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of limestone and marble from Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 34 Figure 2.10: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of hornfels from Antamina……. 35 Figure 2.11: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of exo-, endoskarn and intrusive rocks from Antamina…………………………………………………………………... 36 Figure 2.12: Plots of Eu/Eu* vs. SiO2, Ce/Ce* vs. Eu/Eu*, and plots of Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina……………………………. 37 Figure 2.13: Histograms of metals for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. 45 Figure 2.14: Histograms of log-transformed values of metals for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina…………………………………………………………….. 47 Figure 2.15: Histograms of metal/La ratios for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 49 xiv Figure 2.16: Histograms of the logarithm of metal/La ratios for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina…………………………………………………………….. 50 Figure 2.17: Copper content versus lanthanum graphs for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina……………………………………………………………….. 52 Figure 2.18: Plots of Cu abundance in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West………………………………………………………………………… 54 Figure 2.19: Anomalous halos of Cu to the paleo fluid escape conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems……………………………………………. 58 Figure 2.20A: Trace element halo distribution proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit: groups 1 and 2……………………………………………... 59 Figure 2.20B: Trace element halo distribution proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit: groups 3 and 4……………………………………………... 60 Figure 2.21: Synthesis of geochemical halos proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit………………………………………………………………... 62 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1: Geographic, regional and district geological maps of Antamina………….. 74 Figure 3.2: Schematic geological cross section of the Antamina – Fortuna area…........ 76 Figure 3.3: Photographs of the intrusive rocks at Antamina, Fortuna and Condorcocha…………………………………………………………………………… 78 Figure 3.4: Photographs and photomicrographs showing mineral assemblage and alteration of dikes from Condorcocha, Fortuna and Quarry Bench…………………… 81 Figure 3.5: Photographs showing the alteration zoning around the QFP dike-sills at the Ridge Road………………………………………………………………………… 84 Figure 3.6: Simplified geological map of Antamina with the location of previous and new samples taken for geochronology………………………………………………… 89 Figure 3.7: 40Ar/39Ar apparent age spectra and 36Ar/40Ar vs. 39Ar/40Ar isochron diagrams for samples from the QFP dikes at Fortuna, Quarry Bench and Condorcocha…………………………………………………………………………… 91 Figure 3.8: 40Ar/39Ar apparent age spectra and 36Ar/40Ar vs. 39Ar/40Ar isochron diagrams for samples from the Oscarina dike and Taco Pit porphyry………………… 93 xv Figure 3.9: Photographs of representative zircons from 2PAT series of samples, and 206Pb/238U vs. 207Pb/235U concordia plots for three intrusive rocks from Taco Pit……. 97 Figure 3.10: Summary diagram of geologic ages and interpreted events between Antamina and Condorcocha…………………………………………………………… 99 Figure 3.11 Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of limestone from Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 103 Figure 3.12: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of gray hornfels from Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 106 Figure 3.13: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of green to light green hornfels………………………………………………………………………………… 108 Figure 3.14: Photographs and SEM images of white hornfels……………………….... 111 Figure 3.15: Photographs and SEM images of tan hornfels………………………….... 113 Figure 3.16: Photographs and SEM images of white marble………………………….. 116 Figure 3.17: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of gray marble………. 119 Figure 3.18: Photographs and SEM images of tan marble…………………………….. 122 Figure 3.19: Photographs and SEM images of green, light green to gray and tan marble………………………………………………………………………………….. 125 Figure 3.20: Simplified bench wall sketch, 4193 level of Antamina Pit west wall…… 127 Figure 3.21: Photographs of representative skarn samples at Antamina……………… 128 Figure 3.22: Photomicrographs and SEM images of exo and endoskarn samples from Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 130 Figure 3.23: Proximal to distal veins to the Antamina skarn deposit…………………. 133 Figure 3.24: Vein-types at Antamina………………………………………………….. 135 Figure 3.25: Simplified bench wall sketch, 4330 level of Antamina Pit at Quarry Bench…………………………………………………………………………………... 139 Figure 3.26: Mineral distribution in the alteration aureole to the Antamina skarn deposit………………………………………………………………………………….. 141 Figure 3.27A: Summary of trace element halos with depth proximal and distal to the Antamina skarn deposit: groups 1 and 2……………………………………………… 142 Figure 3.27B: Summary of trace element halos with depth proximal and distal to the Antamina skarn deposit: groups 3 and 4……………………………………………… 143 xvi Figure 3.28: UVF in calcite from Antamina…………………………………………... 145 Figure 3.29: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Antamina skarn deposit………………………………………………………………………………….. 147 Figure 3.30: Plot of oxygen versus carbon isotope in the host rocks to Antamina skarn deposit sorted by traverses………………………………………………………. 150 Figure 3.31: Oxygen isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha…………………………………………………………………………… 152 Figure 3.32: Oxygen isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Quarry Bench and Fortuna East……………………………………………………………………….. 153 Figure 3.33: Carbon isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha…………………………………………………………………………… 154 Figure 3.34: Carbon isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Quarry Bench and Fortuna East……………………………………………………………………….. 155 Figure 3.35: Isotope composition of calcite veins from Antamina……………………. 160 Figure 3.36: Plot of temperature dependence of calcite δ18O in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles from Antamina intrusive rocks……………………………………. 162 Figure 3.37: Strontium and oxygen isotope composition of veins and host rocks at Antamina in relation to the intrusive rocks from Taco Pit and Cordillera Blanca Batholith……………………………………………………………………………….. 168 Figure 3.38: Mineral assemblages and reaction paths…………………………………. 171 Figure 3.39: Isobaric T-XCO2 diagrams showing the possible equilibria for marble and hornfels at Antamina………………………………………………………………. 173 Figure 3.40: Tracers of fluid sources at Antamina…………………………………….. 180 Figure 3.41: Synthesis of distal alteration to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit……... 185 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1: Location and regional geologic map of Uchucchacua mining district……. 195 Figure 4.2: Geological map and schematic cross section of the Uchucchacua mining district…………………………………………………………………………………. 197 Figure 4.3: Photomicrographs of intrusive rocks from Uchucchacua…………………. 199 Figure 4.4: Photographs and micrographs of limestone from Uchucchacua…………... 202 Figure 4.5: Photographs of hornfels, marble and veins from Uchucchacua…………... 203 xvii Figure 4.6: Geology and sampling map of Rosa vein at surface……………………… 208 Figure 4.7: Comparative graphs of lithium borate fusion and XRF results versus four acid digestion results for aluminum, lanthanum, yttrium and zirconium from Antamina rock samples………………………………………………………………... 212 Figure 4.8: Bivariate plots of immobile elements contained in limestone rocks from Uchucchacua…………………………………………………………………………… 213 Figure 4.9: Bivariate plots of immobile elements in limestone for levels and table of regression values for each pair of elements plotted……………………………………. 214 Figure 4.10: Histograms of metals for limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein……. 216 Figure 4.11: Log 10 transformed histograms of metals for limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein…………………………………………………………………………... 217 Figure 4.12: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the Rosa vein………………………………………………………………………………. 221 Figure 4.13: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein……………………………………………………………………… 224 Figure 4.14A: Summary of trace element halo distribution with depth on the Rosa vein: groups 1 and 2…………………………………………………………………… 226 Figure 4.14B: Summary of trace element halo distribution with depth on the Rosa vein: groups 3 and 4…………………………………………………………………… 227 Figure 4.15: Calcite vein fluorescence at Uchucchacua……………………………….. 229 Figure 4.16: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein……………... 231 Figure 4.17: Oxygen versus carbon isotope composition plots for samples taken proximal to the Rosa, Marion and Plomopampa veins………………………………… 233 Figure 4.18: Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of limestone in relation to its Sr and Mn content for samples taken close to the Marion and Plomopampa veins……… 235 Figure 4.19: Oxygen isotope zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein…………... 236 Figure 4.20: Carbon isotope zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein…………… 237 Figure 4.21: Vertical and horizontal variation of δ18O and the density of calcite veins in the host rocks to the Rosa vein……………………………………………………… 240 Figure 4.22: Carbon and oxygen isotope composition of calcite veins associated with the Rosa vein, and Marion, Morococha and Plomopampa veins……………………… 243 xviii Figure 4.23: Oxygen isotope composition of calcite veins at different levels and their relation with calcite δ18O in equilibrium with magmatic water……………………….. 245 Figure 4.24: Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins from Uchucchacua in relation to the Sr isotope composition of some intrusive rocks along the Western Peruvian Cordillera and the unaltered limestone rocks……………………………… 248 Figure 4.25: Synthesis of distal alteration to the Rosa vein…………………………… 256 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1: Schematic location and geology maps of Antamina and Uchucchacua…... 266 Figure 5.2: Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of fluorescent and non- fluorescent veins from Antamina……………………………………………………… 276 Figure 5.3: UVF in calcite from Antamina……………………………………………. 280 Figure 5.4: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Antamina skarn deposit... 281 Figure 5.5: Compositional diagrams for fluorescent and non-fluorescent (fls) pre-, syn- and post–mineral calcite veins from Antamina…………………………………... 283 Figure 5.6: Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of fluorescent and non- fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua…………………………………………………... 285 Figure 5.7: UVF in calcite from Uchucchacua………………………………………… 288 Figure 5.8: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein………………. 290 Figure 5.9: Metal indicators of calcite fluorescence at Uchucchacua based on the ICP-MS content of drilled samples……………………………………………………. 292 Figure 5.10: Compositional diagrams for fluorescent (fls) and non-fluorescent pre, syn and post-mineral calcite veins from Uchucchacua………………………………... 293 Figure 5.11: Carbonate compositional ternary plots for fluorescent (fls) and non- fluorescent pre-, syn and post-mineral calcite veins from Antamina and Uchucchacua. 295 CHAPTER 6 Figure 6.1: Integrated trace elements and visible distal alteration zoning profile for Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits…………………………………………. 307 Figure 6.2: Vein composition zoning and oxygen isotope thermometry of veins for Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits…………………………………………. 308 xix List of abbreviations ALS – Australian laboratory services CBB – Cordillera Blanca Batholith CMA – Compania Minera Antamina CMAS - CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 CRD – Carbonate replacement deposit EDS – Energy dispersive spectroscopy FCs – Fish Canyon sanidine standard HCl – Hydrochloric acid HClO4 – Perchloric acid HF – Hydrofluoric acid HFS – High field strength elements HNO3 – Nitric acid HREE – Heavy rare earth element(s) ICP-MS – Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ID-TIMS – Isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry IPPA – Plagioclase-rich porphyry IPPAMO – Plagioclase-rich porphyry with K-feldspar megacrysts IPPAO – Plagioclase and K-feldspar rich porphyry IPPEO – K-feldspar porphyry with low plagioclase content J – Neutron fluence KCMAS – K2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 LREE – Light rare earth element(s) Ma – Mega annum (one million years) MAD – Median absolute deviation m.a.s.l. – metres above sea level MSWD - Mean standard weighted deviation NBS – National bureau of standards NE – North-east NW – North-west ORF – Orange red fluorescence xx PCIGR – Pacific centre for isotopic and geochemical research PIMA – Portable infrared mineral analyzer ppb – Parts per billion ppm – Parts per million Pr/Pr* - Pr anomaly QFP – Quartz feldspar porphyry REE – Rare earth elements S.D. – standard deviation SEM – Scanning electron microscope SW – South-west UV – Ultraviolet UVF – Ultraviolet fluorescence VHMS – Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide V-PDB – Vienna Pee Dee belemnite V-SMOW – Vienna standard mean ocean water XRD – X-ray diffractometer XRF – X-ray fluorescence xxi List of symbols 13C, δ13C – Carbon isotope 18O, δ18O – Oxygen isotope 87Sr – Strontium isotope 87 Ce/Ce* - Ce anomaly is a measure of how enriched or depleted Ce is relative to adjacent REE in a given sample compared with concentrations of the same REE’s in a given standard (de Baar et al., 1988) d calcite high – δ18O calcite in equilibrium with δ18O magmatic volatiles of 11.20 per mil VSMOW d calcite low – δ18O calcite in equilibrium with δ18O magmatic volatiles of 9.6 per mil VSMOW Eu/Eu* - Eu anomaly max – Maximum Me 50-75 – 50 to 75 mol percent meionite min – Minimum mm – milimetre nm - Nanometre r – regression coefficient R2 – Transect 2 T – Temperature T2 – Transect 2 Wt% -Weight percent oxide XCO2 – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide ∆ calcite-water – Fractionation of calcite relative to water µ – Micron-metre σ – One standard deviation xxii Minerals alb – Albite apat – Apatite aug – Augite bio – biotite ca, calc – Calcite chl – Chlorite cpy – Chalcopyrite diop – Diopside dol – dolomite epd – Epidote Fe-dol – Fe dolomite ga, gn – Galena gt – Garnet hfls - Hornfels Ksp – K-feldspar Kut – Kutnohorite lms - Limestone LREE-epd – Light REE epidote Mn-dol – Mn dolomite Mn-rich ca – Mn rich calcite phlog bio – Phlogopitic biotite plg – Plagioclase po – Pyrrhotite py – Pyrite Qtz – Quartz scap – Scapolite sph – Sphalerite sulf – Sulfides titan – Titanite trem – Tremolite xxiii vesuv – Vesuvianite woll – Wollastonite xxiv Foreword This dissertation is part of the “Sources and Exhausts in Polymetallic Carbonate Rock-Hosted Ore Deposits: Miocene Magmatism and Alteration in Central Peru” project undertaken by the Mineral Deposit Research Unit at the University of British Columbia, in collaboration with both industry and government. Fieldwork for this study included geological mapping, logging of representative drill core sections and rock sampling at Antamina Cu-Zn skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits. This work was performed in two campaigns between May and June 2003, and May and June 2004. The analytical work, interpretation and writing of this thesis were carried out at the Mineral Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia from September 2003 to April 2008. Most of the contributions of this thesis correspond to its author supported by the guidance of Dr. Greg Dipple. Janet Gabites made the oxygen and carbon isotope measurements; Dr. Bruno Kieffer made the strontium isotope measurements, and Tom Ullrich and Dr. Richard Friedman contributed with the 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb laboratory analyses and interpretations of age results, respectively. These analyses were performed at the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at UBC. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data collection was performed by Elisabetta Pani and Sasha Wilson, and Dr. Matti Raudsep helped in the procedures of the electron microprobe analyses of veins. This thesis is composed of four main chapters, which are in preparation for publication, and a final chapter that summarizes the conclusions of this research. The titles and brief outlines of the body chapters are as follows: Chapter 2: Geochemical characterization of host rocks and geochemical halos to the fluid escape pathways at Antamina, Perú. This chapter proposes a statistical and graphical method to determine the geochemical threshold of alteration associated with the host rocks that commonly surround skarn deposits. Major and trace element compositions of marble, hornfels and limestone are used to determine the influence of alteration and mineralization in the mobility of elements contained in the host rocks, while considering the variable nature of the protolith. The individual characterization of the threshold permits a robust definition of geochemical alteration halos to the fluid escape conduits of these deposits. xxv Chapter 3: Patterns of distal alteration zonation around Antamina: mineralogical, chemical and isotopic evidence for fluid composition and infiltration. The aim of this chapter is to detail the characteristics of the visible and cryptic alteration around paleo-fluid zones, as well as its extension and large-scale zonation. Age determination of the intrusive rocks, especially of the dikes that connect Antamina, Fortuna and Condorcocha, is also discussed in order to understand the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of the District. The main contribution of this paper is the identification of the linkages between the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit and the proximal Ag-base metal Fortuna vein system. Chapter 4: Distal alteration and source of fluids in the Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn Rosa vein and associated replacement deposits at Uchucchacua. This chapter focuses on the main characteristics of distal alteration, the fluid-rock interaction processes and the source of fluids related to the Ag-base metal mineralization at Uchucchacua Mineral deposit, taken as example the Rosa vein because of its high dimensions and productivity. A systematic characterization of visible and cryptic alteration is performed at different elevations. Time-space relationships in the veins, oxygen, carbon, and strontium isotope geochemistry of calcite veins were applied to constrain the temperature and source of fluids in this deposit. Chapter 5: UV fluorescence of carbonate veins at Antamina Cu-Zn skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits, Northern Central Perú. This chapter discusses the main mineral activators of the diverse Ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence colors observed in carbonate veins, the relationship with ore mineral concentrations and the implications of UV fluorescence (UVF) zonation to the skarn and Ag-base metal vein deposits in the mineral exploration. Chapter 6: Conclusions This chapter discusses the field and analytical data from Antamina and Uchucchacua to define the linkage between Cu-Zn skarn and Ag-base metal deposits. This data yields a model that is expected to contribute to the mineral exploration of concealed deposits. Drs. Richard M. Tosdal and Gregory M. Dipple initiated the research project, secured funding, and supervised the project. xxvi Acknowledgements There are many people who I would like to thank for their support during my study. First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Gregory Dipple for being a patient supervisor and for providing invaluable insights, ideas, criticism, encouragement and willingness to read my endless drafts. In addition, special thanks are due to Dr. Richard Tosdal for accepting me in the Mineral Deposit Research Unit, for securing funding for this project and for providing guidance and constructive comments during the development of my research. I would also like to thank Dr. Shane Ebert for sharing his wealth of knowledge in the field and during my first two years at UBC. This thesis would not have been possible without the financial support of Anglo American Exploration Peru, BHP Billiton, Compania Minera Antamina, Compania de Minas Buenaventura, Noranda, Phelps Dodge, Teck Cominco and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). I am very grateful in particular to the Compania Minera Antamina and Compania de Minas Buenaventura for providing permission to access to their operation units, data, reports, drill core, computer and field equipment. Thanks to Eric Lipten, Manuel Pacheco, Michael Sanchez and the team of geologists at Antamina; and to Oscar Mayta, Hector Barrionuevo, Angel Sabastizagal, Victor Sanchez, Javier Pari and the team of geologists and helpers at Uchucchacua for their help during and after my fieldwork at Antamina and Uchucchacua, respectively. Many thanks to the members of my committee: Drs. Jim Mortensen and Stephen Rowins for their feedback any time I asked for it. To the academic research and technical staff at the University of British Columbia who helped me in the collection of the analytical data presented in this study, in particular to Janet Gabites, Bruno Kieffer, Tom Ullrich, Richard Friedman, Mati Raudsepp, Elisabetta Pani and Sasha Wilson. Special thanks to Karie Smith for helping me to understand the financial figures at UBC; to Arne Toma for helping me at any moment with my graphs, posters and computer problems; and to Thomas Bissig for his kind support and advice at any moment. I also have to acknowledge to the graduate students at the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences at UBC and especially to the MDRU students who always offered me friendship, and a stimulating and fun environment in which to learn. I am especially grateful to Nick Williams, Claire Chamberlain, Mathew Richer and Lizzie Stock for xxvii helping me in the editing of my proposal and dissertation, especially with the English grammar. Special thanks are due to my actual and former officemates: Rob, Emma, David, Yamin, Andrew and Stuart, for their encouragement over the past several years, and to my fellows during the field trips to Yerington, Nevada and Arizona. Finally, I wish to thank my extended family who always offered me encouragement and support to pursue this study. To my parents, Julio and Laura for their love and guidance during the early years of my life made me a good man. My sister, my brothers, my parents in law and some of my siblings in law were particularly supportive. Lastly, and most importantly, I wish to thank my wife, Rebeca for always being there, giving me love, encouragement and support, but never complaining, and to my daughters Laura and Sara who taught me how marvelous life is. To them I dedicate this dissertation. xxviii Co-authorship statement This is a manuscript-based thesis. General ideas about patterns of distal alteration around carbonate rock-hosted deposits were generated by Drs. Richard Tosdal, Gregory Dipple and Shane Ebert, who contributed the original design for the project. The candidate, Abraham Escalante, was responsible for conducting the research, collect the data, conduct the mathematical analysis, analyze and interpret the results, and write all the manuscripts included in this thesis. Decisions on places to visit in the study areas and the type and quantity of analytical results needed were made by the author of this thesis. The four manuscripts in this dissertation were all co-authored by my supervisors Gregory Dipple and Richard Tosdal. All the chapters were designed collaboratively by Abraham Escalante and Gregory Dipple. Dr. Gregory Dipple provided continuous and invaluable guidance, feedback and support for this research work. Shane Ebert contributed to field and analytical aspects of the study described in chapters 3, 4 and 5. Richard Friedman provided all U-Pb geochronological results, including chemistry, analysis, data reduction and editing presented in chapter 3. Thomas Ullrich provided all 40Ar/39Ar geochronological results, including chemistry, analysis, data reduction and editing shown in chapter 3. Eric Lipten and Manuel Pacheco from Compania Minera Antamina contributed regional and mine geologic expertise and placed detailed study results in context of the Antamina mine (chapter 3). Angel Sabastizagal from Compania de Minas Buenaventura contributed regional and mine geologic expertise and placed detailed study results in context of the Uchucchacua mine (chapter 4). xxix Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 General overview Intrusion-related carbonate rock-hosted replacement deposits are an important source of global base metal production that includes: Cu-Zn skarn, Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate replacement (CRD) and Ag-base metal deposits. These deposits occur in many tectonic settings although they are commonly related to coeval, polyphase, intermediate to felsic, I- type intrusions emplaced in a subduction-related continental back-arc environment (Einaudi et al., 1981; Gilg, 1996; Meinert, 1997; Meinert et al., 2005). These deposits show a distinct chemical zonation pattern characterized by Cu±Au±Ag in the hotter, proximal core grading outward to Pb-Zn-Ag zones and Mn in the cooler, distal part of the system (Cox and Singer, 1986; Gilg, 1996). This zonation reflects a decrease in temperature of formation, the composition of the exsolved magmatic fluids, and the depth of emplacement. However, this zonal arrangement of deposits and metals is not always present, and telescoped systems are common. Possible linkages between skarn, CRDs and Ag-base metal vein deposits have been proposed because of their common occurrence within a specific district, but these linkages have not been demonstrated. One way to demonstrate this link is to trace fluid flow pathways and their alteration halos between deposit types, and constrain the timing of magmatism associated with them. Two deposits have been selected as the most representative economic examples of the upper and lower levels of these systems: the Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn Uchucchacua vein system and the giant Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit, both of which are located on the eastern flank of the western Peruvian Andes (Fig. 1.1). These deposits provide excellent exposures to examine the margins and tops of these systems. 1.2 Previous work There is extensive literature related to these deposit types that describe the geologic setting, alteration zonation, temperature and fluid sources of skarns, CRDs or Ag-base metal vein deposits considered as single districts (Beaty et al., 1990; Titley and Megaw, 1985; Bussell et al., 1990; Meinert et al., 2005; among others) or as independent subtype of deposits (Einaudi et al., 1981; Cox and Singer, 1986; Meinert et al., 2005; Megaw, 1998; 1 Figure 1.1: Location map of the study area. A. Sketch map of Peru showing the location of Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits. B. Geology map of Central Peru showing the location of Antamina and Uchucchacua. Map modified from Instituto de Geologia y Mineria, Peru, 1977. 2 etc.). Some authors have tried to define their linkages based on their mineralogical and geochemical zonation (Einaudi et al., 1981; Sillitoe and Bonham Jr., 1990; Gilg, 1996; Meinert et al., 2005), but without demonstrating them. Geologic descriptions, age of intrusions, and stratigraphy and structural relationships of Antamina have been published by Petersen (1965), McKee et al. (1979), Love et al. (2004), Redwood (2004), Lipten and Smith (2005), whereas Bussell et al. (1990), and Petersen et al. (2004) have published on the geological setting, geochemistry and source of fluids at Uchucchacua. A brief description of the geologic setting of the Peruvian Central Andes is presented in the next section. 1.3 Geologic setting of the Peruvian Central Andes 1.3.1 Stratigraphy and tectonism A Mesozoic carbonate rock sequence hosts the most important polymetallic ore deposits in the Western Central Andes. The deposition of this sequence started in the Upper Triassic period in a northwest oriented regional shallow marine basin marking the beginning of the Andean cycle (Megard, 1984, 1987). Protracted uplift and subsidence of this basin characterized the Andean sedimentary cycle leading to the formation of an intercalated sequence of carbonate and siliciclastic sedimentary deposits. Two roughly parallel subduction-related magmatic belts were intermittently active since the Cambrian (Petersen, 1999), and they marked the limits of this sedimentary basin. Most of the mineral deposits along the western margin of the cordillera have a direct relationship with a western magmatic belt generated by a subducting oceanic plate 100- to 125-km depth below the arc, whereas the eastern magmatic belt corresponds to a back-arc tectonic setting (Fig. 1.1). The mainly compressive Andean tectonic cycle started in the west and moved progressively to the east, explaining the eastern migration of the sub-Andean thrust system (Noblet et al., 1996). These compressive tectonic events are recognized by the presence of numerous angular unconformities and progressive deformation events, which range in age from Santonian to Early Eocene (Peruvian phase: 85-55 Ma), and are considered to be responsible for the emergence of the western Andean Cordillera; the Incaic phase (40 Ma) and the Quechua phase, which range from the Early Oligocene to Miocene (27-5 Ma). However, the main uplift is considered to have occurred between Miocene and Plio- 3 Pleistocene, as given by the common ages of zircon fission track samples taken in the Huayhuash Cordillera, which also indicates a single rapid cooling event for this part of the Central Andes (Garver et al., 2005). This widespread cooling age represents a falling geotherm and not a period of significant exhumation. Much of the exhumation in the Antamina region is attributed to the movement on the Cordillera Blanca normal fault (McNulty and Farber, 2002), and this process has been rapid and continuous since ca. 5.5 Ma (Garver et al., 2005). 1.3.2 Cenozoic magmatism and metallogenesis of the Central Andes Episodic magmatic activity characterizes the Peruvian Central Andes between Late Eocene and Late Miocene times. This magmatic arc extends for at least 900 km along the Western Cordillera and is represented by scattered domes of dacitic and andesitic composition, which are hosted by a coeval thick sequence of volcanic rocks (Calipuy Group). The latter mainly deposited in the western part of the western cordillera (Noble and McKee, 1999) – see Figure 1.1. The overall age of the Peruvian polymetallic deposits between latitudes 6-13.5° S ranges from Late Eocene to late Miocene, with the most important stage of mineralization emplaced between the middle and late Miocene (Noble and McKee, 1999). Age determinations of the igneous rocks at Antamina and Uchucchacua deposits yielded ages of 10-11 Ma (Mckee et al., 1979, Love et al., 2004) and 24.5 Ma (Noble and McKee, 1999), respectively. However, it is still unclear which suite of intrusive rocks is related to Ag- mineralization at Uchucchacua. 1.4 Objectives The primary goals of this research project have been to: document the characteristics of the host rock alteration patterns (visible and cryptic) around paleo-fluid zones at different distances and elevations from the centre of mineralization, to identify the controls of alteration, to determine the sources of fluids for veins proximal and distal to the ore zones and to identify linkage patterns between deep, high temperature skarn and shallow, low-temperature Ag-base metal vein deposits hosted in carbonate rocks. The outcomes of this research include: the development of a statistical and graphical method to determine the threshold values of metals in the marble, hornfels and 4 limestone rocks that commonly surround these deposits, a better understanding of the magnitude, extent, and zonation of the host rock alteration, the mechanisms and effects of fluid infiltration into distal portions of the hydrothermal system, the recognition of exhaust systems of these deposits during exploration, and the identification of the linkages between Ag-base metal veins and Cu-Zn skarn deposits. 1.5 Methods Most of the observations presented in this thesis are based on the detailed examination of the visible and cryptic alteration of traverses to the most evident fluid escape conduits to the Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits. These traverses were established at different elevations to identify the existence of a large-scale alteration zonation around these deposits. Mineralogy, major and trace element geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotopes and the color of fluorescence of calcite veins were used as the main tracers to the “spent” mineralizing fluids of these deposits. Optical mineralogy, the Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the mineral assemblage of the host-rocks and veins, and to constrain the mineral reactions related to the visible alteration features. Major and rare earth element analyses were used to characterize zonation from the Cu-Zn skarn to its margins and to distinguish the thermal effects from chemical alteration for the visible alteration aureoles at Antamina. Trace element geochemistry was used to infer the metal content and the magnitude of the fluid infiltration within the host rocks. Major and trace element chemistry were also used to define the presence of immobile elements and constrain the existence of real geochemical anomalous halos to the fluid conduits at both deposits. Oxygen and carbon isotope signatures of the host-rocks were used to define the influence of fluids at different distances from the heat source, fluid temperatures and commonalities between the fluid sources. Strontium isotope analysis on calcite veins was performed to constrain the source of the fluids that generated these deposits. A detailed record of the vein distribution outside the main fluid escape conduits, including their size, abundance and fluorescence were used to assess the extent of the mineralogical, geochemical and isotope halos, and hydrothermal plumbing system. 5 Electron microprobe analysis of calcite veins was performed to characterize the possible activators of the different colors of fluorescence and constrain their linkage with the mineralization. Finally, 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb analyses of the intrusive rocks from Antamina were performed to constrain on the evolution of the magmatic and hydrothermal system and define the genetic linkage between Cu-Zn skarn and Ag-base metal vein deposits. 1.6 Presentation This dissertation constitutes a collection of research manuscripts that each present supporting data for the large-scale zonation of distal alteration and the linkages between Cu-Zn skarn and Ag-base metal vein deposits. Four manuscripts were prepared for publication and form the body of this thesis. The subject of each chapter is outlined below: Chapter II provides a detailed account of the major and minor element content of the host rocks around Antamina, the reasons being to normalize the trace element content of impure limestone against the least mobile element in the system, and the systematics followed to estimate the geochemical background and threshold of impure carbonate rocks and the criteria to identify geochemical halos to the fluid escape pathways of a skarn deposit. Chapter III discusses the mineralogical assemblages, textures and mineral reactions of the thermal alteration envelope to the Antamina skarn deposit, as well as of the limestone adjacent to the fluid escape conduits of this deposit. Trace element geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotope compositions on host rocks and UVF signature of veins were used to track the migration of spent mineralizing fluids. Oxygen and strontium isotope analysis of veins are used to constrain the source of fluids at the distal portions of the system. 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb dating of minerals separated from fresh and altered intrusive rocks closely related to the mineralization were used to support the genetic link between deep skarn and the nearby occurrences of Ag-base metal veins. Chapter IV documents the visible and cryptic alteration around the highly productive Rosa vein at the Uchucchacua and discusses the visible and cryptic alteration zonation throughout the almost 1000 metre vertical section of this vein. Size and spacing distributions of veins and cracks, as well as field relationships were used to constrain the permeability and mineral transformation processes. As at Antamina, trace element 6 geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of host rocks and veins, as well as the UVF signature of veins, were used to constrain the extension of fluid/rock interactions and mass transfer processes. The zonation of these features was used to demonstrate the continuum between proximal and distal portions of the system. Strontium isotopes on veins were used to constrain the source of fluids, particularly of the fluorescent veins. Chapter V discusses the distribution, mineralogy and trace element composition of UV fluorescent veins proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base metal Uchucchacua vein deposits. Microprobe analysis of these veins was used to constrain the main activators of fluorescence. It is also demonstrated that the large-scale zonation of the UVF of veins might be used successfully in the exploration of these deposits. A discussion of the implications of the results presented in chapters II, III, IV and V is presented in Chapter VI. 1.7 The scientific contributions of this study The results of this study demonstrate the existence of a large-scale zonation of cryptic alteration, especially around the fluid escape conduits to these deposits based on the trace element geochemistry and stable isotopes of host rocks and UVF of calcite veins. Considering the common occurrence of impure limestone rocks surrounding these deposits and the relatively low geochemical values obtained in the host rocks, geochemical data were normalized against the least mobile element (La or Al) to avoid the possible bias caused by the metal content of insoluble minerals (McLean and Barrett, 1993). Examination of major elements and rare earth elements in the host rocks in relation to the relatively immobile elements permit the recognition of addition or subtraction of elements from the host rocks, and therefore identify which rocks were affected by hydrothermal alteration. Normalized trace element concentrations were then used to calculate the geochemical background of the host rocks and to define the threshold of alteration. The geochemical threshold was calculated by using the median ± 2 median absolute deviation of data, considering the uncertainty of having log or lognormal data in the original geochemical results (Reimann et al., 2005). The main implications of using trace element concentrations normalized against an immobile element to estimate the geochemical threshold of alteration are the precise recognition of anomalous values. Examination of the 7 distribution of these values in relation to a mineralizing fluid conduits are shown to provide an accurate way to define anomalous halos and to track the fluid-rock interactions to these conduits. The present study also contributes field observations, 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb geochronology of quartz-feldspar porphyry dikes and plugs within and around the Antamina skarn deposit to constrain the age of mineralization-alteration of the mine and along these fluid pathways. Intrusive age data demonstrate the genetic linkage between mineralization at the skarn and the polymetallic veins at the shallow levels of the Antamina ore deposit. Mineral reactions in the marble-hornfels and in the proximal limestone aureole to the skarn at Antamina indicate the development of an initial prograde metamorphism caused by the intrusion that was followed by a prograde metasomatism that formed the skarn and most of the ore mineralization at Antamina. This study also shows the imprint of potassic alteration on the marble–hornfels aureole around Antamina, a distinctive feature not recognized around the neighbor relatively barren Condorcocha skarn system. Cryptic alteration halos to fluid pathways and the temperature zonation of calcite veins were used to demonstrate the linkages between hotter, proximal core (Antamina) and low temperature, distal parts of these systems (Uchucchacua). These halos indicate dominant fracture controlled permeability in exhausts of these systems and are shown to be useful as an exploration pattern to define concealed intrusion-related carbonate rock hosted deposits and also porphyry type deposits hosted in carbonate rocks. 8 1.8 References Beaty, D.W., Merchant, J.S., O’Neill, T.F., Titley, S.R., Naeser, C.W., Cunningham, C.G., Landis, G.P., Wendlandt, R.F., Harrison, W.J., 1990, Origin of the ore deposits at Gilman, Colorado. Economic Geology Monograph 7, p. 193-265. Bussell, M.A., Alpers, C.M., Petersen, U., Shepherd, T.J., Bermudez, C., and Baxter, A.M., 1990, The Ag- Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua, Peru: Studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes and fluid inclusions. Economic Geology, vol. 85, p. 1348-1383. Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A. (1986): Mineral Deposit Models. U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1693, 379 pages. Einaudi, M.T., Meinert, L.D., and Newberry, R.J., 1981, Skarn deposits. In: Economic Geology 75th Anniversary Volume (Skinner, B.J., ed.), p. 317-391. Garver, J.I., Reiners, P.W., Walker, L.J., Ramage, J.M., and Perry, S.E., 2005, Implications for timing of Andean uplift from thermal resetting of radiation-damaged zircon in the cordillera Huayhuash, Northern Peru. The Journal of Geology, vol. 113, p. 117- 138. Gilg, H.A., 1996, Fluid inclusion and isotope constraints on the genesis of high- temperature carbonate- hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication N°4, p. 501-514. Instituto de Geologia y Mineria, 1977, Sinopsis explicativa del mapa geologico del Peru, escala 1:1000000, Boletin 28A. Serie A: Boletines de la Carta Geologica Nacional, Ministerio de Energia y Minas del Peru, 41 pages, 1 map. McLean, W.H., and Barrett, T.J., 1993, Lithogeochemical techniques using immobile elements. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 48, p. 109-133. Lipten, E. J., and Smith, S.W., 2005, The geology of the Antamina copper-zinc deposit, Peru, South America. In Super Porphyry Copper & Gold Deposits: A Global Perspective (Porter, T.M., eds.), PGC Publishing, Adelaide, vol.1, p. 189-204. Love, D.A., Clark, A.H., and Glover, J.K., 2004, The lithologic, stratigraphic, and structural setting of the giant Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit, Ancash, Peru. Economic Geology, vol. 99, p. 887-916. McKee, E.H., Noble, D.C., Scherkenbach, D.A., Drexler, J.W., Mendoza, J. and 9 Eyzaguirre,V.R., 1979, Age of porphyry intrusion, potassic alteration, and related skarn mineralization, Antamina district, northern Peru. Economic Geology, vol.74, p. 928-930. McNulty, B., and Farber, D., 2002. Active detachment faulting above the Peruvian flat slab. Geology 30, p. 567-570. Megard, F., 1984, The Andean orogenic period and its major structures in central and northern Peru. Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 141, p. 893-900. Megard, F., 1987, Cordilleran Andes and marginal Andes: a review of Andean geology north of the Arica elbow (18°). In Circum-Pacific Orogenic Belts and Evolution of the Pacific Ocean Basin (J.W.H. Monger and J. Francheteau, eds.). American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, vol.18, p. 71-95. Megaw, P.K.M., 1998, Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Au replacement deposits: An exploration perspective. In Mineralized Intrusion-Related Skarn Systems (D.R. Lentz and J.L. Jambor, eds.). Mineral Association of Canada, Shortcourse series, vol 26, p. 337-357. Meinert, L.D., 1997, Application of skarn deposit zonation models to mineral exploration. Exploration and Mining Geology, vol. 6, p. 185-208. Meinert, L.D., Dipple, G.M. and Nicolescu, S., 2005, World skarn deposits. In: Economic Geology, 100th Anniversary Volume (Hedenquist, J.W., Thompson, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J. and Richards, J.P., eds.), p. 299-335. Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1999, The Miocene metallogenic belt of central and northern Peru. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 155-193. Noblet, C., Lavenu, A., and Marocco, R., 1996, Concept of continuum as opposed to periodic tectonism in the Andes. Tectonophysics 255, p. 65-78. Petersen, U., Mayta, O., Gamarra, L., Vidal, C.E., and Sabastizagal, A., 2004, Uchucchacua: A major silver producer in South America. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 243-257. Redwood, S.D., 2004, Geology and development history of the Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit, Peru. Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication 11, p. 259-277. Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., and Garrett, R., 2005, Background and threshold: critical 10 comparison of methods of determination. Science of the Total Environment 346, p. 1-16. Sillitoe, R.H., and Bonham, Jr.,H.F., 1990, Sediment-hosted gold deposits: Distal products of magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Geology, vol. 18, p. 157-161. Titley, S. and Megaw, P.K.M., 1985, Carbonate-hosted ores of the western cordillera; an overview. The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgicall and Petroleum Engineers (A.I.M.E.), preprint 85-115, 17 pages. 11 Chapter 2: Geochemical characterization of host rocks and geochemical halos to the fluid escape pathways at Antamina, Perú1 2.1 Introduction Trace element leakage from a mineralizing fluid conduit depends on the permeability, mineralogical and geochemical composition of the host rocks, and the time of exposure to the fluid circulation. Fluid flow through rocks can be mainly “pervasive” or “channelized” (Ague, 2003). One way to measure the intensity of the fluid flow circulation through a porous media is from recording the variation of the geochemical signature of the media (host rock(s)). This process implies the recognition of “high and low values” or outliers to a supposedly unaltered population of samples. Outliers normally belong to a different population because they are derived from another process or source (Barnett and Lewis, 1994). Therefore the identification of outliers in a sequence of rocks with or without the presence of visible alteration might indicate the existence of an active or fossil agent that produced this change. Impure carbonate rocks contain fine clastic material that might be the source of a broad range of trace elements and metals that could give a false indication of anomalous geochemical values. Clastic material commonly contains elements that remained immobile during processes of metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration (McLean and Barret, 1993). In that sense, determination of geochemical anomalies, specifically threshold and background of impure limestone rocks must take into account the existence of these elements related to their variable original detrital content. The chemical composition of carbonate rocks can be used to constrain their source and depositional environment (Rollinson, 1993). Comparative diagrams of major element content in limestone, marble and hornfels may indicate if they have received the addition or subtraction of new elements and if they are products of hydrothermal alteration. As a consequence, the normalization of trace element concentration against a least-mobile element should be considered to define reliable geochemical anomalies. 1 A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication. Escalante, A., Dipple, G. and Tosdal, R. Geochemical Characterization of Host Rocks and Geochemical Halos to the Fluid Escape Pathways at Antamina, Peru. 12 This study proposes a statistical and graphical method to determine the threshold values of metals in the marble, hornfels and limestone rocks that commonly surround skarn deposits, while considering the variable nature of the protolith. The individual characterization of threshold will permit a robust definition of geochemical alteration halos to the fluid escape conduits of these deposits. The lateral and vertical zoning of these halos may be very useful in the exploration of skarn and other intrusion-related carbonate rock- hosted deposits, especially where visible alteration features are subtle or indistinguishable. 2.2 Problem definition The most important question that arises about any type of altered rock is to understand the main gains and losses of the rock relative to the protolith. One way to identify elemental gains or losses is to compare the elemental concentration of both altered and unaltered rocks in relation to a group of immobile elements that commonly are hosted in resistant minerals (Gresens, 1967). Gresens (1967) designed a method to estimate the changes in volume and concentrations during metasomatism using mathematical calculation. This method was modified by Grant (1986) who determined the gain or loss of the elements graphically, comparing the concentrations of two samples of altered and unaltered rocks relative to the presence of immobile elements. However, this method is more appropriate for sparse datasets. Identification of immobile elements can be problematic especially in a skarn environment where several thermal and fluid alteration processes may have happened. Aluminum and some high field strength elements (HFS) such as niobium, zirconium, yttrium and titanium have been used as immobile elements during intense hydrothermal alteration (Finlow-Bates and Stumpfl, 1981; Campbell et al., 1984). Some rare earth elements (REE) like lanthanum, cerium and neodymium might be used to infer the gains and losses of other elements because of their relative immobility (McLean and Barret, 1993). Lanthanum is a lithophile element that occurs widely dispersed in trace quantities in several rock-forming minerals such as biotite, apatite, pyroxene, feldspar, and also in resistant accessory minerals like monazite and cerite. In that sense, normalization of measured metal values against a least-mobile element such as lanthanum especially in carbonate rocks would provide reliable information about the alteration of these rocks, 13 assuming that the high lanthanum content of these rocks might be related to their original composition. The determination of outliers or anomalous values in a large group of samples is better determined by statistical methods. The identification of outliers demands the estimation of threshold values that usually represent the extreme values of a statistical distribution (Reimann et al., 2005). Background is defined as the normal range of a sample (mean ± 2σ) assuming that the sample belongs to a normal or lognormal distribution (Matschullat et al., 2000). However, geochemical data rarely follow a normal distribution (Reimann and Filzmoser, 2000). In that case, the mean ± 2σ does not represent a robust estimator of background and threshold, because of the strong influence of extreme values derived from the data distribution or from a contaminating distribution (Reimann et al., 2005). One method to avoid assumptions of normality and identical distributions considers using the median instead of the arithmetic mean and the median absolute deviation (MAD) instead of the standard deviation (σ) because these estimators provide the lowest threshold and thus, help to identify the highest number of outliers (Reimann et al., 2005). Determination of geochemical halos distal to a skarn deposit must require the use of accurate background and threshold estimation especially if the composition of the host rocks is heterogeneous. The Antamina Cu-Zn skarn deposit provides an excellent example to use considering the development of marble and hornfels aureole around the ore deposit and the topographic exposure of these zones. This study proposes the geochemical characterization and the analysis of the trace element distribution in the host rocks around the skarn deposit to properly define the existence of outliers and the alteration halos at different distances and levels outside this deposit. Petrography and bulk chemical composition of country rocks indicate a variable input of clastic material during the sedimentation of carbonates that form the actual sequence of limestone at the Antamina-Condorcocha area. Bivariate plots of SiO2 and other potentially immobile elements (e.g., Al2O3, TiO2, Zr, La, Ce and Nd) were used to identify the least-mobile elements as well as the removal or addition of other components. Lanthanum was considered as a parameter to calculate the threshold of samples because of its relative abundance and highly correlated trends with other insoluble elements. It is demonstrated in this study that threshold values calculated by using the ratio of 14 metal/lanthanum content for each sample permit to identify reliable anomalous values rather than the traditional statistical methods, which analyze only metal values. Normalization of measured metal values against an “immobile” element like lanthanum permits the identification of the effects of the addition or subtraction of elements. The extent of alteration in a similar way it is used in VHMS environments (Finlow-Bates and Stumpfl, 1981; McLean and Barret, 1993, Gifkins, Herrmann and Large, 2005). The inclusion of individual threshold values in the plots of measured metal values versus distance from dikes identifies geochemical halos to these conduits more accurately. 2.3 Geologic framework The Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit is located in the eastern flank of the western Peruvian Andes, at 9°32’S and 77°03’W, and at 4300 m altitude. This deposit, 270 km northeast of Lima, consists of several high-grade copper and zinc skarn ore bodies developed on a series of Miocene high-level quartz-monzonite porphyries and dikes dated between 10.57 and 10.83 Ma by U-Pb zircon geochronology (this study, Figure 2.1). Previous work provided ages of 9.8 Ma (K-Ar method - McKee et al., 1979) and 10.32 ± 0.09 Ma (40Ar/39Ar method - Love et al., 2004) for these intrusions. These porphyritic stocks intruded into the transition zone between the Upper Cretaceous Jumasha and Celendín Formations. The skarn system is recognized in a NE-SW elliptical area of 4.5 x 2 km that coincides with a subtle deflection zone of the NW trending, Incaic thrust and fold belt (Benavides, 1999; Love et al., 2004). Thrust faults at Antamina apparently reactivated as extensional structures in the Late Miocene at the time of intrusion and skarn formation (Redwood, 1999). The big Cu-Zn Antamina skarn is connected with the relatively barren Condorcocha skarn, 1.3 km to the northeast, by a series of sub parallel quartz feldspar porphyry dikes (QFP) dated between 10.79 and 11.03 Ma. Details about the petrography and timing of the intrusions at Antamina are discussed in Chapter 3 of this study. Sedimentary layering, dike emplacement, and pre-existing fold and thrust geometry controlled ore and hydrothermal alteration zoning. Five visible alteration zones are recognized around the central quartz-monzonite porphyry: a pink to brown skarn altered intrusion (endoskarn), a brown to green garnet skarn (exoskarn), a white and gray marble 15 Figure 2.1: Geographic, regional and district geological map of Antamina. A. Sketch map showing the location of Antamina. B. Regional geological map vicinity of Antamina, modified from Cobbing, J. et al., 1996. C. Simplified geology map of the Antamina – Condorococha skarn systems, showing the visible alteration zoning and the sampling areas during this study. Modified from Compania Minera Antamina S.A., 2002. 16 zone, a brown hornfels and marble zone, and a external zone of gray and light green hornfels. Fossiliferous gray limestone predominates outside the hornfels zone (Figure 2.1). Sulfide mineralization is concentrated in massive sulfide bodies and crosscutting veinlets especially within garnet-bearing rocks. Sulfide minerals comprise pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, with lesser amounts of magnetite, pyrrhotite, bornite, molybdenite, and copper-bismuth sulfosalts. Galena, bournonite, realgar and proustite are present in trace amounts (Lehne, 1996, 1997). Distal alteration at elevations above and to the north of the Antamina pit is concentrated along quartz feldspar porphyry dikes (QFP) that connect the Antamina stock to the poorly mineralized Condorcocha skarn (Figure 2.1). Metre-scale hornfels alteration aureoles enclose the dikes. These dikes are accompanied by multiple generations of centimeter-scale calcite ± base metal sulfide veinlets and quartz + fluorite ± calcite ± sulfide veinlets. These veinlets occur parallel and crosscutting the QFP dikes suggesting that the dikes acted as conduits for escaping fluids. 2.4 Sampling and methods Ninety-eight samples chosen from a suite of over 600 hand-size rock samples collected between 2002 and 2004 from drill core, the open pit, and vicinity represent the various lithological units recognized between Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems (Figure 2.1). Most of the samples were taken from transects perpendicular to the strike of quartz-feldspar porphyry dikes that are assumed to be the natural fluid escape conduits to the skarn deposit. The vertical distance between each transect was approximately 30 metres, whereas the sampling interval in each transect was 5 metres on average or depending on the rock exposure and the existence of striking geological features such as veins, other dikes or patches of alteration mineralization. Great care was taken to exclude visible veins from the analyzed sample, although it is probable that a few <1 mm-thick calcite veins were unavoidably included. Samples were analyzed at ALS Chemex Canada for major element oxides, rare earth elements and trace elements on whole rocks. Major element oxides used in this study were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF - ALS code ME-XRF06), whereas rare earth elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ALS code ME- 17 MS81). These analytical methods include the fusion of samples with lithium borate that insure the total acid dissolution of resistate minerals yielding reliable values of REE, especially heavy REE that cannot easily be dissolved from very resistant phases (Hall and Plant, 1992). Limits of detection for the major element oxides and rare earth elements are listed in Table 2.1. Trace elements, especially chalcophile elements used in this study (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ga, Hg, In, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, W and Zn) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of samples previously dissolved with HF, HNO3, HClO4 and HCl (Four acid “near total” digestion procedure of ALS-Chemex (code ME-MS61)). This method was chosen because acid digestion of samples produces lower detection limits for the trace elements than total fusion procedures (Kerrich and Wyman, 1996), and to check the results of samples fused with lithium borate. Limits of detection for the trace elements by the ICP-MS61 are listed in Table 2.2. The selection of a specific analytical method is of crucial importance in mineral exploration and it depends on many factors such as element coverage, detection limits, reliability, cost, and host rock mineralogy (Berkman, 1997). 2.5 Geochemical characterization of the host rocks at Antamina Major and rare earth element analyses were undertaken to characterize zonation from a Cu-Zn skarn to its margins and to distinguish the thermal effects from chemical alteration for the major map units at Antamina. Average concentrations and ranges for major elements, REE and trace elements in limestone, marble and hornfels are presented in Table 2.1 for samples prepared with lithium borate fusion and Table 2.2 for samples dissolved and leached by four acids. Results of the major and rare earth elements obtained by ICP-MS analysis of samples prepared with lithium borate fusion, including sample location and description are listed in Appendix A1, whereas trace element data obtained by ICP-MS analysis of previously four acid digested samples are listed in Appendix A2. Major element compositions are presented in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary diagrams (Fig. 2.2) and as bivariate plots of major elements versus silica for all the rock types identified at Antamina (Figs. 2.3 to 2.6). Bivariate plots of marble, hornfels and skarn also include the field of limestone proximal (<100 m) and distal to the QFP dikes (>100 m), 18 Table 2.1: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (major elements and REE) Database obtained by XRF and ICP-MS analysis of samples previously fused with lithium borate Detection Marble (n=32) Limestone (n=38) Hornfels (n=27) Limit XRF wt% (wt %) Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range SiO2 0.01 12.27 10.56 1.54 - 46.81 17.55 8.02 2.45 - 37.28 36.61 10.66 11.57 - 58.71 Al2O3 0.01 3.53 3.40 0.35 -14.59 4.98 2.36 0.65 - 10.79 11.24 3.01 3.02 - 15.29 Fe2O3 0.01 1.31 1.01 0.25 - 3.66 2.01 0.76 0.44 - 3.47 3.21 0.85 1.17 - 4.98 CaO 0.01 46.03 9.45 12.17 - 54.1 39.29 7.09 21.82 - 52.71 25.25 9.18 6.79 - 47.21 MgO 0.01 1.69 0.86 0.85 - 3.72 2.20 0.65 0.91 - 3.93 2.83 0.49 1.73 - 4.16 Na2O 0.01 0.20 0.19 0.01 - 0.83 0.24 0.22 0.02 - 0.77 0.66 0.41 0.06 - 1.48 K2O 0.01 0.83 1.59 0.02 - 9.08 1.01 0.65 0.06 - 3.13 3.83 2.76 0.65 - 10.78 Cr2O3 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.04 0.01 0.00 <0.01 - 0.03 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.02 TiO2 0.01 0.21 0.17 0.04 - 0.76 0.29 0.14 0.04 - 0.65 0.57 0.16 0.18 - 0.8 MnO 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.02 - 0.19 0.06 0.04 0.02 - 0.31 0.08 0.08 0.02 - 0.44 P2O5 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.02 - 0.21 0.10 0.04 0.03 - 0.19 0.15 0.03 0.1 - 0.24 SrO 0.01 0.09 0.05 0.04 - 0.26 0.08 0.02 0.03 - 0.11 0.06 0.02 0.03 - 0.09 BaO 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.04 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 - 0.09 ICP-MS ppm Ce 0.5 30.7 31.7 4.7 - 131 38.1 22.6 5.6 - 122 76.8 25.6 26 - 121 Cs 0.1 2.49 2.60 0.4 - 10.9 4.70 3.84 0.2 - 19.6 3.46 2.77 0.4 - 10.25 Dy 0.1 1.56 1.58 0.3 - 6.59 2.15 1.15 0.3 - 5.6 4.53 1.26 1.4 - 6.8 Er 0.1 0.96 0.96 0.2 - 4.02 1.31 0.72 0.2 - 3.4 2.81 0.79 0.8 - 4.4 Eu 0.1 0.44 0.40 <0.1 - 1.36 0.64 0.42 0.14 - 1.4 1.04 0.34 <0.1 - 1.8 Gd 0.1 2.04 2.07 0.3 - 8.58 2.63 1.39 0.4 - 7.4 5.42 1.45 1.8 - 7.83 Ho 0.1 0.32 0.33 <0.1 - 1.28 0.42 0.22 <0.1 - 1 0.88 0.25 0.2 - 1.21 La 0.5 13.7 15.9 1.7 - 70 16.5 9.5 2.3 - 52.5 39.2 13.0 11.8 - 63.4 Lu 0.1 0.14 0.13 <0.1 - 0.55 0.16 0.08 <0.1 - 0.4 0.38 0.13 <0.1 - 0.56 Nd 0.5 10.5 11.7 1.9 - 51.4 13.5 7.6 1.9 - 41.3 29.7 9.3 8.3 - 48.1 Pr 0.1 3.08 3.50 0.5 - 15.2 3.96 2.36 0.5 - 12.8 8.62 2.81 2.4 - 14.3 Rb 0.2 41.6 63.5 2.4 - 332 57.0 30.8 4.5 - 129.5 135.6 76.5 18.8 - 302 Sm 0.1 2.13 2.17 0.3 - 9.13 2.91 1.61 0.4 - 8.3 5.62 1.54 2 - 8.2 19 Table 2.1: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (major elements and REE) continuation Database obtained by XRF and ICP-MS analysis of samples previously fused with lithium borate Detection Marble (n=32) Limestone (n=38) Hornfels (n=27) limit XRF wt% ppm Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Sr 0.1 765 416 354 - 2130 640 152 367 - 999 629 154 274 - 880 Tb 0.1 0.27 0.30 <0.1 - 1.25 0.34 0.19 <0.1 - 0.9 0.80 0.24 0.1 - 1.16 Tm 0.1 0.13 0.14 <0.1 - 0.59 0.16 0.08 <0.1 - 0.4 0.39 0.13 <0.1 - 0.58 Yb 0.1 0.89 0.88 0.2 - 3.77 1.20 0.67 0.2 - 3.1 2.62 0.78 0.7 - 4.3 LaN/YbN 9.79 2.39 5.43 - 13.93 9.54 1.60 6.96 - 14.27 10.36 2.25 2.53 - 13.20 Ce/Ce* 1.23 0.19 0.96 - 1.62 1.19 0.17 0.79 - 1.61 1.04 0.10 0.95 - 1.37 Eu/Eu* 0.87 0.80 0.048 - 3.41 0.74 0.39 0.23 - 2.29 0.57 0.15 0.08 - 1.02 Ce/Ce* = CeN/((LaN) 0.667 * (NdN) 0.333); Eu/Eu* = EuN/(SmN * GdN) 0.5; N = chondrite-normalized (data from McDonough, W.F. and Sun, S.S., 1995) 20 Table 2.2: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (trace elements)* Database obtained by ICP-MS analysis of samples previously dissolved by four acids Detection Marble (n=32) Limestone (n=38) Hornfels (n=28) limit Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Au 0.005 0.003 0.001 <0.005 - 0.008 0.006 0.017 <0.005 - 0.105 0.006 0.007 <0.005 - 0.021 Ag 0.01 0.68 1.98 0.05 - 11.3 0.19 0.32 <0.01 - 1.91 0.61 1.05 0.04 - 4.05 Al % 1.00% 2.13 1.97 0.24 - 8.09 3.04 1.43 0.4 - 6.63 6.46 1.59 1.94 - 8.31 As 0.2 14.6 23.3 <5 - 128 17.8 28.4 <5 - 143 47.1 54.5 5.1 - 243 Ba 10 65.9 72.1 10 - 330 85.0 49.3 10 -210 305.0 192.8 40 - 850 Be 0.05 0.66 0.62 <0.05 - 2.38 0.91 0.49 0.17 - 2.11 2.20 0.80 0.61 - 3.89 Bi 0.01 2.41 5.71 0.04 - 30.5 0.11 0.11 0.01 - 0.67 1.02 1.76 0.11 - 7.38 Ca % 0.01 29.44 5.70 9.05 - 36 25.39 4.58 14.8 - 35.3 17.21 5.97 5.48 - 30.1 Cd 0.02 0.41 0.49 <0.02 -1.6 0.48 0.41 0.02 - 1.89 0.55 1.25 <0.02 - 6.47 Ce 0.01 25.58 27.06 4.45 - 123.5 34.60 21.14 4.86 - 112 73.77 23.56 25.1 - 110.5 Co 0.1 3.3 2.5 1.2 - 10 5.4 2.0 1.4 - 9.3 9.6 4.4 3.9 - 23.3 Cr 1 17 12 4 - 52 25 26 6 - 174 42 18 13 - 93 Cs 0.05 2.96 3.14 0.45 - 13.75 5.76 4.77 0.31 - 23.6 3.79 3.06 0.58 - 12.05 Cu 0.2 58.6 69.9 6.6 - 222 9.2 4.7 2.5 - 31.5 71.6 173.5 4.8 - 904 Fe % 0,.01 0.90 0.73 0.17 - 2.68 1.37 0.53 0.33 - 2.45 2.23 0.58 0.79 - 3.41 Ga 0.05 5.22 4.91 0.69 - 21.4 7.25 3.39 1.01 - 15.9 16.49 6.77 4.43 - 44.8 Ge 0.05 0.12 0.04 0.05 - 0.21 0.16 0.06 0.05 - 0.31 0.16 0.05 0.11 - 0.32 Hf 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 - 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.2 - 1.5 1.1 0.3 0.4 - 1.6 Hg 0.01 0.01 0.00 <0.01 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.06 0.02 0.06 <0.01 - 0.3 In 0.005 0.033 0.027 <0.005 - 0.116 0.026 0.013 <0.005 - 0.071 0.064 0.058 0.017 - 0.331 K % 0.01 0.71 1.00 0.03 - 5.56 1.01 0.61 0.09 - 3.12 3.10 1.72 0.65 - 6.88 La 0.5 12.9 13.2 2.3 - 56.3 17.6 10.4 2.8 - 55.9 38.2 14.2 13.1 - 80.9 Li 0.2 9.1 8.3 1.3 - 39.9 19.8 9.8 3.4 - 41.2 16.9 12.2 2 - 60.3 Mg % 0.01 1.05 0.55 0.48 - 2.41 1.38 0.41 0.56 - 2.46 1.69 0.28 1 - 2.34 Mn 5 289 263 99 - 1280 404 324 154 - 2240 601 563 224 - 2960 Mo 0.05 1.11 0.80 0.21 - 3.5 0.86 0.37 0.13 - 1.78 1.39 0.89 0.65 - 5.17 Na % 0.01 0.16 0.15 0.01 - 0.65 0.19 0.18 0.01 - 0.62 0.50 0.33 0.04 - 1.24 Nb 0.1 5.1 5.4 0.5 - 25.1 6.5 3.8 0.9 - 17.5 16.4 5.2 3.6 - 24.5 Ni 0.2 7.6 6.1 <0.2 - 21.6 12.5 4.9 <0.2 - 19.7 18.0 4.0 11.4 - 27.7 21 Table 2.2: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (trace elements) continuation Database obtained by ICP-MS analysis of samples previously dissolved by four acids Detection Marble (n=32) Limestone (n=38) Hornfels (n=28) limit Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range P 10 365 229 80 - 1010 467 174 120 - 860 735 168 500 - 1210 Pb 0.5 56.5 161.4 2.9 - 915 14.9 28.9 1.1 - 180.5 108.0 338.4 3.6 - 1800 Rb 0.1 38.4 58.6 1.8 - 325 52.8 27.6 4 - 119 131.0 66.8 26.2 - 319 Re 0.002 0.002 0.002 <0.002 - 0.011 0.001 0.001 <0.002 - 0.004 0.001 0.001 <0.002 - 0.004 S % 0.01 0.43 0.39 0.03 - 1.67 0.49 0.21 0.006 - 1.06 0.83 0.44 0.16 - 2.56 Sb 0.05 0.77 1.10 0.1 - 5.97 0.70 0.89 0.05 - 3.56 1.30 1.16 0.36 - 5.48 Se 1 1 1 <1 - 3 1 1 <1 - 3 3 1 01 - 5 Sn 0.2 0.9 0.8 0.1 - 4 1.0 0.6 <0.2 - 2.2 2.4 0.7 0.7 - 3.5 Sr 0.2 878 446 361 - 2330 741 165 437 - 1090 662 164 298 - 889 Ta 0.05 0.37 0.40 <0.05 - 1.81 0.47 0.30 0.05 - 1.32 1.18 0.38 0.24 - 1.78 Te 0.05 0.23 0.21 0.08 - 1.03 0.10 0.05 <0.05 - 0.25 0.32 0.46 <0.05 - 2.29 Th 0.2 4.0 4.4 0.3 - 20.4 5.2 3.3 0.6 - 14.7 12.9 4.4 2.8 - 21.4 Ti % 0.005 0.102 0.100 0.009 - 0.416 0.145 0.074 0.016 - 0.344 0.335 0.088 0.086 - 0.455 Tl 0.02 0.33 0.36 0.03 - 1.68 0.54 0.32 0.05 - 1.84 0.78 0.67 0.18 - 3.45 U 0.1 1.5 0.7 0.5 - 3.3 1.5 0.4 0.7 - 2.5 2.0 0.6 0.9 - 4.4 V 1 34 35 5 - 118 71 32 5 - 133 110 19 58 - 148 W 0.1 1.1 1.9 0.1 - 9 0.7 0.5 0.1 - 2.2 2.4 3.8 0.3 - 21.4 Y 0.1 8.2 6.8 1.8 - 28.9 12.0 5.3 2 - 26.1 23.0 5.8 8.7 - 32.9 Zn 2 126 166 5 - 610 78 74 15 - 436 151 311 14 - 1650 Zr 0.5 12.7 12.3 1.4 - 48.3 27.7 10.6 5 - 49.3 30.4 8.8 12.6 - 49 * Trace elements data are in ppm, otherwise stated Au results are based on 27 samples of marble, 36 samples of limestone and 6 samples of hornfels S.D. = standard deviation Data reported as not detected were assigned values to one-half the analytical detection limit (Sanford et al., 1993) 22 Figure 2.2: CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary plots for A: limestone, B. marble, C: hornfels, and D: skarn and intrusive rocks from Antamina. Observe the variable siliciclastic content of limestone. 23 Figure 2.3: Plots of major elements vs. silica for limestone rocks from Antamina. Observe the relative low silica content of samples taken at distances greater than 100 m from QFP dikes. 24 Figure 2.4: Plots of major elements vs. silica for marble units at Antamina. Fields of all limestone samples as well as limestone located at distances greater than 100m from QFP are plotted for reference. 25 Figure 2.5: Plots of major elements vs. silica for the different types of hornfels recognized at Antamina. Fields of all limestone samples as well as limestone located at distances greater than 100 m from QFP dikes are plotted for reference 26 Figure 2.6: Plots of major elements vs. silica for a green exoskarn, brown endoskarn and seven samples of intrusive rocks from Antamina and surroundings. Fields of all limestone samples as well as limestone located at distances greater than 100 m from QFP dikes are plotted for reference. 27 which represent the fluid escape conduits to the Antamina skarn deposit. Previous geochemical results of Celendin and Jumasha Formations (Redwood, 2004) and bivariate plots of silica versus other major elements are presented in Appendix A3. Finally, chondrite-normalized REE concentrations, Ce/Ce*, LaN/YbN, Eu/Eu* and Pr/Pr* values estimated for each sample are shown in Appendix A4. The Geochemistry is used in this study to fulfill two main objectives: (a) to constrain about the processes that led to the different rock units present around Antamina, and (b) to develop an assertive method to identify geochemical anomalies in the thermal alteration aureole to a Cu-Zn skarn and within the limestone adjacent to it. Detailed revision of major elemental abundance and interpretation of bivariate plots of silica versus Al2O3, Na2O, Fe2O3, CaO, K2O, MnO and SrO for hornfels and marble in combination with limestone compositions (Figs. 2.3 to 2.6) are used to characterize these rocks and mainly to identify gains and losses in the thermal altered rocks. Bivariate plots of relatively insoluble elements expressed as oxides, i.e., SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2 versus lanthanum, cerium, neodymium and zirconium (Fig. 2.7) are also shown to determine the least mobile element contained in the host rocks, and to differentiate alteration from dissolution products. Interpretation of REE systematics is used to constrain the degree of fluid rock interaction and the source of siliciclastic material within the protolith. 2.5.1 Major elements Limestone: Major element constituents of limestone are: CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CO2, SO3, P2O5, K2O and Na2O. Cr2O3 and BaO are generally present below detection limits (see Appendix A1). The major element content of limestone versus silica is shown in Figure 2.3. These diagrams show the major element composition of limestone around Antamina is similar to the Celendín Formation limestone taken at Yanacancha, which contains more SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2 and La than unaltered Jumasha limestone. The limestone data is also similar to those of Redwood (2004) for the Celendín Formation (Appendix A3). Chemical composition of unaltered limestone samples taken distal to the QFP dikes (>100m) span a range of values between Celendin and Jumasha, which makes it difficult to identify the stratigraphic unit that host the mineralization at Antamina. In general, silica content correlates with aluminum, iron, potassium and lanthanum (Figs. 2.3 and 2.8), which together are taken to reflect the 28 Figure 2.7: Bivariate plots of selected immobile elements for limestone, marble, hornfels and skarn from Antamina. A, B, C: SiO2 vs. La, Ce and Nd. D, E, F: Al2O3 vs. La, Ce and Nd. G, H, I: TiO2 vs. La, Ce and Nd. 29 Figure 2.8: Bivariate plots of TiO2 vs. SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2 vs. La and Al2O3 vs. La for limestone (A, D, G), marble (B, E, H) and hornfels (C, F, I) from Antamina. 30 siliciclastic component of these rocks. MnO content in limestone is low (0.062% in average) and does not show an obvious relationship with SiO2 nor with CaO. Strontium oxide has a random behavior with values ranging from 0.03 to 0.11-wt% where the lowest values correspond to the unaltered Jumasha limestone from Yanacancha. The major element composition indicates variable clastic input to limestones in the Antamina area (Fig. 2.2A), Low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios for limestone (average 3.63) is consistent with a detrital source of silica in limestone (Slack et al., 2004). To contrast plot of SiO2/Al2O3 vs. TiO2 (Fig. 2.8A) for limestone show that samples taken at distances greater than 100m from OFP dikes commonly contain less TiO2 than limestone proximal to dikes. Marble: Five different marble units are recognized in Antamina based on its color: gray, light gray, light green, tan and white. Gray and white marble have higher CaO and lower Al2O3, SiO2 and K2O content than average limestone (Figs. 2.2B and 2.4). Fine- grained marble found outside the Antamina West zone (tan, light gray and light green) generally contains more magnesium than the gray and white, coarse-grained marble units (Fig. 2.4G). The chemical composition of marble units close to the skarn front especially at Antamina West is very similar to that of the unaltered Jumasha limestone taken at Yanacancha. There is no notable chemical distinction between white and gray marble, however, white marble is slightly rich in MnO and poor in K2O and Na2O (Fig. 2.4). The green and tan marble units are generally richer in most of the major elements (silica, alumina, iron, magnesium, and lanthanum) than other marble units and unaltered limestone (Figs. 2.2B and 2.4). The potassium and sodium content of the green and tan marbles is also high with the exception of one sample of tan marble taken at Antamina West, which contains the lowest value of K2O and Na2O (Fig. 2.4E). The green and tan marbles also contain the lowest values of calcium. There is no striking variations between the strontium content of white, gray, tan and green marbles and even hornfels and limestone, however most of the scapolite rich coarse-grained marble (Antamina West) is characterized by its high SrO content and lanthanum values less than 10 ppm. MnO, P2O5 and BaO contents of marble are also inferior to that in limestone. Figure 2.8B shows a mixing line between tan marble with low SiO2/Al2O3, white, light gray, green and gray marble with progressively higher SiO2/Al2O3 values and lower TiO2 contents. Plots of La vs. SiO2 and La vs. Al2O3 31 show some scattered samples of tan marble outside the limestone field. The almost linear correlation of La with SiO2 and Al2O3 suggests that tan marble with high La contents are the products of a strong dissolved limestone (Figs. 2.8E and 2.8H). Hornfels: Twenty-seven samples of hornfels were analyzed for major elements. In general, hornfels silica content is greater than unaltered limestone (Fig. 2.2C and 2.5). Gray hornfels show a broad range of values in SiO2 content but it is generally similar to those found in limestone proximal to the QFP dikes (Fig. 2.5). Tan, white and green hornfels contain slightly higher Al2O3, SiO2 and K2O values and lower CaO and SrO that may reflect chemical alteration (Figs. 2.2C and 2.5). Average silica, aluminum and potassium content of white hornfels are higher than hornfels with other colors. Potassium content of tan marble and tan hornfels is quite similar to each other and slightly greater than limestone (Figs. 2.4E and 2.5E). Potassium and titanium contents of tan hornfels are higher than gray hornfels but similar to white and green hornfels contents (Figs. 2.5E and 2.8C). Potassium content is related to the abundance of k-feldspar in the rocks. In general, there is not a significant variation in the iron, magnesium, sodium and manganese content of all hornfels. These values are similar to that in limestone and within tan, white and green marble. Bivariate plots of relatively insoluble elements (Fig. 2.7) show high siliciclastic content in hornfels. A plot of SiO2/Al2O3 vs. TiO2 for hornfels (Fig. 2.8C) shows that similar SiO2/Al2O3 ratios between unaltered limestone and hornfels, but striking higher amounts of TiO2 in hornfels especially in white, tan and green hornfels. Plots of lanthanum versus silica and aluminum for hornfels show that most of the white, green and tan hornfels are the products of limestone dissolution (Figs. 2.8F and 2.8I). Skarn: A single sample of green garnet exoskarn from the Taco Pit was analyzed. This sample is in close proximity to, and along strike with, white marble layers. It is significantly richer in SiO2, Fe2O3 and MnO than marble (Figs. 2.2D, 2.6C and 2.6F). This likely reflects the predominance of andradite garnet in skarn and indicates SiO2 and Fe2O3 addition during skarn formation. The Al2O3 and Na2O contents are within the range observed in marble and may have been immobile during alteration. K2O content is significantly depleted during alteration. A single analysis of brown garnet endoskarn is compared to intrusive whole rock major element composition in Fig. 2.6. Endoskarn contains higher Fe2O3, CaO, and MnO 32 and lower Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, Na2O, P2O5, SrO, BaO and TiO2 than intrusive rocks it likely derives. The chemical composition of exo- and endoskarn is very similar to each other and within the range determined by limestone and intrusive rocks (Fig. 2.6). 2.5.2 Rare earth elements (REE) Rare earth element (REE) abundances normalized to chondrite (McDonough and Sun, 1995) are presented in Appendix A4. The un-normalized data are given in Appendix A1. Chondrite-normalized values were plotted for each rock type along with the REE pattern for limestone in order to observe the REE variations in the different alteration zones around Antamina. Representative plots are given in Figs. 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11. Cerium and Europium anomalies in sedimentary rocks are commonly used to constrain the redox conditions of the ocean, and identify the sources of REE in ancient seawater, respectively (de Baar et al., 1988; Elderfield, 1988). These anomalies are usually referred to as positive or negative, and they can be identified qualitatively in the REE chondrite-normalized plots or defined quantitatively as Ce/Ce* = CeN/((LaN)0.667 * (NdN)0.333) and Eu/Eu* = EuN/(SmN * GdN)0.5 where N is the chondrite-normalized value. Ce/Ce* and Eu/Eu* values greater than one identify positive Ce and Eu anomalies respectively. Positive Eu anomalies might indicate large fluid/rock interactions or the presence of abundant REE complexing agents in the solutions (Lottermoser, 1992). Both negative Ce and Eu anomalies are indicative of ocean redox conditions (de Baar et al., 1988), whereas negative Ce along with positive Eu anomalies are used as evidence for alteration by oxidizing hydrothermal fluids (Slack et al., 2004). Plots of Eu/Eu* versus SiO2, and Ce/Ce* versus Eu/Eu* are used in this study to constrain the source of REE anomalies (Fig. 2.12). Calculated LaN/YbN, Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu* and Pr/Pr* values for each sample are also shown in Appendix A4. Recognition of Ce anomalies is often complicated by the anomalous behavior of lanthanum (Bau and Dulski, 1996) where anomalous enrichment of La might create false negative Ce anomalies. Plots of Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* permit to recognize true negative Ce anomalies from chondrite- normalized data (Kato et al., 2006), where Pr/Pr* = PrN/(CeN * NdN)0.5. True negative Ce anomalies are given by negative Ce/Ce* and positive Pr/Pr* values whereas true positive Ce anomalies are given by positive Ce/Ce* and negative Pr/Pr* values (Fig. 2.12). 33 Figure 2.9: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of limestone and marble from Antamina. CI chondrite- normalizing values from McDonough and Sun (1995). A. Limestone from Antamina and Yanacancha. Graphs B, C, D, E and F show the REE content of gray, light gray, white, green and tan marble, respectively, in relation to the field of REE determined by limestone samples. 34 Figure 2.10: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of hornfels from Antamina. CI chondrite-normalizing values from McDonough and Sun (1995). Most of the hornfels occupy the upper sector of the limestone field with the exception of gray and light gray hornfels, which are similar to the composition of tan marble. 35 Figure 2.11: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of exo-, endoskarn and intrusive rocks from Antamina. A. Green garnet exoskarn sample exhibits low heavy REE values. Values of Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu are at or below detection limit. B. Brown garnet endoskarn has lower light REE values than intrusive rocks from Antamina. Tm value of Usu Pallares intrusion is below the detection limit of laboratory. 36 Figure 2.12: Plots of Eu/Eu* vs. SiO2 for limestone (A), marble (B) and hornfels (C) showing the coincidence between gray and white marble with unaltered limestone especially with Jumasha limestone. Graph C shows the high silica content and the negative Eu anomaly of hornfels. Plots of Ce/Ce* vs. Eu/Eu* for limestone (D), marble (E) and hornfels (F) from Antamina showing almost no variations in the Ce signature of these rocks but positive Eu anomalies of an important group of gray marble samples. Plots of Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* for limestone (G), marble (H) and hornfels (I) showing the relative absence of true negative Ce anomalies in limestone and marble. The graph for hornfels shows the presence of 11 samples of hornfels with true negative Ce anomalies.37 Limestone: Chondrite-normalized REE values for limestone from Antamina (n=38) are taken to represent the extent of siliciclastic input to these rocks. These values are mainly 1x to 100x chondrite, with LaN/YbN ratios of 6.96 to 14.27, predominant negative Eu anomalies (Figs. 2.9A & 2.12A), and small negative and positive Ce anomalies (Table 2.1). Eu/Eu* vs. Ce/Ce* plot for limestone indicates an almost linear correlation between Eu and Ce anomalies (Fig. 2.12D). Calculated Eu anomalies (Taylor and McLennan, 1985) are generally less than 1.0, with seven scattered samples showing positive anomalies. The highest Eu anomaly corresponds to one sample of Jumasha Formation taken at Yanacancha (2.29) (Fig. 2.12A). Samples from the Jumasha Formation taken at Yanacancha contain the lowest REE values, whereas the rest of the samples show a broad range of REE that overlaps with the REE composition of the Celendin Formation. The broad range of REE suggests an important content of siliciclastic material in limestone around Antamina. Marble: REE contents of gray, light gray and green marble span almost the same range defined by limestone (Figs. 2.9B, C and E) where light gray marble shows a negative Eu anomaly (Fig. 2.9C). REE contents of white marble occupy the lower part of the limestone REE pattern, whereas REE values of tan marble are on average higher than those in other marble types (Figs. 2.9D and F). Figure 2.12B shows a mixing line between gray marble with positive to negative Eu anomalies, and tan and light green marble with negative Eu anomalies and increasing silica content. Europium and cerium anomalies of white marble mostly coincide with that of unaltered limestone (Fig. 2.12B). Range and average of calculated Eu anomalies (Table 2.1) for marble are higher than those in limestone and hornfels, where positive values (>1) are mainly related to coarse-grained white and gray marble from Antamina West (Appendix A4). One plot of Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* shows the relative absence of true negative Ce anomalies in marble with the exception of only two samples of tan and light gray marble with negative Ce and positive Pr anomalies, but close to the boundary of this anomaly (Fig. 2.12H). Hornfels: REE contents of hornfels span the high end of the range defined by limestone, especially gray hornfels (Figs. 2.10A and B). Light green, white, green and tan hornfels have very similar profiles characterized by higher REE content than limestone (Figs. 2.10C to F). These values are higher than those found in the REE profile of the samples taken at Yanacancha and distal to the QFP dikes (>100 m), although Ce and Eu 38 anomalies of hornfels are within the range determined by distal unaltered samples especially Celendin limestone (Fig. 2.10F). All the hornfels examined show negative Eu anomalies and almost no Ce anomalies (Fig. 2.10) suggesting low temperatures and low water/rock ratios during their formation (Campbell et al., 1984). However, the Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* graph for hornfels shows true negative Ce anomalies mainly for 11 samples of mainly light gray and light green hornfels (Fig. 2.12I). Exoskarn: REE content of green garnet exoskarn is compared to limestone in Fig. 2.11A. Light to heavy REE abundance presents a steeper REE profile than generally observed in limestone (LaN/YbN = 108.692), where LREE content is within the range given by limestone samples. This trend likely reflects heavy REE immobility and light REE addition to skarn during hydrothermal fluid flow. The exoskarn sample shows a markedly high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio and a slight Eu positive anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 2.44). HREE contents are equal to slightly lower than those of limestones and suggest the skarn formation occurred at roughly constant mass (Gresens, 1967; Grant, 1986). However, REE pattern of a single skarn sample is not enough to ascertain the source of fluids during the skarn formation (Vander Auwera and Andre, 1991). Endoskarn: Brown garnet endoskarn is compared to intrusive rocks in Fig. 2.11B. The trend in REE abundances in the two rock types is similar, but endoskarn presents lower REE values than intrusive rocks. This is consistent with an overall mass increase during skarn formation. Calculated LREE/HREE ratio of endoskarn is smaller compared to that of exoskarn, and slightly higher than intrusive rocks. None to slightly negative Eu anomaly is also related to the endoskarn at Antamina (Eu/Eu* = 0.9). A slightly greater depletion of light REE is consistent with leaching of this light REE and transport to exoskarn. Intrusive Rocks: REE contents of the Taco porphyry and dacite dikes indicates a similar fractionated igneous material with a slight depletion in the light REE in comparison to a relatively fresh intrusive rock taken outside the mine (sample 2PAT25 – see Appendix A1). This is demonstrated by the high LaN/YbN (17.47) ratio of intrusive rocks at Antamina. Chondrite-normalized REE values for intrusive rocks indicate slightly negative Eu anomalies and positive Ce anomalies, which correspond with Eu/Eu* = 0.711 and Ce/Ce* = 1.05. HREE content of intrusive rocks from Antamina are markedly lower than relatively fresh intrusive rock. 39 2.5.3 Interpretation of major elements and REE systematics Marble and hornfels span a greater range in major element content than limestone at Antamina. Strong correlation of silica with aluminum, iron, potassium and lanthanum reflects the siliciclastic component of limestone. The low siliciclastic component of Jumasha limestone from Yanacancha indicates the predominance of Celendin Formation around Antamina and Fortuna. Relative higher contents of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 in limestone proximal to the fluid conduits (<100 m) suggest greater carbonate dissolution in these rocks. The range of REE content of marble and hornfels would confirm siliciclastic content of protolith Jumasha and Celendín limestone. Positive and negative europium and ytterbium anomalies in limestone may reflect the provenance of diverse siliciclastic material in the sediments (Rollinson, 1993). The silica-poor, carbonate-rich extremes in marble composition reflect isochemical derivation from Jumasha limestone, whereas the large overlap of limestone with marble in major element composition reflects predominance of the Celendín Formation at Antamina (Fig. 2.4). Samples of Jumasha limestone from Yanacancha are similar in composition to gray and white marble at Antamina West and are broadly representative of protolith marble at that area. The carbonate rich composition and REE pattern of white marble resemble that of Jumasha limestone (Figs. 2.2B, 2.4 and 2.9D), whereas the broad range of REE values of gray marble (Figs. 2.4, 2.9B and 2.9C) suggest they derive from both Jumasha and Celendín Formations. On the other hand, the tan and green marble siliciclastic content is at the high end of the range defined by limestone (Figs. 2.9E and F). This may reflect carbonate dissolution during hydrothermal circulation or derivation from limestone with above average siliciclastic content. This is consistent with field and mineralogical data. The mixing line between tan marble with low SiO2/Al2O3 and relative high TiO2, and light gray, green and gray marble with progressively higher SiO2/Al2O3 and low TiO2 suggests that titanium enrichment of tan marble is likely due to the carbonate dissolution (Fig. 2.8B). Similar siliciclastic content of gray hornfels and limestone (Fig. 2.5) suggest a thermal and isochemical metamorphic origin for gray hornfels and in some instances silicification by hydrothermal fluid circulation. Green, white and tan hornfels values suggest that they may represent the products of alteration and hydrothermal circulation 40 because of their relatively high Al2O3 and SiO2 content or simply reflect intense carbonate dissolution of limestone (Figs. 2.3C and 2.5). Negative Eu anomalies in hornfels (Fig. 2.10) support a mainly dissolution process because Eu positive anomalies are commonly recognized as the fingerprints of hydrothermal fluids (Lottermoser, 1992). These interpretations are also consistent with field and mineralogical data. Limited data from skarn samples highlight the chemical alteration associated with skarn formation. However, the lower REE contents of exo- and endoskarn might indicate an insignificant addition of REE from hydrothermal fluids (Ochiai et al., 1993). REE content of green garnet skarn reflects heavy REE immobility and light REE addition to the skarn during hydrothermal process, as well as a roughly constant mass alteration during the skarn formation. This is supported by the strong enrichment in iron and silica and the removal of calcium and CO2. Positive Eu anomaly of exoskarn might indicate high oxygen fugacity and temperature (>200° C) as well as mildly reducing conditions for the skarn formation (Bau, 1991; Bau and Moller, 1992, Ochiai et al., 1993). Major and rare earth element data indicate an overall mass increase during the endoskarn formation. The strong depletion in aluminum, potassium and sodium of the brown garnet skarn (endoskarn) in relation to the original content of the intrusive rocks indicates also the destruction of plagioclase and orthoclase in the protolith. Finally, the relative depletion of light REE of intrusive rocks from Antamina in comparison to the relatively unaltered samples in the region suggest the leaching of these elements by hydrothermal fluids, which postdated the porphyry formation. 2.5.4 Trace element composition of host rocks In contrast to major and REE concentrations, trace element abundances vary substantially within outcrops and consistently with proximity to major fluid conduits (i.e. skarn front and QFP dikes). Samples proximal to these fluid conduits commonly contain higher metal values than distal ones (Rose et al., 1979) because of disequilibrium between fluids and wall rocks (Oliver and Bons, 2001); this feature lead to a strong bias in the selection of background and threshold values. In general, trace element concentrations in mine area, limestone, hornfels and marble located distal to dike and major vein systems have similar trace element concentrations to the Yanacancha limestones. The distribution of trace elements adjacent to the fluid conduits is in general irregular and is controlled by the 41 host-rock and the amount of sulfides associated with the mineralizing conduit. Trace element components of the rocks were analyzed based on the linear combinations of samples and elements. We opt for using linear correlation as the best measure of association because trace elements represent a small part of the entire rock composition and this measure is unlikely to be affected by closure like major oxides (Grunsky and Smee, 2003). 2.5.4.1 Analysis of correlation coefficients A correlation coefficient between two variables (X and Y) is used in science and particularly in mineral exploration to measure the extent to which these variables are associated. The definition of strong correlated variables is especially important to predict an uncommon Y value from a relatively more common X value. Statistical correlation among 49 elements was evaluated for Antamina West, Fortuna and Fortuna East to observe element distribution within the deep and proximal Antamina West, and the progressively distal and shallow Fortuna East and Fortuna. The complete list of correlation results for these areas is presented in the Appendix A5. Table 2.3 shows the range of values and the correlation associations found for Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W, and Zn in Antamina West. Silver has good correlation (>0.7) with Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb and Sb and moderate correlation (0.5 – 0.7) with Cd, In, W, and Zn. No correlation with Hg and Tl has been observed because of their low values in this area. Low correlation values for thallium, mercury, selenium and tellurium is likely related to the depth of the system because these elements are mainly associated with the suite of epithermal mineral deposits. The range of measured values and correlation associations found within limestone at Fortuna are listed in Table 2.4. At Fortuna, most of the elements of the suite of base metals correlate between each other, especially silver, arsenic, manganese, lead, antimony and thallium. This association indicates the interaction of low temperature fluids with the host rocks at Fortuna. The presence of mercury and its strong correlation with low- temperature metals (Emmons, 1936) confirm the low to medium temperature for the mineral deposition at Fortuna. The moderate to strong correlation between bismuth, copper and molybdenum at Fortuna, and the common association of Bi and Cu with Ag, As, Mn, 42 Table 2.3: Trace element correlation for marble at Antamina West Element Range High correlation Moderate correlation ppm >0.7 0.5 - 0.7 Ag 0.05 - 2.15 Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb Cd, In, Mn, W, Zn As 2.5 - 50 Ag, Pb, Sb Bi, Cu, Mn, Mo Ba 10 - 100 k, Na, Rb Sr Bi 0.04 - 9.4 Ag, Cd, In, Mo, Pb, Zn As, Cu, Sb Cd 0.02 - 1.6 Bi, In, Mo, Zn Ag Cu 6.6 - 185 Ag, Pb As, Bi, Mo, Sb Hg 0.005 - 0.01 negative and very low correlation values In 0.005 - 0.116 Bi, Cd, Mo, Zn Ag Mn 99 - 1280 Sb, W Ag, As Mo 0.21 - 3.5 Ag, Bi, Cd, In, Zn As, Cu, Pb, Sb Pb 2.9 - 201 Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Mn, Sb, W Bi Sb 0.1 - 5.97 Ag, As, Mn, Pb, W Bi, Cu, Mo Tl 0.03 - 0.48 Rb W 0.1 - 9 Mn, Pb, Sb Zn 5 - 5.58 Mo, In, Cd, Bi Ag Table 2.4: Trace element correlation for limestone at Fortuna Element Range High correlation Moderate correlation ppm >0.7 0.5 - 0.7 Ag 0.04 - 2.25 As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Pb, Sb, Tl, W, Zn Cd As 2.00 - 151 Ag, Ba, Bi, Cu, In, Mn, Pb, Sb, Tl, W Cd, Hg, Zn Ba 20 - 210 Ag, As, Bi, Cu, In, Mn, Tl, W Mo, Pb, Sb Bi 0.04 - 0.3 Ag, As, Ba, Cu, In, Mn, Sb, Tl, W Cd, Mo, Pb Cd 0.14 - 1.89 Zn Ag, As, Bi, In, Mn, Pb, Sb, Tl, W Cu 3.3 - 34.6 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, In, Mn, Tl, W Mo, Pb, Sb Hg 0.005 - 0.06 Ag, Pb, Sb, W, Zn As, In, Mn, Tl In 0.011 - 0.073 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Tl, W Cd, Hg, Zn Mn 192 - 2960 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, In, Pb, Sb, Tl, W, Zn Cd, Hg Mo 0.36 - 1.13 Ba, Bi, Cu Pb 3.9 - 180.5 Ag, As, Hg, In, Mn, Sb, Tl, W, Zn Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu Sb 0.14 - 3.56 Ag, As, Bi, Hg, In, Mn, Pb, Tl, W, Zn Ba, Cd, Cu Tl 0.23 - 3.45 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, In, Mn, Pb, Sb, W Cd, Hg, Zn W 0.2 - 2.4 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Pb, Sb, Tl, Zn Cd Zn 15 - 436 Ag, Cd, Hg, Mn, Pb, Sb, W As, In, Tl 43 Mo, Pb, Sb and Tl might be used to demonstrate the link between the deep Antamina with the shallow Fortuna. In summary, statistical correlation values between trace elements indicate a strong association between copper, silver, bismuth and molybdenum at depth that gradually change into silver, arsenic, copper, manganese, lead, mercury, thallium and zinc at shallower levels. Silver association with mercury, thallium and molybdenum trace the relative depth of the mineralization in the district, due to the positive correlation of silver with mercury and thallium only at shallow levels, and its strong correlation with molybdenum only at deeper levels. 2.5.4.2 Statistical distribution Standard statistical distributions are commonly used to describe low concentrations of trace elements (Monecke et al., 2005). Frequency distribution of elements was used to observe the shape, symmetry and modality of each element within the host rocks to Antamina skarn deposit. Nine metals (Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn) were selected to analyze their statistical distribution because of their abundance and strong association between each other. Frequency histograms were prepared for these metals for each type of rock. These histograms show the distribution of 38 samples of limestone, 25 of hornfels and 31 of marble. Three samples of hornfels (2PAE233, 3PAA121, 4PAA211) and 1 sample of marble (3PAA134) were excluded from this analysis because of their extremely high values in Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Pb and Zn. The histogram bin width was determined using Scott’s formula (Scott, 1979): Bin width = 3.49 * σ / N1/3 where σ is the standard deviation of the distribution and N is the number of samples. This formula is assumed to provide the most efficient, unbiased estimation of a probability density function (Scott, 1979). The frequency intervals used to construct the histograms of Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina are listed in Appendix A6. Combined metal histograms for limestone, hornfels and marble at Antamina reveal that Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn show a J-shaped distribution whereas molybdenum and thallium follow a moderate normal distribution with a positive skew (Fig. 2.13). Positive right skew in hornfels and marble histograms might be due to the presence of local sulfide 44 Figure 2.13: Histograms of metals for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. Observe the J-shaped distribution of most of the metals examined, where only Mo and Tl show a moderate normal distribution with a clear positive skewness. 45 veins and ore patches within the sampling transect. The J-shaped frequency distribution of these metals suggests their relation to an exponential dataset. Logarithm-transformed histograms of the same group of metals confirm their exponential distribution by yielding approximately normal distributions for Ag, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn with slight positive and negative skewness (Fig. 2.14). Arsenic data display bimodal distribution clearly influenced by several samples with non-detectable values. In summary, three types of statistical distributions are observed in the nine most abundant metals in Antamina: normal (Mo and Tl), exponential (Ag, Bi, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn) and bimodal (As). The proper selection of threshold values must need the statistical estimation of the variability or dispersion of the dataset, which is discussed in the next section. 2.5.5 Background and threshold determination The selection of background geochemical for anomalous areas should consider the frequency distribution of the element concentration, the spatial variability and the original composition of the protolith. Traditionally, the geochemical threshold or the upper limit of a range of background values is defined as the high value resulting in the mean ± 2σ formula. However, considering the existence of a diverse group of limestone with different statistical distributions (Fig. 2.13), estimation of threshold using the mean ± 2σ would yield misleading results. Reimann et al., (2005) provided a specific method to overcome this problem. He proposed the use of the median and the median absolute deviation (MAD) of metal values instead of using the mean and the standard deviation because these estimators are shown to provide the lowest threshold values and would help to identify the highest number of outliers. Considering the existence of a heterogeneous group of rocks at Antamina, false outliers may arise from carbonate dissolution or other alteration processes. The main effect of carbonate dissolution of impure limestones is to increase the concentration of immobile elements in these rocks and in their alteration products such as marble and hornfels. Obvious anomalous samples might be excluded in the estimation of the threshold, but this procedure might not be accurate because it involves a subjective selection of outliers. In that sense we propose to normalize the metal concentration of the host rocks to one of their “immobile” element content. Ratios of metal concentrations to those of immobile elements 46 Figure 2.14: Histograms of log-transformed values of metals for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. Observe the Log normal shape of Ag, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn for limestone with slight positive and negative skew. Arsenic data display bimodal distribution. Histograms of Ag for hornfels and As, Bi and Tl for marble also show bimodal distributions. 47 have also been used by others (Farmer, 1991; Klassen, 2001) to determine the effects of weathering and anthropogenic enrichment because their use does not account for mineralogy, mineral partitioning among size, and the differential effects of acid digestion on them. We have selected lanthanum as the “immobile” element to normalize the metal values at Antamina because of its relative abundance and strong correlation with other immobile elements (Fig. 2.7). Histograms of these normalized metal values for hornfels, marble and limestone also show variable distributions (Fig. 2.15) with the predominance of exponential distributions. Histograms of the logarithm of these normalized values provide normal distributions for the majority of trace elements examined, however some bimodal distributions are also observed in the histograms of Ag in limestone and, As, Mo and Zn in marble (Fig. 2.16). Therefore, the use of the mean ± 2σ even of the metal/immobile elements to estimate the geochemical threshold would lead to erroneous estimation of anomalous geochemical halos to fluid conduits. We consider that the geochemical background of a suite of impure carbonate rocks should be estimated by using the median ± 2MAD formula of the normalized values of metals to an immobile element, in this case lanthanum. Solving this formula will define the range of background values for a specific metal, where the geochemical threshold will be estimated using the result of the median + 2MAD formula. The problem of the spatial variability of samples stated by Li et al., 2003, can be ignored in this case because of the relative small number of samples and the small area they represent. Eleven samples of limestone were used to calculate the background and threshold values (Appendix A7). These samples included four samples of unaltered limestone from Yanacancha (3 km south of the mine) and seven samples of limestone taken at distances greater than 100 m from the QFP dikes, which are considered the most likely fluid escape conduits to the Antamina ore deposit because of their prevalence from deep to shallow levels. 2.5.5.1 Mathematical procedure The procedure to calculate the geochemical background and threshold of one metal (i.e. Ag) for the host rocks from Antamina considered the following steps: • Estimation of the metal/La ratio of the 11 unaltered samples around Antamina. 48 Figure 2.15: Histograms of metal/La ratios for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. Observe the J-shaped distribution of most of the elements, where only Tl shows a positive skewed normal distribution. 49 Figure 2.16: Histograms of the logarithm of metal/La ratios for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. Observe the log-normal shape of most of the elements with slight positive and negative skewness. Ag in limestone and As, Mo and Zn in marble display bimodal distributions. 50 • Estimation of the median of the metal/La ratios of the unaltered samples that we call the median. • Calculation of the absolute value of the difference between the metal/La ratios of each sample minus the median. Then, it is calculated the median of these absolute values, which represents the Median absolute deviation (MAD) of the metal/La ratios of the unaltered limestone from Antamina. The range of geochemical background was then obtained by solving the formula: Median ± 2MAD, where the higher value of this calculation represents the upper background limit of the metal/La ratio for all the samples at Antamina. These background results (U.B.) are shown in Table 2.5, whereas an excel worksheet showing the procedure to estimate the geochemical background of metals using the median ± 2MAD of metal/La, and the mean ± 2σ for the 11 unaltered limestone is shown in the Appendix A8. Table 2.5: Upper background values of metal/La ratios calculated using the median + 2MAD formula on 11 unaltered samples from Antamina Metal Geochemical Metal Geochemical Metal Geochemical Background Background Background Ag 0.01701 Hg 0.0023 Sn 0.0864 As 0.7829 In 0.0021 Sr 95.08 Ba 6.7045 Mn 38.97 Tl 0.0375 Bi 0.0085 Mo 0.0738 V 6.646 Cd 0.0609 Pb 0.706 W 0.0465 Cu 0.8939 Sb 0.0330 Zn 14.453 By using the median ± 2MAD, it is possible to define positive and negative threshold values of one element for each sample multiplying its lanthanum value by Median + 2MAD or Median -2MAD results respectively. Plotting these values in a metal versus lanthanum graph will appear as two lines that we call the upper and lower limit of threshold respectively. We use the upper limit of threshold in this study because we assume that the positive anomalies we would identify derive from a source other than surrounding country rocks (Shi Changyi and Wang Caifang, 1995). This graph can also be used to identify true and false positive and negative anomalies in relation to an empirical threshold line determined graphically or using the traditional statistical methods, as it is show in Fig. 2.17. 51 Figure 2.17: Copper content versus lanthanum graphs for (A) limestone, (B) marble and (C) hornfels from Antamina. Observe the distribution of samples in relation to the upper and lower threshold lines, to the mean and median of Cu/La, and relative to the visual cut-off obtained by construction of the graph of metal content versus distance to a dike. Threshold values of these graphs have been estimated by using the median ± 2 MAD of the Cu/La ratios. 52 Results of the product of upper background value by the lanthanum content of each sample permit to identify an individual threshold value for all the samples. Threshold determination for each sample is considered to address the problem of spatial variation of samples and mainly to determine the influence of the fluids spent outside a mineral deposit. The plot of these values and the measured metal values versus the distance to a fluid conduit is used to constrain the presence of geochemical halos in all the sampling transects at Antamina (Fig. 2.18). An excel worksheet showing the procedure to calculate the threshold values using the Median ± 2MAD formula is presented in the Appendix A9. 2.5.5.2 Detection of outliers Bivariate plots of metals and lanthanum along with the values of the upper and lower threshold values are used to determine the outliers in set of samples related to a specific type of rock. Lanthanides are good tracers of the source of sediments because of their low mobility, uniform distribution and it is also relative ease of measurement (Zhang et al, 2001). Considering that threshold values are related to the ratio of metal/La, the distribution of these values will follow a linear distribution (Fig. 2.17). All the values above the upper threshold line will represent positive outliers probably derived from the alteration of the rock. This type of plot also could be used to identify true and false anomalies in a population of samples if we add a line representing the visual cut-off for the metal under examination. Bivariate graphs of metal content in host rocks versus distance to the fluid conduit are used to estimate the visual cut-off of a metal by tracing a line at the inflection point of high and low values (Fig. 2.18C). Visual cut-offs determined at Antamina for the 16 elements used in exploration of base metal deposits are shown in Table 2.6. In summary, values above the upper threshold and the visual cut-off lines will represent true anomalous samples, values below the upper threshold line and above the visual cut-off will represent false anomalies probably related to the dissolution of the rock, whereas samples below the upper threshold and visual cut-off line will identify totally unaltered samples (Fig. 2.17). Plots of metal content versus lanthanum for limestone, hornfels and marble showing the upper limit of threshold and the visual cut-off are presented in Appendix A10. 53 Figure 2.18: Plots of Cu abundance in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West. Graphs A and B show the distribution of individual threshold values calculated by using the median + 2MAD of Cu/La values multiplied by the La content of each sample. Lanthanum values used in figure A are from lithium borate fusion + ICP-MS analysis (ME-MS81), whereas La values used in figure B come from four acid digestion + ICP-MS analysis (ME-MS61). Figure C shows the geochemical halo determined by comparison of the measured data with a visual cut-off line and with a threshold line estimated by the mean + 2SDEV (σ) of unnormalized data. 54 Table 2.6: Visual cut-off values of trace elements in Antamina host rocks Element ppm Element ppm Element ppm Au 0.01 Hg 0.01 Sr Ag 0.1 In 0.03 Tl 1 As 10 Mn 800 V Ba 100 Mo 1 W 1 Bi 0.1 Pb 25 Zn 100 Cd 1 Sb 1 Cu 10 Sn 2.6 Geochemical halos to fluid conduits 2.6.1 Criteria of identification Major and REE composition of samples indicate a varied suite of carbonate host- rocks around Antamina. Therefore, the definition of geochemical halos should consider the use of independent threshold values for each rock type. Examination of sampling transects perpendicular to the fluid escape conduits (QFP dikes) at progressively further distances and elevations from the mine are assumed to fulfill these requirements. Measured and threshold values of samples are plotted versus their distance to a closer mineralizing fluid conduit i.e. skarn front, sulfide vein or igneous intrusion body. Geochemical anomalous or alteration halos can be defined as a cluster of one or more samples close to a fluid conduit with measured values markedly higher than their respective threshold values. Samples with low values might be included within a geochemical halo if their presence is erratic within the cluster. Geochemical halos can vary in extension from a centimeter to hundreds of meters. When threshold values are always higher than measured values no halos are defined. In that case the existence of sporadic anomalous samples far away from a main fluid conduit might indicate the proximity of another important fluid conduit even though it is only represented by mm-scale mineralized structures. Erratic anomalous samples in a sequence of heterogeneous rocks might also represent false anomalies probably derived by the relatively high siliciclastic content of the protolith or simply contaminated samples. The certainty of these anomalous values can be checked with the metal vs. lanthanum plot (Fig. 2.17). Three similar plots of metal content versus distance to the fluid conduit were created for each transect. The first, considers threshold values calculated using lanthanum 55 values obtained by lithium borate fusion extraction, the second graph shows threshold values calculated using lanthanum values obtained by four acid digestion methods, whereas the third graph shows all the measured values in the sampling transect along with the threshold lines determined visually and using the mean + 2σ formula. An example of these plots showing the graphical procedure to define the geochemical anomalous halo for copper at the Antamina West transect is shown in the Figure 2.18. Plots for Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W and Zn are shown in the Appendix A11. The purpose of these diagrams is to show the different geochemical halos that can be determined by using threshold values estimated with the median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, the mean + 2σ formula of measured values or visually according to the distribution of values in the plot. The complete list of alteration halos for the 17 elements examined at Antamina West is shown in Table 2.7. This table also includes alteration halos estimated by the use of the median + 2MAD and mean + 2σ of measured samples without normalization. The list of alteration halos for all the sampling transects are shown in Appendix A12. 2.6.2 Results: definition of alteration halos The graphs of alteration halos determined by different methods (Appendix A11) indicate a high correlation between data obtained using lanthanum measured by lithium borate fusion and four acid digestion chemical procedures. In that sense any of these analytical methods can be used with reliability for defining the geochemical threshold in a suite of carbonate rocks. Geochemical alteration halos determined and examined in this study are based on threshold values of metal/La ratios where lanthanum values were obtained by lithium borate fusion procedures. Diagrams of metal abundance versus distance to the skarn front or the QFP dikes were constructed for Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, W and Zn, and plotted in relation to their distance to the Antamina skarn deposit. Halos of Cu to the fluid conduits at Antamina is shown as example in Fig. 2.19. Graphs of the anomalous halos determined for the 16 metals aforementioned are shown in the Appendix A13. These graphs indicate the presence of four groups of elements based on the lateral and vertical extension of the halos they determine (Figs. 2.20A and B). Copper, Bi, Mo and Zn form the first group with strong halos at deeper levels (>100 m) that diminish in extension at intermediate levels disappearing at shallower levels. Cadmium and Sn form the second 56 Table 2.7: Alteration halos to the skarn front at Antamina West determined by analytical and empirical methods. Element Lithium borate fusion Four acid digestion Median + 2MAD Mean + 2SDEV Visual cut- off Ag 147 147 147 98 147 As 68 68 0 0 0 Ba 0 0 0 0 0 Bi 145 145 98 98 98 Cd 29 29 0 0 0 Cu 247 247 71 71 71 In 29 29 29 27 29 Mn 29 29 0 0 0 Mo 157 157 98 0 98 Pb 147 147 0 0 0 Sb 147 147 0 0 0 Sn 18 22 0 0 0 Sr 247 247 0 0 0 Tl 0 0 0 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 W 125 125 27 27 27 Zn 118 118 98 70 98 57 Figure 2.19: Anomalous halos of Cu to the paleo fluid escape conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems. Observe the wide halos at depth and no halos at shallow levels. 58 Figure 2.20A: Trace element halo distribution proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit: groups 1 and 2. 59 Figure 2.20B: Trace element halo distribution proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit: groups 3 and 4. 60 group of elements with small halos only at deeper levels. Prevalent deep to shallow halos characterize the third group of elements, which consists of Ag, As, Pb, Sb, In, Mn and W. These elements form halos that range between 30 and 150 meters at depth, and 35 meters in average at shallow levels. Thallium and barium form the fourth group of elements with moderate (60 m) to thin halos (5 m) from shallow to intermediate levels. No halos are recognized for mercury and vanadium. 2.6.3 Lateral and vertical zoning A synthesis of the geochemical halos distal to the Antamina skarn deposit is shown in Fig. 2.21. Large geochemical halos (~ 150 m) characterize the zone of coarse-grained white and gray marble adjacent to the skarn (Antamina West), which include the presence of anomalous values of Cu, Ag, Bi, Mo, Zn, Pb, Sb, Cd, Sn and W. Halos up to 85 meters of Cu, Pb and In are distinguished in the aureole of fine-grained marble and hornfels zone (Quarry Bench). Geochemical halos vary in extension from less than one metre up to 66 metres within the sequence of thin-layered limestone that surrounds Antamina. At intermediate levels (4450 m to 4550 m) these halos are formed by Pb, Sb, Cu, Mo, As, Tl and Ba, whereas at shallow levels (4700 m) they consists of As, Tl, Pb, Sb, In, Mn, Ag, W and Ba. Halos in limestone correlate with the presence of sulfide veins along dikes, suggesting a leakage from these mineralized structures. In summary, high temperature indicator elements (Cu, Bi and Mo) form large geochemical halos close to the skarn deposit, whereas moderate to low temperature indicator elements such as thallium define halos at higher levels. 2.7 Discussion 2.7.1 Geochemical signatures of Antamina host rocks Geochemical analysis of country rocks adjacent to the Antamina skarn deposit indicate that they consist of mainly impure limestone, probably associated with the Celendin Formation (Redwood, 1999). However, the presence of unaltered limestone with chemical composition similar to Jumasha Formation and the structural complexity of the area (folding and thrusting) make it difficult to define a formal stratigraphic sequence in the area. A detailed microfossil study or the use of strontium isotopes on these rocks may help to overcome this problem. The chemical composition of limestone reflects an important 61 Figure 2.21: Synthesis of geochemical halos proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit. 62 siliciclastic component of these rocks. Low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, and negative Eu and Ce anomalies of limestone indicate no addition of silica in these rocks even in samples proximal to the dikes; therefore, geochemical halos developed in limestone may be related to processes of dissolution rather than alteration. Marble and hornfels span a greater range in major element content than limestone. However, the relative homogeneity and poor siliciclastic content of marble units close to the skarn front suggest that these rocks may belong to the Jumasha Formation. Thin-layered distribution and siliciclastic content of tan, light gray, light green and fine-grained white marble is used to classify these units as part of the Celendin Formation. Tan marble siliciclastic content is at the high end of range defined by other marble samples. This may reflect chemical alteration due to hydrothermal circulation or derivation from less pure marble. Green and white hornfels data also suggest they are the products of alteration and hydrothermal circulation. However, the linear correlation of lanthanum with silica and aluminum for limestone, marble and hornfels, as well as, the mixing line between tan marble with low SiO2/Al2O3, white, light gray, green and gray marble with progressively higher SiO2/Al2O3 (Fig. 2.8B) support the hypothesis of siliciclastic enrichment of these rocks by processes of carbonate dissolution. The range of REE contents in limestone define relative impure protoliths of marble and hornfels. Low REE values of white marble suggest its derivation from less impure limestone, whereas REE content of hornfels indicates its origin by thermal metamorphism of dirty limestone. Positive anomalies of Eu in coarse-grained marble from Antamina West (Fig. 9B) might indicate processes of intense fluid rock interaction in this zone, which is consistent with its proximity to the skarn front. On the other hand, negative Eu anomalies and almost no Ce anomalies found in hornfels would be associated with low temperature and low water/rock reactions during their formation (Campbell et al., 1984). 2.7.2 Recognition of geochemical halos Determination of anomalous values demands the appropriate estimation of background and threshold values besides the proper selection of representative samples. Drawbacks in the selection of the best method to determine threshold values in carbonate rock environments may be solved by the proper geochemical characterization of the rocks, 63 and then by the analysis of the statistical distribution of samples to select the appropriate threshold formula. Major and REE analysis of samples is a procedure that should not be avoided in the proper characterization of the host rocks and the alteration zonation. It is demonstrated in this study that the relative enrichment of major and trace elements in marble and hornfels around Antamina is due to processes of carbonate dissolution. In that sense the presence of apparent “anomalous” values in the host rocks may reflect the original siliciclastic component of the protolith. Therefore, metal values of samples normalized against their lanthanum content would avoid the influence of the inherited siliciclastic material. We also demonstrate that lanthanum is the least mobile element in the host rocks to Antamina, and this metal can be measured by ICP-MS on samples previously prepared by lithium borate fusion or four acid digestion of samples. Another variable to take into account is the proper selection of the statistical method to calculate the threshold value. In this study we have selected the use of the median ± 2 median absolute deviation of samples (MAD) based on the study of Reimann et al., 2005, considering that most of the metals do not follow a normal distribution and the fact that the use of the mean ± 2σ may be misleading and could lead to meaningless answers. Plot of metal versus lanthanum along with the threshold value for each sample is key to identify the existence of false positive and negative anomalous values, and is proven to be a robust estimator of the anomalous geochemical halos to fluid conduits outside a mineral deposit. Determination of halos using the threshold value for each sample can be a straightforward process when measured values close to fluid conduits are several orders of magnitude higher than threshold values. Measured values slightly higher than or similar to threshold values close to the fluid conduits can yield some uncertainty to this procedure. Therefore these values must not be considered as anomalous values and no halos should be reported to these transects. 2.7.3 Implications for mineral exploration The results of our lithogeochemical study of the Antamina skarn deposit and surroundings have potential applications for mineral exploration throughout the carbonate Mesozoic basin of the Peruvian Central Andes and elsewhere. Hornfels and marble units without striking signs of mineralization are common especially along the fold and thrust 64 belt of the Peruvian western cordillera, which is host to world-class mineral deposits (Petersen, 1965). Examination of major and rare earth element data of marble and hornfels in comparison to nearby limestone units provide important information about the protolith of the thermal altered rocks, the least mobile elements, the addition or subtraction of trace elements, and most important the presence of alteration due to hydrothermal fluid interaction. Geochemical halos to fluid escape pathways commonly are formed at the time of hypogene metallization. Our study demonstrates the large-scale zonation of trace elements from the skarn to limestone with wide halos at depth and moderate to thin halos in limestone particularly controlled by fluid conduits. As shown in this study, these halos define patterns of alteration that also indicates the spatial variability of the elements according to the typical patterns of zonation and paragenetic sequences established by Emmons (1936) for many hydrothermal deposits. Anomalous geochemical halos at Antamina can be used as a pattern in the exploration of other intrusion related carbonate rock hosted deposits elsewhere in the world, because they provide the vertical and lateral zoning of metal deposition and consistent evidence about the linkage between a deep skarn and a silver-base metal vein deposit. 2.8 Conclusions The major results of this study indicate the dominant presence of impure limestone around Antamina similar in composition to limestone from Celendin Formation. Samples taken from the coarse-grained white and gray marble units adjacent to the skarn (Antamina West) are poor in siliciclastic materials and may reflect isochemical derivation from Jumasha Formation. In contrast, fine-grained marble and hornfels are relatively rich in major elements and they probable derived from Celendin Formation. Bivariate plots of major elements for limestone, hornfels and marble show moderate linear distributions, where the relative high siliciclastic content of green marble, tan marble, white hornfels, tan hornfels and green hornfels suggest their formation due mainly to processes of carbonate dissolution. The range of REE contents in limestone confirms the relative impure protoliths of fine-grained marble and hornfels. The presence of some positive europium anomalies in coarse-grained marble may be related to an intense fluid circulation through these rocks. 65 It is demonstrated in this study that the relative enrichment of major and trace elements in marble and hornfels around Antamina is mainly due to processes of carbonate dissolution, and the existence of metal “outliers” may be related to the original siliciclastic content of the protolith. In that sense, the normalization of measured metal values to an “immobile” element like lanthanum may permit the identification of the effects of the addition or subtraction of elements. It is also demonstrated in this study that the estimation of the geochemical background using the Median ± 2 MAD of the metal/La ratios of limestone samples taken at distances greater than 100 m away from fluid conduits is useful to determine false positive and negative anomalous values. Determination of geochemical anomalous halos can be a straightforward process where the metal value of each sample needs to be compared with the upper limit of background (median + 2 MAD) or geochemical threshold for that sample. Measured metal values higher than threshold values in a sampling transect define anomalous halos to a fluid conduit. Four groups of elements have been observed based on the lateral and vertical extension of the halos they determine: 1. Strong halos at deeper levels: Cu, Bi, Mo and Zn 2. Moderate halos at deeper levels: Cd, Sn 3. Prevalent deep to shallow halos: Ag, As, Pb, Sb, In, Mn and W 4. Moderate halos at shallow levels: Ba, Tl The vertical zoning of these groups of elements coincide with the thermal zoning of elements around base metal hydrothermal deposits (Emmons, 1936) and is evidence of linkage between a Cu-Zn skarn and a Ag-base metal vein deposit. This zoning can also be used to vectorize the presence of hidden Cu-Zn skarn deposits such as Antamina in areas with relative poor exposure of mineralized showings. 66 2.8 References Ague, J.J., 2003, Fluid flow in the deep crust. In: Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 3, p. 195- 228. Bau, M., 1991, Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid- rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium. Chemical Geology, vol. 93, p. 219-230. Bau, M. and Moller, P., 1992, Rare earth element fractionation in metamorphogenic hydrothermal calcite, magnesite and siderite. 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Soil Science Society of America Journal vol. 65, p.1508-1515. 71 Chapter 3: Patterns of distal alteration zonation around Antamina: mineralogical, chemical and isotopic evidence for fluid composition and infiltration2 3.1 Introduction Chemical and mineralogical changes in rocks due to high-temperature fluid-rock interactions are commonly termed hydrothermal alteration (e.g., Reed, 1997). This alteration is commonly identified by characteristic mineral assemblages; it may however also be invisible to the naked eye. Hydrothermal alteration in general may range from a few centimetres to 100’s of metres and even kilometers around a certain hydrothermal fluid conduit (Evans, 1993). Alteration zonation halos result from the changing nature of hydrothermal solution as they passed through the wall rocks (Evans, 1993), and it represents a local equilibrium between wall rocks and fluids (Reed, 1997). Visible alteration features and zonation around polymetallic carbonate rock-hosted deposits, specifically skarn deposits, include marble and hornfels zonation, type and distribution of veins. These features are commonly observed close to the carbonate rock-intrusion contact and have been documented in many examples (Einaudi et al, 1981; Meinert et al, 1997). However, the effect of cryptic alteration around these deposits is poorly understood. Cryptic alteration may extend beyond visible alteration because it is mostly geochemical in nature and it includes variations in concentrations of trace elements in leakage halos or anomalies and variations in stable isotopes in wall rocks (Siems, 1997). Intensity of fluid activity can be determined by the amount of veins, visible hydrothermal alteration around veins and fracture networks, and disturbance to isotopic systems (Cox, 2005). The main goals of this study are to characterize the visible and cryptic alteration envelope in terms of magnitude, extent and zonation. An understanding of these alteration patterns will allow recognition of the type of processes that produced them, the exhaust systems of the carbonate rock-hosted deposits during exploration, and identify the linkages between skarn and other distal expressions of sulfide mineralization in carbonate rocks 2 A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication. Escalante, A., Dipple, G., Tosdal, R., Ebert, S., Friedman, R., Ullrich, T., Lipten, E. and Pacheco, M. Patterns of Distal Alteration Zonation around Antamina: Mineralogical, Chemical and Isotopic Evidence for Fluid Composition and Infiltration. 72 such as CRDs and veins. Geochronology of intrusive plugs and dikes within and outside Antamina provides a framework for understanding the magmatic-hydrothermal history of the district and to constrain the genetic link between the skarn and the minor sulfide occurrences lateral and above it. The Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit provides an excellent site to document the vertical extent of mineralization and fluid escape features, because of its large size and topographic relief. Fluid flow structures were examined adjacent to and above the skarn system to characterize the nature of the fluid escape, and to identify the widest and most pervasive alteration halos. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes from host rocks and veins were used to constrain the temperature and source of the spent mineralizing fluids. 3.2 Deposit geology The Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit is located 270 km northeast of Lima in the eastern flank of the western Peruvian Andes, at 9˚32’S and 77˚03’W, at average altitude of 4300 metres (Fig. 3.1A). This deposit is hosted in an Upper Cretaceous sequence of carbonate rocks regionally assigned to the Jumasha Formation (Cobbing et al., 1996, Fig. 3.1B). However, recent stratigraphic studies in the District area (Love et al., 2004) have determined that the ore deposit is hosted in the transition between the Upper Cretaceous Jumasha and Celendin Formations. Structurally, Antamina is located within a subtle deflection zone of the NW-trending, Incaic Marañon thrust and fold belt (Petersen, 1965) that apparently allowed the emplacement of several phases of intrusions especially in the Antamina valley. This structural discontinuity, named the Querococha arch by Love et al. (2001), is assumed to have been active during the skarn formation (Love et al., 2004). Antamina mineralized skarn occurs in a NE-SW elliptical area of approximately 4.5 x 2 km forming a cap on a series of Miocene high-level quartz-monzonite porphyries and dikes dated at 9.8 Ma (McKee et al., 1979) and 10.32 ± 0.09 Ma (Love et al., 2003). These porphyries were mainly emplaced along listric thrust faults that also acted as conduits for hydrothermal fluids, controlling the skarn distribution (Hathaway, 1997). Local small high- grade polymetallic veins are also found around the Antamina skarn deposit and are commonly associated with quartz feldspar porphyry dikes which, based on 40Ar/39Ar geochronology (Love et al., 2003 and this study), predate the main stage of copper mineralization in Antamina. These dikes are interpreted to belong to the same intrusion 73 Figure 3.1: Geographic, regional and district geological maps of Antamina. A. Sketch map showing the location of Antamina. B. Regional geological map vicinity of Antamina, modified from Cobbing, J. et al., 1996. C. Simplified geology map of the Antamina – Condorococha skarn systems showing the visible alteration zoning and the sampling areas during this study, modified from Compania Minera Antamina S.A., 2002. 74 period that yielded the skarn alteration at Condorcocha, 1.3 km northwest of Antamina (Fig. 3.1C). Sedimentary layering, dike emplacement, pre-existing fold and thrust geometry control alteration zonation. Four visible alteration zones are recognized around the central quartz-monzonite porphyry: a pink to brown skarn altered intrusion (endoskarn), a brown to green garnet skarn (exoskarn), a white and gray marble zone (Figs. 3.1C and 3.2), and a zone of brown and gray hornfels. Fossiliferous gray limestone predominates outside the hornfels zone. Sulfide mineralization is concentrated in massive sulfide bodies and crosscutting veinlets especially within skarn, and comprises abundant pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, with subordinate amounts of pyrrhotite, bornite, molybdenite, and copper- bismuth sulfosalts (Lehne, 1996, 1997). Galena, bournonite, realgar and proustite occur in traces amounts. Syn-mineralization vein morphology and mineral content vary systematically with elevation. Base metal sulfide and quartz - sulfide veins are strictly associated with the quartz feldspar stock and dikes that connect the Antamina stock and the poorly mineralized Condorcocha skarn (Fig. 3.1C). Dense networks of calc-silicate + calcite ± sulfide veins appear throughout the skarn, marble and hornfels zones. Quartz + fluorite ± calcite and sulfide veins are associated with quartz feldspar porphyry dikes peripheral to skarn. At the shallowest exposed levels, these same dikes contain light gray calcite ± quartz, garnet, and sulfide veins. 3.3 Sampling strategy Samples approximately 2 kg in mass were collected from traverses perpendicular to the strike of the most obvious fluid escape channels to the deposit. Eighteen traverses were made at progressively farther distances from the center of the deposit (Figs. 3.1C and 3.2). Traverses were centered on suspect fluid flow conduits as evidenced by the presence of visible alteration. Visible alteration includes skarn altered intrusion (endoskarn) and host rocks (exoskarn); tan, gray, green and white marble and hornfels, and quartz, calcite ± quartz, and calcite ± sulfides veins. The fluid flow conduits are controlled by quartz feldspar porphyry (QFP) dikes and thrust faults. A detailed sample location and description database of this study is shown in the Appendix B1. 75 Figure 3.2: Schematic geological cross section of the Antamina – Fortuna area. Note the location of some of the geochron samples taken for this study, and also sampling transects made at farther distances from the ore deposit and perpendicular to the QFP dikes. 76 Petrography and age determination of the intrusive rocks at Antamina are constrained in the following section considering that QFP stocks and dikes were the main fluid flow escape conduits at Antamina and mark the obvious connection between the porphyry, skarn and Ag-base metal vein mineralization present in the study area. 3.4 Intrusive rocks 3.4.1 Classification and distribution Igneous intrusive activity was quite intense in the Antamina-Condorcocha area. 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb age determinations indicate middle to late Miocene age for all the intrusive bodies recognized in the District (McKee et al., 1979; Love et al., 2004 and this study). Three main intrusive rock centres can be recognized in the District: Antamina, Condorcocha and Usu Pallares, where the Antamina and Condorcocha stocks are connected by quartz feldspar porphyry dikes. Another set of dikes appears to the east and south east of the deposit at the Oscarina and Ridge Road areas (Fig. 3.1C). Mineralization is focused on a series of high-level quartz-monzonite porphyries and dikes that span an age between 10.4 and 10.8 Ma (U-Pb). These intrusive bodies were formerly dated at 9.8 Ma (McKee et al., 1979) and 10.32 ± 0.09 Ma (Love et al., 2004). The poorly mineralized Condorcocha stock to the north of Antamina predates the main intrusive phases found in the mine, whereas the Usu Pallares quartz monzonite to the southwest of Antamina was intruded as mineralization waned and has coeval intrusions within the center of the Antamina stock. Intrusions and dikes at the Oscarina and Ridge road areas are slightly older than the intrusion suite observed at Antamina. 40Ar/39Ar analyses on biotite, hornblende, as well as U-Pb analysis on zircon crystals yield geologically reasonable results coherent with the field relationships. 3.4.2 Petrography and alteration The Antamina stock is multi-phase quartz monzonite porphyry (CMA 2003). Geologists from Antamina have classified the igneous rocks in the deposit based on their texture and mineral composition: 1. Plagioclase-rich porphyry (IPPA - Fig. 3.3A), 2. Plagioclase and k-feldspar rich porphyry (IPPAO - Fig. 3.3B), 3. Plagioclase-rich porphyry with k-feldspar megacrysts (IPPAMO - Fig. 3.3C); and 4. K-feldspar porphyry with low plagioclase content (IPPEO). 77 Figure 3.3: Captions are on the next page. 78 Figure 3.3: Photographs of the intrusive rocks at Antamina, Fortuna and Condorcocha. A. Plagioclase-rich porphyry (IPPA). B. Plagioclase and K-feldspar rich porphyry (IPPAO). C. Plagioclase-rich porphyry with K-feldspar megacrysts (IPPAMO). D. Weakly sericitized QFP intrusion cut by thin qtz + K-spar veins at Condorcocha (sample 3PAA266). E. Strongly silicified dacite porphyry dike at Condorcocha (sample 4PAA126). F. Moderately argillized and pyritized QFP dike sample taken from transect 2 at Quarry Bench (sample 3PAA164). G. Unaltered QFP dike (4PAA230) outcropping 100 m above sample 3PAA164. H. Moderately chloritized feldspar ± quartz porphyry dike from approximately 400 m north of before sample. A thin calcite + pyrite + galena vein goes along its contact with limestone. I. Moderately chloritized quartz + feldspar porphyry dike adjacent to a calcite + galena + sphalerite vein at Fotuna (sample 4PAA158). 79 Contact relationships between these units are sometimes obscured, but the plagioclase-rich porphyry is considered the initial magmatic phase, whereas the K-feldspar porphyry with low content of plagioclase is the youngest phase in the area (CMA, 2003). The former unit hosts potassic alteration, but apparently not skarn, and contains local molybdenite and chalcopyrite mineralization in veinlets. Syn-mineralization intrusive activity culminates in late dikes, which contains xenoliths of garnet skarn (CMA, 2003). Late dikes have been dated at 10.5 ± 0.2 Ma. The plagioclase-poor porphyry is generally unmineralized and may be coeval to the K-feldspar megacryst porphyry at Usu Pallares. The Condorcocha stock is medium-grained quartz feldspar porphyry with 1% vol. primary biotite, 0.5% vol. hornblende and 1% vol. quartz phenocrysts supported in a fine- grained microcrystalline silicified and chloritized matrix (Figs. 3.3D, 3.4A and 3.4E). Plagioclase is more abundant than K-feldspar and both are weakly sericitized. Biotite and hornblende are partially replaced by shredded hydrothermal or late magmatic biotite. K- feldspar also appears as fine veinlets within the core of the stock (Fig. 3.3D). The intrusion is strongly fractured especially close to enclosing skarn. Quartz veinlets (6 veinlets per metre in average) of 0.2-1.5 cm-width form isolated incipient stockwork textures. The endoskarn zone of this intrusive contains fine-grained, brown garnet, diopside, epidote, chlorite and pyrite, with local lenses of magnetite and traces of chalcopyrite. This intrusive extends to the north and south of Condorcocha lake as meter-scale dikes using the structures of former thin, strongly silicified feldspar porphyry dikes probably dacite in composition (Fig. 3.3E) Quartz-feldspar porphyry (QFP) dikes connect the Condorcocha system to the Antamina porphyry and outcrop in the vicinity of Fortuna – Fortuna East (Figs. 3.3F to 3.3I and 3.4A to 3.4D). They are mainly dacitic in composition. They consist of 60 to 75% vol. microcrystalline quartz + feldspar matrix altering to kaolinite ± sericite (Figs. 3.4B and 3.4F), 15% vol. plagioclase phenocrysts, 5% vol. K-feldspar phenocrysts weakly altered to kaolinite + sericite (Fig. 3.4G) or epidote; 3-12% vol. sub-rounded quartz eyes, 1-10% vol. biotite locally altering to chlorite, 1-4% vol. sulfides and 1% vol. carbonates. Metre-scale hornfels alteration aureoles enclose the dikes. Hornfels is cut by multiple generations of centimetre-scale calcite ± base metal sulfide veinlets, calc-silicate + calcite ± sulfides 80 Figure 3.4: Captions are on the following page. 81 Figure 3.4: Photographs and photomicrographs showing mineral assemblage and alteration of dikes from Condorcocha, Fortuna and Quarry Bench. A.Condorcocha QFP dike (sample 4PAA127). B. Fortuna quartz – feldspar porphyry dike (sample 4PAA125). C. Quartz – feldspar porphyry dike from the top of Quarry Bench (sample 4PAA230). D. Quartz–feldspar porphyry dike from transect 2 at Quarry Bench (sample 4PAA231). E. Photomicrograph of Condorcocha dike (sample 4PAA127) showing biotite and hornblende phenocrysts supported by a moderately argillized quartz-feldspar microcrystalline matrix. F. Photomicrograph of Fortuna dike (sample 4PAA125) showing fresh biotite, chloritized hornblende and argillized plagioclase phenocrysts in a moderately argillized feldspar ± quartz matrix. Opaques are mainly magnetite. G. Photomicrograph of a QFP dike at Quarry Bench (sample 4PAA230) showing epidotized and moderately argillized plagioclase phenocrysts supported by fine-grained, moderately argillized quartz-feldspar matrix. H. Photomicrograph of a moderately argillized QFP dike crosscut by a quartz + fibrous calc-silicate (wollastonite?) vein. Sample taken from the tan and gray hornfels zone at Quarry Bench. 82 (Figure 3.4H) and quartz + fluorite ± calcite ± vesuvianite ± sulfide veinlets. The former are closely related to the distal parts of the system and the two others to the marble-hornfels aureole to the Antamina skarn. These veinlets occur parallel to the dike and crosscutting the QFP dikes, suggesting that the dikes acted as conduits for escaping fluids. Dikes at Ridge Road are 2 meters wide on average and commonly sub-parallel to bedding (Fig. 3.5A). They vary from greenish gray, medium-grained quartz feldspar porphyry to a strongly silicified light gray to white feldspar porphyry with an aphyric matrix commonly containing patches of brown garnet and crosscut by calc-silicate ± sulfide veins (Figs. 3.5B to 3.5F). Quartz feldspar porphyry dikes at the Ridge Road contain 10% vol. quartz eyes, plagioclase greater than K-feldspar, 3% vol. biotite, 0.5% vol. chloritized hornblende, and local chlorite + pyrite patches (Fig. 3.5G). These dikes are crosscut by pyrite + chlorite ± epidote veinlets. 3.4.3 Age determination 3.4.3.1 Previous studies Previous geochronological results are shown in Table 3.1. McKee et al., 1979 analyzed two biotite and three K-feldspar separates from different specimens of potassic altered quartz monzonite porphyry intrusions with the K-Ar technique. They obtained an average age of 9.8 Ma. However, this age could not address the magmatic-hydrothermal history of the deposit. Love et al. (2003) constrained the age of intrusion and hydrothermal activity in Antamina using the 40Ar/39Ar technique on biotite, sericite, plagioclase and K- feldspar separates from the different types of intrusive rocks especially from the Taco Pit. Love et al. (2003) estimated an interval for the intrusion activity of 10.02 to 10.47 Ma and an alteration – mineralization age of 9.68 to 10.16 Ma. However, no information has been found in relation to the QFP dikes that channelized the mineralizing fluids outwards Antamina. This study revises the age of intrusion at the Antamina open Pit and also the QFP dikes at Usu Pallares, Fortuna and Condorcocha in order to constrain the duration of magmatism (crystallization and cooling), hydrothermal activity and alteration within and outside the Antamina ore deposit. 83 Figure 3.5: Captions are on the next page. 84 Figure 3.5: Photographs showing the alteration zoning around the QFP dike-sills at the Ridge Road. A. Composite photo of samples 4PAA197 to 4PAA202 showing the gradational contact between a partially mineralized QFP sill and light gray hornfels. Ten centimeter average hand samples tied with a red ribbon are used as scale. B. Greenish gray hornfels with garnet patches, 2 m below QFP sill (sample 4PAA196). C. Light gray hornfels 0.6 m below QFP sill (sample 4PAA203). D. Strong silicified and pyritized QFP sill (sample 4PAA197). E. Strong silicified light gray QFP with aphyric matrix from the middle of the sill (sample 4PAA198). F. Strongly silicified, QFP with abundant fluorite + pyrite veins near the top of the sill (4PAA199). G. Upper limit of fluorite-rich QFP close to the contact with fine-grained tan garnet skarn (sample 4PAA200). H. Tan garnet skarn in contact with diopside-rich green hornfels (sample 4PAA201). I. Light gray hornfels 0.9 m above QFP sill (sample 4PAA202). Bar-scale in centimetres. 85 Table 3.1: Previous geochronology results for intrusive rocks from Antamina Sample N° Location Collar North Collar East Depth (m) Method rock type Dated Age (Ma) References Code UTM UTM material ANT-198 Condorcocha 273000 8947000 0 40Ar/39Ar Quartz feldspar porphyry dike biotite 11.02±0.09 Love et al., 2003 DL1 ANT-1 Oscarina 274970 8945516 0 K-Ar Potassic to propylitc altered quartz monzonite porphyry biotite 9.1±0.4 McKee et al., 1979 EM1 ANT-EES Ridge road 274233 8946248 0 K-Ar Phyllic altered quartz monzonite porphyry K-feldspar 10.2±0.3 McKee et al., 1979 EM2 DDH - CMA 179 Taco Pit 274040 8945310 338 40Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite porphyry biotite 10.30±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL2 DDH - CMA 179 Taco Pit 274043 8945306 338 40Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite porphyry plg 9.98±0.09 Love et al., 2003 DL3 DDH - CMA 190 Taco Pit 274048 8945310 303 40Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite porphyry biotite 10.39±0.08 Love et al., 2003 DL4 DDH - CMA 190 Taco Pit 274047 8945308 303 40Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite porphyry Ksp 9.87±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL5 DDH - CMA 238 Taco Pit 273670 8945480 311 40Ar/39Ar Phyllic altered quartz monzonite porphyry biotite 10.12±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL6 DDH - CMA 238 Taco Pit 273670 8945482 311 40Ar/39Ar Phyllic altered quartz monzonite porphyry sericite 9.9±0.1 Love et al., 2003 DL7 DDH- CMA 009 Taco Pit 274050 8945310 82.2 40Ar/39Ar Phyllic altered quartz monzonite porphyry biotite 10.09±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL8 DDH- CMA 009 Taco Pit 274050 8945310 82.2 40Ar/39Ar Phyllic altered quartz monzonite porphyry sericite 9.81±0.06 Love et al., 2003 DL9 DDH CMA 206 Taco Pit 273464 8944898 147.2 40Ar/39Ar Early massive endoskarn ser,plg 10.00±0.16 Love et al., 2003 DL10 DDH CMA 206 Taco Pit 273464 8944898 45.5 40Ar/39Ar Late white endoskarn ser,plg 9.8±0.1 Love et al., 2003 DL11 DDH CMA 226 Taco Pit 274100 8945180 459.6 40Ar/39Ar Coarse grained porphyry biotite 10.18±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL12 DDH CMA 335 Taco Pit 273862 8945425 76.8 40Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite porphyry sericite 9.75±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL13 DDH CMA 335 Taco Pit 273862 8945425 76.8 40Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite porphyry biotite 10.18±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL14 L-14 Taco Pit 273508 8945138 123-127 K-Ar K-altered quartz monzonite porphyry K-feldspar 9.6±0.2 McKee et al., 1979 EM3 R-16 Taco Pit 273508 8945138 135-137 K-Ar K-altered quartz monzonite porphyry biotite 10.1±0.6 McKee et al., 1979 EM4 ANT-183 Usu Pallares 272830 8943982 0 40Ar/39Ar I-2-C porphyry Ksp 10.1±0.1 Love et al., 2003 DL15 ANT-WEST-F Usu Pallares 272599 8944026 0 K-Ar K-altered, plg-rich porphyry with large Ksp megacrysts K-feldspar 10.4±0.4 McKee et al., 1979 EM586 3.4.3.2 Samples and analytical methods Ten representative samples of intrusive rocks from Antamina, Usu Pallares, Fortuna and Condorcocha have been dated using 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) to constrain the magmatic and hydrothermal chronology at Antamina and surroundings. U-Pb zircon geochronology has been used on the altered and mineralized intrusions from Taco Pit considering that ID-TMS analyses of carefully selected single or multi-grain fractions of zircons provide precise dates (Richards and Noble, 1998) on altered intrusive rocks (Richards et al., 1999), whereas the low Ar retention temperatures of alteration minerals might affect the accuracy of 40Ar/39Ar ages (Deckart et al., 2005). Four samples from the QFP dikes at Quarry Bench and Fortuna, one sample from the Condorcocha stock, two mineral separates from Oscarina dike, and one sample from the endoskarn at Taco Pit have been dated using the 40Ar/39Ar technique, whereas three samples of the hydrothermal altered intrusions from Taco Pit (syn and post mineral), and one of Usu Pallares were dated with U-Pb ID-TIMS technique (Table 3.2). Biotite flakes from the QFP dikes from Fortuna, Quarry Bench and Oscarina, and hornblende crystals from the Condorcocha intrusion and the Taco Pit endoskarn were analyzed with the multistep 40Ar/39Ar age spectra, whereas pink selected zircon grains were analyzed by U-Pb ID-TIMS. Sample description and locations are given in Fig. 3.6 and Table 3.2. Geochronology results herein is reported from the oldest to youngest sample by sample, starting with the incremental heating 40Ar/39Ar spectra of biotite and hornblende from the QFP dikes at Fortuna, Quarry Bench, Condorcocha, Oscarina and Taco Pit, and then with the U-Pb zircon analyses of the apparent syn-mineral Taco pit porphyry, Usupallares and a possible late dike within Taco pit. Analyses, data processing and calculation of 40Ar/39Ar ages were performed by Tom Ullrich of the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at the University of British Columbia, whereas analyses, data processing and calculation of U-Pb concordia ages were performed by Richard Friedman of the PCIGR. 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb ID-TIMS analytical procedures and systematics of data interpretation are described in Appendix B2. Details of the 40Ar/39Ar analyses, including plateau (spectrum) and inverse 87 Table 3.2: Description and age of intrusive rocks at Antamina Sample N° Location Collar East Collar North rock type Mineral Method Description Age ± 2σ MSWD Code UTM UTM dated 4PAA127 Condorcocha 273049 8947008 Quartz feldspar porphyry dike hornblende 40Ar/39Ar Magmatic biotite partly replaced by sericite and epidote. Few hornblende crystals moderately argillized and chloritized 10.85±0.25 0.66 AE1 4PAA125 Fortuna dike 273323 8946332 Silicified dacite porphyry dike biotite 40Ar/39Ar Magmatic biotite partly replaced by chlorite ± epidote. Traces sericite in quartz feldspar rock matrix. Relicts of hornblende replaced by chlorite 10.94±0.08 0.77 AE2 2PAT-06 Oscarina dike 274744 8945202 hb-bio-plg porphyry biotite 40Ar/39Ar 10.76±0.16 0.84 AE3 2PAT-06 Oscarina dike 274744 8945202 hb-bio-plg porphyry hornblende 40Ar/39Ar 10.6±1.1 0.21 AE4 4PAA230 Quarry Bench 273819 8946100 Quartz feldspar porphyry dike biotite 40Ar/39Ar Moderately argillized QFP, with more plagioclase than K-feldspar. Biotite is partly replaced by epidote and clay 10.93±0.09 0.77 AE5 4PAA231 Quarry Bench 273918 8945984 Quartz feldspar porphyry dike biotite 40Ar/39Ar Magmatic biotite partly replaced by sericite and epidote. Rock matrix is formed by microcrystalline quartz, argillized feldspar and pyroxene needles. 10.85±0.07 0.77 AE6 2PAT-02 Taco Pit 273553 8945299 endoskarn hornblende 40Ar/39Ar 10.29±0.36 0.74 AE7 2PAT-11 Taco Pit 273755 8945467 Biotite-plagioclase porphyry zircon 206Pb/238U 10.73±0.10 N.A. AE8 2PAT-18 Taco Pit 273621 8945324 Late dike zircon 206Pb/238U 10.52±0.17 0.78 AE9 2PAT-08 Usu Pallares 273564 8945101 Biotite-orthoclase megacryst dike zircon 206Pb/238U 10.56±0.21 0.02 AE10 88 Figure 3.6: Simplified geological map of Antamina with the location of previous and new samples taken for geochronology. Modified from Compania Minera Antamina S.A., 2002 89 correlation plots, are presented in Appendix B3, whereas U-Pb analytical data is presented in Table 3.3. 3.4.3.3 40Ar/39Ar geochronology Argon spectra were collected from biotite (1 to 1.5 mm size) extracted from the Fortuna Dike (4PAA125) sample. Biotite grains were heated in 10 and 9 steps yielding well-defined plateaus that represent almost 90% of the 39Ar released. These plateaus correspond to a nearly constant radiogenic yield and almost constant low value of Ca/K ratio. The plateau steps record an apparent age of 10.94 ± 0.08 Ma with a mean standard weighted deviation (MSWD) = 0.77 for the first run (Fig. 3.7A), and an apparent age of 11.03 ± 0.08 Ma with a MSWD = 1.08 for the second run. The inverse isochron for both runs yield well-defined regression lines - MSWD = 0.94 (Fig. 3.7A’) and 0.88, respectively - for all the steps chosen. The 36Ar/40Ar intercept indicates an atmospheric trapped initial component for biotite. Considering the similar values obtained in both runs, a value of 10.94 ± 0.08 Ma was chosen as the plateau age of the Fortuna dike, because it represents the better plateau (Fig. 3.7A). Biotites from two other QFP dikes at the Quarry Bench area (samples 4PAA230 and 4PAA231 – see Table 3.2) were also analyzed by the 40Ar/39Ar method. Biotite from sample 4PAA230 (1 to 1.5 mm size) was heated in two runs of 11 and 10 steps, respectively, that produced well-defined plateaus without discordant steps at the initial low- temperature intervals of the process. These plateaus also indicate an almost constant radiogenic yield and a steadily decreasing Ca/K ratio. The plateau steps record apparent ages of 10.93 ± 0.09 Ma with a MSWD = 0.77 for the first run (Fig. 3.7B) and 10.91 ± 0.10 Ma with a MSWD = 0.69 for the second run. The inverse isochron for this sample yields well-defined regression lines - MSWD = 0.69 (Fig. 3.7B’) and 0.49 - for all the steps chosen in both runs. The 36Ar/40Ar intercept indicates an atmospheric trapped initial component for the biotite of this dike. A plateau age of 10.93 ± 0.09 Ma was chosen because it represents the better plateau of the two runs (Figure 3.7B). Coarse-grained, 1-2 mm biotite flakes from sample 4PAA231were heated in two runs of 9 steps yielding well-defined plateaus without discordant steps at the initial low- temperature interval of the process. These plateaus also indicate an almost constant 90 Figure 3.7: 40Ar/39Ar apparent age spectra and 36Ar/40Ar vs. 39Ar/40Ar isochron diagrams for samples from the QFP dikes at Fortuna, Quarry Bench and Condorcocha. 91 radiogenic yield and a steadily decreasing Ca/K ratio. The plateau steps record apparent ages of 10.86 ± 0.07 Ma with a MSWD = 0.77 for the first run (Fig. 3.7C) and 10.84 ± 0.07 Ma with a MSWD = 0.46 for the second run. The inverse isochron for this sample yields well-defined regression lines - MSWD = 0.92 (Fig. 3.7C’) and 0.43, respectively - for all the steps chosen in both runs. The 36Ar/40Ar intercept indicates an atmospheric trapped initial component for the biotite of this dike. A plateau age of 10.86 ± 0.07 Ma was inferred for this dike (Figure 3.7C). Hornblende from sample 4PAA127 (1 to 2 mm size) was heated in two runs of 9 steps yielding well-defined plateaus without discordant steps at the initial low-temperature interval of the process. The first plateau indicates an almost constant radiogenic yield but a moderately high Ca/K ratio. The plateau steps record an apparent age of 10.85 ± 0.25 Ma with a MSWD = 0.66 for the first run (Fig. 3.7D) and 10.90 ± 0.26 Ma with a MSWD = 0.28 for a second high temperature run. The inverse isochron for this sample yields a well- defined regression line (MSWD = 0.63 for the first run (Fig. 3.7D’). The 36Ar/40Ar intercept indicates an atmospheric trapped initial component for the biotite of this dike. A plateau age of 10.85 ± 0.25 Ma was adopted for the Condorcocha dike (Fig. 3.7D). Biotite (0.5 to 2 mm size) and hornblende (0.3 to 0.8 mm size) phenocrysts (sample 2PAT06) were analyzed by the 40Ar/39Ar method to constrain the timing of the Oscarina dike at the southeastern margin of the Taco pit. The biotite spectrum is disturbed only in the first low-temperature fractions and might be attributed to a minor argon loss (McDougall and Harrison, 1988). The other fractions form a plateau and are highly radiogenic with an apparent age of 10.76 ± 0.16 Ma (Fig. 3.8A). Low Ca/K and Cl/K values indicate the uniform mica population with minor heterogeneity (Villa et al., 1997) or that the influence of excess radiogenic 40Ar (40ArE) on the apparent age of the steps is minimal (Harpel et al., 2004) (Appendix B3). Hornblende from the same sample yields an apparent flat plateau with large errors that could be related to the relative lack of potassium in the sample. Hornblende apparent age of 10.6 ± 1.1 Ma might be used as the relative age of the dike considering the high radiogenic yield of the last steps (Fig. 3.8B). Hornblende from endoskarn (0.5 to 0.8 mm size) at Taco pit (sample 2PAT02) yielded a plateau age of 10.29 ± 0.36 Ma, despite the large errors of the medium to high- 92 Figure 3.8: 40Ar/39Ar apparent age spectra and 36Ar/40Ar vs. 39Ar/40Ar isochron diagrams for samples from the Oscarina dike and Taco Pit porphyry. 93 temperature steps (Fig. 3.8C). The relatively large error may be related to the scarcity of potassium in the minerals analyzed, however this age is consistent with field relationships. 3.4.3.4 U-Pb geochronology All U-Pb results for zircon are shown in Table 3.3. Age interpretations of the three samples analyzed with U-Pb zircon technique are shown in Table 3.4. Four unabraded zircon fractions from the biotite and K-feldspar-phyric dike from Taco Pit (sample 2PAT8), equivalent to the Usu Pallares porphyry dike, were analyzed using the ID-TIMS U-Pb technique. Zircon grains were high quality, clear and vivid pink prisms (Fig. 3.9A). Two three-point regressions were plotted (Figs. 3.9A’ and 3.9A”) and the regression with less scatter (lower MSWD) was preferred (table 3.3 and Fig. 3.9A’). Two fractions (A and D) are close to the concordia curve (Fig. 3.9A’) and a third fraction (B) is very discordant. A regression through the three analyses gives calculated lower and upper regression ages of 10.56 ± 0.21 Ma and 1411 ± 11 Ma, respectively, with a MSWD = 0.020. The lower intercept is considered to give the crystallization age of the dike and the upper intercept indicates a Mesoproterozoic age for the inherited zircon component. Three air-abraded fractions of zircon from the biotite-plagioclase porphyry from Taco Pit (sample 2PAT11) were analyzed (Fig. 3.9B). Two fractions (A and D) yielded ages of 10.72 ± 0.03 and 10.73 ± 0.10 Ma (Table 3.3). An age of 10.73 ± 0.10 Ma is assigned based on two concordant and overlapping analyses. A third fraction (B) gives older Pb/U and Pb/Pb ages, indicating the presence of a minor older, inherited zircon component. The three-point regression interpreted age of 10.4 ± 3.1 Ma was not considered because of its imprecise lower intercept (Fig. 3.9B’). Four fractions of pink, prismatic, air abraded zircons from a late dike that cuts skarn with massive veins at Taco Pit (sample 2PAT18) were analyzed (Fig. 3.9C). Fractions B and C were almost concordant with ages of 10.60 ± 0.03 and 10.71 ± 0.02 Ma, whereas fractions A and D yielded older ages of 11.45 ± 0.08 and 16.79 ± 0.05 Ma, suggesting the presence of inherited components. The four analyses define a linear array (Fig. 3.9C’) with calculated lower and upper intercepts of 10.52 ± 0.17 Ma and 1010 ± 35 Ma, respectively. The lower intercepted age is interpreted to give the emplacement age of the late dike in the Taco Pit and the upper intercept indicates a Mesoproterozoic age of inherited zircons. 94 Table 3.3: Zircon U-Pb TIMS analytical data Fraction1 Wt U2 Pb*3 206Pb4 Pb5 Th/U6 Isotopic ratios ±1∠,% 7 ∠∠ % 9 (∠g) (ppm) (ppm) 204Pb (pg) discordant 2PAT8 A 84 865.9 1.56 423.6 18.8 0.602 0.00169 ± 0.38 0.0111 ± 1.44 0.04758 ± 1.31 0.451585 86.1 10.91 ±0.08 11.22 ± 0.32 78.2 ± 61.2/63.5 B 139 665.92 3.46 1798 15.4 0.620 0.00478 ± 0.08 0.0493 ± 0.20 0.07474 ± 0.14 0.806446 97.3 30.74 ±0.05 48.82 ± 0.19 1061.5 ± 5.7/5.7 C 134 678.35 1.64 1146 11.7 0.485 0.00233 ± 0.14 0.0166 ± 0.43 0.05149 ± 0.38 0.521528 94.4 15.02 ±0.04 16.68 ± 0.14 263.0 ± 17.4/17.6 D 64 828.29 1.44 595.8 9.4 0.524 0.00166 ± 0.28 0.0107 ± 1.37 0.04680 ± 1.28 0.406782 72.6 10.68 ±0.06 10.80 ± 0.29 38.9 ± 60.0/62.3 2PAT11 A 2 91 590.7 0.99 596.0 9.6 0.399 0.00167 ± 0.16 0.01062 ± 1.03 0.04627 ± 0.97 0.425488 8.8 10.72 ±0.03 10.73 ± 0.22 11.8 ± 46.1/47.4 B 10 126 609.75 1.45 555.3 19.8 0.597 0.00223 ± 0.21 0.0145 ± 0.71 0.04715 ± 0.63 0.492012 74.8 14.36 ±0.06 14.61 ± 0.21 56.8 ± 29.9/30.4 D 3 71 721.75 1.21 725.8 7.5 0.380 0.00167 ± 0.45 0.01079 ± 3.20 0.04694 ± 2.98 0.538299 76.9 10.73 ±0.10 10.89 ± 0.69 46.4 ± 136.6/148.9 2PAT18 A 161 525.64 0.94 456.4 21.3 0.386 0.00178 ± 0.37 0.01193 ± 1.27 0.04865 ± 1.18 0.392587 91.3 11.45 ±0.08 12.04 ± 0.31 131.2 ± 54.5/56.4 B 163 562.81 0.93 933.8 10.2 0.365 0.00165 ± 0.13 0.0105 ± 0.62 0.04627 ± 0.58 0.430253 10.4 10.60 ±0.03 10.61 ± 0.13 11.8 ± 27.6/28.0 C 161 696.38 1.17 1086 10.8 0.385 0.00166 ± 0.11 0.0108 ± 0.90 0.04711 ± 0.86 0.474557 80.6 10.71 ±0.02 10.91 ± 0.20 54.9 ± 40.3/41.3 D 168 533.0 1.41 1131 13.0 0.391 0.00261 ± 0.15 0.02024 ± 0.40 0.05628 ± 0.36 0.489379 96.5 16.79 ±0.05 20.34 ± 0.16 463.5 ± 15.7/15.8 Apparent ages ±2∠,Ma 7 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U 207Pb/206Pb 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U 207Pb/206Pb 1 All zircon grains selected for analysis were air abraded prior to dissolution except 2PAT8, D. Fraction ID; A, B, etc, followed by number of grains. 2 U blank correction of 1pg ± 20%; U fractionation corrections were measured for each run with a double 233-235U spike. 3 Radiogenic Pb 4 Measured ratio corrected for spike and Pb % fractionation of 0.32/amu ± 20% (Daly collector) which was determined by repeated analysis of NBS Pb 981 reference material throughout the course of this study. 5 Total common Pb in analysis based on blank isotopic composition: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.5 ± 3%, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.8 ± 3%, 208Pb/204Pb = 36.4 ± 0.5%. 6 Model Th/U derived from radiogenic 208Pb and the 207Pb/206Pb age of fraction; for monazites percent radiogenic 208Pb is listed. 7 Blank and common Pb corrected; blank corrections based on 5 pg procedural blanks; Common Pb concentrations are based on Stacey-Kramers model Pb at 10.6 Ma (Stacey and Kramers, 1975) 8 Correlation coefficient 9 % discordance to origin 95 Table 3.4: Summary of U-Pb zircon ages sample rock type age (Ma) 2° (Ma) upper intercept ± 2° , MSWD comment 2PAT8 biotite-Kspar megacryst dike 10.56 0.21 1411 ± 11 [±13] 0.02 three point regression (preferred) 2PAT8 biotite-orthoclase megacryst dike 10.18 0.64 683 ± 85 [±86] 0.29 three point regression 2PAT11 biotite-plagioclase porphyry 10.73 0.10 NA NA two concordant fractions 2PAT11 biotite-plagioclase porphyry 10.4 3.1 165 ± 160 0.20 three point regression 2PAT18 plagioclase-poor porphyry (late dike) 10.52 0.17 1010 ± 35 [±36] 0.78 four point regression Preferred ages interpretations are shown in bold font. 2PAT8: two three-point regressions listed; regression with less scatter (lower MSWD) is preferred; the two lower intercept regression ages overlap within error. 2PAT11: age is based on two concordant and overlapping analyses; three point regression gives overlapping but imprecise lower intercept. 2PAT18: age is based on lower intercept of four point regression. upper intercept errors in brackets include 2s errors associated with U decay constants. 96 Figure 3.9: Photographs of representative zircons from 2PAT series of samples, and 206Pb/238U vs. 207Pb/235U concordia plots for three intrusive rocks from Taco Pit. A. Biotite-orthoclase megacryst porphyry dike (2PAT-08). B. Biotite-plagioclase porphyry (2PAT-11). C. Late dike at Taco pit (2PAT-18).97 3.4.3.5 Interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb results Dating results from Antamina and surroundings indicate a short span for the intrusive activity in the area (Table 3.2). Biotite from QFP dikes yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages consistent with crosscutting relationships and range between 10.86 ± 0.07 and 10.94 ± 0.08 Ma (Table 3.2, Fig. 3.10). These ages are slightly older than the U-Pb ages on zircon of the main intrusive phases at Antamina: 10.7 Ma on average (this study) and, apparently younger than the 40Ar/39Ar ages of dikes at Condorcocha: 11 to 11.5 Ma on biotite (Love et al., 2003) and 10.85 ± 0.25 Ma on hornblende (this study). However, ages of QFP dikes and the stock at Condorcocha are within analytical uncertainty of each other and may be coeval. Biotite 40Ar/39Ar ages of the QFP dikes are interpreted to be cooling ages because all dikes have approximately the same age despite being sampled at variable distances to the mineralized pluton at Antamina. Moreover, age relationships between the intrusive phases at Antamina (younger) and the QFP dikes (older) are not consistent with a process of thermal resetting. The grain size of biotite from the QFP dikes is similar at different locations from Antamina, and also with the nominal diffusion half-length used by Harrison at al. (1985) to calculate a closure temperature of 350˚C. The closure temperature of QFP dikes is likely higher than 350˚C because the cooling rate is likely an order of magnitude faster than the value used by Harrison et al. (1985). Previous studies (Love et al., 2003) on the dikes within the Taco Pit suggest an interval for the intrusion and mineralization event in Antamina of 10.02 to 10.47 Ma and 9.68 to 10.16 Ma respectively (Fig. 3.10). These ages are younger than U-Pb ages determined in this study and might be associated with the approximate age of intrusive cooling and mineralization in Antamina. The 40Ar/39Ar age of an endoskarn sample taken from the Taco pit (sample 2PAT02) would confirm this interpretation. In contrast, U-Pb ages on zircons (closure temperature of about 940˚C, Cherniak and Watson, 2000) would indicate the crystallization age of the Taco Pit dikes because radiogenic Pb cannot be lost easily from magmatic zircon generated in high temperature crustal environments such as short-lived magmatic bodies (Mezger and Krogstad, 1997). The higher degree of potassic alteration and extensive zones of bleaching suggest a protracted magmatic and hydrothermal activity at Antamina, where the late stage of intrusive activity seems to have migrated to the south (Usu Pallares). Alteration and 98 Figure 3.10: Summary diagram of geologic ages and interpreted events between Antamina and Condorcocha. Error bars indicate 2σ uncertainty associated with each age. 99 mineralization associated with the QFP dikes diminish in intensity from deep (Quarry Bench) to shallow levels (Fortuna East). Alteration overprints dike crystallization textures suggesting a younger age for the Ag-base metal mineralization along the dikes in comparison to the skarn mineralization at Antamina. Therefore, alteration patterns observed around the QFP dikes are directly related to the spent mineralizing fluids emerged from the centre of Antamina skarn deposit. Similar 40Ar/39Ar ages of the QFP dikes at Fortuna and Quarry Bench indicate that the later intrusion activity developed at Taco Pit did not reset the ages of these dikes. In summary, QFP dikes between Antamina, Fortuna and Condorcocha are older than the series of stocks and dikes present at Antamina (Taco Pit). Age determination of dikes and stocks between Antamina and Condorcocha confirms that mineralization at Antamina probably occurred over a period of a few hundred thousand of years or 1 million years maximum, similar to many other mineralized systems in the world (Henry et al., 1997; Pollard et al., 2005). 3.5 Host rocks and visible alteration patterns 3.5.1 Methods Lithologic units identified and mapped in the field (Fig. 3.3) were classified using the manual for core logging and codification prepared by the Antamina Geology Department (CMA 2000). These units are named based on the predominance of one lithology or the co-existence of two rock types with similar proportions. Lithological units were taken from the geological map used in the mine (CMA 2002). Individual lithological types found between Antamina and Condorcocha are described below starting in the relatively unaltered rocks (limestone) and finishing with the description of the skarn and veins. Mineral composition was determined by petrographic microscope, Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) on the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A summary of mineral content of all the lithological units at Antamina is given in Table 3.5. The complete list of all the mineralogical observations is shown in Appendix B4. X-ray diffractograms are collected in Appendix B5. Mineralogical composition of the rocks around the skarn of Antamina indicates that alteration extended into the limestone units close to the hornfels aureole to the skarn. 100 Table 3.5: Host rock mineral assemblage at Antamina Lithology Mineralogy Limestone volume % Gray massive 70% calcite, 12% quartz, 8% albite, 5% k-spar, 3% chlorite, 2% Ca-plagioclase, 0.5% pyrrhotite; traces augite, biotite, titanite, apatite. Local ankerite, rutile Brownish gray fissile 92% calcite, 2% quartz, 2% albite, trz k-spar, 0.5% chlorite-clinochlore, 3% Ca-plagioclase, 0.5% pyrite; traces biotite, titanite, apatite. Local ankerite, illite Hornfels volume % Tan 40-60% calcite, 1-35% K-spar, 10-20% Ca-plagioclase, 5-10% quartz, 0.5-10% biotite, 2- 6% chlorite, 1-2% phlogopitic biotite, 2-3% epidote, 1-2% LREE rich epidote, 1-5% pyrite, 0.5-3% titanite, trz-0.5% apatite, trz rutile. Local 4% diopside, 1% tremolite, albite, grossular Gray 60% calcite, 15-20% diopside, 5-15% k-spar, 5% Ca plagioclase, 1-2% epidote, trz-2% quartz, trz-3% pyrite, 0.5-1% titanite, trz-1% apatite, trz albite, local amphibole, grossular, mica, clinochlore, sphalerite, dolomite Greenish gray 20-60% k-spar, 14-33% calcite, 6-35% diopside, 1-14% Ca-plagioclase, 0.5-2% LREE rich epidote, trz-18% epidote, trz-3% chlorite, trz-1% quartz, trz-2% pyrite, trz-1% titanite, apatite. Local trz-1% albite, trz scapolite, mica Pale green to white 15-53% diopside, 18-60% k-spar, 5-30% calcite, 5-25% Ca-plagioclase, trz-3% epidote, local 1-2% LREE epidote, trz-2% pyrite, trz-1% quartz, trz-0.5% chlorite, 0.5-2% titanite, trz- 0.5% apatite. Local 1% albite, grossular, sphalerite. Local trz augite, scapolite, biotite Marble volume % Tan 25-70% calcite, 20-55% k-spar, 10-15% phlogopitic biotite, 3-6% quartz, 0.5-3% Ca plagioclase, 1-2% pyrite, 0.5-4% titanite, 0.5% chlorite-clinochlore, trz apatite. Local 2% tremolite, 1% diopside, trz augite, wollastonite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite Gray 65-80% calcite, 5-18% Ca-plagioclase, 0.5-10% k-spar, 7-8% scapolite, trz-10% quartz, 2- 3% phlogopitic biotite, 2% diopside, 1-2% pyrrhotite, 0.5-2% titanite, trz apatite. Local 0.5% tremolite, epidote, 1% chlorite, 2% pyrite, trz biotite, zircon, chalcopyrite. Local albite, grossular, augite Greenish gray ~70% calcite, 10-12% diopside, 5-10% k-spar, 5-8% Ca-plagioclase, 2-3% tremolite, 2% quartz, 1% pyrite, trz-0.5% epidote, titanite, trz-1% apatite, trz augite, wollastonite. Local amphibole, grossular, mica, clinochlore, sphalerite Massive white 84-92% calcite, 3-5% diopside, 0.5-3% scapolite, 1-2% Ca-plagioclase, pyrite; trz-2% k- spar, trz-1% tremolite, 0.5% phlogopitic biotite, titanite; trz-0.5% quartz, sphalerite, apatite. Local andradite, grossular, vesuvianite, clinochlore Diffusional white 30-50% k-spar, 20-30% calcite, 5-20% diopside, 2-10% quartz, 3-10% pyrite, trz-1% Ca- plagioclase, 0.5-1% titanite, 0.5% apatite. Local 5% phlogopitic biotite, 1% albite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite; 0.5% augite, trz tremolite, chlorite, chalcopyrite. Skarn volume % Brown garnet endoskarn 88% andradite, 4.5% diopside, 4% calcite, 2% corundum, 1% quartz, 0.5% chalcopyrite, trz sphalerite Green garnet exoskarn 56% andradite, 20% diopside, 12% chalcopyrite, 6% corundum, 5% sphalerite, 1% quartz 101 Protolith composition of the interbedded sequence of marble and hornfels are defined by the samples taken at more than 100 meters from dikes. The composition of these rocks is as follows: calcite + quartz + albite ± biotite ± chlorite ± dolomite ± ankerite. It is possible that dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and ankerite (Ca2MgFe(CO3)4) reported by the powder XRD examination in the limestones at Fortuna are the last products of rock diagenesis. 3.5.2 Limestone Gray to brownish gray limestone and marly limestone are the predominant rock types around Antamina (Figs. 3.11A and B). These rocks appear as thin to thick-bedded units striking NNW and dipping mainly to the west, despite the moderate to strong folding and faulting they were affected. Most limestone units are fossiliferous and contain diagenetic pyrite. Gray massive limestone is not as abundant as marly limestone and it consists of fine to medium-grained calcite, with minor amounts of quartz, plagioclase (albite > anorthite), K-feldspar, biotite and chlorite (Figs. 3.11C and D). Sulfides account for 0.5% vol. of the sample and they consist of minute disseminated pyrite and local pyrrhotite. Pyrite also appears as parallel and planar veins sometimes with thin bleached halos, whereas pyrrhotite is mainly observed in the moderately silicified limestone within the proximal 75 metres to the thermal aureole of Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems (traverses 1, 13, 7 and 10). However, pyrrhotite is not detected in limestone relatively distal from the ore skarn at Antamina West, where it is concentrated in the tan to light gray marble units 300 metres from the skarn-marble contact (Fig. 3.1C). Gray limestone outcrops in thick layers with a rough flutted surface (lapiaz texture) developed by weathering. These rocks have a high fossiliferous content, especially foraminifera and radiolaria (5-60%) supported in a micritic, brown calcite groundmass (Fig. 3.11C) varying texturally from mudstone to wackestone. Reflecting optical microscopy did not identify black organic carbon. However, it might be present in small amounts and as very fine dispersed grains within the rock matrix to yield the gray color of limestone. Marly limestone is distinguished by laminations and a pencil texture that develops during weathering (Fig. 3.11B). These rocks are interbedded with gray massive limestone forming beds up to 2 metres thick. Marly limestone is more abundant than gray massive limestone between Antamina, Fortuna and Condorcocha and exhibit relicts of stromatolite 102 Figure 3.11 Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of limestone from Antamina. A. Massive limestone at transect 13 (3PAA255 sample location). B. Brownish gray marly limestone at Yanacancha showing pencil texture (4PAA238 sample location). C. Photomicrograph of a coarse-grained fossiliferous limestone from transect 13 (sample 3PAA257, cross polars). D. SEM image of massive limestone showing a high siliciclastic content (sample 3PAA257). E. Photomicrograph of a fine-grained, laminar, fossiliferous limestone from Yanacancha (sample 4PAA238, cross polars). F. SEM image of marly limestone from Yanacancha. Observe also the relative high content of siliciclastic material (sample 4PAA238). 103 similar to those observed in the Celendin Formation (Cobbing, et al., 1996). There is no discernable significant mineralogical and petrographic difference between massive and marly limestone other than the presence of ooids (Fig. 3.11E), and local trace amounts of dolomite and ankerite in the latter. Massive and marly limestone at Yanacancha shows a slight brownish tint (Fig. 3.11B). No micas were identified in these rocks and the brownish color is probably due to the presence of chlorite and the oxidation of pyrite (Fig. 3.11F). 3.5.3 Sedimentological and stratigraphic constraints Field and petrographic evidence around Antamina documents widespread impure limestone rocks with minor but important amounts of detrital quartz, plagioclase, k- feldspar, biotite and chlorite. Microfossils and cubic and framboidal pyrite are other important components of these rocks that it can be suggested the influx of deltaic material into a relatively anoxic marine environment as the possible sedimentological scenario for the host-rocks around Antamina. These sedimentological features may correspond to the Upper Cenomanian – Lower Turonian unit IV of Jumasha Formation (Jaillard, 1986; Angeles, 2002). Coarse-grained white and gray marble adjacent to the skarn ore body are likely associated with pure limestone protolith and therefore to the Jumasha Formation. Silica-rich units have not been recognized within the limestone sequence around Antamina suggesting the relative scarcity of biogenic silica. However, the presence of stromatolites and the predominance of hornfels may reflect Celendin protolith. In conclusion, Antamina skarn deposit should have formed in the transition between Jumasha and Celendin Formation as stated by Love et al. (2004). Since limestone rocks are rich in fossils, biostratigraphic assessment of the host rocks around Antamina may help to overcome this problem. 3.5.4 Hornfels Hornfels form the outer alteration halo to the Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems and also occurs adjacent to QFP dikes. Hornfels is more abundant in the eastern and southern margin of the deposit (Fig. 3.1C) where it consists of alternating gray and greenish gray thin layers. At the northwestern margin of the deposit, brownish gray hornfels occurs as thicker layers interbedded with white, gray and brown marble horizons. 104 Hornfels dominate the aureole at Condorcocha although no tan hornfels has been recognized in this area. In general, four different hornfels units are recognized in the Antamina District based on color: gray, greenish gray, pale green to white and tan. All hornfels are fine- grained. Gray hornfels occurs at Quarry Bench as thin beds inter-layered with tan marble and limestone, at Fortuna and Fortuna East as metre-scale halos to QFP dikes, at Condorcocha as an outer alteration halo to the skarn system (Fig. 3.1C), and at Ridge Road and Peak Nine as interlayers with tan and greenish gray hornfels (Figs. 3.12A and B). Gray hornfels appears as fine-grained mass of carbonates supporting 1-2% volume of detrital material mainly microfossils and opaque minerals (Figs. 3.12C and D). SEM examination of these samples determined the presence of calcite, diopside, K-feldspar and scapolite with minor amounts of quartz, plagioclase (albite), epidote, titanite and apatite. Scapolite occurs as cm-scale euhedral crystals (porphyroblasts) partially replaced by k-feldspar, diopside, epidote and calcite, suggesting the early growth for scapolite (Fig. 3.12E). K-feldspar, plagioclase and calcite form the rock matrix, which is initially invaded by diopside and then by epidote (Fig. 3.12F). Two generations of calcite are recognized, the former associated with K-feldspar and plagioclase whereas the latter appear associated with diopside, epidote and sulfides. Sulfide mineral content ranges between trace to two percent by volume. They consist of disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite, where the latter appear predominantly in the traverses proximal to Condorcocha and in the Ridge Road. Gray hornfels is texturally very similar to limestones and likely represents the thermal altered product of gray limestone. The gray color of hornfels is probably due to the presence of very fine grains of black organic matter within the calcite aggregates. Greenish gray hornfels is interbedded with gray hornfels and tan marble at Quarry Bench, Ridge Road, Oscarina and Peak Nine (Fig. 3.1C). It also forms the transition between garnet skarn and gray hornfels at Condorcocha and Ridge Road, and between garnet skarn and tan marble at Quarry Bench (Fig. 3.13A). Greenish gray hornfels is typically intermingled with green calc-silicate + calcite + sulfides lenses and veinlets with cm-scale bleaching halos (Fig. 3.13B). It contains K-feldspar, diopside, calcite, plagioclase, 105 Epd Ksp Plg Scap Diop Calc Plg Alb Ksp Scap CalcDiopPlg Ksp Plg Epd Py Plg Ksp Diop Apat Epd Ksp Diop Calc Py Ksp Calc Ksp 0 50µ Ksp 0 50µ 0 250µ0 125µ gray hornfels QFP A B C D E F Figure 3.12: Captions are on the following page 106 Figure 3.12: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of gray hornfels from Antamina. A. Pod of dark gray hornfels/marble surrounded by light gray marble at Peak Nine. B. Light gray hornfels bed in contact with a QFP sill at the Ridge Road. A metre-scale skarn halo appears in both sides of the intrusive-hornfels contact. C. Photomicrograph of a local sulfide-rich centimeter-scale band of gray hornfels taken at 0.6 m from a QFP sill (sample 4PAA203, crossed nicols). D. Photomicrograph of a sulfide-poor gray hornfels taken at 0.6 m from a QFP sill (sample 4PAA203, crossed nicols). E. SEM image of the sulfide-rich gray hornfels showing K-spar and diopside replacing scapolite porphyroblasts, where K-spar pre-dates diopside (sample 4PAA203). F. SEM image of gray hornfels showing a K-feldspar + calcite assemblage replaced initially by diopside and then by epidote (sample 4PAA203, Ridge Road). 107 Figure 3.13: Captions are on the next page. 108 Figure 3.13: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of green to light green hornfels. A. Lateral variation of tan marble (sample 3PAA121) changing from right to left into bleached marble (sample 3PAA122), then into light green hornfels (sample 3PAA123) and finally into a green hornfels (sample 3PAA124). Photo taken at transect 2, Quarry Bench. B. Vertical variation of tan marble to light gray hornfels and then to green hornfels at Quarry Bench. C. Photomicrograph of green hornfels showing fine-grained calc-silicates + calcite + biotite? ± quartz and coarse-grained epidote + sulfide patches (sample 3PAA124, crossed nicols). D. Photomicrograph of light green hornfels showing aggregates of epidote + sulfide in a fine-grained calcite + calc-silicate matrix (sample 3PAA123, parallel nicols). E. SEM image of green hornfels showing K-feldspar replacing plagioclase and epidote replacing diopside (sample 3PAA124). F. SEM image of light green hornfels showing K-feldspar replacing plagioclase, diopside replacing K- feldspar, whereas epidote, calcite and chlorite replace diopside (sample 3PAA123). 109 epidote and chlorite, with minor amounts of quartz, where epidote appears forming patches associated with sulfides mainly pyrite (Figs. 3.13C and D). Trace amounts of chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite are also recognized within these rocks especially as fracture fillings. Rock matrix consists of calcite, K-feldspar and plagioclase. Traces of microfossils are also distinguished within the rock matrix. K-feldspar replaces plagioclase and it is replaced by diopside and calcite (Figs. 3.13E and F). Chlorite and epidote are abundant close to the mineralized QFP dikes suggesting that retrograde alteration at Antamina was centered on these dikes. Epidote appears associated with calcite forming aggregates replacing diopside and in contact with plagioclase and K-feldspar suggesting the last stage formation of epidote (Fig. 3.13F). According to the mineral composition of these rocks, the green color of hornfels seems to be due to the combined presence of diopside, epidote and chlorite. Pale green to white hornfels appears as meter-scale layers interbedded with greenish gray hornfels and fine-grained green garnet skarn or skarnoids (Fig. 3.14A). There is not a conspicuous mineralogical and textural difference between white and light green hornfels. White hornfels mainly appear as cm to metre scale halos to calc-silicate ± sulfide veins and patches (Fig. 3.14B) or in proximity to mineralized quartz-feldspar porphyry dikes (Fig. 3.13A) especially at the Quarry Bench, Ridge Road and Oscarina areas. It is also a mappable unit at Condorcocha where it is intermingled with lenses of fine-grained green garnet skarn (Fig. 3.1C). Pale green to white hornfels consist of calcite, K-feldspar, diopside, epidote (Figs. 3.14C, D and E), and chlorite (Fig. 3.14F) with minor amounts of quartz, albite, pyrite, titanite and sphalerite, biotite, vesuvianite, scapolite and Ca- plagioclase. However, it is worth noting the relative high diopside content of white hornfels. Epidote with LREE epidote halos appears replacing diopside, which formerly replaced a K-feldspar + calcite matrix. Based on the mineral content, the pale green to white color of hornfels is probably due to the relatively high content of diopside, the absence of phlogopitic biotite and organic carbon. Tan hornfels outcrops west of the Antamina open pit and sparsely within the Ridge Road, Oscarina and Peak Nine zones (Fig. 3.1C). It commonly occurs intermingled with tan and gray marble and gray hornfels. The contacts between tan, white and green hornfels commonly crosscut sedimentary layering at Quarry Bench and Peak Nine (Figs. 3.15A,B). Tan hornfels appears also as alteration patches within bleached tan marble especially close 110 Figure 3.14: Captions are on the following page. 111 Figure 3.14: Photographs and SEM images of white hornfels. A. Pattern of hornfels bleaching at Peak Nine. B. Light gray to white hornfels halo around a calc-silicate vein that crosscut tan marble (sample 3PAA115, Quarry Bench). C. SEM image of massive bleached hornfels mainly composed of K-feldspar and diopside. Calcite, plagioclase, chlorite and titanite occur in minor amounts (sample 2PAG59, Peak Nine). D. SEM image of massive bleached hornfels showing K-feldspar, diopside, calcite and epidote with local plagioclase and scapolite. Epidote and LREE epidote appear replacing diopside (sample 3PAA122, Quarry Bench). E. SEM image of bleached hornfels close to a green calc-silicate vein. Diopside appears replacing K-feldspar and plagioclase, whereas epidote is replacing diopside (sample 3PAA115, Quarry Bench). F. SEM image of a bleached tan hornfels 200 metres from the skarn front at Antamina West (sample 4PAA228). Rock texture is similar to the unaltered limestone. 112 Figure 3.15: Captions are on the next page. 113 Figure 3.15: Photographs and SEM images of tan hornfels. A. Tan hornfels with bleaching centimeter-scale halo around calc-silicate + sulfide veinlet (sample 3PAA115, Quarry Bench). B. Tan hornfels with centimeter – scale bleaching halo around quartz + calcite + sulfide vein (sample 4PAA228). C. SEM image of tan hornfels adjacent to a bleached halo showing the assemblage K-feldspar, calcite, diopside and epidote, where epidote is replacing diopside (sample 3PAA115). D. SEM image of massive tan hornfels showing phlogopitic biotite + K-feldspar + calcite ± plagioclase matrix. Diopside occurs associated with calcite and sulfides (sample 3PAA115). E. SEM image of massive tan hornfels showing quartz and plagioclase grains in a calcite + K-feldspar + phlogopitic biotite matrix (sample 3PAA121). F. SEM image of tan hornfels distal to Antamina showing a detrital texture similar to unaltered limestone (sample 4PAA228). 114 to calc-silicates + calcite ± sulfides veinlets (Figs. 3.14B). Tan hornfels have not been identified around the unmineralized Condorcocha skarn system. Tan hornfels contains fine- grained calcite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, phlogopitic biotite and chlorite (Figs. 3.15C to F) with minor amounts of diopside, tremolite, albite, epidote, rutile, titanite and apatite. K-feldspar content of tan hornfels is higher in samples proximal to the Antamina skarn deposit (Figs. 3.15C, D and E) than in distal tan hornfels (Fig. 3.15F). This feature is reflected in the K-feldspar/plagioclase ratio, which varies from 3/1 at Quarry Bench to 1/15 outside of the deposit. In contrast, Fe-poor biotite (phlogopite), tremolite and epidote are only observed in samples close to the skarn whereas biotite, chlorite and quartz of likely detrital origin are more abundant distal to the skarn. Chlorite occurs in apparent textural equilibrium with biotite, calcite, and K-feldspar distal to the ore deposit whereas it is associated with pyrite, epidote and traces of diopside and tremolite close to the calcite + sulfide (pyrite ± sphalerite) veins. Chlorite and epidote in samples proximal to the skarn appears replacing plagioclase + K-feldspar matrix. In summary, tan color of hornfels is probably due to the presence of biotite, K-feldspar and chlorite and may reflect a potassic alteration event in Antamina. 3.5.5 Marble Marble forms the closest alteration halo to the Antamina skarn, and is especially prevalent in the lower southwestern half part of the deposit likely within the Jumasha Formation (Figs. 3.1C and 3.2). Marble is best developed in the Antamina West area, where it is zoned from white marble near skarn to gray marble distal to skarn (Fig. 3.2). Marble zonation is oblique to sedimentary layering and defines a flame structure adjacent to exoskarn (Figs. 3.2 and 3.16A). Marble is also identified in the upper and eastern parts of the deposit (Quarry Bench, Ridge Road and Peak Nine), where it is fine-grained, and it appears interbedded with hornfels, skarnoids and quartz feldspar porphyry dikes. Marble and hornfels at these zones show gray, green, white and tan colors. White marble occurs in massive zones that crosscut sedimentary bedding near the Antamina skarn (Fig. 3.2) and as bedding-parallel units that extend several hundreds of meters from skarn. Massive white marble and bedded white marble both contain irregular calc-silicate veins and lenses that impart a greenish tint to the rock (Fig. 3.16B). Massive white marble contains in excess of 90% volume coarse-grained calcite forming a mosaic 115 Figure 3.16: Captions are on the next page. 116 Figure 3.16: Photographs and SEM images of white marble. A. Skarn – marble zoning around the Taco Pit intrusion at Antamina West showing the massive and layer controlled bleaching. B. Bleached margin to a diopside + wollastonite vein. Observe the light green hue of white marble (CMA 548 – 122 m depth). C. SEM image of bleached marble close to a calc-silicate + sulfide vein. Scapolite is replaced by K-feldspar, whereas both are replaced by diopside + calcite (sample 4PAA186). D. SEM image of a sulfide-rich stylolite within a massive white marble. Scapolite and tremolite are replaced by diopside (sample 4PAA186). E. SEM image of light gray marble band within massive bleached marble showing plagioclase, diopside, phlogopitic biotite, and probably organic matter along the grain boundaries of calcite (sample 4PAA136). F. SEM image of bleached marble adjacent to a tan marble. Diopside appears replacing the K-feldspar + calcite rock matrix (sample 3PAA114). 117 texture (Fig. 3.16E) with 1-2% vol. Ca-rich plagioclase, 0.5% vol. phlogopitic biotite, 3-5% vol. diopside, traces to 2% vol. K-feldspar, traces to 1% vol. tremolite, 0.5-3% vol. scapolite, minor amounts of quartz, titanite and apatite, and local traces of andradite, grossular, chlorite and vesuvianite (Figs. 3.16C, D, E ad F). Plagioclase, quartz, phlogopitic biotite, K-feldspar, tremolite and scapolite are more abundant along stylolites (Fig. 3.16E). K-feldspar appears replacing plagioclase and scapolite. Diopside is the most abundant calc- silicate in white marble. It is observed replacing Ca-plagioclase, scapolite, tremolite and K- feldspar (Figs. 3.16C and D). No epidote has been observed in white marble. Pyrite (1-2% vol.) and sphalerite (0.5% vol.) are the most common sulfides in this zone, whereas pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite only occur in trace amounts. White marble distal to the skarn is fine to medium grained and it occurs as bedding controlled thin layers, patches and halos adjacent to calcite + sulfide veinlets. The mineralogical composition of this rock unit is similar to the proximal white marble containing also albite, chlorite and augite (Fig. 3.16F). Sharp boundaries between gray and white marble correspond to changes in black organic carbon abundance. Organic carbon is lacking in white marble and disseminated in gray marble. Gray to white marble zonation is often parallel to sedimentary bedding, but in some instances clearly crosscut sedimentary layering (Figs. 3.17A and B). Bleached marble decorates fluid flow pathways that are more pervasive near skarn and are thinner and controlled by sedimentary layering distal to skarn. The ubiquity of green calc-silicate veins and lenses in white marble suggests that in both massive and bedded white marble, permeability was fracture controlled. These veins are sparse to absent in gray marble. Gray marble is the dominant rock-type at Antamina West and forms an irregular 30 to 150 metres thick zone that lies immediately outboard of white marble (Fig. 3.1C). Gray marble typically contains fewer sulfide and calc-silicate veins than white marble. It consists of 65-80% vol. coarse-grained calcite, 7-8% vol. scapolite, 2-3% vol. phlogopitic biotite, 5- 8% vol. Ca-rich plagioclase, 1 to local 10% vol. K-feldspar, 2% vol. diopside, traces to 0.5% vol. tremolite, 1-2% vol. pyrrhotite, 0.5-1% vol. titanite and trace amounts of quartz, grossular, augite, apatite, zircon, pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite (Figs. 3.17C, D and E). It is worth noting that pyrrhotite is more abundant than pyrite in coarse-grained gray marble 118 Figure 3.17: Captions are on the following page. 119 Figure 3.17: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of gray marble. A. Partially bleached scapolite-rich coarse-grained gray marble with dark stylolites parallel to bedding (sample 4PAA148). B. Bleaching controlled by host rock fabric at Antamina West. C. Photomicrograph of dark gray marble showing subhedral scapolite porphyroblasts associated with plagioclase and partially replaced by diopside and calcite (sample 4PAA148). D. SEM image of dark gray marble containing grains of K-feldspar, plagioclase, and phlogopitic biotite mainly along the grain boundaries of calcite. Diopside appears replacing plagioclase. E. SEM image of dark gray marble matrix close to a scapolite porphyroblast. Plagioclase appears as a halo to scapolite, whereas diopside seems to replace scapolite (sample 3PAA332). F. SEM image of fine-grained gray marble compositional and texturally similar to unaltered limestone but with epidote-chlorite and pyrite as alteration products (sample 2PAG60, Peak Nine). 120 proximal to the skarn. Textural relationships observed in coarse-grained gray marble suggest the following sequence of mineral development: scapolite, tremolite, calcite → K-feldspar → phlogopitic biotite, diopside → sulfides Fine-grained, gray marble is also recognized distal to the deposit as thin layers interbedded with hornfels units. It consists of 65% vol. calcite, 18% vol. plagioclase, 10% vol. quartz, 2% vol. titanite, 0.5% vol. K-feldspar, 1% vol. chlorite, 0.5% vol. epidote, 2% vol. pyrite, and trace amounts of albite, biotite, apatite and probably very fine black organic carbon dispersed in the rock matrix (Fig. 3.17F). Likewise in gray limestone and hornfels, the gray color of marble is likely due to the presence of trace amounts of disseminated black organic carbon. Areas mapped as gray marble commonly contain white marble as cm-scale halos to sulfide veins and as individual metre-scale sedimentary beds (Fig. 3.17A). The former occurrence of white marble is interpreted to reflect carbon destruction by fluid leakage and/or diffusion from veins. Massive bleached marble beds reflect bedding control of fluid flow as described above. Tan marble is interbedded with tan and gray hornfels at Quarry Bench, Ridge Road, and Peak Nine; and as irregular patches within greenish gray marble (Figs. 3.18A and B). These rocks have not been identified at Condorcocha. Tan marble contains up to 15% vol. microfossils and consists of fine to medium grained calcite with quartz, K-feldspar, phlogopitic biotite, plagioclase, tremolite, chlorite, pyrite, titanite (Figs. 3.18C to F) and local traces of diopside, wollastonite, augite, garnet, vesuvianite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite (Figs. 3.18B and C). Sulfides are more abundant in the vicinity of calc-silicate veinlets. Phlogopitic biotite appears surrounded by calcite halos within a dominant K-spar massive matrix (Figs. 3.18 C and D). It also appears filling fractures within the rock matrix and also in contact with K-feldspar (Fig. 3.18E and F). This feature suggests the last formation of phlogopitic biotite within tan marble. Tremolite occurs as isolated corroded porphyroblasts associated with K-feldspar, calcite, chlorite and with thin halos of diopside (Fig. 3.18E). Diopside occurs sporadically only close to the bleached zones. Tan color of marble is likely due to the presence of phlogopite, chlorite and K-feldspar. Greenish gray marble forms at the transition between tan marble and white marble at Quarry Bench, Ridge Road and Peak Nine. It also appears as the cm-scale envelope to the bleaching halo produced by quartz + calcite ± calc-silicate + sulfide veins in tan marble 121 Figure 3.18: Captions are on the following page. 122 Figure 3.18: Photographs and SEM images of tan marble. A. Bleaching of tan marble caused by calc-silicate veins (sample 3PAA168, Peak Nine). B. Vein controlled calc-silicate alteration affecting tan marble (sample 3PAA171, Peak Nine). C. SEM image of tan marble sample taken 140 m away from a QFP dike composed of calcite + K-feldspar + phlogopitic biotite and subordinate amounts of titanite and euhedral pyrite (sample 3PAA114, Quarry Bench). D. Another view of sample 3PAA114 showing the pervasive distribution of K-feldspar within the rock matrix in association with calcite and phlogopitic biotite. Observe also the common association between titanite and pyrite, whereas quartz and chlorite appear in trace amounts. E and F. SEM images of tan marble 16 m from a QFP dike. Phlogopitc biotite is mainly filling the boundaries of calcite grains. K-feldspar and plagioclase appear together whereas quartz, chlorite and titanite appear as detrital grains (sample 3PAA154, Quarry Bench). 123 (Figs. 3.19A and B). Green marble is fossil-rich and contains fine-grained calcite, diopside, K-feldspar, plagioclase, tremolite, quartz and trace amounts of epidote, titanite, apatite, augite, wollastonite, garnet, biotite, chlorite and pyrite (Figs. 3.19C and D). Plagioclase appears as the relict of former limestone. It contains inclusions of quartz and is partly replaced by K-feldspar (Fig. 3.19C). Tremolite and diopside content is relatively higher than that observed in other types of marble. Tremolite occurs as subhedral porphyroblasts with halos of diopside, which also appears replacing plagioclase and K-feldspar (Figs. 3.19C to E). Diopside is more abundant close to the calcite + sulfide veins (Fig. 3.19F). Epidote and quartz are apparently the last minerals formed in the greenish gray marble. Textural relationships between minerals suggest the following sequence of mineral deposition in these rocks: calcite, plagioclase → tremolite → K-feldspar → diopside → quartz, calcite, epidote Wollastonite appears in trace amounts as small grains associated with quartz, calcite, K-feldspar, tremolite and plagioclase, which all together appear within voids filled up with quartz. Based on the mineral content, green color of marble is probably due to the presence of the mineral association: tremolite, diopside and epidote. 3.5.6 Skarn Skarn comprises a broad spectrum of mainly garnet bearing rocks at Antamina that surround the quartz – feldspar porphyry stock in the Antamina valley cirque. It has been classified based on color and its inferred protolith. Skarn grades outwards from brown garnet endoskarn to green garnet exoskarn (Figs. 3.20 and 3.21A to F). Undetermined skarn, mixed green and brown garnet exoskarn are found in between (Fig. 3.21E). Endoskarn is highly fractured and irregular; metre-scale breccia bodies can be recognized within it. CMA geologists (CMA 2000) have differentiated 3 types of breccias based on the texture, rock-fragment and mineralogical composition in crackle, heterolithic and mosaic breccias. Additionally, a local wollastonite-bornite exoskarn has also been recognized in the southwestern margin of the deposit (Fig. 3.21C). Because the focus of this project is the study of the distal alteration around the skarn and not the skarn itself, skarn is grouped into two main units. 124 Figure 3.19: Captions are on the following page. 125 Figure 3.19: Photographs and SEM images of green, light green to gray and tan marble. A. Centimetre-scale green marble halo developed around a calcite + calc-silicate + sulfide vein that cut tan marble (sample 3PAA154). B. Gradational contact of green, light gray to tan marble (sample 3PAA154). C. SEM image of green marble composed mainly of calcite, tremolite, plagioclase and diopside with quartz voids containing wollastonite, apatite and local epidote. Diopside appears as halos around tremolite suggesting the formation of diopside at expense of tremolite (sample 3PAA154). D. SEM image of light green marble showing more K-feldspar and diopside than plagioclase and tremolite (sample 3PAA154). E. SEM image of light gray marble composed mainly of calcite + K-feldspar + tremolite + diopside. Quartz and plagioclase appear as accessory minerals (sample 3PAA154). F. SEM image of diffusional bleaching halo around a quartz + calcite + sulfide vein that cuts green marble. Observe the predominance of diopside along the halo (sample 3PAA154). 126 Figure 3.20: Simplified bench wall sketch, 4193 level of Antamina Pit west wall. 127 Figure 3.21: Photographs of representative skarn samples at Antamina. A. Brown garnet endoskarn with relict porphyry texture (NGC1). B. Pink garnet endoskarn with wollastonite filling residual porosity. C. Wollastonite exoskarn with disseminated bornite and showing “wrigglite” texture (XW). D. Crackle breccia with fragments of tan to green hornfels rich in diopside (BC). E. Coarse-grained, brown and green garnet exoskarn showing brown garnet overgrowths on green garnet with calcite filling residual porosity (XGCV3). F. Coarse-grained green garnet exoskarn with zoned garnets and mineralization of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and pyrite (XGV3). 128 Endoskarn varies from poorly metasomatized and mineralized quartz feldspar porphyry (plagioclase endoskarn); moderate mineralized pink garnet ± epidote endoskarn with some relicts of white plagioclase; to a copper-rich, coarse-grained brown garnet endoskarn. The former consists of cm-scale pink and brown garnet crystals supported in a plagioclase-rich porphyritic matrix with trace amounts of sulfides, whereas the latter usually hosts the crackle heterolithic breccia (Fig. 3.21D). Endoskarn is Mo mineralized; Cu is present in veinlets related to the retrograde alteration of the deposit (CMA, 2003). The transition between endo- and exoskarn is marked by a medium-grained brown indeterminate skarn, which appear as isolated patches between the coarse-grained brown endoskarn and the mixed brown and green aphanitic exoskarn. Petrographic characterization of the brown garnet endoskarn indicates the presence of garnet, quartz and sulfides supported in a calcite + sericite matrix, with subordinate amounts of chlorite. Andradite garnet is the main component of these rocks but quartz, calcite, K-feldspar, clinopyroxene, phlogopitic biotite and vesuvianite are locally present (Figs. 3.22A and B). Sulfides are mainly composed of pyrite, sphalerite with minor amounts of chalcopyrite. Pinkish brown garnet skarn has a similar mineral content. Clinopyroxene + quartz + calcite aggregates commonly replace brown garnet porphyroblasts yielding a yellowish green skarn mass. The colour difference may reflect higher grossular content to garnet in pink garnet skarn. Quartz feldspar porphyry dikes are partly converted to skarn especially within the marble-hornfels aureole to the deposit. They contain zoned garnet, anhedral K-feldspar, calcite, vesuvianite and local phlogopitic biotite (Fig. 3.22C). Garnet replaces K-feldspar whereas vesuvianite replaces both garnet and K- feldspar (Fig. 3.22D). Sulfides consist of pyrite and galena with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Exoskarn forms the external front of the massive calc-silicate + sulfide replacement found in Antamina and it is in sharp but irregular contact with white marble at Antamina West (Fig. 3.16A), and with greenish gray hornfels near the Ridge Road, Oscarina and Peak Nine areas (Figs. 3.5A and F). This variation likely reflects differences in the host- rock (Jumasha versus Celendin). Exoskarn consists of a coarse-grained, green garnetite with local pods and veins of calcite + sphalerite with subordinate amounts of chalcopyrite 129 Figure 3.22: Captions are on the following page. 130 Figure 3.22: Photomicrographs and SEM images of exo and endoskarn samples from Antamina. A. Photomicrograph of a light brown endoskarn. Calcite + quartz + sericite + sulfides fill the residual porosity (sample 4PAA219, parallel nicols). B. SEM image of brown endoskarn close to a calcite + phlogopite + sulfide vein. Phlogopitic biotite replaces K-feldspar. Sulfides appear associated with K-feldspar (sample 4PAA219, Taco Pit). C and D. Photomicrograph and SEM image of skarn altered QFP dike composed of zoned garnet, K-feldspar, calcite, vesuvianite and local phlogopitic biotite. Garnet replaces K-feldspar, whereas vesuvianite replaces both garnet and K-feldspar (sample 3PAA130, Quarry Bench). E. Photomicrograph of green garnet exoskarn showing euhedral zoned garnets partly replaced by calcite ± illite, traces of chlorite and diopside (sample 4PAA144, Antamina West, crossed nicols). F. Photomicrograph of green garnet exoskarn from Taco Pit showing zoned garnet crystals associated with diopside and cut by a calcite + chalcopyrite + sphalerite vein (sample 3PAA263, crossed nicols). 131 and galena (Figs. 3.22E and F). The massive green garnet skarn has an average thickness of 60 metres but ranges up to 100 metres. Thin layers do not have economic mineralization and are mainly controlled by the bedding. This unit grades towards the intrusion into a mixed brown and green exoskarn characterized by a mixed aphanitic green garnet matrix crosscut by brown garnet + pyrite + chalcopyrite veins (Fig. 3.21E). Petrographic examination of these rocks indicates the presence of fifty to eighty- five percent of coarse-grained, zoned garnet, most of them broken and partially replaced by a mixture of quartz, diopside, calcite or illite, and traces amounts of chlorite. Sulfides form up to 30% vol. of the sample and they consist of pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Sulfides commonly appear filling voids and fractures within garnet (Figs. 3.22F). 3.5.7 Veins Crosscutting relations indicate a three-stage chronology of veining at Antamina. Pre- to syn-tectonic calcite ± dolomite ± Fe-dolomite veins predate mineralization. They occur as white ptygmatic, centimetre-scale, discontinuous and locally fibrous associated with low angle faults. Syn mineralization veins comprise quartz + sulfides ± fluorite ± calcite, calc-silicate + calcite ± sulfides and calcite + sulfide veins that appear in the vicinity of the mine and are associated with QFP dikes up to 1 km away from the mine (Figs. 3.23A to F). Brown to orange red millimetre- to centimetre-scale carbonate veinlets, centimetre-scale, dark brown, Mn-oxide rich calcite veins, and orange to yellow white, coarse-grained dolomite stringers and patches are also included in this group (Fig. 3.23G). Late calcite veins consist of white to light gray planar, millimeter wide veinlets sometimes associated with trace amounts of sulfides mainly pyrite, that clearly crosscut mineralization at Antamina (Fig. 3.23E). Detailed description of veins based on timing and UVF is presented and discussed in Chapter 5. Syn-mineralization veins display a systematic vertical zonation, which varies from the bottom of the Antamina pit to Fortuna area as follows: • Quartz + sulfides (pyrite + chalcopyrite + molybdenite ± bornite, sphalerite, magnetite, tennantite, tetrahedrite), and sulfide veins (base metal sulfides ± pyrite) strictly associated with the quartz feldspar porphyry stock and dikes that emerge from the deposit (Figure 3.23A, B and 3.24A). 132 Figure 3.23: Captions are on the following page. 133 Figure 3.23: Proximal to distal veins to the Antamina skarn deposit. A. Quartz ± chalcopyrite stockwork developed in a potassic altered plagioclase and K-feldspar rich porphyry (sample 3PAA265, Taco Pit). B. Moderately sericitized, plagioclase-rich porphyry at the bottom of the Oscarina dike crosscut by quartz + pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± molybdenite veins (sample 4PAA221, Taco Pit). C. Pink garnet endoskarn cut by calcite ± pyrite ± galena ± sphalerite ± realgar vein (sample 4PAA204, Ridge road). D. Sphalerite + chalcopyrite vein with wollastonite margins and diffusional bleaching halo cutting gray and massive bleached marble at Antamina West. E. Late calcite vein in the middle of a calc-silicate + sulfide vein crosscutting a chalcopyrite + galena + sphalerite vein. These veins are hosted in tan marble at Peak Nine. F. Quartz + calcite + sulfide veins cutting tan hornfels 130 m above the skarn front at Antamina West. G. Calcite + Mn-oxide veins crosscutting orange brown carbonate veins at Fortuna, 800 m north of Antamina skarn deposit. 134 Figure 3.24: Captions are on the following page 135 Figure 3.24: Vein-types at Antamina. A. Pyrite and chalcopyrite replaced by galena and sphalerite in a quartz + calcite vein (sample 4PAA219, base of the Oscarina dike). B. SEM image of a pyrite + epidote vein crosscutting a potassic altered green hornfels (sample 3PAA124, Quarry Bench). C. Vesuvianite + calcite ± scapolite vein crosscutting a garnet + K-feldspar ± quartz ± epidote altered QFP dike (sample 3PAA130, Quarry Bench). D. Quartz + chalcopyrite + galena ± sphalerite vein crosscutting tan hornfels (sample 4PAA228, 130 m above the skarn front at Antamina West). E. Photomicrograph of a banded calcite + galena + pyrite ± sphalerite ± garnet showing the predominant base-metal mineralization at Fortuna (sample 4PAA129, Fortuna vein). F. Calcite + pyrite + Mn-oxide and Fe-oxide vein crosscutting marly limestone at Fortuna. 136 • Calc-silicate + calcite ± sulfides and calcite + sphalerite + galena ± chalcopyrite + realgar veins appear throughout the skarn-marble-hornfels zone (Figs. 3.23C and D). These veins normally form dense networks close to the skarn front and decrease in abundance outward from the deposit. They typically form centimetre-scale bleaching halos with anomalous content of k-feldspar, diopside and calcite in the marble aureole and K-feldspar, diopside, epidote and calcite in the hornfels aureole (Figure 3.24B). Calc-silicate + sulfide veins perpendicular and parallel to the bedding are more abundant in the white marble aureole. The interface between gray and white marble is characterized by a moderate density of calcite + pyrite ± sphalerite veinlets, which are sub parallel and slightly oblique to the bedding. Calc- silicate + calcite veinlets are not common in this zone. • Quartz + fluorite ± calcite ± vesuvianite ± base metal sulfide veins associated to the QFP dikes (dacite) in the periphery of the skarn (Fig. 3.24C). These centimetre- scale quartz veins are also observable 200 metres above the skarn front at Antamina West within the brown – gray hornfels aureole (Figs. 3.23F and 3.24D) although fluorite and vesuvianite have not been recognized in this sequence. • Light gray calcite ± quartz, garnet, sulfides (mainly pyrite) veins closely related to the QFP (dacite) dikes (Figure 3.24E). These planar, centimetre-scale veins form local small orebodies at shallow levels mainly of galena, sphalerite and pyrite and represent the extension of quartz + calcite ± fluorite + sulfide veins that occur within the skarn-marble-hornfels zone. Weathering of calcite ± sulfide veins yields orange brown Fe-oxide coatings that mix with minor amounts of Mn-oxide (Figs 3.23G and 3.24F). The presence of garnet in some veins at Fortuna suggests circulation of high temperature fluids and may indicate a connection with the Antamina skarn system. Syn-mineral veins in limestone are restricted to the contact between QFP dike and limestone with the exception at the Fortuna area, where they reach a density of 18 veins per metre with an average thickness of 0.5 centimetres. Planar light gray to white millimeter- scale calcite veins predominates in the area and they usually appear perpendicular to the host rock bedding. Sporadic and discontinuous, white calcite veins, 5 to 20 centimetre wide 137 appear associated with the low-angle faults. These veins are also recognized around the Condorcocha area and usually contain trace amounts of Cu-oxide, pyrite and chalcopyrite. 3.5.8 Visible alteration zoning (summary) Proximal to the skarn: The alteration is characterized by pervasive massive bleaching of marble passing laterally into a sequence of gray and white coarse-grained marble units up to 100 metres from the skarn front. White marble usually shows a slight greenish tint due to the presence of diopside and grossular in veinlets. Intermediate to the skarn: Coarse-grained gray marble interbedded with thin layers and lenses of white marble is present at distances greater than approximately 200 metres from the pluton and ore. Both the proximal (massive bleached) and intermediate (gray) marble aureoles around the skarn are crosscut by a random distribution of calc-silicate + calcite ± sulfides and calcite + sphalerite + galena ± chalcopyrite + realgar veins. These veins diminish in density progressively outwards from the skarn contact, and are enclosed by centimetre-scale diffusional bleaching aureoles in the wall rocks with mineralogy dominated by calcite, K-feldspar and diopside. Distal to the skarn: Fine-grained, tan, green and gray marble and tan, green and gray hornfels occur intermingled distal to the skarn especially controlled by the sedimentary layering (Fig. 3.25). White hornfels and marble extend in excess of 500 metres from the pluton and ore zone, where most of the bleached layering prevalent at distances greater than 250 metres from the skarn front is bleached hornfels layers, not bleached marble. Bleached hornfels and marble are also common close to the QFP dikes (Fig. 3.25) and around calcite + calc-silicate ± sulfide veins. Tan hornfels and tan marble are related to high phlogopitic biotite content and appear to be a fluid controlled alteration product. However, tan hornfels contain less phlogopite than tan marble. Calc-silicate ± sulfide layers, lenses or veins are commonly surrounded by cm-to metre scale aureoles bleached hornfels that grades outwards into green and gray hornfels and tan marble (Figs. 3.13A and B) whereas green marble represents the transition between the tan marble and bleached marble. The limestone sequence outside the hornfels and marble aureole to the Antamina skarn seem to be unaltered although it is worth noting the presence of disseminated pyrrhotite within the adjacent 75 metres to the gray hornfels aureole of Antamina and 138 Figure 3.25: Simplified bench wall sketch, 4330 level of Antamina Pit at Quarry Bench. Note the distribution of marble and hornfels controlled by the sedimentary bedding and the QFP intrusions. 139 Condorcocha skarn systems. Mineral distribution based on the mineral assemblages found in the marble and hornfels aureole to the skarn at Antamina is shown in Fig. 3.26. 3.6 Patterns of cryptic alteration Trace element geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotopes and the UVF signature of the calcite veinlets around the fluid flow escape conduits were evaluated in order to determine the magnitude and extent of the water rock interaction and link it to the mineralized system. 3.6.1 Trace element geochemistry Rock sampling along traverses perpendicular to the major fluid escape paths indicate that trace element abundances vary substantially within outcrops and consistently with proximity to these conduits. Major element compositions indicate the abundance of impure limestone around Antamina. For that reason geochemical background and threshold values for trace elements were estimated by normalizing metal values against an immobile element to avoid the influence of the original siliciclastic content of the protolith. A detailed description of the methods of estimation of background and threshold for trace elements is presented in chapter 2 of this study (Geochemical halos around Antamina). Measured values greater than individual threshold values represent anomalous values within a sampling transect. These anomalous values commonly cluster close to a fluid conduit probably related to a leakage of metals from these conduits. However, the presence of isolated anomalous values within a traverse might indicate the proximity of another mineralizing source or simply represent contaminated samples. Therefore, geochemical anomalous halos are defined based on clusters of anomalous values adjacent to an inferred fluid escape conduit. Examples and detailed procedure to identify geochemical halos are shown in chapter 2. Diagrams of metal abundance versus distance to the main fluid conduit show trace element halos are in some cases greater than 100 m and the extension of these halos is directly related to the relative abundance of ore mineral in the fluid conduit and the proximity to the center of mineralization. Four groups of elements were determined according to the magnitude of its halos (Figs. 3.27A and B): 140 Figure 3.26: Mineral distribution in the alteration aureole to the Antamina skarn deposit. 141 Figure 3.27A: Summary of trace element halos with depth proximal and distal to the Antamina skarn deposit: groups 1 and 2. 142 Figure 3.27B: Summary of trace element halos with depth proximal and distal to the Antamina skarn deposit: groups 3 and 4. 143 • Group 1 – with strong halos at deeper levels as given by high temperature indicator elements such as Cu, Bi, Mo and Zn • Group 2 – with moderate halos at deeper levels given by Sn and Cd • Group 3 – with prevalent to deep shallow halos given by Ag, As, Pb, Sb, In, Mn and W • Group 4 – with moderate halos at shallow levels given by Ba and Tl, which are related to low temperature mineral deposits. The distribution of these groups is consistent with the thermal distribution of metals in veins defined by Emmons (1936) and shows the geochemical linkage between the skarn at Antamina and the Ag-base metal mineralization at Fortuna. 3.6.2 Ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) of calcite veins The UVF of all major vein and rock types was assessed in hand sample by using a short-wave hand UV lamp (254 nm wavelength) considering that fluorescence of calcite reflects the presence of ion impurities (Marfunin, 1979) that may be indicative of the circulation of fluids derived from an external source and not only from the host rocks. There is a general correspondence between orange-red UVF in calcite and veins or alteration features associated with mineralization. Orange-red UVF in calcite has been linked to high manganese contents with or without other activators (Gies, 1975; White, 1975, Marfunin, 1979). Fluorescence is generally lacking within unaltered and unveined limestone and hornfels. Likewise, pre-mineralization ptygmatic veins do not fluoresce, nor do post-mineralization planar gray calcite veins. Details about the main activators of UVF of carbonate veins are presented and discussed in chapter 5. 3.6.2.1 UVF observations and halos to fluid conduits Feldspar and groundmass of hydrothermally altered quartz monzonite porphyry stock from the Taco Pit fluoresce with weak to moderate purple-red (Figure 3.28). Quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite + molybdenite veins that cut the porphyry, however, do not fluoresce. Garnet skarn does not fluoresce, but some calcite + sulfide veins and patches within the green exoskarn show moderate to strong orange-red fluorescence. We define UVF halos as clusters of three or more calcite veins with moderate to strong orange red fluorescence adjacent to a main fluid escape structure (dike, sulfide ore 144 Figure 3.28: UVF in calcite from Antamina. A. Red fluorescence of the endoskarn associated with the Taco porphyry. Quartz veins do not fluoresce. B. Intense ORF of calcite + quartz + phlogopitic biotite + K-spar + sulfide veins in the endoskarn associated with the base of Oscarina dike. C. ORF of calcite + fluorite + sulfide in quartz feldspar porphyry dike at Quarry Bench. D. ORF along sulfide vein in coarse-grained white marble at Antamina West. E. Moderate ORF of a late Mn-rich calcite ± sulfide vein invading a non-fluorescent dolomite vein north of Fortuna. F. Strong ORF of calcite + Mn oxide ± sulfide vein northwest of Fortuna. 145 body or skarn front). UVF intensity is determined visually and recorded on an arbitrary scale where the high number represents the strong intensity to the UV lamp. A UVF halo extends approximately 100 m into marble in the Taco Pit. Strong red- orange fluorescence is common on fresh irregular fractures within marble, and occasionally within the marble matrix. Calc-silicate + calcite + sulfide veins within marble also fluoresce with strong orange-red (Figure 3.28). Outside of the Taco Pit, UVF is limited to syn-mineralization veins that define a halo around QFP dike fluid conduits. All three syn-mineral vein types associated with QFP dikes in the hornfels aureole fluoresce. Quartz + fluorite ± calcite ± sulfide veins (Figure 3.28) and calc-silicate + calcite + sulfide veins consistently fluoresce moderate to strong orange-red. Some calcite + pyrite veins fluoresce, but many do not. In transect 2 the UVF halo surrounding the QFP dike is 102 metres wide (Figure 3.29). At Fortuna, UVF is restricted to calcite veins associated with dolomite patches and calcite ± Mn-oxide veins within about one metre of the main mineralized structure. Orange brown calcite veins at Fortuna do not fluoresce. Ultraviolet fluorescence is limited to zones of visible alteration (white- brown marble, and white- brown hornfels) and syn-mineralization veins, and appears to track fluid circulation. UVF defines two zones of fluid circulation: the marble aureole and the porphyry dike-vein zones. The moderate to strong orange-red fluorescence in calcite veins and in fractures within the marble aureole indicates fracture-controlled fluid circulation. Fractures controlling fluid circulation are parallel and perpendicular to the bedding. At shallow levels, mineralizing fluids were restricted to the calcite + sulfide and calcite - Mn- oxide veins in the vicinity of QFP dikes. 3.6.2.2 Summary of main points Orange-red UVF in calcite is restricted to zones of visible hydrothermal alteration and to syn-mineralization veins. Fluorescence defines two zones of fluid flow and fracture permeability: the bleached marble halo adjacent to exoskarn and the fracture permeability system centered on QFP dikes above and distal to the Antamina pit. 146 Figure 3.29: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Antamina skarn deposit. 147 3.6.3 Oxygen and carbon Isotopes 3.6.3.1 Sampling and analysis Three hundred and thirty-three samples were analyzed for oxygen and carbon isotope ratios to trace hydrothermal fluid circulation outside the Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit. All data are given in Appendix B6; the results have been grouped into transects that identify zones progressively farther away horizontally and vertically from the skarn system. These zones are: Antamina West (transects 16 and 17), Quarry Bench (transects 1 and 2), Fortuna East (transects 13, 14, 11, 12, 10, 9 and 15), Fortuna (transects 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 18) and Ridge Road (Transect 19). Samples for oxygen and carbon isotope analysis were obtained by drilling specific spots within each rock slab. Sometimes more than two samples for oxygen and carbon analyses were extracted from a single rock slab to take detail of cm-scale bleaching halos to veins or variations in color of the host-rock. These powdered carbonate samples were analyzed by Janet Gabites in a Finnigan Delta XL Plus mass spectrometer at the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at the University of British Columbia (one of the first datasets for light stable isotopes from the PCIGR). The analytical procedure of these analyses is shown in Appendix B7. The results are reported relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB) for carbon and to the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW) for oxygen, which are represented by the δ notation (Craig, 1961) and were measured in parts per thousand (‰). After correction for fractionation, repeat analysis of NBS 18 gave an average δ13C value of -5.01 ± 0.07‰ and δ18O value of 7.22 ± 0.08‰, NBS 19 gave an average δ13C value of 1.93 ± 0.08‰ and δ18O value of 28.74 ± 0.18. 3.6.3.2 Host rocks During the first year a reconnaissance sampling survey was conducted around Antamina and we observed that isotopic compositions of gray marble and limestone cluster near normal marine carbonate compositions in δ18O and δ13C. We defined a range of 21 to 25 δ18O per mil VSMOW and 1 to 3 per mil δ13C VPDB for most gray marbles within 800 metres of the plutonic system at Antamina. This range is interpreted as the isotopic composition of the protolith limestone, and was confirmed with the values obtained from unaltered limestones at Yanacancha (3 km south of the mine). On this basis we consider 148 limestone, marble, and hornfels with δ18O and δ13C values less than 20 per mil VSMOW and 1 per mil VPDB to be depleted. Carbon and oxygen isotope results from most of the coarse-grained marble samples taken proximal to the skarn ore (Antamina West) show values similar to the unaltered limestone (Fig. 3.30A). However, fine-grained marble relatively distal to the skarn (Quarry Bench) show lower carbon and oxygen isotope values than unaltered limestone (Fig. 3.30A). Hornfels spans a wide range of oxygen isotope values between 13.5 and 23.6 ‰ VSMOW and markedly light carbon isotope values (-0.1 to -7.66 ‰ VPDB) (Fig. 3.30B). Carbon and oxygen isotope values of limestone between Antamina and Fortuna are lighter than samples taken at Yanacancha (Fig. 3.30C). However, it is worth noting that carbon isotope values from limestone taken at Fortuna (Fig. 3.30D) are not as strongly depleted as limestone samples taken at Fortuna East (transects 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 - Figs. 3.30E) and at Quarry Bench (transects 1 and 2 – Fig. 3.30F). Lateral and vertical variations of oxygen and carbon isotopes in the host rocks to Antamina skarn deposit are shown in figures 3.31 to 3.34. Gray and white marble compositions generally fall in the range 20.4 to 25.2 δ18O per mil and 1.7 to 2.9 per mil δ13C, defining, local small oxygen depletion halos (1 to 2 metres wide) close to pluton and always within white marble (Fig. 3.20). Oxygen and carbon isotope results from transects 16 and 17 however, do not show anomalous halos even close to the skarn front (Figs. 3.31 and 3.33). The lack of pervasive 18O alteration beyond a few metres suggests that fluid escape via percolation through marble was not vigorous. Any fluid escape through marble was fracture-controlled. Isolated 18O depletions within white and gray marble far from pluton are enigmatic and may record cryptic fracture-controlled fluid escape structures. On the contrary, fine-grained, tan to brown marble shows wider depletion halos (~100m) than white marble (Fig. 3.32) and even δ13C are markedly lower than the suite of unaltered limestone (Fig. 3.34). Hornfels oxygen isotope compositions are markedly depleted proximal to the Antamina skarn deposit (traverses 1, 2 and 19 – Figs. 3.31 and 32). This feature is not observed in hornfels proximal to the skarn at Condorcocha (traverses 7, 8 and 9 – Figs. 3.31 and 3.32). Thin hornfels halos adjacent to the Ag-base metal vein at Fortuna have strongly oxygen-depleted values reflecting the interaction with an infiltrating fluid of relatively low 149 Figure 3.30: Captions are on the following page. 150 Figure 3.30: Plot of oxygen versus carbon isotope in the host rocks to Antamina skarn deposit sorted by traverses. A. δ18O versus δ13C plot for marble. Observe the stronger δ18O and δ13C depletion of fine-grained marble from traverses 1 and 2 (Quarry Bench) than coarse-grained marble from traverses 16 and 17 (Antamina West). B. δ18O versus δ13C graph for hornfels. Observe the light δ18O and δ13C values of these samples in comparison to the unaltered limestone. C. δ18O versus δ13C graph for limestone. Observe the wide range of isotope values where the lighter values correspond to the samples taken from the traverses proximal to the ore deposit (traverses 1 and 2). D, E and F. δ18O versus δ13C plot for limestone at Fortuna, Fortuna East and Quarry Bench. Observe the lighter δ13C of limestone proximal to the skarn (Quarry Bench) than in distal areas. G. δ18O versus δ13C in calcareous argillites and limestone around Notch Peak, Utah (Nabelek et al., 1984) used as reference to indicate that light δ values of most hornfels and limestone proximal to the Antamina skarn are due only to decarbonation processes. 151 Figure 3.31: Oxygen isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha.152 Figure 3.32: Oxygen isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Quarry Bench and Fortuna East. 153 Figure 3.33: Carbon isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha. 154 Figure 3.34: Carbon isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Quarry Bench and Fortuna East. 155 δ18O value. All five analyzed green, white, and brown hornfels have δ18O less than 20‰ VSMOW. Green and brown hornfels define 18O depletion halos up to 100 metres from QFP dikes at Quarry Bench (e.g. traverse 2 in Fig. 3.32). Carbon isotope values of hornfels are always less than unaltered limestone with values down to nearly -8.0 ‰ VPDB mainly proximal to the skarn deposit (e.g. traverses 1, 2 and 19 in Figs. 3.33 and 3.34). Limestone: Oxygen isotope halos can be traced in limestone up to 1000 metres horizontal and 500 metres vertically away from the marble aureole of the Antamina Cu-Zn skarn deposit. Limestone oxygen isotope data are also presented in traverse format in Figs. 3.31 and 3.32. Halos are asymmetric to the fluid conduits; however, they are widest proximal to the Antamina skarn (>100 metres) getting narrow towards the shallow levels. The δ18O halos in limestone extend far beyond visible alteration. Wide oxygen isotope halos (up to 90 metres) are observed around the dikes associated with the mineralization at Fortuna even in the absence of sulfide mineralization (traverses 3 to 6). The QFP dikes from Fortuna and Fortuna East when traversed northwards to Condorcocha have thin to none 18O depletion halos. The lack of halos at Condorcocha supports the interpretation that the dikes were escape conduits for fluids from the Antamina system. Carbon isotope values of limestone are mostly depleted and extend farther than oxygen isotope halos being exceptionally thin (~ 15 m) at traverse 14 (Fig. 3.34). Carbon and oxygen isotope values within traverses have almost similar distribution and sometimes coincide in extension as at Fortuna (Figs 3.31 and 3.33). 3.6.3.3 Summary of main observations Oxygen isotope depletions mark major fluid escape paths. At depth in the marble and hornfels aureoles, δ18O depletion halos lie within the zone of visible alteration (bleached and brown marble and hornfels). The lack of δ18O depletion halos in the white marble zone indicates the effectiveness of marble as a seal to the mineralizing fluids. Any fluid escape was fracture controlled. Oxygen isotope depletion halos can be traced up to 1000 metres horizontal and 500 metres vertically away from the Taco Pit. At shallow levels 18O depletion halos lie outboard of visible alteration. 156 3.7 Source of fluids Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes are used to constrain the sources of spent mineralizing fluids and the temperature of deposition of calcite veins at Antamina. Twenty- two samples of pre-, syn- and post mineral calcite veins were analyzed for stable oxygen and carbon isotope composition (Table 3.6). Garnet and quartz (veins and phenocrysts) have also been analyzed to constrain the isotopic equilibrium of silicates with magmatic volatiles (Table 3.7). Strontium composition of calcite veins, hornfels and marble is used to characterize the source(s) of strontium and to infer the magnitude of fluid–rock interactions at the marble and hornfels halos to the Antamina skarn deposit. 3.7.1 Oxygen and carbon isotopes in carbonate minerals The isotopic composition of carbonate veins is presented in figure 3.35A. Pre- to syn-tectonic veins that predate mineralization generally have δ13C and δ18O values near pristine sedimentary values (Fig. 3.35B). Syn-mineral veins, including calcite + sulfide, calcite + dolomite, and calcite + oxide veins, have low δ18O values, and cluster near values of 13 to 14 per mil VSMOW despite their fluorescence color (Fig. 3.35C). Two anomalous samples of moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins can also be distinguished. These samples have very low δ13C and they were taken from calcite associated with calc-silicates and sulfides at Quarry Bench and Peak Nine (Fig. 3.35C). Late clear and white, millimetre-scale calcite and calcite ± pyrite veins span a wide range of oxygen and carbon isotope values (Fig. 3.35D). Most of these veins have δ18O values similar to unaltered limestone. However, two samples of calcite from the marble aureole close to the skarn show δ18O values around 15 ‰ VSMOW, and one calcite vein that clearly crosscut the Ag-base metal mineralization at Fortuna presents very low δ18O and δ13C values that might be unambiguously linked to surface fluids. In general, moderate to strong orange red fluorescent calcite veins have δ18O values between 11 and 19 ‰ VSMOW (Fig. 3.35C) whereas weak ORF veins show δ18O values not as much depleted as moderate to strong ORF samples. Syn and post-mineral non- fluorescent veins span oxygen isotope values between 12 and 23.0 ‰ VSMOW. Only pre- mineral veins have δ18O and δ13C values very similar to the unaltered limestone (Fig. 3.35B). 157 Table 3.6: Oxygen and carbon isotope values of calcite vein and unaltered limestone from Antamina Sample δ 13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Location VPDB VSMOW 3PAA135 0.7 23.3 Light gray calcite pre-mineral none NE Antamina 3PAA273B 1.3 23.8 Light gray calcite pre-mineral none Fortuna T6 3PAA200A 0.6 22.7 Light gray calcite pre-mineral none Fortuna T3 2PAE227B -1.4 14.5 calcite + oxides syn-mineral none Fortuna East T10 2PAE229B -2.8 12.3 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral none Fortuna 4PAA157 0.1 14.9 calcite + dolomite syn-mineral none Fortuna 3PAA102A -1.4 18.7 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral weak ORF Quarry Bench 2PAE227A -2.2 13.6 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral mod ORF Fortuna East T10 4PAA132 -3.2 12.1 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral mod ORF Fortuna 4PAA178 -3.0 13.7 calcite + oxides syn-mineral mod ORF Fortuna 2PAE233 -6.7 13.6 calcite+calc-sil ± sulf syn-mineral mod ORF Peak nine 3PAA130 -9.4 16.2 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral strong ORF Quarry Bench 3PAA278 0.5 18.0 calcite + dolomite syn-mineral strong ORF Fortuna T6 4PAA129 -3.1 11.5 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral strong ORF Fortuna 4PAA163 -0.9 13.4 calcite + oxides syn-mineral strong ORF Fortuna 2PAG147C -8.7 15.7 late white calcite post-mineral none CMA231A 2PAG163B -1.5 15.4 late planar calcite post-mineral none CMA231A 2PAG179C 2.1 22.8 Late ptigmatic calcite post-mineral none Antamina West 3PAA223B 0.0 23.0 calcite + sulfides post-mineral none Fortuna East T10 3PAA294 0.1 22.8 calcite + sulfides post-mineral none Fortuna T8 3PAA103A -1.0 22.2 calcite + sulfides post-mineral weak ORF Quarry Bench 2PAE229A -6.0 6.0 late white calcite post-mineral mod ORF Fortuna 4PAA233 2.1 25.8 Brown limestone none Yanacancha 4PAA235 2.6 26.0 Brown limestone none Yanacancha 4PAA236 3.2 26.1 Brown limestone none Yanacancha 4PAA238 1.8 23.9 Brown limestone none Yanacancha 158 Table 3.7: Oxygen isotope composition of quartz, silicates and intrusive rocks from Antamina Sample Lithology Locality Sample type δ18O Observations (VSMOW) 2PAE211 qtz-hb-bio- feldspar porphyry dike Condorcocha whole rock 10.0 late intrusion 2PAT-06 hb-bio-plg porphyry dike Oscarina qtz 10.1 2PAT-08 Biotite-orthoclase megacryst dike Taco pit qtz 12.7 Usupallares intrusion 2PAT-11 Biotite-plagioclase porphyry Taco pit qtz 2.5 2PAT-12 K-spar megacryst porphyry Usupallares qtz 10.5 3PAA-263 Green garnet skarn (exoskarn) Antamina West garnet grains 8.2 Coarse-grained and mineralized skarn 3PAA-264 Brown to yellow garnet skarn (endoskarn) Taco pit garnet grains 7.8 Coarse-grained and mineralized skarn 3PAA-265 Potassic altered qtz- monzonite Taco pit qtz veins 11.1 4PAA-125A Silicified dacite porphyry dike Fortuna qtz grains 13.8 4PAA-126 Silicified dacite porphyry dike Condorcocha qtz grains 18.3 early intrusion in contact with light brown endoskarn 4PAA-127 qtz feldspar porphyry dike Condorcocha whole rock 10.6 late intrusion 4PAA-219 Light brown garnet endoskarn Oscarina qtz veins 13.2 4PAA-221A Phyllic altered qtz- feldspar-biotite porphyry Oscarina qtz grains 11.8 4PAA-221B Phyllic altered qtz- feldspar-biotite porphyry Oscarina qtz veins 11.5 4PAA-230 qtz-feldspar bio porphyry dike Quarry Bench qtz grains 9.7 min 9.7 max 13.8 159 Figure 3.35: Isotope composition of calcite veins from Antamina. A. δ18O versus δ13C plot of pre, syn- and post-mineral fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins. B. Isotope composition of pre-mineral veins. C. Isotope composition of syn-mineral veins. D. Isotope composition of post-mineral veins. 160 3.7.2 Oxygen isotope thermometry 3.7.2.1 Oxygen isotopes in silicates Eight samples of quartz phenocrysts, three of quartz veins, two of skarn garnet and two of whole rock intrusive dike were analyzed for oxygen isotope content to estimate the temperature of mineral deposition and determine the source of the hydrothermal fluids, considering the temperature dependence of stable isotope fractionation between minerals and solutions (Krauskopf and Bird, 1995). The analytical results are tabulated in Table 3.7. Quartz phenocrysts from Antamina porphyries are relatively constant, spanning the range 10.1 to 11.8 per mil δ18O VSMOW (four samples). This range of δ18O is in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles of 9.6 to 11.2 per mil at temperatures of 700 to 800ºC (Matsuhisa et al., 1979). One quartz phenocryst from biotite-plagioclase porphyry at Taco Pit has δ18O of 2.5 per mil and has clearly interacted with meteoric fluids. Three samples of quartz phenocryst in dikes (Quarry Bench, Fortuna and Usu Pallares) span 9.7 to 13.8 per mil. Quartz veins within the Antamina stock have δ18O 11.1 to 13.2 per mil. The quartz veins are in isotopic equilibrium with magmatic volatiles at high temperature. Quartz phenocrysts from an early dike at Condorcocha in contact with light brown endoskarn has δ18O of 18.3 per mil, whilst δ18O on late intrusion dikes at Condorcocha are relatively constant, spanning the range 10.0 to 10.6 per mil VSMOW. Garnet from endoskarn and exoskarn have δ18O values in the range 7.8 to 8.2 per mil VSMOW and are in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles at temperatures of about 600ºC (Zheng, 1993). 3.7.2.2 Oxygen isotopes in calcite veins The temperature dependence of δ18O calcite in equilibrium with magmatic fluids in the range 9.6 to 11.2 per mil is plotted in Figure 3.36 by using the calcite-water fractionation values of O’Neil et al. (1969). Also plotted are the oxygen isotope values of twenty-two pre, syn- and post mineral veins according to their UVF signature (Table 3.6). Oxygen isotope data and delta values of calcite-water exchange for a temperature range of 200 to 800˚C are shown in Table 3.8. Oxygen isotope of calcite in equilibrium with magmatic water (δ18O calcite) is found by solving the following formula: δ18O calcite = delta (∆) calcite-water – δ18O water 161 Figure 3.36: Plot of temperature dependence of calcite δ18O in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles from Antamina intrusive rocks. A. Pre-mineral non-fluorescent veins. B. Syn-mineral none to weak ORF veins. C. Syn-mineral moderate to strong ORF veins. D. Post-mineral non-fluorescent veins. E. Post-mineral weak to moderate ORF veins. These plots also show the vertical variation in oxygen isotope composition and temperature of calcite veins at Antamina. 162 Table 3.8: Delta values of calcite-water exchange, temperature range: 200 and 800˚C δ18O water min δ 18O water max VSMOW VSMOW δ18O magmatic fluids (Matsuhisa et al., 1979) 9.6 11.2 ∆ cal-H2O (O'Neil et al., 1969) Temperature (oC) low δ18O calcite VSMOW high δ18O calcite VSMOW -0.48 800 9.1 10.7 0.76 600 10.4 12.0 1.76 500 11.4 13.0 3.25 400 12.9 14.5 5.57 300 15.2 16.8 9.53 200 19.1 20.7 where: low δ18O calcite = ∆ cal-water + δ 18O water min high δ18O calcite = ∆ cal-water + δ 18O water max 163 Pre-mineral, non-fluorescent calcite veins with δ18O greater than 22.0 ‰VSMOW fall outside the curve of equilibrium with magmatic fluids (Fig. 3.36A). Syn-mineralization non-fluorescent veins with δ18O in the range of 12.3 to 14.9 ‰ are in equilibrium with magmatic fluid at temperatures between 350 and 500˚C (Fig. 3.36B). Moderate to strong orange red fluorescent, syn-mineralization calcite + sulfide veins with δ18O in the range of 11.5 to 16.2 per mil (Fig. 3.36C) are in equilibrium with magmatic fluid at temperatures of 350 to 550°C. Post mineral, fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins span a wide range of δ18O values that may be related to a diagenetic origin, and calcite in isotopic equilibrium with magmatic and meteoric fluids (Figs. 3.36D and E). 3.7.3 Strontium isotopes 3.7.3.1 Sampling and analytical procedures Three calcite veins, four marble and one hornfels samples were selected for strontium isotope measurements in order to assess the possible source of fluids at Antamina. Two of the three samples of calcite represent moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins taken at Fortuna, while the other is a non-fluorescent pre-mineral vein taken approximately 350 metres above the skarn front at the Antamina West zone. Additionally, one sample of the Taco Pit porphyry and four samples of unaltered limestone from Yanacancha were analyzed for comparison. Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestone is shown in Table 3.9. Estimated strontium isotope values for the period of sedimentation of the Jumasha Formation and for the Cretaceous system based on the charts of Burke et al., 1982 and Jones and Jenkyns, 2001 are also presented in Table 3.9. Oxygen and strontium isotope composition of intrusive rocks from Antamina as well as intrusive rocks from the Cordillera Blanca (Petford et al., 1996) are shown in Table 3.10. For the analysis of the calcite and the removal of secondary phases or potential contaminants, sample powders were leached using the procedure designed by Weis and Frey (1991, 1996) and Weis et al. (2005). This procedure ensures the maximum removal of secondary phases that may be present in the sample and consist of the following steps: Approximately 0.2 grams of pulp or drilled material is weighed into an acid-washed 15mL Savillex® beaker, then ten mL of 6N sub-boiled HCl is added and the suspension is ultra-sonicated for 20 minutes. After that, the supernatant is decanted. This process is 164 Table 3.9: Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestones from Antamina MS61 MS61 MS61 MS61 Sample δ13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Location 87Sr/86Sr 2 sigma (m) Sr Rb Mn Al VPDB VSMOW ppm ppm ppm % 3PAA200A 0.6 22.7 Light gray calcite pre-mineral none Fortuna T3 0.708252 0.000010 4PAA178 -3.0 13.7 calcite + oxides syn-mineral mod ORF Fortuna 0.707665 0.000008 4PAA163 -0.9 13.4 calcite + oxides syn-mineral strong ORF Fortuna 0.707772 0.000008 245 2.1 42800 0.1 3PAA115 -14.6 12.0 Tan hornfels weak ORF of some ca+py vlts Quarry Bench 0.709221 0.000010 357 319 380 7.62 3PAA154A -1.4 16.3 Tan marble none Quarry Bench 0.707979 0.000009 737 51.5 335 2.72 4PAA191 -1.6 22.9 Light gray marble none Antamina West 0.707791 0.000007 762 13.2 238 0.8 4PAA134 2.5 22.2 White marble strong ORF in fract. Antamina West 0.708075 0.000010 447 12 292 1.01 4PAA150 1.9 22.7 White marble wk-mod ORF (mtx), strong ORF ca+py vein Antamina West 0.707768 0.000008 1130 7.9 162 0.94 4PAA233 2.1 25.8 Brown limestone Celendin Fm. none Yanacancha 0.707974 0.000008 721 44.7 249 3.15 4PAA238 1.8 23.9 Brown limestone Celendin Fm. none Yanacancha 0.708312 0.000007 527 40 278 3.03 4PAA235 2.6 26.0 Brown limestone Jumasha Fm. none Yanacancha 0.707721 0.000008 437 11 154 0.69 4PAA236 3.2 26.1 Brown limestone Jumasha Fm. none Yanacancha 0.707507 0.000010 473 4 172 0.4 Jumasha period minimum* 20.0 0.707150 Jumasha period maximum* 20.0 0.707350 Cretaceous system minimum* 22.0 0.707140 Cretaceous system maximum* 22.0 0.707720 * Approximate values based on Burke et al., 1982, and Jones and Jenkyns, 2001 165 Table 3.10: Oxygen and strontium isotope composition of intrusive rocks from Antamina and Cordillera Blanca Sample/location δ18O Lithology Age (Ma) Sample type Location 87Sr/86Sr (initial) Sr Rb VSMOW min. error ppm ppm 2PAT-11 Antamina 2.5 Bt-plg porphyry 10.73 ± 0.10 qtz grains Taco pit 0.705577 630 155 Min δ18O QFP dike (4PAA230) 9.7 Silicified dacite porphyry 10.93 ± 0.09 qtz grains Quarry Bench 0.705500 Max. δ18O QFP dike (4PAA125) 13.8 qtz-feldspar bio porphyry dike 10.94 ± 0.08 qtz grains Fortuna 0.705500 918* 10.1 Leucogranodiorite (qtz) 6 - 2.7 qtz grains Cordillera Blanca 918* 9.2 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705447 0.000011 576 128 900* 8.1 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705317 0.000012 436 119 93* 8.5 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705248 0.000008 389 155 884* 4.1 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705474 0.000011 427 133 915* 9.2 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705571 0.000011 380 119 925* 9.2 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705710 0.000008 471 141 901* 6.2 Quartz diorite 16.5 - 9 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.704911 0.00001 895 71 920* 9.2 Tonalite 16.5 - 9 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.704737 0.000009 947 61 Values in red are assumed data * Values taken from Petford and Atherton, 1996; and Petford et al., 1996 166 repeated 5 to 6 times until the supernatant is clear and pale yellow to colorless. The process is repeated 2-4 times with milli-Q H2O (i.e. water that is 18.2 megohm (ion free), pyrogen free, with reduced organic contamination as well as with bacterial and particulate removal in place of 6N sub-boiled HCl to eliminate the excess HCl. The leached rock powder is dried on a hot plate at ~120˚C and then weighed after cooling. Isotopic measurements were made by Bruno Kieffer using the Finnigan Triton thermo-ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) at the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at the University of British Columbia. Strontium composition was measured in static mode multicollection with relay matrix rotation (the “virtual amplifier” of Finnigan) on a single Ta and double Re-Ta filament. Thesemeasurements were corrected for mass fractionation using 86Sr/88Sr = 0.1194. Six analyses of the NBS987 Sr standard made during the course of this study have a mean value of 87Sr/86Sr = 0.710259 ± 0.000016 (2σ). A single analysis typically consists of 135 cycles (9 blocks of 15) to allow a full rotation of the virtual amplifier. 3.7.3.2 Results The 87Sr/86Sr composition of veins and host rocks were plotted versus their δ18O, Rb and Al content along with the unaltered limestone, Taco Pit quartz monzonite and the values of Cordillera Blanca Batholith (CBB) (Petford et al., 1996, Petford and Atherton, 1996). Oxygen isotope composition of quartz and garnet derived from selected intrusive rocks from Antamina were also plotted for reference. Data from CBB was selected because of similar ages with the intrusive rocks from Antamina. Strontium and oxygen composition of the intrusive rocks are markedly lower than host rocks (Fig. 3.37A). Strontium and oxygen composition of light gray and white marble is very similar to the unaltered limestone. Tan marble has 87Sr/86Sr composition similar to other marble samples, but δ18O values lower than unaltered limestone, gray and white marble. Tan hornfels has the lower δ18O and higher 87Sr/86Sr values than the marble and limestone samples examined. Oxygen composition of tan hornfels and tan marble are similar to that of orange red fluorescent veins, which also correspond to the upper limit of δ18O values of intrusive rocks (Fig. 3.37A and B). The 87Sr/86Sr composition for two strong orange red fluorescent calcite veins (0.707772 and 0.707665) is slightly lower than that of the non-fluorescent vein (0.708252) 167 Figure 3.37: Strontium and oxygen isotope composition of veins and host rocks at Antamina in relation to the intrusive rocks from Taco Pit and Cordillera Blanca Batholith. A. δ18O versus 87Sr/86Sr for marble and hornfels showing the low δ18O and high Sr composition of tan hornfels. B. δ18O versus 87Sr/86Sr for non- fluorescent and moderate to strong ORF calcite veins. C. δ18O versus Rb content of marble, hornfels and strong ORF calcite vein. D. δ18O versus Sr content of marble, hornfels and strong ORF calcite vein. E. Rb versus 87Sr/86Sr of host rocks and an ORF vein from Antamina. F. Al versus 87Sr/86Sr of host rocks and an ORF vein from Antamina. Observe the relative higher Al and Rb content and the high 87Sr/86Sr composition of tan hornfels in relation to limestone, marble and even intrusive rocks. 168 but greater than the Sr composition of the mineralized Taco porphyry (0.705577) and the intrusive rocks from the CBB (Fig. 3.37B). Rubidium content of intrusive rocks from CBB is higher than marble, limestone and calcite veins but markedly lower than the Rb content of tan hornfels (Table 3.9, Fig. 3.37C). However, Sr content of all the rocks examined in this study fall in the same range of values, where calcite and one sample of white marble have the lowest and highest Sr content, respectively (Fig. 3.37D). Strontium isotope composition of most of the host rocks examined and the intrusive rocks from CBB form two clusters that show no connection between these samples (Fig. 3.37E). Strontium isotope composition of host rocks is also slightly more radiogenic than the Jumasha and Upper Cretaceous seawater (Jones and Jenkyns, 2001). Tan hornfels sample is the exception because of its high 87Sr/86Sr, Rb and Al content suggesting the presence of more radiogenic material in this rock (Figs. 3.37E &F). 3.8 Discussion 3.8.1 Mineral reactions and alteration zoning Mineral composition of the thermal aureole around Antamina (Figs. 3.1C and 3.26) especially that developed at the north and east side of the open pit (Quarry Bench and Ridge road) is similar to the typical metamorphic mineral zonation of dolomitic rocks: garnet – clinopyroxene – tremolite – talc/phlogopite (Robb, 2005), where phlogopite is distal to the mineralizing centre. Mineral composition of the limestone adjacent to these zones consists of calcite, quartz, k feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, chlorite and minor ankerite. However, coarse-grained marble units adjacent to the skarn at the Antamina West zone indicate that pure limestone was the protolith to the skarn ore at this zone. According to the mineral assemblage of marble adjacent to the mineralized skarn, its protolith should have contained: calcite + Ca-rich plagioclase + albite ± biotite ± quartz ± dolomite. Mineral textures indicate that a prograde metamorphic process predated metasomatism and mineralization at Antamina. The thermal effect of intrusive activity at Antamina and Condorcocha is represented by wide aureoles of marble and hornfels. The depth of the skarn formation is not constrained in this study, but considering the sharply discordant contacts between skarn and bedding Antamina may be considered as a shallow 169 skarn deposit (Meinert et al., 2005), which probably formed between 1 and 2 kilobars of pressure. Tremolite, scapolite and possibly phlogopite as well as recrystallization of calcite are likely to be the early products of the contact metamorphism at Antamina (Figs. 3.38A and B) assuming that the intrusion of magma heated the rocks to temperatures between 500˚C (proximal) and 400°C (distal) to the intrusion. Pyrrhotite is also constrained as a product of thermal metamorphism within the marble/hornfels aureole and even in the adjacent limestone. 3.8.1.1 Prograde metamorphism Scapolite formation Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) on selected scapolite porphyroblasts suggests they are relatively Ca-rich with some sodic component (Figs. 3.38C) probably 50 to 75 mol percent meionite (Me50-75). The presence of Ca-rich scapolite (Me75) and the relative absence of albite in the coarse-grained marble units especially in the Antamina West area, suggest that scapolite may have formed according to the following reaction (Pan, 1998): 2 anorthite + 1 albite + 1 calcite → 1 scapolite (Me75) However, a more realistic equilibrium reaction can be expressed as follows according to Kerrick et al., 1973, since it includes NaCl as one of the reactants: MeXMaY = 3Xanorthite + Xcalcite + 3Y albite + Y(NaCl)fluid where Me is meionite, Ma is marialite, X is the molar percent meionite and Y molar percent marialite. The source of Cl is uncertain, but it may have come from halite content in the protolith or introduced in the rocks by fluids. The intermediate composition of scapolite suggests a temperature of formation in the range of 500 to 550˚C because Ca pure scapolite (meionite) from calcite + anorthite only occurs at temperatures greater than 800˚C (Moecher and Essene, 1990). This is consistent with its abundance within the coarse- grained marble aureole close to the skarn front at Antamina. T-XCO2 diagram at 1.5 kilobars pressure (Nabelek, 2002) show the scapolite-forming reaction at Notch Peak aureole may be similar to that in Antamina (Fig. 3.39 B). 170 Figure 3.38: Captions are on the following page. 171 Figure 3.38: Mineral assemblages and reaction paths. A. SEM image of coarse-grained white marble showing scapolite replaced by calcite and diopside (sample 4PAA186). B. SEM image of coarse-grained gray marble showing K-feldspar replaced by phlogopite, calcite and quartz while tremolite is replaced by diopside. Note also the presence of pyrrhotite probably associated with the reducing conditions of the system (sample 4PAA148). C. Energy dispersive spectra of scapolite from coarse-grained gray marble show a small amount of Na suggesting a 50 to 75 mol percent meionite in the scapolite (Me 50-75). 172 Figure 3.39: Captions are on the following page. 173 Figure 3.39: Isobaric T-XCO2 diagrams showing the possible equilibria for marble and hornfels at Antamina. Arrowed lines indicate the interpreted reaction paths of metamorphism and metasomatism. A. T-XCO2 diagram at 1000 bars for selected equilibria in the CMAS (H2O-CO2) system showing the possible reaction paths followed within the marble-hornfels aureole at Antamina. Diagram taken and modified from Tracy and Frost, 1991. B. T-XCO2 diagram at 1500 bars for selected equilibria CMAS (H2O-CO2) system showing the reactions related to the production of scapolite, vesuvianite and zoisite. Scapolite in this diagram has 50% meionite component. Diagram taken and modified from Nabelek, 2002. 174 None to very small amounts of scapolite in the bleached zones close to the dikes and the mineralized skarn bodies suggest that scapolite was partially consumed during the formation of the garnet skarn. This process can be explained by the following reaction: 1 meionite + quartz → anorthite + grossular + CO2 (Pan, 1998) Scapolite appears replaced by K-feldspar, calcite and diopside close to the skarn (Fig. 3.16) and by epidote (zoisite) distal to it (Gray hornfels), the latter likely related to the retrograde alteration at low temperatures (Fig. 3.12E). Tremolite formation Tremolite may have grown at expenses of dolomite and quartz in presence of water at temperatures of 400 to 425°C (Fig. 3.39A) according to the following reaction: Dolomite + quartz + H2O → tremolite + calcite + CO2 (Tracy and Frost, 1991) Low amounts of tremolite were formed considering the low amounts of quartz and dolomite in the protolith. Phlogopite formation Love et al., 2004, considered phlogopite distal to the skarn as an early product of prograde metamorphism formed at expenses of dolomite and K-feldspar. However, phlogopite is commonly found replacing tremolite so it may have formed according to the following reaction: Tremolite + K-feldspar → phlogopite + calcite + quartz (Tracy and Frost, 1991). This reaction would imply a reduction in temperature of the metamorphic event from 425 to 400°C (Fig. 3.39A) previous to the metasomatic process. The presence of pyrrhotite The effects of thermal metamorphism seem to have extended into the enclosed limestone rocks as it is evidenced by the presence of disseminated pyrrhotite in the marble- hornfels aureole (Fig. 3.38B) and within the adjacent 75 metres in limestone, particularly around Condorcocha (Fig. 3.1C). Pyrrhotite formation can form at low temperatures (<200˚C) at the expense of pyrite or magnetite under increasing reducing conditions (Gillett, 2003) given by the thermal reaction of diagenetic pyrite with organic carbon and H2O (Allcock, 1982) according to the following formula: 2 pyrite + 2H2O + C (organic) = 2 pyrrhotite + 2H2S + CO2 175 Low pyrrhotite content of bleached marble and hornfels, and the scattered presence of oxygen isotope anomalies in pyrrhotite-rich limestone suggest pyrrhotite is a product of thermal metamorphism rather than the circulation of reducing fluids. The transition from pyrrhotite to pyrite towards the skarn and the abundance of pyrite in fractures within the skarn and in the marble/hornfels aureole indicates the escape of oxidizing fluids from the mineralizing centre at Antamina. 3.8.1.2 Metasomatic effects Garnet (andradite and grossular) and diopside are the main calc-silicates within the skarn and they are mainly abundant within bleached and sulfide zones. Therefore, they might be associated with the process of prograde metasomatism and replacement. This process may be accompanied by the infiltration of oxidizing fluids from the intrusion that led to the destruction of primary organic carbon and to the deposition of pyrite and other sulfides. Grossular is more abundant in the thermal aureole and it may have formed at expenses of anorthite (Fig. 3.39A) or scapolite, calcite and quartz (Fig. 3.14C) at temperatures around 500°C. Phlogopite and K-feldspar as fracture fillings, replacing Ca-plagioclase and flooding the rock matrix suggest the addition of potassium to the system (potassic alteration) particularly close to the skarn (Fig. 3.12E). The relative abundance of diopside proximal and distal to the skarn suggests its protracted development throughout the metamorphic and metasomatic phases of skarn. The late generation of diopside replacing tremolite, and its presence in equilibrium with K-feldspar and calcite suggest the addition of silica to the system (silicification). Diopside probably formed according to the following reaction: 1 tremolite + 3 calcite + 2 quartz → 5 diopside + 3CO2 + 1H2O (Fig. 3.38E) This reaction suggests high water contents (XCO2=0.25) because diopside surrounds tremolite and also grows on calcite (Winkler and Luttge, 1999). However, diopside- rimming tremolite can reflect an incomplete reaction because of the consumption of one of the reactants (Vernon, 1976). The temperature of diopside reaction may have varied between 475 and 490°C at 1000 bars pressure (Fig. 3.39A). Very low amounts of wollastonite and vesuvianite in marble and hornfels confirm the impure composition of the protolith (Robb, 2005). Radial aggregates of vesuvianite are 176 common along the margin of the QFP dikes replacing garnet and K-feldspar probably at expenses of scapolite, diopside, calcite and quartz in presence of water (Nabelek, 2002 – Fig. 3.39B). Vesuvianite at fluid pressure less than 2 Kilobars indicates temperature <400˚C and low XCO2 (Valley et al., 1985). Retrograde alteration was likely caused by the late stage of mineralization. It is represented by the assemblage: epidote + chlorite + pyrite + calcite, where epidote is associated with sulfides and it is found replacing plagioclase, diopside and tremolite. Probably vesuvianite preceded the retrograde alteration phase of the skarn (Fig. 3.39B). Fracture-controlled permeability of the system may have facilitated the mixing of meteoric and hydrothermal fluids allowing the development of the phyllic alteration of the intrusions at Taco Pit and the retrograde alteration of the skarn. This phase was accompanied by a small base metal sulfide mineralization expressed in calcite + sphalerite + galena ± chalcopyrite + realgar associated with vesuvianite, tremolite, and epidote. In summary, the relative abundance of K-feldspar and phlogopite as replacement products in marble and hornfels indicate that potassic alteration was an important and distinctive event associated with the mineralization at Antamina. Retrograde alteration was on the contrary very limited and was related to the late calcite + sulfide veins mainly distinguished in the surroundings of the deposit. Based on mineral assemblages observed in the skarn and the marble and hornfels aureole it can be estimated that a range of temperatures for the prograde contact metamorphism and metasomatism between 400 and 500°C occurred, with the lower temperatures located distal to the skarn ore. 3.8.2 Fluid rock interaction processes Alteration assemblages and the large scale zonation of marble and hornfels around the Antamina skarn deposit are indicative of large fluid/rock ratios centered in the polyphase quartz monzonite porphyry stock at the actual Taco Pit. Mineral composition and texture of marble proximal to the skarn indicates the combined effect of thermal and fluid circulation process in the area, where coarse-grained marble commonly found proximal to the skarn ore represent higher temperature than fine grained units that commonly appear distal to the skarn ore. Coarse-grained gray marble and white marble represent a gradational series within the same stratigraphic unit. White color of marble and hornfels appear to be 177 related to fluid flow whereby infiltration-driven oxidation of organic carbon to CO2 fluid causes bleaching. The existence of a vigorous zone of high fluid circulation at Taco Pit is evidenced by the potassic alteration assemblage (K-feldspar + phlogopite) found within the quartz monzonite intrusions at Taco Pit and in the tan hornfels and marble units around Antamina. K-feldspar in textural equilibrium with calcite is commonly found in all hornfels and fine- grained marble units. It also appears as isolated grains in unaltered limestone. However, phlogopite fracture fillings and K-feldspar invasion of rock matrix found in tan marble and hornfels indicates the addition of potassium to these rocks. Bleaching of hornfels and marble that commonly appear associated with calc- silicate-sulfide units (beds, veins) suggest they are the products of fluid flow – rock interaction, where fluids used sedimentary layering, the contact with the QFP dikes and in minor degree the former rock schistosity to escape from the skarn system. The relative abundance of retrograde alteration minerals in the bleached halos to QFP dikes and sulfide veins developed in tan, gray and greenish gray marble and hornfels units would demonstrate a major fluid rock interaction along the bleached rock units and the prevalence of fracture-controlled permeability distal to the deposit. Petrographic texture of hornfels shows no distinctive difference with limestone rocks that the relative increment in the Si, Al, La and Ti content of hornfels (chapter 2) seems to be related to the dissolution of carbonate material rather than to the addition of silica to the system. Centimetre-scale hornfels halos to the QFP dikes developed in limestone distal to the Antamina skarn deposit are indicative of low fluid/rock ratios outside the large marble and hornfels aureole, although circulation of fluids persisted for more than 1 km from the ore mineralizing centre (Fortuna). The distinctive thermal metal zonation found in the host rocks of Antamina composed of high-temperature metals (Cu, Mo, Bi) with strong halos at deeper levels and low to medium-temperature metals (Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Tl) with prevalent deep to shallow halos, are strongly related to the type and volume of ore minerals present within the skarn and along the fluid escape conduits. Mineral and metal zonation outside the skarn suggests a rapid decrease in temperature and volume of the fluids as they egressed from the skarn. This feature may be also associated with the strong confinement of the fluids within the 178 skarn due to the good sealing capacity of the marble units. Petrographic and isotopic data confirm the impermeable condition of marble especially of the coarse-grained marble units. UVF of veins also demonstrated that fluids escaped from the skarn through prevalent fracture-controlled permeability in the marble aureole proximal to Antamina. Depleted values in oxygen isotopes of the host rocks to the QFP dikes confirm the dikes as the main conduits of fluid escape in the area. Large oxygen isotope halos to dikes in areas proximal to relative big ore zones (Quarry Bench, transect 13, Fortuna) suggest that isotopic interaction in limestone rocks is intense and should be tested even in the absence of distinctive visible alteration features such as silicification, quartz ± sulfide veins. Depleted values of oxygen isotopes in hornfels around Antamina but not around Condorcocha skarn system would confirm that QFP dikes were the main escape conduits for fluids from the Antamina system. Carbon isotope halos are greater than oxygen isotope halos in impure limestone suggesting the prevalence of decarbonation reactions. These reactions may be ascribed to a thermal effect as it is demonstrated by the δ18O versus δ13C plot of limestone from Quarry Bench and most of the hornfels samples (Figs. 3.30B and F), which follow approximately the same path for maximum lowering of δ-values due only to decarbonation determined by Nabelek et al. (1984) (Fig. 3.30G). Wide carbon and oxygen isotope halos to the Ag-base metal vein at Fortuna (traverse 5), which is surrounded by a high density of calcite + sulfide and calcite + Mn oxide veinlets suggest a channeled, non-pervasive fluid flow dominated at shallow levels of Antamina. Abundance of fractures and cracks increased the porosity of the host rocks increasing the alteration effect of infiltration from the main fluid channel (Fortuna vein). Coincidence in carbon and oxygen isotope halos at this level (Figs. 3.31 and 3.33) may well be used to define the lateral influence or the metasomatic side (Yardley and Lloyd, 1995) of the spent mineralizing fluids from Antamina at approximately 90 metres within the shallow levels. A plot of strontium and oxygen isotope composition of intrusive rocks, marble, hornfels, and unaltered limestone (Fig. 3.37A) indicate the effects of fluid infiltration in marble and hornfels especially in tan hornfels and marble, suggesting also the fast movement of the oxygen isotope front in relation to Sr (Fig. 3.40A). A hypothethical graph of the extent of isotopic alteration with respect to 87Sr, 18O and 13C is presented showing 179 Figure 3.40: Captions are on the following page. 180 Figure 3.40: Tracers of fluid sources at Antamina. A. Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins, unaltered limestone and intrusive rocks from Taco Pit and the Cordillera Blanca Batholith (Petford et al., 1996). Observe the Sr composition of unaltered limestone span a range of values higher than Jumasha and Cretaceous sea water (Burke, 1982). Strontium composition of calcite veins is similar to that of unaltered limestone; however, oxygen isotope composition of ORF veins is similar to intrusive rocks. A mixing line is traced between intrusive rocks, calcite veins and unaltered limestone. A’. Schematic section of the isotopic fronts for Antamina shows the faster displacement of 18O in relation to 87Sr. Depleted values of δ13C but not of δ18O from limestone distal to the skarn and to the fluid conduits suggest a low amount of CO2 released due to the fluid-rock interaction (Nabelek et al., 1984). Oxidation of black carbon due to decarbonation reactions may have led to the change of δ13C signature of limestone (Dipple, pers. Comm.). B. Temperature versus δ18O of syn-mineral, fluorescent and non-fluorescent calcite veins proximal and distal to the skarn at Antamina. Observe the temperature dependence of calcite δ18O in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles from the Antamina stock. A range of temperatures of 330˚ to 420˚C is constrained for the isotopic equilibrium of veins with magmatic volatiles at Fortuna, whereas a higher range of temperatures is proposed for calcite proximal to the skarn deposit (480˚ to 580˚C). 181 almost not displacement for the Sr isotopic front and almost 800 metres for the oxygen isotope (Fig. 3.40A’). The relative depleted values of δ13C in limestone distal to Antamina are probably related to the oxidation of black organic carbon (Dipple, pers. Comm.) and not to the circulation of fluids as can be demonstrated in the graphs of δ18O versus δ13C for hornfels, marble and limestone (Fig. 3.30A to F). Sample distributions in these graphs follow approximately the same trend of maximum depletion due to decarbonation found by Nabelek et al., 1994 for the calcareous argillites and limestone around the Notch Peak metamorphic aureole (Fig. 3.30G), suggesting that light δ13C values of most hornfels and limestone from Antamina are due to processes of oxidation and decarbonation reactions (Fig. 3.40A’). In summary, gray and greenish gray marble and hornfels units might be related to a thermal alteration process. Tan and white marble and hornfels would correspond to a combined thermal and fluid flow-rock interaction process, where recurrent flux of fluids must be attributed to yield the commonly irregular white (bleached) rock units. 3.8.3 Source of fluids It has been demonstrated that oxygen isotope values vary systematically with the UVF response. In that sense, orange red fluorescence veins could be interpreted to represent higher temperature fluid of similar origin as the other veins, or a fluid that has exchanged oxygen but not carbon with the host limestone. Strontium isotope versus oxygen isotope composition graph of orange red fluorescence calcite, unaltered limestone and intrusive rocks confirm the aforementioned hypothesis (Fig. 3.37B). Oxygen isotope composition of fluorescent and non-fluorescent syn mineral calcite veins in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles (O’Neil et al., 1969) confirms their relationship with hot magmatic fluids at the Antamina and Fortuna areas (Figs. 3.36B and C). The presence of a very low δ18O value for a post-mineral orange red fluorescent calcite (6.02 ‰ VSMOW) suggests the late incursion of meteoric fluids as the hydrothermal system waned. Syn-mineralization calcite veins mainly from Fortuna (Table 3.6) span a wide range of δ18O values (11.48 to 18.7 per mil VSMOW); however, most of them fall within the range of 11.5 to 14.9 per mil VSMOW (Fig. 3.40B), which indicate they are in equilibrium with magmatic fluid at temperatures of 330 to 420ºC. Oxygen isotope compositions of calcite veins from Quarry Bench and Antamina West suggest isotopic equilibrium of calcite 182 with magmatic fluid at temperatures as high as 580ºC (Fig. 3.40B). Strontium composition of marble, hornfels and calcite veins in comparison to the magmatic rocks at Antamina confirm the slow diffusion of Sr isotopes in solid phases (Frimmel, 1992). The temporal and hydrologic relationship between the zones of massive bleaching and brown carbonate veins is not known. However, δ13C values of these veins are unusually light, as low as –10.0 per mil VPDB. Large negative δ13C is often attributed to organic C sources or to microbial activity. One potential source of organic carbon is the graphite oxidized and volatilized during bleaching of marble. If this is the source of the isotopically light carbon, then the δ13C values of the veins may provide a link between the bleached marble fluid flow pathways and the fracture controlled vein systems. Oxygen versus strontium isotope composition plot of syn-mineral calcite veins, intrusive rocks and unaltered limestone indicates a mixed magmatic-sedimentary source for the strontium in the calcite veins. Oxygen isotope values of these veins (<20.0‰ VSMOW) confirm their association with magmatic fluids. The commonly low Rb/Sr ratios of marble and limestone indicate a negligible variation in Sr/Sr as a function of age. The strontium composition of marble, hornfels and unaltered limestones fall in a similar range of values with the exception of tan hornfels. The high Sr/Sr composition of tan hornfels is probably influenced by an older and more radiogenic source of its siliciclastic content. The elevated Al content and the high Rb/Sr ratio of tan hornfels confirm the influence of an isotopically heterogeneous source for these rocks. It is worth mentioning the higher strontium composition of host rocks in comparison to the nearby intrusive rocks. This fact may indicate a low interaction between magmatic-hydrothermal fluids with the host rocks in Antamina. High 87Sr/86Sr ratios of host rocks and veins in Antamina suggest a complete resetting of the original carbonate sedimentary signature caused by the interaction of deep circulating fluids with old siliciclastic rocks (Satish- Kumar et al., 2003) In summary, oxygen isotope depletions in limestone, hornfels and marble reflect exchange with magmatic fluids at temperatures from 600 to 400ºC. Quartz phenocrysts record δ18O of magmatic fluid in the range 9 to 11 per mil δ18O. Endoskarn and exoskarn garnet are in oxygen isotope equilibrium with magmatic fluid at temperatures of about 600 ºC. Calcite ± sulfide and oxide veins hosted in limestone at Fortuna and Fortuna East are in 183 oxygen isotope equilibrium with magmatic fluid at temperatures of about 400 ºC. Strontium isotope composition of orange red fluorescent calcite veins, marble and hornfels in Antamina indicate a mostly sedimentary source for the strontium in these rocks, and the poor effect of spent fluids in these thermal aureoles. 3.8.4 Implications for mineral exploration It has been shown in this study that visible and cryptic alteration extends as far as 1 km from Antamina. Large halos of thermal alteration characterize the peripheral zone to the mineralized skarn, which is characterized by wide bands of bleached marble and brown to tan marble and hornfels. The latter associated to the initial prograde metamorphism and then overprinted by the potassic alteration process developed in the mineralizing intrusion. Distinctive thermal visible and geochemical zonation around the skarn indicates that the metal content outside the skarn drops abruptly outside the marble-hornfels aureole. However, the systematic sampling of host rocks perpendicular to the fluid escape conduits yield alteration halos that are reflected in trace element and oxygen isotope anomalies 400 metres above the system. Oxygen isotope depletion defines the widest halos at moderate to shallow depths, whereas at depth in the marble-hornfels aureole δ18O depletion halos are small and lie within the zone of visible alteration (bleached marble and hornfels). The lack of δ18O depletion halos in the white marble zone indicates the effectiveness of marble as a seal to the mineralizing fluids. The distribution of alteration features is summarized in Figure 3.41. Stable isotope compositions of fluorescent veins demonstrate the strong relationship between moderate to strong ORF with light δ18O values. UVF halos to the main fluid conduits indicate the concomitant circulation of fluids in the damage zone around the main fluid escape conduits demonstrating the importance of defining and tracking UVF halos in mineral exploration especially when the permeability of the host rocks is very low. In conclusion, visible alteration and cryptic alteration halos around Antamina define a large-scale zoning that can be used to vectorize concealed skarn deposits even in areas with limited distribution of thermal aureoles. 184 Figure 3.41: Synthesis of distal alteration to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit.185 3.9 References Allcock, J.B., 1982, Skarn and porphyry copper mineralization at Mines Gaspe, Murdochville, Quebec. Economic Geology, vol. 77, p. 971-999. Angeles, C., 2002, Geologia estructural del sector oriental del distrito minero de Uchucchacua (Prov. 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Zheng, Y.F., 1993, Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in anhydrous silicate Minerals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, p. 1079-1091. 192 Chapter 4: Distal alteration and source of fluids in the Ag-Pb- Zn-Mn Rosa vein and associated replacement deposits at Uchucchacua, Perú3 4.1 Introduction Hydrothermal alteration related to Ag-base metal deposits hosted in carbonate rocks has been documented by many workers, and these deposits have been considered as the distal part of high temperature carbonate replacement deposits and Cu skarns (e.g. Beaty et al., 1990; Einaudi et al., 1981; Megaw, 1988, 1998; Meinert, 1997; Titley, 1993, 1996). Among the diverse types of alteration that may be associated with these deposits, the presence of manganese oxides, dolomitization and jasperoids are relatively common (Alvarez and Noble, 1988; Friehauf and Pareja, 1988, Megaw, 1998). However, these visible alteration features are not always present together, and often are subtle or absent making it difficult to determine exploration targets based on these features alone. Trace element composition of visible alteration (e.g. veins, Fe and Mn oxides, jasperoids, etc) shows a clear correlation with the suite of metals related to epithermal deposits (Ag, Hg, As, and Au). However trace element halos have not been constrained in detail. Halos of oxygen and carbon isotopes around skarn and carbonate replacement deposits have been studied with variable results but the examination of halos to the fluid escape conduits and the trace element content of the host rocks have not been addressed in detail to test their possible use in mineral exploration and the likely conditions of fluid-rock interaction. This study presents a detailed characterization of the visible and cryptic alteration envelopes in terms of magnitude, extent, and zonation to the Rosa vein, one of the most productive veins of the Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn Uchucchacua vein deposit. Trace element and oxygen isotope compositions of host rocks and veins are integrated with orange red fluorescence of veins and other relevant geologic features as a basis for interpreting fluid- rock interaction processes, large-scale zonation of water-rock interaction, and alteration zoning of Ag-base metal deposits. Oxygen and strontium isotope compositions are also 3 A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication. Escalante, A., Dipple, G., Tosdal, R., Ebert, S., Sabastizagal, A. Distal Alteration and Source of Fluids in the Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn Rosa vein and Associated Replacement Deposits at Uchucchacua, Peru. 193 presented to constrain the source of fluids and combined with mineralogical and trace element data determine the relationship of Uchucchacua to a magmatic hydrothermal system. Results of this study especially the lateral and vertical zonation of the alteration halos may be used as a pattern in the exploration of precious and base metals hosted in carbonate rocks that lack visible alteration features. 4.2 Deposit geology The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn Uchucchacua Vein Deposit is located in the eastern flank of the western Peruvian Andes, at 10° 37’S and 76°41' W, and at 4,650 meters altitude (Fig. 4.1). This deposit, 170 km north-northeast of Lima, mainly consists of silver- and manganese- rich veins and bonanza ore bodies with minor amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu, which are hosted in the highly deformed Upper Cretaceous Jumasha Formation. Local small and low-grade skarn bodies are also found within the district associated with 24.5 to 25.3 Ma dacite intrusions that apparently pre-dated the main stage of silver mineralization (Noble and McKee, 1999; Bissig et al., 2005). Age of silver mineralization is unknown however it is inferred to be within the Middle to Upper Miocene (15 to 8 Ma) from comparison with other deposits in the polymetallic belt (Bussell et al, 1990; Petersen, 1999) The Jumasha Formation in the vicinity of the mine consists of approximately 1,400 metres of fine-grained, massive limestones interbedded with marly limestones, nodular limestones and marls, having been divided into four members from oldest to the youngest are: Jumasha I, II, III and IV (Jaillard, 1986; Angeles, 2002). These rocks have been affected by several phases of folding and faulting mainly related to the Eocene Incaic tectonic event (Romani, 1982). The products of deformation are the NW-SE Cachipampa anticline; the NNW-SSE thrust faults, the NE-SW Socorro – Luz and Uchucchacua fault vein systems and their conjugated EW fracture system. East-west striking conjugate fractures are important hosts to ore deposition. The Uchucchacua District is divided into four areas: Socorro, Carmen, Casualidad and Huantajalla, according to the relative concentration of Ag-rich veins and ore bodies. The main tectonic structures present in the district are NE-SW and EW-NWSE, the former mainly developed in the Socorro and Casualidad areas whereas the latter controls the mineral distribution in the Carmen area. Mineralization has been recognized in surface in a 4 x 1.5 km area and it consists of up to 1200 metres long, discontinuous, Mn Oxide-rich 194 Figure 4.1: Location and regional geologic map of Uchucchacua mining district. A. Sketch map of Peru showing the location of Uchucchacua. B. Regional geological map of Uchucchacua. Modified from Cobbing, J. et al., 1973. 195 calcite veins and irregular breccia bodies (Sabastizagal, 2003), with most of them located in the hinge and the western flank of the N20°W Cachipampa anticline. The veins are structurally controlled by three fracture systems (Fig. 4.2): NW-SE (Socorro 1, Camucha, Lucero, Dora y V3), E-W (Rosa, Sandra, Consuelo, Silvana, etc) and NE-SW (Luz, Casualidad, Victoria, Plomopampa, Huantajalla), and they are mainly composed of sulfides, whereas manganese silicates and sulfides form the orebodies (Bussell et al., 1990; Petersen et al., 2004). Ore mineralization at Uchucchacua is characterized by an unusual abundance and variety of Mn, Fe, Pb-Ag-Sb, and As sulfosalts and base metal sulfides (Bussell et al., 1990; Petersen, 1995) that are related to low and moderate temperature hydrothermal systems (Petersen, 1995). Four paragenetic stages were determined at Uchucchacua (Bussell et al., 1990): 1. An exoskarn stage characterized by anhydrous Mn-Fe-Ca silicates 2. Main stage formed by Zn-Mn-Fe, Pb, and Cu-Fe sulfides, Mn-Ca carbonates, anhydrous and hydrous silicates, tetrahedrite and magnetite. 3. Late stage characterized by decreasing Fe content of alabandite and sphalerite, deposition of Ag-Mn sulfides and Ag-Sb-As sulfosalts with calcite. 4. Supergene oxidation formed by Mn hydroxides, goethite, orpiment, marcasite, cerussite and siderite. The Rosa vein is one of the most productive veins in the District. It has been traced at surface for more than 1.5 km along an east-west strike with near vertical dip. The vein consists of anastomosing calcite + MnOx ± Fe oxide veins in surface that change into calcite ± rhodocrosite ± Mn silicates + Ag sulfosalts ± base metal sulfides in depth. The Rosa vein ranges in width from up to several meters in surface to about 1 metre at the deepest levels of the mine. This vein has undergone a greater vertical slip (~100 m) than most other mineralized fractures in Uchucchacua (Bussell and Baxter, 1986). Replacement ore bodies are tabular sheets that generally occupy the north wall of the Rosa vein (Bussell et al., 1990). Alteration features around the veins and ore bodies are subtle to undistinguishable. Our study of alteration at Uchucchacua is focused mainly at the proximal (20 m) to distal (100 m) halos around the Rosa vein. 196 Figure 4.2: Geological map and schematic cross section of the Uchucchacua mining district, showing the distribution of the main stratigraphic units and the zones of mining explotation. Modified from Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., unidad de produccion Uchucchacua, 2004. 197 4.3 Intrusive igneous rocks Intrusive rocks at Uchucchacua appear as kilometer long, thin dikes and sills that have been differentiated in a relatively older andesite to hornblende–rich andesite, and a younger andesite to dacite porphyry (Bussell et al, 1990, Angeles, 2002). Andesite and hornblende-rich andesite occur as folded sill and dikes within the Cachipampa syncline (Fig. 4.2) suggesting an age older than the Eocene Incaic tectonic deformation (Angeles, 2002). These dikes are altered to chlorite, calcite, quartz and clays with traces of pyrite and magnetite (Angeles, 2002). Andesite to dacite porphyry intrusions appear as dikes and apophyses with restricted halos of marble and skarn, and locally associated with hydrothermal breccias. They occur especially at the western part of Cerro Nazareno controlled by N-S and NE-SW to EW tectonic lineaments. The N-S oriented andesite porphyry dikes outcrop west of the Uchucchacua-Cachipampa fault system (Fig. 4.2) and appear interfingered with thin marble layers. These dikes seem to be controlled by the low-angle Cutacocha fault. They consist of subhedral tabular, weakly argillized plagioclase phenocrysts (2 mm long in average), moderately epidotized biotite, and traces of quartz supported in a microcrystalline feldspar matrix. Local calcite – chlorite veinlets and traces of pyrite and magnetite are also observed (Fig. 4.3A). The NE-SW to EW oriented andesite to dacite porphyry intrusions crop out between Socorro and Plomopampa as discontinuous apophyses and dikes crosscut by the NE-SW fault-veins (Socorro and Plomopampa) and the E-W fault veins (Sandra vein) (Fig. 4.2). These dikes consist of 30% vol. strongly argillized feldspar phenocrysts, 2-5% vol. anhedral quartz and 5% vol. moderately chloritized and strongly argillized ferromagnesian minerals supported in a strongly argillized and moderately propilitized microcrystalline feldspar matrix (Fig 4.3B). It also contains 2% vol. sulfides disseminated in the matrix: pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and local chalcopyrite. This rock grades compositionally into dacite, which is characterized by the greater amount of quartz phenocrysts (15% vol.) and fresh to weakly epidotized biotite (Figs. 4.3C, D and E). Dacite porphyry dikes develop a poorly mineralized, metre-scale exoskarn - bleached marble aureole in the limestone, with a poorly mineralized garnet and wollastonite endoskarn (Bussell et al., 1990). An 40Ar/39Ar age of 24.5 Ma has been reported for these dikes (Noble and McKee, 1999), being 198 Figure 4.3: Captions are on following page. 199 Figure 4.3: Photomicrographs of intrusive rocks from Uchucchacua. A. Weakly argillized and moderately propilitized, plagioclase-rich andesite porphyry dike adjacent to the Cutacocha Fault (4PUA521) 5X, cross polars. B. Strongly argillized and moderately propilitized andesite porphyry dike with 2% disseminated sulfides (py- po). Sample 4PUA530, level 4120 m, 5X, cross polars. C. Moderate to strongly argillized and propilitized, coarse-grained, dacite porphyry dike taken from the footwall of Sandra vein, level 4450 m (Sample 3PUA557). Biotite relicts appears partially replaced by epidote, 5X, cross polars. D. Moderately argillized and weakly epidotized coarse-grained quartz-feldspar porphyry dike (dacite?) taken 1 m away its garnet halo at the level 4450 m (3PUA558), 5X, cross polars. E. Sample 3PUA558 showing epidote invading argillized plagioclase phenocrysts. 40Ar/39Ar analysis of biotite from this sample yielded an age of 25.28 ± 0.44 Ma. 5X, parallel nicols. F. Moderately argillized and propilitized dacite dike from Plomopampa. Epidote appears replacing plagioclase and associated with calcite and pyrite forming thin halos around quartz phenocrysts. Sample 4PUA649, 10X, cross polars. 200 confirmed by Bissig et al. (2005) who reported an age of 25.28 ± 0.44 Ma. Fine- to medium-grained, moderately argillized and propilitized feldspar ± quartz porphyry dikes outcrop at Plomopampa. These dikes consists of 75% vol. microcrystalline feldspar matrix, 5% vol. feldspar phenocrysts, 10% vol. quartz phenocrysts locally surrounded by mm-scale halos of euhedral pyrite, epidote and calcite (Fig. 4.3F), 10% vol. epidote replacing ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars and traces of biotite. These dikes do not form skarn halos in limestone. 4.4 Host rocks and visible alteration patterns Silver and manganese-rich veins and ore bodies at Uchucchacua are mainly hosted in the gray to brownish gray, organic-rich limestone and marly limestone units of the member II of the Jumasha Formation (Angeles, 2002). Visible alteration features around the veins and ore bodies are subtle to undistinguishable. Trace elements and stable isotope signatures of host rocks and UVF of calcite veins have been used to track the extension of fluid rock interaction at different levels of the mine. Visible alteration at surface consists of a high density of discontinuous centimetre-scale calcite ± Mn-oxide veins and breccias (Figs. 4.4A, B, D), whereas centimetre-scale bleaching and silicification around calcite ± sulfide veins are recognized at deeper levels resembling similar alteration products found at Antamina (Figs. 4.5A and B). The most striking visible alteration feature is the abundance of manganese oxides at surface in close association with Fe oxides and calcite in lenses, pods or as fracture fillings, however these features do not always indicate the presence of precious or base metal mineralization in carbonate rocks (Large et al., 2001) that need to be examined in conjunction with trace element and variation in the O and C isotope composition of the host rocks. 4.4.1 Methods Host rocks and alteration products were examined by petrographic microscope, Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Representative carbonate veins were examined with the Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) and the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Sampling database is shown in Appendix C1 201 Figure 4.4: Photographs and micrographs of limestone from Uchucchacua. A. Panoramic view of Rosa vein looking east and showing the stratigraphic sequence of Jumasha Formation. B. Close up of a brecciated calcite vein above 4800 m elevation, showing fragments of limestone and cm-scale crusts of Mn oxides. C. Close up of fossiliferous limestone near Monica ore body at the level 4240 m. D. Strong density of calcite veins proximal to the Rosa vein at the level 4450 m. E. Fossiliferous limestone adjacent to a calcite vein at the 4300 m level, 10X, cross polars. F. Photomicrograph of calcarenite, 20X, cross polars. 202 Figure 4.5: Photographs of hornfels, marble and veins from Uchucchacua. A. Centimetre-scale hornfels halo to calcite veinlets adjacent to the Rosa vein, level 4360 m. B. Marble patches in the vicinity of the Rosa vein at the level 4120 m. C. Sigmoidal syntectonic veins hosted in the member II of Jumasha formation near Plomopampa campsite. D. Close up of the Rosa vein at 4940 m. elevation showing cm-scale bands of calcite and Mn oxide crosscut by a later generation of calcite veins. E. Close up of the Rosa vein at 4940 m elevation showing a typical cockade texture related to several rolling-accretion and collapse events in an open space (Genna et al., 1996). F. Close up of the Monica orebody at the 4240 m level showing cockade texture with nucleous of silicified limestone surrounded by carbonates (white and pinkish white), bustamite and johansonite (greenish brown), rhodonite (pink) and mm-scale sulfosalts and sulfides. 203 whereas petrography, pima, XRD and SEM results are discussed below and tabulated in Appendix C2. 4.4.2 Limestone Gray to grayish brown limestone dominates the Jumasha Formation in the vicinity of the Carmen mine. The gray color reflects a moderate to high organic content, which is especially found in stylolites. Mineral content is similar to limestone around Antamina: calcite, K-feldspar, quartz and pyrite with minor amounts of mica (biotite), ankerite and kaolinite. Pyrite occurs as subhedral grains up to 5% volume of the sample. Limestone is weakly to moderately recrystallized, and contains up to 65% vol. fossils, mainly foraminifera and radiolaria, and 5% vol. ooids (Fig. 4.4C and E) varying from wackestone to packstone according to Dunham’s classification of carbonates (1962). Calcarenite beds with high quartz content have also been recognized within the sequence of massive and thin-bedded limestones (Fig. 4.4F). Rock texture indicates the existence of interparticle, fracture and channel type porosity in limestone at Uchucchacua according to Choquette and Pray’s classification of carbonate porosity (1970). The high density of calcite veins surrounding the main ore structures demarcates a main fracture-controlled permeability in the District. This feature is confirmed by the wide distribution of stylolites that also appear crosscutting some calcite veinlets suggesting a long-term, high dissolution process that reduced pore space under pressure (Schmittbuhl et al., 2004). 4.4.3 Hornfels Hornfels is developed close to the Rosa vein and associated ore bodies at the 4360 metres level and below. It consists of centimetre-scale brown halos (selvages) developed along calcite + sulfide veinlets and sulfide filled fractures. Sharp contacts with host rocks and proximity to calcite veins indicate they are the alteration products of limestone (Fig. 4.5A), which reflects the limits of leakage from the vein (Yardley and Lloyd, 1995). Gray, white and greenish gray hornfels have not been recognized in Uchucchacua. Brown hornfels contains calcite, quartz, biotite, K-feldspar, pyrite, and trace amounts of clinopyroxene. Quartz, K-feldspar and biotite occur as anhedral minute grains filling cracks and associated with late calcite. These brown “silicified” halos around calcite + sulfide 204 veins are texturally finer and contain fewer sulfides (mainly pyrite) than the surrounding limestone. 4.4.4 Marble Marble consists of light gray to white, discontinuous and irregular halos to dacite and andesite porphyry dikes (Fig. 4.2), and as white to tan patches close to the Rosa vein in the deepest levels of the Carmen mine (Fig. 4.5B). Marble ± calc-silicates (garnet ± wollastonite) aureoles to intrusive dacite dikes appear at the western margin of the Carmen and Casualidad mines, and are crosscut by mineralized faults such as the Sandra fault-vein. Marble aureoles consist of coarse-grained, centimetre-scale patches of calcite, quartz, mica, kaolinite, siderite and pyrite. Pyrite also appears as minute rossetes resembling marcasite aggregates. Marble patches close to the Rosa vein do not contain sulfide mineralization but replace oolitic and fossiliferous brownish gray limestone. The contact between marble and limestone is sharp (Fig. 4.5B) characterized by fine-grained aggregates of calcite ± quartz ± biotite ± k-feldspar close to the limestone that coarsens towards the center of the marble patch. This contact also coincides with absence of organic matter suggesting a bleaching origin similar to that at Antamina. 4.4.5 Skarn Two types of calc-silicate skarn are recognized: Mn-Fe-Ca-silicate replacement bodies along the main ore veins, and garnet skarn with traces of sulfides related to the emplacement of dacite porphyry dikes (Figs. 4.2 and 4.5F). Manganese-Fe-Ca silicates appear restricted to the veins and replacement ore bodies. Their distribution is variable and they appear in the first stages of the paragenetic evolution of the District closely associated to the Zn-Mn-Fe, Pb and Cu-Fe sulfides (Bussell et al, 1990). Calc-silicate + sulfide orebodies contain quartz, ferroan tephroite, johannsonite, rhodonite, bustamite, manganpyrosmalite, friedelite, and manganaxinite, partially replaced by carbonates and sulfides (Bussell et al, 1990). The ore bodies are not in contact with dacite porphyry dikes. Grossular to andradite garnet and trace amounts of wollastonite are found within the endoskarn alteration halo developed around dacite porphyry dikes and plugs at the western 205 margin of the Carmen and Casualidad mines (Bussell et al, 1990; Angeles, 2002). These halos grade outward to grossular garnet exoskarn and coarse-grained white marble. Exoskarn contains trace amounts of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena (Sabastizagal, 2003), which occur disseminated and as fracture-fillings. The zonation from brown hornfels and Mn-Fe-Ca silicate at moderate depths to garnet skarn and white to tan marble at the deepest levels may reflect a thermal grading during mineralization. 4.4.6 Veins Veins are widespread within the District, especially between the Carmen and Socorro areas (Fig. 4.2). They are 1-1.5 km long and range from 0.1 to 30 m wide, having mainly NE-SW to E-W orientations (Sabastizagal, 2003). Economic veins consist of calcite and Mn oxides in surface varying into carbonate (calcite, rhodocrosite, kutnohorite and dolomite), Mn-Fe-Ca silicate and sulfide minerals in the deeper levels (Bussell et al., 1990, Sabastizagal, 2003). These veins commonly splay in the host rocks forming irregular, discontinuous, centimetre-scale white calcite veins that are the most prominent feature in the District. Veins form swarms that enclose the major fault-vein systems and appear in all stages of mineralization (Bussell et al., 1990). Optical microscopy and SEM observations of veins define at least three events of veining at Uchucchacua: pre-, syn- and post- mineral. Pre-mineralization, syntectonic calcite veins are white, ptygmatic and discontinuous. They are fibrous, and are mutually crosscutting with stylolites that commonly contain quartz grains filling their fractures (Fig. 4.5C). Local, thin, dolomite veinlets appear crosscutting former white calcite veins at the 4300 level although they seem to precede the main mineralization stage at Uchucchacua. Syn-mineral veins define crustiform, cockade and cavity-filling textures (Alpers, 1980). At surface (4940, 4830 and 4725 m elevation) large crustiform banded white and gray calcite vein marks the barren upper level of the Rosa vein system (Fig. 4.5D). Cockade textures are observed in surface and underground. This texture consists of symmetrical banding and crustification around centimetre size nucleus of fractured material (Fig. 4.5E). Cockade textures commonly develop in open spaces formed by collapse events within the vein (Genna et al., 1996). Underground, abundant banded calcite vein swarms enclose the Rosa vein in both the footwall and hanging wall. Syn-mineral veins appear related to three fracturing systems: NW-SE, EW and NE-SW, where the replacement 206 orebodies occur in zones of wall rock dilation produced by sinistral movements with a near horizontal slip (Bussell et al, 1990). Silicates, carbonates and sulfides form the main mineral stage; whereas the late stage consists of carbonates, sulfides and sulfosalts (Bussell et al., 1990). Syn-mineralization veins crosscut stylolites and commonly exhibit cockade texture (Fig. 4.5F). Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of syn-mineral calcite veins indicate the presence of anomalous Mn content in these veins. Post-mineral veins appear as millimetre to centimetre-scale veins sometimes with colloform textures that may reflect the incursion of surface waters in the system (Fig. 4.5D). Colloform bands indicate the rapid precipitation of calcium in a gelatinous state, that with time, it dehydrates and recrystallizes (Ramdohr, 1981). 4.5 Trace element composition of host rocks 4.5.1 Methods Trace element geochemical analyses were acquired on 190 samples of limestone from transects to the Rosa, Socorro, Plomopampa and Marion veins at Uchucchacua Mining District, and eight samples from one transect to the Morococha vein at the Pozo Rico prospect. Samples were collected from surface, underground workings (Crosscuts and galleries), and representative drill cores. Most of these samples (109) were taken from transects to the Rosa vein at seven levels of the mine covering an interval of 820 m (Figure 4.6, Appendix C3). During sample preparation great care was taken to exclude visible veins from the analyzed parts of the sample, although in some cases <1 mm-thick carbonate veinlets were unavoidably included especially from those transects proximal to the mineralized ore bodies. Samples were analyzed for 47 elements including Ce and La by ALS Chemex in Lima, Peru and Vancouver, Canada, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Selective samples were also assayed for Au and Hg by using Fire assay fusion and atomic absorption (Au-AA23) and cold vapor analysis (Hg-CV41), respectively. However, most of the gold values were below the laboratory detection limits. The ICP-MS results were obtained on powders prepared with four-acid near total digestion (ME-MS61 207 Figure 4.6: Geology and sampling map of Rosa vein at surface. Modified from Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., unidad de produccion Uchucchacua, 2004. 208 of ALS Chemex). Table 4.1 presents ranges, averages, median and standard deviation for trace elements in wall rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Fifty-nine samples of veins were also analyzed for trace elements using the same analytical methods used for wall rocks. Geochemical results of veins are presented and discussed in chapter 5 of this study. The entire geochemical database is shown in Appendix C4. 4.5.2 Recognition of trace element anomalies Fluid infiltration and leakage of metals from the main fluid pathways may be reflected in the chemical composition of host rocks. Circulation of fluids can produce dissolution or alteration in the host rocks at different degrees that sometimes can be imperceptible to the naked eye. Petrographic examination and trace element composition of the host rocks indicate the presence of impure carbonate rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Therefore determination of trace element background, threshold and even anomalies in these rocks must consider the recognition of the trace element inheritance of the protolith commonly related to its detrital content. One way to identify outliers is to compare the elemental concentration of both altered and unaltered rocks in relation to a group of immobile elements commonly hosted in resistant minerals (Gresens, 1967; Grant, 1986). Aluminum, zircon, titanium and some rare earth elements have been used to infer the gains and losses of other elements because of their relative immobility (Finlow-Bates and Stumpfl, 1981; Gifkins et al., 2005). Bivariate plots of these potential immobile elements may help to identify the least-mobile element in a set of data and their removal or addition to the system. In that sense, it is proposed in this study that measured metal values should be normalized against the least-mobile element to calculate the geochemical background and threshold at Uchucchacua, and to recognize the removal or addition of elements during the alteration process. At this point, it is important to emphasize that the analytical method used in the laboratory is crucial in the selection of the least-mobile element to be used in the calculation of the threshold of trace elements. Unfortunately, rock samples from Uchucchacua were analyzed by four acid digestion methods (ICP-MS61 of ALS Chemex) that do not provide accurate results from insoluble minerals. However, this method is one commonly used in mineral exploration for its cost and accuracy in the analysis of precious and base metals. In that sense, four acid digestion and lithium borate fusion results for Al, 209 Table 4.1: Averages, median and standard deviation of the host rocks to the Rosa vein detection min max N? samples Mean Median Standard limit deviation Au ppb 5 <5 50 83 4.2 2.5 6.6 Ag ppm 0.01 <0.01 >100 115 5.13 0.73 17.05 Al ppm 100 400 25700 115 7249 6200 4261 As ppm 5 <5 4390 115 195 86 438 Ba ppm 10 <10 247.5 115 58.6 37.5 53.9 Be ppm 0.05 <0.05 1.1 115 0.22 0.19 0.14 Bi ppm 0.01 <0.01 0.17 115 0.04 0.03 0.03 Ca % 0.01 19.7 39.5 115 36.3 37.5 3.2 Cd ppm 0.02 <0.02 23.1 115 0.65 0.14 2.41 Ce ppm 0.01 0.31 39.7 115 9.45 8.23 5.78 Co ppm 0.1 1 4.2 115 1.9 1.9 0.6 Cr ppm 1 2 46 115 6.8 5.0 5.1 Cs ppm 0.05 0.3 23.1 115 4.26 3.19 3.90 Cu ppm 0.2 1.6 83.8 115 5.5 4.0 8.2 Fe % 0.01 0.04 2.73 115 0.37 0.32 0.29 Ga ppm 0.05 0.31 6.35 115 1.97 1.83 1.08 Ge ppm 0.05 <0.05 0.25 115 0.08 0.07 0.06 Hf ppm 0.1 <0.1 0.7 115 0.2 0.2 0.1 Hg ppb 10 <10 1120 112 49 10 129 In ppm 0.005 <0.005 0.032 115 0.006 0.006 0.004 K % 0.01 0.02 2 115 0.55 0.43 0.43 La ppm 0.5 0.25 20.5 115 5.1 4.5 3.4 Li ppm 0.2 0.5 37.6 115 7.9 5.8 6.4 Mg % 0.01 0.08 4.09 115 0.36 0.27 0.42 Mn ppm 5 80 >10000 115 4304 2140 4815 Mo ppm 0.05 <0.05 11.6 115 1.44 0.95 1.65 Na % 0.01 <0.01 0.04 115 0.01 0.01 0.01 Nb ppm 0.1 0.1 4.7 115 1.6 1.4 1.0 Ni ppm 0.4 0.4 28.4 115 8.1 5.4 7.5 P ppm 10 10 1580 115 135 120 148 Pb ppm 0.5 0.8 2930 115 60.8 10.1 277.6 Rb ppm 0.1 0.9 122.5 115 29.1 22.3 20.6 Re ppm 0.002 <0.002 0.026 115 0.005 0.003 0.005 S % 0.01 0.01 3.86 115 0.43 0.31 0.46 Sb ppm 0.05 0.08 124.9 115 12.65 8.05 18.09 Se ppm 1 <1 7 115 1.2 0.5 1.0 Sn ppm 0.2 <0.2 3.4 115 0.4 0.3 0.5 Sr ppm 0.2 73.7 555 115 272.3 255.0 94.2 Ta ppm 0.05 <0.05 0.21 115 0.06 0.05 0.05 Te ppm 0.05 <0.05 0.5 115 0.07 0.06 0.06 Th ppm 0.2 <0.2 4 115 1.3 1.1 0.8 Ti ppm 50 <50 1200 115 377 320 239 Tl ppm 0.02 0.09 57.3 115 2.66 1.20 6.39 U ppm 0.1 0.1 3.8 115 1.3 1.2 0.7 V ppm 1 3 63 115 15 12 10 W ppm 0.1 <0.1 4.5 115 0.8 0.5 0.8 Y ppm 0.1 0.1 9.5 115 3.0 2.9 1.6 Zn ppm 2 <2 5910 115 149 28 595 Zr ppm 0.5 0.5 25.5 115 8.2 7.9 4.1 Values lower than detection limit were multiplied by 0.5 to estimate the mean, median and standard deviation Values greater than detection limit were multplied by 1.5 to estimate the mean, median and standard deviation 210 La, Y and Zr from Antamina rock samples are checked with bivariate plots in order to assess the similarity of these results. These plots show a linear correlation between Al obtained by four acid digestion and Al obtained by lithium borate fusion of samples (Fig. 4.7A). Lanthanum and yttrium show some outliers that indicate the poor accuracy of the ICP-MS 61 in the measurement of these metals (Figs. 4.7B, C and D). Appendix C5 presents the values of Al, La, Y and Zr used to construct the bivariate plots for Antamina rock samples. Immobility of Al values obtained by the four acid digestion methods was then tested using data from Uchucchacua. Bivariate plots of Al versus La, Ti, Y and Zr are constructed for 115 samples of limestone around the Rosa vein and 3 samples from Anilcocha to examine the regression lines they form. Immobile element pairs commonly form high correlated linear trends (r>= 0.90) due to mass gains and losses of mobile components during alteration (MacLean and Barrett, 1993). Bivariate plots of Al versus Ti and Zr indicate a relative immobility of these elements, whereas Al versus La and Y plots show the presence of high La and Y values probably indicating the addition of these elements during alteration (Figure 4.8). These diagrams demonstrate that Al has been immobile or the least mobile element in the host rocks at Uchucchacua during alteration and mineralization, and can be used in the calculation of the background and threshold of the other trace elements. Similar results are observed in bivariate plots constructed using data from each level of the mine (Figure 4.9). Frequency distribution of element concentration in the host rocks is also addressed in this study to observe the shape, symmetry and modality of each element distribution. The existence of several frequency distributions (normal, multimodal, fractal, multifractal or a stretched exponential) may indicate the presence of different geological processes in the District (Allegre and Lewin, 1995; Monecke et al., 2005). Correlation coefficient tables are prepared to observe the common associations among trace elements, infer the replacement of one element for another and to delineate the existence of new areas for exploration. Geochemical threshold or the upper limit of the range of background values for Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn are calculated analytically by using the Median + 2 Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) of the ratio metal/aluminum of 211 Figure 4.7: Comparative graphs of lithium borate fusion and XRF results versus four acid digestion results for aluminum, lanthanum, yttrium and zirconium from Antamina rock samples. 212 Figure 4.8: Bivariate plots of immobile elements contained in limestone rocks from Uchucchacua. Observe the Al content is several times higher than La, Ti, Y and Zr (A, B, C, D), however, they show a linear trend close to the origin. This linearity suggests that most of these values correspond to the original protolith. Relatively high values of La and Y might be due to the process of alteration and mineralization. No correlation is observed between Ti and La (E), whereas Y and La show high proportionality (F). 213 Figure 4.9: Bivariate plots of immobile elements in limestone for levels and table of regression values for each pair of elements plotted. Observe the high correlation between Al, Ti, Y and Zr for almost all the levels in the mine. 214 eight unaltered samples of limestone. This method is selected because MAD is robust against a high number of outliers and provides more realistic values for location and spread (Reimann and Filzmoser, 1999). Threshold values of the unaltered limestone are multiplied by the aluminum content to obtain a threshold value for each sample. Individual threshold values and metal measured values are then plotted versus distance of the sample from the vein in order to identify the geochemical halos to this vein. 4.5.3 Statistical distribution Host rocks to ore deposits commonly contain low concentrations of trace elements that they can be described by standard statistical distributions (Monecke et al., 2005). In that sense, frequency histograms and logarithm- transformed histograms of Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn were created to observe the statistical distribution of these elements in the limestone particularly adjacent to the Rosa vein (Figure 4.10). The majority of these elements show a J-shaped exponential distribution with a positive skewness (to the right), whereas only Bi and Cu present relative asymmetric normal distributions. Logarithm transformed histograms of the same elements (Figure 4.11) show well-centered log-normal distributions for Ag, Bi, Cu, and Mo. Cadmium, mercury, lead, arsenic, manganese and antimony present slightly asymmetric log-normal distributions, the former three skewed to the right, whereas As, Mn and Sb histograms appear skewed to the left. Thallium presents a cliff-like curve whereas Zn shows saw-toothed or comb distributions. J-shaped exponential shape of the metric histograms indicates the predominance of low contents of trace elements in the limestone rocks sampled at Uchucchacua with some outliers probably related to the slight dispersion of metals from the veins. Log normal or multifractal distributions indicate a series of successive enrichment processes (Allegre and Lewin, 1995) affected limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein. The existence of skewed and saw-toothed shapes for log-transformed data indicates the presence of highly extreme values within the population of samples analyzed. Diverse statistical distributions of metals in limestone support the use of the median + 2 median absolute deviation to estimate the geochemical threshold because these estimators do not need to follow any model (Reimann and Filzmoser, 1999). 215 Figure 4.10: Histograms of metals for limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Observe the J-shaped distribution of most of the metals examined, where only Cu and Bi develop a slight normal distribution with a clear positive skewness. 216 Figure 4.11: Log 10 transformed histograms of metals for limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Observe the Log normal shape of Ag, Bi and Cu. Cadmium and lead show moderate normal distribution with a positive skew, whereas Mn and Sb show log normal distribution with a negative skew. 217 4.5.4 Statistical correlation Statistical correlation of metal abundance in wall rocks proximal to the Rosa vein is used to define possible associations or replacement. Statistical correlations for 22 samples of limestone from surface and 93 samples from underground workings were calculated separately to observe the geochemical associations with depth. Samples from Surface (4940 and 4725 m altitude) show moderate (0.5 – 0.7) to high correlation (>0.7) between two groups of elements. The first group is formed by Au, As, Cu, Mo, Sb, Tl, P, Cr, S and Se; whereas the second group is formed by Ag, Cd, Pb, Sn and Zn. Manganese is associated with both groups showing moderate correlation with Ag and high correlation with Au. In contrast, samples from underground levels (4450 to 4120) shows moderate to high correlation between Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Fe, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Te, Sn, Tl and Zn; whereas Mn appears associated with Ga and W. Statistical correlations in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein is shown in Table 4.2. A complete list of correlation coefficients is shown in Appendix C6. Correlation coefficients for the 37 limestone samples close to Ag-rich ore bodies containing abundant calcite + sulfide veinlets show a strong association between base metals: Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ga, Pb, S, Se, Te, Tl, W and Zn. Mercury, antimony and indium correlate moderately with these elements and also between each other, whereas manganese shows moderate correlation with Cu, Ga, Sb and Sn. Correlations for nine mineralized samples with Ag grades greater than 100 ppm are different from lower grade samples. Silver correlates strongly with Cu (0.7) and weakly with Sb and S (0.45-0.52), but it has weak to no correlation with Mn, Pb, and Zn. Overall Ag mineralized samples are associated with very high Mn contents (2.9 to 33% Mn), although, Ag has a negative correlation with Mn (-0.03). This negative correlation may indicate the possible replacement of Mn silicates (1st and 2nd stages of mineralization) by silver sulfosalts (3rd stage of mineralization). In summary, Ag shows moderate to high correlation with Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn at surface and underground. High correlation of Ag with Mn is only observed in surface samples whereas high correlation of Ag with As, Cu, Hg and Tl occurs mainly in underground samples. These correlation coefficients agree with the four groups of metals 218 Table 4.2: Statistical correlation of metals in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein Metals Surface (4940 - 4725m) Underground (4450 - 4120m) moderate (0.5 - 0.7) strong (>0.7) moderate (0.5 - 0.7) strong (>0.7) Au Ba, Cr, Cu, Ga, S, Sb, Se As, Mn, Mo, P, Tl Ag, Fe, Sn, Te As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Tl, Zn Ag Mn, Mo Cd, Pb, Sn, Zn Au, Mo, Sn, Te As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Sb, Tl, Zn As Ba, Li, Mn, Mo, Pb, S Au, Cr, Cu, Ga, P, Sb, Se, Tl Mo, Sn, Te Au, Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Sb, Tl, Zn Ba Fe, Hf, K, P, Rb, Th, Ti, V, Y, Zr Be, Ga, Li Ga, Nb, Th Al, Hf, K, Rb, Ti, Zr Bi Fe, Hf, In, K, Na, Rb, Sn, Th, Ti, V, Y, Zr Ce, Rb, Th Cd Pb Ag, Sn, Zn Re, Sn, Te, Tl Au, Ag, As, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Zn Cu Au, Ga, Mn, Mo, Pb As, Cr, P, S, Sb, Se, Tl Mo, Te Au, Ag, As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, Tl, Zn Hg Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, Te, Tl, Zn In Bi, Ce, La, Na, Nb, Ta, Y Al Mn Ag, As, Cu, P, Pb, Zn Au, Mo Ga, W Mo Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Ga, P, Sb, Se, Tl Au, Mn Ag, As, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sb, Sn, Te Au, Cd, Hg, Re, S, Tl, Zn Pb As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Sn Ag, Zn Mo, Sn, Te Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, S, Sb, Tl, Zn Sb Au, Mo As, Cr, Cu, P, S, Se, Tl Mo, Te, Sn Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Tl, Zn Sn Bi, P, Pb Ag, Cd, Zn Au, Ag, As, Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Te, Zn Cu, Fe, Hg, S, Tl Tl Mo Au, As, Cr, Cu, P, S, Sb, Se Cd, Te, Zn Au, Ag, As, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Sn W Ga, Mn Zn Mn Ag, Cd, Pb, Sn Re, Sn, Te, Tl Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Pb, S, Sb 219 defined by the use of the threshold analysis of each sample normalized against aluminum as shown below. 4.5.5 Geochemical background and threshold estimation The prevalence of carbonate veins with manganese and iron oxides in the area may influence positively in the metal content of the host rocks. In that sense, three samples of relatively unaltered limestone taken at Anilcocha (2.5 km south of the mine), and five samples of limestone taken at distances greater than 45 metres from the Plomopampa vein (4450 m level) were used to determine the geochemical background of the trace elements present in the host rocks at Uchucchacua (Appendix C7). Considering that limestone at Uchucchacua are not completely clean, metal values of these apparent unaltered limestones were normalized against their respective aluminum content in order to avoid a possible bias caused by the original detrital content of the protolith. Median ± 2 median absolute deviation (MAD) of the metal /Al ratio were used to estimate the geochemical background range for each metal considering that not all the metals follow a normal or lognormal distribution as it has been explained above. Median + 2MAD result of the eight unaltered samples represents the upper limit of the geochemical background of the metal/Al ratio. This result was used for threshold calculation because it represents the positive margin of the metal distribution, which mainly indicates metal addition to the system. This method has been proven effective to distinguish if a sample has been affected by alteration or dissolution process. (Reimann et al, 2005). Background calculations are shown in Appendix C8. Geochemical background values were multiplied by the Al content on a sample-by- sample basis to determine the individual threshold for each sample. Individual threshold and measured metal values were plotted in a metal abundance versus distance to the vein diagram were anomalous values correspond to measured metal values higher than individual threshold values (Figure 4.12). Lateral and vertical trace element halos to the Rosa vein were determined by constructing these diagrams. The complete list of individual threshold and measured metal values from all sampling transects are shown in Appendix C9. 220 Figure 4.12: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the Rosa vein. These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and threshold values determined for each sample. Observe the common occurrence of “erratic” peaks within transects, which may be related to the presence of another mineralized structure or to the contamination of the sample. 221 4.5.6 Criteria used to identify geochemical halos to fluid conduits Measured values greater than individual threshold values represent anomalous values within a sampling transect. Generally, the anomalous values are concentrated close to the main mineralized structure forming an exponential or cliff-like curve. These curves are good indicators of leakage or metal dispersion from a fluid conduit. However, anomalous values sometimes occur as isolated peaks within an interval of low values suggesting the presence of mm-scale mineralized structures or simply the contamination of the sample. The presence of a cluster of anomalous values far away from a main fluid conduit may also indicate the proximity to a mineralized vein or to a replacement ore body such as that observed at the level 4300 m. (Fig. 4.12 and 4300 level sampling map). Erratic peaks should not be included as part of the anomalous halo to a vein unless they are within a group of mostly anomalous values otherwise they must be considered as part of another fluid conduit (Fig. 4.12 – Ag levels 4360 and 4180). No halos are reported when metal measured values are very similar or lower than individual threshold values close to the examined mineralized structure (Fig. 4.12 – Pb at 4940 m). Diagrams of metal abundance versus distance from the vein were constructed for Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn from levels 4940 m, 4725 m, 4450 m, 4360 m, 4300 m, 4180 m and 4120 m. These diagrams represent sampling transects performed distal (>100 m) and proximal (50 m) to the zone of replacement ore bodies, e.g: Rosalia, Rosario, Claudia, etc (Fig. 4.6). However, the anomalous halos observed in these transects do not show striking variations (Appendix C10) suggesting that these diagrams may be used efficiently in the exploration of replacement ore bodies at distances of more than 100 meters. The extent of halos for each element assessed is shown in Table 4.3. Trace element contents of the host rocks of Plomopampa vein were plotted as metal abundance versus distance to the vein graphs to compare them with the graphs of Rosa vein host rocks (Appendix C11). The diagram of Ag and Pb for the four transects sampled at Plomopampa is shown in Fig 4.13, where it can be noted wider halos in surface and narrow at depth. It can also be observed the similarity between the range of halos of Ag and Pb around this vein. 222 Table 4.3: Geochemical halos to the Rosa vein based on metal/Al ratios (synthesis) Marginal to the main ore bodies Proximal to the main ore bodies Transect - Level (m.) R2 - 4725 R10 - 4450 R8 - 4360 R7 - 4180 R1 - 4940 R3 - 4450 R6 - 4360 R9 - 4120 Metal Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Ag 10 10 30 58 7 10 >33 >70 As >16 10 45 58 >18 >14 >33 35 Ba 8 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Bi 10 0 25 0 0.5 10 0 35 Cd 6 0 8 12 9 >14 10 0 Cu 0 0 15 0 0 10 4 12 Hg 2 0 15 12 5 10 3 10 In 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mn >16 10 62 65 >18 >14 >33 >70 Mo 8 0 0 12 0.5 11 0 0 Pb 8 10 15 20 0 >14 10 >70 Sb 10 8 60 58 >18 >14 >33 0 Tl 8 0 15 0 17 11 5 0 W 0 0 0 0 0.5 9 0 0 Zn 6 8 15 15 >18 >14 >33 15 223 Figure 4.13: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein. These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and threshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. 224 Silver, antimony and arsenic represent the widest and strongest halos at Uchucchacua and extends 10’s to 100’s of meters outward from fluid conduits. Other metals show thinner halos but consistent with their depth of deposition. Diagrams of metal content versus distance to the Rosa vein for all the sampling transects are shown in Appendix C7. Four groups of elements were identified based on the intensity, size and vertical extent of the alteration halos (Figs. 4.14A and B): Group 1: Ag, As, Mn, Pb, Zn with prevalent deep to shallow halos Group 2: Cd, Hg, Sb, Tl, with moderate halos at shallow and intermediate levels Group 3: Bi, Cu, Mo with moderate halos at intermediate and deep levels Group 4: Ba, In, W with small and random distribution of halos to no halos These four groups of elements are coherent with the vertical distribution of metals in veins defined by Emmons (1931) and constrain the association of Ag with arsenic, manganese, lead and zinc. In contrast, metals of group 2 define a zone of low to intermediate temperature for the levels sampled at Ucchuchacua. Group 3 indicates higher temperatures at deep levels in Uchucchacua, whereas the random distribution of elements of group 4 is likely associated with the lack of Ba, In, and W minerals in the system as can be noted in the paragenetic sequence of the District (Bussell, 1990, Petersen, 1995). Trace element halo groups indicate intermediate to low temperature for mineral deposition and alteration from deep to shallow levels at Uchucchacua, which is consistent with the visible alteration features described before. Geochemical analysis of calcite veins at surface (4940 and 4725 metre elevation) contains weak anomalies in Ag and Mn. The most significant anomalies are associated with Mn-bearing breccias and veinlets, which locally contain more than 100 ppm Ag , and strong Au, As, Cu, Pb, Sb, Tl, Zn and Hg anomalies. Within Carmen mine 4450 to 4120 metre levels, calcite from the Rosa vein is consistently mineralized and contains strong Ag, Mn, As, Hg, Sb, Tl, Pb, Zn, Cd and P anomalies and weak Au, Cu, Sn, W anomalies. The anomalies are restricted to veins with little dispersion into unveined carbonate wall rocks. 4.5.7 Summary of main points The four groups of elements recognized in the mine based on the anomalous geochemical halos they define, indicate a continuation of the zonation at Antamina, with Uchucchacua representing shallow levels of the composite system. Silver, antimony and 225 Figure 4.14A: Summary of trace element halo distribution with depth on the Rosa vein: groups 1 and 2 226 Figure 4.14B: Summary of trace element halo distribution with depth on the Rosa vein: groups 3 and 4 227 arsenic represent the widest and strongest halos at Antamina and Uchucchacua, and extend for 10’s to 100’s of metres outward from major fluid conduits, where arsenic is found anomalous in all the sampled transects at Uchucchacua. Trace element distribution in the wall rocks adjacent to the fluid conduits at Uchucchacua may be used as a vector to define concealed Ag replacement ore bodies at distances greater than 100 metres. 4.6 UVF of calcite veins One distinctive feature of the mineralization at Uchucchacua is the presence of abundant calcite veins and manganese as oxides, sulfides and silicates. Manganese is considered as the main activator of fluorescence in calcite veins and it is expressed in red to orange red colors (Aguilar and Osendi, 1982; Brown, 1934; Marfunin, 1979). This feature has been recognized at Uchucchacua especially the presence of clusters of veins with moderate to strong orange red fluorescence (ORF) close to the main sulfide-rich ore structures. Some authors ascribed the ORF of calcite to the presence of Mn + others ions such as Ag, Ga, In, Pb, Zn, Tl (Gies, 1975, Marfunin, 1979 and others) that this property may be used to identify ore-bearing calcite veins from others formed by syn-tectonic or dissolution-precipitation processes. Therefore, the record of fluorescence in calcite veins may be used to constrain about the fluid flow circulation especially distal to Ag-base metal deposits hosted in carbonate rocks where visible alteration is commonly subtle or imperceptible. Large scale zoning of this property is shown here to be of applicability in the exploration of these deposits. Trace element content of these veins and the main activators of fluorescence in calcite are discussed in detail in chapter 5 of this study. 4.6.1 Methodology UVF of calcite veins was assessed in situ on all accessible levels of the mine as well as from some of the most representative diamond drill core. This property was examined with a short wave UV hand lamp in the same sampling transects used to check the geochemistry and isotope signature of the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Yellow, white, bluish white, light green and orange red fluorescent colors as well as non-fluorescent veins were identified in the calcite veins at Uchucchacua (Fig. 4.15). However, red to orange red were the most prevalent fluorescent colors of calcite to the UV light appearing with weak, moderate and strong intensities. These intensities were recorded with numbers 228 Figure 4.15: Calcite vein fluorescence at Uchucchacua. A. White, yellow and non-fluorescent veins, Marion vein, 4950 m elevation. B. White and non-fluorescent calcite bands of the Rosa vein at 4940 m. elevation. C. Massiv red fluorescence of Rosa vein from 4300 m level. D. Crustiform calcite with orange red, white and yellow fluorescence. Sample taken 53 m from rosa vein at 4925 m elevation. E. Orange red fluorescent calcite with brown silicified halos, 4m away from the Rosa vein at the level 4360 m. F. Poliphase calcite veining showing an early non-fluorescent event followed by successive strong orange red and whit fluorescent calcite events. Sample taken 32 m from the Rosa vein at the level 4360 m. 229 5, 10 and 15 respectively, whereas non-fluorescent veins were represented with number 1. Strong orange red fluorescent (ORF) calcite veins commonly appear as clusters of three or more cm-scale veins adjacent to a sulfide bearing vein or replacement ore bodies. Therefore, ORF of veins was measured in intervals along underground workings, drill core or even transects to localize potential mineralized fluid conduits. A zone of strong ORF is determined by the predominance of veins with this intensity over veins with moderate, weak or non-fluorescence. The same procedure was followed to recognize zones of moderate or weak ORF. In this study, zones of ORF were recorded at the interval of influence of a rock sample and they were plotted in diagrams of UVF intensity versus distance to the vein (Fig. 4.16). Anomalous UVF halos are identified as concentrations of strong and/or moderate ORF zones or clusters adjacent to an ore vein (i.e. the Rosa vein). In that sense, the predominance of weak ORF or non-fluorescent veins in the first metres away from the Rosa vein do not define anomalous UVF halos even though moderate and strong ORF zones appear after such as at the 4920 m transect (Fig. 4.16). Metal content of fluorescent and non-fluorescent calcite veins were assessed by ICP-MS analysis of drilled veins at the ALS-Chemex lab, and by microprobe analysis of the most representative samples at UBC. Results of these analyses are presented and discussed in chapter 5 of this study. 4.6.2 Results: lateral and vertical zoning Orange red fluorescence is widespread at the Carmen mine, Socorro, Plomopampa and Pozo Rico. This feature is not clear at the top levels of the Marion vein (4970 m elevation). Moderate and strong orange red fluorescence typically occurs proximal to sulfide rich mineralized ore bodies. However, this signature is also observed in thin calcite veins containing small amounts of sulfides. Therefore, the orange red fluorescence of calcite veins should be considered in conjunction with other indicators if used in exploration. Diagrams of UVF intensity versus distance to the vein were constructed for all the sampling transects to the Rosa vein (Fig. 4.16). Orange red fluorescence defines strong alteration halos up to 30 metres in width at depth. The halos thin at shallow levels (Fig. 4.16). It is worth noting that the color of UVF response correlates with vein timing. Pre- mineral veins do not fluoresce. Syn-mineralization veins typically have strong orange red 230 Figure 4.16: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein. 231 fluorescence. Yellow and white fluorescent colors commonly occur as thin halos around orange red fluorescing mineralized veins and may reflect an alteration product of calcite. Thin, gray, post-mineral veins typically do not fluoresce, although they sometimes show a very weak orange red fluorescence. Rhodocrosite and dolomite veins do not fluoresce. 4.7 Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions Measurements of oxygen and carbon isotopes were made on limestone and calcite veins no farther than 100 metres from the main mineralized structures, considering that oxygen isotope ratios of carbonate rocks are sensitive to hydrothermal fluids with they interact (Valley, 1986, Bowman, 1998) and may develop anomalous halos to these structures. Moreover, δ18O and δ13C isotope values may be used to observe the lateral variations of the water/rock ratio with depth, infer the temperature of the fluids, and constrain their use in mineral exploration. 4.7.1 Sampling and analysis Samples for isotopic analysis were collected from transects to the Rosa vein at nine levels of the mine (Fig. 4.17). The samples analyzed correspond to the pulps of the trace element geochemical analysis and to powders of rock obtained by mm-scale drilling in order to avoid later overprints, such as veins, diagenetic growths or mineralization. Sampling at transects were performed according to the accessibility of the outcrop. One hundred and thirty-eight samples from Uchucchacua have been analyzed for oxygen and carbon isotope composition. Of these, 46 samples correspond to calcite veins and 90 to limestone; 2 samples from the Morococha vein at the Pozo Rico prospect were also taken for reference. Three of the 90 samples of limestone taken at Anilcocha were analyzed to define the initial isotopic composition of the host rocks. Janet Gabites of the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at UBC performed the stable isotope analysis. Powdered carbonate samples were analyzed in a Finnigan Delta XL Plus mass spectrometer, using a gas bench with A200s autosampler. During the analyses, 10 aliquots of the sample CO2 were bracketed by 6 aliquots of a reference CO2 gas to provide internal calibration. External calibration was monitored using the carbonate standard NBS 18 and NBS 19. The values obtained for these two standards were used to calculate a fractionation correction that was applied to the sample results. These results 232 Figure 4.17: Oxygen versus carbon isotope composition plots for samples taken proximal to the Rosa (A), Marion (B) and Plomopampa veins (C). Observe the presence of depleted δ13C values in samples associated with Rosa (A) and Marion veins (B). No variations at Plomopampa samples (C). Graphs D and E show less Sr content in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein than in unaltered limestone and increased valus of Mn in the same suite of samples (F). 233 were reported using the δ notation (Craig, 1961) measured in parts per thousand (º/ºº) relative to the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW) and Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) standards for oxygen and carbon respectively. After correction for fractionation, repeat analyses of NBS 18 gave an average δ13C value of –5.01 ± 0.07º/ºº and δ18O value of 7.22 ± 0.08º/ºº, NBS 19 gave an average δ13C value of 1.93 ± 0.08º/ºº and δ18O value of 28.74 ± 0.18. Precision on the standards is ± 0.14 per mil. Oxygen and carbon isotope data are shown in the Appendix C12. 4.7.2 Host rocks Analysis of carbon and oxygen isotopes of limestone from transects to the Rosa vein show a trend of decreasing isotope composition in relation to three unaltered samples taken at Anilcocha, 2.5 km south of the mine (Fig. 4.17A). Lowest δ13C values are represented by mineralized limestone close to the Rosa vein (samples 2PUE305 and 2PUE325) whereas lowest δ18O value corresponds to a tan marble from the deeper level of the mine (4120 m). A similar trend is observed in the host rocks adjacent to the Marion vein (Fig. 4.17B), but not in limestone close to the Plomopampa vein (Fig. 4.17C) where almost no change is observed. Depleted values of carbon and oxygen composition in limestone proximal to sulfide veins may indicate the interaction of later fluids with the rocks. Plots of Sr abundance versus δ18O and Sr abundance versus δ13C show in average lower values of Sr in the samples around the Rosa vein than in the unaltered limestone from Anilcocha (Figs. 4.17D and E), whereas a plot of Mn abundance versus δ18O show higher values of Mn in the samples from transects to the Rosa vein than in Anilcocha limestone (Fig. 4.17F). The same plots were constructed for two transects adjacent to the Marion vein (4970 m elevation) and to the Plomopampa vein showing a slight trend of decreasing isotope composition with proximity to the vein in the samples related to the Marion vein (Figs. 4.18A, B and C), but no tendencies to those related to the Plomopampa vein (Figs. 4.18D, E and F). The strontium content in limestone crosscut by Marion and Plomopampa veins is similar to that in the unaltered limestone. The variability of oxygen and carbon isotopes in limestones with depth is shown in figures 4.19 and 4.20. Limestone distal to ore bodies, including samples from Añilcocha 2.5 km south of the mine, has oxygen and carbon isotope compositions similar to unaltered 234 Figure 4.18: Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of limestone in relation to its Sr and Mn content for samples taken close to the Marion and Plomopampa veins. Observe the weak negative trend of oxygen and carbon values in relation to the unaltered samples taken around Marion vein (A and B), but relative no variations for the samples took around Plomopampa vein (D and E). Plots of Mn versus δ18O show limestone enriched in Mn close to the Marion vein (C), but almost no variations for limestone adjacent to the Plomopampa vein (F). 235 Figure 4.19: Oxygen isotope zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein. Observe the presence of wide anomalous oxygen isotope halos at the intermediate and deeper levels of the mine. Halos are wider in the proximity to mineralized ore bodies such as at the level 4300 m. 236 Figure 4.20: Carbon isotope zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein. Observe the presence of anomalous carbon isotope halos at the intermediate levels of the mine. Isotopic threshold and halos can be defined visually in the isotope versus distance from the veins graph. Limestone from transects have depleted values of carbon isotope in samples taken from underground levels. 237 Jumasha limestone from Antamina (>20.0 per mil VSMOW – see chapter 3 of this study). As at Antamina, δ18O values decrease in the vicinity of fluid conduits. Depletion in δ18O VSMOW to values less than 20 per mil are used to define alteration halos because these values indicate the fractionation of oxygen isotopes between the host rock and a volatile phase (H2O or CO2) due to a thermal reaction (Valley, 1986), likely caused by the ore mineralizing fluids at Uchucchacua. Oxygen isotope halos to the Rosa vein are up to 50 metres wide at depth. The most depleted samples have δ18O values of about 15 per mil. Oxygen isotope depletion halos are absent at high elevations (Fig. 4.19). For example, at the 4940 m altitude limestone shows no evidence for oxygen isotope depletion suggesting a very limited water-rock interaction at this level, or the fluid flow was confined strictly to the veins. The same effect is observed at the top levels of Marion (4970 m) and Plomopampa (4450 m) veins (Appendix C12); although the relative high δ18O values of limestone adjacent to Plomopampa vein may indicate low fluid-rock interactions associated with the small thickness of this vein. On the contrary, wide halos with δ18O depleted values are observed adjacent to the Rosa vein and especially around bonanza ore bodies at the intermediate and deep levels (4450 to 4120 m) indicating a high interaction between ore fluids and host rocks at these levels and the strong dependence between the volume of mineralization and the oxygen isotope anomaly. Wide isotope halos at these levels are consistent with a combination of volatilization and infiltration of magmatic fluids or heated meteoric fluids (Valley, 1986). The relationship between carbon and oxygen isotope values in limestone is variable. The carbon isotope threshold and anomalous values are defined visually in the graphs of δ13C versus distance to the Rosa vein (Fig. 4.20). A value of 1.5 per mil VPDB has been defined as the carbon isotope threshold value for limestone at Uchucchacua. In general, carbon isotope values from surface are heavier than those from deeper levels in the mine (Fig. 4.20) with the exception of samples taken at 4120 m level, which are similar to background values. There is a slight depletion trend towards the vein especially between levels 4450 m and 4180 m, which correspond to the level of greater concentration of ore bodies (Fig. 4.2 – schematic cross section). It is worth mentioning the high similarity between oxygen and carbon isotope halos at the 4180 m level, which would indicate the limit of leakage from the Rosa vein at this level. 238 Another important feature to emphasize is the presence of depleted oxygen isotope values from host rocks in areas proximal to the main mineralized structure and with a high density of calcite veins (Fig. 4.21). These data suggest that micro-fracture may have dominated permeability at Uchucchacua. Different intervals within the sampling transects were obtained according to the size and density of veins per metre. These data are shown in Appendix C13. 4.7.3 Veins Oxygen and carbon isotopes of pre, syn- and post-mineral fluorescent and non- fluorescent calcite veins associated with the Rosa vein are listed in Table 4.4. Veins without UVF response are listed in Table 4.5. Oxygen and carbon isotope data of Marion (4), Plomopampa (1) and Morococha (2) veins, as well as three samples of unaltered limestone are shown in Table 4.6. Oxygen versus carbon isotope diagram of all the veins associated with the Rosa vein disregarding their fluorescence signature (41 samples) show two definite trends for syn- and post-mineral veins whereas pre-mineral veins form a cluster of narrow range of oxygen and carbon isotope values (Fig. 4.22A and C). Thirty-one of the forty-one calcite samples within and associated with the Rosa vein were especially examined because of their distinct glowing to the UV lamp (Table 4.4). These samples contain a wide range of δ18O values, between 6.15 and 20.56 per mil VSMOW, and a relatively large range of δ13C values, between –8.6 and 2.5 per mil VPDB (Fig. 4.22B). Vein calcite generally has lower δ18O values than enclosing limestone, consistent with a low δ18O fluid source. Regarding to the vein timing, pre-mineral and one post-mineral vein form a cluster with relatively narrow oxygen and carbon isotope values (Figs. 4.22C and 4.22E). Post-mineral orange red fluorescent calcite associated with Rosa and Morococha veins show high δ13C and very low δ18O values (Figs. 4.22E and F). Syn- mineral moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins form two groups based on their oxygen and carbon composition signature (Fig. 4.22D). These two populations of veins may suggest the existence of two sources for the fluids at Uchucchacua: magmatic and meteoric. 239 Figure 4.21: Vertical and horizontal variation of δ18O and the density of calcite veins in the host rocks to the Rosa vein. No vertical scale. 240 Table 4.4: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite associated with the Rosa vein Sample δ13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Elevation (m.a.s.l.) VPDB VSMOW 2PUE268B -2.0 18.5 Crustiform calcite post-mineral none 4940 2PUE328 0.8 6.2 Calcite + sulfides post-mineral red-orange 4180 4PUA508A -1.9 19.2 Crustiform calcite pre-mineral Bluish white 4775 3PUA565-NF -1.1 17.4 white calcite pre-mineral none 4180 3PUA562-NF -1.8 17.4 white calcite pre-mineral weak ORF 4180 2PUE268A -1.8 18.7 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral none 4940 3PUA519 0.2 17.5 silica patches syn-mineral none 4300 3PUA511-LG -1.9 19.5 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral Light green 4300 2PUE263 -2.0 17.7 white calcite syn-mineral white-pale green 4940 3PUA511-Y -2.6 17.9 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral yellow 4300 2PUE284 -1.1 18.5 brecciated white calcite syn-mineral very weak 4725 3PUA544 -2.2 15.0 white calcite syn-mineral weak ORF 4300 3PUA559-OR -0.3 7.2 white calcite syn-mineral moderate ORF 4180 3PUA548-OR -1.5 13.6 white calcite syn-mineral moderate ORF 4360 4PUA508B -3.4 18.2 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral moderate ORF 4775 2PUE304A -5.9 16.8 brecciated white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4450 2PUE306 -6.9 15.6 Calcite + sulfides syn-mineral red-orange 4450 2PUE307A -1.3 17.7 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4450 2PUE309 -5.7 16.4 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4450 2PUE320A -7.2 15.9 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360 2PUE322 0.3 17.6 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360 2PUE324 -4.3 14.5 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360 2PUE325 -5.0 16.6 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360 2PUE259 -5.6 16.2 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4940 2PUE321 2.2 7.6 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360 3PUA556 -4.1 17.7 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4450 3PUA563-OR -3.3 16.9 white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4180 3PUA542 -1.1 11.3 white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4300 4PUA504 -0.3 12.2 calcite + Mn, Fe oxides syn-mineral strong ORF 4775 4PUA511 -1.0 8.9 white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4120 4PUA567B -1.9 7.6 brecciated white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4450 241 Table 4.5: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite associated with the Rosa vein without distinct fluorescence signatures Sample δ13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Elevation (m.a.s.l.) VPDB VSMOW 2PUE262B -1.9 15.8 Gray calcite post-mineral 4940 2PUE260 -7.2 20.6 calcite ± alabandite post-mineral 4940 2PUE266 -3.6 18.5 Mn-rich calcite post-mineral 4940 2PUE320B 2.5 7.4 Late calcite ± sulfides post-mineral 4360 2PUE262A -2.0 15.9 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral 4940 2PUE282 -1.7 17.7 calcite + Mn, Fe oxides syn-mineral 4725 2PUE283 -1.6 18.0 white calcite syn-mineral 4725 2PUE298 -8.6 16.1 calcite ± alabandite syn-mineral 4725 2PUE305 -7.0 16.0 white calcite syn-mineral 4450 4PUA628 -2.9 13.8 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral 4830 Table 4.6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data associated with Marion, Plomopampa and Morococha (Pozo Rico) veins Sample Vein δ13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Elevation (m.a.s.l.) VPDB VSMOW 3PUA585 Plomopampa -1.9 4.6 white calcite syn-mineral mod- strong ORF 4450 3PUA641-W Marion -2.4 17.4 Colloform calcite post-mineral white 4945 3PUA641-Y Marion -2.1 17.5 Colloform calcite post-mineral yellow 4945 3PUA650-W Marion -2.7 18.9 crustiform calcite syn-mineral white 4958 3PUA650-Y Marion -2.3 18.5 crustiform calcite syn-mineral yellow 4958 3PUA664-NF Morococha 1.4 13.7 white calcite syn-mineral white 4655 3PUA664-OR Morococha 0.9 11.2 white calcite post-mineral mod - strong ORF 4655 4PUA522 Anilcocha 2.9 25.9 Brownish gray limestone unaltered lms none 4360 4PUA523 Anilcocha 2.6 25.1 Brownish gray limestone unaltered lms none 4360 4PUA524 Anilcocha 1.4 23.8 Brownish gray limestone unaltered lms none 4360 242 Figure 4.22: Carbon and oxygen isotope composition of calcite veins associated with the Rosa vein (A, B, C, D and E), and Marion, Morococha and Plomopampa veins (F). A. δ18O vs. δ13C of pre-, syn- and post-mineral veins disregarding their fluorescence signature. B. δ18O vs. δ13C of pre-, syn- and post-mineral fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins. C. Isotope composition of pre- mineral veins. D. Isotope composition of syn-mineral veins. E. Isotope composition of post-mineral veins. F. δ18O vs. δ13C of Marion, Morococha and Plomopampa veins. 243 In contrast, oxygen versus carbon isotope data from Marion, Plomopampa and Morococha veins show white and yellow fluorescent veins forming a cluster similar to the veins related to the Rosa vein. Calcite veins from Plomopampa and Morococha veins on the contrary present very low oxygen isotope values suggesting a meteoric source of fluids for these veins (Fig. 4.22F). Syn-mineral veins have oxygen isotope values consistent with a mixing line between magmatic fluids (Bowman, 1998) and limestone (Fig. 4.23A). A single analysis of δ18O in quartz from a dacite porphyry dike (sample 3PUA557) crosscut by the Sandra vein gives a value of 10.0 per mil VSMOW, which falls within the range defined for magmatic volatiles at Antamina. The oxygen isotope composition of calcite in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles (using the range from Antamina) is plotted versus temperature in figure 4.23B suggesting a magmatic signature for these veins and a temperature range for these fluids between 250 and 375°C. It is also observed in this diagram a slight trend toward heavier δ18O values with increasing elevation. This is consistent with fluids that cooled as they ascended along the Rosa vein. In general, stable isotope composition of calcite varies systematically with color of fluorescence. Oxygen and carbon isotope values of orange red fluorescence veins span a large range of values, whereas white, yellow, light green and non-fluorescent veins define a small cluster of samples with relatively heavier δ18O and light δ13C. 4.8 Strontium isotopes 4.8.1 Analytical procedures Eight samples from Uchucchacua were analyzed for strontium isotope content in order to assess the possible source of the fluids of carbonate veins. Additionally, two samples of unaltered limestone taken at Anilcocha were analyzed for comparison (Table 4.7). For the analysis of the calcites and the removal of secondary phases or potential contaminants we leached sample powders using the procedure designed by Weis and Frey (1991, 1996), and Weis et al (2005). This procedure ensures the maximum removal of secondary phases that may be present in the sample and consisted of the following steps: 244 Figure 4.23: Oxygen isotope composition of calcite veins at different levels and their relation with calcite δ18O in equilibrium with magmatic water. A. Oxygen isotope variation of magmatic related pre-, syn- and post-mineral fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins with elevation. B. Vertical variation in oxygen isotope composition and temperature of calcite veins associated with the Rosa vein. 245 Table 4.7: Strontium composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestones from Uchucchacua MS61 MS61 MS61 Sample δ13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Location 87Sr/86Sr 2 sigma(m) Sr Rb Mn VPDB VSMOW ppm ppm ppm 3PUA565 -1.1 17.4 Calcite vein pre-mineral none 4180 0.707616 0.000014 273 0.4 374 3PUA641-W -2.4 17.4 Crustiform calcite post-mineral? white 4945 0.707528 0.000008 290 0.1 801 3PUA641-Y -2.1 17.5 Crustiform calcite post-mineral? yellow 4945 0.707707 0.000016 157.5 0.1 909 3PUA542 -1.1 11.3 Calcite veinlet syn-mineral strong ORF 4300 0.708809 0.000012 183 <0.1 >10000 4PUA567B -1.9 7.6 Brecciated calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4450 0.707666 0.000007 495 1.9 14500 3PUA 548-OR -1.5 13.6 Brecciated calcite syn-mineral mod ORF 4360 0.708004 0.000014 96.7 0.5 >10000 3PUA556-OR -4.1 17.7 Crustiform, white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4450 0.708668 0.000010 75.7 0.1 >10000 4PUA550 calcite vein syn-mineral strong ORF 4180 0.708808 0.000007 4PUA523 2.6 25.1 Brownish gray limestone Jumasha Fm. none Anilcocha 0.707634 0.000008 244 4.8 77 4PUA524 1.4 23.8 Brownish gray limestone Jumasha Fm. none Anilcocha 0.707496 0.000008 417 7.7 90 Sample/location δ18O Lithology Age (Ma) 87Sr/86Sr (initial) Reference VSMOW min. max. 2PAT-11 Antamina Taco pit 2.5 Bt-plg porphyry 10.73 ± 0.10 0.705577 This study 3PUA557 Uchucchacua* 10.0 Quartz grains 25.28 ± 0.44 0.705000 Bissig et al. 2005 Cordillera Blanca Granite 10 0.704870 0.705400 Beckinsale et al., 1985 Raura Tonalite - granodiorite 10 0.705010 0.705270 Soler and Rotach-Toulhoat, 1990 Mallay Granodiorite 14 0.705590 Soler and Rotach-Toulhoat, 1990 Jumasha period 0.707150 0.707350 Burke et al., 1982 Cretaceous system 0.707140 0.707720 Burke et al., 1982 Uchucchacua Calcite veins 0.707428 0.711218 Bussell et al., 1990 Chambara Fm at Malpaso (Junin) Limestone 0.707870 0.710830 Moritz et al., 1996 * Age corresponds to the sample 3PUA558, which was taken from the same intrusion sampled with 3PUA557 label 246 Approximately 0.2 g of pulp or drilled material was weighed into an acid-washed 15mL Savillex® beaker, then ten mL of 6N sub-boiled HCl were added and the suspension was ultra-sonicated for 20 minutes. After that, the supernatant was decanted. This process was repeated 5 to 6 times until the supernatant was clear and pale yellow to colorless. The process was repeated 2-4 times with milli-Q H2O (i.e., water that is 18.2 megohm (ion free), pyrogen free, with reduced organic contamination as well as with bacterial and particulate removal in place of 6N sub-boiled HCl to eliminate the excess HCl. The leached rock powder was dried on a hot plate at ~120°C and then weighed after cooling. Isotopic measurements were made using a Finnigan Triton thermo-ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) at PCIGR. Strontium composition was measured in static mode multicollection with relay matrix rotation (the “virtual amplifier” of Finnigan) on a single Ta and double Re-Ta filament. The data was corrected for mass fractionation using 86Sr/88Sr = 0.1194. Six analyses of the NBS987 Sr standard made during the course of this study have a mean value of 87Sr/86Sr = 0.710259 ± 0.000016 (2SD). A single analysis typically consists of 135 cycles (9 blocks of 15) to allow a full rotation of the virtual amplifier. 4.8.2 Results Ratios of 87Sr/86Sr have been measured on a collection of carbonate samples showing orange red, white, yellow and non-fluorescence to the UV lamp. Two samples of unaltered limestone from Anilcocha were also analyzed as a reference value. Calcite in Uchucchacua typically has moderate Sr concentration (<500 ppm), very low Rb concentration (commonly less than 1 ppm) and generally displays low ratios of Rb/Sr. Rubidium concentration in limestone is several orders higher than Rb in calcite, which is likely related to the siliciclastic content of limestone. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite range between 0.707528 and 0.708809 where the higher values correspond to some of the orange red fluorescent veins (Fig. 4.24). Samples of unaltered limestone yield values of 0.707634 and 0.707496, higher than Albian-Turonian seawater (Burke et al., 1982), suggesting a possible seawater strontium isotope excursion (shift to higher 87Sr/86Sr) during the period of deposition of Jumasha limestone or the isotopic exchange during diagenesis (Gieskes et al., 1986). Strontium isotope composition of unaltered limestone is very similar 247 Figure 4.24: Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins from Uchucchacua in relation to the Sr isotope composition of some intrusive rocks along the Western Peruvian Cordillera and the unaltered limestone rocks. Strontium isotope values of calcite veins obtained by Bussell et al., 1990 is shown for comparison and also the strontium composition of the sea water during the Cretaceous system (Burke et al., 1982) and of the Triassic Chambara Formation (Moritz et al., 1996). Oxygen isotope compositions of igneous rocks in the plot are not known and have been assumed to be around 10.0 per mil VSMOW. A hypothetical mixing line has been drawn between intrusive rocks and calcite vein data indicating that ORF veins derived from magmatic deep fluids that interacted with older sedimentary formations probably the Triassic Chambara Formation. 248 to the white, yellow and non-fluorescent calcite (Fig. 4.24) suggesting that the Sr component of these veins probably derived from Jumasha limestone. Strontium isotope composition of fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua spans a range of composition lower than that defined by Bussell et al (1990). Our data lie outside the range defined by magmatic volatiles represented by the Miocene intrusions that outcrop in the same belt nearby the deposit: Raura, Cordillera Blanca, and Taco pit porphyry (Table 4.7). Moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins yield 87Sr/86Sr ratios slightly higher than the Jumasha unaltered limestone, suggesting a mixture between Sr derived from the host rocks and Sr enriched in radiogenic 87Sr. Possible sources of radiogenic 87Sr are igneous silicate minerals with high Rb/Sr ratios contained in the Jumasha limestones or from the interaction of 87Sr-enriched fluids with the host rocks. Isotope studies of carbonate rocks in the Peruvian occidental Andes indicate that Triassic rocks from Pucara Group specifically the Chambara Formation are enriched in 87Sr (Moritz et al., 1996), which makes it a potential source of 87Sr-enriched fluids for the moderate to strong orange red fluorescent calcite veins related to the mineralization at Uchucchacua (Fig. 4.24). Strontium isotope values presented here implies that orange red fluorescent veins have ascended through stratigraphically lower sequences to the Jumasha Formation. 4.9 Discussion 4.9.1 Visible alteration zonation Field and petrographic evidence (mineralogical textures and content) show the restricted presence of brown silicified halos (hornfels) and marble patches around centimetre-scale calcite + sulfide veins at the intermediate and deep levels of the mine. There are no mineralogical variations in the carbonate minerals adjacent to the ore veins. Therefore, marble and tan hornfels would only represent the thermal effects caused by the circulation of hotter fluids at deeper levels than at shallow levels of the mine. However, the centimetre-size of the marble and hornfels (selvages) suggest that low-temperature fluids formed the calcite + sulfide veins at Uchucchacua. Hornfels and marble alteration halos to the mineralized veins are not related to the low-mineralized garnet skarn and marble halos associated with the ~25 Ma dacite porphyry dikes that outcrop in the district. The low amount of sulfides in garnet skarn suggests the circulation of low volumes of hydrothermal 249 fluids (Reed, 1997). Field relationships between mineralized veins and dacite dikes indicate a younger age for the veins; however it is still uncertain the age of Ag mineralization in the District. Abundance of carbonate veins mainly calcite following different orientations is a striking feature at Uchucchacua. The presence of these veins may be related to a large-scale CO2-rich hydrothermal fluid circulation or to a combined process of dissolution – reprecipitation during fluid infiltration (Barnes, 1979). Crustiform textures of the main fluid conduits (i.e. Rosa and Marion veins) indicate a progressive infilling of open fractures. Cockade textures indicate the re-aperture of these fractures and the continuation of mineral precipitation (calcite ± Mn oxides in the shallow levels, and calcite, rhodocrosite, Mn-Ca- Fe silicates, sulfides and sulfosalts in the deeper levels). The presence of Mn calc silicates associated with sulfides especially within replacement ore bodies indicates the addition of hydrothermal silica to Mn-rich carbonate, where the consumption of hydrogen ions by carbonate drove the precipitation of sulfides (Reed, 1997). Mineralogical composition of hornfels and marble, absence of garnet minerals and the prevalence of Ag and Mn minerals over Pb, Zn and Cu confirm the circulation of low-temperature fluids that diminished in intensity as the system waned, especially in the shallow levels. The scarcity of quartz veins and the presence of detrital quartz in limestone suggest that hydrothermal fluids were poor in silica. The widespread distribution of Mn oxides is likely due to the oxidation of alabandite (MnS) and Mn-Ca-Fe silicates. Abundance of Mn sulfides and silicates in veins within the mine is a key to considering Uchucchacua as a distal member of an intrusion related replacement deposit (Einaudi et al., 1981; Megaw, 1998). However, the location of the magmatic center to this deposit is still uncertain. 4.9.2 Trace element distribution of metals An assessment of trace element composition of the host rocks at Uchucchacua identifies an almost universal exponential distribution of elements, which indicate a restricted lateral fluid flow movement outward the veins. However, some histograms show also multifractal distributions (log-normal) that support the use of the median + 2 median absolute deviation formula to calculate the geochemical background and threshold for each element. Considering that host rocks are not pure limestone, geochemical background and 250 threshold are estimated by using metal/Al ratios to avoid false anomalies caused by the trace element inheritance related to the detrital content of limestone. Recognition of geochemical anomalous values may be a tedious process because it involves the estimation of threshold values for each sample and its comparison to its respective measured value, however the results obtained do not have an external influence that could conduct to misleading interpretations. Considering that permeability of limestone is controlled by interparticle and fracture porosity of limestone, some isolated anomalous values are predicted to exist far away the mineralized structure related to small (cryptic) fractures. In that sense, geochemical anomalous halos to a vein should be measured analyzing the effect of these isolated anomalous values to prevent an overestimation of these halos. In general, four groups of elements are recognized at Uchucchacua based on the anomalous geochemical halos they define. These halos indicate a vertical zonation of the mineralized system according to the “reconstructed vein model” of Emmons (1936) where Uchucchacua represent the shallow levels of a composite system. 4.9.3 Fluid-rock interaction processes Lateral and vertical zonation of trace elements in limestone and C-O isotope halos are indicative of fluid flow movement and permeability of the host rocks. Isotopic shifts in limestone adjacent to an ore vein are likely due to the infiltration of externally derived fluids with isotopic composition lower than the host rocks (Valley, 1986) and because the fractionation of calcite relative to water (∆calcite-H2O) decreases with increasing distance of fluid propagation and temperature (Dipple and Ferry, 1992). The plot of δ13C versus δ18O for limestone from sampling transects to the Rosa vein define a concave downward L- shaped curve (Fig. 4.17A), which appear related to the infiltration of water-rich fluids (Valley, 1986). The relative absence of depleted δ13C values in shallow levels can be associated to the slower diffusion of carbon than oxygen in calcite in a system equilibrated for carbon and oxygen isotopes (Scheel and Hoefs, 1992). Carbon and oxygen isotope halos show similar behavior at intermediate levels of the Mine (4450 to 4180 m) and sometimes these halos coincide in extension for example at 4180 m. level. This zone of big carbon and oxygen isotope anomalous halos coincide with the richest levels of the mine, as characterized by the presence of big replacement ore bodies. Carbon and oxygen isotope halos also show similar extension to Ag, As, Mn, and Sb anomalous halos especially at 251 4180 m level, suggesting a high fluid-rock interaction at this level and also the limit of leakage from the Rosa vein. Coincidence or overlapping of carbon, oxygen and trace element halos is used to constrain the limit of metasomatic fluid infiltration or the metasomatic sides (Yardley and Lloyd, 1995) developed by the fluids that formed the Rosa vein. However, the slight variations in the texture and mineral composition of limestone across the aureole to the Rosa vein, a feature especially observed in the lower levels of the mine, which suggest that the fluids moved especially through fractures, and they were relatively low in temperature. There is a direct relationship between the high density of veins and the oxygen isotope depletion in limestone (Fig. 4.21). High density of veins outside the alteration halos like at the 4920 m level is related to the proximity to a thrust fault. Calcite veins with anomalous trace element content and light oxygen isotope values parallel to the Rosa vein do not contribute to form oxygen isotope halos at shallow levels (Fig. 4.21) suggesting the limited diffusion of oxygen through the interparticle porosity of limestone caused by the circulation of low temperature fluids. The random distribution of altered and unaltered oxygen isotope samples indicates the heterogeneous nature of the fluid circulation media, where the existence of cryptic channels of higher permeability may have led to a greater fractionation of carbon and oxygen isotopes between the host rock and fluids along these conduits (Valley, 1986). Anomalous halos up to 60 meters from Rosa vein suggest that infiltration of fluids where mainly channeled in veins and their external damaged zone (veinlets), then discharged pervasively into the host rocks probably by lateral diffusion of fluids. This lateral movement of fluids was restricted to the low porosity of the rocks in comparison to the kilometer-scale of the vertical fluid infiltration. The presence of oxygen isotope and trace element anomalies outside the halos would confirm this dominant fracture controlled permeability in the area. Considering the existence of stable isotopic alteration in the host rocks along the vertical exposure of the Rosa vein, it is possible to estimate the minimum time-integrated molar fluid flux (qm) along the Rosa vein and infer it for the whole hydrothermal system developed at Uchucchacua, following the criteria of Dipple and Ferry (1992): qm = distance x velocity of fluid propagation where distance: vertical exposure of Rosa vein ~ 100,000 centimetres 252 velocity of fluid propagation: 0.081 moles water/cm3 rock qm = 100000 x 0.081 = 8100 moles water/cm2 rock However, the metre-scale of halos suggests two possibilities: low water/rock ratios over the life of the hydrothermal system or the restricted circulation of fluids due to the low porosity and permeability of the fine-grained host rocks. Abart et al., (2002) suggest that small-scale isotope variations in limestone adjacent to prominent tectonic features are due to transversal hydrodynamic dispersion. Whether this movement was caused by diffusion or mechanical dispersion has not been addressed in this study. The absence of isotopic halos at the shallow levels of the system suggests a limited flux of fluids probably influenced by the interaction with meteoric water or to a progressive waning of the mineralizing system. Greater isotopic shifts next to the Rosa vein and replacement ore bodies at 4360 m level and below (Fig. 4.19) indicate that fluid rock interactions were intense at the intermediate and deeper levels of the mine. 4.9.4 Fluid sources Mineralogical composition of hornfels and marble, their occurrence as selvages to the calcite + sulfide veins, absence of garnet minerals associated with the economic Ag mineralization, and the prevalence of Ag and Mn minerals over Pb, Zn and Cu suggest the circulation of intermediate to low temperature fluids at Uchucchacua. Lack of Au and abundance of Mn may indicate that mineralization at Uchucchacua was formed by high salinity fluids, which are favorable to transport Ag and Mn as chloride complexes (Olivo and Gibbs, 2003). The relative abundance of silver associated with rhodocrosite especially the bonanza zones may be related to a decrease in H+ and/or chloride concentration caused by boiling or dilution of the hydrothermal fluids (Gammons and Seward, 1996). Oxygen isotope alteration halos to the main mineralized structures indicate the interaction of light δ18O fluids with the host rocks. Oxygen isotope data of calcite veins associated with the Rosa vein indicate their origin by the circulation of light δ18O fluids (Fig. 4.22A). It has been demonstrated in this study the systematic variation of oxygen isotope values of calcite with the UVF response. Moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins are always related to lighter oxygen isotope values whereas white, yellow, light green and non fluorescent veins form a cluster of relative high δ18O values (Fig. 4.22B). This feature is observed also in veins associated with the Marion vein (Fig. 4.22F). Therefore, 253 oxygen and carbon isotope values of orange red fluorescent (ORF) veins are proved to be good indicators of the source of fluids in an ore deposit. Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of calcite veins suggest two sources for the fluids at Uchucchacua: magmatic and meteoric (Fig. 4.23A). However, low δ18O and low δ13C values are prevalent reflecting a dominant magmatic source for the veins. Heavier oxygen isotope values with increasing elevation (Fig. 4.23B) suggest that fluids were cooling as they ascended along the Rosa vein. Magmatic source for the veins can be demonstrated by plotting δ18O values of calcite in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles versus temperature (Fig. 4.23B). This plot indicates a magmatic signature for the veins and a range of temperatures for the fluids of 250 to 375˚C (Figure 4.23B). Weak orange red, white, light green, yellow and non-fluorescent veins within the magmatic field may reflect the presence of Fe impurities in calcite or the interaction between magmatic and meteoric fluids. Low oxygen and high carbon isotope values of some moderate to strong ORF veins suggest a meteoric source for these veins. Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of pre-, syn- and post mineral calcite veins provide more elements to constrain the source of fluids. For example, high δ18O values and very weak ORF to non-fluorescence of pre-mineralization veins may well be associated with syn-tectonic processes (Fig. 4.22C), whereas very low δ18O values of post- mineralization veins likely reflect the late incursion of meteoric fluids as the hydrothermal system waned (Figs. 4.22E and F). The source of calcium and its agent of deposition are also constrained with the use of strontium isotopes. Samples of unaltered limestone from Uchucchacua yield values higher than Albian-Turonian seawater (Burke et al., 1982), suggesting a possible seawater strontium isotope excursion (shift to higher 87Sr/86Sr) during the period of deposition of Jumasha limestone or the isotopic exchange during diagenesis (Gieskes et al., 1986). Strontium isotope compositions of calcite veins from Uchucchacua are equivocal, but consistent with magmatic volatiles that have exchanged strontium with underlying sedimentary rocks during ascent. Carbonate rocks from the Triassic Chambara Formation (Moritz et al., 1996) are constrained as the possible source of 87Sr-enriched fluids for the syn-mineral calcite veins at Uchucchacua. 254 4.9.5 Relevance in mineral exploration The combined use of subtle visible alteration such as the centimetre to metre-scale hornfels and marble halos around the Ag mineralized veins, the vertical and lateral zonation of trace elements and oxygen isotope of limestone and UVF of calcite veins may be used as a pattern to assist the mineral exploration for Ag-base metal veins and replacement deposits hosted in carbonate rocks. The current study has demonstrated that trace element distribution in limestone adjacent to the fluid conduits define four distinctive groups of elements where Ag, As, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sb and Tl halos can be used as vectors to localize concealed Ag replacement ore bodies at distances greater than 100 metres. It has been demonstrated in this study that the selection of geochemical halos based on the statistical assessment of metal/Al ratios provide a reliable determination of anomalous geochemical halos. Normalization of metal values of samples against an immobile element like aluminum permit to avoid the metal content present in the detrital components of the protolith (limestone), and should be considered a routine in the geochemical assessment of areas under exploration. Oxygen isotope, trace element and UVF halos documented in this study have shown wide halos around profitable veins like Rosa and Marion, whereas the halos they yield are equivocal around low-grade veins like Plomopampa. These halos are consistent with the fluid source determined for these veins, where Rosa and Marion veins appear related to a mainly magmatic source whereas one single sample of Plomopampa vein indicates a meteoric source for this vein (Fig. 4.22F). However, these tracers can not be used independently in mineral exploration because not all the veins with orange red fluorescence appear related to sulfide ore concentrations and Mn-rich carbonates with depleted δ18O values can be derived from different sources such as, magmatic, magmatic-connate or magmatic-meteoric. Therefore, oxygen isotope and trace element content of host rocks as well as UVF of calcite veins must be used together in the location of Ag-base metal concentrations considering the almost coincidence in the halos they define (Fig. 4.25) especially in areas where visible alteration to fluid escape structures are subtle. This hypothesis is reinforced by oxygen and trace element halos defined in this study, which are also evidence of 255 Figure 4.25: Synthesis of distal alteration to the Rosa vein. Trace element profile represents the wider halos found at their respective elevations. 256 cooling, ascending magmatic volatile fluids as the primary agent of mineralization at Uchucchacua. 4.10 Conclusions Visible alteration features related to the mineralization at Uchucchacua indicate a fracture-dominated permeability. The wide distribution of veins in the District is controlled by the structural arrangement (fracture schistosity) determined by the Cachipampa anticline; therefore it is highly probable to find more resources in the other flank of this anticline. Centimetre-scale hornfels halos to calcite veins and marble patches adjacent to the Rosa vein are evidence of higher temperature at depth. Statistical analysis of trace element results indicates diverse types of distributions. Calculation of correlation coefficients for trace elements contained in limestone show a strong relationship of Ag with Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb and Zn at deep and shallow levels. High correlation of Ag with Mn is only observed in surface samples. Calculation of individual threshold values in relation to an immobile element (Al) and their plot along with metal measured values in diagrams of metal abundance versus distance to a vein are shown as a useful tool to define anomalous geochemical halos in impure limestone. It is demonstrated in this study that these diagrams can be used in transects perpendicular to veins located as far as 150 meters from replacement ore bodies. Trace element data of limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein define prevalent to continuous anomalous halos of Ag, As, Mn, Pb and Zn throughout the vertical exposure of this vein. Hg, Tl, Sb and Cd halos in the shallow and intermediate levels of the mine indicate a low to medium temperature for the mineralizing system, which contrasts with the presence of moderate halos of Bi, Cu and Mo at deep levels. UVF of calcite veins shows the strong relationship of orange red fluorescence with ore mineralization, its use to define vein timing and its applicability in mineral exploration. Oxygen isotope data of limestone indicate the interaction of thermal ore mineralizing fluids with host rocks. Depleted oxygen isotope values of limestone define halos to vein up to 100 m and can be used to localize replacement ore bodies. The lateral and vertical zonation of oxygen and carbon isotope composition of limestone implicates cooling, ascending magmatic volatiles as the primary agent of mineralization. 257 Oxygen and strontium isotope data on fluorescent veins indicate a systematic variation with the UVF response of calcite veins. Most of the orange red fluorescent veins are related to the periods of mineralization and their isotopic composition indicates a strong relation with magmatic fluids. Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins from Uchucchacua show that ORF veins have ascended through the underlying sedimentary sequence and probably have their source at the Chambara Formation. This feature is consistent with mineralization events originating at depth. In summary, visible alteration, UVF of calcite veins, trace element alteration and oxygen depletion of limestone adjacent to calcite + Mn oxide veins have been demonstrated with this study to be powerful tracers of Ag-base metal mineralization hosted in carbonate rocks. The lateral and vertical zonation of these tracers identify indirectly the low, intermediate and high temperature levels of mineral deposition that their use can be guaranteed in the exploration of base metals hosted in carbonate rocks. 258 4.11 References Abart, R., Badertscher, N., Burkhard, M., and Povoden, E., 2002, Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope systematics in two profiles across the Glarus thrust: implications for fluid flow. 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Meinert, L.D., 1997, Application of skarn deposit zonation models to mineral exploration. Exploration and Mining Geology, vol.6, p. 185-208. Monecke, T., Monecke, J., Herzig, P.M., Gemmel, J.B., and Mönch, W., 2005, Truncated fractal frequency distribution of element abundance data: A dynamic model for the metasomatic enrichment of base and precious metals. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 232, p. 363-378. Moritz, R., Fontbote, L, Spangenberg, J., Rosas, S., Sharp, Z. and Fontignie, D., 1996, Sr, C and O isotope systematics in the Pucara basin, Central Peru. Mineralium Deposita vol. 31, 3, p. 147-162. Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1999, The Miocene Metallogenic Belt of Central and 261 Northern Peru. Society of Economic Geologist Special Publication 7, p. 155-193. Olivo, G. R. and Gibbs, K., 2003, Paragenesis and mineral chemistry of alabandite (MnS) from the Ag-rich Santo Toribio epithermal deposit, Northern Peru. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 67(1), p. 95-102. Petersen, E.U., 1995, Solid solution compositions of sulfide and sulfosalt minerals from Uchucchacua, Peru. In: Sociedad Geológica del Perú, Volumen Jubilar Alberto Benavides, p. 243-260. Petersen, U., 1999, Magmatic and Metallogenic Evolution of Central Andes. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 109-153. Petersen, U., Mayta, O., Gamarra, L., Vidal, C.E., and Sabastizagal, A., 2004, Uchucchacua: A Major Silver Producer in South America. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 243-257. Ramdohr, P., 1981, The ore minerals and their intergrowths. International series on Earth Sciences, 35, 1269 pages. Reed, M. H., 1997, Hydrothermal alteration and its relationship to ore fluid composition. In: Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits (H. L. Barnes ed.), Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 303-365. Reimann, C., and Filzmoser, P., 1999, Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: death of a myth. 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In: Stable Isotopes in High-temperature Geological Processes (Valley, J.W., Taylor Jr., H.P. and O’Neil, J.R., eds.), Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, vol.16, p. 445-489. Yardley, B., W. D. and Lloyd, G.E., 1995, Why metasomatic fronts are really metasomatic sides. Geology, vol. 23, N° 1, p. 53-56. 263 Chapter 5: UV fluorescence of carbonate veins at Antamina Cu- Zn skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits, Northern-Central Perú4 5.1 Introduction Fluorescence is a special case of luminescence that occurs at a subatomic level through an electron excitation process activated by the absorption and release of an external source of energy that is transformed into visible light (Mutanen et al., 2005). If the light emission proceeds only during the excitation process it is called “fluorescence” otherwise is called “phosphorescence” (Marfunin, 1979). Color and brightness of luminescence and particularly of fluorescence depends on the type and concentration of luminescent centers (Shopov, 2004). These luminescent centers can be ion impurities (activators) or principal ions of a crystal or the crystal itself. Excited ions in a crystal return to the ground state through radiationless transitions or by emission transitions (Marfunin, 1979). The average stay of an ion activator in a given excited state, the interaction of the ion with the lattice ions surrounding it or the presence of two or more activators may even determine the type of luminescence: fluorescence or phosphorescence (Marfunin, 1979; Shopov, 2004). Fluorescence of calcite has been studied for many years. Orange red fluorescence of calcite to the ultraviolet (UV) light has been ascribed to the presence of Mn2+ (White, 1975; Aguilar and Osendi, 1982, Chang et al., 1996), or Mn in the presence of other ions (sensitizers) that when excited with UV light lead to transfer of energy to Mn2+ ion. Activator and sensitizer ions must have a specific concentration and electronic configuration to yield luminescence (Marfunin, 1979). The most common sensitizer ions are: Pb2+, Tl+ (Schulman et al., 1947), Ce (Blasse and Aguilar, 1984), Zn (Gies, 1975), Bi3+, In+, Sn2+ Sb3+ Ga+, Ge2+, As3+, Ag+, In3+, Sn4+, Cu+, Ga3+, and Ge4+ (Marfunin, 1979). Other ions however may quench the glow of all the activators whose emissions bands are overlapped by big charge transfer bands in the absorption spectrum (Marfunin, 1979). Iron, 4 A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication. Escalante, A., Dipple, G., Tosdal, R. and Ebert, S. UV Fluorescence of Carbonate Veins at Antamina Cu-Zn Skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal Vein Deposits, Northern-Central Peru. 264 nickel and cobalt are the most common quenchers of luminescence (Gies, 1975, Marfunin, 1979). Most of the possible “activators” and ‘sensitizers” of UVF in calcite are part of the suite of elements related to the base metal deposits particularly distal to the intrusion- related polymetallic carbonate replacement deposits (Megaw, 1998; Hammarstrom, 2002) such that UVF of calcite veins may be used along with host rock geochemical contents in the exploration of these deposits. The record of the UVF intensity and distribution of calcite veins along with their metal content may also be used to identify ancient fluid pathways to hidden polymetallic carbonate replacement deposits or even Cu porphyry deposits hosted in carbonate rock sequences that lack obvious visible alteration features. This study examines the large-scale alteration zonation of polymetallic carbonate rock-hosted deposits based on the UV fluorescence of calcite veins especially away from the most conspicuous fluid escape conduits to these deposits (dikes, faults, veins or bedding). The trace element content of calcite veins is based on induced coupled plasma mass spectrometer analysis (ICPMS) and microprobe analyses are used to characterize the possible activators of the orange red, yellow, white, and light green colors observed in both Antamina skarn and Uchucchacua vein deposits. 5.2 Geologic setting The Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base metal Uchucchacua vein deposits is located in the eastern flank of the western Peruvian Andes at about 270 and 170 km north- northeast of Lima (Fig. 5.1A). These deposits are hosted in the strongly deformed Upper Cretaceous sequence of carbonate rocks regionally assigned to the Jumasha Formation (Cobbing et al., 1996) and are intrinsically related to a series of high-level quartz- monzonite, andesite and dacite porphyries and dikes of Miocene age (Petersen, 1965, Noble and McKee, 1999), although some uncertainties even exists about the age of intrusions related to the Ag mineralization at Uchucchacua (Petersen, 1999). Intrusive rocks at both deposits appear to have ascended through a series of predominantly NW-SE low-angle thrust faults and fractures formed during the Eocene Incaic tectonic event (Petersen, 1965, Romani, 1982). Antamina mineralized skarn occurs in a NE-SW elliptical area of approximately 4.5 x 2 km forming a cap on a series of Miocene high-level quartz-monzonite porphyries and 265 Figure 5.1: Schematic location and geology maps of Antamina and Uchucchacua. A. Geology map of central Peru with the location of Antamina and Uchucchacua. Map modified from Instituto de Geologia y Mineria, Peru, 1977. B. Geology map of Antamina Cu-Zn skarn deposit, modified from Compania Minera Antamina map, 2002. C. Geology map of the Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposit, modified from the geology map of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., unidad de produccion Uchucchacua, 2004. 266 dikes dated at 9.8 Ma (McKee et al., 1979) and 10.32 ± 0.09 Ma (Love et al., 2003). Sedimentary layering, dike emplacement, pre-existing fold and thrust geometry control alteration zonation. Sulfide mineralization is concentrated in massive sulfide bodies and crosscutting veinlets especially within skarn, and comprises abundant pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, with subordinate amounts of pyrrhotite, bornite, molybdenite, and copper- bismuth sulfosalts (Lehne, 1996, 1997). Visible alteration zonation consists of a pink to brown skarn altered intrusion (endoskarn) grading outwards into a brown to green garnet skarn (exoskarn) then to a white and gray marble zone (Fig. 5.1B), and a zone of brown and gray hornfels. Outside the hornfels zone fossiliferous gray limestone predominates. Calcite ± sulfides ± calc silicates ± quartz can be traced from deep to the shallow levels of the deposit mainly associated with dacite porphyry dikes forming the main visible expressions of hydrothermal paleo fluid flow circulation. In contrast, mineralization at Uchucchacua has been recognized at surface in a 4 x 1.5 km area that consists of up to 1200 metres long, discontinuous, Mn Oxide-rich calcite veins and irregular breccia bodies (Sabastizagal, 2003), most of them located in the hinge and the western flank of the N20°W Cachipampa anticline. The veins are structurally controlled by three fracture systems (Fig. 5.1C): NW-SE (Socorro 1, Camucha, Lucero, Dora y V3), E-W (Rosa, Sandra, Consuelo, Silvana, etc) and NE-SW (Luz, Casualidad, Victoria, Plomopampa, Huantajalla), and they are mainly composed of sulfides, whereas manganese silicates and sulfides form the ore bodies (Bussell et al., 1990; Petersen et al., 2004). Ore mineralization at Uchucchacua is characterized by an unusual abundance and variety of Mn, Fe, Pb-Ag-Sb, and As sulfosalts and base metal sulfides (Bussell et al., 1990; Petersen, 1995) that are related to low and moderate temperature hydrothermal systems (Petersen, 1995). Alteration features around the veins and ore bodies are subtle to undistinguishable. UV fluorescence of veins is considered as a potential tracer of mineralizing fluids from deep to shallow levels. This study examines the presence of proximal (20 metres) to distal (100 metres) UV fluorescence halos around the paleo fluid escape conduits of both deposits, the activators of the varying fluorescence colors in calcite and the possible source of fluids for these veins. Alteration zonation given by UVF halos and the isotopic composition of these veins were constrained to demonstrate the continuity between Cu-Zn 267 skarn and Ag-base metal vein deposits hosted in carbonate rocks, and its importance as a tracer in the exploration of these deposits. 5.3 Analytical procedures 5.3.1 UVF intensity UVF in calcite was assessed on samples from all levels in the Uchucchacua mine, and at different distances and elevations from the Antamina skarn deposit. These same samples were also used for trace elements and stable isotope analysis. A short-wave hand- UV lamp (254 nm wavelength) was used to assess the fluorescence of the veins. UVF intensity especially orange red was recorded on an arbitrary scale of 1 to 15 as follows: 1 for none, 5 for weak, 10 for moderate, and 15 for strong fluorescence colors. 5.3.2 Major and trace element content Nineteen samples of carbonates from Uchucchacua having the most conspicuous fluorescent colors were drilled and analyzed by ICP-MS at ALS Chemex, Canada (Table 5.1, Appendix D1). We used the ME-MS61 method of ALS Chemex, which includes the quantitative dissolution of 47 elements by HF, HNO3, HClO4 and HCl with the subsequent application of a combination of ICP-MS and ICP-AES. Twelve polished thin sections of selected fluorescent samples (six from Antamina and six from Uchucchacua) were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and then analyzed with the fully-automated CAMECA SX-50 Scanning Electron Microprobe of the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences of the University of British Columbia. This instrument contains 4 vertical wavelength-dispersion X-ray spectrometers and a fully-integrated SAMx energy-dispersion X-ray spectrometer. The instrument was calibrated with natural pure calcite standards for Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, Ba, Fe, Pb and Zn previous to the analysis of samples in order to identify the possible activators of fluorescence. Operating conditions were accelerating voltage 15.03 kV; beam current 9.98 nA and take-off angle 40º. Microprobe results are shown in Appendices D2 and D3 for Antamina and Uchucchacua respectively. Minimum detection limits (wt %) based on counting statistics, were: Ca (0.04), Fe (0.08), Mg (0.03), Mn (0.08), Ba (0.13), Pb (0.18), Sr (0.08), and Zn (0.16). In some instances, Pb, Zn, Sr abundances were at or near detection limits, but reported values were retained. Microprobe oxide-weight percent data of selected 268 Table 5.1: Selected fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua showing the main metal indicators of fluorescence ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 SAMPLE Vein Location Level Fluorescence Al Be Ce Ga Mg Mn P Pb Sb Tl U V Zn Zr DESCRIPTION % ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 3PUA650-W Marion Surface 4958 white 0.02 0.18 0.18 0.09 0.15 1225 50 0.8 0.11 0.03 0.2 8 2 1.1 3PUA650-Y Marion Surface 4958 yellow 0.02 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.1 2040 30 0.5 0.15 0.12 0.1 5 2 <0.5 3PUA641-W Marion Surface 4945 white 0.01 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.16 801 30 0.5 0.05 0.02 0.2 7 <2 0.7 3PUA641-Y Marion Surface 4945 yellow 0.02 0.18 0.23 0.09 0.2 909 90 0.5 0.12 <0.02 <0.1 4 <2 0.6 3PUA664-NF Morococha Surface 4655 none 0.01 <0.05 0.22 0.05 0.16 778 <10 <0.5 0.14 0.05 <0.1 4 <2 <0.5 3PUA664-OR Morococha Surface 4655 weak ORF 0.01 <0.05 0.55 0.05 0.21 871 <10 <0.5 0.08 0.03 <0.1 3 <2 <0.5 3PUA559-R Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 moderate ORF 0.01 <0.05 0.35 0.16 0.18 2490 <10 <0.5 0.08 <0.02 0.1 4 <2 <0.5 3PUA565-NF Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 none 0.02 <0.05 1.28 0.08 0.14 374 10 1.5 2.24 <0.02 0.3 3 <2 0.5 3PUA562-OR Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 weak ORF 0.13 0.11 5.89 0.98 0.1 >10000 40 1.8 2.5 0.14 0.6 6 2 3.3 3PUA562-NF Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 none 0.05 0.11 2.03 0.23 0.12 2850 20 7 7.02 0.03 0.1 3 <2 0.8 3PUA563-OR Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 strong ORF 0.01 <0.05 3.24 1.68 <0.01 >10000 20 38 39.5 0.06 <0.1 2 7 0.5 3PUA542 Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 strong ORF 0.01 <0.05 0.54 1.38 0.04 >10000 10 0.8 0.09 <0.02 <0.1 7 <2 <0.5 3PUA511-Y Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 yellow 0.03 0.08 1.94 0.26 2.27 3530 20 1.6 0.2 0.04 0.1 23 7 4.2 3PUA511-LG Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 light green 0.02 0.07 0.94 0.08 0.54 1275 20 <0.5 0.06 <0.02 <0.1 21 <2 2.3 3PUA734 Rosa LY 34-09-02 4360 moderate ORF 0.04 <0.05 0.31 0.31 0.2 4150 10 0.8 0.78 0.09 0.1 4 5 0.5 3PUA548-R Rosa Xc 916NE 4360 moderate ORF 0.02 0.3 2.64 0.74 0.05 >10000 20 4 0.49 0.05 0.2 9 5 1.6 3PUA556-OR Silvana Xc 877SW 4450 strong ORF 0.01 <0.05 0.7 1.26 0.34 >10000 30 4.2 0.89 0.02 0.1 5 53 0.6 4PUA511 Rosa Xc 940-I-NE 4120 moderate ORF 0.7 0.21 10.8 1.79 0.2 9710 140 16.1 2.31 1.4 0.9 19 20 9.2 4PUA567B Rosa Xc s/n 4450 strong ORF 0.08 0.17 0.46 0.8 0.3 14500 40 113.5 36.1 1.5 0.1 2 175 1.4 269 fluorescent and non-fluorescent calcite veins were transformed into molar percentages of Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb (Tables 5.2 and 5.3 for Antamina and Uchucchacua) to obtain bivariate and ternary graphs that show the relative abundance of these elements in these veins and their relationships. 5.4 Analytical results 5.4.1 General overview Three different fluorescent responses are recognized: white to yellow, light green and orange red. The colour of UVF response correlates with vein timing as deduced from crosscutting relationships. Pre-mineral veins do not fluoresce. Syn-mineralization veins typically have strong orange red fluorescence. Yellow, white and light green fluorescent colors commonly occur as bands and thin halos around orange red fluorescing (ORF) mineralized veins, and may reflect an alteration product of calcite. Fine gray, post-mineral veins typically do not fluoresce, although they sometimes fluoresce very weak orange red and white. Yellow and light green fluorescent colors have not been observed in the calcite veins from Antamina. 5.5 Antamina 5.5.1 SEM observations Nine samples of the most representative fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Antamina were selected to check the mineralogy and paragenetic sequence under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The examination of these samples permitted accurate location of spots for microprobe analysis. In general, dolomite, calcite, Fe-dolomite and local kutnohorite are reported from the non-fluorescent veins in the limestone sequence between Antamina and Condorcocha (Figs. 5.2A, B and D). Calcite + sulfides veins including galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite characterize the moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins within the marble hornfels aureole to the Antamina skarn deposit (Fig. 5.2C). Dolomite is the first carbonate deposited in veins distal to Antamina (Fortuna). It is then replaced by kutnohorite, Mn-dolomite, calcite and Mn-calcite (Fig. 5.2D). Mn calcite veins associated with Mn oxides form the moderate to strong orange red 270 Table 5.2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins in mol percent. Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum 2PAG107 274371 8946620 none limestone 107-6 0.0842 0.895 0.0006 0.0185 0.0000 0.0010 0.0000 0.0002 1 3PAA278 273050 8946308 none limestone 278-21 0.0069 0.980 0.0056 0.0059 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 1 278-22 0.0796 0.859 0.0548 0.0057 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 1 278-23 0.0109 0.981 0.0014 0.0058 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1 278-26 0.0076 0.943 0.0472 0.0013 0.0004 0.0002 0.0004 0.0000 1 4PAA134 273468 8945298 weak ORF white marble 134-13 0.0000 0.997 0.0000 0.0003 0.0014 0.0007 0.0003 0.0001 1 134-1 0.0007 0.998 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0008 0.0001 0.0004 1 134-5 0.0000 0.999 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 1 134-3 0.0001 0.999 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1 134-6 0.0002 0.999 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 1 134-4 0.0000 0.998 0.0005 0.0000 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 1 134-14 0.0009 0.997 0.0003 0.0010 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 1 134-2 0.0004 0.997 0.0012 0.0010 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1 134-11 0.0000 0.998 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0006 0.0003 0.0000 1 134-12 0.0006 0.998 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0010 0.0004 0.0000 1 134-15 0.0000 0.999 0.0004 0.0001 0.0003 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1 3PAA278 273050 8946308 weak ORF limestone 278-3 0.0106 0.906 0.0825 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 278-12 0.0143 0.940 0.0415 0.0036 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 1 278-6 0.0095 0.936 0.0530 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 1 278-9 0.0315 0.917 0.0476 0.0035 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 278-2 0.0075 0.922 0.0666 0.0019 0.0014 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 4PAA219 274345 8945342 mod ORF tan endoskarn 219-5 0.0041 0.984 0.0109 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 1 219-8 0.0103 0.972 0.0140 0.0029 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 219-4 0.0047 0.984 0.0111 0.0002 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1 219-6 0.0066 0.978 0.0113 0.0035 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 219-11 0.0041 0.980 0.0142 0.0001 0.0010 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 1 219-10 0.0033 0.987 0.0091 0.0003 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 219-12 0.0032 0.986 0.0094 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 219-13 0.0033 0.985 0.0106 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 4PAA163 272809 8946294 mod ORF limestone 163-4 0.0091 0.940 0.0463 0.0030 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003 1 163-6 0.0159 0.881 0.101 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 1 163-2 0.0096 0.889 0.0987 0.0013 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 163-3 0.0220 0.870 0.105 0.0020 0.0006 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1 163-5 0.0113 0.894 0.0928 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 1 163-7 0.0135 0.887 0.0963 0.0013 0.0011 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1 163-8 0.0104 0.881 0.107 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0000 1 271 Table 5.2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins (continuation) Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum 4PAA163 272809 8946294 strong ORF limestone 163-15 0.0154 0.880 0.103 0.0003 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 163-16 0.0127 0.889 0.0970 0.0008 0.0000 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 1 163-17 0.0114 0.887 0.100 0.0002 0.0000 0.0006 0.0004 0.0000 1 163-18 0.0150 0.885 0.0985 0.0006 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0000 1 163-19 0.0109 0.895 0.0933 0.0000 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1 163-10 0.0156 0.869 0.114 0.0006 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1 163-11 0.0197 0.860 0.116 0.0005 0.0023 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1 163-14 0.0115 0.853 0.134 0.0011 0.0001 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 1 3PAA278 273050 8946308 strong ORF limestone 278-20 0.0095 0.934 0.0551 0.0014 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1 278-16 0.0098 0.947 0.0421 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 278-17 0.0089 0.949 0.0389 0.0018 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0003 1 278-18 0.0102 0.911 0.0721 0.0066 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 4PAA219 274345 8945342 white tan endoskarn 219-2 0.0061 0.976 0.0172 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 219-3 0.0008 0.997 0.0014 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 2PAG179 273421 8945235 none gray marble 179-12 0.0022 0.995 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0021 0.0000 0.0003 1 179-16 0.0000 0.997 0.0006 0.0010 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 1 179-4 0.0028 0.994 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0015 0.0003 0.0003 1 179-14 0.0036 0.988 0.0069 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0004 1 179-17 0.0029 0.989 0.0077 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0002 1 179-1 0.0040 0.993 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0027 0.0000 0.0000 1 179-2 0.0033 0.994 0.0004 0.0002 0.0007 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 1 179-5 0.0035 0.994 0.0004 0.0000 0.0005 0.0014 0.0002 0.0000 1 179-11 0.0031 0.993 0.0039 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 1 179-13 0.0024 0.994 0.0002 0.0005 0.0005 0.0019 0.0003 0.0000 1 179-15 0.0021 0.994 0.0021 0.0003 0.0000 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 1 4PAA134 273468 8945298 none white marble 134-10 0.0009 0.999 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1 134-9 0.0061 0.993 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1 134-7 0.0012 0.998 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1 134-8 0.0011 0.997 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 1 272 Table 5.3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua calcite veins in mol percent Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 none limestone 511-1 0.0048 0.993 0.0000 0.0000 0.0018 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1 511-2 0.0058 0.992 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0003 0.0006 0.0000 1 511-3 0.0030 0.995 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 511-5 0.0057 0.992 0.0005 0.0000 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 511-4 0.0069 0.992 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 1 4PUA524 315291 8822718 none limestone 524-1 0.0145 0.983 0.0002 0.0008 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1 524-2 0.0157 0.983 0.0003 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 524-3 0.0183 0.980 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0000 1 524-5 0.0167 0.981 0.0000 0.0011 0.0005 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 1 524-7 0.0201 0.977 0.0007 0.0009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1 524-9 0.0166 0.983 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 524-10 0.0142 0.981 0.0012 0.0003 0.0022 0.0004 0.0005 0.0000 1 524-11 0.0176 0.979 0.0006 0.0020 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 524-4 0.0187 0.978 0.0011 0.0015 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 1 524-6 0.0137 0.983 0.0007 0.0017 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 1 524-12 0.0157 0.982 0.0000 0.0015 0.0000 0.0002 0.0006 0.0002 1 524-8 0.0154 0.982 0.0007 0.0014 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0005 1 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 none brown hornfels 548-17 0.0089 0.975 0.0152 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1 548-18 0.0051 0.976 0.0173 0.0004 0.0000 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000 1 548-19 0.0034 0.969 0.0259 0.0000 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 1 548-20 0.0025 0.971 0.0261 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 548-21 0.0026 0.974 0.0220 0.0001 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 4PUA513 317236 8826074 yellow limestone/marble 513-13 0.0045 0.978 0.0158 0.0019 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1 513-14 0.0113 0.970 0.0181 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0001 0.0001 1 513-4 0.0012 0.978 0.0200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 1 513-7 0.0061 0.980 0.0117 0.0004 0.0013 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 513-8 0.0049 0.983 0.0116 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 513-9 0.0049 0.984 0.0090 0.0003 0.0008 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1 513-2 0.0103 0.962 0.0265 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 1 513-3 0.0051 0.978 0.0162 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 1 513-1 0.0024 0.964 0.0330 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 1 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 yellow limestone 542-9 0.0046 0.930 0.0640 0.0000 0.0007 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 1 542-10 0.0061 0.923 0.0663 0.0028 0.0000 0.0010 0.0004 0.0000 1 542-13 0.0015 0.965 0.0324 0.0000 0.0008 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 542-12 0.0065 0.934 0.0577 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 1 542-11 0.0039 0.937 0.0540 0.0042 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0002 1 542-8 0.0046 0.929 0.0641 0.0016 0.0001 0.0004 0.0000 0.0002 1 273 Table 5.3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua calcite veins in mol percent (continuation) Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 white limestone 542-3 0.0035 0.932 0.0608 0.0018 0.0015 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 1 542-6 0.0047 0.935 0.0591 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 542-7 0.0045 0.927 0.0659 0.0017 0.0010 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 542-5 0.0057 0.934 0.0593 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0003 0.0001 1 542-2 0.0064 0.938 0.0555 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0001 1 542-1 0.0061 0.910 0.0812 0.0019 0.0005 0.0004 0.0000 0.0001 1 542-4 0.0038 0.935 0.0591 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 light green limestone 511-26 0.0062 0.994 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 511-27 0.0053 0.992 0.0010 0.0007 0.0002 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 511-29 0.0026 0.997 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1 511-25 0.0026 0.996 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0004 1 511-28 0.0079 0.946 0.0412 0.0016 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0007 1 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 yellow limestone 511-13 0.0016 0.996 0.0015 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 511-19 0.0016 0.995 0.0020 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 511-23 0.0020 0.993 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 1 511-24 0.0046 0.994 0.0004 0.0007 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 511-14 0.0018 0.995 0.0031 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 511-21 0.0020 0.992 0.0047 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 1 511-20 0.0021 0.993 0.0034 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0004 0.0001 1 511-22 0.0014 0.994 0.0033 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 1 511-15 0.0011 0.996 0.0028 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 1 511-17 0.0014 0.995 0.0023 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 1 511-16 0.0008 0.996 0.0022 0.0008 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 mod ORF limestone 567-1 0.0159 0.944 0.0370 0.0009 0.0024 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 567-2 0.0153 0.956 0.0274 0.0000 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 1 567-3 0.0180 0.950 0.0293 0.0011 0.0000 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 1 567-4 0.0180 0.955 0.0251 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000 1 567-10 0.0151 0.959 0.0238 0.0021 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 567-7 0.0140 0.961 0.0219 0.0014 0.0013 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 567-9 0.0132 0.963 0.0202 0.0015 0.0008 0.0004 0.0008 0.0001 1 567-5 0.0209 0.957 0.0182 0.0030 0.0001 0.0007 0.0001 0.0001 1 567-8 0.0125 0.973 0.0116 0.0017 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 1 567-6 0.0170 0.905 0.0756 0.0004 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 1 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 weak ORF limestone 511-9 0.0038 0.994 0.0013 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 511-10 0.0012 0.998 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 511-12 0.0018 0.991 0.0066 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 1 511-8 0.0019 0.996 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 274 Table 5.3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua calcite veins in mol percent (continuation) Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 ORF ± yellow Limestone 542-17 0.0062 0.944 0.0490 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1 542-14 0.0057 0.936 0.0567 0.0011 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1 542-16 0.0064 0.943 0.0501 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 1 542-18 0.0035 0.959 0.0348 0.0009 0.0015 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 1 542-15 0.0081 0.947 0.0425 0.0000 0.0012 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 1 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 strong ORF limestone 548-12 0.0012 0.973 0.0257 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 548-15 0.0123 0.975 0.0120 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 548-13 0.0004 0.965 0.0337 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 548-11 0.0016 0.971 0.0247 0.0002 0.0011 0.0000 0.0007 0.0002 1 548-14 0.0018 0.963 0.0341 0.0003 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1 548-10 0.0024 0.972 0.0249 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 1 548-16 0.0015 0.953 0.0449 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1 548-3 0.0025 0.972 0.0240 0.0002 0.0009 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 548-4 0.0046 0.963 0.0302 0.0000 0.0015 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 1 548-8 0.0023 0.971 0.0263 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1 548-9 0.0104 0.975 0.0129 0.0000 0.0017 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 548-27 0.0044 0.966 0.0289 0.0000 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 548-5 0.0022 0.984 0.0129 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 1 548-1 0.0114 0.885 0.101 0.0003 0.0010 0.0006 0.0000 0.0002 1 548-2 0.0022 0.977 0.0197 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 1 548-7 0.0030 0.974 0.0218 0.0007 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1 548-6 0.0032 0.970 0.0256 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 1 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 none limestone 511-6 0.0075 0.965 0.0261 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 1 511-7 0.0022 0.989 0.0068 0.0004 0.0008 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 1 275 Figure 5.2: Captions are on the following page. 276 Figure 5.2: Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Antamina. A. Non-fluorescent dolomite ± calcite vein crosscutting gray marly limestone north of Ridge Road (sample 2PAG107, 800X). B. Non-fluorescent calcite + K-feldspar vein crosscutting gray marble at Antamina West (sample 2PAG179, spot b, 250X). C. Moderate ORF calcite vein crosscutting light gray hornfels with 0.5% disseminated sulfides (galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite) at the Ridge Road (sample 4PAA203, spot b, 500X). D. Pre-mineral non-fluorescent vein north of Fortuna composed of calcite, Mn-rich calcite, dolomite, Mn-rich dolomite and kutnohorite (sample 3PAA278, spot d, 2000X). E. Syn-mineral strong ORF vein north of Fortuna, composed of Mn-rich calcite, Fe-rich dolomite, dolomite (light gray) and galena (sample 3PAA278, spot a, 100X). F. Syn-mineral strong ORF calcite and Mn-rich calcite from Fortuna with Mn oxide aggregates probably pyrolusite (sample 4PAA178, spot b, 1000X). 277 fluorescent veins distal to Antamina (Figs. 5.2E and F). SEM observations of carbonate veins from Antamina are summarized in Table 5.4. 5.5.2 UVF observations Feldspar in the quartz-monzonite porphyry stock and QFP dikes from Taco Pit and Quarry Bench show a moderate to local strong purple red fluorescence color to the UV lamp (Fig. 5.3A). Feldspar contained in the QFP dikes distal to Antamina (i.e. Fortuna, Condorcocha, Ridge Road and Truck Shop) show weak to moderate red fluorescence. Red fluorescence of feldspar has not been examined further in this study; however it is commonly associated with low concentrations of Fe3+ ion (Marfunin, 1979). Calcite veins within and adjacent to these dikes show moderate to strong orange red fluorescence especially close to the Antamina skarn deposit. Garnet skarn does not fluoresce, but some calcite + sulfide veins and patches within the exo- and endoskarn show moderate to strong orange-red fluorescence (Fig. 5.3B). We define UVF halos as clusters of three or more calcite veins with moderate to high orange red fluorescence, close to a main fluid escape structure as defined in chapter 3. A UVF halo extends approximately 100m in the marble aureole to the Antamina skarn deposit (Antamina West graph in Fig. 5.4). Strong red-orange fluorescence is common on fresh irregular fractures within marble (Fig. 5.3D), and occasionally within the matrix of marble. Calc-silicate + calcite + sulfide veins within marble also fluoresces strong orange- red. Outside the Taco Pit, UVF is limited to syn-mineralization veins that define a halo around the quartz feldspar porphyry (QFP) dike fluid conduits. All three syn-mineral vein types associated with QFP dikes in the hornfels aureole fluoresce. Quartz + fluorite ± calcite ± sulfide veins (Fig. 5.3C) and calc-silicate + calcite + sulfide veins consistently fluoresce moderate to strong orange-red. Some calcite + pyrite veins fluoresce, but many do not. In transect 2 the UVF halo surrounding the QFP dike is 102 metres wide (Fig. 5.4). At Fortuna, UVF is observed in calcite veins associated with dolomite (Fig. 5.3E) and calcite ± Mn-oxide veins (Fig. 5.3F) within about one metre of the main mineralized structure (Fig 5.4). Orange brown calcite veins at Fortuna do not fluoresce. Thin, crustiform, pre-mineral calcite and dolomite ± calcite veins at the Fortuna East area, do not fluoresce either. 278 Table 5.4: Mineral paragenetic sequence of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Antamina Sample Location Easting Northing UVF Host rock Paragenetic sequence 2PAG107 Fortuna East 274371 8946620 none limestone calcite --> dolomite --> Fe dolomite 2PAG179 W Antamina 273421 8945235 none gray marble ksp --> calcite 3PAA130 Quarry Bench 273961 8946042 strong ORF altered QFP dike Quartz --> garnet --> K-spar --> vesuvianite --> calcite + sulfides 3PAA278 Fortuna 273050 8946308 none limestone dolomite --> kutnohorite --> calcite 3PAA278 Fortuna 273050 8946308 weak ORF limestone Fe-dolomite --> calcite --> Mn calcite 3PAA278 Fortuna 273050 8946308 strong ORF limestone Fe dolomite --> Mn calcite 4PAA134 W Antamina 273468 8945298 none white marble calcite 4PAA134 W Antamina 273468 8945298 weak ORF white marble calcite 4PAA163 Fortuna 272809 8946294 mod ORF limestone calcite --> Mn oxides 4PAA163 Fortuna 272809 8946294 strong ORF limestone calcite --> Mn oxides 4PAA178 Fortuna 273093 8946318 strong ORF limestone Mn calcite --> Mn oxides 4PAA203 Ridge road 274882 8945565 mod ORF hornfels apatite stringers --> quartz --> chlorite --> calcite + sulfides 4PAA219 Taco Pit 274345 8945342 mod ORF tan endoskarn calcite + biotite (phlogopite) --> calcite + sulfides 4PAA219 Taco Pit 274345 8945342 white tan endoskarn calcite + sulfides 279 Figure 5.3: UVF in calcite from Antamina. A. Red fluorescence of the endoskarn associated with the Taco porphyry. Quartz veins do not fluoresce. B. Intense ORF of calcite + quartz + phlogopitic biotite + K-spar + sulfide veins in the endoskarn associated with the base of Oscarina dike. C. ORF of calcite + fluorite + sulfide in quartz feldspar porphyry dike at Quarry Bench. D. ORF along sulfide vein in coarse-grained white marble at Antamina West. E. Moderate ORF of a late Mn-rich calcite ± sulfide vein invading a non-fluorescent dolomite vein north of Fortuna. F. Strong ORF of calcite + Mn oxide ± sulfide vein northwest of Fortuna. 280 Figure 5.4: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Antamina skarn deposit. 281 UVF is limited to zones of thermal visible alteration (white- brown marble, and white- brown hornfels) and syn-mineralization veins, and appears to track fluid circulation. UVF defines two zones of fluid circulation: the marble aureole and the porphyry dike-vein zones. The moderate to strong orange-red fluorescence in calcite veins and in fractures within the marble aureole indicates fracture-controlled fluid circulation. Fractures controlling fluid circulation are in multiple directions. At shallow levels, mineralizing fluids were restricted to the calcite + sulfide veins and calcite + Mn oxide veins, the former principally in the vicinity of QFP dikes. 5.5.3 Major and trace element composition Eleven spots of pre-, syn- and post-mineral white, orange red and non-fluorescent veins belonging to six samples (2PAG107, 2PAG179, 3PAA278, 4PAA134, 4PAA163 and 4PAA219) were examined by microprobe. Results of this analysis indicate a strong influence of Fe, Mn and Mg on the fluorescence color of veins to the UV light (Fig. 5.5A). However, a Fe-Mg-Mn diagram shows a high Mn and low Fe content of the moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins proximal and distal to the Antamina skarn deposit (Fig. 5.5B). Pb, Sr and Zn appear in very low amounts and they occur randomly in fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins, however the ternary diagram of these three elements (Fig. 5.5C) indicate that moderate to strong ORF calcite is dominated by Pb and Zn while non- fluorescent calcite is dominated by its Sr content. Microprobe results of calcite veins from Antamina in mol percent are shown in Table 5.2. Non-fluorescent veins (pre- and post mineral) have generally lower metal impurities than those in orange red fluorescent samples (Figs. 5.5D and E). Magnesium and calcium contents of non-fluorescent veins (pre- and post-mineral) show a linear distribution that coincides with the line of Ca:Mg exchange (Fig. 5.5D). Bivariate plot of Mn vs. Ca confirms that Mn is the main impurity of ORF veins and that approximately 0.01% Mn may be enough to produce the ORF in calcite (Fig. 5.5E). There has not been determined an upper limit for the Mn content of the moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins because distal and proximal veins show the same feature despite distal veins contains higher Mn than proximal veins. On the contrary, many of the weak ORF, white and non- fluorescent veins contain not only less Mn than strong ORF veins but also higher Fe in their 282 Figure 5.5: Compositional diagrams for fluorescent and non-fluorescent (fls) pre-, syn- and post–mineral calcite veins from Antamina. 283 composition that Fe may be considered the main inhibitor of fluorescence at Antamina (Fig. 5.5B). In general, FeO content of fluorescent calcite veins is lower than 0.5 wt%, whereas ZnO and PbO content of all the samples examined show similar low values regardless of fluorescence; however, Zn and Pb seem to exert influence on the moderate to strong ORF of calcite besides Mn (Fig. 5.5C). This supports a linkage of fluorescence with mineralization. On the other hand, microprobe results of other non-fluorescent carbonate veins show that dolomite veins have MnO and FeO contents similar and higher than ORF calcite veins, however dolomite veins do not fluoresce. The complete list of microprobe results is shown in Appendix D2. 5.6 Uchucchacua 5.6.1 SEM observations Six samples of the most representative fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua were selected to check the mineralogy and paragenetic sequence under the SEM. The examination of these samples permitted accurate location of the spots for microprobe analysis. In summary, non-fluorescent veins are composed of calcite and dolomite. Weak orange red and yellow fluorescence veins show late Mn calcite veins crosscutting earlier non-fluorescent calcite and dolomite veins (Figs. 5.6A and B). Light green fluorescent spots seem to contain only calcite. In general, yellow, white and moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins contain calcite, Mn-rich calcite and traces of galena (Figs. 5.6C, D, E and F). Moderate to strong orange red fluorescent vein may also be entirely composed of calcite (Fig. 5.6E). However, yellow fluorescence veins appear more fractured than others and sometimes contain dolomite and Mn dolomite (Fig. 5.6B). White fluorescent veins surrounding marble patches at the lower levels of Uchucchacua are strongly fractured containing k-feldspar, quartz, biotite and traces of galena filling the fractures (Fig. 5.6F). SEM observations of carbonate veins from Uchucchacua are summarized in Table 5.5. 5.6.2 UVF observations Three different fluorescent responses are recognized: white to yellow, light green and orange red (Fig. 5.7). Crustiform veins commonly present bands of white to bluish 284 Figure 5.6: Captions are on the following page. 285 Figure 5.6: Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua. A. Weak ORF calcite invaded by dolomite and crosscut by Mn-rich calcite vein (sample 3PUA511, spot ORF, 1000X). B. Yellow fluorescent spot showing two generations of calcite, the first one replaced by dolomite and Mn-rich dolomite (sample 3PUA511, spot y2, 500X). C. Yellow fluorescent Mn-rich calcite crosscut by fractures containing quartz and galena (sample 3PUA542Y, 1000X). D. Moderate ORF calcite in intergrowth with apatite close to a micritic impure limestone containing traces of galena (sample 3PUA542, spot c, 1000X). E. Moderate ORF vein composed of two generations of calcite (sample 4PUA567B, spot b, 100X). F. White fluorescent calcite crosscut by fractures containing siliciclastic material and traces of galena (sample 4PUA513, spot a, 100X). 286 Table 5.5: Mineral paragenetic sequence of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua Sample Altitude Easting Northing UVF Host rock Paragenetic sequence m.a.s.l. 3PUA511 4300 317241 8826188 none limestone calcite 1 --> dolomite --> Mn calcite --> calcite 2 3PUA511 4300 317241 8826188 light green limestone calcite 3PUA511 4300 317241 8826188 yellow limestone calcite 1 --> dolomite --> Mn calcite 3PUA511 4300 317241 8826188 weak ORF limestone calcite --> dolomite --> Mn calcite 3PUA542 4300 317236 8826175 yellow limestone Mn calcite 3PUA542 4300 317236 8826175 white limestone Mn calcite 3PUA542 4300 317236 8826175 mod ORF limestone Mn calcite 3PUA548 4360 317254 8826112 none tan hornfels calcite 3PUA548 4360 317254 8826112 strong ORF limestone calcite 1 --> Mn calcite + sulfides 4PUA513 4120 317236 8826074 yellow marble/limestone calcite 1 --> calcite 2 + traces galena 4PUA524 4360 315291 8822718 none limestone calcite 4PUA567B 4450 317107 8826142 mod ORF limestone calcite 1 --> calcite 2 287 Figure 5.7: UVF in calcite from Uchucchacua. A. Crustiform calcite vein with very strong ORF surrounded by mm-scale yellow, white and bluish white fluorescence halos. Surface, 53 m from Rosa vein. B. Cyclical non-, white, yellow and light ORF zoning in calcite vein at surface Marion vein (4950 m.a.s.l.). C. Crustiform calcite vein showing yellow, light green, orange red and non-fluorescent bands, where ORF bands represent the youngest event within the vein (level 4300, 95 m north of the Rosa vein). D. Strong ORF calcite vein cutting non-fluorescent syn-tectonic vein. Late yellowish white fluorescent hairline veins appear filling recent fractures (level 4360 m, 4 m from Rosa vein). E. Strong ORF in calcite vein with thin tan hornfels halo (level 4360, 4 m from Rosa vein). F. Poliphase system of calcite veins with white, yellow and moderate ORF crosscutting a brecciated limestone (level 4300, 81 m north of Rosa vein and 5 m from the Rosalia orebody). G. White fluorescent calcite surrounding non-fluorescent marble patch (level 4120, 10 m south of Rosa vein). 288 white, yellow, light green, orange red and non-fluorescent colors to the UV lamp (Figs. 5.7A, B and C). Massive veins commonly display orange red or none colors, where yellow and white fluorescent colors appear as thin halos or along fractures within the orange red fluorescent veins (Figs. 5.7D, E, F and G). White and yellow fluorescent calcite veins are more abundant at surface (Figs. 5.7A and B), whereas light green fluorescent veins are not common and appear to be a variation of yellow fluorescent veins (Fig. 5.7C). Orange red fluorescence is widespread at the Carmen mine and has been classified according to the intensity of fluorescence. Moderate and strong orange red fluorescence typically occurs proximal to sulfide-rich mineralized ore bodies (Fig. 5.8 – level 4300). However, this signature is also observed in thin calcite veins containing small amounts of sulfides. As at Antamina, we define fluorescent halos as clusters of three or more calcite veins with moderate to high orange red fluorescence, close to a main structure (Fig. 5.7D and 5.8). Orange red fluorescence defines strong alteration halos up to 30 metres in width at depth. The halos thin at shallow levels (Fig. 5.8). Lateral and vertical zoning of fluorescent calcite veins and their implications for mineral exploration are discussed in detail in chapter 4 of this study. 5.6.3 Trace element composition 5.6.3.1 Sampling and analysis Samples of carbonate veins showing white, yellow, light green, orange red and non- fluorescence were delineated accurately under the UV light and then drilled out with a mm- scale drilling machine attempting to avoid other veins or portions of the host rocks, although in some cases <1 mm-thick veinlets were unavoidable included. Volume percentage of the analyzed samples is shown in Appendix D1. Geochemical analyses were performed on the powders of veins for 47 trace elements by ALS Chemex laboratories in North Vancouver, Canada, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The ICP-MS results were obtained in powders previously digested with four acids (HF, HNO3, HClO4 and HCl) in order to get information of the base metal content in the samples and as a reference of the ICP-MS analyses performed on the host rocks. Table 5.1 shows the results of the possible main indicators of fluorescence in calcite. The entire ICP-MS database of veins is presented in Appendix D1. Thirteen spots of yellow, white, light green, orange red and non-fluorescent 289 Figure 5.8: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein. Wide fluorescent halos between 4360 and 4180 m altitude coincide with the zone of replacement orebodies. 290 veins belonging to six samples (3PUA511, 3PUA542, 3PUA548, 4PUA513, 4PUA524 and 4PUA567B) were also examined by microprobe analysis. Details of microprobe analysis are shown in the Analytical Procedures section. 5.6.3.2 ICP-MS results The results of ICP-MS analysis indicate a high correlation between trace element content and UVF in calcite. Diagrams of fluorescence versus metal content of the main activators and sensitizers of fluorescence in calcite are shown in Fig. 5.9. ICP-MS results indicate that samples with strong orange red fluorescence correlates with high Mn (>10,000 ppm) and apparently with Ga (>1 ppm) contents (Fig. 5.9A). Anomalous contents of Pb and Zn seem to sensitize the fluorescence of Mn in calcite (Fig. 5.9B) whereas Tl and Ce do not seem to have influence the fluorescence of calcite veins at Uchucchacua (Fig. 5.9B). White and yellow fluorescence seems to correlate with anomalous values of Be and depleted values of Sb (Fig. 5.9C), whereas Mg, V and Zr contents are relatively high in light green UVF calcite (Fig. 5.9D). List of ICP-MS data of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins is shown in Appendix D1. 5.6.3.3 Microprobe results Microprobe analysis of representative pre-, syn and post-mineral fluorescent and non-fluorescent calcite veins from Uchucchacua were performed to confirm the presence of the main activators of fluorescence in calcite defined by ICP-MS. Microprobe results indicate a strong influence of Mn, Mg and Fe impurities on the fluorescence color of veins to the UV light (Figs. 5.10A and 10B). Lead, strontium and zinc appear in very low amounts, although ORF veins seem to have moderate propensity for Zn and slight tendency for Pb over Sr (Fig. 5.10C). This feature may support the association of ORF veins with mineralizing fluids. The complete list of microprobe results of calcite veins from Uchucchacua is shown in the Appendix D3. Non-fluorescent pre-mineral veins appear to be rich in Mg in comparison to the yellow and white fluorescent pre mineral veins (Figs. 5.10B and 5.10D), which on the contrary are relatively richer in Mn. Magnesium and calcium of non-fluorescent pre- mineral veins show a linear distribution that coincides with the line of Ca:Mg exchange (Fig. 5.10D).Yellow and white fluorescent pre-mineral veins contain sometimes higher Mn than ORF veins (Fig. 5.10E). 291 Figure 5.9: Metal indicators of calcite fluorescence at Uchucchacua based on the ICP-MS content of drilled samples. A. ICP-MS content of moderate to strong ORF appear related to high contents of Mn and Ga. B. Moderate to strong ORF seems also be related to the presence of anomalous values of Pb and Zn. C. White and yellow fluorescent veins appear to be influenced by depleted valus of Sb. D. Light green fluorescent veins seem to be associated with anomalous values of Mg and V. 292 Figure 5.10: Compositional diagrams for fluorescent (fls) and non-fluorescent pre, syn and post-mineral calcite veins from Uchucchacua.293 Fe-Mg-Mn ternary diagram indicates the existence of three populations of syn- mineral veins related to their composition and fluorescence color. Moderate to strong ORF veins are rich in Mn. Light green fluorescent syn-mineral veins are relatively rich in Mg whereas yellow fluorescent syn-mineral veins seem to contain important amounts of Mn and Fe in their composition (Fig. 5.10B). The analysis of one non-fluorescent post-mineral vein indicates the presence of moderate amounts of Mn in these veins, which are also poor in Fe and Mg (Fig. 5.10B). Bivariate plot of Mn vs. Ca suggests that Mn is the main impurity of white and yellow fluorescent pre-mineral veins and of the strong orange red fluorescent veins (Fig. 5.10E). However, most of the moderate to strong ORF veins has Mn contents between 0.01 and 0.1 ppm similar to the range observed at Antamina. 5.7 Discussion 5.7.1 Activators of UV fluorescence Microprobe examination of calcite veins from Antamina and Uchucchacua demonstrate that even small amounts of Mn within calcite (0.005 mol percent) can activate the ORF of this mineral. Compositional ternary diagrams also show that white fluorescence in calcite is due to relative anomalous Mn contents (Fig. 5.11). ICP-MS and microprobe results also show the presence of anomalous values of Ga, Zn and Pb that may act as possible sensitizers of Mn fluorescence in calcite as has been proposed by Haberlandt, 1944, Gies, 1975, Marfunin, 1979 among others. The strong association of ORF calcite with galena and sphalerite in veins at both Antamina and Uchucchacua would confirm this hypothesis. The common occurrence of weak to moderate yellow fluorescence surrounding ORF calcite veins, and their relative similar Mn contents suggest that yellow colors may represent a lattice defect of Mn-rich calcite veins probably due to the alteration of calcite. The anomalous content of Fe in most of the weak ORF veins, yellow fluorescent and some of the non-fluorescent veins would confirm its presence as inhibitor of Mn fluorescence (Gies, 1975) at Antamina and Uchucchacua. Most of the non-fluorescent veins are almost pure calcite and this is demonstrated by their lack of Mn and the linear correlation between 294 Figure 5.11: Carbonate compositional ternary plots for fluorescent (fls) and non-fluorescent pre-, syn and post-mineral calcite veins from Antamina (A, B and C) and Uchucchauca (D, E an F). Symbol size are arbitrarily scaled to permit all data to be viewed.295 their Ca and Mg contents. The relative absence of ORF calcite within and adjacent to the MnCO3-rich zones of the mine, may be due to an excess of Mn that would confirm the observation of Brown (1934) who stated that ORF appears in calcite with Mn content ranging between 3.5 and 15 mole per cent. MnO values of ORF calcite are even much smaller although their upper limit has not been determined for Uchucchacua. Light green fluorescent color of calcite may reflect a lattice defect of non-fluorescent pre mineral veins because of their similar chemical composition. The lower Sr contents of the ORF veins in comparison to those of non-fluorescent veins may indicate that ORF veins were formed by the circulation of mineralizing fluids, considering that Sr depleted values in carbonate rocks characterize the aureole of some polymetallic carbonate rock hosted ore deposits such as Cerro de Pasco (Tosdal et al., 2006). The relative low MnO content of UVF veins within the mineralized skarn is related to the lack of Mn in these systems, although it may suggest the presence of other activators of fluorescence such as Sm3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Eu2+, or Eu3+ (Machel et al., 1991) that couldn’t been determined in this study. 5.7.2 Implications for mineral exploration UVF zonation vertical and lateral to Antamina and Uchucchacua indicate a strong relationship between base metal mineralization with the moderate to strong ORF of calcite veins. Pb-Zn-Sr ternary diagrams for calcite of both deposits show a slight tendency of ORF veins to have more Pb and Zn than Sr, while non-fluorescent veins are clearly associated with Sr (Fig. 5.11). This feature supports the association of ORF veins with mineralizing fluids and demonstrates the importance of UVF of carbonates as a tool in the exploration of intrusion-related carbonate rock-hosted deposits. O and Sr isotope compositions of fluorescent veins (chapters 3 and 4 of this study) indicate a systematic variation with the UVF response of calcite veins where the isotopic composition of syn-mineral calcite veins indicates a strong relation with magmatic fluids of high to low temperature for Antamina and Uchucchacua, respectively. Oxygen isotope composition of ORF calcite veins indicates a strong relationship between ORF veins with the main periods of mineralization. However, the relative absence of ORF calcite in outcrops should not cause frustration if white and yellow fluorescent calcite is detected especially in surface. These 296 two fluorescent colors are shown to have chemical compositions similar to the orange red fluorescent calcite and their occurrence as halos to these veins suggest they likely reflect the lattice damage of ORF calcite veins. Considering that Mn (II) ion released from primary minerals (syn-, dia- and epigenetic) during weathering, easily reacts with oxygen to give black manganiferous oxides (Williams, 1990), it is proposed the combined use of the UVF signature of calcite veins with the trace element content and stable isotope composition of the host rocks to define zones of fluid-rock interaction particularly adjacent to potential paleo mineralizing fluid conduits in the exploration of these deposits. 5.8 Conclusions UVF of calcite veins is a feature common in intrusion-related carbonate rock-hosted deposits, despite the relative distance from the intrusion centre. Manganese has been proved to be the main activator of ORF at Uchucchacua and Antamina (Fig. 5.11). Low values of Mn characterize the ORF veins proximal to the mineralizing intrusive centre at Antamina and the corresponding skarn. Therefore, the presence of galena and sphalerite associated with calcite in these veins suggest that Pb and Zn may act as sensitizers of Mn fluorescence in calcite proximal to Antamina. Calcite ± sulfides and MnO rich calcite veins distal to the Antamina skarn deposit exhibit invariably moderate to strong ORF signatures. Therefore, these luminescence features are worth using to identify the extension of thermal alteration, the 1st and 2nd order fluid pathways, and in general delineate the large scale of fluid circulation outside a skarn- porphyry system, like Antamina. UVF zonation of calcite veins in shallow systems can be used to help identifying the permeability network around the main mineralized structures, the number of mineralizing events, the intensity of hydrothermal activity associated with a determined vein or replacement ore-body, and the most striking feature is the reconnaissance of prospective areas with poor visible alteration features such as oxide zones, veins or metamorphic/metasomatic rocks. However, UVF zonation may be a misleading feature in shallow systems where Mn oxides may have derived from the oxidation of diagenetic rather than epigenetic minerals. For that reason, characterization of UVF of calcite veins and the anomalous clusters it defines must be used in combination with geochemistry and oxygen 297 isotope composition of the host rocks to define zones of paleo-mineralizing fluid channels in the exploration of base metal deposits hosted in carbonate rocks. 298 5.9 References Aguilar, G.M. and Osendi, M.I., 1982, Fluorescence of Mn2+ in CaCO3. Journal of Luminescence 27, p. 365-375. Blasse, G. and Aguilar, M., 1984, Luminescence of natural calcite (CaCO3). Journal of Luminescence 29, p. 239-241. Brown, W.L., 1934, Fluorescence of manganiferous calcites, University of Toronto Studies, Geol, Ser., 36, 45-54. Bussell, M.A., Alpers, C.M., Petersen, U., Shepherd, T.J., Bermudez, C., and Baxter, A.M., 1990, The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua, Peru: Studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes and fluid inclusions. Economic Geology, vol.85, p. 1348-1383 Chang L.L.Y., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., 1996, Rock-Forming minerals, Volume 5B: Non-silicates: Sulfates, Carbonates and Halites, Longman Group Ltd., 383 pages. Cobbing, E.J., Sanchez, A., Martinez, W., and Zarate, H., 1996, Geologia de los cuadrangulos de Huaraz (20-h), Recuay (20-I), La Union (20-j), Chiquian (21-I), Yanahuanca (21-j). Boletin 76, Serie A: Carta Geologica Nacional, Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico, Sector Energia y Minas, Peru, 281 pages, 5 maps, 1:100,000 scale. Compania Minera Antamina S.A., 2002, Plano geologico de Antamina, scale: 1/4500, MPA-Ore control, June 2002. Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., 2004, Plano geologico de superficie mina Uchucchacua, scale 1/2000, Departamento de Geologia, Unidad de produccion Uchucchacua. Gies, H., 1975, Activation possibilities and geochemical correlations of photoluminescing carbonates, particularly calcites. Mineralium Deposita 10, p. 216-227. Hammarstrom, J.M., 2002, Environmental geochemistry of skarn and polymetallic carbonate-replacement deposit models, in: Geoenvironmental Models for Selected Mineral Deposits, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-195, p.115-142 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/OF02-195H.pdf) Instituto de Geologia y Mineria, 1977, Sinopsis explicativa del mapa geologico del Peru, 299 escala 1:1000000, Boletin 28A. Serie A: Boletines de la Carta Geologica Nacional, Ministerio de Energia y Minas del Peru, 41 pages, 1 map. Lehne, R.W., 1996, Microscopial investigation of selected drillhole samples from Antamina, Peru: in Sachtleben Bergbau GMBH & Co. Internal Report, 16 pages. Lehne, R.W., 1997, Microscopial investigation of mineralized drillhole sections from the CMA drilling campaign at Antamina, Peru (III). Inmet Mining, Internal Rep., 20p. Love DA, Clark AH, Ullrich TD, Archibald DA and Lee JKW (2003) 40Ar-39Ar evidence for the age and duration of magmatic-hydrothermal activity in the giant Antamina Cu-Zn skarn deposit, Ancash, north-central Peru. Geological Association of Canada Annual Meeting (Vancouver, B.C.) Machel, H.G., Mason, R.A., Mariano, A.N., and Mucci, A., 1991, Causes and emissions of luminescence in calcite and dolomite. In: Luminescence Microsocopy and Spectroscopy: Qualitative and Quantitative Applications (Barker, C.E. and Kopp, O.C. eds.), Society of Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), Tulsa, 1991, p. 9-25. Marfunin, A.S., 1979, Spectroscopy, luminescence and radiation centers in minerals, Springer-Verlag, 352 pages. McKee, E.H., Noble, D.C., Scherkenbach, D.A., Drexler, J.W., Mendoza, J. and Eyzaguirre, V.R., 1979, Age of porphyry intrusion, potassic alteration, and related skarn mineralization, Antamina District, Northern Peru. Economic Geology, vol. 74, p. 928-930. Megaw, P.K.M., 1998, Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Au replacement deposits: An exploration perspective. In: Mineralized Intrusion Related Skarn Systems (D.R. Lentz and J.L. Jambor eds.). Mineral Association of Canada, Short Course Series, vol. 26, p. 337-357. Mutanen, J., Jaaskelainen, T., and Parkkinen, J.P.S., 2005, Thermochromism of Fluorescent Colors in: COLOR research and application, vol. 30, N˚ 3, p. 163-171 Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1999, The Miocene metallogenic belt of central and northern Peru. Society of Economic Geologist Special Publication 7, p. 155-193. Petersen, E.U., 1995, Solid solution compositions of sulfide and sulfosalt minerals from Uchucchacua, Peru. Sociedad Geológica del Perú, Volumen Jubilar Alberto Benavides, p. 243-260. 300 Petersen, U., 1965, Regional geology and major ore deposits of central Peru. Economic Geology, vol. 60, p. 407-476. Petersen, U., 1999, Magmatic and metallogenic evolution of central Andes. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 109-153. Petersen, U., Mayta, O., Gamarra, L., Vidal, C.E., and Sabastizagal, A., 2004, Uchucchacua: A Major Silver Producer in South America. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 243-257. Romani, M., 1982, Geologia de la region minera Uchucchacua, Hacienda Otuto, Peru II. Tesis presentada en la Universidad de Grenoble I para obtener el titulo de Doctor de tercer ciclo de Geologia Aplicada. Informe interno para la Compania de minas Buenaventura S.A. y para el Instituto Dolomieu, France, 68 pages. Sabastizagal Vela, A., 2003, Inventario de reserves de mineral de la unidad de Produccion Uchucchacua al 1ro de Enero del 2003. Memorandum interno, Cia de minas Buenaventura S.A.A. Unidad de Produccion Uchucchacua, Febrero 2003, 348 pages. Shopov, Y.Y., 2004, Activators of luminescence in spelethems as source of major mistakes in interpretation of luminescent paleoclimatic records. International Journal of Speleology, 33 (1/4), p. 25-33. Schulman, J.H., Evans, L.W., Ginther, R.J., and Murata, K.J., 1947, The sensitized luminescence of manganese-activated calcite. Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 18, p. 732-739. Tosdal, R., Bissig, T., Escalante, A., Dipple, G., Ebert, S., Jurado, J., Pacheco, M., Lipten, E., Espinoza, J., Sabastizagal, A., and Rodriguez, G., 2006, Tracking fluid exhaust from polymetallic carbonate rock-hosted ore deposits: Examples from Central Peru. XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología, Resumenes Extendidos, Sociedad Geologica del Peru, p. 800-803. Williams, P.A., 1990, Oxide Zone Geochemistry, Ellis Horwood series in Inorganic Chemistry, West Sussex, England, 286 pages. White, W.T., 1975, Luminescent materials. Transactions of American Crystallographic Association, vol. 11, p. 31-491. 301 Chapter 6: Summary and conclusions 6.1 Visible alteration features Distal alteration to intrusion-related, polymetallic carbonate-rock hosted deposits can be recognized by the systematic follow up of the more apparent paleo-fluid conduits to the spent mineralizing fluids of these deposits. Fluid escape pathways to these deposits might be dikes, veins, faults or some favorable sedimentary layers. The two latter features can be recognized because of their contrasting appearance within a carbonate sedimentary sequence, which is mainly imparted by their anomalous oxide or sulfide content or by an unusual mineral assemblage likely caused by the circulation of fluids. The sedimentary and structural setting of these deposits mainly controls the extent and magnitude of alteration because of their intrinsic influence in the permeability of the area. Limestone rocks at Antamina and Uchucchacua are mostly impure ranging texturally from mudstone to wackstone with a limited porosity and permeability, which can be inferred for them. The high pH of these rocks commonly leads to the neutralization of acid magmatic fluids and to their deposition. Therefore, the structural setting of these deposits plays an important role in their location, the migration of fluids and the rock-fluid interaction processes associated with the development and evolution of these systems. Mineral deposits proximal to their mineralizing intrusive centers such as Antamina develop an extensive thermal alteration aureole that varies in composition according to the original composition of the protolith. The extensive development of bleaching around Antamina appears to be related to fluid flow whereby infiltration-driven oxidation of organic carbon to CO2 fluid causes bleaching. It has been demonstrated by this study that the thermal effects of a mineralizing intrusion can be traced outside the marble/hornfels aureole for hundreds of meters to kilometers. These effects are represented by disseminations of pyrrhotite in limestone proximal to the marble-hornfels aureole, patches of white to tan marble and selvages of tan hornfels around calcite + sulfide veins in the lower levels of Ag- base metal veins such as at Uchucchacua. Metasomatic imprint within the marble/hornfels aureole proximal to the skarn at Antamina is represented by brown to tan hornfels and marble layers, which represent potassic alteration of limestone. The mineral assemblage of tan marble and hornfels indicates the pervasive replacement of plagioclase, scapolite and biotite by K-feldspar and 302 Fe-poor biotite (phlogopite). Within this context, selvages of tan hornfels around calcite + sulfide veins found at the intermediate to lower levels of the Rosa vein is considered the most distal expression of the thermal and metasomatic aureole to a skarn-porphyry system. Distal surface alteration features to these deposits are formed by swarms of orange brown carbonate veins, Mn oxide rich calcite veins and Mn oxide fracture fillings and crusts. These veins may or may not be associated with Ag mineralization and represent the oxidation products of calcite + sulfide veins and veinlets. The absence of quartz veins and jasperoids in the distal parts of Antamina and Uchucchacua suggest that hydrothermal fluids were poor in silica. 6.2 Trace element anomalies in carbonate rocks Bivariate diagrams of insoluble elements are used to identify the least mobile elements, which are important to recognize the addition or subtraction of elements in the host rocks. REE information is used to support the presence of anomalous REE in the host rocks. Most of the host rocks are impure limestone and they may contain unusual amounts of trace elements related to their siliciclastic content that can be considered erroneously as anomalous values. Recognition of anomalous geochemical values in this study considers this problem and all the trace metal values given by the laboratory were normalized against the least mobile element determined for each deposit. La and Al are the least mobile elements found in the host rocks at Antamina and Uchucchacua respectively. It is demonstrated in this study that the relative enrichment of major and trace elements in marble and hornfels at Antamina is mainly due to processes of carbonate dissolution. Statistical analysis of trace element distribution in both deposits indicates that not all the elements follow a normal distribution. In that sense, the geochemical background of each element is estimated using the median ± 2MAD of the ratio trace element/least mobile element. Individual threshold values were estimated for each sample considering the lack of homogeneity in the host rocks. Threshold values along with measured values are plotted in metal content versus distance to a fluid conduit diagrams to identify the presence of geochemical anomalous halos. These plots indicate a vertical and lateral metal zonation, which is continuous throughout the mineralizing Cu-Zn skarn –Ag base metal system. 303 6.3 Oxygen and carbon isotope systematics in host rocks Depleted values in oxygen isotopes of the host rocks to the QFP dikes at Antamina and to the Rosa vein at Uchucchacua confirm these structures as the main fluid escape pathways to both deposits. Wide oxygen isotope halos to dikes in areas within marble and hornfels derived from impure limestone and in limestone proximal to the thermal aureole suggest an intense isotopic interaction in these zones. Depleted values of oxygen isotopes in hornfels around Antamina, but not in hornfels associated with the Condorcocha skarn system may confirm that the dikes were escape conduits for fluids from the Antamina system. Isotopic shifts in limestone adjacent to an ore vein are likely due to the infiltration of externally derived fluids with isotopic composition lower than the host rocks (Valley, 1986) and because the fractionation of calcite relative to water (∆calcite-H2O) decreases with increasing distance of fluid propagation and temperature (Dipple and Ferry, 1992). Carbon isotope halos greater than oxygen isotope halos in impure limestone indicate that decarbonation reactions due to increasing temperature processes did not release enough CO2 to decrease the whole rock δ18O (Nabelek et al., 1984). Coincidence or overlapping of carbon, oxygen and trace element halos is observed in the lower levels at Uchucchacua and at shallow levels at Antamina suggesting the extension of the metasomatic fluid infiltration or the metasomatic sides (Yardley and Lloyd, 1995) developed by the fluids that formed the Rosa and Fortuna veins (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2). The slight variations in the texture and mineral composition of limestone across the aureole to these veins suggest that fluids moved especially through fractures, and they were relatively low in temperature. Stable isotopic alteration around fluid conduits at Antamina and Uchucchacua extend for almost 1km from the mineralizing intrusion and remains open so a similar minimum time-integrated molar fluid flux (qm) may be considered for both hydrothermal systems according to the formula developed by Dipple and Ferry (1992). qm = distance x velocity of fluid propagation where distance: vertical exposure of Rosa vein ~ 100,000 centimeters velocity of fluid propagation: 0.081 moles water/cm3 rock qm = 100000 x 0.081 = 8100 moles water/cm2 rock 304 6.4 UVF of veins Microprobe examination of calcite veins from Antamina and Uchucchacua demonstrate that even small amounts of Mn within calcite (0.005 mol percent) can activate the ORF of this mineral. Weak to moderate yellow fluorescence, which commonly surrounds ORF calcite veins is interpreted as a lattice defect of Mn-rich calcite veins, whereas anomalous Fe contents in weak ORF veins, yellow fluorescent and some of the non-fluorescent veins demonstrate its presence as inhibitor of ORF in calcite. Microprobe analysis also indicates Pb and Zn as sensitizers of ORF of calcite. Orange-red UVF in calcite is restricted to zones of visible hydrothermal alteration and to syn-mineralization veins. Fluorescence defines two zones of fluid flow and fracture permeability: the bleached marble halo adjacent to exoskarn and fracture permeability system centered on QFP dikes above and distal to the Antamina. UVF zonation of calcite veins in shallow systems is proved to be useful in the identification of the permeability network around the main mineralized structures, the number of mineralizing events, and the intensity of fluid flow circulation. 6.5 Source of fluids Oxygen isotope composition of fluorescent and non-fluorescent syn mineral calcite veins in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles (O’Neil et al., 1969) confirms their relationship with hot magmatic fluids at Antamina and Fortuna area. Low δ18O and low δ13C values are prevalent reflecting a dominant magmatic source for the veins associated with the Rosa vein. Heavier oxygen isotope values with increasing elevation suggest that fluids were cooling as they ascended along the Rosa vein. Magmatic source for the veins is demonstrated by plotting δ18O values of calcite in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles versus temperature. This plot indicates that veins were in equilibrium with fluids at temperatures of 300 to 500˚ C at Antamina, and between 250 and 375˚C at Uchucchacua. Very low δ18O values of some post-mineralization veins at both deposits likely reflect the late incursion of meteoric fluids as the hydrothermal system waned. Sr isotope composition of syn-mineral calcite veins indicates a mixed magmatic- sedimentary source for the Sr in the calcite veins, where the effect of the spent mineralizing 305 fluids was low especially at the thermal aureole of Antamina. Sr isotope data of calcite veins from Uchucchacua are equivocal, but consistent with magmatic volatiles that have exchanged strontium with underlying sedimentary rocks during ascent. Limestone from Chambara Formation (Moritz et al., 1996) is constrained as the possible source of 87Sr- enriched fluids for the syn mineral calcite veins at Uchucchacua. 6.6 Large-scale zonation as proof of genetic linkage between proximal and distal carbonate rock-hosted deposits – implications for mineral exploration It is demonstrated within this study the large-scale zonation of visible and cryptic alteration (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2). Visible alteration, trace element content and oxygen isotope composition of the host rocks adjacent to the fluid escape conduits, as well as the UVF of the calcite veins reveal a systematic change in the intensity of the alteration halos with depth, where the wider halos correspond to high temperature settings. Pervasive thermal aureoles to the large Antamina skarn deposit are relatively restricted to approximately 200 to 300 metres around the skarn front, however, these features tracked around the main fluid escape pathways (QFP dikes and Ag-base metal veins) indicate the presence of thermal effects even at environments of relatively low temperature such as the intermediate to lower levels at Uchucchacua. Therefore, white and tan marble patches as well as tan hornfels halos to calcite + sulfide veins can be considered the most distal expression of the thermal and metasomatic aureole to a skarn-porphyry system (Fig.6.1). Variation in the mineral assemblage and temperature of veins from the marble/hornfels aureole at Antamina to the veins at Fortuna suggests a continuum between the Cu-Zn skarn and the Ag-base metal vein deposit (Fig. 6.2). 40Ar/39Ar data on the QFP dikes within and outside Antamina demonstrate the genetic linkage between the mineralization at Antamina and Fortuna. The extensive potassic alteration within the quartz monzonite stock and nearby host rocks as well as the prograde skarn assemblages associated with the ore mineralization at Antamina suggest a low to intermediate sulfidation environment for the low-grade Cu ± Mo porphyry system (Einaudi, 1994) developed at the nucleus of mineralization at Antamina. In contrast, variation in the mineral assemblage and temperature of the veins from Fortuna to the lower levels at Uchucchacua 306 Figure 6.1: Integrated trace elements and visible distal alteration zoning profile for Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits. Trace elements and cm-scale hornfels halos to veins define the linkages between the shallow parts at Antamina (Fortuna) with the deepest levels at Uchucchacua. 307 Figure 6.2: Vein composition zoning and oxygen isotope thermometry of veins for Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits. Observe also the extension of the infiltration sides given by the lateral zoning of distal alteration. 308 is similar to the zonation pattern of Zn-Pb skarns (Meinert, 1987) and may be used to infer the location of a Zn-Pb skarn or replacement mantos (Megaw, 1998) at the deeper levels of Uchucchacua. The ore mineralogy, texture of carbonate veins (crustiform), and the narrow vertical distribution of the Ag ore bodies or bonanza zone at Uchucchacua suggest that mineralization at Uchucchacua formed in an epithermal intermediate sulfidation environment (Simmons et al., 2005). The presence of Mn-Fe-Ca silicates such as bustamite and johannsonite mainly in the replacement orebodies suggest that mineralizing fluids might have derived from a skarn system (Einaudi et al., 1981) likely centered in a low to intermediate sulfidation Cu ± Mo porphyry system (Einaudi, 1994). These characteristics demonstrate the existence of a continuum between the Cu-Zn skarn at Antamina and the Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein deposit at Uchucchacua. Cryptic alteration zoning supports the presence of this continuum, for example the trace element zoning found throughout Antamina and Uchucchacua vertical profile coincides with the thermal zonation of elements given by Emmons (1936) and strongly associated with the temperature of veins determined by the oxygen isotope thermometry on calcite veins. The strong temperature dependence of oxygen isotopes is demonstrated by the existence of wider anomalous halos distal to Antamina than at Uchucchacua. The overlapping of carbon and oxygen halos at the lower levels of the Rosa vein and the shallow levels of Antamina is indicative of a spatial linkage between Antamina and Uchucchacua and might be used to predict the location of the mineralizing source at no less than 1000 metres below the lower level at Uchucchacua (4120 metres). Oxygen isotope halos to the fluid escape conduits at both deposits indicate that the fluid/rock interactions were mainly controlled by fractures. The large zonation of these halos must be used in combination with the trace element zonation and the temperature of calcite veins to infer the presence of ore bodies. As stated by Meinert (1997) most skarns are zoned and this zonation is useful in mineral exploration. The visible and cryptic zonation as well as the genetic linkage defined between the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base metal Uchucchacua vein deposit is considered to provide a “big picture” of the whole hydrothermal system and might be useful as an exploration pattern of concealed deposits where visible alteration is subtle or relatively indistinguishable. Practical tools like UVF of veins were demonstrated at 309 defining the strong association between UVF and ore sulfides as well as the systematic variation of oxygen isotope values with the UVF response, which is indicative of the circulation of mineralizing fluids through veins with an ORF signature. Some of the drawbacks of this study are related to the mineral reactions and the quantitative measurement of fluid/rock interactions around the large Antamina skarn deposit and they should be addressed in a future research. 310 6.7 References Dipple, G.M. and Ferry, J.M., 1992, Fluid flow and stable isotopic alteration in rocks at elevated temperatures with applications to metamorphism: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 56, pp. 3539-3550. Einaudi, M.T., Meinert, L.D., and Newberry, R.J., 1981, Skarn deposits: Economic Geology 75th Anniversary Volume, p. 317-391. Einaudi, M.T., 1994, High sulfidation and low sulfidation porphyry copper/skarn systems: characteristics, continua, and causes. Society of Economic Geologists, International exchange lecture, WEB. http:pangea. Standford.edu/ODEX/marco-hilosulf.html. Emmons, W.H., 1936, Hypogene zoning in metalliferous lodes. Report 1 of the 16th International Geological Congress, 417-32. Megaw, P.K.M., 1998, Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Au Replacement Deposits: An Exploration Perspective, D.R. Lentz and J.L. Jambor eds: Mineralized Intrusion- Related Skarn Systems, Mineral Association of Canada. Short Course Series, Vol 26, p. 337-357. Meinert, L.D., 1987, Skarn zonation and fluid evolution in the Groundhog mine, Central mining district, New Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 523-545. Meinert, L.D., 1997, Application of skarn deposit zonation models to mineral exploration: Exploration and Mining Geology, v.6, p. 185-208. Moritz, R., Fontbote, L, Spangenberg, J., Rosas, S., Sharp, Z. and Fontignie, D., 1996, Sr, C and O isotope systematics in the Pucara basin, Central Peru: Mineralium Deposita 31, 3, p. 147-162. Nabelek, P.I., Labotka, T.C., O’Neil, J.R., and Papike, J.J., 1984, Contrasting fluid/rock interaction between the Notch Peak granitic intrusion and argillites and limestones in western Utah: evidence from stable isotopes and phase assemblages, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 86, pp. 25-34. O'Neil, J.R.; Clayton, R.N.; and Mayeda, T.K., 1969, Oxygen isotope fractionation in divalent metal carbonates; Journal of Chemical Physics, 51(12), p. 5547-5558. Simmons, S.F., White, N.C., and John, D.A., 2005, Geologic characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits: Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, p. 485-522. 311 Valley, J.W., 1986, Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks, in Valley, J.W., Taylor Jr., H.P. and O’Neil, J.R., editors, Stable isotopes in high-temperature geological processes: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, v.16, p. 445-489. Yardley, B., W. D. and Lloyd, G.E., 1995, Why metasomatic fronts are really metasomatic sides: Geology, v. 23, N° 1, p. 53-56. 312 Appendices – Chapter 2 313 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) 314 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO % % % % % 4PAA163 Fortuna 272809 8946294 calcite +MnOx +jar±goe vein, 10cm wide. 2.66 0.15 0.47 49.35 0.66 4PAA134 Antamina West 273466 8945297 White marble, 0.5% diss py, 0.5% calc-sil(gt) vlts 8.09 1.56 0.45 51.46 1.37 4PAA135 Antamina West 273455 8945292 Cgr, white marble, trz diss py, mod dist py±sph±po vlts 3.15 0.83 0.34 53.46 0.96 4PAA136 Antamina West 273453 8945291 White and dark marble, tra diss po 3.42 0.95 0.47 53.39 0.98 4PAA138 Antamina West 273446 8945288 Cgr, white marble, trz diss py and local py+cp (diss, vlts), 1% diss scapolite 13.56 3.55 1.36 49.3 1.52 4PAA150 Antamina West 273378 8945340 Cgr, sacaroid, white marble body, 2% diss py 5.2 1.49 1.1 52.5 1 4PAA186 Antamina West 273449 8945382 White, mgr marble, 0.5% diss py interbedded w/ thin, cgr, gray marble 4.45 1.36 1.87 50.26 1.05 4PAA191 Antamina West 273192 8945290 Light gray-white, sacaroid, mgr marble, 1% diss po±gn,sl and forming thin layers 4.13 1.3 0.56 52.2 1.12 3PAA105 Quarry Bench T1 273923 8946130 Mod silicified, fgr, tan marble 33.74 10.64 3.38 26.88 2.52 3PAA114 Quarry Bench T2 274008 8946101 Tan, fine grained and strong fractured marble with 3% ca-py-sl-ga veinlets. 46.81 14.59 3.66 12.17 3.46 3PAA120 Quarry Bench T2 273988 8946067 Brownish gray fine grained marble 16.38 4.87 1.98 41.86 2.04 3PAA154A Quarry Bench T2 273927 8946005 Light brown, fgr marble, 0.5% diss py. 17.09 4.22 1.59 41.9 2.96 4PAA108 Antamina West 273148 8945204 Green-brownish white, cgr marble, 0.5% diss py, trz diss cp, trz mb, 23.42 8.14 2.6 43.5 2.33 3PAA127B Quarry Bench T2 273966 8946047 Light brown, fgr, marble, 0.5% diss py. 21.65 6.47 2.03 36.85 2.69 3PAA332 Antamina West 273452 8945325 Greenish gray, mgr, marble, 2% diss scapolite, Laminar, trz ca vlts. 6.12 1.95 0.57 48.62 1.33 2PAG60 Peak Nine 273859 8944054 grey marble 30.86 9.73 3.03 28.56 2.98 4PAA110 Antamina West 273149 8945205 Gray, mgr marble, 1% fine diss py 16.93 5.51 1.68 42.5 1.53 4PAA137 Antamina West 273450 8945290 Gray marble unit interbedded with white thin layers. 3.86 1.29 0.55 52.52 0.85 4PAA139 Antamina West 273444 8945288 Cgr, gray marble, 0.5% diss py, 1% py vlts with cm bleaching halos 2.81 0.63 0.65 54.1 0.95 4PAA148 Antamina West 273392 8945345 St frac, scapolite rich, cgr, gray marble, trz diss py, strong dist dark gray stylolites 10.02 3.47 1 48.15 1.18 4PAA149 Antamina West 273387 8945343 Strong frac'd, dark gray marble with flame texture 5.63 1.76 0.62 51.7 0.96 4PAA181 Antamina West 273322 8945324 Ca parallel vein system crosscutting a cgr, dark gray marble. 6.73 1.4 0.66 51.06 1.21315 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO % % % % % 4PAA182 Antamina West 273355 8945340 St frac, dark gray, cgr marble, trz-0.5% diss py and crosscut by mm ca vlts±calc-silicates 4.71 1.07 0.75 52.7 1.33 4PAA187 Antamina West 273302 8945294 St frac, dark gray, cgr marble, 5% scapolite repl by ca, trz diss py. 9.85 1.47 0.41 49.31 0.96 4PAA188 Antamina West 273297 8945238 St frac, banded, gray and white, cgr, scapolite rich marble, trz diss py. 7.5 1.39 0.44 50.89 1.08 4PAA194 Antamina West 273282 8945182 Mod frac, gray, cgr, scapolite rich marble w/ 1% diss py. 6.39 1.2 0.46 51.71 0.98 4PAA226 Antamina West 273330 8945450 Light gray, cgr, laminated marble, 10% ca repl scapolite 1.54 0.35 0.25 53.48 1.1 3PAA127A Quarry Bench T2 273966 8946047 Light gray marble, trz po. 21.41 6.33 2.4 37.36 2.64 3PAA134 Quarry Bench T2 273950 8946030 Parallel N48°E, 59°NW ca+py vein system (0.5 cm wide), cross cut by N30°W ca+py fractures 8.79 2.52 1.17 48.55 2.17 4PAA183 Antamina West 273384 8945356 Mod frac, massive, c-mgr white and gray banded marble, 0.5% diss py. 7.48 1.76 0.59 51.02 1.02 4PAA190 Antamina West 273177 8945254 Laminated, ca+po rich, mgr, light gray - gray marble 2.56 0.79 0.48 53.5 1.08 3PAA154B Quarry Bench T2 273927 8946005 Greenish gray, fgr marble, trz py. 18.04 4.46 1.56 41.4 3.01 4PAA105 Fortuna East T15 273802 8946662 Grayish green, fgr, mod sil diop marble, trz py (diss & fract), 1% MnOx 20.45 5.81 3.31 39.94 3.72 3PAA214 Fortuna East T10 273571 8946493 Gray, limestones. Mod. Recristallized, weak silicified, trz diss py, Lapiaz texture, mod fract: N30-40°W (7fr x m) 23.71 6.84 2.38 34.59 2.32 3PAA215 Fortuna East T10 273574 8946495 Gray, mod recrystallized marly limestone, weak silicified, trz -0.5% diss py, Lapiaz texture, mod fract: N10°W (4fr x m). 24.27 7.27 2.72 32.4 2.43 3PAA216 Fortuna East T10 273578 8946498 Gray, mod recrystallized marly limestone, weak silicified, trz -0.5% diss py, Lapiaz texture, mod fract: N35°W (6fr x m). 21.55 7.2 2.44 35.67 2.56 3PAA217 Fortuna East T10 273587 8946504 Gray, mod rxl marly limestones. Weak-mod silicified, 0.5-1% diss po. Lapiaz texture. Planar py vlts N30°W, 63°SW with 0.2cm bleaching haloes 21.16 6.11 2.4 37.24 2.77 316 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO % % % % % 3PAA221 Fortuna East T10 273611 8946520 Mod silicified, gray, fgr limestones, 1% diss py- po. Mod fract N17°W, local ca stg N30-40°E, 30°NW. 34.25 9.26 2.86 27.48 2.54 3PAA223 Fortuna East T10 273630 8946531 Weak silicified, gray, limestones, 0.5% diss po. Mod ca-py vlts N28°W, 80°SW. 22.18 6.42 2.45 35.45 2.44 3PAA116 Quarry Bench T2 274016 8946091 Gray limestones 27.73 8.76 3.25 31.8 2.85 3PAA117 Quarry Bench T2 274006 8946083 Gray massive limestone, trace to 0.5% diss. py. N73°W, 76°NW, sigmoidal, calcite + py veins, 1-4mm wide, discontinuos. 15.7 4.87 2.35 42.05 2.6 3PAA179 Fortuna T5 273242 8946166 Gray, sandy, fossiliferous limestones, crosscut by discontinuos fine ca vlts and stg, 0.2-2cm wide, 6 vltsxm, NS. 12.25 2.36 1.06 45.02 2.06 3PAA181 Fortuna T5 273228 8946152 Strong fract, med grained, sandy limestones, crosscut by disc ca vlts, 0.3-1cm wide with trz FeOx. 21.9 5.64 2.29 33.45 3.01 3PAA183 Fortuna T5 273216 8946148 Gray, fine-med grained limestones with local ca stg 0.2-20cm 6.54 1.5 0.98 50.02 1.28 3PAA185 Fortuna T5 273207 8946145 Strong fract, gray limestones with weak bleaching (weath) haloes. Local ca vlts <0.2cm wide 13.65 3.72 1.51 42.86 2.05 3PAA188 Fortuna T5 273183 8946140 f-mgr, gray marly limestones with mod ca vlts (<3mm wide). Trz diss py 7.7 2 0.84 48.67 1.31 3PAA190 Fortuna T5 273163 8946136 Gray, marly limestones, mod pencil text and ca vlts. 14.9 4.49 1.56 41.89 1.65 4PAA164 Fortuna T5 273126 8946098 Gray, mod rxl, wk sil, fgr, st frac marls crosscut by thin disc cal vlts 8.35 1.99 0.98 48.1 1.42 4PAA165 Fortuna T5 273092 8946080 St frac, mod rxl, wk sil, fgr, brownish gray marly lms 12.08 3.47 1.46 43.71 2.26 4PAA166 Fortuna T5 273044 8946100 Wk rxl and sil, massive, fgr, gray to brownish gray marly lms w/ trz OBC vlts 7.38 1.71 0.7 49.22 1.09 3PAA250 Fortuna East T13 273637 8946064 Weak rxl, fgr, massive, gray limestones, trz diss py and forming clusters, mod fract N10°E, lapiaz texture 14.87 4.53 1.8 41.72 2.12 3PAA253 Fortuna East T13 273674 8946064 Strong fractured, fine grained, gray limestones, 0.5% ca vlts (<0.2cm), trz-0.5% py diss and in stg: S75°W. 24.13 5.89 2.36 34.3 2.16 317 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO % % % % % 3PAA255 Fortuna East T13 273698 8946060 Strong fractured, gray to light gray limestones crosscut by ca-py vlts N30°W. 37.28 10.79 3.47 21.82 2.57 3PAA257 Fortuna East T13 273707 8946048 Strong - mod fract, light gray limestones, trz diss py-po. Local ca vlts. 32.77 8.36 2.91 26.88 2.55 3PAA260 Fortuna East T13 273723 8946060 Fine grained, gray limestones, trz diss py. Mod density of planar ca vlts: N35°W. 16.44 4.55 2.03 40.21 2.28 4PAA224 Fortuna East T13 273595 8946044 Mod rxl and frac, gray, mgr lms w/ trz-0.5% diss py, mod dist ca vlts 19.25 5.47 2.72 36.84 2.92 4PAA112 Fortuna East T14 273791 8946476 Gray, fgr, massive lms, trz py (diss & fract), local goe 23.2 6.63 2.63 32.76 3.11 4PAA114 Fortuna East T14 273800 8946479 Gray, fgr, mod marly lms, 2% diss py and ca+py stgs 20.26 5.52 2.45 36.55 2.4 4PAA115 Fortuna East T14 273809 8946482 Mod frac, gray, marly lms, 0.5% diss py and goe. 8.35 2 1.96 48.21 1.24 4PAA117 Fortuna East T14 273821 8946486 Gray, strongly pyz, marly lms with green patches (mal?) 9.79 2.64 1.47 46.77 1.46 4PAA118 Fortuna East T14 273830 8946489 Gray, fgr, marly lms, 0.5% diss py, with weak spider web texture 19.08 5.17 2.25 37.5 2.44 4PAA119 Fortuna East T14 273837 8946492 Gray, fgr, wk rxl, marly lms, 1% diss py. 15.03 4.93 2.07 40.68 2.54 4PAA121 Fortuna East T14 273847 8946495 Dark gray, fgr, marly lms, 0.5-1% diss py and repl fossils 16.17 4.67 2 39.93 2.45 4PAA123 Fortuna East T14 273870 8946503 St frac'd, gray, micritic marls, trz fine ca vlts, trz-0.5% diss py 26.9 7.48 3.28 29.6 3.93 4PAA124 Fortuna East T14 273885 8946509 Gray, marly lms, trz-0.5% diss py, trz orange brown fine ca vlts 14.7 4.6 1.93 41.47 2.14 4PAA223 Fortuna East T14 273911 8946528 Wk frac, gray, fgr, massive lms, 1% diss py 15.96 5.09 2.11 39.53 2.38 4PAA107 Fortuna East T15 273809 8946663 Gray, fgr, marly lms, 1% mm planar ca vlts, trz diss py 17.39 5.25 2.27 38.96 2.34 4PAA235 Jumasha Lms 275208 8941344 Fgr, brown limestone w/ local dark green calc- sil patches 5.02 1.16 0.44 49.21 1.11 4PAA236 Jumasha Lms 275510 8941034 Fgr, brown limestone w/ very fine planar ca vlts, trz jar-goe 2.45 0.65 0.5 52.71 0.91 4PAA233 Celendin Lms 276497 8941908 St fract, brownish gray, fgr, marly lms 15.93 5.36 1.67 37.97 2.43 4PAA238 Celendin Lms 275598 8941606 Mod fract, brownish gray, fgr marly lms w/ pencil texture 16.58 4.83 1.94 39.73 1.46 318 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO % % % % % 3PAA112 Quarry Bench T1 273835 8946020 Fine grained, tan brown hornfels and skarn with 1% diss po, diopside and tremolite vlts 43.75 15.29 3.48 18.43 2.78 3PAA115A Quarry Bench T2 273975 8946056 Brown hornfels partially replaced by pale f-gr calc-silicates, cut by wollastonite and calcite- py vlts. 41.94 14.02 2.66 16.24 3.26 3PAA121 Quarry Bench T2 273983 8946064 Tan, massive, fine grained, mod silicified marble (hornfels) 38.17 13.74 3.57 22.59 2.77 4PAA228 Fortuna 273458 8945768 Light gray, fgr hornfels w/ 2% diss py and crosscut by qz±py±cp vlts 27.54 9.42 2.96 32 2.52 3PAA115B Quarry Bench T2 273975 8946056 Bleached hornfels 48.92 14.75 4.17 12.41 2.02 3PAA123 Quarry Bench T2 273981 8946062 Greenish white to white, fgr hornfels w/ 2% cgr diss py, crosscut by mm-scale py and calcite ± py veins. 38.34 13.7 3.47 24.79 2.88 3PAA210 Fortuna East 273547 8946606 Strong silicified, grayish white hornfels with 1.5% fine diss py. 38.81 11.65 4.32 24.79 2.88 3PAA212 Fortuna East 273562 8946626 Grayish white, f-gr, strong silicified hornfels with 1% fine diss py and replacing microfossils 39.41 11.94 4.3 23.97 3.1 4PAA208 Ridge Road 274844 8945928 White hornfels, 1% py diss and filling fractures 58.71 13.53 1.85 6.79 3.49 3PAA156 Quarry Bench T2 273921 8945999 Pale gray to cream, mottled, fine grained calc silicate rock cross cut by py+sl+cp discontinuos vlts. 11.57 3.02 1.17 47.21 1.97 3PAA290 Fortuna 273230 8946484 Strong fractured, light gray, f-mgr hornfels, 1% diss po, trz diss py. 32.01 8.23 2.83 31.53 2.54 4PAA202 Ridge Road 274885 8945541 St frac, light gray to greenish gray hornfels 30.7 9.08 3.15 31.17 2.68 4PAA203 Ridge Road 274882 8945565 Light gray hornfels, 10% gt patches, trz diss py and filling fractures 31.24 9.77 3.33 30.68 2.57 3PAA177 Fortuna T5 273255 8946180 Gray, hornfels with brown patches, 1-2% fine diss. Py, 1% ca vlts. 26.9 8.3 2.11 29.19 1.73 3PAA211 Fortuna East T9 273554 8946612 Light gray, fine grained hornfels with 0.5%diss py. 29.64 9.53 3.69 32.9 2.97 3PAA219 Fortuna East T10 273598 8946512 Light gray hornfels interfingered with dark gray pyritized mudstones. 1-1.5% diss py 57.92 13.24 4.27 8.8 2.89 3PAA288 Fortuna T8 273222 8946476 Medium grained, light gray hornfels, trz-0.5% diss po. 24.02 7.31 2.78 36.56 2.85319 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO % % % % % 4PAA106 Fortuna East T15 273805 8946662 Mod weath and fract, gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py 18.61 5.21 2.81 39.04 3.14 4PAA195 Ridge Road 274878 8945584 St frac, light gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py and diopside lenses 32.12 11.2 3.65 29.8 3.05 2PAG59 Peak Nine 273859 8944054 bleached hornfels with calc-silicate (light green hornfels) 48.55 14.43 3.07 15.66 4.16 3PAA122 Quarry Bench T2 273982 8946063 Light gray to white, fgr hornfels with 1% diss py and crosscut by ca+py veinlets. 37.94 13.82 2.33 23.8 2.91 4PAA196 Ridge Road 274880 8945578 st frac, light greenish gray hornfels, 5% gt patches, 1% diss py and filling fract 45.8 12.1 3.02 16.81 2.65 4PAA201 Ridge Road 274881 8945545 Light brown gt skarn in contact w/ diopsidic, green hornfels 32.88 10.24 2.33 29.96 3.03 4PAA209 Ridge Road 274877 8945598 Light gray to gray hornfels contact 35.91 13.12 4.98 25.75 3.5 4PAA211 Ridge Road 274873 8945603 Greenish white hornfels showing transitional contact with gray hornfels 44.59 11.87 3.4 19.27 2.35 3PAA124 Quarry Bench T2 273980 8946062 Pale green to light gray, massive hornfels, crosscut by gt+ca+py sigmoidal veins (N35°W, 90°). 38.82 13.2 3.06 23.99 2.81 4PAA212 Ridge Road 274871 8945609 St frac, greenish gray hornfels, abundant diss py 33.64 11.72 4.01 27.7 2.9 3PAA263-A Taco pit 273445.00 8945196.00 Coarse grained green garnet skarn sampled from 4148 bench. 32.6 0.64 23.3 25.1 4.18 3PAA264 Taco pit 273590.00 8945263.00 Coarse grained brown garnet skarn sampled from 4148 bench. 35.7 1.6 27.8 32.7 0.95 2PAE211 Condorcocha - Antamina 273038 8946959 Porphyritic to equigranular dike with qtz, hbl, biotite and fsp, minor alteration 65.19 15.82 3.55 4.12 1.65 2PAT04 Fortuna dike 42nd 273539 8746141 bt-plag porphyry 66.92 15.27 3.49 2.45 1.52 2PAT05 Poderosa dike 274608 8945500 qtz-bt-plag porphyry 64.28 15.03 2.81 2.32 1.47 2PAT06 Oscarina dike 274744 8945202 hnbd-bt-plag porphyry 66.41 15.29 3.23 3.89 1.37 2PAT11 Taco porphyry 273503 8944963 bt-plag porphyry 66.24 15.69 2.85 2.09 1.36 2PAT12 Usupallares intrusion 272484 8943423 kspar megacryst porphyry 66.02 15.53 0.54 5.31 0.96 2PAT25 Main phase of pluton underlying 278990 8938299 kspar-bt granodiorite 68.6 15.36 3.01 2.63 0.88 320 SAMPLE 4PAA163 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA154A 4PAA108 3PAA127B 3PAA332 2PAG60 4PAA110 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA181 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba % % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm 0.27 0.04 <0.01 0.03 6.31 0.01 0.02 <0.01 38.8 98.77 15 5.2 0.06 0.13 <0.01 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.04 <0.01 36.4 99.74 <1 11.8 0.05 0.17 <0.01 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.05 <0.01 40.6 99.74 <1 13.6 0.08 0.13 <0.01 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.05 <0.01 40.1 99.7 <1 10.8 0.04 0.1 <0.01 0.21 0.16 0.12 0.06 <0.01 29.9 99.88 1 23.8 0.16 0.21 <0.01 0.1 0.03 0.04 0.12 <0.01 37.7 99.66 1 30.9 0.09 0.32 <0.01 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.04 <0.01 36.6 96.2 <1 36.1 0.08 0.27 <0.01 0.1 0.04 0.03 0.07 <0.01 39.7 99.61 <1 19.2 0.83 2.04 0.02 0.53 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.02 17.3 98.12 <1 264 0.41 9.08 0.04 0.76 0.04 0.19 0.04 0.04 6.87 98.15 <1 329 0.19 0.96 <0.01 0.27 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.01 30.6 99.38 <1 52.6 0.16 0.85 0.01 0.21 0.05 0.07 0.09 <0.01 29.2 98.4 <1 23.4 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.41 0.19 0.09 0.09 <0.01 19 99.81 <1 7.9 0.37 1.23 0.01 0.41 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.02 26.1 98.07 <1 224 0.16 0.28 <0.01 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.12 <0.01 38.8 98.17 1 26.8 0.75 1.8 <0.01 0.49 0.06 0.21 0.06 0.02 19.65 98.2 <1 193 0.33 1.17 <0.01 0.3 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.01 28.3 98.46 <1 99.9 0.08 0.27 <0.01 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.01 39.7 99.33 <1 36.8 0.04 0.16 <0.01 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.06 <0.01 40.3 99.85 <1 13.8 0.26 0.99 <0.01 0.19 0.03 0.12 0.06 0.01 33.9 99.38 <1 108.5 0.16 0.42 <0.01 0.14 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.01 38.3 99.82 <1 38 0.09 0.53 <0.01 0.15 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.01 37.5 99.53 <1 53.9321 SAMPLE 4PAA182 4PAA187 4PAA188 4PAA194 4PAA226 3PAA127A 3PAA134 4PAA183 4PAA190 3PAA154B 4PAA105 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba % % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm 0.1 0.19 <0.01 0.08 0.03 0.15 0.07 <0.01 38.6 99.79 <1 9.6 0.2 0.36 0.01 0.11 0.03 0.09 0.14 0.01 36.7 99.65 <1 52.8 0.18 0.49 <0.01 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.01 37.5 99.9 <1 99.6 0.17 0.35 <0.01 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.19 0.01 38.2 99.8 <1 82.1 0.02 0.12 <0.01 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.01 42.5 99.65 <1 31.6 0.39 1.17 0.01 0.38 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.01 25.9 98.24 <1 159 0.14 0.44 <0.01 0.17 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.01 35.7 99.84 7 56.7 0.13 0.45 <0.01 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.01 37 99.72 <1 48.6 0.04 0.12 <0.01 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.08 <0.01 41 99.77 <1 8.2 0.2 1.1 0.01 0.23 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.01 28.4 98.64 <1 71.9 0.32 0.67 0.01 0.33 0.09 0.13 0.09 0.02 23.9 98.77 <1 176 0.3 1.68 0.01 0.38 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.03 26 98.48 <1 298 0.06 2.45 0.01 0.42 0.06 0.1 0.05 0.01 26 98.25 <1 77.4 0.51 1.28 0.01 0.39 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.02 26.7 98.57 <1 148 0.43 0.99 0.01 0.34 0.05 0.11 0.09 0.01 27.8 99.51 <1 127.5 322 SAMPLE 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 3PAA250 3PAA253 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba % % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm 0.75 1.58 0.01 0.55 0.07 0.18 0.1 0.03 18.65 98.29 <1 246 0.47 1.32 0.01 0.39 0.07 0.11 0.08 0.02 27.2 98.59 <1 217 0.47 1.44 0.02 0.49 0.06 0.1 0.08 0.01 21.1 98.16 <1 106.5 0.18 0.92 0.01 0.27 0.06 0.09 0.1 0.01 30 99.19 <1 34.8 0.04 0.51 <0.01 0.13 0.04 0.07 0.11 <0.01 36.1 99.76 <1 39.1 0.04 1.91 0.01 0.33 0.31 0.15 0.06 0.01 29.2 98.31 1 79.9 0.03 0.47 <0.01 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 <0.01 38.7 99.82 <1 36.7 0.03 0.84 <0.01 0.23 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.01 34.6 99.72 <1 59.8 0.03 0.39 <0.01 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.01 38.7 99.93 <1 55.6 0.05 1.01 0.01 0.28 0.05 0.14 0.08 0.01 33.7 99.82 <1 70.4 0.09 0.36 <0.01 0.14 0.07 0.08 0.07 <0.01 38.2 99.86 <1 23.3 0.06 0.66 0.01 0.21 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.01 35.8 99.96 <1 47.3 0.06 0.26 0.01 0.11 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.01 39.1 99.81 <1 49.2 0.33 0.66 <0.01 0.28 0.06 0.07 0.1 0.01 33.3 99.83 <1 96.4 0.52 0.91 0.01 0.34 0.06 0.1 0.1 0.02 27.8 98.69 <1 156.5 323 SAMPLE 3PAA255 3PAA257 3PAA260 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 4PAA235 4PAA236 4PAA233 4PAA238 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba % % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm 0.73 2.19 0.01 0.65 0.06 0.17 0.06 0.02 18.35 98.16 <1 211 0.77 1.41 0.01 0.48 0.06 0.15 0.07 0.02 21.9 98.33 <1 157.5 0.15 0.87 <0.01 0.25 0.05 0.09 0.1 0.01 31.7 98.73 <1 96.9 0.26 0.8 0.01 0.33 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.01 30 98.86 <1 92.5 0.06 3.13 0.01 0.4 0.11 0.16 0.05 0.02 26.4 98.66 <1 145.5 0.02 1.34 0.01 0.33 0.06 0.11 0.07 0.01 29.2 98.34 <1 105.5 0.14 0.39 <0.01 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.02 36.2 98.86 <1 137 0.11 0.53 <0.01 0.15 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.01 36.5 99.67 <1 110.5 0.23 0.87 0.01 0.32 0.06 0.11 0.08 0.02 30.2 98.34 <1 145 0.24 0.71 <0.01 0.28 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.01 33.1 99.8 <1 98.4 0.35 0.67 <0.01 0.27 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.01 32.2 98.94 <1 97.6 0.41 1.12 0.01 0.44 0.08 0.19 0.07 0.01 24.9 98.41 <1 110.5 0.3 0.74 <0.01 0.27 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.01 33.1 99.47 <1 69.3 0.29 0.84 <0.01 0.28 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.01 32 98.69 <1 86.3 0.24 1.53 0.01 0.3 0.08 0.1 0.06 0.02 30.5 99.03 <1 157 0.05 0.16 <0.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 <0.01 41 98.27 <1 32.7 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05 <0.01 42.4 99.88 <1 14 0.16 0.67 0.03 0.21 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.01 33.9 98.5 <1 48 0.17 0.77 0.01 0.3 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.01 33.1 99.05 <1 47.5 324 SAMPLE 3PAA112 3PAA115A 3PAA121 4PAA228 3PAA115B 3PAA123 3PAA210 3PAA212 4PAA208 3PAA156 3PAA290 4PAA202 4PAA203 3PAA177 3PAA211 3PAA219 3PAA288 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba % % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm 1.24 3.51 0.02 0.76 0.02 0.17 0.06 0.03 8.66 98.2 <1 247 0.4 8.81 <0.01 0.74 0.06 0.1 0.03 0.04 10.5 98.79 1 310 0.4 3.64 0.01 0.62 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.03 12.45 98.24 <1 259 0.51 1.78 <0.01 0.48 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.03 20.9 98.39 <1 306 0.35 9.24 <0.01 0.8 0.09 0.14 0.03 0.08 5.11 98.11 <1 711 0.5 3.78 0.01 0.63 0.05 0.14 0.07 0.03 9.74 98.12 <1 238 1.48 2.3 <0.01 0.61 0.07 0.16 0.07 0.03 11.05 98.22 <1 244 1.46 2.05 0.01 0.65 0.06 0.16 0.07 0.03 10.9 98.1 <1 238 0.28 10.78 0.01 0.75 0.07 0.24 0.03 0.06 2.36 98.96 <1 462 0.12 0.65 <0.01 0.18 0.06 0.13 0.07 0.01 33.4 99.53 <1 42.9 0.77 1.25 <0.01 0.41 0.05 0.16 0.07 0.03 18.2 98.08 <1 268 0.78 2.71 0.01 0.44 0.06 0.18 0.07 0.03 17.35 98.41 <1 277 0.73 2.81 <0.01 0.45 0.06 0.16 0.06 0.03 16.45 98.34 <1 248 0.06 5.34 0.01 0.5 0.44 0.14 0.05 0.02 24.3 99.08 1 247 0.72 1.51 <0.01 0.45 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.02 16.95 98.62 <1 154 1.43 2.46 0.02 0.79 0.05 0.21 0.08 0.03 5.99 98.16 <1 295 0.53 1.2 <0.01 0.38 0.06 0.13 0.07 0.01 22.2 98.1 <1 100.5325 SAMPLE 4PAA106 4PAA195 2PAG59 3PAA122 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA209 4PAA211 3PAA124 4PAA212 3PAA263-A 3PAA264 2PAE211 2PAT04 2PAT05 2PAT06 2PAT11 2PAT12 2PAT25 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba % % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm 0.49 0.91 0.01 0.28 0.07 0.13 0.08 0.02 28 98.8 <1 236 1.19 1.33 0.01 0.53 0.05 0.11 0.08 0.02 15 98.14 <1 173 0.96 5.08 <0.01 0.78 0.09 0.2 0.06 0.03 5.19 98.28 <1 400 0.81 3.39 0.01 0.66 0.05 0.14 0.09 0.03 12.2 98.18 <1 304 0.36 8.1 0.01 0.64 0.05 0.19 0.07 0.09 8.45 98.34 <1 789 0.35 3.09 0.02 0.48 0.1 0.16 0.08 0.03 16.15 98.9 <1 312 0.24 3.79 0.02 0.54 0.1 0.19 0.05 0.03 9.98 98.2 1 289 0.45 7.54 0.01 0.64 0.06 0.19 0.06 0.06 7.78 98.26 3 540 0.42 3.81 0.01 0.67 0.07 0.14 0.08 0.03 11 98.11 <1 313 0.81 2.44 <0.01 0.56 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.01 14.2 98.22 <1 161 0.1 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.39 87.6 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.3 0.07 <0.01 <0.01 0.72 100 4.43 3.49 0.01 0.58 0.04 0.22 0.1 0.1 0.78 100.1 <1 823 4.01 3.47 0.01 0.53 0.04 0.19 0.09 0.1 1.43 99.52 <1 844 1.44 9.38 0.01 0.56 0.02 0.27 0.07 0.1 1.9 99.66 <1 869 4.2 3.69 0.01 0.51 0.04 0.21 0.1 0.08 0.83 99.86 <1 715 3.51 4.98 0.03 0.51 0.02 0.19 0.07 0.09 1.44 99.07 <1 809 3.46 5.47 0.01 0.5 0.08 0.23 0.07 0.09 2.04 100.3 <1 793 4.36 3.63 0.03 0.35 0.07 0.13 0.04 0.09 0.38 99.56 <1 782 326 SAMPLE 4PAA163 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA154A 4PAA108 3PAA127B 3PAA332 2PAG60 4PAA110 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA181 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 155 0.8 20 0.3 36 4.4 2.1 2.1 15 8.9 <1 1 76.6 8.8 1.2 20 10.9 39 0.5 0.3 0.2 2 0.6 1 0.1 4.1 8 0.8 10 0.9 32 0.3 0.2 <0.1 2 0.5 <1 0.1 4 7.4 1.2 10 1.1 51 0.4 0.2 0.1 2 0.5 <1 0.1 3.9 28.5 1.6 30 0.9 199 1.4 0.9 0.3 5 2.1 3 0.3 12.2 19.4 1.7 30 0.9 94 1 0.6 <0.1 3 1.2 1 0.2 8.9 6.7 1.7 10 1.23 204 0.42 0.27 0.11 1.5 0.44 0.9 0.09 3.5 9.9 1 20 1.1 9 0.6 0.4 0.4 2 0.7 <1 0.1 3.9 131 8.4 90 5.86 18 6.59 4.02 1.35 22.6 8.58 3.8 1.28 70 114.5 6.7 80 7.92 168 5.9 3.62 1.36 19.2 7.26 5.6 1.2 57.2 46.6 4.4 30 3.6 8 2.1 1.3 <0.1 7 3.2 2 0.4 24.2 34.4 3.7 40 2.6 136 1.7 1 0.6 8 2 1 0.3 12.1 75.5 4.5 80 2.2 25 3.5 2.1 1.2 13 4.6 2 0.8 30 63.4 7.1 80 4 21 2.6 1.7 0.9 10 4.1 2 0.7 23.2 9.3 1.8 20 1.73 57 0.58 0.37 0.14 2.4 0.72 0.7 0.12 4.6 72.1 9.7 60 8.78 13 4.07 2.45 1.03 12.3 5.15 3.4 0.82 36.3 50 4.2 30 1.3 11 2.6 1.6 0.7 9 3.3 2 0.5 20.2 6.9 1.4 10 1.1 53 0.3 0.2 0.1 2 0.5 <1 0.1 3.5 11.1 1 20 1 108 0.3 0.2 0.4 2 0.5 <1 <0.1 4.1 22.8 2.4 20 1.1 63 1.2 0.7 <0.1 4 1.6 1 0.2 11.1 12.2 1.5 20 0.8 13 0.8 0.5 0.1 3 1 1 0.2 4.8 12.2 1.3 30 0.9 13 0.7 0.4 0.4 3 0.8 1 0.1 3.9327 SAMPLE 4PAA182 4PAA187 4PAA188 4PAA194 4PAA226 3PAA127A 3PAA134 4PAA183 4PAA190 3PAA154B 4PAA105 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 11.8 1.2 20 0.6 12 0.6 0.3 0.5 2 0.6 1 0.1 4.8 12.8 0.7 70 2.8 14 0.8 0.5 0.7 2 0.7 2 0.2 4 13.4 0.8 20 0.4 13 0.8 0.5 0.1 2 1 1 0.2 5.3 15.8 1.1 20 1.9 11 1.1 0.8 0.3 2 1.2 1 0.2 6.6 5.6 0.8 30 1 10 0.3 0.2 0.5 1 0.4 1 <0.1 1.7 57.5 6.7 50 3.2 27 2.8 1.8 0.6 10 4.3 2 0.7 25.2 20.3 3 30 1.3 209 1 0.6 0.2 5 1.4 1 0.2 8.2 12.4 1.2 20 0.8 176 0.8 0.5 <0.1 3 1 1 0.1 5.1 4.7 0.5 20 1.8 9 0.3 0.2 <0.1 1 0.3 <1 <0.1 2.5 42.8 4.7 40 0.6 17 1.7 1 0.8 8 2.8 1 0.4 14.6 34.4 6.1 50 5.5 33 2 1.3 0.8 9 2.3 1 0.4 14 63.4 6.2 50 7.4 14 3.3 2.1 1.4 10 4.5 2 0.8 23.2 49 5.3 40 5.3 12 3.1 1.9 0.3 10 3.9 3 0.6 27 55 5.5 50 2.5 13 2.4 1.6 0.7 10 3.6 1 0.6 22.7 41.2 5.6 40 3.1 15 2.1 1.2 1 9 2.6 1 0.4 15.3 328 SAMPLE 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 3PAA250 3PAA253 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 76.6 7.6 70 4.2 13 4.2 2.6 1.2 14 4.7 3 0.8 32.2 57.7 7 50 3.7 10 3.5 2.2 1.3 10 3.4 2 0.6 22 71 8.6 250 3.9 10 4.3 2.4 1.4 13 4.5 3 0.7 32.5 24 4.5 30 2.7 6 1.8 1.1 0.2 6 1.6 2 0.2 16.2 21.1 3.1 20 6.1 6 0.9 0.6 0.3 5 1.3 1 0.1 8.4 48 7.5 50 19.6 8 2.7 1.7 1.3 11 3 2 0.5 16.4 17.2 3.1 30 4.3 7 0.7 0.4 0.4 3 1.1 <1 0.1 6.3 22.2 3.4 30 10.4 9 1.5 0.9 0.3 5 1.6 1 0.3 10.2 12.6 1.9 20 3.5 9 0.7 0.4 0.2 3 1.1 <1 0.2 6 49.3 5.1 50 13.6 13 2.6 1.6 1 7 3.5 1 0.6 19.2 21.7 2.5 30 5.5 11 1.1 0.6 0.2 5 1.6 1 0.2 9.8 24.4 3.9 40 13.1 10 1.5 0.9 0.7 6 1.7 1 0.3 9.5 13.2 1.7 40 5.4 7 0.8 0.5 0.2 3 0.8 1 0.2 5.8 39.4 3.7 30 1.5 9 2.2 1.3 0.8 7 2.6 1 0.4 15.9 50.2 6 40 1.6 11 2.8 1.9 1 9 3.4 2 0.6 20 329 SAMPLE 3PAA255 3PAA257 3PAA260 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 4PAA235 4PAA236 4PAA233 4PAA238 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 122 7.6 70 4.6 34 5.6 3.4 1.2 17 7.4 4 1 52.5 73.4 6.7 60 2.4 13 4.1 2.6 1.4 13 4.9 4 0.8 28.7 24 4.3 30 3.5 14 1.5 0.9 0.3 7 1.9 1 0.3 11.2 32.8 5.3 50 3.8 15 2 1.2 1.1 8 2.3 1 0.4 12.3 47.3 6.1 40 4.1 16 3 1.7 0.4 10 3.6 2 0.6 22.8 34.2 6.3 50 2.5 16 2 1.2 0.9 9 2.5 1 0.4 13.4 15.7 4.6 10 1.3 12 1 0.6 0.3 3 1.4 <1 0.2 6.7 19.6 2.9 20 2.1 9 1.4 0.7 0.4 4 1.8 1 0.2 8.9 28.6 4.8 40 5.3 13 1.7 1.1 0.4 8 2.1 1 0.3 12.6 38.1 4 30 3.5 14 2 1.2 0.4 8 2.4 1 0.4 17.2 31.6 3.5 30 2.8 12 1.9 1.2 0.2 7 2.6 1 0.4 16.4 45.1 7.4 40 4.7 20 2.9 1.9 0.6 11 3.6 2 0.6 22.2 29.8 3.9 30 2.7 11 1.9 1.2 0.3 7 2.4 1 0.4 15.4 34.9 4.2 30 4.5 15 1.9 1.2 0.2 7 2.6 1 0.4 16 35 5.3 40 7.8 10 2.2 1.2 0.9 8 2.3 1 0.4 13.8 9.6 1.5 10 0.96 <5 0.63 0.36 0.14 1.5 0.71 0.9 0.12 5.2 5.6 1.1 40 0.2 5 0.3 0.2 0.3 1 0.4 <1 <0.1 2.3 31.4 4.8 30 2.17 10 1.94 1.13 0.54 7.4 2.44 1.5 0.4 16.6 30.7 5.4 40 2.2 14 1.7 1 0.5 7 2.2 1 0.4 13 330 SAMPLE 3PAA112 3PAA115A 3PAA121 4PAA228 3PAA115B 3PAA123 3PAA210 3PAA212 4PAA208 3PAA156 3PAA290 4PAA202 4PAA203 3PAA177 3PAA211 3PAA219 3PAA288 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 121 7.6 80 5.42 16 6.14 3.8 1.26 21 7.83 3.6 1.16 63.4 96 9.2 70 6.83 223 4.98 2.95 1.33 16.4 6.19 4.1 0.97 49 93.7 10.2 80 10.25 16 4.8 3.01 1.04 18.4 6.08 3 0.93 50.5 63.6 7.7 50 3.65 24 4.06 2.46 0.95 12.6 4.88 3.2 0.83 34.5 98.7 8.9 110 2.73 16 5 3.06 1.18 16.1 6.33 4.9 1 51.5 94.6 21.7 70 5.67 7 4.87 3.08 0.98 18.4 6.06 3.1 0.95 49.3 86.8 9.1 60 1.3 11 5.41 3.37 1.2 14.6 6.46 3.8 1.05 46.6 91.7 11.7 60 1.08 11 5.6 3.51 1.36 15.9 6.81 3.8 1.13 49 34.8 3.5 60 1.8 30 5.98 3.63 0.74 15.4 5.7 7.2 1.21 13.2 26 3 20 0.4 36 1.4 0.8 <0.1 5 1.8 1 0.2 13.6 58.2 6.8 40 2.64 7 3.9 2.41 0.86 10.1 4.75 3.2 0.77 30.5 49 5.6 50 1.56 17 3.28 2.03 0.74 11.2 3.93 2.6 0.66 26.3 60.6 7.4 50 1.66 36 3.69 2.29 0.83 12 4.54 2.4 0.73 31.9 61.2 5.2 60 8.2 27 3.4 2.2 0.8 17 4 3 0.6 29.2 65.6 8.4 90 1.24 11 4.16 2.65 0.94 13.2 5.01 2.5 0.83 35.1 111 11.8 140 2.3 11 6.8 4.4 1.8 19 6.8 8 1.2 45.3 44.3 7.2 50 1.8 10 2.87 1.76 0.69 9 3.41 2 0.57 23.5331 SAMPLE 4PAA106 4PAA195 2PAG59 3PAA122 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA209 4PAA211 3PAA124 4PAA212 3PAA263-A 3PAA264 2PAE211 2PAT04 2PAT05 2PAT06 2PAT11 2PAT12 2PAT25 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 27.6 6.1 40 9.3 14 1.8 1.1 0.7 8 1.9 1 0.3 11.8 76 8.4 60 1.34 16 4.07 2.62 1.02 15.2 5.24 2.8 0.85 41.1 91.5 7.9 80 5.77 66 5.63 3.37 1.3 15.5 6.86 4.8 1.13 44 90.2 8 70 6.39 <5 4.52 2.93 0.99 16.8 5.93 2.7 0.93 47.9 96.4 9.8 70 3.56 112 5.53 3.27 1.34 15.4 6.61 4.9 1.05 51 69.7 4.4 50 0.54 14 3.9 2.61 0.75 12.2 4.85 2.6 0.79 40.6 72.9 16.4 60 2.43 14 5.52 3.68 1.52 39 5.83 3.7 1.16 39.2 93.1 7.9 80 1.52 198 5.24 3.03 1.27 13.8 6.65 5.4 1.02 48.2 111.5 9.9 90 2.8 14 5.1 3.2 1.2 20 5.8 5 0.9 45.2 87.2 11.2 70 1.26 29 4.64 2.69 1.24 15.8 6.17 3.1 0.93 46 44.3 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.8 <0.1 16 25.9 0.9 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.2 7.7 65 28 110 1.2 35 2.6 1.3 1.1 21 4 4 0.5 29.5 66.5 8.5 130 2.4 15 2.4 1.3 1 21 4 4 0.5 31.5 44.5 8.5 140 3 35 2.9 1.4 1.3 21 4.8 4 0.5 16.5 64.5 8.5 140 1 40 2.3 1.2 1.1 21 3.8 4 0.4 30 57.5 9.5 220 5.8 1575 2.2 1.1 1 22 3.8 4 0.4 28.5 59.5 2.5 140 2.8 15 1.7 0.8 0.9 22 3.6 4 0.3 24.5 50 3 210 5.5 5 2.8 1.7 0.9 17 3.3 5 0.6 26.5 332 SAMPLE 4PAA163 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA154A 4PAA108 3PAA127B 3PAA332 2PAG60 4PAA110 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA181 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.2 <2 <1 51.5 9 22 15.4 3 8.2 1 197 <0.5 1.2 <0.1 <2 2 3.1 7 6 0.9 11.4 0.6 1 367 <0.5 0.1 <0.1 2 1 2.8 10 <5 0.8 14 0.5 1 396 <0.5 0.1 <0.1 2 1 2.5 6 8 0.7 8.8 0.5 <1 421 <0.5 <0.1 0.1 4 5 10.4 11 104 3.1 6.5 2.1 1 482 <0.5 0.3 0.1 4 2 7.2 9 39 2.1 9.7 1.3 1 1035 <0.5 0.2 0.04 <2 1.4 2.6 5 20 0.74 16.2 0.45 1 450 0.1 0.07 <0.1 <2 2 3.5 <5 <5 1 15.6 0.7 1 620 <0.5 0.1 0.55 2 24 51.4 26 8 15.2 183 9.13 3 688 1.8 1.25 0.52 2 22.2 43.2 28 61 12.85 332 7.51 4 354 1.7 1.13 0.1 2 7 16.2 18 <5 4.9 49.9 3.2 2 623 0.6 0.3 0.1 2 6 7.3 16 11 2.2 47.3 2.5 2 692 <0.5 0.2 0.3 <2 12 23.9 15 51 7.3 2.4 4.9 2 686 0.8 0.6 0.3 2 11 16 23 26 4.8 59.4 4.4 2 800 0.7 0.5 0.05 <2 2.2 3.8 14 56 1.07 23.1 0.65 1 1265 0.2 0.1 0.38 <2 14.6 28.9 23 5 8.28 103.5 5.08 2 663 1.1 0.79 0.2 <2 9 16.6 10 5 5 53.6 3.8 1 652 0.6 0.4 <0.1 2 1 2.6 9 <5 0.7 12 0.5 1 431 <0.5 <0.1 <0.1 2 1 2.7 6 <5 0.8 14.4 0.6 1 466 <0.5 0.1 0.1 2 5 9.4 12 6 2.8 37.2 1.7 1 480 <0.5 0.2 0.1 <2 2 5.3 7 6 1.5 18.4 0.9 1 492 <0.5 0.1 0.1 <2 2 4.1 10 9 1.1 26.4 0.7 1 742 <0.5 0.1333 SAMPLE 4PAA182 4PAA187 4PAA188 4PAA194 4PAA226 3PAA127A 3PAA134 4PAA183 4PAA190 3PAA154B 4PAA105 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm <0.1 <2 2 3.6 <5 9 1 10.6 0.7 1 559 <0.5 0.1 0.1 <2 2 4.3 <5 <5 1.2 24.4 0.9 1 1175 <0.5 0.1 0.1 <2 2 5.6 5 14 1.5 19.4 1 <1 2130 <0.5 0.1 0.1 <2 2 5.6 <5 <5 1.5 14.8 1.1 1 1585 <0.5 0.2 <0.1 <2 <1 1.9 <5 20 0.5 9.7 0.5 1 1790 <0.5 <0.1 0.2 2 11 16.8 22 8 5.2 57.5 4.1 2 819 0.8 0.6 <0.1 2 4 5.8 14 405 1.7 22.6 1.4 3 689 <0.5 0.1 0.1 <2 2 5.3 7 19 1.4 22.5 1.1 1 718 <0.5 0.1 <0.1 <2 1 2.1 6 <5 0.6 6.9 0.3 <1 655 <0.5 <0.1 0.2 2 5 10 20 19 2.9 44.4 2.8 3 707 <0.5 0.3 0.2 3 7 11.2 21 44 3.3 52.6 2.6 1 834 <0.5 0.3 0.3 2 9 20.5 20 <5 6 109.5 4.7 3 528 0.6 0.6 0.2 <2 11 22.4 19 11 6.9 129 4 1 367 0.8 0.5 0.2 2 9 19 20 13 5.7 72.3 3.8 2 967 0.7 0.5 0.2 <2 6 12.3 24 <5 3.6 59.7 2.9 2 727 <0.5 0.3 334 SAMPLE 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 3PAA250 3PAA253 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.3 2 16 24.5 19 17 7.6 84.6 5.5 2 788 1.1 0.6 0.2 2 12 17.8 15 12 5.4 68.2 4.7 2 689 0.7 0.5 0.3 3 15 25.2 20 11 7.3 74.4 5.5 2 686 1.2 0.6 0.1 2 6 11.8 12 6 3.3 34.8 2 1 804 <0.5 0.2 <0.1 2 3 5.4 14 8 1.6 31.4 1.5 1 815 <0.5 0.1 0.2 2 7 11 22 130 3.2 94.4 4 2 472 <0.5 0.4 <0.1 2 2 4.3 14 12 1.1 26 1.3 1 751 <0.5 0.1 0.1 <2 5 8.1 13 5 2.4 46.6 1.9 <1 603 <0.5 0.2 <0.1 <2 2 5.1 11 42 1.4 28.9 1 1 525 <0.5 0.1 0.2 <2 7 16.2 16 38 4.7 76.8 3.7 2 614 0.5 0.5 0.1 <2 2 9.3 12 <5 2.5 27.7 1.6 1 552 <0.5 0.2 0.1 <2 4 8.4 12 10 2.3 43.1 1.9 1 713 <0.5 0.2 0.1 <2 2 5.1 14 <5 1.4 21.7 0.9 1 722 <0.5 0.1 0.2 <2 8 12.6 13 6 3.9 41.2 2.9 1 772 0.5 0.3 0.2 2 9 16.7 17 11 5 55.5 3.8 2 821 0.6 0.5 335 SAMPLE 3PAA255 3PAA257 3PAA260 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 4PAA235 4PAA236 4PAA233 4PAA238 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.4 2 20 41.3 24 10 12.8 129.5 8.3 2 483 1.3 0.9 0.3 2 14 24.6 17 5 7.2 81.3 5.5 2 570 0.9 0.6 0.1 <2 5 9.5 19 5 2.8 57.7 2 1 729 <0.5 0.2 0.2 2 6 11.4 18 7 3.1 62.4 2.6 1 641 <0.5 0.3 0.2 <2 10 19.4 20 61 5.8 110.5 3.8 1 414 0.7 0.5 0.2 2 6 11.6 24 320 3.4 89.3 2.7 1 554 <0.5 0.3 0.1 2 2 6.5 20 40 1.8 21 1.5 1 999 <0.5 0.2 0.1 <2 3 7.8 86 24 2.2 29.5 1.7 <1 754 <0.5 0.2 0.1 2 5 10.4 22 8 3.1 47.4 2.4 1 646 <0.5 0.3 0.1 <2 8 13.6 16 67 4.1 44 2.8 1 693 0.5 0.4 0.1 <2 6 13.2 15 8 4 35.7 2.3 1 704 <0.5 0.3 0.2 <2 10 18.8 23 8 5.5 59.1 3.7 1 550 0.7 0.5 0.1 <2 7 11.9 13 <5 3.7 39.2 2.4 1 664 0.5 0.3 0.1 <2 6 14.8 20 13 4 53.7 2.5 1 605 0.5 0.4 0.1 <2 7 11.6 18 25 3.4 75.2 2.9 1 533 <0.5 0.3 0.06 <2 1.5 4 5 <5 1.02 11.6 0.71 <1 410 0.2 0.11 <0.1 2 1 1.9 15 <5 0.5 4.5 0.4 1 372 <0.5 <0.1 0.15 <2 6.2 13.4 16 7 3.53 44.9 2.59 1 660 0.5 0.36 0.1 <2 6 11.8 24 6 3.1 43.4 2.2 1 413 <0.5 0.3 336 SAMPLE 3PAA112 3PAA115A 3PAA121 4PAA228 3PAA115B 3PAA123 3PAA210 3PAA212 4PAA208 3PAA156 3PAA290 4PAA202 4PAA203 3PAA177 3PAA211 3PAA219 3PAA288 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.52 2 22.3 48.1 23 8 14.3 171.5 8.2 3 638 1.7 1.16 0.43 2 20.1 36.7 27 46 10.8 302 6.12 3 350 1.5 0.94 0.42 2 18.6 36.5 26 6 10.9 206 6.09 3 678 1.4 0.9 0.32 2 14.4 27.5 22 15 7.29 98.4 4.88 2 722 1.1 0.71 0.49 2 22.6 37 23 15 11 267 6.24 4 341 1.8 0.93 0.43 2 18.6 36.9 20 6 10.95 136.5 6 4 661 1.4 0.87 0.47 2 18.2 34.5 21 9 10.15 121 6.42 3 686 1.5 0.98 0.5 2 18.8 36.4 24 68 10.7 111 6.69 3 724 1.5 1.01 0.56 <2 19.7 23.5 21 224 5.33 263 6.03 3 274 1.6 0.99 <0.1 <2 4 8.3 13 21 2.4 18.8 2 1 532 0.5 0.1 0.36 2 11.8 24.5 16 17 6.83 64.9 4.63 2 764 1 0.68 0.28 3 11.4 20.1 19 5 5.7 96.5 3.75 2 719 0.9 0.57 0.31 <2 12.6 24.6 19 8 7.13 90.7 4.5 2 626 1 0.66 0.2 2 12 18.2 21 77 5.6 151 4.7 2 376 0.8 0.5 0.36 3 13.4 26.1 36 21 7.55 81.3 4.94 2 714 1 0.76 0.5 <2 25 34.9 26 19 11.1 103.5 8 2 696 1.6 1 0.25 <2 10 18.4 21 5 5.29 61.2 3.52 2 725 0.8 0.51337 SAMPLE 4PAA106 4PAA195 2PAG59 3PAA122 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA209 4PAA211 3PAA124 4PAA212 3PAA263-A 3PAA264 2PAE211 2PAT04 2PAT05 2PAT06 2PAT11 2PAT12 2PAT25 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.1 3 6 9.7 19 8 2.8 42.9 2.3 1 695 <0.5 0.3 0.37 <2 15.3 29.6 23 5 8.75 53.6 5.35 2 880 1.2 0.77 0.51 <2 23 37.7 28 25 10.6 235 7.04 3 589 1.7 1.07 0.4 2 17.8 35.4 18 <5 10.5 123.5 6.11 3 828 1.3 0.88 0.46 <2 19.5 36.7 19 17 10.95 245 6.63 3 663 1.6 0.98 0.35 <2 13 26.7 31 5 8.07 81.5 4.74 2 842 1 0.73 0.54 2 15.1 29.6 20 118 8.52 132.5 5.7 4 493 1.2 0.96 0.42 2 20.1 39.4 21 126 10.4 217 7.24 3 538 1.6 0.94 0.3 2 21 29.3 24 <5 9.3 88.3 7.3 3 646 1.4 0.7 0.34 <2 17 36.8 25 12 9.86 96.7 6.65 3 596 1.3 0.89 <0.1 11.3 4.3 0.7 <0.1 0.1 10.2 3.1 1.4 0.2 0.1 18 8 30 10 35 8 109 5.3 1 788 0.5 0.5 0.1 2 8 28.5 5 25 7.6 133.5 4.9 1 725 0.5 0.5 0.1 2 8 32 20 200 7.1 237 6.7 1 573 0.5 0.6 0.1 8 8 29 5 10 7.7 106.5 5.1 2 799 0.5 0.5 0.1 26 7 26.5 5 5 6.8 155 4.6 3 630 0.5 0.4 0.1 2 6 27.5 5 10 7.1 183 4.8 1 638 0.5 0.4 0.3 2 22 18.5 <5 5 5.3 147 3.6 1 342 2 0.5 338 SAMPLE 4PAA163 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA154A 4PAA108 3PAA127B 3PAA332 2PAG60 4PAA110 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA181 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm <1 <0.5 0.3 <0.5 9 <1 35.3 1.2 6600 8 2 <0.5 <0.1 1.1 8 2 3.4 0.3 119 34.1 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 9 1 3.1 0.2 53 10.8 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 9 1 2.5 0.2 108 12.9 5 <0.5 0.1 1.9 26 6 10.2 0.9 284 118.5 2 <0.5 0.1 1 11 1 6.4 0.5 523 43.5 1.14 <0.5 0.04 0.9 11 4 2.7 0.27 570 29 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.7 <5 <1 3.9 0.3 8 10.5 22.9 0.5 0.59 3.68 151 3 35.5 3.77 24 138 19.8 1 0.54 3.66 122 5 33.2 3.35 478 198 7 <0.5 0.1 1.4 67 2 9.7 1.2 22 41.4 4 <0.5 0.1 2 57 1 7.2 0.9 50 42.4 10 <0.5 0.3 2.1 59 8 21.4 1.9 257 77.9 7 <0.5 0.2 2.4 85 2 12.2 1.4 42 70.6 1.63 <0.5 0.05 0.75 14 2 3.8 0.33 37 23 11.35 0.5 0.36 3.01 103 4 22.7 2.24 34 121 7 <0.5 0.2 1.2 39 1 16.2 1.5 17 62.3 1 <0.5 <0.1 1.7 8 1 2.6 0.2 112 9.1 1 <0.5 <0.1 2.6 7 1 2.9 0.2 149 14.6 4 <0.5 0.1 1.7 27 1 7.8 0.7 37 26.6 2 <0.5 0.1 1.2 11 1 5.3 0.5 21 24.5 2 <0.5 0.1 2.2 12 1 5.3 0.4 69 57.5339 SAMPLE 4PAA182 4PAA187 4PAA188 4PAA194 4PAA226 3PAA127A 3PAA134 4PAA183 4PAA190 3PAA154B 4PAA105 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 1 <0.5 <0.1 2.4 <5 1 3.5 0.4 144 32.4 2 <0.5 0.1 3.3 18 1 4.9 0.5 18 85.4 2 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 6 1 4.6 0.4 46 39.7 2 <0.5 0.1 0.7 7 1 7.5 0.7 34 47.6 <1 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 <5 <1 2 0.2 35 31.4 8 <0.5 0.2 2.3 84 1 12.4 1.5 39 69.5 3 <0.5 <0.1 1.6 35 1 5.7 0.6 424 38.5 2 <0.5 <0.1 1.2 9 1 5.2 0.5 91 39.1 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.6 <5 1 2 0.2 25 8.5 4 <0.5 0.1 2.3 76 1 10.2 0.9 70 34.5 5 <0.5 0.2 2.2 140 1 12.4 1.2 224 43.5 8 <0.5 0.3 2.5 104 1 22.8 1.9 45 75.7 9 <0.5 0.2 1.5 87 2 18.6 1.8 88 105 8 <0.5 0.2 1.7 106 1 18.2 1.5 63 43.9 5 <0.5 0.2 1.9 158 1 14.2 1.1 87 37.2 340 SAMPLE 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 3PAA250 3PAA253 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 12 <0.5 0.3 2.3 102 1 23.2 2.5 54 113.5 8 <0.5 0.2 1.7 64 1 18.8 1.9 60 72.5 12 <0.5 0.3 3.7 88 <1 20.8 2.5 37 113 4 <0.5 0.1 1.7 59 1 7.8 1.1 21 48.1 2 <0.5 <0.1 1.3 43 1 5 0.4 47 21.4 4 0.8 0.2 2.9 118 11 10.8 1.4 538 52.9 1 <0.5 <0.1 1.2 31 1 4.4 0.3 63 9 3 <0.5 0.1 1 82 1 8.2 0.8 40 32.1 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.7 55 <1 6.2 0.5 53 13.9 5 <0.5 0.2 1.3 56 1 19.4 1.4 36 42 2 <0.5 0.1 0.7 52 1 8.7 0.6 230 16.4 3 <0.5 0.1 1.1 75 1 9.2 0.8 159 27.4 2 <0.5 0.1 0.7 39 1 5.8 0.5 21 16.8 5 <0.5 0.2 1.2 66 1 14 1.2 72 36.5 6 <0.5 0.2 1.7 85 1 19.2 1.6 82 75.8 341 SAMPLE 3PAA255 3PAA257 3PAA260 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 4PAA235 4PAA236 4PAA233 4PAA238 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 16 <0.5 0.4 2.2 110 3 31.1 3.1 68 132 12 <0.5 0.3 2.1 93 2 25.1 2.4 30 135 4 <0.5 0.1 1.3 112 1 9.9 0.9 75 27.7 5 <0.5 0.2 2 130 2 11.9 1.2 120 51.1 8 <0.5 0.2 1.6 118 1 18 1.6 78 55.6 5 <0.5 0.2 2.2 180 1 14 1.1 88 43.9 2 <0.5 0.1 1 48 <1 7.3 0.4 51 12.1 2 <0.5 0.1 1.1 58 1 8.7 0.6 32 18.3 4 <0.5 0.1 1.7 152 1 10.6 1 104 38.7 5 <0.5 0.1 1.1 70 1 13.2 1.2 59 32.9 5 <0.5 0.2 1.1 85 1 11.8 1.1 63 46.4 7 <0.5 0.2 2 161 2 17.2 1.5 138 57 5 <0.5 0.1 1 65 1 10.8 1 68 35.6 6 <0.5 0.2 1.2 91 1 13 1 106 36.7 5 <0.5 0.1 1.7 94 1 11.3 1.1 106 37.7 1.2 <0.5 0.05 0.99 17 4 4.4 0.34 148 31.9 <1 <0.5 <0.1 0.7 <5 1 2.2 0.2 61 10.4 5.17 <0.5 0.17 1.59 96 5 11.2 1.05 58 52.5 4 <0.5 0.1 1.4 118 1 10.8 0.9 96 39.8 342 SAMPLE 3PAA112 3PAA115A 3PAA121 4PAA228 3PAA115B 3PAA123 3PAA210 3PAA212 4PAA208 3PAA156 3PAA290 4PAA202 4PAA203 3PAA177 3PAA211 3PAA219 3PAA288 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 20.9 0.5 0.53 3.34 141 3 33.3 3.4 22 128 17.3 0.8 0.46 3.33 125 4 27.4 2.84 392 147 16.7 0.8 0.44 3.46 145 4 25.7 2.79 25 108 11.2 <0.5 0.37 3.07 121 4 22.7 2.24 65 116 18.6 0.8 0.47 3.26 118 10 28.7 3.12 50 168 16.85 <0.5 0.42 3.36 138 4 26.6 2.81 41 108 15.55 <0.5 0.48 3.13 116 6 30.7 3.11 38 135 16.15 <0.5 0.51 3.19 117 6 32.1 3.2 241 140 16.4 <0.5 0.55 3.37 91 7 33.4 3.55 252 262 3 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 44 1 5.4 0.7 72 25.6 9.72 <0.5 0.36 2.53 99 5 22.8 2.4 55 117.5 9.46 <0.5 0.3 2.8 127 6 18.6 1.96 29 91.9 10.15 <0.5 0.34 2.68 128 5 21.4 2.09 30 82.8 7 1 0.2 2 99 5 11.6 1.9 223 71 11.45 <0.5 0.37 2.59 118 7 24.5 2.43 78 89.5 18 <0.5 0.5 2.9 97 3 34.3 4.3 64 262 7.75 <0.5 0.25 2.43 100 4 17.2 1.61 107 75.2343 SAMPLE 4PAA106 4PAA195 2PAG59 3PAA122 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA209 4PAA211 3PAA124 4PAA212 3PAA263-A 3PAA264 2PAE211 2PAT04 2PAT05 2PAT06 2PAT11 2PAT12 2PAT25 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 4 <0.5 0.1 2 128 1 10 1 99 42 13.75 <0.5 0.37 2.71 119 6 24.3 2.33 41 102.5 17.85 0.7 0.53 3.1 129 5 32.4 3.27 158 171 15.7 <0.5 0.41 3.16 138 3 25.9 2.67 19 95.8 16.9 <0.5 0.48 3.28 102 9 30.1 3.12 68 176.5 10.9 <0.5 0.37 2.79 139 6 22.7 2.32 58 94.5 13.05 <0.5 0.58 5.13 159 8 33.1 3.57 78 132 17.4 <0.5 0.43 3.03 111 5 27.4 2.74 1290 201 16 <0.5 0.3 3 110 2 14.8 2.7 41 102 15.45 <0.5 0.37 2.76 120 5 24.8 2.49 68 111.5 1 <0.1 6.4 1.1 0.1 2 0.1 7.5 6.2 0.5 9 <0.5 0.1 2.5 85 1 13.5 1.2 540 119 11 <0.5 0.1 3.5 80 1 12 1.2 55 120.5 10 0.5 0.1 3 80 1 15.5 1.3 635 136.5 10 <0.5 0.1 3.5 75 <1 12 1.1 40 128 9 0.5 0.1 2 75 7 11.5 1 60 132.5 11 <0.5 <0.1 2.5 55 <1 8 0.7 55 140.5 18 <0.5 0.3 3.5 25 1 16.5 1.9 30 169.5 344 Appendix A2: Trace element data from Antamina (ME-MS61) 345 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance to dike Lithology Au-AA23 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % 3PAA332 273452 8945325 Antamina West 152.85 - 152.98 68 Gray marble 0.87 0.98 14 30 0.32 3.13 36 3PAA263 273445 8945196 Antamina West 4148 bench 0 Green garnet exoskarn 52.8 0.41 111 <10 2.8 297 16.45 4PAA194 273278 8945189 Antamina West 4195 bench 157 Gray marble <0.005 0.05 0.76 <5 80 0.19 0.05 32.7 4PAA134 273468 8945298 Antamina West 4225 bench 4 White marble <0.005 0.11 1.01 <5 20 0.21 0.94 32.6 4PAA135 273455 8945292 Antamina West 4225 bench 12 White marble <0.005 0.1 0.53 7 10 0.13 0.48 34.7 4PAA136 273453 8945291 Antamina West 4225 bench 18 White marble <0.005 0.28 0.58 <5 10 0.16 1.14 33.2 4PAA137 273450 8945290 Antamina West 4225 bench 22 Gray marble <0.005 0.09 0.78 7 30 0.17 0.25 32.5 4PAA138 273446 8945288 Antamina West 4225 bench 26 White marble <0.005 2.15 2.21 50 20 0.54 8.71 31.1 4PAA139 273444 8945288 Antamina West 4225 bench 29 Gray marble <0.005 0.26 0.4 12 10 0.19 0.8 33.8 4PAA188 273297 8945238 Antamina West 4225 bench 145 Gray marble <0.005 0.17 0.85 <5 100 0.33 0.32 32 4PAA183 273379 8945365 Antamina West 4270 bench 71 Light gray marble <0.005 0.48 1.1 <5 50 0.4 0.3 31.5 4PAA182 273351 8945349 Antamina West 4270 bench 98 Gray marble <0.005 0.31 0.65 <5 10 0.41 0.84 31.7 4PAA181 273317 8945335 Antamina West 4270 bench 118 Gray marble <0.005 0.14 0.85 6 40 0.32 0.08 30.8 4PAA186 273449 8945382 Antamina West Access to the crusher 27 White marble 0.68 0.72 8 40 0.14 8.47 35.1 4PAA148 273392 8945345 Antamina West Access to the crusher 58 Gray marble <0.005 0.16 2.15 9 100 0.54 0.45 29.8 4PAA149 273387 8945343 Antamina West Access to the crusher 62 Gray marble <0.005 0.1 1.12 7 40 0.31 0.4 31.7 4PAA150 273383 8945340 Antamina West Access to the crusher 70 White marble <0.005 0.75 0.94 5 30 0.24 9.4 33 4PAA187 273302 8945294 Antamina West Access to the crusher 125 Gray marble <0.005 0.06 0.91 <5 50 0.3 0.07 31 4PAA191 273192 8945290 Antamina West West flank anticline 239 White marble <0.005 0.06 0.8 <5 20 0.29 0.04 32.3 4PAA190 273177 8945254 Antamina West West flank anticline 247 Light gray marble <0.005 0.05 0.51 9 10 0.22 0.08 32.8 346 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance to dike Lithology Au-AA23 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % 4PAA108 273148 8945204 Antamina West West flank anticline 265 Tan marble <0.005 0.33 5.14 <5 10 2 1.81 27.6 4PAA110 273149 8945205 Antamina West West flank anticline 266 Gray marble <0.005 0.07 3.52 15 80 1.21 0.44 27.2 4PAA226 273330 8945450 Antamina West 147 Gray marble <0.005 0.13 0.24 <5 30 <0.05 0.04 36 2PAE226 273519 8945300 Antamina West Green garnet exoskarn <0.005 10.9 0.88 49 1.9 0.1 17.7 15.85 3PAA177 273255 8946180 Fortuna T5 0.5 Gray hornfels 0.021 2.25 4.96 151 210 1.54 0.3 18.25 3PAA179 273242 8946166 Fortuna T5 14 Limestone <0.005 0.25 1.52 7 30 0.45 0.05 29.2 3PAA181 273228 8946152 Fortuna T5 25 Limestone 0.005 1.91 3.66 97 50 1.35 0.09 21.3 3PAA183 273216 8946148 Fortuna T5 36 Limestone <0.005 0.31 0.91 9 20 0.35 0.04 30.5 3PAA185 273207 8946145 Fortuna T5 44 Limestone 0.105 0.18 2.34 6 60 0.71 0.07 27.8 3PAA188 273183 8946140 Fortuna T5 60 Limestone <0.005 0.09 1.28 5 50 0.35 0.04 32.3 3PAA190 273163 8946136 Fortuna T5 75 Limestone <0.005 0.06 2.75 13 50 0.95 0.1 27.3 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna T5 108 Limestone <0.005 0.22 1.26 <5 20 0.33 0.09 31 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna T5 132 Limestone <0.005 0.07 2.06 <5 40 0.54 0.07 26.7 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna T5 162 Limestone <0.005 0.04 1.06 <5 40 0.27 0.04 30.4 3PAA288 273222 8946476 Fortuna T8 8 Gray hornfels 0.06 4.34 44 100 1.5 0.24 26.8 3PAA290 273230 8946484 Fortuna T8 18 Light gray hornfels 0.14 4.92 28 260 1.48 0.3 22.9 4PAA163 272809 8946294 Fortuna 0 calcite+MnOx vein 0.028 21.3 0.1 35 <10 0.05 0.17 29.8 4PAA228 273458 8945768 Fortuna 230 Tan hornfels 0.31 5.35 38 280 1.66 0.29 21.2 2PAE228 273324 8946253 Fortuna Partly mineralized QFP dike 0.308 >100.0 2.39 3270 38.3 0.58 0.57 0.25 2PAE230 273215 8946278 Fortuna massive sulfide 0.508 >100.0 0.67 938 43.5 0.14 0.23 0.05 2PAE229A 273324 8946253 Fortuna Calcite + sulfide vein 1.215 >100.0 0.71 1880 15.9 0.16 1.01 19.95 3PAA214 273571 8946493 Fortuna East T10 1 Limestone <0.005 0.2 4.05 21 200 1.71 0.11 21.2 3PAA215 273574 8946495 Fortuna East T10 5 Limestone <0.005 0.43 4.32 <5 70 1.43 0.15 20.2 3PAA216 273578 8946498 Fortuna East T10 10 Limestone <0.005 0.12 4.54 <5 120 1.44 0.13 23.6 3PAA217 273587 8946504 Fortuna East T10 19 Limestone <0.005 0.08 3.56 15 90 0.95 0.1 22.9 3PAA219 273598 8946512 Fortuna East T10 36 Gray hornfels <0.005 0.14 7.54 5.1 260 2.5 0.34 6 3PAA221 273611 8946520 Fortuna East T10 49 Limestone <0.005 0.09 5.77 <5 210 1.87 0.2 18.6 3PAA223 273630 8946531 Fortuna East T10 71 Limestone <0.005 0.08 3.94 6 170 1.43 0.14 22.8 2PAE227A 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 Calcite + sulfide vein 0.023 9.23 0.02 305 6.9 0.2 1.06 >25.0 3PAA260 273723 8946060 Fortuna East T13 17 Limestone 0.007 0.2 2.78 143 80 0.79 0.07 25.7 3PAA257 273707 8946048 Fortuna East T13 33 Limestone <0.005 0.1 4.95 10 120 1.6 0.24 17.5 347 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance to dike Lithology Au-AA23 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % 3PAA255 273698 8946060 Fortuna East T13 42 Limestone <0.005 0.2 6.63 48 180 2.11 0.67 14.8 3PAA253 273674 8946064 Fortuna East T13 66 Limestone <0.005 0.09 3.76 <5 120 1.03 0.11 23.2 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East T13 103 Limestone <0.005 0.05 2.85 8 80 0.98 0.08 27.4 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East T13 144 Limestone <0.005 0.22 3.26 40 80 0.91 0.08 23.5 4PAA112 273791 8946476 Fortuna East T14 1 Limestone <0.005 0.19 4.1 36 130 1.22 0.15 21.2 4PAA114 273800 8946479 Fortuna East T14 10 Limestone <0.005 0.22 3.4 15 70 0.83 0.09 23.2 4PAA115 273809 8946482 Fortuna East T14 20 Limestone <0.005 0.1 1.24 10 110 0.31 0.03 29.9 4PAA117 273821 8946486 Fortuna East T14 33 Limestone <0.005 0.3 1.58 13 100 0.47 0.05 29 4PAA118 273830 8946489 Fortuna East T14 42.5 Limestone <0.005 0.2 3.16 13 120 0.63 0.09 23.5 4PAA119 273837 8946492 Fortuna East T14 50 Limestone <0.005 <0.01 2.97 9 80 0.69 0.07 25.4 4PAA121 273847 8946495 Fortuna East T14 60 Limestone <0.005 <0.01 2.86 <5 90 0.6 0.07 25 4PAA123 273870 8946503 Fortuna East T14 85 Limestone <0.005 <0.01 4.53 7 100 0.95 0.16 19 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East T14 100 Limestone <0.005 <0.01 2.8 <5 70 0.67 0.09 26 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East T14 132 Limestone <0.005 0.11 3.11 6 90 0.97 0.1 25.5 4PAA105 273802 8946662 Fortuna East T15 0.5 Light green marble <0.005 0.44 3.59 26 140 1.07 0.74 26 4PAA106 273805 8946662 Fortuna East T15 3.5 Gray hornfels <0.005 0.22 3.1 8 190 0.81 0.11 24.3 4PAA107 273809 8946663 Fortuna East T15 8 Limestone <0.005 0.82 3.27 18 130 1.08 0.08 25.5 3PAA210 273547 8946606 Fortuna East T9 25 White hornfels 0.23 6.78 8 230 2.38 0.13 17.45 3PAA211 273554 8946612 Fortuna East T9 33 Gray hornfels 0.19 5.6 97 140 2 0.22 22.6 3PAA212 273562 8946626 Fortuna East T9 50 White hornfels 0.39 6.8 45 220 2.43 0.5 16.95 2PAE231 273865 8946314 Fortuna East Calcite + sulfide vein 0.36 3.39 1.82 1390 90 0.37 0.11 22.6 2PAE205 274744 8945202 Oscarina dike. Partly mineralized QFP dike 0.008 45.3 3.82 179 100 0.41 2.84 0.77 2PAE232 275018 8945208 Oscarina dike. Sericite altered QFP dike 0.043 >100.0 4.78 1005 140 0.32 277 0.59 2PAE233 273622 8943876 Peak nine White hornfels 0.005 4.05 7.9 40 850 1.94 0.43 11.1 2PAG59 273859 8944054 Peak nine Light green hornfels 0.56 7.67 48 370 3.13 0.17 10.95 2PAG60 273859 8944054 Peak nine Gray marble 0.18 5.47 20 180 1.5 0.19 19.65 3PAA105 273923 8946130 Quarry Bench T1 54.5 Tan marble 0.24 6.31 29 220 2.38 0.59 18.55 3PAA112 273835 8946020 Quarry Bench T1 91 Tan hornfels 0.12 8.31 18 230 3.78 0.34 12.4 3PAA156 273921 8945999 Quarry Bench T2 7.2 Light gray hornfels <0.005 0.21 1.94 14 40 0.61 0.4 30.1 3PAA154B 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 15.5 Light green marble <0.005 0.2 2.65 5 40 0.65 1.25 25.5 3PAA154 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 16 Tan marble <0.005 0.27 2.72 10 20 0.8 1.91 26.5 3PAA134 273950 8946030 Quarry Bench T2 50 Light gray marble 0.008 11.3 1.6 9 40 0.5 30.5 31.9 3PAA127B 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench T2 73.4 Tan marble <0.005 0.55 4.15 11 150 1.31 1.91 24.4 348 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance to dike Lithology Au-AA23 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % 3PAA127 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench T2 73.5 Light gray marble <0.005 0.17 3.9 30 120 1.32 0.65 24.2 3PAA115A 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench T2 86 Tan hornfels 0.72 7.62 23 310 1.89 0.43 11.9 3PAA115B 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench T2 86 White hornfels 0.33 7.9 21.5 700 1.36 0.49 9.1 3PAA124 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 93.5 Green hornfels <0.005 0.08 8.16 15 260 3.19 1.07 16.35 3PAA123 273981 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 94.3 White hornfels 0.05 7.63 17 220 2.92 0.85 16.5 3PAA122 273982 8946063 Quarry Bench T2 95.7 Light green hornfels 0.05 7.85 32 300 3.1 0.41 17.25 3PAA121 273983 8946064 Quarry Bench T2 96.3 Tan hornfels 0.14 7.93 243 250 3.02 0.56 15.55 3PAA120 273988 8946067 Quarry Bench T2 102.5 Tan marble <0.005 0.14 3.07 25 50 0.92 0.1 27.1 3PAA117 274006 8946083 Quarry Bench T2 127 Limestone <0.005 0.12 2.78 8 40 0.73 0.08 28.2 3PAA116 274016 8946091 Quarry Bench T2 139.5 Limestone <0.005 0.09 5.17 64 90 1.54 0.18 21.9 3PAA114 274008 8946101 Quarry Bench T2 140 Tan marble 0.87 8.09 128 330 1.92 1.11 9.05 4PAA203 274882 8945565 Ridge road T21 0.6 Light gray hornfels 0.08 5.65 20 230 1.83 0.61 21.5 4PAA196 274880 8945578 Ridge road T21 2 Light green hornfels 0.73 7.23 24 780 2 4.96 12.9 4PAA195 274878 8945584 Ridge road T21 5 Gray hornfels 0.05 6.11 126 150 2.23 0.36 19.8 4PAA209 274877 8945598 Ridge road T21 10 Light green hornfels 1.42 7.53 39 280 3.89 5.19 17.85 4PAA211 274873 8945603 Ridge road T21 11.5 Light green hornfels 3.84 6.46 12 470 1.74 7.38 13.05 4PAA212 274871 8945609 Ridge road T21 13 Green hornfels 0.29 6.59 132 140 2.22 0.97 19.5 4PAA201 274881 8945545 Ridge road T21A 0.3 Light green hornfels 0.04 6.03 20 290 2.41 0.5 21.9 4PAA202 274885 8945541 Ridge road T21A 0.9 Light gray hornfels 0.04 5.37 32 280 1.66 0.29 22.2 4PAA208 274844 8945928 Ridge road 16 White hornfels 0.46 7.68 18.6 500 2.28 0.67 5.48 2PAE203 273786 8946582 Ridge road Sericite altered QFP dike 0.241 >100.0 4.66 1430 150 0.76 0.51 0.04 2PAE220 273740 8945485 Taco Pit 55m of West wall transect Sulfide ± qtz ± calcite vein 0.03 20.7 0.9 37 19.9 0.61 4.38 7.48 2PAE222 273700 8945420 Taco Pit QFP intrusion w/ qtz-mo vlts <0.005 1 7.11 13.2 660 2.03 0.29 0.69 2PAE219 273740 8945485 Taco Pit Qtz+ sulfide vein 0.005 9.92 0.19 78.5 8.4 0.16 8.16 0.19 3PAA264 273590 8945263 Taco pit 4148 bench Brown garnet endoskarn 6.69 0.99 30 <10 0.61 10.65 20.9 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone 0.03 3.15 15 40 0.96 0.08 27.2 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone 0.0025 0.06 3.03 5 50 0.89 0.08 26.6 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone <0.01 0.69 5 30 0.23 0.01 35.3 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone 0.0025 0.05 0.4 2.5 10 0.17 0.02 34.6 349 Sample N° 3PAA332 3PAA263 4PAA194 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA137 4PAA138 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA183 4PAA182 4PAA181 4PAA186 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA150 4PAA187 4PAA191 4PAA190 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg-CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm 0.12 11.3 1.4 6 2.15 61.7 0.38 2.7 0.07 0.1 <0.01 0.01 0.35 5.4 13.3 75.4 46 81.7 56 0.75 >10000 15.15 15.9 0.21 0.1 0.07 23.2 0.03 17.3 9.7 0.1 15.25 1.6 15 2.21 8.1 0.3 1.75 0.14 0.1 <0.01 0.005 0.39 7.9 2.4 0.5 8.14 1.4 8 13.75 35.7 0.32 2.58 0.08 0.3 <0.01 0.044 0.14 3.9 5.1 0.31 6.62 1.2 4 1.06 23 0.21 1.55 0.09 0.1 <0.01 0.031 0.18 3.7 5.2 0.48 6.06 1.3 6 1.2 46.2 0.3 1.58 0.07 0.1 <0.01 0.072 0.14 3.3 3.9 0.37 6.31 1.6 6 1.3 39.7 0.33 2.04 0.09 0.2 <0.01 0.037 0.26 3.2 4.4 0.79 24.7 2.2 10 1.08 183.5 0.92 5.16 0.11 0.6 <0.01 0.071 0.1 11.8 7.6 0.53 7.68 1.4 8 1.29 81.2 0.43 1.24 0.07 0.1 <0.01 0.033 0.16 4.4 7.9 0.14 12.65 1.4 12 0.45 10.6 0.29 2.05 0.15 0.1 <0.01 0.008 0.49 5.7 3.3 0.38 12.65 1.8 13 0.88 185 0.39 2.82 0.1 0.2 <0.01 0.012 0.44 5.7 3.1 0.71 10.5 1.6 11 0.64 7.8 0.45 1.92 0.08 0.2 <0.01 0.03 0.18 5.3 6.1 0.29 9.17 1.7 12 0.91 6.6 0.45 2.03 0.09 0.2 0.01 0.014 0.48 4.5 2.5 1.53 7.25 1.3 6 1.41 202 1.29 1.62 0.05 0.2 <0.01 0.06 0.28 3.5 7.2 0.13 22.6 3.2 14 1.3 53.7 0.66 5.26 0.1 0.3 <0.01 0.011 0.99 11 6.5 0.09 11.2 1.8 12 0.87 8.8 0.43 2.83 0.09 0.2 <0.01 0.006 0.41 4.9 4.4 1.6 14.5 2 14 0.8 75.5 0.75 2.42 0.09 0.2 <0.01 0.116 0.21 7 3.2 0.05 11.3 1.3 11 3.23 10.5 0.25 2.11 0.13 0.1 <0.01 0.005 0.35 5.2 9.3 0.02 8.33 1.5 7 1.24 6.9 0.37 1.82 0.11 0.2 <0.01 0.005 0.26 4.4 5 0.09 5.37 1.4 8 2.02 7.2 0.31 1.16 0.1 0.1 <0.01 0.007 0.13 3 3.6 350 Sample N° 4PAA108 4PAA110 4PAA226 2PAE226 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 3PAA288 3PAA290 4PAA163 4PAA228 2PAE228 2PAE230 2PAE229A 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA219 3PAA221 3PAA223 2PAE227A 3PAA260 3PAA257 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg-CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm 0.51 65 5.6 34 3.03 21.8 1.75 12.05 0.21 1.6 <0.01 0.017 0.03 34 4.5 0.04 44.1 5.6 18 1.84 11.7 1.15 8.29 0.18 0.3 <0.01 0.016 1.14 22.8 6.4 0.18 4.45 1.2 11 1.26 8.4 0.17 0.69 0.13 0.1 <0.01 <0.005 0.18 2.3 5.6 160 29 55 144 1.68 5920 14.75 16.1 0.54 1.5 0.07 26.2 0.04 11 7 1.47 56.5 5.7 34 9.24 34.6 1.32 14.2 0.22 1.2 0.02 0.073 4.41 30.1 8.3 0.14 15.75 2.9 8 6.91 6.6 0.73 3.43 0.13 0.5 0.01 0.015 0.61 8.6 13.7 1.44 34 6.6 23 23.6 9 1.61 8.43 0.16 1 0.06 0.048 1.94 18 7.5 0.21 11.6 2.9 10 5.33 7.1 0.63 2.22 0.12 0.3 <0.01 0.011 0.52 6.6 3.4 0.38 23.8 4.4 15 15.3 7 1.05 5.33 0.15 0.7 <0.01 0.024 0.91 12.5 14.8 0.36 11.55 2.5 8 4.75 5.1 0.6 2.84 0.11 0.4 <0.01 0.012 0.46 6.4 8.5 0.14 39.4 5.3 23 18 8.5 1.08 6.2 0.18 0.8 <0.01 0.026 1.12 20.7 12.4 1.89 18.75 2.6 15 5.6 6.8 0.65 3.34 0.09 0.4 0.01 0.017 0.4 9.7 7.8 1.08 19.9 3.8 19 13.6 6.3 0.95 5.36 0.11 0.7 <0.01 0.019 0.7 10.3 12.6 0.14 11.45 1.8 12 5.75 3.3 0.47 2.66 0.08 0.4 0.02 0.011 0.33 6.3 9.2 0.49 45 8.2 28 1.88 13.2 1.98 10.55 0.11 1 <0.1 0.044 1.22 22.6 13.7 0.13 56.6 7.8 28 2.75 8.2 2.03 11.55 0.12 1 <0.01 0.033 1.22 28.1 13.8 36.2 125 0.8 5 0.32 27.6 0.3 4.8 0.19 0.1 0.73 0.027 0.05 74.2 2.6 0.16 60.2 8 30 3.68 25.2 2.06 13.5 0.13 1.2 <0.01 0.032 1.7 31.1 19.2 >500 10.15 3.7 63 10.6 456 6.34 11.65 0.21 0.5 >10.0 1.56 1.09 5.1 5.3 236 3.58 1 82 2.28 629 2.17 9.59 0.12 0.1 5.09 3.6 0.3 2.5 41.3 315 89.2 1.8 12 2.94 76.1 4.2 4.32 0.18 0.2 4.12 0.29 0.34 51.5 0.6 0.13 48.4 7.2 25 9.69 9.9 1.54 9.03 0.21 1.2 <0.01 0.025 1.6 24.1 32.5 0.5 55.4 6.7 30 6.71 9.7 1.77 10.1 0.22 1 <0.01 0.044 2.32 27.7 29.2 0.32 49.8 7.1 26 3.55 10.2 1.7 10.45 0.21 1.1 <0.01 0.038 1.26 25.6 31.7 0.49 32.1 5.9 21 4.05 11.3 1.55 8.13 0.18 1 <0.01 0.028 0.94 16.9 31.3 0.16 110.5 12.7 93 3.1 10.9 2.94 18.8 0.32 1 <0.01 0.051 2.22 53.8 60.3 0.2 71.9 9 39 5.6 12.2 2 13.25 0.24 1.3 <0.01 0.038 1.49 36.5 28.1 0.21 49 7.3 22 5.02 8.7 1.67 9.21 0.2 0.8 <0.01 0.035 1.14 25.1 28.6 14.75 101.5 1.7 3 1.77 89.2 0.47 1.97 0.17 <0.1 0.18 0.415 0.01 63.6 0.7 0.58 23.2 5.6 18 4.65 10.6 1.38 6.42 0.14 0.7 <0.01 0.024 0.9 12.1 22.2 0.05 63.8 7.5 37 3.2 9.8 1.96 11.6 0.24 1.3 0.01 0.038 1.28 31.6 33.6 351 Sample N° 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA105 4PAA106 4PAA107 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE231 2PAE205 2PAE232 2PAE233 2PAG59 2PAG60 3PAA105 3PAA112 3PAA156 3PAA154B 3PAA154 3PAA134 3PAA127B Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg-CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm 0.22 112 9.3 46 5.81 31.5 2.45 15.9 0.31 1.5 0.01 0.071 2.05 55.9 39.3 0.37 43.1 6.5 20 2.15 9.1 1.69 8.58 0.2 0.9 <0.01 0.032 0.92 22.3 28.1 0.38 36 4.4 17 2.01 6.1 1.25 7.14 0.18 0.7 <0.01 0.028 0.7 18.6 21 0.59 26.7 5.3 24 4.13 10.4 1.85 7.55 0.15 1 <0.01 0.026 0.72 13.7 41.2 0.33 47.6 7.6 27 5.12 9.4 1.81 9.41 0.22 1.1 <0.01 0.038 3.12 24.1 23 0.63 27.6 6.3 24 3.19 10.1 1.67 7.86 0.18 1 <0.01 0.029 1.31 14.2 20.2 0.37 13.6 5.2 8 1.72 7 1.32 2.69 0.12 0.4 <0.01 0.015 0.37 7 8.1 0.2 18.8 3.8 11 2.83 4.9 1.01 3.52 0.13 0.5 <0.01 0.018 0.55 10 12.5 0.88 24.6 5.2 22 6.12 10.4 1.54 8.06 0.11 1.1 <0.01 0.029 0.86 12.2 18.6 0.36 33 4.2 21 4.1 8.7 1.33 7.95 0.11 0.9 <0.01 0.027 0.78 16.6 17.6 0.49 31.4 4.2 21 3.27 7.1 1.32 7.33 0.09 0.9 <0.01 0.027 0.66 15.4 16.8 0.95 42.9 7.9 30 5.21 13.1 2.27 11.5 0.13 1.5 <0.01 0.044 1.06 20.7 28.5 0.49 30.7 4.6 18 3.19 7 1.29 7.48 0.1 0.8 0.03 0.025 0.76 15 14.8 0.56 33.5 5.3 19 4.79 10 1.42 7.39 0.15 0.9 <0.01 0.026 0.87 17 23.3 1.19 30.5 7.4 29 7.6 31.8 2.28 8.26 0.18 1.2 0.01 0.039 0.69 16.2 27.2 0.41 25.1 6.6 23 12.05 10.8 1.88 6.78 0.14 0.9 <0.01 0.026 0.89 13.1 18.4 0.7 32 5.9 23 10.6 9.9 1.58 7.51 0.16 1.1 <0.01 0.03 1.71 16.4 28.7 0.03 80.3 9.8 36 1.26 12.8 2.9 15.95 0.14 1.5 <0.01 0.061 2.17 41 22.2 0.22 60.4 8.6 28 1.16 12.2 2.52 13.85 0.12 1.1 0.3 0.046 1.47 30.9 17.9 1.15 83.6 12.9 37 1.04 11.1 2.95 17.05 0.15 1.3 <0.01 0.07 1.8 42.7 33.7 2.97 82.3 3.6 41 1.68 11.8 2.02 4.7 0.2 0.3 0.02 0.056 1.1 37 3.3 161 24.9 125 151 5.1 827 17.8 13.9 0.71 0.5 0.14 4.04 4.09 11.1 6 66.5 12.95 16.6 122 2.04 669 14.8 16 0.53 0.4 0.38 1.19 3.33 4 2.9 0.94 110 17.7 91 5.68 904 2.17 17.4 0.27 1.5 0.01 0.048 3.36 80.9 9.9 0.4 86.5 6.8 49 5.91 59 2.11 15.7 0.19 1.1 0.01 0.056 4.2 42.9 18.5 0.02 76.3 8.4 34 9.79 12.8 2.15 13.15 0.15 1.3 <0.01 0.03 1.46 40 22 <0.02 79.3 10 32 6.07 21.6 2.47 15.45 0.13 1 0.01 0.051 1.96 40.5 20.1 <0.02 108.5 8.8 47 5.17 18.3 2.43 22.1 0.17 0.6 <0.01 0.03 3.08 54.7 22.7 0.17 26.5 3.9 13 0.58 49 0.79 4.43 0.15 0.4 <0.01 0.022 0.65 14.5 2 0.07 25.1 3.9 15 0.72 11.2 1.04 5.87 0.16 0.7 <0.01 0.047 1.02 13.3 1.3 0.04 23.8 3.7 17 3.18 193.5 1.08 6.06 0.15 0.6 <0.01 0.047 0.84 12.8 12.7 1.36 16.05 3.2 14 1.49 222 0.81 3.99 0.14 0.5 0.01 0.068 0.45 8.2 7.6 0.05 44.7 7.1 44 4.97 68.8 1.42 9.89 0.18 0.8 <0.01 0.023 1.19 22.8 11.7 352 Sample N° 3PAA127 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA124 3PAA123 3PAA122 3PAA121 3PAA120 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA114 4PAA203 4PAA196 4PAA195 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA208 2PAE203 2PAE220 2PAE222 2PAE219 3PAA264 4PAA233 4PAA238 4PAA235 4PAA236 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg-CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm 0.08 44.3 7.3 25 3.62 27.8 1.69 10.1 0.2 0.8 <0.01 0.023 1.2 22.9 11.8 1.09 90 7.8 41 7.66 237 1.95 17.35 0.18 1.6 <0.01 0.035 6.88 45.1 34 0.13 91 7.2 65 2.95 13.8 3.13 16.8 0.2 1.2 0.01 0.089 6.02 47.6 12.2 0.03 98.1 11.9 55 3.54 19.3 2.17 19.9 0.29 0.8 <0.01 0.11 3.64 48.8 10.3 0.02 86.3 23.3 47 5.47 8.4 2.34 19.35 0.14 1.1 <0.01 0.063 3.3 43.9 6.9 0.02 88.8 9.3 45 6.61 4.8 1.67 18.9 0.14 1.1 <0.01 0.059 3.07 45.8 22.3 <0.02 88.6 11.4 47 10.15 23.4 2.53 19.9 0.16 1.1 <0.01 0.017 3.32 45.5 31.8 0.05 29.8 5.3 21 4.22 9.1 1.36 7.2 0.15 0.6 <0.01 0.023 0.93 15.3 15.2 0.06 33.3 6.1 19 3.04 12.8 1.52 7.43 0.14 0.6 <0.01 0.01 0.84 17.2 12.8 0.04 75.7 8.8 174 4.39 15.3 2.27 12.9 0.24 0.9 0.01 0.026 1.3 37.6 16.2 1.38 123.5 5.9 52 9.13 181 2.68 21.4 0.2 1 0.01 0.08 5.56 56.3 39.9 <0.02 58.9 8.4 31 1.67 40.3 2.32 13.3 0.13 1.3 <0.01 0.044 2.53 29.7 9.6 0.16 93.4 10.4 48 3.53 133 2.13 17.15 0.15 1.1 <0.01 0.106 6.12 47.4 15.4 <0.02 71.2 9.1 37 1.3 16.3 2.4 15.8 0.12 1.5 <0.01 0.05 1.21 36.4 9.8 0.19 74.2 18.5 37 2.68 15.6 3.41 44.8 0.17 1.2 <0.01 0.331 3.46 37 24.7 6.47 85.4 7.8 48 1.45 223 2.3 14.55 0.14 0.9 <0.1 0.113 5.33 42.5 4.2 0.11 76.3 11.8 41 1.22 32.1 2.74 16.4 0.15 1.2 <0.01 0.07 2.11 39.5 6.9 <0.02 65.4 5 30 0.58 14.4 1.64 13.6 0.12 1.3 <0.01 0.039 2.81 36 5.6 <0.02 50.6 6.7 31 1.72 18 2.24 13.2 0.12 1.4 <0.01 0.046 2.55 25.6 13.2 0.94 37.6 4 44 2.04 34.7 1.28 18.9 0.15 1.2 <0.01 0.033 5.94 13.4 6.3 10.05 150 7.6 74 4.33 923 2.69 16.3 0.26 0.5 0.7 1.585 3.92 90.3 20.9 17.3 13.25 324 139 13.55 >10000 23.3 6.21 0.82 0.3 0.01 5.17 0.56 6.1 39.8 7.94 44.5 5.6 82 6.29 821 1.4 15.75 0.19 0.2 0.01 0.068 4.33 22.6 33.7 23.5 7.22 20.9 204 1.25 >10000 4.6 1.44 0.19 0.1 0.01 1.735 0.15 3.6 19.6 0.95 26.8 3.3 104 1.14 3900 17.65 24.6 0.12 1.3 0.01 12.25 0.04 7.7 5 0.54 29.6 5 22 2.19 10.7 1.23 7.8 0.09 1 0.03 0.021 0.8 15.2 20.1 0.67 29.2 5.9 29 2.56 10 1.39 7 0.16 1.2 0.01 0.025 0.78 14.8 20.8 1.25 8.74 1.5 6 0.98 2.5 0.33 1.67 0.05 0.3 <0.01 <0.005 0.23 4.6 8 0.02 4.86 1.4 9 0.31 2.6 0.34 1.01 0.11 0.2 0.005 0.0025 0.09 2.8 5 353 Sample N° 3PAA332 3PAA263 4PAA194 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA137 4PAA138 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA183 4PAA182 4PAA181 4PAA186 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA150 4PAA187 4PAA191 4PAA190 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.78 211 0.55 0.11 2.7 1 230 81.9 26.8 <0.002 0.22 0.32 3 <0.2 1450 0.19 2.38 1920 7.3 0.02 0.3 16.7 130 190 2.3 0.008 6.28 1 33 34.2 5 <0.05 0.61 99 0.6 0.16 2.3 5.7 130 2.9 14 <0.002 0.19 0.1 1 0.2 1760 0.15 0.86 292 0.73 0.05 2.2 2 150 9.4 12 <0.002 0.11 0.39 1 0.5 447 0.16 0.58 153 0.35 0.04 1.2 1.7 160 7.5 11.4 <0.002 0.13 0.26 1 0.4 499 0.07 0.58 137 1.15 0.05 1.4 1.7 180 14.6 8.6 <0.002 0.17 0.19 <1 0.4 490 0.09 0.48 154 1.21 0.06 1.5 3.3 240 3.5 12.6 0.005 0.22 0.13 1 0.3 499 0.11 0.94 1100 3.26 0.03 4.6 5.1 570 201 5.3 <0.002 0.17 5.97 1 0.7 621 0.36 0.56 173 1.07 0.02 1 2.6 310 8.7 13 0.005 0.33 0.73 1 0.3 547 0.06 0.65 102 0.94 0.15 2.6 4 120 23.3 18.9 <0.002 0.17 2.04 <1 0.4 2330 0.17 0.63 143 1.18 0.12 2.6 4.3 220 47.2 22 <0.002 0.25 0.33 1 0.5 925 0.18 0.82 128 1.16 0.07 1.8 3.3 640 13.4 10.2 <0.002 0.28 0.13 1 0.4 654 0.12 0.73 135 0.56 0.07 2.7 3.7 320 11.6 21.5 <0.002 0.28 0.25 <1 0.4 873 0.18 0.61 172 1.02 0.09 1.7 <0.2 250 24.7 17.8 0.002 1.59 0.5 3 0.7 486 0.1 0.72 155 1.37 0.2 4.7 5.6 600 13.9 37.6 0.002 0.39 0.34 1 0.7 615 0.36 0.59 126 1.33 0.13 2.4 3.4 220 9.2 18.6 <0.002 0.29 0.24 1 0.4 637 0.18 0.6 162 3.5 0.11 2 3.4 220 47.1 7.9 <0.002 0.47 0.16 1 0.5 1130 0.14 0.59 146 0.77 0.16 2.1 3.6 450 3.1 22.6 0.011 0.19 0.45 <1 0.4 1235 0.15 0.69 238 0.21 0.06 1.8 5.1 160 3.6 13.2 <0.002 0.18 0.2 <1 0.3 762 0.12 0.66 156 0.46 0.03 1.2 4.1 120 4.7 6.4 <0.002 0.17 0.21 <1 0.2 899 0.08 354 Sample N° 4PAA108 4PAA110 4PAA226 2PAE226 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 3PAA288 3PAA290 4PAA163 4PAA228 2PAE228 2PAE230 2PAE229A 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA219 3PAA221 3PAA223 2PAE227A 3PAA260 3PAA257 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 1.44 1280 0.83 0.02 11 12.7 410 68.9 1.8 <0.002 0.03 1.95 1 1.8 817 0.84 0.96 365 0.71 0.3 8.4 10.8 310 9.7 49 <0.002 0.52 1.38 1 1.1 814 0.63 0.7 111 0.32 0.01 0.5 5.2 80 32.6 9.5 <0.002 0.06 0.27 1 0.2 1980 <0.05 0.22 1350 20 0.02 2.5 6.8 90 178 6.1 0.009 4.67 0.54 23 21.6 4.4 0.1 1 2960 1.13 0.04 11.2 19.2 660 132.5 185 0.003 0.64 3.31 1 1.5 397 0.79 1.36 286 1.09 0.02 2.6 8.5 380 7.9 33.2 <0.002 0.38 0.22 1 0.3 925 0.18 1.98 2240 0.46 0.03 6.5 19 770 180.5 98.3 <0.002 0.8 3.56 1 0.9 493 0.47 0.77 309 0.75 0.01 1.8 8.8 260 12.7 25.5 <0.002 0.61 0.31 1 <0.2 764 0.11 1.35 265 0.59 0.03 4.4 14.2 450 8.3 48.7 <0.002 0.4 0.33 1 0.5 751 0.3 0.84 213 0.72 0.02 2.1 8.5 300 6.5 23.7 <0.002 0.21 0.22 1 0.2 661 0.14 1.05 349 0.55 0.04 6.6 12 650 7.6 56.7 <0.002 0.37 0.32 1 0.8 733 0.48 0.9 496 0.63 0.06 2.4 6.4 420 4.8 23.4 <0.002 0.3 0.63 1 0.4 711 0.16 1.42 303 0.52 0.04 4 9.4 380 8.4 41.7 <0.002 0.32 0.22 1 0.7 817 0.28 0.67 192 0.36 0.03 1.9 4.2 290 3.9 19.4 <0.002 0.17 0.14 <1 0.4 888 0.13 1.77 488 0.82 0.4 10.5 11.4 630 8.8 64 <0.002 0.56 0.56 3 1.3 801 0.73 1.58 401 1.39 0.64 12.1 12.4 800 28.5 67 <0.002 0.54 0.57 2 1.8 846 0.89 0.35 42800 0.18 0.01 0.3 2.2 40 32.7 2.1 <0.002 0.51 0.64 1 0.6 245 <0.05 1.5 308 1.22 0.39 14 16.2 600 21.2 95.9 <0.002 0.81 1.36 3 1.9 775 0.99 0.16 812 2.03 0.02 3.5 6.4 510 >10000 64.5 0.003 >10.00 49.2 21 2.2 25.7 0.22 0.05 184 1.34 0.01 1.4 4.2 120 >10000 18.9 0.004 8.65 52.9 5 2.6 19.3 <0.05 0.19 >10000 0.77 0.01 1.5 3.7 200 >10000 21 0.003 9.08 30.8 8 1.3 80.9 0.08 1.38 443 1.16 0.23 8.6 14.6 490 5.4 80.5 0.004 0.45 0.19 1 1.5 598 0.66 1.46 380 0.98 0.04 10.4 13.8 480 23.4 119 0.003 0.52 0.29 1 1.5 452 0.79 1.65 309 1.07 0.42 9.4 15 430 11 60.4 <0.002 0.51 0.43 1 1.5 1090 0.69 1.67 289 0.83 0.34 5.7 17.6 490 7.8 45.6 0.002 0.51 0.34 1 1 826 0.42 1.71 307 1.16 1.11 21.2 23.9 990 21.8 101 0.002 0.88 0.46 2 2.7 763 1.67 1.59 446 1.36 0.62 14.8 16.6 820 8.4 77.1 <0.002 0.69 0.44 1 2.2 936 1.16 1.53 457 1.28 0.39 10.2 13.6 550 6.7 63 <0.002 0.53 0.43 1 1.2 768 0.75 0.16 >10000 7.27 0.01 0.2 0.3 <10 >10000 1.2 0.002 0.32 28 2 0.7 161 <0.05 1.44 306 0.91 0.12 4.7 16.2 440 8.6 50 <0.002 0.66 2.49 1 0.7 913 0.32 1.54 380 1.3 0.61 12.3 13.8 680 5.7 70.3 <0.002 0.64 3.33 1 1.7 627 0.98 355 Sample N° 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA105 4PAA106 4PAA107 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE231 2PAE205 2PAE232 2PAE233 2PAG59 2PAG60 3PAA105 3PAA112 3PAA156 3PAA154B 3PAA154 3PAA134 3PAA127B Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 1.6 381 1.28 0.62 17.5 19.1 830 19.4 117.5 <0.002 0.68 2.97 1 2.2 546 1.32 1.38 390 1.01 0.46 7.9 14.2 470 13.7 47.3 <0.002 0.5 0.83 1 1.1 862 0.6 1.38 363 0.82 0.28 7.1 11.8 340 7.6 36.5 <0.002 0.3 0.29 1 0.9 918 0.5 1.81 335 1.59 0.19 5.6 14.1 550 9.9 53.3 <0.002 0.45 1.63 1 1 746 0.39 1.97 719 0.96 0.05 9.2 16 730 5.4 97.6 <0.002 0.38 0.45 1 1.3 505 0.68 1.52 365 0.94 0.02 5.7 19.7 540 7.1 69.6 <0.002 0.73 0.45 1 0.8 638 0.41 0.76 378 1.11 0.11 2 18.2 330 11.8 17.3 <0.002 1.06 0.34 1 0.2 1045 0.13 0.91 427 0.47 0.09 2.8 11.4 390 30.4 27.5 0.002 0.46 0.93 1 0.3 916 0.19 1.52 371 1.27 0.18 5.2 15.8 540 9.8 48.5 0.003 0.66 0.94 <1 1 758 0.37 1.6 313 0.59 0.21 7.1 9 340 7.1 43.8 <0.002 0.29 0.3 1 1.2 826 0.5 1.52 352 1.13 0.29 5.9 9.6 410 9.4 36.1 <0.002 0.4 0.39 1 1 874 0.43 2.46 497 0.47 0.32 8.8 19 860 13.3 60.5 <0.002 0.72 0.34 1 1.6 659 0.66 1.35 297 0.53 0.23 6.7 10 340 8.7 42.2 <0.002 0.43 0.37 1 1.1 797 0.48 1.5 313 0.7 0.23 6.5 13.6 380 15.3 45.5 <0.002 0.45 0.35 1 1.1 796 0.46 2.41 589 3.17 0.26 6.5 20.6 620 71.6 46.9 <0.002 0.41 1.04 1 1 879 0.45 1.94 416 2.98 0.4 5.2 17.6 620 7.7 39.2 <0.002 0.47 0.71 1 0.7 788 0.37 1.52 529 0.77 0.21 6.3 16 490 49.7 72.1 <0.002 0.48 0.46 <1 0.8 611 0.46 1.75 525 1.18 1.24 17.8 17.2 780 12.2 116 <0.002 0.67 0.88 3 2.7 710 1.3 1.8 442 1.16 0.58 13 13 570 27.7 78.5 <0.002 0.57 0.63 2 2 736 0.92 1.86 455 1.12 1.19 18.3 17 760 77.7 105.5 <0.002 0.55 0.57 3 2.7 729 1.3 0.24 1240 0.82 0.03 5.2 5.7 200 1445 53.2 0.003 1.98 5.15 1 0.9 525 0.3 0.11 592 18 0.08 4.7 23.2 490 >10000 160 0.015 >10.00 45.2 37 7.2 118 0.26 0.09 730 10.4 0.06 4.4 6.5 500 >10000 100 0.016 >10.00 65.2 33 7.8 184 0.21 1.41 2030 5.17 0.27 20.8 23.5 580 1800 160 0.003 0.63 5.48 5 2.4 619 1.33 2.34 575 1.01 0.68 22.7 21.3 980 30.1 231 0.004 0.95 2.05 2 3.2 574 1.62 1.78 374 0.99 0.56 15.3 14.9 1010 4.3 99.5 0.004 0.66 1.89 2 1.5 677 1.13 1.56 391 1.07 0.65 16 16.7 520 15.8 112 <0.002 0.76 1.19 3 2.4 728 1.14 1.65 224 1.03 0.96 21.5 19.6 780 14.4 155.5 <0.002 0.98 0.82 2 2.9 630 1.57 1.29 354 0.96 0.1 3.6 12.4 630 36.8 26.2 <0.002 0.46 0.37 1 1 629 0.24 1.86 298 0.62 0.15 4.5 10.8 370 23.3 33.9 0.004 0.69 0.44 2 1.2 742 0.33 1.91 335 0.69 0.14 4.6 12 360 10 51.5 <0.002 0.89 0.26 2 1.3 737 0.35 1.46 237 0.82 0.1 4 8.1 310 915 21.7 <0.002 0.48 0.61 2 2 823 0.28 1.77 343 1.15 0.33 9.5 16.1 500 32 59.3 0.002 0.79 0.38 1 1.7 969 0.7 356 Sample N° 3PAA127 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA124 3PAA123 3PAA122 3PAA121 3PAA120 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA114 4PAA203 4PAA196 4PAA195 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA208 2PAE203 2PAE220 2PAE222 2PAE219 3PAA264 4PAA233 4PAA238 4PAA235 4PAA236 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 1.66 331 0.98 0.31 9.7 16 460 14.1 59.4 <0.002 0.71 0.64 1 1.3 917 0.7 1.88 380 1.47 0.28 21.6 20.2 540 67.4 319 0.003 1.2 0.36 3 2.9 357 1.56 1.19 559 1.63 0.18 24.5 16.7 620 18.9 226 0.003 2.56 1.33 4 3.2 337 1.78 1.78 437 1.34 0.35 19 23.4 670 6.1 124.5 <0.002 1.17 0.91 2 3.2 705 1.46 1.67 413 1.26 0.35 18 15.3 630 10 127.5 <0.002 1 1.96 3 3.3 665 1.32 1.76 444 1.04 0.63 18.5 14.6 700 5.7 125 <0.002 0.61 1.22 3 3.1 889 1.35 1.69 338 1.14 0.3 18.4 22.5 700 11.4 202 <0.002 1.09 1.85 3 2.9 723 1.31 1.3 384 0.79 0.16 5.7 13.4 460 4.9 59.9 <0.002 0.41 0.56 1 0.8 779 0.42 1.68 391 1.25 0.13 6.1 <0.2 390 5.2 59.3 0.003 0.72 0.39 3 0.9 870 0.4 1.87 427 1.78 0.38 14.1 10.9 460 6.9 94.2 0.004 0.83 0.46 2 2 678 0.99 2.05 230 1.88 0.3 25.1 21.6 970 74.4 325 0.005 1.67 1.15 3 4 361 1.81 1.53 499 0.87 0.58 12.6 15.6 740 9.3 91.7 <0.002 0.65 0.66 3 1.9 649 0.9 1.65 448 0.71 0.22 20.1 16.3 950 20.2 204 <0.002 1.14 1.01 4 2.8 704 1.45 1.73 386 0.65 0.93 15.1 16.6 500 6.6 52.5 <0.002 0.66 0.89 3 2.2 859 1.07 2.11 777 1.74 0.16 15.8 16.2 920 140.5 138 <0.002 1.21 3.65 3 3.5 509 1.15 1.33 432 1.81 0.25 19.8 16.4 870 177.5 168 <0.002 1.18 0.64 4 2.7 548 1.45 1.7 397 0.76 0.63 16.1 20.4 510 18.2 90.5 <0.002 0.69 0.61 3 2.4 615 1.14 1.86 755 0.66 0.26 12.8 27.7 770 3.6 80.8 <0.002 0.16 0.66 3 1.9 887 0.94 1.66 512 2.32 0.64 12.2 15.1 870 5 104 <0.002 0.5 0.88 3 1.8 800 0.85 2.12 566 1.17 0.18 22.4 21.1 1210 305 191 <0.002 0.74 2.11 3 3 298 1.63 0.14 26 1.37 0.05 3.1 3.6 680 >10000 140 0.002 3.75 107 1 2.2 132 0.06 1.34 1505 20.8 0.02 3 49.1 300 345 72.1 0.007 >10.00 2.06 43 24.6 26.9 0.15 0.53 150 1075 1.16 3.4 4.7 680 58.6 140 0.17 0.51 2.04 2 2.4 339 0.22 0.12 76 2210 0.01 0.6 13.2 40 514 10.8 1.08 4.69 1.78 8 5.9 3.4 <0.05 0.55 2150 21.3 0.02 2.6 2 230 154 5.2 0.004 0.64 0.36 3 107 6 0.16 1.51 249 0.66 0.13 6 9.4 370 8.9 44.7 <0.002 0.4 0.19 3 1 721 0.41 0.93 278 0.47 0.14 5.6 17.2 430 7.2 40 0.001 0.45 0.25 1 1 527 0.39 0.67 154 0.31 0.02 1.5 2 120 1.5 11 <0.002 0.16 0.05 3 0.2 437 0.09 0.56 172 0.13 0.03 0.9 4.7 150 1.1 4 0.001 0.06 0.23 1 0.2 473 0.05 357 Sample N° 3PAA332 3PAA263 4PAA194 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA137 4PAA138 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA183 4PAA182 4PAA181 4PAA186 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA150 4PAA187 4PAA191 4PAA190 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.19 1.7 0.049 0.25 0.6 9 0.3 3.2 33 3.1 1.77 0.7 0.005 0.46 6.1 5 730 0.7 >10000 3.8 0.21 1.6 0.039 0.06 0.5 8 0.3 7.1 25 1.4 0.1 1.6 0.043 0.13 1.3 10 1.7 3.7 132 10.1 0.13 0.8 0.023 0.07 0.9 8 0.2 2.6 72 3.8 0.14 0.9 0.029 0.08 1 8 0.3 2.4 106 3.2 0.14 1.1 0.035 0.07 2.1 11 0.4 2.8 84 4.7 0.21 4.5 0.091 0.04 2.1 20 7.2 9.2 244 17 0.38 0.7 0.021 0.27 2.9 7 0.5 2.4 134 3 0.15 2 0.046 0.08 0.7 8 0.3 4.4 31 1.6 0.17 2.3 0.046 0.12 1.7 12 0.4 5.4 89 6.4 0.14 1.1 0.035 0.06 2.5 7 0.4 3.6 148 4.6 0.12 1.5 0.053 0.13 1.6 9 0.3 3.9 67 6 0.93 1.1 0.035 0.18 0.7 7 1.1 2.1 610 4.9 0.08 4.3 0.089 0.19 2.1 24 0.5 7.7 32 9.3 0.14 2.2 0.047 0.13 1.4 12 0.4 5.5 19 5.1 0.29 1.5 0.047 0.05 1.1 12 0.7 5.5 558 4.6 0.12 1.9 0.046 0.15 3.3 7 0.7 4.4 11 4.6 0.18 1.6 0.034 0.1 0.8 8 0.2 3.4 5 4.5 0.16 0.8 0.023 0.07 0.9 5 0.1 2 25 3.7 358 Sample N° 4PAA108 4PAA110 4PAA226 2PAE226 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 3PAA288 3PAA290 4PAA163 4PAA228 2PAE228 2PAE230 2PAE229A 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA219 3PAA221 3PAA223 2PAE227A 3PAA260 3PAA257 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.34 10.7 0.223 0.03 2.3 49 9 17.7 244 48.3 0.19 7.2 0.159 0.48 1 34 0.4 14.5 16 8.8 0.16 0.3 0.009 0.25 0.8 7 0.1 1.8 30 1.6 0.41 1.8 0.03 0.21 6.8 13 240 4.1 >10000 60.3 0.53 7.4 0.243 3.45 1.8 106 2.4 16.9 190 38.2 0.08 2.3 0.064 0.38 1.2 41 0.3 6 25 16.2 0.2 4.8 0.173 1.84 1.9 118 2.2 12.7 436 33.1 0.21 1.3 0.042 0.37 1 30 0.2 4.7 38 10.9 0.12 3.3 0.113 0.59 1.3 74 0.4 8.9 38 25.1 0.19 1.6 0.059 0.32 0.9 41 0.2 5 48 12.9 0.1 5.3 0.142 0.59 1.3 42 0.6 14.3 25 27.1 0.1 1.7 0.058 0.3 0.7 37 0.2 7.7 225 13.6 0.06 2.9 0.099 0.47 1.2 59 0.4 9.3 138 23.4 0.06 1.5 0.047 0.23 0.7 26 0.2 5.7 15 11 0.06 7.1 0.238 0.43 1.8 94 0.6 15.9 113 30.5 0.06 9.3 0.26 0.4 1.7 89 0.9 21.1 46 30.1 0.11 0.2 0.005 0.09 0.2 6 0.2 28.5 5390 1.6 0.21 10 0.299 0.82 2.1 102 0.9 21.8 63 36.6 3.11 3 0.1 6.62 1 44 2.3 3.5 >10000 16.8 6.88 0.8 0.03 1.71 0.4 25 1.1 0.3 >10000 5.2 0.96 0.9 0.03 0.44 0.3 25 0.9 17.9 >10000 6 0.1 7.6 0.193 0.96 1.8 76 1 15.9 29 39.3 0.07 8.9 0.21 1.04 1.7 74 1.2 17.2 89 32.7 0.11 8 0.198 0.56 1.9 84 0.8 15 60 34.9 0.08 4.7 0.161 0.59 1.7 116 0.5 10.3 64 31.7 0.05 16 0.436 0.92 1.6 89 1.9 30.6 56 26.9 0.09 11.6 0.302 0.96 2.1 87 1.2 20.1 44 40.3 0.09 7.4 0.179 0.62 1.3 49 0.9 16.4 47 25.3 0.32 <0.2 <0.01 4.92 0.2 4 2 15.6 3020 1.7 0.22 3.7 0.126 0.56 1.5 92 0.5 8.8 76 24.3 0.08 11.2 0.248 0.59 1.9 75 1.2 20.5 22 39.5 359 Sample N° 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA105 4PAA106 4PAA107 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE231 2PAE205 2PAE232 2PAE233 2PAG59 2PAG60 3PAA105 3PAA112 3PAA156 3PAA154B 3PAA154 3PAA134 3PAA127B Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.09 14.7 0.344 0.84 2.1 92 2 26.1 61 44.9 0.1 6.4 0.178 0.39 1.6 72 0.8 15.2 71 28.3 0.08 5.1 0.144 0.31 1.2 53 0.6 12.2 62 24.5 0.06 4.6 0.154 0.48 1.9 102 0.9 10.4 100 33.2 0.08 7.8 0.203 0.99 2 92 0.9 15.9 73 37.1 0.11 4.4 0.161 0.6 2.1 130 0.5 10.2 70 32.9 0.25 1.5 0.051 0.24 1.2 37 0.2 6 44 11.2 0.18 2.3 0.069 0.27 1.4 47 0.3 8.4 23 16 0.06 3.9 0.147 0.52 2 126 0.5 11.2 96 36 0.05 5.4 0.143 0.32 1.5 55 0.6 13.4 54 32 0.05 4.7 0.133 0.32 1.5 68 0.5 12.7 63 29.9 0.06 7 0.222 0.55 2.5 133 0.8 17.8 127 49.3 0.07 4.9 0.137 0.31 1.3 56 0.6 12.4 65 29 0.13 5.1 0.142 0.38 1.5 71 0.6 11.5 90 29.2 0.14 5 0.168 0.5 2.4 118 0.5 10.9 219 40 0.18 3.8 0.142 0.53 2.1 109 0.4 8.9 73 29.5 0.08 5.2 0.149 0.76 1.9 84 0.8 11.1 97 33.2 <0.05 13.9 0.375 0.44 2 103 1.5 27.1 31 40.9 <0.05 9.9 0.283 0.27 1.8 98 1.2 21.7 75 33.3 <0.05 13.8 0.383 0.42 1.9 104 1.6 28.1 260 33.7 0.9 4.4 0.09 0.46 0.5 25 1.8 31.7 653 8.8 16 1.8 0.13 2.1 0.9 33 82.5 4.3 >10000 13.5 16.95 0.8 0.13 4.93 0.9 36 160 7.8 >10000 9.8 2.29 17.3 0.36 1.36 2.4 135 21.4 24 317 49 0.21 16.6 0.424 1.29 1.4 114 1.6 25.4 149 21.6 0.08 11.9 0.273 0.91 2.1 91 1.1 19.7 26 37.3 0.09 12.9 0.332 0.87 1.6 81 1.6 24.1 30 27.8 <0.05 17.7 0.435 0.92 1.4 124 1.4 27.7 14 15 0.2 2.8 0.086 0.22 0.9 58 0.3 8.7 48 12.6 0.4 4 0.1 0.56 1.3 60 0.5 8.7 33 19.2 0.34 3.8 0.102 0.83 1.2 59 0.4 8.7 24 17.6 1.03 2.8 0.084 0.43 1.3 31 0.3 6.1 401 15.3 0.14 6 0.21 0.6 1.4 82 0.7 14 51 22.4 360 Sample N° 3PAA127 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA124 3PAA123 3PAA122 3PAA121 3PAA120 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA114 4PAA203 4PAA196 4PAA195 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA208 2PAE203 2PAE220 2PAE222 2PAE219 3PAA264 4PAA233 4PAA238 4PAA235 4PAA236 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.12 6.2 0.216 0.6 1.5 85 0.6 14.7 26 24.5 0.22 18.1 0.378 1.53 2.3 117 1.6 24.1 398 45.2 0.28 21.4 0.424 1.44 2.1 113 1.5 24.8 42 21.4 0.34 15.8 0.37 0.64 1.9 126 1.3 23.2 19 18.9 0.26 14.7 0.369 0.57 2.1 128 1.9 23.2 25 26.4 0.14 15.4 0.385 0.59 2.4 134 1.2 24.2 20 31.2 0.15 14.8 0.389 1.53 2.1 133 2.7 23.5 20 30.8 0.1 4.5 0.131 0.67 1.3 71 0.5 10.6 17 20.2 <0.05 4.7 0.132 0.55 1.5 72 0.5 12 18 23 0.06 12.1 0.263 0.78 1.9 85 0.9 22.6 27 32.9 0.2 20.4 0.416 1.68 1.7 115 1.9 28.9 493 20.8 0.14 9.7 0.286 0.29 2 122 1.6 19.8 18 35.3 1.15 16.2 0.401 0.78 2.1 95 2.3 27.8 63 24.1 <0.05 12.7 0.309 0.18 2 104 1.7 21.4 23 38.7 0.59 12.8 0.343 0.45 4.4 148 3 32.9 73 28.3 0.79 15.7 0.398 0.54 1.6 92 2 26.1 1650 19.8 0.48 13.3 0.323 0.28 1.8 99 1.7 23 65 39.4 0.16 10 0.304 0.22 2 125 1.5 20.8 47 27.3 0.08 9.5 0.279 0.41 2.2 120 1.6 18 28 38.2 0.3 16.7 0.455 1.01 1.8 93 4.9 32.8 296 29.6 4.44 2.4 0.2 3.25 1 99 4 2.3 3210 11.9 1.46 1.8 0.04 0.79 1.6 24 16.1 4 2940 6 0.09 9.3 0.14 2.22 1.3 55 6.8 6.7 139 4.8 0.48 0.4 0.02 0.2 0.5 9 4.7 1 1120 1.4 0.2 2 0.047 0.23 6.8 27 150 6 290 54.4 0.05 5.1 0.144 0.37 1.6 80 0.5 11.1 62 33.2 0.14 4.6 0.139 0.55 1.8 91 0.5 10.7 95 40 0.05 1.1 0.032 0.06 0.9 9 0.1 3.5 177 11 0.11 0.6 0.016 0.05 0.8 5 0.1 2 55 5 361 Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at Antamina 362 Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at Antamina Sample N° Formation SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI TOTAL C total CO2 SO3 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % total 65201 Jumasha 18.23 1.88 0.53 35.82 7.02 0.05 0.11 N.A. 0.12 0.01 0.07 N.A. N.A. 34.24 98.08 9.56 34.2 n/a 65202 Jumasha 2.83 0.65 0.29 51.44 1.11 0.005 0.25 0.12 0.01 0.08 41.71 98.49 11.96 42.42 n/a 4PAA235 Jumasha Yanacancha 5.02 1.16 0.44 49.21 1.11 0.05 0.16 <0.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 <0.01 41 98.27 4PAA236 Jumasha Yanacancha 2.45 0.65 0.5 52.71 0.91 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05 <0.01 42.4 99.88 LS03 L. Celendin 0.47 0.2 0.19 53.44 1.51 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0 43.66 99.81 0.06 43.3 0.21 LS04 L. Celendin 0.2 0.17 0.18 54.5 0.81 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 43.69 99.79 0.03 43.51 0.13 LS01 U. Celendin 13.56 4.02 1.81 41.56 2.43 0.2 0.66 0.18 0.04 0.07 34.47 99.84 0.08 33.82 0.84 LS02 U. Celendin 19.87 6.65 3.14 35.35 2.66 0.32 0.57 0.31 0.05 0.08 28.27 99.89 0.06 28.16 2.62 LS05 U. Celendin 27.62 8.53 3.84 29.2 2.74 0.49 1.53 0.46 0.07 0.1 23.84 99.93 0.05 23.47 1.51 65203 U. Celendin 33.8 9.34 3.6 24.08 2.7 0.65 1.4 0.48 0.05 0.18 28.77 99.05 5.71 20.23 n/a 65204 U. Celendin 28.15 8.49 2.39 26.91 2.3 0.61 1.47 0.5 0.03 0.15 26.32 97.32 6.5 22.91 n/a 65205 U. Celendin 15.7 5.09 1.61 39.4 2.24 0.25 0.57 0.32 0.03 0.1 32.67 97.98 9.1 32.3 n/a 65206 U. Celendin 38.63 10.48 4.34 18.03 2.89 0.25 2.22 0.56 0.09 0.21 20.68 98.38 5.07 17.82 n/a 4PAA233 Celendin Yanacancha 15.93 5.36 1.67 37.97 2.43 0.16 0.67 0.03 0.21 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.01 33.9 98.5 4PAA238 Celendin Yanacancha 16.58 4.83 1.94 39.73 1.46 0.17 0.77 0.01 0.3 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.01 33.1 99.05 Data extracted from Geology and Development History of the Antamina Copper-Zinc Skarn Deposit, Peru: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 259-277. (Redwood, S, 2004) Gray shadow fields correspond to new data obtained in this study Aluminum content in limestones around Antamina 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SiO2 wt% A l 2 O 3 w t % Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE Sodium content in limestones around Antamina 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SiO2 wt% N a 2 O w t % Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE363 Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at Antamina Fe2O3 content in limestones around Antamina 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SiO2 wt% F e 2 O 3 w t % Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE Magnesium content in limestones around Antamina 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SiO2 wt% M g O w t % Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE Potassium content in limestones around Antamina 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SiO2 wt% K 2 O w t % Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE TiO2 content in limestones around Antamina 0.01 0.1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SiO2 wt% T i O 2 w t % Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE364 Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at Antamina Antamina carbonate characterization 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 CaO wt% L O I w t % Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE Antamina carbonate characterization 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 CaO wt% C O 2 w t % Jumasha SR Celendin SR 365 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina 366 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr* 4PAA163 323.21 252.85 165.95 112.69 55.41 37.30 44.72 33.24 17.89 18.32 13.13 12.15 7.45 8.13 43.36 1.11 0.75 0.98 4PAA134 17.30 14.36 9.70 6.78 4.05 3.55 3.02 2.77 2.03 1.83 1.88 2.02 1.86 2.03 9.28 1.13 1.02 0.98 4PAA135 16.88 13.05 8.62 6.13 3.38 0.89 2.51 2.77 1.22 1.83 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 13.59 1.08 0.30 0.96 4PAA136 16.46 12.07 7.54 5.47 3.38 1.78 2.51 1.39 1.63 1.83 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 13.25 1.06 0.61 0.93 4PAA138 51.48 46.49 33.41 22.76 14.19 5.33 10.55 8.31 5.69 5.49 5.63 4.05 5.59 4.07 9.21 1.19 0.44 1.03 4PAA150 37.55 31.65 22.63 15.75 8.78 0.89 6.03 5.54 4.07 3.66 3.75 4.05 3.11 4.07 12.09 1.13 0.12 1.01 4PAA186 14.77 10.93 7.97 5.69 3.04 1.95 2.21 1.94 1.71 1.65 1.69 1.62 1.68 1.63 8.81 1.02 0.75 1.01 4PAA191 16.46 16.15 10.78 7.66 4.73 7.10 3.52 2.77 2.44 1.83 2.50 2.02 1.86 2.03 8.83 1.27 1.74 0.97 3PAA105 295.36 213.70 163.79 112.47 61.69 23.98 43.12 34.63 26.79 23.44 25.13 23.89 23.42 22.36 12.61 1.00 0.46 1.06 3PAA114 241.35 186.79 138.47 94.53 50.74 24.16 36.48 31.30 23.98 21.98 22.63 21.86 20.81 21.14 11.60 1.06 0.56 1.04 3PAA120 102.11 76.02 52.80 35.45 21.62 0.89 16.08 8.31 8.54 7.33 8.13 4.05 7.45 4.07 13.70 1.06 0.05 1.02 3PAA154A 51.05 56.12 23.71 15.97 16.89 10.66 10.05 5.54 6.91 5.49 6.25 4.05 5.59 4.07 9.13 1.62 0.82 0.79 4PAA108 126.58 123.16 78.66 52.30 33.11 21.31 23.12 16.62 14.23 14.65 13.13 12.15 11.80 12.20 10.73 1.31 0.77 0.98 3PAA127B 97.89 103.43 51.72 35.01 29.73 15.99 20.60 13.85 10.57 12.82 10.63 8.10 8.70 12.20 11.26 1.49 0.65 0.86 3PAA332 19.41 15.17 11.53 8.32 4.39 2.49 3.62 2.77 2.36 2.20 2.31 2.02 2.05 2.03 9.47 1.04 0.62 1.03 2PAG60 153.16 117.62 89.22 63.24 34.32 18.29 25.88 21.88 16.54 15.02 15.31 14.57 13.91 15.45 11.01 1.03 0.61 1.03 4PAA110 85.23 81.57 53.88 36.32 25.68 12.43 16.58 11.08 10.57 9.16 10.00 8.10 9.32 8.13 9.15 1.27 0.60 0.99 4PAA137 14.77 11.26 7.54 5.69 3.38 1.78 2.51 1.39 1.22 1.83 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 11.89 1.05 0.61 0.94367 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr* 4PAA139 17.30 18.11 8.62 5.91 4.05 7.10 2.51 2.77 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 13.93 1.50 2.23 0.83 4PAA148 46.84 37.19 30.17 20.57 11.49 0.89 8.04 5.54 4.88 3.66 4.38 4.05 4.35 4.07 10.77 1.04 0.09 1.09 4PAA149 20.25 19.90 16.16 11.60 6.08 1.78 5.03 2.77 3.25 3.66 3.13 4.05 3.11 4.07 6.52 1.18 0.32 1.06 4PAA181 16.46 19.90 11.85 8.97 4.73 7.10 4.02 2.77 2.85 1.83 2.50 4.05 2.48 4.07 6.62 1.48 1.63 0.89 4PAA182 20.25 19.25 10.78 7.88 4.73 8.88 3.02 2.77 2.44 1.83 1.88 2.02 2.48 2.03 8.15 1.30 2.35 0.88 4PAA187 16.88 20.88 12.93 9.41 6.08 12.43 3.52 2.77 3.25 3.66 3.13 4.05 3.11 4.07 5.43 1.50 2.69 0.92 4PAA188 22.36 21.86 16.16 12.25 6.76 1.78 5.03 2.77 3.25 3.66 3.13 2.02 2.48 4.07 9.00 1.19 0.30 0.99 4PAA194 27.85 25.77 16.16 12.25 7.43 5.33 6.03 5.54 4.47 3.66 5.00 4.05 4.35 4.07 6.41 1.22 0.80 0.91 4PAA226 7.17 9.14 5.39 4.16 3.38 8.88 2.01 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 5.77 1.53 3.41 0.87 3PAA127A 106.33 93.80 56.03 36.76 27.70 10.66 21.61 16.62 11.38 12.82 11.25 8.10 9.32 8.13 11.41 1.26 0.44 0.95 3PAA134 34.60 33.12 18.32 12.69 9.46 3.55 7.04 2.77 4.07 3.66 3.75 2.02 3.73 2.03 9.28 1.34 0.44 0.89 4PAA183 21.52 20.23 15.09 11.60 7.43 0.89 5.03 2.77 3.25 1.83 3.13 2.02 3.11 4.07 6.93 1.15 0.15 0.98 4PAA190 10.55 7.67 6.47 4.60 2.03 0.89 1.51 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 8.49 0.96 0.51 1.09 3PAA154B 61.60 69.82 31.25 21.88 18.92 14.21 14.07 8.31 6.91 7.33 6.25 4.05 5.59 8.13 11.02 1.60 0.87 0.80 4PAA105 59.07 56.12 35.56 24.51 17.57 14.21 11.56 8.31 8.13 7.33 8.13 8.10 7.45 8.13 7.93 1.27 1.00 0.96 3PAA214 97.89 103.43 64.66 44.86 31.76 24.87 22.61 16.62 13.41 14.65 13.13 12.15 11.80 12.20 8.29 1.37 0.93 0.95368 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr* 3PAA215 113.92 79.93 74.35 49.02 27.03 5.33 19.60 13.85 12.60 10.99 11.88 8.10 11.18 8.13 10.19 0.93 0.23 1.19 3PAA216 95.78 89.72 61.42 41.58 25.68 12.43 18.09 13.85 9.76 10.99 10.00 8.10 9.32 8.13 10.28 1.24 0.58 1.01 3PAA217 64.56 67.21 38.79 26.91 19.59 17.76 13.07 8.31 8.54 7.33 7.50 8.10 6.83 8.13 9.45 1.39 1.11 0.91 3PAA221 135.86 124.96 81.90 53.61 37.16 21.31 23.62 16.62 17.07 14.65 16.25 12.15 15.53 12.20 8.75 1.25 0.72 1.00 3PAA223 92.83 94.13 58.19 38.95 31.76 23.09 17.09 13.85 14.23 10.99 13.75 8.10 11.80 8.13 7.87 1.35 0.99 0.96 3PAA116 137.13 115.82 78.66 55.14 37.16 24.87 22.61 16.62 17.48 12.82 15.00 12.15 15.53 12.20 8.83 1.14 0.86 0.98 3PAA117 68.35 39.15 35.56 25.82 13.51 3.55 8.04 5.54 7.32 3.66 6.88 4.05 6.83 4.07 10.00 0.79 0.34 1.12 3PAA179 35.44 34.42 17.24 11.82 10.14 5.33 6.53 2.77 3.66 1.83 3.75 2.02 2.48 2.03 14.27 1.40 0.65 0.85 3PAA181 69.20 78.30 34.48 24.07 27.03 23.09 15.08 11.08 10.98 9.16 10.63 8.10 8.70 8.13 7.96 1.61 1.14 0.79 3PAA183 26.58 28.06 11.85 9.41 8.78 7.10 5.53 2.77 2.85 1.83 2.50 2.02 1.86 2.03 14.27 1.49 1.02 0.73 3PAA185 43.04 36.22 25.86 17.72 12.84 5.33 8.04 5.54 6.10 5.49 5.63 4.05 4.97 4.07 8.66 1.13 0.52 1.02 3PAA188 25.32 20.55 15.09 11.16 6.76 3.55 5.53 2.77 2.85 3.66 2.50 2.02 3.11 2.03 8.15 1.07 0.58 1.00 3PAA190 81.01 80.42 50.65 35.45 25.00 17.76 17.59 13.85 10.57 10.99 10.00 8.10 8.70 8.13 9.32 1.31 0.85 0.95 3PAA253 84.39 81.89 53.88 36.54 25.68 17.76 17.09 13.85 11.38 10.99 11.88 8.10 9.94 8.13 8.49 1.28 0.85 0.98 3PAA255 221.52 199.02 137.93 90.37 56.08 21.31 37.19 24.93 22.76 18.32 21.25 16.19 19.25 16.26 11.50 1.21 0.47 1.03369 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr* 3PAA257 121.10 119.74 77.59 53.83 37.16 24.87 24.62 16.62 16.67 14.65 16.25 12.15 14.91 12.20 8.12 1.30 0.82 0.97 3PAA260 47.26 39.15 30.17 20.79 13.51 5.33 9.55 5.54 6.10 5.49 5.63 4.05 5.59 4.07 8.45 1.09 0.47 1.06 4PAA112 96.20 77.16 62.50 42.45 25.68 7.10 18.09 13.85 12.20 10.99 10.63 8.10 9.94 8.13 9.68 1.05 0.33 1.09 4PAA114 56.54 55.79 36.64 25.38 18.24 15.99 12.56 8.31 8.13 7.33 7.50 8.10 6.83 8.13 8.28 1.29 1.06 0.97 4PAA115 28.27 25.61 19.40 14.22 10.14 5.33 7.04 5.54 4.07 3.66 3.75 4.05 2.48 4.07 11.38 1.14 0.63 1.02 4PAA117 37.55 31.97 23.71 17.07 11.49 7.10 9.05 5.54 5.69 3.66 4.38 4.05 3.73 4.07 10.08 1.11 0.70 1.01 4PAA118 53.16 46.66 33.41 22.76 16.22 7.10 10.55 8.31 6.91 5.49 6.88 4.05 6.21 4.07 8.56 1.16 0.54 1.03 4PAA119 72.57 62.15 44.18 29.76 18.92 7.10 12.06 11.08 8.13 7.33 7.50 4.05 7.45 4.07 9.74 1.15 0.47 1.03 4PAA121 69.20 51.55 43.10 28.88 15.54 3.55 13.07 8.31 7.72 7.33 7.50 8.10 6.83 4.07 10.13 1.00 0.25 1.12 4PAA123 93.67 73.57 59.27 41.14 25.00 10.66 18.09 13.85 11.79 10.99 11.88 8.10 9.32 8.13 10.05 1.03 0.50 1.08 4PAA107 58.23 57.10 36.64 25.38 19.59 15.99 11.56 8.31 8.94 7.33 7.50 4.05 6.83 4.07 8.52 1.29 1.06 0.96 4PAA164 41.35 35.40 26.94 20.35 10.81 3.55 8.04 5.54 4.47 3.66 3.75 4.05 3.73 4.07 11.10 1.08 0.38 1.00 4PAA165 40.08 39.80 24.78 18.38 12.84 12.43 8.54 5.54 6.10 5.49 5.63 4.05 4.97 4.07 8.07 1.29 1.19 0.92 4PAA166 24.47 21.53 15.09 11.16 6.08 3.55 4.02 2.77 3.25 3.66 3.13 4.05 3.11 4.07 7.88 1.14 0.72 0.97 3PAA250 67.09 64.27 42.03 27.57 19.59 14.21 13.07 8.31 8.94 7.33 8.13 8.10 7.45 8.13 9.00 1.29 0.89 1.00 4PAA224 51.90 53.51 33.41 24.95 17.57 19.54 11.56 8.31 8.13 7.33 7.50 8.10 7.45 8.13 6.96 1.32 1.37 0.91370 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr* 4PAA124 64.98 48.61 39.87 26.04 16.22 5.33 12.06 8.31 7.72 7.33 7.50 4.05 6.21 4.07 10.46 1.01 0.38 1.12 4PAA223 67.51 56.93 43.10 32.39 16.89 3.55 13.07 11.08 7.72 7.33 7.50 8.10 6.21 4.07 10.87 1.08 0.24 1.00 4PAA235 21.94 15.66 10.99 8.75 4.80 2.49 3.57 3.05 2.56 2.20 2.25 2.02 2.11 2.44 10.39 0.97 0.60 0.94 4PAA236 9.70 9.14 5.39 4.16 2.70 5.33 2.01 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 7.81 1.25 2.29 0.87 4PAA233 70.04 51.22 38.04 29.32 17.50 9.59 12.26 9.97 7.89 7.33 7.06 6.88 6.52 6.10 10.74 0.98 0.65 0.98 4PAA238 54.85 50.08 33.41 25.82 14.86 8.88 11.06 8.31 6.91 7.33 6.25 4.05 5.59 4.07 9.81 1.17 0.69 0.93 3PAA112 267.51 197.39 154.09 105.25 55.41 22.38 39.35 32.13 24.96 21.25 23.75 21.46 21.12 21.14 12.67 1.01 0.48 1.07 3PAA115A 206.75 156.61 116.38 80.31 41.35 23.62 31.11 26.04 20.24 17.77 18.44 18.62 17.64 17.48 11.72 1.04 0.66 1.04 3PAA121 213.08 152.85 117.46 79.87 41.15 18.47 30.55 24.93 19.51 17.03 18.81 17.81 17.33 17.07 12.30 0.99 0.52 1.06 4PAA228 145.57 103.75 78.56 60.18 32.97 16.87 24.52 19.67 16.50 15.20 15.38 14.98 13.91 13.01 10.46 0.96 0.59 0.99 3PAA115B 217.30 161.01 118.53 80.96 42.16 20.96 31.81 25.76 20.33 18.32 19.13 19.03 19.38 19.92 11.21 1.03 0.57 1.04 3PAA123 208.02 154.32 118.00 80.74 40.54 17.41 30.45 24.10 19.80 17.40 19.25 17.00 17.45 17.48 11.92 1.02 0.50 1.06 3PAA210 196.62 141.60 109.38 75.49 43.38 21.31 32.46 27.15 21.99 19.23 21.06 19.43 19.32 19.11 10.18 0.99 0.57 1.06 3PAA212 206.75 149.59 115.30 79.65 45.20 24.16 34.22 27.98 22.76 20.70 21.94 20.65 19.88 20.33 10.40 0.99 0.61 1.06 4PAA208 55.70 56.77 57.44 51.42 40.74 13.14 28.64 27.42 24.31 22.16 22.69 22.27 22.05 22.76 2.53 1.05 0.38 1.06 3PAA156 57.38 42.41 25.86 18.16 13.51 0.89 9.05 2.77 5.69 3.66 5.00 2.02 4.35 2.03 13.20 1.08 0.08 0.93 3PAA290 128.69 94.94 73.60 53.61 31.28 15.28 23.87 18.84 15.85 14.10 15.06 14.57 14.91 14.63 8.63 0.99 0.56 1.03371 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr* 4PAA202 110.97 79.93 61.42 43.98 25.34 13.14 19.75 15.79 13.33 12.09 12.69 12.15 12.17 11.38 9.12 0.98 0.59 1.04 4PAA203 134.60 98.86 76.83 53.83 30.41 14.74 22.81 18.28 15.00 13.37 14.31 13.77 12.98 12.60 10.37 1.00 0.56 1.05 3PAA177 123.21 99.84 60.34 39.82 31.76 14.21 20.10 13.85 13.82 10.99 13.75 8.10 11.80 8.13 10.44 1.18 0.56 0.96 3PAA211 148.10 107.01 81.36 57.11 33.38 16.70 25.18 21.05 16.91 15.20 16.56 14.98 15.09 14.63 9.81 0.99 0.58 1.04 3PAA219 191.14 181.08 119.61 76.37 54.05 31.97 34.17 27.70 27.64 21.98 27.50 20.24 26.71 20.33 7.16 1.29 0.74 1.02 3PAA288 99.16 72.27 57.00 40.26 23.78 12.26 17.14 14.13 11.67 10.44 11.00 10.12 10.00 10.16 9.92 0.98 0.61 1.06 4PAA106 49.79 45.02 30.17 21.23 15.54 12.43 9.55 8.31 7.32 5.49 6.88 4.05 6.21 4.07 8.02 1.20 1.02 0.98 4PAA195 173.42 123.98 94.29 64.77 36.15 18.12 26.33 21.33 16.54 15.57 16.38 14.98 14.47 15.04 11.98 0.99 0.59 1.05 2PAG59 185.65 149.27 114.22 82.49 47.57 23.09 34.47 29.64 22.89 20.70 21.06 21.46 20.31 20.73 9.14 1.05 0.57 1.03 3PAA122 202.11 147.15 113.15 77.46 41.28 17.58 29.80 24.38 18.37 17.03 18.31 16.60 16.58 16.26 12.19 1.00 0.50 1.06 4PAA196 215.19 157.26 118.00 80.31 44.80 23.80 33.22 27.15 22.48 19.23 20.44 19.43 19.38 18.70 11.10 1.01 0.62 1.05 4PAA201 171.31 113.70 86.96 58.42 32.03 13.32 24.37 20.22 15.85 14.47 16.31 14.98 14.41 14.23 11.89 0.95 0.48 1.07 4PAA209 165.40 118.92 91.81 64.77 38.51 27.00 29.30 26.59 22.44 21.25 23.00 23.48 22.17 21.95 7.46 0.98 0.80 1.05 4PAA211 203.38 151.88 112.07 86.21 48.92 22.56 33.42 26.04 21.30 18.68 18.94 17.41 17.02 17.07 11.95 0.99 0.56 0.98 3PAA124 190.72 181.89 100.22 64.11 49.32 21.31 29.15 19.39 20.73 16.48 20.00 12.15 16.77 12.20 11.37 1.37 0.56 0.93 372 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr* 4PAA212 194.09 142.25 106.25 80.53 44.93 22.02 31.01 24.65 18.86 17.03 16.81 14.98 15.47 13.82 12.55 0.98 0.59 0.99 3PAA263-A 67.51 72.27 46.34 24.73 4.73 10.66 4.02 1.39 0.41 0.92 0.63 2.02 0.62 2.03 108.69 1.50 2.44 3PAA264 32.49 42.25 33.41 22.32 9.46 7.10 6.53 5.54 3.66 3.66 3.75 4.05 3.11 4.07 10.46 1.47 0.90 2PAE211 124.47 106.04 86.21 65.65 35.81 19.54 20.10 13.85 10.57 9.16 8.13 4.05 7.45 4.07 16.70 1.05 0.73 2PAT04 132.91 108.48 81.90 62.36 33.11 17.76 20.10 13.85 9.76 9.16 8.13 4.05 7.45 4.07 17.83 1.05 0.69 2PAT05 69.62 72.59 76.51 70.02 45.27 23.09 24.12 16.62 11.79 9.16 8.75 4.05 8.07 4.07 8.62 1.04 0.70 2PAT06 126.58 105.22 82.97 63.46 34.46 19.54 19.10 13.85 9.35 7.33 7.50 4.05 6.83 4.07 18.53 1.05 0.76 2PAT11 120.25 93.80 73.28 57.99 31.08 17.76 19.10 11.08 8.94 7.33 6.88 4.05 6.21 4.07 19.36 0.99 0.73 2PAT12 103.38 97.06 76.51 60.18 32.43 15.99 18.09 11.08 6.91 5.49 5.00 2.02 4.35 4.07 23.78 1.12 0.66 2PAT25 111.81 81.57 57.11 40.48 24.32 15.99 16.58 13.85 11.38 10.99 10.63 12.15 11.80 12.20 9.47 1.02 0.80 Normalization standard CI carbonaceous chondrite (McDonough & Sun 95) [1] Mcdonough, W.F. & Sun, S.-S., 1995, The composion of the Earth, Chemical Geology, Vol.120, pp228 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 0.237 0.613 0.093 0.457 0.148 0.056 0.199 0.036 0.246 0.055 0.16 0.025 0.161 0.025 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Limestones (min) 9.70 9.14 5.39 4.16 2.70 2.49 2.01 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 Limestones (max) 221.52 199.02 137.93 90.37 56.08 24.87 37.19 24.93 22.76 18.32 21.25 16.19 19.25 16.26 Marble (min) 7.17 7.67 5.39 4.16 2.03 0.89 1.51 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 1.62 1.24 1.63 Marble (max) 295.36 213.70 163.79 112.47 61.69 24.16 43.12 34.63 26.79 23.44 25.13 23.89 23.42 22.36 Intrusive rocks (min) 69.62 72.59 57.11 40.48 24.32 15.99 16.58 11.08 6.91 5.49 5.00 2.02 4.35 4.07 Intrusive rocks (max) 132.91 108.48 86.21 70.02 45.27 23.09 24.12 16.62 11.79 10.99 10.63 12.15 11.80 12.20 373 Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West 374 Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Au 1 Ag -1.45E-16 1.000 Al -9.57E-17 0.209 1.000 As 4.29E-17 0.849 0.244 1.000 Ba 0 -0.190 0.146 -0.080 1.000 Be -1.02E-16 0.109 0.971 0.113 0.067 1.000 Bi -1.02E-16 0.831 0.178 0.597 -0.201 0.082 1.000 Ca -7.92E-16 -0.083 -0.850 -0.175 -0.357 -0.837 -0.023 1.000 Cd -3.85E-16 0.562 0.019 0.210 -0.387 0.006 0.833 0.123 1.000 Ce 1.23E-16 0.189 0.984 0.198 0.162 0.977 0.186 -0.819 0.050 1.000 Co 3.51E-17 0.059 0.951 0.158 0.231 0.932 0.093 -0.848 -0.020 0.950 1.000 Cr -1.16E-16 0.037 0.850 -0.077 0.212 0.888 0.102 -0.703 0.070 0.898 0.814 1.000 Cs 2.39E-16 -0.140 0.071 -0.135 -0.136 0.020 -0.081 -0.020 0.006 0.012 -0.010 -0.011 1.000 Cu -6.76E-18 0.760 0.083 0.580 -0.087 -0.005 0.551 -0.019 0.446 0.047 -0.018 -0.055 -0.090 1.000 Fe 1.79E-16 0.342 0.951 0.313 -0.006 0.938 0.383 -0.777 0.267 0.955 0.913 0.840 -0.024 0.158 1.000 Ga -6.63E-17 0.207 0.999 0.237 0.136 0.971 0.179 -0.845 0.038 0.982 0.953 0.847 0.071 0.093 0.952 1.000 Ge 0 -0.054 0.744 -0.010 0.377 0.766 -0.073 -0.595 -0.282 0.800 0.728 0.793 -0.043 -0.221 0.640 0.725 1.000 Hf 3.39E-17 0.288 0.874 0.180 -0.190 0.884 0.244 -0.609 0.184 0.862 0.725 0.819 0.135 0.117 0.878 0.874 0.609 Hg 9.95E-16 -0.076 -0.080 -0.035 0.019 -0.047 -0.110 -0.125 -0.048 -0.098 -0.062 0.011 -0.091 -0.153 -0.038 -0.089 -0.132 In 2.59E-16 0.567 -0.076 0.308 -0.381 -0.148 0.823 0.246 0.892 -0.073 -0.098 -0.158 0.045 0.415 0.132 -0.061 -0.358 K -1E-16 -0.254 0.276 -0.002 0.816 0.200 -0.258 -0.535 -0.405 0.253 0.456 0.169 -0.164 -0.106 0.144 0.276 0.270 La -2.36E-17 0.162 0.979 0.179 0.132 0.979 0.166 -0.803 0.044 0.998 0.951 0.894 0.015 0.021 0.953 0.977 0.799 Li -2.44E-17 0.222 0.134 0.401 -0.101 0.091 0.070 -0.120 -0.072 0.106 0.105 -0.098 0.090 0.121 0.103 0.139 0.012 Mg -2.95E-16 0.255 0.870 0.211 -0.112 0.890 0.175 -0.665 0.093 0.867 0.777 0.793 0.250 0.010 0.857 0.868 0.667 Mn 0 0.604 0.794 0.551 -0.255 0.758 0.455 -0.521 0.234 0.773 0.616 0.616 0.111 0.329 0.822 0.788 0.529 Mo 2.19E-16 0.796 0.125 0.570 -0.041 0.018 0.926 -0.080 0.796 0.117 0.057 0.058 -0.169 0.631 0.310 0.134 -0.193 Na -2.89E-17 -0.221 0.270 -0.065 0.830 0.206 -0.137 -0.552 -0.293 0.283 0.422 0.230 -0.103 -0.124 0.147 0.267 0.353 Nb -7.06E-17 0.168 0.992 0.217 0.214 0.972 0.133 -0.880 -0.021 0.986 0.961 0.861 0.051 0.042 0.937 0.990 0.772 Ni 1.33E-16 0.033 0.889 0.106 0.252 0.898 0.006 -0.745 -0.168 0.918 0.911 0.867 -0.080 -0.092 0.838 0.877 0.892 P 0 0.421 0.411 0.421 0.040 0.388 0.261 -0.535 0.207 0.382 0.354 0.275 -0.147 0.254 0.444 0.423 0.028 Pb -7.33E-17 0.958 0.378 0.818 -0.158 0.284 0.742 -0.176 0.437 0.356 0.201 0.221 -0.107 0.702 0.466 0.372 0.166 Rb 9.01E-17 -0.297 0.228 -0.023 0.734 0.162 -0.326 -0.512 -0.441 0.197 0.408 0.091 -0.075 -0.095 0.082 0.229 0.212 Re 1.45E-16 -0.155 -0.141 -0.069 0.034 -0.134 -0.159 -0.011 -0.157 -0.144 -0.174 -0.144 0.042 -0.059 -0.197 -0.146 -0.035 S 2.83E-16 0.010 0.066 0.115 0.387 0.022 0.228 -0.332 0.236 0.076 0.280 0.007 -0.285 0.112 0.164 0.079 -0.149 Sb -6.74E-17 0.842 0.451 0.862 0.011 0.363 0.570 -0.314 0.192 0.430 0.289 0.213 -0.066 0.521 0.481 0.439 0.320 Se -1.21E-16 0.237 0.284 0.217 -0.019 0.209 0.261 -0.038 0.340 0.296 0.314 0.253 0.120 0.335 0.322 0.312 0.040 Sn 3.09E-16 0.193 0.975 0.158 0.034 0.970 0.197 -0.791 0.128 0.964 0.915 0.848 0.103 0.092 0.946 0.980 0.689 Sr -1.11E-16 -0.139 -0.160 -0.250 0.522 -0.122 -0.094 0.192 -0.194 -0.056 -0.143 0.186 -0.199 -0.240 -0.200 -0.182 0.460 Ta -5.65E-17 0.188 0.996 0.239 0.202 0.970 0.150 -0.878 -0.012 0.984 0.960 0.854 0.059 0.058 0.942 0.993 0.760 Te 5.89E-16 0.263 0.336 0.154 -0.288 0.401 0.392 -0.085 0.443 0.432 0.331 0.455 -0.174 0.240 0.527 0.338 0.277 Th 1.8E-16 0.207 0.997 0.241 0.179 0.973 0.158 -0.854 -0.015 0.987 0.945 0.861 0.044 0.085 0.942 0.995 0.772 Ti 1.12E-16 0.181 0.995 0.214 0.167 0.977 0.166 -0.871 0.023 0.987 0.956 0.866 0.056 0.042 0.952 0.993 0.759 Tl 1.35E-17 -0.272 0.172 0.042 0.337 0.145 -0.289 -0.240 -0.344 0.173 0.387 0.056 0.025 -0.124 0.108 0.176 0.215 U 3.23E-16 0.196 0.199 0.183 -0.183 0.227 0.060 -0.297 0.155 0.173 0.112 0.153 0.007 0.255 0.227 0.212 -0.090 V 0 0.182 0.989 0.215 0.139 0.954 0.175 -0.802 0.048 0.973 0.960 0.844 0.037 0.089 0.948 0.992 0.713 W 1.9E-17 0.607 0.744 0.495 -0.262 0.713 0.468 -0.463 0.287 0.728 0.535 0.626 0.141 0.339 0.776 0.739 0.484 Y 4.39E-17 0.235 0.968 0.262 0.258 0.934 0.221 -0.844 0.032 0.981 0.941 0.871 0.016 0.096 0.929 0.965 0.787 Zn 2.27E-17 0.549 0.190 0.204 -0.333 0.170 0.865 -0.004 0.968 0.224 0.138 0.250 0.013 0.401 0.427 0.203 -0.091 Zr -2.49E-16 0.265 0.875 0.168 -0.202 0.885 0.215 -0.618 0.161 0.857 0.724 0.807 0.177 0.121 0.867 0.875 0.594 375 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S 1.000 -0.046 1.000 0.022 -0.116 1.000 -0.179 0.122 -0.360 1.000 0.864 -0.098 -0.075 0.234 1.000 0.044 -0.315 -0.017 0.065 0.102 1.000 0.899 0.012 -0.051 -0.026 0.869 0.111 1.000 0.900 -0.097 0.164 -0.247 0.770 0.217 0.844 1.000 0.141 -0.144 0.769 -0.105 0.086 0.085 0.022 0.314 1.000 -0.183 -0.070 -0.270 0.898 0.258 0.056 -0.051 -0.240 0.013 1.000 0.836 -0.018 -0.123 0.341 0.980 0.095 0.863 0.750 0.083 0.337 1.000 0.733 -0.074 -0.276 0.340 0.922 0.040 0.790 0.635 -0.086 0.326 0.903 1.000 0.358 0.055 0.052 0.192 0.364 0.572 0.383 0.399 0.376 0.155 0.398 0.225 1.000 0.475 -0.080 0.426 -0.252 0.331 0.200 0.440 0.752 0.673 -0.245 0.335 0.230 0.388 1.000 -0.232 0.120 -0.385 0.971 0.180 0.197 -0.061 -0.284 -0.175 0.878 0.291 0.271 0.196 -0.306 1.000 -0.161 -0.091 -0.145 -0.012 -0.147 0.615 -0.292 -0.143 -0.061 0.108 -0.161 -0.168 0.248 -0.199 0.126 1.000 -0.284 0.094 0.200 0.668 0.063 0.081 -0.210 -0.295 0.387 0.662 0.106 0.054 0.278 -0.153 0.655 0.020 1.000 0.450 -0.093 0.224 -0.088 0.407 0.322 0.477 0.757 0.504 -0.081 0.434 0.310 0.385 0.902 -0.126 -0.105 -0.137 0.263 -0.350 0.227 0.058 0.292 0.144 0.220 0.240 0.316 0.048 0.243 0.211 0.220 0.250 0.037 -0.196 0.196 0.901 -0.067 0.013 0.170 0.963 0.122 0.885 0.790 0.130 0.169 0.963 0.822 0.399 0.358 0.139 -0.145 0.019 -0.179 -0.024 -0.235 0.093 -0.067 -0.256 -0.101 -0.206 -0.140 0.204 -0.107 0.141 -0.367 -0.047 0.012 -0.019 -0.186 0.843 -0.034 -0.109 0.333 0.979 0.115 0.865 0.764 0.103 0.326 0.999 0.898 0.414 0.354 0.283 -0.152 0.103 0.448 -0.175 0.279 -0.314 0.451 0.063 0.320 0.453 0.291 -0.240 0.316 0.378 0.011 0.282 -0.331 -0.003 0.092 0.867 -0.086 -0.116 0.287 0.981 0.137 0.866 0.791 0.108 0.288 0.993 0.899 0.407 0.381 0.238 -0.132 0.054 0.860 -0.018 -0.081 0.295 0.983 0.108 0.868 0.771 0.112 0.297 0.997 0.893 0.410 0.346 0.247 -0.129 0.094 -0.195 0.004 -0.233 0.659 0.179 0.394 0.032 -0.179 -0.259 0.522 0.214 0.309 0.002 -0.254 0.746 0.125 0.504 0.273 0.015 -0.021 -0.093 0.165 0.668 0.154 0.263 0.201 -0.088 0.163 0.017 0.745 0.168 0.016 0.691 0.088 0.864 -0.093 -0.036 0.290 0.971 0.116 0.841 0.762 0.132 0.252 0.976 0.882 0.389 0.350 0.234 -0.170 0.095 0.909 -0.089 0.186 -0.331 0.721 0.184 0.814 0.982 0.348 -0.300 0.695 0.561 0.410 0.754 -0.373 -0.105 -0.365 0.799 -0.091 -0.075 0.340 0.973 0.084 0.817 0.742 0.173 0.394 0.976 0.905 0.381 0.386 0.279 -0.165 0.153 0.340 -0.067 0.843 -0.370 0.219 -0.097 0.223 0.362 0.792 -0.240 0.146 0.015 0.181 0.468 -0.425 -0.159 0.218 0.995 -0.037 0.005 -0.174 0.860 0.072 0.897 0.893 0.112 -0.181 0.836 0.716 0.363 0.452 -0.212 -0.122 -0.293 376 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr 1.000 0.114 1.000 0.401 0.282 1.000 0.017 -0.219 -0.195 1.000 0.448 0.257 0.964 -0.126 1.000 0.246 0.282 0.374 0.018 0.313 1.000 0.466 0.260 0.969 -0.115 0.995 0.342 1.000 0.432 0.242 0.974 -0.130 0.997 0.342 0.993 1.000 -0.088 0.168 0.119 0.013 0.209 0.034 0.174 0.183 1.000 0.167 0.141 0.236 -0.373 0.180 0.197 0.196 0.198 0.018 1.000 0.398 0.356 0.971 -0.177 0.980 0.356 0.982 0.980 0.206 0.181 1.000 0.730 0.249 0.756 -0.164 0.710 0.446 0.742 0.721 -0.295 0.315 0.712 1.000 0.459 0.337 0.922 -0.043 0.976 0.376 0.973 0.971 0.200 0.126 0.951 0.691 1.000 0.236 0.328 0.286 -0.139 0.155 0.537 0.159 0.194 -0.340 0.125 0.215 0.408 0.203 1.000 0.431 0.242 0.908 -0.214 0.844 0.423 0.868 0.861 -0.179 0.303 0.863 0.902 0.790 0.318 1.000 377 Appendix A5.2: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Fortuna 378 Appendix A5.2:Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Au 1 Ag -0.001 1 Al 0.195 0.857 1 As 0.007 0.982 0.905 1 Ba 0.198 0.738 0.829 0.842 1 Be 0.159 0.873 0.982 0.901 0.745 1 Bi 0.091 0.770 0.859 0.859 0.944 0.786 1 Ca -0.123 -0.902 -0.965 -0.923 -0.773 -0.955 -0.813 1 Cd -0.098 0.574 0.462 0.522 0.328 0.422 0.525 -0.497 1 Ce 0.138 0.756 0.956 0.833 0.819 0.936 0.897 -0.886 0.422 1 Co 0.216 0.730 0.892 0.731 0.514 0.942 0.584 -0.866 0.370 0.843 1 Cr 0.072 0.750 0.928 0.818 0.781 0.897 0.878 -0.903 0.553 0.954 0.812 1 Cs 0.249 0.370 0.584 0.332 0.066 0.661 0.128 -0.581 0.188 0.510 0.849 0.527 1 Cu 0.087 0.789 0.825 0.874 0.960 0.758 0.979 -0.795 0.434 0.843 0.540 0.805 0.045 1 Fe 0.232 0.774 0.892 0.754 0.504 0.933 0.566 -0.891 0.451 0.799 0.983 0.788 0.849 0.523 1 Ga 0.159 0.866 0.984 0.927 0.898 0.944 0.928 -0.958 0.506 0.951 0.810 0.940 0.448 0.902 0.812 1 Ge 0.258 0.699 0.898 0.771 0.767 0.905 0.781 -0.817 0.155 0.920 0.848 0.794 0.506 0.788 0.785 0.868 1 Hf 0.208 0.801 0.987 0.846 0.763 0.970 0.793 -0.960 0.439 0.932 0.913 0.921 0.674 0.745 0.919 0.957 0.867 Hg -0.148 0.718 0.492 0.616 0.157 0.580 0.193 -0.593 0.431 0.333 0.561 0.383 0.559 0.170 0.647 0.424 0.238 In 0.138 0.933 0.973 0.970 0.872 0.952 0.910 -0.959 0.548 0.926 0.812 0.909 0.438 0.893 0.824 0.985 0.847 K 0.113 0.895 0.935 0.958 0.944 0.897 0.953 -0.916 0.455 0.908 0.714 0.876 0.278 0.962 0.711 0.974 0.855 La 0.132 0.765 0.956 0.843 0.828 0.938 0.902 -0.888 0.411 1.000 0.839 0.950 0.497 0.853 0.794 0.953 0.926 Li 0.470 -0.319 0.088 -0.265 -0.023 0.015 -0.076 -0.005 -0.260 0.080 0.103 0.001 0.309 -0.148 0.115 0.028 0.125 Mg 0.193 0.415 0.463 0.316 -0.021 0.517 0.029 -0.529 0.309 0.284 0.676 0.286 0.806 -0.004 0.763 0.347 0.325 Mn -0.017 0.991 0.891 0.992 0.789 0.892 0.834 -0.920 0.614 0.812 0.736 0.816 0.362 0.835 0.772 0.909 0.721 Mo -0.019 0.352 0.291 0.399 0.530 0.234 0.521 -0.261 0.043 0.314 0.057 0.137 -0.380 0.626 0.045 0.366 0.461 Na -0.015 0.097 0.279 0.128 0.181 0.202 0.402 -0.217 0.706 0.392 0.185 0.499 0.167 0.221 0.196 0.311 0.055 Nb 0.162 0.796 0.981 0.873 0.865 0.954 0.907 -0.927 0.412 0.988 0.848 0.954 0.507 0.869 0.819 0.981 0.923 Ni 0.345 0.839 0.920 0.838 0.667 0.949 0.674 -0.894 0.381 0.827 0.940 0.769 0.683 0.675 0.946 0.866 0.879 P 0.082 0.731 0.874 0.733 0.494 0.921 0.611 -0.827 0.462 0.864 0.939 0.821 0.793 0.527 0.925 0.795 0.785 Pb -0.040 0.958 0.808 0.908 0.561 0.858 0.594 -0.867 0.550 0.672 0.781 0.687 0.544 0.598 0.837 0.775 0.615 Rb 0.126 0.910 0.961 0.964 0.919 0.929 0.935 -0.947 0.475 0.922 0.768 0.896 0.360 0.936 0.770 0.987 0.866 Re 0.071 0.732 0.751 0.828 0.971 0.665 0.956 -0.724 0.388 0.765 0.409 0.739 -0.085 0.984 0.399 0.848 0.694 S 0.056 0.807 0.644 0.736 0.371 0.737 0.450 -0.735 0.364 0.558 0.756 0.535 0.515 0.504 0.766 0.606 0.641 Sb -0.021 0.984 0.848 0.950 0.651 0.878 0.705 -0.889 0.628 0.740 0.770 0.752 0.474 0.699 0.820 0.836 0.654 Se 0.136 0.213 0.302 0.187 0.108 0.321 0.222 -0.230 0.305 0.304 0.453 0.201 0.273 0.240 0.427 0.264 0.449 Sn 0.085 0.782 0.957 0.854 0.837 0.910 0.894 -0.934 0.519 0.949 0.791 0.976 0.500 0.831 0.789 0.971 0.800 Sr -0.060 -0.867 -0.808 -0.876 -0.719 -0.819 -0.754 0.753 -0.620 -0.757 -0.716 -0.751 -0.352 -0.743 -0.719 -0.811 -0.686 Ta 0.147 0.792 0.982 0.868 0.851 0.957 0.895 -0.927 0.407 0.989 0.857 0.955 0.527 0.854 0.827 0.977 0.921 Te 0.059 0.816 0.724 0.873 0.892 0.693 0.860 -0.696 0.372 0.704 0.477 0.654 -0.035 0.927 0.462 0.795 0.714 Th 0.159 0.750 0.972 0.826 0.806 0.956 0.852 -0.908 0.345 0.988 0.879 0.936 0.580 0.807 0.840 0.952 0.938 Ti 0.198 0.833 0.998 0.888 0.828 0.980 0.861 -0.953 0.447 0.968 0.896 0.941 0.591 0.823 0.886 0.981 0.908 Tl 0.084 0.947 0.929 0.987 0.908 0.902 0.919 -0.931 0.513 0.873 0.723 0.857 0.303 0.930 0.739 0.963 0.810 U 0.200 0.826 0.904 0.818 0.604 0.938 0.614 -0.919 0.314 0.793 0.937 0.742 0.721 0.624 0.953 0.842 0.854 V 0.302 0.876 0.887 0.845 0.626 0.895 0.631 -0.906 0.554 0.731 0.865 0.739 0.664 0.615 0.930 0.844 0.702 W 0.019 0.976 0.930 0.974 0.743 0.947 0.775 -0.954 0.539 0.836 0.835 0.835 0.525 0.768 0.866 0.916 0.768 Y 0.111 0.694 0.938 0.764 0.719 0.925 0.818 -0.874 0.446 0.979 0.879 0.966 0.633 0.736 0.838 0.914 0.865 Zn -0.150 0.719 0.535 0.614 0.188 0.583 0.337 -0.610 0.826 0.411 0.603 0.511 0.528 0.275 0.693 0.499 0.238 Zr 0.271 0.769 0.976 0.807 0.719 0.965 0.760 -0.942 0.433 0.923 0.942 0.906 0.721 0.710 0.943 0.935 0.879379 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix A5.2:Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb 1 0.501 1 0.932 0.530 1 0.877 0.390 0.976 1 0.929 0.335 0.930 0.917 1 0.192 -0.281 -0.083 -0.114 0.065 1 0.548 0.617 0.366 0.208 0.273 0.343 1 0.836 0.673 0.961 0.929 0.819 -0.288 0.369 1 0.200 -0.214 0.366 0.492 0.330 -0.002 -0.094 0.347 1 0.302 0.028 0.274 0.194 0.370 0.184 0.033 0.198 -0.181 1 0.960 0.359 0.954 0.943 0.989 0.082 0.319 0.846 0.330 0.317 1 0.906 0.546 0.886 0.822 0.829 0.027 0.612 0.829 0.251 0.050 0.861 1 0.888 0.637 0.812 0.697 0.858 0.102 0.611 0.755 0.035 0.377 0.837 0.845 1 0.780 0.865 0.853 0.768 0.678 -0.303 0.575 0.935 0.135 0.060 0.713 0.837 0.783 1 0.913 0.442 0.990 0.996 0.929 -0.081 0.290 0.941 0.446 0.209 0.957 0.859 0.748 0.803 1 0.667 0.113 0.834 0.924 0.777 -0.153 -0.119 0.782 0.622 0.201 0.801 0.569 0.406 0.524 0.888 1 0.608 0.636 0.685 0.626 0.566 -0.384 0.545 0.752 0.248 -0.166 0.579 0.803 0.646 0.826 0.658 0.384 1 0.805 0.802 0.909 0.837 0.746 -0.311 0.493 0.976 0.212 0.169 0.772 0.840 0.794 0.985 0.863 0.630 0.801 1 0.286 -0.113 0.257 0.229 0.299 0.062 0.412 0.203 0.443 0.050 0.287 0.474 0.330 0.184 0.248 0.111 0.437 0.208 0.955 0.416 0.936 0.911 0.946 0.103 0.336 0.844 0.218 0.450 0.967 0.779 0.812 0.713 0.930 0.782 0.493 0.773 -0.736 -0.527 -0.864 -0.825 -0.761 0.385 -0.246 -0.885 -0.224 -0.224 -0.776 -0.814 -0.709 -0.827 -0.833 -0.680 -0.663 -0.878 0.964 0.373 0.949 0.934 0.990 0.091 0.333 0.842 0.312 0.322 0.999 0.860 0.850 0.716 0.951 0.785 0.576 0.772 0.615 0.236 0.826 0.901 0.720 -0.404 -0.065 0.831 0.599 -0.017 0.746 0.674 0.424 0.649 0.868 0.915 0.587 0.726 0.963 0.362 0.919 0.897 0.988 0.156 0.368 0.798 0.293 0.306 0.991 0.859 0.875 0.688 0.918 0.728 0.565 0.736 0.986 0.457 0.964 0.929 0.968 0.092 0.434 0.871 0.270 0.295 0.989 0.913 0.876 0.781 0.954 0.747 0.627 0.824 0.871 0.500 0.984 0.990 0.882 -0.181 0.271 0.969 0.448 0.176 0.914 0.839 0.710 0.843 0.991 0.891 0.682 0.900 0.913 0.598 0.853 0.788 0.796 0.095 0.712 0.809 0.271 -0.019 0.837 0.960 0.844 0.846 0.833 0.516 0.813 0.825 0.889 0.692 0.876 0.782 0.730 0.027 0.706 0.865 0.144 0.152 0.786 0.939 0.802 0.902 0.829 0.533 0.744 0.898 0.898 0.729 0.960 0.905 0.842 -0.188 0.492 0.980 0.252 0.157 0.873 0.891 0.837 0.962 0.931 0.699 0.778 0.978 0.942 0.370 0.878 0.830 0.973 0.146 0.372 0.756 0.150 0.470 0.962 0.804 0.904 0.655 0.858 0.648 0.520 0.708 0.537 0.826 0.585 0.432 0.404 -0.316 0.639 0.706 -0.131 0.379 0.418 0.578 0.664 0.822 0.484 0.188 0.643 0.813 0.993 0.468 0.908 0.845 0.919 0.219 0.589 0.800 0.185 0.297 0.947 0.929 0.896 0.756 0.885 0.617 0.633 0.778380 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix A5.2:Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr 1 0.153 1 -0.373 -0.726 1 0.281 0.969 -0.770 1 0.263 0.666 -0.833 0.728 1 0.297 0.950 -0.725 0.994 0.669 1 0.306 0.961 -0.806 0.989 0.718 0.981 1 0.214 0.893 -0.859 0.906 0.896 0.864 0.917 1 0.430 0.777 -0.696 0.840 0.584 0.850 0.890 0.808 1 0.344 0.780 -0.797 0.786 0.602 0.766 0.865 0.832 0.917 1 0.211 0.865 -0.864 0.874 0.755 0.847 0.912 0.946 0.891 0.915 1 0.285 0.951 -0.707 0.968 0.570 0.976 0.953 0.799 0.788 0.730 0.807 1 0.268 0.492 -0.673 0.425 0.302 0.393 0.509 0.534 0.572 0.741 0.715 0.463 1 0.368 0.926 -0.728 0.950 0.584 0.955 0.977 0.836 0.925 0.894 0.870 0.939 0.535 1381 Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the host-rocks at Fortuna East 382 Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna East Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Au 1 Ag 0.026 1 Al -0.145 -0.047 1 As 0.903 0.157 -0.070 1 Ba -0.175 0.069 0.661 -0.120 1 Be -0.128 0.056 0.939 -0.048 0.731 1 Bi -0.111 0.197 0.569 0.101 0.427 0.533 1 Ca 0.125 0.090 -0.947 0.066 -0.642 -0.868 -0.443 1 Cd 0.098 0.317 -0.287 0.129 -0.387 -0.446 0.174 0.313 1 Ce -0.164 -0.079 0.946 -0.074 0.655 0.931 0.578 -0.900 -0.460 1 Co -0.094 0.036 0.912 -0.027 0.788 0.882 0.577 -0.898 -0.229 0.847 1 Cr -0.113 0.003 0.887 -0.074 0.680 0.827 0.507 -0.938 -0.238 0.853 0.885 1 Cs -0.026 0.595 0.096 0.071 0.391 0.159 0.186 -0.043 0.228 -0.009 0.160 0.023 1 Cu -0.019 0.248 0.438 0.229 0.301 0.376 0.939 -0.288 0.343 0.415 0.437 0.314 0.304 1 Fe -0.158 0.085 0.859 -0.027 0.643 0.750 0.707 -0.849 0.042 0.759 0.915 0.855 0.198 0.610 1 Ga -0.152 -0.100 0.991 -0.091 0.622 0.906 0.555 -0.952 -0.256 0.944 0.885 0.904 0.044 0.417 0.849 1 Ge -0.130 0.100 0.864 -0.003 0.641 0.933 0.565 -0.796 -0.473 0.890 0.848 0.754 0.029 0.409 0.717 0.813 Hf -0.227 0.097 0.717 -0.060 0.342 0.589 0.545 -0.610 0.154 0.565 0.576 0.461 0.377 0.584 0.672 0.700 Hg -0.062 -0.149 -0.025 -0.068 -0.153 -0.062 0.182 0.053 0.043 0.028 -0.097 -0.029 -0.111 0.117 -0.050 0.021 In -0.157 0.059 0.872 -0.001 0.443 0.774 0.740 -0.777 -0.083 0.874 0.760 0.704 0.101 0.665 0.808 0.873 K -0.095 0.287 0.659 0.049 0.407 0.681 0.264 -0.651 -0.279 0.646 0.642 0.557 0.259 0.170 0.509 0.626 La -0.163 -0.070 0.945 -0.069 0.657 0.935 0.587 -0.890 -0.464 0.999 0.846 0.843 -0.004 0.427 0.755 0.939 Li -0.080 0.106 0.839 0.036 0.551 0.839 0.448 -0.844 -0.202 0.765 0.790 0.836 0.077 0.334 0.791 0.823 Mg -0.081 0.053 0.408 0.033 0.171 0.235 0.478 -0.341 0.519 0.178 0.406 0.322 0.381 0.522 0.623 0.411 Mn -0.189 0.411 0.045 -0.008 0.242 0.075 0.284 0.017 0.210 -0.010 0.205 -0.041 0.411 0.269 0.211 -0.001 Mo -0.076 0.235 0.103 0.031 0.410 0.116 0.530 -0.034 0.247 0.005 0.248 0.134 0.507 0.539 0.405 0.048 Na -0.163 -0.237 0.791 -0.203 0.728 0.748 0.431 -0.778 -0.408 0.791 0.759 0.821 -0.072 0.246 0.704 0.799 Nb -0.166 -0.103 0.966 -0.117 0.671 0.942 0.536 -0.923 -0.426 0.981 0.874 0.891 -0.005 0.353 0.784 0.969 Ni 0.045 0.243 0.504 0.157 0.525 0.434 0.517 -0.529 0.226 0.393 0.736 0.579 0.212 0.521 0.755 0.467 P -0.119 0.023 0.833 0.014 0.675 0.710 0.557 -0.850 -0.059 0.731 0.886 0.796 0.205 0.465 0.909 0.820 Pb -0.090 0.727 -0.001 0.005 0.095 0.035 0.572 0.088 0.513 -0.016 0.106 0.110 0.328 0.550 0.249 -0.014 Rb -0.081 0.280 0.795 0.071 0.417 0.805 0.432 -0.763 -0.240 0.783 0.711 0.647 0.266 0.356 0.634 0.767 Re -0.098 0.172 0.081 -0.096 0.198 0.191 -0.097 -0.189 -0.098 0.079 0.075 0.117 0.286 -0.117 -0.043 0.069 S 0.130 -0.072 0.265 0.085 0.306 0.203 0.097 -0.374 -0.073 0.279 0.468 0.366 -0.205 0.076 0.387 0.260 Sb 0.403 0.057 0.241 0.559 0.027 0.215 0.414 -0.231 -0.141 0.290 0.156 0.158 -0.055 0.418 0.253 0.220 Se 0.000 -0.347 0.516 -0.060 0.439 0.517 0.242 -0.623 -0.386 0.552 0.606 0.732 -0.331 0.019 0.529 0.538 Sn -0.183 -0.181 0.963 -0.146 0.605 0.905 0.487 -0.914 -0.327 0.925 0.832 0.851 0.026 0.341 0.766 0.973 Sr 0.177 -0.347 -0.371 -0.022 -0.077 -0.355 -0.191 0.444 -0.001 -0.348 -0.293 -0.268 -0.408 -0.188 -0.336 -0.361 Ta -0.170 -0.104 0.965 -0.129 0.678 0.942 0.518 -0.930 -0.441 0.978 0.878 0.895 -0.008 0.330 0.781 0.966 Te 0.458 0.123 -0.487 0.405 -0.033 -0.369 -0.075 0.479 -0.005 -0.404 -0.209 -0.393 0.035 0.004 -0.291 -0.542 Th -0.167 -0.074 0.966 -0.097 0.639 0.950 0.544 -0.918 -0.450 0.984 0.860 0.859 0.013 0.370 0.770 0.961 Ti -0.143 -0.066 0.990 -0.074 0.676 0.928 0.557 -0.964 -0.308 0.954 0.916 0.930 0.050 0.403 0.861 0.990 Tl -0.018 0.346 0.714 0.100 0.556 0.768 0.308 -0.682 -0.222 0.640 0.717 0.575 0.456 0.261 0.572 0.656 U -0.149 0.286 0.426 0.031 0.251 0.267 0.493 -0.348 0.442 0.210 0.440 0.269 0.498 0.597 0.611 0.388 V 0.060 0.181 0.302 0.185 0.079 0.099 0.294 -0.304 0.587 0.045 0.321 0.242 0.357 0.438 0.500 0.285 W -0.140 0.039 0.923 -0.006 0.589 0.923 0.531 -0.893 -0.416 0.965 0.806 0.823 0.061 0.392 0.750 0.917 Y -0.198 -0.151 0.944 -0.150 0.621 0.902 0.502 -0.931 -0.420 0.969 0.839 0.869 -0.048 0.313 0.762 0.959 Zn 0.021 0.375 -0.035 0.117 -0.150 -0.151 0.484 0.115 0.898 -0.198 0.039 -0.010 0.304 0.584 0.317 -0.025 Zr -0.191 0.053 0.594 -0.029 0.202 0.455 0.482 -0.478 0.252 0.423 0.432 0.321 0.389 0.551 0.556 0.586383 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna East Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S 1 0.478 1 -0.128 0.009 1 0.768 0.723 0.039 1 0.703 0.477 -0.109 0.630 1 0.901 0.565 0.019 0.877 0.647 1 0.776 0.531 -0.138 0.661 0.503 0.764 1 0.140 0.677 -0.039 0.456 0.235 0.178 0.372 1 0.124 0.300 -0.139 0.165 0.440 -0.002 -0.074 0.419 1 0.127 0.181 -0.049 0.123 -0.082 0.018 0.119 0.450 0.278 1 0.663 0.369 0.028 0.577 0.217 0.788 0.718 0.188 -0.203 0.177 1 0.868 0.573 0.038 0.840 0.644 0.979 0.784 0.248 0.007 0.024 0.818 1 0.515 0.364 -0.222 0.460 0.334 0.394 0.499 0.399 0.218 0.389 0.395 0.388 1 0.669 0.696 -0.116 0.745 0.576 0.727 0.675 0.579 0.349 0.266 0.650 0.761 0.695 1 0.061 0.113 0.048 0.174 -0.002 -0.009 0.109 0.260 0.397 0.375 -0.021 -0.028 0.303 0.085 1 0.790 0.622 -0.056 0.794 0.910 0.783 0.650 0.258 0.247 -0.029 0.323 0.769 0.367 0.634 0.045 1 0.120 0.072 -0.151 -0.041 0.223 0.070 0.160 -0.199 -0.064 -0.081 -0.088 0.054 0.025 -0.017 -0.033 0.281 1 0.263 0.023 -0.114 0.192 0.067 0.268 0.186 -0.198 -0.152 -0.037 0.314 0.261 0.651 0.405 -0.087 0.144 0.021 1 0.292 0.270 0.125 0.346 0.025 0.294 0.245 0.023 -0.100 0.187 0.225 0.221 0.110 0.261 0.016 0.192 -0.199 0.179 0.510 -0.062 0.000 0.309 0.238 0.542 0.569 0.087 -0.235 0.036 0.632 0.585 0.369 0.433 -0.086 0.255 0.000 0.288 0.775 0.693 0.054 0.806 0.606 0.920 0.775 0.357 -0.021 -0.008 0.768 0.960 0.335 0.752 -0.086 0.746 0.129 0.198 -0.346 -0.520 -0.039 -0.458 -0.696 -0.339 -0.315 -0.277 -0.369 0.071 0.080 -0.326 -0.135 -0.399 -0.016 -0.735 -0.320 0.077 0.868 0.569 0.031 0.825 0.642 0.975 0.784 0.233 0.004 0.019 0.826 0.999 0.391 0.766 -0.036 0.765 0.070 0.280 -0.219 -0.540 -0.120 -0.421 -0.352 -0.394 -0.451 -0.371 0.009 0.235 -0.288 -0.465 0.185 -0.298 0.120 -0.426 -0.145 0.333 0.887 0.623 0.032 0.855 0.676 0.982 0.783 0.239 0.028 0.015 0.784 0.990 0.366 0.752 -0.033 0.806 0.080 0.248 0.857 0.653 -0.007 0.846 0.648 0.951 0.835 0.364 0.026 0.082 0.816 0.977 0.513 0.842 0.001 0.774 0.084 0.300 0.723 0.584 -0.190 0.594 0.886 0.644 0.589 0.280 0.375 0.095 0.276 0.654 0.445 0.641 0.038 0.904 0.403 0.160 0.238 0.821 -0.130 0.479 0.310 0.213 0.291 0.766 0.468 0.448 0.105 0.225 0.548 0.645 0.291 0.382 -0.011 0.091 0.092 0.615 -0.160 0.304 0.172 0.044 0.290 0.712 0.181 0.346 0.037 0.069 0.614 0.522 0.135 0.233 0.072 0.148 0.869 0.596 0.030 0.857 0.690 0.963 0.823 0.188 0.011 -0.014 0.701 0.947 0.349 0.712 -0.002 0.851 0.131 0.235 0.820 0.594 0.042 0.841 0.636 0.962 0.765 0.248 0.022 -0.061 0.792 0.980 0.329 0.754 -0.057 0.760 0.106 0.248 -0.167 0.291 0.051 0.168 -0.088 -0.195 0.054 0.691 0.359 0.476 -0.189 -0.162 0.346 0.140 0.676 -0.033 -0.156 -0.151 0.330 0.974 0.066 0.628 0.411 0.423 0.403 0.730 0.323 0.172 0.211 0.442 0.243 0.587 0.078 0.543 0.062 -0.121384 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna East Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr 1 -0.046 1 0.158 0.523 1 -0.168 0.080 -0.330 1 0.221 0.591 0.960 -0.326 1 0.147 -0.062 -0.570 0.446 -0.460 1 0.288 0.533 0.959 -0.379 0.991 -0.460 1 0.227 0.587 0.962 -0.356 0.978 -0.476 0.968 1 0.041 0.188 0.658 -0.632 0.659 -0.295 0.685 0.687 1 0.195 -0.162 0.329 -0.376 0.223 -0.193 0.264 0.368 0.438 1 0.124 -0.098 0.179 -0.294 0.067 -0.189 0.075 0.260 0.310 0.837 1 0.344 0.472 0.903 -0.485 0.944 -0.466 0.962 0.927 0.697 0.235 0.067 1 0.225 0.572 0.955 -0.383 0.981 -0.523 0.978 0.957 0.615 0.221 0.054 0.942 1 -0.056 -0.171 -0.095 -0.063 -0.182 -0.044 -0.183 -0.060 -0.037 0.531 0.552 -0.158 -0.180 1 0.215 -0.153 0.595 -0.518 0.434 -0.557 0.492 0.525 0.509 0.823 0.633 0.465 0.471 0.361 1385 Appendix A6: Frequency intervals used to construct histograms 386 Appendix A6: Frequency intervals used to construct histograms Limestone Ag Ag As As Bi Bi Cu Cu Mo Mo Pb Pb Sb Sb Tl Tl Zn Zn Class interval Frecuency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency 0 - 0.31 34 0 - 25 32 0 - 1.3 38 0 - 37 38 0 - 0.45 3 0 - 35 36 0 - 0.75 30 0 - 0.35 11 0 - 90 28 0.31 - 0.62 2 25 - 50 3 1.3 - 2.6 0 37 - 74 0 0.45 - 0.9 17 35 - 70 1 0.75 - 1.5 3 0.35 - 0.7 19 90 - 180 8 0.62 - 0.93 1 50 - 75 1 2.6 - 3.9 0 74 - 111 0 0.9 - 1.35 15 70 - 105 0 1.5 - 2.25 1 0.7 - 1.05 7 180 - 270 1 0.93 - 1.24 0 75 - 100 1 3.9 - 5.2 0 111 - 148 0 1.35 - 1.8 3 105 - 140 0 2.25 - 3 2 1.05 - 1.4 0 270 - 360 0 1.24 - 1.55 0 100 - 125 0 5.2 - 6.5 0 148 - 185 0 1.8 - 2.25 0 140 - 175 0 3 - 3.75 2 1.4 - 1.75 0 360 - 450 1 1.55 - 1.86 0 125 - 150 1 6.5 - 7.8 0 185 - 222 0 2.25 - 2.70 0 175 - 210 1 3.75 - 4.5 0 1.75 - 2.1 1 450 - 540 0 1.86 - 2.17 1 150 - 175 0 7.8 - 9.1 0 222 - 259 0 2.70 - 3.15 0 210 - 245 0 4.5 - 5.25 0 2.1 - 2.45 0 540 - 630 0 2.17 - 2.48 0 9.1 - 10.4 0 3.15 - 3.60 0 245 - 280 0 5.25 - 6 0 2.45 - 2.8 0 280 - 315 0 2.8 - 3.15 0 3.15 - 3.5 0 Hornfels Ag Ag As As Bi Bi Cu Cu Mo Mo Pb Pb Sb Sb Tl Tl Zn Zn Class interval Frecuency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency 0 - 0.31 16 0 - 25 13 0 - 1.3 23 0 - 37 20 0 - 0.45 0 0 - 35 19 0 - 0.75 11 0 - 0.35 6 0 - 90 19 0.31 - 0.62 5 25 - 50 8 1.3 - 2.6 0 37 - 74 3 0.45 - 0.9 6 35 - 70 2 0.75 - 1.5 9 0.35 - 0.7 10 90 - 180 2 0.62 - 0.93 2 50 - 75 0 2.6 - 3.9 0 74 - 111 0 0.9 - 1.35 13 70 - 105 1 1.5 - 2.25 3 0.7 - 1.05 5 180 - 270 2 0.93 - 1.24 0 75 - 100 1 3.9 - 5.2 2 111 - 148 1 1.35 - 1.8 4 105 - 140 1 2.25 - 3 0 1.05 - 1.4 1 270 - 360 1 1.24 - 1.55 1 100 - 125 0 5.2 - 6.5 0 148 - 185 0 1.8 - 2.25 0 140 - 175 1 3 - 3.75 2 1.4 - 1.75 2 360 - 450 1 1.55 - 1.86 0 125 - 150 2 6.5 - 7.8 0 185 - 222 0 2.25 - 2.70 1 175 - 210 0 3.75 - 4.5 0 1.75 - 2.1 0 450 - 540 0 1.86 - 2.17 0 150 - 175 1 7.8 - 9.1 0 222 - 259 1 2.70 - 3.15 1 210 - 245 0 4.5 - 5.25 0 2.1 - 2.45 0 540 - 630 0 2.17 - 2.48 1 9.1 - 10.4 0 3.15 - 3.60 0 245 - 280 0 5.25 - 6 0 2.45 - 2.8 0 280 - 315 1 2.8 - 3.15 0 3.15 - 3.5 1 Marble Ag Ag As As Bi Bi Cu Cu Mo Mo Pb Pb Sb Sb Tl Tl Zn Zn Class interval Frecuency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency 0 - 0.31 21 0 - 25 25 0 - 1.3 24 0 - 37 19 0 - 0.45 3 0 - 35 24 0 - 0.75 23 0 - 0.35 21 0 - 90 21 0.31 - 0.62 5 25 - 50 4 1.3 - 2.6 3 37 - 74 5 0.45 - 0.9 11 35 - 70 3 0.75 - 1.5 4 0.35 - 0.7 6 90 - 180 4 0.62 - 0.93 4 50 - 75 1 2.6 - 3.9 1 74 - 111 2 0.9 - 1.35 12 70 - 105 3 1.5 - 2.25 3 0.7 - 1.05 3 180 - 270 3 0.93 - 1.24 0 75 - 100 0 3.9 - 5.2 0 111 - 148 0 1.35 - 1.8 1 105 - 140 0 2.25 - 3 0 1.05 - 1.4 0 270 - 360 0 1.24 - 1.55 0 100 - 125 0 5.2 - 6.5 0 148 - 185 2 1.8 - 2.25 1 140 - 175 0 3 - 3.75 0 1.4 - 1.75 1 360 - 450 0 1.55 - 1.86 0 125 - 150 1 6.5 - 7.8 0 185 - 222 3 2.25 - 2.70 0 175 - 210 1 3.75 - 4.5 0 1.75 - 2.1 0 450 - 540 1 1.86 - 2.17 1 150 - 175 0 7.8 - 9.1 2 222 - 259 0 2.70 - 3.15 0 210 - 245 0 4.5 - 5.25 0 2.1 - 2.45 0 540 - 630 2 2.17 - 2.48 0 9.1 - 10.4 1 3.15 - 3.60 3 245 - 280 0 5.25 - 6 1 2.45 - 2.8 0 280 - 315 0 2.8 - 3.15 0 3.15 - 3.5 0 387 Appendix A7: Samples used to estimate geochemical background 388 Appendix A7: Samples used to estimate geochemical background Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Distance from dike (m) ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg- CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Ag As Ba Bi Cd Cu Hg In Mn Mo Pb Sb Sn Tl W Zn ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 100 0.005 2.5 70 0.09 0.49 7 0.03 0.025 297 0.53 8.7 0.37 1.1 0.31 0.6 65 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 103 0.05 8 80 0.08 0.38 6.1 0.005 0.028 363 0.82 7.6 0.29 0.9 0.31 0.6 62 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 108 0.22 2.5 20 0.09 1.89 6.8 0.01 0.017 496 0.63 4.8 0.63 0.4 0.3 0.2 225 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 132 0.11 6 90 0.1 0.56 10 0.005 0.026 313 0.7 15.3 0.35 1.1 0.38 0.6 90 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 132 0.07 2.5 40 0.07 1.08 6.3 0.005 0.019 303 0.52 8.4 0.22 0.7 0.47 0.4 138 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 144 0.22 40 80 0.08 0.59 10.4 0.005 0.026 335 1.59 9.9 1.63 1 0.48 0.9 100 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 162 0.04 2.5 40 0.04 0.14 3.3 0.02 0.011 192 0.36 3.9 0.14 0.4 0.23 0.2 15 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha >100 0.03 15 40 0.08 0.54 10.7 0.03 0.021 249 0.66 8.9 0.19 1 0.37 0.5 62 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha >100 0.06 5 50 0.08 0.67 10 0.01 0.025 278 0.47 7.2 0.25 1 0.55 0.5 95 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha >100 0.005 5 30 0.01 1.25 2.5 0.005 0.0025 154 0.31 1.5 0.05 0.2 0.06 0.1 177 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha >100 0.05 2.5 10 0.02 0.02 2.6 0.005 0.0025 172 0.13 1.1 0.23 0.2 0.05 0.1 55 Samples in bold numbers are half the detection limit 389 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet 390 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect Distance from dike ME-MS81 ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 La La-median Ag Ag-median Ag/La Ag/La -median As As-median As/La As/La - median Ba ppm ppm ppm ppm 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East T14 100 15.4 3.1 0.005 0.045 0.0003 0.0066 2.5 2.5 0.1623 0.2687 70 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East T13 103 15.9 3.6 0.05 0 0.0031 0.0037 8 3 0.5031 0.0721 80 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna T5 108 9.8 2.5 0.22 0.17 0.0224 0.0156 2.5 2.5 0.2551 0.1759 20 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East T14 132 16 3.7 0.11 0.06 0.0069 0.0000 6 1 0.3750 0.0560 90 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna T5 132 9.5 2.8 0.07 0.02 0.0074 0.0005 2.5 2.5 0.2632 0.1679 40 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East T13 144 12.3 0 0.22 0.17 0.0179 0.0110 40 35 3.2520 2.8210 80 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna T5 162 5.8 6.5 0.04 0.01 0.0069 0.0000 2.5 2.5 0.4310 0.0000 40 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Hill Celendin 300 16.6 4.3 0.03 0.02 0.0018 0.0051 15 10 0.9036 0.4726 40 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Hill Celendin 300 13 0.7 0.06 0.01 0.0046 0.0023 5 0 0.3846 0.0464 50 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Hill Jumasha 300 5.2 7.1 0.005 0.045 0.0010 0.0059 5 0 0.9615 0.5305 30 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Hill Jumasha 300 2.3 10 0.05 0 0.0217 0.0149 2.5 2.5 1.0870 0.6559 10 median: 12.3 3.6 0.050 0.02 0.0069 0.0051 5 2.5 0.4310 0.1759 40 Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: 19.5 0.09 0.0170 10 0.7829 Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: 5.1 0.01 -0.0033 0 0.0792 Values in red are half detection limit mean: 11.0727 0.0782 8.3182 50.0000 Standard deviation: 4.7235 0.0724 10.6393 25.2262 Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: 20.5196 0.2230 29.5967 Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: 1.6258 -0.0667 -12.9604 visual threshold: 0.1 10 391 Sample N° Easting Northing Locality 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Hill Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: Values in red are half detection limit mean: Standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: visual threshold: Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS Ba-median Ba/La Ba/La - median Bi Bi-median Bi/La Bi/La - median Cd Cd-median Cd/La Cd/La - median Cu Cu-median ppm ppm ppm 30 4.5455 0.0000 0.09 0.01 0.0058 0.0004 0.49 0.07 0.0318 0.0032 7 0.2 40 5.0314 0.4860 0.08 0 0.0050 0.0012 0.38 0.18 0.0239 0.0111 6.1 0.7 20 2.0408 2.5046 0.09 0.01 0.0092 0.0029 1.89 1.33 0.1929 0.1579 6.8 0 50 5.6250 1.0795 0.1 0.02 0.0063 0.0000 0.56 0 0.0350 0.0000 10 3.2 0 4.2105 0.3349 0.07 0.01 0.0074 0.0011 1.08 0.52 0.1137 0.0787 6.3 0.5 40 6.5041 1.9586 0.08 0 0.0065 0.0003 0.59 0.03 0.0480 0.0130 10.4 3.6 0 6.8966 2.3511 0.04 0.04 0.0069 0.0006 0.14 0.42 0.0241 0.0109 3.3 3.5 0 2.4096 2.1358 0.08 0 0.0048 0.0014 0.54 0.02 0.0325 0.0025 10.7 3.9 10 3.8462 0.6993 0.08 0 0.0062 0.0001 0.67 0.11 0.0515 0.0165 10 3.2 10 5.7692 1.2238 0.01 0.07 0.0019 0.0043 1.25 0.69 0.2404 0.2054 2.5 4.3 30 4.3478 0.1976 0.02 0.06 0.0087 0.0024 0.02 0.54 0.0087 0.0263 2.6 4.2 20 4.5455 1.0795 0.08 0.01 0.0063 0.0011 0.56 0.18 0.0350 0.0130 6.8 3.2 80 6.7045 0.1 0.0085 0.92 0.0609 13.2 0 2.3864 0.06 0.0040 0.2 0.0091 0.4 0.0673 0.6918 6.8818 0.0286 0.5084 2.9808 100.4525 0.1245 1.7086 12.8434 -0.4525 0.0100 -0.3249 0.9202 100 0.1 1 10 392 Sample N° Easting Northing Locality 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Hill Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: Values in red are half detection limit mean: Standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: visual threshold: Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet ABS Hg-CV41 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS Cu/La Cu/La - median Hg Hg-median Hg/La Hg/La - median In In-median In/La In/La - median Mn Mn-median Mn/La ppm ppm ppm 0.4545 0.1900 0.03 0.025 0.0019 0.0010 0.025 0.004 0.0016 0.0001 297 0 19.2857 0.3836 0.2609 0.005 0 0.0003 0.0006 0.028 0.007 0.0018 0.0000 363 66 22.8302 0.6939 0.0493 0.01 0.005 0.0010 0.0001 0.017 0.004 0.0017 0.0000 496 199 50.6122 0.6250 0.0196 0.005 0 0.0003 0.0006 0.026 0.005 0.0016 0.0001 313 16 19.5625 0.6632 0.0186 0.005 0 0.0005 0.0004 0.019 0.002 0.0020 0.0003 303 6 31.8947 0.8455 0.2010 0.005 0 0.0004 0.0006 0.026 0.005 0.0021 0.0004 335 38 27.2358 0.5690 0.0756 0.02 0.015 0.0034 0.0025 0.011 0.01 0.0019 0.0002 192 105 33.1034 0.6446 0.0000 0.03 0.025 0.0018 0.0008 0.021 0 0.0013 0.0005 249 48 15.0000 0.7692 0.1247 0.01 0.005 0.0008 0.0002 0.025 0.004 0.0019 0.0002 278 19 21.3846 0.4808 0.1638 0.005 0 0.0010 0.0000 0.0025 0.0185 0.0005 0.0013 154 143 29.6154 1.1304 0.4859 0.005 0 0.0022 0.0012 0.0025 0.0185 0.0011 0.0006 172 125 74.7826 0.6446 0.1247 0.005 0 0.0010 0.0006 0.021 0.005 0.0017 0.0002 297 48 27.2358 0.8939 0.005 0.0023 0.031 0.0021 393 0.3953 0.005 -0.0003 0.011 0.0014 201 0.0118 0.0185 286.5455 0.0096 0.0089 92.5668 0.0310 0.0362 471.6790 -0.0074 0.0007 101.4119 0.01 0.03 800 393 Sample N° Easting Northing Locality 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Hill Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: Values in red are half detection limit mean: Standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: visual threshold: Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS Mn/La - median Mo Mo-median Mo/La Mo/La - median Pb Pb-median Pb/La Pb/La - median Sb Sb-median Sb/La ppm ppm ppm 7.9501 0.53 0 0.0344 0.0203 8.7 1.1 0.5649 0.0111 0.37 0.12 0.0240 4.4056 0.82 0.29 0.0516 0.0032 7.6 0 0.4780 0.0759 0.29 0.04 0.0182 23.3765 0.63 0.1 0.0643 0.0095 4.8 2.8 0.4898 0.0641 0.63 0.38 0.0643 7.6733 0.7 0.17 0.0438 0.0110 15.3 7.7 0.9563 0.4024 0.35 0.1 0.0219 4.6590 0.52 0.01 0.0547 0.0000 8.4 0.8 0.8842 0.3304 0.22 0.03 0.0232 0.0000 1.59 1.06 0.1293 0.0745 9.9 2.3 0.8049 0.2510 1.63 1.38 0.1325 5.8677 0.36 0.17 0.0621 0.0073 3.9 3.7 0.6724 0.1186 0.14 0.11 0.0241 12.2358 0.66 0.13 0.0398 0.0150 8.9 1.3 0.5361 0.0177 0.19 0.06 0.0114 5.8512 0.47 0.06 0.0362 0.0186 7.2 0.4 0.5538 0.0000 0.25 0 0.0192 2.3796 0.31 0.22 0.0596 0.0049 1.5 6.1 0.2885 0.2654 0.05 0.2 0.0096 47.5468 0.13 0.4 0.0565 0.0018 1.1 6.5 0.4783 0.0756 0.23 0.02 0.1000 5.8677 0.53 0.17 0.0547 0.0095 7.6 2.3 0.5538 0.0759 0.25 0.1 0.0232 38.9711 0.87 0.0738 12.2 0.7056 0.45 15.5004 0.19 0.0356 3 0.4021 0.05 0.6109 7.0273 0.3955 0.3609 3.8807 0.4155 1.3326 14.7888 1.2265 -0.1108 -0.7342 -0.4356 1 25 1 394 Sample N° Easting Northing Locality 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Hill Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: Values in red are half detection limit mean: Standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: visual threshold: Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS Sb/La - median Sn Sn-median Sn/La Sn/La - median Sr Sr-median Sr/La Sr/La - median Tl Tl-median Tl/La Tl/La - median ppm ppm ppm 0.0009 1.1 0.2 0.0714 0.0025 797 51 51.7532 8.8972 0.31 0 0.0201 0.0036 0.0049 0.9 0 0.0566 0.0124 918 172 57.7358 2.9146 0.31 0 0.0195 0.0043 0.0411 0.4 0.5 0.0408 0.0281 711 35 72.5510 11.9006 0.3 0.01 0.0306 0.0069 0.0013 1.1 0.2 0.0688 0.0002 796 50 49.7500 10.9004 0.38 0.07 0.0238 0.0000 0.0000 0.7 0.2 0.0737 0.0047 817 71 86.0000 25.3496 0.47 0.16 0.0495 0.0257 0.1094 1 0.1 0.0813 0.0123 746 0 60.6504 0.0000 0.48 0.17 0.0390 0.0153 0.0010 0.4 0.5 0.0690 0.0000 888 142 153.1034 92.4530 0.23 0.08 0.0397 0.0159 0.0117 1 0.1 0.0602 0.0087 721 25 43.4337 17.2167 0.37 0.06 0.0223 0.0015 0.0039 1 0.1 0.0769 0.0080 527 219 40.5385 20.1119 0.55 0.24 0.0423 0.0186 0.0135 0.2 0.7 0.0385 0.0305 437 309 84.0385 23.3881 0.06 0.25 0.0115 0.0122 0.0768 0.2 0.7 0.0870 0.0180 473 273 205.6522 145.0018 0.05 0.26 0.0217 0.0020 0.0049 0.9 0.2 0.0690 0.0087 746 71 60.6504 17.2167 0.31 0.08 0.0238 0.0069 0.0330 1.3 0.0864 888 95.0837 0.47 0.0375 0.0133 0.5 0.0515 604 26.2171 0.15 0.0100 0.7273 711.9091 0.3191 0.3440 155.7757 0.1526 1.4153 1023.4606 0.6244 0.0392 400.3576 0.0138 1 395 Sample N° Easting Northing Locality 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Hill 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Hill Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: Values in red are half detection limit mean: Standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: visual threshold: Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS V V-median V/La V/La - median W W-median W/La W/La - median Zn Zn-median Zn/La Zn/La - median ppm ppm ppm 56 0 3.6364 0.8011 0.6 0.1 0.0390 0.0012 65 25 4.2208 3.0869 53 3 3.3333 1.1042 0.6 0.1 0.0377 0.0000 62 28 3.8994 3.4083 37 19 3.7755 0.6620 0.2 0.3 0.0204 0.0173 225 135 22.9592 15.6515 71 15 4.4375 0.0000 0.6 0.1 0.0375 0.0002 90 0 5.6250 1.6827 59 3 6.2105 1.7730 0.4 0.1 0.0421 0.0044 138 48 14.5263 7.2186 102 46 8.2927 3.8552 0.9 0.4 0.0732 0.0354 100 10 8.1301 0.8224 26 30 4.4828 0.0453 0.2 0.3 0.0345 0.0033 15 75 2.5862 4.7215 80 24 4.8193 0.3818 0.5 0 0.0301 0.0076 62 28 3.7349 3.5728 91 35 7.0000 2.5625 0.5 0 0.0385 0.0007 95 5 7.3077 0.0000 9 47 1.7308 2.7067 0.1 0.4 0.0192 0.0185 177 87 34.0385 26.7308 5 51 2.1739 2.2636 0.1 0.4 0.0435 0.0057 55 35 23.9130 16.6054 56 24 4.4375 1.1042 0.5 0.1 0.0377 0.0044 90 28 7.3077 3.5728 104 6.6458 0.7 0.0465 146 14.4532 8 2.2292 0.3 0.0290 34 0.1622 53.5455 0.4273 98.5455 30.3985 0.2416 57.5742 114.3424 0.9104 213.6939 -7.2515 -0.0558 -16.6030 1 100 396 Appendix A9: Threshold calculation worksheet 397 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Sample N° Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Ag Lower value MAD Low threshold Ag Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Ag/La Threshold Med(Ag) + 2MAD (Ag) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD (Ag/La)* La Low MAD (Ag/La)* La Mean Ag/La*La Median Ag/La* La ppm ppm ppm 4PAA238 Yanacancha Hill Celendin 200 Brown limestone13 0.0025 0.06 0.0170 0.2211 -0.0033 -0.0424 0.0086 0.1112 0.0069 0.0894 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA233 Yanacancha Hill Celendin 200 Brown limestone16.6 0.03 0.0170 0.2824 -0.0033 -0.0541 0.0086 0.1420 0.0069 0.1141 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA235 Yanacancha Hill Jumasha 200 Brown limestone5.2 0.005 0.0170 0.0885 -0.0033 -0.0170 0.0086 0.0445 0.0069 0.0358 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA236 Yanacancha Hill Jumasha 200 Brown limestone2.3 0.0025 0.05 0.0170 0.0391 -0.0033 -0.0075 0.0086 0.0197 0.0069 0.0158 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA214 Fortuna East T10 1 Gray limestone 23.2 <0.005 0.2 0.0170 0.3946 -0.0033 -0.0756 0.0086 0.1984 0.0069 0.1595 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA215 Fortuna East T10 5 Gray limestone 27 <0.005 0.43 0.0170 0.4593 -0.0033 -0.0880 0.0086 0.2309 0.0069 0.1856 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA216 Fortuna East T10 10 Gray limestone 22.7 <0.005 0.12 0.0170 0.3861 -0.0033 -0.0740 0.0086 0.1941 0.0069 0.1561 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA217 Fortuna East T10 19 Gray limestone 15.3 <0.005 0.08 0.0170 0.2603 -0.0033 -0.0499 0.0086 0.1308 0.0069 0.1052 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA221 Fortuna East T10 49 Gray limestone 32.2 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.5477 -0.0033 -0.1050 0.0086 0.2754 0.0069 0.2214 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA223 Fortuna East T10 71 Gray limestone 22 <0.005 0.08 0.0170 0.3742 -0.0033 -0.0717 0.0086 0.1881 0.0069 0.1513 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA219 Fortuna East T10 36 Gray hornfels 45.3 <0.005 0.14 0.0170 0.7706 -0.0033 -0.1477 0.0086 0.3874 0.0069 0.3114 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA260 Fortuna East T13 17 Gray limestone 11.2 0.007 0.2 0.0170 0.1905 -0.0033 -0.0365 0.0086 0.0958 0.0069 0.0770 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA257 Fortuna East T13 33 Gray limestone 28.7 <0.005 0.1 0.0170 0.4882 -0.0033 -0.0936 0.0086 0.2454 0.0069 0.1973 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA255 Fortuna East T13 42 Gray limestone 52.5 <0.005 0.2 0.0170 0.8931 -0.0033 -0.1712 0.0086 0.4490 0.0069 0.3609 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA253 Fortuna East T13 66 Gray limestone 20 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.3402 -0.0033 -0.0652 0.0086 0.1710 0.0069 0.1375 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA250 Fortuna East T13 103 Gray limestone 15.9 <0.005 0.05 0.0170 0.2705 -0.0033 -0.0518 0.0086 0.1360 0.0069 0.1093 0.09 0.2231 0.1 398 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Sample N° Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Ag Lower value MAD Low threshold Ag Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Ag/La Threshold Med(Ag) + 2MAD (Ag) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD (Ag/La)* La Low MAD (Ag/La)* La Mean Ag/La*La Median Ag/La* La ppm ppm ppm 4PAA224 Fortuna East T13 144 Gray limestone 12.3 <0.005 0.22 0.0170 0.2092 -0.0033 -0.0401 0.0086 0.1052 0.0069 0.0846 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA112 Fortuna East T14 1 Gray limestone 22.8 <0.005 0.19 0.0170 0.3878 -0.0033 -0.0743 0.0086 0.1950 0.0069 0.1568 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA114 Fortuna East T14 10 Gray limestone 13.4 <0.005 0.22 0.0170 0.2279 -0.0033 -0.0437 0.0086 0.1146 0.0069 0.0921 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA115 Fortuna East T14 20 Gray limestone 6.7 <0.005 0.1 0.0170 0.1140 -0.0033 -0.0218 0.0086 0.0573 0.0069 0.0461 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA117 Fortuna East T14 33 Gray limestone 8.9 <0.005 0.3 0.0170 0.1514 -0.0033 -0.0290 0.0086 0.0761 0.0069 0.0612 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA118 Fortuna East T14 42.5 Gray limestone 12.6 <0.005 0.2 0.0170 0.2143 -0.0033 -0.0411 0.0086 0.1078 0.0069 0.0866 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA119 Fortuna East T14 50 Gray limestone 17.2 <0.005 0.005 0.0170 0.2926 -0.0033 -0.0561 0.0086 0.1471 0.0069 0.1183 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA121 Fortuna East T14 60 Gray limestone 16.4 <0.005 0.005 0.0170 0.2790 -0.0033 -0.0535 0.0086 0.1402 0.0069 0.1128 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA123 Fortuna East T14 85 Gray limestone 22.2 <0.005 0.005 0.0170 0.3776 -0.0033 -0.0724 0.0086 0.1898 0.0069 0.1526 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA124 Fortuna East T14 100 Gray limestone 15.4 <0.005 0.005 0.0170 0.2620 -0.0033 -0.0502 0.0086 0.1317 0.0069 0.1059 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA223 Fortuna East T14 132 Gray limestone 16 <0.005 0.11 0.0170 0.2722 -0.0033 -0.0522 0.0086 0.1368 0.0069 0.1100 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA107 Fortuna East T15 8 Gray limestone 13.8 <0.005 0.82 0.0170 0.2347 -0.0033 -0.0450 0.0086 0.1180 0.0069 0.0949 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA117 Quarry Bench T2 127 Gray limestone 16.2 <0.005 0.12 0.0170 0.2756 -0.0033 -0.0528 0.0086 0.1385 0.0069 0.1114 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA116 Quarry Bench T2 139.5 Gray limestone 32.5 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.5528 -0.0033 -0.1060 0.0086 0.2779 0.0069 0.2234 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA177 Fortuna T5 0.5 Gray hornfels 29.2 0.021 2.25 0.0170 0.4967 -0.0033 -0.0952 0.0086 0.2497 0.0069 0.2008 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA179 Fortuna T5 14 Gray limestone 8.4 <0.005 0.25 0.0170 0.1429 -0.0033 -0.0274 0.0086 0.0718 0.0069 0.0578 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA181 Fortuna T5 25 Gray limestone 16.4 0.005 1.91 0.0170 0.2790 -0.0033 -0.0535 0.0086 0.1402 0.0069 0.1128 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA183 Fortuna T5 36 Gray limestone 6.3 <0.005 0.31 0.0170 0.1072 -0.0033 -0.0205 0.0086 0.0539 0.0069 0.0433 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA185 Fortuna T5 44 Gray limestone 10.2 0.105 0.18 0.0170 0.1735 -0.0033 -0.0333 0.0086 0.0872 0.0069 0.0701 0.09 0.2231 0.1 399 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Sample N° Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Ag Lower value MAD Low threshold Ag Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Ag/La Threshold Med(Ag) + 2MAD (Ag) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD (Ag/La)* La Low MAD (Ag/La)* La Mean Ag/La*La Median Ag/La* La ppm ppm ppm 3PAA188 Fortuna T5 60 Gray limestone 6 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.1021 -0.0033 -0.0196 0.0086 0.0513 0.0069 0.0413 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA190 Fortuna T5 75 Gray limestone 19.2 <0.005 0.06 0.0170 0.3266 -0.0033 -0.0626 0.0086 0.1642 0.0069 0.1320 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA164 Fortuna T5 108 Gray limestone 9.8 <0.005 0.22 0.0170 0.1667 -0.0033 -0.0320 0.0086 0.0838 0.0069 0.0674 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA165 Fortuna T5 132 Brown limestone9.5 <0.005 0.07 0.0170 0.1616 -0.0033 -0.0310 0.0086 0.0812 0.0069 0.0653 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA166 Fortuna T5 162 Gray limestone 5.8 <0.005 0.04 0.0170 0.0987 -0.0033 -0.0189 0.0086 0.0496 0.0069 0.0399 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA134 Antamina West 4225 bench 4 Bleached marble 4.1 <0.005 0.11 0.0170 0.0697 -0.0033 -0.0134 0.0086 0.0351 0.0069 0.0282 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA135 Antamina West 4225 bench 12 Bleached marble 4 <0.005 0.1 0.0170 0.0680 -0.0033 -0.0130 0.0086 0.0342 0.0069 0.0275 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA136 Antamina West 4225 bench 18 Bleached marble 3.9 <0.005 0.28 0.0170 0.0663 -0.0033 -0.0127 0.0086 0.0334 0.0069 0.0268 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA138 Antamina West 4225 bench 26 Bleached marble 12.2 <0.005 2.15 0.0170 0.2075 -0.0033 -0.0398 0.0086 0.1043 0.0069 0.0839 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA150 Antamina West Access to the crusher 70 Bleached marble 8.9 <0.005 0.75 0.0170 0.1514 -0.0033 -0.0290 0.0086 0.0761 0.0069 0.0612 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA186 Antamina West Access to the crusher 27 Bleached marble 3.5 0.68 0.0170 0.0595 -0.0033 -0.0114 0.0086 0.0299 0.0069 0.0241 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA191 Antamina West West flank anticline 239 Bleached marble 3.9 <0.005 0.06 0.0170 0.0663 -0.0033 -0.0127 0.0086 0.0334 0.0069 0.0268 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA332 Antamina West 152.85 - 152.98 68 Gray marble 4.6 0.87 0.0170 0.0782 -0.0033 -0.0150 0.0086 0.0393 0.0069 0.0316 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA194 Antamina West 4195 bench 157 Gray marble 6.6 <0.005 0.05 0.0170 0.1123 -0.0033 -0.0215 0.0086 0.0564 0.0069 0.0454 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA137 Antamina West 4225 bench 22 Gray marble 3.5 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.0595 -0.0033 -0.0114 0.0086 0.0299 0.0069 0.0241 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA139 Antamina West 4225 bench 29 Gray marble 4.1 <0.005 0.26 0.0170 0.0697 -0.0033 -0.0134 0.0086 0.0351 0.0069 0.0282 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA188 Antamina West 4225 bench 145 Gray marble 5.3 <0.005 0.17 0.0170 0.0902 -0.0033 -0.0173 0.0086 0.0453 0.0069 0.0364 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA181 Antamina West 4270 bench 118 Gray marble 3.9 <0.005 0.14 0.0170 0.0663 -0.0033 -0.0127 0.0086 0.0334 0.0069 0.0268 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA182 Antamina West 4270 bench 98 Gray marble 4.8 <0.005 0.31 0.0170 0.0817 -0.0033 -0.0157 0.0086 0.0410 0.0069 0.0330 0.09 0.2231 0.1400 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Sample N° Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Ag Lower value MAD Low threshold Ag Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Ag/La Threshold Med(Ag) + 2MAD (Ag) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD (Ag/La)* La Low MAD (Ag/La)* La Mean Ag/La*La Median Ag/La* La ppm ppm ppm 4PAA148 Antamina West Access to the crusher 58 Gray marble 11.1 <0.005 0.16 0.0170 0.1888 -0.0033 -0.0362 0.0086 0.0949 0.0069 0.0763 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA149 Antamina West Access to the crusher 62 Gray marble 4.8 <0.005 0.1 0.0170 0.0817 -0.0033 -0.0157 0.0086 0.0410 0.0069 0.0330 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA187 Antamina West Access to the crusher 125 Gray marble 4 <0.005 0.06 0.0170 0.0680 -0.0033 -0.0130 0.0086 0.0342 0.0069 0.0275 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA110 Antamina West West flank anticline 266 Gray marble 20.2 <0.005 0.07 0.0170 0.3436 -0.0033 -0.0659 0.0086 0.1727 0.0069 0.1389 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA226 Antamina West 147 Gray marble 1.7 <0.005 0.13 0.0170 0.0289 -0.0033 -0.0055 0.0086 0.0145 0.0069 0.0117 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA183 Antamina West 4270 bench 71 Light gray marble 5.1 <0.005 0.48 0.0170 0.0868 -0.0033 -0.0166 0.0086 0.0436 0.0069 0.0351 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA190 Antamina West West flank anticline 247 Light gray marble 2.5 <0.005 0.05 0.0170 0.0425 -0.0033 -0.0082 0.0086 0.0214 0.0069 0.0172 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA108 Antamina West West flank anticline 265 Tan marble 30 <0.005 0.33 0.0170 0.5103 -0.0033 -0.0978 0.0086 0.2565 0.0069 0.2063 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA105 Quarry Bench T1 54.5 Marble 70 0.24 0.0170 1.1907 -0.0033 -0.2282 0.0086 0.5986 0.0069 0.4813 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA105 Fortuna East T15 0.5 Marble 14 <0.005 0.44 0.0170 0.2381 -0.0033 -0.0456 0.0086 0.1197 0.0069 0.0963 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA114 Quarry Bench T2 140 Marble 57.2 0.87 0.0170 0.9730 -0.0033 -0.1865 0.0086 0.4892 0.0069 0.3933 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA120 Quarry Bench T2 102.5 Marble 24.2 <0.005 0.14 0.0170 0.4117 -0.0033 -0.0789 0.0086 0.2069 0.0069 0.1664 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA127 Quarry Bench T2 73.5 Marble 25.2 <0.005 0.17 0.0170 0.4287 -0.0033 -0.0822 0.0086 0.2155 0.0069 0.1733 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA127B Quarry Bench T2 73.4 Marble 23.2 <0.005 0.55 0.0170 0.3946 -0.0033 -0.0756 0.0086 0.1984 0.0069 0.1595 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA134 Quarry Bench T2 50 Marble 8.2 0.008 11.3 0.0170 0.1395 -0.0033 -0.0267 0.0086 0.0701 0.0069 0.0564 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA154 Quarry Bench T2 16 Marble 12.1 <0.005 0.27 0.0170 0.2058 -0.0033 -0.0395 0.0086 0.1035 0.0069 0.0832 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA154B Quarry Bench T2 15.5 Marble 14.6 <0.005 0.2 0.0170 0.2484 -0.0033 -0.0476 0.0086 0.1249 0.0069 0.1004 0.09 0.2231 0.1 2PAG59 Peak nine Marble 44 0.56 0.0170 0.7485 -0.0033 -0.1435 0.0086 0.3763 0.0069 0.3025 0.09 0.2231 0.1401 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Sample N° Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Ag Lower value MAD Low threshold Ag Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Ag/La Threshold Med(Ag) + 2MAD (Ag) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD (Ag/La)* La Low MAD (Ag/La)* La Mean Ag/La*La Median Ag/La* La ppm ppm ppm 2PAG60 Peak nine Marble 36.3 0.18 0.0170 0.6175 -0.0033 -0.1184 0.0086 0.3104 0.0069 0.2496 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA112 Quarry Bench T1 91 Hornfels 63.4 0.12 0.0170 1.0785 -0.0033 -0.2067 0.0086 0.5422 0.0069 0.4359 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA106 Fortuna East T15 3.5 Hornfels 11.8 <0.005 0.22 0.0170 0.2007 -0.0033 -0.0385 0.0086 0.1009 0.0069 0.0811 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA115A Quarry Bench T2 86 Hornfels 49 0.72 0.0170 0.8335 -0.0033 -0.1598 0.0086 0.4190 0.0069 0.3369 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA115B Quarry Bench T2 86 Hornfels 51.5 0.33 0.0170 0.8760 -0.0033 -0.1679 0.0086 0.4404 0.0069 0.3541 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA121 Quarry Bench T2 96.3 Hornfels 50.5 0.14 0.0170 0.8590 -0.0033 -0.1647 0.0086 0.4319 0.0069 0.3472 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA122 Quarry Bench T2 95.7 Hornfels 47.9 0.05 0.0170 0.8148 -0.0033 -0.1562 0.0086 0.4096 0.0069 0.3293 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA123 Quarry Bench T2 94.3 Hornfels 49.3 0.05 0.0170 0.8386 -0.0033 -0.1607 0.0086 0.4216 0.0069 0.3389 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA124 Quarry Bench T2 93.5 Hornfels 45.2 <0.005 0.08 0.0170 0.7689 -0.0033 -0.1474 0.0086 0.3865 0.0069 0.3108 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA156 Quarry Bench T2 7.2 Hornfels 13.6 <0.005 0.21 0.0170 0.2313 -0.0033 -0.0443 0.0086 0.1163 0.0069 0.0935 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA288 Fortuna T8 8 Hornfels 23.5 0.06 0.0170 0.3997 -0.0033 -0.0766 0.0086 0.2010 0.0069 0.1616 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA290 Fortuna T8 18 Hornfels 30.5 0.14 0.0170 0.5188 -0.0033 -0.0994 0.0086 0.2608 0.0069 0.2097 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA210 Fortuna East T9 25 Hornfels 46.6 0.23 0.0170 0.7927 -0.0033 -0.1519 0.0086 0.3985 0.0069 0.3204 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA211 Fortuna East T9 33 Hornfels 35.1 0.19 0.0170 0.5971 -0.0033 -0.1144 0.0086 0.3002 0.0069 0.2413 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA212 Fortuna East T9 50 Hornfels 49 0.39 0.0170 0.8335 -0.0033 -0.1598 0.0086 0.4190 0.0069 0.3369 0.09 0.2231 0.1 2PAE233 Peak nine Hornfels 80.9 0.005 4.05 0.0170 1.3762 -0.0033 -0.2638 0.0086 0.6918 0.0069 0.5562 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA195 Ridge road 5 Hornfels 41.1 0.05 0.0170 0.6991 -0.0033 -0.1340 0.0086 0.3515 0.0069 0.2826 0.09 0.2231 0.1402 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Sample N° Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Ag Lower value MAD Low threshold Ag Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Ag/La Threshold Med(Ag) + 2MAD (Ag) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD (Ag/La)* La Low MAD (Ag/La)* La Mean Ag/La*La Median Ag/La* La ppm ppm ppm 4PAA196 Ridge road 2 Hornfels 51 0.73 0.0170 0.8675 -0.0033 -0.1663 0.0086 0.4361 0.0069 0.3506 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA201 Ridge road 0.3 Hornfels 40.6 0.04 0.0170 0.6906 -0.0033 -0.1324 0.0086 0.3472 0.0069 0.2791 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA202 Ridge road 0.9 Hornfels 26.3 0.04 0.0170 0.4474 -0.0033 -0.0858 0.0086 0.2249 0.0069 0.1808 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA203 Ridge road 0.6 Hornfels 31.9 0.08 0.0170 0.5426 -0.0033 -0.1040 0.0086 0.2728 0.0069 0.2193 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA208 Ridge road 16 Hornfels 13.2 0.46 0.0170 0.2245 -0.0033 -0.0430 0.0086 0.1129 0.0069 0.0908 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA209 Ridge road 10 Hornfels 39.2 1.42 0.0170 0.6668 -0.0033 -0.1278 0.0086 0.3352 0.0069 0.2695 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA211 Ridge road 11.5 Hornfels 48.2 3.84 0.0170 0.8199 -0.0033 -0.1572 0.0086 0.4122 0.0069 0.3314 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA212 Ridge road 13 Hornfels 46 0.29 0.0170 0.7825 -0.0033 -0.1500 0.0086 0.3934 0.0069 0.3163 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA228 Fortuna 230 Hornfels 34.5 0.31 0.0170 0.5869 -0.0033 -0.1125 0.0086 0.2950 0.0069 0.2372 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA219 Fortuna East T10 36 Gray hornfels 45.3 <0.005 0.14 0.0170 0.7706 -0.0033 -0.1477 0.0086 0.3874 0.0069 0.3114 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA177 Fortuna T5 0.5 Gray hornfels 29.2 0.021 2.25 0.0170 0.4967 -0.0033 -0.0952 0.0086 0.2497 0.0069 0.2008 0.09 0.2231 0.1 4PAA107 Fortuna East T15 8 Limestone 13.8 <0.005 0.82 0.0170 0.2347 -0.0033 -0.0450 0.0086 0.1180 0.0069 0.0949 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA116 Quarry Bench T2 139.5 Limestone 32.5 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.5528 -0.0033 -0.1060 0.0086 0.2779 0.0069 0.2234 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA117 Quarry Bench T2 127 Limestone 16.2 <0.005 0.12 0.0170 0.2756 -0.0033 -0.0528 0.0086 0.1385 0.0069 0.1114 0.09 0.2231 0.1 3PAA263 Antamina West 4148 bench 0 Skarn 16 52.8 0.0170 0.2722 -0.0033 -0.0522 0.0086 0.1368 0.0069 0.1100 0.09 0.2231 0.1 2PAE226 Antamina West 0 Skarn 11 <0.005 10.9 0.0170 0.1871 -0.0033 -0.0359 0.0086 0.0941 0.0069 0.0756 0.09 0.2231 0.1 Numbers in red are half the lower limit of detection 403 Sample N° 4PAA238 4PAA233 4PAA235 4PAA236 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA219 3PAA260 3PAA257 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + 2MAD (As) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + 2MAD (Ba) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + 2MAD (Bi) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold As As/La MAD(As/La)* La Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* La Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 5 0.7829 10.1777 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 87.1591 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1103 0.1 0.1245 0.1 15 0.7829 12.9961 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 111.2955 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1409 0.1 0.1245 0.1 5 0.7829 4.0711 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 34.8636 80 100.4525 100 0.01 0.0085 0.0441 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 1.8007 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 15.4205 80 100.4525 100 0.02 0.0085 0.0195 0.1 0.1245 0.1 21 0.7829 18.1633 10 29.5967 10 200 6.7045 155.5455 80 100.4525 100 0.11 0.0085 0.1969 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 21.1383 10 29.5967 10 70 6.7045 181.0227 80 100.4525 100 0.15 0.0085 0.2291 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 17.7718 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 152.1932 80 100.4525 100 0.13 0.0085 0.1927 0.1 0.1245 0.1 15 0.7829 11.9784 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 102.5795 80 100.4525 100 0.1 0.0085 0.1298 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 25.2094 10 29.5967 10 210 6.7045 215.8864 80 100.4525 100 0.2 0.0085 0.2733 0.1 0.1245 0.1 6 0.7829 17.2238 10 29.5967 10 170 6.7045 147.5000 80 100.4525 100 0.14 0.0085 0.1867 0.1 0.1245 0.1 5.1 0.7829 35.4653 10 29.5967 10 260 6.7045 303.7159 80 100.4525 100 0.34 0.0085 0.3845 0.1 0.1245 0.1 143 0.7829 8.7685 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 75.0909 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.0951 0.1 0.1245 0.1 10 0.7829 22.4692 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 192.4205 80 100.4525 100 0.24 0.0085 0.2436 0.1 0.1245 0.1 48 0.7829 41.1022 10 29.5967 10 180 6.7045 351.9886 80 100.4525 100 0.67 0.0085 0.4456 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 15.6580 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 134.0909 80 100.4525 100 0.11 0.0085 0.1697 0.1 0.1245 0.1 8 0.7829 12.4481 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 106.6023 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1349 0.1 0.1245 0.1 404 Sample N° 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + 2MAD (As) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + 2MAD (Ba) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + 2MAD (Bi) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold As As/La MAD(As/La)* La Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* La Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 40 0.7829 9.6297 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 82.4659 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1044 0.1 0.1245 0.1 36 0.7829 17.8501 10 29.5967 10 130 6.7045 152.8636 80 100.4525 100 0.15 0.0085 0.1935 0.1 0.1245 0.1 15 0.7829 10.4909 10 29.5967 10 70 6.7045 89.8409 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.1137 0.1 0.1245 0.1 10 0.7829 5.2454 10 29.5967 10 110 6.7045 44.9205 80 100.4525 100 0.03 0.0085 0.0569 0.1 0.1245 0.1 13 0.7829 6.9678 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 59.6705 80 100.4525 100 0.05 0.0085 0.0755 0.1 0.1245 0.1 13 0.7829 9.8645 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 84.4773 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.1069 0.1 0.1245 0.1 9 0.7829 13.4659 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 115.3182 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.1460 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 12.8395 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 109.9545 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.1392 0.1 0.1245 0.1 7 0.7829 17.3804 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 148.8409 80 100.4525 100 0.16 0.0085 0.1884 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 12.0567 10 29.5967 10 70 6.7045 103.2500 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.1307 0.1 0.1245 0.1 6 0.7829 12.5264 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 107.2727 80 100.4525 100 0.1 0.0085 0.1358 0.1 0.1245 0.1 18 0.7829 10.8040 10 29.5967 10 130 6.7045 92.5227 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1171 0.1 0.1245 0.1 8 0.7829 12.6830 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 108.6136 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1375 0.1 0.1245 0.1 64 0.7829 25.4442 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 217.8977 80 100.4525 100 0.18 0.0085 0.2758 0.1 0.1245 0.1 151 0.7829 22.8607 10 29.5967 10 210 6.7045 195.7727 80 100.4525 100 0.3 0.0085 0.2478 0.1 0.1245 0.1 7 0.7829 6.5764 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 56.3182 80 100.4525 100 0.05 0.0085 0.0713 0.1 0.1245 0.1 97 0.7829 12.8395 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 109.9545 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.1392 0.1 0.1245 0.1 9 0.7829 4.9323 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 42.2386 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0535 0.1 0.1245 0.1 6 0.7829 7.9856 10 29.5967 10 60 6.7045 68.3864 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.0866 0.1 0.1245 0.1 405 Sample N° 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA332 4PAA194 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA181 4PAA182 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + 2MAD (As) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + 2MAD (Ba) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + 2MAD (Bi) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold As As/La MAD(As/La)* La Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* La Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 5 0.7829 4.6974 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 40.2273 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0509 0.1 0.1245 0.1 13 0.7829 15.0317 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 128.7273 80 100.4525 100 0.1 0.0085 0.1629 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 7.6724 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 65.7045 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.0832 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 7.4375 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 63.6932 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.0806 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 4.5408 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 38.8864 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0492 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 3.2099 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 27.4886 80 100.4525 100 0.94 0.0085 0.0348 0.1 0.1245 0.1 7 0.7829 3.1316 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 26.8182 80 100.4525 100 0.48 0.0085 0.0339 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 3.0533 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 26.1477 80 100.4525 100 1.14 0.0085 0.0331 0.1 0.1245 0.1 50 0.7829 9.5514 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 81.7955 80 100.4525 100 8.71 0.0085 0.1035 0.1 0.1245 0.1 5 0.7829 6.9678 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 59.6705 80 100.4525 100 9.4 0.0085 0.0755 0.1 0.1245 0.1 8 0.7829 2.7401 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 23.4659 80 100.4525 100 8.47 0.0085 0.0297 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 3.0533 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 26.1477 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0331 0.1 0.1245 0.1 14 0.7829 3.6013 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 30.8409 80 100.4525 100 3.13 0.0085 0.0390 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 5.1671 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 44.2500 80 100.4525 100 0.05 0.0085 0.0560 0.1 0.1245 0.1 7 0.7829 2.7401 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 23.4659 80 100.4525 100 0.25 0.0085 0.0297 0.1 0.1245 0.1 12 0.7829 3.2099 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 27.4886 80 100.4525 100 0.8 0.0085 0.0348 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 4.1494 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 35.5341 80 100.4525 100 0.32 0.0085 0.0450 0.1 0.1245 0.1 6 0.7829 3.0533 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 26.1477 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.0331 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 3.7579 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 32.1818 80 100.4525 100 0.84 0.0085 0.0407 0.1 0.1245 0.1406 Sample N° 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA187 4PAA110 4PAA226 4PAA183 4PAA190 4PAA108 3PAA105 4PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA127 3PAA127B 3PAA134 3PAA154 3PAA154B 2PAG59 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + 2MAD (As) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + 2MAD (Ba) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + 2MAD (Bi) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold As As/La MAD(As/La)* La Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* La Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 9 0.7829 8.6902 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 74.4205 80 100.4525 100 0.45 0.0085 0.0942 0.1 0.1245 0.1 7 0.7829 3.7579 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 32.1818 80 100.4525 100 0.4 0.0085 0.0407 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 3.1316 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 26.8182 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.0339 0.1 0.1245 0.1 15 0.7829 15.8146 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 135.4318 80 100.4525 100 0.44 0.0085 0.1714 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 1.3309 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 11.3977 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0144 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 3.9928 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 34.1932 80 100.4525 100 0.3 0.0085 0.0433 0.1 0.1245 0.1 9 0.7829 1.9572 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 16.7614 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.0212 0.1 0.1245 0.1 2.5 0.7829 23.4870 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 201.1364 80 100.4525 100 1.81 0.0085 0.2546 0.1 0.1245 0.1 29 0.7829 54.8030 10 29.5967 10 220 6.7045 469.3182 80 100.4525 100 0.59 0.0085 0.5941 0.1 0.1245 0.1 26 0.7829 10.9606 10 29.5967 10 140 6.7045 93.8636 80 100.4525 100 0.74 0.0085 0.1188 0.1 0.1245 0.1 128 0.7829 44.7818 10 29.5967 10 330 6.7045 383.5000 80 100.4525 100 1.11 0.0085 0.4854 0.1 0.1245 0.1 25 0.7829 18.9462 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 162.2500 80 100.4525 100 0.1 0.0085 0.2054 0.1 0.1245 0.1 30 0.7829 19.7291 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 168.9545 80 100.4525 100 0.65 0.0085 0.2139 0.1 0.1245 0.1 11 0.7829 18.1633 10 29.5967 10 150 6.7045 155.5455 80 100.4525 100 1.91 0.0085 0.1969 0.1 0.1245 0.1 9 0.7829 6.4198 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 54.9773 80 100.4525 100 30.5 0.0085 0.0696 0.1 0.1245 0.1 10 0.7829 9.4731 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 81.1250 80 100.4525 100 1.91 0.0085 0.1027 0.1 0.1245 0.1 5 0.7829 11.4303 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 97.8864 80 100.4525 100 1.25 0.0085 0.1239 0.1 0.1245 0.1 48 0.7829 34.4476 10 29.5967 10 370 6.7045 295.0000 80 100.4525 100 0.17 0.0085 0.3734 0.1 0.1245 0.1407 Sample N° 2PAG60 3PAA112 4PAA106 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA121 3PAA122 3PAA123 3PAA124 3PAA156 3PAA288 3PAA290 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE233 4PAA195 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + 2MAD (As) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + 2MAD (Ba) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + 2MAD (Bi) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold As As/La MAD(As/La)* La Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* La Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 20 0.7829 28.4192 10 29.5967 10 180 6.7045 243.3750 80 100.4525 100 0.19 0.0085 0.3081 0.1 0.1245 0.1 18 0.7829 49.6358 10 29.5967 10 230 6.7045 425.0682 80 100.4525 100 0.34 0.0085 0.5381 0.1 0.1245 0.1 8 0.7829 9.2382 10 29.5967 10 190 6.7045 79.1136 80 100.4525 100 0.11 0.0085 0.1001 0.1 0.1245 0.1 23 0.7829 38.3621 10 29.5967 10 310 6.7045 328.5227 80 100.4525 100 0.43 0.0085 0.4159 0.1 0.1245 0.1 21.5 0.7829 40.3193 10 29.5967 10 700 6.7045 345.2841 80 100.4525 100 0.49 0.0085 0.4371 0.1 0.1245 0.1 243 0.7829 39.5364 10 29.5967 10 250 6.7045 338.5795 80 100.4525 100 0.56 0.0085 0.4286 0.1 0.1245 0.1 32 0.7829 37.5009 10 29.5967 10 300 6.7045 321.1477 80 100.4525 100 0.41 0.0085 0.4065 0.1 0.1245 0.1 17 0.7829 38.5969 10 29.5967 10 220 6.7045 330.5341 80 100.4525 100 0.85 0.0085 0.4184 0.1 0.1245 0.1 15 0.7829 35.3871 10 29.5967 10 260 6.7045 303.0455 80 100.4525 100 1.07 0.0085 0.3836 0.1 0.1245 0.1 14 0.7829 10.6474 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 91.1818 80 100.4525 100 0.4 0.0085 0.1154 0.1 0.1245 0.1 44 0.7829 18.3981 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 157.5568 80 100.4525 100 0.24 0.0085 0.1994 0.1 0.1245 0.1 28 0.7829 23.8784 10 29.5967 10 260 6.7045 204.4886 80 100.4525 100 0.3 0.0085 0.2588 0.1 0.1245 0.1 8 0.7829 36.4831 10 29.5967 10 230 6.7045 312.4318 80 100.4525 100 0.13 0.0085 0.3955 0.1 0.1245 0.1 97 0.7829 27.4798 10 29.5967 10 140 6.7045 235.3295 80 100.4525 100 0.22 0.0085 0.2979 0.1 0.1245 0.1 45 0.7829 38.3621 10 29.5967 10 220 6.7045 328.5227 80 100.4525 100 0.5 0.0085 0.4159 0.1 0.1245 0.1 40 0.7829 63.3366 10 29.5967 10 850 6.7045 542.3977 80 100.4525 100 0.43 0.0085 0.6866 0.1 0.1245 0.1 126 0.7829 32.1772 10 29.5967 10 150 6.7045 275.5568 80 100.4525 100 0.36 0.0085 0.3488 0.1 0.1245 0.1408 Sample N° 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA203 4PAA208 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA228 3PAA219 3PAA177 4PAA107 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA263 2PAE226 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + 2MAD (As) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + 2MAD (Ba) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + 2MAD (Bi) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold As As/La MAD(As/La)* La Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* La Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 24 0.7829 39.9279 10 29.5967 10 780 6.7045 341.9318 80 100.4525 100 4.96 0.0085 0.4328 0.1 0.1245 0.1 20 0.7829 31.7857 10 29.5967 10 290 6.7045 272.2045 80 100.4525 100 0.5 0.0085 0.3446 0.1 0.1245 0.1 32 0.7829 20.5903 10 29.5967 10 280 6.7045 176.3295 80 100.4525 100 0.29 0.0085 0.2232 0.1 0.1245 0.1 20 0.7829 24.9745 10 29.5967 10 230 6.7045 213.8750 80 100.4525 100 0.61 0.0085 0.2707 0.1 0.1245 0.1 18.6 0.7829 10.3343 10 29.5967 10 500 6.7045 88.5000 80 100.4525 100 0.67 0.0085 0.1120 0.1 0.1245 0.1 39 0.7829 30.6897 10 29.5967 10 280 6.7045 262.8182 80 100.4525 100 5.19 0.0085 0.3327 0.1 0.1245 0.1 12 0.7829 37.7357 10 29.5967 10 470 6.7045 323.1591 80 100.4525 100 7.38 0.0085 0.4091 0.1 0.1245 0.1 132 0.7829 36.0134 10 29.5967 10 140 6.7045 308.4091 80 100.4525 100 0.97 0.0085 0.3904 0.1 0.1245 0.1 38 0.7829 27.0100 10 29.5967 10 280 6.7045 231.3068 80 100.4525 100 0.29 0.0085 0.2928 0.1 0.1245 0.1 5.1 0.7829 35.4653 10 29.5967 10 260 6.7045 303.7159 80 100.4525 100 0.34 0.0085 0.3845 0.1 0.1245 0.1 151 0.7829 22.8607 10 29.5967 10 210 6.7045 195.7727 80 100.4525 100 0.3 0.0085 0.2478 0.1 0.1245 0.1 18 0.7829 10.8040 10 29.5967 10 130 6.7045 92.5227 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1171 0.1 0.1245 0.1 64 0.7829 25.4442 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 217.8977 80 100.4525 100 0.18 0.0085 0.2758 0.1 0.1245 0.1 8 0.7829 12.6830 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 108.6136 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1375 0.1 0.1245 0.1 111 0.7829 12.5264 10 29.5967 10 5 6.7045 107.2727 80 100.4525 100 297 0.0085 0.1358 0.1 0.1245 0.1 49 0.7829 8.6119 10 29.5967 10 1.9 6.7045 73.7500 80 100.4525 100 17.7 0.0085 0.0934 0.1 0.1245 0.1 409 Sample N° 4PAA238 4PAA233 4PAA235 4PAA236 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA219 3PAA260 3PAA257 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + 2MAD (Cd) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Cu Lower value MAD Low threshold Cu Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Cu/La Threshold Med(Cu) + 2MAD (Cu) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* La Cu Cu/La High MAD (Cu/La)* La Low MAD (Cu/La)* La Mean Cu/La*La Median Cu/La*La ppm ppm 0.67 0.0609 0.7922 0.92 1.7086 1 10 0.8939 11.6205 0.3953 5.1386 0.6600 8.5797 0.6446 8.3795 13.2 12.8434 10 0.54 0.0609 1.0115 0.92 1.7086 1 10.7 0.8939 14.8385 0.3953 6.5615 0.6600 10.9556 0.6446 10.7000 13.2 12.8434 10 1.25 0.0609 0.3169 0.92 1.7086 1 2.5 0.8939 4.6482 0.3953 2.0554 0.6600 3.4319 0.6446 3.3518 13.2 12.8434 10 0.02 0.0609 0.1402 0.92 1.7086 1 2.6 0.8939 2.0559 0.3953 0.9091 0.6600 1.5179 0.6446 1.4825 13.2 12.8434 10 0.13 0.0609 1.4137 0.92 1.7086 1 9.9 0.8939 20.7381 0.3953 9.1703 0.6600 15.3114 0.6446 14.9542 13.2 12.8434 10 0.5 0.0609 1.6452 0.92 1.7086 1 9.7 0.8939 24.1348 0.3953 10.6724 0.6600 17.8194 0.6446 17.4036 13.2 12.8434 10 0.32 0.0609 1.3832 0.92 1.7086 1 10.2 0.8939 20.2911 0.3953 8.9727 0.6600 14.9815 0.6446 14.6319 13.2 12.8434 10 0.49 0.0609 0.9323 0.92 1.7086 1 11.3 0.8939 13.6764 0.3953 6.0477 0.6600 10.0976 0.6446 9.8620 13.2 12.8434 10 0.2 0.0609 1.9621 0.92 1.7086 1 12.2 0.8939 28.7830 0.3953 12.7278 0.6600 21.2512 0.6446 20.7554 13.2 12.8434 10 0.21 0.0609 1.3406 0.92 1.7086 1 8.7 0.8939 19.6654 0.3953 8.6960 0.6600 14.5195 0.6446 14.1807 13.2 12.8434 10 0.16 0.0609 2.7604 0.92 1.7086 1 10.9 0.8939 40.4929 0.3953 17.9059 0.6600 29.8969 0.6446 29.1994 13.2 12.8434 10 0.58 0.0609 0.6825 0.92 1.7086 1 10.6 0.8939 10.0115 0.3953 4.4271 0.6600 7.3917 0.6446 7.2193 13.2 12.8434 10 0.05 0.0609 1.7488 0.92 1.7086 1 9.8 0.8939 25.6544 0.3953 11.3443 0.6600 18.9413 0.6446 18.4994 13.2 12.8434 10 0.22 0.0609 3.1991 0.92 1.7086 1 31.5 0.8939 46.9289 0.3953 20.7519 0.6600 34.6487 0.6446 33.8404 13.2 12.8434 10 0.37 0.0609 1.2187 0.92 1.7086 1 9.1 0.8939 17.8777 0.3953 7.9055 0.6600 13.1995 0.6446 12.8916 13.2 12.8434 10 0.38 0.0609 0.9689 0.92 1.7086 1 6.1 0.8939 14.2127 0.3953 6.2848 0.6600 10.4936 0.6446 10.2488 13.2 12.8434 10 410 Sample N° 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + 2MAD (Cd) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Cu Lower value MAD Low threshold Cu Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Cu/La Threshold Med(Cu) + 2MAD (Cu) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* La Cu Cu/La High MAD (Cu/La)* La Low MAD (Cu/La)* La Mean Cu/La*La Median Cu/La*La ppm ppm 0.59 0.0609 0.7495 0.92 1.7086 1 10.4 0.8939 10.9948 0.3953 4.8619 0.6600 8.1177 0.6446 7.9283 13.2 12.8434 10 0.33 0.0609 1.3893 0.92 1.7086 1 9.4 0.8939 20.3805 0.3953 9.0122 0.6600 15.0475 0.6446 14.6964 13.2 12.8434 10 0.63 0.0609 0.8165 0.92 1.7086 1 10.1 0.8939 11.9780 0.3953 5.2967 0.6600 8.8437 0.6446 8.6373 13.2 12.8434 10 0.37 0.0609 0.4083 0.92 1.7086 1 7 0.8939 5.9890 0.3953 2.6483 0.6600 4.4218 0.6446 4.3187 13.2 12.8434 10 0.2 0.0609 0.5423 0.92 1.7086 1 4.9 0.8939 7.9556 0.3953 3.5179 0.6600 5.8738 0.6446 5.7367 13.2 12.8434 10 0.88 0.0609 0.7678 0.92 1.7086 1 10.4 0.8939 11.2629 0.3953 4.9804 0.6600 8.3157 0.6446 8.1217 13.2 12.8434 10 0.36 0.0609 1.0481 0.92 1.7086 1 8.7 0.8939 15.3748 0.3953 6.7987 0.6600 11.3516 0.6446 11.0867 13.2 12.8434 10 0.49 0.0609 0.9993 0.92 1.7086 1 7.1 0.8939 14.6597 0.3953 6.4825 0.6600 10.8236 0.6446 10.5711 13.2 12.8434 10 0.95 0.0609 1.3528 0.92 1.7086 1 13.1 0.8939 19.8442 0.3953 8.7751 0.6600 14.6515 0.6446 14.3096 13.2 12.8434 10 0.49 0.0609 0.9384 0.92 1.7086 1 7 0.8939 13.7658 0.3953 6.0872 0.6600 10.1636 0.6446 9.9265 13.2 12.8434 10 0.56 0.0609 0.9750 0.92 1.7086 1 10 0.8939 14.3021 0.3953 6.3244 0.6600 10.5596 0.6446 10.3133 13.2 12.8434 10 0.7 0.0609 0.8409 0.92 1.7086 1 9.9 0.8939 12.3356 0.3953 5.4548 0.6600 9.1077 0.6446 8.8952 13.2 12.8434 10 0.06 0.0609 0.9871 0.92 1.7086 1 12.8 0.8939 14.4809 0.3953 6.4034 0.6600 10.6916 0.6446 10.4422 13.2 12.8434 10 0.04 0.0609 1.9804 0.92 1.7086 1 15.3 0.8939 29.0512 0.3953 12.8464 0.6600 21.4492 0.6446 20.9488 13.2 12.8434 10 1.47 0.0609 1.7793 0.92 1.7086 1 34.6 0.8939 26.1014 0.3953 11.5420 0.6600 19.2713 0.6446 18.8217 13.2 12.8434 10 0.14 0.0609 0.5119 0.92 1.7086 1 6.6 0.8939 7.5086 0.3953 3.3203 0.6600 5.5438 0.6446 5.4145 13.2 12.8434 10 1.44 0.0609 0.9993 0.92 1.7086 1 9 0.8939 14.6597 0.3953 6.4825 0.6600 10.8236 0.6446 10.5711 13.2 12.8434 10 0.21 0.0609 0.3839 0.92 1.7086 1 7.1 0.8939 5.6315 0.3953 2.4902 0.6600 4.1578 0.6446 4.0608 13.2 12.8434 10 0.38 0.0609 0.6215 0.92 1.7086 1 7 0.8939 9.1176 0.3953 4.0318 0.6600 6.7318 0.6446 6.5747 13.2 12.8434 10 411 Sample N° 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA332 4PAA194 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA181 4PAA182 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + 2MAD (Cd) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Cu Lower value MAD Low threshold Cu Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Cu/La Threshold Med(Cu) + 2MAD (Cu) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* La Cu Cu/La High MAD (Cu/La)* La Low MAD (Cu/La)* La Mean Cu/La*La Median Cu/La*La ppm ppm 0.36 0.0609 0.3656 0.92 1.7086 1 5.1 0.8939 5.3633 0.3953 2.3716 0.6600 3.9599 0.6446 3.8675 13.2 12.8434 10 0.14 0.0609 1.1700 0.92 1.7086 1 8.5 0.8939 17.1626 0.3953 7.5892 0.6600 12.6715 0.6446 12.3759 13.2 12.8434 10 1.89 0.0609 0.5972 0.92 1.7086 1 6.8 0.8939 8.7601 0.3953 3.8737 0.6600 6.4678 0.6446 6.3169 13.2 12.8434 10 1.08 0.0609 0.5789 0.92 1.7086 1 6.3 0.8939 8.4919 0.3953 3.7551 0.6600 6.2698 0.6446 6.1235 13.2 12.8434 10 0.14 0.0609 0.3534 0.92 1.7086 1 3.3 0.8939 5.1845 0.3953 2.2926 0.6600 3.8279 0.6446 3.7386 13.2 12.8434 10 0.5 0.0609 0.2498 0.92 1.7086 1 35.7 0.8939 3.6649 0.3953 1.6206 0.6600 2.7059 0.6446 2.6428 13.2 12.8434 10 0.31 0.0609 0.2437 0.92 1.7086 1 23 0.8939 3.5755 0.3953 1.5811 0.6600 2.6399 0.6446 2.5783 13.2 12.8434 10 0.48 0.0609 0.2376 0.92 1.7086 1 46.2 0.8939 3.4861 0.3953 1.5416 0.6600 2.5739 0.6446 2.5139 13.2 12.8434 10 0.79 0.0609 0.7434 0.92 1.7086 1 183.5 0.8939 10.9054 0.3953 4.8223 0.6600 8.0517 0.6446 7.8639 13.2 12.8434 10 1.6 0.0609 0.5423 0.92 1.7086 1 75.5 0.8939 7.9556 0.3953 3.5179 0.6600 5.8738 0.6446 5.7367 13.2 12.8434 10 1.53 0.0609 0.2133 0.92 1.7086 1 202 0.8939 3.1286 0.3953 1.3835 0.6600 2.3099 0.6446 2.2560 13.2 12.8434 10 0.02 0.0609 0.2376 0.92 1.7086 1 6.9 0.8939 3.4861 0.3953 1.5416 0.6600 2.5739 0.6446 2.5139 13.2 12.8434 10 0.12 0.0609 0.2803 0.92 1.7086 1 61.7 0.8939 4.1119 0.3953 1.8183 0.6600 3.0359 0.6446 2.9651 13.2 12.8434 10 0.1 0.0609 0.4022 0.92 1.7086 1 8.1 0.8939 5.8996 0.3953 2.6088 0.6600 4.3558 0.6446 4.2542 13.2 12.8434 10 0.37 0.0609 0.2133 0.92 1.7086 1 39.7 0.8939 3.1286 0.3953 1.3835 0.6600 2.3099 0.6446 2.2560 13.2 12.8434 10 0.53 0.0609 0.2498 0.92 1.7086 1 81.2 0.8939 3.6649 0.3953 1.6206 0.6600 2.7059 0.6446 2.6428 13.2 12.8434 10 0.14 0.0609 0.3230 0.92 1.7086 1 10.6 0.8939 4.7376 0.3953 2.0949 0.6600 3.4979 0.6446 3.4163 13.2 12.8434 10 0.29 0.0609 0.2376 0.92 1.7086 1 6.6 0.8939 3.4861 0.3953 1.5416 0.6600 2.5739 0.6446 2.5139 13.2 12.8434 10 0.71 0.0609 0.2925 0.92 1.7086 1 7.8 0.8939 4.2906 0.3953 1.8973 0.6600 3.1679 0.6446 3.0940 13.2 12.8434 10412 Sample N° 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA187 4PAA110 4PAA226 4PAA183 4PAA190 4PAA108 3PAA105 4PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA127 3PAA127B 3PAA134 3PAA154 3PAA154B 2PAG59 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + 2MAD (Cd) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Cu Lower value MAD Low threshold Cu Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Cu/La Threshold Med(Cu) + 2MAD (Cu) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* La Cu Cu/La High MAD (Cu/La)* La Low MAD (Cu/La)* La Mean Cu/La*La Median Cu/La*La ppm ppm 0.13 0.0609 0.6764 0.92 1.7086 1 53.7 0.8939 9.9221 0.3953 4.3875 0.6600 7.3257 0.6446 7.1548 13.2 12.8434 10 0.09 0.0609 0.2925 0.92 1.7086 1 8.8 0.8939 4.2906 0.3953 1.8973 0.6600 3.1679 0.6446 3.0940 13.2 12.8434 10 0.05 0.0609 0.2437 0.92 1.7086 1 10.5 0.8939 3.5755 0.3953 1.5811 0.6600 2.6399 0.6446 2.5783 13.2 12.8434 10 0.04 0.0609 1.2309 0.92 1.7086 1 11.7 0.8939 18.0564 0.3953 7.9845 0.6600 13.3315 0.6446 13.0205 13.2 12.8434 10 0.18 0.0609 0.1036 0.92 1.7086 1 8.4 0.8939 1.5196 0.3953 0.6720 0.6600 1.1220 0.6446 1.0958 13.2 12.8434 10 0.38 0.0609 0.3108 0.92 1.7086 1 185 0.8939 4.5588 0.3953 2.0159 0.6600 3.3659 0.6446 3.2873 13.2 12.8434 10 0.09 0.0609 0.1523 0.92 1.7086 1 7.2 0.8939 2.2347 0.3953 0.9882 0.6600 1.6499 0.6446 1.6114 13.2 12.8434 10 0.51 0.0609 1.8280 0.92 1.7086 1 21.8 0.8939 26.8165 0.3953 11.8582 0.6600 19.7993 0.6446 19.3373 13.2 12.8434 10 0.01 0.0609 4.2654 0.92 1.7086 1 21.6 0.8939 62.5718 0.3953 27.6691 0.6600 46.1983 0.6446 45.1205 13.2 12.8434 10 1.19 0.0609 0.8531 0.92 1.7086 1 31.8 0.8939 12.5144 0.3953 5.5338 0.6600 9.2397 0.6446 9.0241 13.2 12.8434 10 1.38 0.0609 3.4855 0.92 1.7086 1 181 0.8939 51.1301 0.3953 22.6096 0.6600 37.7506 0.6446 36.8699 13.2 12.8434 10 0.05 0.0609 1.4746 0.92 1.7086 1 9.1 0.8939 21.6320 0.3953 9.5656 0.6600 15.9714 0.6446 15.5988 13.2 12.8434 10 0.08 0.0609 1.5356 0.92 1.7086 1 27.8 0.8939 22.5259 0.3953 9.9609 0.6600 16.6314 0.6446 16.2434 13.2 12.8434 10 0.05 0.0609 1.4137 0.92 1.7086 1 68.8 0.8939 20.7381 0.3953 9.1703 0.6600 15.3114 0.6446 14.9542 13.2 12.8434 10 1.36 0.0609 0.4997 0.92 1.7086 1 222 0.8939 7.3298 0.3953 3.2412 0.6600 5.4118 0.6446 5.2855 13.2 12.8434 10 0.04 0.0609 0.7373 0.92 1.7086 1 193.5 0.8939 10.8160 0.3953 4.7828 0.6600 7.9857 0.6446 7.7994 13.2 12.8434 10 0.07 0.0609 0.8897 0.92 1.7086 1 11.2 0.8939 13.0507 0.3953 5.7710 0.6600 9.6356 0.6446 9.4108 13.2 12.8434 10 0.4 0.0609 2.6811 0.92 1.7086 1 59 0.8939 39.3309 0.3953 17.3920 0.6600 29.0389 0.6446 28.3614 13.2 12.8434 10413 Sample N° 2PAG60 3PAA112 4PAA106 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA121 3PAA122 3PAA123 3PAA124 3PAA156 3PAA288 3PAA290 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE233 4PAA195 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + 2MAD (Cd) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Cu Lower value MAD Low threshold Cu Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Cu/La Threshold Med(Cu) + 2MAD (Cu) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* La Cu Cu/La High MAD (Cu/La)* La Low MAD (Cu/La)* La Mean Cu/La*La Median Cu/La*La ppm ppm 0.02 0.0609 2.2119 0.92 1.7086 1 12.8 0.8939 32.4480 0.3953 14.3484 0.6600 23.9571 0.6446 23.3982 13.2 12.8434 10 0.01 0.0609 3.8633 0.92 1.7086 1 18.3 0.8939 56.6722 0.3953 25.0603 0.6600 41.8425 0.6446 40.8663 13.2 12.8434 10 0.41 0.0609 0.7190 0.92 1.7086 1 10.8 0.8939 10.5478 0.3953 4.6642 0.6600 7.7877 0.6446 7.6060 13.2 12.8434 10 1.09 0.0609 2.9858 0.92 1.7086 1 237 0.8939 43.8003 0.3953 19.3684 0.6600 32.3388 0.6446 31.5843 13.2 12.8434 10 0.13 0.0609 3.1382 0.92 1.7086 1 13.8 0.8939 46.0350 0.3953 20.3566 0.6600 33.9888 0.6446 33.1958 13.2 12.8434 10 0.01 0.0609 3.0772 0.92 1.7086 1 23.4 0.8939 45.1411 0.3953 19.9613 0.6600 33.3288 0.6446 32.5512 13.2 12.8434 10 0.02 0.0609 2.9188 0.92 1.7086 1 4.8 0.8939 42.8170 0.3953 18.9336 0.6600 31.6128 0.6446 30.8753 13.2 12.8434 10 0.02 0.0609 3.0041 0.92 1.7086 1 8.4 0.8939 44.0684 0.3953 19.4870 0.6600 32.5368 0.6446 31.7777 13.2 12.8434 10 0.03 0.0609 2.7543 0.92 1.7086 1 19.3 0.8939 40.4035 0.3953 17.8664 0.6600 29.8309 0.6446 29.1349 13.2 12.8434 10 0.17 0.0609 0.8287 0.92 1.7086 1 49 0.8939 12.1568 0.3953 5.3757 0.6600 8.9757 0.6446 8.7663 13.2 12.8434 10 0.49 0.0609 1.4320 0.92 1.7086 1 13.2 0.8939 21.0063 0.3953 9.2889 0.6600 15.5094 0.6446 15.1476 13.2 12.8434 10 0.13 0.0609 1.8585 0.92 1.7086 1 8.2 0.8939 27.2634 0.3953 12.0558 0.6600 20.1293 0.6446 19.6596 13.2 12.8434 10 0.03 0.0609 2.8396 0.92 1.7086 1 12.8 0.8939 41.6550 0.3953 18.4197 0.6600 30.7549 0.6446 30.0373 13.2 12.8434 10 0.22 0.0609 2.1388 0.92 1.7086 1 12.2 0.8939 31.3753 0.3953 13.8741 0.6600 23.1652 0.6446 22.6247 13.2 12.8434 10 1.15 0.0609 2.9858 0.92 1.7086 1 11.1 0.8939 43.8003 0.3953 19.3684 0.6600 32.3388 0.6446 31.5843 13.2 12.8434 10 0.94 0.0609 4.9296 0.92 1.7086 1 904 0.8939 72.3152 0.3953 31.9776 0.6600 53.3921 0.6446 52.1464 13.2 12.8434 10 0.01 0.0609 2.5044 0.92 1.7086 1 16.3 0.8939 36.7386 0.3953 16.2457 0.6600 27.1250 0.6446 26.4922 13.2 12.8434 10414 Sample N° 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA203 4PAA208 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA228 3PAA219 3PAA177 4PAA107 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA263 2PAE226 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + 2MAD (Cd) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 Higher value MAD High Threshold Cu Lower value MAD Low threshold Cu Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Cu/La Threshold Med(Cu) + 2MAD (Cu) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* La Cu Cu/La High MAD (Cu/La)* La Low MAD (Cu/La)* La Mean Cu/La*La Median Cu/La*La ppm ppm 0.16 0.0609 3.1077 0.92 1.7086 1 133 0.8939 45.5880 0.3953 20.1589 0.6600 33.6588 0.6446 32.8735 13.2 12.8434 10 0.01 0.0609 2.4740 0.92 1.7086 1 14.4 0.8939 36.2917 0.3953 16.0481 0.6600 26.7950 0.6446 26.1699 13.2 12.8434 10 0.01 0.0609 1.6026 0.92 1.7086 1 18 0.8939 23.5091 0.3953 10.3957 0.6600 17.3574 0.6446 16.9524 13.2 12.8434 10 0.01 0.0609 1.9438 0.92 1.7086 1 40.3 0.8939 28.5149 0.3953 12.6092 0.6600 21.0532 0.6446 20.5620 13.2 12.8434 10 0.94 0.0609 0.8043 0.92 1.7086 1 34.7 0.8939 11.7993 0.3953 5.2176 0.6600 8.7117 0.6446 8.5084 13.2 12.8434 10 0.19 0.0609 2.3887 0.92 1.7086 1 15.6 0.8939 35.0402 0.3953 15.4947 0.6600 25.8711 0.6446 25.2675 13.2 12.8434 10 6.47 0.0609 2.9371 0.92 1.7086 1 223 0.8939 43.0852 0.3953 19.0522 0.6600 31.8108 0.6446 31.0687 13.2 12.8434 10 0.11 0.0609 2.8030 0.92 1.7086 1 32.1 0.8939 41.1186 0.3953 18.1826 0.6600 30.3589 0.6446 29.6506 13.2 12.8434 10 0.16 0.0609 2.1023 0.92 1.7086 1 25.2 0.8939 30.8390 0.3953 13.6369 0.6600 22.7692 0.6446 22.2380 13.2 12.8434 10 0.16 0.0609 2.7604 0.92 1.7086 1 10.9 0.8939 40.4929 0.3953 17.9059 0.6600 29.8969 0.6446 29.1994 13.2 12.8434 10 1.47 0.0609 1.7793 0.92 1.7086 1 34.6 0.8939 26.1014 0.3953 11.5420 0.6600 19.2713 0.6446 18.8217 13.2 12.8434 10 0.7 0.0609 0.8409 0.92 1.7086 1 9.9 0.8939 12.3356 0.3953 5.4548 0.6600 9.1077 0.6446 8.8952 13.2 12.8434 10 0.04 0.0609 1.9804 0.92 1.7086 1 15.3 0.8939 29.0512 0.3953 12.8464 0.6600 21.4492 0.6446 20.9488 13.2 12.8434 10 0.06 0.0609 0.9871 0.92 1.7086 1 12.8 0.8939 14.4809 0.3953 6.4034 0.6600 10.6916 0.6446 10.4422 13.2 12.8434 10 75.4 0.0609 0.9750 0.92 1.7086 1 49400 0.8939 14.3021 0.3953 6.3244 0.6600 10.5596 0.6446 10.3133 13.2 12.8434 10 160 0.0609 0.6703 0.92 1.7086 1 5920 0.8939 9.8327 0.3953 4.3480 0.6600 7.2597 0.6446 7.0904 13.2 12.8434 10 415 Sample N° 4PAA238 4PAA233 4PAA235 4PAA236 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA219 3PAA260 3PAA257 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + 2MAD (Hg) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + 2MAD (In) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + 2MAD (Mn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* La In In/La MAD(In/La)* La Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.01 0.0023 0.0293 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.025 0.0021 0.0274 0.031 0.0362 0.03 278 38.9711 506.6246 393 471.6790 800 0.03 0.0023 0.0374 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.021 0.0021 0.0351 0.031 0.0362 0.03 249 38.9711 646.9207 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0117 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.0025 0.0021 0.0110 0.031 0.0362 0.03 154 38.9711 202.6498 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0052 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.0025 0.0021 0.0049 0.031 0.0362 0.03 172 38.9711 89.6336 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0523 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.025 0.0021 0.0490 0.031 0.0362 0.03 443 38.9711 904.1301 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0609 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0570 0.031 0.0362 0.03 380 38.9711 1052.2204 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0512 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.038 0.0021 0.0479 0.031 0.0362 0.03 309 38.9711 884.6445 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0345 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.028 0.0021 0.0323 0.031 0.0362 0.03 289 38.9711 596.2582 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0726 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.038 0.0021 0.0680 0.031 0.0362 0.03 446 38.9711 1254.8702 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0496 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.035 0.0021 0.0465 0.031 0.0362 0.03 457 38.9711 857.3647 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1022 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.051 0.0021 0.0956 0.031 0.0362 0.03 307 38.9711 1765.3919 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0253 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.024 0.0021 0.0236 0.031 0.0362 0.03 306 38.9711 436.4766 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0647 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.038 0.0021 0.0606 0.031 0.0362 0.03 380 38.9711 1118.4713 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.1184 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.071 0.0021 0.1109 0.031 0.0362 0.03 381 38.9711 2045.9840 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0451 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.032 0.0021 0.0422 0.031 0.0362 0.03 390 38.9711 779.4225 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0359 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.028 0.0021 0.0336 0.031 0.0362 0.03 363 38.9711 619.6409 393 471.6790 800 416 Sample N° 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + 2MAD (Hg) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + 2MAD (In) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + 2MAD (Mn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* La In In/La MAD(In/La)* La Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.005 0.0023 0.0277 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0260 0.031 0.0362 0.03 335 38.9711 479.3448 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0514 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.038 0.0021 0.0481 0.031 0.0362 0.03 719 38.9711 888.5416 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0302 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.029 0.0021 0.0283 0.031 0.0362 0.03 365 38.9711 522.2131 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0151 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.015 0.0021 0.0141 0.031 0.0362 0.03 378 38.9711 261.1065 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0201 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.018 0.0021 0.0188 0.031 0.0362 0.03 427 38.9711 346.8430 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0284 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.029 0.0021 0.0266 0.031 0.0362 0.03 371 38.9711 491.0362 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0388 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.027 0.0021 0.0363 0.031 0.0362 0.03 313 38.9711 670.3033 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0370 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.027 0.0021 0.0346 0.031 0.0362 0.03 352 38.9711 639.1264 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0501 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0469 0.031 0.0362 0.03 497 38.9711 865.1590 393 471.6790 800 0.03 0.0023 0.0347 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.025 0.0021 0.0325 0.031 0.0362 0.03 297 38.9711 600.1553 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0361 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0338 0.031 0.0362 0.03 313 38.9711 623.5380 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0311 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.0291 0.031 0.0362 0.03 529 38.9711 537.8015 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0365 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.01 0.0021 0.0342 0.031 0.0362 0.03 391 38.9711 631.3322 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0733 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0686 0.031 0.0362 0.03 427 38.9711 1266.5615 393 471.6790 800 0.02 0.0023 0.0659 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.073 0.0021 0.0617 0.031 0.0362 0.03 2960 38.9711 1137.9568 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0189 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.015 0.0021 0.0177 0.031 0.0362 0.03 286 38.9711 327.3574 393 471.6790 800 0.06 0.0023 0.0370 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.048 0.0021 0.0346 0.031 0.0362 0.03 2240 38.9711 639.1264 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0142 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.011 0.0021 0.0133 0.031 0.0362 0.03 309 38.9711 245.5181 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0230 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.024 0.0021 0.0215 0.031 0.0362 0.03 265 38.9711 397.5055 393 471.6790 800 417 Sample N° 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA332 4PAA194 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA181 4PAA182 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + 2MAD (Hg) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + 2MAD (In) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + 2MAD (Mn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* La In In/La MAD(In/La)* La Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.005 0.0023 0.0135 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.012 0.0021 0.0127 0.031 0.0362 0.03 213 38.9711 233.8267 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0433 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0405 0.031 0.0362 0.03 349 38.9711 748.2456 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0221 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.017 0.0021 0.0207 0.031 0.0362 0.03 496 38.9711 381.9170 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0214 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.019 0.0021 0.0201 0.031 0.0362 0.03 303 38.9711 370.2257 393 471.6790 800 0.02 0.0023 0.0131 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.011 0.0021 0.0122 0.031 0.0362 0.03 192 38.9711 226.0325 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0092 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0087 0.031 0.0362 0.03 292 38.9711 159.7816 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0090 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.031 0.0021 0.0084 0.031 0.0362 0.03 153 38.9711 155.8845 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0088 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.072 0.0021 0.0082 0.031 0.0362 0.03 137 38.9711 151.9874 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0275 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.071 0.0021 0.0258 0.031 0.0362 0.03 1100 38.9711 475.4477 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0201 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.116 0.0021 0.0188 0.031 0.0362 0.03 162 38.9711 346.8430 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0079 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.06 0.0021 0.0074 0.031 0.0362 0.03 172 38.9711 136.3989 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0088 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.005 0.0021 0.0082 0.031 0.0362 0.03 238 38.9711 151.9874 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0104 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.01 0.0021 0.0097 0.031 0.0362 0.03 211 38.9711 179.2672 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0149 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.005 0.0021 0.0139 0.031 0.0362 0.03 99 38.9711 257.2094 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0079 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.037 0.0021 0.0074 0.031 0.0362 0.03 154 38.9711 136.3989 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0092 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.033 0.0021 0.0087 0.031 0.0362 0.03 173 38.9711 159.7816 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0120 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.008 0.0021 0.0112 0.031 0.0362 0.03 102 38.9711 206.5470 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0088 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.014 0.0021 0.0082 0.031 0.0362 0.03 135 38.9711 151.9874 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0108 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.0101 0.031 0.0362 0.03 128 38.9711 187.0614 393 471.6790 800418 Sample N° 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA187 4PAA110 4PAA226 4PAA183 4PAA190 4PAA108 3PAA105 4PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA127 3PAA127B 3PAA134 3PAA154 3PAA154B 2PAG59 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + 2MAD (Hg) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + 2MAD (In) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + 2MAD (Mn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* La In In/La MAD(In/La)* La Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.005 0.0023 0.0250 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.011 0.0021 0.0234 0.031 0.0362 0.03 155 38.9711 432.5795 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0108 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.006 0.0021 0.0101 0.031 0.0362 0.03 126 38.9711 187.0614 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0090 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.005 0.0021 0.0084 0.031 0.0362 0.03 146 38.9711 155.8845 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0456 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.016 0.0021 0.0427 0.031 0.0362 0.03 365 38.9711 787.2167 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0038 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.0025 0.0021 0.0036 0.031 0.0362 0.03 111 38.9711 66.2509 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0115 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.012 0.0021 0.0108 0.031 0.0362 0.03 143 38.9711 198.7527 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0056 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.007 0.0021 0.0053 0.031 0.0362 0.03 156 38.9711 97.4278 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0677 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.017 0.0021 0.0633 0.031 0.0362 0.03 1280 38.9711 1169.1337 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.1579 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.051 0.0021 0.1478 0.031 0.0362 0.03 391 38.9711 2727.9787 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0316 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.039 0.0021 0.0296 0.031 0.0362 0.03 589 38.9711 545.5957 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.1290 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.08 0.0021 0.1208 0.031 0.0362 0.03 230 38.9711 2229.1483 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0546 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.023 0.0021 0.0511 0.031 0.0362 0.03 384 38.9711 943.1012 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0568 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.023 0.0021 0.0532 0.031 0.0362 0.03 331 38.9711 982.0723 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0523 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.023 0.0021 0.0490 0.031 0.0362 0.03 343 38.9711 904.1301 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0185 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.068 0.0021 0.0173 0.031 0.0362 0.03 237 38.9711 319.5632 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0273 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.047 0.0021 0.0255 0.031 0.0362 0.03 335 38.9711 471.5506 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0329 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.047 0.0021 0.0308 0.031 0.0362 0.03 298 38.9711 568.9784 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0993 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.056 0.0021 0.0929 0.031 0.0362 0.03 575 38.9711 1714.7295 393 471.6790 800419 Sample N° 2PAG60 3PAA112 4PAA106 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA121 3PAA122 3PAA123 3PAA124 3PAA156 3PAA288 3PAA290 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE233 4PAA195 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + 2MAD (Hg) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + 2MAD (In) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + 2MAD (Mn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* La In In/La MAD(In/La)* La Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.005 0.0023 0.0819 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.0766 0.031 0.0362 0.03 374 38.9711 1414.6518 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1430 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.1339 0.031 0.0362 0.03 224 38.9711 2470.7693 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0266 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0249 0.031 0.0362 0.03 416 38.9711 459.8593 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1105 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.035 0.0021 0.1035 0.031 0.0362 0.03 380 38.9711 1909.5851 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.1162 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.089 0.0021 0.1087 0.031 0.0362 0.03 559 38.9711 2007.0129 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1139 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.017 0.0021 0.1066 0.031 0.0362 0.03 338 38.9711 1968.0418 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1080 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.059 0.0021 0.1011 0.031 0.0362 0.03 444 38.9711 1866.7168 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1112 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.063 0.0021 0.1041 0.031 0.0362 0.03 413 38.9711 1921.2764 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1020 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.11 0.0021 0.0954 0.031 0.0362 0.03 437 38.9711 1761.4948 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0307 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.022 0.0021 0.0287 0.031 0.0362 0.03 354 38.9711 530.0073 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0530 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0496 0.031 0.0362 0.03 488 38.9711 915.8214 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0688 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.033 0.0021 0.0644 0.031 0.0362 0.03 401 38.9711 1188.6193 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1051 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.061 0.0021 0.0984 0.031 0.0362 0.03 525 38.9711 1816.0544 393 471.6790 800 0.3 0.0023 0.0792 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.046 0.0021 0.0741 0.031 0.0362 0.03 442 38.9711 1367.8865 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1105 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.07 0.0021 0.1035 0.031 0.0362 0.03 455 38.9711 1909.5851 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.1825 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.048 0.0021 0.1708 0.031 0.0362 0.03 2030 38.9711 3152.7639 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0927 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.05 0.0021 0.0868 0.031 0.0362 0.03 386 38.9711 1601.7132 393 471.6790 800420 Sample N° 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA203 4PAA208 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA228 3PAA219 3PAA177 4PAA107 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA263 2PAE226 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + 2MAD (Hg) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + 2MAD (In) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + 2MAD (Mn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* La In In/La MAD(In/La)* La Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.005 0.0023 0.1150 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.106 0.0021 0.1077 0.031 0.0362 0.03 448 38.9711 1987.5273 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0916 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.039 0.0021 0.0857 0.031 0.0362 0.03 755 38.9711 1582.2276 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0593 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.046 0.0021 0.0555 0.031 0.0362 0.03 512 38.9711 1024.9406 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0720 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0674 0.031 0.0362 0.03 499 38.9711 1243.1789 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0298 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.033 0.0021 0.0279 0.031 0.0362 0.03 566 38.9711 514.4188 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0884 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.331 0.0021 0.0828 0.031 0.0362 0.03 777 38.9711 1527.6681 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1087 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.113 0.0021 0.1018 0.031 0.0362 0.03 432 38.9711 1878.4082 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1038 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.07 0.0021 0.0971 0.031 0.0362 0.03 397 38.9711 1792.6717 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0778 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.032 0.0021 0.0728 0.031 0.0362 0.03 308 38.9711 1344.5038 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.1022 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.051 0.0021 0.0956 0.031 0.0362 0.03 307 38.9711 1765.3919 393 471.6790 800 0.02 0.0023 0.0659 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.073 0.0021 0.0617 0.031 0.0362 0.03 2960 38.9711 1137.9568 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0311 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.0291 0.031 0.0362 0.03 529 38.9711 537.8015 393 471.6790 800 0.01 0.0023 0.0733 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0686 0.031 0.0362 0.03 427 38.9711 1266.5615 393 471.6790 800 0.005 0.0023 0.0365 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.01 0.0021 0.0342 0.031 0.0362 0.03 391 38.9711 631.3322 393 471.6790 800 0.07 0.0023 0.0361 0.005 0.0310 0.01 23.2 0.0021 0.0338 0.031 0.0362 0.03 1920 38.9711 623.5380 393 471.6790 800 0.07 0.0023 0.0248 0.005 0.0310 0.01 26.2 0.0021 0.0232 0.031 0.0362 0.03 1350 38.9711 428.6824 393 471.6790 800 421 Sample N° 4PAA238 4PAA233 4PAA235 4PAA236 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA219 3PAA260 3PAA257 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + 2MAD (Mo) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + 2MAD (Pb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + 2MAD (Sb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* La Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* La Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.47 0.0738 0.9598 0.87 1.3326 1 7.2 0.7056 9.1723 12.2 14.7888 25 0.25 0.0330 0.4289 0.45 1.2265 1 0.66 0.0738 1.2257 0.87 1.3326 1 8.9 0.7056 11.7124 12.2 14.7888 25 0.19 0.0330 0.5477 0.45 1.2265 1 0.31 0.0738 0.3839 0.87 1.3326 1 1.5 0.7056 3.6689 12.2 14.7888 25 0.05 0.0330 0.1716 0.45 1.2265 1 0.13 0.0738 0.1698 0.87 1.3326 1 1.1 0.7056 1.6228 12.2 14.7888 25 0.23 0.0330 0.0759 0.45 1.2265 1 1.16 0.0738 1.7130 0.87 1.3326 1 5.4 0.7056 16.3691 12.2 14.7888 25 0.19 0.0330 0.7655 0.45 1.2265 1 0.98 0.0738 1.9935 0.87 1.3326 1 23.4 0.7056 19.0502 12.2 14.7888 25 0.29 0.0330 0.8909 0.45 1.2265 1 1.07 0.0738 1.6760 0.87 1.3326 1 11 0.7056 16.0163 12.2 14.7888 25 0.43 0.0330 0.7490 0.45 1.2265 1 0.83 0.0738 1.1297 0.87 1.3326 1 7.8 0.7056 10.7951 12.2 14.7888 25 0.34 0.0330 0.5048 0.45 1.2265 1 1.36 0.0738 2.3775 0.87 1.3326 1 8.4 0.7056 22.7191 12.2 14.7888 25 0.44 0.0330 1.0625 0.45 1.2265 1 1.28 0.0738 1.6244 0.87 1.3326 1 6.7 0.7056 15.5224 12.2 14.7888 25 0.43 0.0330 0.7259 0.45 1.2265 1 1.16 0.0738 3.3447 0.87 1.3326 1 21.8 0.7056 31.9620 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 1.4947 0.45 1.2265 1 0.91 0.0738 0.8269 0.87 1.3326 1 8.6 0.7056 7.9023 12.2 14.7888 25 2.49 0.0330 0.3696 0.45 1.2265 1 1.3 0.0738 2.1191 0.87 1.3326 1 5.7 0.7056 20.2497 12.2 14.7888 25 3.33 0.0330 0.9470 0.45 1.2265 1 1.28 0.0738 3.8763 0.87 1.3326 1 19.4 0.7056 37.0421 12.2 14.7888 25 2.97 0.0330 1.7323 0.45 1.2265 1 1.01 0.0738 1.4767 0.87 1.3326 1 13.7 0.7056 14.1113 12.2 14.7888 25 0.83 0.0330 0.6599 0.45 1.2265 1 0.82 0.0738 1.1740 0.87 1.3326 1 7.6 0.7056 11.2185 12.2 14.7888 25 0.29 0.0330 0.5246 0.45 1.2265 1 422 Sample N° 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + 2MAD (Mo) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + 2MAD (Pb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + 2MAD (Sb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* La Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* La Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 1.59 0.0738 0.9082 0.87 1.3326 1 9.9 0.7056 8.6784 12.2 14.7888 25 1.63 0.0330 0.4058 0.45 1.2265 1 0.96 0.0738 1.6834 0.87 1.3326 1 5.4 0.7056 16.0869 12.2 14.7888 25 0.45 0.0330 0.7523 0.45 1.2265 1 0.94 0.0738 0.9894 0.87 1.3326 1 7.1 0.7056 9.4546 12.2 14.7888 25 0.45 0.0330 0.4421 0.45 1.2265 1 1.11 0.0738 0.4947 0.87 1.3326 1 11.8 0.7056 4.7273 12.2 14.7888 25 0.34 0.0330 0.2211 0.45 1.2265 1 0.47 0.0738 0.6571 0.87 1.3326 1 30.4 0.7056 6.2795 12.2 14.7888 25 0.93 0.0330 0.2937 0.45 1.2265 1 1.27 0.0738 0.9303 0.87 1.3326 1 9.8 0.7056 8.8901 12.2 14.7888 25 0.94 0.0330 0.4157 0.45 1.2265 1 0.59 0.0738 1.2700 0.87 1.3326 1 7.1 0.7056 12.1357 12.2 14.7888 25 0.3 0.0330 0.5675 0.45 1.2265 1 1.13 0.0738 1.2109 0.87 1.3326 1 9.4 0.7056 11.5712 12.2 14.7888 25 0.39 0.0330 0.5411 0.45 1.2265 1 0.47 0.0738 1.6391 0.87 1.3326 1 13.3 0.7056 15.6635 12.2 14.7888 25 0.34 0.0330 0.7325 0.45 1.2265 1 0.53 0.0738 1.1371 0.87 1.3326 1 8.7 0.7056 10.8657 12.2 14.7888 25 0.37 0.0330 0.5081 0.45 1.2265 1 0.7 0.0738 1.1814 0.87 1.3326 1 15.3 0.7056 11.2890 12.2 14.7888 25 0.35 0.0330 0.5279 0.45 1.2265 1 0.77 0.0738 1.0189 0.87 1.3326 1 49.7 0.7056 9.7368 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 0.4553 0.45 1.2265 1 1.25 0.0738 1.1961 0.87 1.3326 1 5.2 0.7056 11.4301 12.2 14.7888 25 0.39 0.0330 0.5345 0.45 1.2265 1 1.78 0.0738 2.3996 0.87 1.3326 1 6.9 0.7056 22.9308 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 1.0724 0.45 1.2265 1 1.13 0.0738 2.1560 0.87 1.3326 1 132.5 0.7056 20.6025 12.2 14.7888 25 3.31 0.0330 0.9635 0.45 1.2265 1 1.09 0.0738 0.6202 0.87 1.3326 1 7.9 0.7056 5.9267 12.2 14.7888 25 0.22 0.0330 0.2772 0.45 1.2265 1 0.46 0.0738 1.2109 0.87 1.3326 1 180.5 0.7056 11.5712 12.2 14.7888 25 3.56 0.0330 0.5411 0.45 1.2265 1 0.75 0.0738 0.4652 0.87 1.3326 1 12.7 0.7056 4.4451 12.2 14.7888 25 0.31 0.0330 0.2079 0.45 1.2265 1 0.59 0.0738 0.7531 0.87 1.3326 1 8.3 0.7056 7.1967 12.2 14.7888 25 0.33 0.0330 0.3366 0.45 1.2265 1 423 Sample N° 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA332 4PAA194 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA181 4PAA182 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + 2MAD (Mo) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + 2MAD (Pb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + 2MAD (Sb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* La Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* La Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.72 0.0738 0.4430 0.87 1.3326 1 6.5 0.7056 4.2334 12.2 14.7888 25 0.22 0.0330 0.1980 0.45 1.2265 1 0.55 0.0738 1.4176 0.87 1.3326 1 7.6 0.7056 13.5468 12.2 14.7888 25 0.32 0.0330 0.6335 0.45 1.2265 1 0.63 0.0738 0.7236 0.87 1.3326 1 4.8 0.7056 6.9145 12.2 14.7888 25 0.63 0.0330 0.3234 0.45 1.2265 1 0.52 0.0738 0.7014 0.87 1.3326 1 8.4 0.7056 6.7029 12.2 14.7888 25 0.22 0.0330 0.3135 0.45 1.2265 1 0.36 0.0738 0.4282 0.87 1.3326 1 3.9 0.7056 4.0923 12.2 14.7888 25 0.14 0.0330 0.1914 0.45 1.2265 1 0.73 0.0738 0.3027 0.87 1.3326 1 9.4 0.7056 2.8928 12.2 14.7888 25 0.39 0.0330 0.1353 0.45 1.2265 1 0.35 0.0738 0.2953 0.87 1.3326 1 7.5 0.7056 2.8223 12.2 14.7888 25 0.26 0.0330 0.1320 0.45 1.2265 1 1.15 0.0738 0.2880 0.87 1.3326 1 14.6 0.7056 2.7517 12.2 14.7888 25 0.19 0.0330 0.1287 0.45 1.2265 1 3.26 0.0738 0.9008 0.87 1.3326 1 201 0.7056 8.6079 12.2 14.7888 25 5.97 0.0330 0.4025 0.45 1.2265 1 3.5 0.0738 0.6571 0.87 1.3326 1 47.1 0.7056 6.2795 12.2 14.7888 25 0.16 0.0330 0.2937 0.45 1.2265 1 1.02 0.0738 0.2584 0.87 1.3326 1 24.7 0.7056 2.4695 12.2 14.7888 25 0.5 0.0330 0.1155 0.45 1.2265 1 0.21 0.0738 0.2880 0.87 1.3326 1 3.6 0.7056 2.7517 12.2 14.7888 25 0.2 0.0330 0.1287 0.45 1.2265 1 0.55 0.0738 0.3396 0.87 1.3326 1 81.9 0.7056 3.2456 12.2 14.7888 25 0.32 0.0330 0.1518 0.45 1.2265 1 0.6 0.0738 0.4873 0.87 1.3326 1 2.9 0.7056 4.6567 12.2 14.7888 25 0.1 0.0330 0.2178 0.45 1.2265 1 1.21 0.0738 0.2584 0.87 1.3326 1 3.5 0.7056 2.4695 12.2 14.7888 25 0.13 0.0330 0.1155 0.45 1.2265 1 1.07 0.0738 0.3027 0.87 1.3326 1 8.7 0.7056 2.8928 12.2 14.7888 25 0.73 0.0330 0.1353 0.45 1.2265 1 0.94 0.0738 0.3913 0.87 1.3326 1 23.3 0.7056 3.7395 12.2 14.7888 25 2.04 0.0330 0.1749 0.45 1.2265 1 0.56 0.0738 0.2880 0.87 1.3326 1 11.6 0.7056 2.7517 12.2 14.7888 25 0.25 0.0330 0.1287 0.45 1.2265 1 1.16 0.0738 0.3544 0.87 1.3326 1 13.4 0.7056 3.3867 12.2 14.7888 25 0.13 0.0330 0.1584 0.45 1.2265 1424 Sample N° 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA187 4PAA110 4PAA226 4PAA183 4PAA190 4PAA108 3PAA105 4PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA127 3PAA127B 3PAA134 3PAA154 3PAA154B 2PAG59 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + 2MAD (Mo) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + 2MAD (Pb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + 2MAD (Sb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* La Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* La Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 1.37 0.0738 0.8196 0.87 1.3326 1 13.9 0.7056 7.8318 12.2 14.7888 25 0.34 0.0330 0.3663 0.45 1.2265 1 1.33 0.0738 0.3544 0.87 1.3326 1 9.2 0.7056 3.3867 12.2 14.7888 25 0.24 0.0330 0.1584 0.45 1.2265 1 0.77 0.0738 0.2953 0.87 1.3326 1 3.1 0.7056 2.8223 12.2 14.7888 25 0.45 0.0330 0.1320 0.45 1.2265 1 0.71 0.0738 1.4915 0.87 1.3326 1 9.7 0.7056 14.2524 12.2 14.7888 25 1.38 0.0330 0.6665 0.45 1.2265 1 0.32 0.0738 0.1255 0.87 1.3326 1 32.6 0.7056 1.1995 12.2 14.7888 25 0.27 0.0330 0.0561 0.45 1.2265 1 1.18 0.0738 0.3766 0.87 1.3326 1 47.2 0.7056 3.5984 12.2 14.7888 25 0.33 0.0330 0.1683 0.45 1.2265 1 0.46 0.0738 0.1846 0.87 1.3326 1 4.7 0.7056 1.7639 12.2 14.7888 25 0.21 0.0330 0.0825 0.45 1.2265 1 0.83 0.0738 2.2150 0.87 1.3326 1 68.9 0.7056 21.1669 12.2 14.7888 25 1.95 0.0330 0.9899 0.45 1.2265 1 1.07 0.0738 5.1684 0.87 1.3326 1 15.8 0.7056 49.3895 12.2 14.7888 25 1.19 0.0330 2.3097 0.45 1.2265 1 3.17 0.0738 1.0337 0.87 1.3326 1 71.6 0.7056 9.8779 12.2 14.7888 25 1.04 0.0330 0.4619 0.45 1.2265 1 1.88 0.0738 4.2233 0.87 1.3326 1 74.4 0.7056 40.3582 12.2 14.7888 25 1.15 0.0330 1.8874 0.45 1.2265 1 0.79 0.0738 1.7868 0.87 1.3326 1 4.9 0.7056 17.0746 12.2 14.7888 25 0.56 0.0330 0.7985 0.45 1.2265 1 0.98 0.0738 1.8606 0.87 1.3326 1 14.1 0.7056 17.7802 12.2 14.7888 25 0.64 0.0330 0.8315 0.45 1.2265 1 1.15 0.0738 1.7130 0.87 1.3326 1 32 0.7056 16.3691 12.2 14.7888 25 0.38 0.0330 0.7655 0.45 1.2265 1 0.82 0.0738 0.6054 0.87 1.3326 1 915 0.7056 5.7856 12.2 14.7888 25 0.61 0.0330 0.2706 0.45 1.2265 1 0.69 0.0738 0.8934 0.87 1.3326 1 10 0.7056 8.5373 12.2 14.7888 25 0.26 0.0330 0.3992 0.45 1.2265 1 0.62 0.0738 1.0780 0.87 1.3326 1 23.3 0.7056 10.3012 12.2 14.7888 25 0.44 0.0330 0.4817 0.45 1.2265 1 1.01 0.0738 3.2487 0.87 1.3326 1 30.1 0.7056 31.0448 12.2 14.7888 25 2.05 0.0330 1.4518 0.45 1.2265 1425 Sample N° 2PAG60 3PAA112 4PAA106 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA121 3PAA122 3PAA123 3PAA124 3PAA156 3PAA288 3PAA290 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE233 4PAA195 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + 2MAD (Mo) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + 2MAD (Pb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + 2MAD (Sb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* La Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* La Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.99 0.0738 2.6802 0.87 1.3326 1 4.3 0.7056 25.6120 12.2 14.7888 25 1.89 0.0330 1.1977 0.45 1.2265 1 1.03 0.0738 4.6811 0.87 1.3326 1 14.4 0.7056 44.7327 12.2 14.7888 25 0.82 0.0330 2.0919 0.45 1.2265 1 2.98 0.0738 0.8712 0.87 1.3326 1 7.7 0.7056 8.3257 12.2 14.7888 25 0.71 0.0330 0.3893 0.45 1.2265 1 1.47 0.0738 3.6179 0.87 1.3326 1 67.4 0.7056 34.5726 12.2 14.7888 25 0.36 0.0330 1.6168 0.45 1.2265 1 1.63 0.0738 3.8025 0.87 1.3326 1 18.9 0.7056 36.3365 12.2 14.7888 25 1.33 0.0330 1.6993 0.45 1.2265 1 1.14 0.0738 3.7286 0.87 1.3326 1 11.4 0.7056 35.6310 12.2 14.7888 25 1.85 0.0330 1.6663 0.45 1.2265 1 1.04 0.0738 3.5367 0.87 1.3326 1 5.7 0.7056 33.7965 12.2 14.7888 25 1.22 0.0330 1.5805 0.45 1.2265 1 1.26 0.0738 3.6400 0.87 1.3326 1 10 0.7056 34.7843 12.2 14.7888 25 1.96 0.0330 1.6267 0.45 1.2265 1 1.34 0.0738 3.3373 0.87 1.3326 1 6.1 0.7056 31.8915 12.2 14.7888 25 0.91 0.0330 1.4914 0.45 1.2265 1 0.96 0.0738 1.0042 0.87 1.3326 1 36.8 0.7056 9.5957 12.2 14.7888 25 0.37 0.0330 0.4487 0.45 1.2265 1 0.82 0.0738 1.7351 0.87 1.3326 1 8.8 0.7056 16.5807 12.2 14.7888 25 0.56 0.0330 0.7754 0.45 1.2265 1 1.39 0.0738 2.2520 0.87 1.3326 1 28.5 0.7056 21.5197 12.2 14.7888 25 0.57 0.0330 1.0064 0.45 1.2265 1 1.18 0.0738 3.4407 0.87 1.3326 1 12.2 0.7056 32.8793 12.2 14.7888 25 0.88 0.0330 1.5376 0.45 1.2265 1 1.16 0.0738 2.5916 0.87 1.3326 1 27.7 0.7056 24.7653 12.2 14.7888 25 0.63 0.0330 1.1581 0.45 1.2265 1 1.12 0.0738 3.6179 0.87 1.3326 1 77.7 0.7056 34.5726 12.2 14.7888 25 0.57 0.0330 1.6168 0.45 1.2265 1 5.17 0.0738 5.9732 0.87 1.3326 1 1800 0.7056 57.0801 12.2 14.7888 25 5.48 0.0330 2.6694 0.45 1.2265 1 0.65 0.0738 3.0346 0.87 1.3326 1 6.6 0.7056 28.9987 12.2 14.7888 25 0.89 0.0330 1.3561 0.45 1.2265 1426 Sample N° 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA203 4PAA208 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA228 3PAA219 3PAA177 4PAA107 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA263 2PAE226 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + 2MAD (Mo) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + 2MAD (Pb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + 2MAD (Sb) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* La Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* La Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.71 0.0738 3.7656 0.87 1.3326 1 20.2 0.7056 35.9837 12.2 14.7888 25 1.01 0.0330 1.6828 0.45 1.2265 1 0.66 0.0738 2.9977 0.87 1.3326 1 3.6 0.7056 28.6459 12.2 14.7888 25 0.66 0.0330 1.3396 0.45 1.2265 1 2.32 0.0738 1.9418 0.87 1.3326 1 5 0.7056 18.5563 12.2 14.7888 25 0.88 0.0330 0.8678 0.45 1.2265 1 0.87 0.0738 2.3553 0.87 1.3326 1 9.3 0.7056 22.5075 12.2 14.7888 25 0.66 0.0330 1.0526 0.45 1.2265 1 1.17 0.0738 0.9746 0.87 1.3326 1 305 0.7056 9.3134 12.2 14.7888 25 2.11 0.0330 0.4355 0.45 1.2265 1 1.74 0.0738 2.8943 0.87 1.3326 1 140.5 0.7056 27.6581 12.2 14.7888 25 3.65 0.0330 1.2934 0.45 1.2265 1 1.81 0.0738 3.5588 0.87 1.3326 1 177.5 0.7056 34.0082 12.2 14.7888 25 0.64 0.0330 1.5904 0.45 1.2265 1 0.76 0.0738 3.3964 0.87 1.3326 1 18.2 0.7056 32.4559 12.2 14.7888 25 0.61 0.0330 1.5178 0.45 1.2265 1 1.22 0.0738 2.5473 0.87 1.3326 1 21.2 0.7056 24.3419 12.2 14.7888 25 1.36 0.0330 1.1384 0.45 1.2265 1 1.16 0.0738 3.3447 0.87 1.3326 1 21.8 0.7056 31.9620 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 1.4947 0.45 1.2265 1 1.13 0.0738 2.1560 0.87 1.3326 1 132.5 0.7056 20.6025 12.2 14.7888 25 3.31 0.0330 0.9635 0.45 1.2265 1 0.77 0.0738 1.0189 0.87 1.3326 1 49.7 0.7056 9.7368 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 0.4553 0.45 1.2265 1 1.78 0.0738 2.3996 0.87 1.3326 1 6.9 0.7056 22.9308 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 1.0724 0.45 1.2265 1 1.25 0.0738 1.1961 0.87 1.3326 1 5.2 0.7056 11.4301 12.2 14.7888 25 0.39 0.0330 0.5345 0.45 1.2265 1 7.3 0.0738 1.1814 0.87 1.3326 1 190 0.7056 11.2890 12.2 14.7888 25 1 0.0330 0.5279 0.45 1.2265 1 20 0.0738 0.8122 0.87 1.3326 1 178 0.7056 7.7612 12.2 14.7888 25 0.54 0.0330 0.3630 0.45 1.2265 1 427 Sample N° 4PAA238 4PAA233 4PAA235 4PAA236 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA219 3PAA260 3PAA257 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + 2MAD (Sn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + 2MAD (Sr) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + 2MAD (Tl) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* La Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* La Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 1 0.0864 1.1234 1.3 1.4153 527 95.0837 1236.0887 888 1023.4606 0.55 0.0375 0.4872 0.47 0.6244 1 1 0.0864 1.4345 1.3 1.4153 721 95.0837 1578.3902 888 1023.4606 0.37 0.0375 0.6221 0.47 0.6244 1 0.2 0.0864 0.4494 1.3 1.4153 437 95.0837 494.4355 888 1023.4606 0.06 0.0375 0.1949 0.47 0.6244 1 0.2 0.0864 0.1988 1.3 1.4153 473 95.0837 218.6926 888 1023.4606 0.05 0.0375 0.0862 0.47 0.6244 1 1.5 0.0864 2.0048 1.3 1.4153 598 95.0837 2205.9430 888 1023.4606 0.96 0.0375 0.8694 0.47 0.6244 1 1.5 0.0864 2.3332 1.3 1.4153 452 95.0837 2567.2612 888 1023.4606 1.04 0.0375 1.0118 0.47 0.6244 1 1.5 0.0864 1.9616 1.3 1.4153 1090 95.0837 2158.4011 888 1023.4606 0.56 0.0375 0.8507 0.47 0.6244 1 1 0.0864 1.3221 1.3 1.4153 826 95.0837 1454.7814 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 0.5734 0.47 0.6244 1 2.2 0.0864 2.7826 1.3 1.4153 936 95.0837 3061.6967 888 1023.4606 0.96 0.0375 1.2067 0.47 0.6244 1 1.2 0.0864 1.9011 1.3 1.4153 768 95.0837 2091.8425 888 1023.4606 0.62 0.0375 0.8244 0.47 0.6244 1 2.7 0.0864 3.9146 1.3 1.4153 763 95.0837 4307.2939 888 1023.4606 0.92 0.0375 1.6976 0.47 0.6244 1 0.7 0.0864 0.9678 1.3 1.4153 913 95.0837 1064.9380 888 1023.4606 0.56 0.0375 0.4197 0.47 0.6244 1 1.7 0.0864 2.4801 1.3 1.4153 627 95.0837 2728.9036 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 1.0755 0.47 0.6244 1 2.2 0.0864 4.5368 1.3 1.4153 546 95.0837 4991.8969 888 1023.4606 0.84 0.0375 1.9674 0.47 0.6244 1 1.1 0.0864 1.7283 1.3 1.4153 862 95.0837 1901.6750 888 1023.4606 0.39 0.0375 0.7495 0.47 0.6244 1 0.9 0.0864 1.3740 1.3 1.4153 918 95.0837 1511.8316 888 1023.4606 0.31 0.0375 0.5958 0.47 0.6244 1 428 Sample N° 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + 2MAD (Sn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + 2MAD (Sr) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + 2MAD (Tl) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* La Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* La Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 1 0.0864 1.0629 1.3 1.4153 746 95.0837 1169.5301 888 1023.4606 0.48 0.0375 0.4609 0.47 0.6244 1 1.3 0.0864 1.9703 1.3 1.4153 505 95.0837 2167.9095 888 1023.4606 0.99 0.0375 0.8544 0.47 0.6244 1 0.8 0.0864 1.1580 1.3 1.4153 638 95.0837 1274.1222 888 1023.4606 0.6 0.0375 0.5022 0.47 0.6244 1 0.2 0.0864 0.5790 1.3 1.4153 1045 95.0837 637.0611 888 1023.4606 0.24 0.0375 0.2511 0.47 0.6244 1 0.3 0.0864 0.7691 1.3 1.4153 916 95.0837 846.2454 888 1023.4606 0.27 0.0375 0.3335 0.47 0.6244 1 1 0.0864 1.0888 1.3 1.4153 758 95.0837 1198.0552 888 1023.4606 0.52 0.0375 0.4722 0.47 0.6244 1 1.2 0.0864 1.4863 1.3 1.4153 826 95.0837 1635.4405 888 1023.4606 0.32 0.0375 0.6446 0.47 0.6244 1 1 0.0864 1.4172 1.3 1.4153 874 95.0837 1559.3735 888 1023.4606 0.32 0.0375 0.6146 0.47 0.6244 1 1.6 0.0864 1.9184 1.3 1.4153 659 95.0837 2110.8592 888 1023.4606 0.55 0.0375 0.8319 0.47 0.6244 1 1.1 0.0864 1.3308 1.3 1.4153 797 95.0837 1464.2897 888 1023.4606 0.31 0.0375 0.5771 0.47 0.6244 1 1.1 0.0864 1.3826 1.3 1.4153 796 95.0837 1521.3400 888 1023.4606 0.38 0.0375 0.5996 0.47 0.6244 1 0.8 0.0864 1.1925 1.3 1.4153 611 95.0837 1312.1557 888 1023.4606 0.76 0.0375 0.5171 0.47 0.6244 1 0.9 0.0864 1.3999 1.3 1.4153 870 95.0837 1540.3567 888 1023.4606 0.55 0.0375 0.6071 0.47 0.6244 1 2 0.0864 2.8085 1.3 1.4153 678 95.0837 3090.2219 888 1023.4606 0.78 0.0375 1.2179 0.47 0.6244 1 1.5 0.0864 2.5233 1.3 1.4153 397 95.0837 2776.4455 888 1023.4606 3.45 0.0375 1.0943 0.47 0.6244 1 0.3 0.0864 0.7259 1.3 1.4153 925 95.0837 798.7035 888 1023.4606 0.38 0.0375 0.3148 0.47 0.6244 1 0.9 0.0864 1.4172 1.3 1.4153 493 95.0837 1559.3735 888 1023.4606 1.84 0.0375 0.6146 0.47 0.6244 1 0.1 0.0864 0.5444 1.3 1.4153 764 95.0837 599.0276 888 1023.4606 0.37 0.0375 0.2361 0.47 0.6244 1 0.5 0.0864 0.8814 1.3 1.4153 751 95.0837 969.8542 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 0.3822 0.47 0.6244 1 429 Sample N° 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA332 4PAA194 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA181 4PAA182 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + 2MAD (Sn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + 2MAD (Sr) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + 2MAD (Tl) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* La Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* La Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.2 0.0864 0.5185 1.3 1.4153 661 95.0837 570.5025 888 1023.4606 0.32 0.0375 0.2248 0.47 0.6244 1 0.8 0.0864 1.6592 1.3 1.4153 733 95.0837 1825.6080 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 0.7195 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.8469 1.3 1.4153 711 95.0837 931.8207 888 1023.4606 0.3 0.0375 0.3673 0.47 0.6244 1 0.7 0.0864 0.8209 1.3 1.4153 817 95.0837 903.2956 888 1023.4606 0.47 0.0375 0.3560 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.5012 1.3 1.4153 888 95.0837 551.4857 888 1023.4606 0.23 0.0375 0.2174 0.47 0.6244 1 0.5 0.0864 0.3543 1.3 1.4153 447 95.0837 389.8434 888 1023.4606 0.13 0.0375 0.1536 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.3457 1.3 1.4153 499 95.0837 380.3350 888 1023.4606 0.07 0.0375 0.1499 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.3370 1.3 1.4153 490 95.0837 370.8266 888 1023.4606 0.08 0.0375 0.1462 0.47 0.6244 1 0.7 0.0864 1.0543 1.3 1.4153 621 95.0837 1160.0217 888 1023.4606 0.04 0.0375 0.4572 0.47 0.6244 1 0.5 0.0864 0.7691 1.3 1.4153 1130 95.0837 846.2454 888 1023.4606 0.05 0.0375 0.3335 0.47 0.6244 1 0.7 0.0864 0.3025 1.3 1.4153 486 95.0837 332.7931 888 1023.4606 0.18 0.0375 0.1312 0.47 0.6244 1 0.3 0.0864 0.3370 1.3 1.4153 762 95.0837 370.8266 888 1023.4606 0.1 0.0375 0.1462 0.47 0.6244 1 0.1 0.0864 0.3975 1.3 1.4153 1450 95.0837 437.3852 888 1023.4606 0.25 0.0375 0.1724 0.47 0.6244 1 0.2 0.0864 0.5703 1.3 1.4153 1760 95.0837 627.5527 888 1023.4606 0.06 0.0375 0.2473 0.47 0.6244 1 0.3 0.0864 0.3025 1.3 1.4153 499 95.0837 332.7931 888 1023.4606 0.07 0.0375 0.1312 0.47 0.6244 1 0.3 0.0864 0.3543 1.3 1.4153 547 95.0837 389.8434 888 1023.4606 0.27 0.0375 0.1536 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.4580 1.3 1.4153 2330 95.0837 503.9439 888 1023.4606 0.08 0.0375 0.1986 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.3370 1.3 1.4153 873 95.0837 370.8266 888 1023.4606 0.13 0.0375 0.1462 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.4148 1.3 1.4153 654 95.0837 456.4020 888 1023.4606 0.06 0.0375 0.1799 0.47 0.6244 1430 Sample N° 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA187 4PAA110 4PAA226 4PAA183 4PAA190 4PAA108 3PAA105 4PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA127 3PAA127B 3PAA134 3PAA154 3PAA154B 2PAG59 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + 2MAD (Sn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + 2MAD (Sr) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + 2MAD (Tl) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* La Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* La Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 0.7 0.0864 0.9592 1.3 1.4153 615 95.0837 1055.4296 888 1023.4606 0.19 0.0375 0.4160 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.4148 1.3 1.4153 637 95.0837 456.4020 888 1023.4606 0.13 0.0375 0.1799 0.47 0.6244 1 0.4 0.0864 0.3457 1.3 1.4153 1235 95.0837 380.3350 888 1023.4606 0.15 0.0375 0.1499 0.47 0.6244 1 1.1 0.0864 1.7456 1.3 1.4153 814 95.0837 1920.6917 888 1023.4606 0.48 0.0375 0.7570 0.47 0.6244 1 0.2 0.0864 0.1469 1.3 1.4153 1980 95.0837 161.6424 888 1023.4606 0.25 0.0375 0.0637 0.47 0.6244 1 0.5 0.0864 0.4407 1.3 1.4153 925 95.0837 484.9271 888 1023.4606 0.12 0.0375 0.1911 0.47 0.6244 1 0.2 0.0864 0.2160 1.3 1.4153 899 95.0837 237.7094 888 1023.4606 0.07 0.0375 0.0937 0.47 0.6244 1 1.8 0.0864 2.5924 1.3 1.4153 817 95.0837 2852.5125 888 1023.4606 0.03 0.0375 1.1242 0.47 0.6244 1 2.4 0.0864 6.0490 1.3 1.4153 728 95.0837 6655.8625 888 1023.4606 0.87 0.0375 2.6232 0.47 0.6244 1 1 0.0864 1.2098 1.3 1.4153 879 95.0837 1331.1725 888 1023.4606 0.5 0.0375 0.5246 0.47 0.6244 1 4 0.0864 4.9429 1.3 1.4153 361 95.0837 5438.7905 888 1023.4606 1.68 0.0375 2.1435 0.47 0.6244 1 0.8 0.0864 2.0912 1.3 1.4153 779 95.0837 2301.0267 888 1023.4606 0.67 0.0375 0.9069 0.47 0.6244 1 1.3 0.0864 2.1776 1.3 1.4153 917 95.0837 2396.1105 888 1023.4606 0.6 0.0375 0.9444 0.47 0.6244 1 1.7 0.0864 2.0048 1.3 1.4153 969 95.0837 2205.9430 888 1023.4606 0.6 0.0375 0.8694 0.47 0.6244 1 2 0.0864 0.7086 1.3 1.4153 823 95.0837 779.6867 888 1023.4606 0.43 0.0375 0.3073 0.47 0.6244 1 1.3 0.0864 1.0456 1.3 1.4153 737 95.0837 1150.5134 888 1023.4606 0.83 0.0375 0.4534 0.47 0.6244 1 1.2 0.0864 1.2617 1.3 1.4153 742 95.0837 1388.2227 888 1023.4606 0.56 0.0375 0.5471 0.47 0.6244 1 3.2 0.0864 3.8022 1.3 1.4153 574 95.0837 4183.6850 888 1023.4606 1.29 0.0375 1.6489 0.47 0.6244 1431 Sample N° 2PAG60 3PAA112 4PAA106 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA121 3PAA122 3PAA123 3PAA124 3PAA156 3PAA288 3PAA290 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE233 4PAA195 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + 2MAD (Sn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + 2MAD (Sr) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + 2MAD (Tl) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* La Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* La Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 1.5 0.0864 3.1369 1.3 1.4153 677 95.0837 3451.5401 888 1023.4606 0.91 0.0375 1.3603 0.47 0.6244 1 2.9 0.0864 5.4787 1.3 1.4153 630 95.0837 6028.3097 888 1023.4606 0.92 0.0375 2.3759 0.47 0.6244 1 0.7 0.0864 1.0197 1.3 1.4153 788 95.0837 1121.9882 888 1023.4606 0.53 0.0375 0.4422 0.47 0.6244 1 2.9 0.0864 4.2343 1.3 1.4153 357 95.0837 4659.1037 888 1023.4606 1.53 0.0375 1.8363 0.47 0.6244 1 3.2 0.0864 4.4504 1.3 1.4153 337 95.0837 4896.8131 888 1023.4606 1.44 0.0375 1.9299 0.47 0.6244 1 2.9 0.0864 4.3639 1.3 1.4153 723 95.0837 4801.7294 888 1023.4606 1.53 0.0375 1.8925 0.47 0.6244 1 3.1 0.0864 4.1393 1.3 1.4153 889 95.0837 4554.5116 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 1.7950 0.47 0.6244 1 3.3 0.0864 4.2602 1.3 1.4153 665 95.0837 4687.6289 888 1023.4606 0.57 0.0375 1.8475 0.47 0.6244 1 3.2 0.0864 3.9059 1.3 1.4153 705 95.0837 4297.7855 888 1023.4606 0.64 0.0375 1.6938 0.47 0.6244 1 1 0.0864 1.1752 1.3 1.4153 629 95.0837 1293.1390 888 1023.4606 0.22 0.0375 0.5097 0.47 0.6244 1 1.3 0.0864 2.0307 1.3 1.4153 801 95.0837 2234.4681 888 1023.4606 0.43 0.0375 0.8807 0.47 0.6244 1 1.8 0.0864 2.6356 1.3 1.4153 846 95.0837 2900.0544 888 1023.4606 0.4 0.0375 1.1430 0.47 0.6244 1 2.7 0.0864 4.0269 1.3 1.4153 710 95.0837 4430.9027 888 1023.4606 0.44 0.0375 1.7463 0.47 0.6244 1 2 0.0864 3.0332 1.3 1.4153 736 95.0837 3337.4396 888 1023.4606 0.27 0.0375 1.3154 0.47 0.6244 1 2.7 0.0864 4.2343 1.3 1.4153 729 95.0837 4659.1037 888 1023.4606 0.42 0.0375 1.8363 0.47 0.6244 1 2.4 0.0864 6.9909 1.3 1.4153 619 95.0837 7692.2753 888 1023.4606 1.36 0.0375 3.0317 0.47 0.6244 1 2.2 0.0864 3.5516 1.3 1.4153 859 95.0837 3907.9421 888 1023.4606 0.18 0.0375 1.5402 0.47 0.6244 1432 Sample N° 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA203 4PAA208 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA228 3PAA219 3PAA177 4PAA107 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA263 2PAE226 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + 2MAD (Sn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + 2MAD (Sr) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + 2MAD (Tl) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* La Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* La Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 2.8 0.0864 4.4071 1.3 1.4153 704 95.0837 4849.2712 888 1023.4606 0.78 0.0375 1.9112 0.47 0.6244 1 1.9 0.0864 3.5084 1.3 1.4153 887 95.0837 3860.4002 888 1023.4606 0.22 0.0375 1.5215 0.47 0.6244 1 1.8 0.0864 2.2727 1.3 1.4153 800 95.0837 2500.7026 888 1023.4606 0.41 0.0375 0.9856 0.47 0.6244 1 1.9 0.0864 2.7566 1.3 1.4153 649 95.0837 3033.1716 888 1023.4606 0.29 0.0375 1.1954 0.47 0.6244 1 3 0.0864 1.1407 1.3 1.4153 298 95.0837 1255.1055 888 1023.4606 1.01 0.0375 0.4947 0.47 0.6244 1 3.5 0.0864 3.3875 1.3 1.4153 509 95.0837 3727.2830 888 1023.4606 0.45 0.0375 1.4690 0.47 0.6244 1 2.7 0.0864 4.1652 1.3 1.4153 548 95.0837 4583.0367 888 1023.4606 0.54 0.0375 1.8063 0.47 0.6244 1 2.4 0.0864 3.9751 1.3 1.4153 615 95.0837 4373.8525 888 1023.4606 0.28 0.0375 1.7238 0.47 0.6244 1 1.9 0.0864 2.9813 1.3 1.4153 775 95.0837 3280.3894 888 1023.4606 0.82 0.0375 1.2929 0.47 0.6244 1 2.7 0.0864 3.9146 1.3 1.4153 763 95.0837 4307.2939 888 1023.4606 0.92 0.0375 1.6976 0.47 0.6244 1 1.5 0.0864 2.5233 1.3 1.4153 397 95.0837 2776.4455 888 1023.4606 3.45 0.0375 1.0943 0.47 0.6244 1 0.8 0.0864 1.1925 1.3 1.4153 611 95.0837 1312.1557 888 1023.4606 0.76 0.0375 0.5171 0.47 0.6244 1 2 0.0864 2.8085 1.3 1.4153 678 95.0837 3090.2219 888 1023.4606 0.78 0.0375 1.2179 0.47 0.6244 1 0.9 0.0864 1.3999 1.3 1.4153 870 95.0837 1540.3567 888 1023.4606 0.55 0.0375 0.6071 0.47 0.6244 1 34.2 0.0864 1.3826 1.3 1.4153 5 95.0837 1521.3400 888 1023.4606 0.46 0.0375 0.5996 0.47 0.6244 1 21.6 0.0864 0.9506 1.3 1.4153 4.4 95.0837 1045.9212 888 1023.4606 0.21 0.0375 0.4122 0.47 0.6244 1 433 Sample N° 4PAA238 4PAA233 4PAA235 4PAA236 3PAA214 3PAA215 3PAA216 3PAA217 3PAA221 3PAA223 3PAA219 3PAA260 3PAA257 3PAA255 3PAA253 3PAA250 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + 2MAD (V) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + 2MAD (W) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + 2MAD (Zn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold V V/La MAD(V/La)* La W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 91 6.6458 86.3958 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.6042 0.7 0.9104 1 95 14.4532 187.8916 146 213.6939 100 80 6.6458 110.3208 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7715 0.7 0.9104 1 62 14.4532 239.9231 146 213.6939 100 9 6.6458 34.5583 104 114.3424 0.1 0.0465 0.2417 0.7 0.9104 1 177 14.4532 75.1566 146 213.6939 100 5 6.6458 15.2854 104 114.3424 0.1 0.0465 0.1069 0.7 0.9104 1 55 14.4532 33.2424 146 213.6939 100 76 6.6458 154.1833 104 114.3424 1 0.0465 1.0782 0.7 0.9104 1 29 14.4532 335.3142 146 213.6939 100 74 6.6458 179.4375 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 1.2548 0.7 0.9104 1 89 14.4532 390.2363 146 213.6939 100 84 6.6458 150.8604 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 1.0550 0.7 0.9104 1 60 14.4532 328.0876 146 213.6939 100 116 6.6458 101.6812 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7111 0.7 0.9104 1 64 14.4532 221.1339 146 213.6939 100 87 6.6458 213.9958 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 1.4965 0.7 0.9104 1 44 14.4532 465.3930 146 213.6939 100 49 6.6458 146.2083 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.0224 0.7 0.9104 1 47 14.4532 317.9703 146 213.6939 100 89 6.6458 301.0562 104 114.3424 1.9 0.0465 2.1053 0.7 0.9104 1 56 14.4532 654.7298 146 213.6939 100 92 6.6458 74.4333 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.5205 0.7 0.9104 1 76 14.4532 161.8758 146 213.6939 100 75 6.6458 190.7354 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 1.3338 0.7 0.9104 1 22 14.4532 414.8068 146 213.6939 100 92 6.6458 348.9062 104 114.3424 2 0.0465 2.4399 0.7 0.9104 1 61 14.4532 758.7929 146 213.6939 100 72 6.6458 132.9167 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 0.9295 0.7 0.9104 1 71 14.4532 289.0639 146 213.6939 100 53 6.6458 105.6687 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.7389 0.7 0.9104 1 62 14.4532 229.8058 146 213.6939 100 434 Sample N° 4PAA224 4PAA112 4PAA114 4PAA115 4PAA117 4PAA118 4PAA119 4PAA121 4PAA123 4PAA124 4PAA223 4PAA107 3PAA117 3PAA116 3PAA177 3PAA179 3PAA181 3PAA183 3PAA185 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + 2MAD (V) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + 2MAD (W) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + 2MAD (Zn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold V V/La MAD(V/La)* La W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 102 6.6458 81.7437 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 0.5716 0.7 0.9104 1 100 14.4532 177.7743 146 213.6939 100 92 6.6458 151.5250 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.0596 0.7 0.9104 1 73 14.4532 329.5329 146 213.6939 100 130 6.6458 89.0542 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.6228 0.7 0.9104 1 70 14.4532 193.6728 146 213.6939 100 37 6.6458 44.5271 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.3114 0.7 0.9104 1 44 14.4532 96.8364 146 213.6939 100 47 6.6458 59.1479 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.4136 0.7 0.9104 1 23 14.4532 128.6335 146 213.6939 100 126 6.6458 83.7375 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.5856 0.7 0.9104 1 96 14.4532 182.1103 146 213.6939 100 55 6.6458 114.3083 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.7994 0.7 0.9104 1 54 14.4532 248.5950 146 213.6939 100 68 6.6458 108.9917 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7622 0.7 0.9104 1 63 14.4532 237.0324 146 213.6939 100 133 6.6458 147.5375 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 1.0317 0.7 0.9104 1 127 14.4532 320.8610 146 213.6939 100 56 6.6458 102.3458 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.7157 0.7 0.9104 1 65 14.4532 222.5792 146 213.6939 100 71 6.6458 106.3333 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.7436 0.7 0.9104 1 90 14.4532 231.2512 146 213.6939 100 84 6.6458 91.7125 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 0.6414 0.7 0.9104 1 97 14.4532 199.4541 146 213.6939 100 72 6.6458 107.6625 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7529 0.7 0.9104 1 18 14.4532 234.1418 146 213.6939 100 85 6.6458 215.9896 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.5104 0.7 0.9104 1 27 14.4532 469.7289 146 213.6939 100 106 6.6458 194.0583 104 114.3424 2.4 0.0465 1.3571 0.7 0.9104 1 190 14.4532 422.0334 146 213.6939 100 41 6.6458 55.8250 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.3904 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 121.4069 146 213.6939 100 118 6.6458 108.9917 104 114.3424 2.2 0.0465 0.7622 0.7 0.9104 1 436 14.4532 237.0324 146 213.6939 100 30 6.6458 41.8687 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.2928 0.7 0.9104 1 38 14.4532 91.0551 146 213.6939 100 74 6.6458 67.7875 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.4740 0.7 0.9104 1 38 14.4532 147.4226 146 213.6939 100 435 Sample N° 3PAA188 3PAA190 4PAA164 4PAA165 4PAA166 4PAA134 4PAA135 4PAA136 4PAA138 4PAA150 4PAA186 4PAA191 3PAA332 4PAA194 4PAA137 4PAA139 4PAA188 4PAA181 4PAA182 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + 2MAD (V) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + 2MAD (W) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + 2MAD (Zn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold V V/La MAD(V/La)* La W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 41 6.6458 39.8750 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.2788 0.7 0.9104 1 48 14.4532 86.7192 146 213.6939 100 42 6.6458 127.6000 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.8923 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 277.5014 146 213.6939 100 37 6.6458 65.1292 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.4555 0.7 0.9104 1 225 14.4532 141.6413 146 213.6939 100 59 6.6458 63.1354 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.4415 0.7 0.9104 1 138 14.4532 137.3054 146 213.6939 100 26 6.6458 38.5458 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.2696 0.7 0.9104 1 15 14.4532 83.8285 146 213.6939 100 10 6.6458 27.2479 104 114.3424 1.7 0.0465 0.1905 0.7 0.9104 1 132 14.4532 59.2581 146 213.6939 100 8 6.6458 26.5833 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.1859 0.7 0.9104 1 72 14.4532 57.8128 146 213.6939 100 8 6.6458 25.9187 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.1813 0.7 0.9104 1 106 14.4532 56.3675 146 213.6939 100 20 6.6458 81.0792 104 114.3424 7.2 0.0465 0.5670 0.7 0.9104 1 244 14.4532 176.3290 146 213.6939 100 12 6.6458 59.1479 104 114.3424 0.7 0.0465 0.4136 0.7 0.9104 1 558 14.4532 128.6335 146 213.6939 100 7 6.6458 23.2604 104 114.3424 1.1 0.0465 0.1627 0.7 0.9104 1 610 14.4532 50.5862 146 213.6939 100 8 6.6458 25.9187 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.1813 0.7 0.9104 1 5 14.4532 56.3675 146 213.6939 100 9 6.6458 30.5708 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.2138 0.7 0.9104 1 33 14.4532 66.4847 146 213.6939 100 8 6.6458 43.8625 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.3067 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 95.3911 146 213.6939 100 11 6.6458 23.2604 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.1627 0.7 0.9104 1 84 14.4532 50.5862 146 213.6939 100 7 6.6458 27.2479 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.1905 0.7 0.9104 1 134 14.4532 59.2581 146 213.6939 100 8 6.6458 35.2229 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.2463 0.7 0.9104 1 31 14.4532 76.6019 146 213.6939 100 9 6.6458 25.9187 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.1813 0.7 0.9104 1 67 14.4532 56.3675 146 213.6939 100 7 6.6458 31.9000 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.2231 0.7 0.9104 1 148 14.4532 69.3753 146 213.6939 100436 Sample N° 4PAA148 4PAA149 4PAA187 4PAA110 4PAA226 4PAA183 4PAA190 4PAA108 3PAA105 4PAA105 3PAA114 3PAA120 3PAA127 3PAA127B 3PAA134 3PAA154 3PAA154B 2PAG59 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + 2MAD (V) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + 2MAD (W) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + 2MAD (Zn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold V V/La MAD(V/La)* La W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 24 6.6458 73.7687 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.5159 0.7 0.9104 1 32 14.4532 160.4305 146 213.6939 100 12 6.6458 31.9000 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.2231 0.7 0.9104 1 19 14.4532 69.3753 146 213.6939 100 7 6.6458 26.5833 104 114.3424 0.7 0.0465 0.1859 0.7 0.9104 1 11 14.4532 57.8128 146 213.6939 100 34 6.6458 134.2458 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.9388 0.7 0.9104 1 16 14.4532 291.9546 146 213.6939 100 7 6.6458 11.2979 104 114.3424 0.1 0.0465 0.0790 0.7 0.9104 1 30 14.4532 24.5704 146 213.6939 100 12 6.6458 33.8937 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.2370 0.7 0.9104 1 89 14.4532 73.7113 146 213.6939 100 5 6.6458 16.6146 104 114.3424 0.1 0.0465 0.1162 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 36.1330 146 213.6939 100 49 6.6458 199.3750 104 114.3424 9 0.0465 1.3942 0.7 0.9104 1 244 14.4532 433.5959 146 213.6939 100 81 6.6458 465.2083 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 3.2532 0.7 0.9104 1 30 14.4532 1011.7238 146 213.6939 100 118 6.6458 93.0417 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.6506 0.7 0.9104 1 219 14.4532 202.3448 146 213.6939 100 115 6.6458 380.1417 104 114.3424 1.9 0.0465 2.6584 0.7 0.9104 1 493 14.4532 826.7229 146 213.6939 100 71 6.6458 160.8292 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 1.1247 0.7 0.9104 1 17 14.4532 349.7674 146 213.6939 100 85 6.6458 167.4750 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 1.1712 0.7 0.9104 1 26 14.4532 364.2206 146 213.6939 100 82 6.6458 154.1833 104 114.3424 0.7 0.0465 1.0782 0.7 0.9104 1 51 14.4532 335.3142 146 213.6939 100 31 6.6458 54.4958 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.3811 0.7 0.9104 1 401 14.4532 118.5162 146 213.6939 100 59 6.6458 80.4146 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.5623 0.7 0.9104 1 24 14.4532 174.8837 146 213.6939 100 60 6.6458 97.0292 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.6785 0.7 0.9104 1 33 14.4532 211.0167 146 213.6939 100 114 6.6458 292.4167 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 2.0449 0.7 0.9104 1 149 14.4532 635.9407 146 213.6939 100437 Sample N° 2PAG60 3PAA112 4PAA106 3PAA115A 3PAA115B 3PAA121 3PAA122 3PAA123 3PAA124 3PAA156 3PAA288 3PAA290 3PAA210 3PAA211 3PAA212 2PAE233 4PAA195 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + 2MAD (V) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + 2MAD (W) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + 2MAD (Zn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold V V/La MAD(V/La)* La W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 91 6.6458 241.2437 104 114.3424 1.1 0.0465 1.6870 0.7 0.9104 1 26 14.4532 524.6511 146 213.6939 100 124 6.6458 421.3458 104 114.3424 1.4 0.0465 2.9465 0.7 0.9104 1 14 14.4532 916.3327 146 213.6939 100 109 6.6458 78.4208 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.5484 0.7 0.9104 1 73 14.4532 170.5477 146 213.6939 100 117 6.6458 325.6458 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 2.2773 0.7 0.9104 1 398 14.4532 708.2067 146 213.6939 100 113 6.6458 342.2604 104 114.3424 1.5 0.0465 2.3934 0.7 0.9104 1 42 14.4532 744.3397 146 213.6939 100 133 6.6458 335.6146 104 114.3424 2.7 0.0465 2.3470 0.7 0.9104 1 20 14.4532 729.8865 146 213.6939 100 134 6.6458 318.3354 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 2.2261 0.7 0.9104 1 20 14.4532 692.3082 146 213.6939 100 128 6.6458 327.6396 104 114.3424 1.9 0.0465 2.2912 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 712.5426 146 213.6939 100 126 6.6458 300.3917 104 114.3424 1.3 0.0465 2.1007 0.7 0.9104 1 19 14.4532 653.2845 146 213.6939 100 58 6.6458 90.3833 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.6321 0.7 0.9104 1 48 14.4532 196.5635 146 213.6939 100 94 6.6458 156.1771 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 1.0922 0.7 0.9104 1 113 14.4532 339.6501 146 213.6939 100 89 6.6458 202.6979 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.4175 0.7 0.9104 1 46 14.4532 440.8225 146 213.6939 100 103 6.6458 309.6958 104 114.3424 1.5 0.0465 2.1657 0.7 0.9104 1 31 14.4532 673.5190 146 213.6939 100 98 6.6458 233.2687 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 1.6313 0.7 0.9104 1 75 14.4532 507.3072 146 213.6939 100 104 6.6458 325.6458 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 2.2773 0.7 0.9104 1 260 14.4532 708.2067 146 213.6939 100 135 6.6458 537.6479 104 114.3424 21.4 0.0465 3.7598 0.7 0.9104 1 317 14.4532 1169.2637 146 213.6939 100 104 6.6458 273.1437 104 114.3424 1.7 0.0465 1.9101 0.7 0.9104 1 23 14.4532 594.0264 146 213.6939 100438 Sample N° 4PAA196 4PAA201 4PAA202 4PAA203 4PAA208 4PAA209 4PAA211 4PAA212 4PAA228 3PAA219 3PAA177 4PAA107 3PAA116 3PAA117 3PAA263 2PAE226 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + 2MAD (V) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + 2MAD (W) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + 2MAD (Zn) Mean + 2Std Dev Visual threshold V V/La MAD(V/La)* La W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)* La ppm ppm ppm 95 6.6458 338.9375 104 114.3424 2.3 0.0465 2.3702 0.7 0.9104 1 63 14.4532 737.1131 146 213.6939 100 125 6.6458 269.8208 104 114.3424 1.5 0.0465 1.8869 0.7 0.9104 1 47 14.4532 586.7998 146 213.6939 100 120 6.6458 174.7854 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 1.2223 0.7 0.9104 1 28 14.4532 380.1191 146 213.6939 100 122 6.6458 212.0021 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 1.4825 0.7 0.9104 1 18 14.4532 461.0570 146 213.6939 100 93 6.6458 87.7250 104 114.3424 4.9 0.0465 0.6135 0.7 0.9104 1 296 14.4532 190.7822 146 213.6939 100 148 6.6458 260.5167 104 114.3424 3 0.0465 1.8218 0.7 0.9104 1 73 14.4532 566.5653 146 213.6939 100 92 6.6458 320.3292 104 114.3424 2 0.0465 2.2401 0.7 0.9104 1 1650 14.4532 696.6441 146 213.6939 100 99 6.6458 305.7083 104 114.3424 1.7 0.0465 2.1378 0.7 0.9104 1 65 14.4532 664.8471 146 213.6939 100 102 6.6458 229.2812 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.6034 0.7 0.9104 1 63 14.4532 498.6353 146 213.6939 100 89 6.6458 301.0562 104 114.3424 1.9 0.0465 2.1053 0.7 0.9104 1 56 14.4532 654.7298 146 213.6939 100 106 6.6458 194.0583 104 114.3424 2.4 0.0465 1.3571 0.7 0.9104 1 190 14.4532 422.0334 146 213.6939 100 84 6.6458 91.7125 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 0.6414 0.7 0.9104 1 97 14.4532 199.4541 146 213.6939 100 85 6.6458 215.9896 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.5104 0.7 0.9104 1 27 14.4532 469.7289 146 213.6939 100 72 6.6458 107.6625 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7529 0.7 0.9104 1 18 14.4532 234.1418 146 213.6939 100 5 6.6458 106.3333 104 114.3424 730 0.0465 0.7436 0.7 0.9104 1 31700 14.4532 231.2512 146 213.6939 100 13 6.6458 73.1042 104 114.3424 240 0.0465 0.5112 0.7 0.9104 1 76900 14.4532 158.9852 146 213.6939 100 439 Appendices A10.1 to A10.8: Bivariate graphs of metal versus La graphs for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina 440 Ba threshold values limestone 0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Ba threshold values marble 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Ba threshold values hornfels 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Bi threshold values in limestone 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Bi threshold values in marble 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Bi threshold values in hornfels 0 2 4 6 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 La ppm La ppm B a p p m La ppm B a p p m B a p p m B i p p m La ppm B i p p m La ppm B i p p m La ppm Limestone Marble Hornfels Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD Mean metal/La Median metal/La Visual cut-off Appendix A10.2: Bivariate graphs of Ba vs. La and Bi vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off. Legend Coincidence of Mean and median of metal/La 442 Cu threshold values in limestone 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Cu threshold in marble 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Cu threshold values in hornfels 0 25 50 75 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cd threshold values in limestone 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Cd threshold values in marble 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Cd threshold values in hornfels 0 2 4 6 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 C u p p m La ppm C u p p m La ppm C u p p m La ppm C d p p m La ppm C d p p m La ppm C d p p m La ppm Limestone Marble Hornfels Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD Mean metal/La Median metal/La Visual cut-off Appendix A10.3: Bivariate graphs of Cu vs. La and Cd vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off. Legend 443 Ag threshold values in limestone -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Ag threshold values in marble -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Ag threshold values in hornfels -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 As threshold values limestone 0 40 80 120 160 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 As threshold values marble 0 40 80 120 160 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 As threshold values hornfels 0 60 120 180 240 300 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 A g p p m La ppm A g p p m La ppm A g p p m La ppm A s p p m La ppm A s p p m La ppm A s p p m La ppm Limestone Marble Hornfels Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD Mean metal/La Median metal/La Visual cut-off Appendix A10.1: Bivariate graphs of Ag vs. La and As vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off. Legend 441 Hg threshold values in limestone -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Hg threshold values in marble -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Hg threshold values in hornfels -0.08 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0 20 40 60 80 100 In threshold values in limestone 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 In threshold values in marble 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 In threshold values in hornfels 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 20 40 60 80 100 H g p p m La ppm H g p p m La ppm H g p p m La ppm In p p m La ppm In p p m La ppm In p p m La ppm Limestone Marble Hornfels Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD Mean metal/La Median metal/La Visual cut-off Appendix A10.4: Bivariate graphs of Hg vs. La and In vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off. Legend 444 Mn threshold values in limestone 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Mn threshold values in marble 0 1000 2000 3000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Mn threshold values in hornfels 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mo threshold values in limestone 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Mo threshold values in marble 0 2 4 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Mo threshold values in hornfels 0 2 4 6 8 0 20 40 60 80 100 M n p p m La ppm M n p p m La ppm M n p p m La ppm M o p p m La ppm M o p p m La ppm M o p p m La ppm Limestone Marble Hornfels Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD Mean metal/La Median metal/La Visual cut-off Appendix A10.5: Bivariate graphs of Mn vs. La and Mo vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off. Legend 445 Pb threshold values in limestone 0 50 100 150 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Pb threshold values in marble 0 250 500 750 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Pb threshold values in hornfels 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 20 40 60 80 100 Sb threshold values in limestones 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Sb threshold values in marble 0 2 4 6 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Sb threshold values in hornfels 0 2 4 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 P b p p m La ppm P b p p m La ppm P b p p m La ppm S b p p m La ppm S b p p m La ppm S b p p m La ppm Limestone Marble Hornfels Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD Mean metal/La Median metal/La Visual cut-off Legend Coincidence of Mean and median of metal/La Appendix A10.6: Bivariate graphs of Pb vs. La and Sb vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off. 446 Sn threshold values in limestone 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Sn threshold values in marble 0 2 4 6 8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Sn threshold values in hornfels 0 2 4 6 8 0 20 40 60 80 100 Tl threshold values in limestone 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Tl threshold values in marble 0 1 2 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Tl threshold values in hornfels 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 S n p p m La ppm S n p p m La ppm S n p p m La ppm T l p p m La ppm T l p p m La ppm T l p p m La ppm Limestone Marble Hornfels Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD Mean metal/La Median metal/La Visual cut-off Appendix A10.7: Bivariate graphs of Sn vs. La and Tl vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off. Legend 447 W threshold values in limestones 0 1 2 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 W threshold values in marble 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 W threshold values in hornfels 0 6 12 18 24 0 20 40 60 80 100 Zn threshold values in limestone 0 200 400 600 800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Zn threshold values in marble 0 300 600 900 1200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Zn threshold values in hornfels 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 20 40 60 80 100 W p p m La ppm W p p m La ppm W p p m La ppm Z n p p m La ppm Z n p p m La ppm Z n p p m La ppm Limestone Marble Hornfels Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD Mean metal/La Median metal/La Visual cut-off Legend Coincidence of Mean and median of metal/La Appendix A10.8: Bivariate graphs of W vs. La and Zn vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off. 448 Appendices A11.1 to A11.6: Plots of metal content in marble vs. distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods 449 00.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 median + 2MADmean + 2SDEV Visual threshold 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 bleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 A g p p m A g p p m A g p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m La ME-MS61 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS81 Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Legend Appendix A11.1: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I , , 450 02 4 6 8 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1 10 100 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1 10 100 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1 10 100 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Appendix A11.2: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I median + 2MADmean + 2SDEV Visual thresholdbleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values Legend , , 451 00.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 400 800 1200 1600 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 400 800 1200 1600 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 400 800 1200 1600 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Appendix A11.3: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I median + 2MADmean + 2SDEV Visual thresholdbleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values Legend , , 452 01 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 M o p p m M o p p m M o p p m P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 A B C D E F G H I Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Appendix A11.4: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. median + 2MADmean + 2SDEV Visual thresholdbleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values Legend , , 453 01 2 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 1 2 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 1 2 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 S n p p m S n p p m S n p p m S r p p m S r p p m S r p p m T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 mean + 2SDEV Visual thresholdbleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values median +2MAD Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Legend Appendix A11.5: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I 454 050 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 200 400 600 800 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 200 400 600 800 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 200 400 600 800 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 V p p m V p p m V p p m W p p m W p p m W p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 mean + 2SDEV Visual thresholdbleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values median +2MAD Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Legend Appendix A11.6: Plots of V, W and Zn content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I , 455 Appendices A11.7 to A11.12: Plots of metal content vs. distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods 456 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 marble threshold values 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 A g p p m La ME-MS81 A g p p m La ME-MS61 A g p p m Distance from the QFP dike (m) A s p p m La ME-MS81 A s p p m La ME-MS61 A s p p m Distance from the QFP dike (m) B a p p m La ME-MS81 B a p p m La ME-MS61 Distance from the QFP dike (m) B a p p m limestonehornfels Legend Appendix A11.7: Graphs of Ag, As and Ba content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I 457 010 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdlimestonehornfels Legend Appendix A11.8: Graphs of Bi, Cd and Cu content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) A B C D E F G H I 458 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdlimestonehornfels Legend Appendix A11.9: Graphs of Hg, In and Mn content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) A B C D E F G H I 459 01 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 10 100 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 10 100 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 10 100 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 M o p p m M o p p m M o p p m P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdlimestonehornfels Legend Appendix A11.10: Graphs of Mo, Pb and Sb content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) A B C D E F G H I 460 02 4 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 2 4 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 2 4 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 S n p p m S n p p m S n p p m S r p p m S r p p m S r p p m T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdlimestonehornfels Legend Appendix A11.11: Graphs of Sn, Sr and Tl content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) A B C D E F G H I 461 0100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 V p p m V p p m V p p m W p p m W p p m W p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdlimestonehornfels Legend Appendix A11.12: Graphs of V, W and Zn content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) A B C D E F G H I 462 Appendices A11.13 to A11.18: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP dike at transect 13 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods 463 00.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 40 80 120 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 40 80 120 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 40 80 120 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 A g p p m A g p p m A g p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 measured values threshold values Legend Appendix A11.13: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I , Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 464 00.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 B i p p m B i p p m 1 B i p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.14: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdmeasured values threshold values Legend , Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 465 00.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.15: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdmeasured values threshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 466 02 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 M o p p m 1 M o p p m M o p p m P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m 1 S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.16: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdmeasured values threshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 467 02 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 S n p p m 1 S n p p m S n p p m S r p p m S r p p m S r p p m T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.17: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdmeasured values threshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 468 0100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 V p p m V p p m V p p m 1 W p p m W p p m W p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.18: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdmeasured values threshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 469 Appendices A11.19 to A11.24: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP dike at transect 14 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods 470 00.2 0.4 0.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold 0 50 100 150 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 50 100 150 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 50 100 150 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 A g p p m A g p p m A g p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 threshold values Legend Appendix A11.19: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I , Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 471 00.1 0.2 0.3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.5 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m 2 C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.20: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 472 00.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 400 800 1200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 400 800 1200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 400 800 1200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.21: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 473 00.5 1 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 M o p p m M o p p m M o p p m P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.22: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 474 02 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 1 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 1 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 S n p p m 1 S n p p m S n p p m S r p p m S r p p m S r p p m T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.23: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 475 040 80 120 160 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.5 1.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 0.5 1 1.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 V p p m V p p m V p p m 1 W p p m W p p m W p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.24: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 476 Appendices A11.25 to A11.30: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (transect 5) in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods 477 02 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 1 2 3 0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 0 50 100 150 200 0 40 80 120 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 40 80 120 160 0 50 100 150 200 0 40 80 120 160 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 A g p p m 1 A g p p m A g p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.25: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T-5) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend , Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 478 00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.5 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 50 100 150 200 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m 2 C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m Appendix A11.26: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T- 5) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 479 00.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 50 100 150 200 0 800 1600 2400 3200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 800 1600 2400 3200 0 50 100 150 200 0 800 1600 2400 3200 0 50 100 150 200 H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.27: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T- 5) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 480 00.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 M o p p m M o p p m M o p p m P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.28: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T- 5) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 481 02 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 1 2 3 0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 0 50 100 150 200 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 50 100 150 200 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 50 100 150 200 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 S n p p m 1 S n p p m S n p p m S r p p m S r p p m S r p p m T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.29: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T- 5) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 482 050 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 50 100 150 200 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 50 100 150 200 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 50 100 150 200 V p p m V p p m V p p m 1W p p m W p p m W p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.30: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T-5) in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 483 Appendices A11.31 to A11.36: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP dike at transect 10 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods 484 00.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 A g p p m A g p p m A g p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.31: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend , Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 485 00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.32: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 486 00.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.33: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 487 02 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.5 1.5 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 M o p p m 1 M o p p m M o p p m P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m 1 S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.34: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 488 02 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 S n p p m 1 S n p p m S n p p m S r p p m S r p p m S r p p m 1 T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.35: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 489 0100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 200 400 600 800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 200 400 600 800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 200 400 600 800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 V p p m V p p m V p p m 1W p p m W p p m W p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.36: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 490 Appendices A11.37 to A11.42: Plots of metal content in the host rocks vs. distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge Road in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods 491 01 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 5 10 15 20 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 5 10 15 20 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 5 10 15 20 measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 threshold values Legend Appendix A11.37: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I A g p p m A g p p m A g p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 492 02.5 5 7.5 10 0 5 10 15 20 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 0 5 10 15 20 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 0 5 10 15 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 5 10 15 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 5 10 15 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 5 10 15 20 B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.38: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 493 00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 5 10 15 20 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 5 10 15 20 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 5 10 15 20 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 5 10 15 20 H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.39: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 494 01 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 100 200 300 400 0 5 10 15 20 0 100 200 300 400 0 5 10 15 20 0 100 200 300 400 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 M o p p m M o p p m M o p p m P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.40: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 495 01 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 5 10 15 20 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 5 10 15 20 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 0 5 10 15 20 S n p p m S n p p m S n p p m S r p p m S r p p m S r p p m T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.41: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 496 01 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 5 10 15 20 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 5 10 15 20 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 5 10 15 20 0 100 200 300 400 0 5 10 15 20 0 100 200 300 400 0 5 10 15 20 0 100 200 300 400 0 5 10 15 20 V p p m V p p m V p p m W p p m W p p m W p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81La ME-MS81 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 Appendix A11.42: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values. Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph. A B C D E F G H I measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual thresholdthreshold values Legend Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) 497 Appendix A12: Geochemical alteration halos obtained by different methods for the sampling transects at Antamina 498 Appendix A12: Geochemical alteration halos obtained by different methods Antamina West Altitude: 4250 m.a.s.l. Element Lithium borate fusion Four acid digestion Median + 2MAD Mean + 2SDEV Visual cut- off Ag 147 147 147 98 147 As 68 68 0 0 0 Ba 0 0 0 0 0 Bi 145 145 98 98 98 Cd 29 29 0 0 0 Cu 247 247 71 71 71 In 29 29 29 27 29 Mn 29 29 0 0 0 Mo 157 157 98 0 98 Pb 147 147 0 0 0 Sb 147 147 0 0 0 Sn 18 22 0 0 0 Sr 247 247 0 0 0 Tl 0 0 0 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 W 125 125 27 27 27 Zn 118 118 98 70 98 Transect 2 - Quarry Bench Altitude: 4330 m.a.s.l. Element Lithium borate fusion Four acid digestion Median + 2MAD Mean + 2SDEV Visual cut- off Ag 0 0 86 0 86 As 0 0 0 0 0 Ba 0 0 0 0 0 Bi 0 0 0 0 96.5 Cd 0 0 0 0 0 Cu 86 86 93.5 96.3 96.3 In 60 60 60 60 60 Mn 0 0 0 0 0 Mo 0 86 0 0 0 Pb 86 86 86 86 86 Sb 0 0 0 0 0 Sn 0 0 0 0 0 Sr 0 0 0 0 0 Tl 0 0 0 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 0 Zn 0 0 0 0 0 499 Appendix A12: Geochemical alteration halos obtained by different methods Transect 13 - Fortuna East Altitude: 4450 m.a.s.l. Element Lithium borate fusion Four acid digestion Median + 2MAD Mean + 2SDEV Visual cut- off Ag 0 0 45 0 45 As 45 45 45 45 45 Ba 0 0 0 0 0 Bi 0 0 0 0 0 Cd 0 0 0 0 0 Cu 17 17 0 0 0 Hg 0 0 0 0 0 In 0 0 0 0 0 Mn 0 0 0 0 0 Mo 17 17 17 0 0 Pb 17 0 0 0 0 Sb 66 66 70 45 45 Sn 0 0 0 0 0 Sr 0 0 0 0 0 Tl 18 18 45 0 0 V 18 18 0 0 0 W 0 17 0 0 0 Zn 0 0 0 0 0 Transect 14 - Fortuna East Altitude: 4500 m.a.s.l. Element Lithium borate fusion Four acid digestion Median + 2MAD Mean + 2SDEV Visual cut- off Ag 0 0 45 0 45 As 45 45 45 5 45 Ba 0 0 5 5 5 Bi 0 0 5 5 5 Cd 0 0 0 0 0 Cu 0 0 0 0 0 Hg 0 0 0 0 0 In 0 0 5 5 5 Mn 0 0 5 5 0 Mo 0 0 25 0 25 Pb 0 0 0 0 0 Sb 0 0 0 0 0 Sn 0 0 0 0 0 Sr 0 0 0 0 0 Tl 15 15 15 5 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 5 0 0 Zn 0 0 0 0 0 500 Transect 5 - Fortuna Altitude: 4700 m.a.s.l. Element Lithium borate fusion Four acid digestion Median + 2MAD Mean + 2SDEV Visual cut- off Ag 40 40 45 40 45 As 36 36 30 30 30 Ba 1 1 1 1 1 Bi 1 1 1 1 1 Cd 0 0 25 0 0 Cu 1 1 1 1 1 Hg 0 0 30 0 30 In 30 30 30 30 30 Mn 36 36 30 30 30 Mo 0 0 15 0 15 Pb 36 36 30 30 30 Sb 36 36 30 30 30 Sn 0 0 1 1 1 Sr 0 0 0 0 0 Tl 60 60 30 30 30 V 0 0 0 0 0 W 30 30 30 30 30 Zn 0 0 30 0 30 Ridge Road Element Lithium borate fusion Four acid digestion Median + 2MAD Mean + 2SDEV Visual cut- off Ag 0 0 0 0 0 As 0 0 0 0 0 Ba 2.5 2.5 >16 >16 >16 Bi >16 >16 >16 >16 >16 Cd 0 0 0 0 0 Cu 2.5 2.5 >16 >16 >16 Hg values lower than detection limit In 0 0 15 15 15 Mn 0 0 2 1 0 Mo 0 0 0 0 0 Pb 0 0 0 0 0 Sb 0 0 >16 0 0 Sn 0 0 >16 >16 >16 Sr 0 0 0 0 0 Tl 0 0 0 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 >16 >16 >16 >16 Zn 0 0 0 0 0 501 Transect 10 - Fortuna East Altitude: 4550 m.a.s.l. Element Lithium borate fusion Four acid digestion Median + 2MAD Mean + 2SDEV Visual cut- off Ag 0 0 10 0 40 As 2 2 2 0 2 Ba 2 2 2 2 2 Bi 0 0 10 0 10 Cd 0 0 0 0 0 Cu 0 0 0 0 0 Hg 0 0 0 0 0 In 0 0 0 0 0 Mn 0 0 0 0 0 Mo 0 0 0 0 0 Pb 0 0 0 0 0 Sb 0 0 0 0 0 Sn 0 0 0 0 0 Sr 0 0 0 0 0 Tl 5 0 70 6 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 6 10 5 5 Zn 0 0 0 0 0 502 Appendix A13: Graphs of anomalous halos of metals to paleo fluid escape conduits at Antamina 503 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn front Distance from the skarn front (m) Appendix A13.1: Anomalous halos of Ag to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m 0 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 A g p p m 1 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 A g p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 A g p p m Fortuna East - Traverse 13 - 4450 m No halo 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 A g p p m 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 A g p p m Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m No halo 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 A g p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 A g p p m No halo Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m marble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m) 504 040 80 120 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 A s p p m Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 A s p p m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m 0 40 80 120 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 A s p p m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 A s p p m Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 A s p p m 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 A s p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Distance from fluid conduit (m) Appendix A13.2: Anomalous halos of As to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from the skarn front (m) 0 30 60 90 120 150 0 5 10 15 20 A s p p m No halo Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m Distance from fluid conduit (m) 505 Distance from skarn front (m) 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 B a p p m Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water 0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 B a p p m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 B a p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 B a p p m Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) No halo 0 50 100 150 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 B a p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 B a p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.3: Anomalous halos of Ba to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 5 10 15 20 B a p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m Distance from fluid conduit (m) 506 00.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 B i p p m Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 B i p p m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m No halo 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 B i p p m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m No halo 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 B i p p m Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 B i p p m No halo Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 B i p p m A No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Appendix A13.4: Anomalous halos of Bi to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from the skarn front (m) 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 0 5 10 15 20 B i p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m Distance from fluid conduit (m) Open halo 507 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water 0 0.5 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2 C d p p m No halo Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C d p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m 0 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1C d p p m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m No halo 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 C d p p m Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 0.5 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2 C d p p m Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m No halo Distance from the skarn front (m) 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 C d p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.5: Anomalous halos of Cd to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit 0 2 4 6 8 0 5 10 15 20 C d p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m Distance from fluid conduit (m) No halo 508 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 C u p p m 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C u p p m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 C u p p m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m 1 10 100 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 C u p p m Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 10 20 30 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 C u p p m Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m No halo No halo Distance from the skarn front (m) 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 C u p p m Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.6: Anomalous halos of Cu to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 5 10 15 20 C u p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m Distance from fluid conduit (m) 509 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 H g p p m No halo 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 H g p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 H g p p m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 H g p p m No halo Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 H g p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m No halo Distance from the skarn front (m) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 H g p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.7: Anomalous halos of Hg to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 5 10 15 20 H g p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m Distance from fluid conduit (m) No halo 510 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 In p p m 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 In p p m No halo 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 In p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 In p p m Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 In p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m Distance from the skarn front (m) 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 In p p m Distance from fluid conduit (m) Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.8: Anomalous halos of In to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 5 10 15 20 In p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m Distance from fluid conduit (m) No halo 511 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn front Distance from the skarn front (m) Appendix A13.9: Anomalous halos of Mn to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m marble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m) 140 160 180 0 800 1600 2400 3200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 M n p p m 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Fortuna East - Traverse 13 - 4450 m No halo M n p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m M n p p m 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 M n p p m 0 400 800 1200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 M n p p m 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 5 10 15 20 0 400 800 1200 1600 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 M n p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m No halo No halo Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m M n p p m 512 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250mSymbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Distance from fluid conduit (m) Appendix A13.10: Anomalous halos of Mo to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from the skarn front (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 M o p p m 0 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 No halo Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m M o p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m M o p p m 0 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 M o p p m 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 M o p p m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m No halo No halo Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m M o p p m No halo Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m M o p p m 513 Distance from skarn front (m) Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.11: Anomalous halos of Pb to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 P b p p m 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 10 100 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m P b p p m Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m P b p p m 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 P b p p m 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 100 200 300 400 0 5 10 15 20 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 P b p p m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m No halo No halo Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m P b p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m No halo P b p p m 514 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.12: Anomalous halos of Sb to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from the skarn front (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 S b p p m 0 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m S b p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m S b p p m 0 0.5 1.5 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 S b p p m 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 S b p p m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m No halo S b p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m No halo S b p p m 515 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from the skarn front (m) Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.13: Anomalous halos of Sn to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 S n p p m 1 0 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 0 2 4 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 No halo Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m No halo S n p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m S n p p m 0 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 S n p p m 1 0 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 S n p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m No halo Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m No halo S n p p m S n p p m 516 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from the skarn front (m) Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.14: Anomalous halos of Tl to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 T l p p m 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m T l p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m T l p p m 0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 T l p p m 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 1 2 3 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 T l p p m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m T l p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m T l p p m No halo No halo 517 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from the skarn front (m) Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.15: Anomalous halos of W to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1 W p p m 0 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 0 1 2 3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m No halo W p p m No halo Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m W p p m 0 2 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1W p p m 0 0.5 1.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 W p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m W p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m No halo W p p m 518 Taco Pit Green garnet exoskarn Endoskarn Quartz feldspar porphyry Endoskarn ± breccia Gray and white marble White marble LEGEND Limestone Gray and light green hornfels Brown hornfels/marble Soil 0 600 m Condorcocha Usu Pallares Antamina West Fortuna East Quarry Bench Ridge Road Oscarina Fortuna water Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m Distance from the skarn front (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m) Symbols QFP dike Limit halo Transect skarn frontmarble threshold values limestonehornfels gray marble light gray marblewhite marble Appendix A13.16: Anomalous halos of Zn to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit Distance from fluid conduit (m) 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Z n p p m 0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m No halo No halo Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Z n p p m Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m No halo Z n p p m 0 200 400 600 800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Z n p p m 0 100 200 300 400 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400 600 800 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Z n p p m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m No halo Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m Z n p p m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m No halo Z n p p m 519 Appendices – Chapter 3 520 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina 521 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 2PAT-01 273337 8945201 Antamina West Marble black marble with cleavage contact between thermal aureole and bedding 2PAT-02 273553 8945299 Taco pit Skarn endoskarn moly coating fractures. Ar/Ar age determination 40Ar/39Ar 2PAT-03 274167 8946662 NE Antamina Limestone black limestone hornfels white calc veins and orange -brown/buff weathered veins 2PAT-04 273791 8946645 Fortuna East Intrusive bt-plag porphyry Fortuna dike Major and minor elements 2PAT-05 274860 8946004 Ridge road Intrusive qtz-bt-plag porphyry Poderosa dike Major and minor elements 2PAT-06 274996 8945706 Ridge road Intrusive hnbd-bt-plag porphyry Oscarina dike. δ18O in quartz. 40Ar/39Ar age on biot and hornb 40Ar/39Ar, major and minor elements, δ18O 2PAT-07 274996 8945706 Ridge road Intrusive hornfels xenolith in dike 2PAT-08 273564 8945101 Taco pit Intrusive bt-orthoclase megacryst dike Usa Pallares intrusion from bottom of pit. δ18O in quartz. U/Pb on zircons U-Pb, δ18O 2PAT-09 273564 8945101 Taco pit Intrusive bt-orthoclase megacryst dike cut by moly veinlets 2PAT-10 273755 8945467 Taco pit Intrusive bt-plag porphyry altered Taco porphyry-4228 bench 2PAT-11 273755 8945467 Taco pit Intrusive bt-plag porphyry Taco porphyry, δ18O in quartz. U/PB on zircons U-Pb, major and minor elements, δ18O, Sr/Sr 2PAT-12 272736 8943927 Usu Pallares Intrusive kspar megacryst porphyry Usa Pallares intrusion from end of valley, δ18O in quartz Major and minor elements, δ18O 2PAT-13 272751 8943996 Usu Pallares Skarn calcsilicate & marble veinlets along bedding 2PAT-14 273101 8944581 Usu Pallares Intrusive kspar megacryst porphyry Usa Pallares intrusion 2PAT-15 275260 8944953 Truck shop Intrusive qsp altered porphyry stylolitic pyrite veinlets in porphyry dike at truck shop 2PAT-16 273601 8945550 Antamina West Skarn endoskarn disseminate py-cpy in porphyry at 115 of mapping traverse 2PAT18 273621 8945324 Taco pit Intrusive late dike cuts skarn with massive veins U/Pb on zircons U-Pb CMA132 272436 8944264 Usu Pallares Intrusive post skarn dike collected at 314-316 interval; bt-2 feldspar porphyry 2PAT-17 273621 8945324 Taco pit Veins qtz-cpy-mo veins 2PAT-19 273751 8946676 Fortuna East Hornfels pyritiferous bleached hornfels Fortuna area 2PAT-19a 273751 8946676 Fortuna East Veins siliceous pyrite veins 2PAT-20 Fortuna altered porphyry Fortuna- shane or greg have UTM 2PAT-21 273619 8943851 Peak nine Hornfels grey hornfels transition into skarn 2PAT-22 273619 8943851 Peak nine Hornfels brown hornfels 2PAT-23 273619 8943851 Peak nine Hornfels compositionally banded grey-brown hornfels 2PAT-24 273619 8943851 Peak nine Marble complete zonation in one piece 2PAT-25 278990 8938299 Intrusive kspar-bt granodiorite main phase of pluton underlying(?) Antamina Major and minor elements 2PAE203 273786 8946582 Ridge road Intrusive Sericite altered plag-qtz-bio phyric dike margin. 2 to 20cm wide fault/shear Thin quartz-galena-pyrite veinlets semi continuous over 10's to about 100m. Trace elements 2PAE205 274744 8945202 Oscarina dike. Intrusive QFP dike crosscut by semi massive sulfide veins and veinlets Euhedral pyrite, 5% galena, trz sphalerite, quartz- calcite and epidote/diopside gangue Trace elements 2PAE207 273572 8945127 Taco Pit Intrusive Monzonite porp. with plag, biot and K-spar phenos K-spar and biotite relatively fresh in the sample. 2PAE211 273038 8946959 Condorcocha Intrusive mod porph to equigranular feldspar intrusive, 10- 15% quartz, 2-3% amphibole, 1% biotite, 3m wide, N140°, 75°W. Feldsp and amph fresh, 1% diss py and minor py- cpy-qtz veins. This dike cuts 2PAE212 δ18O 2PAE212 273038 8946959 Condorcocha Intrusive Light gray intrusion with subtle phantom phenocrysts of feldspar and quartz. Possibly albitized, sugary granular matrix 2PAE213 273141 8947011 Condorcocha Intrusive Feldspar porphyry 65% phenos, 85% feldspar, 10% qtz, 5% amphibole, minor biotite. Most feldspars and amphiboles are fresh, local sericite and chlorite.Intrusive plug 150 m wide522 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 2PAE214 273318 8946907 Condorcocha Intrusive Porphyritic, 70% phenos, mostly 2-4mm size feldsp, 5-10% quartz (6 mm), 2-3% biot. No amphibole. Hairline fractures with py-cpy-qtz, minor diss py- cpy. Minor potassic alteration. Intrusive plug. 2PAE219 273740 8945485 Taco Pit Vein Qtz veins with fgr euhedral qtz, 2% cpy, py, 1% moly as coatings along vein margins and diss within qtz. Selective grab of late quartz-moly vein, 1-2 cm wide veins. Trace elements 2PAE220 273740 8945485 Taco Pit 55m of West wall transect Vein Coarse euhedral py ± po with abund cpy, minor calcite ± qtz. This vein cuts skarn but is cut by sample 2PAE219. Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C 2PAE222 273700 8945420 Taco Pit Intrusive Qtz-bio-K-feldspar phyric porp cut by thin qtz-moly vlts, moly along fract and about 1% f-gr diss py and cpy in porp mtx Trace elements 2PAE226 273519 8945300 Antamina West Skarn Pale green garnet exoskarn with 2-5% dark sph and minor cpy-py. Trace elements 2PAE227A 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 Vein White, gray, brown to black calcite with py cut by thin galena veinlets, 30 cm wide vein Isotope sample: white calcite from late calcite - galena vein red-orange Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C 2PAE227B 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 Vein The same as 2PAE227A sample Isotope sample: Early gray - brown vein calcite none Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C 2PAE228 273324 8946253 Fortuna Intrusive Feldspar-qtz-bio porphyry dike (QFP), 10cm to 1 m wide mineralized contact Veinlets of semi-massive pyrite-galena-tan sphalerite Trace elements 2PAE229A 273324 8946253 Fortuna Vein Coarse white and black calcite, 10% gn, py, and tan - yellow-red sph Isotope sample: white vein calcite late relative to sulfides. red-orange Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C 2PAA229B 273324 8946253 Fortuna Vein White, gray - black calcite, 10% tan to yellow-red sph, py and minor gn. Isotope sample: Dark gray calcite with 5% py. none Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C 2PAE230 273215 8946278 Fortuna massive sulfide Semi-massive gn with py, brown sph, minor quartz in bxd limestone. Grab from dump. Trace elements 2PAE231 273865 8946314 Fortuna East Vein Coarse white calcite vein, minor oxidized galena and py. Ca + sulfide vein Trace elements 2PAE232 275018 8945208 Oscarina dike. Intrusive Silicified and sericite-altered fspar-qtz porp, with traces fluorite. pyrite veinlets with minor galena and sphalerite Trace elements 2PAE233 273622 8943876 Peak nine Hornfels White fgr hornfelsed limestone, thin calcite vlts w/ 2 - 5% py-cpy-gn. Fracture-cleavage controlled veinlets. tan-yellow garnet/diop, minor woll patches.Isotopes on white calcite vein Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C 2PAG51 273722 8944055 Peak nine Marble white marble Woll +/- py bleached massive marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG52 273722 8944055 Peak nine Marble Grey wollastonite marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG54 273772 8944054 Peak nine Marble Massive bleached marble. δ13C, δ18O 2PAG55 273772 8944054 Peak nine Marble Massive bleached marble. δ13C, δ18O 2PAG57 273851 8943995 Peak nine Limestone Gray limestone w/ diss py δ13C, δ18O 2PAG59 273859 8944054 Peak nine Hornfels bleached hornfels with calc-silicate (light green hornfels) masssive, fine-grained Thick section, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 2PAG60 273859 8944054 Peak nine Marble grey marble Thick section, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 2PAG61 273118 8945032 CMA 042 Antamina West 185.30 Marble scapolitic grey marble 2PAG62A CMA 042 Antamina West 158.30 Marble A - grey 2PAG62B CMA 042 Antamina West 158.30 Marble B- bleached halo of 1 cm around sulfide vein 2PAG63A CMA 042 Antamina West 141.50 Marble A grey523 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 2PAG63B CMA 042 Antamina West 141.50 Marble B grey near vein 2PAG63C CMA 042 Antamina West 141.50 Vein C vein in gray marble woll margin 2PAG64A CMA 042 Antamina West 116.90 Marble A grey marble 2PAG64B CMA 042 Antamina West 116.90 Marble B bleached, massive 2PAG65A CMA 042 Antamina West 116.20 Marble A grey 2PAG65B CMA 042 Antamina West 116.20 Marble B bleached, 2cm at sulfide vein 2PAG66 484.70 Marble massive bleached 2PAG67 483.80 Marble grey marble 2PAG68 489.70 Marble massive bleached, with sulfide veins 2PAG69A 488.80 Marble A grey 2PAG69B 488.80 Marble B partially bleached 2PAG69C 488.80 Marble C bleached, gray and white marble 1cm 2PAG70A 494.30 Marble A gray 2PAG70B 494.30 Marble B bleached, ~ 3cm at vein margin 2PAG106 274371 8946620 Ridge road Hornfels Greenish gray hornfels w/ tremolite 270m from Poderosa δ13C, δ18O 2PAG107 274371 8946620 Ridge road Limestone grey limestone 270m from Poderosa δ13C, δ18O 2PAG108 274371 8946620 NE Antamina Limestone Marly limestones pencil slate, 270m from Poderosa δ13C, δ18O 2PAG110 273910 8946775 NE Antamina Limestone Gray, micritic limestone 150m from Fat dike δ13C, δ18O 2PAG111 273923 8946852 NE Antamina Limestone Gray, micritic limestone 150m from Fat dike δ13C, δ18O 2PAG112 273969 8947143 NE Antamina Limestone Gray, micritic limestone δ13C, δ18O 2PAG113 275139 8944757 Truck shop Limestone Gray limestone δ13C, δ18O 2PAG117A 272990 8946967 Condorcocha Marble A: vein margin at spotted marble calc-silicate vein. Spotted marble adjacent to dike 2PAG117B 272990 8946967 Condorcocha Limestone B: bleached limestone massive > 5cm 2PAG122 CMA232 18.50 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG123 CMA232 22.30 Marble massive bleached with sulfide veins δ13C, δ18O 2PAG124 CMA232 22.90 Marble coarse grained massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG125 CMA232 25.00 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG126 CMA232 26.40 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG127 CMA232 26.80 Marble grey marble with wollastonite vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG128 CMA232 28.40 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG129 CMA232 32.80 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG130 CMA232 33.90 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG131 CMA232 35.00 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG132 CMA232 39.40 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG133 CMA232 40.10 Marble scapolitic grey marble 2PAG134 CMA232 42.20 Marble grey marble 2PAG135 CMA232 45.20 Marble white marble, near massive pyrite vein δ13C, δ18O 524 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 2PAG136 CMA232 47.30 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG138A CMA232 50.50 Marble A bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG138B CMA232 50.50 Marble B grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG139 CMA232 52.00 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG140 CMA232 53.25 Marble massive bleached marble near calcite vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG141 CMA232 57.60 Marble massive bleached marble near sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG142 CMA232 58.00 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG143 CMA232 62.90 Marble massive bleached marble with chalco vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG144 CMA232 71.90 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG145 CMA232 72.20 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG147A CMA231A 257.00 Marble A bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG147B CMA231A 257.00 Marble B bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG147C CMA231A 257.00 Vein C late white calcite vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG148 CMA231A 259.80 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG149 CMA231A 260.80 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG150 CMA231A 261.70 Marble massive bleached marble w/ sulfide vein swarm δ13C, δ18O 2PAG151 CMA231A 260.40 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG152A CMA231A 268.70 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG152B CMA231A 268.70 Marble B bleached, 3 cm around sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG153 CMA231A 269.60 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG154 CMA231A 271.10 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG155 CMA231A 273.20 Marble massive bleached marble around skarn veins δ13C, δ18O 2PAG156 A CMA231A 278.10 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG156B CMA231A 278.10 Marble B bleached ~ 3 cm thick, no sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG157A CMA231A 283.30 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG157B CMA231A 283.30 Marble B massive bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG159 CMA231A 285.50 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG160A CMA231A 286.00 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG160B CMA231A 286.00 Marble B bleached, ~ 3cm thick δ13C, δ18O 2PAG161 CMA231A 288.40 Marble massive bleached marble with garnet veins δ13C, δ18O525 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 2PAG162 CMA231A 290.30 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG163A CMA231A 293.20 Marble A grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG163B CMA231A 293.20 Vein B planar vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG164A CMA231A 293.60 Marble A grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG164B CMA231A 293.60 Vein B vein and bleached halo 1 cm thick δ13C, δ18O 2PAG165 Peak nine Skarn Green and brown garnet endoskarn A: brown to green garnets. B: Brown garnet 2PAG167A 273463 8945267 Antamina West 397m of West Wall transect 2.0 Marble A bleaching near finger δ13C, δ18O 2PAG167B 273463 8945267 Antamina West 397m of West Wall transect 2.0 Marble B massive distal bleaching δ13C, δ18O 2PAG168A 273463 8945267 Antamina West 397m of West Wall transect 2.0 Marble A massive bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG168B 273463 8945267 Antamina West 397m of West Wall transect 2.0 Marble B massive bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG169 273461 8945265 Antamina West 400m of West Wall transect 5.0 Marble bleached marble with green veins δ13C, δ18O 2PAG170A 273455 8945261 Antamina West 407m of West Wall transect 12.0 Marble A massive bleached bleached marble with sulfide (chalco +/- pyrite?) veins 2PAG170B 273455 8945261 Antamina West 407m of West Wall transect 12.0 Marble B massive bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG171 273453 8945259 Antamina West 410m of West Wall transect 15.0 Marble bleached massive marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG172A 273451 8945258 Antamina West 412m of West Wall transect 17.0 Marble A grey patch δ13C, δ18O 2PAG172B 273451 8945258 Antamina West 412m of West Wall transect 17.0 Marble B massive bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG173A 273449 8945256 Antamina West 415m of West Wall transect 20.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG173B 273449 8945256 Antamina West 415m of West Wall transect 20.0 Marble B grey near bleached grey marble with bleached halo around vein 2PAG173C 273449 8945256 Antamina West 415m of West Wall transect 20.0 Marble C bleached, 1 cm around sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG174 273446 8945253 Antamina West 419m of West Wall transect 24.0 Marble grey marble 3cm from woll-sphal-chalco vein δ13C, δ18O 526 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 2PAG175A 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West Wall transect 26.0 Marble A grey grey marble with vein and bleaching 2PAG175B 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West Wall transect 26.0 Marble B bleached 4 cm zone at sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG175C 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West Wall transect 26.0 Marble C bleached 4 cm adjacent to sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG175D 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West Wall transect 26.0 Marble D bleached core of 4 cm zone with sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG175E 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West Wall transect 26.0 Marble E - midway bleached other side δ13C, δ18O 2PAG175F 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West Wall transect 26.0 Marble F grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG176A 273436 8945245 Antamina West 432m of West Wall transect 37.0 Marble A grey near calcsilicate pod δ13C, δ18O 2PAG176B 273436 8945245 Antamina West 432m of West Wall transect 37.0 Marble B grey at margin δ13C, δ18O 2PAG176C 273436 8945245 Antamina West 432m of West Wall transect 37.0 Marble C bleached 3 cm δ13C, δ18O 2PAG176D 273436 8945245 Antamina West 432m of West Wall transect 37.0 Marble D core of 3 cm bleached zone δ13C, δ18O 2PAG177A 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West Wall transect 44.0 Marble A bleached far from vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG177B 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West Wall transect 44.0 Marble B middle δ13C, δ18O 2PAG177C 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West Wall transect 44.0 Marble C adjacent to vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG178A 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West Wall transect 44.0 Marble A light grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG178B 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West Wall transect 44.0 Marble B dark grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG179A 273421 8945235 Antamina West 450m of West Wall transect 55.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG179B 273421 8945235 Antamina West 450m of West Wall transect 55.0 Marble B bleached lamination δ13C, δ18O 2PAG179C 273421 8945235 Antamina West 450m of West Wall transect 55.0 Marble C folded late ptygmatic vein δ13C, δ18O527 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 2PAG180A 273420 8945233 Antamina West 452m of West Wall transect 57.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG180B 273420 8945233 Antamina West 452m of West Wall transect 57.0 Marble B bleached with sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG181A 273405 8945222 Antamina West 470m of West Wall transect 75.0 Marble A dark grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG181B 273405 8945222 Antamina West 470m of West Wall transect 75.0 Marble B light grey grey scapolitic marble 2PAG182 273390 8945211 Antamina West 489m of West Wall transect 94.0 Marble grey scapolitic marble grey scapolitic marble 2PAG183A 273377 8945201 Antamina West 505m of West Wall transect 110.0 Marble A grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG183B 273377 8945201 Antamina West 505m of West Wall transect 110.0 Marble B grey marble at vein margin δ13C, δ18O 2PAG184A 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West Wall transect 125.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG184B 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West Wall transect 125.0 Marble B grey at margin δ13C, δ18O 2PAG184C 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West Wall transect 125.0 Marble C bleached sulfide vein at margin with gray δ13C, δ18O 2PAG184D 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West Wall transect 125.0 Marble D bleached core at sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG185A 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West Wall transect 125.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG185B 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West Wall transect 125.0 Marble B bleached lamination δ13C, δ18O 2PAG186 273350 8945179 Antamina West 540m of West Wall transect 145.0 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG187 273330 8945164 Antamina West 565m of West Wall transect 170.0 Marble scapolitic grey marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG188A 273310 8945149 Antamina West 590m of West Wall transect 195.0 Marble A dark grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG188B 273310 8945149 Antamina West 590m of West Wall transect 195.0 Marble B light grey spot δ13C, δ18O 2PAG189A 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West Wall transect 203.0 Marble massive bleached δ13C, δ18O528 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 2PAG189B 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West Wall transect 203.0 Marble massive bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG189C 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West Wall transect 203.0 Marble massive bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG189D 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West Wall transect 203.0 Marble massive bleached δ13C, δ18O 2PAG189E 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West Wall transect 203.0 Marble bleached, near vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAG190A 273578 8946645 Fortuna Marble A grey bleached marble 2PAG190B 273578 8946645 Fortuna Marble B bleached, 1 cm lamination δ13C, δ18O 2PAG190C 273578 8946645 Fortuna Vein C vein crosscutting bleached marble calcite ? 2PAG190D 273578 8946645 Fortuna Marble D bleached cm laminations 2PAG190E 273578 8946645 Fortuna Marble E bleached cm laminations 2PAG191A 273578 8946645 Fortuna Limestone A dark grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG191B 273578 8946645 Fortuna Limestone B light grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG193A 273002 8946929 Condorcocha Marble A bleached, massive bleached spotted marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG193B 273002 8946929 Condorcocha Marble B bleached, massive bleached spotted marble δ13C, δ18O 2PAG194A 273320 8946257 Fortuna Hornfels A dark grey Black hornfels, tan weathering 2PAG194B 273320 8946257 Fortuna Limestone B light grey δ13C, δ18O 2PAG195A 273303 8946184 Fortuna Limestone A grey ls δ13C, δ18O 2PAG195B 273303 8946184 Fortuna Limestone B dk brown δ13C, δ18O 2PAG195C 273303 8946184 Fortuna Limestone C light brown δ13C, δ18O 2PAG196 273296 8946192 Fortuna Limestone grey 'knobby' limestone δ13C, δ18O 2PAG199 274059 8946419 NE Antamina Limestone dark grey limestone 185m from Fat dike δ13C, δ18O 2PAE220 273740 8945485 Antamina West 55m of West Wall transect Vein Vein:massive pyr phy w/ cal δ13C, δ18O 2PAE227A 273578 8946645 Fortuna Vein vein: whilte cal with mineralization δ13C, δ18O 2PAE227B 273578 8946645 Fortuna Vein grey-brown calcite vein δ13C, δ18O 2PAE 229A 273324 8946253 Fortuna Vein late white calcite vein, c ross-cuts min'zn δ13C, δ18O 2PAE229B 273324 8946253 Fortuna Vein vein: Syn-mineralization δ13C, δ18O 2PAE233 273622 8943876 Fortuna Vein white cal veins w/ calc-sil and trace sulfide δ13C, δ18O 529 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 4PAG100 273164 8945114 Antamina West Marble White marble XRD 3PAA100 273950 8946186 Quarry Bench T1 115 Limestone Dark gray, dirty, fine grained limestone. Sample taken 1.5m from the contact. Local pale yellow on uneven weathered surfaces PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA101 273951 8946185 Quarry Bench T1 113 Limestone Medium dark gray, fine grained limestone. High density ca+py veinlets: N56°W, 75-90°SW Very weak ORF of all ca vlts δ13C, δ18O 3PAA102 273952 8946183 Quarry Bench T1 111.5 Limestone Massive, gray, fine grained limestone with trz pyrite.Calcite veinlets: N56°W, 75°SW and N17°E, 72°NW pale ORF of all ca vlts PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA102A 273952 8946183 Quarry Bench T1 112 Vein white calcite + py vein PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA103 273937 8946157 Quarry Bench T1 83 Limestone Gray limestones with some carbonate veins carbonate veins: N50°W, 76°SW and N45°E, 70°NW Pale ORF of last calcite event PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA103A 273937 8946157 Quarry Bench T1 83.5 Vein white calcite + py vein PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA104 273924 8946131 Quarry Bench T1 55 Limestone Brown and gray banded limestone. Brown color assoc with ca+po veins ca+po veins: N30°W, 66°SW Local mod ORF of thin, planar ca vlt. 3PAA105 273923 8946130 Quarry Bench T1 54.5 Marble Mod silicified, fgr, tan marble Brown, fine grained limestones associated with ca+py veinlets no fluorescence PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA106 273922 8946129 Quarry Bench T1 53.5 Limestone Grayish brown, fgr limestones, diffusion haloes to carbonate veins Mod ORF on uneven surfaces PIMA 3PAA107 273921 8946127 Quarry Bench T1 50 Marble Gray marble taken at 3m from sample 3PAA106. This sample was taken to check the possible oxygen depletion. no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA108 273914 8946112 Quarry Bench T1 29 Limestone Gray limestones without calcite veinlets no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA109 273897 8946092 Quarry Bench T1 0 Intrusive White, cgr, mod sericitized QFP dyke. 3% diss py, 2% galena, trz-1% sph. Ore mineralization along its margins Mod ORF mtx PIMA 3PAA110 273898 8946094 Quarry Bench T1 1 Marble Bleached fine grained marble with 2% disseminated pyrite. no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA111 273851 8946037 Quarry Bench T1 69 Limestone Gray, fine grained, moderately fractured limestone. This unit is above a strong fracture filled gray limestone. Pale ORF of some ca vlts δ13C, δ18O 3PAA112 273835 8946020 Quarry Bench T1 91 Hornfels Fine grained, tan hornfels and skarn, 1% diss po, diop. and tremolite vlts no fluorescence PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA113 273835 8946018 Quarry Bench T1 92 Limestone Dark gray, fine grained limestone. Sample taken 15cm below its contact with calc- silicate skarn. no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA114 274008 8946101 Quarry Bench T2 140 Marble Tan, fine grained and strong fractured marble with 3% ca-py-sl-ga veinlets. This sample represents an extension of the bleached zone. mod-st ORF of ca+py vlts PIMA, PTS, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, d18O 3PAA115A 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench T2 86 Hornfels Brown hornfels partially replaced by calc-silicates, local woll + calc-py vlts. Good sample to analyze for Brown marble and wollastonite. pale ORF of some ca+py vlts. PIMA, PTS, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, d18O, Sr/Sr 3PAA115B 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench T2 86 Hornfels Bleached hornfels Possible presence of wollastonite SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA116 274016 8946091 Quarry Bench T2 139.5 Limestone Gray limestones w/ very fine planar gray calcite vlts, 0.5% diss. py no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA117 274006 8946083 Quarry Bench T2 127 Limestone Gray, fgr limestone with trz to 0.5% fine diss pyrite White, discontinuous, zoned, mm-scale, calcite ± py vlts. Calcite vlts: N73°W, 76°NW no fluorescence XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA118 273993 8946072 Quarry Bench T2 110.5 Limestone Mod to strongly fracd, fine grained, gray massive limestone Goethite stains in fractures, 0.5% disseminated pyrite. sporadic planar calcite veins (N55°W) Local mod ORF on an uneven surface. PIMA 3PAA119 273988 8946068 Quarry Bench T2 103.5 Marble Tan, fine grained, massive marble crosscut by py-chl mt-cp veins Massive disseminated sph and calcite stgs. Calcite stgs: N14°W, 80°SW. no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA120 273988 8946067 Quarry Bench T2 102.5 Marble Brownish gray fine grained marble Mod-st ORF of "b" ca±py vein system PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 530 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA121 273983 8946064 Quarry Bench T2 96.3 Hornfels Tan, massive, fine grained, mod silicified marble (hornfels) It contains several planar calcite +py vlts and py stgs. Local planar mm ca vlts w/ pale ORFthick section, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA122 273982 8946063 Quarry Bench T2 95.7 Hornfels Light gray to white, fgr hornfels with 1% diss py and crosscut by ca+py veinlets. This sample can also be considered as a moderately silicified, fgr bleached marble no fluorescence PIMA, thick section, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA123 273981 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 94.3 Hornfels Greenish white hornfels, 2% cgr diss py, mm-scale py and calc ± py veins. 3mm wide bleaching halos surrounds py vlts. Py vlts: N30°W, 90°, 30 vlts x m no fluorescence. Good sample for skarnoid. PTS, XRD, SEM, PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA124 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 93.5 Hornfels Pale green to light gray, fine grained, massive hornfels, crosscut by gt+ca+py sigmoidal veins: (N35°W, 90°) Garnet veins cut py vlts. Isotope sample A: green white silicified halo to py+chl vein Local mod ORF of ca microvlts. PTS, XRD, SEM, PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA124B 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 93.5 Hornfels Greenish gray, fgr marble to hornfels Isotope sample B: rock groundmass δ13C, δ18O 3PAA125 273980 8946061 Quarry Bench T2 93 Marble Contact between tan marble and pale green calc- silicates. One percent disseminated py no fluorescence PIMA, thick section 3PAA126 273972 8946053 Quarry Bench T2 81.2 Marble Brown, fine grained rxl limestone (marble), high density of calc + py vlts. Local wk ORF of certain ca vlts especially of uneven surfaces PIMA 3PAA127 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench T2 73.5 Marble Gray to tan marble, trz diss py, oxidized ca+ py vlts. Isotope sample A: Light gray marble with trz po no fluorescence PTS, PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA127B 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench T2 73.4 Marble tan marble Isotope sample B: tan, fgr, marble, 0.5% diss py XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA128 273965 8946046 Quarry Bench T2 72.5 Marble Gray to tan, fine grained marble with ca + py vlts no fluorescence 3PAA129 273964 8946045 Quarry Bench T2 70.3 Marble The same as 3PAA127 sample pale ORF of some ca vlts 3PAA130 273961 8946042 Quarry Bench T2 66 Skarn Pale green skarnized dike crosscut by ca+py+trz fluorite vein. Veins get wider within this unit turning into thin and planar within marble Strong ORF of calcite, Purple fls of fluorite; bright orange fls of earthy weathered calcite PTS, XRD, SEM, PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA131 273959 8946041 Quarry Bench T2 64.3 Hornfels Light brown to white breccia, white hornfels clasts and light brown calc sil mtx (garnet), 0.5% diss py. garnet matrix with 0.5% diss py. Gt: dull. Pale cream fls of mtx; mod ORF of local calcite vlts. PIMA 3PAA132 273956 8946037 Quarry Bench T2 58.5 Marble Fine grained tan marble, 1% diss py, Trz. po in fractures Mod silicified, tan marble Mod-strong ORF of fresh surfaces. PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA133 273952 8946032 Quarry Bench T2 53.2 Marble Fine grained, gray marble, Trz py. Trz ca+py discontinuos vlts (3mm wide). no fluorescence 3PAA134 273950 8946030 Quarry Bench T2 50 Marble Light gray marble (bleached) crosscut by ca+py veinlets Parallel N48°E, 59°NW ca+py veins (0.5 cm wide) cross cut by N30°W ca+py fractures Mod-strong ORF of calcite on slickensides. No fls of matrix. XRD, PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA135 274226 8946676 NE Antamina 307m from Poderosa Vein Crustiform, light gray calcite vein, 4 cm wide. Trz py+goe, continuos, sigmoidal crosscut gray fgr limestones no - local bright ORF around Goethite filled void PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA136 274226 8946674 NE Antamina 305m from Poderosa Limestone Gray, fine grained limestone. Weak to moderate fractured with traces FeOx no fluorescence 3PAA137 274282 8946648 NE Antamina 280m from Poderosa Limestone Gray limestones Alteration halo no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA138 274282 8946649 NE Antamina 281m from Poderosa Limestone Micritic, gray limestones no fluorescence 3PAA139 273133 8945860 Fortuna T3 252 Limestone Dark gray limestone crosscut by ptigmatic, N65°E ca vlts No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA 3PAA140A 273141 8945864 Fortuna T3 246 Limestone Massive, tan fgr, very fractured limestone. Sample taken close to N-14W, 90 thin planar calcite vlts, 2mm wide no fluorescence PIMA531 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA140B 273141 8945864 Fortuna T3 245 Limestone Clastic, tan, fine grained gray, strong fractured limestones. Mod pale yellow fls on weathered surf and mm planar calcite vlts 3PAA141 273156 8945946 Fortuna T4 182 Limestone Dark gray, moderate to strongly foliated limestone with 1% discontinuos ca vlts, 2 mm wide. No oxides no fluorescence 3PAA142 273161 8945954 Fortuna T4 175 Vein Calcite vein, 2cm wide, 1m long with 1% diss ga alter to goe. Local MnOx patches Strong ORF of "a" system. "b" system doesn't fluoresces PIMA 3PAA143 273163 8946052 Fortuna T5 83 Limestone Gray, fine grained, moderately fractured, massive limestone No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA144 273192 8946104 Fortuna T5 64 Limestone Gray, fgr, mod fract, massive limestone, sporadic calc vlts. Traces diss py. no fluorescence 3PAA145 274297 8946652 NE Antamina 287m from Poderosa Limestone Brecciated, bleached limestones containing 3% ca+ank(?)+ga vlts irregular distribution of ca + sulf in the hanging wall of a ca vein. no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA146 274293 8946650 NE Antamina 282m from Poderosa Limestone Dark gray, moderately fractured, massive limestone no fluorescence. Local syntectonic veinlets. 3PAA147 274297 8946652 NE Antamina 287m from Poderosa Limestone Gray, fgr limestone crosscut by 1% brown carbonate vlts. Local mod ORF on brown carb surfaces. PIMA 3PAA148 274345 8946630 NE Antamina 272m from Poderosa Limestone Gray, fgr limestone, 2 m from a fibrous ca+py vein system. Ca+py vein are 5cm wide in average no fluorescence. Local syntectonic veinlets. 3PAA149 274506 8946524 NE Antamina 255m from Poderosa Limestone Dark gray, pencil fractured, fgr limestone with 0.5% diss py. Marly limestones with trz jarosite in fractures. No ca vlts No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA150 274404 8946418 NE Antamina 105m from Poderosa Limestone Gray, fgr massive limestone crosscut by fibrous ca+hem vein 1 cm wide. Mixed sample. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA 3PAA151 274171 8946322 NE Antamina 120m from Poderosa Limestone Light gray, fgr and mod. fractured massive limestonePresence of oxidized, sigmoidal calcite vlts Local wk ORF on some planar ca vlts 3PAA152 274249 8946290 NE Antamina 35m from Poderosa Marble Light gray, medium grained and mod. fract marble with 1% diss py. Local light gray calc silicate vlts. no - weak local mod ORF on some uneven surfaces PIMA 3PAA153 274249 8946289 NE Antamina 36m from Poderosa Hornfels Pale gray - white, fgr calc silicate rock calcite + py ± cpy veinlets, 2mm wide, discontinuous pale ORF on some patches. PIMA 3PAA154 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 16 Marble Light brown marble crosscut by ca+chl microvlts. Isotope sample A: tan marble, 0.5% diss py no fluorescence PTS, XRD, SEM, PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 3PAA154B 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 15.5 Marble Greenish gray, fgr, marble trz py Isotope sample B: Bleached diopsidic marble XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA154C 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 16 Marble Tan to light gray bleached zone between green and brown marble Isotope sample C: Bleached marble δ13C, δ18O 3PAA155 273924 8946003 Quarry Bench T2 12.3 Marble Pale gray marble varying to cream and white, fine grained calc silicate Moderately dense and discontinuos ca+py vlts. Greenish white fls, local strong ORF dots on a white ca±py vein PIMA 3PAA156 273921 8945999 Quarry Bench T2 7.2 Hornfels Pale gray to cream, mottled, f-gr calc silicate rock (light gray hornfels) Py + sph + cpy discontinuous veinlets Local bright ORF points on uneven surfaces. PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA157 273918 8945997 Quarry Bench T2 2.5 Marble Moderately hard, pale cream (white), fine grained marble. Strong fractured, py+ca vlts w/bleaching diffusion haloes. Strong ORF of ca±py vlts and on uneven rock surfaces. PIMA 3PAA158 273917 8945995 Quarry Bench T2 0.3 Hornfels Light gray hornfels Zone between pale gray calc silicate rocks and dike. Local st ORF of some earthy calcite veins PIMA 3PAA159 273917 8945995 Quarry Bench T2 0 Skarn Coarse grained pale green skarnized dike brown gt+cp+mo+sl+py vlts (2mm -1cm wide) wk - mod ORF of rock mtx. Strong ORF in fractures. PIMA532 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA160 273902 8945972 Quarry Bench T2 -3.1 Marble Pale tan marble Local wk-mod ORF of some fractures filled w/ calcite δ13C, δ18O 3PAA161 273898 8945967 Quarry Bench T2 -10 Marble Gray marble no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA162 273890 8945957 Quarry Bench T2 -22.8 Marble Brown, fine grained marble crosscut by a dense, gray ca vein system N46°W, 85°NE no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA163 273881 8945944 Quarry Bench T2 -38.7 Marble Light gray marble Subparallel brown bands that changes into gray calcite vlts. Weak-mod ORF of earthy uneven surfaces of calcite. PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA164 273908 8945981 Quarry Bench T2 0 Intrusive Coarse grained feldspar porphyry dike, 1% cgr py, late calcite vlts. Mod-strong ORF mtx PIMA 3PAA166 273740 8944060 Peak nine T19 4.5 Marble Gray, fine grained marble crosscut by ca+py+sl+gn vlts. This unit is between 2 green garnet + coarse grained calc silicate layers. wk-mod ORF of ca+py+sl+gn vlts PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA167 273745 8944060 Peak nine T19 2 Marble Fine to medium grained, bleached marble ca+py vlts, 1 cm wide max. Pale - mod ORF of rough surf. Strong ORF in ca+py vlts XRD, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA168 273755 8944059 Peak nine T19 1 Marble White, fine grained marble grading into coarse grained green garnet skarn gn+sl+cp+py stgs and grayish green calc silicate vlts parallel to the bedding. Mod purplish red fls spots in the mtx, getting strong ORF near to ca+sulf veins 3PAA169 273755 8944058 Peak nine T19 0 Skarn Coarse grained, green garnet skarn crosscut by cp+gn+sl+py stgs local patches of light gray, fine grained calc silicates. Very strong ORF along fractures filled with ca + sulfides. PIMA 3PAA170 273849 8944024 Peak nine ? Limestone Gray, fine grained, mod. fractured limestone with local rusty coatings. no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA171 273706 8943996 Peak nine ? Marble Dark brown, fine grained marble patches crosscut by thin ca+py vlts. patches surrounded by diopside and gray calc silicates. Pale - mod ORF along fractures filled w/ calcite XRD, PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA172 273642 8943948 Peak nine T20 2.5 Marble Gray, fine grained marble. no fluorescence PTS, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA173 273639 8943948 Peak nine T20 0.5 Marble Tan, fine grained marble crosscut by ca+cp vlts no fluorescence 3PAA174 273638 8943948 Peak nine T20 0 Marble Tan, fine grained marble, white to pale gray calc silicate+ca+py vlts. Isotope sample A: Brown, fgr marble Mod-strong ORF on uneven rock surfaces. PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA174B 273638 8943948 Peak nine T20 0.1 Marble tan marble Isotope sample B: Bleached, fgr marble around calcite vein PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA175 273255 8946180 Fortuna T5 0 Intrusive Light gray, mod. Argillized, chloritized and silicified Q-F porphyry dike. Goe > jar (1%), local ga vlts N20°W, 35°SW pale ORF mtx. Bright orange fls of oxide coatings of feldspars. 3PAA176 273255 8946180 Fortuna T5 0.1 Hornfels Contact zone between Q-F porphyry dike and gray, pyritized hornfels. Strong ORF in both intrusive mtx and lms, especially along the contact. PIMA 3PAA177 273255 8946180 Fortuna T5 0.5 Hornfels Gray, fine to medium grained hornfels with brown patches, 1-2% fine diss. Py, 1% ca vlts. Two ca vlts gen: 1st: pale-wk ORF cgr gray ca. 2nd: very st ORF of mm planar vlts, w/ bright orange fls on weath surf XRD, PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA178 273251 8946175 Fortuna T5 5 Limestone Dark gray, medium grained, mod. Fract limestones crosscut by discontinuos, parallel ca vlts. (10 vltsxm) S12°E, 45°SW. no fluorescence. Weak -mod yellow white fls on weathered surfaces. PIMA 3PAA179 273242 8946166 Fortuna T5 14 Limestone Gray, mod. fract, sandy, fossiliferous limestones. Local mottled appearance discont fine ca vlts and stg, 0.2-2cm wide, 6 vltsxm, NS. no fluorescence, similar to the before sample. major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA180 273235 8946160 Fortuna T5 20 Limestone Dark gray, mod fract fossil limestones crosscut by fine ca vlts. Basically no fluorescence. Local mod ORF points within yellow white fls coatings 3PAA181 273228 8946152 Fortuna T5 25 Limestone Strong fract, med grained, sandy limestones, crosscut by disc ca vlts, 0.3-1cm wide with trz FeOx. Basically no fluorescence. Local mod ORF of oxidized uneven surfaces of the rock. PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA182 273227 8946151 Fortuna T5 25.5 Vein Calcite vein, 1 cm wide with 0.5% py assoc. With local ca stwk < 0.3cm The cream vein (dolomite?) is dull. Mod - st ORF in mm ca vlts around the dolomite vein. PIMA 3PAA183 273216 8946148 Fortuna T5 36 Limestone Gray, fine-med grained limestones with local ca stg 0.2-20cm no fluorescence PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, d13C, d18O 533 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA184 273213 8946146 Fortuna T5 40 Vein White and gray ca vein, 20cm wide with goe stains along fractures. Worth of taking a picture White calcite vein (a) show st ORF. The dark brown, cgr carb vlt is dull. PIMA 3PAA185 273207 8946145 Fortuna T5 44 Limestone Strong fract, gray limestones with weak bleaching (weath) haloes. Local ca vlts <0.2cm wide Trz ca stgs with no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA186 273201 8946144 Fortuna T5 48 Limestone Gray, med grained, strong fract, sandy limestones with pencil texture. Trz ca vlts, local FeOx stains along fractures. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA187 273193 8946142 Fortuna T5 53 Limestone Similar to the before mentioned sample with strong pencil texture, no ca vlts, trz-0.5% diss py. Marly limestones No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA188 273183 8946140 Fortuna T5 60 Limestone f-mgr, gray marly limestones with mod ca vlts (<3mm wide). Trz diss py Marly limestones Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA189 273173 8946138 Fortuna T5 67 Limestone Similar to the before mentioned sample Trz ca stgs with no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA190 273163 8946136 Fortuna T5 75 Limestone Gray, fossiliferous marly limestones, mod pencil text and ca vlts. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA191 273301 8945950 Fortuna T4 1 Limestone Gray, marly limestones crosscut by fine ca vlts (<0.5cm wide) calcite veinlets: N5E, 8 vlts x m no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA192 273283 8945950 Fortuna T4 20 Limestone Gray, marly limestones. Trz-0.5% fine diss py and ca vlts along bedding Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence 3PAA193 273280 8945950 Fortuna T4 23.5 Limestone Similar to the before mentioned sample. No py, 2% ca vlts Two ca vlts gen: 1st: cgr ca stgs are dull. 2nd: mm white ca vlts show weak ORF. PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA194 273303 8945780 Fortuna T3 0 Intrusive Chloritized and pyritized monzonite porphyry dike Mod ORF of some feldspars 3PAA195 273301 8945782 Fortuna T3 1 Limestone Gray, fgr limestones crosscut by mod ca vlts, S37°W and N40°W no fluorescence. Mod yellow ehite fls of weathered surfaces. δ13C, δ18O 3PAA196 273298 8945782 Fortuna T3 5.3 Limestone Gray limestones crosscut by ca vlts and stg <0.3cm no fluorescence 3PAA197 273298 8945784 Fortuna T3 6 Limestone Gray, marly limestones, fissible, 1% fine, planar ca vlts, 0.5% diss py. bleaching along fract (N0-15°W) Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA198 273278 8945794 Fortuna T3 28 Limestone Gray, marly limestones, fissible, 1% fine, planar ca vlts, trz diss py Bleaching controlled by bedding No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA199 273274 8945802 Fortuna T3 38 Limestone Gray, marly limestones, fissible, crosscut by a gray ca+py vein, 0.5cm wide. Trz diss py Local weak ORF on an uneven fresh surface of the ca + py vein 3PAA200 273274 8945802 Fortuna T3 40 Limestone Fgr, gray lms crosscut by a ca+py vein 0.5cm wide, S15°E. Isotope sample: limestone Very weak ORF of the ca+py vein. Local mod yellow fls of voids within ca + py vein PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA200A 273274 8945802 Fortuna T3 40 Vein Calcite vein Isotope sample A: Light gray, calcite vein PIMA, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 3PAA201 273225 8945826 Fortuna T3 92 Limestone Gray marly limestones, 0.5%diss py. Close to thrust fault, incipient pencil texture. Trz ca vlts. Local mm planar ca vlts without fls. Light brown coatings on ca vlts show mod yellow - wk orange fls. δ13C, δ18O 3PAA202 273225 8945982 Fortuna T4 84 Limestone Gray, fissible, marly limestones. Trz diss py, local ca vlts. Strong fract parallel to bedding. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA203 273217 8945981 Fortuna T4 95 Limestone Gray, fissible, marly limestones. Strong fract parallel to bedding filled with calcite. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without fluorescence 3PAA204 273208 8945980 Fortuna T4 105 Limestone Mod fract and weathered, gray, sandy limestones. Trz diss py. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA205 273201 8945980 Fortuna T4 114 Limestone Strong fract, gray,fossiliferous, marly limestones, pencil texture and trz FeOx. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without fluorescence PIMA 3PAA206 273528 8946590 Fortuna East T9 0 Intrusive F-mgr, mod silicified QFP dike, 3% argillized feldspars, 1% diss py, 1% pyro Pale -weak ORF mtx PIMA 3PAA207 273531 8946593 Fortuna East T9 3 Hornfels Light gray, fine-medium grained hornfels. Moderately fractured, local 1% diss py. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O534 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA208 273536 8946596 Fortuna East T9 9 Limestone Gray, mod silicified and fractured, marly limestones. Trz fine diss py. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA209 273541 8946601 Fortuna East T9 16 Hornfels Strong silicified, grayish white hornfels with 1% fine diss py. Local gray spots controlled by py vlts. Local mor ORF of a white ca±py vein (2mm wide) 3PAA210 273547 8946606 Fortuna East T9 25 Hornfels Strong silicified, grayish white hornfels with 1.5% fine diss py. Local gray spots controlled by py vlts. Trz cream caliche vlts. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA211 273554 8946612 Fortuna East T9 33 Hornfels Light gray, fine grained hornfels with 0.5%diss py. Mod-st silicified and fractured No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA212 273562 8946626 Fortuna East T9 50 Hornfels Grayish white, f-gr, strong silicified hornfels with 1% fine diss py and replacing microfossils No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA213 273570 8946492 Fortuna East T10 0 Intrusive Grayish white, medium grained Q-F porphyry dike. Mod ser feldspars, 1%diss py, mod silicified aphanitic matrix, 0.5% goe-jar in fract. Mod ORF of some feldspars PIMA 3PAA214 273571 8946493 Fortuna East T10 1 Limestone Gray, fine to medium grained limestones. Lapiaz texture, mod fract: N30-40°W (7fr x m) Mod. Recristallized, weak silicified, trz diss py, No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA215 273574 8946495 Fortuna East T10 5 Limestone Gray, fine to medium grained marly limestones. Mod fract: N10°W (4fr x m) some filled w/ ca. Mod. Recristallized, weak silicified, trz -0.5% diss py. Lapiaz texture No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA216 273578 8946498 Fortuna East T10 10 Limestone Gray, fine to medium grained marly limestones. Mod fract: N35°W (6fr x m) some filled w/ ca. Mod. Recristallized, weak silicified, trz -0.5% diss py. Lapiaz texture No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA217 273587 8946504 Fortuna East T10 19 Limestone Gray, fine grained, mod rxl marly limestones cut by planar py vlts: N30°W, 63°SW, 0.2cm bleaching haloes Weak-mod silicified, 0.5-1% diss po. Lapiaz texture. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA218 273582 8946501 Fortuna East T10 15 Limestone Mod rxl and silicifed, gray limestones, 1% py, 0.5% po replacing microfossils No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA219 273598 8946512 Fortuna East T10 36 Hornfels Light gray hornfels interfingered with dark gray pyritized mudstones. 1-1.5% fine diss py No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence XRD, PIMA, major and minor elements, d13C, d18O 3PAA220 273608 8946513 Fortuna East T10 45 Limestone Weak to mod silicified marly limestones with lapiaz texture. Local calcite stgs, trz po and py bright yellow fls of the weathered surface of ca vlts. 3PAA221 273611 8946520 Fortuna East T10 49 Limestone Mod silicified, gray, fgr limestones, 1% diss py-po. Fractures form riedel textures: N17°W, local ca stg N30-40°E, 30°NW no fluorescence. Syntectonic veinlets showing riedel structures. major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA222 273620 8946525 Fortuna East T10 60 Limestone Gray, massive f-mgr limestones, 0.5% diss py. Weak fract N36°E Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence 3PAA223 273630 8946531 Fortuna East T10 71 Limestone Weak - mod silicified, gray, f-mgr limestones, 0.5% diss po. Mod ca-py vlts N28°W, 80°SW. Isotope sample: Gray, fgr limestone Local mm ca vlts with no fluorescence. PIMA, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA223B Fortuna East 71.5 Vein Isotope sample B: white calcite + py vein δ13C, δ18O 3PAA224 273636 8946534 Fortuna East T10 79 Limestone Strong fract, fgr gray limestones crosscut by ca vlts (0.2cm wide, S73°W). Trz diss po Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence 3PAA225 273643 8946536 Fortuna East T10 86 Limestone Grayish brown, mod silicified, fgr limestones crosscut by ca vlts system N9°W. Trz diss py-po. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA226 273648 8946543 Fortuna East T10 92 Limestone Grayish brown, mod silicified, fgr limestones crosscut by ca-po vlts system N35°W. Trz diss po. Trz planar mm ca vlts, no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA227 273654 8946548 Fortuna East T10 99 Hornfels Brownish gray, fgr hornfels. Trz-0.5% diss po and filling fract N25°W (<0.3cm) No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA228 273668 8946549 Fortuna East T10 0 Intrusive Mod proz, mgr, Q-F porphyry dike. Silicified matrix argillized feldspars. Mod purple red fluorescence of feldspars PIMA 3PAA229 273635 8946374 Fortuna East T11 5.4 Limestone Weak silicified, massive, gray limestones with 1- 1.5% diss py partially replaced by hem. Trz ca vlts Trz planar mm ca vlts, no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA230 273638 8946376 Fortuna East T11 9.5 Limestone Strong fract, weak-mod silicified, massive, gray limestones with 0.5-1% diss py. Trz hem. Trz ca vlts Bright orange to yellow white fls on fine tan-cream carbonate crusts (exotic?) 3PAA231 273643 8946382 Fortuna East T11 16 Limestone Strong fract, weak-mod silicified, massive, gray limestones, 0.5% diss py Trz hem in fract. Trz ca vlts Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without fluorescence δ13C, δ18O535 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA232 273647 8946386 Fortuna East T11 22.6 Limestone Weak rxl, fgr, gray limestones, 0.5% diss py partially replaced by hem. Mod ca vlts N26°W, 83°SW. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA 3PAA233 273651 8946391 Fortuna East T11 29 Limestone Weak rxl, f-mgr, gray marly limestones, trz -0.5% diss py partially replaced by goe. Strong lapiaz texture N26°W. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA234 273659 8946400 Fortuna East T11 40 Limestone Fine grained, fissible, gray marly limestones, 0.5% diss py. Local ca vlts, pencil texture. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA235 273665 8946408 Fortuna East T11 50 Limestone Medium grained, gray, massive limestones, 0.5-1% py diss, stg and vlts N50°E. Local ca + py stgs, no fluorescence 3PAA236 273670 8946417 Fortuna East T11 60 Limestone Weak rxl, fgr, massive, gray limestones, 0.5% diss py, mod fract N25°W, 6fr x m. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA237 273675 8946425 Fortuna East T11 70 Limestone Strong fract, fissible, marly, gray limestones, 0.5-1% diss py. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA238 273681 8946433 Fortuna East T11 80 Limestone Strong fract, fissible, gray marly limestones, trz diss py. Pencil texture, weak rxl. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA239 273639 8946337 Fortuna East T12 -1 Limestone Mod fractured, micritic, gray limestones, 1% diss py. N12°W,50°SW and S65°W, 65°NW. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA240 273633 8946333 Fortuna East T12 -8.5 Limestone Mod-st fractured, fgr gray limestones, 1% diss py, trz ca vlts. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA241 273628 8946328 Fortuna East T12 -18.5 Limestone Strong fractured, fgr, gray limestones, 1% diss py, trz ca vlts. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without fluorescence PIMA 3PAA242 273616 8946323 Fortuna East T12 -32 Limestone Mod rxl, mgr, massive, gray limestones, trz diss py. Mod fract. N45°W No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA243 273608 8946320 Fortuna East T12 -40 Limestone Massive, f-mgr, gray limestones, 0.5% diss py, brecciated texture. Local ca stringers <1mm wide. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA244 273596 8946314 Fortuna East T12 -53.5 Limestone Fine-mgr, gray limestones, trz-0.5% diss py. Local pencil texture Mod fract: N0°E, S70°W, 48°NW; S40°74°NW. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA245 273576 8946340 Fortuna East T12 -63 Limestone Mod rxl and silicified, f-mgr, massive limestones, 1% diss py. Sample taken below a thrust fault. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without fluorescence PIMA 3PAA246 273553 8946300 Fortuna East T12 -96 Limestone Strong fractured, massive, f-mgr, gray limestones 0.5-1% diss py altering to goe, no ca vlts. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA247 273664 8946064 Fortuna East T13 75 Limestone Weak-mod rxl, f-mgr gray limestones, trz diss py calcite vlts: N10E, 0.3 cm wide Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without fluorescence 3PAA248 273655 8946064 Fortuna East T13 85 Limestone Massive, f-mgr, light gray limestones, 0.5-1% diss py, trz po stringers Local ca vlts N30°W no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA249 273646 8946064 Fortuna East T13 94 Limestone Weak rxl, fgr, gray limestones, trz diss py, local diss po. Traces ca vlts N10-15°W no fluorescence 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East T13 103 Limestone Weak rxl, fgr, massive, gray limestones, trz diss py mod fract N10°E, lapiaz texture Local bright orange to yellow white fls on thin oxidized carb crusts major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA251 273628 8946064 Fortuna East T13 112 Limestone Weak rxl, f-mgr, massive, gray limestones, trz diss py, lapiaz texture local ca-py stg (NS) and ca vlts and stringers forming clusters, mod fract N10°E no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA252 273616 8946064 Fortuna East T13 124 Limestone Weak rxl, f-mgr, gray limestones, trz diss py, local ca stg Calcite + py veinlets 2mm wide, N35W, 78SW. Fractures: S68°W,80°NW; N5°E; N35°W, 78°SW Local bright orange to yellow white fls on thin oxidized carb crusts, probably exotic in origin δ13C, δ18O 3PAA253 273674 8946064 Fortuna East T13 66 Limestone Strong fractured, fine grained, gray limestones, 0.5% ca vlts (<0.2cm), trz-0.5% py diss and in stg: S75°W. no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA254 273684 8946071 Fortuna East T13 56 Limestone Massive, f-mgr, light gray limestones with lapiaz texture, 0.5% diss py. Trz gray calcite stringers. No fluorescence 3PAA255 273698 8946060 Fortuna East T13 42 Limestone Strong fractured, gray to light gray limestones ca-py vlts N30-40°W. no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA256 273711 8946058 Fortuna East T13 29 Limestone Mod rxl, f-mgr light gray limestones, 0.5% diss py, mod ca-po vlts N35°W,70°SW (10 vlts x m). No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence536 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA257 273707 8946048 Fortuna East T13 33 Limestone Strong - mod fract, light gray limestones, trz diss py- po. Local ca vlts. no fluorescence PTS, XRD, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA258 273710 8946050 Fortuna East T13 30 Limestone Strong - mod fract, weak rxl, fgr, light gray limestones, trz diss py-po. Trace amount ca vlts and microfossils. no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA259 273718 8946054 Fortuna East T13 22 Limestone Medium-fine grained, gray limestones, trz-0.5% diss po. High density of planar, gray ca vlts: N30-45°W. Local very weak ORF of a mm ca veinlet δ13C, δ18O 3PAA260 273723 8946060 Fortuna East T13 17 Limestone Fine grained, gray limestones, trz diss py. Mod density of planar ca vlts: N35°W. Basically no fluorescence. Local weak ORF of some mm ca vlts. major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA261 273303 8946827 Condorcocha Intrusive Medium grained Qz-monzonite porphyry, 1% primary bio, 1% diss py, 0.5% antlerite in fract, 0.5% hornb altering to bio. Local qz-cp vlts. Mod purple red fluorescence of feldspars and matrix 3PAA262 273078 8946676 Condorcocha Intrusive Strong fract, weak sericitized Q-F porphyry crosscut by orthoclase and qz vlts (8v x m) Mod purple red fluorescence of feldspars and matrix PIMA 3PAA263 273445 8945196 Antamina West 4148 bench 0 Skarn Cgr, mod porous, green garnet skarn partially replaced by calcite + cp + sph, and crosscut by thin calcite ± py vlts Isotope sample: garnet grains Bright white fls dots related to white minerals. Local trz ORF in calcite vlts. PTS, XRD, PIMA, major and minor elements, δ18O 3PAA264 273590 8945263 Taco pit 4148 bench Skarn M-cgr, highly porous, brown to yellowish brown garnet skarn, 1-2% diss py+cp, thin calcite ± py vlts Isotope sample: garnet grains, related to a brown garnet endoskarn Local calcite vlts with mod ORF. Rock groundmass doesn't fluoresce. PTS, XRD, PIMA, major and minor elements, δ18O 3PAA265 273773 8945278 Taco pit Intrusive Biotitic altered Qz-monzonite intrusive with a moderate qz-cp stwk. Isotope sample: quartz vein Strong red to purple red fls of mtx and feldspars. Qtz veins do not fluoresce. PIMA, δ18O 3PAA266 272962 8946698 Condorcocha South west Skarn Contact zone between cgr, plg rich, mod silicified Q- F porphyry dike and light brown garnet skarn. A parallel qz vlt system crosscut the intrusive. Pale - mod red to purple red fluorescence of mtx and feldspar fenos. Qtz veins do not fluoresce. PIMA 3PAA267 273157 8946538 Condorcocha South Intrusive Strong silicified, dacitic, porphyry dike, trz-0.5% green garnet in fract (<1mm), 2% qz eyes, 1% ca vlts. Pale-mod red to purple fluorescence. Qtz eyes do not fluoresce. 3PAA268 273272 8946568 Condorcocha South Intrusive Mgr, weak chloritized, mod silicified Qz-monzonite porphyry, 1% hb, 0.5% bio, 5% qz eyes. Trz disseminated py altering to goe-hem Mod - strong red to purple fluorescence. 3PAA269 273270 8946566 Condorcocha South Skarn weak chloritized, mod silicified Q-F porphyry dike and greenish brown garnet skarn. Brown garnet endoskarn with local ga-sp-py vlts with chloritized haloes. Mod-strong ORF of an oxidized ca vein PIMA 3PAA270 273099 8946362 Fortuna T6 0 Intrusive Mod silicified and chloritized, grayish green, cgr, Qz F porphyry dike, 0.5% bio, 0.5% diss mt, trz hb. Local patches of epidote + magnetite + chlorite no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA271 273099 8946362 Fortuna T6 0.1 Limestone Fine grained, gray limestones, trz diss py. Local rusty surfaces show bright white fls probably of exotic origin δ13C, δ18O 3PAA272 273096 8946358 Fortuna T6 5 Limestone Fine-medium grained gray limestones, 0.5% diss py, local ca stg interfingered with dolomite lenses. no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA273 273093 8946354 Fortuna T6 10 Limestone Fine-mgr, gray limestones, trz diss py, 2% dolomite lenses with trz diss py. Isotope sample A: Cream, coarse grained, dolomite patch Calcite generations: 1st: none. 2nd: cream dolomite very weak ORF. 3rd: strong ORF PTS, PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA273B Fortuna T6 10 Vein Isotope sample B: Light gray, mgr calcite vein δ13C, δ18O 3PAA274 273087 8946348 Fortuna T6 18 Limestone Strong fractured, gray limestones, trz diss py, local dolomite stg. dolomite stringers No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA275 273079 8946339 Fortuna T6 30 Limestone Mod fractured, gray limestones, trz diss py, local dolomite stg. dolomite stringers No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA276 273073 8946333 Fortuna T6 38 Limestone Strong fractured, gray limestones, trz diss py, 1% dolomite vlts <0.5cm wide. dolomite veinlets Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence PIMA537 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA277 273050 8946309 Fortuna T6 72 Limestone Strong fractured, f-mgr, gray limestones crosscut by weak, discontinuos ca vlts <2cm wide. Two calcite generations: 1st dull, 2nd st ORF PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA278 273050 8946308 Fortuna T6 73 Vein Calcite vein, 2cm wide with bleaching halo. Strong ORF of white calcite within cream carbonate vlt (dol) without fluorescence PTS, PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA279 273326 8946340 Fortuna T7 0 Intrusive Mod silicified, weak chloritized, cgr, plg rich, Qz-F porphyry dike, 1% diss py, trz diss mt, 1% bio. Mod red fluorescence of feldspars 3PAA280 273327 8946341 Fortuna T7 0.3 Limestone Micritic, gray limestones, trz diss py with bleaching haloes. Local ca vlts:S72°E. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA 3PAA281 273332 8946345 Fortuna T7 10 Limestone Strong fract, f-mgr, gray limestones, 1% diss py, 1% ca vlts < 0.5cm. Trz calcite stgs. No fluorescence 3PAA282 273341 8946355 Fortuna T7 20 Limestone Micritic, gray limestones, 1% gray ca stg, trz dis po. Calcite vlts parallel to the bedding. Weak ORF on a local calcite spot. δ13C, δ18O 3PAA283 273348 8946360 Fortuna T7 30 Limestone Micritic, gray limestones, trz-0.5% diss py and local po, Local wispy? Texture. Traces ca vlts: S75°W. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA 3PAA284 273356 8946367 Fortuna T7 40 Hornfels Light gray, f-mgr hornfels, 0.5% diss po, mod fract. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA285 273361 8946375 Fortuna T7 50 Hornfels Massive, fgr, gray hornfels, 1% diss po. Local ca vlts and stringers: S65°W, N20°W. no fluorescence 3PAA286 273371 8946382 Fortuna T7 62 Hornfels Massive, fgr, gray hornfels, 1-2% diss po and ca-po vlts Mod fract outcrop. Strong yellowish white fls of local oxidized tan to white calcite crusts. PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA287 273216 8946474 Fortuna T8 0 Skarn Medium grained, green garnet skarn interfingered with grayish white and green, pyritized hornfels. no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA288 273222 8946476 Fortuna T8 8 Hornfels Medium grained, light gray hornfels, trz-0.5% diss po. Local green and brown patches along fractures. Trz ca-jar in fractures. Moderate ORF of local milimetric ca +py patches major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA289 273226 8946480 Fortuna T8 13 Hornfels Strong fractured, light gray, f-mgr hornfels, 1% diss po, trz diss py. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA290 273230 8946484 Fortuna T8 18 Hornfels Strong fractured, light gray, f-mgr hornfels, 1% diss po, trz diss py. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA291 273239 8946489 Fortuna T8 28 Hornfels Strong fract, light gray hornfels, trz-0.5% diss py. Local brown patches, trz diop, 2% goe, 1% MnOx in fract. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA 3PAA292 273244 8946492 Fortuna T8 35 Hornfels Grayish white, mgr hornfels changing into marble, 1% diss py and within ca inclusions. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA293 273251 8946495 Fortuna T8 33 Hornfels Fine-mgr, gray hornfels with local ca stg, trz diss py. Mod ca vlts:NS, 55°E No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA294 273250 8946495 Fortuna T8 32 Vein Crustiform calcite veinlet, 2.5 cm wide with goe + pyro on fract. No to very weak ORF PIMA, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA295 273260 8946514 Fortuna T8 54 Hornfels Mod rxl, mgr, light gray hornfels Local calcite vlts (S20°E, S75°E and NS), trz goe. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 3PAA296 273442 8946886 Condorcocha East Skarn Green garnet skarn grading into mgr, laminar marble. Traces amounts of diss spc+epd. No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA 3PAA297 273612 8946754 Condorcocha East Intrusive Grayish white, cgr, Q-F, plg rich porphyry dike with 1% chlz hornb, 1% bio, 10% qz eyes, trz mt-py. Weak-mod red fluorescence of feldspars 3PAA298 273593 8946764 Condorcocha East Vein Calcite+Qtz+MnOx vein along a S55°E fault, 2m wide. Very strong ORF. Worth of taking a picture 3PAA299 273596 8946762 Condorcocha East Vein Qtz+MnOx+CuOx+goe brecciated vein with green garnet skarn and QFP clasts. No to very weak red fluorescence 3PAA300A 273892 8945888 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 0 Azimuth: 135, Average dip: -45° Hole length: 584.70 m 3PAA300B 273928 8945854 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 73.30-73.50 6 Marble Grayish white marble grading into a green garnet skarn. Traces diss py and in vlts assoc with sp. Mod ORF on local white calcite patches. PIMA 3PAA301 273925 8945857 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 67.00 - 67.15 12.2 Hornfels Brown hornfels crosscut by sp-py vlts (45°TCA). Bleaching haloes Local mod orange fls around ca+gor void PIMA538 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA302 273920 8945862 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 57.22 - 57.37 22 Marble Gray to brown, mgr, marble local ca vlts with bleaching haloes. Mod ORF along oxidized mm ca vlts. PIMA, thick section 3PAA303 273916 8945866 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 48.50 - 48.68 30.5 Marble Greenish gray, mgr marble with trz green garnet Weak ORF along mm ca vlts PIMA 3PAA304 273911 8945871 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 40.25 - 40.40 39 Hornfels Grayish green hornfels grading into marble. Traces py-sp-cp in fractures. Local very weak ORF of mm ca veinlets PIMA 3PAA305 273906 8945875 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 30.65 - 30.82 48.5 Hornfels Light gray hornfels, trz diss py and ca vlts. Local weak ORF of a mm, oxidized, planar calcite fract 3PAA306 273901 8945880 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 21.10 - 21.25 58 Hornfels Light gray hornfels No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence PIMA 3PAA307 273897 8945883 CMA 058 Quarry Bench 12.95 - 13.10 66 Hornfels Light gray hornfels Mod ORF of local ca+sulf vlts. Weak blue-purple fls spots within the rock mtx 3PAA308A 273627 8945232 CMA 120 Taco pit 0 Azimuth: 312.48° ; average dip: -45° Hole length: 376.10 m 3PAA308B 273493 8945347 CMA 120 Taco pit 247.85-248 0 Marble Gray and white banded marble surrounded by green garnet, mineralized skarn, 0.5% diss py. Strong white fls points in the mtx. Local wk-mod yellow fls spots of calcite 3PAA309 273488 8945352 CMA 120 Taco pit 257.72 - 257.90 4.5 Marble Gray marble with py-sp vlts with bleaching haloes, 1 cm wide. Very weak red fls around sulfide veins PIMA 3PAA310 273481 8945358 CMA 120 Taco pit 270.10 - 270.26 17 Marble Gray, mgr marble crosscut by 1% ca vlts. Mod white fls of a local milimetric ca vein. 3PAA311 273475 8945363 CMA 120 Taco pit 280.42 - 280.56 27 Marble Gray, mgr marble No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence 3PAA312 273471 8945367 CMA 120 Taco pit 290.20 - 290.30 37 Marble Weak bleached, gray marble crosscut by gt+ca vlts. Weak-mod ORF along ca+sulfide vlts. PIMA 3PAA313 273465 8945372 CMA 120 Taco pit 300.85 - 301.00 47 Marble Gray marble with local ca+py vlts <0.3 cm wide. Local weak white fluorescence in patches within mtx PIMA 3PAA314 273459 8945377 CMA 120 Taco pit 311.45 - 311.62 57.5 Marble Gray, mgr marble, close to a calcite vein. Strong ORF of thin crustiform ca + sulfide vein crosscutting non fls py veins 3PAA315 273453 8945383 CMA 120 Taco pit 322.00 - 322.16 68.5 Marble Gray marble with laminar bleaching stripes. no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA316A 273582 8944786 CMA 082 Taco pit 0 Azimuth: 137.67° ; average dip: 0° Hole length: 142.45 m 3PAA316B 273662 8944704 CMA 082 Taco pit 115.50 - 115.67 4.5 Marble White, coarse grained marble with trz green gt and diss sp. Calcite patches around sulfide veins Strong ORF of mm ca vlts crosscut very weak red fls calcite patches. 3PAA317 273666 8944699 CMA 082 Taco pit 122.25 - 122.45 11.25 Marble Banded, mgr, gray marble, trz diss py. Gray and white marble Local weak ORF along some mm fractures 3PAA318 273670 8944694 CMA 082 Taco pit 128.43 - 128.58 17.4 Marble Banded gray marble, trz diss py. Gray and white marble no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA319 273674 8944691 CMA 082 Taco pit 133.40 - 133.56 22.35 Marble Banded gray marble, trz diss py. Gray and white marble no fluorescence 3PAA320 273678 8944687 CMA 082 Taco pit 139.05 - 139.22 28.05 Marble Gray, mgr marble with green garnet stripes, and 1% diss scapolite. Mod - strong ORF of ca filled fractures and patches PIMA 3PAA321A 273639 8945001 CMA 168 Taco pit 0 Azimuth: 318.73° ; average dip: -43.5° Hole length: 542.90 m 3PAA321B 273427 8945236 CMA 168 Taco pit 439.20 - 439.38 18.3 Marble White marble crosscut by py+sp vlts 2mm wide. Strong bluish white fls points and along fractures. Sulfide veins are dull 3PAA322 273420 8945243 CMA 168 Taco pit 452.12 - 452.30 31.2 Marble Grayish white , mgr marble. Local ca+py+sp vlts. Strong bluish white fls points. Sulfide veins are dull539 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA323 273414 8945251 CMA 168 Taco pit 466.67 - 466.83 45.75 Marble Gray marble crosscut by py+sp vlts with 1.5cm bleaching halo. Mod distribution strong bluish white fls points. Local wk-mod yellow fls of uneven surfaces PIMA 3PAA324 273408 8945256 CMA 168 Taco pit 476.65 - 476.84 55.75 Marble White marble crosscut by py+sp vlts Mod-strong ORF along py+sp vlts. Mod distribution of st bluish white fls points. 3PAA325 273400 8945265 CMA 168 Taco pit 492.00 - 492.15 71.08 Marble Gray and white banded marble. Mod distribution of strong bluish white fls points, within the mtx PIMA 3PAA326 273392 8945274 CMA 168 Taco pit 507.15 - 507.32 86.25 Marble Gray, coarse grained marble. Weak distribution of mod bluish white fls points. 3PAA327 273387 8945280 CMA 168 Taco pit 517.90 - 518.05 96.98 Marble Light brown, mgr marble close to a brownish garnet, diopside, py vlts. Mod-st ORF calcite vein parallel TCA. Sulfide veins show wk mm ORF halos. PIMA, thick section 3PAA328 273378 8945289 CMA 168 Taco pit 533.80 - 533.95 112.88 Marble Gray, mgr marble, trz dissmescap no fluorescence 3PAA329A 273529 8945250 CMA 275 Antamina West 0 Azimuth: 315° , dip: -45° Hole length: 175.80 m 3PAA329B 273469 8945308 CMA 275 Antamina West 117.35 - 117.52 34 Marble Greenish white, fgr, marble, crosscut by green garnet+trz py vlts. Mod ORF in a local mm bleached halo around ca+sulfide vein Thick section 3PAA330 273463 8945315 CMA 275 Antamina West 132.10 - 132.23 48 Marble Greenish gray, cgr marble, no mineralization, local ca vlts. no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA331 273458 8945319 CMA 275 Antamina West 140.85 - 141.00 57 Marble White marble with local py vlts crosscut by ca veinlets. Weak red fls around a mm sulfide veins. Local yellow-white fls spots. 3PAA332 273452 8945325 CMA 275 Antamina West 152.85 - 152.98 68 Marble Greenish gray, mgr, marble, 2% diss escapolite, Laminar, trz ca vlts. no fluorescence PIMA, thick section, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 3PAA333 273444 8945333 CMA 275 Antamina West 168.33 - 168.50 84 Marble Gray marble with irregular white stripes (bleaching) Mod white-yellow fls of one layers. Weak bluish white fls points within gray mtx 3PAA334A 273878 8946115 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 0 Azimuth: 225°, dip: ? Hole length: 350.4 m 3PAA334B CMA 530 Quarry Bench 208.15 - 208.32 Marble Brown, mgr marble with trz diss po. no fluorescence 3PAA335 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 223.53 - 223.69 Marble Light brown, fgr marble with trz diss py. Some white fls spots on the drilled surface PIMA 3PAA336 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 283.39 - 238.53 Marble Brown, mgr marble with trz diss py. local mod ORF changing into a bright white fls in a mm, planar ca vlt w/ slickensides 3PAA337 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 253.84 - 254.02 Marble Light brown, fgr marble, 0.5% diss py and in vlts. Weak ORF to yellow white fls of thin mm calcite vlts PIMA 3PAA338 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 269.28 - 269.43 Marble Brown, mgr marble, 0.5% diss py. Weak red fls of local mm ca vlts. Local patches of bright white fls on the drilled surface PIMA 3PAA339 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 284.56 - 284.70 Limestone Gray, mgr limestone with trz-1% diss py. no fluorescence 3PAA340 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 299.93 - 300.05 Limestone Gray - brown, mgr, rxl limestones with pyritized stylolites and sp+py+ca vlts. Local st yellow fls with blue halos surrounding a subrounded brown patch PIMA 3PAA341 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 315.21 - 315.35 Marble Brown marble with trz laminar po <2mm wide. no fluorescence 3PAA342 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 330.60 - 330.74 Marble Gray, cgr marble. Trz stilolites with py and bituminous material. no fluorescence PIMA 540 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 3PAA343 CMA 530 Quarry Bench 346.88 - 347.03 Marble Gray, cgr marble crosscut by py+sp vlts. Possible fault zone. Weak red fls of the gray ca vlt around py+sp vein. Strong ORF of ca within py+sp vlts. PIMA 3PAA344A 273679 8944472 CMA542 Taco pit 0 Azimuth: 50°, Dip: -60° Hole length: 420 m 3PAA344B 273705 8944493 CMA542 Taco pit 68.69 -68.89 21.15 Marble White, cgr marble, 0.5% diss sp, Local py+ca+sp vlt with bleaching halo. Weak-mod ORF in some parts of the bleached halo of a py+ca+sp vein. 3PAA345 273711 8944498 CMA542 Taco pit 84.40 - 84.55 36.83 Marble Light gray, cgr marble, 1% dis po. Irregularly distributed bleaching haloes. Local wk -mod ORF along a mm ca+py vlt and calc stgs PIMA 3PAA346 273717 8944503 CMA542 Taco pit 100.00 - 100.017 52.43 Marble Dark gray, cgr marble trz-0.5% diss po. no fluorescence PIMA 3PAA347 273724 8944508 CMA542 Taco pit 115.00 - 115.15 67.43 Marble Gray, cgr marble with trz diss po. Local bright white fls points probably due to weathering 3PAA348 273729 8944513 CMA542 Taco pit 130.00 - 130.20 82.45 Marble Gray and light gray, cgr, laminated marble. Trz diss py+po+cp crosscut by ca vlts. 1% bright white fls points, probably some ca crystals PIMA 3PAA349 273734 8944517 CMA542 Taco pit 145.00 - 145.15 97.43 Marble Gray, cgr marble with trz diss py. 2% bright white fls points 3PAA350 273800 8945370 Taco pit Skarn Cgr, brownish green endoskarn containing 45% gt, 2% bio, 40% qtz mtx, 3% qtz eyes, 2% big felds Five percent late crustiform qz-cp-mo vlts. Mod-st purple red fluorescence of feldspar and mtx. Qtz veinlets are dull. PIMA 3PAA351 273450 8945181 Antamina West 0 Skarn Cgr, mod oxid, green-brown gt skarn. Strongly porous (gt geodes and qz filling voids), 1% diss cp, trz calc in fract. Strong ORF of an oxidized gt+ca vein. Local bright green dots within weathered calcite PIMA 3PAA352 272813 8943974 Usu Pallares Intrusive Strongly fractured, mod argz and weak ser, cgr. Q- F porphyry, 5% qz eyes, 2% arg feldspar, 1% thin qz vlts (,3mm wide), 1% mod chlz bio, 60% felds, 30% sil mtx. Mod purple - red fls of the mtx and feldspars. Big plg crystals show bright red fls PIMA 3PAA353 272843 8943988 Usu Pallares Skarn Mod alt brown-yellow green gt skarn, 2% MnOx in fract, trz vfine qz vlts, trz mal, 0.5% diss cp+mt(?), 2% ca vlts. Local chl patches, 0.5% malaq, trz nat Cu. Mod ORF of ca+sulfides veins PIMA 3PAA354 273116 8944178 Usu Pallares Skarn Mod chlz, mgr, brown green garnet endoskarn replacing QFP intrusive, 2% diss cp+sl(?). Trz epd, ca+chl vlts, 2% jar-goe in fractures. Local chalcocite Strong red fls of calcite associated with sulfides PIMA 3PAA355 273084 8944218 Usu Pallares Skarn Mod weathered, strongly fract, yellow green, f-mgr gt skarn (exoskarn) cut by 1% fine qz+gt vlts. No sulfides, trz Cu oxides Mod ORF of calcite + sulfide stringers. PIMA 4PAA100 274894 8944708 Truck shop 160 Limestone Gray, fgr, marly lms, < 1m thick, 0.5% py, wk-mod rxl. Trz-0.5% fine planar ca vlts: N28W, 65°SW. Bedding: S70°E, 26°NE no vlts in the sample 4PAA101 275064 8944760 Truck shop 12 Limestone Gray, fgr marly lms, congl aspect. Trz diss py or aspy and ca vlts. no vlts in the sample 4PAA102 274989 8944850 Truck shop 0 Intrusive Greenish gray, mod weath, chlz and pyz, cgr monzonite dike. 0.5% bio alter to ser, local big pink ort, 5% qtz eyes Feldspars show moderate red fluorescence 4PAA103 275135 8944782 Truck shop 80 Limestone Gray, fgr, massive marly lms, py+ ca elongated structures Trz-0.5% diss py, trz mm ca vlts. Ca+py stgs: S27W, 68NW no fluorescence 4PAA104 275156 8944826 Truck shop 120 Limestone St frac'd, gray marly lms w/ 1% microfossils Ca v: N32°W, 57°SW. Ca+py vlts: N12W, 34NE 4PAA105 273802 8946662 Fortuna East T15 0.5 Marble Grayish green, fgr, mod sil diop marble, trz py (diss & fract), 1% MnOx Mod weath, green spider web texture.Trz py±ga vlts weak yellowish white color of thin vlts. XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA106 273805 8946662 Fortuna East T15 3.5 Hornfels Mod weath and fract, gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py Dense brown spider web texture filled w/ goe. yellowish white color in fractures PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA107 273809 8946663 Fortuna East T15 8 Limestone Gray, fgr, marly lms, 1% mm planar ca vlts, trz diss py Outcrop close to the base of spider web hornfels. Bedding: N35W, 35SW no fluorescence XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA108 273148 8945204 Antamina West West flank anticline 265 Marble Green-brownish white, cgr marble, 0.5% diss py, trz diss cp, trz mb. Local calc silicate patches calc+po+py+cp vlt. 10% brown patches (gt). Bedding: N13E, 46NW trz red fluorescence PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA109 273148 8945204 Antamina West West flank anticline 264 Vein Ca+po+cp+py vein crosscutting greenish white, cgr marble py+po vlt: N50W, 82SW wk-mod red fluorescence of calcite541 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 4PAA110 273149 8945205 Antamina West West flank anticline 266 Marble Gray, mgr marble, 1% fine diss py no fluorescence XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA111 273790 8946475 Fortuna East T14 0 Intrusive Light gray, mgr, mod chlz feldspar porp (mz)close to a 20cm thick ca+py±ga vein zone ca+py vein zone extends up to 0.5m from the dike. Dike: N31W, 53SW Feldspars show moderate red fluorescence 4PAA112 273791 8946476 Fortuna East T14 1 Limestone Gray, fgr, massive lms, trz py (diss & fract), local goe no vlts in the sample major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA113 273795 8946477 Fortuna East T14 5 Limestone Gray, fgr, massive marly lms, 1-2% diss py. Lapiaz texture Fractures: N60E, 78NW and N90, 72N no vlts in the sample 4PAA114 273800 8946479 Fortuna East T14 10 Limestone Gray, fgr, mod marly lms, 2% diss py and ca+py stgs. Lapiaz texture Py+ca vlts: S18E, 90 no vlts in the sample major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA115 273809 8946482 Fortuna East T14 20 Limestone Mod frac, gray, marly lms, 0.5% diss py and goe. no vlts in the sample major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA116 273817 8946484 Fortuna East T14 28.3 Limestone St frac'd, gray, massive, marly lms, 0.5%diss py, trz goe in fract. no vlts in the sample 4PAA117 273821 8946486 Fortuna East T14 33 Limestone Gray, strongly pyz, marly lms with green patches (mal?) Chl-goe spider web text: N7W Local ca spots show mod ORF major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA118 273830 8946489 Fortuna East T14 42.5 Limestone Gray, fgr, marly lms, 0.5% diss py, with weak spider web texture no vlts in the sample major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA119 273837 8946492 Fortuna East T14 50 Limestone Gray, fgr, wk rxl, marly lms, 1% diss py. Discontinuos and thin ca vlt system:N60E, 66NW and N10W, 90 no fluorescence PTS, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA120 273842 8946494 Fortuna East T14 54.8 Limestone St frac, locally bxd, gray, marly lms, trz diss py, 3% ca±goe vlts and stgs Ca vlts: N50W, ±90, <5cm width Bright white fl of earthy oxidized voids 4PAA121 273847 8946495 Fortuna East T14 60 Limestone Dark gray, fgr, marly lms, 0.5-1% diss py and repl fossils Mod bleached, sandy surface, no oxides no fluorescence XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA122 273853 8946497 Fortuna East T14 67 Limestone Gray, micritic, marly lms, 0.5% diss py, trz brown thin ca vlts Ca-goe vlts: N20W, 68SW no fluorescence 4PAA123 273870 8946503 Fortuna East T14 85 Limestone St frac'd, gray, micritic marls, trz fine ca vlts, trz- 0.5% diss py Pencil texture no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East T14 100 Limestone Gray, marly lms, trz-0.5% diss py, trz orange brown fine ca vlts Fract: N35W, 77SW no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA125 273323 8946332 Fortuna 0 Intrusive Greenish gray, mgr dacite porp dike with siliceous aphyric matrix 0.5% diss py, 3% fresh bio, 1% chlz hornb, trz diss mt, 20% wk epdz plg < 0.5cm long, 0.5% goe Moderate red fluorescence of feldspars PTS, Ar/Ar 4PAA125A 273324 8946308 Fortuna 0 Intrusive Mod weath, mgr, dacite porp dike, trz fresh bio Isotope sample: qtz grains Moderate red fluorescence of feldspars PTS, δ18O 4PAA126 273023 8947016 Condorcocha 0 Intrusive Light gray, st silicified, dacite porp dike in contact w/ light brown garnet endoskarn. 94% silicified mtx, 5% plg, 1% diss py, trz hornb. Isotope sample: qtz grains. Contact: S40E, 68SW Mod red fluorescence of feldspars and mtx PTS, δ18O 4PAA127 273049 8947008 Condorcocha 0 Intrusive Light gray, wk epz and alb, mgr, QFP (mz) with 5% qtz eyes, 0.5% chlz hornb, trz bio, 0.5% diss py. Apparent young intrusivebody. Isotope sample: qtz grains Mod-strong red fluorescence of feldspars and mtx PTS, Ar/Ar, δ18O 4PAA128 273569 8946490 Fortuna East T10 0 Intrusive Light gray, silicified, q-fspar porp dike (qz mz) w/ trz qz eyes, 1% diss py Silicified halos around the dike no - pale red fluorescence PTS 4PAA129 273380 8946254 Fortuna Vein Banded calcite vein ± sph, ga, py Intense ORF of calcite PTS, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA130 273261 8946114 Fortuna 1.5 Vein Brown carbonates zone replacing ca±py vlts:N3E, 45SW. Sample taken 1m away from the qz-fspar porp dike Mod ORF of brown carb vlt 4PAA131 273260 8946115 Fortuna 0.5 Limestone Mod rxl, gray-dark gray lms, 2% py (diss & vlts w/ ca), trz sph MnOx coatings on the surface no fluorescence 4PAA132 273267 8946202 Fortuna 15m from dike Vein Orange brown carbonate vein (ca±py) crosscutting gray, marly lms Sample taken 1m away from a py+gn±sph fault vein. Intense ORF only on weathered surface δ13C, δ18O542 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 4PAA133 273288 8946222 Fortuna 40 Limestone Gray, marly lms, 1% diss py and ca+py vlts and stgs.mod oxid to goe±jar. Calc + py vlts: S15W, 72NW 4PAA134 273468 8945298 Antamina West 4225 bench 4 Marble White marble, 0.5% diss py, 0.5% calc-sil(gt) vlts, gt + py ± gn ± sph vlts: N32W, 50SW; N15W, 57SW, 6v x m Sr isotope analysis on gray marble Local mod-strong ORF in some fractures PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 4PAA135 273455 8945292 Antamina West 4225 bench 12 Marble Cgr, white marble, trz diss py, mod dist py±sph±po vlts. Bedding: N0°, 45E sulfide vlts: N20°W, 45°SW, 2mm-1cm, 15vlts x m Local mod-strong ORF in some fract. Late ca vlts show white fls. major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA136 273453 8945291 Antamina West 4225 bench 18 Marble White and dark marble, tra diss po Local mod-strong ORF in some fractures SEM, major and minor elements, d13C, d18O 4PAA137 273450 8945290 Antamina West 4225 bench 22 Marble Gray marble unit interbedded with white thin layers. Local mm py vlts with diffusional halos, trz diss po>py Local mod ORF in fresh surfaces XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA138 273446 8945288 Antamina West 4225 bench 26 Marble Cgr, white marble, trz diss py and local py+cp (diss, vlts), 1% diss scapolite Sample taken 40cm below and 40cm above contact with gray marble Local mod ORF in fresh surfaces PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA139 273444 8945288 Antamina West 4225 bench 29 Marble Cgr, gray marble, 0.5% diss py, 1% py vlts with cm bleaching halos, ca+py vlts: N60E, 45NW. Calc- sil+py±gn±sl: N30W, 42SW Py+cp vlt: N70W, 43SW with bleaching halo. Ca + calc sil vlt: N85W, 74NE. Pyrite vlt: N70W, 74NE bleaching halo Local mod ORF in fresh surfaces major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA140 273412 8945278 Antamina West 4225 bench 50 Marble Cgr, gray marble, trz diss py Bedding: N11W, 45NE. Py±sl vlt: N60W, 65SW Local mod ORF in fresh surfaces δ13C, δ18O 4PAA141 273390 8945271 Antamina West 4225 bench 70 Marble Mod frac, dark gray, cgr, scapolite rich marble. White ca vlts <1cm wide. No bleaching halos around vlts. ca+py vlts: N38W, 70NE. Py±cp vlts: N16E, 88NW no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 4PAA142 273378 8945268 Antamina West 4225 bench 78 Marble Dark gray, cgr, scapolite rich marble, trz diss py and local interbedded bleached halos Ca±py vlts (N50W, 63SW) form a parallel system related to the schistosity of the anticline.Bedding: N0°, 37E no fluorescence 4PAA143 273468 8945272 Antamina West 4195 bench 0.5 Marble Gray and white, cgr marble crosscut by gt+gn+py±sph vlts: N85W, 75SE. This sample is the lateral projection of sample 140 Local mod ORF δ13C, δ18O 4PAA144 273470 8945270 Antamina West 4195 bench 0 Skarn Cgr, green garnet skarn + ca + 5% py+gn+sph ±cp forming irregular bodies Fault: N32W, 66SW. Bedding: N12W, 47NE Mod-strong ORF of calcite spots PTS and XRD 4PAA145 273463 8945267 Antamina West 4195 bench 4 Marble Cgr, gray marble, 5% scapolite, 1% diss py. Local brownish green gt±py lenses and stgs with 1cm wide halos. Local mod-strong ORF of uneven surfaces δ13C, δ18O 4PAA146 273461 8945266 Antamina West 4195 bench 6 Marble Mod frac'd, light gray to white, mgr marble crosscut by calc sil + py ± sl vlts Vlts: N43E, 83SE; N35W, 75NE; N10E, 57SE; N5W, 45NE Local mod-strong ORF of uneven surfaces δ13C, δ18O 4PAA147 273380 8945336 Antamina West Access to the crusher 74 Marble Strong frac'd, cgr, gray, scapolite rich marble, 1% diss py. This sample is the lateral projection of sample 139 Ca vlts: N15W, 80SE; N60E, 72SE no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 4PAA148 273392 8945345 Antamina West Access to the crusher 58 Marble St frac, scapolite rich, cgr, gray marble, trz diss py and strong dist dark gray stylolites. Bedding: N5W, 37NE Bleached fractures: N72W, 90. Calcite veins: N50W, 90. This sample is the upper projection of 4PAA134 Local weak-mod ORF in uneven fresh fractures PTS, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA149 273387 8945343 Antamina West Access to the crusher 62 Marble Strong frac'd, dark gray marble with flame texture. Calcite veinlets: N5W, 47SW without bleaching halos. This sample is the upper projection of 135 and 136 samples.Py±sl vlts: S43E, 83SW; N56W, 80SW Local weak-mod ORF in uneven fresh fractures PTS, major and minor elements 4PAA150 273383 8945340 Antamina West Access to the crusher 70 Marble Cgr, sacaroid, white marble body, 2% diss py Py±sl vlt: N66W, 66NE; N15E, 72NW. Sr isotope analysis on white marble Wk-mod ORF of mtx. Strong red fls of py vein XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 4PAA151 273372 8945335 Antamina West Access to the crusher 80 Marble Scapolite rich, cgr, dark, massive marble with diffusional bleached halos, trz diss py. Ca+py±sl vlts: N50E, 66SE; N17W, 37NE no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O 4PAA152 273432 8945364 Antamina West Access to the crusher 30 Marble Mgr, white marble, trz-0.5% diss py, high density mm py±calc-sil±gn+sl±cp vlts Conjugated system: N50W, 80NE. Vlts: N74E, 76SE; N25W, 46SW Weak - mod ORF. Strong ORF along py vein δ13C, δ18O 4PAA153 273438 8945367 Antamina West Access to the crusher 28 Marble Light gray, mgr, marble, 1% diss py, local green calc sil + sl+gn forming network Network system: N0°, 68W, N23W, 58NE, N70E, 70SE. Calc-silicate + sulfide veins Mod ORF on uneven surfaces δ13C, δ18O 4PAA154 273442 8945370 Antamina West Access to the crusher 26 Skarn Greenish brown, mgr, gt skarn in contact with sulfide rich marble 1% mb in fract. Sulfide vlts: N27W, 90 Strong red fls on uneven surfaces w/ bright bluish white spots.543 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 4PAA155 273444 8945372 Antamina West Access to the crusher 21 Marble Light gray to white, mgr marble in contact with mgr, gray marble.Relicts of stylolites: N60E, 60SE High density of mm to cm py, ca+py±calcsil vlts±gn±sl. Vlts: N13W, 81SW, N13W, 45SW Local wk-mod ORF of uneven surfaces δ13C, δ18O 4PAA156A 273385 8946306 Fortuna 50 Limestone Strong frac'd, fgr, gray lms, 1.5% diss py Calcite+MnOx vlts: N75W, 90; N35W, 60SW. no vlts in the sample δ13C, δ18O 4PAA156B 273385 8946306 Fortuna 50 Vein Calcite+MnOx veins Moderate -strong ORF 4PAA157 273349 8946286 Fortuna 16 Vein Orange brown carbonates with trz dolomites hosted in gray, pyz lms dolomite patches.Vlts: N5E-N40W, 52-68SW no fluorescence XRD, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA158 273202 8946280 Fortuna 0 Intrusive Greenish gray, cgr, qz-fspar porp dike, w/ sil aphyric mtx Mod mag, 2% mod chlz hornb, 1% bio, 10% qz eyes, 25% felsp. Strike: S60E, 72SW no - pale yellowish orange little spotsPTS 4PAA159 272914 8946480 Fortuna T18 108 Limestone Mod sil, fgr, limestone, 0.5% diss po, gray carb vlts w/ trz diss py Discontinuos veinlets: N63W, 65SW; N85W, 70NE; S5E, 57SW. Bedding: S26E, 41SW. no fluorescence 4PAA160 272910 8946468 Fortuna T18 92 Hornfels Gray, fgr hornfels, 1% diss po repl microfossils. Ca + py vlts parallel bedding no fluorescence 4PAA161 272896 8946458 Fortuna T18 75 Limestone Gray, fgr, mod rxl, wk-mod silcified, massive lms. Trz ca vlts, no oxides. no fluorescence 4PAA162 272875 8946436 Fortuna T18 2 Limestone St frac'd, fgr, gray, mod rxl, marly lms, trz diss py Trz orange brown carbonates parallel to bedding. High density ca vlts. no fluorescence 4PAA162A 272845 8946402 Fortuna T18 43 Vein Orange brown carbonate stgs hosted in gray, fgr, mod rxl, marly lms w/ trz diss py Bedding: S40-60E, 70NE no fluorescence 4PAA163 272809 8946294 Fortuna 0 Vein calcite +MnOx +jar±goe vein, 10cm wide. Strike and dip: N25E, 53NW. Strontium isotope analysis on vein Very st ORF w/ bluish white thin bands along fract PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna T5 108 Limestone Gray, mod rxl, wk sil, fgr, st frac marls crosscut by thin disc cal vlts Vlts: N18W, 72SW; N80E,90 no fluorescence XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna T5 132 Limestone St frac, mod rxl, wk sil, fgr, brownish gray marly lms Fine ca±py vlts altering to jar-goe forming local spider web texture. Vlts: S30E, 64SW no fluorescence XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna T5 162 Limestone Wk rxl and sil, massive, fgr, gray to brownish gray marly lms w/ trz OBC vlts: N73E, 90 1% calcite stgs w/ jar-goe spots. This sample is the lateral projection of 3PAA143 Pale cream color on weathered surfaces major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA167 272980 8946096 Fortuna 208 Limestone Massive, mod rxl, fgr, brownish gray marly lms, 1% light gray ca stgs, trz goe-jar Parallel and brecciated ca +MnOx±sid+goe-jar vlts: N16E, 56SE no fluorescence 4PAA168 272979 8946114 Fortuna 209 Vein Parallel and brecciated ca +MnOx±sid+goe-jar vlts: N16E, 56SE Vein network close to the contact with laminated marls Yellowish white color along earthy oxidized voids 4PAA169 272887 8946050 Fortuna 270 Limestone Massive, mod rxl and sil, fgr, brownish gray lms Conglomeradic aspect, no oxides, trz ca vlts no fluorescence 4PAA170 273112 8946278 Fortuna 55 Limestone St frac, mod oxid, fgr, gray lms w/ st dist ca vlts OBC vlts are crosscut by MnOx rich ca vlts: EW, 72S; N42E, 78SE Local mod ORF of some thin ca vlts 4PAA171 273142 8946228 Fortuna 75 Vein Ca+gn+goe+MnOx lensoidal vein within a ca+MnOx stwk Strike and dip: S22W, 37NW Very strong ORF of calcite 4PAA172 272880 8945878 Fortuna ? Limestone Wk-mod sil, mod rxl and frac, fgr, brownish gray marly lms. Local conglom aspect due to weathering. Fossiliferous unit crosscut by OBC vlts: S15E, 30SW; S5-20E, 80SW no vlts in the sample δ13C, δ18O 4PAA173 272881 8945876 Fortuna ? Vein Bxd calcite vein w/ 3% jar-goe, local py bxwk Calcite + MnOx + FeOx veins: S5-20E, 30SW no fluorescence 4PAA174 272792 8946200 Fortuna 325 Limestone Massive, brownish gray, fgr lms crosscut by high density ca+MnOx vlts Ca+MnOx vlts: S48E, 78SW Strong ORF δ13C, δ18O 4PAA175 272793 8946280 Fortuna 0 Vein White ca+sid? Halos+MnOx coatings, trz jar>goe.Bedding: N53E, 35NW Calcite+MnOx+FeOx vein crosscuts a laminated, gray, marly lms Strong ORF 4PAA176 272999 8946354 Fortuna T6 42 Vein Ca+MnOx+jar+goe vlt: S10E, 85NE, 3v x m This vlts crosscut wk sil, mod frac'd, fgr, gray limestones no fluorescence 4PAA177 273069 8946354 Fortuna T6 15 Vein Continuos, irregular, yellowish white calcite+MnOx+FeOx+dol? vlts, 0.5% diss py, 1% goe+jar This vein S82E, 40SW, fills a thrust fault that crosscut a fgr, gray, st frac and folded, marly lms. no fluorescence 4PAA178 273093 8946318 Fortuna 42 Vein Ca+MnOx parallel veins: S57E, 35SW, 2cm avg, 6v x m. Veins crosscut a mod sil, brownish gray, fgr lms w/ 0.5% diss py. Sr isotope analysis on calcite vein Mod-strong ORF PTS, XRD, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr544 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 4PAA179 273177 8946348 Fortuna 32 Limestone Wk sil and frac, massive, gray, micritic lms, trz diss py-po and ca+MnOx vlts Ca+MnOx vlts: S60E, 70SW no fluorescence 4PAA180 273204 8946352 Fortuna 56 Hornfels Massive, brownish gray hornfels, 1% diss po 1% microfossils replaced by po. Lapiaz texture. no fluorescence 4PAA181 273317 8945335 Antamina West 4270 bench 118 Marble Ca parallel vein:N45W, 82SW cut a cgr, dark gray marble. Trz diss py, 10% scapolite replaced by calcite Mod white fls needle like crystals major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA182 273351 8945349 Antamina West 4270 bench 98 Marble St frac, dark gray, cgr marble, trz-0.5% diss py and cut by mm ca vlts±calc-silicates: N40W, 82SW; S68W, 30NW The N70W, 35NE ca+py vlt system creates a diffusion halo of 1cm wide. Mod white fls of diss needle like crystals XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA183 273379 8945365 Antamina West 4270 bench 71 Marble Mod frac, massive, c-mgr white and gray banded marble, 0.5% diss py. Ca vlts perpendicular to bedding: N0°, 70W; N58W, 78SW, 5v x m. Bedding: N12W, 34NE. Mod white fls of diss needle like crystals PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA184 273403 8945382 Antamina West 4270 bench 55 Marble Mod frac, massive, cgr, light gray-white, scapolite rich marble. 1% diss po, 0.5% py+calc-sil vlts. Margin zone between gray and white marble contact. Local wk-mod ORF along uneven surfaces δ13C, δ18O 4PAA185 273426 8945396 Antamina West 4270 bench 43 Marble Massive, mod frac, white, cgr marble interbedded w/ thin, gray marble layers High density of ca+calc-sil+py+gn±sl vlts: N50E, 40NW; N20E, 34SE; N35E, 54SE; N55W, 73SW. Local wk-mod ORF on uneven surfaces δ13C, δ18O 4PAA186 273449 8945382 Antamina West Access to the crusher 27 Marble White, mgr marble, 0.5% diss py interbedded w/ thin, cgr, gray marble layers. Py vlts: N5E, 80NW; N50W, 90; N0, 58W; S85W, 90.Bedding: N10E, 40SE Local wk-mod ORF on uneven surfaces Thick section, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA187 273302 8945294 Antamina West Access to the crusher 125 Marble St frac, dark gray, cgr marble, 5% scapolite repl by ca, trz diss py. Bedding: N65E, 47NW High density of calc-sil+py±gn vlts: N30W, 45SW; N60E, 44NW; N50W, 90. Mod distribution of white fls points XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA188 273297 8945238 Antamina West 4225 bench 145 Marble St frac, banded, gray and white, cgr, scapolite rich marble, trz diss py. Local planar ca vlts. Fract: N28E, 90; N65W, 75SW Mod distribution of white fls points major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA189 273297 8945238 Antamina West 4225 bench 145 Marble Duplicate of 4PAA188 sample Mod distribution of white fls points 4PAA190 273177 8945254 Antamina West West flank anticline 247 Marble Laminated, ca+po rich, mgr, light gray - gray marble Crossbedding structure: N30E, 60NW. Bedding: N50W, 36SW no fluorescence XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA191 273192 8945290 Antamina West West flank anticline 239 Marble Light gray-white, sacaroid, mgr marble, 1% diss po±gn,sl and forming thin layers Vlts: N53W, 90; N15E, 90. Sr isotope analysis on rock no fluorescence PTS, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 4PAA192 273196 8945284 Antamina West West flank anticline 236 Marble Light gray, fgr marble, 0.5% diss po.Ca vlts: N70W, 90; N0°, 35W The N0°, 35W ca+py vein system produce a 0.4cm wide bleaching halo. no fluorescence 4PAA193 273171 8945226 Antamina West West flank anticline 248 Marble St frac, wk sil, massive, light to brownish gray, fgr marble; 1% diss po sporadic and mod oxidized ca+py vlts w/ bleaching halos. Fract: N25W, 37SW, 7f x m Weak ORF of very thin ca vein 4PAA194 273278 8945189 Antamina West 4195 bench 157 Marble Mod frac, gray, cgr, scapolite rich marble w/ 1% diss py. Vlts: N10W, 75SW; N50W, 80SW. Scapolite up to 2cm long, local ca+py vlts with bleaching halos Local bright white fls of elongated crystals and fract major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA195 274878 8945584 Ridge road 5 Hornfels St frac, light gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py and diopside lenses Local gray patches. Fract: S40E, 75SW; N70E, 80SE. Bedding: S80E, 20SW no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA196 274880 8945578 Ridge road 2 Hornfels st frac, light greenish gray hornfels, 5% gt patches, 1% diss py and filling fract Sample taken 1m south of py+gt±gn vein: N80E, 75SE Wk-mod purple red fls of ca vein. Pale cream fls of mtx PTS, XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA197 274881 8945551 Ridge road 0 Intrusive St silicified, light gray-white felspar porp, aphyric mtx, 3% diss py, stgs and fract. Local ORF of ca vlts and halos around py patches PTS 4PAA198 874881 8945549 Ridge road 0 Intrusive Duplicate of 4PAA197 sample Local ORF along thin ca vlts. 4PAA199 274882 8945547 Ridge road 0 Intrusive Light gray, st sil intrusive in contact w/ a 30cm fluorite + sulfide rich sil porp dike A set of qtz vlts run into the hornfels Very strong ORF of mtx and vlts. 4PAA200 274883 8945548 Ridge road 0 Intrusive Upper contact of fluorite rich intrusive w/ light gray to tan hornfels. Diopside and light brown gt appear as patches within hornfels. Weak-mod ORF of mtx 4PAA201 274881 8945545 Ridge road 0.3 Hornfels Light brown gt skarn in contact w/ diopsidic, green hornfels 0.5% diss py appear in both units. Gt skarn is not porous Local mod ORF diss points major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA202 274885 8945541 Ridge road 0.9 Hornfels St frac, light gray to greenish gray hornfels 0.5% diss py Mod ORF of calcite + calc-sil vein major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA203 274882 8945565 Ridge road 0.6 Hornfels Light gray hornfels, 10% gt patches, trz diss py and filling fractures Bleaching halos around gt patches. Sample taken 60 cm below the contact w/ dike. Mod ORF of calcite + calc-sil vein PTS, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 545 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 4PAA204 274659 8946222 Ridge road 0 Skarn Pink brown garnet endoskarn with ca+py±gn±sl±realgar vein (apparent last mineralizing event):S45E, 65SW It crosscuts a very tight light green -pinkish brown gt skarn and a ca+sl+cp±gn±py system Mod ORF w/ pale yellow halo of last ca vein. St bluish white fls halo around py spot XRD 4PAA205 274702 8946148 Ridge road 0 Intrusive St silicified felspar dike w/ brown gt patches and sulfide +calc-sil stgs. Gt+py stgs: S18E, 62NE; Gt+sl+gn+py±cp vlts: S46E, 63SW and N75E, 90 Pale-mod red fls mtx PTS 4PAA206 274719 8946116 Ridge road 5 Hornfels Light gray hornfels, trz diss py, crosscut by calc-sil and qz+sulfides vlts. Hornfels and dike contact: S54E, 80SW Greenish brown gt + diopside stgs are crosscut by qz+py+gn+sl±cp vlts no - pale white fls of white ca vlts. 4PAA207 274843 8945930 Ridge road 13 Hornfels Strong fractured light gray hornfels no fluorescence 4PAA208 274844 8945928 Ridge road 16 Hornfels White hornfels, 1% py diss and filling fractures Sample taken 50cm above the contact w/ light gray hornfels pale yellow reflection of mtx major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA209 274877 8945598 Ridge road 10 Hornfels Light gray to gray hornfels contact Green calc-silicate patches w/ diss py form bleaching halos Mod ORF on local calcite stgs major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA210 274875 8945600 Ridge road 10.5 Hornfels Laminated, mgr, light gray hornfels, 1% py in layers Local qz-py vlts and 1% gt patches no fluorescence 4PAA211 274873 8945603 Ridge road 11.5 Hornfels Greenish white hornfels showing transitional contact with gray hornfels Gt±sl±py patches form the calc-sil rich hornfels no fluorescence major and minor elements 4PAA212 274871 8945609 Ridge road 13 Hornfels St frac, greenish gray hornfels, abundant diss py Sample taken 1.5m below contact w/ light gray hornfels Local mod ORF along ca veins. major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA213 274901 8945455 Ridge road 0.3 Hornfels St frac, brownish gray, fgr, hornfels, 1% diss py, 1% calc-sil vlts and patches Sample taken 30cm below the contact w/ Q-F porp dike no fluorescence PTS and XRD 4PAA214 274901 8945454 Ridge road 0.1 Hornfels Greenish gray hornfels. Contact between Q-F porp dike and calc-sil rich hornfels 1% diss py and gn±sl vein appear along the contact: S73E, 38SW Mod-st purple red fls on the porphyry 4PAA215 274898 8945450 Ridge road 1.5 Hornfels Brownish -greenish gray, fgr hornfels. Calc-sil+py vlts and 0.5% diss py no fluorescence XRD 4PAA216 274888 8954438 Ridge road 0 Intrusive Greenish gray, mgr, QF porp dike (plg>ort), 3% bio, 0.5% chlz hornbl. Py+chl±epd planar vlts, local chl+py xenoliths, 10% qz, 3%diss py, trz cp. Purple red fls mtx PTS 4PAA217 274306 8945285 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Skarn Brownish red garnet skarn crosscut by qtz±py±cp vlt. High distribution of vlts in the skarn, 5% py in patches and diss, 2% sph Local pale ORF along margins of a ca vein XRD 4PAA218 274325 8945313 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Skarn Green, fgr garnet skarn crosscut by 1cm wide qz vein: S60E, 80SW 2% sl, 1% gn, 5% py diss and filling fractures. Apparent endoskarn PTS 4PAA219 274345 8945342 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Skarn Light brown, f-mgr garnet skarn (endoskarn) with 3% py within gt patches: S82E, 80SW. Fractures: N60°, 73°SE Four cm wide, porous qz+sl+gn±cp vein. Isotope sample: qtz veins Strong ORF of ca + sulfides vein. Local bluish white fls points on ca voids PTS, XRD, δ18O 4PAA220 274418 8945477 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Intrusive St frac, mod ser, cgr QF porp. Mod density qz+cp+mb vlts Py vlts: S40E, 72SW, 10v x m, up to 5cm wide. no-pale red fls mtx. Local st bluish white spots on carb? around pink gt? 4PAA221 274432 8945502 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Intrusive St frac, mod-st ser, cgr Q-F porp w/ 1% bio, 5% py. High density of qz+mb+cp vlts (S32E, 55SW), up to 1cm wide, 12v x m. Isotope sample A: qtz grains Purplish red fls of argillized mtx δ18O 4PAA221B 274432 8945502 Oscarina dike. 0 Vein Isotope sample B: quartz vein chips δ18O 4PAA222 273896 8946524 Fortuna East T14 117 Limestone Mod frac, fgr, brownish gray marly lms, 1% diss py. Pencil texture. Mm ca stgs: N38E, 80NW; N47W, 63NE. Bedding: N133, 34NE no fluorescence 4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East T14 132 Limestone Wk frac, gray, fgr, massive lms, 1% diss py Local wk ORF on fractures major and minor elements 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East T13 144 Limestone Mod rxl and frac, gray, mgr lms w/ trz-0.5% diss py, mod dist ca vlts Lateral projection of 223 sample.Thin ca vlts: N18W, 85SW no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA225 273565 8946042 Fortuna East T13 174 Limestone Mod rxl and sil, gray, fgr lms, trz py, 3% gray ca stgs Local pale yellow white fls on earthy ca vein 4PAA226 273330 8945450 Antamina West 147 Marble Light gray, cgr, laminated marble, 10% ca repl scapolite Local mm ca vlts, disgregable: N307, 77SW Local bright yellow white on earthy fractures. major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA227 273438 8945564 Antamina West 74 Marble Mod sil, light gray, mgr marble, 1% diss py and crosscut by ca±py±sl vlts Other sulfide vlts: N80W, 40NE; N43W, 83SW; N25E, 60NW. Sample taken between 2 gt layers. Local wk ORF along fractures546 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or depth Distance from dike Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations 4PAA228 273458 8945768 Fortuna 230 Hornfels Light gray, fgr hornfels w/ 2% diss py and crosscut by qz±py±cp vlts Vlts: N38W, 90 mod-st ORF along orange brown carb vlts Thick section, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O 4PAA229 273461 8945912 Fortuna 340 Hornfels St frac, gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py.Bedding: N18E, 33NW Fract: N25E, 62SE; N35W, 62SW. Sample taken 2m from the dike hanging wall Local pale yellow white fls on earthy and wheatered surfaces 4PAA230 273819 8946100 Quarry Bench 0 Intrusive Mod weath, light gray, cgr Q-F porp dike, 2% bio, 1% diss py, 15% qz eyes. Local xenoliths of brown gray pyritized hornfels. Isotope sample: qtz grains Mod-st purplish red fls of mtx PTS, Ar/Ar, δ18O 4PAA231 273918 8945984 Quarry Bench T2 0 Intrusive St sil, light gray, bio Q-F porp. Patch light brown gt+py stgs and qz+fluorite±cp±mb vlts Sample taken close to a dark green and brown calc-sil veins: N23W, 62SW Wk-mod red fls of feldspars. St white fls along fractures PTS, Ar/Ar 4PAA232 275211 8945132 Truck shop 0 Intrusive Light gray-white, mod argz and frac, felspar porp dike 2% bio alter ser, trz hornb, patinas goe>jar replacing py.Py vlts: N10E, 33NW PTS 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone St fract, brownish gray, fgr, marly lms. Bedding: S30E, 33SW Local ca vlts: S8W, 85SE; S30E, 47SW; jar-hem in fract. no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 4PAA234 275311 8941454 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone Mod silicified, fgr, brown marble grading to thin brown hornfels layers Local mm, orange brown ca vlts perpendicular to bedding: S22E, 34SW Mod white fls of vlts and crystals 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone Fgr, brown marble w/ local dark green calc-sil patches. Bedding: N42W, 58SW White calc-sil vlts: N227, 75NW w/ local goe-jar stains no fluorescence major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone Fgr, brown marble w/ very fine planar ca vlts, trz jar- goe Ca vlts: S70W, 40NW. Bedding: S42E, 54SW Mod white fls of crystals XRD, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 4PAA237 275355 8941160 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone Fgr, brown marble w/ 3% white ca+goe+jar in fract. Calcite vlts: S70W, 40NW perpendicular to bedding. Approximate location no-very weak ORF of a ca vein 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone Mod fract, brownish gray, fgr marly lms w/ pencil texture Trz jar, trz ca vlts: S40W, 67SE. Bedding: N18W, 76SW no fluorescence PTS, XRD, SEM, major and minor elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr 4PAA239 275794 8942094 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone St frac, brownish gray, fgr, marly lms w/ pencil texture Oxidized fractures: N5W, 82SW; N35W, 53NE; N28W, 78SW. Bedding: N40W, 28SW no fluorescence 547 Appendix B2: 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb Geochronology: analytical techniques and data interpretation Appendix B2 – 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb Geochronology: analytical techniques and data interpretation 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating geochronology Each sample was crushed and sieved to obtain fragments ranging in the size range from 0.25 to 1.0 mm. Magnetite and metallic crusher fragments were removed with a hand magnet. The sieved fractions were washed in deionized water and then air-dried at room temperature. Mineral separates of biotite and hornblende were hand-picked using a binocular microscope, wrapped in aluminum foil and stacked in an irradiation capsule with similar- aged samples, neutron flux monitors (Fish Canyon Tuff sanidine, 28.03 Ma (Renne et al., 1998) and Alder Creek sanidine, 1.93 Ma (Nomade et al., 2005)), optical grade CaF2 and potassium glass. The samples were irradiated with cadmium shielding on May 31, 2005 at the McMaster Nuclear Reactor in Hamilton, Ontario, for 20 MWH, with a neutron flux of approximately 3x1016neutrons/cm2. Total fusion analyses (n=68) of 21 neutron flux monitor positions produced errors of <0.5% in the J value. The samples were analyzed on June 19 and 20, 2005, at the Noble Gas Laboratory, Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. The mineral separates were step-heated at incrementally higher powers in the defocused beam of a 10W CO2 laser (New Wave Research MIR10) until fused. The gas evolved from each step was analyzed by a VG5400 mass spectrometer equipped with an ion-counting electron multiplier. All measurements were corrected for total system blank, mass spectrometer sensitivity, mass discrimination, radioactive decay during and subsequent to irradiation, as well as interfering Ar from atmospheric contamination and the irradiation of Ca, Cl and K (Isotope correction ratios: (36Ar/37Ar)Ca=3.60 x 10-4, (38Ar/37Ar)Ca=2.52 x 10-4, (39Ar/37Ar)Ca=3.71 x 10-4, (36Ar/38Ar)Cl=1.51 x 102, (37Ar/39Ar)K=1.44 x 10-4, (38Ar/39Ar)K=1.22 x 10-2, (40Ar/39Ar)K= 4.69 x 10-2). The plateau and correlation ages were calculated using Isoplot ver.3.09 (Ludwig, 2003). Errors are quoted at the 2-sigma (95% confidence) level and are propagated from all sources except mass spectrometer sensitivity and age of the flux monitor. The best statistically-justified plateau and plateau age were picked based on the following criteria: 549 1. Three or more contiguous steps comprising more than 50% of the 39Ar; 2. Probability of fit of the weighted mean age greater than 5%; 3. Slope of the error-weighted line through the plateau ages equals zero at 5% confidence; 4. Ages of the two outermost steps on a plateau are not significantly different from the weighted-mean plateau age (at 1.8σ, six or more steps only); 5. Outermost two steps on either side of a plateau must not have nonzero slopes with the same sign (at 1.8σ, nine or more steps only) ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon analysis All sample preparation, geochemical separations and mass spectrometry were done at the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia. Zircon and other accessory phases were separated from samples using conventional crushing, grinding, and Wilfley table techniques, followed by final concentration using heavy liquids and magnetic separations. Mineral fractions for analysis were selected based on grain quality, size, magnetic susceptibility and morphology. All zircon fractions were air abraded prior to dissolution to minimize the effects of post-crystallization Pb-loss, using the technique of Krogh (1982). Samples were dissolved in concentrated HF and HNO3 in the presence of a mixed 233-235U- 205Pb tracer for 40 hours at 240 C in PTFE or PFA microcapsules contained in high pressure vessels (Parr™ bombs). Sample solutions were then dried to salts at ~125°C, rebombed and redissolved in 3.1N HCl for 12 hours at 210°C. Separation and purification of Pb and U employed ion exchange column techniques modified slightly from those described by Parrish et al. (1987). Pb and U were sequentially eluted into a single beaker and loaded together on a single zone refined Re filament using a phosphoric acid-silica gel (SiCl4) emitter. Isotopic ratios were measured using a modified single collector VG-54R thermal ionization mass spectrometer equipped with an analogue Daly photomultiplier. Measurements were done in peak-switching mode on the Daly detector. U and Pb analytical blanks were in the range of <1 pg and 5 pg, respectively, during the course of this study. U fractionation was determined directly on individual runs using the 233-235U tracer, and Pb isotopic ratios were corrected for fractionation of 0.32%/amu, based on replicate 550 analyses of the NBS981 Pb reference material and the values recommended by Thirlwall (2000). All analytical errors were numerically propagated through the entire age calculation using the technique of Roddick (1987). Standard concordia diagrams were constructed and regression intercepts concordia ages and weighted means calculated with Isoplot 3.00 (Ludwig, 2003). Unless otherwise noted, all errors are quoted at the 2σ level. 551 Appendix B3: 40Ar/39Ar analytical data for biotite and hornblende Appendix B3: 4PAA125 Biotite First run Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-125 Biotite Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho 0.15 -4.77 12.25 0.15 0.035925 0.000456 0.003444 0.000154 0.036 0.88 5.24 3.97 0.73 0.092033 0.000486 0.003216 0.000128 0.008 Laser Isotope Ratios 3.16 8.91 1.23 2.28 0.219472 0.001888 0.0027 0.000094 0.031 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age 9.56 10.29 0.34 6.4 0.441575 0.005034 0.001794 0.000046 0.194 20.06 10.75 0.23 10.5 0.61746 0.005775 0.001061 0.000042 0.087 2 29.201±0.012 0.132±0.088 0.115±0.074 0.116±0.038 0.677 0.021 101.66 0.15 -0.492±1.264 -4.77±12.25 33.9 10.91 0.25 13.84 0.498426 0.002287 0.00148 0.000042 0.016 2.3 11.187 0.005 0.092 0.032 0.218 0.029 0.039 0.036 1.557 0.016 94.74 0.73 0.543 0.412 5.24 3.97 56.05 10.99 0.13 22.15 0.659282 0.003574 0.000846 0.000025 0.037 2.6 4.683 0.009 0.090 0.026 0.156 0.023 0.014 0.032 1.124 0.017 79.19 2.28 0.924 0.128 8.91 1.23 71.99 10.92 0.13 15.94 0.709678 0.004536 0.00067 0.000026 0.064 2.9 2.331 0.011 0.093 0.020 0.030 0.036 0.005 0.023 0.216 0.018 52.18 6.4 1.067 0.035 10.29 0.34 85.2 10.96 0.14 13.21 0.675907 0.003078 0.00079 0.00003 0.016 3.2 1.672 0.009 0.095 0.015 0.008 0.036 0.002 0.034 0.057 0.019 30.58 10.5 1.115 0.023 10.75 0.23 100.02 10.98 0.15 14.82 0.72139 0.003199 0.00061 0.000034 0.006 3.5 2.054 0.005 0.096 0.011 0.005 0.044 0.003 0.027 0.037 0.019 42.93 13.84 1.132 0.026 10.91 0.25 3.8 1.558 0.005 0.096 0.011 0.007 0.035 0.001 0.027 0.047 0.019 24.3 22.15 1.141 0.013 10.99 0.13 Plateau age results: 4.1 1.454 0.006 0.099 0.011 0.010 0.018 0.001 0.032 0.069 0.02 19.15 15.94 1.133 0.013 10.92 0.13 4.4 1.528 0.004 0.098 0.009 0.011 0.025 0.001 0.032 0.077 0.019 22.65 13.21 1.138 0.015 10.96 0.14 4.8 1.432 0.004 0.097 0.010 0.012 0.025 0.001 0.045 0.086 0.019 17.41 14.82 1.140 0.015 10.98 0.15 Total/Average 1.808±0.001 0.096±0.002 0.059±0.002 0.002±0.006 0.019 100 1.135±0.004 J = 0.005358±0.000006 Inverse isochron (correlation age) results, plateau steps: Volume 39ArK = 1700.77 Integrated Date = 10.78±0.08 Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998) Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004, Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK). Age = 10.942±0.084 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.77, probability = 0.57 90.5% of the 39Ar, steps 5 through 10 Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 6 points Age = 10.97±0.17 Ma 40/36 intercept: 291±12 MSWD = 0.94, Probability = 0.44 (at J=.005358±.5% 2σ) Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 6 points Age = 10.967 +0.164 -0.174 (MonteCarlo) 40/36 intercept: 291.1 +11.5 -12.4 MSWD = 0.94, Probability = 0.44 (at J=.005358±.5% 2σ) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 C a / K C l / K % 4 0 A t m o s 0.0 1.0 Fraction 39Ar 553 04 8 12 16 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative 39Ar Percent A g e ( M a ) Plateau age = 10.942±0.084 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.77, probability=0.57 Includes 90.5% of the 39Ar Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 125 Biotite, first run 554 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 39Ar/40Ar 36Ar 40Ar Age = 10.97±0.17 Ma Initial 40Ar/36Ar =291±12 MSWD = 0.94 data-point error ellipses are 2σ Appendix B3:4PAA-125 Biotite, first run 555 Appendix B3: 4PAA125 Biotite 2nd run Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-125 Biotite Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho 0.13 13.64 11.34 0.13 0.035916 0.000758 0.003213 0.000142 0.235 0.53 8.56 4.08 0.4 0.124333 0.001755 0.003012 0.000177 0.099 Laser Isotope Ratios 3.09 9.34 1.15 2.56 0.262517 0.002478 0.002527 0.000104 0.095 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age 9.85 10.46 0.39 6.76 0.47038 0.005389 0.001663 0.000057 0.162 22.22 10.86 0.27 12.37 0.52273 0.004953 0.001397 0.000044 0.125 2 34.323±0.018 0.155±0.096 0.163±0.061 0.133±0.031 0.78 0.025 94.81 0.13 1.416±1.182 13.64±11.34 42.17 11.03 0.12 19.95 0.74525 0.004406 0.000506 0.000025 0.035 2.3 10.512 0.012 0.091 0.058 0.143 0.026 0.040 0.036 0.924 0.015 88.63 0.4 0.888 0.424 8.56 4.08 61.73 11.05 0.16 19.56 0.795145 0.005004 0.00031 0.000038 0.01 2.7 4.233 0.009 0.090 0.018 0.152 0.021 0.012 0.033 1.129 0.017 73.99 2.56 0.968 0.119 9.34 1.15 83.78 11 0.09 22.05 0.805375 0.004101 0.000284 0.000019 0.009 3.1 2.308 0.011 0.096 0.016 0.060 0.024 0.005 0.027 0.441 0.019 48.29 6.76 1.085 0.040 10.46 0.39 100 11.12 0.12 16.22 0.805325 0.005459 0.00025 0.000027 0.01 3.5 2.027 0.009 0.096 0.014 0.014 0.044 0.003 0.027 0.097 0.019 40.45 12.37 1.127 0.029 10.86 0.27 3.9 1.424 0.006 0.098 0.012 0.005 0.052 0.001 0.034 0.038 0.019 14.35 19.95 1.145 0.012 11.03 0.12 Plateau age results: 4.3 1.341 0.006 0.099 0.010 0.007 0.034 0.001 0.067 0.046 0.02 8.65 19.56 1.146 0.016 11.05 0.16 4.7 1.319 0.005 0.099 0.010 0.008 0.022 0.001 0.036 0.057 0.02 7.9 22.05 1.141 0.009 11.00 0.09 5.2 1.336 0.007 0.099 0.013 0.007 0.032 0.001 0.047 0.052 0.02 6.92 16.22 1.154 0.013 11.12 0.12 Total/Average 1.566±0.001 0.098±0.002 0.062±0.002 0.001±0.008 0.019 100 1.143±0.004 J = 0.005358±0.000006 Inverse isochron (correlation age) results, plateau steps: Volume 39ArK = 1677.88 Integrated Date = 10.93±0.08 Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998) Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004, Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK). Age = 11.033±0.079 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 1.08, probability = 0.36 90.2% of the 39Ar, steps 5 through 9 Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 5 points Age = 11.034±0.097 Ma 40/36 intercept: 288±12 MSWD = 0.88, Probability = 0.45 (at J=.005358±.5% 2σ) Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 5 points Age = 11.0339 +0.0918 -0.0945 (MonteCarlo) 40/36 intercept: 287.7 +10.5 -11.4 MSWD = 0.88, Probability = 0.45 (at J=.005358±.5% 2σ) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 C a / K C l / K % 4 0 A t m o s 0.0 1.0 Fraction 39Ar 556 04 8 12 16 20 24 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative 39Ar Percent A g e ( M a ) Plateau age = 11.033±0.079 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 1.08, probability=0.36 Includes 90.2% of the 39Ar Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA-125 Biotite, 2nd run 557 0.0000 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 39Ar/40Ar 36Ar 40Ar Age = 11.034±0.097 Ma Initial 40Ar/36Ar =288±12 MSWD = 0.88 data-point error ellipses are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 125 Biotite, 2nd run 558 Appendix B3: 4PAA127 Hornblende Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-127 Hornblende Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho 0.24 25.64 25.63 0.24 0.011647 0.000231 0.003281 0.000111 0.124 2.12 10.86 4.34 1.88 0.073551 0.000464 0.003107 0.000112 0.005 Laser Isotope Ratios 6.64 9.77 1.39 4.52 0.128918 0.000585 0.002945 0.000062 0.017 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age 13.26 10.55 1.24 6.62 0.263018 0.001404 0.002414 0.000114 0.014 21.85 10.98 1.02 8.59 0.235402 0.001045 0.002482 0.000084 0.013 2 88.053±0.018 1.623±0.027 0.344±0.093 0.322±0.033 2.153 0.357 96.86 0.24 2.671±2.688 25.64±25.63 37.37 10.55 0.74 15.52 0.294915 0.002854 0.002306 0.000075 0.121 2.3 14.008 0.006 0.392 0.026 0.184 0.026 0.048 0.032 1.281 0.085 91.51 1.88 1.127 0.452 10.86 4.34 62.41 10.98 0.52 25.04 0.352516 0.00343 0.002045 0.000063 0.118 2.6 7.951 0.004 0.198 0.015 0.206 0.025 0.025 0.020 1.463 0.041 86.6 4.52 1.013 0.145 9.77 1.39 85.22 10.87 0.49 22.81 0.418156 0.004334 0.001807 0.000069 0.125 2.9 3.945 0.005 0.108 0.021 0.161 0.026 0.011 0.040 1.148 0.021 70.66 6.62 1.094 0.129 10.55 1.24 99.99 10.98 0.48 14.77 0.457854 0.004341 0.001639 0.000077 0.079 3.2 4.364 0.004 0.191 0.014 0.322 0.016 0.012 0.030 2.33 0.04 72.67 8.59 1.139 0.106 10.98 1.02 3.6 3.465 0.010 0.364 0.014 0.762 0.016 0.009 0.028 5.541 0.08 67.12 15.52 1.095 0.077 10.55 0.74 Plateau age results: 4 2.890 0.010 0.411 0.014 1.145 0.015 0.007 0.024 8.341 0.091 59.22 25.04 1.139 0.054 10.98 0.52 4.5 2.449 0.010 0.334 0.014 1.092 0.015 0.006 0.027 7.96 0.074 52.18 22.81 1.128 0.051 10.87 0.49 5 2.259 0.009 0.329 0.013 1.146 0.016 0.006 0.030 8.356 0.072 47.19 14.77 1.139 0.050 10.98 0.48 Total/Average 3.554±0.002 0.328±0.003 3.471±0.002 0.009±0.005 0.096 100 1.121±0.015 J = 0.005360±0.000006 Inverse isochron (correlation age) results, plateau steps: Volume 39ArK = 496 Integrated Date = 10.84±0.29 Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998) Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004, Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK). High-T plateau results: Age = 10.85±0.25 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.66, probability = 0.73 99.99% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 9 Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 9 points Age = 10.81±0.40 Ma 40/36 intercept: 294.0±5.1 MSWD = 0.63, Probability = 0.73 (at J=.00536±.5% 2σ) Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 9 points Age = 10.807 +0.400 -0.430 (MonteCarlo) 40/36 intercept: 294.05 +5.41 -4.89 MSWD = 0.63, Probability = 0.73 (at J=.00536±.5% 2σ) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 C a / K C l / K % 4 0 A t m o s 0.0 1.0 Fraction 39Ar Age = 10.90±0.26 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.28, probability = 0.89 86.7% of the 39Ar, steps 5 through 9 559 04 8 12 16 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative 39Ar Percent A g e ( M a ) Plateau age = 10.85±0.25 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.66, probability=0.73 Includes 99.99% of the 39Ar Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA-127 Hornblende 560 04 8 12 16 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative 39Ar Percent A g e ( M a ) Plateau age = 10.90±0.26 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.28, probability=0.89 Includes 86.7% of the 39Ar Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA-127 Hornblende, High- T plateau 561 0.0010 0.0014 0.0018 0.0022 0.0026 0.0030 0.0034 0.0038 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 39Ar/40Ar 36Ar 40Ar Age = 10.81±0.40 Ma Initial 40Ar/36Ar =294.0±5.1 MSWD = 0.63 data-point error ellipses are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA-127 Hornblende 562 Appendix B3: 4PAA230 Biotite first run Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-230 Biotite Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho 0.16 6.87 12.81 0.16 0.038205 0.000366 0.003292 0.000172 0.027 0.8 8.35 7.17 0.64 0.05494 0.000384 0.003223 0.000139 0.017 Laser Isotope Ratios 3 10.55 1.53 2.2 0.176669 0.001306 0.00273 9.40E-05 0.043 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age 6.59 11.19 0.95 3.59 0.337698 0.003994 0.002059 0.000111 0.096 12.1 10.59 0.47 5.51 0.48717 0.005278 0.001578 7.60E-05 0.086 2 27.499±0.009 0.064±0.100 0.139±0.052 0.109±0.042 0.694 0.007 97.17 0.16 0.712±1.329 6.87±12.81 20.58 10.87 0.24 8.48 0.627752 0.008245 0.000995 3.70E-05 0.16 2.3 18.572 0.007 0.043 0.046 0.536 0.031 0.065 0.039 3.756 0.004 95.09 0.64 0.866 0.745 8.35 7.17 35.97 10.98 0.16 15.39 0.714357 0.00659 0.000638 3.00E-05 0.078 2.6 5.805 0.007 0.046 0.023 0.097 0.021 0.017 0.031 0.668 0.007 80.24 2.2 1.094 0.159 10.55 1.53 47.6 11.03 0.19 11.63 0.750561 0.007693 0.000486 3.90E-05 0.049 2.9 3.063 0.012 0.053 0.024 0.046 0.032 0.007 0.046 0.311 0.009 60.19 3.59 1.161 0.099 11.19 0.95 59.7 10.93 0.16 12.1 0.761981 0.008045 0.000469 2.70E-05 0.078 3.2 2.130 0.011 0.061 0.026 0.045 0.025 0.004 0.040 0.309 0.011 45.85 5.51 1.098 0.049 10.59 0.47 75.14 11.06 0.23 15.44 0.763836 0.008912 0.000425 5.10E-05 0.028 3.5 1.654 0.013 0.068 0.020 0.042 0.028 0.002 0.029 0.288 0.012 28.71 8.48 1.127 0.025 10.87 0.24 99.99 10.86 0.13 24.85 0.755361 0.003847 0.000511 3.00E-05 0.017 3.8 1.448 0.009 0.072 0.014 0.017 0.023 0.001 0.037 0.119 0.013 18.28 15.39 1.138 0.017 10.98 0.16 4.1 1.385 0.010 0.076 0.015 0.013 0.029 0.001 0.053 0.088 0.014 13.85 11.63 1.144 0.020 11.03 0.19 Plateau age results: 4.5 1.364 0.010 0.078 0.018 0.014 0.025 0.001 0.038 0.094 0.015 13.35 12.1 1.133 0.017 10.93 0.16 5 1.357 0.011 0.079 0.015 0.013 0.030 0.001 0.082 0.089 0.015 12.07 15.44 1.147 0.024 11.06 0.23 6 1.366 0.005 0.073 0.011 0.017 0.019 0.001 0.047 0.119 0.014 14.58 24.85 1.126 0.013 10.86 0.13 Total/Average 1.729±0.002 0.072±0.003 0.096±0.002 0.002±0.008 0.011 100 1.134±0.005 J = 0.005361±0.000006 Inverse isochron (correlation age) results: Volume 39ArK = 1742.95 Integrated Date = 10.91±0.10 Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998) Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004, Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK). Age = 10.932±0.088 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.77, probability = 0.65 99.99% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 11 Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 11 points Age = 10.94±0.10 Ma 40/36 intercept: 291.7±6.1 MSWD = 0.69, Probability = 0.72 (at J=.005361±.5% 2σ) Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 11 points Age = 10.9384 +0.0998 -0.0988 (MonteCarlo) 40/36 intercept: 291.65 +5.74 -6.31 MSWD = 0.69, Probability = 0.72 (at J=.005361±.5% 2σ) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 C a / K C l / K % 4 0 A t m o s 0.0 1.0 Fraction 39Ar 563 04 8 12 16 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative 39Ar Percent A g e ( M a ) Plateau age = 10.932±0.088 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.77, probability=0.65 Includes 99.99% of the 39Ar Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 230 Biotite, first run 564 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 39Ar/40Ar 36Ar 40Ar Age = 10.94±0.10 Ma Initial 40Ar/36Ar =291.7±6.1 MSWD = 0.69 data-point error ellipses are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 230 Biotite, first run 565 Appendix B3: 4PAA230 Biotite 2nd run Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-230 Biotite Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho 0.24 9.8 10.92 0.24 0.040473 0.000353 0.003245 0.000155 0.038 1.32 9.39 3.55 1.08 0.065853 0.000351 0.003167 8.20E-05 0.023 Laser Isotope Ratios 4.19 10.9 1.79 2.87 0.10869 0.001224 0.002969 6.70E-05 0.173 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age 11.17 10.57 0.79 6.98 0.303432 0.004473 0.00226 7.80E-05 0.211 19.29 10.58 0.46 8.12 0.425445 0.006116 0.001807 6.00E-05 0.225 2 25.845±0.009 0.059±0.117 0.058±0.136 0.099±0.039 0.156 0.006 95.77 0.24 1.016±1.135 9.80±10.92 29.08 10.7 0.3 9.79 0.580129 0.0079 0.00121 4.70E-05 0.19 2.3 15.489 0.005 0.038 0.038 0.126 0.031 0.053 0.024 0.833 0.003 93.4 1.08 0.974 0.369 9.39 3.55 46.47 10.95 0.2 17.39 0.677647 0.008323 0.000785 3.10E-05 0.152 2.6 9.340 0.011 0.046 0.023 0.126 0.037 0.029 0.022 0.869 0.006 87.43 2.87 1.131 0.186 10.90 1.79 69.18 10.93 0.16 22.71 0.640513 0.005011 0.000932 2.90E-05 0.104 2.9 3.373 0.015 0.050 0.020 0.019 0.022 0.008 0.032 0.128 0.008 66.12 6.98 1.097 0.082 10.57 0.79 87.72 10.94 0.14 18.54 0.767824 0.006995 0.000442 2.50E-05 0.063 3.2 2.421 0.014 0.053 0.023 0.009 0.052 0.005 0.029 0.053 0.009 52.65 8.12 1.097 0.048 10.58 0.46 99.98 10.97 0.23 12.26 0.78278 0.006708 0.000378 5.60E-05 0.023 3.5 1.787 0.013 0.061 0.016 0.009 0.042 0.003 0.031 0.055 0.011 35.02 9.79 1.109 0.031 10.70 0.30 3.8 1.525 0.012 0.071 0.017 0.011 0.031 0.001 0.032 0.071 0.013 22.58 17.39 1.136 0.021 10.95 0.20 Plateau age results: 4.2 1.607 0.008 0.076 0.011 0.013 0.023 0.002 0.027 0.09 0.014 26.86 22.71 1.134 0.017 10.93 0.16 4.5 1.351 0.009 0.079 0.015 0.014 0.025 0.001 0.039 0.095 0.015 12.58 18.54 1.135 0.015 10.94 0.14 6 1.334 0.008 0.080 0.013 0.020 0.019 0.001 0.079 0.138 0.015 10.71 12.26 1.137 0.023 10.97 0.23 Total/Average 2.117±0.002 0.070±0.003 0.066±0.002 0.003±0.006 0.01 100 1.126±0.006 J = 0.005361±0.000006 Inverse isochron (correlation age) results: Volume 39ArK = 1400.3 Integrated Date = 10.84±0.13 Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998) Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004, Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK). Age = 10.909±0.098 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.69, probability = 0.72 99.98% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 10 Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 10 points Age = 10.92±0.11 Ma 40/36 intercept: 292.4±4.1 MSWD = 0.49, Probability = 0.86 (at J=.005361±.5% 2σ) Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 10 points Age = 10.925 +0.101 -0.110 (MonteCarlo) 40/36 intercept: 292.38 +4.17 -4.20 MSWD = 0.49, Probability = 0.86 (at J=.005361±.5% 2σ) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 C a / K C l / K % 4 0 A t m o s 0.0 1.0 Fraction 39Ar 566 04 8 12 16 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative 39Ar Percent A g e ( M a ) Plateau age = 10.909±0.098 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.69, probability=0.72 Includes 99.98% of the 39Ar Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 230 Biotite, 2nd run 567 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 39Ar/40Ar 36Ar 40Ar Age = 10.92±0.11 Ma Initial 40Ar/36Ar =292.4±4.1 MSWD = 0.49 data-point error ellipses are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 230 Biotite, 2nd run 568 Appendix B3: 4PAA231 Biotite first run Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-231 Biotite Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho 0.06 9.08 24.38 0.06 0.013438 0.000183 0.003342 0.000118 0.095 0.26 8.44 9.88 0.2 0.046226 0.000466 0.003248 0.000161 0.015 Laser Isotope Ratios 2.29 11.24 1.24 2.03 0.220536 0.00147 0.002515 0.000095 0.083 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age 7.55 11.01 0.37 5.26 0.497781 0.002573 0.001463 0.000063 0.027 16.4 10.83 0.25 8.85 0.632391 0.005435 0.000984 0.00005 0.068 2 86.097±0.013 0.423±0.054 0.172±0.138 0.324±0.029 0.452 0.079 98.69 0.06 0.941±2.535 9.08±24.38 36.36 10.86 0.11 19.96 0.753887 0.003713 0.000517 0.000025 0.024 2.3 25.299 0.010 0.133 0.038 0.094 0.116 0.094 0.038 0.453 0.023 95.82 0.2 0.876 1.027 8.44 9.88 56.77 10.79 0.08 20.41 0.809027 0.003653 0.000326 0.000015 0.014 2.7 4.926 0.006 0.079 0.025 0.024 0.040 0.014 0.032 0.162 0.014 73.78 2.03 1.167 0.129 11.24 1.24 75.43 10.86 0.08 18.66 0.82924 0.003603 0.000228 0.000019 0.006 3.1 2.179 0.005 0.079 0.017 0.012 0.045 0.004 0.033 0.081 0.015 42.46 5.26 1.143 0.038 11.01 0.37 100 10.92 0.09 24.57 0.828299 0.003408 0.000216 0.000024 0.001 3.5 1.695 0.008 0.081 0.012 0.011 0.027 0.002 0.038 0.078 0.015 28.36 8.85 1.124 0.026 10.83 0.25 4 1.395 0.005 0.081 0.010 0.015 0.030 0.001 0.036 0.115 0.015 14.72 19.96 1.127 0.012 10.86 0.11 Plateau age results: 4.5 1.303 0.004 0.082 0.010 0.018 0.018 0.001 0.029 0.137 0.016 9.18 20.41 1.120 0.008 10.79 0.08 5 1.276 0.004 0.083 0.011 0.023 0.017 0.001 0.041 0.17 0.016 6.34 18.66 1.128 0.009 10.86 0.08 6 1.268 0.004 0.084 0.011 0.023 0.018 0.000 0.060 0.172 0.016 5.97 24.57 1.133 0.010 10.92 0.09 Total/Average 1.495±0.001 0.082±0.002 0.077±0.001 0.001±0.008 0.023 100 1.129±0.003 J = 0.005357±0.000006 Inverse isochron (correlation age) results: Volume 39ArK = 1995.38 Integrated Date = 10.87±0.06 Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998) Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004, Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK). Age = 10.855±0.069 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.77, probability = 0.63 100% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 9 Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 9 points Age = 10.819±0.073 Ma 40/36 intercept: 296.3±5.8 MSWD = 0.92, Probability = 0.49 (at J=.005357±.5% 2σ) Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 9 points Age = 10.8194 +0.0724 -0.0719 (MonteCarlo) 40/36 intercept: 296.30 +6.14 -5.43 MSWD = 0.92, Probability = 0.49 (at J=.005357±.5% 2σ) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 C a / K C l / K % 4 0 A t m o s 0.0 1.0 Fraction 39Ar 569 04 8 12 16 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative 39Ar Percent A g e ( M a ) Plateau age = 10.855±0.069 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.77, probability=0.63 Includes 100% of the 39Ar Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 231 Biotite, first run 570 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 39Ar/40Ar 36Ar 40Ar Age = 10.819±0.073 Ma Initial 40Ar/36Ar =296.3±5.8 MSWD = 0.92 data-point error ellipses are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 231 Biotite, first run 571 Appendix B3: 4PAA231 Biotite 2nd run Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-231 Biotite Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho 0.04 6.74 24.54 0.04 0.008947 0.000188 0.003363 0.000078 0.047 0.42 12.84 5 0.38 0.055957 0.000349 0.003132 0.000098 0.005 Laser Isotope Ratios 3.54 11.08 0.81 3.12 0.23393 0.001126 0.002475 0.000066 0.013 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age 11.72 10.94 0.2 8.18 0.51575 0.002257 0.001407 0.000035 0.016 27.03 10.79 0.1 15.31 0.731675 0.0036 0.000617 0.000021 0.03 2.5 121.986 0.020 0.377 0.049 0.140 0.098 0.442 0.028 0.309 0.063 99.35 0.04 0.698 2.549 6.74 24.54 44 10.83 0.08 16.97 0.801336 0.004033 0.000345 0.000015 0.013 3 19.133 0.006 0.113 0.031 0.050 0.057 0.064 0.028 0.296 0.02 92.38 0.38 1.334 0.521 12.84 5.00 64.93 10.83 0.07 20.93 0.825804 0.003635 0.000252 0.000014 0.007 3.5 4.459 0.005 0.075 0.016 0.017 0.048 0.012 0.025 0.119 0.014 72.57 3.12 1.150 0.084 11.08 0.81 99.99 10.85 0.07 35.06 0.840738 0.00455 0.000189 0.000011 0.018 4 2.028 0.004 0.077 0.012 0.011 0.025 0.003 0.022 0.078 0.014 40.79 8.18 1.136 0.021 10.94 0.20 4.5 1.429 0.005 0.079 0.010 0.016 0.021 0.001 0.027 0.118 0.015 17.64 15.31 1.120 0.010 10.79 0.10 Plateau age results: 5 1.307 0.005 0.080 0.010 0.017 0.019 0.001 0.029 0.131 0.015 9.73 16.97 1.124 0.008 10.83 0.08 6 1.265 0.004 0.080 0.011 0.017 0.018 0.000 0.036 0.13 0.015 7.03 20.93 1.124 0.007 10.83 0.07 7 1.234 0.005 0.082 0.010 0.023 0.016 0.000 0.040 0.176 0.016 5.2 35.06 1.126 0.007 10.85 0.07 Total/Average 1.532±0.001 0.080±0.003 0.077±0.002 0.001±0.006 0.022 100 1.126± 0.003 J = 0.005357±0.000006 Inverse isochron (correlation age) results: Volume 39ArK = 3104.91 Integrated Date = 10.85±0.06 Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998) Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004, Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK). Age = 10.835±0.066 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.46, probability = 0.86 99.99% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 8 Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 8 points Age = 10.798±0.068 Ma 40/36 intercept: 297.1±3.9 MSWD = 0.43, Probability = 0.86 (at J=.005357±.5% 2σ) Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 8 points Age = 10.7976 +0.0670 -0.0672 (MonteCarlo) 40/36 intercept: 297.13 +4.24 -3.49 MSWD = 0.43, Probability = 0.86 (at J=.005357±.5% 2σ) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 C a / K C l / K % 4 0 A t m o s 0.0 1.0 Fraction 39Ar 572 04 8 12 16 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cumulative 39Ar Percent A g e ( M a ) Plateau age = 10.835±0.066 Ma (2σ, including J-error of .5%) MSWD = 0.46, probability=0.86 Includes 99.99% of the 39Ar Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ Appendix B3:4PAA- 231 Biotite, 2nd run 573 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 39Ar/40Ar 36Ar 40Ar Age = 10.798±0.068 Ma Initial 40Ar/36Ar =297.1±3.9 MSWD = 0.43 data-point error ellipses are 2σ Appendix B3: 4PAA- 231 Biotite, 2nd run 574 Appendix B4.1: Mineral content of limestone determined by optical mineralogy, PIMA, XRD and SEM 575 Appendix B4.1: Mineralogical content of limestone determined by optical mineralogy, PIMA, XRD and SEM Proximal Quarry Bench 3PAA117 calcite, plagioclase, mica, clinochlore, rutile, 0.5% diss pyrite T-13 3PAA251 calcite, siderite, kutnahorite(?) 3PAA257 calcite > quartz > albite > k-spar > chlorite > Ca-plg > pyrrhotite, trz augite, biotite, titanite, apatite 3PAA258 calcite, kutnahorite (?) T-12 1% diss pyrite T-11 0.5 - 1% diss pyrite Distal T-14 0.5 - 1% diss pyrite 4PAA119 calcarenite 4PAA121 calcite, quartz, plagioclase, mica, clinochlore, pyrite Proximal T-3 3PAA140 calcite, halloysite, illite, traces - 0.5% pyrite T-4 calcite > siderite, traces pyrite NE Antamina Calcite, anhydrite, illite, kutnahorite, muscovite, ankerite, siderite Fortuna T-5 3PAA178 aragonite 3PAA183 calcite, quartz, mica, talc, ankerite, pyrite 3PAA188 calcite, quartz, mica, clinochlore, pyrite 3PAA184 calcite, aragonite 4PAA164 calcite, quartz, plagioclase, clinochlore, ankerite, pyrite, beidellite 4PAA165 calcite, quartz, mica, clinochlore, ankerite 4PAA131 gray marly limestone, 1-2% pyrite 4PAA133 gray marly limestone, 1-2% pyrite NW Fortuna Brownish gray limestone T-18 Moderately silicified limestone, 0.5% diss pyrrhotite T-6 Gray limestone, dolomite patches, 0.5% diss py 4PAA179 Moderately silicified limestone, 0.5% diss pyrrhotite 4PAA180 Moderately silicified limestone, 0.5% diss pyrrhotite Truck shop Gray marly limestone, traces diss pyrite Yanacancha Jumasha Brown limestone, local calc-silicate veinlets 4PAA236 calcite, quartz Celendin Brownish gray, marly limestone, 1% diss pyrite 4PAA238 calcite, quartz, plagioclase, mica, illite, clinochlore, pyrite calcite, quartz, plagioclase, albite, k-spar, chlorite, pyrite, titanite, apatite Red: pima black: hand sample green: XRD blue: SEM Conclusions: Minerals other than calcite and pyrite are detrital in origin Pyrrhotite only occurs in limestone units close to the gray hornfels halo Pyrrhotite zone in limestone forms a halo of approximately 75m around gray hornfels halo Most limestone units around Antamina are fossiliferous and contain diagenetic pyrite 576 Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina 577 Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina Sample Locality Observed N° Spot 3PAA134 Quarry Bench fgr, bleached marble X X X X X X X 3PAA167 Peak nine fmgr, bleached marble X X X X X X 4PAA134 Antamina West cgr, white marble X X X X X X X 4PAA136 Antamina West cgr, white marble 2 tr 3 0.5 0.5 92 1 0.5 0.5 4PAA137 Antamina West banded gray and white marble X X X X 4PAA138 Antamina West cgr, white marble X X X X 4PAA150 Antamina West cgr, bleached marble X X X X X X X 4PAA183 Antamina West banded gray and white marble X X X X X 4PAA186 Antamina West cgr, white marble with stylolites 0.5 1 2 1 5 3 0.5 84 2 0.5 0.5 tr 4PAA190 Antamina West fgr, white marble X X X X 4PAG100 Antamina West cgr, bleached marble X X X X X X 4PAA108 Antamina West Tan to white marble X X X X X X 3PAA127B Quarry Bench fgr, tan to white marble X X X X X X 3PAA114 Quarry Bench Bleached spot within tan marble 2 1 1 50 ? tr 0.5 5 5 tr 20 3 1 tr 1 0.5 Tan marble 3 0.5 55 10 0.5 25 2 4 tr Calcite vein within tan marble 5 94 1 tr 3PAA154A Quarry Bench brown marble X X X X X X X X Tan marble 6 3 1 2 tr tr 1 15 0.5 70 1 0.5 tr Light gray marble 1 5 20 8 5 tr 60 0.5 0.5 tr Diffusional bleaching zone 10 trz 30 20 28 10 1 0.5 0.5 3PAA171 Peak Nine fgr, brown marble X X X X X X 3PAA154B Quarry Bench fgr, greenish gray marble X X X X X X X Green marble 2 8 5 2 tr tr 12 tr 69 1 tr 1 Light green marble 2 5 10 3 10 0.5 68 1 0.5 tr 4PAA105 Fortuna East fgr, greenish gray marble X X X X X X X X 3PAA332 Antamina West mgr, gray marble 5 1 2 7 3 80 tr 1 tr 1 tr a l b i t e R u t i l e p y r h o t i t e a p a t i t e c h a l c o p y r i t e t i t a n i t e P y r i t e S p h a l e r i t e D o l o m i t e A n k e r i t e A l l a n i t e C a l c i t e I l l i t e C h l o r i t e C l i n o c h l o r e E p i d o t e M i c a B i o t i t e P h l o g o p i t e S c a p o l i t e A n d r a d i t e G r o s s u l a r V e s u v i a n i t e z i r c o n Q u a r t z C a p l g K - F e l d s p a r A m p h i b o l e H o r n b l e n d e T r e m o l i t e A u g i t e W o l l a s t o n i t e D i o p s i d e 578 Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina Sample Locality Observed N° Spot a l b i t e R u t i l e p y r h o t i t e a p a t i t e c h a l c o p y r i t e t i t a n i t e P y r i t e S p h a l e r i t e D o l o m i t e A n k e r i t e A l l a n i t e C a l c i t e I l l i t e C h l o r i t e C l i n o c h l o r e E p i d o t e M i c a B i o t i t e P h l o g o p i t e S c a p o l i t e A n d r a d i t e G r o s s u l a r V e s u v i a n i t e z i r c o n Q u a r t z C a p l g K - F e l d s p a r A m p h i b o l e H o r n b l e n d e T r e m o l i t e A u g i t e W o l l a s t o n i t e D i o p s i d e 4PAA110 Antamina West mgr, gray marble X X X X X X X 4PAA148 Antamina West cgr, gray marble tr 8 10 0.5 2 8 2 67 2 0.5 tr tr 4PAA182 Antamina West cgr, gray marble X X X X X 4PAA187 Antamina West cgr, gray marble X X X X X X X 2PAG60 Peak Nine fgr, gray marble 10 18 tr 0.5 tr 1 0.5 66 2 2 tr 3PAA115 Quarry Bench Tan hornfels tr 10 35 4 1 2 1 44 2 tr 0.5 0.5 Bleached hornfels tr 25 28 15 3 1 25 1 tr 2 tr 3PAA121 Quarry Bench Tan hornfels 10 10 1 25 1 0.5 2 2 3 2 40 2 1 0.5 Sulf vein within tan hornfels 1 5 2 10 4 2 1 60 15 tr tr 4PAA213 Ridge road brownish gray hornfels X X X X X X 4PAA215 Ridge road brownish gray hornfels X X X X X X 4PAA228 Brown hornfels halo brown hornfels 5 15 1 10 5 60 1 3 Sulfide rich tan hornfels 8 20 tr 6 60 5 tr 1 tr Bleached tan hornfels 5 15 tr 2 10 65 2 1 tr 2PAG59 Peak nine Light green hornfels 1 1 60 6 tr tr tr 30 2 tr tr Bleached spot 1 10 60 20 tr 0.5 tr 5 2 tr 1 0.5 Diffusional bleach - Inner zone tr 15 1 18 53 2 8 1 1 1 tr Diffusional bleach - outer zone 1 12 1 35 tr 30 tr 0.5 1 18 1 0.5 tr 3PAA122 Quarry Bench Bleached light green hornfels tr 5 25 35 tr 1 tr tr 2 30 tr 2 tr Light green hornfels 1 14 1 20 25 3 1 0.5 33 1 0.5 tr 3PAA123 Quarry Bench Bleached light green hornfels X X X X X X Light green hornfels tr 8 27 28 1 18 2 14 tr 1 1 3PAA124 Quarry Bench Greenish gray hornfels X X X X X X X X Greenish gray hornfels tr 6 tr 25 35 tr 12 1 18 1 1 1 4PAA196 Ridge road greenish gray hornfels X X X X X579 Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina Sample Locality Observed N° Spot a l b i t e R u t i l e p y r h o t i t e a p a t i t e c h a l c o p y r i t e t i t a n i t e P y r i t e S p h a l e r i t e D o l o m i t e A n k e r i t e A l l a n i t e C a l c i t e I l l i t e C h l o r i t e C l i n o c h l o r e E p i d o t e M i c a B i o t i t e P h l o g o p i t e S c a p o l i t e A n d r a d i t e G r o s s u l a r V e s u v i a n i t e z i r c o n Q u a r t z C a p l g K - F e l d s p a r A m p h i b o l e H o r n b l e n d e T r e m o l i t e A u g i t e W o l l a s t o n i t e D i o p s i d e 3PAA156 Quarry Bench light gray hornfels X X X X X X 3PAA219 Fortuna East T- 10 light gray hornfels X X X X X X 3PAA177 Fortuna T-5 gray hornfels X X X X X 4PAA106 Fortuna East T- 15 Gray hornfels X X X X X X X X X 4PAA203 Ridge road gray hornfels 2 tr 15 20 2 60 tr 1 tr Sulfide rich gray hornfels tr 5 tr 5 15 5 1 65 3 0.5 1 Diffusional bleach hornfels 1 tr 10 72 15 2 tr tr 3PAA130 Quarry Bench pale green calc silicate rock X X X X X X Light green endoskarn X X ? X X X X 4PAA165 Fortuna T-5 brown gray limestones X X X X X 4PAA236 Yanacancha tan limestones X X 4PAA238 Yanacancha brown gray limestones X X X X X X X brown gray limestones 2 3 2 tr 0.5 92 0.5 tr tr 3PAA117 Quarry Bench Gray limestones X X X X X X 3PAA183 Fortuna T-5 gray limestones X X X X X 3PAA188 Fortuna T-5 marly limestones X X X X X 3PAA215 Fortuna East T- 10 mod silicifed limestones X X X X X X 3PAA257 Fortuna East T- 13 gray limestones X X X X X X gray limestones 12 2 8 5 tr tr 3 70 0.5 tr tr 4PAA107 Fortuna East T- 15 marly limestones X X X X X X 4PAA121 Fortuna East T- 14 marly limestones X X X X X X 4PAA164 Fortuna T-5 Mod silicifed limestones X X X X X X Numbers in blue represent % volume of minerals estimated for each sample in the SEM 580 Appendix B5: X-ray diffractograms 581 00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 1.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90. 00-021-1276 (*) - Rutile, syn - TiO2 - Y: 1.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 4.59330 - b 4.59330 - c 2.95920 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Pri 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 2.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 6.97 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 15.72 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 73.35 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU1.RAW - File: MDRU1.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.213 ° - End: 70.175 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA117 01-089-5370 (C) - Actinolite - (Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,Mn)7Si8O22(OH)1.9Fe0.04 - Y: 0.30 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89100 - b 18.18999 - c 5.29700 - alpha 90.0 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 2.01 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 3.13 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 38.62 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU10.RAW - File: MDRU10.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 2-Theta - Scale 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 3PAA167 582 00-029-0724 (*) - Pyrrhotite-5T - Fe1-xS - Y: 1.82 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 6.88800 - b 6.88800 - c 28.67000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.0 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 9.02 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.29 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 16.67 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.8 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 37.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 67.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU11.RAW - File: MDRU11.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA171 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 2.95 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 01-073-2444 (C) - Dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2 - Y: 14.58 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82280 - b 4.82280 - c 16.22700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gam 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 10.05 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.0 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 63.91 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU12.RAW - File: MDRU12.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.150 ° - End: 70.123 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 3PAA177 583 01-074-1036 (C) - Talc 2M - Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.36 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.26000 - b 9.10000 - c 18.81000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 100.080 - gamm 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.76 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-041-0586 (*) - Ankerite - Ca(Fe+2,Mg)(CO3)2 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82870 - b 4.82870 - c 16.15200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 72.83 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU13.RAW - File: MDRU13.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 2-Theta - Scale 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA183 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.59 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.53 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 8.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 64.45 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU14.RAW - File: MDRU14.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.165 ° - End: 70.135 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA188 584 01-086-1319 (C) - Tremolite - (Ca1.97Na0.016Fe0.014)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.56 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.83560 - b 18.05569 - c 5.27850 - alpha 90. 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 1.96 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 3.12 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 27.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 71.07 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU15.RAW - File: MDRU15.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.083 ° - End: 70.068 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 2-Theta - Scale 3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA215 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 5.89 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 1.45 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 12.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 8 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 14.87 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 62.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU16.RAW - File: MDRU16.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.149 ° - End: 70.122 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA219 585 01-089-4921 (C) - Anatase, syn - TiO2 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 3.77700 - b 3.77700 - c 9.50100 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 6.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 1.47 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 83.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 50.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU17.RAW - File: MDRU17.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.083 ° - End: 70.068 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 d= 3. 49 84 6 3PAA257 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 3.30 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.55 % - d x b 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.91 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5. 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 8.34 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 3.03 % - d x by: 1. - 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 2.60 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexag 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 14.39 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 71.66 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU18.RAW - File: 18MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locke Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA105 586 00-039-0368 (*) - Grossular - Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 - Y: 1.20 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 1.84 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubi 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 2.92 % - d x by: 1. - W 01-085-2273 (C) - Phlogopite - KMg3Si3AlO10(F,OH)2 - Y: 0.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 7.32 % 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 5.57 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 2.08 % - d x b 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexa 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 97.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\19MDRU.RAW - File: 19MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locke Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA106 00-041-0586 (*) - Ankerite - Ca(Fe+2,Mg)(CO3)2 - Y: 11.73 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82870 - b 4.82870 - c 16.15200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - 00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 17.80 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 9 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 3.41 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 20.23 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - bet 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 19.56 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.0 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 62.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU2.RAW - File: MDRU2.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2-Theta - Scale 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA123 587 00-025-0618 (*) - Sanidine, disordered - K(Si3Al)O8 - Y: 2.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1. 00-013-0465 (I) - Hydrobiotite - K(Mg,Fe)9(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·4H2O - Y: 0.75 % - d x 01-083-1604 (C) - Microcline intermediate - KAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.09 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 0.89 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.95 % - d x by: 1. - 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.78 % - d x b 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 13.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexa 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 70.73 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\20MDRU.RAW - File: 20MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locke Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2-Theta - Scale 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA107 01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 0.98 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.7 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 1.62 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 7.81 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90. 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 36.46 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 66.93 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU21.RAW - File: MDRU21.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.010 ° - End: 70.008 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2-Theta - Scale 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA108 588 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 2.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.63 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90. 01-083-1604 (C) - Microcline intermediate - KAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.23 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.64300 - b 12.92900 - c 7.19000 - alpha 90.130 - beta 116.240 - ga 00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 5.02 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90. 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 3.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 58.09 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU22.RAW - File: MDRU22.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.083 ° - End: 70.068 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2-Theta - Scale 7 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA110 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.69 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 3.28 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 63.20 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU23.RAW - File: MDRU23.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.127 ° - End: 70.104 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA121 589 01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 0.81 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.7 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 0.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 0.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90. 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 0.58 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 50.07 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU24.RAW - File: MDRU24.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 2-Theta - Scale 11 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA134 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.28 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.26 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 0.26 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 76.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU25.RAW - File: MDRU25.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2-Theta - Scale 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA137 590 01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 2.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.7 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 6.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90. 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 65.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\26MDRU.RAW - File: 26MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.095 ° - End: 70.078 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA138 00-010-0357 (I) - Sanidine, potassian, disordered, syn - (Na,K)(Si3Al)O8 - Y: 0.54 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.33500 - b 12.97000 - c 7.15900 - alpha 90.0 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 0.73 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.62 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.13 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89500 - b 18.11899 - c 5.33200 - alpha 90.00 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.26 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 51.46 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU27.RAW - File: MDRU27.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA150 591 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 0.21 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 8.37 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 15.98 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 - 01-084-2065 (C) - Dolomite - CaMg0.77Fe0.23(CO3)2 - Y: 47.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.81160 - b 4.81160 - c 16.04210 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90 c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU28.RAW - File: MDRU28.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.119 ° - End: 70.097 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2-Theta - Scale 7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA157 00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 0.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90. 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 1.77 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 6.26 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 56.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 - c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU29.RAW - File: MDRU29.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.065 ° - End: 70.053 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 4PAA163 592 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 26.35 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 6.23 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexag 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.17 % - d x b 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.75 % - d x by: 1. - 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 2.87 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5. 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 23.01 % - d x by: 1. - 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 18.83 % - d x 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 75.53 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU3.RAW - File: mdru3.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - St Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 3PAA124 00-043-0688 (I) - Beidellite-12A - Na0.3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·2H2O - Y: 0.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 5.17200 - b 5.17200 - c 12.38900 - alpha 90.000 - b 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.47 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 0.15 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 00-041-0586 (*) - Ankerite - Ca(Fe+2,Mg)(CO3)2 - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82870 - b 4.82870 - c 16.15200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.85 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 10.66 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 83.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 - c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU30.RAW - File: MDRU30.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.179 ° - End: 70.147 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 d= 4. 46 75 5 4PAA164 593 00-041-0586 (*) - Ankerite - Ca(Fe+2,Mg)(CO3)2 - Y: 4.34 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82870 - b 4.82870 - c 16.15200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.02 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 1.55 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 14.67 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 64.58 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 - c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU31.RAW - File: MDRU31.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA165 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.24 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 59.98 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU32.RAW - File: MDRU32.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 2.914 ° - End: 69.930 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2-Theta - Scale 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA178 594 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.37 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.30 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.79 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89500 - b 18.11899 - c 5.33200 - alpha 90.00 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.46 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 68.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU33.RAW - File: MDRU33.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2-Theta - Scale 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA182 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.62 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.29 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 0.87 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.81 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 45.83 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU34.RAW - File: MDRU34.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.179 ° - End: 70.146 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA183 595 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.49 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.88 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.93 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89500 - b 18.11899 - c 5.33200 - alpha 90.00 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.78 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 7.81 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 58.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\35MDRU.RAW - File: 35MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 2.893 ° - End: 69.912 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 2-Theta - Scale 14 20 30 40 50 4PAA187 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 01-086-1319 (C) - Tremolite - (Ca1.97Na0.016Fe0.014)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.19 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.83560 - b 18.05569 - c 5.27850 - alpha 90. 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 65.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU36.RAW - File: MDRU36.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.086 ° - End: 70.070 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA190 596 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 6.73 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 3.48 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.59 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 01-086-0439 (C) - Orthoclase - K(AlSi3O8) - Y: 31.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.59046 - b 12.99323 - c 7.18763 - alpha 90.000 - beta 115.990 - gamma 9 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 69.82 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\37MDRU.RAW - File: 37MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.047 ° - End: 70.039 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA196 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 1.99 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 01-089-0830 (C) - Diopside, syn - Ca0.964Mg(Si2O6) - Y: 14.35 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.74830 - b 8.92460 - c 5.25050 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.882 - 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 1.34 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 5.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 9.12 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 27.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 60.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90 c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU38.RAW - File: MDRU38.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.065 ° - End: 70.053 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA204 597 01-083-1604 (C) - Microcline intermediate - KAlSi3O8 - Y: 1.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.64300 - b 12.92900 - c 7.19000 - alpha 90.130 - beta 116.240 - ga 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 1.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 1.45 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-039-0368 (*) - Grossular - Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 - Y: 12.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.84930 - b 11.84930 - c 11.84930 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90. 01-075-0945 (C) - Diopside - CaMg(SiO3)2 - Y: 14.84 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.71000 - b 8.89000 - c 5.24000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 74.170 - gamma 90. 01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 66.67 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 - c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU39.RAW - File: MDRU39.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.314 ° - End: 70.257 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA213 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 4.22 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 2.10 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 5.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 21.87 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 66.32 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU4.RAW - File: MDRU4.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim Li n (C ou nt s) 0 1000 2000 3000 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 3PAA127B 598 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 1.19 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.96 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 1.04 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90. 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 8.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 72.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU40.RAW - File: MDRU40.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.105 ° - End: 70.086 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA215 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-037-0471 (*) - Chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 - Y: 4.22 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 5.28930 - b 5.28930 - c 10.42300 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.00 01-083-1604 (C) - Microcline intermediate - KAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.64300 - b 12.92900 - c 7.19000 - alpha 90.130 - beta 116.240 - ga 01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 4.13 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.7 00-031-0250 (N) - Grossular, hydroxylian - Ca3Al2(SiO4)2(OH)4 - Y: 14.32 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 12.00000 - b 12.00000 - c 12.00000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 4.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90. 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 94.49 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Fac c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU41.RAW - File: MDRU41.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.076 ° - End: 70.062 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2-Theta - Scale 16 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA217 599 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cu 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 6.30 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5. 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 62.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5405 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 33.33 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 54.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 58.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexa c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU42.RAW - File: MDRU42.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locke Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA219 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 2.14 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 75.44 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU43.RAW - File: MDRU43.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.095 ° - End: 70.078 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA236 600 00-043-0685 (I) - Illite-2M2 (NR) - KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 1.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.01700 - b 5.21000 - c 20.43700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 100.40 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.84 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 1.16 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 68.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU44.RAW - File: MDRU44.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.133 ° - End: 70.109 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2-Theta - Scale 3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 4PAA238 01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11. 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 2.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 29.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 25.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.0 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 31.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.00 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 68.53 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MRDU5.RAW - File: MRDU5.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.171 ° - End: 70.140 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 3PAA130 601 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 1.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.97 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.51 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89500 - b 18.11899 - c 5.33200 - alpha 90.00 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.91 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 2.09 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 5.21 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 67.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU6.RAW - File: MDRU6.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2-Theta - Scale 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA134 01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 - 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 1.03 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 1.97 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000 00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 1.47 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101. 00-010-0288 (*) - Andradite, syn - Ca3Fe2+3(SiO4)3 - Y: 47.22 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 12.05900 - b 12.05900 - c 12.05900 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - ga 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\69MDRU.RAW - File: 69MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.000 ° - End: 70.000 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 2-Theta - Scale 10 20 30 40 50 60 4PAG100 602 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 1.52 % - d x by: 1. - W 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 8.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubi 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 2.18 % - d x 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.34 % - d x b 01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 4.17 % 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 3.95 % - d x by: 1. - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 60.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 16.67 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexa c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU7-2.RAW - File: MDRU7-2.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th lock Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 2-Theta - Scale 4 10 20 30 40 d= 3. 26 72 0 3PAA154A 00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.03 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 3.82 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 22.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Fac 00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 8.97 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 10.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-010-0288 (*) - Andradite, syn - Ca3Fe2+3(SiO4)3 - Y: 87.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 12.05900 - b 12.05900 - c 12.05900 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - ga c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\70MDRU.RAW - File: 70MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.077 ° - End: 70.063 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2-Theta - Scale 14 20 30 40 50 60 4PAA144 603 00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.60 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 5.84 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face 01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 2.19 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 2.29 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02 01-086-1319 (C) - Tremolite - (Ca1.97Na0.016Fe0.014)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Y: 2.77 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.83560 - b 18.05569 - c 5.27850 - alpha 90. 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 2.74 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 60.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU8-2.RAW - File: MDRU8-2.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 2-Theta - Scale 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3PAA154B 01-079-0988 (C) - Dioptase, syn - Cu6(Si6O18) - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 14.42700 - b 14.42700 - c 7.74100 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - 01-076-0829 (C) - Microline intermediate - K0.94Na0.06Al0.95Si3.05O8 - Y: 1.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.57400 - b 12.96200 - c 7.21000 - alpha 90.350 - 01-089-3061 (C) - Sphalerite, ferroan, syn - Zn0.785Fe0.215S - Y: 4.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.42200 - b 5.42200 - c 5.42200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87 01-086-1319 (C) - Tremolite - (Ca1.97Na0.016Fe0.014)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Y: 1.28 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.83560 - b 18.05569 - c 5.27850 - alpha 90. 00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 3.12 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - 00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 47.27 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU9.RAW - File: MDRU9.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.207 ° - End: 70.170 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Li n (C ou nt s) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2-Theta - Scale 7 10 20 30 40 50 d= 7. 25 40 9 3PAA156 604 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina 605 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina δ13C δ18O Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW) 2PAE220 273740 8945485 West wall transect massive pyr phy w/ cal -10.3 13.6 2PAE227A 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 calcite + sulfide vein -2.2 13.6 2PAE227B 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 gray - brown calcite vein -1.4 14.5 2PAE229A 273324 8946253 Fortuna late white calcite crosscut mineralization -6.0 6.0 2PAE229B 273324 8946253 Fortuna syn-mineralization calcite vein -2.8 12.3 2PAE233 273622 8943876 Fortuna white calcite veins with calc-sil and trace sulfides -6.7 13.6 2PAG51 273722 8944055 Peak nine white marble 1.4 18.2 2PAG52 273722 8944055 Peak nine Grey wollastonite marble 1.4 17.8 2PAG54 273772 8944054 Peak nine Massive bleached marble. 0.3 15.2 2PAG55 273772 8944054 Peak nine Massive bleached marble. -1.7 14.8 2PAG57 273851 8943995 Peak nine Gray limestone w/ diss py 1.1 23.9 2PAG59 273859 8944054 Peak nine bleached hornfels with calc- silicate (light green hornfels) -4.3 16.5 2PAG60 273859 8944054 Peak nine grey marble -0.1 17.6 2PAG106 274371 8946620 Ridge road Greenish gray hornfels 1.4 23.5 2PAG107 274371 8946620 Ridge road Gray limestone 1.7 23.7 2PAG108 274371 8946620 NE Antamina Marly limestones 0.8 22.3 2PAG110 273910 8946775 NE Antamina Gray limestone 1.2 22.5 2PAG111 273923 8946852 NE Antamina Gray limestone 1.1 20.0 2PAG112 273969 8947143 NE Antamina Gray limestone -0.7 23.0 2PAG113 275139 8944757 Truck shop Gray limestone 1.2 22.1 2PAG122 CMA232 Gray marble 1.8 24.0 2PAG123 CMA232 white marble with sulfide veins 2.0 24.4 2PAG124 CMA232 white marble 1.7 23.6 2PAG125 CMA232 Gray marble 2.3 20.4 2PAG126 CMA232 Gray marble 2.0 24.5 2PAG127 CMA232 Gray marble 1.6 17.5 2PAG128 CMA232 white marble 2.5 24.4 2PAG129 CMA232 Gray marble 2.5 24.6 2PAG130 CMA232 white marble 2.4 25.4 2PAG131 CMA232 Gray marble 2.0 23.3 2PAG132 CMA232 Gray marble 1.2 15.0 2PAG135 CMA232 white marble, near massive pyrite vein 1.3 21.6 2PAG136 CMA232 Gray marble 1.8 21.7 2PAG138A CMA232 white marble 1.4 17.3 2PAG138B CMA232 Gray marble 2.1 20.8 2PAG139 CMA232 white marble 1.5 19.2 2PAG140 CMA232 white marble 1.5 16.9 2PAG141 CMA232 white marble 1.9 21.7 2PAG142 CMA232 white marble 2.3 23.3 2PAG143 CMA232 white marble 2.8 21.7 2PAG144 CMA232 white marble 2.7 21.4 2PAG145 CMA232 white marble 2.3 18.0 2PAG147A CMA231A white marble 2.0 17.2 2PAG147B CMA231A white marble 3.1 23.1 2PAG147C CMA231A late white calcite vein -8.7 15.7 2PAG148 CMA231A Gray marble 2.2 23.7 2PAG149 CMA231A Gray marble 2.6 24.6 2PAG150 CMA231A white marble 2.8 24.5 2PAG151 CMA231A white marble -0.8 14.0 2PAG152A CMA231A Gray marble 2.2 23.5 2PAG152B CMA231A white marble 2.2 23.3 2PAG153 CMA231A Gray marble 2.5 22.1 2PAG154 CMA231A Gray marble 2.3 23.8 606 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina δ13C δ18O Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW) 2PAG155 CMA231A white marble 0.5 19.7 2PAG156 A CMA231A Gray marble 2.1 23.3 2PAG156B CMA231A white marble 0.2 15.6 2PAG157A CMA231A Gray marble 2.3 23.8 2PAG157B CMA231A white marble 0.6 15.0 2PAG159 CMA231A grey marble 2.9 24.7 2PAG160A CMA231A Gray marble 2.4 22.6 2PAG160B CMA231A white marble -2.0 13.0 2PAG161 CMA231A white marble 0.9 15.8 2PAG162 CMA231A Gray marble 2.4 24.2 2PAG163A CMA231A Gray marble 1.4 13.3 2PAG163B CMA231A planar calcite vein -1.5 15.4 2PAG164A CMA231A Gray marble 2.4 24.4 2PAG164B CMA231A vein with bleached halo 1cm thick 1.8 21.4 2PAG167A 397m of West Wall transect white marble 1.1 13.1 2PAG167B 397m of West Wall transect white marble 1.0 14.5 2PAG168A 397m of West Wall transect white marble 2.1 19.3 2PAG168B 397m of West Wall transect white marble 2.1 18.0 2PAG169 400m of West Wall transect white marble 0.4 14.2 2PAG170B 407m of West Wall transect white marble 1.9 21.4 2PAG171 410m of West Wall transect white marble 2.4 24.5 2PAG172A 412m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.2 23.7 2PAG172B 412m of West Wall transect white marble 2.3 24.2 2PAG173A 415m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.2 24.7 2PAG173C 415m of West Wall transect white marble 2.2 24.1 2PAG174 419m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.2 24.2 2PAG175B 421m of West Wall transect white marble 2.6 24.6 2PAG175C 421m of West Wall transect white marble 1.9 23.5 2PAG175D 421m of West Wall transect white marble 2.6 24.6 2PAG175E 421m of West Wall transect white marble 2.3 24.3 2PAG175F 421m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.6 24.4 2PAG176A 432m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.2 18.4 2PAG176B 432m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.5 22.8 2PAG176C 432m of West Wall transect white marble 2.7 23.6 2PAG176D 432m of West Wall transect white marble 2.7 23.8 2PAG177A 439m of West Wall transect white marble 2.1 22.4 607 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina δ13C δ18O Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW) 2PAG177B 439m of West Wall transect white marble 1.9 22.9 2PAG177C 439m of West Wall transect Gray marble 1.5 23.2 2PAG178A 439m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.4 22.0 2PAG178B 439m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.3 20.7 2PAG179A 450m of West Wall transect Gray marble 1.5 14.7 2PAG179B 450m of West Wall transect white marble 1.9 16.5 2PAG179C Wall transect 452m of West folded late ptigmatic vein 2.1 22.8 2PAG180A 452m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.2 24.5 2PAG180B 452m of West Wall transect white marble 1.2 22.7 2PAG181A 470m of West Wall transect Gray marble 1.6 16.0 2PAG183A 505m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.4 22.0 2PAG183B 505m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.4 24.7 2PAG184A 520m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.5 24.8 2PAG184B 520m of West Wall transect Gray marble 1.0 23.5 2PAG184C 520m of West Wall transect C bleached sulfide vein at margin with gray 2.3 24.4 2PAG184D 520m of West Wall transect D bleached core at sulfide vein 1.8 24.7 2PAG185A 520m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.7 26.1 2PAG185B 520m of West Wall transect white marble 2.6 26.2 2PAG186 540m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.7 26.0 2PAG187 565m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.2 22.1 2PAG188A 590m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.3 22.0 2PAG188B 590m of West Wall transect Gray marble 2.3 22.6 2PAG189A 598m of West Wall transect white marble -0.1 17.4 2PAG189B 598m of West Wall transect white marble -0.3 17.4 2PAG189C 598m of West Wall transect white marble 0.0 17.2 2PAG189D 598m of West Wall transect white marble 0.7 17.3 2PAG189E 598m of West Wall transect white marble 1.2 17.2 2PAG190B 273578 8946645 Fortuna white marble -1.7 18.5 2PAG191A 273578 8946645 Fortuna Gray marble -0.3 18.8 2PAG191B 273578 8946645 Fortuna Gray marble -0.1 19.3 2PAG193A 273002 8946929 Condorcocha white marble -1.7 17.6 608 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina δ13C δ18O Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW) 2PAG193B 273002 8946929 Condorcocha white marble -2.3 17.4 2PAG194B 273320 8946257 Fortuna Gray marble 0.5 11.8 2PAG195A 273303 8946184 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.9 11.5 2PAG195B 273303 8946184 Fortuna Brown marble -1.0 11.3 2PAG195C 273303 8946184 Fortuna tan marble 0.4 11.9 2PAG196 273296 8946192 Fortuna Gray marble 1.4 11.7 2PAG199 274059 8946419 NE Antamina Gray limestones 0.7 21.2 3PAA100 273950 8946186 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -0.4 18.0 3PAA101 273951 8946185 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -5.7 20.1 3PAA102 273952 8946183 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -5.2 19.1 3PAA 102A 273952 8946183 Quarry Bench calcite vein -1.4 18.7 3PAA103 273937 8946157 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -1.1 21.3 3PAA103A 273937 8946157 Quarry Bench calcite vein -1.0 22.2 3PAA105 273923 8946130 Quarry Bench Brown limestones -2.6 19.5 3PAA107 273921 8946127 Quarry Bench Gray marble -0.4 20.0 3PAA108 273914 8946112 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -0.4 20.5 3PAA110 273898 8946094 Quarry Bench white marble -5.0 15.1 3PAA111 273851 8946037 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -2.5 18.4 3PAA112 273835 8946020 Quarry Bench Tan hornfels -4.7 19.6 3PAA113 273835 8946018 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -0.7 19.7 3PAA114 274008 8946101 Quarry Bench tan marble -2.7 15.9 3PAA115A 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench Tan hornfels -14.9 27.7 3PAA115B 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench bleached hornfels -5.8 14.9 3PAA116 274016 8946091 Quarry Bench gray limestone -2.0 20.2 3PAA117 274006 8946083 Quarry Bench gray limestone -0.6 20.0 3PAA119 273988 8946068 Quarry Bench tan marble -0.1 20.8 3PAA120 273988 8946067 Quarry Bench Brownish gray marble -0.7 17.4 3PAA121 273983 8946064 Quarry Bench tan marble -3.4 16.0 3PAA122 273982 8946063 Quarry Bench light gray hornfels -1.5 19.8 3PAA123 273981 8946062 Quarry Bench white hornfels -5.8 19.9 3PAA124 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench Greenish gray hornfels -3.8 17.0 3PAA124B 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench Greenish gray marble -6.4 19.6 3PAA127 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench tan marble -1.0 19.3 3PAA127B 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench tan marble -0.5 19.1 3PAA130 273961 8946042 Quarry Bench pale green endoskarn dike -9.4 16.2 3PAA132 273956 8946037 Quarry Bench tan marble -3.6 18.8 3PAA134 273950 8946030 Quarry Bench Gray marble 0.5 16.0 3PAA135 274226 8946676 NE Antamina Calcite vein 0.7 23.3 3PAA137 274282 8946648 NE Antamina Gray limestones 0.3 22.2 3PAA154 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench tan marble -1.4 16.3 3PAA154B 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench Greenish gray, fgr, marble trz py -1.7 16.3 3PAA154C 273927 8946005 white marble -1.8 16.7 3PAA156 273921 8945999 Quarry Bench Light gray hornfels -0.8 16.0 3PAA160 273902 8945972 Quarry Bench tan marble 0.5 20.1 3PAA161 273898 8945967 Quarry Bench Gray marble 0.0 18.9 3PAA162 273890 8945957 Quarry Bench tan marble -1.2 19.8 3PAA163 273881 8945944 Quarry Bench Gray marble 0.1 20.8 3PAA166 273740 8944060 Peak nine Gray marble 0.2 17.7 3PAA167 273745 8944060 Peak nine white marble 0.2 19.9 3PAA170 273849 8944024 Peak nine Gray limestones -0.2 22.7 3PAA171 273706 8943996 Peak nine Brown marble -1.0 17.5 3PAA172 273642 8943948 Peak nine Gray marble 0.6 23.1 3PAA174 273638 8943948 Peak nine tan marble -0.2 23.5 3PAA174B 273638 8943948 tan marble 0.5 22.0 3PAA177 273255 8946180 Fortuna Gray hornfels -3.3 14.7 3PAA179 273242 8946166 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.0 13.5 3PAA181 273228 8946152 Fortuna Gray limestones -0.9 15.1 3PAA183 273216 8946148 Fortuna Gray limestones 1.4 14.2 609 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina δ13C δ18O Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW) 3PAA185 273207 8946145 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.1 17.7 3PAA188 273183 8946140 Fortuna Marly limestones 1.0 18.6 3PAA190 273163 8946136 Fortuna Marly limestones -0.1 19.7 3PAA191 273301 8945950 Fortuna Marly limestones 1.2 19.3 3PAA193 273280 8945950 Fortuna Marly limestones 0.2 15.6 3PAA195 273301 8945782 Fortuna Gray limestones -1.3 18.6 3PAA197 273298 8945784 Fortuna Marly limestones -0.8 19.5 3PAA198 273278 8945794 Fortuna Marly limestones 0.3 20.6 3PAA200 273274 8945802 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.4 19.1 3PAA 200A 273274 8945802 Fortuna T3 calcite vein 0.6 22.7 3PAA201 273225 8945826 Fortuna Marly limestones 0.2 19.7 3PAA202 273225 8945982 Fortuna Marly limestones 0.2 18.6 3PAA204 273208 8945980 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.6 23.1 3PAA207 273531 8946593 Fortuna East Light gray hornfels -2.6 20.9 3PAA208 273536 8946596 Fortuna East Marly limestones -1.4 22.4 3PAA210 273547 8946606 Fortuna East light gray hornfels -1.0 21.4 3PAA211 273554 8946612 Fortuna East Light gray hornfels -3.6 21.4 3PAA212 273562 8946626 Fortuna East Light gray hornfels -0.7 21.2 3PAA214 273571 8946493 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.6 15.1 3PAA215 273574 8946495 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones -2.0 15.5 3PAA216 273578 8946498 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.2 21.9 3PAA217 273587 8946504 Fortuna East Marly limestones -0.6 16.6 3PAA219 273598 8946512 Fortuna East Light gray hornfels -1.9 18.4 3PAA221 273611 8946520 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones -3.0 21.8 3PAA223 273630 8946531 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones -0.2 22.2 3PAA 223B 273630 8946531 Fortuna East T10 calcite + py vlt 0.0 23.0 3PAA225 273643 8946536 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones 0.1 22.1 3PAA227 273654 8946548 Fortuna East Brownish gray hornfels -2.0 20.1 3PAA229 273635 8946374 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones 0.6 15.2 3PAA231 273643 8946382 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones 0.4 21.1 3PAA233 273651 8946391 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.8 22.6 3PAA234 273659 8946400 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.0 22.4 3PAA236 273670 8946417 Fortuna East Gray limestones -5.1 21.9 3PAA238 273681 8946433 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.2 22.0 3PAA239 273639 8946337 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.1 13.5 3PAA240 273633 8946333 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.5 18.7 3PAA242 273616 8946323 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.2 19.8 3PAA244 273596 8946314 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.4 20.6 3PAA246 273553 8946300 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.2 21.4 3PAA248 273655 8946064 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.2 18.2 3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.2 21.8 3PAA252 273616 8946064 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.7 19.4 3PAA253 273674 8946064 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.8 17.9 3PAA255 273698 8946060 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.5 16.6 3PAA257 273707 8946048 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.1 18.4 3PAA259 273718 8946054 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.1 19.8 3PAA260 273723 8946060 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.5 17.6 3PAA263 273445 8945196 Antamina West - 4148 bench green garnet skarn 8.2 3PAA264 273590 8945263 Taco pit - 4148 bench Brown garnet endoskarn 7.8 3PAA265 273773 8945278 Taco pit Quartz veins crosscutting QFP dike 11.1 3PAA271 273099 8946362 Fortuna Gray limestones -0.1 16.4 3PAA272 273096 8946358 Fortuna Gray limestones w/ dolomite lenses 0.6 18.3 3PAA273 273093 8946354 Fortuna Gray limestones w/ dolomite lenses 0.2 16.2 610 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina δ13C δ18O Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW) 3PAA 273B 273093 8946354 Fortuna T6 calcite vlt 1.3 23.8 3PAA275 273079 8946339 Fortuna Gray limestones w/ dolomite lenses -0.5 19.9 3PAA277 273050 8946309 Fortuna Gray limestones 1.1 17.6 3PAA 278 273050 8946308 Fortuna T6 calcite + dol vein 0.5 18.0 3PAA282 273341 8946355 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.0 20.5 3PAA284 273356 8946367 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -2.0 20.4 3PAA286 273371 8946382 Fortuna Gray hornfels -0.3 23.6 3PAA288 273222 8946476 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -0.9 20.2 3PAA290 273230 8946484 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -4.7 21.4 3PAA292 273244 8946492 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -3.6 19.6 3PAA 294 273250 8946495 Fortuna T8 calcite veinlet 0.1 22.8 3PAA295 273260 8946514 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -1.5 22.2 3PAA332 273452 8945325 CMA 275 Antamina West Greenish gray marble 2.5 22.3 4PAA105 273802 8946662 Fortuna East Greenish gray marble 0.1 15.9 4PAA106 273805 8946662 Fortuna East Gray hornfels 0.8 18.8 4PAA107 273809 8946663 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.2 17.1 4PAA108 273148 8945204 Antamina West tan marble -4.2 15.4 4PAA110 273149 8945205 Antamina West Gray marble 2.0 23.0 4PAA112 273791 8946476 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.1 13.0 4PAA114 273800 8946479 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.8 15.3 4PAA115 273809 8946482 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.3 19.4 4PAA117 273821 8946486 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.1 20.6 4PAA118 273830 8946489 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.9 19.6 4PAA119 273837 8946492 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.3 20.4 4PAA121 273847 8946495 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.1 22.0 4PAA123 273870 8946503 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.7 22.7 4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.8 22.9 4PAA125A 273324 8946308 Fortuna Quartz grains of a QFP dike 13.8 4PAA126 273023 8947016 Condorcocha Quartz grains of a QFP dike 18.3 4PAA127 273049 8947008 Condorcocha QFP dike 10.6 4PAA 129 273380 8946254 Fortuna calcite + sulfide vein -3.1 11.5 4PAA132 273267 8946202 Fortuna orange brown carbonate vein -3.4 34.2 4PAA134 273468 8945298 Antamina West White marble 2.5 22.2 4PAA135 273455 8945292 Antamina West White marble 2.8 24.1 4PAA136 273453 8945291 Antamina West White marble 2.9 24.8 4PAA137 273450 8945290 Antamina West Gray and white marble 2.4 23.9 4PAA138 273446 8945288 Antamina West White marble 0.3 17.2 4PAA139 273444 8945288 Antamina West Gray marble 2.2 23.4 4PAA140 273412 8945278 Antamina West Gray marble 2.5 24.2 4PAA141 273390 8945271 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 25.2 4PAA143 273468 8945272 Antamina West Gray marble 2.3 22.8 4PAA145 273463 8945267 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 23.3 4PAA146 273461 8945266 Antamina West White marble 2.3 22.7 4PAA147 273380 8945336 Antamina West Gray marble 2.3 23.9 4PAA148 273392 8945345 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 23.1 4PAA150 273383 8945340 Antamina West White marble 1.9 22.7 4PAA151 273372 8945335 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 23.2 4PAA152 273432 8945364 Antamina West White marble 1.9 22.9 4PAA153 273438 8945367 Antamina West Gray marble 2.2 20.7 4PAA155 273444 8945372 Antamina West White marble 2.6 22.9 4PAA156A 273385 8946306 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.9 14.0 4PAA 157 273349 8946286 Fortuna Brown carbonate veinlets 0.1 14.9 4PAA 163 272809 8946294 Fortuna Calcite + oxides veins -0.9 13.4 4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna weak-mod silicified limestones 2.0 22.5 4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna Grayish brown limestones 2.0 21.3 4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna Grayish brown limestones 2.4 22.2 611 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina δ13C δ18O Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW) 4PAA172 272880 8945878 Fortuna weak-mod silicified limestones -1.8 22.1 4PAA174 272792 8946200 Fortuna Grayish brown limestones 1.9 21.3 4PAA 178 273093 8946318 Fortuna Calcite + oxides veins -3.0 13.7 4PAA181 273317 8945335 Antamina West Gray marble 3.2 24.9 4PAA182 273351 8945349 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 24.7 4PAA183 273379 8945365 Antamina West Gray and white marble 2.6 22.8 4PAA184 273403 8945382 Antamina West White marble 1.7 20.4 4PAA185 273426 8945396 Antamina West White marble 0.9 14.1 4PAA186 273449 8945382 Antamina West White marble 2.8 23.3 4PAA187 273302 8945294 Antamina West Gray marble 2.9 24.3 4PAA188 273297 8945238 Antamina West white and gray marble 2.8 24.4 4PAA190 273177 8945254 Antamina West light gray marble 3.0 24.9 4PAA191 273192 8945290 Antamina West light gray marble -1.9 27.0 4PAA194 273278 8945189 Antamina West Gray marble 2.5 23.9 4PAA195 274878 8945584 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -0.3 18.7 4PAA196 274880 8945578 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -7.6 14.5 4PAA201 274881 8945545 Ridge road light green hornfels -4.8 14.3 4PAA202 274885 8945541 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -0.4 16.2 4PAA203 274882 8945565 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -1.9 13.8 4PAA208 274844 8945928 Ridge road white hornfels -7.7 14.8 4PAA209 274877 8945598 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -5.2 13.5 4PAA212 274871 8945609 Ridge road Greenish gray hornfels -0.1 18.4 4PAA219 274345 8945342 Oscarina dike. Isotope sample: quartz veins 13.2 4PAA221 274432 8945502 Oscarina dike. Isotope sample: quartz grains 11.8 4PAA221B 274432 8945502 Oscarina dike. Isotope sample B: quartz vein chips 11.5 4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.8 17.3 4PAA226 273330 8945450 Antamina West light gray marble 2.9 24.4 4PAA228 273458 8945768 Fortuna Tan hornfels 0.2 19.7 4PAA230 273819 8946100 Quarry Bench Isotope sample: quartz grains of QFP dike 9.7 4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Grayish brown limestones 2.1 25.8 4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Grayish brown limestones 2.6 26.0 4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Grayish brown limestones 3.2 26.1 4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Grayish brown limestones 1.8 23.9 612 Appendix B7: Oxygen and carbon isotope analytical procedures 613 Appendix B7: Oxygen and carbon isotope analytical procedures Powdered carbonate samples were analysed in a Finnigan Delta XL Plus mass spectrometer, using a gas bench with A200s autosampler as follows: Between 200mg and 500mg of each sample or rock standard is weighed into a glass exetainer and sealed with a cap with a pierceable septum. The gas bench is loaded with samples interspersed with rock standards. The gas bench is at a constant temperature of 32°C. The autosampler is set up to flush the closed exetainers with He for 5 minutes, to displace air in the headspace. Each exetainer is then acidified with 100% phosphoric acid to liberate CO2 gas, and allowed to equilibrate for an hour before analysis. The autosampler is loaded with both the acidifying needle and sampling needle, and is programmed to acidify the exetainer in the next row while measuring each sample. This keeps a constant reaction time for all samples. During the analyses, 10 aliquots of the sample CO2 are bracketed by 6 aliquots of a reference CO2 gas to provide internal calibration. External calibration is monitored using the carbonate standard NBS 18 and NBS 19. The values obtained for these two standards are used to calculate a fractionation correction that is applied to the sample results. The results are reported using the δ notation measured in º/ºº relative to the V- SMOW standard. After correction for fractionation, repeat analyses of NBS 18 give an average δ13C value of –5.009 +/- 0.07º/ºº and δ18O value of 7.225 +/- 0.082º/ºº, NBS 19 give an average δ13C value of 1.927 +/- 0.08º/ºº and δ18O value of 28.742 +/- 0.18. 614 Appendices – Chapter 4 615 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description 616 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations Carmen Mine 2PUE253 316754 8826157 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE254 316754 8826159 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE255 316754 8826161 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE256 316754 8826163 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE257 316754 8826165 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE258 316754 8826167 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein plus fault ICPMS 2PUE259 316754 8826159 Grab 4940m Rosa 0 calcite vein coarse euhedral white calcite crustiform vein red-orange δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE260 316754 8826160 Grab 4940m Rosa 1 Alabandite rich calcite vein Grab late Mn vein-brx cutting-within Rosa Vein. 80% alabandite plus clear quartz and 10% white calcite, trace py δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE261 316754 8826165 Grab 4940m Rosa 6 Brecciated calcite vein Grab late breccia cutting and within Rosa Vein. Angular clasts of white vein calcite and gray limestone. Matrix contain dark calcite with 2 to 8% fine grained pyrite and lessor coarse pyrite. ICPMS 2PUE262A 316754 8826167 Grab 4940m Rosa 8 Crustiform calcite white and gray crustiform banded calcite, Rosa Vein. Trace pyrite locally δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE262B 316754 8826167 Grab 4940m Rosa 8 gray vein calcite Trace pyrite locally. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE263 316754 8826174 Grab 4940m Rosa 15 calcite vein Grab 15cm white calcite vein cutting limestone white-pale green footwall of the Rosa vein. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE264 316754 8826172 Grab 4940m Rosa 13 Gray limestones Limestone contains micro deformation structures (microbreccias, fractures) Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE265 316754 8826176 Grab 4940m Rosa 17 Gray limestones Limestone contains micro deformation structures (microbreccias, fractures), and hairline white calcite vlts. Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE266 316754 8826179 Grab 4940m Rosa 20 Mn-rich brecciated calcite vein Early coarse white calcite cut by veinlets and matrix with calcite and abundant pyrite ± trz of a soft gray metalic mineral late Mn oxide stained vein-breccia δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE267 316754 8826185 Grab 4940m Rosa 26 Gray limestones Limestone with micro deformation structures, trace hairline white calcite vlts. Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE268A 316754 8826186 Grab 4940m Rosa 27 Crustiform calcite none Grab 20cm white-brown crustiform banded calcite vein, footwall. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE268B 316754 8826186 Rosa 27 gray vein calcite none δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE269 316754 8826189 Grab 4940m Rosa 30 Gray limestones Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall ICPMS 2PUE270 316754 8826194 Grab 4940m Rosa 24 White calcite vein Uchucchacua Grab 60cm white-clear cal. Vn., footwall, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE271 316754 8826169 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE272 316754 8826171 RC 4940m Rosa 2 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS617 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 2PUE273 316754 8826173 RC 4940m Rosa 4 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE274 316754 8826175 RC 4940m Rosa 6 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE275 316754 8826177 RC 4940m Rosa 8 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE276 316754 8826179 RC 4940m Rosa 10 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE277 316754 8826181 RC 4940m Rosa 12 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE278 316754 8826183 RC 4940m Rosa 14 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE279 316754 8826185 RC 4940m Rosa 16 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE280 316754 8826187 RC 4940m Rosa 18 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, 4940m ICPMS 2PUE281 316300 8826109 Grab 4725m Rosa 0 Brown calcite + MnOx vein Grab brown calcite plus Mn ox, Rosa Vn ICPMS 2PUE282 316300 8826110 Grab 4725m Rosa 0 Brown oxidized calcite vein Grab light brown to gray calcite cut by Fe-oxide veinlets, Rosa Vein. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE283 316300 8826111 Grab 4725m Rosa 0 calcite vein Grab white coarse calcite with rhombs to 0.7cm, Rosa Vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE284 316300 8826113 Grab 4725m Rosa 2 Brecciated calcite vein Small zones of breccia with limestone and white calcite angular fragments in a dark calcite matrix. none to very weak red footwall of the Rosa vein. Late banded calcite veins δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE285 316300 8826115 Grab 4725m Rosa 4 Gray limestones Fine grained limestone with hairline calcite veinlets Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall. . δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE286 316300 8826118 Grab 4725m Rosa 7 Brown calcite vein Grab 10cm wide brown cal vn, footwall ICPMS 2PUE287 316300 8826119 Grab 4725m Rosa 8 Gray limestones Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall ICPMS 2PUE288 316300 8826120 Grab 4725m Rosa 9 calcite vein Grab white calcite veins, footwall of Rosa ICPMS 2PUE289 316300 8826129 Grab 4725m Rosa 18 Mn-rich brecciated calcite vein Grab calcite plus Mn ox brx, footwall ICPMS 2PUE290 316300 8826108 RC 4725m Rosa 0 calcite vein 2m chip, Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE291 316300 8826110 RC 4725m Rosa 0 calcite vein 2m chip, Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE292 316300 8826112 RC 4725m Rosa 1 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE293 316300 8826114 RC 4725m Rosa 3 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE294 316300 8826116 RC 4725m Rosa 5 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE295 316300 8826118 RC 4725m Rosa 7 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE296 316300 8826125 RC 4725m Rosa 14 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE297 316300 8826127 RC 4725m Rosa 16 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS 2PUE298 316300 8826140 Grab 4725m Rosa 30 Alabandite rich calcite vein 80% f.g. brassy alabandite, 5% light-brown to orange mineral (sphl?), trz py, 10% chalky white calcite and clear quartz. Grab Mn-ox and Mn-sulf vein, footwall. Strong H2S smell when HCL is added δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS618 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 2PUE299 316124 8826131 Grab 4670 Rosa White calcite vein Uchucchacua Grab white cal. vn between Rosa 1 and 2, 4670m ICPMS 2PUE300 315997 8826301 Grab 4640 Qtz-carb-sulf-skarn Uchucchacua Grab qtz-carb-sulf-skarn in road cut, 4640m ICPMS 2PUE301 315997 8826301 Grab 4640 Qtz vein Uchucchacua Grab coarse dog tooth qtz vein in road cut, 4640m ICPMS 2PUE304 316774 8826187 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 0 Mineralized limestone Brecciated limestone cut by cgr white calcite vlts red-orange Late thin stylolite like sulfide vlts and 6mm thick calcite + py + bustamite? + sph ± qtz vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE305 316774 8826189 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 2 Mineralized limestone Grab Rosa Vein. Gray limestone, 2-3% diss py cut by white calcite vlts and vlts-breccia Gray limestone, matrix of py- bustamite(?)-sph-calcite+/-quartz. Thin ruby silver vlts δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE306 316773 8826196 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 9 Calcite + sulfide vein Coarse white calcite vein with 2% bustamite(?)- sph-py diss and in patches. red-orange Grab 25cm calcite vn, hangingwall. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE307 316773 8826197 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 10 Gray limestones microbrecciated limestone cut by hairline calcite vlts. Thin dark stylolite like vlts with bustamite(?) and py cut calcite vlts. red-orange Grab 0.7cm white calcite veinlets cutting gray limestone, hangingwall of the Rosa vein. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE308 316773 8826198 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 11 Gray limestones Uchucchacua Grab unveined gray lmst, hangingwall, 4450m, 11m north ICPMS 2PUE309 316773 8826199 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 12 calcite vein Limestone wallrock is microbrecciated. Grab 15cm white cal vn, hangingwall. red-orange Coarse white vein calcite with trace disseminated pyrite and bustamite(?). δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE310 316773 8826201 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 14 Gray limestones Microfractured, hairline white calcite veinlets cut by thin black stylolites. Grab unveined gray lmst, hangingwall. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE311 316773 8826201 RC Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 14 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall of Rosa Vein, 4450m, 14m north ICPMS 2PUE312 316773 8826199 RC Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 12 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall of Rosa Vein, 4450m, 12m north ICPMS 619 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 2PUE313 316773 8826197 RC Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 10 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall of Rosa Vein, 4450m, 10m north ICPMS 2PUE314 316773 8826196 RC Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 8 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall of Rosa Vein, 4450m, 8m north ICPMS 2PUE315 316773 8826192 RC Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 2 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall adjacent to Vein, 4450m, 6m north ICPMS 2PUE316 316774 8826188 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 1 Uchucchacua Grab Rosa Vein, 4450m, 1m north ICPMS 2PUE317 316774 8826187 Grab Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level Rosa 0 Uchucchacua Grab Rosa Vein, 4450m, 0m north ICPMS 2PUE320 Grab 4360m near gallery 310SE Rosa 8m north White calcite vein Coarse white brecciated calcite cut by gray sulfide-qtz-calcite vlts. Late clear to white calcite ± sulfides vlts red-orange Grab Rosa Vein. Sulfides make up about 30% of the matrix with the remainder quartz and calcite δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE321 Grab underground 4360m Rosa 7m north Crustiform calcite vein crustiform banded white calcite vein. Grab Rosa vein red-orange Late sulfide vlts: py, bustamite and f.g. acicular stibnite δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE322 Grab 4360m Rosa 14m north White calcite vein Grab coarse white calcite vein cutting limestone, hangingwall of Rosa vein. red-orange No sulfides. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE323 Grab 4360m Rosa 13m north Gray limestones Microfractured, hairline white calcite veinlets cut by thin black stylolites. none Grab unveined gray limestone. Local <1mm size round gray grains in a white calcite matrix. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE324 Grab 4360m Rosa 1m north White calcite vein Small clast of gray limestone with diss py in the vein, and late dark stylolite like vlts containing bustamite(?) and trace py. red-orange Grab coarse white calcite vein, footwall of Rosa vein. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE325 Grab 4360m Rosa 0m north Gray limestones Microbxd and cut by hairline calcite vlts, large coarse white calcite vein. Trz late black bustamite(?)-py vlts. red-orange Grab gray limestone, footwall. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 2PUE326 Grab 4180m Rosa Uchucchacua Grab, Rosa Vein, 4180m, at 710m N. along vein ICPMS 2PUE327 Grab 4180m Rosa Calcite veins Uchucchacua Grab calcite veinlets near Rosa Vein, 4180 ICPMS 2PUE328 Grab 4180m Rosa Calcite ± sulfide veins Late clear calcite veinlets cutting mineralization. Ruby silver associated with late white-clear calcite veinlets. red-orange Grab from dump, exact location unknown. Euhedral quartz crystals associated with sph- bustamite(?)-stibnite and pyrite. δ13C, δ18O 3PUA500 317265.5 8826226 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 141N Gray limestones Two generations of calcite vlts: 1st stage: 18v x m, N190°,63°; 2nd stage: 10v x m, N62°, 80°, 2 cm wide. Pale red color in the center with white haloes. Red gets deeper towards the vein. ICPMS, PIMA620 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA501 317258 882624 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 136N Gray limestones Randomly distributed, discontinuos calcite vlts (7v x m) and stgs (25v x m): N78°, 73°, 1cm wide. Pale red fluorescence in the middle of the vein. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA502 317257 8826220 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 131N Gray limestones Discontinuos, white calcite veinlets, N63°, 80°SE, 1cm wide, 8v x m. No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA503 317254 8826215 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 126N Gray limestones Echelon calcite vlts system: N55°, 90°, 14v x m, 0.2 - 1cm wide Local weak red and bright purple flourescence with a white halo δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA504 317251.5 8826211 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 121N Gray limestones Irregular discontinuos tension gashes filled up with calcite: N47°, 90°, 1cm wide as max., 25v x m Local pale red spots at the center of the vein. ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA505 317249 8826207 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 116N Gray limestones Two systems of crustiform calcite vlts: N60°, 90°, 11v x m, 0.2-0.5cm wide; and N40°, 90°, 3v x m, 0.5cm wide. No fluorescence. . At 24.5 m calcite vlt shows a pale ORF centre with bright cream and pale purple haloes δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA506 317246 8826202.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 111N Gray limestones Local calcite veinlets: N63°, 84°, <0.5cm wide No fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA507 317244 8826198 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 106N Gray limestones Local calcite veinlets: <0.5cm wide No fluorescence. Trz ORF in some vlts. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA508 317241.5 8826194 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 101N Gray limestones Two generations of calcite vlts: 1st stage: 19v x m, N175°,72°; 2nd stage: 6v x m, N230°, 45° Local red fluorescence assoc. w/ 1st. Stage. PIMA 3PUA509 317238 8826190 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 96N Gray limestones Irregular and discontinuos, white calcite vlts:N185°, 73°; 13v x m, 3 cm wide). Red fluorescence in the core surrounded by a white halo. Three of them shows an extra purple halo. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA510 317236 8826186 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 91N Gray limestones Irregular white calcite vlts, 8v x m. Local 2 very strong red orange fluorescent spots. PIMA 3PUA511-LG 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 95N Calcite veinlet Crustiform, zoned, calcite veinlet, 90% light green, 10% yellow and trz blue fluorescent calcite Red fluorescence in the core surrounded by a yellow and purple haloes. ICPMS & Isotope sample: light green fluorescence δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA, PTS, SEM 3PUA511-Y 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 95N Calcite veinlet 90% yellow, 10% light green and trz blue fluorescent calcite ICPMS & Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA, SEM 3PUA512 317260 8826218 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 130N Gray limestones Discontinuos, white calcite veinlets, N63°, 80°SE, 1cm wide, 8v x m. No - weak fluorescence PIMA 3PUA513 317233 8826181.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 86N Strong fractured gray limestones Echelon calcite vlts system: N23°, 73°, 10v x m, 3cm wide, crosscut by a N234°, 90° calcite vlts. Mod to st red fluorescence only in the first stage. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA514 317230.5 8826177.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 81N Strong fractured, pyritized gray limestones Two discontinuos calcite vein systems: N42°, 90°, 10v x m, 1cm wide; N345-350°, 90°, 22v x m, 0.1-1cm wide ocassionally up to 5cm wide Moderate red fluorescence. Trz yellow fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA515 317228 8826173 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 76N Moderate fractured gray limestones Calcite vlts: 1st stage: 12v x m, N256°,70°, <0.3cm; 2nd stage: 4v x m, N45°, 46°, 1cm wide. Local mod-strong red fluorescence in the 1st stage and weak red fluorescence in the 2nd stage. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA516 317224 8826169 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 70N Weak bleached gray limestones Irregular calcite veinlets: 12v x m, N45°, 61°, 0.3-3cm wide Strong red fluorescence, also observable in the host rocks. Microvlts show strong fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA, XRD621 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA517 317222.5 8826165 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 66N Brecciated, fossiliferous gray limestones Wavy and discontinuos thin calcite veinlets: N65°, 80° and N40°, 62° systems, 8v x m, 2mm wide Moderate red fluorescence only in the N65° system. Strong red fls in some microvlts. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA518 317220 8826161 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 61N Ore body Silica patches (opal) surrounded by rhodonite haloes No fluorescence. Local trz strong red fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA519 317217 8826157 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 56N Ore body Silica patches (opal) surrounded by rhodonite haloes No fluorescence. Local trz strong red fluorescence. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA, PTS 3PUA520 317214 8826153 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 51N Margin of the orebody Two generations of calcite veinlets: 1st stage: N45°, 90°, 16v x m; 2nd stage: N270°45°, 30cm long, 2cm wide, 6v x m No fluorescence in the 1st. Stage and a strong ORF with white haloes in the 2nd stage ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA521 317212 8826148.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 46N Gray limestones N225°, 63-90° calcite vlt system, <1cm wide Weak to mod red fluorescence. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA522 317209 8826144 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 41N Weak to moderately silicified gray to tan limestones Irregular white calcite vlts, N42°, 90°, 8v x m, <2cm wide Strong red fluorescence with yellowish white haloes Some of them shows yellowish white fluorescence haloes. ICPMS 3PUA523 317206.5 8826140 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 36N Brecciated gray limestones Discontinuos, brecciated, white calcite vlts, N40°, 70°SE, <5cm wide, 12v x m. Moderate red fluorescence with 2mm wide white haloes. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA524 317204 8826135.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 31N Mod sil and st frac gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite veinlets: 1st stage: N90°, 90°, 7v x m, <1cm wide; 2nd stage: N135°, 90°, <0.5cm wide, 8v x m Strong red fluorescence with yellowish white haloes ICPMS 3PUA525 317201 8826131.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 26N Mod sil and st frac gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite veinlets: N210°, 72°, 10v x m, 2cm wide Strong red fluorescence with yellowish white haloes. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA526 317198.5 8826127.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 21N Mod sil gray to tan limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N145-150°, 90°; 18v x m, <1cm wide. High density of calcite stgs Moderate red fluorescence ICPMS 3PUA527 317196 8826123 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 16N Mod sil, light gray limestones Discontinuos calcite vlts: 1st stage: N60°, 52°; 2nd stage: N284°,90°, <0.3cm wide, 9v x m; 3rd stage: N130°, 60°, 0.2cm The 2nd and 3rd stage show moderate red fluorescence. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA528 317193 8826119 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 11N Mod sil grayish brown, fgr limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts and stgs. Most of the stgs. (N25°,90°; 1mm wide) crosscut the vlts. (N70°, 78°; <0.5cm, 11v x m). Local thick vlts. The vlts show mod to st red fluorescence. Slight yellowish white haloes are distinguished in some of the vlts. ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA529 317190 8826114.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 6N Weak sil and fossiliferous gray limestones Two discontinuos, white calcite vlt systems: N198°, 28°, 4v x m and N132°, 70°, 10v x m, <1cm wide. Moderate to strong red fluorescence with yellowish white haloes δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA530 317187.5 8826110.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 1N Strong fractured, gray limestones Two calcite generations. 1st stage: N155°, 70°; 0.2 - 1cm wide, 12 stgs x m. 2nd stage: N40°, 75°; 2cm wide, 5v x m Moderate to strong red fluorescence. Sample taken close to the Rosa vein. ICPMS, XRD 3PUA531 317184.5 8826106 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 1S Mod sil, brownish gray limestones Mod calcite vlts and stg dist: N70°, 90°; 3cm wide; and N270°, 63°; 5v x m Moderate red fluorescence with yellowish white haloes δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, XRD 3PUA532 317182 8826102 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 6S Mod sil, brownish gray limestones w/ trz diss py. High density of calcite stgs, 0.5-1cm wide, crosscut white calcite vlts: N233°, 68°, 4v x m. Rho+gn+py vlt appears 1m to the south: N243°, 72°; 1cm wide. Moderate red fluorescence with yellowish white haloes. Rhodocrosite vein shows a red fluorescence ICPMS, PIMA 622 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA533 317179 8826098 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 11S Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones Two tensional discontinuos systems are recognized: (A) N70-80°, 45-73°, 10v x m, 0.2- 1cm wide; and (B) N255°, 64°, 12v x m, <1cm. Mod-strong ORF with yellowish white haloes. Trz of gn+py in some of the veins. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA534 317176.5 8826094 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 16S Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones Two tensional discontinuos systems: (A) N265°, 58°, 6v x m, 0.2cm wide; and (B) N32°, 60°, 1cm wide. Mod to st red fluorescence, also mod cream fluorescence. The last calcite event seems assoc w/ stgs. ICPMS 3PUA535 317173 8826089 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 21S Weak sil, mod fract, grayish brown limestones Scarse presence of calcite vlts. No - weak red fluorescence δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA536 317171 8826085 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 26S Mod sil, grayish brown limestones N55-63°, 85° white calcite vein system, 6v x m, <1cm wide. Occasional 5cm wide ca+gn+py vein appears 1m south. No - weak cream flourescence in microveinlets. ICPMS 3PUA537 317169 8826081 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 31S Mod sil, grayish brown limestones Mod calcite vlts distribution: N230°, 90°, <1 cm wide, 7v x m. Rare stgs. Mod to st red fluorescence δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA538 317251 8826204 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 113N Calcite veinlet N60°, 60°, 1cm wide Mod red fluorescence in the middle, surrounded by pink, bright creamy and pale purple thin haloes. PIMA 3PUA539 317246.5 8826196 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 105N Calcite veinlet No - weak red fluorescence PIMA 3PUA540 317182 8826110.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa Rosa vein Rosa vein N70° mineralized system crosscut by N45° calcite veinlets Strong red fls vlt crosscut by yellow fls mm ca vlts. ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA541 317233.5 8826182.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 88N Calcite veinlet N23°, 73° calcite vlts, no longer than 15 cm and <3cm wide. This veinlet belongs to a echelon system. Deep red fluorescence. PIMA 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 81N Calcite veinlet N225°, 78°, 10v x m, 3cm wide Deep ORF with white yellow and light blue halos. Isotope sample: vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, Sr/Sr, PIMA, PTS, SEM 3PUA543 317234.5 8826173.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 80N Pyritized, gray limestones Close to a swarm of calcite vlts: N42°E and N45°W, 0.5-1cm wide avg Deep red fluorescence of a rusty surface and uneven surface. 3PUA544 317227 8826165.5 Grab Xc 130N, Level 300 Rosa 70N Fgr, gray limestone ICP data corresponds to a 95% white rxl lms with pale orange red fluorescence; 5% gray lms. Pinkish spots under UV lamp. Mod - strong red fls on uneven surfaces. Sample taken close to a deep red fluorescence calcite vein. Isotope sample: vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA545 317250.5 8826110 Grab Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 0 Grayish brown, rxl limestones Crustiform, white calcite vlts, N70°, 90°, 1cm wide, 7v x m Weak to mod red fls. Some of them shows yellowish white fls haloes. Mod red fls of the mtx. ICPMS 3PUA546 317254.5 8826113 Grab Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 5 Brown, rxl limestones Discontinuos, white, crust calcite vlts, N245°, 78°, 1cm wide avg, 16v x m. Mod. red fluorescence surrounded by white haloes especially assoc w/ sulfides. ICPMS, XRD 3PUA547 317259 8826115.5 Grab Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 9 Weak to mod sil. brown, rxl limestones Several discontinuos, white calcite vlts systems: N300°, 54°, 9v x m, 1cm wide; N0°, 73°, 4v xm, and N225°, 66°, 8v x m, 0.3-2cm wide The last system shows a deep red fluorescence. ICPMS 623 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA548-BH 317253.5 8826112 Crushed material Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 4 Brown hornfels Brecciated calcite veinlet with silicified halos crosscutting a gray stylolite rich limestone Zoned fluorescence: red in the center with white haloes towards the margins. Isotope sample: brown hornfels (crushed material) δ13C, δ18O, PIMA, XRD, PTS 3PUA548- LMS 317253.5 8826112 Crushed material Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 4 Gray limestones Isotope sample: limestone (crushed material) δ13C, δ18O 3PUA548-OR 317253.5 8826112 Drilled material Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 4 Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, SEM 3PUA549 317262 8826118.5 Grab Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 13 Brecciated grayish brown limestones High density of stgs and patches of calcite. It appears as a dissolution breccia . See picture Moderate red fluorescence and some cream spots ICPMS 3PUA550 317263.5 8826124 Grab Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 19 Grayish brown, rxl limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts, 5v x m, <1cm wide, N270°, 76°N Moderate red fluorescence ICPMS, XRD 3PUA551 317264.5 8826129.5 Grab Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 24 Mod sil and rxl, gray, fgr limestones High density of white calcite stgs: 0.2-1cm wide. Red fluorescence with yellow haloes. The slab contains microvlts w/ weak red fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA552 317265.5 8826134 Grab Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 29 Mod sil gray limestones High density of white calcite vlts and stgs: N15°, N248°, 78°; 0.2-1 cm wide, 15v x m. None to moderate red fls of some microvlts. ICPMS 3PUA553 317266.5 8826138.5 Grab Xc 916NE, Level 360 Rosa 33 Mod sil brown limestones N20°, 45° white calcite vlts and stgs, 7v x m, <0.5cm wide Strong red fluorescence with yellowish white haloes ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA554 316772.5 8826192.5 Grab Est s/n, Gal 754W, Level 450 Rosa 0 St fract, gray limestones Mod calcite stg and py+proust vlts (1-2%) White calcite shows deep red fluorescence PIMA 3PUA555 316772 8826202 Grab Est s/n, Gal 754W, Level 450 Rosa 9 Gray limestones Weak calcite vlts Weak red fls in the center of the vein. Fluorescence is better observable in fresh faces. PIMA 3PUA556 316860 8825897.5 Grab Xc 877SW, Level 450 Silvana Calcite vein Crustiform, white calcite vein Red fluorescence in the middle and white in the margins. Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) δ13C, δ18O, PIMA 3PUA559 316716 8826230 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 4S Mod frac dark gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N124°, 90°; <1cm wide, 6v x m. Assoc w/ a N208°, 63° fault filled up w/calcite. Only calcite within the fault shows strong red fluorescence Trz diss proustite ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA559-OR 316716 8826230 Drilled material Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 4S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets 98% mod orange red to purple fluorescent calcite, 2% limestone Moderate orange red fluorescence Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA560 316716.5 8826225 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 9S Strongly frac, dark gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N300°, 84°; <1cm wide, 15v x m Strong red fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA561 316717.5 8826220.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 14S Mod frac gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts filling fractures and faults: N310-338°, 64-84° and N115°, 86°; 0.3cm wide. Strong red fluorescence. Slab only contains trz microvlts. Possible bedding: N315°, 15° filled up with calcite ICPMS, XRD, PTS 3PUA562 316718.5 8826215.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 19S Mod frac, brownish gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts filling fractures and faults: N310-338°, 64-84° and N115°, 86°. Possible bedding: N315°, 15° filled up with calcite Strong red fluorescence with cream halos. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA562-NF 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled material Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 19S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets 99% non fluorescent vein with 1% orange red fluorescent stains Isotope sample: non fluorescent calcite vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA562-OR 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled material Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 19S White calcite vein 90% light orange red calcite, 10% limestone Weak ORF in discontinuous calcite vlts ICPMS 3PUA563 316719.5 8826210.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 24S Mod frac, brownish gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N260°, 80°, 5v x m, N180°,62°; N82°, 52°, 3v x m, <1.5cm wide Strong red fluorescence. Trz vlts in the slab. ICPMS, XRD624 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA563-OR 316719.5 8826210.5 Drilled material 24S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets 95% strong orange red fluorescence with 5% yellow stains along fractures Strong orange red fluorescence Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA564 316721 8826205.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 29S Grayish brown, rxl limestones Mod white calcite vlts and stg: N55°, 76°, <1.5cm wide Strong orange-red fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA565 316722 8826200.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 34S Mod frac, gray limestones Weak calcite vlts distribution: N277°, 75°, <0.5cm wide, 2v x m absent to weak orange-red fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA565-NF 316722 8826200.5 Drilled material 34S 99.5% non fluorescent calcite, 0.5% lms impurities Weak calcite vein distribution Isotope sample: non fluorescent calcite vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, Sr/Sr 3PUA566 316717 8826231.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 3S Strong frac, gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N124°, 90°; <1cm wide, 6v x m. Assoc w/ a N208° Very weak fls and local mod bright red spots. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA567 317384.5 8825642.5 Grab Gal 383NE, Level 240 Monica 1 Strong frac, fgr gray limestones Two white calcite vlts system: N52° and N290°, close to Monica ore body (colloform rhod+gn+sl+prous vlts - N260°, 50°, 5cm wide, 11v x m) No fluorescence on first ca generation. Weak - mod ORF in the second calcite event. PIMA 3PUA568 317393 8825642.5 Grab Gal 383NE, Level 240 Monica 0 Mod sil and mineralized (py+gn), brecciated, dark gray limestones No fluorescence. Local trz mod red fluorescent spots. Colloform rhod+qtz+proust vlts crosscutting mod silicified and mineralized dark gray limestones. PIMA 3PUA569 317396.5 8825646.5 Grab Gal 383NE, Level 240 Monica 0 Ore body No fluorescence. Local CaCO3 patinas show strong red fls. Bustamite + fluorite+gn+sph+py crosscutting a johannsonite block 3PUA570 316723.5 8826196 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 39S Strong frac, rusty, dark gray limestones High content of calcite stgs and vlts: N32°E, 24°, 0.8-1cm wide; and N98°,90°, 5v x m, <1cm wide. Rusty calcite vlts shows strong red fluorescence. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA571 316725 8826191 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 44S Strong frac, gray limestones Subparallel calcite vlts and stgs: N275°, 90°, 15v x m, <1cm wide Mod red fluorescence with local bright white haloes crosscut a bright cream vein system. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA572 316726 8826186.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 49S Strong frac, gray limestones Subparallel calcite vlts and stgs: N275°, 90°, 15v x m, 0.5-1cm wide Weak red fluorescence crosscut by strong white fluorescent stringers. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA573 316727.5 8826181.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Level 180 Rosa 54S Strong frac, dark gray limestones Subparallel calcite vlts and stgs: N275°, 90°, 15v x m, <0.5cm wide Local very weak pink to white fluorescence. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA591 317317 8825632.5 Grab Tajeo 290, Level 180 Veronica Gray limestones crosscut by 2 gen of calcite vlts 1st stage: Continuos, irregular white calcite vlts, N175°, 82°, 1-1.5cm wide. 2nd stage: White calcite vlts and stgs, N265°, 74°; 0.3- 0.8cm wide 1st stage: No-weak fluorescence. 2nd stage: Strong red fluorescence. PIMA 3PUA592 317369.5 8825635 Grab Est 362NE, Tajeo 290, Level 180 Monica Ore body gn+py+cp crosscut by rho + proust vlts Strong red fluorescence of late calcite veinlets. PIMA 3PUA593 317338.5 8825670 Grab Est 334NE, Tajeo 290, Level 180 Veronica 0 Ore body rho + py + gn + trz proust Scattered red fluorescence spots probably calcite patinas. PIMA 3PUA594A 317294.5 8825622 Grab Tajeo 286, Level 120 Veronica 0 Ore body Johansonite? crosscut by rho+qtz vlts. No fluorescence PIMA 3PUA594B 317297 8825626 Grab Tajeo 286, Level 120 Veronica 0 Massive sulfide sample gn+py+rho+johansonite+gt? Trz ORF in carbonate vlts w/ local yellow white spots. PIMA625 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA595 316891.5 8825939 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 141.10 - 141.15 Silvana 0.15 Strong frac, dark gray limestones Calcite vlts (20% v sample), <0.3cm wide Mod-st ORF with local bright yellow spots. 3PUA596 316890 8825941.8 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 144 - 144.16 Silvana 3 Strong frac, dark gray limestones Two generations of calcite vlts: 1st stage<0.3cm wide; 2nd stage <0.1 cm wide. Bituminous filled stilolytes Strong red orange and yellowish white fls in the fine vlts (2nd gen). Only some thicker vlts show mod- strong fls. PIMA 3PUA597 316888.5 8825944 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 146.9 - 147.03 Silvana 5 Bituminous dark gray limestones Calcite stgs <0.1 cm wide Weak-mod orange red fluorescence. Some veins do not fluoresce. 3PUA598 316887 8825946.5 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 150 - 150.13 Silvana 7.5 Mod frac, gray limestones Fractures and stilolytes filled with bitumen. Sample close to a 1cm wide calcite vein Vwk fluorescence in spots along the vein axis. Local very bright white yellow mm vlt. 3PUA599 316885.5 8825949 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 153.17 - 153.25 Silvana 10 Mod frac, gray limestones Stylolites filled w/bitumen. One calcite vlt <0.3 cm wide 1st gen: without fluorescence. 2nd. gen: weak ORF and late gen. very bright yellow PIMA 3PUA600 316884 8825951 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 156.20 - 156.28 Silvana 12 Mod frac, gray limestones Stylolites filled w/bitumen. One calcite vlt <0.3 cm wide Weak pale purple fluorescence of the vein. Mod red fluorescence is also observed in the bituminous matrix. PIMA 3PUA601 316882.7 8825953 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 159.17 - 159.26 Silvana 14.5 Mod frac, gray limestones Stylolites filled w/bitumen. One calcite vlt <0.3 cm wide No fluorescence. 3PUA602 316881 8825955.5 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 162.05 - 162.25 Silvana 17 Fgr, gray limestone 5% stylolites filled with bitumen Very strong yellowish white fluorescence in the very fine, late calcite event. PIMA 3PUA603 316879.5 8825958 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 165.13 - 165.22 Silvana 19.5 Fgr, gray limestone 5% stylolites filled with bitumen Mod-st orange red fluorescence is observed in the late calcite vlt system. 3PUA604 316878 8825960.5 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 168.14 - 168.30 Silvana 22 Fgr, gray limestone 5% stylolites filled with bitumen and crosscut by calcite vlt (1.5cm wide) Fluorescence zonation: mod red centre surrounded by non- fls haloes late event: strong yellow white calcite system. PIMA 3PUA605 316876.5 8825962.5 DMC 252-7- 97, Level 300 171.03 - 171.20 Silvana 24.5 Strong frac, fgr, gray limestone 5% stylolites (<0.1cm wide) filled with bitumen Local trz orange red fluores, and mod bright yellow spots 2mm wide. 3PUA699 317349 8825632.5 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 0 - 0.19 Monica 1 Dark gray limestones Mod density calcite vlts(2%), <0.4cm wide. transversal calcite vlt system and mtx show intense red fluorescence. PIMA 3PUA700 317350 8825630 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 2.93 - 3.04 Monica 4 Dark gray, fgr, bituminous limestones Trz calcite vlts, 1cm wide. No fluorescence 3PUA701 317351 8825627 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 6.09 - 6.27 Monica 7 Dark gray, fgr, bituminous limestones Two percent bitumen filling stylolites, 2% calcite vlts, <0.2cm wide. Mod-strong orange red fluorescence appears in vlts and mtx. Bright yellow color is also observable along some fractures. PIMA 3PUA702 317352.5 8825624.5 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 9.03 - 9.18 Monica 10 Brownish gray micritic and bituminous limestones Five percent microfractures, high density of stylolites (10%). No vlts in the sample. Weak - mod red reflection of mtx. 3PUA703 317354 8825622 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 11.95 - 12.09 Monica 13 Dark gray, fgr, bituminous limestones Trz very fine calcite vlts No fluorescence in the vlts, weak red reflection of mtx. 626 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA704 317355 8825619 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 15.10 - 15.25 Monica 16 Brownish gray micritic and bituminous limestones One percent calcite vlts, 1% bitumen. Very intense red fluorescence of vlts and mtx with some bright yellow dots. 3PUA705 317356.5 8825616.5 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 18.06 - 18.18 Monica 19 Strong fractured, fgr, gray limestones One percent calcite vlts. Close to a calcite+rhod+proust vlt zone. Very intense red fluorescence with some yellow white spots. 3PUA706 317357.5 8825613.5 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 21.25 - 21.40 Monica 22 Brownish gray micritic and bituminous limestones No calcite vlts No fluorescence in the vlts. Weak red reflection of matrix. PIMA 3PUA707 317359 8825611 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 24.11 - 24.22 Monica 25 Brownish gray micritic and bituminous limestones Trz very fine calcite vlts: 45-90°TCA Local st pink-red fluorescence in a thin vein. Weak red fluorescence of matrix. 3PUA708 317360 8825608 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 27.08 - 27.20 Monica 28 Brownish gray micritic and bituminous limestones Three percent calcite vlts, <1mm wide, 45°TCA. Weak red reflection of mtx. 3PUA709 317361.5 8825605.5 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 30.14 - 30.30 Monica 31 Brownish gray, fgr, mod silicified bituminous limestones One percent stylolites, 2% calcite vlts: 0- 15°TCA. Similar to the before sample. 3PUA710 317362.5 8825602.5 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 32.98 - 33.20 Monica 34 Brownish gray, micritic and brecciated limestones No calcite vlts Similar to the before sample. 3PUA711 317364 8825600 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 35.98 - 36.09 Monica 37 St fract, dark gray limestones One percent stylolites crosscut by calcite vlts, <0.2cm wide, 90°TCA. Weak red fluorescence in a calcite vlt perpendicular TCA. Weak reflection of rock groundmass PIMA 3PUA712 317365.5 8825597.5 DMC 252- 22-02, Level 240 39.00 - 39.13 Monica 40 Brecciated dark gray limestones Two percent calcite vlts: 15-45° TCA. Mod bluish white fluoresc in some vlts. Very weak reflection of groundmass 3PUA713 316852.5 8826188 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 0.13 - 0.21 Rosa 2 Gray limestones with diss gn + py Brecciated sample Intense red fluorescence in 3 calcite vlt systems. 3PUA714 316852.5 8826188.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 0.91 - 1.05 Rosa 3 Dark gray limestones Mod presence stylolites Mod red fluoresc in the 1st stage. Late thin vlts show trz yellow white fluoresc. Weak reflection of rock groundmass 3PUA715 316852.5 8826189 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 1.32 - 1.43 Rosa 3.5 Dark gray, mgr limestones Two percent stylolites, 1% calcite vlt 90° TCA. Zoned thick vein: red, bluish white and yellow. Little veins show weak red fluorescence. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA716 316852.5 8826196 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 8.17 - 8.33 Rosa 10 Brownish gray, mgr bituminous limestones Two percent calcite vlts; 2% stylolites Local weak mod orange yellow fluoresc with yellow halos. Calcite replacing fossils do not fluoresces 3PUA717 316852.5 8826199 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 11.16 - 11.25 Rosa 13 Dark gray bituminous limestones Two calcite vlt generations: 45° and 90° TCA First gen. calcite vlts shows no- yellow fls. Late gen: mod-st ORF with bluish white patches. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA718 316852.5 8826201.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 13.87 - 14.0 Rosa 16 Dark gray, mgr limestones Three percent calcite vlts. Strong red fluorescence surrounded by white and yellow coatings. PIMA 627 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA719 316852.5 8826205 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 17.20 - 17.38 Rosa 19 Dark gray bituminous limestones Three percent stylolites crosscut calcite vlts: 45° TCA. Mod-intense red fluoresc in all systems. Local bright yellow fls lines on slickensides. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA720 316852.5 8826208 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 20.24 - 20.38 Rosa 22 Dark gray bituminous limestones Five percent calcite vlts, 1.5cm wide Three gen of calcite: 1st dull, 2nd mod-st red fluores, 3rd bright yellow. The latter is assoc w/ thin vlts. 3PUA721 316852.5 8826211 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 23.16 - 23.31 Rosa 25 Dark gray bituminous limestones High density of stylolites filled w/ bitumen crosscut calcite vlts: 45° TCA Local zoned orange red fluorescent vein w/ yellow and white haloes. 3PUA722 316852.5 8826213.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 26.20 - 26.28 Rosa 28 Dark gray bituminous limestones Three percent calcite vlts crosscut by bituminous stylolites. Three gen of calcite: 1st dull, 2nd mod-st red fluores, 3rd bright yellow. The latter is assoc w/ thin vlts. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix. Yellow fls surrounds ORF veins δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA723 316852.5 8826216.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 29.27 - 29.37 Rosa 31 Brownish gray, mgr, mod fract limestones One percent stylolites crosscut 1% calcite vlts. Similar to the before sample. 3PUA724 316852.5 8826217.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 29.92 - 30.05 Rosa 32 Dark gray, bituminous limestones High density calcite vlts. Similar to the before sample. Red and yellowish white to pinkish white layers seems to be coeval. 3PUA725 316852.5 8826220 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 32.35 - 32.45 Rosa 34 Dark gray, bituminous limestones High density calcite vlts; <0.2 cm wide crosscut stylolites. Most of the vlts are dull. Local thin yellow white and wk-mod orange red vlts. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O 3PUA726 316852.5 8826221 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 33.72 - 33.88 Rosa 35.5 St fract, dark gray, bituminous limestones High density of calcite vlts (80%) Weak orange red fluorescent vein is crosscut by a very bright pinkish white system. PIMA 3PUA727 316852.5 8826222.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 35.20 - 35.32 Rosa 37 Dark gray bituminous limestones Three generations of calcite vlts (5%) and 3% stylolites. Very weak red fluorescent veins crosscut non-fls veins 3PUA728 316852.5 8826225.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 38.39 - 38.55 Rosa 40 Dark gray bituminous limestones Two generations of calcite vlts (2%). The thicker (0.7-1cm wide) crosscut the thinner ones (0.2 cm wide). Crustiform zonation w/ pale red core with non-fls halos. A late bright yellow fls within stylolites. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA729 316852.5 8826228.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 41.25 - 41.40 Rosa 43.5 Dark gray bituminous limestones High density of calcite vlts (2mm wide) are crosscut by 1% stylolites. Mod-st red fluorescence in the core w/ white dull haloes. Mtx shows mod red reflection. 3PUA730 316852.5 8826231.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 44.16 - 44.24 Rosa 46 St frac, dark gray, bituminous limestones Brecciated sample Very strong red fluorescence in some of veins within the breccia fragments. 3PUA731 316852.5 8826234 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 46.97 - 47.15 Rosa 49 St fract, dark gray, bituminous limestones Five percent stylolites, 15% calcite vlts, 60-80° TCA, <0.5cm wide. Mod orange red fluorescence changes into a purple white and yellow. A very late non-fluorescence vlt crosscut the sequence. PIMA 3PUA732 316852.5 8826237 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 49.75 - 49.81 Rosa 51.5 Dark gray bituminous limestones Three percent calcite vlts<0.4cm wide. Crustiform zonation: mod orange red core surrounded by a bright white halo. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix. Organic material seems to constraint the fluorescence effect. δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 628 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA733 316852.5 8826240.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 53.00 - 53.17 Rosa 55 Mixed sample: white calcite vein and dark gray bitum lms Mod-st orange red fluorescence. Some stgs do not fluoresces. δ13C, δ18O 3PUA734 316852.5 8826243 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 56.0 - 56.25 Rosa 58 Dark gray, bituminous, mgr limestones Two generations of calcite vlts: 0.1-0.3cm wide and 3% stylolites filled up with bitumen. Wk-mod orange red fluorescence in vlts perpendicularTCA, 70% vlts do not fluoresce. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O 3PUA735 316852.5 8826246 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 59.09 - 59.25 Rosa 60.5 Dark gray, bituminous limestones One percent stylolites crosscut very thin calcite vlts (2mm wide). Orange red fls of the late, cgr calcite vlt 90° TCA. Others do not fluoresce. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA736 316852.5 8826249 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 62.30 - 62.39 Rosa 63.5 Brownish to dark gray limestones Weak calcite vlt distribution (0.5%) are crosscut by 1% stylolites 0° TCA. Very weak trz orange red fluorescence on altered fractures. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O 3PUA737 316852.5 8826252 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 65.30 - 65.46 Rosa 67 Brownish to dark gray limestones Weak calcite vlt distribution (0.5%) are crosscut by 2% stylolites 0° TCA. Late cgr calcite vlt (70 TCA) shows mod-st orange red fluorescence. Others are dull. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O 3PUA738 316852.5 8826255.5 LY 34-09- 02, Level 360 68.26 - 68.46 Rosa 70 Dark gray, bituminous limestones Weak calcite vlt distribution (1%, <0.3cm wide) are crosscut by 5% stylolites 0° TCA. Trz lemon yellow spots in the matrix. Veinlets do not fluoresce. Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA500 316555 8826212 Grab Surface Rosa vein 15 Brown gray, mgr, partial rxl limestones (dol?) 15m N of Ros a vein. Ca+ MnOx vlts N77W, 2cm wide, 2 vlts x m. Local calcite stringers <1% ca vlts, no fls. Traces white spots on weathered surfaces Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA501 316555 8826212 Grab Surface Rosa vein 15 Crustiform ca + MnOx vlt, 3cm wide, S70E, 65SW Mod-st orange-ORF with mm bright white halos showing the contours of crystals PTS 4PUA502 316559 8826221 Grab Surface Rosa vein 25 Brown gray, mgr, mod rxl limestone 2% ca+goe+MnOx stgs covered by ca crusts given by glacial erosion Two events of mm ca vlts: 1st: no fls; 2nd: mod ORF Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, PTS 4PUA503 316560 8826222 Grab Surface Rosa vein 26 Irregular and disc calcite + MnOx vein. 2cm wide, S65E, 90, 2vlts x m Weak-local mod ORF with weak white halos 4PUA504 316563 8826230 Grab Surface Rosa vein 35 Ca + MnOx + goe vein, 2cm wide cuts brown gray, mod rxl lms (dol?) High density of ca + MnOx vlts: N52E, 90, >5cm, 3v x m. S83E, 20SW, 0.50-2cm, 9v xm. N18W, 90, <1cm, 3v x m. Strong ORF in all the calcite vlts (3%). Isotope sample: calcite + MnOx + goe vein (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA505 316564 8826231 Grab Surface Rosa vein 37 Brownish gray, mod rxl limestones (dol?) Strong ORF - red in most of the vlts (5%) Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA506 316566 8826240 Grab Surface Rosa vein 45 Discontinuos ca + MnOx + goe vein, 2cm wide, N66E, 90, crosscut mgr, rxl lms. It crosscuts irregular, mm ca vlts, S27E and forms a parallel system of 8v x m, 30-35cm wide. Strong ORF (gray ca) w/ bright white halos (white ca) in a crustiform texture. Brown (goe) voids do not fluoresce. 4PUA507 316567 8826241 Grab Surface Rosa vein 46 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl, dol? Lms Ca + MnOx vlts S27E, 8v x m, <2cm wide Two mm ca events: 1st: dull; 2nd: mod-st ORF 4PUA508 316569 8826247 Grab Surface Rosa vein 53 ca + goe +/- MnOx vein, 15 cm wide, N85E. It crosscuts a dol? limestone Strong ORF crustiform vein with thin white, yellow and bluish white fls halos Isotope sample: bluish fluorescent calcite vein (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, PTS 4PUA508 316569 8826247 Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite vein (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 629 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA509 316570 8826249 Grab Surface Rosa vein 55 Gray, mgr, fossiliferous, dol? lms. Mod-st rxl. 2% fine white ca vlts and stringers Strong ORF of fine ca vlts. Some of the microfossils show mod-st ORF, especially close to ca vlts. XRD 4PUA510 317234 8826089 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 5N Brownish gray, mod sil and rxl, fgr limestone 15% white ca vlts. Three ca events: 1st: dull; 2nd: mod -st ORF with dull halos and crosscut by bright white mm vlts. 3rd: crust of dull caliche w/ little bright blue dots. 4PUA511 317237 8826084 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 0 White ca + gray gouge. 10-15cm wide, S76E, 75NE It contains mod sil fragments. Three ca generations: 1st: dull mm ca; 2nd: wk ORF; 3rd: St ORF w/ bright white halos and spots. Isotope sample: white calcite vein (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA512 317236.5 8826079 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 5S Strongly frac'd, brownish gray, fgr, mod sil and rxl lms 10% white ca vlts and stgs, <0.5cm wide. Two calcite events: 1st: strong ORF; 2nd: mm strong white fls w/ tiny pink orange fls centers. Groundmass also show local wk- mod red fls. 4PUA513A 317236 8826074 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 10S brown gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, weak silicified lms. Strong fract and brecciated sample. 30% white ca vlts and stgs and local pale gray, mgr marble spots. Two calcite events: 1st: dull; 2nd: mod - st ORF w/ bright white halos and spots. Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PTS, XRD 4PUA513B marble Marble patches and some borders of the vein are dull. ICPMS, SEM 4PUA514 317236 8826063.5 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 20S Mod frac'd, brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl lms. 1-2% ca vlts. Two ca events: 1st: dull; 2nd: weak ORF Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA515 317236 8826054 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 30S Mod frac'd, rxl, mgr brownish gray, wk sil lms 2% discontinuos ca vlts, <1cm wide, S75E, 68SW Three ca events: 1st: mm dull ca vlts; 2nd: dull-wk ORF; 3rd: st ORF w/ bright white halos. White halos follow fractures. Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA516A 317236 8826044 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 40S Gray, mgr, rxl lms. It contains 1% planar white ca stgs crosscut by planar 1cm wide ca vein S60E, 85SW Marble spots w/ pale-weak ORF surrounded by pinkish white mm ca vlts and stgs. Isotope sample: gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA516B 40S marble Isotope sample: light brown, fgr marble (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA517 317236 8826034 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 50S St frac'd, rxl, mgr lms. 5% ca vlts and stgs: S72E, 74NE, <3cm wide, N70E, 90, <5cm Four ca generations: 1st: Dull; 2nd: bright white; 3rd wk-mod ORF; 4th: bright white. Isotope sample: gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA518 317236 8826024 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 60S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- mgr, rxl lms. 5% white ca vlts, <2cm wide, N32E, 67SE. Three ca events: 1st: Dull; 2nd: wk-mod ORF; 3rd: yellow white ca with st ORF. Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA519 317233 8826014.5 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 70S Brownish gray, fgr, mod sil and rxl limestones 3% white ca vlts and stgs, 2cm wide. Two ca events: 1st: white ca patches w/ non to wk ORF. 2nd: mm ca vlts w/ very strong red - ORF Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA520 317230 8826008 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 77S Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod frac'd and rxl lms. 5% white discontinuos ca vlts <2cm wide, N80E, 68SE, S25E, 53NE, 3vlts x m. Two ca events: 1st: Dull white calcite; 2nd: Gray ca vein with mod-st ORF. 4PUA525 317237 8826094 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 10N Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl limestones 1% stylolites, 0.5% diss py, 1% ca microvlts. Weak - mod ORF of mm stgs.630 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA526 317233.5 8826103.5 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 20N Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, marly lms. 2mm-1cm wide ca vlts, 0.5% diss py, trz microfossils. <0.5% ca vlts. 1st: no fls; 2nd: Pinkish white fls centres with dull halos. 4PUA527 317233.5 8826114 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 30N St frac'd, brown, fgr, mod rxl and sil marly lms. 2% calcite vlts. < 0.5% ca vlts. Last event w/ mod ORF 4PUA528 317241.5 8826122 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 38N St frac'd, brown, fgr, mod sil and bxd marls. 5% ca vlts: N60E, 65NW, <0.2cm wide, 3vts x m. N85E, 28SE. Three ca events: 1st: Dull - wk ORF (up to 0.3 cm wide). 2nd: pinkish white. 3rd: strong ORF. The 2 last events surrounds brown patches of lms and also invades rock mtx. 4PUA529 317246 8826130 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level Rosa vein 47N Strong frac'd, light brown, fgr, mod sil-rxl marls. 3% white ca stgs, <0.5cm wide, 1% py filling fractures Very st ORF filling fractures and invading rock mtx. Close relationship of fls w/ sulfides. 4PUA530 316219 8826251 Grab 120 level Rosa vein Greenish gray, chlz, andesite porp dike 2% ca vlts and py+po in fractures. PTS 4PUA531 316852.5 8826260 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 71.90-72.12m Rosa vein 74 Gray, mgr limestones, 5% white ca vlts, 3% stylolites calcite vlts 50-70°TCA. Most of the vlts doesn't show fls (2mm wide). Local 0.5-1cm wide vlts show thin bands of st yellow fls w/ wk ORF halos cutting non-fls veins 4PUA532 316852.5 8826264 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 75.10-75.25m Rosa vein 78 Fgr, brownish gray, mod sil lms w/ local mm ca vlts. calcite vlts 50-70°TCA No fluorescence in the thin ca vlts. Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA533 316852.5 8826268 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 80 - 80.18m Rosa vein 82 Mgr, mod sil and rxl gray limestones 5% stylolites surrounded by white ca vlts, 5cm wide. Mod-st ORF of mm sinous ca vlts w/ yellow spots on altered surfaces. 4PUA534 316852.5 8826272 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 84.30-84.50m Rosa vein 86 Strong frac'd, gray bituminous limestones 5% stylolites, mod ca vlts distribution. Three ca events: 1st: non-fls, 2nd: thin mod-st yellow fls vlts that also surrounds wk-mod ORF ca patches. 3rd: st ORF in a mm ca vein. Isotope sample: gray, bituminuos lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA535 316852.5 8826278 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 90 - 90.2 m Rosa vein 92 Gray, mgr, brecciated,mod rxl limestones. 3% stylolites crosscut by white ca vlts. weak - mod ORF in one of the last ca vlt systems. 4PUA536 316852.5 8826284 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 95.45-95.60m Rosa vein 98 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl, wk sil limestones 10% carbonaceous stylolites crosscutting irregular patches of calcite Two ca generations: 1st: dull and weak ORF in the 2nd event. Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA537 316852.5 8826288 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 100.33- 100.45m Rosa vein 102 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl limestones 10% stylolites crosscut by 1cm wide white ca vlt. Two events: 1st: dull; 2nd: mod ORF in a 1.7 cm wide ca vein 4PUA538 316852.5 8826298 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 109.73- 109.93m Rosa vein 112 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl limestones 1% stylolites, 0.5% diss py, 1% ca microvlts. Strong white to pale wk ORF in the 2nd calcite vein generation. 4PUA539 316852.5 8826304 LY 34-09- 02, 360 level 115.20- 115.33m Rosa vein 118 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl limestones Check white ca vein Mod-st ORF in most of the ca veins. Little strong yellow fls dots. 4PUA540 317264 8826232.5 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 5N of Rosa 1 Strong frac'd, mod sil and rxl, brown, fgr limestones mod ca vlts,<1.5cm wide, S58W,75SE, 8vlts x m 1% mm ca stgs up to 0.2cm wide. Two ca events: 1st: non-weak white fls. 2nd: mod ORF in the thinner ca vlts. 631 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA541 317266 8826235.5 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 10N of Rosa 1 Mod frac'd and sil, fgr limestones 3%ca vlts: S58W,75SE<1cm. Sample taken close to a fault: N30E, 36NW Two calcite generations: 1st strong yellow and white centers w/ weak red fls. 2nd: pale-wk ORF. 0.5% fine ca vlts. 4PUA542 317270 8826240 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 15N of Rosa 1 irregular and disc calcite + MnOx vein. 10% white ca vlts, <1.5cm wide, 10vlts x m: S60W, 73SE, N25E, 65NW. Crustiform ca vein w/ 2 fls generations: The first is non- to mod white fls surrounding mod ORF centers (2nd) 4PUA543 317272 8826244 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 20N of Rosa 1 Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod sil and rxl, st frac'd limestones 30% white ca vlts, <2cm wide, <5cm long. Sample taken close to a dextral fault. Two ca generations: 1st: dull - wk bluish white fls (75% veins). 2nd: mod-st ORF w/ bright white halos 4PUA544 317278 8826252.5 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 30N of Rosa 1 St frac'd, brown, fgr, mod sil and rxl limestones 10% white ca stgs subparallel to a big fault. Ca vlts accounts 1% sample. Two generation: 1st: non fls, 2nd: wk- mod ORF 4PUA545 317284 8826262 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 40N of Rosa 1 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl limestones 5% ca vlts: S55W, 62SE,<1cm wide, 6vlts x m Traces fine calcite vlts. No fls 4PUA546 317289 8826268 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 50N of Rosa 1 Brown, fgr, rxl, wk silicified limestones Between 5 and 30% ca stgs zones, no longer than 20cm. Three ca generations: 1st-2nd: dull. 3rd: mod ORF. 4PUA547 317165 8826073 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 40S Brown, fgr, st frac'd and mod silicified limestones 2% ca vlts and stgs. Two calcite generations: 1st dull, 2nd: mod-st ORF 4PUA548 317162 8826069 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 45S Brownish gray, f-mgr, wk silicified limestones 2% ca vlts, trz diss py. Four ca generations: 1st: thin mod-st yellow-white fls. 2nd: wk- mod red-ORF. 3rd: strong ORF; 4th: non-fls 4PUA549 317156 8826060.5 Grab Xc 130NE - 300 level Rosa vein 55S Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod sil and st frac'd limestone 1% ca vlts, trz-0.5% py in fract. Trz rhod vlts. 0.5% fine ca vlts. Two calcite gen w/ mod-st ORF and bright yellow- white halos. 4PUA550 316714 8826237 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 5N St frac'd, brownish gray, mgr, rxl limestones 15% ca vlts, 0.5-10cm wide: N15E, N35W, 60NE, N50E, 65SE, 9v x m. Three ca events. 1st: thin mm non fls veins. 2nd: wk ORF with non- fls halos. 3rd: st ORF w/ yellow white halos 4PUA551 316713 8826242 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 10N St frac'd, gray, fgr, rxl limestones 30% white ca vlts, trz-0.5% diss py. Two vlts systems: N10W, 70SW, <2cm 6v x m. N40E, 75NW, <2cm, trz sulf, 9v x m. Very st ORF w/ local bright white mm halos and dots. 1st gen (non fls veins) is partially replaced by the ORF ones. 4PUA552 316712 8826247 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 15N Fault zone filled w/ white ca: N20E, 58NW. 50% white ca vlts parallel to the fault: 13v x m, <1.5cm wide Mod - st ORF in 60% ca spots. 4PUA553 316711 8826252 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 20N St frac'd, fgr, gray, mod rxl limestones 10% ca stgs: N15E, 60NW Non fls ca patch contains wk- mod ORF spots and is also crosscut by mm pinkish white ca vlts. 632 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA554 316710.5 8826257 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 25N St frac'd, gray-brown gray, fgr, mod rxl limestones 20% white ca stgs and vlts, most of them w/mm brown haloes, <6cm wide: N70E, 65- 70NW, 8v x m. They are crosscut by N10W, 90 ca vlts, <2cm, 10v x m. Three ca events are recognized. 1st: mm non fls veins. 2nd: mm st white fls w/ mod ORF centers. 3rd: 2-5mm wide mod ORF vlts. XRD, PTS 4PUA555 316709 8826262 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 30N Fault zone filled w/ white ca: N20E, 74SE afecting brown gray, mgr, rxl and mod sil limestones 5% white mm to 1cm wide ca stgs and vlts. wk-mod ORF in 95% vlts. Local wk ORF calcite fragments. 4PUA556 316708 8826267 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 35N mgr, mod rxl, brownish gray marly limestones 20% white ca vlts: N10W, 75SW, 15v x m. N40E, 65NW, 10v x m. Both systems < 2.5cm wide. Three ca generations: 1st: pale- wk ORF. 2nd: mod-st ORF. 3rd: st yellowish white fls halos w/ pinkish centers. Very st frac'd zone w/ trz black slickensides, 4PUA557 316707 8826272 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 40N Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl limestones. 3% mm ca vlts and 5% white ca vlts <1.5cm wide. weak ORF replacing partially former non fls ca vlts. 4PUA558 316705.5 8826277 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 45N Mod sil, brownish gray, f- mgr limestones. 3% white ca vlts, < 2cm wide, trz rhod?: N38E, 80NW crosscutting ca and ca+alab vlts. Mod-st ORF replacing first non fls vlts and filling very thin ca vlts. 4PUA559 316704.5 8826282 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 50N St frac'd, fgr, mod sil and rxl, brownish gray marly Limestones 2% white ca stgs, <0.5cm, N80E, 75NW. No-pale white fls. 4PUA560 316702.5 8826291.5 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 60N St frac'd, f-mgr, rxl, brownish gray limestones 15% ca vlts: N30E, 90 <2cm, 9v x m. Two generations of cal vlts. 1st: dull. 2nd: thin zoned with mod ORF centres and mod-st yellow white halos. 4PUA561 316700.5 8826301 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 70N St frac'd, f-mgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones 15-20% ca vlts: N10W, 70NE, 2cm wide, 2v x m. N65E, 75NW, 3cm, 5v x m (syntectonic) No fluorescence vlts. 4PUA562 316729 8826176 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 60S Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, st frac'd limestones 5% ca vlts, <1cm wide. Two calcite generations: 1st mm dull vlts. 2nd: wk-mod ORF centers w/ non fls halos. Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA563 316731 8826171 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 65S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- mgr, mod rxl limestones 15% white ca vlts and stgs, <1cm wide, N60E, 85SE, 12 v x m. Two calcite generations: 1st: dull. 2nd: weak white w/ very weak ORF centers. 4PUA564 316728 8826165 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 70S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- mgr, mod rxl limestones 10% ca stgs. Most of the veins are dull w/ weak bluish white fls. Weak ORF in a 2nd mm ca generation. Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA565 316733 8826161 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 75S Parallel ca vlt system: N30E, 83NW, crosscuts fgr, bxd, mod sil, brown gray lms Mod-st ORF replacing initial stage of non fls calcite veins 4PUA566 316733 8826156 Grab Xc 710NW - 180 level Rosa vein 80S St frac'd, gray, mgr, mod rxl limestones 10% ca vlts, stgs and patches. Sample close to a ca vein: N10W, 82SW. Two calcite generations: 1st: Dull to bluish white fls in mm ca vlts. 2nd: mod-strong ORF in thicker ca veins.633 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA567A 317107 8826141.5 Grab Xc s/n - 450 level Rosa vein 0 Sphalerite, galena ± ca, ± Mn sil vein (Rosa vein) 20% MnOx cover the sample, 1% assoc ca vlts. Spots of very strong ORF within a non fls matrix PTS 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 Grab Xc s/n - 450 level Rosa vein 0 Brecciated white ca vein w/ sil limestone fragm (center of Rosa vein) MnOx patches within the sample do not fluoresce Two fls ca vein generations: st ORF is crosscut by a very st ORF mm system. Isotope sample: brecciated white calcite vein (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, Sr/Sr, PTS, SEM 4PUA567C 317106 8826141 Grab Xc s/n - 450 level Rosa vein 0 Silicified bx w/ 2% white ca fragm (footwall Rosa vein) 2% ca stgs, goe stains, 15% MnOx covering Mn silicates Very strong ORF of veins and fragments. Local bright white mm ca stgs. MnOx doesn't fluoresce. 4PUA568 317117 8826142.5 Grab Xc s/n - 450 level Rosa vein 5 St frac'd, mod sil, fgr, brownish gray limestones ca vlts, 10v x m, <1cm wide, N70E, 70NW Two calcite generations: 1st: dull. 2nd: weak ORF Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA569 317119.5 8826151 Grab Xc s/n - 450 level Rosa vein 14 Mod frac'd, and sil, fgr, brown marly limestones 2% ca vlts Weak white fluorescence Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA570 317114.5 8826154.5 LY 01-94, 450 level 0.19-0.32m Rosa vein 16 Dark gray limestone with fine argillic fracture fillings. no vlts Very few ca vlts in the sample. No fluorescence signature. 4PUA571 317113 8826159 LY 01-94, 450 level 5.02-5.18m Rosa vein 20 Brown gray, wk-mod sil limestones 2% styolites Traces mm ca vlts. No fluorescence signatures. 4PUA572 317111 8826164 LY 01-94, 450 level 10.19-10.35m Rosa vein 24 Brown gray, wk-mod sil limestones 2% styolites 0.5% mm calcite vlts. No fluorescence signatures. Isotope sample:gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PTS 4PUA573 317110 8826168 LY 01-94, 450 level 14.84-14.98m Rosa vein 27 Sandy laminated marls (calc-arenites?) Fracture orientation 20°TCA 1% calcite vlts. No fluorescence. 4PUA574 317107.5 8826172 LY 01-94, 450 level 19.78-19.98m Rosa vein 31 Gray, fgr limestones 5% stylolites filled w/ organic matter 0.5% mm sinous calcite vlts., with weak - mod yellow to white fluorescence. 4PUA575 317105.5 8826178 LY 01-94, 450 level 24.98-25.16m Rosa vein 36 Gray, fgr limestones 5% stylolites filled w/ organic matter Local calcite vlts, 1-2mm wide, no fluorescence. Isotope sample:gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 4PUA576 317104 8826180 LY 01-94, 450 level 28.64-28.81m Rosa vein 39 Gray, fgr limestones 5% stylolites filled w/ organic matter Zoned calcite vlts (1-40 mm wide), showing pale ORF centers (0.5cm max) with bright white fls halos Local st yellow fls spots. 4PUA577 317103.5 8826182 LY 01-94, 450 level 30 - 30.18m Rosa vein 41 Gray, fgr limestones 5% stylolites filled w/ organic matter Weak-mod ORF centers with very thin white Fls halos in a 1 cm wide calcite vein, mm vlts are mostly dull. 4PUA578 317102 8826186 LY 01-94, 450 level 35.04-35.15m Rosa vein 44 Dark gray limestone with fine argillic fracture fillings. 0.5% mm calcite vlts. Mod yellowish white fls spots in a local 0.3cm wide ca vlt. Other veinlets are dull. ICPMS 4PUA579 317100 8826191 LY 01-94, 450 level 40 -40.15m Rosa vein 49 Weak silicified, gray limestone 3% milimetric calcite vlts and filling voids. wk-mod ORF of voids. Veinlets don't fluoresce. 4PUA580 317098 8826195 LY 01-94, 450 level 44.96-45.11m Rosa vein 52 Weak silicified, gray limestone 1% calcite veinlets. Local mm strong ORF center surrounded by a weak white fluorescent halo. Other veins are dull. 634 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA581 317097 8826198 LY 01-94, 450 level 48.20-48.30m Rosa vein 55 Weak silicified, gray limestone Crustiform vein with several calcite generations. Local very weak ORF centers surrounded by thin white fls halos w/yellow spots. Late veins have mod ORF (0.2mm wide). 4PUA582 317096 8826200 LY 01-94, 450 level 49.98-50.16m Rosa vein 57 Brecciatted lms with 30% calcite filling fractures, 40° TCA Two percent calcite veinlets Mod ORF centers surrounded by non fluorescent halos. ICPMS 4PUA583 317094 8826205 LY 01-94, 450 level 55.10-55.26m Rosa vein 62 Brecciated gray limestone 0.5% mm calcite vlts. No fluorescence. Local trz mod yellow white fls dots in the matrix. 4PUA584 317092 8826210 LY 01-94, 450 level 59.98-60.17m Rosa vein 66 Weak silicified, gray limestone Sample taken close to a mineralized interval: 2.5 oz Ag, 0.2%Pb, 0.5%Zn, 2% Mn 1% calcite vlts showing local mod-strong ORF (25%), yellow fls (20%) and non fluorescence (55%). 4PUA585 317091 8826214 LY 01-94, 450 level 65.25-65.40m Rosa vein 70 Strong fractured gray limestones with trz diss py 1% milimetric calcite veinlets. Local mod white fluorescence changing to pale pink in color. ICPMS 4PUA586 317089 8826218 LY 01-94, 450 level 70.09-70.28m Rosa vein 74 Strong fractured gray limestones Crustiform and brecciated calcite vein. Crustiform bxd ca vein w/ wk- mod ORF and mm yellow white halos. Local mod bluish white fls spots. ORF is also observable in mm ca vlts. 4PUA587 317086 8826225 LY 01-94, 450 level 75.14-75.32m Rosa vein 80 Strong fractured gray limestones 2mm wide calcite veinlets (5%) st white fluorescence calcite veins crosscut dull and wk ORF mm veins. 4PUA588 316611 8826190 Grab Surface Rosa vein 3 Brownish gray, mgr, massive limestones 1% mm white ca stgs: S66E, 90, N35E, 72NW, 8v x m. ca + MnOx vlts: N90, S40W, 5cm, 3v x m. Weak-mod yellowish white fls of vlts on surface. First generation is dull. Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA589 316548 8826248 Grab Surface Rosa vein 47 Gray-brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl, bxd limestones sub-parallel ca+goe+MnOx vlts: N75-85E, 90, 0.2-2cm wide. Weak-mod ORF surrounded by thin bright white halos. Local st ORF fragments within dark gray MnOx vein. 4PUA590 316545 8826257 Grab Surface Rosa vein 54 Brownish gray, mgr, mod sil, massive limestones 5% ca vlts: 0.3cm wide, N63E, 87NW, 5v x m. S65E, 90. Sample taken close to a ca+MnOx vein Two calcite generations: 1st: dull is partially replaced by mod ORF calcite. 2nd: thin mm strong ORF ca stgs. 4PUA591 316541.5 8826266.5 Grab Surface Rosa vein 62 Mod weath, mgr, mod-st rxl, massive limestones 10% disc white ca vlts+/- MnOx patches, 2- 30cm wide, S50-65E. It crosscuts a N80E ca+MnOx vlts Two calcite events: 1st: dull. 2nd: mod-st ORF of thin ca vlts and within fractures of non fls ones. Local yellow white spots in altered surfaces. 4PUA592A 316539 8826274 Grab Surface Rosa vein 69 Cgr, white ca vein: S65E, 58NW It contains MnOx patches and 3% ca+MnOx+/- goe vlts, 1-5cm wide Mod-strong ORF. Local tiny bright blue dots randomly distributed. 4PUA592B 316539 8826274 Grab Surface Rosa vein 69 MnOx+alabandite+rhod +/-ca patches within a ca vein 1 x 20m ore body w/trz jarosite Mod-strong ORF of calcite vlts. Local deep blue dots on altered surfaces. PTS, XRD 4PUA593 316538 8826276 Grab Surface Rosa vein 70 Brownish gray, m-cgr, rxl, mod sil, massive limestones 30% ca+MnOx+/-goe+/-jar vlts Two calcite generations: 1st: dull w/ wk-mod ORF centers that vary to bright white and orange. 2nd: very fine st ORF 635 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA594 316535 8826285 Grab Surface Rosa vein 78 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl, wk sil, massive limestones 5% white ca vlts, 0.2-1cm wide, N30E, 3v x m. S65-80E, 90, 0.3-10cm wide Thick calcite vein doesn't show fluorescence. Fine veins have mod ORF. 4PUA595 316539 8826298 Grab Surface Rosa vein 91 Brownish gray, mgr, mod sil and rxl massive limestones 8% white ca vlts, 0.3-1cm wide: S70W, 90, 8v x m. S35-55E, 70-85SW, 7v x m, <0.5cm Two calcite events. 1st: dull. 2nd: wk-mod ORF 4PUA596 316542.5 8826307.5 Grab Surface Rosa vein 102 Brownish gray, mgr, mod sil and rxl massive limestones 5% ca + MnOx vlts, <7cm, S45E, 90, S85E, 90, 6v x m, <2cm wide No vlts in the sample. No fluorescence. 4PUA597 316546 8826317 Grab Surface Rosa vein 112 Brownish gray, mgr, mod sil and rxl massive limestones 15% ca +/-MnOx vlts: S30-60E, <5cm No fluorescence 4PUA598 316550 8826326 Grab Surface Rosa vein 122 Mod weath, mgr, brownish gray limestones 10% ca+/-MnOx vlts: S40E, 5v x m, <2.5cm wide. no-wk ORF 4PUA622 316360 8826264 Grab Surface Rosa vein 5 30cm wide fault vein w/anastomosing white ca vlts >5cm wide. 1%goe, trz MnOx, 5% gray lms frag Two calcite generations. 1st: dull. 2nd: mod ORF replacing the first event. 4PUA623 316358 8826269 Grab Surface Rosa vein 11 Mod frac'd, weath and sil brownish gray, fgr limestones 3% mm MnOx+ca vlts: N50E, 90, 12v x m. Sample taken 50cm N of ca+MnOx vein: N45E, 85SE. No - weak ORF in some of the mm calcite veins. Isotope sample: brownish gray, weak silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA624 316356 8826273 Grab Surface Rosa vein 14 Brownish gray, fgr, mod- wk sil, massive limestones 2% ca vlts and stgs w/ local MnOx 0.1-3cm wide: S60E, 70NE, 5v x m; N28E, 80SE, <0.5cm, 2v x m. Crustiform calcite vein with a weak ORF center surrounded by mm dull halos. Isotope sample: brownish gray, weak silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA625 316352.5 8826283 Grab Surface Rosa vein 24 Brownish gray to gray, st frac'd limestones 5% ca±MnOx vlts, <1cm wide: N80E, 64NW, 4v x m. 5% white ca patches. Two calcite events. 1st: dull. 2nd: wk-mod ORF Isotope sample: brownish gray, weak silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA626 316349 8826292 Grab Surface Rosa vein 34 Brownish gray, fgr, mod weath, massive, st frac'd limestones. 10% white ca stgs, 10cm long, 1cm wide, 1% MnOx in fractures. Crustiform calcite vlts w/ mod-st ORF centre varying into orange and white fls Non-fls halos to crustiform veins 4PUA627 316345 8826301 Grab Surface Rosa vein 42 Brownish gray, f-mgr, massive, wk weath, mod rxl limestones. 10% MnOx vlts forming a spiderweb texture; 2% ca±MnOx vlts and stgs: N60E, 60NW, <1cm, 5v x m. Local weak ORF in some of the calcite veins. 4PUA628 316348 8826252 Grab Surface, 4830m Rosa vein 0 Crustiform ca + MnOx massive lens, 20cm wide. Goethite in fractures Non fluorescent centre crosscut by yellow white fluorescent fract. Last ca event shows st ORF. Isotope sample:crustiform calcite ± MnOx vein (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA629 316357 8826263 Grab Surface Rosa vein 4 St frac'd, gray-brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, wk sil limestone. 10% white ca stgs, <1cm wide, S44W, 58SE, 5v x m. Crustiform veins: MnOx + ca: S65E, 90, 1-10cm wide, 4v x m. Two calcite generations. 1st: dull. 2nd: moderate - local strong ORF. Isotope sample: brownish gray, weak silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O 4PUA630 316364 8826304 Grab Surface Rosa vein 45 Brownish gray,f-mgr, mod weath, st frac'd, mod-st rxl limestones. 10% white ca stgs up to 2cm wide: S58W, 73NW, N55E,90, 6v x m Non fluorescen 4PUA631 316358 8826326 Grab Surface Rosa vein 67 Gray-brownish gray, mgr, rxl limestones w/lapiaz texture 10% white ca vlts and stgs, <3cm wide: S75E,74NE, 3v x m, N25E, 8v x m Two calcite generations. 1st: mm ca vlts are dull. 2nd: mod- strong ORF in thick veins.636 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA652 Grab Tajo 255-240 level Rosa vein Alabandite, rhodocrosite, calcite, py, proustite (Rosa vein) PTS 4PUA653 Grab Tajo 775, 060 level Magaly orebody Massive py, calcite, alabandite (Magaly orebody) Huantajalla 3PUA641-W 317777 8824949.5 Drilled material Surface Marion 0 White colloform calcite vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide. This vein crosscut a N247°, 90° vein. Ninety percent white and 10% non fls vein Pale pink fls centre surrounded by w/ mod red fls vein and by an outer mod yellow red halo. Isotope sample: white fluorescent calcite vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, Sr/Sr, PIMA 3PUA641-Y 317777 8824949.5 Drilled material Surface Marion 0 White colloform calcite vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide. This vein crosscut a N247°, 90° vein. Ninety- nine yellow, 1% non fluorescent calcite Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence calcite vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, Sr/Sr 3PUA642 317775 8824946.5 Grab Surface, 4966m Marion 5 Brownish gray, fgr limestones High distribution of calcite vlts: N90°, 14v x m, <0.3cm wide. Bright yellow white fine calcite stgs w/ local red spots crosscut a 1st non fls system. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA643 317774 8824942 Grab Surface Marion 9.5 Brownish gray, fgr lms w/ FeOx+MnO stains 1% fine calcite vlts. No fluorescence. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA644 317773 8824937 Grab Surface Marion 14 Banded calcite vein Strike: N90°, 3.5m wide. Mod red fls spots surrounded by bright white blue halos crosscut bright yellow spots. PIMA 3PUA645 317772 8824929 Grab Surface Marion 17.5 Fgr, gray limestones High density of calcite vlts. Wk-mod white fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA646 317771.5 8824925 Grab Surface Marion 21 Fgr, brown limestones Three calcite gen. 1st stage: N202°. 2nd stage: N45°, 90°, 0.2-2cm wide, 12v x m. 3rd stage: N190°, 15cm wide. Wk-mod white fluorescence ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA647 317771 8824922 Grab Surface Marion 24.5 Brecciated and locally crustiform calcite vein Strike: N170°, 15cm wide, perpendicular to Marion vein system. Very weak white fluorescent vein w/ st red fluorescent fractures. 3PUA648 317770.5 8824918 Grab Surface Marion 28 Fgr, brownish gray limestones Moderate calcite distribution: N0°, 90°; N73°, 77°; 6v x m, <0.4cm wide. No vlts found in the sample. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA649 317770 8824915 Grab Surface Marion 32 Mod frac, fgr, marly limestones Mod distribution of calcite vlts, <0.2cm wide. Local bright white spot in a calcite vlt ICPMS 3PUA650-W 317770 8824911 Grab Surface Marion 35 Crustiform calcite vein This N238° vein system, 0.2-2.5cm wide is crosscut by a conjugated N200°, <0.3cm wide system. There are 6v x m in total. Red fls centre with st yellow and wk-mod white halos. A late event shows mod pink fls. Isotope sample: white fluorescent calcite vein. 95% white, and 5% non fls vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA, PTS 3PUA650-Y 317770 8824911 Surface Marion 35 Crustiform calcite vein 65% yellow, 35% no fluorescent and trz white - light green fluorescent vein Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence calcite vein δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA651 317769.5 8824903.5 Grab Surface Marion 43 Crustiform and oxidized calcite vein Strike: N283°, 77°; 50cm wide. Similar to the before sample. PIMA 3PUA652 317769.5 8824901 Grab Surface Marion 45 Brownish gray, marly limestones Planar and very thin calcite vlts, 1mm wide, 3v x m, N150°. No - trz red fluorescence. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA653 317769.5 8824898 Grab Surface Marion 48 Brownish gray, marly limestones No calcite vlts Local mod yellow fls spots in altered surfaces. ICPMS 3PUA654 317768.5 8824893 Grab Surface Marion 53 Calcite vein N80°, 85°, 1-10cm wide. It crosscuts the marly Jumasha IV sequence. Four systems are recognized in this crustiform vein: white, yellow, orange red and dull. A late bright red vlt is also distinguished. PIMA637 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA655 317768 8824888 Grab Surface Marion 58 Brownish gray, marly limestones Local calcite stringers. No vlts found in the sample. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA Casualidad Mine 3PUA557 316667 8825526 Grab Xc 473NE, Level 450 Sandra Dacite dike Mod fls of feldspars. Strong red fls of calcite veinlets. Porphyritic, cgr, light gray, argillized dacite in the footwall of the Sandra vein PIMA 3PUA558 316643.5 8825516 Grab Xc 473NE, Level 450 Sandra Dacite dike Strong fls of calcite veins. Mod red- purple fls of argz felspars. Porphyritic, f-mgr, biotitic dacite close to a garnet skarn halo PIMA 3PUA574 316423.5 8825201.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 0 Ore body close to the footwall of the vein High density of calcite vlts close to a brecciated vein: N177°, 57°; 2m wide Fine vlts with strong red fls. Crosscut mod red fls, thicker veins with white halos. PIMA 3PUA575 316425 8825201 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 1 Plomopampa vein Proust+johans+stib? Local bright red spots within calcite. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA576 316428.5 8825201.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 4 Weak frac, fgr, gray limestones Weak presence of calcite vlts <1mm wide No fluorescence. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA577 316432.5 8825198.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 9 Massive dark gray marly limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N68°, 90°, 0.2- 0.5cm wide, 10v x m Weak red fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA578 316436.5 8825195 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 14 Massive dark gray marly limestones Trace amounts of very fine calcite vlts <2 mm wide. No fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA579 316440 8825191.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 19 Massive dark gray limestones Trace amounts of very fine calcite vlts < 2 mm wide. No fluorescence. Calcite vlt assoc w/ bedding shows weak fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA580 316443.5 8825188 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 24 Massive dark gray limestones Weak presence of calcite vlts, 1 - 5 mm wide: N240-245°, 80-90°; 2v x m Mod-st red fluorescence. No vlts in the slab. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA581 316447.5 8825185.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 29 Massive gray limestones Thin calcite vlts parallel to the bedding, 2v x m Weak red fluorescence (axis of the veins). No vlts in the slab. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA582 316431.5 8825199 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 8 Massive gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N68°, 90°, 0.2- 0.5cm wide, 10v x m Weak red fluorescence 3PUA583 316452.5 8825183 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 33.5 Massive gray marly limestones Fault zone with calcite vlts <0.3cm wide, N270°, 76° Weak red fluorescence and strong yellow fls on a n uneven surface. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA584 316456.5 8825181 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 38.5 Mod fract, brownish gray marly limestones Local discontinuos, calcite vlts <3mm wide Calcite vlts perpendicular to bedding fluoresces red bright whereas parallel ones show weak fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA585 316461 8825178.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 43.5 Laminated marly limestones Mod distribution of calcite vlts parallel to the bedding: 5v x m Mod - strong red fluorescence. Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite vein. Drilled material δ13C, δ18O, PIMA 3PUA586 316465 8825176 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 48.5 Mod fract, dark gray marly limestones Weak dist of calcite vlts parallel to the bedding: 5v x m and assoc w/ fault N78° Traces of fluorescence assoc w/ fault. No vlts in the slab. ICPMS 3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 53.5 Mod fract, gray limestones No calcite vlts No vlts in the slab. Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS 3PUA588 316473.5 8825170.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 58.5 Mgr, gray limestones very weak presence of calcite vlts, 1 - 5 mm wide, 2v x m Mod red fluorescence. No vlts in the slab. ICPMS638 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA589 316478 8825168 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 63.5 Gray limestones Weak presence of calcite vlts, 2 - 5 mm wide, 2v x m, N80°, 90°. Weak fluorescence. No vlts in the slab. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA590 316482 8825165 Grab Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 68.5 Dark gray marly limestones Weak presence of calcite vlts, 2 mm wide, 4v x m, N80°, 90°. Weak fluorescence. No vlts in the slab. ICPMS 3PUA608 316167 8824910 Grab Surface, 4681m Plomopampa 100 Massive, fossiliferous, gray limestones N245°, 82°; 4v x m. <0.5cm wide Local spots of altered calcite show mod yellow white fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA609 316167 8824928 Grab Surface, 4680m Plomopampa 90 Brownish gray, fgr, wk rxl limestones Traces amounts of calcite vlts. Bitumen in fractures Similar to the before sample. One of the vlts shows a mod-st orange red fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA610 316150 8824940 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 64 St oxidized, mod chloritized dacitic dike 0.5% qtz eyes, 0.5% diss py. N220°, 75°. Two meters halo of calcite+MnOx vlts No fluorescence. PIMA 3PUA611 316150 8824940 Grab Surface Plomopampa 65 Mod sil, st frac limestones close to a dacite dike Calcite+MnOx vlts: 8v x m, 0.3cm wide, parallel to the dike strike Crustiform zonation: deep red in the middle surrounded by dull haloes. Altered calcite shows wk yellow white fluorescence. PIMA 3PUA612 316150 8824956 Grab Surface, 4673m Plomopampa 52 Massive, rxl, gray limestones Calcite vlts <2mm wide, N30°, 75°, 12v x m No vlts found in the sample. ICPMS 3PUA613 316142 8824965 Grab Surface Plomopampa 43 Mod to st rxl, brecciated, gray limestones MnOx brecciated structure assoc w/ calcite vlts: 5v x m, <0.2 cm wide. Local formation of calcite stwk Strong red fluorescence in the thick veins crosscut by a fine white fluorescence system. PIMA 3PUA614 316147 8824965.5 Grab Surface, 4670m Plomopampa 45 Fgr, wk rxl, brownish gray bitum limestone No calcite vlts No vlts found in the sample. ICPMS, XRD 3PUA615 316137 8824972 Grab Surface Plomopampa 35 Breccciated MnOx + calcite structure (vein) Local formation of calcite stwk. N240°, 74°; 1- 1.5m wide, Trz FeOx. See picture Gossanous sample showing bright red and white fluorescent calcite spots PIMA 3PUA616 316137.5 8824980 Grab and RC sample Surface, 4661m Plomopampa 28 Brownish gray, fgr limestones High density of calcite vlts Mod orange red fluorescence ICPMS 3PUA617 316138 8824988 Grab Surface, 4658m Plomopampa 20 Fgr, brownish gray, wk bitum limestones High density of discontinuos calcite vlts: N80°E, 15v x m, 0.2-1cm wide. Local MnOx stains Local weak red fluorescence along the margins of the calcite veins. ICPMS 3PUA618 316125 8824990 Grab Surface Plomopampa 10 Calcite vein Mod oxidized, cgr, calcite vein, N255°, 87°; 30 cm wide. MnOx+goe stains Deep red fluorescence and some yellowish spots along fractures. MnOx looks dull. PIMA 3PUA619 316125 8824990 Grab Surface, 4651m Plomopampa 10 Fgr, brownish gray limestones Mod calcite vlts, 0.2-0.5 cm wide Trz yellowish white fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA620 316118 8825003 Grab Surface, 4659m Plomopampa 0 Fgr, wk rxl, st frac, brownish gray limestone High density of calcite vlts: N180°, 55°; N60°, 90°; 2-3mm wide. Sample close to the Plomopampa vein Mod-strong orange red fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA621 316122 8824990 Grab Surface Plomopampa 0 Calcite vein Irregular and discontinuos, white calcite vlts: N90°, 90°; 15v x m Mod-strong fluorescence crosscutting dull white calcite vlts (tension gashes) PIMA 3PUA665 315878 8824842 Grab Surface Plomopampa 0 Greenish gray, mgr, chld, mod frac andesitic dike Mod distribution of calcite vlts: N50-55°, 90°; 2cm wide, 7v x m. Strong red fluorescence One percent fine diss py especially along calcite vlts PIMA 3PUA666 315877 8824845 Grab Surface Plomopampa 5 Gray limestones Subparallel calcite+MnO+FeOx vlt system: N63°, 8v x m, 0.5-3cm wide. No vlts in the sample. Altered zones show weak white fluorescence. ICPMS, XRD 639 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA667 315874 8824847.5 Grab Surface Plomopampa 10 Strong fract, mgr, gray limestones Trz calcite vlts assoc w/ MnOx coatings. Strong red fluorescence in the stringers. ICPMS 3PUA668 315872 8824851 Grab Surface Plomopampa 15 Brownish gray, mgr, marly limestones Local calcite+MnO vlts: N228°, 70°, 1cm wide, 2v x m. Local yellow white fluorescence in the thin vlts. ICPMS 3PUA669 315863 8824863 Grab Surface Plomopampa 27 Fgr, gray marly limestones Local calcite + MnO + FeOx vlts, N65° No vlts in the slab. ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA670 315860 8824868 Grab Surface Plomopampa 35 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl limestones High density of mm calcite vlts: N68-75°, crosscut by N40° system, 15v x m. Mod red fluorescence system crosscut bright white thin calcite vlt system. ICPMS 3PUA671 315858 8824875 Grab Surface Plomopampa 40 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl limestones High density of mm calcite vlts: N68-75°, crosscut by N40° system, 10v x m. Irregular distribution of yellowish white fluorescence in altered surfaces. ICPMS 3PUA672 315854 8824878 Grab Surface Plomopampa 45 Gray limestones High density of calcite vlts: N85-100°, crosscut by N40° system, 10v x m, <0.5cm wide. Mod ORF w/ bright yellow spots appear in very thin planar vlt system and also in altered surfaces. ICPMS 3PUA673 315852 8824884 Grab Surface Plomopampa 50 Dark gray, mgr, rxl limestones High density of discontinuos calcite vlts: N85- 100°, crosscut by N40° system, 10v x m, <0.5cm wide. No vlts in the slab. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA674 315847 8824873 Grab Surface Plomopampa 43 Calcite veinlet N320°, 70°; 0.3-2.5cm wide. Mod ORF changes into a bright orange to yellow one in fract and altered surfaces. PIMA 3PUA675 315887 8824820 Grab Surface Plomopampa 23.5 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. Calcite vlts: N60°, <0.8cm wide, 3v x m. Mod red fluorescence in very thin vlt system. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA676 315890 8824815 Grab Surface Plomopampa 30 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. Mod density of discontinuos calcite + MnO + goe vlts: N85-100°, crosscut by N40° system, 8v x m, <0.5cm wide. Mod-st ORF in the 2nd gen. Yellowish white fluorescence in fractures. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA677 315892 8824810 Grab Surface Plomopampa 35 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. Trz calcite vlts. Local red spots in a mm calcite stringer ICPMS 3PUA678 315894 8824805 Grab Surface Plomopampa 40 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. Mod random calcite vlts distribution Mod beige to white fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA679 315897 8824800 Grab Surface Plomopampa 45 Brownish gray, massive, mgr limestones Mod density of discontinuos and planar (1st stage) calcite vlts: N80°, 6v x m, <0.2-0.8cm wide. Local red spots in the altered calcite veinlets. Non-fls in the rest of the veins. ICPMS 3PUA680 315897.5 8824795 Grab Surface Plomopampa 50 Brownish gray, massive, mgr, mod rxl limestones Weak calcite vlt distribution: 2v x m. Mod red fluorescence in thin vlts, cream white fluorescence in thicker vlts. ICPMS 3PUA681 315909 8824780 Grab Surface Plomopampa 67 Brownish gray, fgr limestones Two calcite vlt system: N255°, 67° (planar); and N265°, 85° (echelon). Weak yellowish white fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA682 315916 8824782 Grab Surface Plomopampa 70 Calcite vlts N80°, 74°, <1cm wide, 12v x m. Crustiform zonation w/ pale red core surrounded by a white non fls system. PIMA 3PUA683 315884 8824825 Grab Surface Plomopampa 15 Brownish gray, mod rxl, mgr limestones Subparallel mm MnOx vlts (N75°, 12v x m) crosscut calcite system (N35°, 1cm wide). Mod red fluorescence on the last calcite stage. The 1st gen doesn't fluoresces. ICPMS 3PUA684 315880 8824838 Grab Surface Plomopampa 2 Oxidized calcite vein N252°, 45°; 2.5m wide. Goe+MnOx stains. Mod-st red fluorescence on fresh surfaces. Yellow fluorescence appears on altered surfaces. PIMA640 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA685 315882 8824833 Grab Surface Plomopampa 6 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl limestones Footwall of a calcite vein crosscut by 10% calcite vlts, 1cm wide with some MnOx crusts. Mod -red fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA686 315607 8824673 Grab Surface Plomopampa 0 Brecciated and oxidized, white calcite vein Two vein systems: N206°, 54° and N175°, 45°, are crosscut by a late py+ga vlt system. Mod-strong red fluorescence. Local yellow spots within calcite veins in fract and altered zones. 3PUA687 315620 8824662 Grab Surface Plomopampa 7.5 Banded calcite vein Mod density of discontinuos calcite vlts: N30°, N155° and N107° systems; 10v x m; <1-3cm wide. ORF crustiform vein with a yellow fls halo. Bright yellow fls in fractures. PIMA 3PUA688 315615 8824666 Grab Surface Plomopampa 7 Brownish gray limestones Weak calcite vlt distribution (1%), <1mm wide. No fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA689 315625 8824655 Grab Surface Plomopampa 14 Brownish gray, fgr limestones 5% calcite vlts. Local stwk system Local bright yellow - red fluorescence in the center of some very thin vlts. ICPMS 3PUA690 315633 8824647 Grab Surface Plomopampa 28 Brownish gray, fgr limestones Trz calcite vlts. Very weak red fluorescence in some mm vlts. ICPMS, XRD 3PUA691 315636.5 8824640 Grab Surface Plomopampa 35 Brownish gray, mgr, wk rxl limestones very weak calcite distribution: 2v x m, N63- 75°, 0.5-3cm wide. No fluorescence ICPMS 3PUA692 315642 8824635 Grab Surface Plomopampa 42 Crustiform calcite vein It crosscut brownish gray, mgr limestones Very weak red fluorescence in some layers. Very weak yellow white and blue haloes. PIMA 3PUA693 315645 8824633 Grab Surface Plomopampa 45 Brownish gray, mgr limestones Mod density calcite vlts: N50°, N325°, 6v x m, <2mm wide. No vlts in the slab. ICPMS 3PUA694 315651.5 8824628 Grab Surface Plomopampa 50 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl limestones Weak calcite vlt population: N345°, 1-2cm wide, 2v x m. Local MnOx vlts, N210°, 60°, 2mm wide. Local bright yellow white fluorescence in the mm calcite vlts. ICPMS 3PUA695 315672 8824646 Grab Surface Plomopampa 61 Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, bituminous limestones Weak calcite population: N270°, <1cm wide. One percent fossils. Local yellow white spots in dull veins and within mm veinlets. ICPMS, PIMA, XRD 3PUA696 315602 8824685 Grab Surface Plomopampa 14 Brownish gray limestones Mod density calcite vlts: N320°, 90°, 6v x m, <1cm wide. White yellow fls spots are distinguished on altered surfaces. ICPMS 3PUA697 315594 8824708 Grab Surface Plomopampa 25 Brownish gray, fgr, bituminous limestones Trz calcite vlts: N63°, 90°, 0.2cm wide. Very weak yellow white fluorescence on altered surfaces. ICPMS 3PUA698 315584 8824703 Grab Surface Plomopampa 28 Brownish gray, mgr, wk rxl limestones High density calcite vlts: N32°, N295°, 11v x m, <0.3cm wide. Traces of white yellow and local blue spots appear only on the very fine calcite vlts. ICPMS, PIMA 4PUA649 315491 8824654 Grab Surface Plomopampa Light gray, aphanitic, wk chlz and pyz dacite dike. 5% qtz eyes, 0.5% diss py, 1.5m wide. 2% alb? Feldspars no fluorescence PTS 4PUA650 315317 8824468 Grab Surface Plomopampa Gray, mgr, rxl limestones w/lapiaz texture. 15cm ca vlt riedel texture: S40W no fluorescence. 4PUA651 315324 8824437 Grab Surface Plomopampa Gray limestone w/orange red spiderweb texture Sample taken 50m N of Plomopampa vein.641 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations Pozo Rico 3PUA 753 313559.5 8833842.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 244.42 - 244.59 Morococha 1E Mgr, brownish gray, rxl and mod bxd limestones One percent stylolites, 0.5% calcite in a matrix supported bx. Mod orange red fluorescence in the last calcite system. PIMA 3PUA 754 313558.5 8833845.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 247.45 - 247.58 Morococha 1.5W Micritic, wk rxl, brownish gray limestones One percent white irregular calcite vlts crosscut and displaced by stylolites. Mod-st orange red fluorescence with very thin white haloes. 3PUA 755 313558 8833847 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 250.38 - 250.54 Morococha 3.5 St fract, rxl, f-mgr, gray limestones Two generations calcite vlts and stgs. Mod stylolite distribution (3%) Mod ORF in the late calcite event (1cm wide). Local weak ORF in the 1st event. 3PUA 756 313557.5 8833849 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 251.67 - 251.80 Morococha 4 Fgr, rxl, brownish gray limestones Two percent irregular calcite vlts are crosscut and displaced by 1% stylolites and by a late 0.5cm wide calcite vlt. Mod-st orange red fluorescence in the last calcite event. 3PUA 757 313557.5 8833851 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 253.50 - 253.70 Morococha 6 Partially bxd, fgr, rxl, brownish gray limestones Two percent calcite filling voids. Calcite vlts are crosscut by 0.5% carbonaceous stylolites. Mod orange red fluorescence in only 3 vlts of last stage. 3PUA 758 313556.5 8833853 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 256.57 - 256.70 Morococha 8 Mod fract, rxl, f-mgr, gray limestones Two generations of calcite vlts and stgs. The former is crosscut and displaced by stylolites, whereas the latter is planar and crosscut ca and stylolites. Planar mm calcite vlts show strong white-pink fluorescence. Minor displacement of the 1st event. 3PUA 759 313556 8833855.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 259.45 - 259.58 Morococha 10 Micritic, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones 3% very thin calcite stgs (0.1-0.6cm) are crosscut by 2% carbonaceous stylolites. Two calcite gen (0-90TCA). The 2nd gen shows a st white-pink fluorescence. Local bluespots on groundmass 3PUA 760 313556 8833857.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 262.60 - 262.75 Morococha 12 Similar to the before sample Similar to the before sample Local weak-mod orange red fluorescence. 3PUA 761 313555 8833859.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 266.25 - 266.35 Morococha 14 Similar to the before sample Similar to the before sample Local very weak fluorescence 3PUA 762 313554 8833864 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 269.09 - 269.18 Morococha 18 Brecciated, brownish gray limestone High density of stylolites filled w/ bitumen. Apparently sulfides do not have influence in the fluorescence intensity. Crustiform zoning: Local mod orange red fls cores with non-fls and strong white fls halos. Breccia filled with calcite + sulfides PIMA 3PUA 763 313553 8833867 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 272.25 - 272.35 Morococha 21 Gray, pyritized, fgr limestone white calcite veinlet (2cm wide). One orange red spot is surrounded by a dull and bright white haloes. Local yellow reflection of groundmass. 3PUA 764 313552 8833870 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 274.94 - 275.09 Morococha 22.5 F-mgr, brownish gray, rxl limestones One percent calcite+py vlts. Trz diss py Weak-mod orange red fluorescence w/ bright white haloes. Local yellow spots in some apparent dull vlts. 3PUA 765 313552 8833872.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 277.91 - 278.0 Morococha 24.5 M-cgr, brownish gray limestones Irregularly distributed swarm of calcite vlts (5%). The last event contains sulfides. Mod orange red fluoresc. Local very bright spots in the matrix. Apparent no relation of fluorescence with sulfides. PIMA 3PUA 766 313551.5 8833874 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 280.68 - 280.80 Morococha 26 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones Two percent calcite vlts, trz diss py. Mod-st orange red fluorescence of fresh surfaces. Yellow spots around black ink marks. 642 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA 767 313550.5 8833876 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 283.21 - 283.37 Morococha 28 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones 0.5% calcite vlts are crosscut and displaced by carbonaceous stylolites. Two calcite gen: 1st mod orange red fluoresc. 2nd non fluorescent ca non fluorescent ca probably due to weathering. 3PUA 768 313550 8833880 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 287.75 - 287.87 Morococha 32 St fract, m-cgr, brown gray carbonaceous limestones 0.5% randomly distributed calcite stringers and stylolites. High amount of organic material. Weak-mod orange red fluorescence surrounded by bright white haloes. 3PUA 769 313549.5 8833882 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 289.02 - 289.15 Morococha 34 F-mgr, rxl, brown gray, carbonaceous limestones Trz stylolites and calcite vlts. No fluorescence PIMA 3PUA 770 313548.5 8833885 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 292.64 - 292.81 Morococha 37 F-mgr, rxl, brow gray, mod carbonaceous limestones Two calcite vlt generations. One of them is older than stylolite formation. Moderate organic matter in fractures. Local weak orange red fuorescence in the last event. Yellow fls spots due to contamination of the sample. 3PUA 771 313548 8833887.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 296.07 - 296.17 Morococha 40 F-mgr, rxl, brownish gray limestones. One percent stylolites, 2 generations of calcite vlts (3%), 1% stylolites filled with organic material. Weak pale white fluorescence in the last event. 3PUA 772 313547.5 8833890.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 298.82 - 298.96 Morococha 42 Similar to the before sample Two generations of calcite are crosscut by organic rich stylolites. Three calcite gen: 1st thin non fls vlts, 2nd shows a wide bright halo, and 3rd thick no fluorescent system PIMA 3PUA 773 313546 8833894 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 302.11 - 302.25 Morococha 45 Similar to the before sample Three generations of calcite: 1st very fine w/py; 2nd crustiform, 0.5cm wide, trz py; 3rd cgr barren calcite. 2% stylolites predates the 1st calcite generation. Weak orange red fluorescent vein (1st and 3rd event). PIMA 3PUA656 313498 8833845 Grab Surface Morococha 0 Brownish gray, micritic bituminous lms Local presence of calcite stringers. Wk - mod orange red fluorescence. This sample was taken on the projection of Morococha vein. ICPMS 3PUA657 313499.5 8838848 Grab Surface Morococha 1 Brownish gray, micritic bituminous lms 0.5% white calcite stgs N40°, 55° crosscut by planar calcite system N43°, 75°. No vlts found in the sample. ICPMS 3PUA658 313497 8833842 Grab Surface Morococha 4 Brownish gray, marly limestones One percent calcite stgs and vlts, 2mm wide. Trace amounts hem+goe in fract. randomly distributed bright white and red fls spots and bright white stgs. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA659 313495 8833839 Grab Surface Morococha 8 Brownish gray, marly limestones 0.5% rusty holes (goe>hem), 0.5% planar calcite vlts: N53°, <2mm wide. No fluorescence ICPMS 3PUA660 313480 8833832 Grab Surface Morococha 20 Brownish gray, marly limestones Mod distribution of calcite vlts: N287°, 76°; 0.2-1cm wide, 6v x m. Wk-mod ORF w/ white center assoc with a light green fls stringer ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA661 313477 8833827 Grab Surface Morococha 24.5 Brownish gray, marly limestones Parallel calcite vlt system: N260°-275°, 85°; 0.1-0.8cm wide, 8v x m. No vlts found in the sample. ICPMS 3PUA662 313476 8833825 Grab Surface Morococha 30 Brownish micritic limestones Mod calcite distribution: N287°, 62° and 260- 275°; 0.3-0.8cm wide, 6v x m. White yellow spots surrounds local red fluorescent spots. ICPMS 3PUA663 313475 8833818.5 Grab Surface Morococha 35 Brownish micritic limestones Scarse presence of calcite vlts. No - very weak white fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA664-NF 313473 8833822 Drilled material Surface Morococha 27 99% non fluorescent vein with 1% yellow to ORF spots N275°, 0.5-1cm wide. Isotope sample: non fluorescent calcite vein. Fluorescence seems less intense than Chacua's veins δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA664-OR 313473 8833822 Drilled material Surface Morococha 27 Light orange red to slightly yellow fluorescent calcite N275°, 0.5-1cm wide. Wk-mod orange red fluorescence only in the last stage. Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite vein. Drilled material δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS643 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA739 313590 8833724 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 111.35 - 111.46 Selene 0 Micritic rxl limestones Micritic recrystallized limestone. Weak-mod red fluorescence within calcite patches. 3PUA740 313589 8833728 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 114.25 - 114.53 Selene 0 Micritic rxl limestones Micritic recrystallized limestone. High red fluorescence within calcite patinas (<1mm wide) PIMA 3PUA741 313588.5 8833730 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 117.25 - 117.38 Selene 1 Micritic rxl limestones Micritic recrystallized limestone. No fluorescence on planar mm calcite vlts. Weak-mod ORF on local spots. 3PUA742 313587.5 8833733.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 120.78 - 120.90 Selene 4 Mgr, rxl and bxd limestones Mgr, recrystallized limestone crosscut by 50% calcite veins. Strong red fluorescence of late calcite vlts that crosscut calcite+py+gn vlts. PIMA 3PUA743 313587 8833735.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 123.10 - 123.20 Selene 6 Mgr, rxl limestones 35% of calcite veins Dull-weak red fluorescence. 3PUA744 313586.5 8833738 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 126.18 - 126.28 Selene 10 F-mgr, rxl limestones 0.5% calcite vlts. Strong orange red fluorescence in all the vlts (70TCA) 3PUA745 313586 8833740.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 128.44 - 128.55 Selene 10.5 Micritic brownish gray rxl limestones Strong red fluorescence haloes to sulfide patches 3PUA746 313585 8833743.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 132.29 - 132.43 Selene 14 Micritic brownish gray rxl limestones 1% calcite vlts. No fluorescence PIMA 3PUA747 313584 8833746.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 135.35 - 135.47 Selene 17 F-mgr, bxd, brownish gray limestones 5% stylolites, trz calcite. No fluorescence 3PUA748 313583.5 8833748.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 138.42 - 138.57 Selene 18.5 F-mgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones 0.5% calcite vlts. Weak-mod ORF in the last event (45 TCA). Yellow fluorescence of matrix. 3PUA749 313582.5 8833752 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 141.15 - 141.30 Selene 23 Fgr, rxl, gray limestones 1.5% stylolites and carbonaceous matrix. Yellow green fluorescence of non carbonaceous mtx. PIMA 3PUA750 313582 8833754.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 144.51 - 144.59 Selene 26.5 Micritic brownish gray rxl limestones One percent very thin calcite vlts, 1% oolites (?). No fluorescence 3PUA751 313581.5 8833757 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 147.40 - 147.57 Selene 27 Micritic brownish gray rxl limestones Two percent very thin calcite vlts crosscut by white calcite vein (1cm wide, 65°TCA). 1% stylolites filled with organic matter. Weak orange red fluorescence on the thick vein (last stage). Other vlts show some very weak yellow fluorescent spots. 3PUA752 313581 8833759.5 LY38-PR- 02-02, Surface 150.38 - 150.48 Selene 30 F-mgr, brownish gray, rxl limestone 3% ptigmatic calcite vlts, 2% stylolites filled w/ organic matter. Local tiny red spots in the mtx. Some yellow patches on altered surfaces Other samples 644 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA522 315944 8823264 Grab Anilcocha North Sample for geochemical background Brownish gray, mod rxl, fgr limestones. 3% white ca stgs, <2cm wide, trz goe. Main vlt system S80W, 3 vlts x m, <1cm wide. Local ca vlts, no fluorescence. Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PTS 4PUA523 315629 8823114 Grab Anilcocha North west Sample for geochemical background Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl and sil limestones. 5% white ca vlts stgs (riedel struct).Vlts: S55- 72W, N90, S50E. No fluorescence. Local trz mod yellow white fls dots in the matrix. Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PTS 4PUA524 315291 8822718 Grab Anilcocha West Sample for geochemical background Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, wk sil limestones. 5% white ca vlts, 20% stylolites filled w/ MnOx and org matter Three calcite events: 1st and 2nd: Non-fls, the latter show very weak fls. 3rd: mod ORF with yellow white halos Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) δ13C, δ18O, ICPMS, PTS, SEM 4PUA521 315433 8826144 Grab Surface Cutacocha thrust fault Mod chlz andesite porp dike interfingered w/marble layers 0.5m wide PTS Socorro 2PUG103 Surface 4625 level Marble White marble aureole to dacite dike XRD 3PUA606 316132 8826098 DMC 252 - 11-01, Level 120 133.35 - 134.13 Intrusive Mgr, strong chloritized, porp andesites Trz of py+ca vlts shows a slight bleaching halo PIMA 3PUA607 316130 8826098.5 DMC 252 - 11-01, Level 120 135.65 - 135.86 Intrusive Mgr, strong chloritized, porp andesites One calcite vlt 0.3 wide cross cut the sample 3PUA622 315943 8826520 Grab Surface Socorro 0 Pyritized, cgr, rxl limestones Py+calcite+FeOx+MnOx vlts, N100°, 90°, 5cm wide. They form local stwk zones Gossanous sample with deep red fluorescence on calcite with a bright white blue halo. PIMA 3PUA623 315943 8826521 Grab Surface Socorro 1.00 Rxld, gray limestones Py+calcite vlts, N250°, 90°, 0.3-1cm wide. Local MnOx coatings on vlts Perfect crustiform zonation: red in the core with yellow and cream haloes. ORF veins crosscut former tectonic calcite vlts. ICPMS, PTS 3PUA624 315943 8826523 Grab Surface Socorro 2 Calcite vein N250°, 0.2-1 cm wide, 12v x m. This vein appears to be related to the mineralization in Socorro Similar to the before sample. PIMA 3PUA625 315943 8826523 Grab Surface Socorro 2 Rxld, gray limestones High density of calcite vlts: 18v x m Two systems: one with a mod red fluorescence and the other with white fluorescence. PIMA 3PUA626 315944 8826526 Grab Surface Socorro 6.00 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones Mod distribution of calcite vlts (5% vol, <0.6cm wide). A N195°, 77°, 1.5cm wide calcite vein is also noted. Pale yellow with local bright fls dots. Local pale pink fls spots ICPMS 3PUA627 315949 8826530 Grab Surface Socorro 10.00 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones Weak dist of calcite vlts (<1% vol) No fluorescence. Local yellow spots appear assoc w/ altered surfaces. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA628 315945 8826537 Grab Surface Socorro 17.00 Fgr, mod rxl gray limestones Weak dist of calcite vlts (<1% vol, N210-220°, 74°; 0.5 cm wide, 5v x m. Trz goe and bitum in frac. Two systems: One non-fls and other with a strong red fluorescence ICPMS 3PUA629 315945 8826540 Grab Surface Socorro 20.00 Mgr, rxl, gray limestones Weak distribution of calcite vlts (1%): N30°, 90°; 3v x m, 0.5-1cm wide. Local MnOx coatings. Conjugated systems w/mod yellowish white fluorescence and local mod red centers. ICPMS, PIMA645 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 3PUA630A 315946 8826544 Grab Surface Socorro 24.00 calcite vein Conjugated systems: N10°, N55°; 3-30cm wide, 8vxm. Some MnOx + FeOx stains. Wavy laminated veins w/st red fluorescence in the core with yellowish white halos. PIMA 3PUA630B 315946 8826544 Grab Surface Socorro 24.00 Gray limestones Mod distribution of calcite vlts (sample 3PUA630A) Pale white pink fluorescence w/ local bright red spots. Weak response. ICPMS 3PUA631 315946 8826548 Grab Surface Socorro 28.00 Massive, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones Trace amounts of very fine calcite vlts. Pale mod red fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA632 315947 8826553 Grab Surface Socorro 33.00 Massive, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones Mod distribution of calcite + MnO vlts: N40°, 12v x m. Local spots of orange red fluorescence within a non-fls calcite vein. ICPMS 3PUA633 316147 8826500 Grab Xc s/n, Level 650, 4671m altitude Socorro 0.5 Mgr, rxld, gray limestones 2% ca stgs, 1% diss py. Sample taken between 2 splits of Socorro vein. Strong orange red response in all the veins, closely assoc w/ sulfides. ICPMS 3PUA634 316145 8826501 Grab Xc s/n, Level 650 Socorro 1 Calcite vein crosscutting a st frac gray lms White ca: N62°, 69°, 2cm wide, 8v x m. Ca+py: N260°, 73°, 0.3cm wide. Strong orange red fluorescence with mm yellowish white haloes. PIMA 3PUA635 316145 8826501 Grab Xc s/n, Level 650 Socorro 1 Fgr, gray lms High density of ca vlts close to a pyritized fract: N260°, 73° Weak red fluorescent spots in some vlts. These vlts are crosscut by st ORF veins Possible relation of fls with cristalography. ICPMS, PIMA 3PUA636 316142 8826502 Grab Xc s/n, Level 650 Socorro 4 Rxld, gray lms Three percent discontinuos calcite vlts. Mod-st ORF with pale white haloes. ICPMS 3PUA637 316138 8826505 Grab Xc s/n, Level 650 Socorro 8 Rxld, gray lms Five percent irregular distribution of ca vlts, < 0.3cm wide, 10v x m. Similar to the before sample. The rxl portion is dull. ICPMS 3PUA638 316134 8826508 Grab Xc s/n, Level 650 Socorro 12.5 Mod silicified and rxld, micritic, gray limestones Five percent irregular distribution of ca vlts. Very strong red fluorescence. ICPMS 3PUA639 316129 8826510.5 Grab Xc s/n, Level 650 Socorro 17 Mod rxld, fgr, gray limestones Eight percent calcite vlts and stgs, < 0.3 cm wide. Strong red fluorescence ICPMS 3PUA640 316124 8826514 Grab Xc s/n, Level 650 Socorro 22.5 Fgr, gray limestones Mod-st calcite vlts and stgs distributed in 2 systems: N50°, 80° and 85°, 23°, <0.2cm wide. Strong red fluorescence ICPMS, PIMA 4PUA599 316463 8826686 JV 10-96, 360 level 1.62 - 1.77 m Socorro fault Fine grain, gray limestones, 5% ca vlts. Fine rho + ca + red Ag ± sl ± py vlts crosscut the sequence. no fluorescence 4PUA600 316464.7 8826683 JV 10-96, 360 level 4.88 - 5.06m Socorro fault Fine grain, gray limestones with 5% calcite veinlets wk ORF, mod-st white fluorescence 4PUA601 316467 8826678.5 JV 10-96, 360 level 10.03 - 10.15m Socorro fault Fine grain, gray limestones High density of ca vlts. mod-st ORF 4PUA602 316470 8826673.5 JV 10-96, 360 level 15.24 - 15.42m Socorro fault Strong fracd, fgr, gray marly limestones 5% calcite veinlets st ORF 4PUA603 316472.5 8826669 JV 10-96, 360 level 20.02 - 20.20m Socorro fault Weak marly, mgr, limestones 30% ca vlts, 10%organic matter, trz py. no-wk ORF 4PUA604 316475 8826665 JV 10-96, 360 level 25.06 - 25.20m Socorro fault Weak marly, mgr, limestones 30% ca vlts, 10%organic matter, trz py. no fluorescence 4PUA605 316477 8826661 JV 10-96, 360 level 29.94 - 30.08m Socorro fault Light gray, fgr, limestones 10% ca vlts, 20% organic matter filling fract, trz diss py. no fluorescence 646 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA606 316479.5 8826657 JV 10-96, 360 level 34.92 - 35.04m Socorro fault Light gray, fgr, limestones 10% ca vlts, 20% organic matter filling fract, trz diss py. no fluorescence 4PUA607 316482 8826653 JV 10-96, 360 level 39.88 - 40.04m Socorro fault Gray limestones w/ 0.5% ca vlts. Fract filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA608 316484.5 8826648 JV 10-96, 360 level 45.16 - 45.29m Socorro fault Gray limestones w/ 0.5% ca vlts. Fract filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA609 316487 8826644 JV 10-96, 360 level 50.15 - 50.28m Socorro fault Brecciated gray limestone 13% calcite vlts. wk ORF 4PUA610 316489.5 8826639.5 JV 10-96, 360 level 55.20 - 55.35m Socorro fault Light gray, fgr, limestones 5% calcite vlts. Sample taken close to alab, py, realgar, rhodonite patch. mod-st ORF 4PUA611 316492 8826635 JV 10-96, 360 level 60.03 - 60.16m Socorro fault Light gray, fgr, limestones no-wk ORF 4PUA612 316494.5 8826631 JV 10-96, 360 level 65.06 - 65.19m Socorro fault Fossiliferous gray limestones, 1% ca vlts. no fluorescence 4PUA613 316497 8826626 JV 10-96, 360 level 70.10 - 70.22m Socorro fault Mod fossiliferous gray limestones, 5% ca vlts. no fluorescence 4PUA614 316499.5 8826622 JV 10-96, 360 level 75.07 - 75.21m Socorro fault Light gray, fgr limestones, moderate fossil content 10% calcite veinlets. no fluorescence 4PUA615 316501.7 8826618 JV 10-96, 360 level 80.01 - 80.15m Socorro fault Light gray, fgr limestones, moderate fossil content 10% calcite veinlets. wk ORF 4PUA616 316504 8826614 JV 10-96, 360 level 84.91 - 85.09m Socorro fault Gray limestones w/ 5% ca vlts. Fract filled w/ organic matter. Traces fossils no fluorescence 4PUA617 316507 8826609 JV 10-96, 360 level 90.19 - 90.35m Socorro fault Light gray, weak silicified limestones w/ 5% calcite vlts 2% mm lutaceous vlts. wk ORF 4PUA618 316509 8826605 JV 10-96, 360 level 94.97 - 95.11m Socorro fault Light gray, weak silicified limestones w/ 5% calcite vlts 2% mm lutaceous vlts. wk ORF 4PUA619 316512 8826600 JV 10-96, 360 level 99.97 - 100.10m Socorro fault Gray limestones w/ 5% ca vlts. Fract filled w/ organic matter. Moderate fossiliferous content no fluorescence 4PUA620 316516.5 8826592 JV 10-96, 360 level 110.17 - 110.30m Socorro fault Light gray, cgr limestones w/ 2% ca vlts Approx 5% organic material filling fractures. st white fluorescence 4PUA621 316521.5 8826583 JV 10-96, 360 level 119.90 - 120.05m Socorro fault Light gray, cgr limestones w/ 2% ca vlts Approx 5% organic material filling fractures. st ORF 4PUA632 316657 8826780 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 5.35-5.49m Socorro fault Brownish gray, mgr, rxl limestones 2% ca vlts, 0.1-2cm wide mod-st ORF 4PUA633 316658.5 8826777 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 9.80-9.96m Socorro fault St frac'd, mgr, gray limestone 1% ca stgs filled w/ organic matter st ORF 647 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description Sample N° Easting Northing Sample type Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical examinations 4PUA634 316661.5 8826772 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 15.65-15.80m Socorro fault Dark gray limestones w/ 2% diss py. Fractures filled with organic and argillaceous matter. Sample close to an interval w/ 5.8 Ag oz, 0.1% Pb, 0.08%Zn, 5.55% Mn st ORF 4PUA635 316663.5 8826768 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 20.08-20.25m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. st ORF 4PUA636 316666 8826764 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 24.85-25.03m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. moderate - strong fluorescence 4PUA637 316668.5 8826759 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 30.23-30.36m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA638 316671 8826755 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 35.25-35.37m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA639 316673.5 8826750.5 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 40.23-40.40m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA640 316676 8826746 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 45.12-45.25m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA641 316678.5 8826741.5 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 50.04-50.16m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones Brecciated limestones with diss py at 52.50m. Fractures filled with organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA642 316683 8826733 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 59.83-59.97m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no -wk white pink fluorescence 4PUA643 316688 8826724 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 70.19-70.32m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no vlts 4PUA644 316690.5 8826719.5 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 75.48-75.58m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. mod-st ORF w/ purple halo 4PUA645 316692.5 8826715.5 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 80.25-80.37m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no-wk ORF 4PUA646 316697.5 8826707 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 90-90.15m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA647 316702 8826698.5 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 99.70-99.83m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 4PUA648 316707 8826689.5 DMC 252- 04-02, 240 level. 110.06- 110.16m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic limestones w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence 648 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins from Uchucchacua (petrography, PIMA, XRD and SEM data) 649 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM 2PUG103 white marble Quartz, mica, calcite 3PUA500 Gray limestones calcite, minor epidote? 3PUA501 Gray limestones calcite, dolomite, biotite 3PUA502 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA503 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA504 Gray limestones no identified Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, ankerite, pyrite 3PUA505 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA506 Gray limestones calcite, dolomite, albite 3PUA507 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA508 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA509 Gray limestones calcite, illite 3PUA510 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA511 Crustiform, zoned, calcite veinlet sample taken at the east wall of the gallery fine-mgr, light brown, mod recrystallized limestone, 5-10% microfossils, 1% subrnd lithoclasts. Light brown micritic matrix. calcite calcite, calcite±Mn, dolomite, dolomite±Mn, quartz, apatite 3PUA512 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA513 Strong fractured gray limestones calcite 3PUA514 Strong fractured, pyritized gray limestones calcite 3PUA515 Moderate fractured gray limestones calcite, minor epidote? 3PUA516 Weak bleached gray limestones calcite Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite, ankerite, pyrite 3PUA517 Brecciated, fossiliferous gray limestones calcite, minor epidote? 3PUA518 Silica patches (opal) surrounded by rhodonite haloes rhodocrosite, siderite? Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, rhodocrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, gypsum 3PUA519 Silica patches (opal) surrounded by rhodonite haloes 20% light brown , 15% orange, fibrous, 25% grayish tan Mn silicates; 15% cryptocryst. Mtx, 5% qz, 5% yellow green spec; 5% calcite, 10% sph + py ± Ag sulfosalts rhodonite, rhodocrosite, quartz 650 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM 3PUA520 Margin of the orebody calcite Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, pyrite 3PUA521 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA523 Brecciated gray limestones calcite 3PUA525 Mod sil and st frac gray limestones calcite 3PUA528 Mod sil grayish brown, fgr limestones calcite Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, pyrite 3PUA530 Strong fractured, gray limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, pyrite 3PUA531 Mod sil, brownish gray limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite, pyrite 3PUA532 Mod sil, brownish gray limestones w/ trz diss py. calcite 3PUA533 Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones calcite 3PUA535 Weak sil, mod fract, grayish brown limestones calcite 3PUA538 Calcite veinlet calcite 3PUA539 Calcite veinlet calcite 3PUA540 Rosa vein calcite, rhodocrosite, smithsonite?, whiterite? Quartz, k-feldspar, kaolinite, calcite, rhodocrosite, pyrite 3PUA541 Calcite veinlet calcite, rhodocrosite, whiterite? 3PUA542 Calcite veinlet light brown, fine-grained, fossiliferous limestone, 75% coarse grained calcite crystals, 3% sulfides rhodocrosite, dolomite, calcite, smithsonite? calcite ± Mn, quartz, galena, pyrite, apatite 3PUA544 Fgr, gray limestone calcite, ilite, muscovite? 3PUA546 Brown, rxl limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, ankerite, pyrite. Missing peak 1: 19.8 3PUA548 Calcite veinlet Light brown, f-gr, fossiliferous, py-rich lms grade into a mgr rxl unit with trz py and fossils towards the vein. calcite, whiterite? Quartz, mica, calcite, pyrite calcite, calcite±Mn, quartz, k-feldspar, biotite, galena, pyrite 3PUA550 Grayish brown, rxl limestones Quartz, calcite, pyrite 3PUA551 Mod sil and rxl, gray, fgr limestones calcite 3PUA553 Mod sil brown limestones calcite 651 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM 3PUA554 St fract, gray limestones calcite, smithsonite? 3PUA555 Gray limestones calcite 3PUA556 Crustiform, white calcite vein calcite 3PUA557 Porphyritic, cgr, light gray, argillized dacite in the footwall of the Sandra vein montmorillonite, halloysite, albite, illite, andesine 3PUA558 Porphyritic, f-mgr, biotitic dacite close to a garnet skarn halo calcite, quartz 3PUA559 Mod frac dark gray limestones calcite, whiterite? 3PUA560 Strongly frac, dark gray limestones calcite 3PUA561 Mod frac gray limestones Coarse grained calcarenite: 45% qz, 48% calcite, 7% sulfides (py) Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite, pyrite 3PUA562 Mod frac, brownish gray limestones calcite, nontronite? 3PUA563 Mod frac, brownish gray limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite, pyrite 3PUA564 Grayish brown, rxl limestones calcite 3PUA566 Strong frac, gray limestones calcite 3PUA567 Strong frac, fgr gray limestones calcite 3PUA568 Mod sil and mineralized (py+gn), brecciated, dark gray limestones Smithsonite, scheelite, anhydrite, oligoclase, rhodocrosite 3PUA571 Strong frac, gray limestones calcite 3PUA572 Strong frac, gray limestones calcite 3PUA574 Ore body close to the footwall of the vein calcite 3PUA575 Plomopampa vein no identified 3PUA578 Massive dark gray marly limestones calcite 3PUA581 Massive gray limestones epidote, dolomite, phlogopite? 3PUA583 Massive gray marly limestones calcite, actinolite? Quartz, calcite, ankerite 3PUA585 Laminated marly limestones calcite, dolomite, illite 3PUA589 Gray limestones calcite, ankerite 3PUA591 Gray limestones crosscut by 2 gen of calcite vlts calcite, ankerite, rhodonite, cerussite 652 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM 3PUA592 Ore body ankerite, rhodocrosite 3PUA593 Ore body rhodocrosite, ankerite, biotite 3PUA594A Ore body rhodocrosite, calcite, muscovite 3PUA594B Massive sulfide sample no identified 3PUA596 Strong frac, dark gray limestones calcite 3PUA599 Mod frac, gray limestones calcite 3PUA600 Mod frac, gray limestones calcite 3PUA602 Fgr, gray limestone calcite 3PUA604 Fgr, gray limestone calcite 3PUA606 Mgr, strong chloritized, porp andesites biotite, vermiculite, phlogopite 3PUA610 St oxidized, mod chloritized dacitic dike halloysite, epidote, illite 3PUA611 Mod sil, st frac limestones close to a dacite dike calcite 3PUA613 Mod to st rxl, brecciated, gray limestones calcite 3PUA614 Fgr, wk rxl, brownish gray bitum limestone Quartz, mica, calcite 3PUA615 Breccciated MnOx + calcite structure (vein) calcite, ankerite 3PUA618 Calcite vein calcite, anhydrite, rhodocrosite, kaolinite 3PUA619 Fgr, brownish gray limestones calcite 3PUA621 Calcite vein calcite 3PUA622 Pyritized, cgr, rxl limestones calcite, rhodocrosite, anhydrite, barite, goetite 3PUA624 Calcite vein calcite 3PUA625 Rxld, gray limestones calcite 3PUA627 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones calcite 3PUA629 Mgr, rxl, gray limestones calcite 3PUA630A calcite vein calcite, rhodocrosite 3PUA634 Calcite vein crosscutting a st frac gray lms calcite, rhodocrosite653 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM 3PUA635 Fgr, gray lms calcite, rhodocrosite 3PUA640 Fgr, gray limestones calcite 3PUA641 White colloform calcite vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide. calcite 3PUA644 Banded calcite vein calcite, barite 3PUA646 Fgr, brown limestones calcite 3PUA647 Brecciated and locally crustiform calcite vein 3PUA650 Calcite veinlet coarse-grained calcite vein. Local trz py and possible sphalerite or pyrargirite calcite 3PUA651 Crustiform and oxidized calcite vein calcite, vermiculite 3PUA654 Calcite vein calcite 3PUA655 Brownish gray, marly limestones calcite 3PUA658 Brownish gray, marly limestones calcite, biotite 3PUA660 Brownish gray, marly limestones calcite 3PUA664 Calcite vein calcite 3PUA665 Greenish gray, mgr, chld, mod frac andesitic dike Fe-chlorite, illite, halloysite 3PUA666 Gray limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, kaolinite, calcite, pyrite, sphalerite 3PUA669 Fgr, gray marly limestones no identified Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite 3PUA673 Dark gray, mgr, rxl limestones calcite 3PUA674 Calcite veinlet calcite 3PUA675 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. calcite 3PUA676 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. calcite 3PUA682 Calcite vlts calcite 3PUA684 Oxidized calcite vein calcite, rhodocrosite 3PUA687 Banded calcite vein calcite 3PUA690 Brownish gray, fgr limestones Quartz, mica, calcite 3PUA692 Crustiform calcite vein calcite 3PUA695 Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, bituminous limestones calcite Quartz, mica, calcite 3PUA698 Brownish gray, mgr, wk rxl limestones calcite 3PUA699 Dark gray limestones 654 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM 3PUA701 Dark gray, fgr, bituminous limestones calcite 3PUA706 Brownish gray micritic and bituminous limestones calcite 3PUA711 St fract, dark gray limestones calcite 3PUA715 Dark gray, mgr limestones 3PUA717 Dark gray bituminous limestones calcite 3PUA718 Dark gray, mgr limestones calcite 3PUA722 Dark gray bituminous limestones clacite 3PUA726 St fract, dark gray, bituminous limestones calcite 3PUA731 St fract, dark gray, bituminous limestones calcite 3PUA735 Dark gray, bituminous limestones calcite 3PUA740 Micritic rxl limestones calcite 3PUA742 Mgr, rxl and bxd limestones rhodocrosite, calcite, siderite 3PUA746 Micritic brownish gray rxl limestones 3PUA749 Fgr, rxl, gray limestones calcite 3PUA 753 Mgr, brownish gray, rxl and mod bxd limestones calcite, actinolite?, epidote? 3PUA 762 Brecciated, brownish gray limestone filled w/ calcite +sulfides calcite 3PUA 765 M-cgr, brownish gray limestones calcite 3PUA 769 F-mgr, rxl, brownish gray, mod carbonaceous limestones calcite 3PUA 772 Similar to the before sample calcite 3PUA 773 Similar to the before sample calcite 4PUA501 Crustiform calcite + MnOx vein 90% coarse-grained calcite vein with crustiform structure, traces pyrite and possibly sphalerite. 655 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM 4PUA502 Brown gray moderately recrystallized limestone with up to 2% calcite + goethite + MnOx. strongly fossiliferous, coarse-grained limestone crosscut by 2% calcite veins, trz sphalerite, py 4PUA508 Crustiform calcite vein coarse-grained calcite vein (80% vol), locally replaced by FeOx especially along fractures and stylolites, 1% MnOx 4PUA513 St. fractured and brecciated, brown gray, mod recrystallized limestones. Oolitic and fossiliferous limestone, partially replaced by a marble patch Quartz, mica, kaolinite?, calcite, siderite, pyrite calcite, K-feldspar, quartz, biotite, galena 4PUA522 Brownish gray, moderately recrystallized, fine grained limestones brownish gray, fossiliferous limestone with 25% microfossils and local traces of ooids. Micritic matrix, trz pyrite 4PUA523 Brownish gray, medium grained, moderately recrystallized and silicified limestones Brownish gray, strongly frac, oolitic and fossiliferous limestones crosscut by 10% fine calcite vlts and stringers, trz sulfides 4PUA524 Brownish gray, medium grained, moderately recrystallized and silicified limestones Dark brown, medium grained, fossiliferous limestones with a brown micritic to locally oolitic matrix calcite, calcite±Mg, quartz 4PUA554 Gray-brown, mod recrystallized limestones Fossiliferous and moderately oolitic limestone. Local 0.5% qz grains. Traces opaques Quartz, augite, mica, calcite, pyrite 4PUA567A Sphalerite + galena ± calcite ± Mn silicate vein 60% coarse-grained, fibrous mineral,10% MnOx associated with goe-hem, local py 4PUA567B Brecciated white calcite vein with fragments of silicified limestone Colloform calcite vein with MnOx, FeOx and pyrite calcite 4PUA572 Brownish gray, weak to moderately silicified limestones light brown, fine-grained, fossiliferous limestone, 15% grains of calcite ± quartz, 5% ooids, 60% micritic matrix, trz sulfides 4PUA592B MnOx+alabandite+rhodonite +/- calcite 55% alabandite, 5% qz, 30% calcite, 3% sphalerite, 2% Mn silicate, 5% Mn oxides, trz py Quartz, calcite, ankerite, rhodocrosite, alabandite, stannite 656 Appendix C3: Sampling transect maps 657 R10 PS-11-90 R3 R os a ve in 2 Rosa v ein Rosa vein Claudia ore body 8826300 mN 8826200 mN 8826100 mN 3 1 6 7 0 0 m E 3 1 6 8 0 0 m E 3 1 6 9 0 0 m E 3 1 7 0 0 0 m E 3 1 7 1 0 0 m E 3 1 7 2 0 0 m E Gal 754 NE Polvorin G al 8 6 3 N E Xc 830 NE Appendix C3.1: Sampling transects to the Rosa vein at the level 4450 m. (R3 and R10). Legend as in Figure 3 of chapter 4. Modified from Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004. Legend Rock sample Limestone Sulfides Fractures Diamond drill 658 Transect R8 Transect R6 Appendix C3.2: Sampling transects R6 and R8 perpendicular to the Rosa vein at the level 4360 m. Modified from the Topography and Geology Maps of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004. Rosa vein samples Claudia vein Rosa vein Rosalia ore body Rosa 3 ve in Legend Rock sample Limestone Sulfides Fractures Mineralized vein Diamond drill 659 Rosalia ore body Rosario ore body Rosa vein Rosario vein Appendix C3.3: Sampling transect R5 perpendicular to the Rosa vein at the level 4300 m. Modified from the Topography and Geology Maps of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004. C achipam pa anticline Legend Rock sample Limestone Ore body Fractures calcite veins Diamond drill T r a n s e c t R 5 660 Appendix C3.4: Sampling transect R7 perpendicular to the Rosa vein at the level 4180 m. Modified from the Topography and Geology Maps of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004. Transect R7 Rosa vein Legend Rock sample Limestone Sulfides Fractures 661 Appendix C3.5: Sampling transect R9 perpendicular to the Rosa vein at the level 4360 m. Modified from the Topography and Geology Maps of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004. Rosa vein Rosario ore body Rosemary ore body A lis on fa ul t transect R9 Legend Rock sample Limestone Ore body Fractures calcite veins Diamond drill 662 Appendix C3.6: Sampling transects P1, P2, P3 and P4 perpendicular to the Plomopampa vein at surface and at the level 4450 m. Modified from the Topography and Geology Maps of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004. P1 P2 P3 P4 Pl om op am pa ve in Plo mo pam pa 3 v ein Pl om op am pa 2 ve in Legend Rock sample Jumasha Intermediate Ore body Faults VeinMarker unit Jm sm 663 Marion faultMarion vein Teresa vein Yami le vei n Y es en ia v ei n Hu an taj all a v ein Legend Rock sample Jumasha Intermediate Ore body Faults Vein Appendix C3.7: Sampling transects to the Marion vein at surface. Modified from Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004. Jumasha Superior Marker unit Soil Thrust fault 3 1 7 8 0 0 m E 3 1 8 0 0 0 m E 8825000 mN 8824800 mN 3 1 7 6 0 0 m E Js 664 Appendix C4: Uchucchacua geochemical database 665 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm Marion vein - Huantajalla 3PUA641-W 317777 8824949.5 Drilled material 0 White colloform calcite vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide. <0.01 0.01 <0.2 <10 0.12 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.08 1.1 3PUA641-Y 317777 8824949.5 Drilled material 0 White colloform calcite vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide. <0.01 0.02 <0.2 <10 0.18 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.23 1.1 3PUA642 317775 8824946.5 Grab 5 Brownish gray, fgr limestones <5 0.59 0.62 20 60 0.28 0.03 >25.0 0.18 7.72 1.8 3PUA643 317774 8824942 Grab 9.5 Brownish gray, fgr lms w/ FeOx+MnO stains <5 0.13 0.63 19 70 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.1 8.62 1.6 3PUA645 317772 8824929 Grab 17.5 Fgr, gray limestones <5 0.17 0.35 6 10 0.18 0.01 >25.0 0.03 4.97 1.1 3PUA646 317771.5 8824925 Grab 21 Fgr, brown limestones <5 0.3 0.56 10 10 0.25 0.03 >25.0 0.34 8.64 1.6 3PUA648 317770.5 8824918 Grab 28 Fgr, brownish gray limestones <5 0.06 0.47 <5.0 20 0.27 0.02 >25.0 0.17 8.21 1.6 3PUA649 317770 8824915 Grab 32 Mod frac, fgr, marly limestones <5 0.1 0.55 21 90 0.38 0.03 >25.0 0.21 8.72 1.7 3PUA650-W 317770 8824911 Grab 35 Crustiform calcite vein 0.02 0.02 5 <10 0.18 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.18 1.1 3PUA650-Y 317770 8824911 35 Crustiform calcite vein 0.02 0.02 9 <10 0.15 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.12 1.1 3PUA652 317769.5 8824901 Grab 45 Brownish gray, marly limestones <5 0.23 0.41 23 20 0.28 0.03 >25.0 0.2 8.97 1.9 3PUA653 317769.5 8824898 Grab 48 Brownish gray, marly limestones <5 0.11 0.28 21 10 0.11 0.03 >25.0 0.27 5.9 1.7 3PUA655 317768 8824888 Grab 58 Brownish gray, marly limestones <5 0.03 0.57 7 30 0.28 0.03 >25.0 0.13 10.9 1.9 Morococha vein - Pozo Rico 3PUA656 313498 8833845 Grab 0 Brownish gray, micritic bituminous lms <5 0.23 0.81 34 80 0.37 0.02 >25.0 0.05 16.05 1.4 3PUA657 313499.5 8838848 Grab 1 Brownish gray, micritic bituminous lms <5 0.07 0.37 18 10 0.28 0.02 >25.0 0.1 8.82 1.5 3PUA658 313497 8833842 Grab 4 Brownish gray, marly limestones <5 0.33 0.73 19 100 0.36 0.03 >25.0 0.07 14 1.8 3PUA659 313495 8833839 Grab 8 Brownish gray, marly limestones <5 0.3 0.39 6 20 0.28 0.02 >25.0 0.1 4.43 1.3 3PUA660 313480 8833832 Grab 20 Brownish gray, marly limestones <5 0.81 0.31 35 20 0.18 0.02 >25.0 0.21 3.39 1.6 3PUA661 313477 8833827 Grab 24.5 Brownish gray, marly limestones <5 0.38 0.13 15 10 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.08 2.62 1.1 3PUA662 313476 8833825 Grab 30 Brownish micritic limestones <5 0.18 0.26 9 30 0.15 0.01 >25.0 0.28 3.08 1.4 3PUA663 313475 8833818.5 Grab 35 Brownish micritic limestones <5 0.14 0.16 6 10 0.22 0.01 >25.0 0.08 2.77 1.3 3PUA664-NF 313473 8833822 Drilled material 27 Non fluorescent calcite <0.01 0.01 6 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.22 1.1 3PUA664-OR 313473 8833822 Drilled material 27 Light orange red to yellow fluorescent calcite <0.01 0.01 <0.2 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.55 1.1 666 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm Plomopampa - Casualidad Transect P1 - Xc 630SE, level 4450 m 3PUA575 316425 8825201 Grab 1 Plomopampa vein 49 >100.0 0.2 2750 120 0.31 0.07 14.6 8.77 2.99 0.9 3PUA576 316428.5 8825201.5 Grab 4 Weak frac, fgr, gray limestones <5 1.73 0.8 23 30 0.25 0.02 >25.0 0.1 7.42 1.9 3PUA577 316432.5 8825198.5 Grab 9 Massive dark gray marly limestones <5 0.27 0.35 5 10 0.09 0.01 >25.0 0.04 4.18 1.8 3PUA578 316436.5 8825195 Grab 14 Massive dark gray marly limestones <5 0.11 0.52 5 20 0.14 0.02 >25.0 0.02 6.76 2.1 3PUA579 316440 8825191.5 Grab 19 Massive dark gray limestones <5 0.08 1.2 <5.0 30 0.37 0.13 >25.0 0.06 10.65 2.7 3PUA580 316443.5 8825188 Grab 24 Massive dark gray limestones <5 <0.02 1.5 8 60 0.32 0.05 >25.0 0.05 15.4 3.9 3PUA581 316447.5 8825185.5 Grab 29 Massive gray limestones <5 0.08 0.69 5 40 0.29 0.03 >25.0 0.04 8.68 1.7 3PUA583 316452.5 8825183 Grab 33.5 Massive gray marly limestones <5 0.08 0.29 8 20 0.1 0.01 >25.0 0.02 3.94 1.7 3PUA584 316456.5 8825181 Grab 38.5 Mod fract, brownish gray marly limestones <5 0.1 0.34 40 20 0.19 0.01 >25.0 0.02 4.59 1.8 3PUA586 316465 8825176 Grab 48.5 Mod fract, dark gray marly limestones <5 0.07 0.8 <5.0 20 0.29 0.03 >25.0 0.06 11.75 2.8 3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 Grab 53.5 Mod fract, gray limestones <5 0.05 0.48 <5.0 20 0.13 0.02 >25.0 0.46 9.55 2.2 3PUA588 316473.5 8825170.5 Grab 58.5 Mgr, gray limestones <5 0.14 0.5 <5.0 20 0.27 0.04 >25.0 0.04 10.3 2.3 3PUA589 316478 8825168 Grab 63.5 Gray limestones <5 0.08 0.41 5 10 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.03 7.31 2.3 3PUA590 316482 8825165 Grab 68.5 Dark gray marly limestones <5 0.08 0.47 6 20 0.25 0.02 >25.0 0.03 7.95 2.3 Transect P2 - 4665 m 3PUA608 316167 8824910 Grab 100 Massive, fossiliferous, gray limestones <5 0.66 1.13 152 180 0.2 0.03 >25.0 0.03 10.55 1.3 3PUA609 316167 8824928 Grab 90 Brownish gray, fgr, wk rxl limestones <5 0.07 0.41 40 90 0.14 0.02 >25.0 <0.02 3.78 1 3PUA612 316150 8824956 Grab 52 Massive, rxl, gray limestones <5 0.05 0.42 52 40 0.14 0.03 >25.0 0.09 2.96 1 3PUA614 316147 8824965.5 Grab 45 Fgr, wk rxl, brownish gray bitum limestone <5 0.17 0.76 30 40 0.18 0.03 >25.0 0.03 7.71 1.2 3PUA616 316137.5 8824980 Grab and RC sample 28 Brownish gray, fgr limestones <5 0.29 0.58 31 20 0.22 0.02 >25.0 0.04 4.96 1.4 3PUA617 316138 8824988 Grab 20 Fgr, brownish gray, wk bitum limestones <5 0.06 0.4 7 10 0.11 0.02 >25.0 0.03 5.54 1 3PUA619 316125 8824990 Grab 10 Fgr, brownish gray limestones <5 0.11 0.63 81 50 0.16 0.02 >25.0 0.03 5.11 0.9 3PUA620 316118 8825003 Grab 0 Fgr, wk rxl, st frac, brownish gray limestone <5 0.71 0.26 48 30 0.12 0.02 >25.0 0.05 4.44 0.9 Transect P3 - 4550 m 3PUA666 315877 8824845 Grab 5 Gray limestones 28 1.93 3.04 870 220 0.48 3.43 >25.0 19.1 30.9 2.4 3PUA667 315874 8824847.5 Grab 10 Strong fract, mgr, gray limestones <5 0.5 1.66 136 80 0.23 0.07 >25.0 0.06 19 2.6667 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 3PUA668 315872 8824851 Grab 15 Brownish gray, mgr, marly limestones <5 0.32 0.57 38 30 0.21 0.05 >25.0 0.04 10 1.9 3PUA669 315863 8824863 Grab 27 Fgr, gray marly limestones <5 0.39 2.38 <5.0 130 0.73 0.1 >25.0 0.07 28.8 3.1 3PUA670 315860 8824868 Grab 35 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl limestones <5 0.13 0.13 42 <10 0.1 0.02 >25.0 0.04 2.93 1.6 3PUA671 315858 8824875 Grab 40 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl limestones <5 0.24 0.75 10 10 0.31 0.03 >25.0 0.09 7.62 1.9 3PUA672 315854 8824878 Grab 45 Gray limestones <5 0.43 0.54 8 20 0.21 0.04 >25.0 0.14 5.29 1.9 3PUA673 315852 8824884 Grab 50 Dark gray, mgr, rxl limestones <5 0.11 0.13 38 <10 <0.05 0.02 >25.0 0.02 2.3 1.2 3PUA675 315887 8824820 Grab 23.5 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. <5 0.11 0.25 38 10 0.18 0.01 >25.0 0.02 2.32 1.4 3PUA676 315890 8824815 Grab 30 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. <5 0.77 1.04 309 70 0.16 0.06 >25.0 0.05 11.6 2.2 3PUA677 315892 8824810 Grab 35 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. <5 0.15 0.17 27 <10 0.15 0.02 >25.0 0.02 2.63 1.4 3PUA678 315894 8824805 Grab 40 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. <5 0.2 0.86 108 40 0.28 0.04 >25.0 0.03 10.65 1.8 3PUA679 315897 8824800 Grab 45 Brownish gray, massive, mgr limestones <5 0.21 0.33 31 10 0.18 0.04 >25.0 0.03 4.16 1.5 3PUA680 315897.5 8824795 Grab 50 Brownish gray, massive, mgr, mod rxl limestones <5 0.19 0.38 81 20 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.05 4.34 1.3 3PUA681 315909 8824780 Grab 67 Brownish gray, fgr limestones <5 0.1 0.2 46 10 0.2 0.02 >25.0 0.1 2.11 1.4 3PUA683 315884 8824825 Grab 15 Brownish gray, mod rxl, mgr limestones <5 0.34 0.22 30 20 0.12 0.02 >25.0 0.05 2.47 1.4 3PUA685 315882 8824833 Grab 6 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl limestones <5 1.44 0.37 413 40 0.08 0.08 >25.0 0.34 5.41 1.4 Transect P4 - 4470 m 3PUA688 315615 8824666 Grab 7 Brownish gray limestones <5 0.16 0.33 28 10 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.03 4.46 1.6 3PUA689 315625 8824655 Grab 14 Brownish gray, fgr limestones <5 0.14 0.49 108 10 0.08 0.03 >25.0 0.07 4.85 1.6 3PUA690 315633 8824647 Grab 28 Brownish gray, fgr limestones <5 0.13 0.43 27 20 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.03 4.5 1.6 3PUA691 315636.5 8824640 Grab 35 Brownish gray, mgr, wk rxl limestones <5 0.07 0.43 13 30 0.21 0.02 >25.0 0.03 4.87 1.5 3PUA693 315645 8824633 Grab 45 Brownish gray, mgr limestones <5 0.17 0.27 20 10 0.11 0.04 >25.0 0.06 2.84 1.5668 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 3PUA694 315651.5 8824628 Grab 50 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl limestones <5 0.06 0.22 10 10 0.13 0.01 >25.0 0.03 2.35 1.5 3PUA695 315672 8824646 Grab 61 Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, bituminous limestones <5 0.14 0.19 50 10 0.09 0.02 >25.0 0.04 2.48 1.7 3PUA696 315602 8824685 Grab 14 Brownish gray limestones <5 0.17 0.36 <5.0 10 0.23 0.03 >25.0 0.15 4.09 1.7 3PUA697 315594 8824708 Grab 25 Brownish gray, fgr, bituminous limestones <5 0.03 0.39 <5.0 10 0.11 0.01 >25.0 0.02 4.09 1.7 3PUA698 315584 8824703 Grab 28 Brownish gray, mgr, wk rxl limestones 7 0.1 0.49 25 10 0.25 0.02 >25.0 0.04 5.1 2.1 Rosa vein Transect R1 - Surface, 4940 m 2PUE253 316754 8826157 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein 8 ----- 3.04 0.14 30 11 0.5 0.27 >25.0 0.62 1.59 1.1 2PUE254 316754 8826159 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein 75 79 1.62 0.16 45 7.5 0.35 0.07 >25.0 0.24 1.34 1 2PUE255 316754 8826161 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein 88 ----- >100.0 0.3 555 8 0.5 0.09 >25.0 28.2 4.38 1.4 2PUE256 316754 8826163 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein <5 ----- 9.14 0.18 115 23 0.2 0.06 >25.0 0.72 2.25 1.3 2PUE257 316754 8826165 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein 20 17 2.26 0.21 105 14.5 0.25 0.08 >25.0 0.24 3.36 1.3 2PUE258 316754 8826167 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein + fault 222 ----- 4.18 0.72 190 25 0.25 0.09 >25.0 0.6 8.94 1.9 2PUE259 316754 8826159 Grab 0 calcite vein <5 ----- 0.36 0.04 <5.0 4 0.4 0.03 >25.0 0.16 0.68 1.1 2PUE260 316754 8826160 Grab 1 Alabandite rich calcite vein 141 ----- >99.9 0.42 489 19.5 0.55 0.11 8.5 3.14 2.8 0.6 2PUE261 316754 8826165 Grab 6 Brecciated calcite vein 31 ----- 8.42 1.01 1080 38 0.4 1.69 >25.0 12.2 13.3 2.5 2PUE262A 316754 8826167 Grab 8 Crustiform calcite 5 ----- 0.28 0.15 35 19.5 0.1 0.03 >25.0 0.08 2.29 1.2 2PUE263 316754 8826174 Grab 15 calcite vein <5 ----- 0.16 0.24 30 17.5 0.3 0.04 >25.0 0.08 1.78 1.2 2PUE264 316754 8826172 Grab 13 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.28 1 175 24 0.3 0.05 >25.0 0.34 9.42 2.2 2PUE265 316754 8826176 Grab 17 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.16 0.25 85 14 0.05 0.08 >25.0 0.02 4.37 1.3 2PUE266 316754 8826179 Grab 20 Mn-rich brecciated calcite vein 283 293 21 1.53 665 97.5 0.4 0.07 19.5 1.56 13.75 2.4 2PUE267 316754 8826185 Grab 26 Gray limestones 10 ----- 0.36 2.57 672 175 0.75 0.12 23 0.12 17.1 1.8 2PUE268A 316754 8826186 Grab 27 Crustiform calcite <5 ----- 0.16 0.14 50 38 0.25 0.03 >25.0 0.14 1.66 1.4 2PUE269 316754 8826189 Grab 30 Gray limestones 10 ----- 0.12 1.2 175 45.5 0.3 0.05 >25.0 0.18 10 2.1 2PUE270 316754 8826194 Grab 24 White calcite vein <5 ----- 0.12 0.08 20 3.5 0.5 0.01 >25.0 0.04 1.29 1.3 2PUE271 316754 8826169 RC 0 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.16 0.35 70 20.5 0.15 0.03 >25.0 0.22 4.85 1.5 2PUE272 316754 8826171 RC 2 Gray limestones <5 <5 0.46 0.67 150 45.5 0.25 0.02 >25.0 0.38 6.3 1.7 2PUE273 316754 8826173 RC 4 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.36 0.63 135 34.5 0.2 0.03 >25.0 0.3 6.71 1.6 2PUE274 316754 8826175 RC 6 Gray limestones 6 ----- 0.5 1.11 405 84.5 0.3 0.04 >25.0 0.2 8.03 1.4 2PUE275 316754 8826177 RC 8 Gray limestones 81 ----- 1.88 1.56 495 247.5 0.55 0.05 >25.0 0.2 13.45 2.4 2PUE276 316754 8826179 RC 10 Gray limestones 78 ----- 23 1.08 1290 142 0.3 0.05 23 1.32 9.13 1.6 2PUE277 316754 8826181 RC 12 Gray limestones 20 ----- 0.26 1.38 395 148.5 0.35 0.06 >25.0 0.14 13.95 2 2PUE278 316754 8826183 RC 14 Gray limestones 15 ----- 0.5 1.62 505 241.5 0.4 0.06 25 0.3 14.8 2 2PUE279 316754 8826185 RC 16 Gray limestones 12 ----- 1.62 1.11 450 136.5 0.35 0.06 >25.0 0.54 12.5 2.6 2PUE280 316754 8826187 RC 18 Gray limestones 16 14 0.26 0.93 235 82 0.25 0.04 >25.0 0.2 8.12 1.7 Transect R2 - Surface, 4725 m 2PUE282 316300 8826110 Grab 0 Brown oxidized calcite vein <5 ----- 1.34 0.09 25 10.5 0.2 0.04 >25.0 0.14 1.54 1.4 669 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 2PUE283 316300 8826111 Grab 0 calcite vein 7 ----- 0.26 0.12 40 10.5 0.15 0.03 >25.0 0.08 1.78 1.4 2PUE284 316300 8826113 Grab 2 Brecciated calcite vein <5 ----- 0.22 0.5 60 34.5 0.15 0.06 >25.0 0.06 9.57 1.9 2PUE285 316300 8826115 Grab 4 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.2 0.34 20 23.5 0.2 0.05 >25.0 0.02 20.4 1.9 2PUE286 316300 8826118 Grab 7 Brown calcite vein 22 21 1.18 1.3 340 98 0.4 0.12 >25.0 0.12 22.2 3 2PUE287 316300 8826119 Grab 8 Gray limestones <5 <5 0.32 1.04 415 134 0.25 0.06 >25.0 0.02 39.7 2.5 2PUE288 316300 8826120 Grab 9 calcite vein <5 ----- 0.02 0.15 <5.0 8 0.05 0.02 >25.0 0.02 4.38 1.6 2PUE289 316300 8826129 Grab 18 Mn-rich brecciated calcite vein 115 113 >100.0 0.61 1880 9.5 0.4 0.1 12.5 24.5 7.04 1.3 2PUE290 316300 8826108 RC 0 calcite vein 7 ----- 2.58 0.31 130 58 0.15 0.08 >25.0 0.52 6.38 1.6 2PUE291 316300 8826110 RC 0 calcite vein 7 ----- 0.66 0.39 115 51 0.25 0.23 >25.0 0.08 8.27 2 2PUE292 316300 8826112 RC 1 Gray limestones <5 ----- 28.6 0.84 260 131.5 0.25 0.12 >25.0 8.02 15.85 2.5 2PUE293 316300 8826114 RC 3 Gray limestones 14 ----- 1.26 1.08 150 52 0.35 0.09 >25.0 0.12 17.7 2.5 2PUE294 316300 8826116 RC 5 Gray limestones <5 ----- 1.02 1 240 141 0.3 0.13 >25.0 0.22 20.1 2.5 2PUE295 316300 8826118 RC 7 Gray limestones 7 ----- 0.76 0.89 195 82.5 0.3 0.07 >25.0 0.08 20.7 1.9 2PUE296 316300 8826125 RC 14 Gray limestones 16 ----- 3.58 0.41 500 28 0.15 0.04 >25.0 1.92 9.1 1.4 2PUE297 316300 8826127 RC 16 Gray limestones 20 ----- 32.6 0.37 500 29 0.1 0.05 >25.0 3.84 7.75 1.3 2PUE298 316300 8826140 Grab 30 Alabandite rich calcite vein 555 ----- >100.0 <0.01 786 3 0.15 0.3 2.4 76.7 2.49 0.3 Transect R3 - Est s/n, Gal 754W, 4450 m level 2PUE304 316774 8826187 Grab 0 Mineralized limestone 34 30 >100.0 0.92 2750 65 0.05 0.11 24 74.8 5.49 2.1 2PUE305 316774 8826189 Grab 2 Mineralized limestone 98 ----- >100.0 1.25 4640 87 0.1 0.16 22 127 6.24 3.4 2PUE306 316773 8826196 Grab 9 Calcite + sulfide vein 120 ----- 53.2 0.79 680 13 0.2 0.08 >25.0 4.96 5.23 1.7 2PUE307 316773 8826197 Grab 10 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.74 0.15 90 21.5 0.05 <0.01 >25.0 1.96 1.49 1.1 2PUE308 316773 8826198 Grab 11 Gray limestones 8 ----- 1.08 0.21 115 28.5 0.1 <0.01 >25.0 1.52 1.74 1.2 2PUE309 316773 8826199 Grab 12 calcite vein 25 ----- 3.8 0.05 265 23.5 0.05 0.01 >25.0 1.54 4.09 1 2PUE310 316773 8826201 Grab 14 Gray limestones 13 10 0.58 0.23 175 24 0.15 0.02 >25.0 0.04 3.17 1.2 2PUE311 316773 8826201 RC 14 Gray limestones 14 ----- 0.66 0.34 140 42 0.15 0.03 >25.0 0.22 3.82 1.2 2PUE312 316773 8826199 RC 12 Gray limestones 188 ----- 7.72 0.98 360 102 0.15 0.04 >25.0 0.38 5.67 2.1 2PUE313 316773 8826197 RC 10 Gray limestones 7 ----- 4.68 0.23 230 26.5 0.1 0.03 >25.0 1.7 3 1.1 2PUE314 316773 8826196 RC 8 Gray limestones 24 ----- 8.1 0.26 280 37.5 0.1 0.05 >25.0 0.82 4.38 1.1 2PUE315 316773 8826192 RC 2 Gray limestones 273 ----- >100.0 0.45 4390 34 0.15 0.09 25 23.1 8.95 1.4 2PUE316 316774 8826188 Grab 1 Rosa vein 54 52 28.4 0.36 505 84.5 0.05 0.07 >25.0 7.44 6.89 1.3 2PUE317 316774 8826187 Grab 0 Rosa vein 49 53 >100.0 1.27 2680 162.5 0.05 0.03 22 73.2 5.02 3.1 Transect R4 - Gallery 310SE, 4360m level 2PUE320 Grab 8m north White calcite vein 96 ----- >100.0 1 3400 74.5 0.05 0.01 >25.0 20.4 12.35 2 2PUE321 Grab 7m north Crustiform calcite vein 438 ----- >100.0 0.33 >10000 13 0.05 0.05 21 57.4 9.71 1.1 2PUE322 Grab 14m north White calcite vein <5 ----- 1.62 0.16 107 149.5 <0.05 <0.01 >25.0 0.24 2.55 1.4 2PUE323 Grab 13m north Gray limestones <5 ----- 1.32 0.39 252 28 0.15 0.09 >25.0 0.14 4.59 2.6 2PUE324 Grab 1m north White calcite vein 13 ----- 27.7 0.38 348 26 0.05 <0.01 >25.0 4.56 3.27 1.3 2PUE325 Grab 0m north Gray limestones 12 ----- 5.86 0.71 518 71 0.05 <0.01 >25.0 1.26 7.26 1.8 Transect R5 - Xc 130N, 4300m level 3PUA500 317265.5 8826226 Grab 141N Gray limestones <5 0.15 0.66 143 30 0.24 0.04 >25.0 0.05 7.47 1.8 3PUA501 317258 882624 Grab 136N Gray limestones <5 0.14 0.51 136 10 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.04 4.21 1.7 3PUA502 317257 8826220 Grab 131N Gray limestones <5 0.08 0.51 8 30 0.2 0.03 >25.0 0.04 5.29 1.8 3PUA503 317254 8826215 Grab 126N Gray limestones <5 0.07 0.38 29 120 0.28 0.03 >25.0 0.02 5.34 1.7 670 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 3PUA504 317251.5 8826211 Grab 121N Gray limestones <5 0.04 0.57 11 70 0.2 0.03 >25.0 0.07 7.15 2.6 3PUA505 317249 8826207 Grab 116N Gray limestones <5 <0.02 0.22 8 10 0.09 0.02 >25.0 0.03 3.67 1.4 3PUA506 317246 8826202.5 Grab 111N Gray limestones <5 0.31 1.08 7 20 0.26 0.05 >25.0 0.06 11.4 2.2 3PUA507 317244 8826198 Grab 106N Gray limestones <5 0.78 1.24 30 130 0.29 0.04 >25.0 0.1 13.2 3.2 3PUA508 317241.5 8826194 Grab 101N Gray limestones <5 0.65 0.52 21 20 0.11 0.03 >25.0 0.04 5.04 2.1 3PUA509 317238 8826190 Grab 96N Gray limestones <5 3.3 1.38 86 220 0.24 0.03 >25.0 0.09 8.72 2.5 3PUA510 317236 8826186 Grab 91N Gray limestones <5 59.5 0.69 235 20 0.16 0.03 >25.0 1.75 9.85 2.8 3PUA511-LG 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein 95N Calcite veinlet <0.01 0.02 8 <10 0.07 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.94 1.2 3PUA511-Y 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein 95N Calcite veinlet 0.06 0.03 6 10 0.08 <0.01 >25 0.06 1.94 1.1 3PUA513 317233 8826181.5 Grab 86N Strong fractured gray limestones <5 14.35 0.55 188 20 0.14 0.03 >25.0 0.92 5.2 2.1 3PUA514 317230.5 8826177.5 Grab 81N Strong fractured, pyritized gray limestones <5 28.1 0.16 79 10 0.16 0.01 >25.0 2.97 2.67 1.3 3PUA515 317228 8826173 Grab 76N Moderate fractured gray limestones <5 68.4 0.59 125 30 0.14 0.03 >25.0 1 6.54 1.6 3PUA516 317224 8826169 Grab 70N Weak bleached gray limestones <5 36.8 1.16 293 100 0.22 0.04 >25.0 0.47 14.05 1.9 3PUA517 317222.5 8826165 Grab 66N Brecciated, fossiliferous gray limestones <5 14.5 0.4 455 40 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.9 6.84 1.8 3PUA518 317220 8826161 Grab 61N Ore body 5 >100.0 0.25 4740 190 1.04 0.02 9.77 34.3 11.05 0.8 3PUA519 317217 8826157 Grab 56N Ore body <5 15.15 0.13 300 20 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.96 1.98 1.3 3PUA520 317214 8826153 Grab 51N Margin of the orebody <5 5.65 0.47 44 50 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.16 7.4 2 3PUA521 317212 8826148.5 Grab 46N Gray limestones <5 3.48 0.48 58 40 0.22 0.03 >25.0 0.18 6.7 2.1 3PUA522 317209 8826144 Grab 41N Weak to mod silicified gray to tan limestones <5 2.62 0.57 69 40 0.27 0.05 >25.0 0.16 11.65 1.8 3PUA523 317206.5 8826140 Grab 36N Brecciated gray limestones <5 0.66 0.7 53 50 0.32 0.03 >25.0 0.05 9.92 1.9 3PUA524 317204 8826135.5 Grab 31N Mod sil and st frac gray limestones <5 7.79 0.76 63 60 0.26 0.04 >25.0 0.79 11.4 2.2 3PUA525 317201 8826131.5 Grab 26N Mod sil and st frac gray limestones <5 2.22 0.83 66 90 0.22 0.03 >25.0 0.33 11.65 1.9 3PUA526 317198.5 8826127.5 Grab 21N Mod sil gray to tan limestones <5 1.7 1.2 458 100 0.26 0.07 >25.0 0.14 19.4 2.5 3PUA527 317196 8826123 Grab 16N Mod sil, light gray limestones <5 0.82 1.32 436 70 0.25 0.17 >25.0 0.04 21.2 2.6 3PUA528 317193 8826119 Grab 11N Mod sil grayish brown, fgr limestones <5 0.52 0.56 189 30 0.15 0.04 >25.0 0.04 7.81 1.5 3PUA529 317190 8826114.5 Grab 6N Weak sil and fossiliferous gray limestones <5 2 0.68 369 50 0.16 0.03 >25.0 0.15 10.4 1.7 3PUA530 317187.5 8826110.5 Grab 1N Strong fractured, gray limestones <5 1.11 0.61 260 60 0.19 0.02 >25.0 0.14 11.05 1.6 3PUA531 317184.5 8826106 Grab 1S Mod sil, brownish gray limestones <5 2.64 1.08 263 110 0.23 0.04 >25.0 0.1 15.65 2.1 3PUA532 317182 8826102 Grab 6S Mod sil, brownish gray limestones w/ trz diss py. <5 5.37 0.91 393 80 0.15 0.04 >25.0 0.58 13.1 2 3PUA533 317179 8826098 Grab 11S Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones <5 2.09 0.91 329 70 0.18 0.04 >25.0 0.08 14.75 2671 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 3PUA534 317176.5 8826094 Grab 16S Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones <5 0.73 1.08 86 90 0.17 0.05 >25.0 0.03 15.7 2.2 3PUA535 317173 8826089 Grab 21S Weak sil, mod fract, grayish brown limestones <5 0.8 1.08 603 70 0.19 0.05 >25.0 0.03 15.85 2.3 3PUA536 317171 8826085 Grab 26S Mod sil, grayish brown limestones <5 0.64 0.94 99 50 0.19 0.04 >25.0 0.04 16.9 2.2 3PUA537 317169 8826081 Grab 31S Mod sil, grayish brown limestones <5 3.93 1.04 196 90 0.26 0.05 >25.0 0.23 11.95 2.4 3PUA540 317182 8826110.5 Grab 0 Rosa vein <5 3.82 0.36 538 40 0.13 0.02 >25.0 1.52 6.55 1.4 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 Grab 81N Calcite veinlet <0.01 0.01 <0.2 70 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.54 1.1 3PUA544 317227 8826165.5 Grab 70N Fgr, gray limestone 3.2 1.69 288 20 0.79 0.01 >25 1.36 23.6 1.7 Transect R6 - XC 916NE, 4360m level 3PUA545 317250.5 8826110 Grab 0 Grayish brown, rxl limestones <5 4.21 0.47 245 110 0.2 0.02 >25.0 0.6 7.72 2.1 3PUA546 317254.5 8826113 Grab 5 Brown, rxl limestones <5 1.22 0.77 29 50 0.29 0.03 >25.0 0.18 7.51 1.7 3PUA547 317259 8826115.5 Grab 9 Weak to mod sil. brown, rxl limestones <5 0.97 0.53 20 10 0.16 0.02 >25.0 0.08 5.76 2 3PUA548-BH 317253.5 8826112 Crushed material 4 Brown hornfels 3.14 0.57 62 10 0.25 0.01 >25 0.48 12.55 3.4 3PUA548-LMS 317253.5 8826112 Crushed material 4 Gray limestones 1.97 0.51 35 10 0.14 <0.01 >25 0.26 11.75 1.7 3PUA548-OR 317253.5 8826112 Drilled material 4 Calcite veinlet 0.1 0.02 13 10 0.3 <0.01 >25 0.02 2.64 1.2 3PUA549 317262 8826118.5 Grab 13 Brecciated grayish brown limestones <5 5.32 1.56 29 100 0.22 0.03 >25.0 0.41 21.6 1.7 3PUA550 317263.5 8826124 Grab 19 Grayish brown, rxl limestones <5 2.37 0.49 83 20 0.1 0.02 >25.0 0.22 9.19 2.3 3PUA551 317264.5 8826129.5 Grab 24 Mod sil and rxl, gray, fgr limestones <5 0.69 0.2 17 20 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.02 3.52 1.5 3PUA552 317265.5 8826134 Grab 29 Mod sil gray limestones <5 3.07 0.54 56 70 0.13 0.02 >25.0 0.24 7.78 1.9 3PUA553 317266.5 8826138.5 Grab 33 Mod sil brown limestones <5 2 0.6 22 30 0.18 0.02 >25.0 0.25 8.1 1.6 Transect R7 - Xc 710SE, 4180m level 3PUA559 316716 8826230 Grab 4S Mod frac dark gray limestones <5 0.14 0.33 43 20 0.12 0.01 >25.0 0.05 3.79 1.6 3PUA559-OR 316716 8826230 Drilled material 4S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets <0.01 0.01 14 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.35 1.1 3PUA560 316716.5 8826225 Grab 9S Strongly frac, dark gray limestones <5 0.39 0.34 33 20 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.13 4.75 1.7 3PUA561 316717.5 8826220.5 Grab 14S Mod frac gray limestones 13 1.96 1.65 479 200 0.08 0.04 19.7 0.13 11.8 2.2 3PUA562 316718.5 8826215.5 Grab 19S Mod frac, brownish gray limestones <5 1.28 1.38 44 120 0.23 0.04 >25.0 0.03 16.8 2.9 3PUA562-NF 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled material 19S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets 0.06 0.05 10 10 0.11 <0.01 >25 <0.02 2.03 1.2 3PUA562-OR 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled material 19S White calcite vein 0.17 0.13 <0.2 20 0.11 <0.01 >25 <0.02 5.89 1.2 3PUA563 316719.5 8826210.5 Grab 24S Mod frac, brownish gray limestones <5 0.82 1.54 100 190 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.18 14.05 2.3 3PUA563-OR 316719.5 8826210.5 Drilled material 24S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets 0.22 0.01 6 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 0.03 3.24 1.1 672 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 3PUA564 316721 8826205.5 Grab 29S Grayish brown, rxl limestones 24 1.44 1.82 126 130 0.31 0.05 >25.0 0.03 21.3 4.2 3PUA565 316722 8826200.5 Grab 34S Mod frac, gray limestones <5 0.26 0.58 74 30 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.03 8.16 2.2 3PUA565-NF 316722 8826200.5 Drilled material 34S Non-fluorescent calcite <0.01 0.02 <0.2 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 1.28 1.2 3PUA570 316723.5 8826196 Grab 39S Strong frac, rusty, dark gray limestones 50 1.22 0.34 31 10 0.32 0.04 >25.0 0.18 8.62 1.8 3PUA571 316725 8826191 Grab 44S Strong frac, gray limestones <5 1.54 0.23 38 10 0.14 0.01 >25.0 0.57 4.07 1.8 3PUA572 316726 8826186.5 Grab 49S Strong frac, gray limestones <5 0.17 0.27 11 10 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.03 4.39 1.8 3PUA573 316727.5 8826181.5 Grab 54S Strong frac, dark gray limestones <5 0.28 0.35 17 10 0.24 0.02 >25.0 0.06 5.44 1.9 4PUA562 316729 8826176 Grab 60S Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, st frac'd limestones <5 0.02 0.17 <5 <10 0.08 0.01 37.3 <0.02 2.22 1 4PUA564 316728 8826165 Grab 70S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- mgr, mod rxl limestones <5 0.45 0.15 45 10 0.13 0.01 39.5 <0.02 2.38 1 Transect R8 - LY 34-09-02, 4360m level 3PUA715 316852.5 8826189 1.32 - 1.43 3.5 Dark gray, mgr limestones 9 0.68 0.53 305 30 0.18 0.06 35.4 0.25 6.47 3.3 3PUA717 316852.5 8826199 11.16 - 11.25 13 Dark gray bituminous limestones NSS 0.2 0.31 89 10 0.15 0.05 36.6 0.02 3.42 2.1 3PUA719 316852.5 8826205 17.20 - 17.38 19 Dark gray bituminous limestones <5 0.11 0.95 120 30 0.4 0.07 35.9 0.02 11.85 2.1 3PUA722 316852.5 8826213.5 26.20 - 26.28 28 Dark gray bituminous limestones 8 0.53 0.62 45 40 0.17 0.03 36.7 <0.02 8.23 1.8 3PUA728 316852.5 8826225.5 38.39 - 38.55 40 Dark gray bituminous limestones <5 0.04 0.77 20 30 0.19 0.03 34.2 0.02 9.14 2 3PUA732 316852.5 8826237 49.75 - 49.81 51.5 Dark gray bituminous limestones 29 1.34 0.57 143 30 0.16 0.02 34.6 0.05 10.85 1.8 3PUA734 316852.5 8826243 56.0 - 56.25 58 Dark gray, bituminous, mgr limestones <0.01 0.04 8 10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.31 1.2 3PUA735 316852.5 8826246 59.09 - 59.25 60.5 Dark gray, bituminous limestones <5 0.02 0.39 10 20 0.12 0.02 36 0.02 5.77 1.5 3PUA738 316852.5 8826255.5 68.26 - 68.46 70 Dark gray, bituminous limestones <5 0.02 0.81 9 40 0.24 0.04 34.3 <0.02 10.05 2.2 4PUA532 316852.5 8826264 75.10-75.25m 78 Fgr, brownish gray, mod sil lms w/ local mm ca vlts. <5 <0.01 0.58 9 20 0.14 0.02 35.1 <0.02 5.35 1.6 4PUA534 316852.5 8826272 84.30-84.50m 86 Strong frac'd, gray bituminous limestones <5 0.29 1 23 80 0.27 0.03 33.6 0.03 11.6 2.2 4PUA536 316852.5 8826284 95.45-95.60m 98 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl, wk sil limestones <5 0.12 0.83 23 50 0.2 0.03 36.3 <0.02 9.46 1.8 Transect R9 - Xc 940-I-NE, 4120m level 4PUA511 317237 8826084 Grab 0 White ca + gray gouge. 10- 15cm wide, S76E, 75NE <5 2.57 0.7 64 30 0.21 0.02 33.7 0.13 10.8 1.5 4PUA513A 317236 8826074 Grab 10S St. frac'd and bxd, brown gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, weak silicified lms. <5 0.53 0.34 17 20 0.15 0.03 35.1 0.03 4.15 2.2 4PUA513B 317236 8826074 marble NSS 0.76 0.77 41 10 0.83 0.03 35.7 0.21 15.85 2 673 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 4PUA514 317236 8826063.5 Grab 20S Mod frac'd, brownish gray, f mgr, mod rxl lms. <5 1.98 0.9 89 60 0.22 0.08 33.6 0.05 11.6 4.1 4PUA515 317236 8826054 Grab 30S Mod frac'd, rxl, mgr brownish gray, wk sil lms <5 1.01 0.68 20 80 0.26 0.06 37.8 0.06 8.93 2 4PUA516A 317236 8826044 Grab 40S Gray, mgr, rxl lms. <5 0.62 0.97 8 30 0.42 0.04 36.3 0.22 17.15 2.2 4PUA516B 317236 8826044 40S marble <5 0.15 0.82 <5 20 1.1 0.02 36.3 0.14 4.97 1 4PUA517 317236 8826034 Grab 50S St frac'd, rxl, mgr lms. <5 0.14 0.15 9 10 0.13 0.02 39 0.03 2.46 1.2 4PUA518 317236 8826024 Grab 60S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- mgr, rxl lms. <5 0.71 0.38 73 20 0.15 0.02 36.2 0.02 4.04 1.4 4PUA519 317233 8826014.5 Grab 70S Brownish gray, fgr, mod sil and rxl limestones <5 5 0.83 78 90 0.2 0.04 34.7 0.57 11.2 1.5 Transect R10 - Xc s/n, LY 01-94, 4450m level 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 Grab 0 Brecciated white ca vein w/ sil lms fragm (center of Rosa vein) <5 3.66 0.08 37 10 0.17 <0.01 35 1.02 0.46 0.8 4PUA568 317117 8826142.5 Grab 5 St frac'd, mod sil, fgr, brownish gray limestones <5 0.61 0.52 21 20 0.14 0.02 36.7 0.03 5.49 1.5 4PUA569 317119.5 8826151 Grab 14 Mod frac'd, and sil, fgr, brown marly limestones <5 0.02 0.53 <5 30 0.15 0.02 34.5 0.02 5.92 1.6 4PUA572 317111 8826164 10.19-10.35m 24 Brown gray, wk-mod sil limestones <5 0.03 0.74 10 70 0.26 0.03 31.4 0.08 7.67 2.1 4PUA575 317105.5 8826178 24.98-25.16m 36 Gray, fgr limestones <5 0.08 1.22 17 190 0.2 0.05 34 7.64 6.59 3.3 4PUA578 317102 8826186 35.04-35.15m 44 Dark gray limestone with fine argillic fracture fillings. <5 0.02 0.33 10 20 0.08 0.01 26.3 0.14 2.97 1.2 4PUA582 317096 8826200 49.98-50.16m 57 Brecciatted lms with 30% calcite filling fractures <5 0.37 0.97 37 40 0.22 0.03 33.1 0.04 8.77 1.6 4PUA585 317091 8826214 65.25-65.40m 70 Strong fract gray lms with trz diss py <5 0.06 0.38 144 10 0.16 0.01 36.1 0.03 4.37 1.1 Unaltered samples - Anilcocha 4PUA522 315944 8823264 Grab Brownish gray, mod rxl, fgr limestones. <5 0.07 0.34 <5 30 0.22 0.02 34.9 0.04 5.57 1.2 4PUA523 315629 8823114 Grab Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl and sil limestones. <5 <0.01 0.21 5 10 0.1 0.01 35.8 0.02 4.12 1.1 4PUA524 315291 8822718 Grab Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, wk sil limestones. <5 0.03 0.34 9 10 0.2 0.01 37.2 0.03 3.82 1.2 Socorro Transect S1 - surface, 4550m 3PUA623 315943 8826521 Grab 1 Rxld, gray limestones 11 3.53 0.49 360 60 0.08 0.03 >25.0 5.82 4.9 1.1 3PUA626 315944 8826526 Grab 6 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones <5 1.28 0.36 112 30 0.19 0.02 >25.0 0.05 7.01 2.3 3PUA627 315949 8826530 Grab 10 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones <5 0.66 0.71 113 110 0.14 0.04 >25.0 0.03 8.94 1.2 3PUA628 315945 8826537 Grab 17 Fgr, mod rxl gray limestones <5 0.8 0.33 56 10 0.07 0.01 >25.0 0.03 3.19 1.1 3PUA629 315945 8826540 Grab 20 Mgr, rxl, gray limestones <5 0.45 0.14 87 10 <0.05 0.01 >25.0 <0.02 3.05 0.9 3PUA630B 315946 8826544 Grab 24 Gray limestones <5 0.84 0.22 84 170 0.07 0.01 >25.0 0.04 4.37 0.9 3PUA631 315946 8826548 Grab 28 Massive, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones <5 1.68 0.41 104 80 0.14 0.02 >25.0 0.05 4.41 1.3 674 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 3PUA632 315947 8826553 Grab 33 Massive, mod rxl, brownish gray limestones <5 1.01 0.48 87 20 0.14 0.03 >25.0 0.04 6.07 1.4 Transect S2 - Xc s/n, Surface 4650 m 3PUA633 316147 8826500 Grab 0.5 Mgr, rxld, gray limestones 12 41.1 0.62 1285 10 0.1 0.03 >25.0 67.7 6.5 1.3 3PUA635 316145 8826501 Grab 1 Fgr, gray lms <5 1.1 0.42 147 30 0.06 0.02 >25.0 1.15 4.85 1 3PUA636 316142 8826502 Grab 4 Rxld, gray lms <5 0.88 0.21 194 10 0.05 0.01 >25.0 0.21 3.32 0.9 3PUA637 316138 8826505 Grab 8 Rxld, gray lms 34 1.12 0.69 422 220 0.12 0.02 >25.0 0.34 9.39 1.2 3PUA638 316134 8826508 Grab 12.5 Mod silicified and rxld, micritic, gray limestones 54 5.63 1.09 2190 40 0.32 0.04 >25.0 2.01 11.6 1.8 3PUA639 316129 8826510.5 Grab 17 Mod rxld, fgr, gray limestones 20 2.36 0.72 1030 30 0.3 0.03 >25.0 0.33 9.08 1.7 3PUA640 316124 8826514 Grab 22.5 Fgr, gray limestones <5 0.08 0.33 60 20 0.12 0.02 >25.0 0.04 4.5 1.3 Miscelaneous samples 2PUE326 4180m Rosa vein 181 185 12.45 0.57 695 15 0.15 <0.01 >25.0 1.28 7.34 1.7 2PUE327 4180m Calcite veins 21 ----- 2.64 0.14 192.5 42 0.05 <0.01 >25.0 0.8 2.04 1.1 2PUE281 316300 8826109 4725m 0 Brown calcite + MnOx vein 12 ----- 18.55 0.14 560 14.5 0.2 0.03 >25.0 9.12 3.98 1.4 2PUE299 316124 8826131 4670 White calcite vein <5 ----- 3.06 0.14 110 27 0.05 0.05 >25.0 0.94 9.18 1.1 3PUA556 316860 8825897.5 Xc 877SW, Level 450 Calcite vein 0.02 0.01 96 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 0.17 0.7 1.2 2PUE300 315997 8826301 4640 Qtz-carb-sulf-skarn 7990 ----- 28.6 5.6 >10000 126.5 2.05 0.17 7.6 4.32 169 9.1 2PUE301 315997 8826301 4640 Qtz vein 358 ----- 77.5 1.02 3700 7.5 0.4 0.42 7.9 14.75 21.5 1.4 675 Sample N° 3PUA641-W 3PUA641-Y 3PUA642 3PUA643 3PUA645 3PUA646 3PUA648 3PUA649 3PUA650-W 3PUA650-Y 3PUA652 3PUA653 3PUA655 3PUA656 3PUA657 3PUA658 3PUA659 3PUA660 3PUA661 3PUA662 3PUA663 3PUA664-NF 3PUA664-OR Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm Marion vein - Huantajalla 3 <0.05 1.8 0.01 0.07 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 <0.5 0.2 0.16 801 0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.4 30 2 0.05 1.5 0.01 0.09 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 <0.5 0.2 0.2 909 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.2 90 3 5.9 3 0.25 1.46 0.19 <0.1 190 0.005 0.25 5 2.6 0.39 907 0.69 0.01 1.2 3 240 2 4.78 3.3 0.25 1.52 0.28 0.1 60 0.005 0.19 5.6 3.6 0.37 616 0.54 0.01 1.5 4 250 2 3.31 2.6 0.17 0.99 0.26 0.1 210 <0.005 0.14 3.2 1.6 0.34 355 0.73 0.01 1 3 100 3 6.94 3.2 0.22 1.52 0.26 0.1 90 0.006 0.23 5.8 2.2 0.32 949 0.53 0.01 1.3 2 100 2 7.02 3.9 0.22 1.42 0.33 <0.1 40 0.006 0.18 5.5 3 0.45 156 0.56 0.02 1 2 290 3 7 3.8 0.25 1.54 0.33 <0.1 30 0.006 0.19 5.6 2.8 0.28 893 0.63 0.01 1.2 3 220 1 <0.05 2.6 0.01 0.09 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.6 0.3 0.15 1225 0.24 <0.01 0.1 1 50 2 <0.05 2.1 0.01 0.14 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.5 <0.2 0.1 2040 0.05 <0.01 0.1 2.1 30 2 4.7 3.7 0.23 1.29 0.34 <0.1 60 <0.005 0.15 5.7 1.8 0.35 561 1.42 0.01 1.1 3 180 2 0.96 4.4 0.29 0.88 0.31 <0.1 20 <0.005 0.02 3.9 1.5 0.25 223 2.44 0.01 0.9 4 150 2 7.01 5.3 0.25 1.68 0.31 <0.1 10 0.007 0.19 7.2 3.7 0.44 227 0.49 0.02 1.6 3 210 Morococha vein - Pozo Rico 4 9.71 2.9 0.22 2.13 0.34 0.2 10 0.007 0.63 10 4.4 0.33 630 0.39 0.01 2.5 1 80 1 7.29 2.1 0.13 1.33 0.41 0.1 <10 0.005 0.19 5.7 3.5 0.37 372 0.2 0.01 1.5 1 50 3 7.35 2.9 0.2 2 0.39 0.2 30 0.008 0.46 8.8 3.6 0.32 1340 0.31 0.01 2.2 1 100 3 2.24 3.5 0.21 0.88 <0.05 0.2 20 <0.005 0.18 2.7 3.5 0.29 305 0.21 0.01 1.6 2 40 2 2.67 3.1 0.15 0.73 0.07 0.1 20 <0.005 0.15 2.2 3.2 0.28 749 0.2 0.01 1 2 100 1 0.85 3.6 0.1 0.28 0.06 0.1 20 <0.005 0.06 1.7 1.7 0.18 447 0.17 <0.01 0.6 1 50 3 1.89 1.9 0.16 0.69 0.16 0.1 20 <0.005 0.12 1.9 2.3 0.26 509 0.27 0.01 1 2 60 1 1.04 1.7 0.11 0.47 0.18 0.1 30 <0.005 0.07 1.7 2 0.19 423 0.19 <0.01 0.6 1 30 1 0.06 1.7 0.02 0.05 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.7 <0.2 0.16 778 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4 <10 1 <0.05 1.4 0.02 0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.5 <0.2 0.21 871 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.2 <10 676 Sample N° 3PUA575 3PUA576 3PUA577 3PUA578 3PUA579 3PUA580 3PUA581 3PUA583 3PUA584 3PUA586 3PUA587 3PUA588 3PUA589 3PUA590 3PUA608 3PUA609 3PUA612 3PUA614 3PUA616 3PUA617 3PUA619 3PUA620 3PUA666 3PUA667 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm Plomopampa - Casualidad Transect P1 - Xc 630SE, level 4450 m <1 1.55 26.5 2.1 16.55 0.09 0.1 640 0.005 0.04 1.8 5 0.57 >10000 4.79 0.01 0.5 3 40 9 8.48 3.6 0.38 3.64 <0.05 0.2 10 0.01 0.44 4.3 19.1 5.78 786 1.34 0.04 2.1 3 110 5 3.32 2.7 0.21 1.76 0.07 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.16 2.6 3.9 0.5 215 0.25 0.01 0.9 2 90 9 5.93 2.9 0.32 1.91 0.11 0.3 <10 0.005 0.29 3.9 7.3 1.7 88 2.25 0.02 1.6 5 70 14 20.6 4.7 0.51 3.36 0.15 0.4 10 0.011 0.67 6 15.1 2.46 94 1.27 0.03 3.1 6 90 12 30.1 8 0.71 4 0.14 0.5 10 0.012 0.91 8.7 23 2.24 167 0.28 0.03 4.5 10 220 10 7.38 2.6 0.27 1.96 0.16 0.2 10 0.009 0.44 4.9 7.7 5.13 228 0.69 0.04 2.1 2 60 4 2.01 3.6 0.15 1.02 0.15 0.1 10 <0.005 0.15 2.3 2.5 1.01 212 0.88 0.01 0.9 2 50 4 2.92 2.4 0.14 1.18 0.16 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.17 3 4.5 0.75 884 0.19 0.01 0.9 1 50 10 12.15 5 0.38 2.32 0.19 0.3 20 0.007 0.43 6.7 12.6 2.09 152 0.73 0.02 2.9 5 110 4 9.91 3 0.23 1.56 0.19 0.2 <10 0.01 0.28 5.3 9.6 1.23 87 0.72 0.02 1.6 4 50 7 3.5 3.6 0.22 1.38 0.24 0.1 10 <0.005 0.25 5.5 6.4 0.78 126 1.23 0.02 1.5 4 110 8 3.28 3.4 0.21 1.4 0.22 0.2 10 0.006 0.22 4.1 6.2 1.16 104 0.45 0.02 1.4 3 90 7 3.4 3.5 0.27 1.37 0.23 0.2 10 0.006 0.25 4.4 7.8 1.42 111 1.7 0.02 1.4 3 60 Transect P2 - 4665 m 9 5.06 2.7 0.38 2.29 0.12 0.4 10 0.005 0.81 6.5 10.4 0.37 2270 0.81 0.02 3.4 4 100 4 3.84 1.8 0.21 0.85 0.12 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.2 2.5 4.3 0.4 388 0.52 0.01 1 2 80 4 3.49 1.8 0.22 0.91 0.13 0.2 10 <0.005 0.2 2 4.8 0.41 567 0.35 0.01 1.2 2 50 6 4.78 1.8 0.26 1.67 0.16 0.3 <10 0.005 0.46 4.9 6.5 0.36 654 0.49 0.01 2.3 2 70 5 6.39 2.5 0.27 1.59 0.11 0.3 30 <0.005 0.29 3.1 5.9 0.3 3830 0.52 <0.01 1.8 4 60 4 3.82 1.6 0.18 0.98 0.16 0.2 <10 <0.005 0.19 3.6 4.2 0.36 371 0.4 0.01 1.3 2 50 4 3.42 1.6 0.17 1.32 0.18 0.2 10 <0.005 0.41 3.1 4.9 0.32 1295 0.33 0.01 1.3 2 50 3 2.38 1.7 0.14 0.86 0.13 0.1 30 <0.005 0.15 3 3.5 0.16 4210 0.43 <0.01 0.7 1 60 Transect P3 - 4550 m 14 10.65 89.7 0.97 6.86 0.05 0.8 140 0.01 2.61 17.6 23.2 0.11 3570 0.61 0.03 8.3 9 200 8 1.82 4.5 0.54 3.24 <0.05 0.6 40 0.008 1.94 10.9 7.5 0.11 977 0.52 0.04 5.2 4 280677 Sample N° 3PUA668 3PUA669 3PUA670 3PUA671 3PUA672 3PUA673 3PUA675 3PUA676 3PUA677 3PUA678 3PUA679 3PUA680 3PUA681 3PUA683 3PUA685 3PUA688 3PUA689 3PUA690 3PUA691 3PUA693 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 4 1.94 2.9 0.38 1.25 <0.05 0.2 20 0.005 0.55 5.8 4.9 0.15 979 0.85 0.01 1.8 2 150 11 15.85 8.8 0.5 5.28 0.07 0.8 10 0.009 1.96 16.3 24.4 0.36 492 0.53 0.04 7 5 240 1 1.26 2.1 0.18 0.42 0.07 <0.1 30 <0.005 0.07 2 2.2 0.17 528 0.36 <0.01 0.5 1 80 4 4.34 3.4 0.37 1.68 0.06 0.3 30 0.009 0.3 4.5 4.4 0.32 409 1.12 <0.01 2.1 4 100 2 7.84 3.8 0.31 1.21 0.07 0.2 20 0.005 0.44 3.2 17.7 0.33 655 0.43 0.01 1.5 3 100 <1 1.12 2.4 0.14 0.46 0.2 <0.1 10 0.007 0.04 1.6 1.3 0.17 555 0.37 <0.01 0.5 3 50 1 1.54 5.3 0.11 0.76 0.16 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.1 1.5 3.1 0.15 1570 0.15 <0.01 0.8 2 70 3 1.16 4.3 0.38 2.33 <0.05 0.4 10 0.007 1.02 6.7 10.5 0.17 3250 0.48 0.02 3.5 3 70 1 0.46 2.1 0.11 0.52 0.12 <0.1 10 <0.005 0.06 1.6 2.3 0.2 1870 0.18 <0.01 0.7 2 130 6 3.72 2.7 0.32 2.01 0.14 0.3 <10 0.009 0.48 6.3 6.3 0.26 922 0.37 0.01 2.6 2 40 4 1.74 2.5 0.17 0.88 0.18 0.1 20 <0.005 0.16 2.4 3 0.21 632 0.45 <0.01 1.2 2 40 2 2.2 1.9 0.16 0.89 0.17 0.2 30 <0.005 0.24 2.8 3.8 0.28 547 0.3 0.01 1.2 2 60 2 1.27 2.1 0.1 0.64 0.24 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.09 1.4 4.4 0.36 347 0.21 0.01 0.9 2 30 2 0.58 2.5 0.08 0.88 0.14 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.15 1.6 2 0.12 3630 0.13 <0.01 0.8 2 70 2 0.74 5 0.14 1.67 <0.05 0.1 10 <0.005 0.37 3.3 4.2 0.05 >10000 0.34 0.01 1 1 100 Transect P4 - 4470 m 1 2.26 3 0.17 0.89 0.08 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.16 2.8 2.3 0.19 972 0.4 <0.01 1.2 2 50 2 1.67 3.3 0.18 1.12 0.17 0.2 10 <0.005 0.26 3 6.9 0.16 991 0.24 <0.01 1.5 3 90 2 1.99 2.6 0.19 1 0.14 0.1 10 <0.005 0.25 2.7 2.2 0.25 468 0.24 <0.01 1.3 3 100 1 1.7 3.4 0.16 1.04 0.24 0.1 30 <0.005 0.25 3 3.7 0.26 246 0.26 <0.01 1.2 2 70 2 1.53 2.3 0.14 0.84 0.27 0.1 40 <0.005 0.14 1.7 2.4 0.24 523 0.25 <0.01 1 2 40678 Sample N° 3PUA694 3PUA695 3PUA696 3PUA697 3PUA698 2PUE253 2PUE254 2PUE255 2PUE256 2PUE257 2PUE258 2PUE259 2PUE260 2PUE261 2PUE262A 2PUE263 2PUE264 2PUE265 2PUE266 2PUE267 2PUE268A 2PUE269 2PUE270 2PUE271 2PUE272 2PUE273 2PUE274 2PUE275 2PUE276 2PUE277 2PUE278 2PUE279 2PUE280 2PUE282 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 2 0.59 1.8 0.12 0.78 0.35 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.07 1.6 3 0.18 317 0.23 <0.01 0.9 1 30 2 1.48 2.4 0.13 0.77 0.27 0.1 10 <0.005 0.11 1.6 1.4 0.18 1110 0.43 <0.01 1 2 40 3 1.93 2.9 0.18 1.02 0.25 0.1 20 <0.005 0.17 2.5 2.9 0.41 157 0.4 0.01 1.2 2 40 2 2.53 2.4 0.19 1.02 0.29 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.16 2.5 3.5 0.3 95 0.51 <0.01 1.1 2 40 2 5.52 3.8 0.21 1.32 0.23 0.2 90 0.005 0.22 3.3 5.8 0.26 464 0.24 <0.01 1.6 2 80 Rosa vein Transect R1 - Surface, 4940 m 3 0.45 11 0.09 0.65 0.05 <0.1 120 0.005 0.03 0.5 4.4 0.15 5590 1.25 <0.01 <0.1 27 90 3 0.6 5.4 0.07 0.65 0.05 <0.1 240 <0.005 0.03 0.5 6.4 0.12 6030 0.95 <0.01 0.1 25.4 100 9 2.15 241.5 0.47 2.15 0.05 <0.1 5030 0.005 0.04 2.5 30.6 0.14 >10000 2.25 <0.01 0.2 22.8 170 5 1.35 8.4 0.15 1.05 0.05 <0.1 640 <0.005 0.05 1.5 4.6 0.11 9180 1.6 <0.01 <0.1 27.2 90 4 2.35 6.2 0.11 1.2 0.05 <0.1 480 <0.005 0.05 2 3.8 0.11 >10000 1.05 <0.01 0.1 26.6 130 9 3.05 10 0.34 2.45 0.05 0.1 1060 0.005 0.15 4.5 21.8 0.09 >10000 4.1 <0.01 0.7 26 200 3 0.15 2.6 0.03 0.35 0.15 <0.1 10 <0.005 <0.01 0.5 1.2 0.18 3820 0.55 <0.01 0.1 28.4 70 32 2.55 52.5 0.23 12.75 0.05 <0.1 2460 0.01 0.05 1.5 16.6 0.05 >10000 3.05 0.01 0.3 8 1450 8 6.3 52.5 1.19 3.1 0.05 0.2 280 0.085 0.42 6.5 15.2 0.23 4510 3.9 0.01 1 27.6 310 2 0.7 1.6 0.07 0.65 0.15 <0.1 130 <0.005 0.05 1 3.4 0.12 1270 0.9 <0.01 0.4 28.6 80 2 1.25 1.6 0.09 0.75 0.2 <0.1 10 <0.005 0.1 0.5 3.4 0.16 1140 0.7 <0.01 0.5 27.4 40 7 10 4 0.49 2.2 0.15 0.3 180 <0.005 0.42 4.5 17.6 0.31 850 2 0.01 1.2 24.2 50 3 3.2 1.6 0.18 0.6 0.2 <0.1 <10 0.01 0.12 2.5 5.2 0.2 640 0.65 <0.01 0.4 24 50 30 6.9 11.8 0.72 5.1 0.05 0.3 170 0.01 0.13 7.5 33 0.11 >10000 28.2 <0.01 1.9 22.6 300 10 23.1 9.4 0.78 6.35 0.15 0.6 10 0.01 1.54 8.5 37.6 0.48 1085 2.45 0.02 0.7 20.6 150 2 1.7 1 0.07 0.5 0.25 <0.1 210 <0.005 0.04 0.5 1.8 0.13 2020 0.5 <0.01 0.3 27.2 60 4 11.85 4.8 0.56 2.35 0.2 0.3 30 0.005 0.56 5 17.6 0.41 450 1.6 0.02 0.9 25.4 90 2 1.8 0.8 0.05 0.5 0.25 <0.1 10 <0.005 0.01 0.5 1.6 0.15 1925 0.4 <0.01 0.2 26.4 50 3 2.8 2.4 0.21 0.85 0.25 <0.1 90 <0.005 0.13 2.5 4.6 0.2 955 1.1 <0.01 0.5 27.4 40 4 5.15 2.8 0.29 1.55 0.2 0.1 410 0.005 0.25 3.5 8.6 0.21 2140 1.35 <0.01 0.3 26.8 80 3 4.9 2.6 0.26 1.3 0.2 0.1 50 <0.005 0.33 3.5 8.2 0.18 1805 1.45 <0.01 1 26 60 8 16.6 7.4 0.42 2.75 0.2 0.3 20 <0.005 0.53 5 19.4 0.25 1770 1.95 0.01 0.9 4.2 100 8 7.8 5 0.56 3.95 0.1 0.3 30 0.005 0.54 7 27.4 0.22 >10000 6 <0.01 0.6 25.8 150 21 6.55 26 0.39 4.6 0.05 0.1 130 0.005 0.41 7 25 0.27 >10000 5.4 <0.01 0.7 20 270 5 13.4 6.2 0.46 3.15 0.15 0.3 30 0.005 0.64 7 18.6 0.32 1510 1.8 0.01 0.1 23.4 110 12 14 4.6 0.58 3.5 0.15 0.4 60 0.005 0.73 7.5 27.8 0.25 2310 2.45 0.01 0.4 22.4 110 4 6.65 7.4 0.5 2.5 0.15 0.2 650 0.005 0.41 6.5 12.8 0.21 2580 1.35 <0.01 0.3 28.4 170 4 8.9 3.6 0.38 1.95 0.2 0.2 30 0.005 0.43 4 12.6 0.3 695 1.15 0.01 0.5 24.8 80 Transect R2 - Surface, 4725 m 4 0.95 0.8 0.05 1 0.1 <0.1 30 <0.005 0.02 1 3 0.05 >10000 0.6 <0.01 0.3 26.6 70 679 Sample N° 2PUE283 2PUE284 2PUE285 2PUE286 2PUE287 2PUE288 2PUE289 2PUE290 2PUE291 2PUE292 2PUE293 2PUE294 2PUE295 2PUE296 2PUE297 2PUE298 2PUE304 2PUE305 2PUE306 2PUE307 2PUE308 2PUE309 2PUE310 2PUE311 2PUE312 2PUE313 2PUE314 2PUE315 2PUE316 2PUE317 2PUE320 2PUE321 2PUE322 2PUE323 2PUE324 2PUE325 3PUA500 3PUA501 3PUA502 3PUA503 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 2 0.55 1.2 0.06 0.7 0.25 <0.1 10 <0.005 0.01 1 3.6 0.07 3220 0.5 <0.01 0.4 27.8 40 3 3 2.2 0.24 1.3 0.2 0.1 <10 0.005 0.34 5 8 0.14 1005 1.15 <0.01 1.3 26.8 60 4 2.7 1.8 0.36 1 0.2 0.1 10 0.005 0.22 11 5.2 0.18 1370 2.9 <0.01 1 28.4 80 8 6.85 4.4 0.59 3.45 0.15 0.3 40 0.01 0.45 10.5 21.8 0.18 4170 5.1 0.01 3.3 27.4 160 3 5.75 2.8 0.39 2.25 0.2 0.2 <10 0.015 1.09 20.5 12.2 0.27 895 1.15 0.02 2.7 26.6 70 2 0.8 1 0.12 0.45 0.3 <0.1 <10 <0.005 0.1 2.5 1.8 0.14 515 0.65 <0.01 0.6 29.4 30 19 13.5 53.9 4.72 9.8 0.1 0.2 1490 0.01 0.26 4 20.2 0.22 >10000 3.45 <0.01 1.6 13.4 630 3 1.75 1.8 0.2 1.25 0.1 0.1 10 <0.005 0.2 3.5 5.2 0.11 4930 1 <0.01 1.1 26.4 40 5 1.65 2 0.2 1.25 0.15 0.1 40 <0.005 0.12 4.5 6.6 0.12 3280 1.25 0.01 1.2 29 50 7 5.8 4.4 0.54 2.5 0.15 0.2 160 0.005 0.5 8 11.6 0.13 5910 3.75 <0.01 1.4 28 130 9 8.85 5.6 0.51 2.8 0.15 0.3 10 0.01 0.44 10 22.2 0.17 2960 3.45 0.02 3 5.8 100 7 5.5 6 0.61 2.5 0.15 0.3 <10 0.015 0.88 12.5 14.4 0.22 1780 1.45 0.02 2.7 5.2 130 6 5 4 0.47 2.05 0.2 0.3 10 0.005 0.8 12.5 12 0.2 1305 2.7 0.01 2.4 5.2 110 5 3.85 5.2 0.32 1.55 0.1 0.1 10 0.005 0.29 5 8.2 0.08 >10000 2.8 <0.01 1.2 5.8 80 7 5.9 8 0.31 1.85 0.05 0.1 30 0.01 0.25 4.5 11.2 0.08 >10000 3.15 <0.01 1.4 6.2 120 69 1.9 353 1.4 17.35 0.15 <0.1 620 0.02 0.01 1.5 13.2 <0.01 >10000 2.4 <0.01 0.3 1.6 1620 Transect R3 - Est s/n, Gal 754W, 4450 m level 21 1.25 204.6 3.11 3.35 0.1 0.3 340 0.015 0.62 3.5 8.2 0.03 >10000 2.95 <0.01 1.1 8 300 28 1.55 351 5.29 4.2 0.15 0.5 540 0.015 0.56 4 10.8 0.06 >10000 6.8 <0.01 1.5 11.2 340 6 5 22.8 0.5 2.8 0.05 0.2 240 0.005 0.14 3 9.2 0.14 >10000 4.85 <0.01 0.3 4.8 210 4 0.3 2.4 0.11 0.7 0.05 <0.1 <10 <0.005 0.17 0.5 1.2 0.12 4820 0.95 <0.01 0.5 5 50 6 0.35 2.8 0.14 0.65 0.1 <0.1 <10 <0.005 0.24 1 1.4 0.17 2320 1.3 <0.01 0.6 7 50 7 0.35 4.4 0.11 1.9 0.05 <0.1 20 0.005 0.06 2.5 0.6 0.01 >10000 0.8 <0.01 0.3 6.2 130 5 1.05 3.4 0.18 0.75 0.1 0.1 10 <0.005 0.19 2 3.4 0.22 2730 2.1 0.01 0.9 6.4 30 4 0.95 4.8 0.19 1 0.1 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.34 2.5 3.8 0.2 4080 1.35 0.01 0.9 5.4 30 8 2.2 13.8 0.52 3.05 0.1 0.4 160 <0.005 1.07 3 4.8 0.13 >10000 7.1 0.01 1.3 8 210 3 0.65 6 0.18 1.05 0.05 0.1 20 <0.005 0.22 2 2.4 0.14 9830 1.15 <0.01 0.3 4.8 50 4 0.75 8.4 0.2 1.4 0.05 0.1 30 <0.005 0.26 2.5 2.4 0.12 >10000 2.05 <0.01 0.6 6 100 10 2.05 83.8 2.73 3.15 0.1 0.1 1120 0.01 0.16 6 4.8 0.25 >10000 11.6 <0.01 0.9 5.4 250 5 0.5 33.4 0.6 2.7 0.05 0.1 100 0.005 0.37 3.5 1.4 0.09 >10000 2.65 <0.01 0.8 6 230 14 0.7 1655 3.14 4.55 0.15 0.3 1020 0.025 1.46 4 2.2 0.05 >10000 3.2 <0.01 1.1 6 300 Transect R4 - Gallery 310SE, 4360m level 13 5.3 34.4 1.06 5.5 0.05 0.3 270 0.005 0.5 7 4 0.11 >10000 3.9 0.01 1.6 6 340 17 1.3 90.5 5.96 4.25 0.15 0.1 770 0.015 0.09 5.5 4.2 0.4 >10000 8.45 0.01 0.8 5.2 310 3 0.6 3.4 0.12 0.95 0.05 <0.1 <10 <0.005 0.14 1.5 1.6 0.17 9980 0.6 <0.01 0.5 4.4 90 3 1.45 4.6 0.23 1.65 0.05 0.1 10 <0.005 0.34 2.5 5.2 0.23 >10000 0.4 0.01 0.9 5.8 220 6 1.2 8.8 0.23 2.85 0.05 0.1 70 <0.005 0.35 2 1.8 0.03 >10000 2.45 <0.01 0.8 5.4 220 6 0.85 5.2 0.29 2.95 0.05 0.2 30 <0.005 0.79 4 2 0.04 >10000 4.9 0.01 1.4 6.8 250 Transect R5 - Xc 130N, 4300m level 6 7.32 5 0.34 1.64 0.12 0.2 10 0.013 0.51 3.8 8.3 0.3 2170 1 0.01 1.8 6 80 5 1.88 3.5 0.26 1.25 0.07 0.2 50 0.007 0.22 2.2 5.1 0.7 1590 1.84 0.01 1.4 5 80 5 3.19 3.4 0.25 1.34 0.07 0.2 10 <0.005 0.28 2.7 11.2 0.91 179 0.57 0.01 1.8 3 80 5 2.02 3 0.19 1.08 0.07 0.2 10 <0.005 0.31 2.9 8 0.41 482 2.06 0.01 1.2 4 70 680 Sample N° 3PUA504 3PUA505 3PUA506 3PUA507 3PUA508 3PUA509 3PUA510 3PUA511-LG 3PUA511-Y 3PUA513 3PUA514 3PUA515 3PUA516 3PUA517 3PUA518 3PUA519 3PUA520 3PUA521 3PUA522 3PUA523 3PUA524 3PUA525 3PUA526 3PUA527 3PUA528 3PUA529 3PUA530 3PUA531 3PUA532 3PUA533 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 7 5.55 5.6 0.35 1.42 0.08 0.2 10 0.007 0.47 3.7 10.6 0.79 149 4.41 0.01 1.9 6 90 4 1.98 2.9 0.14 0.52 0.07 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.14 2 28.7 0.43 120 1.88 0.01 0.7 3 50 9 19.2 3.8 0.42 2.78 0.12 0.3 <10 0.009 0.45 5.5 11.8 4.09 371 0.27 0.01 3.3 4 100 10 7.34 5.1 0.44 3.29 0.14 0.4 10 0.007 1.23 6.9 6.3 0.29 1570 0.75 0.01 3.4 7 190 7 2.22 3.3 0.34 1.22 0.1 0.2 <10 0.005 0.16 2.7 10.9 0.32 538 0.55 <0.01 1.7 4 120 8 2.78 4.7 0.58 2.29 0.09 0.4 10 0.006 1.61 4.1 8.8 0.13 5180 5.23 0.01 2.3 5 180 7 5.45 10.7 0.78 1.78 0.05 0.2 90 0.007 0.34 5.2 8.9 0.27 2900 5.02 0.01 1.7 7 140 2 0.1 1.5 0.02 0.08 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 1.4 0.2 0.54 1275 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.3 20 3 0.19 1.7 0.06 0.26 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.01 1.6 0.4 2.27 3530 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 2.9 20 5 5.17 8.8 0.69 1.33 <0.05 0.2 190 0.005 0.27 2.7 6.3 0.27 1965 1.06 0.01 1.5 4 160 12 1.02 24.7 0.99 3.12 <0.05 0.1 20 <0.005 0.09 1.4 5.8 0.18 >10000 0.68 0.01 0.7 3 110 5 4.54 12.4 0.52 1.83 <0.05 0.2 100 0.007 0.36 3.2 7.2 0.23 5870 0.77 0.01 1.5 3 180 7 2.92 4.3 0.46 3.44 0.05 0.4 20 0.008 1.04 6.8 5.7 0.27 >10000 1.08 0.02 3.9 4 240 6 3.51 4.7 0.79 1.94 <0.05 0.2 90 0.007 0.35 3.5 3.2 0.17 >10000 0.85 0.01 1.5 3 170 6 5.46 88.1 7.83 18 0.3 0.1 330 0.019 0.18 5.3 7.8 0.17 >10000 0.92 0.01 0.9 3 120 2 0.68 47.6 0.6 3.43 <0.05 <0.1 10 0.005 0.12 1.1 1.8 0.16 >10000 0.31 <0.01 0.5 2 60 4 1.16 3.9 0.26 1.73 <0.05 0.2 10 <0.005 0.45 3.7 2.4 0.16 3790 2.62 <0.01 1.7 3 100 5 1.87 3.7 0.28 1.44 0.05 0.2 10 0.005 0.49 3.4 3.5 0.24 1935 0.56 0.01 1.8 4 140 4 2.59 5 0.27 1.88 <0.05 0.2 10 0.007 0.51 5.7 3.9 0.32 3580 0.42 0.01 1.7 3 140 6 3.2 2.4 0.28 1.86 0.07 0.2 10 0.006 0.68 5 5.9 0.32 1310 0.49 0.01 1.9 3 120 5 3.93 3.9 0.32 2.14 0.05 0.3 40 0.007 0.75 5.5 4.7 0.3 3320 0.64 0.01 2.3 3 110 6 1.52 3.3 0.34 2.12 0.06 0.2 20 0.006 0.99 5.9 3.5 0.18 4300 0.42 0.01 2.4 3 110 7 1.2 3.6 0.45 2.71 0.09 0.3 50 0.012 1.52 9.4 2.9 0.25 6010 0.57 0.01 3.2 4 120 7 6.38 3.3 0.48 4.07 0.1 0.4 180 0.012 1.4 10.2 8.3 0.32 7020 1.12 0.01 3.6 4 250 3 2.62 2.5 0.23 1.5 0.09 0.2 10 0.007 0.55 4.2 3.5 0.26 2920 0.7 0.01 1.4 2 110 4 2.48 3.8 0.3 2.03 0.07 0.2 40 0.008 0.65 5.7 3.9 0.3 6740 0.77 0.01 1.6 3 110 4 1.7 6.5 0.28 1.96 0.06 0.2 30 0.009 0.65 5.8 3.4 0.24 7790 0.35 0.01 1.6 3 140 7 2.26 3.5 0.44 2.77 0.08 0.2 10 0.009 1.22 7.6 4.8 0.32 6000 0.5 0.02 2.8 4 160 5 1.3 3.6 0.5 4.86 <0.05 0.2 20 0.01 1 6.6 7.1 0.24 >10000 0.97 0.01 2.7 5 150 5 2.59 3 0.39 3 <0.05 0.2 10 0.01 0.9 7.4 5.1 0.31 7150 0.56 0.01 2.7 4 160681 Sample N° 3PUA534 3PUA535 3PUA536 3PUA537 3PUA540 3PUA542 3PUA544 3PUA545 3PUA546 3PUA547 3PUA548-BH 3PUA548-LMS 3PUA548-OR 3PUA549 3PUA550 3PUA551 3PUA552 3PUA553 3PUA559 3PUA559-OR 3PUA560 3PUA561 3PUA562 3PUA562-NF 3PUA562-OR 3PUA563 3PUA563-OR Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 5 1.14 3 0.42 2.45 0.09 0.3 10 0.008 1.29 7.6 2.8 0.31 1880 0.48 0.02 3 4 140 6 2.12 4.1 0.44 2.95 0.09 0.3 20 0.012 1.28 7.9 3.7 0.31 4140 0.53 0.02 2.8 4 160 5 2.24 2.7 0.36 2.37 0.08 0.3 10 0.009 1.1 8.4 4.2 0.3 1430 0.47 0.02 2.5 4 140 6 0.79 4.5 0.42 2.75 0.05 0.3 10 0.008 1.3 6.5 3.7 0.22 3430 0.6 0.01 2.8 24.4 150 1 0.67 5.1 0.42 8.11 <0.05 0.1 240 0.006 0.34 3.9 3.7 0.29 >10000 0.45 <0.01 1 1 80 3 <0.05 36.6 0.12 1.38 <0.05 <0.1 0.005 <0.01 161.5 <0.2 0.04 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.6 10 7 10.75 12.4 1.53 5.65 0.1 0.6 0.006 0.78 38.7 4.2 0.14 >10000 1.26 <0.01 4.4 1.8 480 Transect R6 - XC 916NE, 4360m level 6 3.93 4.3 0.39 3.57 <0.05 0.2 80 0.007 0.2 4.8 7.3 0.91 >10000 0.75 <0.01 1.7 4 110 6 4.72 4.4 0.3 2.71 <0.05 0.3 10 0.005 0.61 4.2 9 0.29 1775 0.37 0.01 1.8 2 130 6 0.85 2.7 0.27 1.7 <0.05 0.2 10 0.007 0.06 3.4 6 0.26 1480 0.4 0.01 2.2 4 80 5 5.57 4.6 0.11 1.5 0.05 0.2 0.008 0.27 11.9 5.1 0.24 4030 0.21 <0.01 1.4 5.9 160 4 4.21 7.7 0.2 1.27 0.05 0.2 0.005 0.24 19.2 4.8 0.23 2930 0.16 <0.01 1.3 4.4 170 2 0.2 2.6 <0.01 0.74 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.01 5.2 0.2 0.05 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.1 20 10 6.93 4.6 0.22 3.51 0.12 0.5 30 0.012 0.91 11.8 13.2 0.23 2980 0.29 0.01 3.9 1 200 5 5.97 1.9 0.45 1.98 0.07 0.2 30 0.005 0.24 5.3 3.5 0.3 4480 2.13 0.01 1.5 3 110 5 0.49 1.9 0.13 0.77 0.1 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.2 2.1 1.4 0.21 1200 1.14 <0.01 0.7 2 50 4 1.65 4 0.35 1.52 0.1 0.4 10 <0.005 0.55 4.5 2.8 0.29 2070 1.1 0.01 1.2 3 100 4 3.45 3 0.19 1.59 0.08 0.2 20 0.005 0.52 4.6 8.4 0.35 1470 0.13 0.01 1.7 1 140 Transect R7 - Xc 710SE, 4180m level 4 0.93 2 0.14 0.96 0.15 0.1 40 <0.005 0.27 2.1 2.7 0.26 1465 2.3 0.01 0.8 3 50 2 <0.05 1.7 0.01 0.16 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 1.1 <0.2 0.18 2490 0.09 <0.01 0.1 3.7 <10 4 0.6 2.4 0.15 1.75 0.12 0.1 50 <0.005 0.36 2.7 2.1 0.18 7610 1.74 0.01 0.9 2 40 14 3.22 4.3 0.8 4.51 0.08 0.5 40 0.007 1.76 5.9 7.1 0.13 >10000 1.18 0.03 4.7 6 240 8 4.98 5.7 0.54 3.25 0.07 0.5 20 <0.005 1.46 8.9 11.5 0.48 7910 2.4 0.02 3.2 6 240 3 0.12 2.5 0.03 0.23 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.05 1.3 0.6 0.12 2850 0.08 <0.01 0.2 4.3 20 4 0.92 2.6 0.04 0.98 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.12 3.9 0.9 0.1 >10000 0.21 <0.01 0.5 2.8 40 12 2.93 3.6 0.49 3.4 0.08 0.4 20 0.006 1.59 7.2 10.9 0.26 4030 2.28 0.03 4.6 6 230 3 0.12 1.3 0.02 1.68 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.01 2.1 0.3 <0.01 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.1 20 682 Sample N° 3PUA564 3PUA565 3PUA565-NF 3PUA570 3PUA571 3PUA572 3PUA573 4PUA562 4PUA564 3PUA715 3PUA717 3PUA719 3PUA722 3PUA728 3PUA732 3PUA734 3PUA735 3PUA738 4PUA532 4PUA534 4PUA536 4PUA511 4PUA513A 4PUA513B Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 10 3.47 8.9 0.81 4.77 0.1 0.7 50 0.01 2 12.4 11.4 0.33 >10000 3.07 0.02 4.3 9 260 5 4.77 3.8 0.23 1.84 0.07 0.3 60 0.005 0.42 4.4 4.3 0.32 1955 1.44 0.01 1.4 4 90 1 0.13 1.8 <0.01 0.08 0.06 <0.1 <0.005 0.01 1.4 0.6 0.14 374 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 5.3 10 4 3.61 3.3 0.18 2.77 <0.05 0.2 100 <0.005 0.14 5.4 3 0.24 >10000 0.61 <0.01 0.8 4 90 3 4.47 2.9 0.11 1.58 <0.05 0.1 70 <0.005 0.1 2.5 1.8 0.19 5490 0.76 <0.01 0.6 6 60 3 1.5 2.3 0.12 0.94 0.08 0.1 10 <0.005 0.17 2.6 3.3 0.28 566 0.82 0.01 0.7 3 40 4 2.49 3.2 0.29 1.32 0.12 0.2 20 0.01 0.23 3.1 3 0.27 972 1.63 0.01 0.9 5 80 2 0.72 1.8 0.09 0.33 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.05 1.1 1.6 0.64 110 1.23 <0.01 0.4 4.2 20 2 0.6 1.8 0.08 0.52 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.1 1.2 1.7 0.3 4330 0.53 <0.01 0.3 6.5 30 Transect R8 - LY 34-09-02, 4360m level 4 0.73 11.6 0.42 1.3 <0.05 0.1 20 0.012 0.42 3.3 2.5 0.24 8760 0.88 0.04 0.9 2 200 5 1.03 6.4 0.35 0.89 <0.05 0.1 10 0.008 0.14 1.7 3.3 0.25 1620 0.34 0.02 0.7 4.1 180 25 6.58 4.4 0.42 2.23 0.05 0.3 <10 0.013 0.65 5.7 12.4 0.38 1510 0.46 0.02 2.1 0.4 180 12 1.17 3.2 0.26 1.2 <0.05 0.2 10 0.006 0.62 4 4.8 0.29 2830 0.99 0.01 1.4 9.3 130 9 5.05 3.4 0.33 1.57 <0.05 0.3 10 0.006 0.43 4.3 11.8 0.37 595 1.1 0.01 1.5 9.7 110 13 1.17 5.8 0.26 1.15 <0.05 0.2 20 <0.005 0.56 5.3 5.8 0.27 2380 0.78 0.01 1.4 7.9 160 3 0.42 6.4 0.04 0.31 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.02 <0.5 0.5 0.2 4150 0.11 <0.01 0.2 16.4 10 8 2.08 2.9 0.26 0.8 <0.05 0.2 <10 <0.005 0.23 2.8 5.7 0.49 168 0.97 0.01 1.3 8.7 140 10 8.35 4 0.34 1.88 <0.05 0.3 <10 0.007 0.49 4.8 12.6 0.47 246 0.34 0.02 2.2 7 170 8 8.33 4.4 0.25 1.11 <0.05 0.2 <10 0.007 0.33 2.6 10.4 0.48 80 0.59 0.02 1.1 7.3 160 14 7.77 3.9 0.38 2.03 <0.05 0.4 10 0.007 0.8 5.4 12.6 0.3 857 0.5 0.01 2.4 7.9 140 8 7.2 4 0.31 1.58 <0.05 0.3 <10 0.007 0.57 4.6 10.2 0.42 442 0.61 0.02 1.6 5.9 120 Transect R9 - Xc 940-I-NE, 4120m level 2 3.31 3.1 0.21 1.79 <0.05 0.3 90 0.006 0.4 5.2 13.2 0.2 9710 0.31 <0.01 1.6 6.6 140 3 0.84 3.2 0.15 0.81 <0.05 0.1 10 <0.005 0.29 2.1 2.1 0.16 961 0.17 0.01 0.7 5.2 140 5 7.66 4.9 0.14 2.1 <0.05 0.2 60 0.006 0.27 9 6.9 0.12 7460 0.15 <0.01 1.1 7.1 1580 683 Sample N° 4PUA514 4PUA515 4PUA516A 4PUA516B 4PUA517 4PUA518 4PUA519 4PUA567B 4PUA568 4PUA569 4PUA572 4PUA575 4PUA578 4PUA582 4PUA585 4PUA522 4PUA523 4PUA524 3PUA623 3PUA626 3PUA627 3PUA628 3PUA629 3PUA630B 3PUA631 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 9 1.08 5.9 0.53 1.85 <0.05 0.3 10 0.006 0.81 5.6 7.1 0.21 1340 0.47 0.01 2.3 9.6 240 6 1.78 5.1 0.27 1.52 <0.05 0.2 10 0.006 0.66 4.3 5.4 0.26 1040 0.08 0.01 1.6 7.3 180 8 8.65 5.5 0.49 2.21 0.05 0.3 20 0.011 0.54 8.7 8.4 0.42 1120 0.41 0.01 2.1 7.3 150 5 5.53 4 0.04 1.16 <0.05 0.2 <10 <0.005 0.11 3.7 15.2 0.17 3850 0.07 0.01 0.9 4.9 90 3 0.62 1.6 0.14 0.38 <0.05 0.1 10 <0.005 0.09 1.3 1.4 0.2 1385 <0.05 0.01 0.5 6.4 110 4 1.32 2 0.19 0.92 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.32 2 3.2 0.28 1685 0.22 0.01 0.8 5.1 160 8 1.13 4.5 0.24 1.68 <0.05 0.3 20 0.009 0.96 5.5 3.4 0.26 5810 0.35 0.01 1.9 6 190 Transect R10 - Xc s/n, LY 01-94, 4450m level <1 0.65 2.3 0.1 0.8 <0.05 <0.1 80 <0.005 0.02 <0.5 1.5 0.3 14500 0.15 <0.01 0.1 3.7 40 3 2.96 2.5 0.25 1.1 <0.05 0.2 <10 0.005 0.21 2.7 4.3 0.46 949 0.7 0.01 1.3 6.6 70 5 4.54 2.7 0.26 1.11 <0.05 0.3 <10 0.006 0.27 2.8 3.4 0.87 88 0.77 0.01 1.4 6.2 50 8 10.5 4.8 0.37 1.32 <0.05 0.3 10 0.008 0.43 3.7 5.2 1.6 94 3.42 0.01 1.9 8.5 90 9 10.05 6.4 0.68 2.41 <0.05 0.5 20 0.032 0.75 3.3 6.6 1.34 247 5.02 0.01 1.8 16.1 120 46 3.9 2.6 0.22 0.63 <0.05 0.2 <10 <0.005 0.12 1.5 10.4 1.07 106 1.36 0.01 0.9 6.6 40 12 1.7 2.6 0.31 1.98 <0.05 0.4 20 0.009 0.5 4.3 9.7 0.48 815 0.24 0.01 2.7 6.4 110 5 1.78 1.7 0.14 0.72 <0.05 0.2 <10 0.006 0.09 2.2 8.1 0.39 651 0.05 0.01 1 5.4 50 Unaltered samples - Anilcocha 3 2.67 1.9 0.16 0.74 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.15 2.9 4.2 0.43 236 0.17 0.01 0.8 6.2 50 4 1.31 1.8 0.13 0.45 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.09 1.9 1.6 0.26 77 0.7 0.01 0.6 5.8 30 5 1.77 2.2 0.17 0.75 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.14 1.9 3.4 0.49 90 0.32 0.02 0.8 7.1 70 Socorro Transect S1 - surface, 4550m 3 1.74 2.5 0.23 1.48 0.11 0.2 190 <0.005 0.22 3.4 7.2 0.12 5270 0.52 <0.01 1.3 3 50 3 1.65 4 0.22 1.48 0.32 0.1 40 <0.005 0.34 4.9 3.3 0.18 3440 0.52 0.01 1.5 3 40 4 2.2 2.5 0.25 1.56 0.17 0.3 10 0.009 0.71 5.6 5.4 0.25 2800 0.36 0.02 2.1 2 60 3 2.19 1.9 0.18 0.96 0.14 0.1 30 <0.005 0.24 2.1 5.6 0.19 3040 0.76 0.01 1 2 30 3 0.46 1.6 0.13 0.61 0.13 0.1 10 <0.005 0.13 2.1 1.8 0.14 4990 0.36 <0.01 0.5 1 20 3 0.83 2 0.15 0.79 0.12 0.1 10 <0.005 0.21 2.9 3.5 0.16 4210 0.19 <0.01 0.7 4 30 2 2.08 2.7 0.23 1.18 0.1 0.2 100 <0.005 0.33 2.9 5 0.25 5100 1.68 0.01 1.1 3 50 684 Sample N° 3PUA632 3PUA633 3PUA635 3PUA636 3PUA637 3PUA638 3PUA639 3PUA640 2PUE326 2PUE327 2PUE281 2PUE299 3PUA556 2PUE300 2PUE301 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 2 1.84 2.3 0.25 1.31 0.15 0.2 20 <0.005 0.4 3.7 5.9 0.26 2310 1.2 0.01 1.4 3 60 Transect S2 - Xc s/n, Surface 4650 m 6 4.11 104.5 2.18 2.59 0.1 0.2 210 0.01 0.09 4.1 8.8 0.15 >10000 2.28 <0.01 1.6 4 70 1 1.51 3 0.21 1.38 0.07 0.2 50 <0.005 0.34 3.1 4.7 0.12 >10000 0.6 0.01 1.2 2 40 2 0.93 2.2 0.15 1.56 0.06 0.1 100 <0.005 0.06 2.1 4.2 0.08 >10000 0.36 <0.01 0.8 1 50 5 3.68 2.6 0.23 1.76 0.1 0.3 10 <0.005 0.77 5.9 12.6 0.2 7250 0.47 0.01 2 3 50 26 13.6 31.1 0.48 3.31 0.09 0.3 20 0.006 0.54 7.5 24.8 0.13 >10000 2.52 0.01 2.7 5 210 4 26.6 4.3 0.35 2.02 0.11 0.2 20 0.008 0.34 5.8 25.6 0.43 4620 0.74 0.01 1.7 3 170 3 4.16 3.5 0.27 0.88 0.16 0.2 10 <0.005 0.16 3 4.9 0.31 345 0.89 0.01 1.1 2 60 Miscelaneous samples 9 3.5 6.6 0.29 4.35 0.05 0.3 220 <0.005 0.21 4 8.4 0.29 >10000 3.15 <0.01 1.2 12 230 4 1.35 2 0.13 1.45 0.05 <0.1 60 <0.005 0.07 1.5 1.6 0.16 >10000 1.5 <0.01 0.4 7.4 80 7 3.3 4.8 0.48 2.75 0.05 <0.1 680 <0.005 0.05 2 2 0.1 >10000 2.85 <0.01 0.4 25.4 160 4 0.7 3.8 0.12 0.65 0.15 <0.1 10 0.005 <0.01 5 2.6 0.12 2120 0.4 0.01 0.5 5.2 40 1 0.06 1.7 0.07 1.26 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.7 0.2 0.34 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.6 30 43 14.45 170.6 5.53 18.4 0.35 3.7 <10 0.065 2.16 84.5 25.6 0.13 >10000 58.04 0.03 16.7 7.4 2140 75 4.4 899 1.3 3.45 0.05 0.6 30 0.03 0.18 11.5 129 0.09 >10000 15.55 <0.01 1 3.2 330 685 Sample N° 3PUA641-W 3PUA641-Y 3PUA642 3PUA643 3PUA645 3PUA646 3PUA648 3PUA649 3PUA650-W 3PUA650-Y 3PUA652 3PUA653 3PUA655 3PUA656 3PUA657 3PUA658 3PUA659 3PUA660 3PUA661 3PUA662 3PUA663 3PUA664-NF 3PUA664-OR Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Marion vein - Huantajalla 0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.05 <1 <0.2 290 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.02 0.2 7 0.1 0.1 <2 0.7 0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.12 <1 <0.2 157.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 4 0.1 0.2 <2 0.6 5.2 14.6 0.004 <0.50 1.21 1 <0.2 337 <0.05 <0.05 0.8 0.03 1.2 0.9 14 0.4 2.1 10 1.4 1.5 10.9 0.003 <0.50 1.28 1 0.2 370 <0.05 <0.05 0.9 0.03 0.4 0.8 15 0.5 2.3 <2 3.2 0.8 7.6 0.006 <0.50 0.92 1 <0.2 361 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.02 0.34 0.9 9 0.4 1.5 <2 1.9 2.5 13.6 0.002 <0.50 1.48 1 0.2 281 <0.05 0.06 0.8 0.03 0.52 0.8 13 0.7 2.1 10 4.1 2.2 11.6 0.005 <0.50 0.52 2 0.2 370 <0.05 0.07 0.4 0.02 0.14 0.9 15 0.1 2.4 <2 0.7 2.3 13.5 0.002 <0.50 1.16 2 0.2 287 <0.05 0.14 0.7 0.03 0.59 0.8 10 0.2 2.5 5 1.6 0.8 0.1 <0.002 0.01 0.11 <1 <0.2 190.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 0.2 8 0.1 0.1 2 1.1 0.5 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.15 <1 <0.2 141.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.12 0.1 5 0.1 0.1 2 <0.5 4.1 10.4 0.004 <0.50 2.8 2 <0.2 284 <0.05 0.16 0.5 0.02 0.94 0.8 12 0.3 2.1 8 1.4 2.7 1.6 0.008 <0.50 0.74 2 <0.2 341 <0.05 0.14 0.4 0.01 0.33 1.2 15 0.1 1.6 8 1.4 1.3 12.3 0.004 <0.50 0.47 2 0.2 485 <0.05 0.09 0.7 0.03 0.26 0.8 13 0.1 2.5 <2 1.4 Morococha vein - Pozo Rico 2.4 31 0.003 <0.50 3.14 1 0.3 312 <0.05 0.1 1.4 0.04 0.97 0.7 11 0.6 3.5 3 6.4 0.5 12.5 0.004 <0.50 1.81 2 0.2 314 <0.05 0.14 0.6 0.02 0.25 0.5 7 0.3 1.8 <2 3.7 2.5 23.4 <0.002 <0.50 2.72 2 0.2 330 <0.05 0.16 1.2 0.04 0.64 0.5 9 0.6 3.1 2 5.4 1.3 9.9 0.003 <0.50 1.16 2 <0.2 354 <0.05 0.15 0.7 0.03 0.3 0.9 10 0.3 1.6 24 5.7 8 8.2 0.002 <0.50 2.29 1 <0.2 484 <0.05 0.06 0.5 0.02 0.38 0.9 7 0.3 1.2 31 2.8 1.6 2.9 0.007 <0.50 2.12 1 <0.2 310 <0.05 0.12 0.2 0.01 0.3 0.7 6 0.2 1 150 1.9 1.2 6.7 0.002 <0.50 1.45 <1 <0.2 429 <0.05 0.11 0.4 0.02 0.22 0.6 4 0.3 1.1 17 3.7 0.8 3.6 0.003 <0.50 1.1 1 <0.2 276 <0.05 0.16 0.3 0.01 0.2 0.7 3 0.1 1 5 1.9 <0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.14 <1 <0.2 220 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.05 <0.1 4 <0.1 0.5 <2 <0.5 <0.5 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.08 <1 <0.2 278 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 <0.1 3 <0.1 0.3 <2 <0.5 686 Sample N° 3PUA575 3PUA576 3PUA577 3PUA578 3PUA579 3PUA580 3PUA581 3PUA583 3PUA584 3PUA586 3PUA587 3PUA588 3PUA589 3PUA590 3PUA608 3PUA609 3PUA612 3PUA614 3PUA616 3PUA617 3PUA619 3PUA620 3PUA666 3PUA667 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm Plomopampa - Casualidad Transect P1 - Xc 630SE, level 4450 m 2540 3.5 0.009 5.22 958 1 60.2 218 <0.05 0.41 0.2 0.01 16.35 1.7 <1 3.3 1 3230 4 15.8 18.4 0.007 <0.50 6.18 1 0.6 306 <0.05 0.06 0.9 0.05 0.57 0.5 11 0.2 2.4 21 9.1 4 6.6 0.003 <0.50 1.27 1 0.2 505 <0.05 0.1 0.5 0.02 0.35 0.7 6 0.1 1.1 <2 4.9 1.9 11.2 0.012 <0.50 0.62 <1 0.3 496 <0.05 0.17 0.8 0.04 0.38 2.3 12 0.2 1.7 <2 8.5 3.8 26.7 0.008 0.57 0.59 1 0.4 444 0.08 0.1 1.5 0.08 0.32 1.3 21 0.3 2.7 2 15.7 3.2 37.1 0.002 0.75 0.59 2 0.5 384 0.09 0.25 2 0.1 0.77 1.1 25 0.3 4.1 5 20.9 2.7 17.2 0.003 <0.50 0.57 1 0.3 302 <0.05 0.09 1.3 0.04 0.44 0.8 11 0.5 2.1 <2 8.4 1.7 6 0.003 <0.50 0.76 2 0.3 696 <0.05 0.17 0.4 0.02 0.3 0.6 6 0.3 1 <2 3.6 1.3 8.6 0.005 <0.50 4.6 1 0.2 466 <0.05 0.13 0.5 0.02 0.63 0.4 4 0.3 1 <2 3.8 3.4 20.8 0.004 <0.50 1.48 1 0.4 476 0.05 0.1 1.2 0.06 0.74 1.3 17 0.6 2.4 4 12.6 2.2 12.4 0.004 <0.50 0.29 2 0.3 505 <0.05 0.16 1 0.03 0.32 1.1 13 0.1 1.9 113 6.8 1.8 9.9 0.008 <0.50 1.25 1 0.2 398 <0.05 0.18 0.9 0.03 0.43 1.6 10 0.6 2 <2 5.8 2.3 9.6 0.005 <0.50 1.04 2 0.2 524 <0.05 0.19 0.7 0.03 0.38 1.5 11 0.4 1.4 <2 6.1 2.2 11.4 0.005 <0.50 1.46 2 0.2 463 <0.05 0.21 0.7 0.03 0.7 1.3 11 0.4 1.6 <2 6.5 Transect P2 - 4665 m 7.3 33.7 0.006 <0.50 5.58 <1 0.4 261 0.06 <0.05 2.3 0.06 2.95 1.1 14 1.5 4.2 18 14.8 1.9 11.5 0.004 <0.50 3.21 <1 <0.2 410 <0.05 <0.05 0.6 0.02 1.28 0.9 6 0.3 1.6 <2 4 1.5 10.3 0.002 <0.50 0.99 <1 <0.2 371 0.05 <0.05 0.6 0.02 1.81 0.8 7 0.2 1.1 3 4.8 3.5 23.5 0.002 <0.50 2.5 1 0.2 375 <0.05 <0.05 1.5 0.04 2.1 0.8 8 0.4 2.9 <2 8.6 3.3 18 0.003 <0.50 9.8 <1 0.4 277 <0.05 0.08 0.9 0.04 5.26 1 12 0.9 1.7 3 7.4 1.8 9.5 0.004 <0.50 1.51 <1 <0.2 307 <0.05 <0.05 0.8 0.02 0.41 0.7 7 0.1 1.8 <2 4.7 1.9 18.6 0.004 <0.50 20.2 1 0.2 278 <0.05 0.1 0.9 0.03 1.81 0.7 7 0.7 1.8 <2 5.8 5.5 8.3 0.005 <0.50 24.2 <1 0.2 255 <0.05 0.17 0.4 0.01 4.2 0.4 5 0.2 1.4 11 2.5 Transect P3 - 4550 m 8.4 119.5 0.002 0.8 24.6 3 10.3 161 0.58 0.25 6 0.16 5.54 0.9 31 13.4 7.7 3170 20.3 9.3 77.4 <0.002 0.6 8.2 1 0.6 259 0.31 0.07 4.2 0.1 2.21 1 20 1.7 6.3 9 18.6687 Sample N° 3PUA668 3PUA669 3PUA670 3PUA671 3PUA672 3PUA673 3PUA675 3PUA676 3PUA677 3PUA678 3PUA679 3PUA680 3PUA681 3PUA683 3PUA685 3PUA688 3PUA689 3PUA690 3PUA691 3PUA693 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 5.7 26 0.002 <0.50 6.36 1 0.2 216 0.07 0.08 1.7 0.03 0.94 0.8 11 0.5 3.4 <2 6.5 4.9 135 0.003 <0.50 3.46 2 0.7 289 0.21 0.11 5.3 0.14 3.61 1.1 24 0.7 9.2 12 23.4 6.6 5.7 0.002 <0.50 1.74 2 <0.2 233 <0.05 0.19 0.4 0.01 0.61 0.8 3 0.1 1.2 <2 1.6 8 22.9 0.004 <0.50 4.25 2 0.3 253 0.13 0.12 1.4 0.04 1 1.3 10 0.5 2.5 <2 9.5 4.9 30.1 0.003 <0.50 3.26 1 0.2 378 0.08 0.06 0.9 0.03 1.47 1.3 9 0.3 1.9 15 7.2 2 4 0.005 <0.50 1.08 1 <0.2 244 <0.05 0.18 0.3 0.01 0.49 3 9 0.1 0.8 <2 1.6 1.4 6.9 0.004 <0.50 1.26 1 0.2 197 <0.05 0.24 0.4 0.01 0.58 1 5 0.4 0.8 <2 3.3 5.2 35 0.004 <0.50 7 <1 0.6 171.5 0.2 0.12 3.1 0.06 1.73 1.4 12 1.3 3.4 <2 13.7 2.1 3.2 0.009 <0.50 1.46 1 <0.2 214 <0.05 0.17 0.5 0.01 0.49 2.7 6 0.2 0.8 <2 1.9 6 29.4 0.003 <0.50 4.57 1 0.3 273 0.06 0.11 2.3 0.05 1.63 1.1 9 0.6 3 <2 9.8 5.6 11 0.004 <0.50 4.35 1 <0.2 248 0.05 0.19 0.9 0.02 0.77 1.3 7 0.3 1.4 <2 5.2 5 12.8 0.004 <0.50 4.51 2 <0.2 252 0.05 0.08 1 0.02 1.01 1.6 5 0.3 1.6 <2 6 4 5.4 0.003 <0.50 2.43 1 <0.2 317 <0.05 0.06 0.5 0.01 0.33 1.3 5 0.1 0.8 4 3.2 3.5 6.7 0.006 <0.50 14.2 1 0.3 159 <0.05 0.31 0.5 0.01 0.46 1.5 7 0.4 0.8 3 2.9 15.2 14 0.004 <0.50 16.2 1 1.2 79.7 0.05 0.63 0.9 0.02 1.94 1.5 7 0.6 1.9 50 4.5 Transect P4 - 4470 m 3.1 9.8 0.005 <0.50 5.05 1 0.2 224 <0.05 0.13 0.9 0.02 1.97 1.5 6 0.3 1.6 2 4.7 3.5 13.8 0.006 <0.50 4.49 2 0.2 246 0.05 0.09 1.2 0.02 1.4 1.9 7 0.6 1.7 20 7.5 5.6 12.6 0.005 <0.50 2.18 1 <0.2 277 <0.05 0.16 1.1 0.02 1.16 1.8 8 0.3 1.6 2 4 2.8 11.8 0.005 <0.50 1.58 2 <0.2 286 <0.05 0.07 1.1 0.02 0.42 1.5 5 0.2 1.7 <2 5.1 5 9.4 0.003 <0.50 13.6 1 0.2 305 <0.05 0.14 0.6 0.01 0.77 0.9 5 0.3 0.9 13 3.6688 Sample N° 3PUA694 3PUA695 3PUA696 3PUA697 3PUA698 2PUE253 2PUE254 2PUE255 2PUE256 2PUE257 2PUE258 2PUE259 2PUE260 2PUE261 2PUE262A 2PUE263 2PUE264 2PUE265 2PUE266 2PUE267 2PUE268A 2PUE269 2PUE270 2PUE271 2PUE272 2PUE273 2PUE274 2PUE275 2PUE276 2PUE277 2PUE278 2PUE279 2PUE280 2PUE282 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 1.2 2.9 0.004 <0.50 1.32 1 <0.2 325 <0.05 0.13 0.5 0.01 0.28 0.9 4 0.1 0.8 <2 3.3 2.9 8 0.005 <0.50 2.67 1 <0.2 271 <0.05 0.07 0.5 0.01 0.76 2.1 11 0.2 0.8 <2 3.5 4.4 8.6 0.004 <0.50 0.8 2 0.2 381 <0.05 0.13 0.9 0.02 0.3 1.6 9 0.2 1.4 10 4.2 1.3 8.6 0.004 <0.50 <0.05 3 <0.2 470 <0.05 0.13 0.6 0.02 0.2 1 6 0.1 1.4 <2 4.1 4.5 16.8 0.003 <0.50 1.56 2 0.2 460 <0.05 0.12 0.8 0.03 1.06 1 10 0.2 2 3 6 Rosa vein Transect R1 - Surface, 4940 m 42 1.6 0.002 0.09 32.2 <1 <0.2 194.5 <0.05 0.05 <0.2 <0.01 6.68 0.5 7 0.1 0.6 90 1 10 1.4 0.002 0.09 28.5 <1 <0.2 184 <0.05 0.05 <0.2 <0.01 4.78 0.5 12 0.3 0.6 66 0.5 3210 3 0.002 0.78 523.7 3 0.6 243 <0.05 0.15 0.2 0.01 26.3 0.7 14 0.8 1.4 8410 1.5 98.6 3.8 0.004 0.09 49.3 <1 <0.2 238 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 16.9 1.7 12 0.1 0.8 150 1.5 19.5 4.3 0.002 0.08 67.75 <1 0.2 208 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 45.1 1.4 15 0.4 1.3 80 1.5 78 13.7 0.006 0.29 100.8 <1 0.2 162.5 <0.05 0.15 0.8 0.03 19.65 1.5 24 2.4 3.2 180 4.5 7.5 0.1 0.002 0.08 7.25 <1 <0.2 242 <0.05 0.05 <0.2 <0.01 0.74 0.1 6 <0.1 0.3 24 0.5 216 3 0.002 4.18 944 3 1.6 127.5 <0.05 0.05 0.2 0.01 102 1.5 <1 4.2 1.1 1220 4.5 1250 33.5 0.01 1.39 59.35 2 31.2 270 <0.05 0.1 1.8 0.05 6.08 2 31 0.9 4.1 1875 6.5 3.5 3.4 0.002 0.1 18.85 <1 <0.2 319 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 1.88 1.7 10 0.1 0.6 32 1.5 1.5 7.3 0.002 0.09 14.5 <1 <0.2 243 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 0.74 0.7 10 0.1 0.7 14 2 4 34.6 0.006 0.31 19 <1 0.2 292 <0.05 <0.05 1.6 0.04 2.84 1.5 11 0.4 3.6 52 8 1.5 9.3 0.002 0.21 12.4 <1 <0.2 295 <0.05 0.05 0.4 0.01 0.6 0.5 3 0.1 2 6 1.5 113.5 13.7 0.012 0.38 292.4 <1 1 158 <0.05 0.15 2.2 0.06 28.1 2.5 33 1.7 4.3 196 8.5 8 122.5 0.004 0.13 19.75 <1 0.6 256 <0.05 0.05 4 0.11 2.92 1.9 27 <0.1 7 36 19 5 4 0.002 0.07 15.2 <1 <0.2 234 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 4.32 0.3 4 0.1 0.7 22 1.5 2.5 49.1 0.006 0.44 16.85 <1 0.2 416 <0.05 0.05 1.4 0.04 1.5 2.2 17 <0.1 3.9 24 9 <0.5 1.6 0.002 0.08 9.55 <1 <0.2 224 <0.05 0.15 <0.2 <0.01 0.42 0.3 5 0.1 0.5 8 1 2 11.1 0.006 0.19 18.95 <1 <0.2 329 <0.05 0.05 0.6 0.01 1.98 1.1 6 2.8 2 30 3 3 22.1 0.002 0.1 11.6 <1 <0.2 284 <0.05 0.05 1 0.02 2.38 1.3 10 <0.1 2.5 44 5 6.5 28.1 0.002 0.18 20.6 <1 0.2 246 <0.05 0.15 0.8 0.02 1.72 1 8 0.4 2.5 54 4.5 5.5 46.7 0.004 0.17 20 <1 0.2 276 <0.05 0.1 1.6 0.04 2.32 1.5 14 0.3 3.8 28 9 13.5 45.6 0.006 0.27 53.65 <1 0.4 248 <0.05 0.1 2 0.05 6.8 1.6 17 0.5 5 48 7 175.5 39 0.002 1.09 >1000.0 7 1 203 <0.05 0.05 1.2 0.03 57.3 1.2 11 0.3 3.2 564 5 4.5 62.2 0.002 0.11 20.9 <1 0.2 281 <0.05 0.05 2 0.05 2.7 1.1 11 <0.1 5.3 36 7.5 6.5 64.5 0.002 0.09 17.6 <1 0.2 227 <0.05 0.05 2.8 0.06 2.56 1.5 16 <0.1 5.4 48 11 30 40.7 0.004 0.26 20.3 <1 0.4 307 <0.05 0.1 1.6 0.04 6.22 1.1 19 <0.1 4.1 86 7 3.5 38.2 0.002 0.16 14.8 <1 0.2 362 <0.05 0.1 1.4 0.03 1.12 1.3 11 <0.1 3.1 30 7.5 Transect R2 - Surface, 4725 m 9.5 2.1 0.002 0.06 7.25 <1 <0.2 105.5 <0.05 0.1 <0.2 <0.01 0.38 0.2 3 0.2 0.5 32 0.5 689 Sample N° 2PUE283 2PUE284 2PUE285 2PUE286 2PUE287 2PUE288 2PUE289 2PUE290 2PUE291 2PUE292 2PUE293 2PUE294 2PUE295 2PUE296 2PUE297 2PUE298 2PUE304 2PUE305 2PUE306 2PUE307 2PUE308 2PUE309 2PUE310 2PUE311 2PUE312 2PUE313 2PUE314 2PUE315 2PUE316 2PUE317 2PUE320 2PUE321 2PUE322 2PUE323 2PUE324 2PUE325 3PUA500 3PUA501 3PUA502 3PUA503 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 22 1.5 0.002 0.06 13.15 <1 <0.2 103 <0.05 0.15 <0.2 <0.01 0.26 0.3 3 0.1 0.6 26 0.5 6 24.5 0.006 0.07 6.15 <1 <0.2 150.5 <0.05 0.15 1 0.03 0.62 1.6 11 0.4 2.3 8 5.5 6 16.4 0.014 0.09 5.55 <1 <0.2 181.5 <0.05 0.1 0.8 0.01 0.42 2.2 13 0.5 3.7 4 3.5 11.5 50.9 0.008 0.07 15.7 <1 0.4 159 <0.05 0.1 3 0.07 1.28 2 25 1.9 5 46 8 4 72.6 0.006 0.42 4.25 <1 0.2 283 0.05 0.1 2.2 0.05 1.02 2.4 15 0.6 7.8 6 8 1.5 6.7 0.008 0.1 1.95 <1 <0.2 199 <0.05 0.15 0.2 <0.01 0.2 1.4 4 <0.1 1 2 2 874 42.8 0.022 6.36 361.3 4 16 85.1 0.05 0.1 1.2 0.03 7.04 2.5 16 5.6 1.6 4090 10 12.5 12.8 0.004 0.08 12.75 <1 0.2 163.5 <0.05 0.1 0.6 0.01 0.82 1.1 6 0.7 1.6 204 3.5 18.5 9.4 0.006 0.07 8.7 <1 0.2 152.5 0.05 0.1 0.8 0.02 0.72 1.1 9 0.6 2 16 3.5 104.5 35.8 0.008 0.08 33.3 <1 2.2 160 <0.05 0.05 1.8 0.05 1.94 2 17 0.7 3.5 1100 8 16 35.8 0.01 0.18 10.35 1 0.4 158 0.1 0.05 2.6 0.06 1.2 2.1 21 1 5.7 46 8.5 25 60.2 0.006 0.16 8.4 1 0.4 195.5 0.05 0.05 2.4 0.05 1.44 1.5 17 1.2 5.9 40 11 9.5 54.4 0.012 0.12 5.8 1 0.2 222 0.05 0.05 2.2 0.05 1.24 2.3 17 1 5.2 10 10.5 38 21.9 0.018 0.2 17.55 1 0.2 115 <0.05 0.1 1 0.02 0.58 2 11 0.9 2.4 312 6 302 19.8 0.012 0.12 44.9 <1 0.6 148 0.05 0.1 0.8 0.03 0.94 2.3 9 1.7 2.4 866 7 2830 2.2 0.002 >10.00 506.1 14 3.4 7.4 <0.05 0.2 <0.2 <0.01 2.86 0.7 <1 1.2 0.9 4100 6.5 Transect R3 - Est s/n, Gal 754W, 4450 m level >10000 29.1 0.016 5.14 >1000.0 9 10.2 58.2 <0.05 0.25 1.8 0.05 34.5 2.8 32 7 2.4 >10000 12.5 >10000 31.4 0.028 8.63 >1000.0 13 19.2 105 <0.05 0.35 2.2 0.06 56.7 2.9 40 8.3 2.6 >10000 18 960 9.6 0.012 0.76 653.9 <1 1.6 330 <0.05 0.3 1.2 0.03 20.1 1.3 19 1.3 1.8 1380 7.5 15 7.6 0.002 0.18 14.3 <1 <0.2 150 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 <0.01 0.82 0.9 5 0.4 0.6 276 2.5 12 10.6 0.002 0.22 11.25 <1 <0.2 175.5 <0.05 0.05 0.2 0.01 1 0.8 4 0.7 0.7 234 3 268 3.5 <0.002 0.19 263.9 <1 0.6 52.4 <0.05 0.05 <0.2 <0.01 4.36 0.4 3 0.4 1.2 398 2 5 10.5 0.002 0.25 12.3 <1 0.2 184.5 <0.05 0.05 0.4 0.01 2.36 1.2 5 0.8 1.3 12 5 14.5 16.1 0.002 0.25 17.7 <1 0.2 174.5 <0.05 0.05 0.6 0.01 1.74 1 7 0.8 1.3 40 5 78 65.8 0.016 0.68 96.95 <1 1.4 131 <0.05 0.2 1.4 0.04 17.95 2.1 20 2.3 2.6 58 14.5 166 10.8 0.002 0.28 58.95 <1 0.2 137 <0.05 <0.05 0.4 0.01 2.46 0.9 6 0.1 1.1 354 4.5 112 13.6 0.004 0.31 124.9 <1 0.4 131.5 <0.05 <0.05 0.4 0.01 2.52 1.1 7 0.8 1.3 238 5 2930 9.3 0.026 3.86 >1000.0 4 3.4 107 <0.05 0.5 0.6 0.01 28.8 1.9 17 2.6 3.2 5910 7.5 1035 21.2 0.008 0.96 1012 <1 1.6 119 <0.05 0.25 0.6 0.01 11.1 1.4 15 1.1 2.7 1970 6 9550 73 0.006 6.04 >1000.0 12 25.6 63.7 0.05 0.2 1.4 0.03 54.9 1.3 29 3.3 2.2 >10000 10.5 Transect R4 - Gallery 310SE, 4360m level 3530 28 0.014 1.57 >1000.0 3 28.8 86.5 0.15 0.1 1.8 0.04 28.3 2.1 28 4.3 4 3560 10.5 9050 6.2 0.012 7.52 >1000.0 6 60.8 88.9 0.05 0.35 0.8 0.01 27.1 1.7 17 2.8 3.6 >10000 6 30.5 7.2 <0.002 0.17 18.65 <1 0.2 248 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 0.52 0.2 4 <0.1 1.1 64 2 22 19.6 <0.002 0.28 17.75 <1 0.4 188.5 0.05 0.1 0.8 0.01 1.28 0.3 8 0.4 1.6 32 4.5 622 19.6 0.008 0.39 575.2 <1 1.6 46 0.05 0.05 0.8 0.01 8.9 1.8 15 1.1 1.6 1115 6 104 36.3 0.008 0.37 81.35 <1 0.8 56.9 0.05 0.05 1.2 0.03 3.02 3.6 22 2.9 2.7 338 9.5 Transect R5 - Xc 130N, 4300m level 3.5 41.4 0.002 <0.50 5.7 1 0.2 247 0.05 0.06 1.1 0.04 2.29 0.9 10 0.4 2.4 3 8.8 3 17 0.007 <0.50 6.07 2 0.2 355 <0.05 0.07 1 0.03 2.26 2 11 0.4 1.7 2 8.3 5.6 10.9 0.005 <0.50 1.64 1 0.2 405 <0.05 0.05 1.1 0.03 0.36 1 11 0.2 1.8 <2 8.1 2 12.3 0.008 <0.50 2.3 2 <0.2 336 <0.05 0.05 0.9 0.02 0.59 1.8 12 0.2 1.7 <2 5.7 690 Sample N° 3PUA504 3PUA505 3PUA506 3PUA507 3PUA508 3PUA509 3PUA510 3PUA511-LG 3PUA511-Y 3PUA513 3PUA514 3PUA515 3PUA516 3PUA517 3PUA518 3PUA519 3PUA520 3PUA521 3PUA522 3PUA523 3PUA524 3PUA525 3PUA526 3PUA527 3PUA528 3PUA529 3PUA530 3PUA531 3PUA532 3PUA533 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 4 18.2 0.015 <0.50 1.27 1 0.2 386 <0.05 <0.05 1 0.04 0.61 2.6 18 0.3 2.2 8 9.6 2 9.7 0.006 <0.50 0.46 1 <0.2 333 <0.05 0.07 0.4 0.01 0.24 0.9 7 0.2 1.2 <2 3.1 6.7 34.3 <0.002 <0.50 0.78 1 0.3 326 0.12 0.07 2.5 0.07 0.43 0.7 15 0.7 3.3 11 13 14.8 58.1 0.002 0.6 3.11 1 0.3 241 0.13 0.05 1.9 0.09 1.52 1.7 22 0.6 4 23 18 5.8 9.1 0.002 <0.50 1.44 1 0.2 363 <0.05 <0.05 0.7 0.04 0.44 0.8 11 0.5 1.9 9 7.5 22.8 60.6 0.025 0.8 7.6 2 0.3 127 0.06 0.1 1.4 0.08 2.33 3.4 40 0.7 3.2 11 16 217 21.8 0.007 1.1 22.5 1 1.9 262 0.06 0.09 1.1 0.04 19.95 2.2 32 1.7 2 440 9.2 <0.5 0.2 <0.002 <0.01 0.06 <1 <0.2 190 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 21 <0.1 0.8 <2 2.3 1.6 0.6 <0.002 <0.01 0.2 <1 <0.2 118.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.04 0.1 23 <0.1 0.8 7 4.2 220 15.6 0.006 0.9 20.8 1 0.6 244 <0.05 0.11 1 0.03 9.62 2.8 25 1.1 2.1 250 7.5 382 5.2 0.008 0.8 8.11 <1 1.1 195.5 <0.05 0.06 0.4 0.01 0.59 1.8 9 1.8 0.9 1005 3.7 303 20.4 0.004 0.7 19.15 <1 0.4 245 0.05 0.12 1.1 0.03 3.33 3.8 25 1.7 2.3 245 8.7 100.5 45.9 0.009 0.5 11.2 <1 0.4 197.5 0.12 0.06 3.1 0.08 1.9 2.2 19 4.5 4.5 122 15.1 161.5 16.8 0.005 1 11.7 <1 0.3 177.5 0.08 0.09 1.1 0.03 7.3 2 17 1.8 1.9 365 7.7 2830 10.2 <0.002 6.75 134 14 2.4 91.7 <0.05 0.9 0.5 0.01 26.8 1.1 9 34 2.3 10000 8.7 133 5.3 0.003 0.5 4.95 <1 0.4 178.5 <0.05 0.05 0.2 0.01 0.81 0.6 4 2.2 0.7 324 2.2 41.1 20.3 0.009 <0.50 5.04 <1 0.2 274 0.05 0.1 0.9 0.03 0.89 2.4 18 1.1 2.4 41 7.4 34.5 22.3 0.005 <0.50 4.01 <1 0.3 252 <0.05 <0.05 1.2 0.03 1.38 1 8 0.5 1.9 63 7.2 29.5 24.4 0.005 <0.50 5.28 <1 0.4 250 0.08 <0.05 1.7 0.03 1.1 2.3 16 0.7 3.1 36 7.9 7.7 33.3 0.006 <0.50 1.98 1 0.3 233 0.1 0.07 1.9 0.04 0.74 1.6 10 0.4 2.6 8 8.2 86 33.3 0.003 <0.50 13.95 <1 0.6 257 0.07 0.1 1.8 0.04 3.04 1.8 22 0.8 3.2 140 10.1 74.3 37 0.003 <0.50 8.05 <1 0.5 349 0.08 0.08 2.1 0.05 1.56 0.9 12 1 3.6 81 10.2 21.9 61.1 0.003 0.5 12 <1 0.7 365 0.14 0.05 3.4 0.06 5.54 1.2 13 1.2 4.7 40 12.7 10.7 75.4 0.003 0.5 16.15 <1 0.6 211 0.17 0.1 3.4 0.07 11.1 1.2 18 0.8 5.4 6 15.4 5.5 24.8 0.005 <0.50 6.14 <1 0.2 252 0.05 0.08 1.3 0.03 1.98 1.1 8 0.4 2.1 8 7.3 23.3 30.6 0.004 <0.50 16.3 <1 0.4 270 0.07 0.06 1.4 0.03 3.22 1.2 10 0.7 2.7 35 8.3 14.6 27.2 0.004 <0.50 10.55 <1 0.3 257 0.06 0.07 1.4 0.03 1.98 1.3 8 0.5 2.5 31 6.9 20.6 53.7 0.004 0.5 27.1 <1 0.4 390 0.1 0.08 2.3 0.06 2.41 0.7 13 2.5 4.2 17 9.6 73.5 39 0.003 0.6 80.6 <1 1.2 217 0.11 0.09 2.1 0.05 2.68 1 12 3.1 2.9 182 9.5 18.4 37.5 0.003 <0.50 17 <1 0.5 402 0.08 0.1 2.2 0.05 2.35 1 11 1.6 3.2 21 9.3691 Sample N° 3PUA534 3PUA535 3PUA536 3PUA537 3PUA540 3PUA542 3PUA544 3PUA545 3PUA546 3PUA547 3PUA548-BH 3PUA548-LMS 3PUA548-OR 3PUA549 3PUA550 3PUA551 3PUA552 3PUA553 3PUA559 3PUA559-OR 3PUA560 3PUA561 3PUA562 3PUA562-NF 3PUA562-OR 3PUA563 3PUA563-OR Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 11 49.2 0.002 0.5 10.2 1 0.4 478 0.08 0.1 2.6 0.06 2.13 1.1 13 0.7 3.4 2 10.9 9.5 57.5 0.004 0.5 17.15 <1 0.4 437 0.1 0.07 2.6 0.06 2.43 1 13 0.6 3.5 <2 12.2 10.8 51.6 0.002 <0.50 9.49 1 0.4 435 0.06 0.1 2.3 0.05 1.88 1 11 0.5 3.3 3 10.4 41.9 48.8 0.004 0.5 7.78 <1 0.8 350 0.1 0.08 2.3 0.05 1.04 1.1 12 1.3 3.4 55 11.1 158.5 16.2 0.003 0.5 151.5 <1 1.1 135 0.06 <0.05 0.8 0.02 3.22 0.6 3 1.5 2.1 528 6 0.8 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.09 <1 <0.2 183 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 7 0.1 0.5 <2 <0.5 134 60.7 <0.002 2.06 30.5 <1 2.4 147 0.23 <0.05 3.9 0.088 10.35 1.8 66 2.5 7.2 353 17.3 Transect R6 - XC 916NE, 4360m level 78.4 18.6 0.005 <0.50 11.35 <1 0.7 190 0.09 0.25 0.8 0.04 1.64 2.2 23 1 2.9 77 8.5 27.9 31 <0.002 <0.50 3.8 <1 0.4 255 0.05 0.07 1.7 0.04 0.94 1.4 16 0.4 2.3 33 11.7 9.7 3.8 <0.002 <0.50 2.47 <1 0.3 352 <0.05 0.1 0.8 0.05 0.46 0.7 13 0.5 1.8 23 7.5 49.1 24.6 <0.002 0.15 9.39 <1 0.6 278 <0.05 0.06 0.8 0.035 3.38 1.5 22 0.4 3.4 128 4.6 27 22.1 <0.002 0.27 7.35 <1 0.3 293 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.032 1.4 1.3 16 0.3 2.9 32 5.4 4 0.5 <0.002 <0.01 0.49 <1 <0.2 96.7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.05 0.2 9 <0.1 0.9 5 1.6 111.5 39.5 0.003 <0.50 7.06 <1 0.8 222 0.08 0.18 2.3 0.09 1.64 2.7 47 2.2 6.8 67 18 83.4 19.6 0.007 0.6 4.5 1 0.2 281 0.08 0.14 0.9 0.03 1.64 1.8 16 0.8 2.9 21 8 6.6 8.4 0.005 <0.50 1.96 <1 <0.2 236 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 0.01 0.38 1 7 0.3 0.9 <2 3.4 38.7 22.1 0.006 0.5 4.25 <1 0.3 291 0.06 0.12 1.5 0.03 0.91 1.8 14 0.5 2.2 38 14.4 31.9 21.5 0.003 <0.50 3.95 1 0.3 451 <0.05 0.13 1.1 0.03 0.66 0.7 13 0.5 2.4 27 7.1 Transect R7 - Xc 710SE, 4180m level 2.3 8 0.003 <0.50 2.06 <1 0.2 240 <0.05 0.09 0.4 0.02 0.34 0.8 4 0.5 1.2 9 3.8 <0.5 0.2 <0.002 <0.01 0.08 <1 <0.2 314 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 0.1 4 <0.1 0.1 <2 <0.5 5.3 12.8 0.005 <0.50 4.22 <1 0.3 151 <0.05 0.06 0.5 0.02 0.47 1 5 0.7 1.4 29 4.4 23.2 63.9 0.003 1.03 35.1 <1 1.3 73.7 0.18 0.06 2.1 0.12 1.4 0.9 13 1.8 3.6 29 15.2 12.2 58.7 0.007 0.7 11.6 <1 0.5 235 0.1 0.16 1.9 0.08 1.39 1.4 16 1.4 4.2 2 15.6 7 1.5 <0.002 0.01 7.02 <1 <0.2 206 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 0.1 3 0.1 0.6 <2 0.8 1.8 4.8 <0.002 0.04 2.5 <1 0.2 196 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 0.009 0.14 0.6 6 0.2 2.1 2 3.3 9.8 59.1 0.009 0.61 9.43 1 0.6 142.5 0.1 0.2 2.1 0.12 1.12 1.5 14 2.1 3.9 47 15.7 38 0.4 <0.002 <0.01 39.5 <1 0.2 69.1 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.06 <0.1 2 0.1 0.7 7 0.5 692 Sample N° 3PUA564 3PUA565 3PUA565-NF 3PUA570 3PUA571 3PUA572 3PUA573 4PUA562 4PUA564 3PUA715 3PUA717 3PUA719 3PUA722 3PUA728 3PUA732 3PUA734 3PUA735 3PUA738 4PUA532 4PUA534 4PUA536 4PUA511 4PUA513A 4PUA513B Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 10.1 74.8 0.009 1.1 12.55 <1 0.6 149 0.21 0.16 2.7 0.11 1.84 2.4 27 2.7 5.4 4 25.5 5.3 15.8 0.01 <0.50 5.85 <1 0.3 241 <0.05 0.08 0.8 0.04 0.97 1.4 9 0.6 2.2 <2 8.1 1.5 0.4 <0.002 <0.01 2.24 <1 <0.2 273 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 0.3 3 <0.1 0.7 <2 0.5 12.8 8.3 0.01 <0.50 10.5 <1 0.8 229 0.05 0.2 0.5 0.02 2.04 2.3 45 0.9 2.2 39 5.7 19.6 6.4 0.024 <0.50 12.25 1 1.2 202 <0.05 0.21 0.4 0.01 0.44 1.6 59 0.5 1.3 36 4.2 4.4 5.8 0.007 <0.50 4.38 2 0.2 255 <0.05 0.18 0.3 0.02 0.38 0.8 4 0.3 1.2 <2 3.6 5.7 7.8 0.011 0.5 6.73 1 0.3 244 <0.05 0.12 0.5 0.02 0.93 2.3 9 0.3 1.3 13 5.3 1.1 3 0.004 0.14 0.53 2 <0.2 293 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 0.01 0.13 0.9 4 0.1 1 2 2.8 16.7 4.8 0.002 0.12 19.35 2 <0.2 252 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 0.008 0.26 0.6 7 0.2 1.1 <2 1.8 Transect R8 - LY 34-09-02, 4360m level 25.4 15.4 0.003 0.39 22 2 0.4 210 0.06 0.07 0.8 0.025 1.94 1.3 11 0.9 3 93 4.8 4 7 <0.002 0.19 5.01 2 0.3 201 <0.05 0.05 0.6 0.02 0.52 0.3 10 0.2 1.2 6 4.2 3.4 31.3 <0.002 0.37 4.91 2 0.4 281 0.15 0.09 2.2 0.044 0.69 1 11 0.4 3.9 3 9.9 3.7 29.5 0.009 0.3 5.05 3 0.3 270 0.1 <0.05 1 0.031 0.63 0.9 9 0.6 3.2 2 7.1 2.4 26.5 0.003 0.42 3.76 3 0.2 334 0.11 <0.05 1.2 0.035 1.09 0.9 9 0.3 3.1 3 8.2 8.1 29.7 0.002 0.33 11.8 2 0.5 379 0.09 <0.05 0.8 0.029 1.72 0.7 8 1.7 4.2 28 6.2 0.8 0.9 <0.002 0.01 0.78 <1 <0.2 325 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.09 0.1 4 <0.1 0.1 5 0.5 1.6 12.3 0.002 0.29 0.66 3 <0.2 350 0.08 <0.05 0.7 0.027 0.28 0.7 11 0.2 2.7 2 6.4 2.5 28.6 <0.002 0.38 1.38 2 0.3 381 0.14 <0.05 1.3 0.045 0.4 0.6 10 0.2 3.8 3 10.2 1.7 18.2 0.002 0.26 0.08 2 0.2 354 0.08 <0.05 0.7 0.029 0.35 0.7 7 0.1 2.2 3 5.7 5.5 46.5 0.002 0.49 4.47 2 0.3 270 0.17 <0.05 1.4 0.057 0.94 0.9 14 0.5 4.4 3 12.2 2.9 32.1 0.003 0.4 2.19 2 0.2 428 0.11 <0.05 1.1 0.034 0.53 0.9 9 0.4 3.3 3 8.4 Transect R9 - Xc 940-I-NE, 4120m level 16.1 22 0.002 0.22 2.31 3 0.4 439 0.12 <0.05 1.3 0.032 1.4 0.9 19 0.7 6 20 9.2 6.2 15.3 <0.002 0.17 1.02 2 0.2 181.5 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.014 0.38 0.2 6 0.2 1.8 10 4.1 48.8 19.4 <0.002 0.18 8.21 3 0.9 197 0.09 <0.05 1 0.025 3.08 0.8 63 2.5 9.5 245 7.6 693 Sample N° 4PUA514 4PUA515 4PUA516A 4PUA516B 4PUA517 4PUA518 4PUA519 4PUA567B 4PUA568 4PUA569 4PUA572 4PUA575 4PUA578 4PUA582 4PUA585 4PUA522 4PUA523 4PUA524 3PUA623 3PUA626 3PUA627 3PUA628 3PUA629 3PUA630B 3PUA631 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 17.5 38.5 0.002 0.7 2.35 3 0.3 213 0.16 <0.05 1.9 0.046 0.8 1.2 23 0.6 4.5 8 9.6 14 36 <0.002 0.32 1.76 2 2 237 0.11 <0.05 1.4 0.032 0.54 0.6 15 0.4 3.2 15 7.2 30.1 34.5 0.002 0.6 1.82 3 1.6 353 0.15 <0.05 1.7 0.045 0.4 1.4 17 0.7 6.3 20 11 7 9.7 <0.002 0.02 0.36 2 0.3 233 0.07 <0.05 0.3 0.021 0.21 0.2 34 2.7 3.9 28 8.3 3.3 5.3 <0.002 0.15 1.28 2 <0.2 285 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 0.011 0.18 0.4 7 0.1 1.2 3 2.1 8.3 17.2 0.002 0.22 2.73 2 0.2 344 0.06 <0.05 0.6 0.018 0.4 0.7 7 0.4 1.5 8 4 101.5 47.9 <0.002 0.3 10.35 2 0.5 549 0.14 <0.05 1.7 0.04 1.11 1 15 1.2 4.1 172 7.9 Transect R10 - Xc s/n, LY 01-94, 4450m level 113.5 1.9 <0.002 0.01 36.1 1 0.2 495 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 1.5 0.1 2 0.2 0.3 175 1.4 6.2 10.7 0.002 0.29 2.18 2 <0.2 341 0.08 <0.05 0.6 0.03 0.49 1.3 12 0.3 2.2 7 7.3 2.1 12.9 0.006 0.31 0.12 2 <0.2 361 0.09 <0.05 0.8 0.032 0.29 1.6 11 0.1 2.3 5 9.5 3.1 17.5 0.009 0.46 0.2 2 0.2 555 0.13 <0.05 0.9 0.047 0.52 2 18 0.1 2.9 17 10 6.7 29.6 0.024 1.07 0.69 3 0.3 517 0.12 <0.05 1.1 0.056 1.09 2.5 30 0.2 2.8 1780 13 1.4 7.4 0.002 0.18 0.58 2 <0.2 351 0.06 <0.05 0.5 0.024 0.22 0.7 9 0.2 1.3 27 5.4 4.3 22.1 <0.002 0.39 3.84 2 0.3 243 0.19 <0.05 1.5 0.059 1.11 0.7 14 0.5 3.4 7 13.9 1.7 6.3 <0.002 0.16 1.51 2 <0.2 305 0.06 <0.05 0.4 0.023 0.16 0.3 5 0.1 1.7 3 4.9 Unaltered samples - Anilcocha 2.5 9.3 <0.002 0.04 0.36 3 <0.2 476 0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.017 0.19 0.9 7 0.1 2.3 5 4.2 1 4.8 <0.002 0.02 0.61 2 <0.2 244 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.012 0.1 2.1 7 0.2 1.5 <2 3.5 1.9 7.7 0.002 0.05 0.07 2 <0.2 417 0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.017 0.04 0.9 7 0.1 1.4 3 4.5 Socorro Transect S1 - surface, 4550m 42.2 11.7 0.004 <0.50 44.7 1 2.3 121 0.05 <0.05 0.8 0.03 1.08 0.7 8 1.5 1.5 1125 5 21.2 16.8 <0.002 <0.50 21.2 3 0.4 189.5 0.06 0.21 0.6 0.02 0.97 1 8 0.8 1.5 5 5 4.4 27.8 0.004 <0.50 8.31 <1 0.2 261 0.08 <0.05 1.3 0.04 1.44 0.7 7 0.9 2.8 <2 7.1 4.2 12 0.002 <0.50 6.85 <1 0.2 203 0.05 0.06 0.5 0.02 0.72 0.8 6 0.6 1 <2 3.8 2 5.6 0.002 <0.50 3.59 <1 0.2 170.5 <0.05 0.07 0.2 0.01 0.48 0.4 3 0.6 0.8 <2 1.6 10.8 8.6 0.003 <0.50 6.51 <1 0.5 213 <0.05 0.1 0.3 0.01 0.85 0.5 3 1.1 1 5 2.3 8.7 14.8 0.008 <0.50 10.95 <1 0.7 214 0.06 <0.05 0.5 0.02 0.96 1.7 15 1.3 1.4 3 5 694 Sample N° 3PUA632 3PUA633 3PUA635 3PUA636 3PUA637 3PUA638 3PUA639 3PUA640 2PUE326 2PUE327 2PUE281 2PUE299 3PUA556 2PUE300 2PUE301 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 5.9 17.2 0.006 <0.50 6.24 1 0.4 219 0.07 <0.05 0.8 0.02 1.15 1.5 12 1.3 1.7 <2 5.2 Transect S2 - Xc s/n, Surface 4650 m 294 6.8 0.011 3.3 96 4 23.2 111.5 0.1 0.66 1 0.03 1.21 1.4 14 4.6 2 >10000 6.3 11.3 14.2 0.007 <0.50 12.6 <1 3.2 105.5 0.07 0.08 0.6 0.02 1.91 0.7 7 1.7 1.3 412 4.6 8.7 3.4 0.006 <0.50 19.85 <1 0.2 110.5 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 0.01 0.83 1.4 13 1.7 0.9 114 2.9 17.4 33.5 0.004 <0.50 30 1 0.5 143 0.13 0.08 1.1 0.04 3.11 0.7 9 2.3 2.6 140 5.9 176.5 32.4 0.009 0.34 69 2 1 143.5 0.15 0.37 1.9 0.05 3.36 1.5 19 3 3.2 320 6.4 13.8 35.5 0.008 <0.50 54.5 1 0.3 226 0.07 0.16 1.2 0.04 1.67 1.2 11 0.8 2.5 52 5.8 2.4 11.7 0.004 <0.50 5.1 2 0.2 478 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.02 1.49 0.5 9 0.2 1.2 <2 4.3 Miscelaneous samples 74.5 14.8 0.03 0.41 85.2 <1 1.6 229 0.05 0.15 1 0.03 4.06 3.4 28 2.1 2.6 260 10 83 4.4 0.012 0.1 119.55 <1 0.2 284 <0.05 0.1 0.2 <0.01 1.5 2.1 12 0.3 1 140 3.5 267 5.1 0.006 0.11 60.05 <1 1.4 205 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 2.18 0.6 9 0.8 2.2 2680 2 14.5 0.9 <0.002 0.1 11.45 <1 0.2 237 <0.05 0.15 0.2 <0.01 0.4 0.5 10 0.5 3 122 2.5 4.2 0.1 <0.002 0.01 0.89 <1 <0.2 75.7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.02 0.1 5 <0.1 0.2 53 0.6 1590 227 0.068 4.15 272.1 5 11.4 32 1.65 2 32.4 0.81 2.72 6.7 79 15.9 28 586 105 >10000 19.2 0.014 1.4 331.3 4 3.2 55.4 <0.05 0.6 6.8 0.08 0.92 1.2 15 1.7 4 1980 16.5 695 Appendix C5: Lithium borate and 4 acid digestion data for Al, La, Y and Zr of sample rocks from Antamina 696 Appendix C5: Lithium borate and 4 acid digestion data for Al, La, Y and Zr of host rocks from Antamina Sample N° ME-XRF06 ME-MS 81 ME-MS 81 ME-MS 81 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Al2O3 Zr La Y Al AL2O3 Zr La Y % ppm ppm ppm % wt % ppm ppm ppm 3PAA177 8.30 71.00 29.20 11.60 4.96 9.37 38.20 30.10 16.90 3PAA288 7.31 75.20 23.50 17.20 4.34 8.20 30.50 22.60 15.90 3PAA290 8.23 117.50 30.50 22.80 4.92 9.30 30.10 28.10 21.10 4PAA228 9.42 116.00 34.50 22.70 5.35 10.11 36.60 31.10 21.80 3PAA210 11.65 135.00 46.60 30.70 6.78 12.81 40.90 41.00 27.10 3PAA211 9.53 89.50 35.10 24.50 5.60 10.58 33.30 30.90 21.70 3PAA212 11.94 140.00 49.00 32.10 6.80 12.85 33.70 42.70 28.10 3PAA219 13.24 262.00 45.30 34.30 7.54 14.25 26.90 53.80 30.60 4PAA106 5.21 42.00 11.80 10.00 3.10 5.86 29.50 13.10 8.90 2PAG59 14.43 171.00 44.00 32.40 7.67 14.50 21.60 42.90 25.40 3PAA112 15.29 128.00 63.40 33.30 8.31 15.71 15.00 54.70 27.70 3PAA115A 14.02 147.00 49.00 27.40 7.62 14.40 45.20 45.10 24.10 3PAA115B 14.75 168.00 51.50 28.70 7.90 14.93 21.40 47.60 24.80 3PAA121 13.74 108.00 50.50 25.70 7.93 14.99 30.80 45.50 23.50 3PAA122 13.82 95.80 47.90 25.90 7.85 14.84 31.20 45.80 24.20 3PAA123 13.70 108.00 49.30 26.60 7.63 14.42 26.40 43.90 23.20 3PAA124 13.20 102.00 45.20 14.80 8.16 15.42 18.90 48.80 23.20 3PAA156 3.02 25.60 13.60 5.40 1.94 3.67 12.60 14.50 8.70 4PAA195 11.20 102.50 41.10 24.30 6.11 11.55 38.70 36.40 21.40 4PAA196 12.10 176.50 51.00 30.10 7.23 13.66 24.10 47.40 27.80 4PAA201 10.24 94.50 40.60 22.70 6.03 11.40 27.30 36.00 20.80 4PAA202 9.08 91.90 26.30 18.60 5.37 10.15 38.20 25.60 18.00 4PAA203 9.77 82.80 31.90 21.40 5.65 10.68 35.30 29.70 19.80 4PAA208 13.53 262.00 13.20 33.40 7.68 14.52 29.60 13.40 32.80 4PAA209 13.12 132.00 39.20 33.10 7.53 14.23 28.30 37.00 32.90 4PAA211 11.87 201.00 48.20 27.40 6.46 12.21 19.80 42.50 26.10 4PAA212 11.72 111.50 46.00 24.80 6.59 12.46 39.40 39.50 23.00 3PAA179 2.36 21.40 8.40 5.00 1.52 2.87 16.20 8.60 6.00 3PAA181 5.64 52.90 16.40 10.80 3.66 6.92 33.10 18.00 12.70 3PAA183 1.50 9.00 6.30 4.40 0.91 1.72 10.90 6.60 4.70 3PAA185 3.72 32.10 10.20 8.20 2.34 4.42 25.10 12.50 8.90 3PAA188 2.00 13.90 6.00 6.20 1.28 2.42 12.90 6.40 5.00 3PAA190 4.49 42.00 19.20 19.40 2.75 5.20 27.10 20.70 14.30 4PAA164 1.99 16.40 9.80 8.70 1.26 2.38 13.60 9.70 7.70 4PAA165 3.47 27.40 9.50 9.20 2.06 3.89 23.40 10.30 9.30 4PAA166 1.71 16.80 5.80 5.80 1.06 2.00 11.00 6.30 5.70 3PAA214 6.84 75.70 23.20 22.80 4.05 7.65 39.30 24.10 15.90 3PAA215 7.27 105.00 27.00 18.60 4.32 8.16 32.70 27.70 17.20 3PAA216 7.20 43.90 22.70 18.20 4.54 8.58 34.90 25.60 15.00 3PAA217 6.11 37.20 15.30 14.20 3.56 6.73 31.70 16.90 10.30 3PAA221 9.26 113.50 32.20 23.20 5.77 10.91 40.30 36.50 20.10 3PAA223 6.42 72.50 22.00 18.80 3.94 7.45 25.30 25.10 16.40 3PAA250 4.53 36.50 15.90 14.00 2.85 5.39 24.50 18.60 12.20 3PAA253 5.89 75.80 20.00 19.20 3.76 7.11 28.30 22.30 15.20 3PAA255 10.79 132.00 52.50 31.10 6.63 12.53 44.90 55.90 26.10 3PAA257 8.36 135.00 28.70 25.10 4.95 9.36 39.50 31.60 20.50 3PAA260 4.55 27.70 11.20 9.90 2.78 5.25 24.30 12.10 8.80 4PAA107 5.25 37.70 13.80 11.30 3.27 6.18 33.20 16.40 11.10 4PAA112 6.63 55.60 22.80 18.00 4.10 7.75 37.10 24.10 15.90 4PAA114 5.52 43.90 13.40 14.00 3.40 6.43 32.90 14.20 10.20 4PAA115 2.00 12.10 6.70 7.30 1.24 2.34 11.20 7.00 6.00 4PAA117 2.64 18.30 8.90 8.70 1.58 2.99 16.00 10.00 8.40 4PAA118 5.17 38.70 12.60 10.60 3.16 5.97 36.00 12.20 11.20 4PAA119 4.93 32.90 17.20 13.20 2.97 5.61 32.00 16.60 13.40 4PAA121 4.67 46.40 16.40 11.80 2.86 5.41 29.90 15.40 12.70 4PAA123 7.48 57.00 22.20 17.20 4.53 8.56 49.30 20.70 17.80 4PAA124 4.60 35.60 15.40 10.80 2.80 5.29 29.00 15.00 12.40 4PAA223 5.09 36.70 16.00 13.00 3.11 5.88 29.20 17.00 11.50 4PAA224 5.47 51.10 12.30 11.90 3.26 6.16 33.20 13.70 10.40 697 Appendix C5: Lithium borate and 4 acid digestion data for Al, La, Y and Zr of host rocks from Antamina Sample N° ME-XRF06 ME-MS 81 ME-MS 81 ME-MS 81 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Al2O3 Zr La Y Al AL2O3 Zr La Y % ppm ppm ppm % wt % ppm ppm ppm 3PAA116 8.76 113.00 32.50 20.80 5.17 9.77 32.90 37.60 22.60 3PAA117 4.87 48.10 16.20 7.80 2.78 5.25 23.00 17.20 12.00 4PAA233 5.36 52.50 16.60 11.20 3.15 5.95 33.20 15.20 11.10 4PAA235 1.16 31.90 5.20 4.40 0.69 1.30 11.00 4.60 3.50 4PAA236 0.65 10.40 2.30 2.20 0.40 0.76 5.00 2.80 2.00 4PAA238 4.83 39.80 13.00 10.80 3.03 5.73 40.00 14.80 10.70 3PAA332 1.95 23.00 4.60 3.80 0.98 1.85 3.10 5.40 3.20 4PAA108 8.14 77.90 30.00 21.40 5.14 9.71 48.30 34.00 17.70 4PAA110 5.51 62.30 20.20 16.20 3.52 6.65 8.80 22.80 14.50 4PAA134 1.56 34.10 4.10 3.40 1.01 1.91 10.10 3.90 3.70 4PAA135 0.83 10.80 4.00 3.10 0.53 1.00 3.80 3.70 2.60 4PAA136 0.95 12.90 3.90 2.50 0.58 1.10 3.20 3.30 2.40 4PAA137 1.29 9.10 3.50 2.60 0.78 1.47 4.70 3.20 2.80 4PAA138 3.55 118.50 12.20 10.20 2.21 4.18 17.00 11.80 9.20 4PAA139 0.63 14.60 4.10 2.90 0.40 0.76 3.00 4.40 2.40 4PAA148 3.47 26.60 11.10 7.80 2.15 4.06 9.30 11.00 7.70 4PAA149 1.76 24.50 4.80 5.30 1.12 2.12 5.10 4.90 5.50 4PAA150 1.49 43.50 8.90 6.40 0.94 1.78 4.60 7.00 5.50 4PAA181 1.40 57.50 3.90 5.30 0.85 1.61 6.00 4.50 3.90 4PAA182 1.07 32.40 4.80 3.50 0.65 1.23 4.60 5.30 3.60 4PAA183 1.76 39.10 5.10 5.20 1.10 2.08 6.40 5.70 5.40 4PAA186 1.36 29.00 3.50 2.70 0.72 1.36 4.90 3.50 2.10 4PAA187 1.47 85.40 4.00 4.90 0.91 1.72 4.60 5.20 4.40 4PAA188 1.39 39.70 5.30 4.60 0.85 1.61 1.60 5.70 4.40 4PAA190 0.79 8.50 2.50 2.00 0.51 0.96 3.70 3.00 2.00 4PAA191 1.30 10.50 3.90 3.90 0.80 1.51 4.50 4.40 3.40 4PAA194 1.20 47.60 6.60 7.50 0.76 1.44 1.40 7.90 7.10 4PAA226 0.35 31.40 1.70 2.00 0.24 0.45 1.60 2.30 1.80 4PAA105 5.81 43.50 14.00 12.40 3.59 6.79 40.00 16.20 10.90 2PAG60 9.73 121.00 36.30 22.70 5.47 10.34 37.30 40.00 19.70 3PAA105 10.64 138.00 70.00 35.50 6.31 11.93 27.80 40.50 24.10 3PAA114 14.59 198.00 57.20 33.20 8.09 15.29 20.80 56.30 28.90 3PAA120 4.87 41.40 24.20 9.70 3.07 5.80 20.20 15.30 10.60 3PAA127 6.33 69.50 25.20 12.40 3.90 7.37 24.50 22.90 14.70 3PAA127B 6.47 70.60 23.20 12.20 4.15 7.84 22.40 22.80 14.00 3PAA134 2.52 38.50 8.20 5.70 1.60 3.02 15.30 8.20 6.10 3PAA154 4.22 42.40 12.10 7.20 2.72 5.14 17.60 12.80 8.70 3PAA154B 4.46 34.50 14.60 10.20 2.65 5.01 19.20 13.30 8.70 4PAA163 0.15 8.00 76.60 35.30 0.10 0.19 1.60 74.20 28.50 698 Appendix C6.1: Trace element correlation in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein (surface samples) 699 Appendix C6.1: Trace Element correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein (surface samples) Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K Au 1.000 Ag 0.300 1.000 Al 0.276 -0.197 1.000 As 0.710 0.444 0.439 1.000 Ba 0.508 0.014 0.754 0.530 1.000 Be 0.332 -0.229 0.955 0.373 0.723 1.000 Bi -0.141 0.168 0.397 0.053 0.354 0.376 1.000 Ca -0.396 -0.176 -0.608 -0.748 -0.492 -0.547 -0.230 1.000 Cd -0.005 0.834 -0.199 0.127 0.007 -0.215 0.304 0.053 1.000 Ce -0.113 -0.120 0.281 0.033 0.371 0.266 0.411 -0.019 -0.064 1.000 Co 0.024 -0.120 0.380 -0.091 0.477 0.416 0.475 0.137 0.066 0.619 1.000 Cr 0.649 0.425 0.426 0.818 0.471 0.392 0.201 -0.791 0.122 -0.029 -0.011 1.000 Cs 0.040 -0.181 0.857 0.317 0.456 0.754 0.248 -0.518 -0.180 0.030 0.043 0.329 1.000 Cu 0.662 0.488 0.289 0.900 0.298 0.245 0.075 -0.689 0.111 -0.105 -0.111 0.868 0.213 1.000 Fe 0.141 -0.064 0.860 0.269 0.671 0.852 0.639 -0.414 0.026 0.393 0.613 0.372 0.685 0.193 1.000 Ga 0.511 0.115 0.913 0.716 0.741 0.886 0.413 -0.768 -0.020 0.210 0.253 0.700 0.755 0.610 0.782 1.000 Ge -0.665 -0.649 -0.175 -0.732 -0.330 -0.175 -0.152 0.379 -0.381 0.071 -0.015 -0.649 -0.069 -0.661 -0.235 -0.472 1.000 Hf 0.016 -0.273 0.913 0.180 0.599 0.869 0.513 -0.423 -0.193 0.330 0.400 0.282 0.856 0.063 0.909 0.761 -0.057 1.000 Hg -0.044 0.040 -0.031 0.053 0.036 0.025 -0.180 0.057 0.096 -0.203 0.266 -0.072 -0.139 0.089 -0.026 -0.049 -0.017 -0.173 1.000 In -0.117 0.064 0.118 0.064 0.161 0.057 0.601 -0.052 -0.037 0.604 0.296 -0.012 -0.028 -0.003 0.215 0.139 -0.150 0.164 -0.262 1.000 K -0.030 -0.183 0.813 0.303 0.603 0.746 0.572 -0.468 -0.149 0.642 0.385 0.219 0.652 0.129 0.769 0.717 -0.025 0.826 -0.231 0.476 1.000 La -0.058 -0.077 0.241 0.091 0.358 0.233 0.432 -0.048 -0.075 0.983 0.587 0.062 -0.020 -0.003 0.375 0.215 0.018 0.294 -0.221 0.628 0.620 Li 0.487 -0.016 0.924 0.595 0.716 0.885 0.342 -0.707 -0.144 0.150 0.254 0.676 0.816 0.486 0.790 0.949 -0.413 0.829 -0.135 0.090 0.659 Mg 0.038 -0.402 0.740 0.187 0.318 0.646 0.153 -0.464 -0.448 0.121 0.146 0.160 0.738 0.178 0.548 0.588 0.215 0.666 -0.076 0.026 0.620 Mn 0.731 0.633 -0.106 0.618 0.172 -0.042 -0.137 -0.180 0.415 -0.187 -0.192 0.469 -0.214 0.519 -0.086 0.212 -0.850 -0.258 -0.055 -0.030 -0.229 Mo 0.810 0.501 0.231 0.563 0.423 0.347 0.102 -0.344 0.334 0.047 0.149 0.678 0.019 0.544 0.293 0.498 -0.705 0.108 -0.141 -0.121 0.012 Na -0.232 -0.330 0.532 -0.044 0.187 0.436 0.502 -0.137 -0.315 0.562 0.445 0.034 0.489 -0.034 0.602 0.382 0.162 0.654 -0.344 0.601 0.719 Nb -0.214 0.061 -0.085 -0.159 -0.100 -0.070 0.444 0.228 0.070 0.644 0.417 0.001 -0.207 -0.088 0.189 -0.065 -0.023 0.123 -0.347 0.598 0.311 Ni 0.020 -0.137 0.054 -0.131 0.123 0.063 -0.220 -0.048 -0.012 -0.027 0.200 -0.237 -0.090 -0.187 -0.101 -0.065 0.319 -0.164 0.375 -0.274 -0.120 P 0.705 0.481 0.437 0.842 0.582 0.446 0.280 -0.620 0.208 0.067 0.195 0.792 0.211 0.874 0.437 0.703 -0.685 0.216 0.232 0.076 0.263 Pb 0.344 0.927 -0.219 0.498 -0.052 -0.253 0.038 -0.190 0.610 -0.160 -0.246 0.425 -0.171 0.538 -0.130 0.100 -0.734 -0.290 0.016 0.149 -0.199 Rb 0.047 -0.199 0.906 0.378 0.663 0.825 0.510 -0.547 -0.187 0.524 0.353 0.287 0.773 0.206 0.808 0.806 -0.070 0.880 -0.167 0.358 0.975 Re -0.110 0.200 -0.373 -0.160 -0.351 -0.249 0.055 0.308 0.277 0.223 -0.017 -0.151 -0.356 -0.172 -0.057 -0.272 -0.217 -0.166 -0.257 0.085 -0.140 S 0.613 0.259 0.070 0.681 0.106 0.013 -0.157 -0.451 -0.082 0.001 -0.011 0.613 -0.071 0.788 -0.044 0.307 -0.384 -0.178 0.065 -0.003 -0.020 Sb 0.718 0.581 0.142 0.448 0.321 0.191 -0.063 0.001 0.468 -0.342 -0.032 0.289 0.106 0.376 0.114 0.280 -0.645 0.027 0.038 -0.218 -0.148 Se 0.633 0.407 0.028 0.754 0.136 0.006 -0.037 -0.585 0.048 -0.084 -0.146 0.798 -0.101 0.907 -0.050 0.356 -0.505 -0.192 0.023 -0.038 -0.060 Sn 0.194 0.766 0.121 0.334 0.276 0.113 0.523 -0.228 0.878 0.071 0.279 0.397 0.008 0.367 0.302 0.323 -0.407 0.046 0.113 0.037 0.104 Sr -0.137 -0.491 0.174 -0.237 -0.044 0.087 -0.315 0.112 -0.468 -0.186 0.010 -0.349 0.238 -0.204 -0.031 -0.071 0.578 0.100 0.202 -0.223 0.037 Ta -0.092 0.049 -0.035 -0.143 -0.107 -0.016 0.336 0.178 -0.052 0.418 0.338 0.068 -0.106 -0.032 0.122 -0.008 -0.104 0.120 -0.233 0.551 0.136 Te 0.064 -0.007 -0.236 -0.012 -0.074 -0.188 -0.405 0.278 -0.030 0.025 -0.178 -0.313 -0.213 -0.151 -0.327 -0.238 -0.012 -0.324 -0.026 -0.087 -0.175 Th 0.043 -0.185 0.881 0.266 0.683 0.849 0.628 -0.476 -0.113 0.539 0.520 0.347 0.709 0.125 0.886 0.782 -0.122 0.926 -0.143 0.367 0.893 Ti 0.078 -0.050 0.908 0.327 0.648 0.864 0.637 -0.500 -0.002 0.446 0.452 0.358 0.775 0.189 0.891 0.838 -0.204 0.930 -0.124 0.341 0.888 Tl 0.706 0.406 0.112 0.797 0.233 0.093 -0.090 -0.617 0.044 -0.127 -0.109 0.804 -0.033 0.921 -0.015 0.423 -0.514 -0.161 0.132 -0.118 -0.058 U -0.088 0.231 0.104 -0.005 -0.002 0.138 0.201 0.063 0.259 0.596 0.276 0.015 0.065 -0.075 0.357 0.127 -0.161 0.268 -0.314 0.291 0.363 V 0.066 -0.092 0.770 0.218 0.554 0.811 0.586 -0.341 0.007 0.514 0.622 0.275 0.576 0.148 0.904 0.705 -0.143 0.810 0.051 0.272 0.747 W -0.120 0.237 -0.449 -0.159 -0.285 -0.340 0.077 0.198 0.184 -0.004 -0.154 -0.099 -0.441 -0.088 -0.254 -0.304 0.016 -0.293 -0.238 0.143 -0.165 Y 0.025 -0.275 0.717 0.184 0.632 0.676 0.535 -0.269 -0.255 0.834 0.642 0.174 0.487 0.034 0.727 0.596 -0.016 0.748 -0.209 0.558 0.876 Zn 0.193 0.965 -0.209 0.355 0.003 -0.236 0.218 -0.103 0.942 -0.121 -0.065 0.327 -0.189 0.368 -0.036 0.068 -0.587 -0.260 0.068 0.004 -0.186 Zr -0.066 -0.087 0.836 0.264 0.520 0.785 0.573 -0.468 -0.033 0.374 0.311 0.291 0.783 0.141 0.874 0.747 -0.135 0.927 -0.158 0.296 0.889700 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix C6.1: Trace Element correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein (surface samples) La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti 1.000 0.145 1.000 0.073 0.607 1.000 -0.133 0.144 -0.452 1.000 0.101 0.470 -0.182 0.758 1.000 0.554 0.442 0.574 -0.416 -0.211 1.000 0.706 -0.055 -0.240 -0.042 0.073 0.566 1.000 -0.139 -0.104 0.303 -0.272 -0.146 -0.253 -0.554 1.000 0.155 0.557 0.128 0.521 0.654 -0.034 -0.065 -0.111 1.000 -0.100 -0.003 -0.396 0.691 0.444 -0.291 0.069 -0.280 0.481 1.000 0.494 0.762 0.708 -0.218 0.036 0.677 0.144 -0.065 0.333 -0.205 1.000 0.246 -0.293 -0.532 0.373 0.274 -0.051 0.475 -0.470 -0.140 0.237 -0.249 1.000 0.075 0.233 0.229 0.372 0.374 0.018 -0.020 0.105 0.586 0.291 0.009 -0.215 1.000 -0.374 0.275 -0.189 0.730 0.652 -0.401 -0.318 0.061 0.419 0.562 -0.081 0.004 -0.050 1.000 0.037 0.242 0.038 0.469 0.510 -0.131 -0.008 -0.100 0.729 0.424 -0.027 -0.127 0.872 -0.341 1.000 0.082 0.170 -0.165 0.341 0.489 -0.121 0.107 0.068 0.505 0.500 0.087 0.048 0.155 0.418 0.290 1.000 -0.253 -0.006 0.651 -0.565 -0.532 0.186 -0.425 0.521 -0.266 -0.477 0.109 -0.615 0.110 -0.155 -0.213 -0.395 1.000 0.471 0.064 -0.252 -0.014 0.109 0.510 0.816 -0.557 -0.015 0.132 0.048 0.337 -0.079 -0.212 -0.010 -0.011 -0.382 1.000 0.000 -0.273 -0.346 0.231 -0.007 -0.288 -0.044 0.020 -0.093 0.085 -0.186 0.141 -0.106 0.217 -0.176 -0.171 -0.106 -0.109 1.000 0.518 0.796 0.520 -0.188 0.171 0.685 0.307 -0.190 0.313 -0.223 0.907 -0.112 -0.130 -0.061 -0.085 0.163 -0.092 0.303 -0.308 1.000 0.415 0.832 0.559 -0.114 0.208 0.648 0.235 -0.168 0.362 -0.091 0.916 -0.132 -0.095 0.091 -0.079 0.263 -0.063 0.247 -0.293 0.968 1.000 -0.027 0.310 0.113 0.472 0.535 -0.198 -0.158 0.049 0.776 0.414 0.002 -0.253 0.891 0.539 0.975 0.309 -0.109 -0.135 -0.145 -0.080 -0.054 0.587 0.117 -0.070 0.169 0.298 0.416 0.615 -0.340 0.017 0.227 0.262 0.703 -0.100 -0.014 -0.133 0.183 -0.366 0.443 0.041 0.331 0.336 0.500 0.682 0.407 -0.090 0.285 0.615 0.336 -0.165 0.418 -0.146 0.756 0.110 -0.080 -0.004 -0.076 0.273 -0.120 0.314 -0.150 0.865 0.860 0.032 -0.328 -0.479 0.179 0.040 -0.031 0.353 -0.316 -0.181 0.294 -0.314 0.453 -0.149 0.131 -0.060 0.055 -0.287 0.330 -0.064 -0.164 -0.180 0.814 0.596 0.465 -0.246 0.088 0.757 0.478 -0.112 0.222 -0.275 0.842 -0.055 -0.024 -0.212 -0.093 0.005 -0.035 0.399 -0.158 0.872 0.805 -0.099 -0.069 -0.448 0.597 0.458 -0.350 0.055 -0.101 0.391 0.826 -0.208 0.262 0.143 0.542 0.294 0.842 -0.525 -0.010 -0.009 -0.169 -0.040 0.357 0.741 0.566 -0.164 0.073 0.670 0.245 -0.296 0.278 -0.088 0.903 -0.039 -0.169 -0.005 -0.133 0.160 -0.032 0.168 -0.254 0.913 0.935701 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix C6.1: Trace Element correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein (surface samples) Tl U V W Y Zn Zr 1.000 -0.215 1.000 -0.065 0.513 1.000 -0.132 0.228 -0.159 1.000 -0.097 0.426 0.755 -0.142 1.000 0.287 0.243 -0.061 0.218 -0.297 1.000 -0.137 0.407 0.830 -0.114 0.715 -0.072 1.000702 Appendix C6.2: Trace element correlation in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein (underground levels) 703 Appendix C6.2: Trace Element Correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein - Underground levels Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K Au 1.000 Ag 0.680 1.000 Al -0.006 -0.041 1.000 As 0.813 0.824 0.022 1.000 Ba 0.036 -0.043 0.767 0.045 1.000 Be -0.059 -0.079 0.301 -0.076 0.049 1.000 Bi 0.246 0.210 0.455 0.372 0.278 0.150 1.000 Ca -0.267 -0.267 -0.186 -0.310 -0.295 0.239 -0.078 1.000 Cd 0.756 0.824 -0.051 0.898 0.042 -0.067 0.239 -0.218 1.000 Ce -0.021 0.016 0.830 0.099 0.492 0.318 0.505 -0.157 -0.041 1.000 Co -0.056 -0.062 0.602 -0.045 0.455 0.127 0.451 -0.111 -0.046 0.557 1.000 Cr 0.044 0.044 0.265 0.047 0.179 0.027 0.083 -0.131 0.067 0.142 0.082 1.000 Cs -0.079 -0.024 0.391 -0.102 0.102 0.347 0.149 0.032 0.006 0.317 0.286 0.228 1.000 Cu 0.826 0.879 -0.037 0.916 -0.015 -0.039 0.273 -0.239 0.921 0.007 -0.019 0.086 -0.032 1.000 Fe 0.695 0.809 0.287 0.842 0.274 -0.057 0.416 -0.342 0.823 0.250 0.251 0.198 0.101 0.874 1.000 Ga 0.222 0.194 0.780 0.265 0.633 0.175 0.485 -0.429 0.158 0.743 0.496 0.161 0.250 0.212 0.495 1.000 Ge 0.206 0.037 0.224 0.160 0.224 -0.101 0.100 -0.530 0.072 0.197 0.117 -0.103 0.025 0.085 0.120 0.215 1.000 Hf -0.007 -0.091 0.893 -0.078 0.702 0.211 0.320 -0.146 -0.079 0.693 0.573 0.308 0.418 -0.082 0.234 0.673 0.160 1.000 Hg 0.881 0.820 -0.060 0.959 -0.028 -0.055 0.269 -0.230 0.926 -0.009 -0.098 0.060 -0.059 0.944 0.807 0.147 0.151 -0.105 1.000 In -0.006 0.082 0.571 0.157 0.431 0.137 0.439 0.006 0.266 0.509 0.492 0.138 0.417 0.114 0.337 0.456 0.023 0.517 0.071 1.000 K -0.002 -0.087 0.893 0.035 0.817 0.096 0.458 -0.277 -0.104 0.769 0.556 0.169 0.072 -0.070 0.248 0.742 0.308 0.759 -0.084 0.419 1.000 La 0.043 0.038 0.643 0.105 0.331 0.282 0.316 -0.191 0.003 0.862 0.480 0.065 0.280 0.063 0.194 0.593 0.176 0.547 0.050 0.388 0.562 Li -0.072 -0.019 0.367 -0.088 0.154 0.295 0.107 -0.007 -0.058 0.225 0.160 0.351 0.450 -0.020 0.075 0.192 -0.007 0.374 -0.048 0.135 0.137 Mg -0.081 -0.084 0.116 -0.087 0.001 0.011 0.043 0.005 0.009 0.008 0.084 0.196 0.676 -0.058 0.017 0.037 0.056 0.155 -0.044 0.231 -0.079 Mn 0.413 0.344 0.138 0.397 0.242 -0.006 0.265 -0.384 0.265 0.170 0.087 -0.059 -0.205 0.366 0.413 0.575 0.011 0.076 0.279 -0.007 0.242 Mo 0.767 0.625 0.098 0.655 0.281 -0.130 0.176 -0.297 0.709 -0.058 0.132 0.098 0.035 0.692 0.692 0.181 0.282 0.126 0.714 0.163 0.096 Na -0.122 -0.096 0.491 -0.030 0.385 0.005 0.242 -0.007 -0.148 0.332 0.374 0.198 0.058 -0.056 0.150 0.327 0.015 0.375 -0.126 0.294 0.501 Nb -0.100 -0.038 0.921 0.009 0.700 0.141 0.423 -0.320 -0.112 0.818 0.545 0.245 0.322 -0.089 0.263 0.791 0.260 0.805 -0.104 0.473 0.851 Ni 0.052 -0.044 0.126 -0.027 0.191 0.000 0.040 0.168 0.089 -0.030 0.201 0.098 0.059 0.022 0.049 -0.018 -0.200 0.174 0.018 0.180 0.128 P 0.260 0.084 0.277 0.089 0.098 0.503 0.213 0.095 0.055 0.383 0.231 0.029 0.197 0.107 0.123 0.265 -0.097 0.184 0.072 0.128 0.175 Pb 0.801 0.899 -0.072 0.951 -0.045 -0.057 0.248 -0.252 0.942 0.003 -0.102 0.057 -0.050 0.968 0.849 0.175 0.095 -0.124 0.971 0.083 -0.104 Rb 0.048 -0.076 0.893 0.034 0.740 0.149 0.527 -0.222 -0.116 0.807 0.566 0.184 0.205 -0.059 0.239 0.744 0.293 0.763 -0.071 0.438 0.955 Re 0.489 0.396 0.112 0.400 0.358 -0.076 0.058 -0.266 0.522 -0.047 0.180 -0.001 0.076 0.451 0.493 0.213 0.151 0.179 0.448 0.234 0.121 S 0.730 0.825 0.250 0.858 0.269 -0.072 0.367 -0.327 0.860 0.199 0.228 0.151 0.064 0.873 0.969 0.418 0.147 0.221 0.840 0.301 0.216 Sb 0.842 0.831 -0.053 0.970 -0.020 -0.060 0.280 -0.244 0.932 0.010 -0.098 0.052 -0.070 0.943 0.810 0.168 0.136 -0.115 0.993 0.086 -0.071 Se 0.172 0.164 -0.043 0.211 -0.092 0.215 0.077 0.593 0.326 -0.112 0.004 0.240 0.169 0.268 0.210 -0.278 -0.397 -0.010 0.314 0.157 -0.213 Sn 0.652 0.670 0.222 0.669 0.162 0.111 0.345 -0.226 0.626 0.297 0.153 0.083 0.048 0.705 0.713 0.475 0.031 0.109 0.654 0.173 0.176 Sr -0.297 -0.235 0.058 -0.240 -0.039 -0.007 -0.067 0.255 -0.149 0.127 0.023 0.065 0.240 -0.245 -0.197 -0.193 -0.186 0.092 -0.213 0.302 0.000 Ta -0.162 -0.117 0.745 -0.044 0.492 0.279 0.461 0.103 -0.107 0.668 0.475 0.367 0.385 -0.115 0.189 0.565 -0.100 0.713 -0.132 0.482 0.633 Te 0.684 0.601 0.151 0.667 0.174 -0.063 0.225 -0.443 0.600 0.198 0.122 -0.013 -0.008 0.639 0.635 0.460 0.294 0.117 0.672 0.081 0.141 Th -0.065 -0.024 0.838 0.049 0.581 0.181 0.595 -0.231 -0.112 0.864 0.511 0.170 0.244 -0.078 0.237 0.748 0.225 0.696 -0.089 0.504 0.846 Ti -0.090 -0.080 0.941 -0.042 0.770 0.136 0.325 -0.284 -0.123 0.749 0.581 0.282 0.353 -0.106 0.248 0.760 0.262 0.863 -0.127 0.473 0.849 Tl 0.778 0.758 0.098 0.749 0.046 -0.045 0.394 -0.299 0.664 0.149 0.104 0.019 0.013 0.727 0.729 0.281 0.173 0.036 0.722 0.129 0.086 U 0.179 0.351 0.269 0.111 0.367 -0.014 0.061 -0.331 0.189 0.211 0.305 -0.015 0.206 0.217 0.363 0.359 0.135 0.371 0.105 0.275 0.212 V 0.106 0.137 0.352 0.007 0.233 0.504 0.115 -0.054 0.082 0.357 0.315 0.012 0.373 0.074 0.130 0.359 -0.086 0.342 0.022 0.208 0.155 W 0.329 0.427 0.467 0.336 0.348 0.320 0.188 -0.254 0.233 0.456 0.150 0.080 -0.001 0.321 0.438 0.643 0.077 0.318 0.249 0.133 0.420 Y 0.020 0.013 0.747 0.071 0.402 0.580 0.428 0.092 -0.006 0.850 0.468 0.199 0.416 0.041 0.201 0.581 0.010 0.631 0.024 0.437 0.570 Zn 0.757 0.835 -0.052 0.905 0.030 -0.047 0.246 -0.212 0.997 -0.032 -0.047 0.074 0.004 0.936 0.840 0.169 0.060 -0.083 0.930 0.254 -0.106 Zr 0.074 0.025 0.923 0.044 0.721 0.244 0.412 -0.250 -0.017 0.746 0.582 0.252 0.393 0.016 0.337 0.771 0.291 0.935 -0.012 0.481 0.814704 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix C6.2: Trace Element Correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein - Underground levels La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti 1.000 0.167 1.000 -0.036 0.237 1.000 0.169 -0.174 -0.237 1.000 -0.054 0.047 0.036 0.256 1.000 0.173 0.182 -0.024 0.072 -0.055 1.000 0.624 0.322 0.157 0.135 -0.028 0.487 1.000 -0.040 -0.042 0.062 -0.076 0.150 -0.091 0.032 1.000 0.350 0.090 -0.109 0.208 0.002 0.077 0.171 0.060 1.000 0.043 -0.045 -0.062 0.318 0.661 -0.130 -0.090 -0.030 0.084 1.000 0.620 0.193 -0.025 0.225 0.080 0.432 0.832 0.123 0.217 -0.103 1.000 -0.058 -0.015 0.040 0.225 0.753 -0.078 -0.007 0.120 -0.034 0.425 0.062 1.000 0.171 0.048 -0.042 0.381 0.755 0.086 0.193 0.103 0.119 0.868 0.195 0.552 1.000 0.048 -0.054 -0.054 0.307 0.686 -0.110 -0.084 0.000 0.074 0.979 -0.072 0.428 0.843 1.000 -0.164 0.159 0.133 -0.340 0.215 0.019 -0.206 0.284 0.220 0.274 -0.178 0.149 0.258 0.298 1.000 0.271 0.008 -0.127 0.439 0.515 -0.008 0.168 0.080 0.249 0.678 0.214 0.372 0.711 0.657 0.136 1.000 0.066 0.118 0.337 -0.536 -0.201 0.037 0.071 0.165 -0.138 -0.223 0.016 -0.139 -0.224 -0.224 0.223 -0.279 1.000 0.446 0.299 0.180 0.071 -0.118 0.376 0.704 0.239 0.227 -0.128 0.665 -0.129 0.160 -0.114 0.208 0.127 0.144 1.000 0.196 0.012 -0.067 0.451 0.560 0.026 0.149 -0.172 0.046 0.668 0.127 0.539 0.651 0.663 -0.086 0.599 -0.320 -0.100 1.000 0.621 0.184 0.119 0.150 -0.082 0.412 0.880 -0.027 0.199 -0.078 0.864 -0.047 0.149 -0.072 -0.217 0.187 0.146 0.679 0.116 1.000 0.587 0.336 0.155 0.124 0.050 0.516 0.959 0.065 0.179 -0.127 0.821 0.086 0.198 -0.116 -0.142 0.136 0.015 0.683 0.150 0.779 1.000 0.147 -0.041 -0.120 0.378 0.720 -0.095 0.035 -0.006 0.151 0.720 0.165 0.398 0.752 0.706 0.059 0.706 -0.268 -0.066 0.598 0.114 0.010 0.202 0.047 0.016 0.237 0.439 -0.037 0.227 -0.093 0.025 0.186 0.196 0.597 0.373 0.102 -0.160 0.220 -0.139 0.018 0.390 0.191 0.280 0.358 0.175 -0.010 0.205 0.140 -0.113 0.216 0.040 0.530 0.064 0.187 0.401 0.161 0.020 0.077 0.355 -0.134 0.169 0.310 0.172 0.270 0.369 0.113 -0.167 0.633 0.245 0.224 0.456 -0.027 0.388 0.302 0.407 0.179 0.411 0.266 -0.168 0.479 -0.317 0.262 0.387 0.420 0.415 0.718 0.312 0.015 0.114 -0.053 0.254 0.645 0.074 0.674 0.028 0.640 -0.059 0.172 0.028 0.212 0.304 0.076 0.686 0.090 0.656 0.618 0.009 -0.052 0.001 0.285 0.700 -0.138 -0.110 0.079 0.090 0.952 -0.117 0.509 0.869 0.937 0.333 0.638 -0.154 -0.103 0.595 -0.107 -0.124 0.566 0.352 0.151 0.167 0.195 0.369 0.869 0.078 0.207 -0.020 0.819 0.203 0.300 -0.014 -0.107 0.206 -0.010 0.683 0.233 0.787 0.896705 Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr Appendix C6.2: Trace Element Correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein - Underground levels Tl U V W Y Zn Zr 1.000 0.310 1.000 0.199 0.494 1.000 0.395 0.283 0.382 1.000 0.107 0.146 0.533 0.491 1.000 0.671 0.186 0.085 0.256 0.012 1.000 0.158 0.422 0.372 0.445 0.657 -0.019 1.000706 Appendix C7: Samples used to calculate the geochemical background for the host rocks at Uchucchacua 707 Appendix C7: Samples used to calculate geochemical background for Jumasha limestone at Uchucchacua Au Ag As Bi Cd Cu Hg Mn Mo Pb Sb Tl Zn Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Mineralized Structure associated Distance from the vein (m) ppb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 3PUA586 316465 8825176 Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 48.5 2.5 0.07 2.5 0.03 0.06 5 0.02 152 0.73 3.4 1.48 0.74 4 3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 53.5 2.5 0.05 2.5 0.02 0.46 3 0.005 87 0.72 2.2 0.29 0.32 113 3PUA588 316473.5 8825170.5 Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 58.5 2.5 0.14 2.5 0.04 0.04 3.6 0.01 126 1.23 1.8 1.25 0.43 1 3PUA589 316478 8825168 Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 63.5 2.5 0.08 5 0.02 0.03 3.4 0.01 104 0.45 2.3 1.04 0.38 1 3PUA590 316482 8825165 Xc 630SE, Level 450 Jackeline - Plomopampa 68.5 2.5 0.08 6 0.02 0.03 3.5 0.01 111 1.7 2.2 1.46 0.7 1 4PUA522 315944 8823264 Anilcocha North Sample for geochemical background 0.0025 0.07 2.5 0.02 0.04 1.9 0.005 236 0.17 2.5 0.36 0.19 5 4PUA523 315629 8823114 Anilcocha North west Sample for geochemical background 0.0025 0.005 5 0.01 0.02 1.8 0.005 77 0.7 1 0.61 0.1 1 4PUA524 315291 8822718 Anilcocha West Sample for geochemical background 0.0025 0.03 9 0.01 0.03 2.2 0.005 90 0.32 1.9 0.07 0.04 3 Values in red are half the lower detection limit 708 Appendix C8: Geochemical background calculation for metal/Al ratios in limestone from Uchucchacua 709 Appendix C8: Geochemical background calculation for metal/Al ratios in limestone - Uchucchacua ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Al ABS Ag Ag-median Ag/Al Ag/Al -median As As-median As/Al As/Al - median Bi Bi-median Bi/Al Sample N° Easting Northing Distance from the vein (m) % Al - median ppm ppm ppm 3PUA586 316465 8825176 48.5 0.8 0.36 0.07 0 0.0875 0.0497 2.5 1.25 3.1250 6.6490 0.03 0.01 0.0375 3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 53.5 0.48 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.1041667 0.0330 2.5 1.25 5.2083 4.5657 0.02 0 0.0417 3PUA588 316473.5 8825170.5 58.5 0.5 0.06 0.14 0.07 0.28 0.1428 2.5 1.25 5.0000 4.7740 0.04 0.02 0.0800 3PUA589 316478 8825168 63.5 0.41 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.195122 0.0579 5 1.25 12.1951 2.4211 0.02 0 0.0488 3PUA590 316482 8825165 68.5 0.47 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.1702128 0.0330 6 2.25 12.7660 2.9919 0.02 0 0.0426 4PUA522 315944 8823264 0.34 0.1 0.07 0 0.2058824 0.0687 2.5 1.25 7.3529 2.4211 0.02 0 0.0588 4PUA523 315629 8823114 0.21 0.23 0.005 0.065 0.0238095 0.1134 5 1.25 23.8095 14.0355 0.01 0.01 0.0476 4PUA524 315291 8822718 0.34 0.1 0.03 0.04 0.0882353 0.0490 9 5.25 26.4706 16.6966 0.01 0.01 0.0294 median 0.44 0.08 0.07 0.015 0.1371897 0.0538 3.75 1.25 9.7740 4.6699 0.02 0.005 0.0451 highest limit of background or higher threshold 0.2448 19.1138 lowest limit of background or lower threshold 0.0296 0.4343 Values in red are half the value of lower limit of detection 710 Sample N° 3PUA586 3PUA587 3PUA588 3PUA589 3PUA590 4PUA522 4PUA523 4PUA524 ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Bi/Al - median Cd Cd-median Cd/Al Cd/Al - median Cu Cu-median Cu/Al Cu/Al - median Hg Hg-median Hg/Al Hg/Al - median Mn Mn-median Mn/Al ppm ppm ppb ppm 0.0076 0.06 0.025 0.0750 0.0091 5 1.8 6.2500 0.5853 20 12.5 25.0000 4.3617 152 44.5 190.0000 0.0034 0.46 0.425 0.9583 0.8742 3 0.2 6.2500 0.5853 5 2.5 10.4167 10.2216 87 20.5 181.2500 0.0349 0.04 0.005 0.0800 0.0041 3.6 0.4 7.2000 0.3647 10 2.5 20.0000 0.6383 126 18.5 252.0000 0.0037 0.03 0.005 0.0732 0.0109 3.4 0.2 8.2927 1.4574 10 2.5 24.3902 3.7519 104 3.5 253.6585 0.0025 0.03 0.005 0.0638 0.0203 3.5 0.3 7.4468 0.6115 10 2.5 21.2766 0.6383 111 3.5 236.1702 0.0137 0.04 0.005 0.1176 0.0335 1.9 1.3 5.5882 1.2471 5 2.5 14.7059 5.9324 236 128.5 694.1176 0.0025 0.02 0.015 0.0952 0.0111 1.8 1.4 8.5714 1.7361 5 2.5 23.8095 3.1712 77 30.5 366.6667 0.0157 0.03 0.005 0.0882 0.0041 2.2 1 6.4706 0.3647 5 2.5 14.7059 5.9324 90 17.5 264.7059 0.0056 0.035 0.005 0.0841 0.0110 3.2 0.7 6.8353 0.5984 7.5 2.5 20.6383 4.0568 107.5 19.5 252.8293 0.0564 0.1062 8.0321 28.7519 0.0338 0.0621 5.6385 12.5246 711 Sample N° 3PUA586 3PUA587 3PUA588 3PUA589 3PUA590 4PUA522 4PUA523 4PUA524 ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Mn/Al - median Mo Mo-median Mo/Al Mo/Al - median Pb Pb-median Pb/Al Pb/Al - median Sb Sb-median Sb/Al Sb/Al - median Tl Tl-median Tl/Al ppm ppm ppm ppm 62.8293 0.73 0.02 0.9125 0.3863 3.4 1.2 4.2500 0.4714 1.48 0.655 1.8500 0.3250 0.74 0.39 0.9250 71.5793 0.72 0.01 1.5000 0.2012 2.2 0 4.5833 0.1380 0.29 0.535 0.6042 1.5708 0.32 0.03 0.6667 0.8293 1.23 0.52 2.4600 1.1612 1.8 0.4 3.6000 1.1214 1.25 0.425 2.5000 0.3250 0.43 0.08 0.8600 0.8293 0.45 0.26 1.0976 0.2012 2.3 0.1 5.6098 0.8884 1.04 0.215 2.5366 0.3616 0.38 0.03 0.9268 16.6591 1.7 0.99 3.6170 2.3182 2.2 0 4.6809 0.0405 1.46 0.635 3.1064 0.9314 0.7 0.35 1.4894 441.2884 0.17 0.54 0.5000 0.7988 2.5 0.3 7.3529 2.6316 0.36 0.465 1.0588 1.1162 0.19 0.16 0.5588 113.8374 0.7 0.01 3.3333 2.0346 1 1.2 4.7619 0.0405 0.61 0.215 2.9048 0.7298 0.1 0.25 0.4762 11.8766 0.32 0.39 0.9412 0.3576 1.9 0.3 5.5882 0.8669 0.07 0.755 0.2059 1.9691 0.04 0.31 0.1176 39.7442 0.71 0.325 1.2988 0.5925 2.2 0.3 4.7214 0.6691 0.825 0.5 2.1750 0.8306 0.35 0.205 0.7633 332.3176 2.4838 6.0596 3.8361 173.3409 0.1137 3.3831 0.5139 712 Sample N° 3PUA586 3PUA587 3PUA588 3PUA589 3PUA590 4PUA522 4PUA523 4PUA524 ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS Tl/Al - median Zn Zn-median Zn/Al Zn/Al - median W W-median W/Al W/Al - median Ba Ba-median Ba/Al Ba/Al - median In In-median In/Al In/Al - median ppm ppm ppm ppm 0.1617 4 2 5.0000 0.1190 0.6 0.1 0.7500 0.3378 20 0 25.0000 17.1099 0.007 0.0005 0.0088 0.0089 0.0967 113 111 235.4167 230.5357 0.1 0.4 0.2083 0.8795 20 0 41.6667 0.4433 0.01 0.0035 0.0208 0.0032 0.0967 1 1 2.0000 2.8810 0.6 0.1 1.2000 0.1122 20 0 40.0000 2.1099 0.0025 0.004 0.0050 0.0126 0.1635 1 1 2.4390 2.4419 0.4 0.1 0.9756 0.1122 10 10 24.3902 17.7197 0.006 0.0005 0.0146 0.0030 0.7260 1 1 2.1277 2.7533 0.4 0.1 0.8511 0.2367 20 0 42.5532 0.4433 0.006 0.0005 0.0128 0.0048 0.2045 5 3 14.7059 9.8249 0.7 0.2 2.0588 0.9710 40 20 117.6471 75.5371 0.007 0.0005 0.0206 0.0030 0.2871 1 1 4.7619 0.1190 0.4 0.1 1.9048 0.8170 50 30 238.0952 195.9853 0.006 0.0005 0.0286 0.0110 0.6457 3 1 8.8235 3.9426 0.8 0.3 2.3529 1.2651 60 40 176.4706 134.3607 0.007 0.0005 0.0206 0.0030 0.1840 2 1 4.8810 2.8171 0.5 0.1 1.0878 0.5774 20 5 42.1099 17.4148 0.0065 0.0005 0.0176 0.0040 1.1313 10.5152 2.2426 76.9395 0.0257 0.3953 -0.7533 -0.0670 7.2803 0.0095 713 Appendix C9: Trace element threshold for the host rocks at Uchucchacua – calculation worksheet 714 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9327 MAD Threshold Ag 9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba 9304 MAD Threshold Bi Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al Sample N° Altitude (m) Locality Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* Al % ppm MAD(As/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Bi/Al)* Al 2PUE271 4940 4940m 0 Gray limestones 0.16 0.2448 0.0857 0.35 70 19.1138 6.6898 20.5 76.9395 26.9288 0.03 0.0564 0.0197 2PUE272 4940 4940m 2 Gray limestones 0.46 0.2448 0.1640 0.67 150 19.1138 12.8062 45.5 76.9395 51.5495 0.02 0.0564 0.0378 2PUE273 4940 4940m 4 Gray limestones 0.36 0.2448 0.1542 0.63 135 19.1138 12.0417 34.5 76.9395 48.4719 0.03 0.0564 0.0355 2PUE274 4940 4940m 6 Gray limestones 0.5 0.2448 0.2717 1.11 405 19.1138 21.2163 84.5 76.9395 85.4029 0.04 0.0564 0.0626 2PUE275 4940 4940m 8 Gray limestones 1.88 0.2448 0.3819 1.56 495 19.1138 29.8175 247.5 76.9395 120.0257 0.05 0.0564 0.0879 2PUE276 4940 4940m 10 Gray limestones 23 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 1290 19.1138 20.6429 142 76.9395 83.0947 0.05 0.0564 0.0609 2PUE277 4940 4940m 12 Gray limestones 0.26 0.2448 0.3378 1.38 395 19.1138 26.3770 148.5 76.9395 106.1766 0.06 0.0564 0.0778 2PUE278 4940 4940m 14 Gray limestones 0.5 0.2448 0.3966 1.62 505 19.1138 30.9643 241.5 76.9395 124.6421 0.06 0.0564 0.0913 2PUE279 4940 4940m 16 Gray limestones 1.62 0.2448 0.2717 1.11 450 19.1138 21.2163 136.5 76.9395 85.4029 0.06 0.0564 0.0626 2PUE280 4940 4940m 18 Gray limestones 0.26 0.2448 0.2277 0.93 235 19.1138 17.7758 82 76.9395 71.5538 0.04 0.0564 0.0524 2PUE292 4725 4725m 1 Gray limestones 28.6 0.2448 0.2914 0.84 260 19.1138 16.0556 131.5 76.9395 64.6292 0.12 0.0564 0.0473 2PUE293 4725 4725m 3 Gray limestones 1.26 0.2448 0.2267 1.08 150 19.1138 20.6429 52 76.9395 83.0947 0.09 0.0564 0.0609 2PUE294 4725 4725m 5 Gray limestones 1.02 0.2448 0.2448 1 240 19.1138 19.1138 141 76.9395 76.9395 0.13 0.0564 0.0564 2PUE295 4725 4725m 7 Gray limestones 0.76 0.2448 0.2751 0.89 195 19.1138 17.0112 82.5 76.9395 68.4762 0.07 0.0564 0.0502 2PUE296 4725 4725m 14 Gray limestones 3.58 0.2448 0.5971 0.41 500 19.1138 7.8366 28 76.9395 31.5452 0.04 0.0564 0.0231 2PUE297 4725 4725m 16 Gray limestones 32.6 0.2448 0.6617 0.37 500 19.1138 7.0721 29 76.9395 28.4676 0.05 0.0564 0.0209 2PUE315 4450 Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level 2 Gray limestones 150 0.2448 0.5440 0.45 4390 19.1138 8.6012 34 76.9395 34.6228 0.09 0.0564 0.0254 2PUE314 4450 Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level 8 Gray limestones 8.1 0.2448 0.9416 0.26 280 19.1138 4.9696 37.5 76.9395 20.0043 0.05 0.0564 0.0147 2PUE307 4450 Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level 10 Gray limestones 0.74 0.2448 1.6321 0.15 90 19.1138 2.8671 21.5 76.9395 11.5409 0.005 0.0564 0.0085 2PUE313 4450 Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level 10 Gray limestones 4.68 0.2448 1.0644 0.23 230 19.1138 4.3962 26.5 76.9395 17.6961 0.03 0.0564 0.0130 2PUE308 4450 Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level 11 Gray limestones 1.08 0.2448 1.1658 0.21 115 19.1138 4.0139 28.5 76.9395 16.1573 0.005 0.0564 0.0118 2PUE312 4450 Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level 12 Gray limestones 7.72 0.2448 0.2498 0.98 360 19.1138 18.7315 102 76.9395 75.4008 0.04 0.0564 0.0552 715 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9327 MAD Threshold Ag 9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba 9304 MAD Threshold Bi Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al Sample N° Altitude (m) Locality Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* Al % ppm MAD(As/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Bi/Al)* Al 2PUE310 4450 Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level 14 Gray limestones 0.58 0.2448 1.0644 0.23 175 19.1138 4.3962 24 76.9395 17.6961 0.02 0.0564 0.0130 2PUE311 4450 Est s/n, gal 754W, 4450 m level 14 Gray limestones 0.66 0.2448 0.7200 0.34 140 19.1138 6.4987 42 76.9395 26.1594 0.03 0.0564 0.0192 3PUA500 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 141 Gray limestones 0.15 0.2448 0.1616 0.66 143 19.1138 12.6151 30 76.9395 50.7801 0.04 0.0564 0.0372 3PUA501 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 136 Gray limestones 0.14 0.2448 0.1249 0.51 136 19.1138 9.7480 10 76.9395 39.2392 0.03 0.0564 0.0287 3PUA502 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 131 Gray limestones 0.08 0.2448 0.1249 0.51 8 19.1138 9.7480 30 76.9395 39.2392 0.03 0.0564 0.0287 3PUA503 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 126 Gray limestones 0.07 0.2448 0.0930 0.38 29 19.1138 7.2632 120 76.9395 29.2370 0.03 0.0564 0.0214 3PUA504 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 121 Gray limestones 0.04 0.2448 0.1395 0.57 11 19.1138 10.8948 70 76.9395 43.8555 0.03 0.0564 0.0321 3PUA505 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 116 Gray limestones 0.01 0.2448 0.0539 0.22 8 19.1138 4.2050 10 76.9395 16.9267 0.02 0.0564 0.0124 3PUA506 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 111 Gray limestones 0.31 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 7 19.1138 20.6429 20 76.9395 83.0947 0.05 0.0564 0.0609 3PUA507 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 106 Gray limestones 0.78 0.2448 0.3036 1.24 30 19.1138 23.7011 130 76.9395 95.4050 0.04 0.0564 0.0699 3PUA508 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 101 Gray limestones 0.65 0.2448 0.1273 0.52 21 19.1138 9.9392 20 76.9395 40.0086 0.03 0.0564 0.0293 3PUA509 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 96 Gray limestones 3.3 0.2448 0.3378 1.38 86 19.1138 26.3770 220 76.9395 106.1766 0.03 0.0564 0.0778 3PUA510 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 91 Gray limestones 59.5 0.2448 0.1689 0.69 235 19.1138 13.1885 20 76.9395 53.0883 0.03 0.0564 0.0389 3PUA513 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 86 Strong fractured gray limestones 14.35 0.2448 0.1346 0.55 188 19.1138 10.5126 20 76.9395 42.3167 0.03 0.0564 0.0310 3PUA514 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 81 Strong fractured, pyritized gray limestones 28.1 0.2448 0.0392 0.16 79 19.1138 3.0582 10 76.9395 12.3103 0.01 0.0564 0.0090 716 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9327 MAD Threshold Ag 9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba 9304 MAD Threshold Bi Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al Sample N° Altitude (m) Locality Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* Al % ppm MAD(As/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Bi/Al)* Al 3PUA515 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 76 Moderate fractured gray limestones 68.4 0.2448 0.1444 0.59 125 19.1138 11.2771 30 76.9395 45.3943 0.03 0.0564 0.0333 3PUA516 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 70 Weak bleached gray limestones 36.8 0.2448 0.2840 1.16 293 19.1138 22.1720 100 76.9395 89.2499 0.04 0.0564 0.0654 3PUA517 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 66 Brecciated, fossiliferous gray limestones 14.5 0.2448 0.0979 0.4 455 19.1138 7.6455 40 76.9395 30.7758 0.03 0.0564 0.0225 3PUA518 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 61 Ore body 150 0.2448 0.0612 0.25 4740 19.1138 4.7784 190 76.9395 19.2349 0.02 0.0564 0.0141 3PUA519 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 56 Ore body 15.15 0.2448 0.0318 0.13 300 19.1138 2.4848 20 76.9395 10.0021 0.02 0.0564 0.0073 3PUA520 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 51 Margin of the orebody 5.65 0.2448 0.1151 0.47 44 19.1138 8.9835 50 76.9395 36.1616 0.02 0.0564 0.0265 3PUA521 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 46 Gray limestones 3.48 0.2448 0.1175 0.48 58 19.1138 9.1746 40 76.9395 36.9310 0.03 0.0564 0.0271 3PUA522 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 41 Weak to moderately silicified gray to tan limestones 2.62 0.2448 0.1395 0.57 69 19.1138 10.8948 40 76.9395 43.8555 0.05 0.0564 0.0321 3PUA523 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 36 Brecciated gray limestones 0.66 0.2448 0.1714 0.7 53 19.1138 13.3796 50 76.9395 53.8577 0.03 0.0564 0.0395 3PUA524 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 31 Mod sil and st frac gray limestones 7.79 0.2448 0.1861 0.76 63 19.1138 14.5265 60 76.9395 58.4741 0.04 0.0564 0.0428 3PUA525 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 26 Mod sil and st frac gray limestones 2.22 0.2448 0.2032 0.83 66 19.1138 15.8644 90 76.9395 63.8598 0.03 0.0564 0.0468 3PUA526 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 21 Mod sil gray to tan limestones 1.7 0.2448 0.2938 1.2 458 19.1138 22.9365 100 76.9395 92.3275 0.07 0.0564 0.0676 3PUA527 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 16 Mod sil, light gray limestones 0.82 0.2448 0.3232 1.32 436 19.1138 25.2302 70 76.9395 101.5602 0.17 0.0564 0.0744 717 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9327 MAD Threshold Ag 9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba 9304 MAD Threshold Bi Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al Sample N° Altitude (m) Locality Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* Al % ppm MAD(As/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Bi/Al)* Al 3PUA528 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 11 Mod sil grayish brown, fgr limestones 0.52 0.2448 0.1371 0.56 189 19.1138 10.7037 30 76.9395 43.0861 0.04 0.0564 0.0316 3PUA529 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 6 Weak sil and fossiliferous gray limestones 2 0.2448 0.1665 0.68 369 19.1138 12.9974 50 76.9395 52.3189 0.03 0.0564 0.0383 3PUA530 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 1 Strong fractured, gray limestones 1.11 0.2448 0.1493 0.61 260 19.1138 11.6594 60 76.9395 46.9331 0.02 0.0564 0.0344 3PUA531 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 -1 Mod sil, brownish gray limestones 2.64 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 263 19.1138 20.6429 110 76.9395 83.0947 0.04 0.0564 0.0609 3PUA532 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 -6 Mod sil, brownish gray limestones w/ trz diss py. 5.37 0.2448 0.2228 0.91 393 19.1138 17.3935 80 76.9395 70.0150 0.04 0.0564 0.0513 3PUA533 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 -11 Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones 2.09 0.2448 0.2228 0.91 329 19.1138 17.3935 70 76.9395 70.0150 0.04 0.0564 0.0513 3PUA534 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 -16 Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones 0.73 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 86 19.1138 20.6429 90 76.9395 83.0947 0.05 0.0564 0.0609 3PUA535 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 -21 Weak sil, mod fract, grayish brown limestones 0.8 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 603 19.1138 20.6429 70 76.9395 83.0947 0.05 0.0564 0.0609 3PUA536 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 -26 Mod sil, grayish brown limestones 0.64 0.2448 0.2301 0.94 99 19.1138 17.9669 50 76.9395 72.3232 0.04 0.0564 0.0530 3PUA537 4300 Xc 130N, Level 300 -31 Mod sil, grayish brown limestones 3.93 0.2448 0.2546 1.04 196 19.1138 19.8783 90 76.9395 80.0171 0.05 0.0564 0.0586 3PUA545 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 0 Grayish brown, rxl limestones 4.21 0.2448 0.1151 0.47 245 19.1138 8.9835 110 76.9395 36.1616 0.02 0.0564 0.0265 3PUA548- LMS 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 4 Gray limestones 1.97 0.2448 0.1249 0.51 35 19.1138 9.7480 10 76.9395 39.2392 0.005 0.0564 0.0287 718 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9327 MAD Threshold Ag 9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba 9304 MAD Threshold Bi Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al Sample N° Altitude (m) Locality Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* Al % ppm MAD(As/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Bi/Al)* Al 3PUA546 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 5 Brown, rxl limestones 1.22 0.2448 0.1885 0.77 29 19.1138 14.7176 50 76.9395 59.2434 0.03 0.0564 0.0434 3PUA547 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 9 Weak to mod sil. brown, rxl limestones 0.97 0.2448 0.1298 0.53 20 19.1138 10.1303 10 76.9395 40.7780 0.02 0.0564 0.0299 3PUA549 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 13 Brecciated grayish brown limestones 5.32 0.2448 0.3819 1.56 29 19.1138 29.8175 100 76.9395 120.0257 0.03 0.0564 0.0879 3PUA550 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 19 Grayish brown, rxl limestones 2.37 0.2448 0.1200 0.49 83 19.1138 9.3657 20 76.9395 37.7004 0.02 0.0564 0.0276 3PUA551 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 24 Mod sil and rxl, gray, fgr limestones 0.69 0.2448 0.0490 0.2 17 19.1138 3.8228 20 76.9395 15.3879 0.01 0.0564 0.0113 3PUA552 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 29 Mod sil gray limestones 3.07 0.2448 0.1322 0.54 56 19.1138 10.3214 70 76.9395 41.5474 0.02 0.0564 0.0304 3PUA553 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 33 Mod sil brown limestones 2 0.2448 0.1469 0.6 22 19.1138 11.4683 30 76.9395 46.1637 0.02 0.0564 0.0338 3PUA548- BH 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 360 4 Brown hornfels 3.14 0.2448 0.1395 0.57 62 19.1138 10.8948 10 76.9395 43.8555 0.01 0.0564 0.0321 3PUA559 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 4 Mod frac dark gray limestones 0.14 0.2448 0.0808 0.33 43 19.1138 6.3075 20 76.9395 25.3900 0.01 0.0564 0.0186 3PUA560 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 9 Strongly frac, dark gray limestones 0.39 0.2448 0.0832 0.34 33 19.1138 6.4987 20 76.9395 26.1594 0.01 0.0564 0.0192 3PUA561 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 14 Mod frac gray limestones 1.96 0.2448 0.4039 1.65 479 19.1138 31.5377 200 76.9395 126.9502 0.04 0.0564 0.0930 3PUA562 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 19 Mod frac, brownish gray limestones 1.28 0.2448 0.3378 1.38 44 19.1138 26.3770 120 76.9395 106.1766 0.04 0.0564 0.0778 3PUA563 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 24 Mod frac, brownish gray limestones 0.82 0.2448 0.3770 1.54 100 19.1138 29.4352 190 76.9395 118.4869 0.03 0.0564 0.0868 3PUA564 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 29 Grayish brown, rxl limestones 1.44 0.2448 0.4456 1.82 126 19.1138 34.7870 130 76.9395 140.0300 0.05 0.0564 0.1026 3PUA565 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 34 Mod frac, gray limestones 0.26 0.2448 0.1420 0.58 74 19.1138 11.0860 30 76.9395 44.6249 0.01 0.0564 0.0327 719 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9327 MAD Threshold Ag 9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba 9304 MAD Threshold Bi Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al Sample N° Altitude (m) Locality Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* Al % ppm MAD(As/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Bi/Al)* Al 3PUA570 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 39 Strong frac, rusty, dark gray limestones 1.22 0.2448 0.0832 0.34 31 19.1138 6.4987 10 76.9395 26.1594 0.04 0.0564 0.0192 3PUA571 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 44 Strong frac, gray limestones 1.54 0.2448 0.0563 0.23 38 19.1138 4.3962 10 76.9395 17.6961 0.01 0.0564 0.0130 3PUA572 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 49 Strong frac, gray limestones 0.17 0.2448 0.0661 0.27 11 19.1138 5.1607 10 76.9395 20.7737 0.01 0.0564 0.0152 3PUA573 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 180 54 Strong frac, dark gray limestones 0.28 0.2448 0.0857 0.35 17 19.1138 6.6898 10 76.9395 26.9288 0.02 0.0564 0.0197 4PUA562 4180 Xc 710NW - 180 level 60 Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, st frac'd limestones 0.02 0.2448 0.0416 0.17 2.5 19.1138 3.2493 5 76.9395 13.0797 0.01 0.0564 0.0096 4PUA564 4180 Xc 710NW - 180 level 70 St frac'd, brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl limestones 0.45 0.2448 0.0367 0.15 45 19.1138 2.8671 10 76.9395 11.5409 0.01 0.0564 0.0085 3PUA715 4360 1.32 - 1.43 3.5 Dark gray, mgr limestones 0.68 0.2448 0.1298 0.53 305 19.1138 10.1303 30 76.9395 40.7780 0.06 0.0564 0.0299 3PUA717 4360 11.16 - 11.25 13 Dark gray bituminous limestones 0.2 0.2448 0.0759 0.31 89 19.1138 5.9253 10 76.9395 23.8513 0.05 0.0564 0.0175 3PUA719 4360 17.20 - 17.38 19 Dark gray bituminous limestones 0.11 0.2448 0.2326 0.95 120 19.1138 18.1581 30 76.9395 73.0926 0.07 0.0564 0.0535 3PUA722 4360 26.20 - 26.28 28 Dark gray bituminous limestones 0.53 0.2448 0.1518 0.62 45 19.1138 11.8505 40 76.9395 47.7025 0.03 0.0564 0.0349 3PUA728 4360 38.39 - 38.55 40 Dark gray bituminous limestones 0.04 0.2448 0.1885 0.77 20 19.1138 14.7176 30 76.9395 59.2434 0.03 0.0564 0.0434 720 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9327 MAD Threshold Ag 9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba 9304 MAD Threshold Bi Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al Sample N° Altitude (m) Locality Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* Al % ppm MAD(As/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Bi/Al)* Al 3PUA732 4360 49.75 - 49.81 51.5 Dark gray bituminous limestones 1.34 0.2448 0.1395 0.57 143 19.1138 10.8948 30 76.9395 43.8555 0.02 0.0564 0.0321 3PUA734 4360 56.0 - 56.25 58 Dark gray, bituminous, mgr limestones 0.005 0.2448 0.0098 0.04 8 19.1138 0.7646 10 76.9395 3.0776 0.005 0.0564 0.0023 3PUA735 4360 59.09 - 59.25 60.5 Dark gray, bituminous limestones 0.02 0.2448 0.0955 0.39 10 19.1138 7.4544 20 76.9395 30.0064 0.02 0.0564 0.0220 3PUA738 4360 68.26 - 68.46 70 Dark gray, bituminous limestones 0.02 0.2448 0.1983 0.81 9 19.1138 15.4821 40 76.9395 62.3210 0.04 0.0564 0.0457 4PUA532 4360 75.10-75.25m 78 Fgr, brownish gray, mod sil lms w/ local mm ca vlts. 0.005 0.2448 0.1420 0.58 9 19.1138 11.0860 20 76.9395 44.6249 0.02 0.0564 0.0327 4PUA534 4360 84.30-84.50m 86 Strong frac'd, gray bituminous limestones 0.29 0.2448 0.2448 1 23 19.1138 19.1138 80 76.9395 76.9395 0.03 0.0564 0.0564 4PUA536 4360 95.45-95.60m 98 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl, wk sil limestones 0.12 0.2448 0.2032 0.83 23 19.1138 15.8644 50 76.9395 63.8598 0.03 0.0564 0.0468 4PUA517 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level 50 St frac'd, rxl, mgr lms. 0.14 0.2448 0.0367 0.15 9 19.1138 2.8671 10 76.9395 11.5409 0.02 0.0564 0.0085 4PUA513A 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level 10 St. frac'd and bxd, brown gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, weak silicified lms. 0.53 0.2448 0.0832 0.34 17 19.1138 6.4987 20 76.9395 26.1594 0.03 0.0564 0.0192 4PUA516A 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level 40 Gray, mgr, rxl lms. 0.62 0.2448 0.2375 0.97 8 19.1138 18.5403 30 76.9395 74.6314 0.04 0.0564 0.0547 4PUA518 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level 60 St frac'd, brownish gray, f-mgr, rxl lms. 0.71 0.2448 0.0930 0.38 73 19.1138 7.2632 20 76.9395 29.2370 0.02 0.0564 0.0214 4PUA515 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level 30 Mod frac'd, rxl, mgr brownish gray, wk sil lms 1.01 0.2448 0.1665 0.68 20 19.1138 12.9974 80 76.9395 52.3189 0.06 0.0564 0.0383 721 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9327 MAD Threshold Ag 9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba 9304 MAD Threshold Bi Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al Sample N° Altitude (m) Locality Distance from the vein (m) Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* Al % ppm MAD(As/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Bi/Al)* Al 4PUA514 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level 20 Mod frac'd, brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl lms. 1.98 0.2448 0.2203 0.9 89 19.1138 17.2024 60 76.9395 69.2456 0.08 0.0564 0.0507 4PUA519 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 120 level 70 Brownish gray, fgr, mod sil and rxl limestones 5 0.2448 0.2032 0.83 78 19.1138 15.8644 90 76.9395 63.8598 0.04 0.0564 0.0468 4PUA513B 4120 10 marble 0.76 0.2448 0.1885 0.77 41 19.1138 14.7176 10 76.9395 59.2434 0.03 0.0564 0.0434 4PUA516B 4120 40 marble 0.15 0.2448 0.2007 0.82 2.5 19.1138 15.6733 20 76.9395 63.0904 0.02 0.0564 0.0462 4PUA568 4450 Xc s/n - 450 level 5 St frac'd, mod sil, fgr, brownish gray limestones 0.61 0.2448 0.1273 0.52 21 19.1138 9.9392 20 76.9395 40.0086 0.02 0.0564 0.0293 4PUA569 4450 Xc s/n - 450 level 14 Mod frac'd, and sil, fgr, brown marly limestones 0.02 0.2448 0.1298 0.53 2.5 19.1138 10.1303 30 76.9395 40.7780 0.02 0.0564 0.0299 4PUA572 4450 10.19-10.35m 24 Brown gray, wk-mod sil limestones 0.03 0.2448 0.1812 0.74 10 19.1138 14.1442 70 76.9395 56.9353 0.03 0.0564 0.0417 4PUA575 4450 24.98-25.16m 36 Gray, fgr limestones 0.08 0.2448 0.2987 1.22 17 19.1138 23.3188 190 76.9395 93.8662 0.05 0.0564 0.0688 4PUA578 4450 35.04-35.15m 44 Dark gray limestone with fine argillic fracture fillings. 0.02 0.2448 0.0808 0.33 10 19.1138 6.3075 20 76.9395 25.3900 0.01 0.0564 0.0186 4PUA582 4450 49.98-50.16m 57 Brecciatted lms with 30% calcite filling fractures, 40° TCA 0.37 0.2448 0.2375 0.97 37 19.1138 18.5403 40 76.9395 74.6314 0.03 0.0564 0.0547 4PUA585 4450 65.25-65.40m 70 Strong fractured gray limestones with trz diss py 0.06 0.2448 0.0930 0.38 144 19.1138 7.2632 10 76.9395 29.2370 0.01 0.0564 0.0214 722 Sample N° 2PUE271 2PUE272 2PUE273 2PUE274 2PUE275 2PUE276 2PUE277 2PUE278 2PUE279 2PUE280 2PUE292 2PUE293 2PUE294 2PUE295 2PUE296 2PUE297 2PUE315 2PUE314 2PUE307 2PUE313 2PUE308 2PUE312 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9305 MAD Threshold Cd 9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg 9348 MAD Threshold In 9320 MAD Threshold Mn 9321 MAD Threshold Mo Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* Al ppm MAD(In/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mo/Al)* Al 0.22 0.1062 0.0372 2.4 8.0321 2.8112 90 28.7519 10.0632 0.0025 0.0257 0.0090 955 332.3176 116.3112 1.1 2.4838 0.8693 0.38 0.1062 0.0711 2.8 8.0321 5.3815 410 28.7519 19.2638 0.005 0.0257 0.0172 2140 332.3176 222.6528 1.35 2.4838 1.6642 0.3 0.1062 0.0669 2.6 8.0321 5.0602 50 28.7519 18.1137 0.0025 0.0257 0.0162 1805 332.3176 209.3601 1.45 2.4838 1.5648 0.2 0.1062 0.1179 7.4 8.0321 8.9156 20 28.7519 31.9147 0.0025 0.0257 0.0285 1770 332.3176 368.8725 1.95 2.4838 2.7571 0.2 0.1062 0.1656 5 8.0321 12.5301 30 28.7519 44.8530 0.005 0.0257 0.0401 15000 332.3176 518.4154 6 2.4838 3.8748 1.32 0.1062 0.1147 26 8.0321 8.6747 130 28.7519 31.0521 0.005 0.0257 0.0277 15000 332.3176 358.9030 5.4 2.4838 2.6825 0.14 0.1062 0.1465 6.2 8.0321 11.0843 30 28.7519 39.6777 0.005 0.0257 0.0354 1510 332.3176 458.5983 1.8 2.4838 3.4277 0.3 0.1062 0.1720 4.6 8.0321 13.0120 60 28.7519 46.5782 0.005 0.0257 0.0416 2310 332.3176 538.3545 2.45 2.4838 4.0238 0.54 0.1062 0.1179 7.4 8.0321 8.9156 650 28.7519 31.9147 0.005 0.0257 0.0285 2580 332.3176 368.8725 1.35 2.4838 2.7571 0.2 0.1062 0.0988 3.6 8.0321 7.4699 30 28.7519 26.7393 0.005 0.0257 0.0239 695 332.3176 309.0554 1.15 2.4838 2.3100 8.02 0.1062 0.0892 4.4 8.0321 6.7470 160 28.7519 24.1516 0.005 0.0257 0.0216 5910 332.3176 279.1468 3.75 2.4838 2.0864 0.12 0.1062 0.1147 5.6 8.0321 8.6747 10 28.7519 31.0521 0.01 0.0257 0.0277 2960 332.3176 358.9030 3.45 2.4838 2.6825 0.22 0.1062 0.1062 6 8.0321 8.0321 5 28.7519 28.7519 0.015 0.0257 0.0257 1780 332.3176 332.3176 1.45 2.4838 2.4838 0.08 0.1062 0.0945 4 8.0321 7.1486 10 28.7519 25.5892 0.005 0.0257 0.0229 1305 332.3176 295.7627 2.7 2.4838 2.2106 1.92 0.1062 0.0435 5.2 8.0321 3.2932 10 28.7519 11.7883 0.005 0.0257 0.0105 15000 332.3176 136.2502 2.8 2.4838 1.0184 3.84 0.1062 0.0393 8 8.0321 2.9719 30 28.7519 10.6382 0.01 0.0257 0.0095 15000 332.3176 122.9575 3.15 2.4838 0.9190 23.1 0.1062 0.0478 83.8 8.0321 3.6144 1120 28.7519 12.9384 0.01 0.0257 0.0116 15000 332.3176 149.5429 11.6 2.4838 1.1177 0.82 0.1062 0.0276 8.4 8.0321 2.0883 30 28.7519 7.4755 0.0025 0.0257 0.0067 15000 332.3176 86.4026 2.05 2.4838 0.6458 1.96 0.1062 0.0159 2.4 8.0321 1.2048 5 28.7519 4.3128 0.0025 0.0257 0.0039 4820 332.3176 49.8476 0.95 2.4838 0.3726 1.7 0.1062 0.0244 6 8.0321 1.8474 20 28.7519 6.6129 0.0025 0.0257 0.0059 9830 332.3176 76.4330 1.15 2.4838 0.5713 1.52 0.1062 0.0223 2.8 8.0321 1.6867 5 28.7519 6.0379 0.0025 0.0257 0.0054 2320 332.3176 69.7867 1.3 2.4838 0.5216 0.38 0.1062 0.1041 13.8 8.0321 7.8715 160 28.7519 28.1769 0.0025 0.0257 0.0252 15000 332.3176 325.6712 7.1 2.4838 2.4342 723 Sample N° 2PUE310 2PUE311 3PUA500 3PUA501 3PUA502 3PUA503 3PUA504 3PUA505 3PUA506 3PUA507 3PUA508 3PUA509 3PUA510 3PUA513 3PUA514 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9305 MAD Threshold Cd 9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg 9348 MAD Threshold In 9320 MAD Threshold Mn 9321 MAD Threshold Mo Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* Al ppm MAD(In/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mo/Al)* Al 0.04 0.1062 0.0244 3.4 8.0321 1.8474 10 28.7519 6.6129 0.0025 0.0257 0.0059 2730 332.3176 76.4330 2.1 2.4838 0.5713 0.22 0.1062 0.0361 4.8 8.0321 2.7309 5 28.7519 9.7757 0.0025 0.0257 0.0087 4080 332.3176 112.9880 1.35 2.4838 0.8445 0.05 0.1062 0.0701 5 8.0321 5.3012 10 28.7519 18.9763 0.013 0.0257 0.0169 2170 332.3176 219.3296 1 2.4838 1.6393 0.04 0.1062 0.0542 3.5 8.0321 4.0964 50 28.7519 14.6635 0.007 0.0257 0.0131 1590 332.3176 169.4820 1.84 2.4838 1.2668 0.04 0.1062 0.0542 3.4 8.0321 4.0964 10 28.7519 14.6635 0.0025 0.0257 0.0131 179 332.3176 169.4820 0.57 2.4838 1.2668 0.02 0.1062 0.0404 3 8.0321 3.0522 10 28.7519 10.9257 0.0025 0.0257 0.0098 482 332.3176 126.2807 2.06 2.4838 0.9439 0.07 0.1062 0.0605 5.6 8.0321 4.5783 10 28.7519 16.3886 0.007 0.0257 0.0146 149 332.3176 189.4210 4.41 2.4838 1.4158 0.03 0.1062 0.0234 2.9 8.0321 1.7671 5 28.7519 6.3254 0.0025 0.0257 0.0056 120 332.3176 73.1099 1.88 2.4838 0.5464 0.06 0.1062 0.1147 3.8 8.0321 8.6747 5 28.7519 31.0521 0.009 0.0257 0.0277 371 332.3176 358.9030 0.27 2.4838 2.6825 0.1 0.1062 0.1317 5.1 8.0321 9.9598 10 28.7519 35.6524 0.007 0.0257 0.0318 1570 332.3176 412.0738 0.75 2.4838 3.0800 0.04 0.1062 0.0552 3.3 8.0321 4.1767 5 28.7519 14.9510 0.005 0.0257 0.0134 538 332.3176 172.8051 0.55 2.4838 1.2916 0.09 0.1062 0.1465 4.7 8.0321 11.0843 10 28.7519 39.6777 0.006 0.0257 0.0354 5180 332.3176 458.5983 5.23 2.4838 3.4277 1.75 0.1062 0.0733 10.7 8.0321 5.5422 90 28.7519 19.8388 0.007 0.0257 0.0177 2900 332.3176 229.2991 5.02 2.4838 1.7139 0.92 0.1062 0.0584 8.8 8.0321 4.4177 190 28.7519 15.8136 0.005 0.0257 0.0141 1965 332.3176 182.7747 1.06 2.4838 1.3661 2.97 0.1062 0.0170 24.7 8.0321 1.2851 20 28.7519 4.6003 0.0025 0.0257 0.0041 15000 332.3176 53.1708 0.68 2.4838 0.3974 724 Sample N° 3PUA515 3PUA516 3PUA517 3PUA518 3PUA519 3PUA520 3PUA521 3PUA522 3PUA523 3PUA524 3PUA525 3PUA526 3PUA527 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9305 MAD Threshold Cd 9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg 9348 MAD Threshold In 9320 MAD Threshold Mn 9321 MAD Threshold Mo Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* Al ppm MAD(In/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mo/Al)* Al 1 0.1062 0.0626 12.4 8.0321 4.7389 100 28.7519 16.9636 0.007 0.0257 0.0152 5870 332.3176 196.0674 0.77 2.4838 1.4655 0.47 0.1062 0.1232 4.3 8.0321 9.3172 20 28.7519 33.3523 0.008 0.0257 0.0298 15000 332.3176 385.4884 1.08 2.4838 2.8813 0.9 0.1062 0.0425 4.7 8.0321 3.2128 90 28.7519 11.5008 0.007 0.0257 0.0103 15000 332.3176 132.9270 0.85 2.4838 0.9935 34.3 0.1062 0.0265 88.1 8.0321 2.0080 330 28.7519 7.1880 0.019 0.0257 0.0064 15000 332.3176 83.0794 0.92 2.4838 0.6210 0.96 0.1062 0.0138 47.6 8.0321 1.0442 10 28.7519 3.7378 0.005 0.0257 0.0033 15000 332.3176 43.2013 0.31 2.4838 0.3229 0.16 0.1062 0.0499 3.9 8.0321 3.7751 10 28.7519 13.5134 0.0025 0.0257 0.0121 3790 332.3176 156.1893 2.62 2.4838 1.1674 0.18 0.1062 0.0510 3.7 8.0321 3.8554 10 28.7519 13.8009 0.005 0.0257 0.0123 1935 332.3176 159.5124 0.56 2.4838 1.1922 0.16 0.1062 0.0605 5 8.0321 4.5783 10 28.7519 16.3886 0.007 0.0257 0.0146 3580 332.3176 189.4210 0.42 2.4838 1.4158 0.05 0.1062 0.0743 2.4 8.0321 5.6225 10 28.7519 20.1264 0.006 0.0257 0.0180 1310 332.3176 232.6223 0.49 2.4838 1.7387 0.79 0.1062 0.0807 3.9 8.0321 6.1044 40 28.7519 21.8515 0.007 0.0257 0.0195 3320 332.3176 252.5614 0.64 2.4838 1.8877 0.33 0.1062 0.0881 3.3 8.0321 6.6666 20 28.7519 23.8641 0.006 0.0257 0.0213 4300 332.3176 275.8236 0.42 2.4838 2.0616 0.14 0.1062 0.1274 3.6 8.0321 9.6385 50 28.7519 34.5023 0.012 0.0257 0.0308 6010 332.3176 398.7811 0.57 2.4838 2.9806 0.04 0.1062 0.1402 3.3 8.0321 10.6024 180 28.7519 37.9526 0.012 0.0257 0.0339 7020 332.3176 438.6592 1.12 2.4838 3.2787 725 Sample N° 3PUA528 3PUA529 3PUA530 3PUA531 3PUA532 3PUA533 3PUA534 3PUA535 3PUA536 3PUA537 3PUA545 3PUA548- LMS Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9305 MAD Threshold Cd 9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg 9348 MAD Threshold In 9320 MAD Threshold Mn 9321 MAD Threshold Mo Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* Al ppm MAD(In/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mo/Al)* Al 0.04 0.1062 0.0595 2.5 8.0321 4.4980 10 28.7519 16.1011 0.007 0.0257 0.0144 2920 332.3176 186.0979 0.7 2.4838 1.3910 0.15 0.1062 0.0722 3.8 8.0321 5.4618 40 28.7519 19.5513 0.008 0.0257 0.0175 6740 332.3176 225.9760 0.77 2.4838 1.6890 0.14 0.1062 0.0648 6.5 8.0321 4.8996 30 28.7519 17.5387 0.009 0.0257 0.0157 7790 332.3176 202.7137 0.35 2.4838 1.5151 0.1 0.1062 0.1147 3.5 8.0321 8.6747 10 28.7519 31.0521 0.009 0.0257 0.0277 6000 332.3176 358.9030 0.5 2.4838 2.6825 0.58 0.1062 0.0966 3.6 8.0321 7.3092 20 28.7519 26.1643 0.01 0.0257 0.0234 15000 332.3176 302.4090 0.97 2.4838 2.2603 0.08 0.1062 0.0966 3 8.0321 7.3092 10 28.7519 26.1643 0.01 0.0257 0.0234 7150 332.3176 302.4090 0.56 2.4838 2.2603 0.03 0.1062 0.1147 3 8.0321 8.6747 10 28.7519 31.0521 0.008 0.0257 0.0277 1880 332.3176 358.9030 0.48 2.4838 2.6825 0.03 0.1062 0.1147 4.1 8.0321 8.6747 20 28.7519 31.0521 0.012 0.0257 0.0277 4140 332.3176 358.9030 0.53 2.4838 2.6825 0.04 0.1062 0.0998 2.7 8.0321 7.5502 10 28.7519 27.0268 0.009 0.0257 0.0241 1430 332.3176 312.3785 0.47 2.4838 2.3348 0.23 0.1062 0.1104 4.5 8.0321 8.3534 10 28.7519 29.9020 0.008 0.0257 0.0267 3430 332.3176 345.6103 0.6 2.4838 2.5832 0.6 0.1062 0.0499 4.3 8.0321 3.7751 80 28.7519 13.5134 0.007 0.0257 0.0121 15000 332.3176 156.1893 0.75 2.4838 1.1674 0.26 0.1062 0.0542 7.7 8.0321 4.0964 28.7519 14.6635 0.005 0.0257 0.0131 2930 332.3176 169.4820 0.16 2.4838 1.2668 726 Sample N° 3PUA546 3PUA547 3PUA549 3PUA550 3PUA551 3PUA552 3PUA553 3PUA548- BH 3PUA559 3PUA560 3PUA561 3PUA562 3PUA563 3PUA564 3PUA565 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9305 MAD Threshold Cd 9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg 9348 MAD Threshold In 9320 MAD Threshold Mn 9321 MAD Threshold Mo Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* Al ppm MAD(In/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mo/Al)* Al 0.18 0.1062 0.0818 4.4 8.0321 6.1847 10 28.7519 22.1390 0.005 0.0257 0.0198 1775 332.3176 255.8845 0.37 2.4838 1.9126 0.08 0.1062 0.0563 2.7 8.0321 4.2570 10 28.7519 15.2385 0.007 0.0257 0.0136 1480 332.3176 176.1283 0.4 2.4838 1.3164 0.41 0.1062 0.1656 4.6 8.0321 12.5301 30 28.7519 44.8530 0.012 0.0257 0.0401 2980 332.3176 518.4154 0.29 2.4838 3.8748 0.22 0.1062 0.0520 1.9 8.0321 3.9357 30 28.7519 14.0885 0.005 0.0257 0.0126 4480 332.3176 162.8356 2.13 2.4838 1.2171 0.02 0.1062 0.0212 1.9 8.0321 1.6064 5 28.7519 5.7504 0.0025 0.0257 0.0051 1200 332.3176 66.4635 1.14 2.4838 0.4968 0.24 0.1062 0.0573 4 8.0321 4.3373 10 28.7519 15.5261 0.0025 0.0257 0.0139 2070 332.3176 179.4515 1.1 2.4838 1.3413 0.25 0.1062 0.0637 3 8.0321 4.8193 20 28.7519 17.2512 0.005 0.0257 0.0154 1470 332.3176 199.3906 0.13 2.4838 1.4903 0.48 0.1062 0.0605 4.6 8.0321 4.5783 0.0288 0.0164 0.008 0.0257 0.0146 4030 332.3176 189.4210 0.21 2.4838 1.4158 0.05 0.1062 0.0350 2 8.0321 2.6506 40 28.7519 9.4881 0.0025 0.0257 0.0085 1465 332.3176 109.6648 2.3 2.4838 0.8197 0.13 0.1062 0.0361 2.4 8.0321 2.7309 50 28.7519 9.7757 0.0025 0.0257 0.0087 7610 332.3176 112.9880 1.74 2.4838 0.8445 0.13 0.1062 0.1752 4.3 8.0321 13.2530 40 28.7519 47.4407 0.007 0.0257 0.0424 >10000 332.3176 548.3240 1.18 2.4838 4.0983 0.03 0.1062 0.1465 5.7 8.0321 11.0843 20 28.7519 39.6777 0.0025 0.0257 0.0354 7910 332.3176 458.5983 2.4 2.4838 3.4277 0.18 0.1062 0.1635 3.6 8.0321 12.3694 20 28.7519 44.2780 0.006 0.0257 0.0395 4030 332.3176 511.7691 2.28 2.4838 3.8251 0.03 0.1062 0.1933 8.9 8.0321 14.6184 50 28.7519 52.3285 0.01 0.0257 0.0467 >10000 332.3176 604.8180 3.07 2.4838 4.5206 0.03 0.1062 0.0616 3.8 8.0321 4.6586 60 28.7519 16.6761 0.005 0.0257 0.0149 1955 332.3176 192.7442 1.44 2.4838 1.4406 727 Sample N° 3PUA570 3PUA571 3PUA572 3PUA573 4PUA562 4PUA564 3PUA715 3PUA717 3PUA719 3PUA722 3PUA728 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9305 MAD Threshold Cd 9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg 9348 MAD Threshold In 9320 MAD Threshold Mn 9321 MAD Threshold Mo Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* Al ppm MAD(In/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mo/Al)* Al 0.18 0.1062 0.0361 3.3 8.0321 2.7309 100 28.7519 9.7757 0.0025 0.0257 0.0087 >10000 332.3176 112.9880 0.61 2.4838 0.8445 0.57 0.1062 0.0244 2.9 8.0321 1.8474 70 28.7519 6.6129 0.0025 0.0257 0.0059 5490 332.3176 76.4330 0.76 2.4838 0.5713 0.03 0.1062 0.0287 2.3 8.0321 2.1687 10 28.7519 7.7630 0.0025 0.0257 0.0069 566 332.3176 89.7257 0.82 2.4838 0.6706 0.06 0.1062 0.0372 3.2 8.0321 2.8112 20 28.7519 10.0632 0.01 0.0257 0.0090 972 332.3176 116.3112 1.63 2.4838 0.8693 0.01 0.1062 0.0181 1.8 8.0321 1.3655 5 28.7519 4.8878 0.0025 0.0257 0.0044 110 332.3176 56.4940 1.23 2.4838 0.4223 0.01 0.1062 0.0159 1.8 8.0321 1.2048 5 28.7519 4.3128 0.0025 0.0257 0.0039 4330 332.3176 49.8476 0.53 2.4838 0.3726 0.25 0.1062 0.0563 11.6 8.0321 4.2570 20 28.7519 15.2385 0.012 0.0257 0.0136 8760 332.3176 176.1283 0.88 2.4838 1.3164 0.02 0.1062 0.0329 6.4 8.0321 2.4900 10 28.7519 8.9131 0.008 0.0257 0.0080 1620 332.3176 103.0185 0.34 2.4838 0.7700 0.02 0.1062 0.1009 4.4 8.0321 7.6305 5 28.7519 27.3143 0.013 0.0257 0.0244 1510 332.3176 315.7017 0.46 2.4838 2.3596 0.01 0.1062 0.0658 3.2 8.0321 4.9799 10 28.7519 17.8262 0.006 0.0257 0.0159 2830 332.3176 206.0369 0.99 2.4838 1.5400 0.02 0.1062 0.0818 3.4 8.0321 6.1847 10 28.7519 22.1390 0.006 0.0257 0.0198 595 332.3176 255.8845 1.1 2.4838 1.9126 728 Sample N° 3PUA732 3PUA734 3PUA735 3PUA738 4PUA532 4PUA534 4PUA536 4PUA517 4PUA513A 4PUA516A 4PUA518 4PUA515 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9305 MAD Threshold Cd 9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg 9348 MAD Threshold In 9320 MAD Threshold Mn 9321 MAD Threshold Mo Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* Al ppm MAD(In/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mo/Al)* Al 0.05 0.1062 0.0605 5.8 8.0321 4.5783 20 28.7519 16.3886 0.0025 0.0257 0.0146 2380 332.3176 189.4210 0.78 2.4838 1.4158 0.01 0.1062 0.0042 6.4 8.0321 0.3213 28.7519 1.1501 0.0025 0.0257 0.0010 4150 332.3176 13.2927 0.11 2.4838 0.0994 0.02 0.1062 0.0414 2.9 8.0321 3.1325 5 28.7519 11.2133 0.0025 0.0257 0.0100 168 332.3176 129.6039 0.97 2.4838 0.9687 0.01 0.1062 0.0860 4 8.0321 6.5060 5 28.7519 23.2891 0.007 0.0257 0.0208 246 332.3176 269.1772 0.34 2.4838 2.0119 0.01 0.1062 0.0616 4.4 8.0321 4.6586 5 28.7519 16.6761 0.007 0.0257 0.0149 80 332.3176 192.7442 0.59 2.4838 1.4406 0.03 0.1062 0.1062 3.9 8.0321 8.0321 10 28.7519 28.7519 0.007 0.0257 0.0257 857 332.3176 332.3176 0.5 2.4838 2.4838 0.01 0.1062 0.0881 4 8.0321 6.6666 5 28.7519 23.8641 0.007 0.0257 0.0213 442 332.3176 275.8236 0.61 2.4838 2.0616 0.03 0.1062 0.0159 1.6 8.0321 1.2048 10 28.7519 4.3128 0.0025 0.0257 0.0039 1385 332.3176 49.8476 <0.05 2.4838 0.3726 0.03 0.1062 0.0361 3.2 8.0321 2.7309 10 28.7519 9.7757 0.0025 0.0257 0.0087 961 332.3176 112.9880 0.17 2.4838 0.8445 0.22 0.1062 0.1030 5.5 8.0321 7.7911 20 28.7519 27.8894 0.011 0.0257 0.0249 1120 332.3176 322.3481 0.41 2.4838 2.4093 0.02 0.1062 0.0404 2 8.0321 3.0522 5 28.7519 10.9257 0.0025 0.0257 0.0098 1685 332.3176 126.2807 0.22 2.4838 0.9439 0.06 0.1062 0.0722 5.1 8.0321 5.4618 10 28.7519 19.5513 0.006 0.0257 0.0175 1040 332.3176 225.9760 0.08 2.4838 1.6890 729 Sample N° 4PUA514 4PUA519 4PUA513B 4PUA516B 4PUA568 4PUA569 4PUA572 4PUA575 4PUA578 4PUA582 4PUA585 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9305 MAD Threshold Cd 9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg 9348 MAD Threshold In 9320 MAD Threshold Mn 9321 MAD Threshold Mo Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* Al ppm MAD(In/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Mo/Al)* Al 0.05 0.1062 0.0956 5.9 8.0321 7.2289 10 28.7519 25.8768 0.006 0.0257 0.0231 1340 332.3176 299.0858 0.47 2.4838 2.2355 0.57 0.1062 0.0881 4.5 8.0321 6.6666 20 28.7519 23.8641 0.009 0.0257 0.0213 5810 332.3176 275.8236 0.35 2.4838 2.0616 0.21 0.1062 0.0818 4.9 8.0321 6.1847 60 28.7519 22.1390 0.006 0.0257 0.0198 7460 332.3176 255.8845 0.15 2.4838 1.9126 0.14 0.1062 0.0871 4 8.0321 6.5863 5 28.7519 23.5766 0.0025 0.0257 0.0211 3850 332.3176 272.5004 0.07 2.4838 2.0368 0.03 0.1062 0.0552 2.5 8.0321 4.1767 5 28.7519 14.9510 0.005 0.0257 0.0134 949 332.3176 172.8051 0.7 2.4838 1.2916 0.02 0.1062 0.0563 2.7 8.0321 4.2570 5 28.7519 15.2385 0.006 0.0257 0.0136 88 332.3176 176.1283 0.77 2.4838 1.3164 0.08 0.1062 0.0786 4.8 8.0321 5.9438 10 28.7519 21.2764 0.008 0.0257 0.0190 94 332.3176 245.9150 3.42 2.4838 1.8380 7.64 0.1062 0.1295 6.4 8.0321 9.7992 20 28.7519 35.0774 0.032 0.0257 0.0313 247 332.3176 405.4275 5.02 2.4838 3.0303 0.14 0.1062 0.0350 2.6 8.0321 2.6506 5 28.7519 9.4881 0.0025 0.0257 0.0085 106 332.3176 109.6648 1.36 2.4838 0.8197 0.04 0.1062 0.1030 2.6 8.0321 7.7911 20 28.7519 27.8894 0.009 0.0257 0.0249 815 332.3176 322.3481 0.24 2.4838 2.4093 0.03 0.1062 0.0404 1.7 8.0321 3.0522 5 28.7519 10.9257 0.006 0.0257 0.0098 651 332.3176 126.2807 0.05 2.4838 0.9439 730 Sample N° 2PUE271 2PUE272 2PUE273 2PUE274 2PUE275 2PUE276 2PUE277 2PUE278 2PUE279 2PUE280 2PUE292 2PUE293 2PUE294 2PUE295 2PUE296 2PUE297 2PUE315 2PUE314 2PUE307 2PUE313 2PUE308 2PUE312 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9317 MAD Threshold Pb 9341 MAD Threshold Sb 9332 MAD Threshold Tl 9335 MAD Threshold Tl 9339 MAD Threshold Zn Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* Al ppm MAD(W/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Zn/Al)* Al 2 6.0596 2.1209 18.95 3.8361 1.3427 1.98 1.1313 0.3960 2.8 2.2426 0.7849 30 10.5152 3.6803 3 6.0596 4.0599 11.6 3.8361 2.5702 2.38 1.1313 0.7580 0.05 2.2426 1.5025 44 10.5152 7.0452 6.5 6.0596 3.8176 20.6 3.8361 2.4168 1.72 1.1313 0.7127 0.4 2.2426 1.4128 54 10.5152 6.6246 5.5 6.0596 6.7262 20 3.8361 4.2581 2.32 1.1313 1.2558 0.3 2.2426 2.4892 28 10.5152 11.6719 13.5 6.0596 9.4530 53.65 3.8361 5.9844 6.8 1.1313 1.7649 0.5 2.2426 3.4984 48 10.5152 16.4037 175.5 6.0596 6.5444 1500 3.8361 4.1430 57.3 1.1313 1.2218 0.3 2.2426 2.4220 564 10.5152 11.3564 4.5 6.0596 8.3623 20.9 3.8361 5.2939 2.7 1.1313 1.5612 0.05 2.2426 3.0947 36 10.5152 14.5110 6.5 6.0596 9.8166 17.6 3.8361 6.2146 2.56 1.1313 1.8328 0.05 2.2426 3.6330 48 10.5152 17.0346 30 6.0596 6.7262 20.3 3.8361 4.2581 6.22 1.1313 1.2558 0.05 2.2426 2.4892 86 10.5152 11.6719 3.5 6.0596 5.6354 14.8 3.8361 3.5676 1.12 1.1313 1.0521 0.05 2.2426 2.0856 30 10.5152 9.7791 104.5 6.0596 5.0901 33.3 3.8361 3.2224 1.94 1.1313 0.9503 0.7 2.2426 1.8838 1100 10.5152 8.8328 16 6.0596 6.5444 10.35 3.8361 4.1430 1.2 1.1313 1.2218 1 2.2426 2.4220 46 10.5152 11.3564 25 6.0596 6.0596 8.4 3.8361 3.8361 1.44 1.1313 1.1313 1.2 2.2426 2.2426 40 10.5152 10.5152 9.5 6.0596 5.3931 5.8 3.8361 3.4142 1.24 1.1313 1.0069 1 2.2426 1.9959 10 10.5152 9.3585 38 6.0596 2.4844 17.55 3.8361 1.5728 0.58 1.1313 0.4638 0.9 2.2426 0.9195 312 10.5152 4.3112 302 6.0596 2.2421 44.9 3.8361 1.4194 0.94 1.1313 0.4186 1.7 2.2426 0.8297 866 10.5152 3.8906 2930 6.0596 2.7268 1500 3.8361 1.7263 28.8 1.1313 0.5091 2.6 2.2426 1.0092 5910 10.5152 4.7318 112 6.0596 1.5755 124.9 3.8361 0.9974 2.52 1.1313 0.2941 0.8 2.2426 0.5831 238 10.5152 2.7340 15 6.0596 0.9089 14.3 3.8361 0.5754 0.82 1.1313 0.1697 0.4 2.2426 0.3364 276 10.5152 1.5773 166 6.0596 1.3937 58.95 3.8361 0.8823 2.46 1.1313 0.2602 0.1 2.2426 0.5158 354 10.5152 2.4185 12 6.0596 1.2725 11.25 3.8361 0.8056 1 1.1313 0.2376 0.7 2.2426 0.4709 234 10.5152 2.2082 78 6.0596 5.9384 96.95 3.8361 3.7594 17.95 1.1313 1.1087 2.3 2.2426 2.1977 58 10.5152 10.3049 731 Sample N° 2PUE310 2PUE311 3PUA500 3PUA501 3PUA502 3PUA503 3PUA504 3PUA505 3PUA506 3PUA507 3PUA508 3PUA509 3PUA510 3PUA513 3PUA514 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9317 MAD Threshold Pb 9341 MAD Threshold Sb 9332 MAD Threshold Tl 9335 MAD Threshold Tl 9339 MAD Threshold Zn Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* Al ppm MAD(W/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Zn/Al)* Al 5 6.0596 1.3937 12.3 3.8361 0.8823 2.36 1.1313 0.2602 0.8 2.2426 0.5158 12 10.5152 2.4185 14.5 6.0596 2.0603 17.7 3.8361 1.3043 1.74 1.1313 0.3847 0.8 2.2426 0.7625 40 10.5152 3.5752 3.5 6.0596 3.9993 5.7 3.8361 2.5319 2.29 1.1313 0.7467 0.4 2.2426 1.4801 3 10.5152 6.9400 3 6.0596 3.0904 6.07 3.8361 1.9564 2.26 1.1313 0.5770 0.4 2.2426 1.1437 2 10.5152 5.3628 5.6 6.0596 3.0904 1.64 3.8361 1.9564 0.36 1.1313 0.5770 0.2 2.2426 1.1437 <2 10.5152 5.3628 2 6.0596 2.3027 2.3 3.8361 1.4577 0.59 1.1313 0.4299 0.2 2.2426 0.8522 <2 10.5152 3.9958 4 6.0596 3.4540 1.27 3.8361 2.1866 0.61 1.1313 0.6449 0.3 2.2426 1.2783 8 10.5152 5.9937 2 6.0596 1.3331 0.46 3.8361 0.8440 0.24 1.1313 0.2489 0.2 2.2426 0.4934 <2 10.5152 2.3133 6.7 6.0596 6.5444 0.78 3.8361 4.1430 0.43 1.1313 1.2218 0.7 2.2426 2.4220 11 10.5152 11.3564 14.8 6.0596 7.5139 3.11 3.8361 4.7568 1.52 1.1313 1.4029 0.6 2.2426 2.7808 23 10.5152 13.0388 5.8 6.0596 3.1510 1.44 3.8361 1.9948 0.44 1.1313 0.5883 0.5 2.2426 1.1661 9 10.5152 5.4679 22.8 6.0596 8.3623 7.6 3.8361 5.2939 2.33 1.1313 1.5612 0.7 2.2426 3.0947 11 10.5152 14.5110 217 6.0596 4.1811 22.5 3.8361 2.6469 19.95 1.1313 0.7806 1.7 2.2426 1.5474 440 10.5152 7.2555 220 6.0596 3.3328 20.8 3.8361 2.1099 9.62 1.1313 0.6222 1.1 2.2426 1.2334 250 10.5152 5.7834 382 6.0596 0.9695 8.11 3.8361 0.6138 0.59 1.1313 0.1810 1.8 2.2426 0.3588 1005 10.5152 1.6824 732 Sample N° 3PUA515 3PUA516 3PUA517 3PUA518 3PUA519 3PUA520 3PUA521 3PUA522 3PUA523 3PUA524 3PUA525 3PUA526 3PUA527 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9317 MAD Threshold Pb 9341 MAD Threshold Sb 9332 MAD Threshold Tl 9335 MAD Threshold Tl 9339 MAD Threshold Zn Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* Al ppm MAD(W/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Zn/Al)* Al 303 6.0596 3.5752 19.15 3.8361 2.2633 3.33 1.1313 0.6675 1.7 2.2426 1.3231 245 10.5152 6.2040 100.5 6.0596 7.0292 11.2 3.8361 4.4499 1.9 1.1313 1.3124 4.5 2.2426 2.6014 122 10.5152 12.1976 161.5 6.0596 2.4238 11.7 3.8361 1.5345 7.3 1.1313 0.4525 1.8 2.2426 0.8970 365 10.5152 4.2061 2830 6.0596 1.5149 134 3.8361 0.9590 26.8 1.1313 0.2828 34 2.2426 0.5606 10000 10.5152 2.6288 133 6.0596 0.7877 4.95 3.8361 0.4987 0.81 1.1313 0.1471 2.2 2.2426 0.2915 324 10.5152 1.3670 41.1 6.0596 2.8480 5.04 3.8361 1.8030 0.89 1.1313 0.5317 1.1 2.2426 1.0540 41 10.5152 4.9421 34.5 6.0596 2.9086 4.01 3.8361 1.8413 1.38 1.1313 0.5430 0.5 2.2426 1.0764 63 10.5152 5.0473 29.5 6.0596 3.4540 5.28 3.8361 2.1866 1.1 1.1313 0.6449 0.7 2.2426 1.2783 36 10.5152 5.9937 7.7 6.0596 4.2417 1.98 3.8361 2.6853 0.74 1.1313 0.7919 0.4 2.2426 1.5698 8 10.5152 7.3606 86 6.0596 4.6053 13.95 3.8361 2.9155 3.04 1.1313 0.8598 0.8 2.2426 1.7044 140 10.5152 7.9916 74.3 6.0596 5.0295 8.05 3.8361 3.1840 1.56 1.1313 0.9390 1 2.2426 1.8613 81 10.5152 8.7276 21.9 6.0596 7.2715 12 3.8361 4.6034 5.54 1.1313 1.3576 1.2 2.2426 2.6911 40 10.5152 12.6182 10.7 6.0596 7.9987 16.15 3.8361 5.0637 11.1 1.1313 1.4934 0.8 2.2426 2.9602 6 10.5152 13.8801 733 Sample N° 3PUA528 3PUA529 3PUA530 3PUA531 3PUA532 3PUA533 3PUA534 3PUA535 3PUA536 3PUA537 3PUA545 3PUA548- LMS Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9317 MAD Threshold Pb 9341 MAD Threshold Sb 9332 MAD Threshold Tl 9335 MAD Threshold Tl 9339 MAD Threshold Zn Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* Al ppm MAD(W/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Zn/Al)* Al 5.5 6.0596 3.3934 6.14 3.8361 2.1482 1.98 1.1313 0.6335 0.4 2.2426 1.2558 8 10.5152 5.8885 23.3 6.0596 4.1205 16.3 3.8361 2.6086 3.22 1.1313 0.7693 0.7 2.2426 1.5249 35 10.5152 7.1503 14.6 6.0596 3.6964 10.55 3.8361 2.3400 1.98 1.1313 0.6901 0.5 2.2426 1.3680 31 10.5152 6.4143 20.6 6.0596 6.5444 27.1 3.8361 4.1430 2.41 1.1313 1.2218 2.5 2.2426 2.4220 17 10.5152 11.3564 73.5 6.0596 5.5142 80.6 3.8361 3.4909 2.68 1.1313 1.0295 3.1 2.2426 2.0407 182 10.5152 9.5688 18.4 6.0596 5.5142 17 3.8361 3.4909 2.35 1.1313 1.0295 1.6 2.2426 2.0407 21 10.5152 9.5688 11 6.0596 6.5444 10.2 3.8361 4.1430 2.13 1.1313 1.2218 0.7 2.2426 2.4220 2 10.5152 11.3564 9.5 6.0596 6.5444 17.15 3.8361 4.1430 2.43 1.1313 1.2218 0.6 2.2426 2.4220 <2 10.5152 11.3564 10.8 6.0596 5.6960 9.49 3.8361 3.6060 1.88 1.1313 1.0635 0.5 2.2426 2.1080 3 10.5152 9.8843 41.9 6.0596 6.3020 7.78 3.8361 3.9896 1.04 1.1313 1.1766 1.3 2.2426 2.3323 55 10.5152 10.9358 78.4 6.0596 2.8480 11.35 3.8361 1.8030 1.64 1.1313 0.5317 1 2.2426 1.0540 77 10.5152 4.9421 27 6.0596 3.0904 7.35 3.8361 1.9564 1.4 1.1313 0.5770 0.3 2.2426 1.1437 32 10.5152 5.3628 734 Sample N° 3PUA546 3PUA547 3PUA549 3PUA550 3PUA551 3PUA552 3PUA553 3PUA548- BH 3PUA559 3PUA560 3PUA561 3PUA562 3PUA563 3PUA564 3PUA565 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9317 MAD Threshold Pb 9341 MAD Threshold Sb 9332 MAD Threshold Tl 9335 MAD Threshold Tl 9339 MAD Threshold Zn Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* Al ppm MAD(W/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Zn/Al)* Al 27.9 6.0596 4.6659 3.8 3.8361 2.9538 0.94 1.1313 0.8711 0.4 2.2426 1.7268 33 10.5152 8.0967 9.7 6.0596 3.2116 2.47 3.8361 2.0332 0.46 1.1313 0.5996 0.5 2.2426 1.1886 23 10.5152 5.5731 111.5 6.0596 9.4530 7.06 3.8361 5.9844 1.64 1.1313 1.7649 2.2 2.2426 3.4984 67 10.5152 16.4037 83.4 6.0596 2.9692 4.5 3.8361 1.8797 1.64 1.1313 0.5544 0.8 2.2426 1.0989 21 10.5152 5.1524 6.6 6.0596 1.2119 1.96 3.8361 0.7672 0.38 1.1313 0.2263 0.3 2.2426 0.4485 <2 10.5152 2.1030 38.7 6.0596 3.2722 4.25 3.8361 2.0715 0.91 1.1313 0.6109 0.5 2.2426 1.2110 38 10.5152 5.6782 31.9 6.0596 3.6358 3.95 3.8361 2.3017 0.66 1.1313 0.6788 0.5 2.2426 1.3455 27 10.5152 6.3091 49.1 6.0596 3.4540 9.39 3.8361 2.1866 3.38 1.1313 0.6449 0.4 2.2426 1.2783 128 10.5152 5.9937 2.3 6.0596 1.9997 2.06 3.8361 1.2659 0.34 1.1313 0.3733 0.5 2.2426 0.7400 9 10.5152 3.4700 5.3 6.0596 2.0603 4.22 3.8361 1.3043 0.47 1.1313 0.3847 0.7 2.2426 0.7625 29 10.5152 3.5752 23.2 6.0596 9.9984 35.1 3.8361 6.3296 1.4 1.1313 1.8667 1.8 2.2426 3.7002 29 10.5152 17.3501 12.2 6.0596 8.3623 11.6 3.8361 5.2939 1.39 1.1313 1.5612 1.4 2.2426 3.0947 2 10.5152 14.5110 9.8 6.0596 9.3318 9.43 3.8361 5.9077 1.12 1.1313 1.7423 2.1 2.2426 3.4536 47 10.5152 16.1934 10.1 6.0596 11.0285 12.55 3.8361 6.9818 1.84 1.1313 2.0590 2.7 2.2426 4.0815 4 10.5152 19.1377 5.3 6.0596 3.5146 5.85 3.8361 2.2250 0.97 1.1313 0.6562 0.6 2.2426 1.3007 1 10.5152 6.0988 735 Sample N° 3PUA570 3PUA571 3PUA572 3PUA573 4PUA562 4PUA564 3PUA715 3PUA717 3PUA719 3PUA722 3PUA728 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9317 MAD Threshold Pb 9341 MAD Threshold Sb 9332 MAD Threshold Tl 9335 MAD Threshold Tl 9339 MAD Threshold Zn Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* Al ppm MAD(W/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Zn/Al)* Al 12.8 6.0596 2.0603 10.5 3.8361 1.3043 2.04 1.1313 0.3847 0.9 2.2426 0.7625 39 10.5152 3.5752 19.6 6.0596 1.3937 12.25 3.8361 0.8823 0.44 1.1313 0.2602 0.5 2.2426 0.5158 36 10.5152 2.4185 4.4 6.0596 1.6361 4.38 3.8361 1.0358 0.38 1.1313 0.3055 0.3 2.2426 0.6055 1 10.5152 2.8391 5.7 6.0596 2.1209 6.73 3.8361 1.3427 0.93 1.1313 0.3960 0.3 2.2426 0.7849 13 10.5152 3.6803 1.1 6.0596 1.0301 0.53 3.8361 0.6521 0.13 1.1313 0.1923 0.1 2.2426 0.3812 2 10.5152 1.7876 16.7 6.0596 0.9089 19.35 3.8361 0.5754 0.26 1.1313 0.1697 0.2 2.2426 0.3364 1 10.5152 1.5773 25.4 6.0596 3.2116 22 3.8361 2.0332 1.94 1.1313 0.5996 0.9 2.2426 1.1886 93 10.5152 5.5731 4 6.0596 1.8785 5.01 3.8361 1.1892 0.52 1.1313 0.3507 0.2 2.2426 0.6952 6 10.5152 3.2597 3.4 6.0596 5.7566 4.91 3.8361 3.6443 0.69 1.1313 1.0748 0.4 2.2426 2.1304 3 10.5152 9.9894 3.7 6.0596 3.7570 5.05 3.8361 2.3784 0.63 1.1313 0.7014 0.6 2.2426 1.3904 2 10.5152 6.5194 2.4 6.0596 4.6659 3.76 3.8361 2.9538 1.09 1.1313 0.8711 0.3 2.2426 1.7268 3 10.5152 8.0967 736 Sample N° 3PUA732 3PUA734 3PUA735 3PUA738 4PUA532 4PUA534 4PUA536 4PUA517 4PUA513A 4PUA516A 4PUA518 4PUA515 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9317 MAD Threshold Pb 9341 MAD Threshold Sb 9332 MAD Threshold Tl 9335 MAD Threshold Tl 9339 MAD Threshold Zn Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* Al ppm MAD(W/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Zn/Al)* Al 8.1 6.0596 3.4540 11.8 3.8361 2.1866 1.72 1.1313 0.6449 1.7 2.2426 1.2783 28 10.5152 5.9937 0.8 6.0596 0.2424 0.78 3.8361 0.1534 0.09 1.1313 0.0453 0.05 2.2426 0.0897 5 10.5152 0.4206 1.6 6.0596 2.3632 0.66 3.8361 1.4961 0.28 1.1313 0.4412 0.2 2.2426 0.8746 2 10.5152 4.1009 2.5 6.0596 4.9083 1.38 3.8361 3.1073 0.4 1.1313 0.9164 0.2 2.2426 1.8165 3 10.5152 8.5173 1.7 6.0596 3.5146 0.08 3.8361 2.2250 0.35 1.1313 0.6562 0.1 2.2426 1.3007 3 10.5152 6.0988 5.5 6.0596 6.0596 4.47 3.8361 3.8361 0.94 1.1313 1.1313 0.5 2.2426 2.2426 3 10.5152 10.5152 2.9 6.0596 5.0295 2.19 3.8361 3.1840 0.53 1.1313 0.9390 0.4 2.2426 1.8613 3 10.5152 8.7276 3.3 6.0596 0.9089 1.28 3.8361 0.5754 0.18 1.1313 0.1697 0.1 2.2426 0.3364 3 10.5152 1.5773 6.2 6.0596 2.0603 1.02 3.8361 1.3043 0.38 1.1313 0.3847 0.2 2.2426 0.7625 10 10.5152 3.5752 30.1 6.0596 5.8778 1.82 3.8361 3.7211 0.4 1.1313 1.0974 0.7 2.2426 2.1753 20 10.5152 10.1997 8.3 6.0596 2.3027 2.73 3.8361 1.4577 0.4 1.1313 0.4299 0.4 2.2426 0.8522 8 10.5152 3.9958 14 6.0596 4.1205 1.76 3.8361 2.6086 0.54 1.1313 0.7693 0.4 2.2426 1.5249 15 10.5152 7.1503 737 Sample N° 4PUA514 4PUA519 4PUA513B 4PUA516B 4PUA568 4PUA569 4PUA572 4PUA575 4PUA578 4PUA582 4PUA585 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein 9317 MAD Threshold Pb 9341 MAD Threshold Sb 9332 MAD Threshold Tl 9335 MAD Threshold Tl 9339 MAD Threshold Zn Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* Al ppm MAD(W/Al)* Al ppm MAD(Zn/Al)* Al 17.5 6.0596 5.4537 2.35 3.8361 3.4525 0.8 1.1313 1.0182 0.6 2.2426 2.0183 8 10.5152 9.4637 101.5 6.0596 5.0295 10.35 3.8361 3.1840 1.11 1.1313 0.9390 1.2 2.2426 1.8613 172 10.5152 8.7276 48.8 6.0596 4.6659 8.21 3.8361 2.9538 3.08 1.1313 0.8711 2.5 2.2426 1.7268 245 10.5152 8.0967 7 6.0596 4.9689 0.36 3.8361 3.1456 0.21 1.1313 0.9277 2.7 2.2426 1.8389 28 10.5152 8.6225 6.2 6.0596 3.1510 2.18 3.8361 1.9948 0.49 1.1313 0.5883 0.3 2.2426 1.1661 7 10.5152 5.4679 2.1 6.0596 3.2116 0.12 3.8361 2.0332 0.29 1.1313 0.5996 0.1 2.2426 1.1886 5 10.5152 5.5731 3.1 6.0596 4.4841 0.2 3.8361 2.8387 0.52 1.1313 0.8372 0.1 2.2426 1.6595 17 10.5152 7.7812 6.7 6.0596 7.3927 0.69 3.8361 4.6801 1.09 1.1313 1.3802 0.2 2.2426 2.7359 1780 10.5152 12.8285 1.4 6.0596 1.9997 0.58 3.8361 1.2659 0.22 1.1313 0.3733 0.2 2.2426 0.7400 27 10.5152 3.4700 4.3 6.0596 5.8778 3.84 3.8361 3.7211 1.11 1.1313 1.0974 0.5 2.2426 2.1753 7 10.5152 10.1997 1.7 6.0596 2.3027 1.51 3.8361 1.4577 0.16 1.1313 0.4299 0.1 2.2426 0.8522 3 10.5152 3.9958 738 Appendix C10: Graphs of metal content versus distance to the Rosa vein showing the lateral and vertical distribution of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn in the host rocks 739 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 5 10 15 20 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Distance from the vein (m) 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 1411261119681665136216-6-21 A g p p m Surface 4940m open 4300 m level A g p p m 4120 m level open A g p p m 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level A g p p m measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (0.1 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend Appendix C10.1. Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Ag/Al. threshold marble 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 5 10 15 20 Surface 4725m open 0.01 0.1 10 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 LY 01-94, 4450 m level 0.01 0.1 10 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 4180 m level open A g p p m A g p p m A g p p m 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Xc 754W, 4450 m level A g p p m A g p p m Xc 916, 4360 m level, open Distance from the vein (m) hornfels marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Ag 740 110 100 1000 10000 0 5 10 15 20 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 5 10 15 20 A s p p m A s p p m 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 10 100 1000 10000 1411261119681665136216-6-21 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.2: Lateral and vertical distribution of As adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of As/Al. Surface 4940m open Surface 4725m 4300 m level open 4180 m level 4120 m level open 1 10 100 1000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1000 10000 1 10 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Xc 754W, 4450 m level Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level open marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Distance from the vein (m) measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (20 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels A s p p m A s p p m LY 01-94, 4450 m level As 741 0100 200 300 0 5 10 15 20 0 40 80 120 160 0 5 10 15 20 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 40 80 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 B a p p m B a p p m 100 150 200 250 0 50 0 40 80 120 0 -21 - 10 6 6 20 21 30 36 51 40 66 81 50 96 60 111 70 126 141 80 B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.3: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ba adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Ba/Al. Surface 4940m, no halo Surface 4725m LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo 4300 m level 4120 m level no halo 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 B a p p m 4180 m level no halo 0 40 80 120 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Xc 754W, 4450 m level, no halo 50 100 150 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Xc 916, 4360 m level Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo B a p p m B a p p m marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (100 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels Distance from the vein (m) Ba 742 00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 1411261119681665136216- 6- 21 B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.4: Lateral and vertical distribution of Bi adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Bi/Al. Surface 4940m Surface 4725m LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo 4300 m level no halos 4180 m level no halo 4120 m level 0.05 0.15 0 0.1 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Xc 754W, 4450 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level, no halo B i p p m B i p p m Distance from the vein (m) marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (0.1 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Bi 743 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 5 10 15 20 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1411261119681665136216-6-21 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 5 10 15 20 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m Surface 4940m Surface 4725m 4300 m level 4180 m level 4120 m level no halo Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.5: Lateral and vertical distribution of Cd adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Cd/Al. 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Distance from the vein (m) measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (5 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels C d p p m C d p p m Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open Xc 916, 4360 m level C d p p m LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Cd 744 010 20 30 0 5 10 15 20 1 10 100 1000 1411261119681665136216-6-21 C u p p m C u p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.6: Lateral and vertical distribution of Cu adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Cu/Al. Surface 4940m no halo 4300 m level 10 15 20 0 5 0 5 10 15 20 C u p p m Surface 4725m no halo 10 15 20 0 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C u p p m 10 15 20 0 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 C u p p m 10 15 20 0 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 4180 m level no halo 0 5 10 15 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 C u p p m 4120 m level 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies C u p p m C u p p m Distance from the vein (m) measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (10 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels Xc 754W, 4450 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level C u p p m LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Cu 745 H g p p b H g p p b H g p p b H g p p b 1 10 100 1000 0 5 10 15 20 1 10 100 1000 0 5 10 15 20 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 10 100 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 10 100 1000 1411261119681665136216-6-21 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.7: Lateral and vertical distribution of Hg adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Hg/Al. Surface 4940m Surface 4725m 4300 m level 4180 m level 4120 m level, no halo 1 10 100 1000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Xc 754W, 4450 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level Distance from the vein (m) measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (20 ppb) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels H g p p b H g p p b H g p p b H g p p b H g p p b LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Hg 746 In p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 -21 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 10 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0 - 10 6 6 20 20 21 30 30 36 51 40 40 66 50 50 81 96 60 60 111 70 70 126 141 80 80 In p p m In p p m In p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.8: Lateral and vertical distribution of In adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of In/Al. Surface 4940m no halo Surface 4725m no halo 4300 m level no halos 4180 m level no halo 4120 m level no halo 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Xc 754W, 4450 m level, no halo Xc 916, 4360 m level, no halo In p p m In p p m measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (0.02 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels Distance from the vein (m) LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo In 747 100 1000 10000 100000 0 5 10 15 20 0 250 500 750 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 100 1000 10000 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1411261119681665136216-6-21 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.9: Lateral and vertical distribution of Mn adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Mn/Al. Surface 4725m open 4300 m level open 4180 m level 4120 m level open 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0 5 10 15 20 Surface 4940m open 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open Xc 916, 4360 m level, open measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (800 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels M n p p m M n p p m Distance from the vein (m) LY 01-94, 4450 m level Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Mn 748 Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.10: Lateral and vertical distribution of Mo adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Mo/Al. 0 2 4 6 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 2 4 6 1411261119681665136216-6-21 0 2 4 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Surface 4940m M o p p m M o p p m Surface 4725m M o p p m M o p p m 0 2 4 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 4300 m level no halo M o p p m 4180 m level 4120 m level no halo M o p p m M o p p m 0 4 8 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies M o p p m M o p p m Distance from the vein (m) measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (1 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels Xc 754W, 4450 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level, no halo LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo Mo 749 110 100 1000 0 5 10 15 20 1 10 100 1000 0 5 10 15 20 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 P b p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.11: Lateral and vertical distribution of Pb adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Pb/Al. Surface 4940m no halo Surface 4725m open 4120 m level open 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 P b p p m 4180 m level P b p p m 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1411261119681665136216-6-21 4300 m level open P b p p m 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 40 80 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies P b p p m P b p p m Distance from the vein (m) Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open Xc 916, 4360 m level measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (25 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels LY 01-94, 4450 m level Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Pb 750 02 4 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.1 1 10 100 1000 1411261119681665136216-6-21 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 5 10 15 20 0.1 1 10 100 0 5 10 15 20 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.12: Lateral and vertical distribution of Sb adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Sb/Al. Surface 4940m open Surface 4725m open 4300 m level 4180 m level open 4120 m level no halo 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 S b p p m 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 S b p p m S b p p m marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open Xc 916, 4360 m level, open measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (1 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels Distance from the vein (m) LY 01-94, 4450 m level Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Sb 751 0.1 1 10 100 0 5 10 15 20 1 1.5 2 0.1 1 10 100 1411261119681665136216-6-21 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.13: Lateral and vertical distribution of Tl adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Tl/Al. Surface 4940m 4300 m level 4120 m level no halo 0 1 2 3 0 5 10 15 20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 T l p p m Surface 4725m T l p p m T l p p m 4180 m level no halo 0 10 20 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Xc 754W, 4450 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (1 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels T l p p m T l p p m Distance from the vein (m) LY 01-94, 4450 m level Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Tl 752 W p p m W p p m W p p m 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 1 10 100 1411261119681665136216-6-21 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 1 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 W p p m W p p m W p p m W p p m Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.14: Lateral and vertical distribution of W adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of W/Al. Surface 4940m Surface 4725m no halo 4300 m level 4180 m level no halo 4120 m level no halo 0 1 2 3 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies Xc 754W, 4450 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level, no halo W p p m W p p m Distance from the vein (m) measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (1 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels LY 01-94, 4450 m level, no halo Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo W 753 110 100 1000 0 5 10 15 20 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 5 10 15 20 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 0.1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1411261119681665136216-6-21 Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C10.15: Lateral and vertical distribution of Zn adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Zn/Al. Surface 4940m open Surface 4725m open 4300 m level 4180 m level 4120 m level open 100 1000 10000 1 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 40 80 120 160 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open Xc 916, 4360 m level, open Z n p p m Z n p p m marginal to Ore bodies Proximal to Ore bodies measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold (100 ppm) Rosa vein marble Legend threshold marble hornfels Distance from the vein (m) LY 01-94, 4450 m level, no halo Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo Zn 754 Appendix C11: Graphs of metal content versus distance to the Plomopampa vein showing the lateral and vertical distribution of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn in the host rocks 755 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 P2 Surface, 4665m A g p p m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level Distance from the vein (m) A g p p m A g p p m A g p p m measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold Plomopampa vein Legend Appendix C11.1: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. open halos to both sides of the vein Ag 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 10 100 1000 10000 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1 10 100 1000 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 As P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m A s p p m open halo open halono halo open halo Distance from the vein (m) 756 measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold Plomopampa vein Legend 1 10 100 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 10 100 1000 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1 10 100 1000 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1 10 100 1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m B a p p m B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m B i p p m P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m) Ba Bi no halo no halo no halo Appendix C11.2: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ba and Bi anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. 757 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 1 10 100 1000 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m C d p p m 0.1 1 10 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m C u p p m P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level no halo no halo Cd Cu measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold Plomopampa vein Legend Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C11.3: Lateral and vertical distribution of Cd and Cu anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. 758 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m H g p p m P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level In p p m In p p m In p p m In p p m no halo no halo no halo no halos to both sides of the vein no halos to both sides of the vein no halo measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold Plomopampa vein Legend Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m) Hg In Appendix C11.4: Lateral and vertical distribution of Hg and In anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. 759 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 10 100 1000 10000 100000 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 10 100 1000 10000 100000 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 10 100 1000 10000 100000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 1 10 100 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m M n p p m P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level M o p p m M o p p m M o p p m M o p p m P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level open halo open halo to both sides of vein open halo to both sides of vein no halo no halos to both sides of vein no halos to both sides of vein measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold Plomopampa vein Legend Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m) Mn Mo Appendix C11.5: Lateral and vertical distribution of Mn and Mo anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. 760 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 1 10 100 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 1 10 100 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m P b p p m open halo no halo Pb S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m S b p p m Sb open halos to both sides of vein no halo measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold Plomopampa vein Legend Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m) Appendix C11.6: Lateral and vertical distribution of Pb and Sb anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. 761 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 1 10 100 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.01 0.1 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m T l p p m P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level W p p m W p p m W p p m W p p m P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level open halo open halos to both sides of vein no halo open halo no halo no halo measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold Plomopampa vein Legend Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m) Tl W Appendix C11.7: Lateral and vertical distribution of Tl and W anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. 762 0.1 1 10 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 measured values threshold values Limit of geochemical halo Visual threshold Plomopampa vein Legend Distance from the vein (m) P2 Surface, 4665m P3 Surface, 4550m P4 Surface, 4470m P1, Xc 630, 4450m level Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Z n p p m Zn Appendix C11.8: Lateral and vertical distribution of Zn anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein. These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface. 763 Appendix C12: Oxygen and carbon isotope data Uchucchacua 764 Appendix C12: Carbon and Oxygen isotope data Uchucchacua Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Material analyzed δ13C VPDB δ18O VSMOW Marion vein - Huantajalla 3PUA641-W 317777 8824949.5 Drilled material 0 White colloform calcite vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide. Isotope sample: white fluorescent calcite vein -2.4 17.4 3PUA641-Y 317777 8824949.5 Drilled material 0 White colloform calcite vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide. Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence calcite vein -2.1 17.5 3PUA650-W 317770 8824911 Grab 35 Crustiform calcite vein Isotope sample: white fluorescent calcite vein. Ninety-five percent white, and 5% non fls vein -2.7 18.9 3PUA650-Y 317770 8824911 35 Crustiform calcite vein Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence calcite vein -2.3 18.5 3PUA642 317775 8824946.5 Grab 5 Brownish gray, fgr limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 0.9 20.9 3PUA643 317774 8824942 Grab 9.5 Brownish gray, fgr lms w/ FeOx+MnO stains Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 0.2 19.5 3PUA645 317772 8824929 Grab 17.5 Fgr, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 0.4 21.7 3PUA648 317770.5 8824918 Grab 28 Fgr, brownish gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 1.6 23.5 3PUA652 317769.5 8824901 Grab 45 Brownish gray, marly limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 0.8 21.7 3PUA655 317768 8824888 Grab 58 Brownish gray, marly limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 1.3 22.7 Morococha vein - Pozo Rico 3PUA664-NF 313473 8833822 Drilled material 27 Non fluorescent calcite Isotope sample: non fluorescent calcite vein. 1.4 13.7 3PUA664-OR 313473 8833822 Drilled material 27 Light orange red to yellow fluorescent calcite Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite vein. Drilled material 0.9 11.2 Plomopampa - Casualidad Transect P1 - Xc 630SE, level 4450 m 3PUA575 316425 8825201 Grab 1 Plomopampa vein Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets -4.1 12.8 3PUA585 316461 8825178.5 Drilled material 43.5 ORF calcite vein crosscutting marly lms Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite vein. Drilled material -1.9 4.6 3PUA576 316428.5 8825201.5 Grab 4 Weak frac, fgr, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 2.0 27.2 3PUA577 316432.5 8825198.5 Grab 9 Massive dark gray marly limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 1.3 23.9 3PUA578 316436.5 8825195 Grab 14 Massive dark gray marly limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 1.6 25.8 3PUA580 316443.5 8825188 Grab 24 Massive dark gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 1.4 26.2 3PUA583 316452.5 8825183 Grab 33.5 Massive gray marly limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 2.3 24.9 3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 Grab 53.5 Mod fract, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 0.5 25.3 Rosa vein Transect R1 - Surface, 4940 m 2PUE259 316754 8826159 Grab 0 calcite vein -5.6 16.2 2PUE260 316754 8826160 Grab 1 Alabandite rich calcite vein -7.2 20.6 2PUE262A 316754 8826167 Grab 8 Crustiform calcite -2.0 15.9 2PUE262B 316754 8826167 Grab 8 Gray calcite vein -1.9 15.8 2PUE263 316754 8826174 Grab 15 calcite vein -2.0 17.7 2PUE266 316754 8826179 Grab 20 Mn-rich brecciated calcite vein -3.6 18.5 2PUE268A 316754 8826186 Grab 27 Crustiform calcite -1.8 18.7 2PUE268B 316754 8826186 Grab 27 Gray calcite vein -2.0 18.5 2PUE264 316754 8826172 Grab 13 Gray limestones 2.9 21.2 2PUE265 316754 8826176 Grab 17 Gray limestones 1.8 20.0 2PUE267 316754 8826185 Grab 26 Gray limestones 3.2 21.8 Transect R11 - Surface 4920 m 765 Appendix C12: Carbon and Oxygen isotope data Uchucchacua Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Material analyzed δ13C VPDB δ18O VSMOW 4PUA504 316563 8826230 Grab 35 Mn, Fe oxidized calcite vein Isotope sample: calcite + MnOx + goe vein (drilled material) -0.3 12.2 4PUA508 316569 8826247 Grab 53 Mn, Fe oxidized calcite vein Isotope sample: bluish fluorescent calcite vein (drilled material) -1.9 19.2 4PUA508 316569 8826247 Grab 53 Mn, Fe oxidized calcite vein Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite vein (drilled material) -3.4 18.2 4PUA500 316555 8826212 Grab 15 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.5 22.4 4PUA502 316559 8826221 Grab 25 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.8 19.1 4PUA505 316564 8826231 Grab 37 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 0.3 20.5 4PUA588 316611 8826190 Grab 3 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.9 23.2 Transect R12 - Surface, 4830 m 4PUA628 316348 8826252 Grab 0 Crustiform calcite + MnOx vein Isotope sample: Drilled material -2.9 13.8 4PUA623 316358 8826269 Grab 11 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.9 20.0 4PUA624 316356 8826273 Grab 14 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 3.4 21.7 4PUA625 316352.5 8826283 Grab 24 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.4 17.2 4PUA629 316357 8826263 Grab 4 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.9 18.2 Transect R2 - Surface, 4725 m 2PUE282 316300 8826110 Grab 0 Brown oxidized calcite vein -1.7 17.7 2PUE283 316300 8826111 Grab 0 calcite vein -1.6 18.0 2PUE298 316300 8826140 Grab 30 Alabandite rich calcite vein -8.6 16.1 2PUE284 316300 8826113 Grab 2 Brecciated calcite -1.1 18.5 2PUE285 316300 8826115 Grab 4 Gray limestones 2.4 16.4 Transect R3 - Est s/n, Gal 754W, 4450 m level 2PUE304A 316774 8826187 Grab 0 Mineralized limestone -5.9 16.8 2PUE304C 316774 8826187 Grab 0 limestone fracgment 1% disseminated pyrite -6.2 15.9 2PUE306 316773 8826196 Grab 9 Calcite + sulfide vein -6.9 15.6 2PUE309 316773 8826199 Grab 12 calcite vein -5.7 16.4 2PUE305 316774 8826189 Grab 2 Mineralized limestone -7.0 16.0 2PUE307A 316773 8826197 Grab 10 White calcite vein -1.3 17.7 2PUE307B 316773 8826197 Grab 10 Gray limestones 1.2 17.2 2PUE310 316773 8826201 Grab 14 Gray limestones 2.4 17.1 Transect R4 - Gallery 310SE, 4360m level 2PUE320A Grab 8m north White calcite vein -7.2 15.9 2PUE320B Grab 8m north late calcite +/- sulfides 2.5 7.4 2PUE321 Grab 7m north Crustiform calcite vein 2.2 7.6 2PUE322 Grab 14m north White calcite vein 0.3 17.6 2PUE324 Grab 1m north White calcite vein -4.3 14.5 2PUE323 Grab 13m north Gray limestones 1.0 18.4 2PUE325 Grab 0m north White calcite vein -5.0 16.6 Transect R5 - Xc 130N, 4300m level 3PUA511-LG 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein 95N Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: light green fluorescence -1.9 19.5 3PUA511-Y 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein 95N Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence -2.6 17.9 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 Grab 81N Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: vein -1.1 11.3 3PUA544 317227 8826165.5 Grab 70N Fgr, gray limestone Sample taken close to a deep ORF calcite vein. -2.2 15.0 3PUA519 317217 8826157 Grab 56N Ore body 0.2 17.5 3PUA501 317258 882624 Grab 136N Gray limestones 1.9 20.2 3PUA502 317257 8826220 Grab 131N Gray limestones 2.1 23.1 3PUA503 317254 8826215 Grab 126N Gray limestones 1.6 23.2 3PUA505 317249 8826207 Grab 116N Gray limestones 1.6 22.2 3PUA507 317244 8826198 Grab 106N Gray limestones 0.1 18.4 3PUA509 317238 8826190 Grab 96N Gray limestones -0.9 16.4 3PUA513 317233 8826181.5 Grab 86N Strong fractured gray limestones 1.8 19.2 3PUA515 317228 8826173 Grab 76N Moderate fractured gray limestones 1.3 16.5 3PUA517 317222.5 8826165 Grab 66N Brecciated, fossiliferous gray limestones 0.3 16.4 3PUA521 317212 8826148.5 Grab 46N Gray limestones 1.9 17.4 766 Appendix C12: Carbon and Oxygen isotope data Uchucchacua Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Material analyzed δ13C VPDB δ18O VSMOW 3PUA523 317206.5 8826140 Grab 36N Brecciated gray limestones 1.6 17.1 3PUA525 317201 8826131.5 Grab 26N Mod sil and st frac gray limestones 0.6 17.2 3PUA527 317196 8826123 Grab 16N Mod sil, light gray limestones 0.7 17.6 3PUA529 317190 8826114.5 Grab 6N Weak sil and fossiliferous gray limestones 0.9 16.7 3PUA531 317184.5 8826106 Grab 1S Mod sil, brownish gray limestones 0.9 16.7 3PUA533 317179 8826098 Grab 11S Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones 1.2 16.8 3PUA535 317173 8826089 Grab 21S Weak sil, mod fract, grayish brown limestones 1.7 17.9 3PUA537 317169 8826081 Grab 31S Mod sil, grayish brown limestones 0.8 17.6 Transect R6 - XC 916NE, 4360m level 3PUA548-BH 317253.5 8826112 Crushed material 4 Brown hornfels Isotope sample: brown hornfels (crushed material) 0.0 15.8 3PUA548- LMS 317253.5 8826112 Crushed material 4 Gray limestones Isotope sample: limestone (crushed material) 0.0 16.1 3PUA548-OR 317253.5 8826112 Drilled material 4 Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) -1.5 13.6 Transect R7 - Xc 710SE, 4180m level 3PUA559-OR 316716 8826230 Drilled material 4S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) -0.3 7.2 3PUA562-NF 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled material 19S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets Isotope sample: non fluorescent calcite vein -1.8 17.4 3PUA563-OR 316719.5 8826210.5 Drilled material 24S Discontinuous white calcite veinlets Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) -3.3 16.9 3PUA565-NF 316722 8826200.5 Drilled material 34S Non-fluorescent calcite Isotope sample: non fluorescent calcite vein -1.1 17.4 3PUA560 316716.5 8826225 Grab 9S Strongly frac, dark gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets -0.8 17.0 3PUA562 316718.5 8826215.5 Grab 19S Mod frac, brownish gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets -2.0 16.2 3PUA564 316721 8826205.5 Grab 29S Grayish brown, rxl limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets -1.5 16.2 3PUA566 316717 8826231.5 Grab 3S Strong frac, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets -0.5 17.2 3PUA570 316723.5 8826196 Grab 39S Strong frac, rusty, dark gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets -1.0 16.1 3PUA571 316725 8826191 Grab 44S Strong frac, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets -0.6 15.6 3PUA572 316726 8826186.5 Grab 49S Strong frac, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 1.0 18.4 3PUA573 316727.5 8826181.5 Grab 54S Strong frac, dark gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones ± calcite veinlets 0.5 19.7 4PUA562 316729 8826176 Grab 60S Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, st frac'd limestones Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) 1.5 21.1 4PUA564 316728 8826165 Grab 70S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- mgr, mod rxl limestones Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) 0.6 18.4 Transect R8 - LY 34-09-02, 4360m level 3PUA715 316852.5 8826189 1.32 - 1.43 3.5 Dark gray, mgr limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix 1.2 18.8 3PUA717 316852.5 8826199 11.16 - 11.25 13 Dark gray bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix 1.0 18.0 3PUA719 316852.5 8826205 17.20 - 17.38 19 Dark gray bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix -0.2 18.9 3PUA722 316852.5 8826213.5 26.20 - 26.28 28 Dark gray bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix -1.1 16.9 3PUA725 316852.5 8826220 32.35 - 32.45 34 Dark gray bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix 0.7 17.7 3PUA728 316852.5 8826225.5 38.39 - 38.55 40 Dark gray bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix -0.4 20.5 3PUA732 316852.5 8826237 49.75 - 49.81 51.5 Dark gray bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material -0.1 17.2 767 Appendix C12: Carbon and Oxygen isotope data Uchucchacua Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance from the vein (m) Lithology Material analyzed δ13C VPDB δ18O VSMOW 3PUA733 316852.5 8826240.5 53.00 - 53.17 55 Mixed sample: white calcite vein and dark gray bitum lms 1.0 17.8 3PUA734 316852.5 8826243 56.0 - 56.25 58 Dark gray, bituminous, mgr limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix 1.1 19.7 3PUA735 316852.5 8826246 59.09 - 59.25 60.5 Dark gray, bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix 1.1 22.2 3PUA736 316852.5 8826249 62.30 - 62.39 63.5 Brownish to dark gray limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix 1.1 22.6 3PUA737 316852.5 8826252 65.30 - 65.46 67 Brownish to dark gray limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix 0.6 22.4 3PUA738 316852.5 8826255.5 68.26 - 68.46 70 Dark gray, bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material from rock-matrix 0.2 19.8 4PUA532 316852.5 8826264 75.10- 75.25m 78 Fgr, brownish gray, mod sil lms w/ local mm ca vlts. Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.8 21.4 4PUA534 316852.5 8826272 84.30- 84.50m 86 Strong frac'd, gray bituminous limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.0 19.0 4PUA536 316852.5 8826284 95.45- 95.60m 98 Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl, wk sil limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.4 21.7 Transect R9 - Xc 940-I-NE, 4120m level 4PUA511 317237 8826084 Grab 0 White ca + gray gouge. 10- 15cm wide, S76E, 75NE Isotope sample: white calcite vein (drilled material) -1.0 8.9 4PUA513A 317236 8826074 Grab 10S brown gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, weak silicified lms. Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. silicified lms (drilled material) 2.0 19.2 4PUA514 317236 8826063.5 Grab 20S Mod frac'd, brownish gray, f mgr, mod rxl lms. Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) 2.0 17.7 4PUA515 317236 8826054 Grab 30S Mod frac'd, rxl, mgr brownish gray, wk sil lms Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.8 16.3 4PUA516A 317236 8826044 Grab 40S Gray, mgr, rxl lms. Isotope sample: gray lms (drilled material) 2.2 23.3 4PUA516B 317236 8826044 40S marble Isotope sample: Drilled material -0.5 11.0 4PUA517 317236 8826034 Grab 50S St frac'd, rxl, mgr lms. Isotope sample: gray lms (drilled material) 2.1 22.3 4PUA518 317236 8826024 Grab 60S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- mgr, rxl lms. Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) 2.4 17.4 4PUA519 317233 8826014.5 Grab 70S Brownish gray, fgr, mod sil and rxl limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material 0.6 17.0 Transect R10 - Xc s/n, LY 01-94, 4450m level 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 Grab 0 Brecciated white ca vein w/ sil lms fragm (Rosa vein) Isotope sample: brecciated white calcite vein (drilled material) -1.9 7.6 4PUA568 317117 8826142.5 Grab 5 St frac'd, mod sil, fgr, brownish gray limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.0 19.2 4PUA569 317119.5 8826151 Grab 14 Mod frac'd, and sil, fgr, brown marly limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.2 25.0 4PUA572 317111 8826164 10.19- 10.35m 24 Brown gray, wk-mod sil limestones Isotope sample:gray lms (drilled material) 1.5 24.2 4PUA575 317105.5 8826178 24.98- 25.16m 36 Gray, fgr limestones Isotope sample:gray lms (drilled material) 1.8 23.8 Unaltered samples - Anilcocha 4PUA522 315944 8823264 Grab Brownish gray, mod rxl, fgr limestones. Isotope sample: brownish gray lms (drilled material) 2.9 25.9 4PUA523 315629 8823114 Grab Brownish gray, mgr, mod rxl and sil limestones. Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.6 25.1 4PUA524 315291 8822718 Grab Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, wk sil limestones. Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.4 23.8 Miscelaneous samples 2PUE328 4180m Late calcite ± sulfide veins Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) 0.8 6.2 3PUA556 316860 8825897.5 Xc 877SW, Level 450 Calcite vein Isotope sample: orange red fluorescent calcite (vein) -4.1 17.7 Notes: Yellow shadow fields correspond to calcite vein samples Numbers in bold are 1.5 times the upper limit of detection 768 Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein – all transects 769 Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein Transect at 4940m Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations 0 - 2 0.1 6 0 0 2 - 4 0.2 3 7 1 4 - 6 0.2 3 15 2 6 - 8 1 6 10 1 8 - 10 2 4 0 0 10 - 12 2 4 10 2 12 - 14 3 5 0 0 14 - 16 1 4 0 0 16 - 18 0.5 3 25 1 18 - 20 0.7 3 0 0 20 - 22 0.1 1 25 1 22 - 24 2 3 0 0 24 - 26 0.5 6 40 2 26 - 28 0.6 7 5 1 28 - 30 1 5 6 1 Transect at 4920 m Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations 0 - 21 2 2 0 0 Rosa vein approx. 20m wide 21 - 32 1 12 7 3 32 - 42 2.5 16 0 0 42 - 47 2 8 15 1 47 - 52 4 4 20 2 thick veins at 48 m 52 - 57 0.25 7 14 1 57 - 66 5 10 7 1 66 - 72 5 30 100 1 thick vein at 70 m 72 - 76 3 20 7 10 76 - 85 0.5 5 6 2 85 - 97 0.3 7 100 1 thick vein at 89 m 0.8 8 97 - 108 1.5 6 5 5 108 - 117 0.5 30 10 1 3 15 117 - 126 1 30 0 0 126 - 134 1 5 0 0 thrust fault at 134 m 0.8 6 770 Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein Transect at 4830 metres above sea level Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations 0 - 7 5 10 20 20 7 - 12 1 7 8 2 12 - 18 0.5 12 30 1 18 -22 0.5 2 30 1 22 - 32 1 4 0 0 32 - 41 1 8 0 0 41 - 50 0.8 5 0 0 50 - 54 2 6 0 0 54 - 75 2 3 0 0 0.5 8 0 0 Transect at 4450 m Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations 0 - 5 0.5 10 0 0 5 - 11 0.5 2 0 0 11 - 21 0 0 0 0 21 - 28 0.5 1 0 0 28 - 41 1 3 0 0 41 - 48 5 1 0 0 48 - 54 2 3 0 0 54 - 62 2 5 0 0 Sulfide vein at 61 m. 62 - 66 1 1 0 0 66 - 74 5 1 0 0 74 - 81 0.1 5 0 0 771 Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein Transect at 4360 m Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations 0 - 11 0.5 2 0 0 Rosa vein approx. 11 - 17 0.5 3 0 0 17 - 23 1 5 0 0 23 - 27 0.5 15 0 0 27 - 30 0.5 3 0 0 30 - 37 0.2 20 0 0 37 - 39 0.5 5 0 0 39 - 41 0.5 2 0 0 41 - 45 0.2 10 0 0 45 - 49 0.3 15 0 0 49 - 56 0.3 3 0 0 56 - 62 0.2 3 0 0 62 - 70 0.3 1 0 0 70 - 77 0.3 5 0 0 77 - 81 0 0 0 0 81 - 85 5 1 0 0 85 - 90 0.5 3 0 0 90 -100 0.5 5 0 0 100 - 107 1 5 0 0 107 - 120 1 4 0 0 Transect at 4180 m Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations 0 - 10 1 15 0 0 10 - 22 0.8 5 0 0 22 - 35 0.5 2 0 0 35 - 40 0.8 8 0 0 40 - 47 0.7 15 0 0 47 - 52 0.4 15 0 0 52 - 60 0.7 5 0 0 60 - 65 0.7 12 0 0 65 - 70.5 0.7 8 0 0 70.5 - 81 0.8 10 0 0 Transect at 4120 m Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations 0 - 4 0.5 10 0 0 4 - 10 <1 30 0 0 10 - 20 <1 5 0 0 20 - 39 <1 3 0 0 39 - 48 <1 11 0 0 48 - 58 <5 8 0 0 58 - 69 <2 5 0 0 69 - 75 <2 8 0 0 772 Appendices – Chapter 5 773 Appendix D1: Trace element content in selected fluorescent and non- fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua 774 Appendix D1: ICPMS results of selected fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 SAMPLE Easting Northing Vein Location Level Fluorescence Sample characteristics ORF Ag Al As Ba Be DESCRIPTION ppm % ppm ppm ppm 3PUA650-W 317770 8824911 Marion Surface 4958 white 95% white and 5% non fluorescent calcite 1 0.02 0.02 5 <10 0.18 3PUA650-Y 317770 8824911 Marion Surface 4958 yellow 65% yellow, 35% no fluorescent and trz white-light green fluorescence 1 0.02 0.02 9 <10 0.15 3PUA641-W 317777 8824949.5 Marion Surface 4945 white 90% white and 10% non fluorescent calcite. 1 <0.01 0.01 <0.2 <10 0.12 3PUA641-Y 317777 8824949.5 Marion Surface 4945 yellow 99% yellow, 1% non fluorescent calcite 1 <0.01 0.02 <0.2 <10 0.18 3PUA664-NF 313473 8833822 Morococha Surface 4655 none 99% non fluorescent vein, 1% yellow to orange fluorescent spots. 1 <0.01 0.01 6 <10 <0.05 3PUA664-OR 313473 8833822 Morococha Surface 4655 weak ORF light orange red to slightly yellow fluorescent calcite. 1 <0.01 0.01 <0.2 <10 <0.05 3PUA559-R 316716 8826230 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 moderate ORF 98% mod orange red to purple fluorescent calcite, 2% lms. 10 <0.01 0.01 14 <10 <0.05 3PUA565-NF 316722 8826200.5 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 none 99.5% non fluorescent calcite, 0.5% lms impurities. 1 <0.01 0.02 <0.2 <10 <0.05 3PUA562-OR 316718.5 8826215.5 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 weak ORF 90% light orange red calcite, 10% limestone. 5 0.17 0.13 <0.2 20 0.11 3PUA562-NF 316718.5 8826215.5 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 none 99% non fluorescent vein with 1% orange red fluorescent stains. 5 0.06 0.05 10 10 0.11 3PUA563-OR 316719.5 8826210.5 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 strong ORF 95% strong orange red with 5% yellow stains along fractures. 15 0.22 0.01 6 <10 <0.05 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 strong ORF 99.9% strong orange red fluorescent calcite. 15 <0.01 0.01 <0.2 70 <0.05 3PUA511-Y 317241 8826187.5 Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 yellow 90% yellow, 10% light green and trz blue fluorescent calcite. 1 0.06 0.03 6 10 0.08 3PUA511-LG 317241 8826187.5 Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 light green 90% light green, 10% yellow and trz blue fluorescent calcite. 1 <0.01 0.02 8 <10 0.07 3PUA734 316852.5 8826243 Rosa LY 34-09-02 4360 moderate ORF Moderate orange red fluorescent calcite. 10 <0.01 0.04 8 10 <0.05 3PUA548-R 317253.5 8826112 Rosa Xc 916NE 4360 moderate ORF 98% orange red fluorescent calcite, 2% lms. 10 0.1 0.02 13 10 0.3 3PUA556-OR 316860 8825897.5 Silvana Xc 877SW 4450 strong ORF 99% orange red and 1% yellow fluorescent calcite. 15 0.02 0.01 96 <10 <0.05 4PUA511 317237 8826084 Rosa Xc 940-I-NE 4120 moderate ORF 98% orange red fluorescent calcite, 2% white fls spots. 10 2.57 0.7 64 30 0.21 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 Rosa Xc s/n 4450 strong ORF 99.9% strong orange red fluorescent calcite. 15 3.66 0.08 37 10 0.17 775 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION 3PUA650-W 3PUA650-Y 3PUA641-W 3PUA641-Y 3PUA664-NF 3PUA664-OR 3PUA559-R 3PUA565-NF 3PUA562-OR 3PUA562-NF 3PUA563-OR 3PUA542 3PUA511-Y 3PUA511-LG 3PUA734 3PUA548-R 3PUA556-OR 4PUA511 4PUA567B Appendix D1: ICPMS results of selected fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf In K La ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.18 1.1 1 <0.05 2.6 0.01 0.09 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.6 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.12 1.1 2 <0.05 2.1 0.01 0.14 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.5 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.08 1.1 3 <0.05 1.8 0.01 0.07 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 <0.5 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.23 1.1 2 0.05 1.5 0.01 0.09 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 <0.5 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.22 1.1 1 0.06 1.7 0.02 0.05 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.7 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.55 1.1 1 <0.05 1.4 0.02 0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.5 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.35 1.1 2 <0.05 1.7 0.01 0.16 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 1.1 <0.01 >25 <0.02 1.28 1.2 1 0.13 1.8 <0.01 0.08 0.06 <0.1 <0.005 0.01 1.4 <0.01 >25 <0.02 5.89 1.2 4 0.92 2.6 0.04 0.98 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.12 3.9 <0.01 >25 <0.02 2.03 1.2 3 0.12 2.5 0.03 0.23 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.05 1.3 <0.01 >25 0.03 3.24 1.1 3 0.12 1.3 0.02 1.68 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.01 2.1 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.54 1.1 3 <0.05 36.6 0.12 1.38 <0.05 <0.1 0.005 <0.01 161.5 <0.01 >25 0.06 1.94 1.1 3 0.19 1.7 0.06 0.26 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.01 1.6 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.94 1.2 2 0.1 1.5 0.02 0.08 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 1.4 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.31 1.2 3 0.42 6.4 0.04 0.31 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.02 <0.5 <0.01 >25 0.02 2.64 1.2 2 0.2 2.6 <0.01 0.74 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.01 5.2 <0.01 >25 0.17 0.7 1.2 1 0.06 1.7 0.07 1.26 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.7 0.02 33.7 0.13 10.8 1.5 2 3.31 3.1 0.21 1.79 <0.05 0.3 0.006 0.4 5.2 <0.01 35 1.02 0.46 0.8 <1 0.65 2.3 0.1 0.8 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.02 <0.5 776 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION 3PUA650-W 3PUA650-Y 3PUA641-W 3PUA641-Y 3PUA664-NF 3PUA664-OR 3PUA559-R 3PUA565-NF 3PUA562-OR 3PUA562-NF 3PUA563-OR 3PUA542 3PUA511-Y 3PUA511-LG 3PUA734 3PUA548-R 3PUA556-OR 4PUA511 4PUA567B Appendix D1: ICPMS results of selected fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm 0.3 0.15 1225 0.24 <0.01 0.1 1 50 0.8 0.1 <0.002 0.01 0.11 <1 <0.2 <0.2 0.1 2040 0.05 <0.01 0.1 2.1 30 0.5 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.15 <1 <0.2 0.2 0.16 801 0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.4 30 0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.05 <1 <0.2 0.2 0.2 909 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.2 90 0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.12 <1 <0.2 <0.2 0.16 778 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4 <10 <0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.14 <1 <0.2 <0.2 0.21 871 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.2 <10 <0.5 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.08 <1 <0.2 <0.2 0.18 2490 0.09 <0.01 0.1 3.7 <10 <0.5 0.2 <0.002 <0.01 0.08 <1 <0.2 0.6 0.14 374 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 5.3 10 1.5 0.4 <0.002 <0.01 2.24 <1 <0.2 0.9 0.1 >10000 0.21 <0.01 0.5 2.8 40 1.8 4.8 <0.002 0.04 2.5 <1 0.2 0.6 0.12 2850 0.08 <0.01 0.2 4.3 20 7 1.5 <0.002 0.01 7.02 <1 <0.2 0.3 <0.01 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.1 20 38 0.4 <0.002 <0.01 39.5 <1 0.2 <0.2 0.04 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.6 10 0.8 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.09 <1 <0.2 0.4 2.27 3530 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 2.9 20 1.6 0.6 <0.002 <0.01 0.2 <1 <0.2 0.2 0.54 1275 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.3 20 <0.5 0.2 <0.002 <0.01 0.06 <1 <0.2 0.5 0.2 4150 0.11 <0.01 0.2 16.4 10 0.8 0.9 <0.002 0.01 0.78 <1 <0.2 0.2 0.05 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.1 20 4 0.5 <0.002 <0.01 0.49 <1 <0.2 0.2 0.34 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.6 30 4.2 0.1 <0.002 0.01 0.89 <1 <0.2 13.2 0.2 9710 0.31 <0.01 1.6 6.6 140 16.1 22 0.002 0.22 2.31 3 0.4 1.5 0.3 14500 0.15 <0.01 0.1 3.7 40 113.5 1.9 <0.002 0.01 36.1 1 0.2 777 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION 3PUA650-W 3PUA650-Y 3PUA641-W 3PUA641-Y 3PUA664-NF 3PUA664-OR 3PUA559-R 3PUA565-NF 3PUA562-OR 3PUA562-NF 3PUA563-OR 3PUA542 3PUA511-Y 3PUA511-LG 3PUA734 3PUA548-R 3PUA556-OR 4PUA511 4PUA567B Appendix D1: ICPMS results of selected fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm 190.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 0.2 8 0.1 0.1 2 1.1 141.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.12 0.1 5 0.1 0.1 2 <0.5 290 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.02 0.2 7 0.1 0.1 <2 0.7 157.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 4 0.1 0.2 <2 0.6 220 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.05 <0.1 4 <0.1 0.5 <2 <0.5 278 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 <0.1 3 <0.1 0.3 <2 <0.5 314 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 0.1 4 <0.1 0.1 <2 <0.5 273 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 0.3 3 <0.1 0.7 <2 0.5 196 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 0.009 0.14 0.6 6 0.2 2.1 2 3.3 206 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 0.1 3 0.1 0.6 <2 0.8 69.1 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.06 <0.1 2 0.1 0.7 7 0.5 183 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 7 0.1 0.5 <2 <0.5 118.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.04 0.1 23 <0.1 0.8 7 4.2 190 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 21 <0.1 0.8 <2 2.3 325 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.09 0.1 4 <0.1 0.1 5 0.5 96.7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.05 0.2 9 <0.1 0.9 5 1.6 75.7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.02 0.1 5 <0.1 0.2 53 0.6 439 0.12 <0.05 1.3 0.032 1.4 0.9 19 0.7 6 20 9.2 495 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 1.5 0.1 2 0.2 0.3 175 1.4 778 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins 779 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina CO2 MgO CaO MnO FeO ZnO SrO BaO PbO mol % mol % mol % Sample Label No Spot Specimen Fluorescence Host rock Ox%(C ) Ox%(O ) Ox%(Mg) Ox%(Ca) Ox%(Mn) Ox%(Fe) Ox%(Zn) Ox%(Sr) Ox%(Ba) Ox%(Pb) Mg Ca Mn 4PAA219 219-5 212 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 44.480 0 0.162 54.506 0.765 0.0011 0 0.0294 0 0.0556 0.0041 0.984 0.0109 4PAA219 219-7 214 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 46.734 0 0.142 51.821 1.065 0.182 0 0 0 0.0557 0.0037 0.977 0.0159 4PAA219 219-8 215 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 44.644 0 0.408 53.730 0.978 0.209 0 0.0298 0 0.0025 0.0103 0.972 0.0140 4PAA219 219-4 211 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 44.553 0 0.185 54.421 0.779 0.011 0 0.0445 0.0065 0 0.0047 0.984 0.0111 4PAA219 219-6 213 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 44.738 0 0.263 53.898 0.789 0.247 0.0225 0.0249 0.0177 0 0.0066 0.978 0.0113 4PAA219 219-9 216 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 84.684 0 12.748 1.229 0.043 1.184 0.0536 0 0.0598 0 0.888 0.061 0.0017 4PAA163 163-4 106 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.962 0 0.361 52.087 3.245 0.211 0.0616 0.0179 0 0.0555 0.0091 0.940 0.0463 4PAA163 163-6 108 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 44.346 0 0.621 47.921 6.961 0.117 0 0 0.0192 0.0152 0.0159 0.881 0.101 4PAA163 163-1 103 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 45.120 0 0.528 47.267 6.858 0.0916 0 0.0598 0.0652 0.0101 0.0137 0.883 0.101 4PAA163 163-2 104 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.762 0 0.380 48.779 6.856 0.0947 0.129 0 0 0 0.0096 0.889 0.0987 4PAA163 163-3 105 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.308 0 0.877 48.199 7.347 0.144 0.0448 0.0806 0 0 0.0220 0.870 0.105 4PAA163 163-5 107 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.921 0 0.445 49.001 6.434 0.0904 0 0 0.1091 0 0.0113 0.894 0.0928 4PAA163 163-7 109 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 44.193 0 0.529 48.365 6.644 0.0883 0.0897 0.0917 0 0 0.0135 0.887 0.0963 4PAA163 163-8 110 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.914 0 0.408 48.153 7.422 0.0054 0 0.0175 0.0796 0 0.0104 0.881 0.1074 2PAG107 107-6 53 a calcite none Limestone 45.179 0 3.375 49.928 0.0448 1.320 0 0.1077 0 0.0459 0.0842 0.895 0.0006 2PAG107 107-8 55 a calcite none Limestone 52.336 0 3.326 42.438 0.0692 1.821 0 0.0019 0 0.0077 0.0953 0.874 0.0011 2PAG179 179-12 82 b calcite vein none Gray marble 42.984 0 0.0912 56.609 0.0241 0.000 0 0.2204 0 0.0707 0.0022 0.995 0.0003 2PAG179 179-16 86 b calcite vein none Gray marble 43.588 0 0.0009 56.134 0.0413 0.0746 0 0.095 0 0.0656 0.0000 0.997 0.0006 2PAG179 179-4 74 a calcite vein none Gray marble 43.197 0 0.114 56.351 0.0688 0.000 0 0.1535 0.0473 0.0681 0.0028 0.994 0.0010 2PAG179 179-14 84 b calcite vein none Gray marble 43.771 0 0.144 55.389 0.492 0.0417 0.0225 0.0082 0.048 0.0833 0.0036 0.988 0.0069 2PAG179 179-17 87 b calcite vein none Gray marble 44.071 0 0.116 55.169 0.544 0.000 0 0.0436 0.016 0.0404 0.0029 0.989 0.0077 2PAG179 179-1 71 a calcite vein none Gray marble 43.313 0 0.165 56.204 0.000 0.0154 0.0169 0.2865 0 0 0.0040 0.993 0.0000 2PAG179 179-2 72 a calcite vein none Gray marble 42.875 0 0.134 56.706 0.0275 0.0132 0.0618 0.1826 0 0 0.0033 0.994 0.0004 2PAG179 179-3 73 a calcite vein none Gray marble 42.748 0 0.163 56.750 0.000 0.0450 0.107 0.1873 0 0 0.0040 0.992 0.0000 2PAG179 179-5 75 a calcite vein none Gray marble 43.525 0 0.143 56.082 0.0310 0.000 0.0394 0.146 0.0333 0 0.0035 0.994 0.0004 2PAG179 179-11 81 b calcite vein none Gray marble 44.309 0 0.123 55.235 0.272 0.000 0 0.0169 0.0448 0 0.0031 0.993 0.0039 2PAG179 179-13 83 b calcite vein none Gray marble 43.417 0 0.0979 56.135 0.0172 0.0373 0.045 0.2024 0.0478 0 0.0024 0.994 0.0002 2PAG179 179-15 85 b calcite vein none Gray marble 44.062 0 0.0838 55.545 0.148 0.0209 0 0.1143 0.0263 0 0.0021 0.994 0.0021 3PAA278 278-21 169 d calcite vein none Limestone 44.299 0 0.274 54.456 0.396 0.421 0 0.089 0 0.0657 0.0069 0.980 0.0056 3PAA278 278-23 171 d calcite vein none Limestone 43.982 0 0.440 54.995 0.0965 0.420 0 0.0673 0 0 0.0109 0.981 0.0014 3PAA278 278-26 174 d calcite vein none Limestone 43.789 0 0.303 52.378 3.320 0.0918 0.0337 0.023 0.0613 0 0.0076 0.943 0.0472 4PAA134 134-10 97 b calcite vein none White marble 43.134 0 0.0348 56.754 0.0034 0.0066 0 0.0247 0 0.0429 0.0009 0.999 0.0000 4PAA134 134-9 96 b calcite vein none White marble 43.459 0 0.247 56.195 0.0207 0.0044 0 0.0112 0 0.0631 0.0061 0.993 0.0003 4PAA134 134-7 94 b calcite vein none White marble 43.159 0 0.0480 56.684 0.0103 0.000 0 0.0894 0.0015 0.0076 0.0012 0.998 0.0001 4PAA134 134-8 95 b calcite vein none White marble 42.925 0 0.0462 56.870 0.0448 0.0494 0 0 0.0646 0 0.0011 0.997 0.0006 2PAG107 107-10 57 a dolomite none Limestone 46.755 0 17.237 32.421 0.0103 3.473 0 0.0822 0 0.021 0.405 0.548 0.0001 3PAA278 278-10 158 b dolomite none Limestone 46.438 0 17.832 30.386 1.281 3.895 0 0.1232 0.0191 0.0263 0.418 0.512 0.0171 3PAA278 278-13 161 b dolomite none Limestone 46.370 0 18.421 30.263 0.662 4.262 0 0.0217 0 0 0.429 0.506 0.0088 3PAA278 278-25 173 d dolomite none Limestone 46.607 0 16.280 30.275 5.094 1.693 0 0.0518 0 0 0.389 0.519 0.0691 2PAG107 107-7 54 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 50.557 0 7.363 38.681 0.0483 3.239 0.0057 0.0526 0 0.0543 0.199 0.751 0.0007 2PAG107 107-9 56 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.903 0 15.886 32.197 0.127 5.673 0.148 0.0413 0 0.0262 0.375 0.546 0.0017 2PAG107 107-1 48 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.203 0 14.849 33.358 0.0788 5.382 0.0511 0.071 0 0.0079 0.354 0.572 0.0011 2PAG107 107-11 58 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.622 0 15.816 33.198 0.0891 5.190 0.0284 0.0571 0 0 0.371 0.559 0.0012 2PAG107 107-2 49 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.635 0 15.976 33.437 0.0617 4.726 0 0.1327 0.0319 0 0.374 0.562 0.0008 2PAG107 107-3 50 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.167 0 15.345 33.738 0.0515 4.602 0 0.0965 0 0 0.363 0.574 0.0007 2PAG107 107-4 51 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.956 0 15.756 33.165 0.0583 4.862 0.0739 0.1118 0.0167 0 0.371 0.562 0.0008 2PAG107 107-5 52 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.263 0 14.738 33.965 0.0343 4.880 0 0.1198 0 0 0.351 0.582 0.0005 3PAA278 278-15 163 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.266 0 18.801 30.480 0.100 4.198 0.0398 0.0593 0 0.0554 0.435 0.507 0.0013 3PAA278 278-1 149 c Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.664 0 18.228 30.411 0.407 4.839 0.176 0.0408 0.0821 0.153 0.422 0.506 0.0054 3PAA278 278-4 152 c Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.542 0 18.559 30.465 0.257 5.101 0 0 0.0736 0.0026 0.427 0.504 0.0034 3PAA278 278-7 155 b Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.048 0 18.638 30.698 0.439 4.064 0.0681 0.033 0.0122 0 0.431 0.510 0.0058 780 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina CO2 MgO CaO MnO FeO ZnO SrO BaO PbO mol % mol % mol % Sample Label No Spot Specimen Fluorescence Host rock Ox%(C ) Ox%(O ) Ox%(Mg) Ox%(Ca) Ox%(Mn) Ox%(Fe) Ox%(Zn) Ox%(Sr) Ox%(Ba) Ox%(Pb) Mg Ca Mn 3PAA278 278-19 167 a Kutnahorite? none Limestone 44.416 0 6.536 47.084 0.646 1.123 0.0338 0.0236 0.0161 0.123 0.158 0.817 0.0089 3PAA278 278-24 172 d Kutnahorite? none Limestone 45.851 0 15.278 29.605 8.005 1.167 0.0791 0 0 0.0157 0.365 0.509 0.109 2PAG179 179-9 79 c marble mtx none Gray marble 44.196 0 2.173 53.382 0.000 0.0450 0.0395 0.1601 0 0.0051 0.0535 0.944 0.0000 2PAG179 179-6 76 c marble mtx none Gray marble 43.650 0 0.117 56.030 0.0344 0.0011 0 0.1324 0.02 0.0151 0.0029 0.995 0.0005 2PAG179 179-7 77 c marble mtx none Gray marble 43.598 0 1.183 54.962 0.0172 0.0845 0 0.1397 0.0153 0 0.0290 0.968 0.0002 2PAG179 179-8 78 c marble mtx none Gray marble 43.213 0 0.105 56.377 0.0275 0.0450 0 0.2231 0.009 0 0.0026 0.994 0.0004 2PAG179 179-10 80 c marble mtx none Gray marble 43.412 0 0.184 56.086 0.0654 0.0077 0.0169 0.1781 0.0506 0 0.0045 0.992 0.0009 3PAA278 278-22 170 d Mn-calcite none Limestone 44.529 0 3.192 47.921 3.869 0.411 0 0.0353 0.0435 0 0.0796 0.859 0.0548 3PAA278 278-11 159 b Mn-dolomite none Limestone 45.702 0 13.983 29.314 9.644 1.254 0.0226 0.0126 0.0227 0.0445 0.339 0.511 0.133 3PAA278 278-14 162 b Mn-dolomite none Limestone 44.435 0 11.208 33.048 6.453 4.730 0.0788 0 0 0.0469 0.271 0.575 0.0887 4PAA219 219-11 218 c calcite strong ORF tan endoskarn 44.167 0 0.165 54.464 0.997 0.008 0.0787 0.0566 0 0.0631 0.0041 0.980 0.0142 4PAA219 219-10 217 c calcite strong ORF tan endoskarn 44.386 0 0.133 54.774 0.638 0.019 0 0.0508 0 0 0.0033 0.987 0.0091 4PAA219 219-12 219 c calcite strong ORF tan endoskarn 44.035 0 0.127 55.085 0.662 0.070 0 0 0.0215 0 0.0032 0.986 0.0094 4PAA219 219-13 220 c calcite strong ORF tan endoskarn 44.044 0 0.134 55.022 0.748 0.018 0 0.0347 0 0 0.0033 0.985 0.0106 4PAA163 163-15 117 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.141 0 0.605 48.038 7.123 0.020 0.0729 0 0 0 0.0154 0.880 0.103 4PAA163 163-16 118 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.461 0 0.496 48.218 6.656 0.053 0 0.068 0.0473 0 0.0127 0.889 0.0970 4PAA163 163-17 119 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.047 0 0.448 48.445 6.936 0.011 0 0.057 0.0556 0 0.0114 0.887 0.100 4PAA163 163-18 120 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.379 0 0.586 48.137 6.772 0.040 0.0056 0.0223 0.0581 0 0.0150 0.885 0.0985 4PAA163 163-19 121 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.513 0 0.423 48.589 6.407 0.000 0.028 0.0402 0 0 0.0109 0.895 0.0933 4PAA163 163-9 111 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 45.334 0 0.611 47.060 6.867 0.037 0 0.0761 0.0148 0 0.0159 0.881 0.102 4PAA163 163-10 112 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 43.951 0 0.613 47.437 7.844 0.041 0.0784 0 0 0.0355 0.0156 0.869 0.114 4PAA163 163-11 113 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.028 0 0.770 46.893 8.031 0.033 0.185 0.0605 0 0 0.0197 0.860 0.116 4PAA163 163-12 114 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 45.269 0 0.578 47.315 6.838 0.000 0 0.0001 0 0 0.0150 0.884 0.101 4PAA163 163-13 115 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.585 0 0.685 45.099 9.449 0.007 0.134 0 0.041 0 0.0178 0.841 0.139 4PAA163 163-14 116 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 43.434 0 0.454 46.669 9.288 0.075 0.0056 0.0521 0.0218 0 0.0115 0.853 0.134 3PAA278 278-20 168 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.107 0 0.378 51.502 3.845 0.098 0 0.0142 0 0.0556 0.0095 0.934 0.0551 3PAA278 278-16 164 a Mn-calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.606 0 0.387 51.930 2.921 0.079 0 0.0011 0 0.0758 0.0098 0.947 0.0421 3PAA278 278-17 165 a Mn-calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.175 0 0.352 52.470 2.717 0.129 0.0168 0 0.0827 0.0581 0.0089 0.949 0.0389 3PAA278 278-18 166 a Mn-calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.144 0 0.401 49.989 5.001 0.465 0 0 0 0 0.0102 0.911 0.0721 3PAA278 278-8 156 b Mn-calcite traces ORF Limestone 44.804 0 0.414 50.680 3.987 0.021 0 0.0343 0 0.0606 0.0106 0.931 0.0579 3PAA278 278-3 151 c Mn-calcite traces ORF Limestone 43.831 0 0.422 49.888 5.746 0.051 0 0 0.0069 0.0557 0.0106 0.906 0.0825 3PAA278 278-12 160 b calcite vein traces ORF Limestone 44.485 0 0.567 51.758 2.892 0.253 0 0 0.032 0.0126 0.0143 0.940 0.0415 3PAA278 278-6 154 b Mn-calcite traces ORF Limestone 44.292 0 0.375 51.479 3.686 0.107 0 0 0.0515 0.0101 0.0095 0.936 0.0530 3PAA278 278-9 157 b calcite vein traces ORF Limestone 44.863 0 1.242 50.334 3.306 0.248 0 0.007 0 0 0.0315 0.917 0.0476 3PAA278 278-2 150 c calcite vein traces ORF Limestone 44.479 0 0.296 50.371 4.602 0.132 0.112 0.0076 0 0 0.0075 0.922 0.0666 3PAA278 278-5 153 c Mn-calcite traces ORF Limestone 45.004 0 0.376 50.166 4.337 0.107 0 0.0086 0.002 0 0.0097 0.925 0.0633 4PAA134 134-13 100 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.148 0 0.0019 56.574 0.000 0.020 0.113 0.0696 0.0421 0.0328 0.0000 0.997 0.0000 4PAA134 134-1 88 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.765 0 0.0292 56.018 0.000 0.006 0 0.0788 0.0225 0.0808 0.0007 0.998 0.0000 4PAA134 134-5 92 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.325 0 0.000 56.509 0.000 0.000 0.0394 0.0222 0.0741 0.0303 0.0000 0.999 0.0000 4PAA134 134-3 90 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.130 0 0.0047 56.706 0.038 0.000 0 0 0.0035 0.119 0.0001 0.999 0.0005 4PAA134 134-6 93 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.457 0 0.0085 56.421 0.021 0.002 0 0.0054 0.0428 0.0429 0.0002 0.999 0.0003 4PAA134 134-4 91 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.814 0 0.000 55.971 0.038 0.000 0.0506 0.0472 0.026 0.053 0.0000 0.998 0.0005 4PAA134 134-14 101 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.058 0 0.0377 56.716 0.024 0.070 0 0.0738 0 0.0202 0.0009 0.997 0.0003 4PAA134 134-2 89 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 44.070 0 0.0151 55.701 0.083 0.069 0 0.0569 0 0.005 0.0004 0.997 0.0012 4PAA134 134-11 98 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.358 0 0.000 56.489 0.038 0.010 0 0.0663 0.0393 0 0.0000 0.998 0.0005 4PAA134 134-12 99 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 42.940 0 0.0254 56.855 0.000 0.008 0 0.1029 0.0686 0 0.0006 0.998 0.0000 4PAA134 134-15 102 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.421 0 0.000 56.469 0.028 0.010 0.0281 0.0438 0 0 0.0000 0.999 0.0004 4PAA219 219-1 208 b calcite white tan endoskarn 99.852 0 0.0211 0.0401 0.014 0.000 0 0 0.0137 0.0589 0.292 0.399 0.112 4PAA219 219-2 209 b calcite white tan endoskarn 44.786 0 0.242 53.720 1.195 0.054 0 0.0006 0 0.0025 0.0061 0.976 0.0172 4PAA219 219-3 210 b calcite white tan endoskarn 43.442 0 0.0321 56.394 0.103 0.029 0 0 0 0 0.0008 0.997 0.0014 781 Sample Label No 4PAA219 219-5 212 4PAA219 219-7 214 4PAA219 219-8 215 4PAA219 219-4 211 4PAA219 219-6 213 4PAA219 219-9 216 4PAA163 163-4 106 4PAA163 163-6 108 4PAA163 163-1 103 4PAA163 163-2 104 4PAA163 163-3 105 4PAA163 163-5 107 4PAA163 163-7 109 4PAA163 163-8 110 2PAG107 107-6 53 2PAG107 107-8 55 2PAG179 179-12 82 2PAG179 179-16 86 2PAG179 179-4 74 2PAG179 179-14 84 2PAG179 179-17 87 2PAG179 179-1 71 2PAG179 179-2 72 2PAG179 179-3 73 2PAG179 179-5 75 2PAG179 179-11 81 2PAG179 179-13 83 2PAG179 179-15 85 3PAA278 278-21 169 3PAA278 278-23 171 3PAA278 278-26 174 4PAA134 134-10 97 4PAA134 134-9 96 4PAA134 134-7 94 4PAA134 134-8 95 2PAG107 107-10 57 3PAA278 278-10 158 3PAA278 278-13 161 3PAA278 278-25 173 2PAG107 107-7 54 2PAG107 107-9 56 2PAG107 107-1 48 2PAG107 107-11 58 2PAG107 107-2 49 2PAG107 107-3 50 2PAG107 107-4 51 2PAG107 107-5 52 3PAA278 278-15 163 3PAA278 278-1 149 3PAA278 278-4 152 3PAA278 278-7 155 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % wt% CO2 by Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum mol CO2 g CO2 stoichiometry Ox tot COMMENTS 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.452 98.972 0.0027 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 41.607 94.873 total too low 0.0029 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.360 98.716 0.0002 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.423 98.870 0.0035 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.255 98.517 0.0462 0.0018 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 15.681 30.997 not a carbonate 0.0030 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.466 99.504 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 42.685 98.339 0.0013 0.0000 0.0006 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.029 96.908 total too low 0.0013 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.078 99.316 0.0020 0.0006 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.489 100.181 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.020 99.099 0.0013 0.0011 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.798 98.605 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.874 98.960 0.0185 0.0000 0.0010 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 43.760 98.581 0.0293 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 38.098 85.762 Probably bad analysis 0.0000 0.0000 0.0021 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 44.649 101.665 0.0010 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 44.180 100.592 0.0000 0.0000 0.0015 0.0003 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 44.483 101.286 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0004 1.0000 1 44.010 44.004 100.233 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 43.792 99.721 0.0002 0.0002 0.0027 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.429 101.116 0.0002 0.0007 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.785 101.910 0.0006 0.0013 0.0018 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.880 102.132 total too high 0.0000 0.0005 0.0014 0.0002 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.282 100.757 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.671 99.363 0.0005 0.0005 0.0019 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.319 100.902 0.0003 0.0000 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.844 99.782 0.0059 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.590 99.291 0.0058 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.985 100.003 0.0013 0.0004 0.0002 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.599 99.811 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 44.604 101.470 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 44.404 100.945 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.584 101.425 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.759 101.834 0.0458 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 46.438 99.683 dolomite 0.0512 0.0000 0.0011 0.0001 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 46.562 100.124 dolomite 0.0557 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.895 100.525 dolomite 0.0227 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 45.755 99.149 dolomite 0.0491 0.0001 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 40.446 89.890 Probably bad analysis 0.0751 0.0017 0.0004 0.0000 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 46.270 100.367 Fe-dolomite 0.0720 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 45.797 99.594 Fe-dolomite 0.0682 0.0003 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.597 100.975 Fe-dolomite 0.0620 0.0000 0.0012 0.0002 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.685 101.050 Fe-dolomite 0.0611 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.126 99.959 Fe-dolomite 0.0643 0.0009 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.339 100.383 Fe-dolomite 0.0652 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 45.810 99.546 Fe-dolomite 0.0546 0.0005 0.0005 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 47.141 100.875 Fe-dolomite 0.0629 0.0020 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 1.0000 1 44.010 47.153 101.488 Fe-dolomite 0.0658 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 47.480 101.938 Fe-dolomite 0.0527 0.0008 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 47.259 101.210 Fe-dolomite 782 Sample Label No 3PAA278 278-19 167 3PAA278 278-24 172 2PAG179 179-9 79 2PAG179 179-6 76 2PAG179 179-7 77 2PAG179 179-8 78 2PAG179 179-10 80 3PAA278 278-22 170 3PAA278 278-11 159 3PAA278 278-14 162 4PAA219 219-11 218 4PAA219 219-10 217 4PAA219 219-12 219 4PAA219 219-13 220 4PAA163 163-15 117 4PAA163 163-16 118 4PAA163 163-17 119 4PAA163 163-18 120 4PAA163 163-19 121 4PAA163 163-9 111 4PAA163 163-10 112 4PAA163 163-11 113 4PAA163 163-12 114 4PAA163 163-13 115 4PAA163 163-14 116 3PAA278 278-20 168 3PAA278 278-16 164 3PAA278 278-17 165 3PAA278 278-18 166 3PAA278 278-8 156 3PAA278 278-3 151 3PAA278 278-12 160 3PAA278 278-6 154 3PAA278 278-9 157 3PAA278 278-2 150 3PAA278 278-5 153 4PAA134 134-13 100 4PAA134 134-1 88 4PAA134 134-5 92 4PAA134 134-3 90 4PAA134 134-6 93 4PAA134 134-4 91 4PAA134 134-14 101 4PAA134 134-2 89 4PAA134 134-11 98 4PAA134 134-12 99 4PAA134 134-15 102 4PAA219 219-1 208 4PAA219 219-2 209 4PAA219 219-3 210 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % wt% CO2 by Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum mol CO2 g CO2 stoichiometry Ox tot COMMENTS 0.0152 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0005 1.0000 1 44.010 45.233 100.818 Kutnahorite? 0.0157 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 45.643 99.793 Kutnahorite? 0.0006 0.0005 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.384 100.189 0.0000 0.0000 0.0013 0.0001 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 44.187 100.536 0.0012 0.0000 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.552 100.953 0.0006 0.0000 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.502 101.289 0.0001 0.0002 0.0017 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.362 100.950 0.0057 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.773 99.244 Mn-calcite 0.0171 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 45.059 99.357 Mn-dolomite 0.0642 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 45.127 100.692 Mn-dolomite 0.0001 0.0010 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.626 99.459 0.0003 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.561 99.175 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.828 99.793 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.817 99.772 0.0003 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.832 98.691 0.0008 0.0000 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.587 98.126 0.0002 0.0000 0.0006 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.859 98.811 0.0006 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.673 98.294 0.0000 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.602 98.089 0.0005 0.0000 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 41.920 96.586 total too low 0.0006 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 42.839 98.888 0.0005 0.0023 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.770 98.742 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.006 96.737 total too low 0.0001 0.0017 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.092 97.508 total too low 0.0011 0.0001 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.962 99.528 0.0014 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.294 99.187 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.053 98.447 Mn-calcite 0.0018 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.372 99.197 Mn-calcite 0.0066 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.057 98.912 Mn-calcite 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 42.738 97.934 total too low 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.222 99.391 Mn-calcite 0.0036 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 43.200 98.714 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.178 98.886 Mn-calcite 0.0035 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.064 98.201 0.0019 0.0014 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.854 98.375 0.0015 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.541 97.538 total too low 0.0003 0.0014 0.0007 0.0003 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 44.522 101.375 0.0001 0.0000 0.0008 0.0001 0.0004 1.0000 1 44.010 44.054 100.289 0.0000 0.0005 0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 44.406 101.081 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1.0000 1 44.010 44.556 101.426 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 44.326 100.869 0.0000 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 44.015 100.201 0.0010 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 44.645 101.587 0.0010 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.849 99.779 0.0001 0.0000 0.0006 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.402 101.044 0.0001 0.0000 0.0010 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.716 101.776 0.0001 0.0003 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.374 100.953 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0498 0.1471 1.0000 1 44.010 0.079 0.227 not a carbonate 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.199 98.413 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.375 100.933 783 Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins 784 Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins CO2 MgO CaO MnO FeO ZnO SrO BaO PbO Sample Easting Northing Elevation Label No Spot Specimen Fluorescence Host rock Ox%(C ) Ox%(O ) Ox%(Mg) Ox%(Ca) Ox%(Mn) Ox%(Fe) Ox%(Zn) Ox%(Sr) Ox%(Ba) Ox%(Pb) 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-26 44 LG calcite light green Limestone 43.540 0 0.252 56.185 0 0 0.0225 0 0 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-27 45 LG calcite light green Limestone 43.248 0 0.215 56.349 0.0723 0.0527 0.0169 0.0473 0 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-29 47 LG calcite light green Limestone 43.489 0 0.104 56.307 0.0138 0 0.0394 0 0 0.0479 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-25 43 LG calcite light green Limestone 43.547 0 0.105 56.197 0.0379 0 0 0.0247 0 0.0883 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-28 46 LG calcite light green Limestone 48.126 0 0.293 48.486 2.673 0.105 0.152 0.0313 0 0.134 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-1 175 a blocky calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.235 0 0.632 52.274 2.595 0.0635 0.191 0.0105 0 0 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-2 176 a blocky calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.102 0 0.614 53.239 1.928 0 0 0.116 0 0 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-3 177 a blocky calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.220 0 0.720 52.803 2.060 0.0777 0 0.12 0 0 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-4 178 a blocky calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.343 0 0.718 53.031 1.764 0 0 0.143 0 0 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-10 184 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.164 0 0.603 53.358 1.678 0.148 0 0.0492 0 0 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-7 181 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.357 0 0.560 53.316 1.539 0.102 0.107 0 0.0135 0.0051 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-9 183 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 43.815 0 0.532 53.878 1.432 0.110 0.0674 0.0368 0.1166 0.0126 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-5 179 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.287 0 0.837 53.263 1.283 0.216 0.0113 0.0677 0.0165 0.0177 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-8 182 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 43.968 0 0.502 54.438 0.819 0.124 0.0507 0.0731 0 0.0253 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-6 180 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.159 0 0.668 49.656 5.245 0.0316 0.0617 0 0 0.177 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-22 206 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 44.304 0 0.269 55.203 0.0621 0.0429 0.0564 0.0629 0 0 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-18 202 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 43.390 0 0.354 56.115 0.0517 0.044 0 0.0147 0 0.0303 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-20 204 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 44.528 0 0.390 54.185 0.836 0 0 0.0179 0 0.043 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-23 207 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 43.451 0 0.195 56.193 0 0.0154 0 0.0071 0.085 0.053 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-19 203 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 43.494 0 0.296 55.553 0.403 0.0911 0.0901 0 0 0.0733 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-21 205 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 44.0357 0 0.345 54.657 0.534 0.136 0.0394 0.0518 0.0783 0.124 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-1 19 NF calcite none Limestone 43.170 0 0.196 56.403 0 0 0.152 0.08 0 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-2 20 NF calcite none Limestone 43.266 0 0.236 56.302 0.0069 0.0187 0.045 0.0357 0.0894 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-3 21 NF calcite none Limestone 43.440 0 0.123 56.288 0 0 0.118 0.0169 0.015 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-5 23 NF calcite none Limestone 43.372 0 0.233 56.231 0.0344 0 0.129 0 0 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-4 22 NF calcite none Limestone 43.406 0 0.281 56.106 0.0482 0 0 0 0.0143 0.144 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-1 59 b calcite none Limestone 43.245 0 0.595 55.966 0.0138 0.0583 0.0508 0.0719 0 0 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-2 60 b calcite none Limestone 43.215 0 0.644 56.073 0.0242 0.0385 0 0 0.0065 0 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-3 61 b calcite none Limestone 43.626 0 0.746 55.491 0.069 0.0066 0 0.023 0.0381 0 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-5 63 b calcite none Limestone 43.431 0 0.680 55.662 0.0035 0.0814 0.0395 0.0571 0.0466 0 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-7 65 a calcite none Limestone 44.730 0 0.803 54.263 0.0518 0.0617 0 0.0905 0 0 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-9 67 a calcite none Limestone 43.397 0 0.678 55.849 0.0138 0.0253 0 0.0358 0 0 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-10 68 a calcite none Limestone 43.162 0 0.582 55.843 0.0828 0.0231 0.181 0.0421 0.0852 0 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-11 69 a calcite none Limestone 43.195 0 0.721 55.838 0.0414 0.146 0.0226 0.0216 0.0138 0 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-4 62 b calcite none Limestone 43.247 0 0.765 55.715 0.0828 0.11 0.0226 0.0301 0.0068 0.0202 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-6 64 a calcite none Limestone 43.609 0 0.556 55.589 0.0483 0.127 0 0.0337 0 0.0379 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-12 70 a calcite none Limestone 43.042 0 0.646 56.041 0 0.109 0 0.0176 0.0962 0.048 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-8 66 a calcite none Limestone 43.596 0 0.624 55.456 0.0517 0.0979 0 0.038 0.0153 0.121 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-17 138 d calcite vein none Limestone 44.688 0 0.352 53.826 1.0633 0 0 0.0709 0 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-18 139 d calcite vein none Limestone 44.0113 0 0.205 54.453 1.224 0.0274 0 0.0639 0.0152 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-19 140 e calcite vein none brown hornfels 44.287 0 0.137 53.661 1.812 0 0.0844 0.0195 0 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-20 141 e calcite vein none brown hornfels 44.913 0 0.100 53.168 1.805 0.0142 0 0 0 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-21 142 e calcite vein none brown hornfels 44.542 0 0.103 53.713 1.536 0.0044 0.09 0.0115 0 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-23 144 e hornfels none brown hornfels 44.147 0 0.212 54.878 0.485 0.0373 0.0281 0.0958 0.0735 0.0429 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-25 146 e hornfels none brown hornfels 44.0847 0 0.226 54.483 1.131 0.0099 0 0 0 0.0656 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-6 24 NF Mn oxide none Limestone 43.957 0 0.302 53.699 1.836 0.0164 0.0112 0.0222 0.0635 0.0934 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-7 25 NF Mn oxide none Limestone 43.898 0 0.090 55.315 0.482 0.0307 0.0675 0.0693 0.0478 0 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-17 17 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 44.389 0 0.247 51.918 3.405 0 0 0.041 0 0 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-14 14 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 44.536 0 0.226 51.190 3.925 0.0786 0.0224 0 0 0.0227 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-16 16 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 43.757 0 0.257 52.362 3.522 0.0164 0 0 0 0.0858 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-18 18 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 43.954 0 0.140 53.251 2.441 0.0634 0.118 0.0084 0.0171 0.0076 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-15 15 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 43.964 0 0.323 52.469 2.980 0 0.0953 0.0351 0.0531 0.0808 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-12 133 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.184 0 0.0464 53.924 1.8 0.0175 0.0281 0 0 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-15 136 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.228 0 0.493 54.392 0.847 0 0 0.0172 0.0225 0 785 Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins CO2 MgO CaO MnO FeO ZnO SrO BaO PbO Sample Easting Northing Elevation Label No Spot Specimen Fluorescence Host rock Ox%(C ) Ox%(O ) Ox%(Mg) Ox%(Ca) Ox%(Mn) Ox%(Fe) Ox%(Zn) Ox%(Sr) Ox%(Ba) Ox%(Pb) 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-13 134 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.358 0 0.0152 53.176 2.350 0 0 0 0.0937 0.0076 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-11 132 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.443 0 0.0634 53.505 1.724 0.012 0.0899 0 0.1128 0.0505 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-14 135 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.846 0 0.0701 52.583 2.358 0.023 0.0393 0.0055 0 0.0757 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-10 131 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.350 0 0.0965 53.717 1.738 0 0 0 0 0.0984 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-16 137 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.531 0 0.0579 52.169 3.108 0.0186 0 0 0 0.116 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-3 124 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.668 0 0.1004 53.397 1.666 0.0121 0.0731 0 0.0832 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-4 125 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 43.762 0 0.184 53.760 2.131 0 0.118 0.0131 0.0331 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-8 129 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.533 0 0.0918 53.461 1.831 0 0 0.0833 0 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-9 130 d calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.462 0 0.416 54.073 0.905 0 0.135 0 0.0102 0 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-27 148 calcite vein strong ORF calcite 44.534 0 0.176 53.228 2.013 0 0.0393 0.0073 0 0.0025 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-5 126 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.529 0 0.0888 54.342 0.902 0.0219 0.0113 0.0345 0.0435 0.0278 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-1 122 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.229 0 0.447 48.148 6.976 0.0218 0.0784 0.0619 0 0.038 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-2 123 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.653 0 0.086 53.768 1.368 0 0 0.0457 0.0309 0.048 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-7 128 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.827 0 0.120 53.420 1.513 0.0471 0 0.0201 0 0.053 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-6 127 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 43.801 0 0.129 54.128 1.809 0.0471 0 0.0078 0 0.0782 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-9 27 ORF calcite weak ORF Limestone 43.457 0 0.153 56.235 0.0965 0.0549 0 0 0.004 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-10 28 ORF calcite weak ORF Limestone 43.544 0 0.0499 56.338 0.0655 0.0022 0 0 0 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-12 30 ORF calcite weak ORF Limestone 43.816 0 0.0745 55.531 0.468 0.0143 0 0.0525 0.0408 0.0025 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-8 26 ORF calcite weak ORF Limestone 43.265 0 0.0772 56.459 0.117 0 0 0 0.003 0.0782 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-3 3 w calcite white Limestone 43.998 0 0.140 51.332 4.234 0.125 0.123 0.014 0.0334 0 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-6 6 w calcite white Limestone 44.475 0 0.184 51.146 4.088 0 0.0897 0 0.0173 0 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-7 7 w calcite white Limestone 44.335 0 0.176 50.704 4.564 0.116 0.0786 0.0264 0 0 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-5 5 w calcite white Limestone 44.292 0 0.226 51.240 4.117 0 0.0672 0 0.0401 0.0177 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-2 2 w calcite white Limestone 44.288 0 0.251 51.520 3.860 0 0 0.0113 0.0453 0.0252 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-1 1 w calcite white Limestone 43.681 0 0.244 50.170 5.666 0.132 0.0392 0.0405 0 0.0278 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-4 4 w calcite white Limestone 44.152 0 0.151 51.384 4.109 0 0.084 0 0.0067 0.114 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-13 31 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 43.962 0 0.0641 55.811 0.107 0.056 0 0 0 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-19 37 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.354 0 0.0632 56.305 0.141 0.0461 0 0.0004 0.0894 0 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-23 41 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 44.237 0 0.0801 55.335 0.310 0 0 0 0.0333 0.005 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-24 42 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.102 0 0.188 56.574 0.028 0.0538 0 0.0474 0 0.0076 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-14 32 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 44.070 0 0.0726 55.582 0.221 0 0.0225 0 0.0228 0.0101 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-21 39 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.833 0 0.0801 55.621 0.334 0.0461 0 0.0269 0.0363 0.0227 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-20 38 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.582 0 0.0857 55.954 0.244 0 0 0.0469 0.0623 0.0252 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-22 40 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.776 0 0.0575 55.758 0.234 0.0801 0.0056 0 0.0613 0.0278 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-15 33 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 43.707 0 0.0462 55.992 0.200 0 0 0 0.022 0.0328 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-17 35 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 43.691 0 0.0584 55.927 0.162 0.0209 0.0281 0.013 0.0463 0.053 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-16 34 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 44.004 0 0.0311 55.670 0.155 0.0593 0.0113 0.011 0 0.058 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-9 9 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.452 0 0.182 50.794 4.423 0 0.056 0.081 0.0121 0 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-10 10 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.287 0 0.239 50.528 4.586 0.199 0 0.101 0.0604 0 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-13 13 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.391 0 0.0578 53.182 2.258 0 0.0674 0.0329 0 0.0101 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-12 12 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.415 0 0.257 51.122 3.998 0.0403 0.0504 0.0466 0.0368 0.0353 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-11 11 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.338 0 0.155 51.319 3.741 0.296 0 0.113 0.0007 0.0378 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-8 8 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.070 0 0.180 51.086 4.462 0.111 0.0056 0.0448 0 0.0404 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-13 197 c calcite yellow lms/marble 44.598 0 0.179 53.975 1.102 0.132 0 0 0 0.0152 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-14 198 c calcite yellow lms/marble 43.839 0 0.454 54.306 1.280 0.0022 0.0394 0.0496 0.011 0.0202 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-4 188 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.461 0 0.0483 54.018 1.394 0 0 0 0.0789 0 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-7 191 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.521 0 0.241 54.248 0.823 0.0274 0.1069 0.0333 0 0 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-8 192 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.493 0 0.194 54.495 0.813 0.0055 0 0 0 0 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-9 193 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.632 0 0.194 54.369 0.631 0.0187 0.0676 0.0886 0 0 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-2 186 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.676 0 0.406 52.974 1.847 0 0 0.0333 0.0503 0.0126 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-3 187 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.622 0 0.203 53.954 1.130 0.0209 0 0.0237 0.0142 0.0329 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-1 185 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.071 0 0.0967 53.402 2.311 0 0 0.0425 0.0353 0.0404 786 Appendix Sample Easting Northing Elevation Label 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-26 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-27 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-29 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-25 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-28 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-1 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-2 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-3 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-4 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-10 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-7 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-9 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-5 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-8 4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-6 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-22 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-18 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-20 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-23 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-19 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-21 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-1 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-2 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-3 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-5 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-4 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-1 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-2 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-3 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-5 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-7 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-9 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-10 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-11 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-4 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-6 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-12 4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-8 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-17 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-18 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-19 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-20 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-21 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-23 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-25 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-6 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-7 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-17 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-14 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-16 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-18 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-15 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-12 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-15 Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % wt% CO2 by Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum mol CO2 g CO2 by stoichiometry Ox tot 0.0062 0.994 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.382 100.842 0.0053 0.992 0.0010 0.0007 0.0002 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.563 101.315 0.0026 0.997 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1 1 44.010 44.342 100.853 0.0026 0.996 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0004 1 1 44.010 44.269 100.722 0.0079 0.946 0.0412 0.0016 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0007 1 1 44.010 40.216 92.090 0.0159 0.944 0.0370 0.0009 0.0024 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.470 99.235 0.0153 0.956 0.0274 0.0000 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.698 99.596 0.0180 0.950 0.0293 0.0011 0.0000 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.602 99.382 0.0180 0.955 0.0251 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.558 99.215 0.0151 0.959 0.0238 0.0021 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.686 99.522 0.0140 0.961 0.0219 0.0014 0.0013 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.534 99.177 0.0132 0.963 0.0202 0.0015 0.0008 0.0004 0.0008 0.0001 1 1 44.010 43.908 100.093 0.0209 0.957 0.0182 0.0030 0.0001 0.0007 0.0001 0.0001 1 1 44.010 43.686 99.399 0.0125 0.973 0.0116 0.0017 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 1 1 44.010 43.918 99.950 0.0170 0.905 0.0756 0.0004 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 1 1 44.010 43.042 98.882 0.0067 0.990 0.0009 0.0006 0.0007 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.739 99.435 0.0087 0.990 0.0007 0.0006 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 1 1 44.010 44.497 101.107 0.0098 0.978 0.0119 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1 1 44.010 43.485 98.956 0.0048 0.994 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0002 1 1 44.010 44.361 100.910 0.0073 0.984 0.0056 0.0013 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 1 44.010 44.290 100.796 0.0086 0.980 0.0076 0.0019 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 1 1 44.010 43.775 99.740 0.0048 0.993 0.0000 0.0000 0.0018 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.595 101.425 0.0058 0.992 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0003 0.0006 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.525 101.259 0.0030 0.995 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.384 100.944 0.0057 0.992 0.0005 0.0000 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.476 101.103 0.0069 0.992 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 1 1 44.010 44.402 100.996 0.0145 0.983 0.0002 0.0008 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.674 101.429 0.0157 0.983 0.0003 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.749 101.534 0.0183 0.980 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.432 100.805 0.0167 0.981 0.0000 0.0011 0.0005 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.536 101.106 0.0201 0.977 0.0007 0.0009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.570 98.840 0.0166 0.983 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.610 101.213 0.0142 0.981 0.0012 0.0003 0.0022 0.0004 0.0005 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.666 101.504 0.0176 0.979 0.0006 0.0020 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.750 101.555 0.0187 0.978 0.0011 0.0015 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 1 1 44.010 44.710 101.463 0.0137 0.983 0.0007 0.0017 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 1 1 44.010 44.362 100.754 0.0157 0.982 0.0000 0.0015 0.0000 0.0002 0.0006 0.0002 1 1 44.010 44.797 101.755 0.0154 0.982 0.0007 0.0014 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0005 1 1 44.010 44.339 100.743 0.0089 0.975 0.0152 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.317 98.629 0.0051 0.976 0.0173 0.0004 0.0000 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.766 99.755 0.0034 0.969 0.0259 0.0000 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.440 99.154 0.0025 0.971 0.0261 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 42.964 98.050 0.0026 0.974 0.0220 0.0001 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.276 98.734 0.0053 0.985 0.0069 0.0005 0.0003 0.0009 0.0005 0.0002 1 4 44.010 43.709 99.562 0.0056 0.978 0.0161 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 5 44.010 43.725 99.641 0.0075 0.965 0.0261 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 1 9 44.010 43.673 99.717 0.0022 0.989 0.0068 0.0004 0.0008 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 1 10 44.010 43.907 100.008 0.0062 0.944 0.0490 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1 11 44.010 43.144 98.755 0.0057 0.936 0.0567 0.0011 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1 12 44.010 42.920 98.383 0.0064 0.943 0.0501 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 1 13 44.010 43.586 99.829 0.0035 0.959 0.0348 0.0009 0.0015 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 1 14 44.010 43.570 99.616 0.0081 0.947 0.0425 0.0000 0.0012 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 1 15 44.010 43.476 99.512 0.0012 0.973 0.0257 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 16 44.010 43.513 99.329 0.0123 0.975 0.0120 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 17 44.010 43.765 99.537 787 Appendix Sample Easting Northing Elevation Label 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-13 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-11 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-14 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-10 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-16 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-3 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-4 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-8 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-9 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-27 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-5 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-1 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-2 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-7 3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-6 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-9 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-10 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-12 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-8 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-3 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-6 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-7 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-5 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-2 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-1 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-4 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-13 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-19 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-23 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-24 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-14 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-21 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-20 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-22 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-15 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-17 3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-16 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-9 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-10 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-13 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-12 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-11 3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-8 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-13 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-14 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-4 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-7 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-8 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-9 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-2 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-3 4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-1 Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % wt% CO2 by Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum mol CO2 g CO2 by stoichiometry Ox tot 0.0004 0.965 0.0337 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 23 44.010 43.235 98.878 0.0016 0.971 0.0247 0.0002 0.0011 0.0000 0.0007 0.0002 1 27 44.010 43.228 98.785 0.0018 0.963 0.0341 0.0003 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1 29 44.010 42.859 98.013 0.0024 0.972 0.0249 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 1 31 44.010 43.360 99.010 0.0015 0.953 0.0449 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1 32 44.010 42.968 98.437 0.0025 0.972 0.0240 0.0002 0.0009 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 18 44.010 43.120 98.452 0.0046 0.963 0.0302 0.0000 0.0015 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 1 19 44.010 43.792 100.030 0.0023 0.971 0.0263 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1 20 44.010 43.228 98.695 0.0104 0.975 0.0129 0.0000 0.0017 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 21 44.010 43.527 99.066 0.0044 0.966 0.0289 0.0000 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 22 44.010 43.239 98.706 0.0022 0.984 0.0129 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 1 24 44.010 43.356 98.827 0.0114 0.885 0.1014 0.0003 0.0010 0.0006 0.0000 0.0002 1 25 44.010 42.692 98.464 0.0022 0.977 0.0197 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 1 26 44.010 43.178 98.525 0.0030 0.974 0.0218 0.0007 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1 28 44.010 43.041 98.214 0.0032 0.970 0.0256 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 1 30 44.010 43.790 99.988 0.0038 0.994 0.0013 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 33 44.010 44.394 100.937 0.0012 0.998 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 34 44.010 44.310 100.766 0.0018 0.991 0.0066 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 1 35 44.010 43.996 100.180 0.0019 0.996 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 36 44.010 44.482 101.217 0.0035 0.932 0.0608 0.0018 0.0015 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 1 37 44.010 43.224 99.225 0.0047 0.935 0.0591 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 38 44.010 42.930 98.454 0.0045 0.927 0.0659 0.0017 0.0010 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 39 44.010 42.941 98.605 0.0057 0.934 0.0593 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0003 0.0001 1 40 44.010 43.066 98.774 0.0064 0.938 0.0555 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0001 1 41 44.010 43.124 98.836 0.0061 0.910 0.0812 0.0019 0.0005 0.0004 0.0000 0.0001 1 42 44.010 43.279 99.598 0.0038 0.935 0.0591 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1 43 44.010 43.110 98.958 0.0016 0.996 0.0015 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 44 44.010 43.971 100.009 0.0016 0.995 0.0020 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 45 44.010 44.399 101.045 0.0020 0.993 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 1 46 44.010 43.717 99.480 0.0046 0.994 0.0004 0.0007 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 47 44.010 44.676 101.575 0.0018 0.995 0.0031 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 48 44.010 43.857 99.787 0.0020 0.992 0.0047 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 1 49 44.010 44.001 100.168 0.0021 0.993 0.0034 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0004 0.0001 1 50 44.010 44.200 100.618 0.0014 0.994 0.0033 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 1 51 44.010 44.042 100.266 0.0011 0.996 0.0028 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 1 52 44.010 44.130 100.422 0.0014 0.995 0.0023 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 1 53 44.010 44.113 100.422 0.0008 0.996 0.0022 0.0008 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1 54 44.010 43.879 99.875 0.0046 0.930 0.0640 0.0000 0.0007 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 1 55 44.010 42.874 98.422 0.0061 0.923 0.0663 0.0028 0.0000 0.0010 0.0004 0.0000 1 56 44.010 42.942 98.655 0.0015 0.965 0.0324 0.0000 0.0008 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 57 44.010 43.254 98.863 0.0065 0.934 0.0577 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 1 58 44.010 42.970 98.556 0.0039 0.937 0.0540 0.0042 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0002 1 59 44.010 43.002 98.664 0.0046 0.929 0.0641 0.0016 0.0001 0.0004 0.0000 0.0002 1 60 44.010 43.155 99.085 0.0045 0.978 0.0158 0.0019 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1 69 44.010 43.322 98.724 0.0113 0.970 0.0181 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0001 0.0001 1 70 44.010 43.959 100.121 0.0012 0.978 0.0200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 1 62 44.010 43.333 98.872 0.0061 0.980 0.0117 0.0004 0.0013 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 65 44.010 43.436 98.916 0.0049 0.983 0.0116 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 66 44.010 43.487 98.995 0.0049 0.984 0.0090 0.0003 0.0008 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1 67 44.010 43.357 98.725 0.0103 0.962 0.0265 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 1 68 44.010 43.194 98.518 0.0051 0.978 0.0162 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 1 71 44.010 43.299 98.678 0.0024 0.964 0.0330 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 1 73 44.010 43.486 99.414 788
Thesis/Dissertation
eng
Geological Sciences
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
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Patterns of distal alteration zonation around Antamina Cu-Zn skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits, Peru : mineralogical, chemical and isotopic evidence for fluid composition, and infiltration, and implications for mineral exploration
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