"CONTENTdm"@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1579670"@en . "Wallace B. Chung and Madeline H. Chung Collection"@en . "Charles, Sch\u00E4ffer Mrs."@en . "Brown, Stewardson, 1867-1921"@en . "2015-09"@en . "1907"@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/chungpub/items/1.0056397/source.json"@en . "xxxix, 353 pages : illustrations (some colour) ; 20 cm"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " V Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. (% Nat.)\nRed Monkey-Flower. .4\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094*\\n.Rocky\n\u00C2\u00AB.. Vi* =V? \u00C2\u00AB, 5 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 >\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 -\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nitlfcL\nnatural\nOzm-lngi mfi Photographs\nlift\n?* .7.51.,\nansi\ntltlC RC C HOC ft!\n1907\nLondon \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - <\nw& Alpine Flora\nof the\nCanadian Rocky Mountains\nClias. W. Armstrong\nH' \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 By\nStewardson Brown\nCurator of Herbarium Academy of Natural Sciences\nPhiladelphia\nIllustrated with Water-Colour Drawings and Photographs\nI f By\nMrs. Charles Schaffer\nG. P. Putnam's Sons\nNew York and London\n3be fmfcfterbocfeec press\n1907 Copyright, 1907\nBY\nG. P. PUTNAM'S SONS OFFERED TO THE LOVERS OF ALPINE\nFLORAE IN THE MEMORY OF DR. CHARLES\nSCHAFFER OF PHILADELPHIA, WHO WAS\nAMONG THE PIONEER BOTANISTS OF THE\nCANADIAN ROCKIES, AND WHO EARLY\nRECOGNISED THIS REGION AS A NEW\nAND INTERESTING FIELD FOR STUDY PREFACE\nThe present volume, though prepared in\nmanual form, is meant only as a guide to\nthe rich and interesting flora of the Canadian\nRockies and Selkirks or those portions\ntraversed by the Canadian Pacific Railway\nbetween Banff and Glacier. While many of\nthe plants herein described are found throughout the entire region, yet the species characteristic of the two mountain ranges are vastly\ndifferent. For the most part those of the Rockies might be characterised as plants adapted to\nthe withstanding of severe conditions of\ndrouth and cold, being mostly low and tufted,\nwith small surfaces of leaf exposure, either\nthick and leathery or in many instances\nwith an ample covering of protecting hairs;\nwhile those of the Selkirks, owing to the more\nhumid atmospheric conditions, are essen- VI\nPreface\ni i\ntially moisture-loving forms, with a luxuriant\ngrowth of stems and leaves; it is only where\nthe conditions are similar in the two regions\nthat we find the same or similar forms\nexisting:. Few of the more characteristic\nRocky Mountain species extend west of the\ndivide, while of those of the Selkirks, few\nextend east of it, except where there is a\nluxuriant forest growth, with-the consequent\nretention of moisture, and then only at altitudes of from 2000 to 3000 feet greater.\nContrasting the plants of this region with\nthose of the European Alps it is interesting\nto note, that while the species are for. the\nmost part vastly different, yet there is a\ncertain close resemblance in the families\nand genera which are represented; the\nAnemones are here, but not in the scarlets\nand crimsons, running more to whites and\npurples, and so are the Buttercups, dwarf\nmany of them, but with large, showy flowers;\nthe Saxifrages and Drabas are innumerable\nas are the Vetches and also the Heaths, but Preface\nVII\nthe latter with fewer and very different\nspecies. Some plants, however, like the White\nMountain Avens (Dryas octopetala), the\nButterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris), the Moss\nCampion (Silene acaulis), the Mountain\nCranberry (Vitis-idcBa) and the Low Cranberry (Oxycoccus), the One-flowered Winter-\ngreen (Moneses uniflora), the Forget-me-not\n(MyosQtis alpestris) and others are found\non both sides of the Atlantic, yet we have\nno such array of Primroses or Gentians as\nour European brothers, though both genera\nare represented with us, while on the other\nhand they can boast of nothing comparable\nto our Indian Paint Brush, found throughout\nthe region on the river-shores and bars during\nlate June and early July and later through\nthe summer in its innumerable forms and\ncolours in the moist alpine meadows and\nslopes.\nThe ferns and their allies with the more\nstriking of the trees and shrubs have been included in the present work, together with the\nJ Vlll\nPreface\nmajority of the herbaceous flowering plants,\nthough some of the largely represented but less\nstriking groups such as the Grasses, Sedges,\nand Willows have been entirely omitted,\nnot seeming of sufficient general interest to\nwarrant the space required for their intelligent treatment. The species are arranged in\naccordance with their scientific relationships,\nwith keys to the genera and a general key\nto the families. Among the illustrations\nherein contained, many of the plants of\nthe Northwest are figured for the first time.\nAcknowledgment is here made to Messrs.\nDavid McNicoll, Robert Kerr, and other\nofficials and employees of the Canadian\nPacific Railway Company through whose\ncourtesy was made possible the gathering of\nthe data for the basis of this work.\nS. B.\nAcademy of Natural Sciences,\nPhiladelphia, October 28, 1907. CONTENTS\nPAGE\nPreface ....\nV\nGlossary ....\n. XXV\nGeneral! Key to the Families\nxXxiii\nAdder's-Tongue Family\ni\nFern Family\n3\nHorsetail Family\n14\nClub-moss Family\n18\nSelaginella Family\n22\nPine Family .\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 '23\nYew Family ....\n34\nArum Family\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 . 35\nBunch-Flower Family\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 36\nLily Family .\n1\n41\nLily-of-the-Valley Family\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . 45\nIris Family .\n52\nOrchid Family . . .\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 53\nIX\nJ x Contents\nPAGE\nWillow Family .\n68\nBirch Family\n70\nMistletoe Family\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 72\nSandalwood Family\nV\n73\nBuckwheat Family\n75\nPurslane Family\n80\nPink Family\n81\nCrowfoot Family\n90\nBarberry Family\n109\nPoppy Family\nno\nMustard Family .\nin\nStone-Crop Family\nI25\nGrass-of-Parnassus Family\nI^SS\n126\nSaxifrage Family\n128\nGooseberry Family\n146\nRose Family\n150\nApple Family\n165\nPlum Family\n167\nPea Family\n168\nFlax Family\n182\nCrowberry Family\n183\nStaff-Tree Family\n184 Contents\nXI\nPAGE\nMaple Family\n-\n. 185\nSt. John's-wort Family\n. 186\nViolet Family\n. 187\nOleaster Family.\n. 191\nEvening Primrose Family\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 193\nGinseng Family .\n. 199\nCelery Family\n201\nDogWood Family\n. 205\nWintergreen Family .\n207\nHeath Family\n211\nHuckleberry Family .\n220\nPrimrose Family\n226\nGentian Family .\n231\nBuckbean Family\n236\nDogbane Family\n237\nWater-Leaf Family\ni <\n238\nBorage Family .\n240\nMint Family\n244\nFigwort Family .\n248\nButterwort Family\n262\nMadder Family .\n263\nHoneysuckle Family .\n264 Xll\nContents\nPAGE\nValerian Family\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n271\nBellflower Family\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 273\nChicory Family .\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 275\nThistle Family .\n. . V\n. 283\nIndex ...\n. .\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 323 ILLUSTRATIONS\nPLATE\nFACING PAGE\nMimulus Lewisii Pursh. Red Monkey-Flower . . Frontispiece\ni _Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White Pine\ni Pinus Mttrrayana Oreg. Com. Jack\nPine ......\n2 Larix Lyallii Pari. Lyall's Larch\n2 Thuja plicata Don. Giant Cedar\n3 Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt. Bal\nsam Fir .....\n3 Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf!) Sudw.\nDouglas Spruce ....\n4 Tsuga Mertensiana\nMountain Hemlock\nTsuga heterophylla\nHemlock\n(Bong.) Carr.\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n(Raf.) Sarg.\nPicea albertiana. S. Brown. Alberta\nSpruce .....\nZygadenus elegans Pursh. Tall Zy-\ngadenus .....\n24\n24\n26\n26\n28\n28\n30\n30\n32\n38\nXlll XIV\nIllustrations\nPLATE\nFACING PAGE\n6 Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. Zyga-\ndenus . . \". . .38\n7 Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray).\nRydb. Stenanthium . . .40\n7 Clintonia uniflora Kunth. Clintonia 40\n8 Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. False As\nphodel . . . . .42\n8 Vagnera stellata (L) Morong., Star-\nFlowered Solomon's Seal . . 42\n9 Erythronium grandiflorum. Pursh.\nSnow Lily . . .. !|jj . 44\n10 Lilium montanum A. Nels, Red Mountain-Lily . . . ^fjjjj . 46\n10 Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb) Kear\nney. Kruhsea . . . .46\n11 Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small\nWhite Lady's Slipper . . . 54\n11 Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.\nSmall Yellow Lady's Slipper . . 54\n12 Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L). Karst.\nCoral-Root . , . . . . 56\n12 Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.)\nSchott. Western Skunk-Cabbage . 56\n13 Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. Calyp\nso 58 k-\nIllustrations\nXV\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nPLATE FACING\nPAGE\n*3\nOrchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small\n. Round-Leaved Orchid\n58 1\n14\nLimnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb.\nII'\nPurplish-Green Bog-Orchid\n62 S\n14\nPeramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong.\nMenzies' Rattlesnake Plantain\n62 1\n-$flti\nOphrys borealis (Morong). Northern\nTwayblade . . . .\n64\n15\njQ pfyrys nephrophylla Rydb. . Heart-\nShaped Twayblade\nm 1\n15\nCoeloglossum bracteatum (Willd)\nPari. Long-Br acted Orchid .\n64\n15\nLimnorchis fragrans Rydb. Fragrant\nI :\nWhite Bog-Orchid\n64\n15\nLysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb.\nSmall Northern Bog-Orchid .\n64\n16\nComandra pallida DC. White Coman-\ndra ......\n74\n16\nEriogonum subalpinum Greene. Tall\nWhite Eriogonum\n74\nf7\nClaytonia lanceolata Pursh. Spring\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 Beauty .....\n80\n|7\nClaytonia parvifolia Moc. Small-\nLeaved Spring Beauty .\n80 ^ H\n18\nSilene acaulis L. Moss Campion\n82\n18\nLychnis apetala L. Nodding Lychnis\n82 XVI\nIllustrations\nPLATE FACING PAGE\n19 Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton.\nNorthern Stitchwort || . . 86\n19 Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Blunt-\nLeaved Sandwort . . . . 86\n19 Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.)\nRegel. Rock Sandwort . . . 86\n20 Caltha leptosepala Hook. . . 104\n20 Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb.\nWestern Globe-Flower . - . .104\n21 Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. Small\nBlue Columbine . . . .102\n22 Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellow\nColumbine . . | . .106\n22 Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Western Col\numbine . . . . 1 106\n23 Delphinium Brownii Rydb. Mountain\nLarkspur . . . . .108\nr\n23 Anemone globosa Nutt. Wind-Flower 108\n24 Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Al\npine Anemone ....\n24 Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern\nAnemone . . . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A78 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n25 Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton\nPasque-Flower ....\n25 Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.)\nFreyn. Western Anemone\n92\n92\n94\n94\nMl Illustrations\nXVI1\nPLATE\nFACING PAGE\n26 Atragene Columbiana Nutt. Purple\nVirgin' s-Bower\n27 Ranunculus saxicola Rydb.\n27 Ranunculus alpeophilus. A Nels.\n27 Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. Snow\nButtercup ....\n28 Ranunculus eremogenes Greene\nDitch Crowfoot\n28 Ranunculus Purshii Richards. Pursh'\nButtercup ....\n28 Ranunculus inamcenus Greene .\n29 Thalictrum megacarpum Torr .\n29 Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray.\nWestern Meadow-Rue .\n30 Delphinium Menziesii DC. Blue\nLarkspur ....\n30 Lithophragma parviflora (Hook\nNutt. Lithophragma .\n31 Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A\nGray. Bladder-Pod\n31 Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A\nMeyer. Smelowskia\n32 Draba oligosperma Hook. Whitlow\nGrass ....\n32 Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nels\nMountain Whitlow-Grass\n90\n100\n100\n100\n98\n98\n98\n96\n96\nno\nno\n116\n116\n112\n112 XVI11\nPLATE\nIllustrations\nFACING PAGE\n33 Draba glaciali\u00C2\u00A7 Adams Whitlow-Grass 114\n33 Draba aurea Vahl. Golden Whitlow-\nGrass . . . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 .114\n34 Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fern.\nMarsh Grass of Parnassus \u00C2\u00BB. . 126\n34 Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp\nGooseberry . . . . .126\n35 Mitella nuda L. Naked Bishop's-Cap. 132\n35 Pectiantia pentandra-(Hook.) Rydb.\nMitrewort . . . . .132\n36 Saxifraga cernua L. Nodding Saxi\nfrage . . . . . . 136\n36 Saxifraga rivularis L. Alpine Brook\nSaxifrage . ... ,. . 136\n37 Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.)\nSmall. Nelson's Saxifrage . .140\n37 Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small.\nLyall's Saxifrage . . . .140\n38 Muscaria caespitosa (L.) Haw.\nTufted Saxifrage . . . .138\n38 Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene)\nSmall. Mountain Saxifrage .138\n39 SpatulariaBrunoniana(Bong.) Small.\nSail Saxifrage . . . .142\n39 Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand),\nSmall. Common Saxifrage . . . 142\nwmmmmm Illustrations\nxix\nPLATE FACING PAGE\n40 Tiarella unifoliata Hook. Western\nFoam-Flower . . . .150\n40 Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze.\nCut-Leaved Lutkea . . 150\n41 Rubus pedatus Smith. Creeping\nRaspberry . . . . .152\n42 Rubus parviflorus. Nutt. Salmon-\nBerry . . . . .156\n43 Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb.\nWild Strawberry . . . .158\n43 Amelanchier flinda Lindl. Service\nBerry . . . . .158\n44 Dry as octopetala L. White Mountain\nAvens. . . . . .164\n44 Dry as Drummondii Rich. Drum-\nmond's Mountain Avens . .164\n45 Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens . 162\n45 Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. Long-\nPlumed Purple Avens . . .162\n46 Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. Arc\ntic Vetch . . . . .172\n46 Homalobus aboriginorum (Rich)\nRydb. Indian Vetch . . .172\n47 Aragallus deflexus. (Pall.) Heller.\nDrooping Vetch . . . .176\n17 Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. Sticky\nOxytrope . . . . .176 XX\nIllustrations\nPLATE FACING PAGE\n48 Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene.\nLoco-Weed . m . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 .180\n48 Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. White\nVetch . . . . .180\nSU 1\n49 Empetrum nigrum L. Black Crowberry 182\n49 Linum Lewisii Pursh. Wild Blue-\nFlax . . . . , . . 182\n50 Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf\nMountain Lover\n50 Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb\nDog Violet\n184\n184\n51 Elasagnus argentea Pursh. Silver-Berry 190\n51 Lepargyrsea canadensis (L.) Greene\nBuffalo-Berry . . '.- .190\n52 Epilobium luteum Pursh. Yellow\nWillow-Herb . . . .194\n52 Chamsenerion latifolium (L.) Sweet.\nBroad-Leaved Willow-Herb . . 194\n53 Chamsenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.\nFire-Weed . . , .. .196\n53 Berberis aquifolium Pursh. Trailing\nMahonia . . . . .196\n54 Echinopanax horridum. (Smith)\nDec. & Planch. Devil's-Club 1 200 Illustrations\nXXI\nPLATE\nFACING PAGE\n55 Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr.\nBunch-Berry . . . .204\n56 Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-Leaf\nWinter green . . . .208\n56 Pyrola uliginosa Torr. Bog Winter-\ngreen . . . . . . 208\n56 Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. One-\nFlowered Winter green . . .208\n57 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt.\nPrince's Pine . . . .210\n57 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.\nBear-Berry . . . . .210\n58 Oxy coccus oxy coccus (L.) MacM.\nSmall Cranberry . . . .212\n58 Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. Ovate-\nLeaved-Winter green . . .212\n58 Vitis-idaea Vitis-idaea (L.) Britton.\nMountain Cranberry \ . .212\n59 Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don.\nWhite Heath . . . .216\n59 Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith)\nDon. Red False-Heather . . 216\n59 Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.)\nRydb. White False-Heather . 216\n60 Ledum grcenlandicum (Eder. Labra\ndor Tea . . . . .218 XX11\nIllustrations\nPLATE FACING PAGE\n60 Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb.\nWhite Mountain Rhododendron . 218\n61 Menziesia ferruginea Smith. Smooth\nMenziesea . . . . .220\n61 Kalmia microphylla (Hoo^:.) Heller.\nDwarf Swamp-Laurel . . .220\n62 Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb.\nAlpine Bilberry . . . .222\n62 Vaccinium globulare Rydb. Thin-\nLeaved Bilberry . . . .222\n62 Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blue\nberry . ... . .222\n63 Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. Mac-\ncalltis Primrose . . .228\n63 Androsace carinata ' Torr. Sweet\nAndrosace . . . . . 228\n64 Trientalis arctica Fisch. Arctic Star-\nFlower ..... 230\n64 Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. Shoot\ning-Star . . . . .230\n65 Gentiana affinis Griseb. Large Gen-\nHan\n234\n65 Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. Ro-\nmanzoffia ..... 234\n66 Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray.\nMountain Phacelia . . .238\nIHM Illustrations\nXXI11\nPLATE\n66\n67\n67\n68\n68\nFACING PAGE\nPhacelia heterophylla Pursh .\nLappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene.\nFalse Forget-me-not\nLithospermum linearifolium Goldie.\nNarrow-Leaved Puccoon\nCollinsia parviflora Dougl.\nFlowered Collinsia\nSmall-\nElephantella grcenlandica (Retz.)\nRydb. Long-Beaked Elephantella .\n69 \"Pentstemon confertus Dougl. Yellow\nBeard-Tongue . . .\n69 Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb.\n70 Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene.\nLarge Purple Beard-Tongue .\n70 Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort .\n71 Linnasa americana Forbes. American\nTwin-Flower ....\n71 Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. Fly\nHoneysuckle ....\n72 Lonicera involucrata (Rich.) Banks.\nInvolucred Fly Honeysuckle .\n73 Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Wild\nHeliotrope . ....\n73 Lobelia Kalmii strictinora Rydb.\nBrook Lobelia .\n238\n242\n242\n248\n248\n350\n250\n262\n262\n266\n266\n270\n272\n272 XXIV\nIllustrations\nPLATE\n74\n74\n75\n75\n75\n76\n76\n76\n77\n78\n78\n79\n79\nFACING PAGE\nHieracium umbellatum L. Narrow-\nLeaved Hawkweed\nAgoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene.\nErigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane\nErigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A^ Gray.\nLarge Purple Fleabane .\nSaussurea densa Hook. Saussurea .\nErigeron discoideus Rydb. \\nErigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson.\nBlack-Headed Fleabone\nErigeron multifidus Rydb. Cut-\nLeaved Fleabane .\nAster Lindleyanus T. & G.\nErigeron aureus Greene^ Golden\nFleabane . . . \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 .\nGaillardia aristata Pursh. Great-\nFlowered Gaillardia\nArnica cordif olia Hook. HearULeaved\nArnica ......\nArnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered\nArnica\n276\n276\n288\n288\n288\n292\n292\n292\n298\n302\n302\n304\n304 GLOSSARY\nAcaulescent: with stem so short that leaves appear\nto arise directly from root.\nAchene: a small, dry, one-seeded indehiscent, seedlike fruit.\nAcuminate: tapering gradually to a point.\nAcute: with an abrupt point.\nAdnate: growing together as the stamens with the\npetals,' or the anthers with the filament.\nAlternate: (leaves) not opposite but arising at\ndifferent points on the stem. Stamens are alternate with petals when they are situated in the\nintervals.\nAnther: the part of the stamen which contains the\npollen.\nApical: pertaining to the top or apex.\nAuriculate: with ear-like appendages at base.\nAxial: pertaining to an axis.\nBilabiate: two-lipped.\nBlade: the expanded portion of a leaf.\nBract: a modified and usually small leaf at the base\nof a flower or flower-cluster. In the latter case\nit is usually associated with others. .\nBracteolate: furnished with small bracts.\nC^espitose: growing in tufts.\nCalyx : the outer whorl of floral leaves forming usually\na green cup.\nCampanulate : bell-shaped.\nCanescent: greyish-white, due usually to fine hairs.\nCapillary: hair-like.\nXXV\n\ XXVI\nGlossary\nCapitate: arranged in a head; knob-like.\nCapsule: a dry, dehiscent seed-vessel.\nCarpel: a pistil-leaf. The pistil is regarded as being\ncomposed of one or more such carpels.\nCatkin : the scaly, cylindrical flower-cluster of Willow,\nBirch, etc.\nCaudate: with a tail-like appendage.\nCaudex: the perennial rootstock. ofr an otherwise\nannual plant.\nChartaceous: papery or parchment-like.\nCiliate : fringed with marginal hairs.\nCinereous : ashen or greyish.\nCleistogamic : (flowers) never opening as the late\nflowers of violets, etc.\nConnate: united.\nCordate: heart-shaped.\nCoriaceous: leathery.\nCorm: a solid bulb.\nCorymbose: with a flat-topped or convex flower-\ncluster, the flower-stalks of which arise at different\npoints on the axis, and of which the outermost\nflowers are the oldest.\nCrenate: with rounded teeth.\nCrenulate: with small rounded teeth.\nCuneate: wedge-shaped.\nCuspidate: ending in a sharp, hard point.\nCyme: a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the\nflower-stalks of which arise at different points\non the axis, and of which the innermost flowers\nare the oldest.\nDeciduous : subject to fall, as leaves of most trees and\ncalyx and corolla of most flowers before the fruit\nforms.\nDecumbent: (stems) reclining on the ground with\nsummit tending to rise.\nm I\nGlossary\nxxv 11\nDecurrent: (leaves) with base prolonged below insertion and forming a sort of wing.\nDeltoid: broadly triangular.\nDentate: toothed, usually with teeth projecting\noutwards.\nDenticulate: with little, outwardly projecting teeth.\nDioecious : having staminate and pistillate flowers\n' on separate plants.\nDisc: the central part of a head as opposed to the ray,\ne. g., in the sun-flower. Also a fleshy expansion\nof the receptacle of the flower.\nDrupe: a stone-fruit.\nDrupelet: a small stone-fruit.\nELXiPTic: with the outline of an ellipse.\nEntire : with the margin even and not toothed, -lobed,\nor divided.\nErose: irregularly margined.\nFimbriate: fringed.\nPloccose: with loose tufts of wool-like hairs.\nFoliaceous : leaf-like.\nFollicle : a fruit of one carpel (pistil-leaf) which splits\nonly by one suture.\nFusiform : spindle-shaped.\nGalea: a helmet-shaped body.\nGlandular: with small prominences which appear\nto have a secreting function.\nGlaucous : covered with a bluish or white bloom.\nGlobose: spherical.\nIncised : sharply and irregularly cut into.\nIndusium: the membrane covering the fruit-dots of\nferns.\nInferior: (side of flower) the one away from the axis\nof the flower-cluster; (ovary) united with the\ncalyx-tube, the other floral parts apparently\ngrowing from its summit. XXV111\nGlossary\nInflorescence: the mode of arrangement of flowers\non the stem; the flower-cluster.\nInternode : the portion of ^he stem between the places\nwhere the leaves arise.\nInvolucre : a whorl of small leaves at the base of a\nflower or flower-cluster.\nKeel: the lower petals of the peculiar corolla of the\npea, etc., which are united in the forni of the keel\nof a boat.\nLaciniate: with deep, triangular, narrow lobes.\nLanate: woolly.\nLanceolate: narrow and tapering at each end.\nLateral: pertaining to the side.\nLeaflet: one of the divisions of the blade of a compound leaf.\nLinear : narrow and flat with the margins parallel.\nLyrate: lyre-shaped.\nMonoecious: having the separate staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant.\nMucronate : with a short, abrupt point.\nNode: the point of the stem from which one or more\nleaves arise.\nOblanceolate: lance-shaped with the base tapering\ndownwards.\nObtuse: blunt.\nOrbicular: circular.\nOvate: egg-shaped (applied to flat bodies).\nOvoid: egg-shaped (applied to solids).\nPalmate: (compound leaf) with the divisions so\narranged that they radiate from the petiole like\nthe fingers of the hand.\nPanicle: a branched, flower-cluster with the older\nflowers outermost.\nPaniculate: with much branched open flower\nclusters. Glossary xxix\nPapillae: minute, blun^ projections.\nPappus: the bristles, awns, or hairs which crown the\nfruit of the Composites.\nParietal : (placentas) attached to the wall of the ovary.\nPeduncle: a flower-stalk.\nPerennial: lasting from year to year.\nPerfoliate : (leaves) having the basal part so extended\nand united as to make it appear as though the\nstem grew through them.\nPerianth: the calyx and corolla collectively.\nPetal: a corolla-leaf.\nPetaloid: petal-like.\nPetiole: the leaf-stalk.\nPinnae : the primary divisions of a compound leaf.\nPinnate: compound with leaflets arranged along a\ncommon axis.\nPinnatifid: pinnately cleft.\nPinnules: secondary pinnas.\nPlacentae : the parts of the ovary to which the seeds\nare attached.\nPlumose: feathery.\nPollen : the fertilising powder of the anther.\nPolygamous: having both perfect and imperfect\nflowers.\nProstrate: lying flat on the ground.\nPuberulent: covered with tiny almost imperceptible\nhairs.\nPulvini: cushions or pads.\nRaceme: a flower-cluster in which the stalked flowers\nare arranged along an elongated axis.\nRacemose : raceme-like.\nRachis: the axis.\nRadical : arising from the root, or portion of the stem\nresembling the root.\nReceptacle: the usually somewhat enlarged portion\n1 XXX\nGlossary\nof the stem on which parts of a flower or of a\nflower-cluster are borne.\nReniform: kidney-shaped: |\nRepand : wavy-margined.\nReticulate : arranged like a network.\nRevolute: rolled backward.\nRhizome: an underground stem; a rootstock.\nRhombic : having the shape of a four-sided figure with\nparallel and equal sides which may be either\nperpendicular or oblique to each other.\nRhomboid: of a somewhat rhombic shape.\nRotate: wheel-shaped.\nRuncinate : coarsely cut into with the segments turned\nbackward.\nSagittate: shaped like an arrow-head with the lobes\nturned downward.\nSamara: a simple, indehiscent, winged fruit.\nSaprophyte : a plant which grows on dead organic\nmatter.\nScale : a minute, rudimentary leaf.\nScape: a leafless or nearly leafless flower-stalk arising\nfrom near the ground.\nScarious: dry, thin, membranous.\nScurf : minute scales on the epidermis (skin).\nSepals : the divisions of the calyx.\nSerrate: with teeth pointing forwards.\nSerrulate: with minute forward pointing teeth.\nSessile: (leaf) without any stalk.\nSheath : a tubular structure such as is formed by the\nlower part of the leaves of. grasses, etc.\nSilicle: a short and broad silique.\nSilique: the elongated two-valved and usually dehiscent fruit of the Cress family. It is divided\nby a partition and the placentae are parietal.\nSinuate: with a strongly wavy margin. Glossary\nxxxi\nSinus: the recess between the lobes of a leaf.\nSori: the fruit-dots of ferns.\nSpadix: a fleshy spike as in the Araceae..\nSpathe: a large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a\nflower or an inflorescence.\nSpatulate : spoon-shaped.\nSpike: a flower-cluster in which the flowers are stalk-\nless on an elongated axis.\nSporanges: the sacs containing the spores.\nSpore: the reproductive body of ferns.\nSporophyll: leaf-like organ or receptacle containing\nspores.\nStam-en: the organ of the flower which produces the\npollen.\nStaminodia: sterile stamens or structures which are\ndeveloped in the place of stamens.\nStellate : star-shaped.\nStipe: the leaf-stalk of a fern.\nStipule : an appendage such as is found at the base of\nmany leaf-stalks.\nStolon : a trailing and rooting shoot.\nStriate: marked with slender, longitudinal stripes.\nStrict: straight and upright.\nStyle: (of pistil) the elongated portion at top of ovary.\nSubulate : awl-shaped.\nSuperior: (side of flower) the one next the axis of a\nflower-cluster; (ovary) free from calyx tube.\nTerete: cylindrical, circular in cross-section.\nTern ate: in threes.\nTomentose : clothed 'with matted wool-like hairs.\nTorulose: knobby; swollen at intervals.\nTruncate: as if cut off at the top.\nTubercle: a small knob-like outgrowth.\nTurbinate: top-shaped.\nUmbel: an umbrella-like flower-cluster. xxxn\nGlossary\nUndulate: wavy.\nValvate : (leaves in bud) meeting by the margins, not\noverlapping.\nVerticillate : whorled.\nVexillum: the standard of the peculiar flower of\npea, etc.\nVillous : with long soft hairs. v GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES\nPLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS\nFerns and their Allies\nLeaves large, fern-like.\nSporanges in a spike or panicle above the sterile\nleaf. Ophioglossaceae.\nSporanges borne in sori, on the backs or margins of\nthe leaves. Polypodiaceae.\nLeaves small, reduced to scales.\nStems erect, hollow, jointed, rush-like; leaves reduced to sheaths at the joints; sporanges in\nthe terminal, cone-like spike. Equisetaceae.\nStems not hollow, creeping; leaves numerous, scalelike ; sporanges of one kind, solitary in the axils\nof the leaves. Lycopodiaceae.\n. Stems creeping, moss-like; leaves numerous; sporanges of two kinds in the axils of the upper\nleaves, which are formed into a quadrangular\nspike. Selaginellaceae.\nPLANTS WITH FLOWERS\nWoody Stemmed Plants ; Trees, Shrubs, and Vines\ntrees or shrubs with resinous juice; leaves\nusually evergreen.\nFruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. Pinaceae.\nFruit a fleshy crimson berry. Taxaceae.\n1111 xxxiii xxxviii General Key to Families\nLeaves not evergreen, simple, lobed,\nor much divided.\nSmooth.\nStems erect or floating.\nRanunculaceae.\nStems creeping.\nFlowers white or pink.\nRosaceae.\nFlowers yellow. Ranunculaceae.\nRough-hairy.\nFlowers yellow or pink. Rosaceae.\nFlowers white, blue or purple.\nRanunculaceae.\n\u00C2\u00A7\u00C2\u00A7 Leaves mostly on the stem.\nLeaves finely cut; stems creeping;\nflowers white. Rosaceae.\nLeaves entire.\nLeaves bright green, black dotted;\nflowers yellow. Hypericaceae.\nLeaves glaucous, without black dots;\nflowers blue. Linaceae.\n(e) Flowers with 5 sepals and 5 united petals\nor lobes.\nfStamens 3; flowers small, in terminal\nclusters. Valerianaceae.\nttStamens 5.\nOpposite to the corolla lobes.\nPrimulaceae.\nAlternate with the corolla lobes.\n1 Stems smooth, leafy; corolla cam-\npanulate.\nStem leaves broad;\nStem leaves narrow;\nflowers pink.\nApocynaceae.\nflowers blue\nCampanulaceae. General Key to Families xxxix\nStems rough-hairy.\nCorolla salver-form; stamens in- \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\neluded. Boraginaceae.\nCorolla tubular; stamens exserted.\nHy drophyllaceae.\nttfStamens 10; flowers mostly in terminal\nheads or singly. Pyrolaceae.\n** Flowers irregular.\n(a) Leaves all entire and basal, forming ro\nsettes ; flowers blue. Lentibulariaceae.\n(b) Leaves all heart-shaped; flowers blue, white\nor yellow. Violaceae.\n(c) Leaves not heart-shaped, simple or much\n! cut, not pinnate.\nStems square; flowers in close verticels in\nthe axils of the leaves or in terminal\nheads. Menthaceae.\nStems round; flowers numerous in elongated terminal leafy heads or few on\nslender stems in the axils of the upper\nleaves. Scrophulariaceae.\n(d) Leaves palmate; flowers blue in elongated\nspikes. Ranunculaceae.\n(e) Leaves pinnately divided; flowers pea-like.\nPapilionaceae.\n(/) Leaves compoundly lobed, not pinnate.\nStems low, spreading, flowers small in\ndense terminal or axillary spikes.\nPapaveraceae.\nStems erect; flowers drooping in open terminal heads, either showy and spurred\nor not showy and without spurs; leaves\nmaiden-hair fern-like. Ranunculaceae. Alpine Flora of the Canadian\nf Rocky Mountains\nOPHIOGLOSSACEiB\nAdder's-Tongue Family\nMore or less succulent fern-like plants,\nconsisting of a stem and leaf growing from\na fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a\nspike or panicle.\nBotrychium VeiT fleshy> 2\"12 itlcheS hiSh'\nlunaria (L.) Leaf usually sessile, borne at or\nSw- above the middle of the stem,\nMoon-wort. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A7\u00C2\u00A7|11 Wm o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 r\npinnate with 2-8 pairs of moonlike or fan-shaped lobes which vary from cre-\nnate to entire and either close and folded\ntogether or distant; spore-bearing portion 2 Ophioglossaceae\n2-3 pinnate, often dense,^ 1-2 inches long,\nabout as high as the leaf.\nIn open or exposed situations, frequently\non the tops of the highest mountains, rather\nrare; occurring in midsummer.\nBotrychium\nsimplex E.\nHitchcock.\nSmall Moon\nwort.\nPlant 2-6 inches high, slender and\nvery variable. Leaf ovate, ob-\novate or oblong, entire, lobed or\npinnately parted, borne near the\nbase of the stem; spore-bearing\nportion a simple or slightly compound spike,\nsometimes reduced to only a few sporanges;\napex of the leaf and spore-bearing portion\nerect in fruit.\nIn alpine meadows or grassy slopes,\nfrequently through the Rockies but very\ninconspicuous; during summer.\nStem slender, 4 inches to 2 feet\nhigh. Leaf thin, ternately divided and spreading 3-12 inches\nacross, pinnately much divided\ninto oblong-toothed segments;\nspore-bearing portion long-stalked, much\nBotrychium\nvirginianum\n(L.) Sw.\nVirginia\nGrape Fern. Polypodiaceae 3\nabove the leaf 2-3 pinnate, cinnamon brown,\nwhen ripe.\nIn rich moist woods, sparingly throughout\nthe region during the summer.\nPOLYPODIACEAE\nFern Family\nFerns of various habits, the rootstocks\nhorizontal, often.elongated or short and erect;\nthe leaves simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or\ndecompound, coiled at the ends when young.\nSporanges borne in clusters (sori) on the\nlower side or margins of the leaves or their\nsegments, with or without a membranous\ncovering (indusium).\nRepresented in the region by the following 10 genera.\nSori without indusia, leaves 2-3 pinnate or ternate.\nPhegopteris.\nSori with marginal indusia formed by the more or\nless altered edge of the leaf.\nSporanges at the ends of the veins, borne on a re-\nflexed portion of the leaf. Adiantum.\nSporanges on a continuous vein-like receptacle\nwhich connects the apices of the veins.\nPteridium. 4\nPolypodiaceae\nSporanges at or near the ends of the unconnected\nveins.\nLeaves of two kinds, the spore-bearing ones contracted and more or less-pod-like.\nCryptogramma.\nLeaves uniform; sori minute, indusium usually\ninterrupted. ^jf; Cheilanthes.\nSori not marginal, provided with spinal indusia.\nSori oblong on oblique veins; leaves pinnate.\nAsplenium.\nSori round.\nIndusium conspicuous.\nLeaves firm; indusium peltate. Polystichum.\nLeaves membranous; indusium reniform.\nDryopteris.\nIndusium inconspicuous. ;?\u00C2\u00A3\u00C2\u00A3\nIndusium under the sorus, stellately divided.\nWoodsia.\nIndusium hooded, fixed by a broad base. Filix.\nRootstock short, thick, erect or\noblique; stems 4-10 inches long\nwith a few brown spreading\nscales near the base; leaves 1-2\nfeet long, oblong-lanceolate,\nthrice pinnate, the pinnae deltoid-lanceolate, the lower ones distant\nand smaller, pinnules oblong-lanceolate,\nfinely cut-toothed; sori small, rounded\nand nearly marginal.\nPhegopteris\nalpestris\n(Hoppe) -\nMett.\nWestern\nBeech Fern. Polypodiaceae\nOn moist banks in the Selkirks, frequent\nespecially in the vicinity of Glacier, where\nit forms clumps of considerable diameter, up\nto 7000 feet elevation.\nPhegopteris\nPhegopteris\n(L.)Un- \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nderw.\nLong Seech\nFern.\nRootstock slender and creeping;\nstems 6-9 inches long; leaves\ntriangular, thin, usually longer\nthan broad, 6-9 inches long,\n4-6 inches broad, hairy on the\nveins, especially beneath; pinnae\nlinear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed\nand standing forward, segments oblong,\nobtuse, entire, the basal ones joined to the\nmain rachis; sori small, near the margin.\nIn moist woods in the Selkirks at the\nlower elevations, not Common.\nPhegopteris Rootstock slender, extensively\nDryopteris creeping; leaves or short black\n(L.) Fee. stipes, broadly triangular 4-8\nOak Fern. \u00E2\u0096\u00A0, WA ,-. m\ninches wide, the three primary\ndivisions 1-2 pinnate, segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; sori near the margin.\nIn moist woods and thickets throughout 8\nPolypodiaceae\nCryptogram -\nma Stelleri\n(S. G.\nGmel.)\nPrantl.\nSlender\nCliff-brake\nRootstock slender, creeping,\nthread-like; stems slender, scattered 2-3 inches long, dark\nbrown; leaves thin, ovate in\noutline 2-5 inches long, 1-2\ninches wide, 2-3 pinnate or\npinnatifid above, the fertile\ntaller, with narrower pinnules and segments,\npinnae lanceolate-deltoid, cut to the rachis,\nin few lobed or entire segments; indusium\nbroad; veins conspicuous.\nIn crevices of damp.or dripping rocks,\npreferably limestone, in the Rockies up to\n7000 feet elevation; not common.\n_ .. . Rootstock creeping, covered with\nF6ei Moore. Pale rusty-brown scales; stems\nHairy Lip tufted, wiry, chestnut brown,\nFem. 2_4 inches long, hairy; leaves\noblong-lanceolate in outline 4-9 inches long,\ngradually attenuate to the apex, twice\npinnate; pinnules somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply pinnatifid or\nincised, more or less covered with stiff Polypodiaceae\nhairs and usually somewhat glandular; sori\nnumerous, covered by the infolded ends of\nthe rounded oblong lobes.\nOn rocks and among broken stones at the\nlower altitudes of the eastern Rockies; growing in matted masses.\nAsplenium Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy\nviride_Huds. with brown scales; stems nu-\nGreen merous, densely tufted, brown-\nSpleenwort. ish bdow> green above; leayes\nlinear-lanceolate, 2-8 inches long, once pinnate, pale green, with 12-20 pairs of ovate\nor rhomboid, crenate, obtuse, unequal-sided\npinnules; sori oblong, numerous, or scattered.\nOn dry rocks and slides, frequent through\nthe Rockies.\nRootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of the plant;\nstems tufted, 6-10 inches long;\nstraw-colored, brownish or reddish, with scattered brown scales\nwhich are large and numerous at the broadened base; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate,\nAsplenium\nFilix-foem-\nina (L.)\nBernh.\nLady Fern IO\nPolypodiaceae\npinnae lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8 inches long;\npinnules lanceolate, incised or serrate, sori\nshort, the indusia straight or variously\ncurved.\nIn moist woods and thickets throughout\nthe region but especially in the Selkirks,\nbeing a common fern in the woods in the\nvicinity of Glacier.\nt> t i ^ Rootstock short, stout, and\nPolystichum\nLonchitis densely chafly; stems 1-5 inches\n(L.) Roth. long, bearing large dark-brown\nHolly Fern. scaies> with some smaller ones;\nleaves rigid, leathery, and evergreen, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate;\npinnae broadly lanceolate, scythe-shaped,\n1-2 inches long, acute or acuminate at the\napex, with an ear-like projection on the\nupper side at the base, and with a nearly\nstraight edge on the lower, densely spiny-\ntoothed ; sori large, nearer the margin than\nthe midrib.\nIn large tufts among rocks throughout\nthe region. Polypodiaceae\nii\nRootstock stout, ascending, or\nDryopteris\nFilix-mas erect, chaffy; stems 4-6 inches\n(L.) Schott. long, very chaffy below; leaves'\nMale Fern. broadly lanceolate, acute or\nacuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed at\nthe base, 1-3 feet long, rather firm, half\nevergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate; pinnae\nlanceolate, broadest at the base, gradually\nacuminate, 3-6 inches long, pinnatifid almost\nto the rachis, or pinnately divided into\noblong, smooth lobes; sori large, borne near\nthe margin, more numerous on the lower\nhalves of the segments.\nIn rocky woods in the Selkirks on the\nlower slopes of Mt. Macdonald.\nRootstock stout, chaffy; stems\n6-18 inches long, bearing large\nbrown scales with dark centres;\nleaves broadly ovate or triangular ovate, commonly 3-pin-\nnate; pinnules lanceolate-oblong,\nthe lowest often much elongated;\nsori medium size; indusium smooth.\nIn moist woods through the Selkirks,\nDryopteris\nspinulosa\ndilatata\n(Hoffm.)\nUnderw.\nSpinulose\nShield Fern\ni\njj_ 12\nPolypodiaceae\nprobably the most abundant fern in the\nvicinity of Glacier.\nDryopteris\noreopteris\n(Sw.)\nMaxon.\nRootstock short, erect or decumbent, scaly; stems light\nstraw-colored, 2-6 inches long,\ntufted, copiously scaly throughout, with light brown scales; leaves 1J-2\nfeet long, rather firm, broadly-lanceolate,\ngradually tapering from near the middle\nto both ends; pinnae 2-3 inches long, deeply\npinnatifid, gradually shorter to the lowest\nwhich are more distant, broadly triangular,\nand less than an inch long; segments flat,\noblong, and nearly entire; rachis straw-\ncolored, densely scaly with light brown\nscales, nearly to the apex.\nIn the Selkirks on the moist mountain\nslopes and rocky ravines at Glacier.\nWoodsia\nscopulina\nD. C. Eaton.\nRocky\nMountain\nWoodsia.\nRootstock short, creeping, and\ndensely chaffy; stems brown,\ndarker at the base, 2-4 inches\nlong, glandular-hairy; leaves\nmostly glandular-hairy through- Polypodiaceae\n13\nout, lanceolate, 6-12 inches long, tapering\nfrom about the middle to both ends; pinnae\nnumerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid into oblong-toothed segments; sori nearly marginal.\nIn crevices in the rocks and among broken\nstones on slides, throughout the Rockies, up\nto an elevation of 7000 feet; frequent.\nWoodsia\noregana\nD. C. Eaton.\nOregon\nWoodsia.\nRootstock short; stems smooth,\nbrownish below. Leaves smooth,\n2-10 inches long, lanceolate;\npinnae triangular, oblong, obtuse,\npinnatifid, lower ones rounded\nand somewhat remote from the others;\nrachis straw-colored; pinnules oblong-ovate,\ndentate or crenate, the teeth often turned\nback and covering the submarginal sori.\nAmong broken stones on the slides near\nthe base of Mt. Stephen in the Rockies.\n\u00E2\u0080\u009E.,. , ... Rootstock short; stems 4-8\nFilix fragilis '\n(L.) Un- inches long, leaves thin, smooth\nderw. Brit- throughout, oblong-lanceolate,\ntie Fern. only slightly tapering below,\n4-10 inches long; pinnate or 2-3 pinnatifid;\ni H\nEquisetaceae\npinnae lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid with a broad central space, and bluntly\nor sharply toothed segments, decurrent\nalong the margined or winged rachis; sori\nsmall, half way between the margin and the\nmidrib; indusium narrow, soon withering.\nIn crevices in rocks and among broken\nstones throughout the Rockies.\nFilix mon- Rootstock slender, widely creep-\ntaha (Lam.) ing; stipes 6-9 inches long, slen-\nUnderw. clev; leaves deltoid-ovate, 3-4\npinnate, 3-6 inches broad, the lowest pinnae\ntriangular-lanceolate and much larger, their\ninferior pinnules i-i? inches long, deeply divided into oblong lobes, deeply toothed; sori\nnumerous; indusium acute, soon withering.\nOn damp mossy banks and rocks throughout the Rockies; not common.\nEquisetace^j\nHorsetail Family\nGreen, rush-like plants with usually hollow,\nm Equisetaceae\n15\njointed, simple or often much branched\nstems, rising from subterranean rootstocks;\nthe branches verticillate.\nLeaves reduced to toothed sheaths; sporanges clustered beneath the scales of\nterminal, cone-like spikes.\nEquisetum Stems annual, the fertile ap-\narvense L. pearing in early spring before\nField Horse- the sterile; fertile stems 4-10\ninches high, soon withering,\nlight> brown, their loose sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown\nacuminate teeth; sterile stems green, much\nbranched and slender, 2 inches to 2 feet high\nwith numerous, mostly simple, 4-angled\nsolid branches with 4-toothed sheaths.\nIn moist sandy soil throughout the region,\nfrequent in wet woods and swampy places.\nStems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring, before\nthe sterile, at first simple, at\nlength much branched, resembling the sterile except in the withered apex;\nEquisetum\nsylvaticum\nL. Wood\nHorsetail. i6\nEquisetaceae\nstems 8-20 inches high, producing verticillate\ncompound branches which are curved downward; sheaths loose and cylindric, those of\nthe stem whitish, with 8-14 rather blunt\nbrown teeth.\nIn moist sandy woods and thickets in the\nSelkirks, not common.\nStems annual, all alike, 2-4 feet\nEquisetum\nfiuviatiie L m&n> bluish green, smooth, usu-\nSwamp ally producing upright branches\nHorsetail. after the spores are formed;\nsheaths appressed with about 18 dark brown\nor nearly black, short acute teeth.\nIn sloughs and shallow ponds throughout\nthe region, frequent.\nStems stiff, evergreen, 2-4 feet\nhigh, rough, 8-34-furrowed, the\nridges with two distinct lines\nof tubercles; sheaths rather long,\ncylindric, marked with one or\ntwo black girdles, teeth dark brown or nearly\nblack and membranous, soon deciduous;\nspikes tipped with a rigid point.\nEquisetum\nhyemale L\nCommon\nScouring- <\nrush. Equisetaceae\n17\nIn wet places and on banks and slides in\nthe valley of the Kicking Horse River.\nEquisetum\nvariegatum\nSchl. Variegated\nEquisetum.\nStems perennial, slender, evergreen, 6-18 inches long, rough,\nusually simple from a branched\nbase, commonly tufted, 5-10\nfurrowed; sheaths companulate,\ndistinctly 4-keeled, green variegated with\nblack above; the teeth 5-10, each tipped\nwith a deciduous bristle.\nIn moist, sandy soil throughout the region\nup to an elevation of 7000 feet, sometimes\nforming large patches.\nEquisetum Stems perennial, evergreen, very\nscirpoides slender, 3-6 inches long, rough,\nMichx. flexuous and curving, growing\nin tufts closely matted to the ground, mostly\n6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or\nbranching from near the base; sheaths black,\nwith three membranous rather persistent\nbristle-tipped teeth.\nOn moist sandy shaded banks throughout\nthe Rockies. 18 Lycopodiaceae\nLycopodiace^e\nClub-moss Family\nBranching, moss-like plants with small\nlanceolate or subulate, sometimes oblong\nor roundish simple leaves, arranged in two\nor many ranks on trailing or sometimes\nerect, usually branched stems.\nSporartges solitary in the axils of the\nleaves or on their upper surfaces.\nLycopodium\nSelago L.\nFir Club-\nmoss.\nStems usually yellowish throughout, 3-6 inches high, thick, rigid,\nerect, 2-5 times forked, the\nbranches forming a level topped\ncluster; leaves crowded, uniform, ascending,\nelongated, lanceolate with a spiny tip, the\nupper mostly 8-ranked and sterile, those\nbelow bearing small sporanges in their axils,\nleaves of the lower half of the stems again\nsterile; plant propagated also by enlarged\nbud-like organs.\nThroughout the region in alpine meadows\nand slopes above 6000 feet elevation.\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0M Lycopodiaceae\nJ9\nT a- ~ Stems much branched, slender,\nLycopodium ' '\nannotinum prostrate and creeping, rather\nL. Stiff stiff, 1-4 feet long, the branches\nClub-moss. similar> ascending 5-8 inches\nhigh, sparingly forked; leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, linear-lanceolate, minutely serrulate, nerved below, spikes solitary\nor several at the ends of the branches,, oblong,\ncylindric 1-1J inches long, composed of ovate\nor ovate-cordate, short acuminate and\ndenticulate bracts, each with a sporange\nin its axil.\nIn woods throughout the region, frequent.\nRunning\nPine.\nStems extensively creeping, 1-4\nLycopodium ,\nclavatum L. ^eet long with similar short,\nirregular ascending or decumbent, densely leafy branches;\nleaves much crowded, many ranked, incurved, linear^subulate, bristle-tipped, the\nlower denticulate, the upper nearly entire or\nslightly decurrent on either side; spikes 1-4\non long peduncles; bracts membranous,\nroundish, and. irregularly denticulate below. 20\nLycopodiaceae\nIn dry woods and open grounds, rather\nrare in the region, observed only in the\nSelkirks around Glacier and Roger's Pass.\nLycopodium\nsitchensis\nRupr.\nArctic Club-\nmoss.\nStems prostrate, 8\u00E2\u0080\u009412 inches long,\non or a little beneath the surface;\nsending up frequent branched\nstems which form compact\nmasses of vertical, compressed\nbranches 2-3 inches high, with occasional\nstronger, spike-bearing branches; leaves lanceolate with a broad base, spreading and\ncurving upwards, thick, entire, acute, in five\nrows on the branchlets; the spikes nearly\nsessile.\nOn grassy alpine slopes 6000 feet and\nupwards in the Selkirks, especially in the\nregion about Glacier.\nLycopodium\ncompla-\nn a turn L.\nTrailing\nChristmas-\ngreen.\nStems extensively creeping, with\nerect or ascending reinform or\nfan-shaped branches, several\ntimes forked above with crowded\nflattened branchlets; leaves\nminute, overlapping, flattened, Lycopodiaceae\n21\n4-ranked, the lateral row with somewhat\nspreading tips; peduncle slender, 2-6 inches\nhigh, forked, bearing 2-4 linear-cylindric\nspikes, bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, with\npale irregularly cut margins.\nIn mossy woods at the lower altitudes,\nmore or less frequent throughout the region,\nespecially in the Rockies.\nLycopodium Stems Prostrate, 8-20 inches\nalpinum L. long on or near the surface of\nAlpine the ground, forming numerous,\nciu -moss. several times branched clusters\n2-3 inches high with glaucous leaves, and\noccasional stouter, compressed spike-bearing\nstems, extending above the others; leaves\n4-ranked, erect, flattened, those of the lateral\nrows two to three times larger than those\nintermediate; spikes sessile, few, |\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00C2\u00A7 of an\ninch long.\nIn alpine meadows, on slopes, and in open\nwoods throughout the region from 6000 feet\nupwards. 22 Selaginellaceae\nSELAGINELLACEiE\n*\"'ft'-iif: V\nSelaginella Family\nMoss-like plants with branching stems and\nscale-like leaves which are many ranked\nand uniform, or 4-ranked and of two types\nspreading in two planes. Sporanges solitary\nin the axils of the leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular\nspikes.\nSelaginella\nselaginoides\n(L.) Link.\nLow Selaginella.\nSterile stems, prostrate and\ncreeping, small and slender; fertile stems thicker, ascending,\nsimple 1-3 inches high; leaves\nlanceolate, acute, spreading,\nsparsely spinulose-ciliate; spikes solitary at\nthe ends of the fertile branches, bracts lax,\nascending lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,\nstrongly fringed.\nA light green moss-like plant growing in\nwet sandy grounds in the Rockies; not\ninfrequent. Pinaceae\n23\nSelaginella Densely tufted sterile branches\ndensa very short and crowded; leaves,\nRydb. densely crowded, many-ranked\nlinear or needle-shaped in age, slightly flattened and grooved on the upper side, the\nmargin fringed, tipped with a white bristle;\nfertile branches erect, the spikes quadrangular \u00C2\u00A7\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00C2\u00A7 of an inch long, bracts folded\ntogether, thick, triangular-ovate, fringed on\nthe margin and tipped with a white bristle\nhalf as long as that of the leaves.\nIn sterile dry ground and on exposed rocks\nthroughout the region from the bases to the\ntops of the highest mountains, forming\ngrayish-green mats on the ground.\n1\niO\nPlNACE^E.\nPine Family\nResinous trees and shrubs mostly with\nevergreen, narrow, entire or scale-like leaves;\nthe pollen sacks and ovules borne in separate\nspikes; fruit a cone with numerous, several 24\nPinaceae\nor few, woody, papery or fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like; seed wingless or winged.\nScales of the fruit numerous, alternate; leaf\nbuds scaly.\nLeaves in clusters.\nClusters ensheathed at the base, containing 2,3, or 5\nleaves. Pinus.\nClusters not ensheathed at the base containing\nmany leaves. Larix.\nLeaves solitary.\nCones erect; scales deciduous. Abies.\nCones pendent; scales persistent.\nBranchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed.\nPseudotsuga.\nBranchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases.\nLeaves petioled, not pungent. Tsuga.\nLeaves sessile, pungent. Picea.\nScales of the fruit few, opposite; leaf buds naked.\nFruit fleshy and berry-like. Juniperus.\nFruit a dry cone. Thuja.\n1 1\nA tree 20 or 30 feet high generally\nwith a short trunk 2-4 feet in\ndiameter, stout, very flexible\nbranches, often standing nearly\nerect and forming an open\nirregular broad head; often a low shrub and\nnearly prostrate at high altitudes; bark\nPinus albi-\ncaulis En-\ngelm.\nWhite-bark\nPine. 9> P-i\n\u00C2\u00A3 aJ\na; C\nS?\u00C2\u00A3\nW o>\n+\u00C2\u00BB\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2^H\nCQ X\nMi\n=3*\nSJ^ ^\n1^ o\nXJ\neJ\nDO\n25!\u00C2\u00A7i\n3\ns= CI\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0-- j.^ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ^H\n55,\n0< I\nI 111 Pinaceae\n25\nthin with creamy-white plate-like scales;\nleaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, clustered at the ends of the branches i|-2| inches\nlong; cones oval or subglobose horizontal,\nsessile, dark purple, 1J-3 inches long with\nthickened acute scales.\nOn alpine slopes and exposed ridges from\n5000 feet elevation upward, occurring occasionally in the Rockies, but frequent\nthroughout the Selkirks at or near the timber\nline.\nPinus Mur-\ntayana\nOreg. Com.\nBlack Pine,\nJack Pine.\nA tree 40-80 feet high with\na trunk 1-3 feet in diameter,\nslender, & strict; branches frequently persistent nearly to the\nbase of the stem, somewhat\npendulous below, ascending near the top\nof the tree, forming a pyramidal spire-\ntopped head; bark thin, close, light orange-\nbrown with appressed scales; leaves 2 in a\na bundle, yellowish green, 1-3 inches long,\nstout; cones yellowish-brown and shining\noval to sub-cylindric oblique at the base, often 1-i\n26\nPinaceae\nclustered f-2 inches long, with slightly concave scales with slender deciduous prickles.\nThe most abundant tree at the lower altitudes througliout the Rockies, frequently\ncovering vast tracts, and rising on the mountain sides to 6000 feet or occasionally higher.\nLarix\nLyallii\nPari.\nLyalVs\nLarch.\nA tree usually 40-50 feet high\nwith a diameter of 18-20 inches\nand remote, elongated, tough,\npersistent, nearly black branches,\nwith prominent winter buds with\nconspicuous long white matted hairs fringing\nthe margins of their scales and often nearly\nconcealing the buds; bark on the old trunks\nJ to I of an inch thick, pale gray, divided\ninto shallow irregular plates; leaves many\nin a cluster, 4-angled, slender, blue-green\n1-1J inches long; young cones showy with\ndark red or yellow-green scales and dark\npurple bracts; when mature, ovate 1J-2\ninches long with reddish-purple scales and\nlong tipped dark purple bracts.\nAn alpine tree occurring with more or\nmm .y o\nX Pinaceae\n27\nless frequency throughout the Rockies\nfrom Banff to Field, from 6000 to 8000 feet\nelevation, at or near the tree limit, often\nmuch stunted and almost shrub-like; very\nabundant on the mountains in the region\nabout Lake Louise.\nAbies lasio-\ncarpa\n(Hook)\nNutt. Sub-\nalpine Fir,\nBalsam Fir\nA tree usually 40-100 feet high\nwith a trunk 1-5 feet in diameter,\nshort crowded tough branches,\nusually slightly pendulous near\nthe base and forming dense\nspire-like slender heads; bark\nrough on the older trees, with thick, ap-\npressed, cinnamon-red scales; leaves pale\nblue-green flat, i-if inches long on the lower\nbranches, rounded or notched at the apex;\non the upper branches thickened, not more\nthan J an inch long, flattened and closely\nappressed with long rigid points; cones,\noblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed apex, dark purple\nand soft hairy, 1J-4 inches long with scales\ngradually narrowed from the broad rounded 28\nPinaceae\napex to the base, about 3 times as long as\nthe bracts.\nThis tree the Balsam of the region is found\nthroughout on the higher mountain slopes\nand summits, frequently forming the timber\nline in which case it is shrub-like and stunted.\nPseudotsuga\nmacronata\n(Raf.)\nSudw.\nDouglas\nSpruce,\nRed Fir.\nA magnificent tree 80-100 feet\nhigh, with a trunk 2-3 feet in\ndiameter, or frequently larger,\nwith slender crowded branches\nand long pendulous lateral ones\nforming, while the tree is young,\nan open pyramid, soon deciduous from the trees crowded in the forest and\nleaving the bare trunk naked for \u00C2\u00A7 of its\nheight and surmounted by a comparatively\nsmall, narrow head; bark on the young trees,\nsmooth, dark gray-brown and lustrous, on\nthe old trunks several inches thick, divided\ninto oblong plates broken into irregularly\nconnected ridges; leaves crowded, yellowish-\ngreen, st light or slightly curved, narrow,\nf-ij inches long, obtuse or acute at the ii f Pinaceae\napex; cones pendent on long stout stems,\n2-4I inches long, with thin slightly concave\nscales; bracts often extending half an inch\nbeyond the scales.\nw\nThroughout the Rockies in the lower\nwooded valleys, the handsomest tree of this\nsection especially when young, now rather\nrare in the mature state along the line of\nthe railway, but may be so seen to perfection in the Yoho and some of the other outlying valleys.\nTsuga\nheterophylla\n(Raf.) Sarg.\nWestern\nHemlock.\nA tree frequently 200 feet high,\nwith a trunk 6-10 feet in diameter, with short slender usually\npendulous branches forming a\nnarrow pyramidal head; bark\norange-brown, thin when young, an inch\nor more thick on mature trees and divided\ninto broad flat ridges; leaves flat, dark green\nand lustrous on the upper surface, marked\nbelow by broad white bands; cones sessile,\noblong or oval, f-i inch long with few yellowish-brown oblong scales abruptly contracted 3\u00C2\u00B0\nPinaceae\nat the middle and purplish toward the\nbase.\nAbundant throughout the Selkirks.\nTsuga\nMertensiana\n(Bong.)\nCarr.\nMountain\nHemlock.\nTree usually 70-100 feet high\nwith a tapering trunk 2-5 feet\nin diameter and gracefully pendent slender branches and drooping lateral ones; bark grayish\nand scaly, on mature trees i-i|\ninches thick divided into rounded ridges\nwith closely appressed cinnamon scales;\nleaves more or less in clusters, standing out\nall over the sides of the branches, rounded,\nlight bluish-green or in some pale blue J-i\ninch long; cones sessile, cylindric, oblong,\nnarrowed toward the blunt apex and somewhat toward the base, pendulous, 1-3 inches\nlong, with thin scales usually as broad as\nlong, with slightly thickened or erose margins, purplish-brown, 4 times as long as the\nsharp, purple bract.\nOn the slopes and exposed ridges through\nthe Selkirks, a most attractive tree. jr&pr&p.\n>?\no\n0)\n-2 W\n1\n!\nPQ\n\u00C2\u00AB Pinaceae\n3i\nPicea Al-\nbertiana S\nBrown.\nAlberta\nSpruce.\nA tree 30-60 feet high, slender,\nstrict; twigs smooth and shining\nor occasionally glandular, hairy,\nbut never glaucous, yellowish-\nbrown when young becoming\ndarker with age, leaf-bases long and standing out at right angles from, the stem;\nleaves pale blue or blue-green, J-i inch\nlong, nearly straight or curved, acute or\nwith a rigid tip, 4-sided; cones ovate or oblong, bright crimson when young, at maturity\n1-1J inches long and nearly as broad\nwhen expanded, scales stiff and rigid, broadly\nrounded at the apex, entire, broader than long,\ncinnamon brown with a chestnut edging;\nbract very small' with a sharply angular tip.\nThe common spruce in the lower valleys\nand river bottoms throughout the Rockies.\nPicea Engel-\nmanni\n(Parry)\nEngelm.\nEngelmann's\nSpruce.\nA tree often 150 feet high but\nusually much lower, with a\ntrunk reaching 4-5 feet in diameter ; spreading branches, produced in regular whorls and\nforming a narrow compact py- ;\n32\nPinaceae\nramidal head, and gracefully hanging short\nlateral branches; bark when mature reddish-\nbrown and broken into thin scales; leaves\nsoft and flexible, slender or slightly incurved,\nstouter on the fertile branches, |-ij inches\nlong, glaucous when young, becoming dark\nblue-green; cones oblong-cylindric, 1-2 inches\nlong, lustrous, light chestnut brown with\nthin flexible wedge-shaped scales, with erose-\ndentate margins.\nOn the higher mountain slopes in the\nRockies, but much lower in the valleys of\nthe Selkirks, where it grows to a great size.\nJuniperus\nSiberica\nBurgs.\nAlpine\nJuniper.\nA depressed rigid shrub, with\nmany slender, decumbent stems,\ncurving upward and forming a\ncircular mass frequently 10 feet\nin diameter and 18 inches high;\nbark reddish-brown; leaves numerous |-J\nan inch long, awl-shaped, rigid, spreading\nnearly at right-angles to the branches, linear-lanceolate, acute, and tipped with sharp,\nslender points; channelled and whitened Pinaceae\n00\nabove, lustrous-green beneath; berry-like\ncones, blue and glaucous, subglobose or\noblong about \ of an inch in diameter.\nOn dry hills and stony slopes throughout\nthe region.\nJuniperus\nprostrata\nPers.\nShrubby\nRed Cedar\nA depressed, creeping shrub seldom more than a foot high, with\nspreading branches; bark grayish-brown; leaves scale-like, ap-\npressed, 4-ranked, acute, with\na short spiny point; berry-like cones, light\nblue and glaucous, a third of an inch in\ndiameter.\nOn dry stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies.\nThuja A tree frequently 200 feet high\nplicata Don. with a broad, gradually tapering\nGiant Cedar, buttressed base sometimes 15\nfeet in diameter; branches short, horizontal,\nusually pendulous at the ends, bright yellow-\ngreen during the first year, becoming reddish\nbrown and lustrous; bark thin, cinnamon- HIM\n34\nTaxaceae\nred, divided into broad rounded ridges by\nshallow fissures; leaves ovate, long pointed,\n| of an inch long or less; cones purplish-\nbrown, much reflexed, clustered at the ends\nof the branches, J inch long with 6 oblong\nthin leathery scales with thickened spine-\nbearing tips.\nOccasionally met with in the lower valleys\non the western slope of the Rockies; becoming an immense forest tree in the moist\nvalleys of the Selkirks where it forms a\nstriking feature of the landscape.\nTaxace^j\nYew Family\nTrees or shrubs with narrow flat evergreen\nor deciduous leaves and a drupe-like fruit.\nTaxus brevi-\nfolia Nutt.\nWestern\nYew.\nA small straggling tree or shrub\nseldom over 20 feet high and up\nto 12 inches in diameter; bark\nthin, covered with greenish pur- Araceae\n35\npie scales; leaves about J an inch long,\nlinear-lanceolate, flat, dark yellowish-green\nabove, paler below with stout midribs and\nrigid points; fruit a fleshy crimson disc\nJ of an inch long and as broad, surrounding the hard, nearly black, depressed\nseed.\nOccurs locally in the Selkirks, forming\nmuch of the underwood on Beaver Creek.\nAraceae\nArum Family\nSmooth perennial herbs with tuberous or\ncorn-like rootstocks and mostly basal, large\nshowy leaves; flowers small and numerously\ncrowded on a spadix which is generally\nsurrounded or subtended by a simple showy\nleaf-like organ called a spathe.\nA very numerous family found mostly in\nthe tropics and represented in our region\nby but a single species. 36\nMelanthaceae\nLysichiton\nkamtschat-\ncense (L.)\nSchott.\nWestern\nSkunk Cabbage.\nA stemless marsh plant with\nlarge leaves 1-4 feet long, 3-18\ninches wide, oblong or oblong-\nlanceolate, acute, narrowed below into a short petiole. Flowers\nappearing before the leaves;\nspathe yellow with a broad\nacute blade 2-6 inches long, narrowed below\nto a sheathing petiole 3-10 inches long;\nspadix 2-4 inches long, densely flowered, on\na stout peduncle 8 inches or more long.\nIn wet and marshy spots through the\nSelkirks. Very .abundant near Bear Creek\nStation on the railway, flowering in early\nspring.\nMelanthaceae\nBunch-Flower Family\nLily-like plants with leafy stems, usually\nwith tufts of grass-like leaves at the base\nand rootstocks or occasionally bulbs.\nThe flowers small and distinctly 6-parted, Melanthaceae\n37\nwith the same number of stamens and three\nstyles J the flowers grow in close heads at the\ntop of the stems.\nAnthers, i-celled.\nLeaves broad, petioles sheathing. Veratrum.\nLeaves grass-like.\nFlowers erect with a gland at the base of each\npetal. Zygadenus.\nFlowers nodding, petals without glands.\nStenanthella.\nAnthers, 2-celled. Tofieldia.\nVeratrum\nviride Ait\nAmerican\nWhite\nHellebore.\n. Stem 2-8 feet high, very leafy,\nsoftly hairy especially above.\nLeaves dark green above, paler\nand hairy beneath, prominently\nveiny and sheathing at the base,\noval or elliptic, acute, 6-12 inches long,\n3-6 inches broad, the upper becoming successively narrower. Flowers yellowish-green,\nnumerous in a spreading head often 2 feet\nlong, with drooping branches; perianth segments oblong or oblanceolate,- acute, J-J\nan inch long, twice as long as the stamens.\nIn swamps and on moist slopes and stream, 38\nMelanthaceae\nborders throughout the region, frequently\ngrowing in great masses. In the Rockies\nit seldom grows below 6000 feet elevation,\nbut is found much lower in the moist valley\nof the Selkirks'.\n\u00E2\u0080\u009E Very glaucous throughout, with\nZygadenus J fe &\nelegans a cluster of narrow, grass-like\nPursh. Tall' leaves 5-10 inches long and J\nZygadenus. {nch brQadj from & chaffy bulb_\nous root; stem whitish-green or purplish, 1-2\nfeet high, with scattered, purple, leaf-like\nbracts and an open head of flowers 4-12\ninches long; flowers greenish-white, open, J an\ninch or more across the six petals and sepals\nwith a large, bright green gland at the base;\nstamens 6, erect, forming a central column,\nanthers scarlet on the opening of the bud,\nchanging to yellow; styles 3.\nThroughout the Rockies up to 6000 or\n7000 feet elevation, in all kinds of situations\nand soils, a most attractive plant worthy\nof a place in the flower-garden, blossoming\nduring midsummer. Zygadenus\ngramineus\nRydb.\nMelanthaceae\nA slender, yellowish-green plant\n8-12 inches high, from an elon-\nGrass-like Sated ovoid bulb- Leaves nar-\nZygadenus. row and grass-like, rough on\nthe margins and midribs, all with sheaths\naround the stem. Flowers light yellow, \\nof an inch broad in a compac.t head 2-3\ninches long; stamens exserted, anthers yellow.\nOn open grassy hill-sides in the Rockies\nfrom Banff to Castle Mountain, flowering\nin June.\nStenanthella\noccidentalis\n(A. Gray)\nRydb.\nStenthium.\nSmooth 12-18 inches high from\na bulbous base. Leaves 2-3\nfrom the same root, 8-10 inches\nlong, J an inch broad, spreading.\nFlowers 6-20, greenish purple,\nJ an inch long, open, drooping, in a simple\nslender head; sepals and petals 3 each, with\nrecurved tips; stamens 6, included.\nIn moist woods throughout the Rockies,\ngrowing in moss; the dark green, widely\nspreading leaves and wand-like stem of\ndrooping bell-like flowers, making a graceful 40\nMelanthaceae\nand attractive plant during early summer\n111\nTofieldia\npalustris\nHuds.\nScottish\nAsphodel.\nLow with numerous tufted grasslike leaves 1-2 inches long.\nFlowers 6-parted, minute, greenish-white in a compact oblong\nhead J of an inch long, elongated in fruiting; stamens 6; anthers yellow\nnot exceeding the perianth; head of flowers\nborne on a slender, smooth stem 3-7 inches\nhigh.\nAbundant throughout the Rockies in\ndamp sandy or gravelly ground, on the\nflood-plains and banks of rivers and streams\nand on the gravelly shores of lakes and\nponds; flowering in June.\nPlant with a cluster of grass-like\nleaves, 3-8 inches long and\nabout J of an inch broad,\nyellowish-green, from an oblique\nand chaffy rootstock. Flowers\nfew, less than J of an inch long, pale yellow,\n6-parted, on very short pedicels; stamens 6,\nTofieldia\nintermedia\nRydb.\nFalse\nAsphodel. Liliaceae\n41\nslightly excerted, with purple anthers; the\nwhole in a compact head about J an inch\nlong, on a stem 8-10 inches high, with\nsticky hairs near the top.\nFrequent throughout the region at an alti-,\ntude of 4000 to 5000 feet, in wet open situations with shallow soil; flowering in June.\nSimilar to the preceding but\nreadily distinguished by its'\ntaller stem and more open head\nof flowers, with longer sepals\nand pedicels, which are twice\nas long in each case.\nIn the Selkirks only, but frequent there\nin the bogs around Roger's Pass.\nTofieldia\noccidentalis\nS. Wats.\nWestern\nFalse-Asphodel.\nLlLIACE^E\nLily Family\nPlants with bulbs or corms but. never\nrootstocks; leaves either at the base or in\nwhorls or pairs on the stem; the flowers\nbrightly coloured, frequently large, borne 42\nLiliaceae\nsingly or in clusters at the summit of the\nfrequently naked stem, the six parts though\nusually distinct, sometimes more or less\nunited into a tube; stamens 6; stigma 3-lobed.\nBracts of the inflorescence thin and transluscent.\nI Allium.\nBracts of the inflorescence leaf-like or none.\nB ulbs scaly. Lilium.\nBulbs corm-like. Erythronium.\nAllium\nrecurvatum\nRydb.\nWild Onion,\nGarlic.\nPlant 12-15 inches high with\nan oblique base from an oblong-\novoid bulb. Leaves narrow and\ngrass-like, 6-8 inches long, thick\nand half rounded on the back,\nthe old ones persistent and forming a mat\nat the surface of the ground. Flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, in a nodding\nterminal head; sepals and petals J of an inch\nlong, elliptic-ovate and obtuse, rosy pink\nwith a darker mid-vein; stamens and styles\nexserted, anthers pale yellow.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies on dry\ngrassy or stony slopes and slides; flowering\nin June. Allium\nsibericum L.\nNorthern\nGarlic.\nthe stem.\nLiliaceae\nStem 1-2 feet high from a narrowly ovoid bulb, with a single,\nelongated, round, hollow, basal\nleaf and i or 2 similar leaves on\nFlowers numerous in a compact\nround head; the sepals and petals about J\nan inch long, slender, with a tapering tip,\nbright rose-purple with a darker midvein;\nstamens much shorter than the perianth\nsegments.\nNot infrequent in moist open places\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in July.\nLilium\nmontanum.\nA. Nelson\nMountain\nLily.\nStem 12-18 inches high, rather\nstout, from a depressed globose\nbulb an inch in diameter. Leaves\nalternate except the uppermost\nwhich are in a whorl of 5-7, dark\ngreen above, paler beneath, minutely roughened on the edges, lanceolate, tapering but\nslightly toward the sessile base. Flowers\nerect usually one, but sometimes several, on\na stem; sepals and petals 2\u00C2\u00A7 inches long,\nsomewhat spreading, elliptic-oblong, tapering 44\nLiliaceae\nMM\ngradually toward both ends, the base contracted into a claw, which is less than J the\nlength of the blade; blade reddish-orange on\nthe inner face, paler near the base, which is\ndotted with numerous purplish-black spots;\nouter face less brilliant, largely suffused with\ngreen; stamens and stigma purplish.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies on the\nedges of woods and in the lower river valleys;\nvery abundant in early July in the valley of\nthe Lower Kicking Horse and Columbia\nrivers from Golden to Donald.\nErythron-\nium grandi-\nfiorum\nPursh.\nSnow Lily.\nA foot or more high from a deep-\nrooted, slender, membranous-\ncoated corm. Leaves 2 or occasionally 3, opposite or in a\nwhorl, broadly lanceolate, obtuse, 6-8 inches long, 2-3 inches wide,\nunequal, dull and glaucous green. Flowers\n1-6, nodding, bright yellow, sepals and\npetals lanceolate 2 inches long, tapering to\na slender, strongly reflexed tip; stamens\nexserted, anthers yellow or purplish-brown. i.\u00C2\u00A3>4\nKrythromtt/Y: grandiflorum Pursl 44\nLiliaceae\nU^4-V\ngradually towarc oase con\ntracted into a claw, which is less than | the\nlength of the blacc; blade reddish-orange on\nthe inner face, paler neat- the base, which is\ndotted with numerous purplish-black spots;\nouter face less brilliant, largely suffused with\ngreen; stamens and stigma purplish.\n,l^$|uent throughout the Rockies on the\nedges of woods and in the lower river valleys;\nvery abundant in early July in the valley of\nthe Lower Kicking Horse and Columbia\nrivers from Golden to Donald.\nErythron-\nium grandi-\nflorum\nPursh.\nU\ni\u00E2\u0080\u0094o,\npetals\na s\nexses\nA foot or more high from a deep-\nrooted, slender, membranous-\ncoated corm. Leaves 2 or occasionally 3,' opposite or in a\nwhorl, broadly lanceolate, ob^\naches long, 2-3 inches wide,\n\"<\u00C2\u00A7ed glaucous green. Flowers\njllow, sepals and\nlong, tapering to\ntip; stamens\nthers yellow or purplish-brown. 11\nErythronium grandiflorum Pursh. {V2 Nat.)\nSnow Lily. Convallariaceae\n45\nThis beautiful lily is frequent on the slides\nand mountain slopes throughout the region\nat an elevation of 5000 feet or higher, appearing immediately after the snows have\nmelted, and lasting but a short time. It may\nbe found flowering according to the elevation\nand condition of the snow, from May throughout the summer. The plant has derived its\ncommon naine no doubt from its habit of\nblooming so close to the melting snows.\nWhere the plant occurs it is usually found in\ngreat numbers during the brief flowering\nperiod.\nCONVALLARIACEiSE [\u00C2\u00A3t\nLily-of-the-Valley Family\nResembling the lilies, sometimes with\nnaked but usually leafy stems, and simple\nor branched, frequently creeping rootstocks,\nflowers usually small and -variously disposed\non the stem, either scattered in the axils of\nthe leaves or in.terminal clusters, or occasion- 46 .\nConvallariaceae\u00C2\u00AB\nally solitary on a naked stem; either 4- or 6-\nparted, regular, perfect; stamens 6.\nPlant producing but one flower.\nPlant producing several flowers.\nFlowers in a raceme or panicle.\nFlowers in an umbel or solitary.\nFlowers terminal on the branches.\nFlowers axillary.\nPerianth narrowly campanulate.\nPerianth rotate.\nClintonia.\nVagnera.\nDisporum.\nStreptopus.\nKruhsea.\nClintonia\nuniflora\n(Schult.)\nKunth.\nClintonia\nMore or less hairy throughout,\nwith 1 to 3 or 4 dark green leaves,\n4-8 inches long and 1-2 inches\nwide, oblong-lanceolate with an\nabrupt tip, and tapering at the\nbase to sheathing petioles, from a creeping\nunderground stem 2-3 inches long. Flower-\nstem shorter than the leaves with one or\nrarely two blossoms which are pure white,\nvery open, 6-parted; sepals and petals f-\n1 inch long, oblanceolate, obtuse; stamens\n6, shorter than the petals, anthers yellow.\nIn rich, moist woods throughout the\nregion. Convallariaceae\n47\nVagnera\nstellata (L.)\nMorong.\nStar-\nflowered\nSolomon's\nSeal.\nGlaucous throughout, 8-20\ninches high, smooth or with\na few short hairs, leafy from a\nstout fleshy root; leaves alternate, 2-5 inches long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,\nacuminate, with a clasping base,\nsmooth and bright green above, glaucous\nand minutely hairy beneath. Flowers white,\nseveral forming a rather open terminal head.\n1-2 inches long; petals and sepals narrow, J\nto I of an inch long; stamens 6, about half\ntheir length, anthers nearly white.\nCommon throughout the region in moist\nwords and thickets; flowering through June\nand July.\nVagnera\namplexi-\ncaulis\n(Nutt.)\nGreene.\nFalse Solomon's Seal.\nTall, stout, and leafy, 18-30\ninches high, from a fleshy root-\nstock; stem striate and slightly\nhairy especially near the top;\nleaves alternate, sessile or short-\npetioled, ovate or oblong, 3-7\ninches long, ij\u00E2\u0080\u00943 inches broad, 48\nConvallariaceae\nshort, acuminate, often with a twisted tip.\nFlowers small, yellowish-white in a close\nterminal head iJ-3^ inches long; petals and\nsepals minute,- about -^Y of an inch long;\nstamens 6, the filaments petaloid and about\nJ of an inch long, anthers yellowish white.\nCommon throughout the region in the\nmoist rich woods; flowering during June.\nStreptopus\namplexi-\nfolius (L.)\nDC. Tall\nTwisted-\nstalk.\nPlant 1-3 feet high, from a short,\nstout rootstock, covered with\nnumerous fibrous roots; stem\nglaucous, usually branching below the middle, smooth above\nand covered with stiff hairs\nbelow. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate,\n2-5 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, acuminate,\nsmooth, bright green above, glaucous beneath, heart-shaped and clasping at the\nbase. Flowers numerous, 1 or 2 on a\nstem at the back of each of the upper\nleaves, stem bent or twisted about the\nmiddle; sepals and petals greenish-white or\nyellowish, narrowly lanceolate about \ an Convallariaceae\n49\ninch long, spreading and turned back at the\ntips; berry |-j of an inch in diameter, globose,\nyellow or bright scarlet.\nA rather striking plant throughout the\nregion in the moist rich woods among rocks;\nflowering in June.\nStreptopus\ncurvipes\nA. M. Vail.\nSmaller\nTwisted-\nstalk.\nPlant 6-24 inches high, smooth\nexcept the flower-stalks and\nmargins of the leaves, simple or\nslightly branched from a slender\ncreeping rhizome, with a few\nfibrous rootlets at the nodes.\nLeaves yellowish-green, sessile, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 inches long, acuminate\nat the tip and rounded or more or less clasping at the base, the margins more or less\nscatteringly glandular-hairy. Flowers few at\nthe backs of the upper leaves, solitary on\nglandular-hairy, curved stalks J-f of an\ninch long; sepals and petals pale purple or\nrose colour, darker spotted on the inner surface, slender, slightly more than J of an\ninch long; anthers beaked, the beaks slender; 5o\nConvallariaceae\nberry globose, about | of an inch in diameter,\nbright red.\nIn the damp woods in the Selkirks,\nfrequent, growing in colonies and spreading\nlargely by the creeping rhizomes.\nKruhsea\nstrepto-\npoides\n(Ledeb.)\nKearney.\nKruhsea.\nSmooth and simple, 3-6 inches\nhigh, from an extensively creeping rhizome, with a few fibrous\nroots at each node. Leaves 4-8,\nbright green and shining on both\nsurfaces, ovate-lanceolate, acute,\n1-2 inches long, the upper merely sessile, the\nlower clasping at the base. Flowers few,\nabout \ of an inch in width, stellate and\nsolitary on very slender, curved stalks about\nf of an inch long in the axils, at the backs\nof the upper leaves; sepals and petals deep\nwine-colour at the base, with yellowish-\ngreen reflexed tips; stamens 6, anthers ovoid,\n2-lobed, yellow and prominent, slightly below\nthe centre of the sepals and petals; ovary\nbroadly urn-shaped; style none; berry nearly\nglobose at maturity and bright red. Convallariaceae\n5i\nKnown only in the Selkirks where it occurs\nin colonies of considerable size in the rich\nwoods at Glacier; flowering in the middle of\nJune.\ni\nDisporum\nOreganum\n(S. Wats.)\nB. and H.\nDisporum.\nStem 1-3 feet high, much\nbranched and finely hairy above.\nLeaves yellowish-green when\nyoung, becoming darker with\nage, ovate or oblong, acuminate,\ndistinctly heart-shaped at the base, 2-4\ninches long, hairy, especially beneath.\nFlowers appearing as the leaves unfold\ngreenish-yellow or nearly white, drooping\n1 or 2 together at the ends of the branches;\nsepals and petals spreading half an inch or\nmore in length, lanceolate and narrowed at\nthe base into a broad claw; stamens exserted,\nanthers yellow; style simple, larger than the\nstamens; berry ovate, half an inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so when ripe, bright\nred and few-seeded.\nIn moist rich woods throughout the region,\nmost abundant on the western slope of the\nu 52\nIridaceae\nRockies and in the Selkirks; flowering in June.\nii si\nDisporum\nma jus\n(Hook).\nBritton.\nLarge\nFlowered\nDisporum.\nPlant 1-2 feet high with few\nbranches, hairy when young.\nLeaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or short, acuminate,\nrounded at the base. Flowers\ngreenish-yellow or nearly white,\n1-3 together at the ends of the\nbranches; sepals and petals not spreading,\nhalf an inch or less in length, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, stamens about equalling the sepals and petals; style slightly longer\nthan the stamens, 3-cleft; berry a little less\nthan half an inch in diameter, depressed,\nglobose, and roughened with short papillae.\nIn rich woods, most abundant on the\neastern slopes of the Rockies; flowering early\nin June.\nIridace^\nIris Family\nPerennial herbs with narrow 2-ranked, Orchidaceae\n53\ngrass-like leaves and mostly clustered, perfect flowers, subtended by bracts; perianth\nof 6 segments, rolled together in the bud,\nstamens 3, inserted on the perianth opposite\nits outer series of lobes; filaments slender, distant or united; anthers facing upward.\nSisyrin-\nchium\nseptentri-\nonale Bick-\nnell. Blue-\neyed Grass,\nGrowing in small tufts, 4-10\ninches high, pale, glaucous.\nLeaves stiff and very slender\nabout half the length of the taller\nscapes, equalling the shorter\nones. Spathe small purplish or\ngreen, often partly double and enclosing 3 or\n4 small bright violet-blue flowers, less than\nhalf an inch broad, on erect pedicels.\nThroughout the Rockies in open moist\nground at the lower elevations; flowering in\nJune.\nOrchidaceae .\nOrchid Family\nPerennial herbs, with corms, bulbs, or 54\nOrchidaceae\ntuberous roots, sheathing entire leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect,\nirregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed.\nPerianth superior of 6 segments, the 3 outer\n(sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner\nones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner\none (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usually larger and often spurred; stamens and\nstyle variously arranged. An extensive\nfamily with great diversity of flower form,\nand habit of growth. Most abundant in the\ntropics, represented in the region as follows:\nPerfect anthers 2; lip large, sac-like. Cypripedium.\nPerfect anther 1.\nPlants saprophytic, without green herbage.\nCorallorhiza.\nPlants with ordinary green herbage.\nFlower and leaf solitary; root bulbous. Cytherea.\nFlowers several to many in racemes.\nLeaf only 1,\nFlowers white with purple spots. Orchis.\nFlowers greenish. Lysiella.\nLeaves only 2, cauline. Ophrys.\nLeaves more than 2.\nStem leaves reduced to bracts.\nBasal leaves white veined. Peramium.\nStem leaves not reduced to bracts. 54\nOrchid\ndCCcC\ntuberous roots, sheathing entire leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect,\nirregular, bracts ^ry, spiked or racemed.\nPerianth superior of 6 segments, the 3 outer\n(sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner\nones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner\none (lip) dissimilar, often markedly.so, usu-\ny larger and often spurred; stamens and\nvie variously arranged. An extensive\nfamily with great diversity of flower form,\nand habit of growth. Most abundant in the\nm V.*f V*\"* '\u00E2\u0096\u00A0'\nk11r\u00C2\u00BB\nws:\nPerfect anthers 2; lip large.\nPerfect anther t.\nPlants saprophytic,, without green\ngreen]\n3litary: ro\nbite with purple spots\njauline.\notem ie\u00C2\u00AB\nto bracts.\nCypripedium,\nCorallorhiza.\ns. Cytherea.\nOrchis.\nLysiella.\nOphrys.\nPeramium.\nlot reduced to bracts. a Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small White Lady's-Slipper.\n(% Nat.)\nb Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's-Slipper. Orchidaceae\n55\nFlowers not spirally arranged.\nGlands surrounded by a thin membrane.\nCceloglossum.\nGlands naked. Limnorchis.\nFlowers spirally arranged. Ibidium.\nCypripedium\npasserinum\nRich.\nSmall White\nLady's\nSlipper.\nStem 8-10 inches high from\na decumbent base, leafy, hairy\nthroughout. Leaves 4 or 5,\nlanceolate, acuminate, veiny, 3-4\ninches long, yellowish-green, and\nclasping at the base. Flowers solitary, small;\nlip obovate, inflated half an inch long, white,\nspotted with purple inside, particularly near\nthe base; sepals greenish, shorter than the\nlip, the upper forming a sort of hood; the\nlateral petals white, oblong-lanceolate,\nobtuse, half an inch long, spreading.\nIn damp shaded situations, frequent in the\nRockies; flowers in July.\nCypripedium\nparviflorum\nSalisb.\nSmall Yellow Lady's\nSlipper.\nStem 1-2 feet high, slender, and\nleafy. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, 2-6 inches long, 1-2 J inches\nwide, yellowish-green, veiny,\nscatteringly hairy. Flowers 56\nOrchidaceae\nusually solitary, bright yellow; lip inflated,\ncurved, an inch or more long, spotted and\nblotched inside with purple; sepals and\npetals longer than the lip, laterals twisted,\ni|-2 inches long, lanceolate with an attenuate tip, yellowish green or sometimes\npurplish.\nNot uncommon in the Rockies in moist\nground, very abundant on the torrent fan\namong loose stones at the head of Ernerald\nLake; flowering in June.\nCorallorhiza\nCorallorhiza\n(L.) Karst.\nEarly Coral-\nroot.\nStem smooth, greenish-yellow or\npurplish; 4-12 inches high from\na mass of coral-like roots.\nLeaves absent but represented\nby 2-5 closely sheathing scales.\nFlowers 3-12 in a head 1-3 inches long;\nsepals and petals slender, | of an inch long,\nyellowish or dull purplish; lip not quite as\nlong as the petals, white or whitish, oblong,\nnearly entire or slightly notched at the apex,\n2-toothed at the base, occasionally with\npurple spots. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2+J\n '\nc\np\n1)\nrW\nl/l\nC/J\nG\no>\nA\nu\n?_l\n-t->\n0)\n+3\n^3\nCO\no\n0)\nQQ\n\u00C2\u00A3\ns\n\u00C2\u00AB$\nr*\nS\no\n+->\n\"i-H\nX\n\u00C2\u00BB\nJ Orchidacese\nFrequent in woods in the Rockies especially\nthose of the \"Jack Pine,\" flowering in May\nand early June.\nCorallorhiza\nmultiflora\nNutt.\nLarge Coral-\nroot.\nStems 8-2o inches high, purplish,\nwith several appressed scales.\nFlowers 10-30 in a head 2-8\ninches long, brownish purple \-\n\ of an inch long; sepals and\npetals linear-lanceolate, about \ of an inch\nlong; lip- white, spotted and lined with\npurple, oval in outline, deeply 3-lobed, the\nmiddle lobe broadest; spur manifest and\nyellowish.\nNot infrequent in the rich woods in the\nSelkirks; flowering in late summer.\nCytherea Stem 3~6 inches high, purplish,\nbulbosa (L.) from a bulb nearly half an inch\nHouse. in diameter. Leaf solitary, dark,\na ypso. lustrous green, 1-1 \ inches long,\nround, ovate, obtusely pointed at the apex,\nrounded or somewhat heart-shaped at -the\nbase, deeply veined. Flower solitary, nod- 58\nOrchidaceae\nIi\nding, an inch long, rosy purple variegated\nwith pink and yellow; petals and sepals,\nlinear, erect or spreading, half an inch or\nmore long.with longitudinal purple lines; lip\n| of an inch long, sac-like and spreading,\ndivided into two below, with a prominent\npatch of yellow hairs near the point of\ndivision.\nThis charming little orchid, by far the most\ndainty of any found in the region, is frequent,\ngrowing in deep moss on the shaded slopes of\nthe Rockies; very fragrant, flowering in early\nJune.\nPlant slender, 8-10 inches high\nwith one leaf near the base,\nvarying from nearly orbicular\nto oval, 1J-3 inches long, 1-2\ninches wide, sheathing at the\nbase. Spike 2-8 flowered;\nflowers half an inch or more long; lateral\nsepals spreading, somewhat longer than the\npetals, petals and sepals oval, rose-colour; lip\nwhite, purple-spotted, longer than the petals,\nOrchis\nrotundifolia\nPursh.\nRound-\nleaved\nOrchid. I\n^v Ill1\n5'\nOrchidaceae\nding, an inch long, rosy purple variegated\nwith pink and yellow; petals and sepals,\nlinear, ereipdi) spreading, half an inch or\nmore long with longitudinal purple lines; lip\n| of ;j|ti inch loii||, sac-like and spreading,\ndivided into'two below, with a prominent\npatch of yellow hairs near the point of\nThis charming little orchid, by far the most\ndainty of any found in the region, is frequent,\ngrowing in deep moss cm the shades 'Oc.pes of\nthe Rockies; very fragrant :de asdics In early\nTune.\nurcms\nrotundifolia\nPursh.\nf^&und\"\nPlant giendei\:8~-to \u00E2\u0096\u00A0cehc^ high\nwith one leaf rear the base,\nvarying, frocs cearly orbicular\nto ovaf,: 1J--3 inches long, 1-2\ninches wide, sheathing at the\nbase. -Speiee 2-8 flowered;\nflowers half an inch or more long; lateral\nsepals spreading, somewhat longer than the\npetals, petals anl} sepals oval, rose-colour; lip\nwhite, purple-spotted, longer than the petals,\nOrchid.\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0n a Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. (% Nat.)\nCalypso.\nb Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-Leaved Orchid. Orchidaceae\n59\nthree-lobed, the middle longest, dilated and\ntwo-lobed or notched at the tip; spur slender,\nshorter than the lip.\nThis beautiful little orchid is abundant\nthroughout the Rockies in cool mossy spots\nand rich woods; flowering in June.\nLysiella\nobtusata\n(Pursh.)\nRydb.\nSmall\nNorthern\nBog-orchid\nPlant 6-8 inches high from a\nshort thick rootstock; stem\nnaked with a single obovate or\noblong leaf at the base i\u00C2\u00A7-2|\ninches long, J-i| inches wide,\nobtuse. Flowers few in a slender\nspike, yellowish-green; upper\nsepal round, ovate, erect, surrounding the\nbroad column; lateral sepals reflexed and\nspreading; petals lanceolate, smaller; lip\nentire, linear-lanceolate, and deflexed; spur\nslightly curved especially at the tip, shorter\nthan the ovary.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies in the\nlower valleys, in cool shaded spots growing\nin moss, on the borders of streams, ponds,\nor lakes; flowering in June. 6o\nOrchidaceae\nOphrys\nnephrophylla\nRydb.\nHeart-\nshaped\nTway-blade.\nStem slender and smooth, 3-8\ninches high. Leaves sessile, cordate or broadly ovate, J-i inch\nlong; head of flowers rather\nloose, \-2 inches long, 4-20-flow-\nered; flowers very minute, purplish or greenish; sepals ovate; petals oblong,\nabout |H of an inch long; lip two-cleft, twice\nas long as the petals, the segments linear or\nhair-like.\nThis diminutive orchid is one of the commonest species throughout the region in\nearly summer, growing abundantly in mossy\nplaces in the moist woods,, frequently not\nrising more than an inch or two above the\nsurface of the ground; the flowers varying\ngreatly in color from yellowish green to\npurple.\nOphrys con-\nvallarioides\n(Sw.) Wight.\nBroad-\nlipped\nTway-blade.\nStem rather stout, 4-10 inches\nhigh, glandular-hairy above the\nleaves. Leaves smooth, round,\noval or ovate, obtuse, 3-9 nerved,\n1-2J inches long, J-i| inches Orchidaceae\nwide. Flowers 3-12 in a loose head, yellowish-green, J an inch long; bracts nearly\nJ of an inch long; sepals and petals\nnarrow and strongly reflexed in flower,\nmuch shorter than the lip; lip nearly half\nan inch long, broadly wedge-shaped with\ntwo obtuse lobes at the apex and with a\ntooth at each side of the narrow base; column\nelongated but shorter than the lip, and incurved with two short projecting wings\nabove the anther.\nIn hemlock woods throughout the Selkirks;\nflowering in July.\nOphrys\nborealis\n(Morong).\nNorthern\nTway-blade.\nStems 3-5 inches high, smooth\nbelow, glandular and with long\nsilky scattered hairs among the\nflowers. Leaves oval, slightly\nsheathing, obtuse, an inch or\nmore long, half as broad, generally smooth.\nFlowers few in a raceme; sepals and petals\nnearly equal, linear, obtuse, about \ of an\ninch long; lip half an inch long, obtuse at\nthe apex with very obtuse lobes. Yellowish- 62\nOrchidaceae\ngreen with a purplish middle and purple\nnerves radiating into the apical lobes, column slightly incurved, \u00C2\u00A7 of an inch long.\nGenerally distributed throughout the\nRockies but never abundant, seldom more\nthan 3 or 4 plants being found together;\nflowering in July.\nPeramium\nMenziesi\n(Lindl.)\nMorong.\nRattlesnake\nPlantain.\nPlant 8-15 inches high from\na hairy, creeping rootstock.\nLeaves basal, ij-2| inches long\nand a third as broad, tapering\nto both ends, dark green and\nveiny, sometimes blotched with\nwhite. Flowers \ to nearly \ an inch long,\nyellowish- or greenish-white, in a slender\nspike; sepals and petals lanceolate, erect or\nnearly so about half the length of the lip, lip\nswollen at the base and with a long narrow\nrecurved tip.\nFrequent in rich woods throughout the\nregion, growing in moss, the evergreen leaves\nforming a -rosette at the base of the stalk\nof flowers, which blossom in August. Orchidaceae\n63\nPeramium\nrepens (L.)\nSalisb.\nNorthern\nRattlesnake\nPlantain.\nPlant 6-10 inches high, glandular-hairy in the upper part of\nthe stem. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, an inch or more long and a\nthird as wide, tapering to both\nends, green and usually blotched\nwith white along the veins.- Flowers small\nin a one-sided spike, greenish-white, about\n\ of an inch long, densely glandular-hairy\non the outer surface; sepals and petals\nerect, ovate; lip sac-like with a narrow\nrecurved tip.\nFrequent in the woods throughout the\nRockies, flowering in July.\nStem stout and leafy, 6-18 inches\nhigh, from a root of numerous\nfusiform tubers. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4\ninches long. Flowers in a loose\nspike 2-3 inches long with bracts\nan inch long; flowers yellowish-\ngreen, sepals ovate-lanceolate, dilated at the\nbase, J of an inch long; petals very narrow or\nCoeloglos-\nsum\nbracteatum\n(Willd.)\nPari.\nLong-bracted\nOrchid.\n__ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2-\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2' _ 64\nOrchidaceae\nsometimes thread-like; lip nearly half an\ninch long, oblong-spatulate, 2-3-toothed\nor lobed at the tip, more than, twice as long\nas the white sac-like spur.\nFrequent in open grassy woods and\nmeadows throughout the Rockies; flowering\nin June.\nLimnorchis\ndilatati-\nformis\nRydb.\nPurplish-\nGreen Bog-\norchid.\nStem 1, 2, or 3 feet tall, from\na root of 2 or 3 fusiform, hairy\ntubers; leafy. Lowest leaves\noblanceolate, obtuse, 2-5 inches\nlong, upper ones lanceolate, acute,\nmuch longer. Spike of flowers\n4-12 inches long, loosely flowered, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lowest\nmuch longer than the flowers, 1-1J inches\nlong. Flowers about | an inch long; sepals\nfellowish-green and thin, the upper one\novate, erect, about J of an inch long, the\nlateral ones obtuse and spreading, J of an\ninch long, petals lanceolate, acute, greenish-\npurple or green; lip purple or greenish,\nlinear, obtuse, thick, over J of an inch long; a\nmi\nm\n..r\nl\ SSv \u00E2\u0096\u00A0-'\n1 i\nrys borealis (Morong),\nim bracteatum (WTOo)\nIs fragrans Rydb. ||\n;usata (Pursh) |lf\u00C2\u00A7j||'\n? nephropiiyiia P; <\nH\n&$mm 64\nOrchidaceae\nsometimes thread-like; lip nearly half an\ninch long, oblong-spatulate, 2-3-toothed\nor lobed at the tip, more than twice as long\nas the white sae4ike spur.\nFrequexn \u00E2\u0080\u00A2; in \" open grassy woods and\nme&cS\u00C2\u00A7s||| throughout the Rockies; flowering\nin\nStem 1, a* or' 3 feet tall, from\na root of 2 or 3 fusiform, hairy\ntubers; leafy. eeriest leaves\noblanceolate, ofeHiSe, afejj inches\nlong, upper oricsd-.ee owe fe? acute,\nmuch longerd dsddo of flowers\n4-12 inches' long, loosely flow-\nid, the bracts 1inear4aneeoiate, the lowest\"\nmuch longer than the flowers, i-ij inches\nLimnorchis\ndllatati-\nformis\nRydb.\nPurplish-\nGreen Bog-\norchid.\nen\nT?\nYRTP'T'C! O\nbou\nm\nI an inch long; sepals\nthin, the upper one\n, about $ of an inch long, the\nlaterss- ones obtuse and spreading, J of an\ninch long, petals lanceolate, acute, greenish-\npurple or green; lip purple|or greenish,\nlinear, obtuse, thick, over J of an inch long; a Ophrys borealis (Morong). Northern Twayblade.\nb Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willo) Pari. Long-Bracted Orchid.\nc Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. Fragrant White Bog-Orchid.\nd Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Small Northern Bog-Orchid.\n\u00E2\u0082\u00AC Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Heart-Shaped Twayblade.\n(% Nat.) \u00E2\u0096\u00A0SOHI Orchidaceae\nspur about J as long as the lip, sack-like.\nFrequent through the region in open\nswamps, wet meadows and sloughs, varying\ngreatly in size; flowering during June and\nearly July.\nLimnorchis\nviridiflora\n(Cham.)\nRydb.\nSmall\nGreen Bog-\norchid.\nerect; lateral ones\nStem 8-18 inches high, strict\nand leafy. Lower leaves ob-\nlanceolate, obtuse, 2-4 inches\nlong, upper lanceolate and acute;\nspike of flowers short and dense,\nthe bracts linear-lanceolate, the\nlower slightly exceeding the\nflowers. Flowers J an inch long or less,\nyellowish-green; upper sepals broadly ovate,\nan inch long,\nacute, spreading; petals erect, lanceolate,\nacute; lip lanceolate, obtuse, less than J of an\ninch long; spur club-shaped, curved, about as\nlong as the lip. Differs from the last species\nin the bright green colour, slightly smaller\nflowers with broader based lip and the longer,\nclub-shaped curved spur.\nIn bogs throughout the region; flowering\nin June. 66\nOrchidaceae\nLimnorchis\nborealis\n(Cham.)\nRydb.\nSmall White\nBog-orchid.\nStem 18 inches to 2 feet high,\nslender and leafy. Leaves, the\nlower oblanceolate and, obtuse,\nthe upper lanceolate, acute. Spike\nof flowers often rather dense, 4-8\ninches long; bracts lanceolate, the\nlower often much exceeding the flowers; flowers J an inch or more long, white or sometimes\nyellowish or greenish-white; upper sepals\novate, obtuse, J of an inch long, lateral ones\noblong-lanceolate, spreading; petals lanceolate, slightly shorter than the sepals; lip\nrhombic-lanceolate, obtuse, about J of an\ninch long; spur club-shaped about the length\nof or shorter than the lip.\nThroughout the region in open boggy\nplaces and wet meadows; flowering in June.\nStem slender, 8-12 inches high,\nfrom a narrow fusiform tuberous\nroot. Leaves linear, acute, 2-4\ninches long, about \u00C2\u00A7 an inch\nwide. Spike of flowers slender,\nlax; bracts, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower\nLimnorchis\nfragrans\nRydb.\nFragrant\nOrchid. slightly longer than the flowers; flowers pure\nwhite with a spicy fragrance; upper sepal\novate-lanceolate, obtuse, the lateral ones\nlinear-lanceolate, acute, and strongly veined;\npetals narrowly linear-lanceolate equalling\nthe sepals; lip lanceolate with an ovate\nrhomboid base about J of an inch long; spur\nslender and curved, slightly exceeding the\nlip.\nIn more or less shaded bogs through the\nRockies, flowering during July.\nIbidium\nroman-\nzoffianum\n(Cham.)\nHouse.\nLady's\nTresses.\nStem smooth, 6-18 inches high,\nleafy below, bracted above; the\nlower leaves 3-8 inches long,\nlinear or linear-oblanceolate.\nHead of flowers more or less\nglandular, hairy, 2-4 inches long,\nhalf an inch or more thick,\nbracts shorter than the flowers; flowers waxy\nwhite or greenish, nearly half an inch long\nwith an open mouth, spreading horizontally\nand very fragrant; upper sepals broad and\nobtuse; lip oblong, broad at the base, and 68\nSalicaceae\ncontracted below to the crisped apex, thin\ntransparent, and veined, callosities merely\nthickenings of the basal margins of the lip.\nThroughout the region in springy places\nand wet alpine meadows; flowering toward\nthe end of July.\nSalicace^\nWillow Family\nTrees or shrubs with light wood, brittle\ntwigs, and simple alternate leaves; flowers\nborne in catkins; the staminate and pistillate\non separate plants, the seed provided with a\ncovering of long, white, silky, hairs.\nA large tree with nearly smooth\ngray bark, reaching a maximum\nheight of 80 feet; branches stout,\nascending, the larger buds very\nLeaves smooth, broadly ovate\nor \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ovate-lanceolate, entire, dark green and\nshining above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or acute at the\nPopulus bal\nsamifera L.\nBalsam\nPoplar.\nresinous. base, petioles round. Flowers in slender\ncatkins, the staminate and pistillate on\nseparate trees.\nThroughout the region in the river valleys\nand on the surrounding slopes, usually a tree\nnot over 20-30 feet high but sometimes\nattaining an immense size.\nPopulus\ntremuloides\nMichx.\nAmerican\nAspen.\nA slender t^ee with smooth, light\ngreen bark, seldom more than\n40-50 feet high, and less than\nhalf that in our region. Leaves\nsmooth when young except on\nthe margins, ovate, short-acuminate at the\napex, rounded at the base, finely crenulate\nall around; petioles flattened laterally, very\nslender, causing the leaves to quiver with\nthe slightest breeze. Flowers in rather\nstout catkins.\nFrequent in the low valleys and slopes\nthrough the Rockies, forming groves, or\nsingly.\nThe willows which are very largely represented throughout the region, in the low ff\n70\nBetulaceae\nor moist ground and banks of streams, as\nshrubs or small trees; or on the drier slopes,\nand in alpine meadows and summits, frequently as very diminutive shrubs with\nstems less than an inch high, have been\nomitted entirely, owing to the extreme\ndifficulty of distinguishing between them\nin a work of this kind.\nBETULACEi\u00C2\u00A9\nBirch Family\nTrees or shrubs with alternate simple\nleaves; staminate and pistillate flowers borne\nin separate catkins on the same plant; the\nstaminate usually long, slender, and drooping; the pistillate short and erect; fruit\ncone-like.\nBetula\npapyrifera\nMarsh.\nPaper Birch,\nCanoe Birch.\nBecoming a large forest tree;\nbark chalky white, peeling in\nthin layers. Leaves ovate,\nacute, or acuminate, dentate and\ndenticulate, smooth above, glan- Betulaceae\n7i\ndular and hairy on the veins beneath, slender-\npetioled iJ-4 inches long. Staminate catkins 2-4 inches long; pistillate catkins f of an\ninch or more long.\nSparingly on the slopes in the vicinity of\nField, British Columbia; not a common tree.\nA tree sometimes 100 feet high\nbut much smaller in our region;\nthe bark smooth dark bronze;\ntwigs gray-brown, warty.\nLeaves broadly ovate or nearly\nsharply serrate, short-petioled,\nsmooth on both sides or sparingly hairy\nbeneath f-2 inches long.\nOn river shores throughout the region,\nsparingly from Field west.\nBe tula occi-\ndentalis\nHook.\nWestern Red\nBirch.\norbicular,\nA shrub 1-8 feet with brown,\nglandular, warty twigs. Leaves\norbicular, oval or ovate, smooth,\nrounded at the apex, crenate-\ndentate, bright green above,\npale and sticky, glandular-dotted\nbeneath, short petioled, J-i inch long.\nBetula glan-\ndulosa\nMichx.\nGlandular\nBirch, Scrub\nBirch. 72\nLoranthaceae\nStaminate catkins, commonly solitary, about\nJ an inch long; cones when ripe \u00C2\u00A7-i inch long.\nIn moist ground and thickets in the lower\nvalleys through the Rockies, frequent.\nA shrub 4-20 feet high with\nbrown bark. Leaves more or\nAlnus tenui-\nfolia Nutt.\nSlender- less broadly ovate, 2-3 inches\nleaved Alder, long, acute, rounded or slightly\nheart-shaped at the base, acutely doubly\ntoothed, light green and smooth on both sides\nor slightly hairy. Staminate catkins slender,\ndrooping, 1-2 inches long; fruiting cones\nerect, J an inch or less long.\nIn moist places and thickets and stream\nbanks at the higher elevations throughout\n'the region, very abundant in the Selkirks.\nLORANTHACEi\u00C2\u00A9\nMistletoe Family\nParasitic herbs growing on woody plants\nand absorbing their food from the host plant\nthrough specialised roots; leaves opposite, Santalaceae\n73\nfrequently reduced to scales; flowers dioecious or monoecious, regular; in terminal or\naxillary clusters.\nRazoumof-\nskya amer-\nicana(Nutt.)\nKuntze.\nDwarf\nMistletoe.\nGreenish-yellow or brownish,\nsmooth, fleshy; stems rather\nslender, numerous, and tufted,\nforked or branched into 4-angled\njointed branches. Leaves reduced to opposite scales at the\njoints. Flowers very small, the staminate\nand pistillate on separate plants; staminate\nplants 2-4 inches long, with the flowers on\nterminal peduncle-like joints; pistillate plants\nmuch smaller and .darker coloured; berries\novate, purplish brown, J of an inch long.\nThroughout the Rockies, parasitic on\nPinus Murrayana; locally abundant, appearing in midsummer.\nSantalace^s\nSandalwood Family\nLow herbs parasitic on the roots of other 74\nSantalaceae\nplants, with entire leaves and perfect, greenish flowers, either terminal or axillary; calyx\n3-6-lobed; petals wanting; stamens as many\nas the calyx lobes and inserted near their\nbases or opposite them upon the disc; fruit\nin the only genus represented in the region,\ndrupe-like, crowned by the persistent style.\nComandra Stem slender and leafy, 6-12\npallida DC. inches tall, pale and glaucous.\nLeaves linear or linear-lanceolate,\nacute or the lowest of those of the\nstem, oblong-elliptic. Flowers small, less than J\nof an inch high with short pedicels, clustered\nat the summit of the stems, calyx purplish or\nsometimes nearly white; fruit ovoid-oblong,\nnearly half an inch high and crowned by the\nvery short upper portion of the calyx tube.\nOn dry hillsides throughout the Rockies;\nflowering during June.\nPale Comandra.\nComandra\nlivida Rich.\nNorthern\nComandra.\nStem slender, usually quite simple, 4-12 inches high. Leaves\nthin, oval, obtuse or rounded at\nthe apex, narrowed at the base, T Polygonaceae\nshort-petioled |-ij inches long, nearly half\nas broad, yellowish or purplish-green when\nyoung, becoming bright green or often variegated with age.d Flowers small, less than\n\ of an inch broad; purplish green, in axillary\nclusters of 1-5 flowers; drupe globose-oblong,\nI of an inch in diameter, bright red when\nripe.\nThroughout the Rockies in moist ground\nand shaded mossy places and borders of\nwoods, flowering in June. While inconspicuous early in the season, in midsummer\nit is apt to be quite showy on account of the\nstriking, golden yellow veining of the otherwise green leaves; this condition is due to a\nfungoid or other disease of the plant.\nPOLYGONACE^\nBuckwheat Family\nHerbs and twining vines with alternate or\nsometimes opposite or whorled leaves, jointed 76\nPolygonacese\nstems and usually sheathing united stipules;\nflowers small, regular, perfect, monoecious,\ndioecious or polygamous; petals none, calyx\n2-6-parted, the segments more or less folded\nover each other, sometimes petal-like; stamens 2-9 dilated at the base and distinct or\nunited into a ring; ovary superior, one-celled\nwith a solitary ovule.\nFlowers not involucrate; stipules sheathing.\nLeaves reniform, sepals 4. Oxyria.\nLeaves not reniform; sepals 6.\nSepals unequal; stigmas tufted. Rumex.\nSepals equal; stigmas capitate. Polygonum.\nFlowers involucrate, many; stipules wanting.\nEriogonum.\nOxyria\ndigyna (L.)\nHill.\nMountain\nSorrel.\nStems 2 inches to a foot high,\nscape-like and leafless, from a\nlarge chaffy rootstock. Leaves\nbasal on long petioles, reniform\nor orbicular \-2 inches wide with\na wavy margin, sometimes notched at the\napex. Racemes 2-3 inches or more long,\nof many small flowers on slender pedicels;\ncrimson or pinkish and showy in fruit.\nFrequent at the Jiigher altitudes through- Polygonaceae\n77\nout the region in moist grounds and beside\nstreams, flowering in June. S3\nRumex\nacetosa\nSour.\nStems a foot or more high,\nsmooth. Leaves oblong, hastate\nor ovate-sagittate, 1-4 inches\nlong, acute, the basal few and long petioled,\nstem leaves sessile, the acute auricles entire.\nFlowers, dioecious, minute, crowded in a slender head 3-6 inches' long, yellowish-green\ntinged with red.\nIn moist open ground at the higher elevations, more or less frequent throughout\nthe Rockies, flowering in midsummer.\nRumex\nsalicifiolus\nWeinm.\nPale-leaved\nDock.\nSmooth, pale green, erect, and\nspreading, 1-3 feet high. Leaves\nlanceolate, acute or acuminate\nat both ends, petioled. Flowers\nsmall greenish-white in erect or\nreflexed racemes, dense in fruit, interrupted\nbelow; wings of the fruit triangular-ovate,\nwith a large ovoid tubercle.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies at the\nlower altitudes; flowering'in summer. 78\nPolygonaceae\nPolygonum\nviviparum\nL. Alpine\nBistort.\nSmooth, with a corm-like root-\nstock ; stems solitary or clustered,\n2-1 o inches high. Basal leaves\nlanceolate or oblong i\u00E2\u0080\u00948 inches\nlong, rather acute, cordate at the base on long\npetioles; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or\nlinear, upper sessile with revolute margins.\nFlowers in a dense terminal raceme several\ninches long; rose-coloured or white; stamens\nexserted; small bulblets frequently developed among the flowers, which later produce\nleaves and young plants.\nFrequent in moist sandy soil and river\nbanks throughout the Rockies, flowering in\nJune and July.\nSeveral small weedy species of the genus\nare also found through the region but are not\nsufficiently striking to be here described.\nEriogonum\nsubalpinum\nGreene.\nTall White\nEriogonum.\nStems depressed, much branched,\nprostrate and matted at the\nbase. Leaves oblong to ovate-\nspatulate, 1\u00E2\u0080\u00942 inches long, on\nslender petioles, smooth and Polygonaceae\n79\ngreen above, white-woolly beneath. Scape\nlike peduncles, erect, 8-14 inches high, with\na simple, large umbel of 8-12 rays subtended\nby a whorl of leaves. Flowers |-J of an\ninch high, cream-coloured or nearly pure\nwhite, and tinged with rosy pink especially\nin age.\nA striking plant growing in stony places\nand on rocky slopes, throughout the Rockies,\nflowering in June and July.\nEriogonum\nochroleucum\nSmall.\nYellowish-\nwhite\nEriogonum.\nTufted from a large rootstock.\nLeaves white and woolly throughout, densely crowded on the\nvery short stems, elliptic to\nobovate-spatulate, half an inch\nor more long, narrowed at the\nbase into slender, frequently spirally-twisted\npetioles; scapes slender, several, six inches\nor more high bearing a globular head of\npale yellowish-white flowers T3^ of an inch\nhigh.\nOn a moist rocky slope at an elevation\nof 4500 feet near Glacier, abundant, the 8o\nPortulacaceae\nplant may occur elsewhere in the region\nbut has not been observed; flowers in\nJune.\nPORTULACACEAE\nPurslane Family\nFleshy herbaceous plants, with regular\nperfect, unsymmetrical flowers; sepals commonly 2; petals 4 or 5, folded together, stamens equal in number to the petals or fewer.\nClaytonia\nlanceolata\nPursh.\nSpring\nBeauty.\nStem 3-8 inches high from a\nround corm. Leaves oblong or\nlanceolate, J-i| inches long.\nFlowers nearly half an inch\nbroad, few to several in a loose\nhead, on slender pedicels; petals notched at\nthe end or almost obcordate, white with\npink veins.\nOne of the first plants to appear in spring\non the edges of the snow-banks, throughout the region, from the lower altitudes up\nto the alpine summits, flowering throughout Cary ophy 1 laceae\nthe summer according to elevation and\ncondition of the\" snow.\nClaytonia\nparvifolia\nMoc. Small-\nleaved\nSpring\nBeauty.\nStems 6-12 inches high, diffuse,\nascending or somewhat reclined\nor creeping, sometimes reduced\nto slender naked runners. Leaves\nfleshy, rhombic-ovate, acute,\nabout half an inch long, contracted at the base, the upper a quarter of\nan inch long or less. Flowers few and racemose ; petals somewhat obcordate J of an inch\nlong, much surpassing the rounded sepals, rose-\ncolour varying to white; propagating freely\nby bulblet-like offshoots in the axils of the\nstem leaves, as well as by the usual method.\nIn wet stony places and in the gravelly\nbeds of Alpine brooks, frequent in the Selkirks, flowering in July.\nCARYOPHYLLACEiB\nPink Family\nHerbaceous plants, often swollen at the\n6 82\nCaryophyllaceae\nnodes, with opposite entire leaves and perfect\nor rarely dioecious regular flowers; sepals\n4 or 5 persistent, separated or united into\na calyx-tube; petals equal in number to the\nsepals or none; stamens twice as many as\nthe sepals or fewer.\nSepals united; petals long clawed.\nCalyx io-many nerved.\nStyles 3; capsule with 3 or 6 teeth. Silene.\nStyles 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth. Lychnis.\nSepals free to the base or nearly so.\nPetals two cleft or rarely none.\nCapsule cylindric, usually curved. Cerastium.\nCapsule ovate or oblong, not curved. Alsine.\nPetals entire or notched, rarely none.\nStyles as many as the sepals and alternate with\nthem. Sagina.\nStyles fewer than the sepals.\nSeeds appendaged. Mcehringia.\nSeeds not appendaged. Arenaria.\nClosely tufted, an inch or two\nhigh, forming cushion-like beds,\nOften 2 feet or more across.\nLeaves sessile, crowded, linear,\nI an inch or less long, the margins ciliate.\nFlowers J of an inch or more across, nearly\nSilene\nacaulis L\nMoss\nCampion. Caryophyllaceae\nsessile or raised on naked curved peduncles,\noften J an inch long; calyx narrowly cam-\npanulate, J of an inch long, smooth, the\nteeth short, rounded; petals rose-purple or\nrarely white, entire or notched.\nIn alpine meadows, in stony ground, on\nthe moraines and tops of the mountains\nthroughout the region, flowering in June\nand July.\nSilene\nLyallii S.\nWats.\nLyall's\nCatchfly.\nStems slender, decumbent at the\nbase, 12-18 inches high, minutely hairy throughout, glandular above. Leaves, the basal\nspatulate, obtuse 1-2 inches\nlong on long petioles, those of the stem\nlinear 1-2 inches long, sessile. Flowers on\nshort peduncles in rather loose terminal\nheads; calyx oblong, inflated, about \ an\ninch long, narrow, glandular, teeth purple-\ntipped; petals white, nearly half an inch\nlong, spreading, two-lobed.\nOn grassy alpine slopes throughout the\nregion, flowering in June and July. 84\nCaryophyllaceae\nL hn' More or less glandular-hairy,\napetala L. 2-6 inches high. Leaves linear\nNodding or oblanceolate, \u00C2\u00A7-2 J inches long.\nLychms. Flower solitary, \u00C2\u00A3-f of an inch\nlong, nodding; calyx inflated, strongly purple veined, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute;\npetals purple, as long as or shorter than the\ncalyx, narrow, 2-cleft.\nAmong loose boulders on the moraines\nand alpine summits throughout the region,\nflowering in July.\nCerastium\narvense\nstrictum\n(L.) Rydb\nField\nChickweed.\nStems tufted, ascending from a\ndecumbent base, 3-6 inches high,\nhairy throughout, roughly so at\nthe base, glandular at the summit. Leaves numerous, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00C2\u00A7 of\nan inch long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a broad sessile base.\nFlowers several in a more or less close head,\nnearly half an inch broad, white; petals\ndeeply notched.\nIn dry stony ground in the lower valleys\nof the Rockies, flowering in June. Caryophyllaceae\nThick, silky-hairy below, with\nsticky hairs above; stems matted\n1-3 inches high. Leaves small,\noblong, J of an inch long or less,\nrather thick, obtuse. Flowers\n1 of an inch or more broad;\npetals white, notched at the\napex, sometimes little longer than the\nlanceolate sepals.\nIn stony ground, alpine slopes and summits throughout the Rockies, flowering\nduring summer.\nCerastium\nbehringi-\nanum\nChain, and\nSchl.\nAlpine\nChickweed.\nAlsine\nlongipes\n(Goldie)\nCoville.\nLong-\nstalked\nStitchwort\nErect or ascending, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched,\n3-12 inches high, smooth and\nshining. Leaves light green,\nlanceolate or linear-lanceolate,\n\u00C2\u00A7-i\u00C2\u00A7 inches long, broad at the\nbase. Flowers few, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J of an\ninch broad, terminal, on long, slender, erect\npedicels;- sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute;\npetals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx.\n\u00C2\u00BB*\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 86\nCaryophyllaceae\nIn moist open places throughout the\nRockies, flowering in June.\nAlsine laeta\n(Richards.)\nRydb.\nGlaucous\nStitchwort.\nLow, smooth, or somewhat hairy,\n1-4 inches high, very glaucous\nthroughout, densely leafy at the\nbase. Leaves keeled, lanceolate, awl-shaped to linear, rather\nstiff, |-J an inch long. Flowers J of an inch\nor more across; sepals lanceolate, acute, | of\nan inch long; petals notched, longer than the\nsepals; stamens showy, with scarlet anthers.\nIn alpine meadows and moist grounds at\nhigh altitudes, throughout the region; flowering in July.\nAlsine\nborealis\n(Bigel.)\nBritton.\nNorthern\nStitchwort.\nhairy or\nspicuous\nErect or ascending, weak, much\nbranched, smooth, or hairy\nabove, 6-18 inches long. Leaves\nthin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, |-i| inches long, acute,\nsessile, thin, margins slightly\nnaked. Flowers small and incon-\nin a leafy terminal compound head, ft\n\r\t Caryophyllaceae\nascending or spreading on slender pedicels;\nsepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals shorter\nthan the sepals or none.\nIn wet places at the lower altitudes\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering throughout the summer from early June.\nSagina\nsaginoides\n(L.) Britton\nArctic\nPearl-wort.\nSmooth, stems very slender and\ntufted, 1-4 inches high. Leaves\nI to nearly J an inch long with a\nspiny tip. Flowers small, solitary\nor few together, at the end of the\nslender stem, about J of an inch broad; petals\nwhite minute, hardly exceeding the calyx.\nOn rocks and moist sandy ground throughout the region; flowering in June.\nStems erect or ascending, simple\nor at length, sparingly branched,\nfinely hairy throughout, 4-12\ninches high. Leaves thin, oval,\nor oblong, |-i inch long, obtuse,\nspreading; the margins and\nnerves fringed with hairs. Flowers few in\nMcehringia\nlateriflora\n(L.) Fenzl\nBlunt-\nleaved\nSandwort. 88\nCaryophyllaceae\nlateral and terminal clusters or sometimes\nsolitary; J of an inch or more broad, their\nparts in 4's or 5's; sepals oblong, obtuse or\nacute, half as long as the nearly entire\nwhite petals.\nIn moist places growing among grass,\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in\nJune.\nArenaria\ncapillaris\nnardifolia\n(Ledeb.)\nRegel. Rock\nSandwort.\nSmooth throughout except the\ntops of the stems and sepals,\nwhich are glandular; stems slender, 4-8 inches high, numerous\nfrom a tufted, leafy base.\nLeaves mostly in bundles J-iJ\ninches long, smooth, very slender and\ncurved, with a spiny tip, those of the stem\nfew and much reduced. Flowers white,\nJ an inch broad in a loose branching\nhead.\nA rather striking plant on grassy\nslopes throughout the region; flowering in\nJune. Arenaria\nverna\nequicaulis\nA. Nelson\nVernal\nSandwort.\nCaryophyllaceae\nVery slender, much branched\nand finely, sticky-hairy throughout; stems threadlike, numerous,\nnearly of a uniform length in\nthe same plant, 2-3 inches long.\nLeaves crowded at the base, few\nand much reduced above, linear, awl-shaped,\nthick, semi-cylindric, nearly smooth. Flowers small, little more than J of an inch across;\nsepals ovate-oblong, acute, strongly 3-nerved;\npetals white, acute, not exceeding the sepals.\nA small tufted plant with wiry stems and\nminute white star-like flowers, in moist or\ndry, sandy places throughout the region\nfrom the low valleys to the alpine summits;\nflowering in May and June.\nClosely tufted, stems densely\nglandular-hairy, decumbent, very\nleafy below, J-2J inches long\nwith 2 or 3 pairs of short,\nrather distant leaves and terminating in 1-3 flowers. Lower leaves,\nlinear-obtuse, stiff, J of an inch or more long,\nArenaria\nsajanensis.\nWilld.\nAlpine\nSandwort.\nI M\n90\nRanunculaceae\nsmooth or slightly hairy; calyx lobes linear-\noblong, 1-3 ribbed, glandular, hairy, | of an\ninch long; petals white, broad, equalling or\nexceeding the sepals.\nOn high alpine slopes and summits,\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in June\nand July.\nRanunculaceae\nCrowfoot Family\nHerbs or rarely climbing shrubs with\nacrid sap; leaves usually alternate without\nstipules; flowers usually showy, blue, white,\nyellow, or scarlet; sepals 3-15, generally soon\nfalling away, often petal-like; petals about\nthe same number or occasionally wanting;\nstamens many; carpels many or rarely\nsolitary.\nCarpels with solitary ovules; fruit an achene.\nSepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite. Atragene.\nSepals folded on each other in the bud; leaves not\nopposite. go\nRanunculaceae\nsmooth or slightly hairy; calyx lobes linear-\noblong, 1-3 ribbed, glandular, hairy, J of an\ninch long; petals white, broad, equalling or\nexceeding the sepals.\nOn high alpine slopes and summits,\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in June\nand July,\nRanunculaceae\nCrowfoot Fan\nHerbs or rarely diinbing shrubs with\nacrid sap; leaves usually awewate without\nstipules; flowers usually showy, .blue; white,\nyellow, or scarlet; sepals 3-^\u00C2\u00A7:, yenerally soon\nfalling away, often petal-like; petals about\noho same number or occasionally wanting;\nstamens man}/.; carpels many or rarely\n\"j\nSepals\nSepals\nopposite.\nrules; fruit an achene.\nthe bud: leaves opposite. Atragene.\nHon - each other in-sthe bud; leaves not Stem leaves three in a whorl.\nStyles short, smooth or hairy.\nStyles long, plumose.\nStem leaves alternate or basal.\nPetals none, flowers small; leaves compound.\nThalictrum.\nPetals present.\nFlowers white.\nFlowers yellow.\nAchenes papillose or spiny.\nAchenes longitudinally nerved. Halerpestes.\nCarpels with several ovules; fruit, follicles or berries.\nFlowers regular.\nLeaves simple.\nPetals none; leaves cordate-orbicular. Caltha.\nPetals linear-spatulate; leaves palmately\nparted. Trollius.\nLeaves compound.\nSepals spurred; carpels becoming follicles.\nAquilegia.\nSepals not spurred; carpels becoming berries.\nActaea.\nFlowers irregular; upper sepals spurred.\nDelphinium.\nA climbing or trailing vine with\nsomewhat woody stems. Leaves\ntrifoliate, the leaflets thin, on\nslender petioles, ovate, attenuate, acute, and entire, 2-3 inches\nlong. Flowers purple, i\u00C2\u00A7-2 inches broad, on\nAtragene\ncolumbiana\nNutt. Purple Virgin's-\nbower. 92\nRanunculaceae\nlong peduncles, solitary in the axils of the\nleaves; sepals 4-6, oblong lanceolate, acuminate, more than twice. the length of the\nstamens; styles persistent, forming a plumose head of fruit.\nIn rocky woods and on shaded mountain\nsides up to 6000 feet elevation, throughout\nthe Rockies, trailing over the ground, or\nfestooning the shrubs or lower branches\nof the trees; flowering in early June.\nAnemone\nparviflora\nMich*. -\nNorthern\nAnemone.\nStem simple, sparingly hairy, 4-8\ninches high. Basal leaves long-\npetioled, 3-parted, the broadly\nwedge-shaped divisions obtuse-\nly-lobed or crenate, those of\nthe involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed.\nFlower an inch or less in diameter, sepals, oblong, very obtuse, white, blue on\nthe outside near the base; stamens numerous;\nhead of fruit globose.\nCommon throughout the Rockies in moist\nground and rich woods; flowering early in\nJune. 92 Ranunculaceae\nlong peduncles, solitary in the axils of the\nleaves; sepals 4-6, oblong lanceolate, acuminate, more than twice the length of the\nstamens: styles persistent, forming a plu-\nIn rocky woods- and on shaded mountain\nsides up to 6000 feet elevation throughout\nthe Rockies, trailing over the ground, or\nfestooning the shrubs or lower branches\nnf trip trftp*; * flnwp'rina' in parivTtitifi\nAnemone\nparviflora\nStem simple, sparingly hairy, 4-8\npetiole\nge-\nFlower an\nthe out- :\nhead of fruit &.\nJtie oase; si\neaves lon^L\nle broadly\nas obtuse-\nsimilarly lobed.\n1 diameter, se~\ni numerous;\nse.\ndie XvOOivK\nmoist\nid und rich\nflowering early\nJun< i Anemone\nDrummondu\nS. Wats.\nAlpine\nAnemone.\nRanunculaceae\nSparingly pubescent, with long\nwhitish hairs, especially at the\ninvolucre, 4-6 inches high.\nRoot-leaves, slender-petioled, 3-\nparted, the divisions cut into\nlinear, oblong obtuse lobes; leaves of the\ninvolucre similar on short petioles, their\nlobes slightly broader. Flowers usually solitary, half an inch or more broad on long\npeduncles; sepals 5, ovate or oval, obtuse,\nwhite, finely appressed-hairy and blue outside.\nThroughout the region in alpine meadows\nand slopes near the snow, flowering in June\nand July as the snows disappear. .\nAnemone StemS 9| incheS hiSh' cloSe>\nglobosa silky-hairy. Root leaves long\nNutt. Wind- petioled, nearly semicircular in\nflower. outline, 3-parted, the sessile\ndivisions deeply lobed, with cleft, linear\nsegments, involucral leaves similar, short\npetioled. Sepals 5-8, red, bluish or nearly\npure white, half an inch or less long, soft, 94\nRanunculaceae\nhairy outside, receptacle oblong, in fruit\ndensely woolly.\nThe most abundant anemone through\nthe Rockies in the low open valleys, and,\noccasionally on the slopes, presenting the\ngreatest variety of colouring from deep\nrosy pink to pure white and occasionally\nblue; flowering in early June.\nPulsatilla\nhirsutissima\n(Pursh.)\nBritton.\nPasque\nFlower.\nVillous, 6-18 inches high. Leaves\nmuch divided into narrow, linear,\nacute lobes, the basal on slender\npetioles, those of the involucre\nsessile and erect or ascending.\nFlowers bluish purple, sometimes nearly white inside; sepals 5-7 ovate-\noblong 1-1J inches long, forming a cup;\nfruit a head of long silky achenes 2 inches\nor more in diameter.\nThis is one of the earliest and most beautiful of all the spring flowers, in the open\nmeadows and mountain sides, blossoming\nthrough May and June according to the\nsituation. Probably its most common local 94\nRanunculaceae\nhairy outside, receptacle oblong, in fruit\ndensely woolly.\nThe most abundant anemone through\nthe Rockies in the low open valleys, and,\noccasionally on the slopes,, presenting the\ngreatest variety of colouring from deep\nrosy pink to pure white and occasionally\nblue; flowering in early June.\nPulsatilla\nhirsutissima\n(Pursh.)\nBritton.\nPasque\nFlower.\nVillous, 6-18 inches high. Leaves\nmuch divi<^f^^i|i^rrow, linear,\nacute lobes., the basal on slender\npetioles, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 those' of the involucre\nsessile cuui erect or ascending.\nFlowers bluish purple, sometimes nearly white inside; sepals 5-7 ovate-\noblong i-ij inches long, forming a cup;\nfruit a head of long silky achenes 2 inches\nor more in diameter.\nThis is one of the earliest and most beautiful of all the spring flowers, in the open\nmeadows and mountain sides, blossoming\nthrough May and June according to the\nsituation. Probably its most common local a Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton.\nPasque Flower.\n6 Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. (% Nat.)\nWestern Anemone.\ni. Ranunculaceae\nname, in the Rockies where it is very abundant, is that of crocus, to which flower it\ndoes bear a superficial resemblance, in size\nshape, and colour, and in the habit of the\nflower appearing as soon as the snow has\nleft the ground, and before the leaves.\nPulsatilla\noccidentalis\n(S. Wats.)\nFreyn.\nWestern\nAnemone.\nStem rather stout, silky-hairy,\n6-18 inches high, simple. Leaves\nbiternate, the lower on long\npetioles, the divisions deeply\npinnatifid into deeply cut linear,\nacute lobes; those of the involucre similar but short-petioled. Flowers i|-2 inches broad, peduncled, the\npeduncles much elongated in fruit; sepals\nspreading, 6-7, oval-obtuse, white, the\noutside usually blue at the base; fruit of\nlong plumose tailed achenes in a globular\nfluffy head.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies at an\nelevation of 6000 to 10,000 feet, blossoming\non the edges of the snow banks as they recede, 96\nRanunculaceae\nThalictrum\nmegacarpum\nTorr.\nVeiny\nMeadow\nRue.\na conspicuous feature of many an alpine\nmeadow during early June.\nSmooth, pale green, and glaucous;\nstem purplish, erect, 6-18 inches\ntall. Leaves 3-4 ternate, long-\npetioled, leaflets firm, obovate,\nrounded at the apex, wedge-\nshaped or subcordate at the base,\nJ-J an inch long, 3-5-lobed, the lower surface\nprominently veined. Flowers dioecious, with\n4 or 5 small, purplish-green sepals and large,\nlinear, wedge-shaped anthers or slender\nstyles; the achenes wedge-shaped and tapering into a short beak.\nA frequent plant in the dry open valleys\nin the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June.\nThalictrum\noccidentale\nA. Gray.\nWestern\nMeadow\nRue.\nStems slender, 1\u00E2\u0080\u00943 feet high.\nLeaves 2-4 ternate, the lowest\npetioled; leaflets thin, J to nearly\nan inch long, 3-9 lobed at the\nsummit, sparingly glandular-\nhairy beneath. Flowers 'dice-\ny e3\nfc\n#\nw\n>\u00C2\u00BB\n\n\u00C2\u00A7\nc\n\ns\n&\n3\nJh\n-M\n>r*\ntf\nsi\n#rH\nJ\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 r\u00E2\u0080\u0094(\n5\n.8\nO\n\"S\nfn\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0+J\nM\na\no\np\nc\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2i\u00E2\u0080\u00944\nnC\nPi\nf'-H\no>\nQ\nJ^\nI- Berberidaceae\niog\nspreading raceme, small, spherical, and\npurplish red.\nFrequent in the rich woods throughout\nthe region, at the lower altitudes; flowering\nin late May and early June.\nActaea\neburnea\nRydb.\nWestern\nWhite\nBaneberry\nSimilar to the preceding species\nand often growing with it and\ndifficult to distinguish from it\nwhen in flower: in fruit, however, they are quite distinct. In\nA. eburnea the berries are fully twice as\nlarge, nearly half an inch long and a quarter\nof an inch in diameter and pure waxy white.\nIn rich moist woods throughout the\nRockies; flowering with the other species in\nMay and early June; fruiting in late July.\nBERBERIDACE;\u00C2\u00A9\nBarberry Family\nShrubs or herbs with alternate or basal\nleaves, with or without stipules, and solitary\nor racemed, mostly terminal flowers; sepals no\nPapaveraceae\nand petals generally overlapping in several\nseries; stamens as many as the petals and\nopposite them; flowers perfect.\nBerberis\naquifolium\nPursh.\nTrailing\nMahonia.\nA smooth, trailing shrub. Leaves\npetioled, pinnate, leaflets 3-7,\novate or oval, oblique, obtuse,\ntruncate or slightly cordate at\nthe base, sessile thick, persistent, finely veiny, 1-2 inches long, with spine-\nbearing teeth. Flowers yellow, in several\nerect, dense, terminal racemes; berry globose,\nblue or purple.\nA straggling shrub with spiny glossy\ndark green leaves, which change to beautiful tints of scarlets and yellows during midsummer and autumn. Frequent in the\nRockies in woods; flowering in June.\nPapaveracejs\nPoppy Family\nHerbs with milky or coloured sap and alternate leaves or the upper rarely opposite,\nflowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 2,\n)\t I\nein\n\u00C2\u00BBn\nr\nLrkspui\ntXfcl iJit.X. no\nPapaveraceae\nand petals generally overlapping in several\nseries; stamens as many as the petals\nopposite them; flowers perfect.\n1Q\nBerberis\naquifolium\nPursh.\nTrailing\nMahonia.\nA smooth, trailing shrub. Leaves\npetioled, pinnate, leaflets \-n.\novate or oval, oblique, obtuse a\ntruncate or slightly cordate at\nthe base, sessile thick, persistent, finely veiny, 1-2 inches long, with spine-\nbearing teeth. Flowers yellow, in several\nerect, dense, terminal racemes; berry globose,\nblue or purple. jjjl\nA straggling shrub with spiny glossy\ndark green leaves, which change to beautiful tints of scarlets and yellows during midsummer and autumn. Frequent in the\nRockies in woods; flowering in June.\nPapaveraceae\nPoppy Family\nHerbs with milky or coloured sap and alternate leaves or the upper rarely opposite,\nflowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 2, a Delphinium Menziesii DC Blue Larkspur.\nb Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Lithophragma.\n(% Nat.) Brassicaceae\nu i\nrarely 3 or 4, soon falling off; petals 4-6 or\nrarely more, folded together, often wrinkled;\nstamens numerous.\nCapnodes\naureum\n(Willd.)\nKuntze.\nGolden\nCorydalis\nSmooth, 4-12 inches long, diffusely branching. Leaves all\nbut the uppermost petioled,\nfinely cut into oblong-obovate\nor wedge-shaped segments.\nFlowers numerous in an oblong\nhead, bright golden yellow, nearly half an\ninch long; spur \ the length of the body of\nthe corolla, outer petals keeled, not crested;-\npods spreading or pendulose, torulose; seeds\nobtuse, margined, shining, obscurely ridged.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies in open\nground at the lower altitudes where it has\nbeen recently burned or cleared; flowering\nduring most of the summer.\nBrassicaceae\nMustard Family\nHerbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid juice, alternate leaves and racemose 1\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0I' ill!\n1\n1\n112\nBrassicaceae\nor corymbose white, yellow, or pink flowers;\nsepals and petals 4; stamens 6, rarely fewer;\npistil 1, consisting of 2 united carpels.\nPods short; silicles.\nPod compressed parallel to the partition. Draba.\nPod compressed contrary to the partition, ovate;\nflowers white. Thlaspi.\nPod inflated, obcordate; flowers yellow. Physaria.\nPods elongated; siliques.\nPod compressed parallel to the partition.\nValves nerveless; flowers white. Cardamine.\nValves i-nerved; flowers white or pink. Arabis.\nPods terete, not at all compressed.\nPods ij inches long br more.\nFlowers yellow, stigma 2-lobed. Erysimum.\nPods less than i\u00C2\u00A3 inches long.\nLeaves grey with fine hairs; flowers white.\nSmelowskia.\nLeaves not grey-hairy; flowers.yellow or white.\nPubescence of simple hairs. Sisymbrium.\nPubescence of forked hairs.\nLeaves pinnate or pinnatifid ; flowers yellow.\nSophia.\nLeaves entire or nearly so; flowers white.\nBraya.\nSmooth throughout.\nLeaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers white.\nRoripa.\nCaudexmuch branched, branches\nshort and slender. Leaves\nstrongly keeled, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00C2\u00A7 of an inch\nlong, more or less loosely stellate-pubescent,\nDraba\nglacialis\nAdams. .\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00A3 Brassicaceae\n\"3\nsometimes ciliate at the base. Scapes slender, J-6 inches high, hairy or nearly smooth;\nracemes few-flowered; sepals with a few\nlong hairs or smooth petals \u00C2\u00A7 of an inch\nlong, pale yellow, darker at the base; pod\nJ of an inch or more long, narrowly\noblong, acute at both ends, on pedicels j of\nan inch or more long; style distinct.\nIn dry, exposed stony places throughout\nthe Rockies, flowering in early spring.\nDraba Stems much branched from the\noligosperma root, densely tufted at the base.\nHook. Leaves erect, linear, obtuse,\ntapering to the base, stiff, ciliate, with stellate hairs on both sides, especially toward\nthe apex. Scapes naked; flowers racemose;\ncalyx smooth or with scattered hairs, petals\nwhite or pale yellow, obovate, J of an inch\nor more long, pods short, nearly orbicular,\nacute at the apex, more or less rounded at\nthe base, sparingly short-hairy, J of an inch\nlong; style J its length.\nAlpine summits and dry ridges throughout 9\nH4\nBrassicaceae\nthe Rockies; flowering in May and June.\nDraba\nandina\n(Nutt.)\nA. Nelson\nDensely csespitose. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, J of an inch\nlong or' less, stiff and rigid,\ndensely imbricated, forming numerous small rosettes: stellate-pubescent on\nboth sides. Scapes slender, 1-2 inches high,\nfew-flowered, petals pale yellow or white, J\nof an inch long; twice as long as the hairy\ncalyx; pods J of an inch or less long with\nshort stiff hairs.\nOn exposed rocks and alpine summits\nthroughout the Rockies, frequent in the\nvicinity of Banff, flowering in May and June.\nCaudex with numerous slender\nmatted branches. Leaves in\ndense tufts, oblanceolate, acutish\nwith a rather stout mid-nerve,\nentire, white-hairy, with dense\nstellate pubescence, not at all ciliate or\nslightly so near the base, J of an inch long\nor less. Scapes slender, hairy, 1-3 inches\nDraba\nnivalis\nLiljb.\nArctic Whitlow-grass. +3\nfc\nw\n\u00C2\u00AB2\n#\nc3\n\"^^\no\n^-H\n\u00C2\u00A3\nJl\no\n03\n>\n-t-3\n\"l\u00E2\u0080\u0094l\no3\n\n\u00C2\u00A3\nt-i\n1 <\na\no\nrO\nO\noi\nQ\n-M\nOj\n\u00C2\u00A3\n#\n^\u00E2\u0080\u0094'\n09\n09\n09\na\nOS\n03\n^3\n1\n<\n\u00C2\u00A3\no\n03\ni\u00E2\u0080\u0094i\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 r*\n-M\nr\u00E2\u0080\u0094(\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2rH\n.2\nX\n\u00C2\u00A3\nbfi\noi\n,Q\nBj\n^\nQ ~L Brassicaceae\nii\nhigh, calyx hairy; flowers J of an inch high,\nthe white petals slightly exceeding the\ncalyx; pods few, usually smooth, oblong,\nacute at each end, J of an inch or less long\non short pedicels and with a short stout style\nand 2-lobed stigma.\nOn alpine summits and exposed ledges\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in June.\nDraba Ion- Similar to the preceding species\nchocarpa but with the leaves obtuse;\nRydb. pods J-f of an inch long, smooth,\nvery narrow and usually more or less twisted,\non slender pedicels 9H an inch long.\nIn moist or shaded ground, on alpine\nsummits or on ledges, throughout the\nRockies; flowering in June.\nPubescent throughout with short\nstellate hairs; stems rather stout,\nerect, frequently several from\nthe same root; leafy, 2-15 inches\nhigh. Leaves entire or few-\ntoothed, oblanceolate or lanceolate, stem\nDraba aurea\nVahl.\nGolden\nWhitlow-\ngrass. n6\nBrassicaceae\nleaves usually narrowed and frequently\nciliate at the base, J-2 inches long. Flowers\nbright yellow in an elongated leafy raceme;\ncalyx smooth or somewhat hairy; petals\nelliptic, less than J of an inch long; pods\nlanceolate to linear, acute, hairy, often\ntwisted, III an inch long on peduncles half\ntheir length.\nFrequent in dry open ground at the lower\naltitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering\nin June.\nDraba in\ncana L.\nHoary\nWhitlow-\ngrass.\nErect, simple, or somewhat\nbranched, leafy, stellate-pubescent throughout, 6-12 inches\nhigh. Leaves lanceolate, oblan-\nceolate or ovate, J-i inch long,\nacute or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire;\nflowers white, I of an inch or less broad; petals\nnotched, twice as long as the sepals; pod\noblong or lanceolate, acute J-J an inch long\non nearly erect pedicels about J their length.\nThroughout the region in moist ravines;\nflowering during June. o3\nsSO\n(N^\n0)\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o3\nfc.s\n0) o\nQ S\no3\no\n03\no\n03\n09\no>\nCO\n03\n*\nc\u00C2\u00BB\nOh Brassicaceae\n117\nOther species of Draba occur in the region\nbut being neither common nor striking it is\ndeemed Out of place to describe them\nhere.\nThlasni Decumbent or erect, 6-12 inches\narvense L. high, simple or much branched\nPenny-cress, above. Leaves spatulate or\noblong, obtuse, obtusely- or runcinately-\ntoothed or angled. Flowers small, white,\nin a compact head; pods large, J an inch\nbroad, orbicular or nearly so, strongly winged\nand compressed.\nIn moist low ground and waste places\nthroughout the .Rockies, flowering in June.\nDensely stellate, canescent, pale\ngreen, root long and deep. Stems\ndecumbent or ascending, slender,\nsimple, 3-12 inches long. Leaves\nspatulate, the basal ones obtuse, entire or few lobed, narrowed into margined petioles;\nstem leaves nearly sessile, acute, much\nPhysaria\ndidymo-\ncarpa\n(Hook.)\nA. Gray.\nDouble\nBladder-\npod. u8\nBrassicaceae\nsmaller. Flowers about J an inch broad,\nlight yellow in a close raceme, 2\u00E2\u0080\u00945 inches\nlong in fruit; pods much inflated and variable, often J an inch thick.\nIn dry clayey and stony soil and on slopes\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in June.\nCardamine\npennsylva-\nnica Muhl.\nPennsylvania\nBitter-\ncress.\nSmooth or rarely with a few\nscattered hairs; stems erect,\nstout or slender, 8 inches to 3\nfeet high, usually much branched,\nsomewhat succulent, leafy up\nto the racemes. Basal leaves\n2-6 inches long, the terminal\nleaflet obovate, ovate or obcordate, usually\nnarrowed at the base, \u00C2\u00A3\u00E2\u0080\u0094f of an inch wide,\nthe lateral 4-8 pairs oblong,* oval or obovate,\nall toothed or some of them entire. Flowers\nabout I of an inch broad, white; pods very\nnarrowly linear, J-iJ inches long, erect when\nmature on ascending pedicels.\nIn wet shaded places, sparingly throughout the region; flowering during June and\nJ\u00C2\u00ABiy- * ' * Brassicaceae\n119\nA b' h'r- Steni erect, nearly simple, 1-2\nsuta (L.) feet high, roughly hairy or nearly\nScop. Hairy smooth. Basal leaves on mar-\nRock-cress. g{nec\ petioles forming a rosette,\nobovate or spatulate, obtuse, denticulate,\n1-2 inches long; stem leaves sessile, clasping\nby an auriculate base, lanceolate or oblong.\nFlowers J of an inch or less long, white, in\na strict, elongated raceme; pods narrowly\nlinear, erect or appressed, 1-2 inches long.\nIn open grounds throughout the Rockies\nat the lower altitudes; flowering in June.\nFinely stellately pubescent\nthroughout; stems frequently\nseveral, simple or branched, erect\nJ-2J feet high. Root leaves\nnarrowly oblanceolate, entire, an\ninch or less long; stem leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acute, sagittate.\nFlowers rosy pink or rarely white, becoming\nmore or less reflexed, J of an inch long; pods\nmore or less abruptly reflexed, straight or\nsomewhat curved iJ-2\u00C2\u00A7 inches long, very\nnarrowly linear.\nArabis Hoi\nboldti\nHornem.\nStony\nRock-cress. 120\nBrassicaceae\nOn banks and stony slopes throughout\nthe Rockies; flowering in June.\nArabis\nDrummondii\nA. Gray.\nDrum-\nmond's\nRock-cress.\nSlightly glaucous, stems erect;\n1-2 feet high. Root leaves\nnarrowly oblanceolate more or\nless hairy; the stem leaves\noblong or linear-lanceolate, 1-2\ninches long. Flowers white or\npinkish, \ of an inch long in a close panicle,\nelongated in fruit; pods erect when mature,\nslender, 1J-3 inches long, obtuse.\nIn open ground and on slopes throughout\nthe Rockies, flowering in June.\nArabia\nLyallii\nS. Wats.\nLyalVs\nRock-cress.\nLow, smooth, throughout, or\nsometimes more or less Stella i:e-\npubescent below; stem simple,\nseveral, or many from the same\nroot. Lower leaves spatulate\nor linear-oblanceolate, usually J-i inch long,\nsometimes longer; stem leaves narrowly\nlanceolate or oblong, sometimes scarcely\nauricled. Flowers rose-colour, | of an inch Brassicaceae\n121\nlong; pods erect or ascending, very slender,\nstraight or nearly so, 1-2 inches long.\nAlpine meadows and slopes at the higher\nelevations throughout the Rockies, flowering\nin June and July.\nErysimum\nincon-\nspicuum\n(S. Wats.)\nMacM.\nTreacle\nMustard.\nErect, 10-18 inches high, cinereous and rough with 2-parted hairs.\nLeaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or oblong-linear, mostly\nentire, the root leaves crowded\nand sometimes repand dentate.\nFlowers sulphur yellow in a\ncompact head, elongated in fruit; calyx cam-\npanulate, \ inch high, petals f longer, the\nblades spreading; pods slender, erect or nearly\nso at maturity, 1-2 inches long.\nIn gravelly places, common on the eastern\nslopes of the Rockies at the lower elevations,\nflowering in June.\nSmelowskia\ncalycina\n(Desv.)\nC. A. Meyer.\nSmelowskia.\nVery variable in foliage, finely\nstellate-pubescent and usually\ncinereous-villous with larger single hairs; caudex stout, branched.\n1 122\nBrassicaceae\nLeaves soft in texture, usually deeply pinnatifid with 2-several pairs of linear to\nobovate, obtuse segments. Stems several,\n1-6 inches high, racemes at first dense\nand corymbose, becoming elongated in fruit.\nFlowers white with exserted broad rounded\npetals J of an inch or more long; pods\nusually lanceolate, tapering to each end.\nOn alpine summits through the Rockies;\nnot common; flowering in June and July.\nSisymbrium\naltissimum\nL. Tall\nHedge\nMustard.\nErect, 2-4 feet high,freely branching, smooth or nearly so. Lower\nleaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled, the lobes lanceolate, often\nauriculate; upper leaves smaller,\nshort petioled, or usually sessile, very deeply\npinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate,\ndentate or entire, the uppermost often reduced to linear, entire bracts. Flowers pale\nyellow, J of an inch broad on slender spreading pedicels, pods very narrowly linear, .\ndivergent, 2-4 inches long.\nAt the lower elevations throughout the Brassicaceae\n123\nregion as a weed, especially on the line of the\nrailway, flowering in July.\nSophia\nintermedia\nRydb.\nWestern\nTansy-\nMustard.\nStems 1-2 feet high, sparingly\ngreyish-puberulent, especially below, or sometimes nearly smooth,\noften glandular above; hairs\nmore or less stellate. Leaves\ntwice or thrice-pinnatifid, the\nprimary divisions oblanceolate or obovate,\ndivided to near the midrib into linear or\nlinear-oblong segments, sparingly puberulent.\nRaceme rather long, flowers small, less than\nJ of an inch high; petals yellow; peduncles\ndiverging sometimes nearly at right angles;\npod club-shaped.\nCommon throughout the Rockies in open\nplaces at the lower altitudes, flowering in\nJune and July.\nBraya\nhumilis\n(Meyer)\nRobinson.\nNorthern\nRock-cress.\nErect 4-10 inches high, branching below, sparingly hairy.\nLeaves spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, 1-2 inches\nlong, narrowed into a petiole, 124\nBrassicaceae\nsharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper\nsmaller, narrower, often acute. Flowers\nwhite or pink J of an inch or more broad,\npedicels erect, J of an inch long in fruit;\npods nearly terete, narrowly linear, \u00C2\u00A7-\u00C2\u00A7\nof an inch long, valves finely nerved.\nIn moist gravelly or stony ground throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes,\nflowering in June.\nAquatic, smooth, branched, float-\nRoripa\nNasturtium ing or creeping, rooting from\n(L.) Rusby. the joints. Leaves odd pinnate\nWater-cress. Qf ^-g segments, the terminal\none larger j than the lateral, all obtuse,\novate or oval or the terminal one nearly orbicular Racemes elongated in fruit;\nflowers white, J of an inch or more broad; pod\nJ-iJ inches long, spreading and slightly\ncurved upwards, on pedicels of about their\nlength.\nIn ditches and shallow pools through\nthe Rockies, especially abundant at\nBanff in the warm water at the outlet Crassulaceae\n125\nfrom the Basin; flowering through June\nand July.\nCrassulace^\nStone-Crop Family\nFleshy smooth herbs with alternate leaves,\nand perfect flowers in terminal, oftentimes\n1-sided cymes. Calyx 4-5-lobed; petals 4-5,\ndistinct, stamens twice as many as the petals;\ncarpels 4-5, styles short.\nSedum\nstenopet-\nalum Pursh.\nNarrow\nPetaled\nStone-crop.\nPerennial, tufted, smooth, flowering branches 3-7 inches long.\nLeaves alternate, crowded, sessile,\nlinear |-J an inch long, entire.\nFlowers bright yellow, nearly\nhalf an inch broad in a 5-7- forked, compact\ncyme, petals narrowly lanceolate, very\nacute.\nCommon throughout the Rockies in moist,\ngravelly or sandy soil, on river shores, and\non rocky slopes, flowering in June and\nJuly.\n1:1 126 Parnassiaceae\nPARNASSIACEiE\nGrass-of-Parnassus Family\nSmooth bog-herbs with a rosette of basal\nleaves and generally one or a few alternate\nstem leaves and solitary, terminal flowers.\nFlowers perfect; calyx generally 5-lobed to\nnear the base; petals 5; perfect stamens 5;\nstaminodia (imperfect stamens) in clusters\nat the base of each petal; stigmas 4.\nParnassia\nfimbriata\nBanks.\nFringed\nGrass-of-\nParnassus.\nLeaves tufted at the base on\npetioles 2-6 inches long; blades\nreniform or broadly cordate,\nf-J an inch wide, thin, smooth,\nwith about 7 principal veins.\nFlowers \u00C2\u00A7 of an inch or more\nbroad on a scape 8-12 inches high with a\nsmall cordate clasping, bract about the middle ; sepals \ of an inch long, elliptic, obtuse;\npetals obovate, pure white, fringed at the\nbase, staminodia united into 5 fleshy\nobovate scales.\nCommon throughout the region in springy u\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 1\u00E2\u0080\u00941\nJh\no\n(1)\np-l\nrO\na>\nw)\n*\u00E2\u0080\u0094\">\no\n09\no\n?H\nO\nPh\nPh\nv\"''\ns\n?H\nM\ne\nO\ng3\n1\u00E2\u0080\u00941\n09\n>\nPh\n09\n09\nrr?\n0J\no\nS\na>\nja\nw\na\nfH\n-t->\nc\no\naS\naS\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 rH\n09\n09\naS\nf-i\ncS Parnassiaceae\n127\nplaces and damp mossy banks at the lower\naltitudes, flowering during July.\nParnassia\nmontanensis\nRydb. and\nFernald.\nMarsh\nGrass-of-\nParnassus.\nLeaves tufted at the base on\nshort petioles, blades ovate with\na cordate or rounded base f of\nan inch long. Flowers solitary,\non scapes 8 inches or more high\nwith a large ovate bract below\nthe middle; sepals lanceolate, acute, | of an\ninch or more long, petals oval to elliptic only\nslightly larger than the sepals; staminodial\nscales with 7-9 gland-tipped filaments.\nThroughout the Rockies in marshy ground\nand shaded river shores; flowering in June\nand early July.\nScapes slender, 4-12 inches high,\nusually bearing a clasping oval\nleaf at the middle. Basal leaves\non slender petioles, oval or ovate,\nnarrowed at the base, not cordate, J-i inch long. Flowers\nabout i of an inch broad, sepals equalling or\nsomewhat shorter than the elliptic sessile\nParnassia\nparviflora\nDC. Small\nflowered\nGrass-of-\nParnassus. 128\nSaxifragaceae\npetals; staminodia 5-7 at the base of each\npetal.\nIn wet gravelly places at the lower altitudes\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in July.\nParnassia\nKotzebuei\nCham, and\nSchl.\nAlpine\nGrass-of-\nParnassus.\nMuch smaller than the preceding species. Basal leaves\nfew on petioles less than an inch\nlong; blades broadly ovate, J an\ninch long. Flowers on slender\nscapes 2-4 inches high, without\nany bract; sepals oblong, about\nJ of an inch long, equalling or exceeding the\nelliptic or oval 3-veined petals; staminodia\nshort with 3-5 slender filaments.\nThroughout the Rockies at high altitudes\non the gravelly borders of alpine ponds or\nbrooks, a very diminutive species, flowering\nin July.\nSaxifragaceae\nSaxifrage Family\nStemmed or stemless herbs with alternate\nor sometimes opposite or more frequently Saxifragaceae\n129\n+\nbasal leaves; flowers perfect, racemose,\ncymose or paniculate; calyx 5-lobed or parted;\npetals 4 or 5, white, yellow or greenish or\nsometimes rose-coloured; stamens equal or\ntwice the number of the petals; carpels 1-\nseveral, distinct or united.\nPlacentas parietal.\nFlowers solitary and axillary; sepals 4; stamens 4-8.\nChr y sosplenium.\nFlowers in more or less elongated racemes.\nFlowers with 2 or 3 equal carpels.\nFlower-stalk axial from a bulbiferous rootstock.\nLithophragma.\nFlower-stalk a lateral shoot from a stout scaly\nrootstock.\n*\nInflorescence racemose.\nPetals pinnately cut or pinnatifid.\nBase of the calyx campanulate deeper\nthan the length of the sepals.\nTellima\n' Base of the calyx saucer-shaped, shallower than the length of the sepals.\nOvary more than half superior; disc\ninconspicuous. Mitella.\nOvary wholly inferior, covered with\nthe prominent disc. Pectiantia.\nInflorescence paniculate. Heuchera.\nFlowers with 2 very unequal carpels.\nTiarella.\nPlacentae axial.\nBase of the calyx well developed, at maturity longer\nthan the sepals. 130 Saxifragaceae\nStamens 5, plant with short bulblet bearing\nrootstock. Hemieva.\nStamens 10.\nPlants without caudices; only producing annual\nflowering stems. Saxifraga.\nPlants with perennial leafy caudices, often with\noffsets. Muse aria.\nBase of the calyx only slightly developed, unchanged\nat maturity.\nLeaves alternate, sometimes all basal.\nPlants stemless.\nCorolla regular, petals about equal in shape\nand length. Micranthes.\nCorolla irregular petals of different shape and\nlength. Spatularia.\nPlants with stems.\nCarpels distinct; leaf-blades toothed.\nLeptarrhena.\nCarpels partially united; leaf-blades entire.\nLeptasea.\nLeaves opposite except sometimes on the flower-\nstalks. Antiphylla.\nPerennial with a slender creeping\nrootstock; stems i\u00C2\u00A7-6 inches\nhigh, branched above. Leaves alternate, the lower ones on petioles\n1-2 inches long; blades thick,\nreniform, J an inch or less wide,\ncrenate with 3-5 broad teeth, shining above,\npaler beneath, upper ones larger and more\nChrysos-\nplenium\ntetrandrum\nTh. Fries.\nGolden\nSaxifrage. Saxifragaceae\n13*\nor less wedge-shaped. Flowers in small\nclusters in the axils of the upper leaves;\nsepals 4; stamens 4 opposite the sepals.\n- In shaded damp ground in the wooded\nareas through the Rockies at an elevation of\nrooo to 6000 feet, where it often forms dense\ngreen carpets, the inconspicuous little flowers\ncoming into blossom in June.\nLithophragma\nparviflora\n(Hook.)\nNutt.\nLithophragma.\nStems 4-12 inches high, slightly\nglandular-hairy, from a slender\ncreeping rootstock with rosy\nbulblets. Leaves palmately\ndivided to the base into 3-5\ndivisions, J-i inch long, twice\nternately cleft into oblong or\nlinear divisions; lower ones on petioles 1-2\ninches long; stem leaves 1 or 2 similar,\nsessile. Flowers 3-8 in a slender raceme,\nbase of the calyx and sepals J of an inch\nlong; petals pure white, deeply 3-5 cut into\nnarrowly oblong divisions.\nOn grassy slopes and gravelly places\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in June. J32\nSaxifragaceae\nT3llima\ngrandiflora\n(Pursh.)\nDougl.\nTellima.\nFlowering branches 1-2 feet high,\nwith long rough hairs, glandular\nabove. Leaves reniform or cordate, sparingly rough-hairy,\nround lobed, and toothed with\nbroadly ovate teeth; 1^-4 inches broad on\nhairy petioles 4-8 inches long; stem leaves\nshort-petioled with well-developed stipules.\nFlowers numerous in an elongated raceme;\nsepals ovate J of an inch long; petals white,\npurplish or pink with a pinnately cut blade;\nclaws broadly wedge-shaped, \u00C2\u00A7 of an inch\nlong, erect, blade spreading or reflexed with\na rounded ovate body and tapering threadlike lobes.\nMoist woods and crevices in the rocks,\nabundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June.\nPerennial, from a slender\nMitella nuda\nL Naked branched rootstock, producing\nBishop's- long runners in late summer;\nCap. flowering branches scape-like,\nnaked, or rarely with a small leaf, 2-8 inches\nhigh, sparingly hairy. Leaves reniform >\nX\nX\nX\nw\n<\nPh \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0Ill\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0080\u0094111.11 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 Saxifragaceae\ni33\nf-2 inches in diameter, rounded, crenate or\nlobed, on petioles 1-3 inches long. Flowers\nfew, in a loose raceme, saucer-shaped: calyx\nabout J of an inch broad, greenish-yellow;\npetals spreading about twice as long as\nthe sepals, greenish-yellow, pinnately divided\ninto thread-like divisions, resembling snow\ncrystals in form.\nCommon- in the cool woods and shaded\nmossy bogs throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.\nPectiantia\npentandra\n(Hook.)\nRydb.\nMitrewort.\nFlowering branches scape-like,\n4-12 inches high, naked. Leaves\nbroadly crenate with 9-11 more\nor less distinct round lobes,\nthin, 1-2J inches broad on petioles, 2-4 inches long. Flowers J of an inch\nbroad in a slender loose raceme, green or\noften purplish inside; sepals broadly triangular-ovate, obtuse, and recurved; petals\nyellowish, deeply cut into slender threadlike divisions, twice as long as the calyx;\nstamens 5, opposite the petals. Saxifragaceae\nThroughout the region in cool woods and\nshaded springy spots; flowering in early\nJune at the higher altitudes.\nFlowering branches 4-8 inches\nhigh, leafless. Leaves thin,\nbroadly reniform with many\nshallow rounded lobes; petioles\n2-4 inches long. Flowers in a\nloose raceme, green, occasionally in pairs;\ncalyx J of an inch wide; sepals obtuse and\nreflexed; petals deeply cut into thread-like\ndivisions about twice as long as the sepals;\nstamens 5, opposite the sepals.\nIn damp woods throughout the region,\ngrowing with the previous species; flowering\nin early June.\nFlowering stems slender, 4.-20\ninches high, smooth, 1-3-leaved.\nBasal leaves on petioles, 2-8\ninches long, cordate, deeply 5-7-\nlobed, thin, shining, 1-4 inches\nbroad and as long or slightly longer, lobes Saxifragaceae\ni35\ntriangular-ovate, acute, doubly and sharply\nserrate. Flowers in a loose panicle 2-6 inches\nlong; calyx with the turbinate base about\nI of an inch long, sparingly fringed with hairs ;\npetals white, broadly spatulate, acute, about\ntwice as long as the sepals; stamens much\nexserted, with scarlet .and orange anthers.\nOn damp shaded rocks, especially abundant in the Selkirks in the vicinity of Glacier.\nHeuchera\novalifolia\nNutt.\nRound-\nleaved\nAlum-root\nFlowering branches naked,\ndensely glandular-hairy, 1-2\nfeet high. Leaves round-oval, J-\n1J inches broad, j\u00E2\u0080\u00942 inches long,\nrounded, slightly heart-shaped\nat the base, round-lobed and\ncrenate with bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers\nin a short dense raceme less than 4 inches\nlong, the deeply campanulate, yellowish,\ndensely hairy base of the calyx, with the\nbroadly oblong sepals \ of an inch long,\npetals usually wanting.\nOn dry rocky banks and hillsides throughout the region, flowering in midsummer. Tiarella\nunifoliata\nHook.\nFoam\nFlower.\nSaxifragaceae\nFlowering branches 6-15 inches\nhigh, 1-4-leaved. Leaves broadly cordate, coarsely 3-5-lobed\nwith broadly ovate-acute lobes,\ndoubly crenate with mucronate\nteeth; stem leaves short-petioled, basal, on\npetioles 2-6 inches long: Flowers in a narrow\npanicle; sepals whitish ovate-oblong, -^ of an\ninch long, the linear-subulate, white petals\nland stamens fully three times as long; carpels oblong-acute, nearly half an inch long\nin fruit.\nAbundant in damp rich woods throughout\nthe region often-times carpeting the ground;\nflowering in June,\nLight yellowish-green; stems 8-\n10 inches high from a rosy-\nbulbous rootstock. Leaves ter-\nnately divided to the base, the\nmiddle division broadly wedge-\nshaped, J-i inch long, rounded,\n3-lobed, the lateral ones oblique and 4-lobed;\nbasal, on petioles 2-4 inches long, stem\nHemieva\nranunculi\nfolia\n(Hook.)\nRaf.\nHemieva. as\nw\ngo bo\nTO\n>4\nJ 9\nui\nin\n> m\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2i-i\nbo u*\na\nOT\ncS\n55\ne|5\nbO\n^\u00E2\u0080\u0094s\nc\u00C2\u00AB\n*H\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00C2\u00ABH\nh-1\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 p\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n3\nbj)\n0>\nc\no\nT3\nto\n73\nO\n!?;\ns-i\new\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2i\u00E2\u0080\u0094t\nX\na\nw Saxifragaceae\n37\nleaves on short petioles dilated at the base,\nthe uppermost sessile, merely 3-lobed at the\napex. Flowers showy in a short dense\ncorymb; the base of the calyx and sepals\nyellowish-green about J of an inch long;\npetals white or yellowish, broadly spatulate,\nJ of an inch long; stamens 5, opposite the\nsepals, filaments and carpels more or less\nrosy in colour.\nOn wet rocky slopes in the Selkirks at\nGlacier, not common; flowering in June.\nSaxifraga\nrivularis L\nAlpine-\nBrook\nSaxifrage.\nStems 1-3J inches tall, tufted,\nsmooth or finely glandular-\nhairy. Leaves reniform in outline, J-\u00C2\u00A7 an inch broad, thick,\nmainly 3-lobed, those of the\nstem sometimes entire, short petioled or\nsessile; basal leaves on slender petioles an\ninch or more long. Flowers small, base of\nthe calyx and sepals J of an inch long; petals\noblong, or broadly wedge-shaped, white,\nslightly larger than the sepals.\nAn inconspicuous little plant growing on\njy 138\nSaxifragaceae\nwet rocks and beside alpine brooks at high\naltitudes throughout the region; flowering\nduring midsummer.\nSaxifraga\ncernua L.\nNodding\nBulbous\nSaxifrage.\nStems 3-8 inehes tall, leafy,\nsomewhat glandular-hairy,\ngrowing in groups. Leaves reniform in outline f-i inch wide;\nthe basal and lower stem-leaves\nlong-petioled prominently, 3-7 lobed, the\nlobes linear to triangular-lanceolate; the\nupper stem leaves, 3-5-lobed. Flowers represented by clusters of rosy bulblets, except\na single terminal one with the base of the\ncalyx and sepals J of an inch long, and wedge-\nshaped, the clawless white petals nearly half\nan inch long.\nA rather striking alpine plant growing\non wet rocks at Lake Louise and Moraine\nLake; flowering in midsummer.\nMuscaria\nadscendens\n(L.) Small.\nMuscaria.\nSomewhat glandular-hairy, 1-4\ninches tall. Leaves \-\ of an\ninch long, mainly wedge-shaped\nor spatulate, 3-toothed or those \u00E2\u0096\u00A0II\n: \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\"\u00E2\u0096\u00A0' '.\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0HI\nxn\no\na\n\u00C2\u00A3\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2^\n\u00C2\u00A3\n#\nrrt\n\n+3\nft\nP\n02\n0)\nH\nas\nO\n05\nfH\n0j\no\nCO\n3\nI\n:,!\nIll Saxifrag-aceae\no\nx39\nof the stem entire. Flower-stalks sparingly branched above or throughout;\nsepals ovate or oblong-ovate -fa\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00C2\u00A7 of an\ninch long, acute or obtuse; petals white,\nwedge-shaped to oblong wedge-shaped, a\nthird longer than the sepals, the claws\nslender or stout.\nAn alpine species with rosettes of basal\nleaves, not infrequent throughout the\nRockies, along streams, and on shaded\nrocks; flowering in midsummer.\nGlandular-hairy, 2-6 inches tail..\nLeaves crowded at the base,\nsometimes densely so; blades\nJ\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00C2\u00A7 of an inch long, 3-lobed at\nthe apex, the lobes lanceolate\nFlower-stalks stout, 3-few-\nflowered, each bearing 2\u00E2\u0080\u00943 leaves, base of\nthe calyx J to T3^ of an inch high, turbinate at the base, sepals ovate to ovate-\nlanceolate, -t\~i of an inch long; petals\nwhite, narrowly obovate or oblojig-ovate, \ of\nMuscaria\ncaespitosa\n(L.) Haw.\nTufted\nSaxifrage.\nor linear\nI\nI 140\nSaxifragaceae\nan inch or more long, rounded at the apex.\nAn alpine species growing on moist, shaded\nrocks throughout the Rockies, frequent, often\nforming tufts of considerable size; flowering\nin. June.\nMicranthes\nrhomboidea\n(Greene)\nSmall.\nAlpine\nSaxifrage.\nLeaves forming a rosette, spreading or ascending {-2 inches long,\novoid or rhombic-ovoid, obtuse,\ncrenulate or dentate-serrate,\nnearly smooth except the ciliate\nmargins, mainly green, sometimes purplish beneath, abruptly or gradually narrowed into petiole-like bases, which\nare occasionally larger than the blades.\nFlowers in a compact terminal head on a\ncopiously glandular, naked scape 3-10 inches\nhigh; sepals ovate to triangular ^-J of an\ninch long barely if at all ciiiate, 3-veined;\npetals .white, obovate or oblong-ovate, twice\nas long as the sepals, notched at the apex,\nseed pods green or purplish, the points\nspreading.\nA frequent alpine plant in the more or Saxifragaceae\n141\nless moist, shaded situations throughout the\nRockies; flowering in July.\nMicranthes\nLyallii\n(Engler)\nSmall.\nLyall's\nSaxifrage.\nLeaves erect or ascending J\u00E2\u0080\u00942 J\ninches long, fan-shaped varying\nto suborbicular, typically wedge-\nshaped at the base, coarsely\nfew-toothed above with the teeth\nmainly directed forward, smooth\nor nearly so, the petiole-like bases often\nlonger than the blades. Flowering stems\n3-24 inches tall, smooth or nearly so, sparingly branched above, commonly purple,\nfew-flowered; petals white with 2 yellow\nblotches below the middle, broadly oblong\nor suborbicular, often slightly notched at\nthe apex, twice as long as the sepals, often\ntinged and streaked with red on the outside;\nseed pods nearly \ an inch high, purple or\npurple-tinged, usually 3 or 4 together, with\npointed beaks.\nAn alpine form frequent throughout the\nregion in damp, shady, or open places and\nalong the borders of mountain streams; I42~\nSaxifragaceae\na rather striking plant, flowering in July.\nMicranthes\nNelsoniana\n(D. Don.)\nSmall.\nNelson's\nSaxifrage.\nLeaves erect or ascending, 1-5\ninches long, suborbicular or\nreniform, f\u00E2\u0080\u0094if inches in diameter, deeply cordate at the base,\nusually sparingly hairy on both\nsides, coarsely few-toothed with\ncrenate, gland-tipped teeth. Flower-stem\nerect, ij\u00E2\u0080\u00947 inches tall, glandular-villous,\nespecially above, terminating in a compact\nhead usually with purple or purplish bracts;\nsepals ovate or oblong-ovate J-| of an inch\nlong, ciliate; petals white, broadly oblong\nto ovate, twice as long as the sepals.\nA rather rare though very beautiful alpine flower found throughout the region in\nmoist places and along alpine brooks; flowering in June.\nSpatularia Copiously glandular-hairy, 4-15\nBrunoniana inches tall. Leaves crowded on\nBong. Tall the short rootstock, spatulate\naxvjrage. ^ oblanceolate-spatulate, 1-3\ninches long, sharply and sometimes broadly m\n/-_v\n0)\nT3\nbO\nM\na\no3\nbO\n%4\n0)\n'w\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2rH\n03\n^\nXfl\nC\no3\no\no O\nw\no3\noS\na>\n03\nft Saxifragaceae\n143\ntoothed, mostly above the middle, i Flower-\nstems solitary or several together, widely\nbranching, bracts much smaller than the\nleaves; flowers terminating the stem, branches,\nand branchlets, but on many of the ultimate\nbranchlets represented by clusters of green\nbulblets; sepals oblong-ovate to triangular-\novate, J of an inch or less long, purple,\nreflexed; petals white, J of an inch long or\nless, the three upper with lanceolate or\noblong-lanceolate blades; two lower with\nelliptic or spatulate-elliptic blades; seed pods\nJ of an inch long with diverging tips.\nThe commonest form in the Selkirks,\neverywhere along streams and banks.\nCaudex horizontal or ascending,\nclothed with folded leaf bases.\nLeaves leathery, oblong, or sometimes slightly broadest above or\nbelow the middle, 1J-3J inches\nlong, obtuse, serrate or crenate-serrate, deep\ngreen and lustrous above, paler beneath, narrowed into winged petiole-like bases. Flower-\nLeptarrhena\npyrolifolia\n(D. Don.)\nR. Br.\nLeptarrhena. 144\nSaxifragaceae\nstalks 4-18 inches high, bearing 1 or 2 clasping leaves; flowers small and inconspicuous,\nat first congested in a compact head, becoming separated; sepals ovate, about as long as\nthe base of the calyx, each with a terminal\ngland and usually some lateral glands; petals\nnarrowly spatulate, white, | of an inch\nlong; seed pods J of an inch long with slightly\nspreading tips; purplish.\nAlong alpine streams and in damp shaded\nplaces, rather abundant throughout the\nregion at the higher altitudes ; flowering in\nJune.\nLeptasea\nVan-Brun-\ntise Small.\nFleshy\nSaxifrage.\nStems decumbent. Leaves J-J\nof an inch long, the blades very\nthick, flattish, smooth, ciliate\non j the margins, spine-tipped.\nFlowers 1-several on stalks, ij-\n3 inches tall, finely glandular-hairy, leafy,\nbearing larger leaves than the decumbent\nstems; sepals ovate to oblong ovate, J of an\ninch long, smooth, more or less eroded at\nthe apex; petals deep yellow, oblong, much Saxifragaceae\ni45\nlonger than the calyx; seed pods J of an inch\nor more long.\nA common species throughout the Rockies,\nforming mats on the wet gravel and sand of\nthe shores and flood-plains of the rivers and\ntorrent fans at the bases of the moraines;\nflowering throughout June and July.\nLeptasea\naustromon-\ntana (Wie-\ngand)\nSmall.\nCommon\nSaxifrage.\nLeaves of the caudices J an inch\nor less, long, stiff and crowded,\nbut more or less spreading, the\nblades narrowly lanceolate to\nsubulate, ciliate, slender, spine-\ntipped.\nFlower-stalks\ninches tall, nearly smooth or\nfinely glandular-hairy, bearing several\nleaves which are smaller than those of the\ncaudices; sepals ovate, sometimes rather\nnarrowly so, J of an inch long, smooth\nor sparingly ciliate, obtuse; petals white,\nusually yellow-spotted, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, \u00C2\u00A3 of an inch or more long, filaments\nslender; seed pods often nearly J an inch long.\nCommon everywhere throughout the 146\nGrossulariaceae\nRockies at the lower altitudes on bare rocks\nand stony slopes, frequently forming mats a\nfoot or more across; flowering in June.\nAntiphylla\noppositi-\nfolia (L.)\nFourr.\nPurple-\nSaxifrage.\nPlants in dense mats, leaves\ndensely folded together except\non the flower-stalks and sometimes on the elongated stems,\n4-ranked, the blades obovate to\nspatulate, J of an inch long,\nciliate, keeled. Flower-stalks J-i inch long\nor sometimes shorter when young, leafy;\nsepals oblong to ovate, J of an inch long,\nciliate all around; petals lilac or purple, elliptic or oval, showy, -J- of an inch long, each\nnarrowed into a stout claw.\nUsually a high alpine species and not\ninfrequently forming mats of considerable\nsize; throughout the region, flowering in July.\nGROSSULARIACEi\u00C2\u00AE\nGooseberry Family\nShrubs, usually with lobed, petioled leaves\nand racemose or subsolitary axillary or Grossulariaceae\n147\nlateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate;\ncalyx tube attached to the ovary, the limb\n4-5N-lobed, often coloured; petals, 4-5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small,\nscale-like, often included; stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals; berry globose or\novoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its\nsummit.\nRibes lacus\ntre (Pers.)\nPoir.\nSwamp\nGooseberry.\nStems prostrate or ascending,\n3-4 feet long, very prickly when\nyoung, spines slender and weak,\ngenerally clustered. Leaves\nnearly orbicular, thin, smooth or\nhairy along the veins beneath, deeply 5-7\nlobed, 1-2 inches broad, the lobes acutish,\nincised-dentate. Flowers in racemes of 5-9;\ncalyx rotate, J of an inch broad, spreading,\ngreen or purplish; petals exceeding the\ncalyx; ovary glandular-hispid; berry black.\nA very abundant gooseberry throughout\nthe region in cool damp woods and bogs\nat the lower elevations; flowering in\nJune.\n: 148\nGross ulariaceae\nI\nRibes seto- Stems erect, 3-4 feet high, with\nsum Lindl. numerous stout bristles, es-\nBHstly pecially on the young wood;\noose erry. axillary spines 1-3 together,\nrather stout and spreading. Leaves slender-\npetioled, more or less finely hairy, at least\nwhen young, J-i inch wide, broadly ovate\nor orbicular, 3-5-lobed, the lobes incised or\ncoarsely toothed. Flowers 2-3, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J an inch\nlong on very short pedicels; calyx tube\ncylindric, greenish-white or pinkish; petals\nwhite; berries small, purple or blue and very\nsour.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies on lake\nshores and in thickets at the lower altitudes;\nflowering in June.\nRibes oxya- sPines generally solitary, light-\ncanthoides coloured, J-| of an inch long;\nL. Northern prickles commonly wanting.\nuuo.-,(c rry. Leaves petioled, roundish, sub-\ncordate and 5-lobed, hairy or nearly smooth,\nthe lobes deeply toothed or crenate. Flowers\ngreenish-purple or white, little more than Grossulariaceae\n149\n\ of an inch long; berry half an inch in\ndiameter, smooth, reddish-purple and sweet\nwhen ripe.\nThroughout the Rockies at the lower\nelevations, in open ground and on stony\nhillsides; flowering in June; fruit ripening\n\"in July.\nRibes\nHowellii\nGreene.\nHowell's\nCurrant.\nStems ascending, crowded, 2-5\nfeet high, without spines.\nLeaves triangular, 2-3 inches in\ndiameter, cordate at the base,\ndeeply 5-lobed, the acute lobes\ndoubly serrate, smooth above, often resinous-\ndotted beneath, petiole as long as or longer\nthan the blade. Flowers -J- of an inch broad\nin a loose raceme, bracts linear, about -^ of\nan inch long, much shorter than the slender,\nglandular pedicels; calyx rotate with broad\nspatulate lobes; petals red, narrowly spatulate, shorter than the calyx lobes; berries red.\nA rather showy plant with a pungent,\nskunk-like odour when bruised, growing on\nwet, shaded rocks and in springy places 1\ni5o\nRosaceae\nthroughout the region, at the lower altitudes;\nflowering in June.\nRosacea\nRose Family.\nHerbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate\nleaves and perfect flowers; calyx free or ad-\nnate to the ovary, 5-9-lobed; petals equal\nin number to the calyx lobes, distinct or\nnone; stamens usually numerous and distinct; fruit mostly follicles or achenes.\nCarpels few; in fruit becoming 2-several sided.\nStamens united at the base; flowers racemose.\nLutkea.\nStamens not united at the base; flowers in panicles\nor corymbs.\nShrubs with simple leaves, flowers perfect.\nSpiraea.\nHerbs with compound leaves; flowers dioecious.\nAruncus.\nCarpels few or many; in fruit becoming achenes or\ndrupelets.\nFruit consisting of drupelets, usually united. Rubus.\nFruit consisting of achenes.\nAchenes enclosed in a fleshy fruit; prickly shrubs.\nRosa.\nAchenes on a plane or concave receptacle; herbs.\nStyles deciduous, naked. \nCtf\nfa\nc8 -^\nto r~\u00C2\u00BB\n\nfa\nw \u00C2\u00A7\nOS\no\nfa\nS3\nCg\nR to\n2 o>\nft\n03 Rosaceae\n151\nPotentilla.\nDasyphora\nSibbaldia.\nStyles terminal.\nStyles lateral.\nCarpels hairy; shrubs.\nCarpels smooth; herbs.\nStamens 5; carpels 10\u00E2\u0080\u009415.\nStamens 20; carpels numerous.\nLeaves trifoliate; receptacle fleshy.\nFragaria.\nLeaves pinnate, receptacle not fleshy.\nFlowers dark purple. Comarum.\nFlowers yellow.\nPlant with stolons; flowers solitary.\nArgentina.\nStyles persistent, mostly plumose.\nCalyx lobes and petals 8 or 9. Dryas.\nCalyx lobes and petals 5.\nStyle jointed, upper part deciduous.\nGeum.\nStyle not jointed, upper part plumose.\nSieversia.\nSmooth, stems caespitose, very\nleafy. Leaves trifoliate, persistent, leaflets deeply 2-4-lobed,\nthe lateral ones decumbent,\nforming a broad petiole. Flowering stems 2-6 inches high with\na dense terminal raceme of- many white\nflowers, about J of an inch broad; calyx\nlobes ovate, acute; petals 5, obovate, exceed-\nLutkea\npectinata\n(Pursh.)\nKuntze.\nCut-leaved\nLutkea. 152\nRosaceae\ning the calyx; stamens numerous, shorter\nthan the petals.\nFrequent throughout the Selkirks, on\nalpine slopes and beside streams at the higher\nelevations; flowering in June.\nQv.fi Stem 2-4 feet high, reddish.\nbpiraea ^ & '\ndensiflora Leaves ovate or elliptical, ser-\nNutt. Pink rulate at the apex, entire below,\npira;a. narrowed at the base to a very\nshort petiole or the lowest sessile, dark green\non both sides, f-i inch long. Flowers small,\ndeep rose-colour in dense, round, leafy,\nbracted corymbs, terminating the numerous\nbranches.\nIn moist, exposed, rocky places and on\nslopes at the lower altitudes, frequent in the\nSelkirks; flowering in June.\nStems erect, mostly simple, 1-2\nfeet high, from horizontal running rootstocks. Leaves, the\nlower ones small, obovate; upper,\noval to oblong, 1\u00E2\u0080\u00942 inches long,\noften obscurely lobed and doubly serrate\nSpiraea\nlucida\nDougl.\nBirch-\nleaved\nSpiraea. \u00E2\u0080\u00A25*S3\u00C2\u00BB??.&.\u00C2\u00AB\nW*m&L\n\nPQ\nVl\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 i-H\nC5\n>>\n. Vi\nTO \u00C2\u00BB>\n\u00C2\u00BBH\nu\n&J0\no3\nVi Rosaceae\nJ59\nComarum\nSmooth, decumbent at the base,\npalustre (L.) 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaves\nMarsh pinnate, the lower long-petioled\nCinquefoil. ^^ s__7 oblong or oblanceolate,\nsharply serrate leaflets, which are lighter-\ncoloured and more or less hairy beneath;\nupper leaflets similar, 3-5. Flowers few,\nin an open cyme; calyx lobes purple within,\nacuminate, nearly \ an inch long, enlarging\nin fruit; petals much shorter than the sepals.\nA marsh plant frequent throughout the\nregion in very wet situations, at the lower\naltitudes; flowering in July.\n1\nArgentina Herbaceous, spreading by run-\nAnserina ners. Leaves all at the root,\n(L.) Rydb. interruptedly pinnate with 7-21\nleaflets and smaller ones interposed; oblong, sharply serrate, dark green\nabove, soft, white-hairy beneath. Flowers\nbright yellow, J-i inch broad, solitary on\nlong pedicels, petals exceeding the ovate,\nacute, calyx lobes.\nIn open and waste ground and meadows i6o\nRosaceae\nthroughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and July.\nPotentilla Stem 4\"8 inches high, woody at\nnivea L. the base, with long silky hairs.\nSnowy Leaves 3-foliate, the lower peti-\nCinquefoil. oled. leaflets oblong or obovate,\nusually deeply cut, densely, white-hairy beneath, green and loosely soft-hairy above, f-i\ninch long. Flowers 1-5, bright yellow, J-j of\nan inch broad; sepals silky, lanceolate, shorter\nthan the broadly-ovate, notched petals.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies in open,\nrocky situations; flowering during June and\nJuly- , '\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 I\nStem decumbent or ascending\n4-8 inches high from a woody\nbase, more or less silky-villous\nor nearly smooth. Leaves pinnate or tripinnate with 5-7\nlanceolate, deeply cut leaflets, usually glaucous and with ciliate edges. Flowers few,\nbright yellow, | an inch or more broad with\nnotched petals, in an open cyme.\nPotentilla\ndissecta\nPursh.\nCut-leaved\nCinquefoil.\nLL Rosaceae\n161\nIn open alpine meadows and slopes\nthroughout the region at the higher altitudes;\nflowering during June and July.\nMuch like the preceding species\nPotentilla r & r\nmultisecta but much more hairy throughout\n(Wats.) and with more divided leaves.\nRydb. Flowers in a loose cyme on\nscapes 4-6 inches high, not quite so large as\nin the preceding nor as brilliantly coloured.\n\" Dry rocky summits and ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.\nPotentilla\nuniflora\n(Ledeb.)\nAlpine\nCinquefoil\nDensely caespitose from a woody\nbase. Leaves closely tufted,\nsmall, palmately divided, leaflets deeply cut, densely white-\nwoolly on both surfaces. Flowers\nsolitary on short peduncles, bright yellow,\nhalf an inch or more broad; petals broadly\nobovate, notched at the apex, much longer\nthan the densely soft-hairy lanceolate sepals.\nA high alpine species in dry stony ground\nthroughout the Rockies, not common; flowering in July.\n11 l62\nRosaceae\nGeum\nmacro -\nphyllum\nWilld.\nLarge-\nleaved\nAvens.\nStout, erect, stiff-hairy, 1-3 feet\nhigh. Leaves lyrate-pinnate with\nbroad foliaceous stipules, basal\nleaves petioled, the terminal segment much the largest, reniform,\ndentate, 3-7-lobed; lateral leaflets 3-6 oval or obovate with smaller ones\ninterspersed. Flowers several, short pedun-\ncled, borne in a terminal head; bright yellow,\nnearly J an inch broad; petals longer than the\nacuminate sepals; receptacle nearly smooth.\nIn damp places and low grounds throughout the region, most abundant in the Selkirks;\nflowering in June.\nHairy, branched above, 2-4 feet\nGeum\nstrictum high- Stipules broad, foliaceous;\nAit. Yellow basal leaves lyrate-pinnate; leaf-\nAvens. iets 5-7, obovate, cuneate, den\ntate or lobed, the terminal one largest,\nbroadly ovate or cuneate, stem leaves sessile\nor short-petioled with 3-5 ovate or oblong,\nacute segments. Flowers yellow, J an inch\nbroad; receptacle downy. >..\u00C2\u00AB\nm\n\u00C2\u00A3&\nWJBs\n\"\"iffi- 3^\niSP? Ss\n\u00C2\u00A3^^,J5||\nft\nif\nI l62\nGeum\nmacro -\nphyllum\nLarge-\nRosaceae\nQ+\nit\nhigh. Leav^ lyrate-pinnate with\nbroad foliaceous stipules/? basal\nleaves pexioieu. tr\nie te ii ainai seg-\nment much the la\nrgest, reniform,\n'Jt +-*. .*-, 4- ^ 4- in \u00E2\u0080\u0094. mm 1 ,-^.Vv*-\n:d; lateral leaf-\nlets 3-6 oval or obovate with, smaller one:\ninterspersed. Flowers several, short pedun-\nHpH borne in a terminal head: bright vellow\nnearly | an inch broad\nals longer than the\nac\numinate sepals; receptacle nearly smooth.\nout the region, most abundant in the Selkirks;\nflowering in June.\nGeum\nstrictum\nAit. Y\u00C2\u00AB<\nAvens.\nHairv, branched\n4 feet\nbasal leaves lyrate-pinnate; leaf-\nlets s-7, obovate, cuneate, den-\nbroadly -vateor cuneate, stem leaves sessile\nor short-petioled with \u00E2\u0096\u00A0*-% ovate or oblong,\noroa\nsceptacle downy, a Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens.\nb Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. Long-Plumed Purple Avens.\n(% Nat.) Rosaceae\n163\nIn swamps or low grounds throughout the\nregion; flowering in June.\nSieversia\nciliata\n(Pursh)\nDon. Long\nPlumed\nPurple\nAvens.\nSoft-hairy, scapose; scape 4-18\ninches high, simple, 3-8-flowered\nat the summit. Basal leaves\npetioled, interruptedly pinnate\nwith many small leaflets, among\nthe numerous obovate, deeply\ncut larger ones. Flowers J an\ninch broad of 5 pale purplish-pink petals\nhardly exceeding the calyx and spreading\nlinear red bractlets; styles plumose in\nfruit, 1-2 inches long.\nIn dry open grounds extending into the\nRockies from the plains, where it is especially\nabundant, to the lower slopes and valleys\nthroughout the region; flowering in June.\nStems prostrate, branched, 3-6\ninches long. Leaves oblong or\novate, |-i inch long, obtuse at\neach end, closely crenate, dark\ngreen and shining above, densely\nwhite-woolly beneath. Flowers solitary on\nDryas octo\npetala L.\nWhite\nMountain-\nAvens.\n1 164\nRosaceae\nslender pedicels, white, an inch or more broad;\npetals longer than the 6-8 spreading linear\nsepals; stamens numerous, anthers bright yellow; styles conspicuously plumose in fruit.\nFrequent in dry stony ground throughout\nthe Rockies at elevations ranging from 4000\nto 10,000 feet, forming dense mats of considerable size on the surface of the ground;\nflowering in June.\nDryas\nDrum-\nmondii\nRichards.\nDrummond's\nMountain-\nAvens.\nSimilar in manner of growth\nand general appearance to the\npreceding species. Leaves generally narrower at the base, the\nlobes dentate-crenate. Flowers h\nan inch long, campanulate, drooping on a densely woolly pedicel; sepals ovate,'\nacute, black glandular-hairy; petals lanceolate, obtuse, bright yellow, about twice the\nlength of the sepals; stamens included; styles\nnumerous, conspicuously plumose in fruit.\nIn gravel and loose stony soil throughout\nthe Rockies, especially abundant on river\nshores and flood-plains, like the previous 1\n164\nRosaceae\nslender pedicels, white, an inch or more broad;\npetals longer.than the 6-8 spreading linear\nsepals; stamens numerous, anthers bright yellow; styles conspicuously plumose in fruit.\nFrequent in dry stony ground throughout\nthe R^pes at elevations ranging from 4000\nto 10,000 feet, forming dense mats of con-\nsiderabl#Js2e on the surface of the >und;\nflowering in June.\nSimilar in manner of growth\nand general appearance to the\npreceding species. Leaves gen-\nDryas\nDrum-\nmondii\nRichards.\nDrummond's erally.narrower at the base, the\nMountain- lobes derrtate-erenate. Flowers \\nfLvem\nan inch long, campanulate, droop-\nin gf on a ciei\nacute, 'elack gland ular-bairy; petals lanceolate, obtuse, bright yellow, about twice the\nlength of the sepals; stamens included; styles\nnumerous, conspicuously plumose in fruit.\nIn gravel and loose stony soil throughout\nthe Rockies, especially abundant on river\nshores and flood-plains, like the prey|pti$'\nT-*-k- a Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens.\nb Dryas Drummondii Rich. Drummond's Mountain Avens.\n(% Nat.) Pomacese\n165\nspecies frequently forming mats of considerable size; flowering in June.\nRosa\nMacounii\nGreene.\nMacoun's\nRose.\nStems branched, 2-3 feet high,\nprickly. Leaves pinnate, leaflets large, BR inches long,\noval, coarsely toothed. Flowers\nsolitary, on slender pedicels,\nbright pink, petals broadly obovate, an inch\nor more long, sepals entire with a long\nacuminate obtuse tip, persistent and erect\nin fruit, fruit globose, bright scarlet.\nThe wild rose of the region, in open\nground, on slopes, borders of -woods, stream\nand river banks throughout the Rockies;\nflowering in late June and early July.\nPOMACE^E\nApple Family\nTrees and shrubs with alternate leaves,\nand regular, perfect flowers; calyx superior,\n5-toothed; petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit\na more or less fleshy pome.\nLeaves pinnate. Sorbus.\nLeaves simple, entire-toothed or lobed. Amelanchier. 166\nPomaceae\nSorbus\nsambucifolia\n(Cham, and\nSchl.) Roem\nWestern\nMountain-\nash.\nA small tree with smooth bark.\nLeaves pinnate, leaflets 5-15,\novate-lanceolate or oval, obtuse\nor short-pointed, serrate, smooth\nand dark green above, pale and\nusually more or less hairy beneath, especially along the veins,\nseldom over 2\u00C2\u00A7 inches long. Flowers white,\nnearly J an inch across in a compound flat\ncyme, 2-4 inches broad; petals spreading,\nshort-clawed, obovate; stamens numerous;\nfruit bright scarlet, more than \ of an inch\nin diameter.\nIn moist stony ground throughout the\nregion; flowering in June.\nW*\nA shrub, soft-hairy when young,\nat length nearly smooth. Leaves\nthick, broadly elliptic or almost\norbicular, very obtuse and often\ntruncate at the apex, round or\nsubcordate at the base; coarsely\ndentate above the middle, 1-2\ninches long. Flowers in rather short, dense\nAmelan-\nchier\nalnifolia\nNutt.\nNorthwestern\nJune-berry. Drupaceae\n167\nracemes, pedicels short; petals oblanceolate,\nJ-f of an inch long, 2-4 times the length\nof the calyx; fruit purple when ripe and very\nsweet.\nOn slopes at the lower altitudes throughout\nthe region, flowering in June.\nDrupaceae\nPlum Family\nTrees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum.\nLeaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the teeth\nand petiole often glandular; flowers regular,\nperfect; calyx 5-lobed inferior, deciduous;\npetals 5, inserted on the calyx; stamens\nnumerous, inserted on the petals; fruit a 1-\nseeded drupe.\nA shrub or small tree. Leaves\nthick ovate or broadly oval,\nacute or slightly obtuse, serrulate with short teeth. Flowers\n\ of an inch or more broad, in\ndrooping racemes at the ends\nof the leafy branches; drupe dark purple or\nPrunus\ndemissa\n(Nutt.)\nWalp.\nWestern\nWild Cherry. Papilionaceae\nblack, globose, over \ of an inch in diameter.\nIn thickets in the Rockies, frequent in the\nvicinity of Banff; flowering in May and early\nJune.\nPapilionaceae\nPea Family\nHerbs or vines with alternate, compound\nleaves and irregular, perfect, yellow, purple,\nblue, or white flowers, mainly in racemes;\ncalyx 4-5-toothed; petals more or less united\nor separate, consisting of a broad upper one\n(standard), two lateral ones (wings), and two\nfront ones more or less united (keel).\nHerbs; leaves unequally pinnate, not tendril bearing.\nPods not jointed.\nKeel of the corolla blunt.\nPod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or\npapery; flowers blue or purple. Astragalus.\nPods much inflated, membranous; flowers white.\nPhaca.\nPods flat, both sutures prominent externally.\nHomalobus.\nKeel of the corolla acute. Aragallus.\nPods jointed, flowers purple or white. Hedysarum.\nHerbaceous veins; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. Papilionaceae\n169\nStyle slender with a tuft of hairs at the summit.\nVicia.\nStyle flattened, bearded along the inner side.\nLathyrus.\nAstragalus\nadsurgens\nPall.\nAscending\nMilk-vetch.\nStems whitish with close hairs\nor nearly smooth, ascending or\ndecumbent, 4-18 inches long,\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 simple or branched at the base.\nLeaflets 15-25 oval or linear-\noblong, sometimes notched at the apex,\nnarrowed at the base, |-i inch long; peduncles exceeding the leaves. Flowers purplish, J-f of an inch long in dense short\nspikes; calyx villous with long partly black\nhairs, J the length of the corolla, with slender\nteeth, half the length of the campanulate tube.\nIn open ground at low altitudes, probably\nthe most frequent of the vetches on the\neastern slopes of the Rockies, often forming\ngreat patches of blue during June.\nAstragalus Hairy or nearly smooth, stems\nhypoglottis decumbent or ascending, slender,\nL. Purple branched at the base, usually\nMilk-vetch. , I \ .\nlow, but ranging from 6-24\ninches long. Leaves 2-5 inches long with Papilionaceae\n17-25 leaflets which are oblong or elliptic,\nobtusish and usually notched at the apex,\nrounded at the base Hp an inch long.\nFlowers violet-purple, J to nearly an inch\nlong in dense heads, calyx nearly J the length\nwith long black and white hairs.\nFrequent at the lower altitudes, in dry\nground and roadsides on the eastern slopes\nof the Rockies, particularly in the region\naround Banff; flowering in early June.\nAstragalus Ascending or decumbent,\nalpinus L. branching from the base, 6-15\nAlpine inches high, slightly hairy or\nMilk-vetch. (1 T . i\nsmooth. Leaves 2-5 inches long,\nwith 13-25 oval or elliptic, obtuse or retuse\nleaflets, narrowed or rounded at the base,\nJ-J an inch long. Flowers J an inch or more\nlong, pale violet, the keel commonly darker,\nin short rather open racemes; calyx about\nJ the length of the corolla, with short black\nhairs.\nThe most dainty of any of the vetches,\nfrequent in rocky soil in slightly shaded Papilionaceae\n171\nAstragalus\nconvallarius\nGreene.\nSlender\nMilk-vetch.\nsituations throughout the Rockies at the\nlower altitudes; flowering^ during June and\nJuly. . \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 fr\nStems slender, ascending and\nrigid, 10-18 inches high, branching from the base; hairy throughout. Leaves 3-6 inches long\nwith 9-17 narrowly linear, silky\nleaflets J-i inch long, remote. Flowers pale\nviolet or mauve, half an inch or more long,\nscattered in a slender raceme 3-5 inches\nlong; peduncles much longer than the leaves;\ncalyx about J the length of the corolla with\nscattered white or brownish hairs.\nOn the eastern slopes of the Rockies in\ndry stony ground at the lower altitudes;\nflowering in early June.\nStems 18-24 inches high, stout\nand leafy, slightly striate and\nnearly smooth. Leaves 2-4\ninches long, thin, odd-pinnate\nwith 4-8 pairs of obtuse, oblong,\nor oval leaflets, J-i inch long. Flowers\nAstragalus\nMacouni\nRydb.\nMacoun's\nVetch. 172\nPapilionaceae\ncream-coloured, tinged with blue, in heads\n1J-3 inches long, on peduncles 4-10 inches\nlong, from the axils of the upper leaves;\ncalyx J of an inch long, black-hairy, lobes\nvery slender and short; corolla J of an inch\nor more long.\nFrequent in more or less moist open\nground throughout the Rockies at varying\naltitudes; flowering during June and early\nJuly- I\nPhaca\nAmericana\n(Hook)\nRydb.\nArctic\nMilk-vetch.\nErect, nearly simple and smooth,\n1-2 feet high. Leaves 3-6 inches\nlong with 7-17 oval or ovate-\nlanceolate obtuse leaflets, |-i|\ninches long. Flowers white, f\nof an inch long in loose racemes\non peduncles equalling or exceeding the\nleaves; pedicels slender, J an inch long in\nfruit; pod membranous, inflated, an inch\nlong.\nIn moist or wet rocky shaded places\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering during\nJune and early July. QQ\n^3 .\nW O\no\nPi\nbJO\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 l-H\nO\na\nm\n^2\nO\ni\u00E2\u0080\u0094i\na\no\nffl\n,fl\nT3\n>\u00C2\u00BB\n\u00C2\u00AB\nm\nA\n\n^\na>\nO\no\n>\n\u00C2\u00AB\n^\u00E2\u0096\u00A0w'\n-m\ny\nas\na5\no\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H\nV\no\nB\nas\na\nu\na\nA\nP\u00C2\u00AB Papil\nlonaceae\ni73\nHomalobus\naborigin-\norum\n(Richards)\nRydb.\nIndian\nVetch.\nStems erect and branching, 6-18\ninches high, hairy throughout,\nfrom an enlarged root. Leaves\npinnate with 7-11 linear leaflets;\nstipules ovate, acute, foliaceous.\nFlowers white, tinged with mauve,\nin a loose raceme 1-2 inches long;\npeduncles longer . than the leaves, calyx\nblack-hairy, about J of an inch long, with\nslender teeth nearly half as much longer;\ncorolla more than twice the length of the\ncalyx.\nAn abundant species at the lower altitudes\nin open dry ground on the eastern slopes of\nthe Rockies; flowering in early June.\nAragallus\nmonticola\n(A. Gray)\nGreene.\nMountain\nOxytrope.\nFlowers\nan inch\nSilvery-pubescent throughout,\nwith appressed or slightly spreading hairs; tufted. Leaves basal,\n3-6 inches long with 9-19 linear-\noblong or lanceolate, acute or\nobtusish leaflets f-i inch long,\npale yellow or creamy-white 1 of\nor more long in dense heads, on 174\nPapilionaceae\npeduncles longer than the leaves; calyx\nnearly half as long as the corolla, with long\nwhite and short black hairs.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies in dry\nstony and alpine meadows and slopes, at\nvarying elevations; flowering from June to\nearly July.\nAragallus\nL amber ti\n(Pursh)\nGreene.\nLoco Weed\nTufted, the* branches of the\ncaudex short; scapes few or several, erect, rather slender, 4-20\ninches high. Leaves several,\nmostly erect, shorter than the\nscapes; leaflets 10-15 pairs, mostly oblong-\nlanceolate, from sparsely soft-pubescent\nto lightly canescent, acute, \u00C2\u00A7|fj inch long.\nFlowers pale yellow, J an inch long and twice\nas long as the calyx, in a loose head, 2-4\ninches long.\nAbundant in the open ground on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; a strikingly handsome vetch frequently found in masses of\nconsiderable extent, especially, in the region\naround Banff; flowering in June and early\nJuly- 1 f Papilionaceae\nU5\nAragallus\nsplendens\n(Dougl.)\nGreene.\nShowy\nOxytrope.\nDensely silky, silvery-villous,\nacaulescent, and tufted. Leaves\n4-9 inches long, erect; leaflets\nvery numerous, in verticels of\n3-6, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,\nacute or acutish at the apex,\nrounded at the base, J to nearly an inch long.\nFlowers deep purple, about J an inch long\nin dense spikes on peduncles exceeding the\nleaves.\nA very showy plant frequently flowering\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 in considerable masses in the open grounds\non the eastern slopes of the Rockies and dry\nalpine meadows; flowering in June.\nAragallus\nviscidulus\nRydb.\nSticky\nOxytrope.\nTufted, with parts of the old\nleaves remaining. Leaves all\nbasal, 4-6 inches long with 8-15\npairs of leaflets, loosely villous-\npubescent, Oblong, obtuse or\nacutish, J to nearly \ an inch long, glandular\non the margins. Flowers nearly J an inch\nlong varying from pink to dark purple, in\nloose spikes on glandular sticky scapes, 176\nPapilionaceae\nmuch longer than the leaves; calyx more\nthan half as long as the corolla with white\nand shorter black hairs; calyx teeth and\nbracts of the inflorescence densely glandular.\nIn dry open ground and alpine meadows\nthrough the Rockies at the lower altitudes,\nflowering in early June and forming dense\ntufted masses of brilliant pink, blue, or\npurple flowers; probably the most striking\nspecies in the vicinity of Banff.\nAragallus\ndeflexus\n(Pall.)\nHeller.\nDrooping-\nfruited\nOxytrope.\nLoosely soft-pubescent or silky,\ndecumbent or ascending 10-18\ninches high. Leaves 4-6 inches\nlong with 12-16 pairs of lanceolate to oblong, acute leaflets,\nj-| an inch long. Flowers small,\npale purple, little more than J\nof an inch long in slender spikes 2-4 inches\nlong on peduncles much surpassing the\nleaves. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla,\nwith short black and longer white hairs;\nfruit strongly reflexed.\nIn moist open ground throughout the i^&ipS.:\nr/-\nm\n-5k Papilionaceae\n177\neastern Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in July.\nAragallus\ninflatus\n(Hook) A\nNelson.\nInflated\nOxytrope.\nAcaulescent or more or less so,\n1-4 inches high, soft-hairy.\nLeaves pinnate with 5-11 pairs\nof short linear-lanceolate or\noblong leaflets. Flowers violet-\npurple, 1 or 2 on the peduncles\nwhich scarcely exceed the leaves; calyx\ndensely dark-hairy; pods much inflated.\nOn high alpine slopes and summits through\nthe Rockies, not a common plant but probably more general than is now known; flowering in July.\nStem erect or somewhat decumbent, smooth or nearly so, 6\ninches to 2 J feet high, generally\nsimple. Leaves 2-8 inches long\nwith 11-21 oblong or oblance-\nolate-obtuse leaflets, \u00C2\u00A7 to nearly\n1 inch long. Flowers violet-purple or nearly\nwhite, deflexed, J-f of an inch long in rather\n12 ;V,\n3\no\no\no\nCO\n>\u00C2\u00BB\ncS Papilionaceae\n181\nLathyrus\npalustris L.\nMarsh\nVetchling.\nSmooth or sparingly hairy, stems\nangled and winged, slender, 1-3\nfeet long; stipules half sagittate,\nlanceolate-linear or ovate-lanceolate, J to nearly an inch long. Leaves with\nbranched tendrils and 2-4 pairs of lanceolate\noblong or linear, acute, mucronate leaflets;\niJ-4 inches long. Flowers purple, half an\ninch or more long, 2-6 in loose-headed racemes on peduncles about equaling the\nleaves.\nIn wet ground and swamps at the lower\naltitudes throughout the region; flowering\nduring July.\nStems slender, somewhat angled,\ntrailing or climbing, smooth and\nslightly glaucous, 2-2\ feet long,\nstipules broad foliaceous, half\novate and half cordate, f-i inch\nlong. Leaves with branched\ntendrils and 3-5 pairs of thin, ovate or\nbroadly oval, obtuse leaflets, 1-2 inches long,\ngreen above, whitish beneath. Flowers\nLathyrus\nochroleucus\nHook.\nCream-\ncoloured\nVetchling. 182\nLinaceae\nyellowish or creamy-white J-J of an inch\nlong, 5-10 on peduncles shorter than the\nleaves.\nOn shaded river banks and hillsides at\nthe lower altitudes throughout the Rockies;\nflowering during June.\nLlNACEiE\nFlax Family\nHerbs with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers; sepals 5, persistent; petals\n5 and alternate with the sepals; stamens 5\nopposite the sepals.\nPerennial from a woody root,\n1-2 feet high, densely tufted,\nsmooth, glaucous. Leaves\ncrowded, oblong or linear, J-iJ\ninches long, acute or acutish,\n3-5 nerved. Flowers bright blue, i-ij\ninches broad; petals 5, soon falling; sepals\n5, oval, mainly obtuse, J or J the length\nLinum\nLewisii\nPursh.\nLewis's\nWild Flax. m\nj\nc3\na\nS\nH Empetraceae\n183\nof the petals; stigmas shorter than the\nstyles; stamens 5, longer than the styles.\nIn open, dry, stony ground and slopes\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in June\nand July.\nEmpetraceae\n1\nCrowberry Family\nLow evergreen shrubs with narrow nearly\nsessile leaves jointed to short pulvini, channelled on the lower side by the revolute\nmargins and small monoecious, dioecious or\nrarely polygamous flowers; -sepals, petals,\nand stamens each 3, fruit a black, berrylike\ndrupe.\nEmpetrum | Smooth or the young shoots\nnigrum L. hairy, usually much branched,\nBlack the branches diffusely spreading,\nj 2-10 inches long. Leaves\ncrowded, dark green, linear-oblong, thick\nand obtuse, about \ of an inch long with\nstrongly revolute, roughish margins. Flow- i.84\nCelastraceae\ners very small, purplish; stamens exserted;\nberry nearly J of an inch in diameter, black.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies in damp\nwoods, especially those of the \"Jack Pine',\nwhere it frequently forms a considerable\npart of the forest floor, in dense, close mats,\nCELASTRACEi\u00C2\u00A9\nStaff-Tree Family\nShrubs with simple evergreen leaves, and\n^regular perfect flowers, sepals, petals, and\nstamens each 4 in our species.\nLow evergreen shrub, densely\nbranched or nearly simple, 1-3\nfeet high. Leaves opposite,\nsmooth, ovate to oblong or\nlanceolate, cuneate at the base,\nthe upper half serrate or serrulate |-i inch long on very short petioles,\nFlowers small in axillary cymes; petals 4,\nstamens 4, inserted at the edge of the broad\ndisc.\nPachystima\nMyrsinites\n(Pursh)\nRaf.\nMountain\nLover. o3\nS\u00C2\u00A3\nO) o\nftfl\n\"bo\nd\no\n03\no\nC\no3\n>\n4->\no3\n03\n09\no3\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2a \u00C2\u00A7\n03\na\n'H\nW\n>>\nO\no3 Aceraceae\n185\nIn gravelly and stony situations extending\nfrom the Valley of the Columbia River at\nBeavermouth, westward throughout the Selkirks, the minute blossoms appearing in the\nlatter part of May; a pretty but very variable shrub in habit and leaf form.\nACERACE^\nMaple Family\nTrees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap, opposite, simple and palmately\nlobed leaves and axillary or terminal, cy-\nmose or racemose, regular, polygamous or\ndioecious flowers; fruit of 2 long-winged\nsamaras, joined at the base.\nA . , A shrub or small tree 6-30 feet\nAcer glab- \u00C2\u00B0\nrum Torr. high, 2-8 inches in diameter,\nSmooth smooth throughout except the\nMaple. scales which are densely soft\nhairy inside. Leaves round cordate with\nshallow sinus, 2-4 inches broad and nearly as long, more or less deeply 3-lobed 186\nHypericaceae\nor parted, the ovate-acuminate lobes doubly\nserrate with slender teeth; conspicuously\nveined. Flowers greenish-yellow, somewhat\ncorymbose on short 2-leaved branchlets\nappearing after the leaves. Fruit smooth with\nslightly spreading wings about an inch long.\nOne of the few deciduous trees of the\nregion, growing on slopes with the other\nforest trees and in the moist valleys.\nHypericaceae\nSt. John's-Wort Family\nHerbs in our species with opposite, black-\ndotted leaves, and cymose yellow flowers;\nsepals and petals 5, twisted in the bud;\nstamens many.\nSimple or sparingly branched\nabove often with numerous small\nbranchlets from running root-\nstocks, 1-2 feet high. Leaves\nthin, shorter than the internodes,\nabout an inch long, mostly\nobtuse, more or less clasping and usually\nHypericum\nScouleri\nHook.\nScouler's St.\nJohn's-\nwort. Violaceae\n187\nblack-dotted along the margin. Flowers\nbright orange, J-i inch in diameter in more\nor less panicled cymes, sepals oval or oblong,\nmuch shorter than the petals, stamens\nnumerous in three fascicles.\nIn moist gravelly soil in the Selkirks at\nGlacier; flowering in July.\nVlOLACE^E\nViolet Family\nHerbs in our species with basal or alternate simple leaves and solitary or clustered\nperfect irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 5,\nthe lower one larger or with a posterior spur.\nAcaulescent; rootstock short and\nthick. Leaves long-petioled,\nsmooth or more or less hairy,\nslightly fleshy, cordate with a\nbroad sinus, acute or acuminate,\ncrenately toothed. Flowers large, blue or\nviolet, scapes 2-10 inches long, equalling or\nsurpassing the leaves; petals narrow, \u00C2\u00A3-\u00C2\u00A7\nViola\ncognata\nGreene.\nEarly Blue\nViolet. 88\nViola\nViolaceae\nof an inch long, all villous at the base, the\n3 lower strongly so.\nIn moist shaded ground, on stream banks\nand in marshes, frequent throughout *the\nRockies; flowering in May and early June.\nAcaulescent, smooth, petioles\npalustris L. and scapes arising from a very\nMarsh slender, creeping- or horizontal\nViolet. rootstock, the scapes mostly\nexceeding the leaves. Leaves thin, cordate,\nbroadly ovate, orbicular or reniform, 1-2J\ninches wide, crenulate. Flowers pale lilac\nor nearly white with darker veins; petals\nbroad, J-J an inch long, spur short.\nIn marshy places among moss in the Selkirks near Glacier; flowering in June; not\na common species in the region.\nViola\nsemper-\nvirens\nGreene.\nLow Yellow\nViolet*\nSparingly hairy, stems weak and\ndecumbent, multiplying by long\nslender rootstocks. Leaves\nmostly basal, rounded, cordate,\nreniform or sometimes ovate Violaceae\n189\nJ-1J inches broad, finely crenate; peduncles\nmostly exceeding the leaves. Flowers yellow; petals oblong, ^ of an inch or more\nlong, sparingly veined with brown toward\nthe base; spur short and sac-like.\nIn open woods throughout the region at\nelevations ranging from 5000 to 7000 feet,\nblossoming very early in May or June\nshortly after the melting of the snow.\nViola\nglabella\nNutt. Tall\nYellow\nViolet.\nMinutely hairy or smooth, stems\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 fleshy from a short fleshy horizontal rhizome, naked or sparingly leafy below, 5-12 inches\nhigh. Basal leaves on long\npetioles, the upper short-petioled reni-\nform-cordate to cordate, acute, crenate-\ntoothed, 1-4 inches broad. Flowers bright\nyellow on peduncles mainly shorter than\nthe leaves; petals broadly oblong, J-J an\ninch or more long, the lateral and lower with\nbrown lines at the base.\nA striking plant on shaded banks and\nborders of streams and rills at the higher 190\nViolaceae\naltitudes, very abundant in the Selkirks;\nflowering in June.\n\u00E2\u0080\u009E. . Smooth or nearly so; stems 3-14\nViola WM\ncanadensis inches high, tufted, leafy\nL. Canada throughout. Leaves, broadly\nViolet. ovate or nearly orbicular, cor\ndate, acuminate or acute, jgjBf inches long,\nserrate, the veins on the lower surface often\nhairy. Flowers on peduncles mainly shorter\nthan the leaves, pale violet or nearly white,\nveined with purple, and often tinged with\npurple on the outside, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094f of an inch broad;\npetals nearly in the same plane.\nIn rich moist woods throughout the\nRockies and occasionally in the open alpine\nmeadows, continuing in flower from June\nuntil September.\nSlightly hairy or nearly smooth,\nbranching from the base, usually\n3-11 inches high, at length sending out runners that bear cleis-\ntogamic flowers. Leaves ovate,\nmore or less cordate at the base, i-iA. inches\nViola\nadunca\nlongipes\n(Nutt.)\nRydb.\nDog Violet. Elaeagnaceae\n191\nlong, obscurely crenate. Flowers on peduncles\nusually longer than the leaves, violet-purple\nto white; petals J an inch or more long; spur\nJ of an inch long, rather slender and curved.\nA low-stemmed violet usually with brilliant\nblue flowers, growing in dry, sandy, shaded\nor open ground at varying elevations throughout the Rockies: flowering in June and July.\nEL^AGNACEiE\nOleaster Family\nShrubs or trees mostly silvery-scaly or\nstellate-pubescent with entire leaves and\nflowers clustered in the axils or at the\nnodes of twigs of the preceding season;\nfruit drupe-like.\nStamens as many as the perianth parts; flowers perfect\nor polygamous: leaves alternate. Elaeagnus.\nStamens twice as many as the perianth parts; flowers\ndioecious; leaves opposite. Lepargyraea,\nA stoloniferous much branched\nElaeagnus\nargentea\nPursh.\nshrub sometimes 12 feet high,\nthe young^ twigs covered with\nSilver Berry. |3rown scurf, becoming silvery. 19:\nElaeagnaceae\nLeaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate,\ndensely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute\nor obtuse short petioled, 1-4 inches long,\nFlowers usually numerous in the axils of\nthe leaves, fragrant, silvery, J an inch or\nmore long; perianth silvery without, yellowish\nwithin, the lobes ovate and short.\nOn the eastern slope of the Rockies, on\nthe banks of the rivers and streams, very\nabundant at Banff on the Bow and Spray\nrivers; flowering in June.\nLepargyraea\ncanadensis\n(L.) Greene.\nCanadian\nBuffalo-\nberry.\nA shrub 4-8 feet high, with\nbrown-scurfy young shoots.\nLeaves with short petioles, ovate\nor oval, obtuse at the apex,\nrounded or some of them narrowed at the base, 1-1J inches\nlong, green and sparingly scurfy, stellate\nabove, densely silvery, stellate, scurfy beneath, some of the scurf usually brown.\nFlowers small, yellowish, in short spikes\nat the nodes of the twigs, expanding\nwith or before the leaves; fruit showy, Onagraceae\ni93\ni of an inch in diameter, translucent,\nvarying in colour on different plants from\norange to brilliant crimson.\nThickets and wooded banks throughout\nthe Rockies; flowering in May or early\nJune.\nOnagrace^\nEvening Primrose Family\nHerbs, with alternate or opposite leaves\nand perfect flowers; calyx tube adnate to\nthe ovary, 2-6 lobed; petals white, yellow,\npink, or purple, folded on each other in the\nbud; stamens usually as many or twice as\nmany as the petals.\nParts of the flower in 4's; seeds with tufts of hair on\nthe ends.\nCalyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers\nlarge. Chamaenerion.\nCalyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers\nusually small. Epilobium.\nParts of the flowers in 2's; fruit with hooked hairs.\nCircaea.\n13 194\nOnagraceae\nChamaener-\nion angusti-\nfolium (L.)\nScop.\nGreat\nWillow-\nherb, Fire-\nweed.\nErect, stout, simple or branched,\nusually smooth, 2-8 feet high.\nLeaves numerous, alternate, very\nshort petioled, lanceolate, entire\nor denticulate, 2-6 inches long,\nJ-1 inch wide, pale beneath, thin,\nacute at the apex, the lateral veins\nconfluent in marginal loops. Flowers f-ij\ninches broad, reddish-purple, in elongated terminal spike-like racemes, 1-2 feet or more long.\nAn abundant plant throughout the entire\nregion on open mountain sides and banks,\nespecially where visited by fire, flowering\nthroughout the summer, the air being filled\nwith the white cottony seeds a few weeks\nafter flowering commences.\nChamsenerion lati-\nfolium (L.)\nSweet.\nBroad-\nleaved\nWillow-\nherb.\nErect, usually branching, very\nsmooth below, 6-18 inches high.\nLeaves mostly sessile, 1-2 inches\nlong, |-| an inch wide, denticulate or entire, lanceolate or\novate-lanceolate, acutish at both\nends, thick, those of the branches JP\"\nUiV 194\nOnagraceae\nChamsenerion angusti-\nfolium (L.)\nScop.\nGreat\nWillow-\nherb, Fire-\nweed.\nErect, stout, simple or branched,\nusually smooth, 2~8 feet high.\nLeaves numerous, alternate, very\nshort petioled, lanceolate, entire\nor denticulate, 2-6 inches long,\nJ-i inch wide, pale beneath, thin,\nacute at the apex, the lateral veins\nconfluent in marginal loops. Flowers j-ij\ninches broad, reddish-purple, in elongated terminal spike-like racemes, 1-2 feet or more long.\nAn abundant plant throughout the entire\nregion on open mountain sides and banks,\nespecially where visited by fire, flowering\nthroughout the summer, the air being filled\nwith the white cottony seeds a few weeks\nafter flowering: commences.\nChamaener-\nion lati-\nfolium (L.)\nSweet.\nBroad-\nleaved\nWillow-\nherb.\nErect, usually branching, very\nsmooth below, 6-18 inches high.\nLeaves mostly sessile, 1-2 inches\nlong, J~2 an inch wide, denticulate or entire, lanceolate or;\novate-lanceolate, acutish at both\nends, thick, those of the branches a Epilobium luteum Pursh. Yellow Willow-Herb\n6 Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) Sweet\nHerb.\n(3/5 Nat.)\nBroad-Leaved Willow- Onagraceae\nT95\nopposite, the veins inconspicuous. Flowers\nreddish-purple, 1-2 inches broad, mainly in\nshort leafy-bracted racemes; petals entire;\nstigma 4-lobed.\nOn gravelly river bars and moist clayey\nbanks throughout the entire region; flowering\nduring July.\nEpilobium\nluteum\nPursh.\nYellow\nWillow-\nherb.\nStems rather stout, 1-2 feet\nhigh, usually simple, nearly\nsmooth. Leaves 1-3 inches long,\novate or elliptical to broadly\nlanceolate, acute or acuminate,\nsinuate-toothed, sessile, or when\nlarge, obliquely tapering to a winged petiole,\nslightly fleshy. Inflorescence with more or\nless glandular pubescence; flowers about f\nof an inch long, not opening widely, pale\nyellow, rather few, at first nodding in the\naxils of the upper leaves; style usually ex-\nserted and deeply 4-parted.\nA rather rare plant in springy places and\nalong alpine brooks, confined to the Selkirks;\nflowering during July.\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n1 j\n1\ns\nk\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0i IH fill 1\n19b\nEpilobium\nalpinum L.\nAlpine\nWillow-\nherb.\nOnagraceae\nSlender, smooth or nearly so,\n3-12 inches high. Leaves pale,\npetioled, opposite or the upper\nalternate, obtuse or obtusish at\nthe apex,\n1 1\nof an inch long.\nFlowers few, white, nearly erect, J of an\ninch or more broad; stigma nearly entire;\ncapsules slender stalked, 1-2 inches long,\nseeds beaked.\nIn damp and springy places at the higher\naltitudes throughout the region; flowering\nin July.\nEpilobium\nanagallidi-\nfolium Lam.\nNodding\nWillow-\nherb.\nLow, usually tufted, 2-6 inches\nhigh, slender, smooth or nearly\nso; stems commonly hairy in\nlines and nodding at the apex.\nLeaves oblong or narrowly ovate,\nentire or nearly so, obtuse at the\napex, narrowed at the base into a short\npetiole J-i inch long. Flowers few, axillary,\nclustered at the apex, pink-purple, nodding,\nabout J of an inch broad; stigma entire.\nOn damp stones and along alpine brooks o\nxn\ny-1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00A9\na \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nSI fe\n03\na\n&o\na\nc$\nPS\no\na\n%\nS\n(55\no\nc8\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0ii\nw a\n*H O\na &o\n;a a\no s\na g\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 I\u00E2\u0080\u0094I\nN\n0)\ntt Onagraceae\n197\nat high elevations throughout the region;\nflowering during midsummer.\nEpilobium\nHornemanni\nReichb.\nHorne-\nmann's\nWillow-\nherb.\nErect, 6-12 inches high, simple\nor nearly so, slightly hairy above,\notherwise smooth. Leaves short-\npetioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly,\nbroadly obtuse at the apex,\nnarrow or rounded at the base,\nentire or rather remotely denticulate, thin, \-i\ inches long. Flowers few\nin the upper axils, pink-purple or violet, J of an inch or more broad; stigma\nentire.\nA frequent and very variable species\nthroughout the region at the higher elevations, along alpine brooks or in damp, partly\nshaded or springy spots; flowering during\nJune and July.\nCircaea\nalpina L.\nSmaller\nEnchanter's\nNightshade.\nMostly smooth or slightly hairy\nabove, 3-8 inches high. Leaves\nacute or acuminate at the apex,\nmore or less cordate at the base,\ncoarsely dentate, 1-2 inches long. 198\nOnagraceae\nFlowers about J of an inch broad, white,\non pedicels nearly J of an inch long, subtended by minute, slender bracts, in a slender raceme; fruit nearly obovoid, about J of\nan inch long, covered with weak hooked\nhairs.\nIn moist shaded situations and beside\nalpine brooks, through the Selkirks; flowering in July.\nCircaea paci-\nfica Achers\nand Magnus.\nWestern\nEnchanter's\nNightshade.\nMostly smooth, stems usually\nsimple, 6-12 inches high, from\na small tuber. Leaves ovate,\nrounded or cordate at the base,\nacute or acuminate, repandly\ndentate, 1-3 inches long, the\nslender petiole about the same length.\nFlowers white, very small in slender racemes, without bracts; fruit about J of an\ninch long loosely covered with soft curved\nhairs.\nGrowing oftentimes with the other species\nin moist shaded situations through the Selkirks ; flowering in July. Araliaceae 199\nAraliace^e\nGinseng Family\nHerbs, shrubs or trees with alternate or\nverticillate leaves, and flowers in umbels,\nheads or panicles; calyx tube adnate to the\novary; petals usually 5, sometimes cohering\ntogether; stamens as many as the petals and\nalternate with them; seeds flattened, somewhat 3-angled with a coloured, fleshy covering.\nHerbs; leaves compound.\nShrubs; leaves simple.\nAralia.\nEchinopanax.\nAralia\nnudicaulis\nL. Wild\nSarsapa-\nrilla.\nAcaulescent or nearly so, root-\nstock long. Leaf usually solitary, arising with the peduncle\nfrom a very short stem; petiole\nerect, 6-12 inches long, primary\ndivisions of the leaf slender, stalked, pinnately 3-5 foliate; leaflets sessile or short\nstalked, oval or ovate, acuminate, rounded at\nthe base, finely serrate, 2-5 inches long, often\nhairy on the veins beneath. Flowers on a ped- 200\nAraliaceae\nuncle usually shorter than the leaves; umbels\nusually three, nearly round, composed of\nnumerous small greenish flowers.\nIn rich woods throughout the region,\nflowering in July.\nEchinopanax\nhorridum\n(Smith)\nDec. and\nPlanch.\nDevil's\nClub.\nVery prickly throughout; stems\nerect from a decumbent base\n4-12 feet high, leafy at the\ntop. Leaves roundish, cordate,\nprickly on both sides, palmately\nlobed, more or less hairy beneath, 6-24 inches long. Flowers\ngreenish-white in a dense terminal paniculate umbel; petals 5; stamens\n5, alternate with the petals; fruit berry-like,\nlaterally compressed, bright scarlet when\nripe.\nAn ornamental though very prickly shrub,\nin moist rich woods throughout the region,\nsparingly in the Rockies, west of the divide, but very abundant in the Selkirks\nwhere it frequently forms dense impenetrable\nthickets, flowering, in early summer. ICRSE 200\nAraliaceae\nuncle usually shorter than the leaves; umbels\nusually three, nearly round, composed of\nnumerous small greenish flowers.\nIn rich woods throughout the region,\nflowering in July.\nVery prickly throughout; stems\n. erect from a decumbent base\n4-12 feet high, leafy at thfe\ntop. Leaves roundish, cordate,\nprickly on both sides, paknately\nlobed, more or less hairy beneath, 6-24 inches long. Flowers\ngreenish-white in a dense terminal paniculate urnbe!: petals 5: stamens\n5, alternate with the petals; trait berry-like,\nlaterally compressed, bright scarlet when\nEchino-\npanax\nhorridum\n(Smith)\nDec. and\nPlanch.\nDevil's\nClub.\nAn ornamental though very prickly shrub,\nin moist rich woods throughout the region,\nsparingly in the Rockies, west of the divide, but very abundant in the Selkirks\nwhere it frequently forms dense impenetrable\nthickets, flowering in early summer. Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Dec. & Planch. (y2 Nat.)\nDevil's Club. Apiaceae\nApiace^e\nCelery Family\nHerbs with alternate, compound or simple\nleaves; flowers small, white, yellow or purple\nin compound flat heads; fruit dry, usually\nof two flattened carpels.\nStems 1-2 feet high.\nLeaves pinnately or ternately compound, cut into\nfine divisions.\nFlowers yellow or white; not purple. Lomatium.\nFlowers purple. Leptotaehia.\nLeaves simple or 3-lobed; flowers yellow. Zizia.\nStems 2-3 feet high; leaves ternate. Ligusticum.\nStems 4-8 feet high, soft-hairy.\nLeaves ternately divided; flowers white.\nHeracleum.\nLomatium\nmacro-\ncarpum\n(Nutt.)\nC. and R.\nLarge-\nseeded\nParsley.\nNearly stemless, 4-24 inches\nhigh, more or less hairy, much\nbranched at the base from an\nelongated thick root. Leaves\npinnately compound, segments\npinnately incised, on rather short\npetioles, purplish at the base;\nflowers white or pinkish in a somewhat equally\n3-10-rayed umbel; rays 1-4 inches long. 202\nApiaceae\nIn dry stony ground throughout the\nRockies, very abundant on the lower ridges in\nthe vicinity of Banff; flowering in early June.\nPurplish at the base, with or\nwithout stems, 1-2 feet high,\nslightly hairy. Leaves twice or\nthrice ternate, the leaflets narrowly linear, 2-4 inches long.\nFlowers small, deep yellow in\nan unequal umbel of 5-18 rays,\nwith slender bracts.\nThrough the Rockies on dry ridges and\ngrassy slopes; flowering in early June.\nLomatum\ntriternatum\n(Pursh).\nC. and R.\nNarrow-\nleaved\nParsley.\nStems 1-3 feet high, very leafy\nat the base, from a- large fleshy\nrootstock. Leaves ternate or\nthrice pinnate, segments very\nfinely cut. Flowers small, brown-\nin nearly equal 8-20 rayed,\nrounded umbels, 3-4 inches in diameter,\nusually without an involucer.\nA most striking plant from its beautifully\nLeptotaenia\nmultifida\nNutt.\nCut-leaved\nParsley.\nish-purple Apiaceae\n203\ndissected leaves and rather large heads of rich\nbrownish-purple flowers blossoming in June;\non grassy slopes of Stony Squaw, Banff.\nStout, erect, branched, and\nsmooth or somewhat hairy, 1-2\nfeet high. Basal and lower\nleaves long-petioled, broadly\novate or orbicular, undivided,\ndeeply cordate at the base, 1-3\ninches long, crenate I stem leaves\nshort-petioled, ternate, the segments ovate\nor oval, crenate or lobed. Flowers small,\nbright yellow, in nearly flat 7-16 rayed\numbels, 1-2 inches in diameter.\nCommon on the eastern slopes and foothills of the Rockies; flowering in May and\nearly June.\nZizia\ncordata\n(Walt.)\nKoch.\nHeart-\nleaved\nAlexanders\nLigusticum\napiifolium\n(Nutt.)\nA. Gray.\nWild\nParsley.\nLeaves\nSmooth throughout except the\nslightly hairy inflorescence and\nrough leaf margins; stems 2-3\nfeet high with 1-3 rather small\nleaves with inflated petioles,\nternately divided, the segments 204\nApiaceae\ni\nusually distinct, ovate, deeply cleft into linear\nacute, sharply serrate or entire lobes. Flowers white in nearly flat, many rayed umbels,\n2-3 inches in diameter.\nAbundant in wet places and along streams\nthrough the Selkirks, especially so in the\nAsulkan Valley at Glacier; flowering in June\nand July.\nHeracleum\nlanatum\nMichx.\nCow-\nparsnip.\nVery stout, soft hairy, 4-8 feet\nhigh, the stems rigid, \u00C2\u00A9ften 2\ninches thick at the base. Leaves\npetioled, ternately divided, very\nhairy beneath,, the segments\nbroadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, stalked,\nlobed or sharply serrate, rather thin, 3-6\ninches broad; petioles much inflated. Flowers white in 8^-30 rayed umbels, 6-12\ninches broad, the rays stout,' 2-4 inches\nlong.\nCommon throughout the region in wet\nplaces along streams and river banks, frequently growing in great masses; flowering\nin June and July. a\ninaaensii\n1 204\nApiaceae\nusually dis \ct ovate deeply cleft into linear\nacute, sharply serrate or entire lobes. Flowers white in nearly flat, many rayed umbels,\nAbundant in v places and along streams\nthrough the Selkirks, especially so in the\nAs can Valley at Glacier; flowering in June\nand July.\nVery stout, soft haii\nfeet\nHeracleum\nlanatum high, the stems rigid, \u00C2\u00A9ften 2\nMichx. inches thick at the base. Leaves\nCow-\nparsnip.\npetioled, ternately divided, very\nhairy beneath,, the segments\nbroadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, stalked,\nlobed or sharply serrate, rather thin, 3-6\ninches broad; petioles much inflated. Flowers white in 8^-30 rayed 6-12-\ninches broad, the rays stout,' 2-4 inches\nlong.\nCommon throughout the region in wet\nplaces along streams and river banks, frequently growing in great masses; flowering\nin Tune and Tiilv Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. {Vz Nat.)\nBunch-Berry. Cornaceae\n205\nCORNACE^E\nDogwood Family\nShrubs or trees with simple, ' opposite,\nverticillate or alternate leaves, usually entire;\nflowers in cymes, heads, or rarely solitary;\nsepals and petals 4 or 5, stamens as many\nas the petals or more numerous and inserted\nwith them; fruit a drupe.\nSmooth, herbaceous from a\nnearly horizontal rootstock,\nwoody only at the base; flowering stems, erect, scaly, 5-7 inches\nhigh. Leaves verticillate at the\nsummit of the stem or sometimes\n1 or 2 pairs of opposite ones\nbelow, sessile, oval, ovate or\nobovate, smooth or minutely appressed,\npubescent, acute at each end or sometimes\nrounded at the base, entire, 1-3. inches long.\nFlowers small, capitate, purple, surrounded\nby a white involucre of 4-6 petaloid-ovate\nbracts, J-f of an inch long; stamens alter-\nCornus\ncanadensis\nintermedia\nFarr.\nDwarf\nCornel.\nBunch\nberry. 206\nCornaceae\nnate with the petals; styles exserted, deep\npurple; fruit globose, J of an inch in diameter\nin a close head; bright red.\nCommon throughout the region in moist\nwoods flowering in early summer.\nCornus\nstolonifera\nMichx.\nRed-\nstemmed\nDogwood.\nShrub 3-16 feet high, usually\nstoloniferous, the twigs smooth\nand bright reddish-purple or\nthe youngest finely hairy.\nLeaves slender-petioled, ovate,\novate-lanceolate or oval, acute\nor short acuminate, rounded or narrowed\nat the base, finely close-hairy above, white\nor whitish and sparingly hairy beneath or\nsometimes smooth on both surfaces, 1-5\ninches long. Flowers in flat-topped cymes,,\n1-2 inches broad, petals white, less than \\nof an inch long; berries white or whitish.\nIn moist places and along streams and\nriver banks throughout the region; an attractive shrub, sometimes forming thickets of\nconsiderable size, the red stems contrasting\nbeautifully with the dark green leaves; flowering in June. Pyrolaceae 207\nPyrolace^e\nWinter green Family\nLow, mostly evergreen perennials with\nbranched rootstocks and petioled leaves;\nflowers nearly regular, white or pink; calyx\n4-5-lobed; corolla deeply 4-5-parted or of\n5 petals; stamens twice as many as the\ndivisions of the corolla, anthers opening\nby pores or short slits; stigma 5-lobed.\nFlowers racemose; leaves basal. Pyrola.\nFlowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or\nwhorled.\nStem leafy at base; flower solitary; style long.\nMoneses.\nStem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style short.\nChimaphila.\nStems 4-10 inches high, 3-10\nflowered. Leaves all basal, small,\norbicular or broadly oval, mostly\nobtuse at both ends, sometimes\nnarrowed at the base, thick,\nleathery, dull, obscurely crenu-\nlate or entire, J-i inch long, shorter than\nor equalling the petioles. Flowers greenish-\nPyrola\nchlorantha\nSw.\nGreenish-\nflowered\nWintergreen 208\nPyrolaceae\nwhite, nodding, slightly odorous, about half\nan inch broad; stamens and style declined,\nascending; anther sacs short-beaked.\nOn dry wooded slopes throughout the\nRockies; flowering during June.\nPyrola\nuliginosa\nTorr. Bog\nWintergreen\nScape 6-12 inches high, 7-15-\nflowered. Leaves broadly oval\nor orbicular, dull, rather thick,\nobscurely crenulate, obtuse at\nboth ends. Flowers frequently over half an\ninch broad; calyx lobes oblong or ovate-\nlanceolate, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J the length of the petals; style\nand stamens declined; anther sacs beaked.\nIn bogs throughout the Rockies, a very\npretty species with bright rosy flowers and\nrounded leaves; flowering in July.\nStem 6-15 inches high, 7-15-\nflowered. Leaves reniform, usually wider than long, thick,\nshining above, obtuse at the\napex, cordate at the base, crenulate, i-i| inches long, usually shorter than\nPyrola\nasarifolia\nMichx.\nLiver-leaf\nWintergreen. 208\nPyrolaceae\nwhite, nodding, slightly odorous, about half\nan inch broad; stamens and style declined,\nascending; anther sacs short-beaked.\nOn dry wooded slopes throughout the\nRockies: flowering during June.\nPyrola\nuliginosa\nTorr. Bog\nWintergreen.\nboth ends.\nScape 6-12 inches high, 7\u00E2\u0080\u009415-\nflowered. Leaves broadly oval\nor orbicular, dull, rather thick,\nobscurely crenulate, obtuse at\nFlowers frequently over half an\ninch broad; calyx lobes oblong or ovate-\nlanceolate, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J the length of the petals; style\nand stamens declined; anther sacs beaked.\n- In bogs throughout the Rockies, a very-\npretty species with bright rosy flowers and\nrounded leaves; flowering in July.\nPyrola\nasarifoiia\nMichx.\nLiver-leaf\nWintergreen.\n6-15 inches high, 7\u00E2\u0080\u009415-\nflowered. Leaves reniform, usu- .\nally wider than long, thick,\nshining above, obtuse at the\napex, cordate at the base, crenulate, 1-1J inches long, usually shorter, than I\na Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-Leaf Wintergreen.\nb Pyrola uliginosa Torr.\ne Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. One-Flowered Wintergreen.\n(% Nat.)\nI Pyrolaceae\n209\nthe narrowly margined petioles. Flowers J-f\nof an inch broad, pink, nodding in a slender raceme 2-4 inches long; stamens and\nstyle declined, ascending; style exserted.\nIn damp ground, in woods and swamps\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in July.\nLeaf blades thin, broadly oval\nPyrola . J\nminor L. or nearly orbicular, dark green,\nLesser crenulate, obtuse but sometimes\nWintergreen. with a spine-tipped apex,\nrounded, slightly narrowed or subcordate\nat the base J-i inch long. Flowers pinkish,\n\ inch broad, nodding, in a close raceme;\nstyle straight included, stamens not inclined.\nIn damp mossy places throughout the region at the higher altitudes; flowering in July,\nStems generally several together,\nfrom the much branched root-\nstock, slender, 4-10 inches high.\nLeaves ovate or often oval, thin,\nacute or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded\nor narrowed at the base, crenulate-serrate,\nPyrola\nsecunda L.\nOne-sided\nWintergreen\n14 2IO\nPyrolaceae\nf-2 inches long, longer than the petioles.\nFlowers greenish-white, \ of an inch or more\nbroad, many, at first erect but soon drooping,\nin a dense one-sided raceme; style straight,\nexserted; stamens not declined,\nCommon in woods throughout the region at\nthelower altitudes; flowering during early July.\nMoneses\nuniflora (L.)\nA. Gray.\nOne-flowered\nWintergreen.\nStem bearing 1-3 pairs or\nwhorls of leaves at the base,\ncontinued above into a bracted\nor naked scape 2-6 inches high.\nLeaves orbicular or ovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or\nsometimes subcordate at the base, rather\nthin, J-1- inch long, longer than or equalling\nthe petioles. Flowers white, J-| of an inch\nbroad, nodding at the summit of the stem;\npetals spreading; capsule \ of an inch in\ndiameter, about as long as the persistent\nstyle and lobed stigma; the stamens in pairs\nopposite each petal.\nIn mossy spots in the woods throughout\nthe region; flowering in early July. \nft\n02\nO\n\">>\nft\n03\no\no\ncr\n-m\n3\n&\n-.5\n^^ 05\n* 8\nas ,g\nIE\ns\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 I\u00E2\u0080\u0094t\no Ericaceae\n211\nChimaphila\numbellata\n(L.) Nutt.\nPipsissewa,\nPrince's\nPine.\nStems extensively creeping, sending up both sterile and flowering\nbranches 3-12 inches high.\nLeaves numerous, crowded near\nthe summit of the stem, spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate,\nobtuse or acutish at the apex, sharply serrate, bright green and shining, 1-2 \u00C2\u00A7 inches\nlong, J-i inch wide above the middle.\nFlowers several in an umbellate head, waxy\nwhite or pink, the form of the region being\nusually bright, rosy pink, J an inch or more\nbroad, petals spreading with the rosy pink\nanthers opposite them in pairs; capsule\nabout \ of an inch broad surmounted by\nthe short \"style.\nLocally abundant throughout the region;\nflowering during July.\nEricaceae\nHeath Family\nIn our species, shrubs with simple leaves\nand perfect flowers; calyx free from the\n 2\np s\n.-1 <1>\nP ^\n^\n^ 11\n\u00C2\u00A9\n4-1\n Vacciniaceae\n221\ncorolla lobes, inserted at the base; filaments\nmostly short; anthers attached on the back\n2-celled; fruit a globose berry or drupe.\nErect deciduous shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped,\nwhite, pink or greenish. Vaccinium.\nLow evergreen shrub; corolla open-campanulate, pink;\nberry red. Vitis-idaea.\nTrailing or creeping evergreen shrubs.\nCorolla short-campanulate, white; berry white.\nChiogenes.\nCorolla with spreading curved petals, pink; berry\nred. Oxycoccus.\nVaccinium\ncsespitosum\nMichx.\nDwarf\nBilberry.\nA shrub 3-7 inches high, much\nbranched and nearly smooth\nthroughout. Leaves obovate or\noblong, cuneate, obtuse or acute,\ngreen and shining on both sides,\nnearly sessile, serrulate, with close bluntish\nteeth. Flowers white or pink, small bell-\nshaped, J of an inch long, mostly solitary\nin the axils and longer than their drooping\npedicels; berry J of an inch or more in diameter, blue with a bloom.\nOn slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes; 22.\nVacciniaceae\nflowers appearing with the leaves in early\nJune.\nVaccinium\nerythro-\ncoccum\nRydb.\nA Ipine\nBilberry.\nStems erect with numerous\nslender, strict, green branches\nand branchlets, 3-18 inches high.\nLeaves ovate or oval, J an inch\nlong or less, bright green. Flowers ovate, \ of an inch long,\nwhite or pink, 5-lobed, solitary in the axils\nof the leaves; berries small, bright red.\nOn slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes;\nflowering during June.\nVaccinium ^ s^raSgling branched shrub,\novaiifolium 3-12 feet high, the branches\nSmith. slender, twigs smooth, joints\n71 sharply angled. Leaves oval,\nshort-petioled, smooth on both sides, green\nabove, pale and glaucous beneath, rounded\nat both ends or somewhat narrowed at the\nbase, thin, sometimes spine tipped, entire\nor nearly so, 1-2 inches long. Flowers\ncommonly solitary in the axils on rather \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nc8\n^ 0)\n.\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 'd\n- >\n^ (J\nOtf i\nPQ X\nH\n& \u00C2\u00A9\n| \u00C2\u00A33\no 3\nlib\no\ns\np\n'3\n.2\n'5\no c3\n,0\nPh Vi\no pq\no\n2 p\n-C JO.\n00\ns\np\n\"S\no\n03 Vacciniaceae\n223\nrecurved pedicels; corolla pink or white,\novoid, J of an inch or more long; berries\nblue with a bloom J an inch in diameter.\nIn the beds of snow slides, occasionally in\nthe Rockies, and abundant through the\nSelkirks, where it is also found in the woods;\nflowering in May.\nVaccinium\nglobulare\nRydb.\nThin-leaved\nBilberry.\nA branching shrub 1^3 feet high,\nnearly smooth throughout, stems\nround, only the youngest twigs\nslightly angled, bark grey and\nsomewhat shreddy. Leaves\nbroadly oval or obovate, obtuse to acute,\nsomewhat pale beneath, veiny, sharply and\nfinely serrate, J-i\u00C2\u00A3 inches long. Flowers on\npedicels |f an inch long; calyx teeth almost\nobsolete; corolla depressed-globose, frequently more than J of an inch in diameter,\ngreenish-white; berry dark purple, J of an\ninch in diameter.\nIn beds of snow slides and in woods in\nthe valleys of the Selkirks; flowering during\nJune. 224\nVacciniaceae\nVitis-idaea\nVitis-idaea\n(L.) Britton\nMountain\nCranberry.\nA low evergreen shrub* with\ncreeping stems, the branches\nerect, 3-8 inches high, nearly\nsmooth. Leaves thick and\nleathery, crowded, green and\nshining above, paler and black-dotted beneath, ovate or oval, short-petioled and\nentire or sparingly serrulate J-f of an inch\nlong, the margins revolute. Flowers in\nshort terminal 1-sided racemes or clusters,\nnodding, longer than their pedicels; corolla\nwhite or pink nearly J of an inch long, open\ncampanulate, 4-lobed; berries dark red, acid,\nnearly \ an inch in diameter.\nIn bogs and moist mossy places throughout the Rockies; flowering during June.\nCreeping, branches rough hairy,\nslender, 3-12 inches long.\nLeaves leathery, persistent, oval,\novate or slightly obovate, acute\nat the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, dark green and smooth\nabove, sprinkled with stiff, brown hairs be-\nChiogenes\nhispidula\n(L.)T.andG\nCreepi ng\nSnowberry. Vacciniaceae\n2$\nneath and on the revolute, entire margins;\nJ to nearly J an inch long. Flowers white,\novoid, about \u00C2\u00A3 of an inch long, few, solitary\nin the axils, nodding, on the lower side of\nthe creeping stems; berry about J of an inch\nin diameter, white, bristly, aromatic.\nThroughout the Rockies at the lower\nelevations, growing in moss and on damp,\ndecaying logs; flowering in May.\nOxycoccus\nOxycoccus\n(L.) MacM\nSmall\nCranberry.\nStems slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 6-18 inches\nlong; branches ascending or erect\n1-6 inches high. Leaves thick,\nevergreen, ovate, entire, acutish\nat the apex, rounded or cordate at the base,\ndark green above, white beneath, J of an\ninch or less long, \ as wide, the margins\nrevolute. Flowers 1-6, from terminal scaly\nbuds, nodding on slender erect pedicels;\ncorolla pink, \ of an inch broad, the petals\ncurled backwards; stamens and style protruding; berry globose, \ of an inch or more\nin diameter, acid, often spotted when young.\n15\n1 226\nPrimulaceae\nIn sphagnum bogs throughout the Rockies,\nthough not common; flowering during July.\nPrimulace^\nPrimrose Family\nHerbs with perfect regular flowers; calyx\nfree from the ovary, usually 5-parted; corolla 5-cleft; stamens as many as the corolla\nlobes and opposite to them; flowers purple,\nyellow or white.\nLobes of the corolla erect or spreading.\nLeaves in a rosette at the base of the scape.\nCorolla-tube longer than the calyx; flowers pink.\nPrimula.\n*\" Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx; flowers white\nor yellow. Androsace.\nLeaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers\nwhite. Trientalis.\nLobes of the corolla reflexed. Dodecatheon.\nPrimula\namericana\nRydb.\nBird's-eye\nPrimrose.\nLeaves spatulate or oblong,\nobtuse at the apex, narrowed or\nsomewhat wedge-shaped at the\nbase, tapering into petioles,\ngreen, usually white-mealy be- Primulaceae\n227\nneath, at least when young; 1-4 .inches long,\nthe margins crenulate-dentate. Flowers umbellate 3-20, on scapes 4-18 inches high;\ncorolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish\neye, the tube slightly longer than the calyx,\nthe lobes wedge-shaped, notched at the apex,\nJ of an inch or more long.\nIn swamps and wet meadows in the lower\nvalleys of the eastern slopes of the Rockies\nnot penetrating far into the mountains;\nflowering in June.\nPrimula\nMaccalliana\nWiegand.\nMaccalla's\nPrimrose.\nSimilar to the preceding species\nbut much smaller. Leaves\nspatulate or obovate, mostly\nquite broad; pale green above,\nmore or less mealy beneath, denticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, petioled or\nsessile, J-iJ inches long, forming a rosette\nat the base of the scape. Flowers f of an\ninch broad or less, umbellate, on a peduncle\n1-6 inches high; pale pink or bluish with a\nconspicuous orange eye; the lobes obcordate; 228\nPrimulaceae\ncorolla tube yellow, slightly longer than the\ncalyx.\nThe commonest primrose of the region\non wet banks and moist, sandy or gravelly\nplaces at the lower altitudes throughout the\nRockies; flowering in June, also occurs\nsparingly in the Selkirks.\nAndrosace\ncarinata\nTorr. Sweet\nFlowered\nAndrosace.\nProliferously branched at the\nbase and caespitose. Leaves\nfolded over each other, forming\nrosettes at the bases of the many\nflowered scapes; from lanceolate\nto oblong-spatulate or ovate, keeled, i-\nnerved, \-\ an inch long, acute, fringed with\nhairs on the margins. Flowers \ of an inch or\nmore broad, cream coloured with a brilliant\nyellow eye; 4-10 in a close umbel, on slender\nhairy scapes 1-3 inches high; flowers delicately fragrant. j\nThroughout the Rockies in open situations either dry or moist, and at low or high\naltitudes; flowering from early June to midsummer according to the altitude. t Jft\n%\n% M\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A04-1\na\nfc\n#\n~^_^\nOJ\no\nO\nOS\no\n5h\nT3\nto\"\nCI\n\nu\n\u00C2\u00A3\n0)\nCO\no\nc\u00C2\u00AB\nVi\nO\n?H\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0T)\nP\nT3\n0>\nVi\np\no\n\nV\no\n5-i\n4->\n5-i\n09\n<^\nCtf\n4->\nP\n0>\nrH\nH Gentianaceae\n231\nring, midway between the base of the segments and the stamen tube; stamen tube\noften nearly as long as the anthers, yellow;\nanthers purple.\nIn damp, open ground and grassy slopes\nthroughout the eastern Rockies; flowering in\nJune.\nDodeca-\ntheon\nconjugens\nGreene.\nShooting-\nstar.\nPlant smooth. Leaves obovoid\nand elliptic, 2-5 inches long,\nincluding the distinct petiole,\nobtuse, entire. Flowers large, in\na few-flowered umbel, scape 3-8\ninches high; corolla deep purple varying to\nrose-red; anthers, distinct., obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a linear point.\nIn the open ground and plains in the lower\nValleys of the Rockies; flowering in June.\nGentianaceae\nGentian Family\nSmooth herbs with opposite entire leaves,\nand regular perfect flowers in clusters or 232\nGentianaceae\nGentiana\nacutaMichx\nNorthern\nGentian.\nsolitary at the ends of the stems or branches.\nCalyx 4-12-lobed; corolla 4-12-parted; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla\nand alternate with them.\nCorolla funnel-form or campanulate; without glands,\nspurs or scales. Gentiana.\nCorolla campanulate; spurred at the base.\nTetragonanthus,.\nStem leafy, slightly angled, simple or branched, 6-20 inches\nhigh. Basal and lower leaves\nspatulate or obovate, obtuse,\n^he upper lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or\nsubcordate at the base, sessile or somewhat\nclasping, \-2 inches long. Flowers numerous in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves;\npedicels J-i inch long, leafy bracted at the\nbase; calyx deeply 5-parted, lobes lanceolate;\ncorolla tubular campanulate, \ an inch long,\n5-parted, pale blue or greenish; lobes lanceolate, acute each with a fimbriate crown at\nthe base.\nAlong stream banks and grassy slopes\nthroughout the Rockies, common; flowering\nin July. Gentianaceae\n233\nGentiana\npropinqua\nRichards.\nFour-parted\nGentian.\nStems slender, usually much\nbranched from the base and\nsometimes also above, slightly\nwing-angled, 2-7 inches long.\nBasal leaves spatulate obtuse,\nthe upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, J-i\ninch long, acute or obtusish at the apex,\nrounded at the slightly clasping base, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers sometimes numerous, solitary on slender peduncles, mostly\n4-parted, J-j of an inch high, seldom opening; calyx 4-cleft, two of the lobes oblong,\nthe others linear lanceolate; corolla blue or\nbluish, glandular within at the base, the\nlobes ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies on\nslopes and open ground beside the trails;\nflowering through July.\nGentiana\nprostrata\nHaenke.\nDwarf\nGentian.\nStems slender, 1-5 inches long,\nwhen prostrate the lateral ones\noften creeping. Leaves ovate,\nrather spreading,' bright green\nwith slightly whitened edges. 234\nGentianaceae\nFlowers solitary, 4-parted, azure blue, J an\ninch high, the lobes rather spreading.\nA very small and rather rare plant found\nthroughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes, on the alpine slopes and \"summits; flowering in July.\nGentiana\nglauca\nPale-\nglaucous\nGentian.\nPerennial; stems 2\u00E2\u0080\u00944 inches high.\nLeaves oval, glaucous, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J an\ninch long, obtuse, the basal\nforming a rosette. 'Flowers few\no\nor several at the top of the stem,\nshort-peduncled or nearly sessile, usually subtended by a pair of bracts; calyx campanulate, the teeth shorter than the tube; corolla\nblue or blue-green, J an inch or more long, the\ntube cylindrical with short ovate obtuse lobes.\nIn wet alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region, a rather rare but very striking\nlittle gentian, flowering in July.\nGentiana\naffinis\nGriseb.\nLarge\nGentian.\nStems clustered, 6\u00E2\u0080\u009412 inches\nhigh, mostly ascending. Leaves\nfrom oblong or lanceolate to\nlinear. Flowers from numerous oS\n\u00C2\u00A3\nN^\nP\npO\n03\n<1>\nV)\n-t->\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 pH\nP\n5h\n\nO\n!; Gentianaceae\n235\nand racemose to few and almost solitary;\ncalyx lobes linear or linear-awl-shaped,\nunequal, the largest rarely equalling the\ntube; corolla an inch or less long, bright\nblue or bluish; funnel-form, spotted inside\nwith white, the lobes ovate, acute, and\nspreading.\nA showy species in damp open meadows\nin the lower valleys throughout the Rockies,\nespecially abundant at Banff; flowering\nduring August.\nAnnual, stems simple or branched,\nslender, erect, 6-20 inches high.\nBasal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem leaves ovate or\nlanceolate, acute, sessile, 3-5-\nnerved, 1-2 inches long, the\nuppermost smaller. Flowers J\nof an inch or more long, few, on peduncles\nabout their own length, in the axils of the\nupper leaves; corolla purplish-green or white,\n4-5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, each\nTetragon\nanthus\ndeflexus\n(J. E.\nSmith)\nKuntze.\nSpurred\nGentian. 236\nMenyanthaceae\nwith a hollow deflexed or descending spur\nabout half the length of the corolla.\nIn moist places and shaded slopes throughout the Rockies; a rather frequent but inconspicuous plant owing to its green colour;\nflowering in July.\nMenyanthace^\nBuckbean Family\nIn our species a smooth marsh herb, with\ncreeping rootstock, long-petioled, 3-foliate\nleaves and white or purplish flowers, in\nracemes on long lateral scapes.\nMenyanthes Creeping rootstocks sometimes\ntrifoliata L. a foot long marked by the scars\nBuckbean. 0f bases of former petioles.\nLeaves 3-foliate, petioles sheathing at the\nbase, 2-10 inches long; leaflets oblong or\nobovate, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, ij\u00E2\u0080\u00943 inches long.\nFlowers half an inch long, pure white or\npurplish in 10-20-flowered racemes on Apocynaceae\n237\nscape-like naked peduncles; calyx shorter\nthan the corolla which is bearded with white\nhairs within, giving the flower a feathery\nappearance.\nIn open marshes throughout the region,\nlocal in distribution; flowering in May and\nearly June.\nApocynaceae\nDogbane Family\nIn our species, perennial herbs with\nopposite, entire leaves and small, 5-parted,\ncampanulate, pink flowers in corymbed\ncymes, and slender elongated terete seed pods.\nStems 1-3 feet high, branches\nbroadly spreading, mostly\nsmooth. Leaves ovate or oval,\nspine tipped, smooth above, pale\nand usually more or less hairy\nbeneath, 2-4 inches long. Flowers pink, open campanulate, | of an inch\nApocynum\nandrosajmi-\nfolium L.\nSpreading\nDogbane,\nHoneybloom 238\nHydrophyllaceae\nbroad, with 5 spreading lobes, numerous, in\nloose, terminal and axillary cymes; seed\npods round, slender, curved, 4\u00E2\u0080\u00946 inches long,\nnarrowed at the apex, usually in pairs;\nplant with a milky juice.\nFrequent on the line of the railway from\nField westward through the valley of the\nKicking Horse River.\nHydro ph yllace^e\nWater-Leaf Family\nHerbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate\nor basal leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted\nflowers in cymes, spikes or racemes, curled\nwhen in bud and uncoiling as they flower;\nstamens 5, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments thread-like;\nflowers yellow, purple or white.\nPlant rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate and simple or\npinnate; flowers blue or violet-purple. Phacelia.\nPlant smooth; leaves round reniform or cordate;\nflowers white. Romanzoffia. o3\nrP\nVi\nU\nP\nP^\nv>\n,P\nP<\no\nu\n\npC\n03\no\n03 Hydrophyllaceae\n239\nPhacelia Rough-hairy; stem stout, 6-24\nheterophylia inches high. Leaves white hairy,\nPursh. lanceolate to ovate, acute, pin\nnately and obliquely, striately veined, the\nlower tapering into petioles, commonly with\n1-2 pairs of small lateral leaflets. Flowers\nin a dense spike; corolla bluish, longer than\nthe oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx lobes;\nfilaments much exserted, sparingly bearded.\nIn the Cougar Valley in the Selkirks;\nflowering in July.\nPhacelia\nsericea\n(Graham)\nA. Gray.\nMountain\nPhacelia.\nSilky-hairy or canescent throughout, 6-18 inches high, leafy to\nthe top. Leaves pinnately\nparted into linear or narrow\noblong, numerous, often pinnatifid divisions, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile. Flowers\ncrowded in an elongated spike, corolla\nviolet, blue or white, open-campanulate,\ncleft to the middle; stamens much exserted.\nIn dry ground and open slopes throughout\nthe region; flowering in June and July. 240\nBoraginaceae\nRoman-\nzoffia\nsitchensis\nBong.\nRoman-\nzoffia.\nStems slender, weak, 3-6 inches\nlong. Leaves mainly at the\nroot, with slender petioles,\nalternate, round-cordate, or reniform, with 7-11 crenate, glandular-tipped lobes. Flowers more\nor less racemose on slender, weak scapes\nwith spreading pedicels longer than the\nflowers; calyx lobes smooth, much shorter\nthan the delicately veiny pale pink or usually\nwhite funnel-form corolla with yellow throat\nand broad rounded lobes.\nOn constantly dripping ledges of wet rocks,\nrare in the region generally but rather frequent about Lake Louise and Lake O'Hara;\nflowering during July.\nBORAGINACE^J\nBorage Family\nHerbs with alternate or rarely opposite,\nentire, leaves and usually rough hairy stems.\nFlowers perfect, regular, mostly blue, in Boraginaceae\n241\n1-sided curled spikes; corolla 5-lobed, stamens as many as the corolla lobes and alternate with them; fruit mostly of 4 i-seeded\nnutlets.\nNutlets armed with barbed prickles. Lappula.\nNutlets not armed with barbed prickles.\nRacemes without bracts; corolla flat, round.\nMyosotis.\nRacemes with bracts; corolla funnel form.\nLithospermum.\nLappula\nfloribunda\n(Lehm.)\nGreene.\nFalse\nForget-me-\nnot.\nRough hairy, stem stout, panicu-\nlately branched, 2-5 feet high,\nthe branches nearly erect.\nLeaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate\nor linear-lanceolate, 2-4 inches\nlong, sessile, obtuse or acute at\nthe apex, the lower narrowed\ninto long petioles. Flowers 5-lobed, bright\nblue with a yellow centre J to nearly J of an\ninch broad in numerous erect, dense racemes,\nnutlets i of an inch long, keeled tuberculate\non the back, the margins armed with a single\nrow of flat barbed prickles, on pedicels less\nthan their own length.\n16 242\nBoraginaceae\nIn moist, open ground, frequent throughout the Rockies; a striking plant with heads\nof bright blue flowers, resembling large\nforget-me-nots flowering in June.\nSimilar to the preceding species,\nbut not so tall and with broader\nacute leaves. Flowers larger,\nJ an inch broad, not so numerous; and larger, more densely\nprickled nutlets, J of an inch\nlong, on pedicels more than their\nown length.\nThroughout the Rockies, probably more\ncommon than the previous species, in moist,\nmore or less shaded or open ground; flowering\nin June.\nLappula\ndiffusa\n(Lehm.)\nGreene.\nFalse\nForget-me-\nnot.\nPale, leafy, rough, 1-2 feet high,\nLappula\nLappula the branches erect. Leaves lin-\n(L.) Karst. ear and linear-oblong, sessile\nStickseed. or -fae lowest spatulate and\nnarrowed into petioles \u00C2\u00A3\u00E2\u0080\u0094 ij inches long, obtuse. Flowers very small, about the length i^jyr\na\nX:\n\u00E2\u0082\u00ACm$ki\nappula floribunda\nFalse Forger s;y-/=-:.\ni\u00C2\u00A7ft*gigi Hnearifolitim Geitfie. - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n-Leaved 242\nBoraginaceae\nIn moist, open ground, frequent through-\no\nn+- + U,\nt-il^TTO- T%1o\nth rmnrl<\not bright blue flower\nforget-me-nots flowerir\nssembling large\nJune.\nSimilar to the preceding species,\nbut not so tall and with broader\nacute leaves. Flowers larger,\n| an inch broad, not so numerous; and larger, more densely\nprickled nutlets, J of an inch\nlong, on pedicels more than their\nown length.\nThroughout the Rockies, probably more\ncommon than the previous species, in moist,\nmore or less shaded or open ground; flowering\nLappula\ndiffusa\n(Lehm.)\nGreene.\nFalse\nFor\nnot.\nhi j une.\nLappula\nLappula\n(L.) Karst.\nStickseed.\nPale, leafy, rough, 1-2 feet high,\nthe branches erect. Leaves linear u and linear-oblong, sessile\nor the lowest spatulate and\ntuse.. Flowers very small, about the length a Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene.\nFalse Forget-me-not.\nb Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (% Nat.)\nNarrow-Leaved Puccoon. Boraginaceae\n243\nof the calyx, blue, in one-sided leafy-bracted\nracemes; nutlets papillose on the back,\narmed with 2 rows of slender barbed prickles.\nIn open or waste ground throughout the\nregion, especially on or near the railway;\nflowering throughout the summer.\nMyosotis\nalpestris\nSchmidt.\nForget-me-\nnot.\nStems tufted, erect, 3-9 inches\nhigh. Leaves oblong, linear, or\nlanceolate, hairy, 1-2 inches\nlong. Flowers in rather dense\nheads; corolla flat, bright blue\nwith a yellow centre J of an inch or more\nbroad, 5-lobed.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies in alpine\nmeadows and on grassy slopes; flowering\nduring June and early July.\nErect or diffusely branched from\nthe base, 6-12 inches high, minutely rough-hairy. Leaves all\nlinear, sessile, acute, 1-2 inches\nlong. Flowers of two kinds,\nleafy-bracted, at the ends of ;the\nbranches, the earlier bright yellow, J an\nLithosper-\nmumlineari-\nfolium\nGoldie.\nNarrow-\nleaved\nPuccoon.\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0*\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 244\nMenthaceae\ninch broad with a tube an inch or more\nlong, the rounded lobes crenately erose;\nthe later flowers small, inconspicuous and\npale.\nDry sandy soil in the valley of the Bow\nRiver at Banff, the showy flowers in May\nand early June.\nMenthaceae\nMint Family\nAromatic herbs mostly with 4-sided stems\nand simple opposite leaves; flowers irregular,\nperfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically\ncymose; calyx persistent, 5-toothed or lobed;\ncorolla with a short or long tube, the limb\n4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, but some regular; stamens borne on the corolla tube,\ntypically 4.\nCalyx with a protuberance on the upper side.\nCorolla 2-lipped, the upper arched, tube long, blue.\nScutellaria.\nCalyx without a protuberance on the upper side.\nCorolla tube longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped\npurple. Prunella, Menthaceae\n245\nCorolla tube not longer than the calyx; flower 2-\nlipped, pink. Stachys\nCorolla tube shorter than the calyx; nearly regular,\n4-lobed. Mentha.\nScutellaria Perennial by slender stolons,\ngalericulata leafy; stem erect, usually\nL. Marsh branched, 1-2 feet high. Leaves\nu caP\" oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short petioled or the upper sessile,\nacute at the apex, dentate with low teeth\nor the upper entire, subcordate or rounded\nat the base, 1-2 J inches long, the uppermost\nusually much smaller. Flowers an inch\nlong, bright blue with a slender tube and\nslightly enlarged throat, solitary in the axils\nof the leaves, on peduncles shorter than the\ncalyx.\nIn swamps and wet places, frequent along\nthe railway from Field west to Beavermouth.\nHairy or nearly smooth; stems\nslender, creeping or ascending,\nor erect, usually simple but sometimes considerably branched, 2\ninches to 2 feet high. Leaves ovate, oblong\nPrunella\nvulgaris L\nHeal-all,\nSelf-heal. 246\nMenthaceae\nor oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at\nthe apex, usually narrowed at the base, thin,\nentire or crenate, 1\u00E2\u0080\u00944 inches long. Flowers\nin dense terminal spikes J-i inch long, becoming 2\u00E2\u0080\u00944 inches in fruit; corolla violet-\npurple, or sometimes pink or white, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J-\nan inch long, twice as long as the purplish-\ngreen calyx.\nCommon throughout the region in moist,\nopen or shaded places at the lower altitudes,\nfrequently forming clumps of considerable\nsize; flowering throughout the summer.\nStachys\npalustris L.\nMarsh\nWoundwort.\nErect, usually slender, simple\nor somewhat branched, hairy\nthroughout; 1\u00E2\u0080\u00944 feet nigh.\nLeaves lanceolate, sessile or very\nshort petioled, acuminate or\nacute at the apex, wedge-shaped or cordate at the base, 2-5 inches long, J-i inch\nwide, crenulate or dentate, flowers clustered,\nforming an elongated, interrupted spike, or\nsometimes in the axils of the upper leaves,\n6-10 in a whorl; calyx hairy, its slender Menthaceae\n247\nteeth more than ^ the length of the tube;\ncorolla deep pink spotted with purple, \u00C2\u00A7r|\nof an inch long, the upper lip erect, hairy,\nthe lower spreading 3-cleft.\nIn swamps and wet places throughout\nthe region from Field west to Beavermouth\nalong the railway; flowering during July.\nM th Perennial by runners; stem more\ncanadensis or ^ess hairy with spreading\nL. American hairs, simple or branched, 6\nWild Mint, inches to 2 J feet high. Leaves\noblong, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,\nslender-stemmed, acute at the apex, sharply\nserrate, smooth or sparingly hairy, the larger\n2-3 inches long, |l1 inch wide. Flowers\nnumerous, small, \u00C2\u00A7\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 of an inch long, white,\npink or pale purple, all in whorls in the axils\nof the leaves, the calyx about J the length\nof the corolla.\nIn moist soil and marshy places, frequent along the line of the railway from\nField west to Beavermouth; flowering during\nJ\u00C2\u00ABiy- H- I 248\nScrophulariaceae\nSCROPHULARIACE^\nFigwort Family\nHerbs with alternate or opposite leaves\nwithout stipules and mostly perfect, complete and irregular flowers; calyx 4\u00E2\u0080\u00945-toothed,\n-cleft, or -divided; corolla 2-lipped or nearly\nregular and stamens 2, 4, or 5, nearly equal.\nStamens 5, the fifth sterile or rudimentary.\nSterile stamen represented by a gland on the upper\nside of the corolla tube. Collinsia.\nSterile stamen nearly as long as the rest.\nPentstemon.\nStamens 2, leaves opposite or whorled. Veronica.\nStamens 4.\nStamens not enclosed in the upper lip. Mimulus.\nStamens enclosed in the upper lip.\nAnther cells unequal.\nUpper lip of the corolla much longer than the\nlower. Castilleja.\nUpper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and\nmuch narrower than the inflated lower one.\nOrthocarpus.\nAnther cells equal and parallel.\nGalea not prolonged into a beak; throat without teeth. Pedicularis.\nGalea prolonged into a very slender, recurved\nbeak; throat with a tooth on each side\nElephantella. o$\nv\u00C2\u00AB\nrQ\nT3\nnJ\n>\u00C2\u00BB\n\u00C2\u00AB\n\n\u00C2\u00ABI-H\n03\nPQ\nbe\n&0\no\ni\u00E2\u0080\u00941\no3\n\nfl\n\no\nq=!\no\n>\nfe\no5\n1\nft\nC8\nOS\nS\nVi\nCO\nC\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2(\u00E2\u0080\u0094*\nr\u00E2\u0080\u00941\nO\nO Scrophulariaceae\n249\nCollinsia\nparviflora\nDougl.\nSmall-\nflowered\nCollinsia.\nStems slightly hairy at length,\ndiffusely branched, very slender,\n3-15 inches long. Leaves oblong\nor lanceolate, mostly obtuse at\nthe apex, narrowed at the base\nJ-1 inch long, entire or sparingly toothed,\nthe lower opposite, petioled; the floral sessile, opposite or verticillate. Flowers few, in\nwhorls in the axils of the leaves, on long\nslender pedicels; corolla blue or whitish, the\nthroat longer than the limb; the upper lip\nerect, 2-cleft, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading.\nAn inconspicuous little plant on rocks\nand in damp places throughout the region;\nflowering during June and July.\nPentstemon Decumbent, diffusely spreading,\n6-12 inches high, woody at the\nbase. Leaves ovate, obovate or\noblong, \ an inch or more long,\nserrulate or entire, smooth or\nhairy when young. Flowers in\nglandular hairy terminal ra-\ncorolla violet, blue or pinkish purple,\nfruticosus\n(Pursh.)\nGreene.\nLarge\nPurple\nBeard-\ntongue.\ncemes; 250\nScrophulariaceae\nan inch or more long, tubular funnel-form,\n2-lipped, the upper deeply 2-, the lower\n3-cleft.\nThroughout the region in exposed stony\nplaces and on slides up to an elevation of\n10,000 feet, frequently growing in patches\nof considerable size; flowering in June and\nearly July.\nPentstemon\nconfertus\nDougl.\nYellow\nBeard-\ntongue.\nSmooth throughout or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes\nwith viscid hairs; stem a foot or\ntwo high. Leaves from oblong\nor oblong-lanceolate to somewhat linear, usually quite entire.\nFlowers in a terminal head of 2-5 dense,\nmany-flowered clusters; corolla with a narrow tube about \u00C2\u00A3 an inch long, pale yellow; the lower lip conspicuously bearded\nwithin.\nIn moist or dry open ground throughout\nthe Rockies, especially abundant in the\nvalleys of the Bow and Pipestone in the CQ\n3\nO\nT3\n0>\nOQ\nft\nc\no\ns\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0+->\n09\nc\na>\noS\nc\n'\nIII Scrophulariaceae\n251\nregion about Laggan; flowering during late\nJune and early July.\nPentstemon\nprocerus\nDougl.\nBlue Beard-\ntongue.\nSmooth throughout, stems slender, 2-12 inches high. Leaves\nlanceolate, 1-2 inches long, those\nof the middle of the stem largest,\nusually entire. Flowers in dense\nverticillate clusters, in a more or less elongated head; corolla bright blue with a slender\nfunnel-form tube \ an inch or more long; the\nlower lip bearded within.\nIn open dry or moist ground throughout\nthe Rockies, not common; most abundant in\nthe valley of the Kicking Horse River at\nField; flowering in June.\nPentstemon Smooth; stem 8-12 inches high,\npseudo- simple. Basal leaves broadly\nhumilis spatulate or elliptic, thin, firm,\nobtuse, or acute, contracted into\na slightly winged petiole, with entire margins;\nstem leaves oblanceolate, oblong or lanceolate, 252\nScrophulariaceae\nmostly all opposite. Flowers blue or bluish-\npurple in a loose panicle, with more or less\nglandular-hairy branches; calyx glandular-\nhairy, J of an inch long, deeply cleft into\nlanceolate lobes; corolla slightly hairy, about f\nof an inch long, funnel-form, slightly oblique.\nIn open ground and slopes in the Selkirks;\nflowering in July.\nVeronica\namericana\nSchwein.\nAmerican\nBrooklime.\nSmooth throughout; stems decumbent, rooting at the lower\nnodes, 6 inches to 2 feet long.\nLeaves oblong, ovate, or oblong-\nlanceolate, all distinctly petioled,\nsharply serrate with a wedge-shaped or\nrounded base, obtuse or acute at the apex,\n1-3 inches long, J-i inch broad. Flowers\nin racemes on slender peduncles in the axils\nof the leaves; corolla blue or nearly white,\nstriped with purple, nearly J of an inch\nbroad, rotate, with 4 unequal lobes.\nIn brooks and swampy places in the Selkirks, especially around Glacier; flowering\nthroughout the summer. Scrophulariaceae\n253\nVeronica\nWormsk-\njoldii R. and\nS. Alpine\nSpeedwell.\nHairy throughout with brown\nglandular hairs; stems ascending or erect, slender, usually\nsimple, 2-12 inches high. Leaves\noblong, ovate or elliptic, sessile,\nmostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or\nentire, |-i inch long. Flowers light blue,\nin a short, narrow raceme; corolla, J of an\ninch broad, rotate, lobes nearly equal and\nrounded.\nThroughout the region in open woods,\nand in alpine meadows and slopes up to\n7000 feet elevation; flowering during June\nand July.\nSlightly hairy or smooth; stems\nslender, decumbent, the branches\nascending or erect, 2-10 inches\nhigh. Leaves all opposite and\npetioled or the uppermost sessile,\noblong, oval or ovate, \-\ an\ninch long, crenulate, entire. Flowers in\nshort spicate racemes at the ends of the\nstems and branches; corolla pale blue or\nVeronica\nserphylli-\nfolia L.\nThyme-\nleaved\nSpeedwell. 254\nScrophulariaceae\nsometimes white, with darker stripes, nearly\nJ of an inch broad.\nIn open grassy ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Selkirks, very abundant\nand striking in the lawn at Glacier House;\nflowering during June.\nMimulus\nLewisii\nPursh. Red\nMonkey-\nflower.\nStems viscid-hairy, 2-4 feet\nhigh. Leaves from oblong-ovate\nto lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, opposite, 2-4 inches\nlong and J as broad. Flowers\non peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx\ncampanulate, f of an inch long, with triangular acute teeth; corolla rose-red or\npaler, the tube twice as long as the calyx,\nthroat open, limb two-lipped; lobes of\nthe upper lip erect or turned backward,\nobcordate, the lower lip spreading, the lobes\nobovate.\nIn wet ground and along streams through\nthe Selkirks, frequently growing in such\nabundance as to practically exclude all other\nvegetation; the large showy, rose-purple Scrophulariaceae\n255\nflowers, each with two bright yellow patches\nin the throat.\nMimulus\ncaespitosus\nGreene.\nYellow\nMonkey-\nflower.\nSmooth, stems flattened, decumbent and rooting at the\nnodes, the branches rising 3-6\ninches high. Leaves orbicular or\novate, J\u00E2\u0080\u00941 inch long, dentate or\ndenticulate, usually sublyrate, purple beneath.\nFlowers axillary on long peduncles; calyx campanulate, J of an inch long, mottled with dark\npurple; corolla bright yellow, f-i inch long,\nthroat spotted with dark red, lobes of the upper lip erect, J-J an inch long, the middle lobe\nof the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous.\nIn wet, gravelly soil around springs and in\nthe beds and banks of alpine brooks, through\nthe Selkirks, often forming large patches;\nflowering in July.\nHairy with soft and glandular\nhaif s, musk scented; stems creeping or ascending, branched, slender, 6-12 inches long. Leaves\novate or oblong, short petioled, acute or\nMimulus\nmoschatus\nDougl.\nMusk Plant.\n1 256\nScrophulariaceae\nobtuse at the apex, denticulate, rounded\nor subcordate at the base, 1-2 inches long,\nhalf as broad. x Flowers \u00C2\u00A3 of an inch long\non axillary peduncles, shorter than the\nleaves; corolla funnel-shaped with a spreading\nlimb nearly J an inch broad, bright yellow.\nIn wet shaded ground at the lower altitudes,\nthroughout the Selkirks; flowering during\nJune and July.\nCastilleja\npur pur-\nascens\nGreenm.\nPainter's\nBrush.\nPerennial more or less purplish\nthroughout, stems erect or nearly\nso, 4-12 inches high, usually,\nseveral from the same root,\nsmooth or somewhat hairy below, soft hairy above. Leaves\nsessile, clasping, linear or narrowly lanceolate,\nf-2 inches long, usually attenuate and acute,\nentire and undivided or occasionally 3-cleft\nnear the apex, smooth or the uppermost\nsoft-hairy, 3-nerved. Inflorescence in a\nclose terminal raceme, later elongated, about\n3 inches long, close-hairy; bracts ovate-\nlanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1-1J inches long, Scrophulariaceae\n257\nusually entire or occasionally cleft, from\ndeep purple-red to scarlet and rarely yellow\nto tinged with red or pink; calyx f-i inch\nlong, ranging in color with the bracts; corolla\n1-1J inches long, galea green or greenish-\nyellow with scarlet margins and exserted\nbeyond the calyx and floral bracts.\nFrequent in the lower altitudes through\nthe Rockies; very abundant and striking on^\nthe flood-plain of the Kicking Horse River\nat Field; flowering during June.\nCommonly hairy with weak cobwebby hairs, a foot or less high.\nLeaves linear to lanceolate or\nthe upper ovate lanceolate.\nFlowers in dense leafy-bracted\nspikes; bracts oval or obovate,\npartly white or yellowish, cobwebby-hairy,\nequalling the corolla; calyx 2-cleft, the lobes\noblong or lanceolate, corolla jta inch long;\ngalea not exceeding the calyx.\nIn moist open grounds at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering\nin July.\nCastilleja\npallida\nKunth.\nWhite\nIndian\nPaint-brush\n17 258\nScrophulariaceae\nCastilleja\nminiata\nDougl.\nBright\nPainted\nCup.\nA foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, smooth or nearly\nso. Leaves lanceolate or linear\nor the upper ovate-lanceolate\nacute, entire or rarely 3-cleft.\nFlowers in a dense, short, hairy\nspike; bracts from lanceolate to oval, mostly\nbright red or crimson, occasionally pinkish,\nrarely whitish, seldom lobed; calyx lobes\nlanceolate, acutely 2-cleft; corolla over an\ninch long; galea exserted, linear, longer than\nthe tube.\nIn moist alpine meadows throughout the\nRockies; flowering in July.\nPerennial with a long creeping\nrootstock, not growing in clumps,\n1-2 feet high, sparingly close-\nhairy or^ nearly smooth, very\nleafy. Leaves lanceolate; often\nacuminate, iJ-2^ inches long,\nrather firm, 3-veined, the upper seldom if\never cleft. Flowers in a compact terminal\nhead; bracts bright scarlet, oblong, obtuse;\nCastilleja\nlanceifolia\nRydb.\nScarlet\nPainted-\nCup. Scrophulariaceae\n259\ncalyx 1 inch long, crimson or scarlet with\na green base about equally cleft; corolla yellowish-green, \ an inch longer than the calyx.\nIn moist open woods throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on the eastern\nslope; flowering in June and July.\nOrthocarpus\nluteus\nNutt.\nYellow\nOrthocarpus.\nAnnual, rough-hairy; stems\nstout, erect, branched above\nor simple, 6-18 inches high,\ndensely leafy. Leaves erect or\nascending, linear or lanceolate,\nentire or sometimes 3-cleft, i-i\u00C2\u00A3 inches long,\nsessile, long acuminate; bracts of the dense\nspike lanceolate, broader and shorter than\nthe leaves, entire or 3-cleft, green, mostly\nlonger than the flowers. Flowers bright\nyellow, an inch long or less, the upper lip\novate, obtuse, about as long as the sac-like\n3-toothed lower one.\nIn open ground in the lower valleys\nthroughout the region as far west as the\nvalley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth; flowering throughout the summer. 260\nScrophulariaeeae\nI\nElephantella\ngrcenlandica\n(Retz.)\nRydb.\nLong-beaked\nElephantella.\nWhole plant usually purple,\nsmooth; stem simple, erect, i-ij\nfeet high. Leaves alternate,\nlanceolate in outline, pinnately\nparted or the lower pinnately\ndivided into lanceolate, acute,\ncrenulate, or incised segments,\nthe upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled\n2-6 inches long. Flowers in a very dense\nspike 1-6 inches long; calyx short, acutish;\ncorolla red or purple, the galea produced\ninto a slender beak J-f of ah inch long, which\nis decurved against the lower lip and upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the\ncorolla about | of an inch long.\nIn open bogs and wet alpine meadows at\nthe higher altitudes throughout the Rockies;\nflowering in July.\nPedicularis\nracemosa\nDougl.\nWhite\nLousewort.\nSmooth throughout, simple or\nsometimes branching, 6-18 inches\nhigh. Leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly\ncrenulate, 2-4 inches long. Flow- Scrophulariaceae\n261\ners short-pedicelled in a short leafy raceme\nor spike, or the lower remote in the axils of\nthe leaves; corolla white, showy, the galea\nwhich is half an inch long produced into a\nslender, elongated, incurved beak nearly\nreaching the apex of the broad lower\nlip.\nAt the higher altitudes in the Rockies in\nmoist open ground and alpine meadows,\nflowering in July.\nPedicularis\nbracteosa\nBenth.\nWood\nBetony.\nSmooth, 1-3 feet high; leaves\n3-10 inches long, all pinnately\nparted, the lower divided, ample;\ndivisions of the leaves j\u00E2\u0080\u00942 inches\nlong, linear-lanceolate. Flowers\ncrowded in a cylindrical, leafy-bracted spike,\n2-6 inches long; corolla less than an inch\nlong, pale yellow or reddish, the galea\nmuch longer than the lip with a hooded\nsummit.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies in\nmoist open woods and alpine meadows at\nthe higher elevations; flowering during July. 262\nLentibulariaceae\nLentibulariaceae\nButterwort Family\nIn our species, stemless herbs with fibrous\nroots and i-flowered scapes; basal, tufted,\nentire leaves, the upper surface covered with a\nviscid secretion, to which insects adhere and\nare caught by the curling of the sensitive\nleaf margins; calyx 4-5-parted or 2-lipped;\ncorolla sac-like and contracted into a spur.\nPinguicula\nvulgaris L.\nButterwort.\nlanceolate.\nLeaves pale yellowish-green,\n3-7 in a rosette at the base of\nthe scape, greasy to the touch\non the upper surface, ovate-\nobtuse, 1-2 inches long, J as\nwide. Flowers solitary on a slender scape,\nviolet-purple, nearly J an inch broad when\nexpanded, 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed;\nthe lower 3-lobed, larger; the tube gradually\ncontracted into an obtuse or acute nearly\nstraight spur, J of an inch long.\nIn wet mossy places, on rocks, or edges\nof gravelly stream beds throughout the Pinguicula yuigar\ntemon fruticosus (PurU. Qmm\nLarge Purple BeardeT- -'t\nI i 262\nLeritibulariaceae\nLentibtjlariace^\nButterwort Family\nIn our species, stemless herbs with fibrous\nroots and i-flowered scapes; basal, tufted,\nentire leaves, the upper surface covered with a\nviscid secretion, to which insects adhere and\nare caught by the curling of the sensitive\nleaf margins; calyx 4-5-parted or 2-lipped;\ncorolla sac-like and contracted into a spur.\nPinguicula\nvulgaris L.\nButterwort.\nLeaves pale yellowish-green,\n3-7 in a rosette at the base of\nthe scape, greasy to the touch\non the upper surface, ovate-\nlanceolate, obtuse, 1-2 inches long, \ as\nwide. Flowers solitary on a slender scape,\nviolet-purple, nearly \ an inch broad when\nexpanded, 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed;\nthe lower 3-lobed, larger; the tube gradually\ncontracted into an obtuse or acute nearly\nstraight spur, \ of an inch long.\nIn wet mossy places, on rocks, or edges\nof gravelly stream beds throughout the a Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort.\nb Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. (% Nat.)\nLarge Purple Beard-Tongue. Rubiaceae\n263\nRockies, at the lower altitudes; the bright\nlittle flowers suggesting violets; flowering\nduring June.\n11\nRUBIACEAE\nMadder Family\nIn our species, herbs with 4-angled stems\nand branches, with verticillate leaves and\nsmall 4-parted flowers, regular and perfect\nand fruit separating into 2-carpels.\nGalium Smooth, erect, simple or branched,\nboreale L. leafy, 1-2J feet high. Leaves\nNorthern jn 4>s^ ianceolate or linear 3-\nBedstraw.\nnerved, obtuse or acute, 1-2$\ninches long, the margins sometimes fringed\nwith hairs. Flowers white, numerous in a\nterminal panicle; corolla 4-parted, J of an\ninch across, the lobes lanceolate, acute.\nIn open ground and in open woods or\nthickets at the lower altitudes, throughout\nthe Rockies; flowering in July. 264\nCaprifoliaceae\nCaprifoliace^e\nHoneysuckle Family\nShrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs\nwith opposite leaves and mostly cymose\nflowers; calyx 3-5-toothed, the corolla\n5-lobed or sometimes 2-lipped; stamens\n5-inserted on the tube of the corolla and\nalternate with the lobes; fruit a berry, drupe\nor capsule.\nCorolla rotate or urnshaped; flowers in compound\ncymes.\nLeaves pinnate. Sambucus.\nLeaves simple. Viburnum.\nCorolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped.\nCreeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers in pairs,\npink. Linnaea.\nShrubs, erect or climbing.\nCorolla short campanulate, regular or nearly so.\nSymphoricarpos.\nCorolla tubular and irregular. Lonicera.\nA shrub 2-12 feet high, the\ntwigs and leaves commonly\nhairy; stems woody, the younger\nwith reddish brown pith.\nLeaves pinnate with 3-7 ovate-\nlanceolate or oval, acuminate leaflets 2-5\nSambucus\npubens\nMichx.\nRedberried\nElder. Caprifoliaceae\n265\ninches long, sharply serrate. Flowers numerous, less than J of an inch broad, white,\nin a close oblong head 3-4 inches high, longer\nthan broad; berries in a compact head,\nbright scarlet, J of an inch in diameter.\nRocky places and thickets throughout\nthe region though most abundant in the\nSelkirks; flowering in June, the bright red\nberries ripe in late summer.\nSambucus\nmelanocarpa\nA. Gray.\nBlackberried\nElder.\nA shrub 2-12 feet high, smooth\nor the young leaves slightly\nhairy. Leaves pinnate with,\n3-7 or rarely 9 ovate-oblong\nor ovate-lanceolate, acuminate\nleaflets, 2-5 inches long, sharply serrate.\nFlowers small white in a close compound\ncyme 3-4 inches high and as broad; berries\nJ of an inch broad, black and shining in a\nclose head.\nRocky places and thickets in the Selkirks,\ngrowing with the other species and difficult\nto distinguish from it except by the colour\nof the berries. 266\nCapriofoliaceae\nViburnum\npauciflorum\nPylaie.\nFew-flowered\nCranberry\nTree.\nA straggling bush 2-6 feet high\nwith twigs and petioles smooth\nor nearly so. Leaves broadly\noval, obovate or broader than\nlong; 5-ribbed, mostly with 3\nrather shallow lobes above the middle, coarsely and unequally dentate, smooth above,\nmore or less hairy on the veins beneath, 1J-3\ninches broad. Flowers small, pure white or\npinkish, \ of an inch broad in compact axillary heads an inch or so broad; drupe\nglobose, bright red, acid, about half an inch\nlong.\nA most attractive shrub in thickets and\nwoods at the lower altitudes throughout\nthe Rockies; flowering in May and early\nJune; the acid fruit is frequently used for\npreserving.\nLinnaea\namericana\nForbes,\nTwin-\nflower.\nBranches slender, woody,\nslightly hairy, trailing, 6-24\ninches long. Leaves evergreen,\nopposite, obovate or orbicular,\nobscurely crenate, thick, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094} of 1 Caprifoliaceae\n267\nan inch wide, sometimes wider than long.\nFlowers nodding in pairs, rarely in 4's, oh\nslender pedicels J\u00E2\u0080\u0094| of an inch long, very\nfragrant; corolla tubular-campanulate with\n5 equal lobes, pink or nearly white, deep\npink within.\nIn moist cool woods, frequent throughout\nthe region, especially in the Rockies; flowering in late June and early July.\nAn erect shrub, 1-4 feet high,\nsmooth or nearly so with slender\nbranches. Leaves oval, obtuse\nat each end, 1-2 inches long,\nentire, undulate or sometimes\nFlowers pale pink or white, few,\nin axillary clusters; corolla campanulate,\nI of an inch long, equally 5-lobed, slightly\ninflated at the base and bearded within;\nberries snow-white, nearly \ an inch in\ndiameter.\nOn rocky banks and along streams at the\nlower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering during July.\nSymphori-\ncarpos\nracemosus\nMichx.\nSnowberry.\ndentate. 268\nCaprifoliaceae\nSymphori-\ncarpos\npauciflorus\n(Robbins)\nBritton.\nLow\nSnowberry.\nA low, spreading, diffusely-\nbranched shrub 6-9 inches high.\nLeaves broadly oval or orbicular, entire, softly hairy, especially along the veins beneath.\nFlowers about J of an inch\nlong, solitary in the upper\naxils, and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike;\ncorolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearded\nwithin; berry globose, white, \ of an inch\nin diameter.\nIn rocky places and on wooded slopes\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in\nJuly-\nSmooth, more or less shrubby or\ntwining. Leaves smooth above,\nglaucous and hairy at least on\nthe veins beneath, 1J-2 inches\nlong, papery on the margins,\nusually only the upper pair\nconnate-perfoliate. Flowers in a short terminal interrupted spike, corolla 1 inch long\nor less, yellow changing to reddish, slightly\nLonicera\nglaucescens\nRydb.\nDouglas's\nHoneysuckle.\n^-EL Caprifoliaceae\n269\nhairy without, long-hairy within, the tube\nrather strongly inflated at the base, the\n2-lipped limb shorter than the tube, stamens\nand style exserted.\nIn rocky places and along river banks\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering during\nJuly- I W '\u00C2\u00A7k;I I\nLonicera\nebractulata\nRydb.\nFly Honeysuckle.\nShrubby, 3-6 feet high with grey\nbark. Leaves light green, glaucous and hairy beneath, fringed\nwith hairs on the margins, elliptic-ovate or broadly-ovate, obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded\nat the apex, 1-2 J inches long, J-iJ inches\nwide. Flowers in pairs from the axils of\nthe leaves; peduncles about \u00C2\u00A7 an inch long;\ncorolla light yellow, about | of an inch long,\nfunnel-form, and spurred at the base on the\ninner side; berry bright red, J of an inch in\ndiameter.\nIn moist woods throughout the region at\nthe lower altitudes; flowering in May and\nearly June. 270\nCaprifoliaceae\nLonicera\ninvolucrata\n(Richards)\nBanks.\nInvolucred\nFly Honeysuckle.\nA nearly smooth shrub 3-10\nfeet high. Leaves short-petioled,\novate, oval or obovate, 2-6\ninches long, acute or acuminate\nat the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less hairy\nat least when young. Flowers\ngreenish-yellow, 2 or 3 on axillary peduncles,\n1-2 inches long, bracts foliaceous, ovate or\noval, often cordate, bractlets larger, greenish-\nyellow, at length turning rich maroon and\nsurrounding the fruit; corolla hairy, funnel-\nform; the limb nearly equally 5-lobed;\nstamens and styles slightly exserted; berries\nseparate, globose or oval, nearly black,\nabout \ of an inch in diameter.\nIn rich moist woods and thickets at the\nlower altitudes throughout the region, inconspicuous when in flower in late June and\nearly July, but especially showy when in\nfruit, the blue-black berries subtended by\nthe showy maroon bracts, making it a most\nstriking shurb during summer and early\nautumn. Banks. :'\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0*% Nat\nInvolucred Fly Hoi 270\nCaprifoliaceae\n2\u00E2\u0080\u00941\nLonicera\ninvolucrata\n(Richards)\nBanks.\nInvolucred\nFly Honeysuckle.\nA nearly smooth shrub\nfeet high. Leaves short-petioled,\n^jjife^it'! oval |or obovate, 2-6\ninches long, acute or acuminate\nat the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less hairy\nat least when young. Flowers\ngreenish-yellow, 2 or 3 on axillary peduncles,\n1-2 inches long, bracts foliaceous, ovate or\noval, often cordate, bractlets larger, greenish-\nyellow, at length turning rich maroon and\nsurrounding the fruit; corolla hairy, funnel-\nform; the limb nearly equally 5-lobed;\nstamens and styles slightly exserted; berries\nseparate, globose-or oval, nearly blacky\nabout J of an inch in diameter.\nIn rich moist woods and thickets at the\nlower altitudes throughout the region, in-\ni-n U+o Tf,\u00C2\u00ABC\nconspicuous wnen in now\nearly July, but especially showy when in\nfruit, the blue-black berries subtended bv\nlg lb cl IllUbl-\nstriking shurb during summer and early\nautumn. Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. (% Nat.)\nInvolucred Fly Honeysuckle. Valerianaceae 271\nValerianace^e\nValerian Family\nPerennial strongly smelling herbs, with\nopposite leaves and paniculate heads of\nsmall pink or white, funnel-form, more or\nless gibbous flowers, commonly with 3\nexserted stamens.\nValeriana\nseptentri-\nonalis Rydb\nNorthern\nValerian.\nErect, perfectly smooth throughout or the inflorescence minutely\nhairy, 8-16 inches high. Basal,\nleaves petioled, spathulate or\noval, 1-5 inches long, entire;\nstem leaves usually 3 pairs, the lower\npetioled, the upper sessile, segments, 5-7\noval or linear-lanceolate, entire or merely\nundulate on the margins. Flowers cymose-\npaniculate, usually congested; corolla white,\nabout f of an inch long; fruit smooth, J of\nan inch or slightly longer.\nIn moist shaded places and on slopes in\nthe lower valleys of the Rockies; flowering\nin July.\nw 272\nValerianaceae\nValeriana\nScouleri\nRydb.\nScouler's\nValerian.\nSmooth throughout; stem rather\nstout, 1-3 feet high. Leaves,\nthe basal on long petioles, oblong, 1-2 inches long, 3-lobed,\nthe centre one much the largest,\noblong, tapering to both ends, the lateral\nlanceolate; stem leaves, 2-4 pairs pinnately\nparted in 5-7 lanceolate, acute, entire, or\nundulate segments, 1-2 inches long. Flowers\npink in a flat, cymose panicle, 2-2 J inches\nbroad; corolla nearly J of an inch long,\nfunnel-form; stamens and style exserted.\nIn moist open ground throughout the\nRockies at the higher elevations; flowering\nduring June and early July.\nValeriana Smooth; stems rather stout,\nsitchensis 1-5 feet high, often branching..\nBong. Wild Leaves in 2-4 pairs, pinnately\nHeliotrope. 3_5_iobed> leaflets ovate to oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate, 1-2 inches long, densely white-hairy\nat the base of the petioles; basal leaves lacking at the time of flowering. Flowers very X*\n>>\n.2 *\n Campanulaceae\n2 73\nfragrant, pink, in a compact cymose panicle,\ncorolla broad, funnel-form, J of an inch long\nwith spreading rounded lobes; stamens and\nstyle much exserted.\nCommon along the streams and in damp\nplaces in the Selkirks, at times forming vast\nmasses of pink when in flower in June and\nearly July.\nCam panul ace^e\nBell)'lower Family\nHerbs with alternate simple leaves, usually\nmilky juice, and perfect flowers; calyx mostly\n5-lobed; corolla regular or irregular, the tube\nentire or deeply cleft on one side, its limb\n5-lobed, regular or more or less 2-lipped;\nstamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes.\nCampanula Smooth or nearly so, simple, 1-6\nuniflora L. inches high. Leaves linear\nArctic or linear-oblong, acute, sessile,\n'\"'\"\"(\"- thickish entire or sparingly den\ntate, f-ij inches long or the lower and basal\nones spatulate, obtuse and narrowed into\n18 2 74^\nCampanulaceae\npetioles. Flowers erect, calyx tube top-\nshaped, smooth or hairy, shorter than or\nequalling the lobes; corolla narrowly campanulate, HE an inch long, bright blue, with\n5 slightly spreading lanceolate lobes.\nAlpine summits in the Rockies not common; flowering in July.\nCampanula Smooth or nearly so, stems erect\nrotundifolia or spreading, often several from\nL. Harebell, the same root, simple or\n' branched, 6 inches to 2 feet high.\nBasal leaves nearly orbicular or broadly ovate,\nusually heart-shaped and slender petioled,\nJ-1 inch wide, dentate or entire, often\nwanting at flowering time; stem leaves linear\nor linear-oblong acute, mostly entire and\nsessile or the lower narrowed into short\npetioles and somewhat spatulate. Flowers\nseveral or numerous in racemes, drooping\nor spreading, slender pedicelled; calyx lobes\nhair-like, spreading, longer than the tube, corolla bright blue, campanulate, J-i inch long.\nOn moist rocks or stony places, on slides Cichoriaceae\n275\nor gravelly stream banks, frequent throughout the region; flowering during most of the-\nsummer.\nLobelia\nKalmii\nstrictiflora\nRydb.\nBrook\nLobelia.\nSmooth throughout or slightly\nhairy below; stem simple or\nslightly branchedj erect, leafy,\n4-8 inches high. Leaves basal,\nsmall, |p-j an inch long, obovate,\nhairy; stem leaves linear. Flowers light blue\nor white, J or nearly J an inch long on erect\npedicels slightly more than their own length;\npetals 5, the two upper erect, J of an inch\nlong, very slender, the 3 lower broader, \ of\nan inch long and spreading, in loose racemes,\nlower bracts linear lanceolate, the upper\nhair-like.\nOn wet banks or wet gravelly or sandy\nground at the lower altitudes throughout the\nRockies, abundant locally; flowering in July.\nClCHORIACE.\u00C2\u00AE\nChicory Family\nHerbs almost always with milky juice, 276\nCichoriaceae\nalternate or basal leaves and yellow or rarely\npink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate heads; bracts of the involucre in 1 to\nseveral series; flowers all alike and perfect;\ncorolla with a short or long tube and a strap-\nshaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothedlimb (ray).\nHeads solitary; leaves all basal.\nAchenes smooth at the apex.\nAchenes spinulose at the apex.\nHeads several; leaves not all basal.\nAchenes flattened.\nFlowers yellow.\nFlowers blue.\nAchenes rounded.\nPappus white.\nPappus tawny.\nAgoseris.\nTaraxacum.\nSonchus.\nLactuca.\nCrepis.\nHieracium.\nPale and smooth throughout or\na little woolly below. Leaves\nlinear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2-10\ninches long, acuminate. Scapes\nstout, smooth or slightly hairy,\nlonger than the leaves, 6-18\ninches high, head 1-2 inches broad, rays\nbright yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate,\nusually smooth.\nOpen grounds and on grassy alpine slopes\nAgoseris\nglauca\n(Pursh.)\nGreene.\nLarge-\nflowered\nAgoseris o\u00C2\u00AB\n%\n3te\nIf\nm.\n.WWj-\n^\"awss^\nW r \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A2'\ncaelum umbellatum L,-. ; Narrow-Le;\n.goseris aurantiaca (Hoo! Greei\niiawK> 2 76\nCichoriaceae\nalternate or basal leaves and yellow or rarely\npink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate heads; bracts of the involucre in i to\nseveral series; flowers all alike and perfect;\ncorolla with a short or long tube and a. strap -\nshapdd (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray).\nHeads solitary; leaves all basal.\nAchenes smooth at the apex.\nAchenes spinulose at the apex.\nHeads several; leaves not all basal.\nAchenes flattened.\nFlowers yellow.\nFlowers blue.\nAchenes rounded.\nPappus white.\nPappus tawny.\nAgoseris.\nTaraxacum.\nSonchus.\nLactuca.\nCrepis.\nHieracium.\nAgoseris\nglauca\n(Pursh.)\nGreene.\nLarge-\nflowered\nAgoseris\nPale and smooth throughout or\nlittle woollv belo^\n/eaves\nlinear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2-10\ninches long, acuminate\". Scapes\nstout, smooth or slightly hairy,\nlonger than the leaves, 6-18\ninches high, head 1-2 inches broad, rays\nbright yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate,\nusually smooth. \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nOpen grounds and on grassy alpine slopes a Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow-Leaved Hawkweed.\nb Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. (% Nat.)\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2fxnmn Cichoriaceae\n277\nand in meadows; flowering during June and\nJuly.\nNearly smooth, not glaucous.\nLeaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or with lanceolate lobes\ntoward the base, narrowed into\nslender petioles, 4-8 inches long.\nScapes longer than the leaves,\nsmooth below, woolly at the top;\ninvolucre J-} of an inch high, bracts lanceolate, more or less woolly, flowers orange or\ncopper-coloured.\nIn open ground and alpine meadows\nthroughout the region; flowering in midsummer.\nAgoseris\naurantiaca\n(Hook.)\nGreene.\nOrange-\nflowered\nAgoseris.\nAgoseris\ngraciliens\n(A. Gray)\nGreene.\nSlender\nAgoseris.\nSmooth, leaves lanceolate or\nlinear-lanceolate entire, 6-8\ninches long, acute. Scapes slender, 10-18 inches high, woolly\nat the summit; involucre J-J\nof an inch long, bracts narrow, smooth with\nhairy-fringed margins; flowers,deep orange.\nIn grassy alpine meadows throughout the\n1 278\nCichoriaceae\nRockies at the higher altitudes; flowering\nduring July.\nT Root thick and deep. Leaves\nTaraxacum oblong to spatulate in outline,\n(L.) Karst. usually rough-hairy at least\nDandelion. when young, acute or obtuse,\npinnatifid, sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly\nentire, rather succulent, 3-10 inches long\n\-2\ inches wide, narrowed into petioles.\nScapes erect, 2-18 inches high, head 1-2\ninches broad, containing very numerous\ngolden-yellow flowers, inner bracts of the\ninvolucre, linear or linear-lanceolate, the\nouter similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed,\nacute; achenes greenish brown.\nIn waste places and open ground throughout the region, along roadsides and near\nthe railway; established as a weed; flowering in early summer.\nTaraxacum\nmontanum\nNutt.\nMountain\nDandelion.\nSmooth; scapes and leaves from\nthe crown of a thick, vertical\nroot. Leaves spatulate, oblong,\nnearly entire or runcinately Cichoriaceae\n279\ntoothed, obtuse, the teeth shallow and\nsimple, 3-4 inches long, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094| of an inch\nwide. Flowers bright orange or yellow on\nsmooth scapes, 4-8 inches high; invo-\nlucral bracts all appressed, in 2-series, the\nouter ovate to lanceolate, frequently reddish;\ninner ones narrowly lanceolate.\nThroughout the Rockies in the lower\nvalleys and slopes; flowering in early June.\nSonchus\narvensis L:\nMilk\nThistle.\nStems smooth, leafy below,\nbranched and nearly naked\n' above, 2-4 feet high. Lower\nand basal leaves runcinate-pin-\nnatifid, often 12 inches long, spinulose dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper\npinnatifid or entire, clasping. Flowers bright\nyellow, numerous in showy heads, 1-2 inches\nbroad; involucre nearly an inch high.\nAn introduced weed, occurring more or\nless frequently along the line of the railway\nthroughout the region; a showy plant when\nin flower, during the early part of the\nday. 280\nCichoriaceae\nSmooth throughout and somewhat glaucous; stem rather slender and leafy, 1-3 feet high.\nLeaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire,\ndentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 2-8\ninches long. Flowers bright blue\nor violet in numerous heads J an inch or more\nbroad, in an open panicle.\nFrequent along the railway in moist open\nplaces throughout the region; flowering in\nmidsummer.\nLactuca\npulchella\n(Pursh) DC.\nLarge-\nflowered\nBlue\nLettuce.\nCrepis nana\nRichards.\nAlpine\nHawk's-\nbeard.\nSmooth, forming depressed tufts\non slender, creeping rootstocks.\nLeaves chiefly at the root, 1-2\ninches long including the petioles,\nobovate to spatulate, entire,\nrepand-dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling\nthe clustered stems. Heads few-flowered,\nnearly J an inch high, narrowly cylindric,\nI of an inch in diameter; flowers bright\nyellow, spreading J of an inch across.\nA small alpine plant growing among loose Cichoriaceae\n281\nstones and on the moraines and on slides\nand summits throughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer.\nSmooth, many-stemmed from a\nperennial tap-root, 6-12 inches\nhigh, diffusely branched. Leaves\nentire or nearly so; root leaves\nspatulate; stem-leaves from\nlanceolate to linear. Heads numerous, narrowly cylindric, J-J\nof an inch high, the pale yellow flowers little\nmore than J of an inch across.\nIn gravel beds along the rivers and larger\nstreams throughout the Rockies; flowering\nduring July.\nCrepis\nelegans\nHook.\nMany-\nflowered\nHawk's-\nbeard.\nStem rather slender, smooth\nor puberulent, sometimes rough\nhairy below, leafy, simple, 1-2 ^\nfeet high. Leaves lanceolate\nor the lowest spatulate, entire,\ndenticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate,\nacute or acuminate, 1-3 inches long, smooth\nabove, usually hairy beneath with the\nHieracium\numbellatum\nL. Narrow\nleaved\nHawk-weed.\na\u00C2\u00ABs 282\nCichoriaceae\nmargins fringed with hairs. Heads of flowers\nnearly an inch broad, umbellate, bright\nyellow.\nOn banks and near rivers in the Rockies;\nflowering in July.\nHieracium\nScouleri\nHook.\nHairy\nHawk-weed\nHairy throughout with long,\nsoft hairs; 1-2 feet high. Leaves\nlanceolate or spatulate-lanceo-\nlate, 3-6 inches long. Flowers\nin an irregular branching panicle.\nHead \ an inch high; involucre with copious\nlong bristly hairs; flowers bright yellow, \\nan inch or more broad.\nOn banks and stony open ground throughout the region flowering during July.\nGrowing in tufts, pale green.\nLeaves nearly all in clusters\nat the root, obovate to oblong-\nspatulate, 1-3 inches long, attenuate into petioles, entire or\nrepand denticulate. Stems 8-18 inches high,\nbrownish-hairy above, bearing few or several\nheads of flowers near the top; involucres\nHieracium\ngracile\nHook.\nSlender\nHawk-weed Carduaceae\n28\nabout J of an inch high, usually blackish-\nhairy at the base; flowers bright yellow in\nheads i of an inch or less broad.\nIn dry open or shaded places at the higher\nelevations throughout the region, growing\nin sand; flowering in July.\nHieracium\nalbiflorum\nHook.\nWhite-\nflowered\nHawk-weed.\nLoosely branching, and hairy\nwith long hairs; 1-3 feet high.\nLeaves oblong, thin, 2-6 inches\nlong. Involucres narrow-cam-\npanulate, J to nearly \ an inch\nhigh; flowers white, \ of an inch\nacross or more; several in a compound\ncyme.\nOn sandy banks and open mountain sides,\nfrequent throughout the region at the lower\nelevations; flowering during June and July.\nCarduaceae\nThistle Family\nHerbs with watery or resinous sap and\nalternate, opposite or basal leaves; flowers 284\nCarduaceae\nperfect, pistillate or neutral; borne on a\ncommon receptacle forming heads, surrounded by an involucre of few to many\nbracts in one or more series; calyx tube\nattached to the top of the ovary, the limb\n(pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales,\ncrown-like or wanting; corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or -cleft, the marginal flowers\nfrequently expanded into a ligule (ray);\nwhen the ray flowers are absent the head is\nsaid to be discoid, when present, radiate;\nthe tubular flowers form the disc. The largest\nof all the families of flowering plants comprising about 760 genera and not less than\n10,000 species, represented in the region by\nthe following:\nAnthers not tailed at the base; heads rayed or rayless.\nStyle branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with\nterminal appendages.\nRays yellow or sometimes wanting.\nPappus double, the outer very short.\nChrysopsis.\nPappus simple; panicle compact. Solidago.\nRays white, purple, or bl\u00C2\u00BBe, rarely wanting.\nInvolucral bracts in 1-2 series, narrow'; rays\nusually narrow and numerous. Erigeron.\nInvolucral bracts in 2- 5 series; rays broader and\nless numerous. Carduaceae\n285\nScales of the involucre dry, papery and ap-\npressed. Eucephalus.\nScales of the involucre more or less herbaceous,\nand spreading. Aster.\nStyle branches of the perfect flowers straight edged\nor with hairy tips.\nInvolucre not scarious.\nPappus never capillary; receptacle chaffy or\nbristly.\nReceptacle conic, chaffy; pappus none.\nRudbeckia.\nReceptacle flat, chaffy; tall herbs; pappus 2\nscales. Helianthus.\nReceptacle bristly; pappus a crown of scales.\nGaillardia.\nPappus capillary.\nLeaves all or mostly opposite. Arnica.\nLeaves alternate.\nFlowers white or pinkish; leaves large.\nPetasites.\nFlowers yellow, leaves small. Senecio.\nInvolucre scarious.\nReceptacle chaffy; rays short. Achillea.\nReceptacle naked; rays conspicuous.\nChrysanthemum.\nReceptacle naked; rays none. Artemisia.\nAnthers with tails at the base; heads without rays.\nReceptacle not bristly; corolla not deeply cleft.\nPappus hair-like in pistillate flowers; club shaped\nin staminate. Antennaria.\nPappus of all the flowers similar. Anaphalis.\nReceptacle long bristly; corolla deeply cleft.\nLeaves and usually the involucral bracts prickly.\nCarduus.\nLeaves and involucral bracts not prickly.\nSaussurea.\nana\nMM\nmmm 286\nCarduaceae\nChrysopsis\nhispida\n(Hook.)\nNutt.\nHispid\nGolden\nAster.\nStems numerous from a woody\nrootstock, rough-hairy throughout, spreading, 6-12 inches long.\nLeaves spatulate to oblong, entire, spreading, f-ij inches long,\nobtuse at the apex, narrowed at\nthe base, often into petioles\nhalf as long as the blade or more. Heads\nvery numerous, about \ an inch broad; involucre less than \ an inch high, its bracts\nlanceolate, rough-hairy; ray flowers bright\nyellow, \ of an inch or more long.\nIn dry soil through the lower valleys\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer.\nStems smooth or somewhat hairy\nabove, slender, 6-15 inches high.\nLeaves firm, smooth or nearly\nso, the basal and lower ones\nspatulate or oblanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate, obtuse, finely\nreticulate-veined, 3-5 inches long, the upper\nsmaller and narrower, entire. Heads about\nSolidago\nmultiradiata\nAit.\nNorthern\nGoldenrod. Carduaceae\n287\nJ of an inch high, usually few in a rather\ncompact terminal cyme; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth;\nrays 8-15, large.\nOn open hillsides throughout the region;\nflowering in July.\nSolidago\ndecumbens\nGreene.\nField\nGoldenrod.\nStems clustered at the summit\nof a strong, perpendicular root,\nstout, decumbent, 6-18 inches\nhigh, usually dark red and\nsparsely hairy. Leaves spatu-\nlate-obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, more or less distinctly serrate toward the\nsummit, upper cauline leaves similar but\nfew and reduced, all rough on the margins.\nHeads large in a thyrsoid panicle; bracts\nof the involucre glandular-viscid, linear,\nobtuse, of firm texture, nerved; rays large.\nSolidago\nmissourien-\nsis Nutt.\nMissouri .\nGoldenrod.\nSmooth, rather slender, 3-5\nfeet high. Leaves firm or thick,\nthose of the stem linear-lanceolate and sessile, acuminate at\nthe apex, narrowed at the base,\navis\nUWM\nmm 288\nCarduaceae\n2-4 inches long, rough-margined, triple-\nnerved, entire or sparingly serrate with low\nsharp teeth, the basal and lowest ones longer\nspatulate and petioled. Heads J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J of an\ninch high on one side of the spreading or\nrecurving branches of the short panicle;\nbracts of the involucre oblong, greenish-\ntipped, obtuse; rays 6-13, short.\nIn dry soil on the edges of woodland at the\nlower altitudes throughout the Rockies;\nflowering in August.\nSolidago Stout, rough-hairy or slightly\ncanadensis so, 2-8 feet high. Leaves lan-\nL. Canada ceolate, triple-nerved, acute at\neach end, the lower ones sharply\nserrate and petioled, 3-6 inches long, -J\u00E2\u0080\u00941\ninch wide, the upper smaller, entire. Heads\nsmall, J of an inch or less high, very numerous\non one side of the spreading or recurved\nbranches of the usually large, and dense\npanicle; involucral bracts linear, obtuse or\nacutish; rays 9-15 small.\nIn open usually dry soil at the lower alti- #\n*tm\ny\n1 /\nHliO*\n'W\na\na Erigeron. salsuginosus ^EJe|L\") A\nLarge Purple Fieabarus\nErigeron acris L. Blue Fleabai\nElook. ibaussures..\nc Saussurea dens\nGray.\nwmm ne\niches long, rough-margined, triple-\nre or sparingly serrate with low\np tee\nspatulate and petioled. Heads J-J of an\ninch high on-one side of the spreading or\nre<\nis 01 me\nrSlo\nbracts\noblong, greenish-\nshort.\n+ V.C\nm ciry sou on xne edges 01 woouiana\nlowersaltitudes throughout the Rockies;\nflowerino- ii Aucnist.\nSolidago\nStOU\ncanadensis SO,\nugh-hairy or slightl^\nIfe- Leaves Ian-\nGt\nilrJA\nach end, the lower ones sharpl;\npetioled, ?-6 inch\nsmall, J of an inch or less high,\non one side of the spreading\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A06\nHea.\nnumerous\nrecurved\npanicle; involucral bracts linear, obtuse\nacutish: ravs q-k small, a Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray.\nLarge Purple Fleabane.\nb Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane.\nc Saussurea densa Hook. Saussurea. (3/5 Nat.) Carduaceae\n28\n9\ntudes throughout the Rockies; flowering\nduring July and August.\nErigeron\nsimplex\nGreene.\nArctic\nFleabane.\nHeads\nStems 1-6 inches high, several\nfrom \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 the same root. Leaves\nfew, the basal spatulate or\noblanceolate, 1-2 inches long;\nstem leaves linear and few,\nof an inch in diameter, solitary;\ninvolucre usually rough-hairy as well as\nwoolly, bracts linear-acute, rather close, rays\nJ\u00E2\u0080\u0094J of an inch long, white, very numerous.\nAn alpine plant in dry ground at the higher\nelevations, among stones and on the moraines,\nflowering in July.\nJErigeron\nsalsuginosus\n(Richards)\nA. Gray.\nLarge\nPurple\nFleabane.\nSoft hairy above, 12-20 inches\nhigh. Leaves smooth, thick,\nbright green, spatulate or\nnearly ovate, acute or conspicuously bristle-tipped, the uppermost small and bract-like.\nHeads over ih inches in di\nameter; rays 50-70, purple or violet, J-f of\n19 290\nCarduaceae\nan inch long; disc bright yellow; involucral\nbracts linear, attenuate and spreading,\nglandular-hairy.\nA most striking violet or purple daisy on\nmoist banks, slopes, and in moist, open woodlands; flowering during July.\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0B--rr^\u00E2\u0080\u009E Stem simple or branched above,\nJ&ngeron c '\nasper Nutt. more or less hairy, sometimes\nRough roughly so, 6-24 inches high.\nLeaves smooth, hairy or fringed\non the margin with hairs, entire, the basal\nones spatulate, obtuse, 2-4 inches long,\nnarrowed into a margined petiole; stem\nleaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,\nobtuse or acute, the upper.smaller. Heads\nseveral or solitary, slender peduncled, J-J\nan inch broad; involucre hemispheric,\nits bracts linear, acute, or rough hairy ;\nrays 100-150, very narrow, violet-purple\nor nearly white, J to nearly half an inch\nlong.\n. In dry soil in the lower valleys and slopes\nof the Rockies; flowering in July. Carduaceae\n29\nErigeron\ncaespitosus\nNutt.\nTufted\nFleabane.\nStems tufted, closely white-hairy\nfrom a deep root; simple or\nbranched above, 6-12 inches\nhigh. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Leaves white-hairy, entire, narrowly oblanceblate or\nspatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1-3 inches\nlong; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong,\nacute or obtuse, the upper gradually shorter.\nHeads solitary or several, short-peduncled,\nJ-J an inch broad; involucre hemispheric\nits bracts lanceolate or* linear-oblong acute,\nwhite-hairy; rays 40-60, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J of an inch\nlong, white or pinkish.\nIn dry open places in the Rockies at the\nlower altitudes, a pretty tufted plant resembling an Aster; flowering during July.\nRough-hairy or somewhat\nsmooth, stems slender, numerous, 3-6 inches high. Leaves\ncrowded on the crowns of the\ncaudex, usually twice ternately\nparted into linear or spatulate hairy lobes;\nan inch long or less including the petiole;\nErigeron\nmultifidus\nRydb.\nDaisy\nFleabane. RM\n292\nCarduaceae\nstem-leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers\nsolitary at the top of the nearly leafless hairy\nstem; involucre J of an inch high and nearly\n-J an inch in diameter, outer bracts shorter\nand spreading; rays 40-60, white, purple or\nviolet, from J to nearly \ an inch long.\nOn dry rocks throughout the Rockies up\nto 6000 feet elevation or above, flowering\nduring June or July.\nErigeron multifidus discoideus (A. Gray.)\nRydb., differing from the species in the entire absence of ray flowers and smaller heads,\nand Erigeron multifidus nudus Rydb., differing from the species in being almost entirely smooth except a few hairs on the\npetioles and involucral bracts, are found\nin similar localities throughout the Rockies,\noften growing with the species and frequently much more abundant.\nErigeron\naureus\nGreene\nGolden\nFleabane.\nAshy-hairy, 3-6 inches high\nfrom a tufted caudex. Leaves\novate, spatulate or roundish,\nJ an inch or more long, con- \"\" \" \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \"W ' ~ \"\" \"'\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\" '' \"\"'\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n+i\nd\n\u00C2\u00A3\n|\n>>\n- ,\ntf\nVi\nXi\n0\n^\na>\n!>>\nxs\ntf\no\no\nVi\nCO\n3\nTi\n-\u00E2\u0096\u00A0o\n\u00C2\u00ABs\nfl\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 i-H\no\n1\u00E2\u0080\u0094H\n5h\n3\n0)\n&0\nS\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2I-H\n?H\nC\nw\nO\na>\n&A\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 1\u00E2\u0080\u00944\nu\nH\na>\n>\nI\nMM Carduaceae\n293\ntracted into a petiole; stem leaves J of\nan inch long, few, and very narrow. Flowers solitary, about J of an inch high and\nbroad; involucre usually reddish or purplish,\ncovered with woolly hairs; bracts nearly\nequal, lanceolate, rather loose; rays numerous, \u00C2\u00A3-$\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 of an inch long, deep golden yellow.\nIn open ground on alpine meadows and\namong rocks, at the higher altitudes, throughout the region; a striking little plant, flowering in July.\nErigeron\nmelanoce-\nphalus\nA. Nelson.\nBlack-woolly Fleabane.\nStems few or several, slender,\nerect, 2-6 inches high, with\npurplish-black hairs. Leaves\nnumerous, elliptic or narrowly\noblong, |-ij inches long, nearly\nsmooth; stem leaves broadly linear, acuminate, f-i inch long, hairiness similar to that\nof the stem. Head solitary, -J of an inch\nbroad; involucral scales nearly equal, with\nattenuate tips, densely covered with purplish-black wool; rays 50-60, white or pinkish,\nI of an inch long. 294\nCarduaceae\nIn open stony or more or less grassy\nground at the high altitudes; flowering\nduring July.\nErigeron More or less hairy, varying to\nacris L smooth, 3-18 inches high, simple\nBlue or branching. Leaves spatu-\nFleabane. -1 , -. -. , u,\nlate or lanceolate, obtuse, 1-3\ninches long, hairy and entire. Heads J of an\ninch or more broad, single or several, more or\nless paniculately disposed; involucre hemispheric, its bracts linear and hairy; rays\nnumerous, very narrow, only slightly exceeding the yellow disc, blue or purple.\nIn dry stony ground and slopes throughout\nthe region, very variable as to size; flowering\nduring July.\nNearly or quite smooth, 1-2\nfeet high, usually paniculately\nbranched. Leaves spatulate\nto lanceolate, acute, rather nu-\nHeads on peduncle-like branches,\nan inch or more long, involucre, J of an inch\nor more broad, scales narrowly lanceolate,\nErigeron\ndrobrachi\nensis. O.\nMuell.\nmerous. Carduaceae\n295\nattenuate and glandular, green; rays numerous and thread-like, pink, but slightly\nexceeding the disc.\nOn banks and more or less shaded places\nat the lower altitudes throughout the\nRockies; flowering during July.\nErigeron\nphiladel-\nphicus L.\nSoft-hairy or sometimes nearly\nsmooth, stems slender, mostly\nbranched above, 1-3 feet high.\nPhiladelphia Leaves spatulate or obovate,\nFleabane. . , + . ,\nobtuse or acute, dentate or\nentire, 1-3 inches long. Heads several or\nnumerous, corymbose-paniculate, J-J of an\ninch broad; involucre depressed hemispheric,\nits bracts linear with roughened margins; rays\n100-15o, J-J of aninch long, bright rose-colour.\nIn open grassy and wet places at the lower\naltitudes, throughout the Rockies; flowering\nin June and July. This species, the most\nwidely distributed of any member of the\ngenus is found throughout North America;\nthough locally rare, where found it is usually\nin great abondance.\nwmwm 296\nCarduaceae\nAster\nHairy, often much branched\nRichardsonii from the base> 3~\" inches high.\nSpreng. Leaves oblong, spatulate to\nRichardson's broadly lanceolate, more or less\nAster. 11 -1\nsharply serrate, an inch or more\nlong. Heads solitary, terminating the stem\nor branches; involucre broadly campanulate,\n\ of an inch high, shorter than the disc the\nbracts narrowly lanceolate, with mostly\nacute and loose herbaceous tips; rays nearly\nhalf an inch long, violet-purple.\nIn gravelly ground and river bottoms\nfrequent in the region; flowering during\nJuly. k\nAster\nconspicuus\nLindl.\nLarge\nPurple\nAster.\nRough, stout, and rigid, 2 feet\nhigh. Leaves firm, ovate, oblong, or the lower obovate, acute,\n4-6 inches long, 1^-4 inches\nbroad, acutely serrate, reticu-\nFlowers numerous in a broad\nhead, involucre, broadly campanulate, equalling the disc, half an inch high; bracts in\nseveral series, minutely glandular, lanceolate,\nlate-veiny.\n--dite Carduaceae\n297\nacute, the greenish tips a little spreading;\nrays J an inch long or more, violet.\nThe most showy of all the Asters, frequent\nin the Rockies at the lower altitudes, on\nslides and on gravelly river banks, forming\ngreat masses of colour when flowering in late\nJuly and early August.\nAster major\n(Hook)\nPorter.\nGreat\nNorthern\nAster.\nStem stout, leafy to the summit,\ndensely long-hairy, or rarely\nsmooth, branched above, 2-6\nfeet high. Leaves rather thin,\nlanceolate, partly clasping by\na narrowed base, acuminate at\nthe apex, sharply serrate with low distant\nteeth, dark green and lightly hairy above,\ndensely sOft-hairy on the veins beneath,\n3-5 inches long, J to nearly an inch wide.\nHeads mostly solitary, at the ends of short\nbranches, i^ inches broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated, green,\nlinear-subulate, densely glandular; rays\n35-45 purple, about \ an inch long.\nIn moist soil in the valleys of the Selkirks;\nflowering during August. 298\nCarduaceae\nAster\nLindleyanus\nT. &G.\nLindley's\nAster.\nStem usually stout, smooth, or\nsparingly hairy, 1-3 feet high,\nbranched above. Leaves rather\nthick, smooth or slightly hairy,\nespecially on the veins, the\nlower and basal ones heart-shaped at the\nbase, sharply serrate, ovate-acute or acuminate, 2-4 inches long, with slender, naked\npetioles; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, more or less serrate or entire, sessile or\nwith margined petioles. Heads usually not\nnumerous, J of an inch or more high; involucre broadly top-shaped; bracts linear-\nlanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated,\nsmooth or nearly so, their tips green, rays\n10-20, blue or violet, J-4 an inch long;\npappus nearly white.\nIn open places and along the rivers\nthroughout the region; flowering during,\nJuly and August.\nAster cilio- Stems 1-2 feet high, round,\nmarginatus slightly striate and tinged with\nRydb. re(^^ smooth below, more or less\nhairy in lines above. Basal leaves smooth /\nI\nAster Lindleyanus T. & G % Nat.)' 298\nCarduaceae\nAster\nLindleyanus\nStem usually stout, smooth, or\nsparingly hairy jf&i^j|$ feefu high,\nK*-o\nthick, smootl\nespecially *&s\nslightly hairy,\nie veins, the\nbase, sharply serrate,, ovate-=acute or acuminate, 2-4 inches long, with slender, naked\npetioles; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate w lanceolate, more or less serrate or entire, sessile or |\nwith margined petioles. Heads usually not\nvolucre broadly top-shaped; bracts linear-\nlanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated,\nsmooth or nearly so, their tips en, rays\npappus nearly white.\nthroughout the regioi\nTuly and August.\nlowering, during.\nAster cilio- Stems 1-2 feet high, round,\nmargmatus siigntiy striate anu Linged. witn\nRydl> wsd, smooth fetew, wore^tm\nleav \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 sir\n^_ ^m \u00E2\u0080\u0094 __________ _\u00E2\u0080\u0094_\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0080\u0094\t Aster Lindleyanus T. & G, (% Nat.) Carduaceae\n299\nexcept the hairy-fringed margins, thin, distantly serrate or subentire, tapering into\nwing-margined petioles, oblanceolate-acute,\n4-8 inches long; the upper oblong or lanceolate sessile. Heads about J an inch high,\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2J\u00E2\u0080\u0094I of an inch in diameter, rather few in\nan open panicle; involucral bracts linear,\nfringed with hairs on the margins, the upper\npart foliaceous and the outer somewhat\nspreading; rays numerous \u00C2\u00A7 an inch long,\nlight-blue.\nIn moist, more or less shaded places, edges\nof woods and thickets, throughout the\nRockies; flowering in late July and August.\nAster\nfrondeus\n(A. Gray)\nGreene.\nLeafy-\nhracted\nAster\ninvolucre\nSimple, stem smooth, with sparing, erect, flowering branches.\nLeaves few, broadly lanceolate\nto oblong or spatulate, entire\nor nearly so, the lower tapering\ninto winged petioles. Heads solitary or few, on naked peduncles;\nof an inch high, or less; bracts\nlinear-lanceolate, loose, all equalling the disc; 3oo\nCarduaceae\nrays violet or purple, nearly -J an inch long.\nIn wet places and along streams throughout the Rockies; flowering during July\nand August.\nEucephalus\nEngelmanni\n(D. C.\nEaton)\nGreene.\nEngel-\nmann's\nAster.\nSlightly hairy or smooth, simple\nor somewhat branched, 18 inches\nto 2 feet high, bright green.\nLeaves thin, ovate-oblong to\nbroadly lanceolate, 2-4 inches\nlong, loosely veined, tapering at\nthe apex into a slender- spined\ntip, the larger sometimes with\na few small acute teeth. Heads J an inch\nhigh, hemispherical, either racemosely disposed on slender axillary peduncles, or\nsomewhat cymose; involucral bracts mostly\nacute or acuminate, some outer ones loose,\nnarrow, and partly herbaceous, or with loose\npointed tips; inner purplish; rays about \u00C2\u00A3\nan inch long, spreading, violet or pinkish.\nIn open woods and on slopes, principally\nin the Rockies at the higher elevations;\nflowering during July.\n.<_ Carduaceae\n301\nRudbeckia\nhirta L.\nBlack-eyed\nSusan,\nYellow\nDaisy.\nRough-hairy throughout, stems\nsimple or sparingly branched,\noften tufted, 1-3 feet high.\nLeaves thick, sparingly serrate\nwith low teeth or entire, lanceolate or oblong, the lower and\nbasal ones petioled, mostly obtuse, 3-5-\nnerved, 2-7 inches long, \-2 inches wide,\nthe upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish.\nHeads commonly few or solitary, 2-4 inches\nbroad; rays 10-20, deep yellow or orange;\nbracts of the involucre very rough-hairy;\nspreading or reflexed, much shorter than the\nrays; disc globose-ovoid, purple-brown.\nThroughout the region, not infrequent\nalong the railway from Field west to the\nvalley of the Columbia at Beavermouth;\nflowering in July and August.\nHelianthus\nscaberrimus\nEll.\nStiff \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 ^\nSunflower.\nStems simple or a little branched,\nrough-hairy or only slightly so,\n1-8 feet high. Leaves thick, leathery, serrate, rough-hairy on both\nsides, 2-7 inches long, \u00C2\u00A7-\u00E2\u0080\u009E inches \u00C2\u00A7\n302\nCarduaceae\nwide, acute at the apex^ narrowed at the base,\nthe lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the\nupper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the\nuppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads\nsolitary or few, 2-3 inches broad, involucre\nhemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtuse,\nfringed with hairs; disc brown or purple;\nrays 15-25, light yellow.\nFrequent along the railway in the valley\nof the Kicking Horse River and in the\nvalley of the Columbia at Beavermouth;\nflowering in August.\nStem smooth, except the summit\nwhich is soft-hairy, slender,\nmostly simple, 2-4 feet high.\nLeaves rough on both surfaces,\nlanceolate or the upper linear,\n3-6 inches long, J-f of an\ninch wide, frequently opposite, serrulate or\nentire. Heads 4 an inch high, scattered;\nbracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate\nwith a subulate, tip, hairy at the base;\nHelianthus\nNuttallii\nTorr and\nGray.\nNuttall's\nSunflower. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\"\u00C2\u00ABsa\nm Mil\n*$'-\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0096\u00A0%;\"*\n11m\n.--rJr\n^uua\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 a \u00E2\u0080\u00A2;\".\na^p i.^fflf\u00E2\u0080\u0094^\na\nErigeron aureus Green\nGreat 302\nCarduaceae\nwide, acute at the apex,, narrowed at the base,\nthe lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the\nupper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the\nuppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads\nsolitary or few.. 2\u00E2\u0080\u00943 inches broad, involucre\nhemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtuse,\nfringed with hairs; disc brown or purple;\nrays 15-25, light yellow.\nFrequent along the railway in the valley\nof the Kicking Horse River and in the\nvalley of the Columbia at Beavermouth;\nflowering in August. J\u00C2\u00A7|\nHelianthus\nNuttallii\nTorr and\nGray.\nNutt all's\nSunflower.\nStem smooth, except the summit\nmostly simple, 2-,4 feef high.\nLeaves rough on both surfaces,\nlanceolate or the upper linear,\n.3-6 inches long, J-j of an\ninch wide, frequently opposite, serrulate or\nentire. Heads \ an inch high, scattered;\nbracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate\nwith a subulate tip, hairy at the base; a Erigeron aureus Greene. Golden Fleabane.\nb Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (3/5 Nat.)\nGreat Flowered Gaillardia. *J& Carduaccae\n303\nrays narrow, acute, deep yellow, 1-1J inches\nlong, *\nIn moist grounds and on river banks\nthroughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during July.\nGaillardia\naristata\nPursh.\nGreat-\nflowered\nGaillardia\nRough-hairy, stems simple or\nlittle branched, 1-3 feet high.\nLeaves firm, densely and finely\nhairy, the lower basal ones petioled, oblong or spatulate, lacini-\nate-pinnatifid or entire, mostly\nobtuse, 2\u00E2\u0080\u00945 inches long; upper leaves sessile,\nlanceolate or oblong, entire or dentate, rarely pinnatifid. Heads 1J-4 inches broad,\nlong peduncled; bracts of the involucre,\nspreading, lanceolate, acuminate, rough-\nhairy, rays 10-18, bright yellow, wedge-\nshaped, deeply 3-lobed; disc reddish-purple.\nOne of the most showy of the midsummer\nplants, in the lower valleys of the Rockies,\nin dry ground and on slopes, especially in\nthe Bow Valley at Banff and in the open\ncountry around Golden.\nII 3^4\nCarduaceae\nArnica\ncordifolia\nHook\nHeart-\nleaved\nArnica.\nSomewhat hairy, stem simple\nor sparingly branched, 1-2 feet\nhigh. Leaves hairy, the basal\novate or orbicular, obtuse or\nacute, deeply cordate at the base,\ndentate, 1-3 inches long with\nslender sometimes margined petioles; stem\nleaves in 1-3 pairs, ovate or oblong, sessile\nor short-petioled, much smaller. Heads\n1-8, 2-3 inches broad, bracts of the involucre,\nacute or acuminate, -J-f of an inch long;\nrays 12-16, deep yellow, an inch or more\nlong, toothed at the apex; pappus white.\nIn woods and thickets at the lower altitudes\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in June.\nSmooth, slender and branched\n6-12 inches high. Leaves with\nshort glandular hairs on both\nsurfaces or smooth, the basal\nbroadly ovate, petioled, dentate,\n3-ribbed; stem-leaves about 2 pairs, similar,\nthe upper sessile. Heads several on slender\nglandular peduncles, disc -J an inch or less\nArnica\ngracilis\nRydb.\nSlender\nArnica. \u00C2\u00ABs\n{.\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0.\nArnica c\na. (Hook.) H<\nm$ed. Arnk\nPale-Flowered A 3\u00C2\u00B04\nArnica\ncordifolia\nHook\nHeart-\nleaved\nslender\nCarduaceae\nSomewhat hairy, stem simple\nhigh. Leaves hairy, the. basal\n-ate or orbicular, obtuse or\nacute, deeolv cordate at the base.\ndentate,\nticnes\nmai\nes; stem\npaves\npetioiea, mucn smaller. neaas\niches broad, bracts of the involucre,\nrays 12-16, deep yellow,\nlong, toothe'd at the apex ;|\nIn woods and thickets at the lo%\nthroughout the Rockies; floweri\nce.\nArnica\ngracilis\nRydb.\nSlender\nArnica.\nSmooth, slend<\nshort glandular hairs on both\nsurfaces or. smooth, the basal\n; stem-leaves about 2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 sessile. - Heads seve\nr,\nglandular peduncle^, disc a Arnica cordifolia (Hook.) Heart-Leaved Arnica.\nb Arnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered Arnica. (9g Nat.) Carduaceae\n305\nhigh; involucral bracts, 12-15, lanceolate,\nacuminate, glandular-hairy as are also the\nseeds; pappus white; rays about } of an inch\nlong, narrow, bright yellow, with a single\nnotch at the apex.\nOn alpine slopes throughout the Rockies;\nflowering in July, not common.\nArnica lati-\nfolia Bong.\nBroad-\nleaved\nArnica.\nMinutely hairy or nearly smooth,\nsimple or branched. Leaves\nthin, nearly smooth, or with\nlong scattered hairs; the lower\ncordate; stem leaves in 2-3 pairs,\nequal, ovate or oval, sharply dentate, closely\nsessile\" by the broad base, or the lowest with\ncontracted bases. Heads | of an inch high\non long, slender, hairy peduncles; involucral\nbracts J an inch or more long; oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with scattered hairs, rays\nyellow, I of an inch long, with 2 notches at the\napex; achenes nearly smooth; pappus white.\nThroughout the region in woods and open\nground usually at an elevation of 5000 to\n7000 feet; flowering during July.\n20\nm 3\u00C2\u00B06\nCarduaceae\nArnica\nChamissonis\nLess.\nChamisso' s\nArnica.\nFrom lightly hairy to densely\nso or nearly smooth, 1\u00E2\u0080\u00942 feet\nhigh. Leaves rather thin, hairy,\noblong to oblong-lanceolate, dentate or denticulate, acute or\nobtuse, lowest tapering into a margined\npetiole, upper broad at the base and somewhat clasping. Heads \ an inch or more\nhigh, single or several on hairy peduncles;\ninvolucral bracts J of an inch or more long,\noblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-\nhairy; ra^s bright yellow, \ an inch or more\nlong with a single notch at the apex, rather\nbroad; achenes with a few scattered hairs;\npappus tawny.\nOn the borders of streams and wet places\nat the lower altitudes throughout the region;\nflowering in July.\nSlender, hairy, 3-8 inches high.\nLeaves in about 3 pairs, the\ntwo lowest at the base of the\nstem, 1 \u00C2\u00A3-2 inches long, elliptical\nor obovate, entire or denticulate,\nglandular-hairy on both surfaces, as are the\nArnica\nlouiseana\nFarr.\nPale-flowered Arnica Carduaceae\n307\nmargins. Heads of flowers, 1-3, nearly half\nan inch broad, on long, slender, nodding, hairy\npeduncles; rays 8-10, light yellow, about \ an\ninch long; involucre J of an inch high, campanulate, densely glandular-hairy at the base,\nbrownish-purple, the bracts lanceolate, acute,\nwith scattered white hairs; pappus white.\nAmong loose stones at the base of Mt.\nFairview at Lake Louise; flowering in July.\nArnica\nfulgens\nPursh.\nAlpine\nArnica,\nGlandular-hairy throughout, 8-\n12 inches high. Leaves oblong\nlanceolate to lanceolate, acute,\nthe lower denticulate and petioled, the upper sessile and entire.\nHeads of flowers several on long, slender,\nglandular-hairy peduncles; involucres campanulate, J an inch high, bracts lanceolate\nacute, glandular and with long white hairs;\nrays bright yellow f-i inch long, \ of an inch\nwide, twice notched at the apex; achenes\nhairy; pappus white.\nOn stony alpine slopes at the higher altitudes\nthroughout the Rockies; flowering in July. 3o8\nCarduaceae\nArnica\neradiata\n(A. Gray.)\nHeller.\nRayless\nArnica.\nDensely soft-hairy throughout;\nsimple or branched, 12-18 inches\nhigh. Leaves oblong, ovate-\nlanceolate or the upper ones\nlanceolate, obtuse or acute, entire or sharply denticulate, 1-3\ninches long. Heads of flowers on short, hairy\npeduncles, without rays; involucre \ an inch\nhigh, bracts lanceolate, acute; achenes black,\nsmooth or nearly so; pappus tawny.\nOn grassy alpine slopes through the Rockies\nat the higher elevations; flowering in July.\nSenecio\npseudaureus\nRydb.\nWestern\nGolden\nRagwort\nSmooth from a creeping root-\nstock, 1-2 feet high. Leaves\nsmooth, basal broadly ovate,\nsomewhat cordate, serrate, ij\u00E2\u0080\u00943\ninches long, long-petioled; stem\nleaves more or less laciniate at\nthe base, the upper sessile. Heads of flowers.\n\ of an inch high in a flat-topped corymb,\nrays bright orange-yellow, J of an inch long.\nIn moist ground and borders of woods\nand slopes throughout the Rockies, at the Carduaceae\n309\nlower altitudes; flowering during June and\nearly July.\nSenecio\ndiscoideus\n(Hook.)\nBritton.\nNorthern\nSquaw-root\nSmooth except for the small\ntufts of wool in the axils of the\nlower leaves; stem rather stout,\n1-2 feet tall. Basal leaves oval\nor ovate, thin, sharply dentate,\nabruptly narrowed into petioles\nlonger than the blade; stem leaves few, small,\nmore or less irregularly cut. Heads few or\nnumerous, corymbose; bracts of the involucre\nnarrowly linear, nearly J an inch high; rays\nvery short or wanting; achenes smooth.\nFrequent throughout the Rockies on river\nshores and borders of woods and thickets;\nflowering in July.\nLight or yellowish-green, slender,\nwoolly in tufts at the base of the\nleaves or smooth in age; stem\n12-18 inches high, striate, pale.\nLeaves 1-3 inches long, at the\nbase obovate or broadly oval,\ngenerally tapering into the petiole but some-\nSenecio\nflavovirens\nRydb.\nWestern\nBalsam\nGroundsel.\n! 3io\nCarduaceae\ntimes truncate at the base, obtuse, crenate\nor sinuate, light green; lower stem-leaves\nlanceolate in outline and petioled, the upper\nlanceolate or linear and sessile, deeply\npinnatifid with narrow oblong or linear segments, cymes contracted, corymbose. Heads\nJ of an inch or more high; bracts linear,\nacute, yellowish-green and occasionally with\nbrownish tips; rays pale yellow, i an inch\nlong, 4-nerved or often lacking.\nIn the lower valleys of the Rockies, on the\nborders of woods, thickets, and marshes;\nflowering in July.\nSenecio Permanently silvery-hairy with\ncanusHook. felted hairs; stems several, 6-12\nSilvery inches high from a woody base.\n'.\u00E2\u0096\u00A0,(>n:i<.>..;r,.. Leaves sometimes all undivided,\nthe radicle and lower from spatulate to\noblong or roundish-oval, j-ij inches long,\nslender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed,\nor pinnatifid. Heads of flowers few and terminal, J to nearly half an inch high; rays\nyellow, nearly \ an inch long. Carduaceae\n31\nIn stony dry ground and slopes throughout\nthe Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering\nin June.\nSenecio\nlugens\nRichards.\nBlack-tipped\nGroundsel.\nMore or less woolly when young,\nsoon smooth; stem stout, 1-3\nfeet high. Basal and lower\nleaves oblong or oval, obtuse or\nacute, denticulate or dentate, 2-5\ninches long, 8H| inches wide, narrowed into\nmargined petioles; upper leaves few, sessile,\nsmall and bract-like. Heads of flowers several or numerous, corymbose, often short-\npeduncled, J to nearly an inch broad;\ninvolucre campanulate, f-J of an inch\nhigh, its bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, green with conspicuous black\ntips; rays 10-12, bright yellow, i an inch long.\nIn moist soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.\nSenecio\ntriangularis\nHook.\nGiant\nRagwort.\nRather stout, simple, 2-5 feet\nhigh. Leaves thin, all more\nor less petioled and dentate,\ndeltoid-lanceolate or the lower\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0R\nmmm 312\nCarduaceae\ntriangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, the\nuppermost lanceolate, with cuneate base.\nHeads of flowers about J an inch high,\nnumerous in \u00C2\u00ABa flat open cyme; involucre\ncampanulate; rays 8-12, bright yellow, oblong-linear, J-J of an inch long.\nIn wet ground and along the borders of\nstreams and wet slopes at 5000 to 6000 feet\nelevation throughout the Rockies; at much\nlower altitudes in the Selkirks where it is\na very abundant plant; flowering in June and\nearly July.\nScape slender and scaly, 6-24\ninches high. Leaves nearly or-\nbicutar in outline, 3-12 inches\n.broad, deeply 7-11-cleft to much\nbeyond the middle, green and\nsmooth above, densely white-\nwoolly beneath, at least when\nyoung; the lobes oblong to obovate-acute,\noften somewhat wedge-shaped, sharply dentate or cut. Heads mostly dioecious, numerous, corymbose, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094J an inch broad;\nPetasites\npalmata\n(Ait.)\nA. Gray.\nPalmate-\nleaved\nColtsfoot.\n-*\u00C2\u00BB Carduaceae\n313\nflowers usually white, fragrant, the marginal\nones of the pistillate heads with narrow pinkish or white rays about J of an inch long; cottony in fruit.\nIn wet places and along streams at the\nlower altitudes throughout the Rockies;\nflowering in May and early June before the\nleaves appear.\nPetasites\nsagittata\n(Pursh.)\nA. Gray.\nArrow-\nleaved\nColtsfoot.\nScape slender and scaly, 6-12 inches high. Leaves deltoid-ovate\nor reniform-ovate, persistently white-tomentose beneath;\nsmooth or nearly so above\n4-10 inches long, thin, margins\nsinuate-dentate, not cleft or\nlobed. Heads dioecious, loosely corymbose,\ninvolucre campanulate, J of an inch high;\nflowers nearly white, the marginal ones of\nthe pistillate heads with white rays.\nIn similar situations to the preceding; in\nwet places and along streams at the lower\naltitudes throughout the Rockies; readily\ndistinguished by the shape of its leaves;\nflowering in May and early June.\nn\nI 316\nCarduaceae\nArtemisia\nfrigida\nWilld.\nPasture\nWormwood.\nSimple or branching, silky-hairy\nand silvery throughout; stems\nnumerous and spreading, about\na foot high. Leaves mainly\ntwice ternately divided into linear crowded lobes. Heads globular, about \\nof an inch in diameter, numerous, in more or\nless racemose heads; involucre pale, greenish-\nyellow, woolly; bracts narrow and herbaceous.\nIn open dry ground and on banks throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes;\nflowering in July.\nArtemisia\ndiscolor\nDougl.\nGreen\nWormwood\nStems slender, 9-12 inches high,\nspreading from a woody base.\nLeaves pinnately parted into\nnarrow, linear or lanceolate, entire or spreading cut divisions\nand lobes, white beneath with cottony hairs,\ngreen and nearly smooth above. Heads f\nof an inch high, numerous in a wand-like\npanicle; involucre hemispherical-campanu-\nlate, greenish and smooth or nearly so,\n20-30 flowered. Carduaceae\n3*7\nOn Rocky slopes throughout the region;\nflowering in June or July.\nAntennaria\nlanata\n(Hook.)\nGreene.\nAlpine\nEverlasting.\nDensely white-woolly; stem simple, 2-6 inches high. Lower\nleaves spatulate-lanceolate, i-ij\ninches long, the upper linear\nwith conspicuous papery tips.\nHeads several in a close cluster\nat the end of the stem, J an inch high; involucre nearly J of an inch high, conspicu-\nously woolly at the base, the inner bracts\nwith conspicuous white tips, the outer straw-\ncolour or greenish.\nAn alpine plant in meadows and on slopes\nfrom 7000 feet up; flowering during July.\nAntennaria\npulcherrima\n(Hook.)\nGreene.\nTall Alpine\nEverlasting.\nbracts of\nWhite-woolly throughout, stem\nsimple, 6-18 inches high. Leaves\nspatulate to lanceolate or linear,\n1-4 inches long, acute, nerved.\nHeads numerous in a close capitate cluster, ||j| inch high, outer\nthe involucre straw-colour or\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 3i8\nCarduaceae\ngreenish, rounded and often notched at the\napex; inner ones nearly white.\nIn moist open ground in the Rockies at\nthe lower elevations; flowering in July.\nAntennaria\nracemose\nHook.\nWhite Ever\nlasting.\nLightly woolly, becoming smooth,\nstems 6-2o inches high, slender,\nsparsely leafy. Leaves thin,\nthe radicle broadly oval, an\ninch or two long, obscurely\n3-nerved at the base, rather veiny, the lower\nstem leaves oblong, the upper smaller and\nlanceolate. Heads of flowers about J of\nan inch high, all on slender peduncles in\na loose raceme, involucral bracts, thin and\ntranslucent, greenish-yellow or brownish.\nOn shaded slopes throughout the Rockies,\nat the higher altitudes; flowering in June.\nAntennaria\nHowellii\nGreene.\nHowell's\nEverlasting.\nclasping,\nMore or less woolly; stem 6-10\ninches high. Leaves rather thin,\nthe lower spatulate, acute, 1-2\ninches long, green above, woolly\nbeneath; stem leaves lanceolate,\n1 inch long, becoming smaller Carduaceae\n3J9\ntoward the summit. Heads in a compact\ncapitate cluster, \ an inch or more in diameter, woolly at the base; involucral bracts\nVery narrow, acute, thin, and translucent,\nstraw-colour, the outer ones densely woolly\nand occasionally rosy.\nIn dry ground and on slopes, frequent in\nthe Rockies at the lower altitudes.\nAntennaria\nparvifolia\nNutt.\nMountain\nEverlasting.\nPlant silvery throughout, freely\nspreading; stems prostrate and\nleafy, forming mats of considerable extent; flowering stems\n2-8 inches high. Leaves from\nobovate to spatulate, \ an inch or less long\npersistently white-woolly. Heads in compact\nterminal clusters about \ of an inch broad;\ninvolucral bracts, lanceolate, obtuse, thin\nand translucent, yellowish.\nIn dry sterile ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in\nJune, frequently growing with the next\nspecies which it closely resembles in manner of growth.\nm 32\u00C2\u00B0\nCarduaceae\nAntennaria\nrosea (D. C.\nEaton)\nGreene.\nPink Everlasting.\nSilvery throughout, stems prostrate and leafy, forming broad\nmats; flowering stems 6-15\ninches high. Leaves very thin\nin texture, densely hairy, lanceolate to linear, J\u00E2\u0080\u0094ij inches\nlong, acute. Heads small, closely compacted\ninto a rounded terminal cluster, J an inch or\nmore in diameter; involucral bracts in 2\nseries, lanceolate, the outer greenish and\nwoolly, the inner from pink to bright rose-\ncolour.\nIn-dry sterile or moist open ground throughout the Rockies up to an elevation of 6,000\nfeet; flowering in June and July.\nA foot or two high in tufts, very\nleafy, the white tufts of woolly\nhairs rarely becoming tawny.\nLeaves 2-5 inches long, broadly\nlanceolate, green above, white-\nwoolly beneath. Heads numer-\ninch high in a contracted corymb;\nbracts numerous, ovate-lanceolate, pearly white, spreading in age.\nAnaphalis\nsubalpina\n(A. Gray)\nRydb.\nPearly\nEverlasting.\nous, J of an\ninvolucral\nU-U* Carduaceae\n321\nAbundant throughout the region in dry or\nmoist ground and on slopes up to an altitude\nof 7000 feet; flowering in June and July.\nCarduus\nKelseyi\nRybd.\nWhite\nThistle.\nStems 18 inches to 4 feet tall,\nstriate, more or less cobwebby-\nwoolly. Leaves linear, sinuately\ntoothed and fringed, with rather\nweak spines, green above, cottony beneath. Heads several in a leafy\nspike, 1\u00E2\u0080\u00941\u00C2\u00A3 inches high, subtended by linear,\ncut and bristly-fringed and cobwebby-hairy\nleaves; bracts rather unequal, lanceolate,\na few of the outermost with weak spines,\nthe rest unarmed but with a long slender\ntip; corolla cream-colour.\nOpen ground and on slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in\nJuly.\nPersistently white fomentose, 1-\n3 feet high, branching. Leaves\nrarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly. Heads of flowers\nabout ij inches high, usually\nsolitary at the ends of the\nCarduus\nundulatus\nNutt.\nWavy-\nleaved\nThistle.\n21\nm\nHMHHH\nf.Z 3 322\nCarduaceae\nbranches; principal bracts of the involucre\nmostly thickened on the back by the broader\nglandular-sticky ridge, comparatively small\nand narrow, tipped with a short spreading\nprickle; corollas rose-colour or pale purple.\nIn open grounds throughout the Rockies at\nthe lower altitudes; flowering during July\nand August.\nSaussurea Nearly smooth, with a decum-\ndensa Hook, bent base; 3-12 inches high.\nSaussurea. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate,\nacuminate, sinuate-dentate, or entire. Heads\nof flowers several in a compact terminal\ncorymb, involucre campanulate, J an inch\nhigh; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, nearly\nequal; corolla purple or violet-blue.\nOn stony slopes or on the moraines at the\nhigher altitudes throughout the Rockies, not\ncommon, but freqeunt in the region around\nLake Louise; flowering during July. INDEX\nA\nAbies, 24\nlasiocarpa, 27\nAceraceae, 185\nAcer glabrum, 185\nAchillea, 285\nlanulosa, 314\nActaea, 91\narguta, 108\neburnea, 109\nAdder's-Tongue Family, 1\nAdiantum, 3\npedatum, 6\nAgoseris, 276\naurantiaca, 277\nglauca, 276\ngraciliens, 277\nLarge-flowered, 276\nOrange-flowered, 277\nSlender, 277\nAlder, Slender-leaved, 72\nAlexanders, Heart-leaved, 203\nAllium, 42\nrecurvatum, 42\nsibericum, 43\nAlnus tenuifolia, 72\nAlsine, 82\nborealis, 86\nlasta, 86\nlongipes, 85\nAlum-root,\nSmooth, 134\nRound-leaved, 135\nAmelanchier alnifolia, 166\n323\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 324\nIndex\nAnaphalis, 285\nsubalpina, 320\nAndrosace, 226\ncarinata, 228\ndiffusa, 229\nseptentrionalis, 229\nAlpine, 229\nSpreading, 229\nSweet-flowered, 228\nAnemone, 91\nDrummondii, 93\nglobosa, 93\nparviflora, 92\nAlpine, 93\nNorthern, 92\nWestern, 95\nAntennaria, 285\nHowellii, 318\nlanata, 317\nparvifolia, 319\npulcherrima, 317\nracemosa, 318\nrosea, 320\nAntiphylla, 130\noppositifolia, 146\nApiaceae, 201\nAfocynace^e, 237\nApocynum, androsaemifolium, 237\nApple Family, 165\nAquilegia, 91\nbrevistyla, 105\nflavescens, 106\nformosa, 106\nArabis, 112\nDrummondii, 120\nhirsuta, 119\nHolboldii, 119\nLyallii, 120\nArace^e, 35\nAragallus, 168\ndeflexus, 176\ninflatus, 176\nLamberti, 174\nmonticola, 173\n\u00C2\u00ABa& Index\nAragallus\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nsplendens, 175\nviscidulus, 175\nAraliace^e, 199\nAralia nudicaulis, 199\nArctostaphylos, 212\nuva-ursi, 214\nArenaria, 82\ncapillaris nardifolia, 88\nsajanensis, 89\nverna equicaulis, 89\nArgentina, 151\nanserina, 159\nArnica, 285\nChamissonis, 306\ncordifolia, 304\neradiata, 308\nfulgens, 307\ngracilis, 304\nlatifolia, 305\nlouiseana, 306\nAlpine, 307\nBroad-leaved, 305\nChamisso's 306\nHeart-leaved, 304\nPale-flowered, 306\nRayless, 308\nSlender, 304\nArtemisia, 285\ndiscolor, 316\nfrigida, 316\nArum Family, 35\nAruncus, 150\nAruncus, 153\nAspen, American, 69\nAsphodel,\nFalse, 40\nScottish, 40\nWestern False, 41\nAsplenium, 4\nFilix-fcemina, 9\nviride, 9\nAster, 285\nciliomarginatus, 298 326\nIndex\nAster\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nconspicuus, 296\nfrondeus, 299\nLindleyanus, 298\nmajor, 297\nRichardsonii, 296\nEngelmann's, 300\nGreat Northern, 297\nHispid Golden, 286\nLarge Purple, 296\nLeafy-bracted, 299\nLindley's, 298\nRichardson's, 296\nAstragalus, 168\nadsurgens, 169\nalpinus, 170\nconvallarius, 171\nhypoglottis, 169\nMacouni, 171\nAtragene, 90\ncolumbiana, 91\nAvens,\nDrummond's Mountain, 164\nLarge-leaved, 162\nPurple-plumed, 163\nWhite Mountain, 163\nYellow, 162\nAzaleastrum, 212\nalbiflorum, 218\nB\nBaneberry,\nWestern Red, 108\nWestern White, 109\nBarberry Family, 109\nBatrachium, 91\ntrichophyllum, 97\nBearberry, 214\nAlpine, 214\nBeard-tongue,\nBlue, 251\nLarge Purple, 249\nYellow, 250 Index\n327\nBed-straw, Northern, 263\nBell-flower Family, 273\nBerberidace^e, 109\nBerberis aquifolium, no\nBetony, Wood, 261\nBetula,\nglandulosa, 71\noccidentalis, 71\npapyrifera, 70\nBetulace-(E, 70\nBilberry,\nAlpine, 222\nDwarf, 221\nThin-leaved, 223\nBirch,\nCanoe, 70\nFamily, 70\nPaper, 70\nScrub, 71\nWestern Red, 71\nBishop's Cap, Naked, 132\nBistort, Alpine, 78\nBlack-eyed Susan, 201\nBladder-pod, Double, 117\nBladderwort Family, 262\nBluebell, 274\nBlueberry, 222\nBlue-eyed Grass, 53\nBorage Family, 240\nBoraginace^e, 240\nBotrychium,\nlunaria, 1\nsimplex, 2\nvirginianium, 2\nBracken, 6\nBrake,\nAmerican Rock, 7\nSlender Cliff, 8\nBrassicace^e, III\nBraya, 112\nhumilis, 123\nBrooklime, American, 252\nBuckbean, 236\nFamily, 236\nII\ni 328\nIndex\nBuckwheat Family, 75\nBuffalo-berry, Canadian, 192\nBunch-berry,- 205\nBunch-flower Family, 36\nButtercup,\nLow, 102\nMeadow, 103\nNorthern, 99\nPursh's, 98\nSnow, 100\nButterwort, 262\nCaltha, 91\nleptosepala, 104\nCalypso, 57\nCampanula,\nrotundifolia, 274\nuniflora, 273\nCampanulace^e, 273\nCampion, Moss, 82\nCapnodes aurea, in\nCaprifoliace^e, 264\nCard amine, 112\npennsylvanica, 118\nCarduace^e, 383\nCarduus, 285\nKelseyi, 321\nundulatus, 321\nCarophyllace^e, 81\nCassiope, 212\nMertensiana, 215\nCastilleja, 248\nlanceifolia, 258\nminiata, 258\npallida, 257\npurpurascens, 256\nCatchfly, Lyall's, 83\nCedar,\nGiant, 33\nShrubby Red, 33\nCelastrace^e, 184\nCelery Family, 201 Index\nCerastium, 82\narvense strictum, 84\nbehringianum, 85\nChamaenerion, 193\nangustifolium, 194\nlatifolium, 194\nCheilanthes, 4\nFeei, 8\nCherry, Western Wild, 167\nChickweed,\nAlpine, 85\nField, 84\nChicory Family, 275\nChimaphila, 207\numbellata, 211\nChiogenes, 221\nhispidula, 224\nChristmas-green, Trailing, 20\nChrysanthemum, 285\nleucanthemum, 315\nChrysopsis hispida, 286\nChrysosplenum, 129\ntetrandum, 130\nCichoriace^e, 275\nCinquefoil,\nAlpine, 161\nCut-leaved, 160\nMarsh, 159\nShrubby, 157\nSnowy, 160\nCircaea, 193\nalpina, 197\npacifica, 198\nClaytonia,\nlanceolata, 80\nparviflora, 81\nClintonia, 46 j\nuniflora, 46\nClub-moss,\nAlpine, 21\nArctic, 20\nFamily, 18\nFir, 18\nStiff, 19\n329\n1 33\u00C2\u00B0\nIndex\nCceloglossum, 55\nbracteatum, 6^\nCollinsia, 248\nparviflora, 249\nSmall, 249\nColtsfoot,\nArctic, 314\nArrow-leaved, 213\nPalmate-leaved, 312\nColumbine,\nSmall Blue, 105\nWestern, 106\nYellow, 106\nComandra,\nlivida, 74\npallida, 74\nNorthern, 74\nPale, 74\nComarum, 151\npalustre, 159\nConv5tllariace^e, 45\nCoral-root,\nEarly, 56\nLarge, 57\nCorallorhiza, 54\nCorallorhiza, 56\nmultiflora, 57\nCORNACE-E, 205\nCornus,\ncanadensis intermedia, 205\nstolonifera, 206\nCorydalis, Golden, in\nCranberry,\nMountain, 224\nSmall, 225\nTree, Few-flowered, 266\nCrassulace^e, 125\nCrepis, 276\nelegans, 281\nnana, 280\nCress,\nDrummond's Rock, 120\nHairy Rock, 119\nLyall's Rock, 120 Index\nCress\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nNorthern Rock, 123\nPennsylvania Bitter, 118\nPenny, 117\nStony Rock, 119\nWater, 124\nCrowberry,\nBlack, 183\nFamily, 183\nCrowfoot,\nCreeping, 103\nDitch, 99\nFamily, 90\nWhite Water, 97\nCryptogramma, 4\nacrostichoides, 7\nStelleri, 8\nCurrant, Howell's, 149\nCypripedium, 54\nparviflorum, 55\npasserinum, 55\nCytherea, 54\nbulbosa, 57\n331\n>i\nD\nDaisy,\nOx-eye, 315\nWhite, 315\nYellow, 301\nDandelion, 278\nMountain, 278\nDasyphora, 151\nfruticosa, 157\nDelphinium, 91\nBrownii, 107\nMenziesii, 108\nDevil's Club, 200\nDisporum, 46, 51\nLarge-flowered, 52\nmajus, 52\noreganum, 51\nDock,\nPale-leaved, 77\nSour, 77 332\nIndex\nDodecatheon, 226\nconjugens, 231\npauciflorum, 230\nDogbane,\nFamily, 137\nSpreading, 237\nDogwood,\nI Family, 205\nRed-stemmed, 206\nDraba, 112\nandina, 114\naurea, 115\nglacialis, 112\nincana, 116\nlonchocarpa, 115\nnivalis, 114\noligosperma, 113\nDrupace^e, 167\nDryas, 151\nDrummondii, 164\noctopetala, 163\nDryopteris, 4\nFilix-mas, 11\noreopteris, 12\nspinulosa dilatata, it\nE\nEchinopanax horridum, 200\nEi^^agnace^e, 191\nElaeagnus, 191\nargentea, 191\nElder,\nBlack-berried, 265\nRed-berried, 264\nElephantella, 248\ngroenlandica, 260\nLong-beaked, 260\nEmpetrace^e, 183\nEmpetrum nigrum, 183\nEpilobium, 193\nalpinum, 196 Index\n333\nEpilobium\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nanagallidifolium, 196\nHornemanni, 197\nluteum, 195\nEquisetaceje, 14\nEquisetum,\narvense, 15\nfluviatile, 16\nhyemale, 16\nscirpoides, 17\nsylvaticum, 15\nvariegatum, 17\nVariegated, 17\nEricaceae 211\nErigeron, 284\nacris, 294\nasper, 290\naureus, 292\ncaespitqsus, 291\ndrobrachiensis, 294\nmelanocephalus, 293\nmultifidus, 291\nphiladelphicus, 295\nsalsuginosus, 289\nsimplex, 289\nEriogonum, 76\nochroleucum, 79\nsubalpinum, 78\nTall White, 78\nYellowish White, 79\nErysimum, 112\ninconspicuum, 121\nErythronium,\ngrandiflorum,\nEucephalus, 285\nEngelmanni, 300\nEverlasting,\nAlpine, 317\nHowell's, 318\nMountain, 319\nPearly, 320\nPink, 320\nTall Alpine, 317\nWhite, 318\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0hi\nI 334\nIndex\nFern,\nBeech, Long, 5\nBeech, Western, 4\nBrittle, 13\nFamily, 3\nGrape, Virginia, 2\nHolly, 10.\nLady, 9\nLip, Hairy, 8\nMaidenhair, 6\nMale, 11\nOak, 5\nShield, Spinulose, 11\nFigwort Family, 248\nFilix, 4\nfragilis, 13\nmontana, 14\nFir,\nBalsam, 27\nRed, 28\nSub-alpine, 27\nFireweed, 194\nFlax,\nFamily, 182\nLewis's Wild, 182\nFleabane,\nArctic, 289\nBlack-woolly, 293\nBlue, 294\nDaisy, 291\nGolden, 292\nLarge Purple, 289\nPhiladelphia, 295\nRough, 290\nTufted, 291\nFoam Flower, 136\nForget-me-not, 243\nFalse, 241, 242\nFragaria, 151\nglauca, 158\nGaiUardia, 285\naristata, 303\nG Index\n335\nGaillardia\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nGreat-flowered, 303\nGalium boreale, 263\nGarlic, 42\nNorthern, 43\nGaultheria, 212\nhumifusa, 213\novatifolia, 213\nGentian,\nDwarf, 233\nFamily, 231\nFour-parted, 233\nGlaucous, 234\nLarge, 234 *\nNorthern, 232\nSpurred, 235\nGentiana, 232\nacuta, 232\naffinis, 234\nglauca, 234\npropinqua, 233\nprostrata, 233\nGentianace^e, 231\nGeum, 151\nmacrophyllum, 162\nstrictum, 162\nGinseng Family, 199\nGlobe-flower, Western, 104\nGoat's Beard, 153\nGolden Rod,\nCanada, 288\nField, 287\nMissouri, 287\nNorthern, 286\nGooseberry,\nBristly, 148\nFamily, 146\nNorthern, 148\nSwamp, 147\nGrass, Blue-eyed, 53\nGrass of Parnassus,\nAlpine, 128\nFamily, 126\nFringed, 126\nm 33\u00C2\u00B0\nIndex\nGrass of Parnassus\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nMarsh, 127\nSmall-flowered, 127\nGrossulariace^, 146\nGroundsel,\nBlack-tipped, 311\nSilvery, 310\nWestern Balsam, 309\nH\nHalerpestes, 91\nCymbalaria, 103\nHarebell, 274\nArctic, 273\nHawk'sbeard,\nAlpine, 280\nMany-flowered, 281\nHawkweed,\nHairy, 282\nNarrow-leaved, 281\nSlender, 282\nWhite-flowered, 283\nHeal-all, 245\nHeath,\nFamily, 211\nWhite, 215\nHeather,\nFalse Pink, 216\nFalse Red, 217\nFalse White, 216\nHedysarum, 168\namericanum, 177\nMackenzii, 178\nsulphurescens, 178\nMackenzie's, 178\nPurple, 177\nYellow, 178\nHelianthus, 285\nNuttallii, 302\nscaberrimus, 301\nHeliotrope, Wild, 272\nHellebore, American White, 37\nHemieva, 130\nranuncuiifolia, 136 Index\nHemlock,\nMountain, 30\nWestern, 29\nHeracleum, 201\nlanatum, 204\nHeuchera, 129\nglabra, 134\novalifolia, 135\nHieracium, 276\nalbiflorum, 283.\ngracile, 282\nScouleri, 282\numbellatum, 281\nHomalobus, 168\naboriginorum, 173\nHoneybloom, 237\nHoneysuckle,\nDouglas, 268\nFamily, 264\nFly, 269\nInvolucred, 270\nHorsetail,\nFamily, 14\nField, 15\nSwamp, 16\nWood, 15\nHuckleberry Family, 221\nHydrophyllace^e, 238\nHypericace^e, 168\nHypericum Scouleri, 186\nIbidium, 55\nromanzoffianum, 67\nIridace^e, 52\nIris Family, 52\nJune-berry, North-western, 166\nJuniper, Alpine, 32\nJuniperus, 24\nprostrata, 33\nsiberica, 32\n22 338\nIndex\nKalmia, 212\nmicrophylla, 218\nKruhsea, 46, 50\nstreptopoides, 50\nK\nLabrador Tea, 220\nLactuca, 276\npulchella, 280\nLady's Slipper,\nSmall White, 55\nSmall Yellow, 55\nLady's Tresses, 67\nLappula, 241\ndiffusa, 242\nfloribunda, 241\nlappula, 242\nLarch, Lyall's, 26\nLarix, 24\nLyallii, 26\nLarkspur,\nBlue, 108\nWestern, 107\nLathyrus, 169\nochroleucus, 181\npalustris, 181\nLaurel, Small-leaved Swamp, 218\nLedum, 212\ngroenlandicum, 220\nLentibulariace^e, 262\nLepargyraea, 191\ncanadensis, 192\nLeptarrhena, 130\npyrolifolia, 143\nLeptasea, 130\naustromontana, 145\nVan Bruntias, 144\nLeptotaenia, 201\nmultifida, 202\nLettuce, Large-flowered Blue, 280\nLigusticum, 201\napiifolium, 203 Index\n339\nLiliaceje, 41\nLily Family, 41\nMountain, 43\nSnow, 44\nLily-of-the-Valley Family, 45\nLilium, 42\nmontanum, 43\nLimnorchis, 55\nborealis, 66\ndilatatiformis, 64\nfragrans, 66\nviridiflora, 65\nLinace^e, 182\nLinnaea, 264\namericana, 266\nLinum Lewisii, 182\nLithophragma, 129\nparviflora, 131\nLithospermum, 241\nlinearifolium, 243\nLobelia,\nBrook, 275\nKalmii strictiflora, 275\nLoco Weed, 174\nLomatium, 201\nmacrocarpum, 201\ntriternatum, 202\nLonicera, 264\nebractulata', 269\nglaucescens, 268\ninvolucrata, 270\nLousewort, White, 260\nLutkea, 150\npectinata, 151\nCut-leaved, 151\nLychnis,\napetala, 84\nNodding, 84\nLycopodiaceae, 18\nLycopodium,\nalpinum, 21\nannotinum, 19\nclavatum, 19\ncomplanatum, 20 34\u00C2\u00B0\nIndex\nLycopodium\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nSelago, 18\nsitchensis, 20\nLysichiton kamtschatcense, 2>^>\nLysiella, 54\nobtusata, 59\nM\nMadder Family,\nMahonia, Trailing, no\nMairania, 212\nalpina, 214\nMaple,\nFamily, 185\nSmooth, 185\nMarigold, White Marsh, 104\nMeadow Rue,\nVeiny, 96\nWestern, 96\nMELANTHACE.E, 36\nMentha, 245\ncanadensis, 247\nMenthace^e, 244\nMenyanthace^e, 236\nMenyanthes trifoliata, 236\nMenziesia, 212\nferruginea, 219\nSmooth, 219\nMicranthes, 130\nLyallii, 141\nNelsoniana, 142\nrhomboidea, 140\nMimulus, 248\ncaespitosus, 255\nLewisii, 254\nmoschatus, 255\nMint,\nAmerican Wild, 247\nFamily, 244\nMistletoe, Dwarf,\nMitella, 129\nnuda, 132\nMitrewort, 133, 134 Index\n;4x\nMcehringia, 82\nlateriflora, 87\nMoneses, 207\nuniflora, 210\nMonkey Flower,\nRed, 254\nYellow, 255\nMoonwort, 1\nSmall, 2\nMountain-ash, Western, 166\nMountain Lover, 184\nMuscaria, 130\nadscendens, 138\ncaespitosa, 139\nMusk Plant, 255\nMustard,\nFamily, in\nHedge, 122\nTansey, 123\nTreacle, 121\nMyosotis, 241\nalpestris, 243\nN\nNightshade,\nSmaller Enchanter's, 197\nWestern Enchanter's, 198\nO\nOleaster Family, 191\nOnagraceae, 193\nOnion, 42\nOpHIOGLOSSACEaE, 1\nOphrys, 54\nborealis, 61\nconvallarioides, 60\nnephrophylla, 60\nOrchidaceaE, 53\nOrchid,\nFamily 53\nFragrant Bog, 66\nLong-bracted, 63 342\nIndex\nOrchid\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nPurplish-green Bog, 64\nRound-leaved, 58\nSmall Green Bog, 65\nSmall Northern Bog, 59\nSmall White Bog, 66\nOrchis, 54\nrotundifolia, 58\nOrthocarpus, 248\nluteus, 259\nYellow, 259\nOxycoccus, 221\nOxycoccus, 225\nOxyria, 76\ndigyna, 76\nOxytrope,\nDrooping-fruited, 176\nInflated, 177\nMountain, 173\nShowy, 175\nSticky, 175\nPachystima myrsinites, 184\nPaint-brush, White Indian, 257\nPainted Cup,\nBright, 258\nScarlet, 258\nPainter's Brush, 256\nPapaveraceaE, no\nPapilionaceaE, 168\nParnassia,\nfimbriata, 126\nKotzebuei, 128\nmontanensis, 127\nparviflora, 127\nParnassiaceaE, 126\nParsley,\nCut-leaved, 202\nLarge-seeded, 201\nNarrow-leaved, 202\nWild, 203 Index\nParsnip, Cow, 204\nPasque Flower, 94\nPea Family, 168\nPearlwort, Arctic, 87\nPectiantia, 129\nBreweri, 134\npentandra, 133\nPedicularis, 248\nbracteosa, 261\nracemosa, 260\nPentstemon, 248\nconfertus, 250\nfruticosus, 249\nprocerus, 251\npseudohumilis, 251\nPeramium, 54\n. Menziesii, 62\nrepens, 63\nPetasites, 285\nfrigida, 314\npalmata, 312\nsagittata, 313\nPhaca, 168\namericana, 172\nPhacelia, 238\nheterophylla, 239\nsericea, 239\nMountain, 239\nPhegopteris, 3\nalpestris, 4\nDryopteris, 5\nPhegopteris, 5\nPhyllodoce, 212\nempetriformis, 217\nglanduliflora, 216\nintermedia, 216\nPhysaria, 112\ndidymocarpa, 117\nPicea, 24\nalbertiana, 31\nEngelmanni, 31\nPinaceaE, 23\nPine,\nBlack, 25 344\nIndex\nPine\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nFamily, 23\nJack, 25\nPrince's, 211\nRunning, 19\nWhite-bark, 24\nPinguicula vulgaris, 262\nPink Family, 81\nPinus, 24\nalbicaulis, 24\nMurrayana, 25\nPipsissawa, 211\nPlantain\nRattlesnake, 62\nNorthern Rattlesnake, 63\nPlum Family, 167\nPolygonaceaE, 75\nPolygonum, 76\nviviparum, 78\nPolypodiaceaE, 3\nPolystichum, 4\nLonchitis, 10\nPomaceaE, .165\nPoplar, Balsam, 68\nPoppy Family, no\nPopulus\nbalsamifera, 68\ntremuloides, 69\nPortulacaceaE, 80\nPotentilla, 151\ndissecta, 160\nmultisecta, 161\nnivea,' 160\nuniflora, 161\nPrimrose\nBird's-eye, 226\nEvening, Family, 193\nFamily, 226\nMaccalla's 227\nPrimula, 226\namericana, 226\nMaccalliana, 227\nPrimulaceaE, 226\nPrince's Pine, 211 Index\n345\nPrunella, 244\nvulgaris, 245\nPrunus demissa, 167\nPseudotsuga, 24\nmucronata, 28\nPteridium, 3\naquilinum pubescens, 6\nPuccoon, Narrow-leaved, 243\nPulsatilla, 91\nhirsutissima, 94\noccidentalis, 95\nPurslane Family, 80\nPyrola, 207\nasarifolia, 208\nchlorantha, 207\nminor, 209\nsecunda, 209\nuliginosa, 208\nPyrolaceae, 207\nR\nRagwort\nGiant, 311\nWestern Golden, 308\nRanunculaceae, 90\nRanunculus, 91\nalpeophilus, 100\neremogenes, 99\nEschscholtzii, 100\neximeus, 102\ninamcenus, 101\nmontanesis, 103\npedatifidus, 99\nPurshii, 98\nreptans, 98\nsaxicola, 101\nSuksdorfii, 102\nRaspberry\nArctic, 154\nCreeping, 153\nDwarf, 155\nWild Red, 156\nRattlesnake Plantain, 62\nNorthern, 63 346\nIndex\nRazoumofskya americana, 73\nRhododendron, White Mountain, 218\nRibes\nHowellii, 149\nlacustre, 147\noxyacanthoides, 148\nsetosum, 148\nRomanzoffia, 238\nsitchensis, 240\nRoripa, 112\nnasturtium, 124\nRosa, 150\nMacounii, 165\nRosaceae, 150\nRose\nFamily, 150\nMacoun's, 165\nRubiaceaE, 263\nRubus, 150\namericanus, 155\narcticus, 154\nparviflorus, 156\npedatus, 153\nstrigosus, 156\nRudbeckia, 285\nhirta, 301\nRumex, 76\nacetosa, 77\nsalicifolius, 77\nRush, Common Scouring, 16\nSagina, 82\nsaginoides, 87\nSt. John's-wort\nFamily, 186\nScouler's, 186\nSalicaceaE, 68\nSalmon-berry, 156\nSambucus, 264\nmelanocarpa, 265\npubens, 264\nSandalwood Family, 73 Index\nSandwort\nAlpine, 89\nBlunt-leaved, 87\nRock, 88\nVernal, 89\nSantalaceaE, 73\nSarsaparilla, Wild, 199\nSaussurea, 285\ndensa, 322\nSaxifraga, 130\ncernua, 138\nrivularis, 137\nSaxifragaceae, 128\nSaxifrage\nAlpine, 140\nAlpine Brook, 137\nCommon, 145\nFamily, 128\nFleshy, 144\nGolden, 130\nLyall's 141\nNelson's 142\nNodding Bulbous, 137\nPurple, 146\nTall, 142\nTufted, 139\nScouring Rush, Common, 16\nScrophulariaceaE, 248\nScutellaria, 244\ngalericulata, 245\nSedum stenopetalum, 125\nSelaginella\ndensa, 23\nselaginoides, 22\nFamily, 22\nLow, 22\nSeLAGINELLACEaE, 22\nSelf-heal, 245\nSenecio, 285\ncanus, 310\ndiscoideus, 309\nflavovirens, 309\nlugens, 311\npseudaureus, 308 348\nIndex\nSenecio\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\ntriangularis, 311\nShooting Star, 231\nSlender, 230\nSibbaldia, 151\nprocumbens, 157\nSieversia, 151\nciliata, 163\nSilene, 82\nacaulis, 82\nLyallii, 83\nSilver Berry, 191\nSilverweed, 159\nSisymbrium, 112\naltissimum, 122\nSisyrinchium, septentrionalis, 53\nSkullcap, Marsh, 245\nSkunk Cabbage, Western, 36\nSmelowskia, 112\ncalycina, 121\nSnowberry, 267\nCreeping, 224\nLow, 268\nSolidago, 284\ncanadensis, 288\ndecumbens, 287\nmissouriensis, 287\nmultiradiata, 286\nSolomon's Seal,\nFalse, 47\nStar-flowered, 47\nSonchus, 276\narvensis, 279\nSophia, 112\nintermedia, 123\nSorbus, 165\nsambucifolia, 166\nSorrel, Mountain, 76\nSpatularia 130\nbrunoniana, 142\nSpearwort, Creeping, 98\nSpeedwell\nAlpine, 253\nThyme-leaved, 253 Index\nSpiraea, 150\ndensiflora, 152\nlucida, 152\nBeech-leaved, 152\nPink, 152\nSpleen wort, Green, 9\nSpring Beauty, 80\nSmall-leaved, 81\nSpruce\nAlberta, 31\nDouglas's, 28\nEngelmann's, 31\nSquaw-root, Northern, 309\nStachys, 245\npalustris, 246\nStaff-tree Family, 184\nStar-flower, Arctic, 230\nStenanthella, 37,\noccidentalis, 39\nStenanthium, 39\nStickseed, 242\nStitchwort\nGlaucous, 86\nLong-stalked, 85\nNorthern, 86\nStone-crop\nFamily, 125\nNarrow-petaled, 125\nStrawberry, Wild, 158\nStreptopus, 46\namplexifolius, 48\ncurvipes, 49\nSunflower\nNuttall's, 302\nStiff, 301\nSymphoricarpos, 264\npauciflorus, 268\nracemosus, 267\nTaraxacum, 276\nmontanum, 278\nTaraxacum, 278 35\u00C2\u00B0 Index\nTaxaceaE, 34\nTaxus brevifolia, 34\nTellima, 129\ngrandiflora, 132\nTetragonanthus, 232\ndeflexus, 235\nThalictrum, 91\nmegacarpum, 96\noccidentalis, 96\nThistle\nFamily, 283\nMilk, 279\nWavy-leaved, 321\nWhite, 321\nThlaspi, 112\narvense, 117\nThuja, 24\nplicata, 33\nTiarella, 129\nunifoliata, 136\nTofieldia, 37\nintermedia, 40\noccidentalis, 41\npalustris, 40\nTrientalis, 226\narctica, 230\nTrollius, 91\nalbiflorus, 105\nTsuga, 24\nheterophylla, 29\nMertensiana, 30\nTwayblade .\nBroad-lipped, 60\nHeart-shaped, 60\nNorthern, 61\nTwin-flower, 266\nTwisted stalk\nSmaller, 49\nTall, 48\nVacciniaceae, 220\nVaccinium, 221\ncaespitosum, 221 Index\n5i\nVaccinium\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\nerythrococcum, 222\nglobulare, 223\novalifolium, 222\nVagnera, 46\namplexicaulis, 47\nstellata, 48\nValerian\nFamily, 271\nNorthern, 271\nScouler's, 272\nValeriana\nScouleri, 272\nseptentrionalis, 271\nsitchensis, 272\nValerianaceaE, 271\nVeratrum, 37\nviride, 37\nVeronica, 248\namericana, 252\nserphyllifolia, 253\nWormskjoldii, 253\nVetch\nAlpine Milk, 170^\nAmerican, 179\nArctic Milk, 172\nAscending Milk, 169\nCow, 179\nIndian, 173\nMacoun's 171\nNarrow-leaved American, 180\nPurple Milk, 169\nSlender Milk, 171\nVetchling,\nCream-coloured, 181\nMarsh, 181\nViburnum, 264\npauciflorium, 266\nVicia, 169\namericana, 179\ncracca, 179\nlinearis, 180\nViola\nadunca longipes, 190\n,\u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 m 352\nIndex\nViola\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued\ncanadensis, 190\ncognata, 187\nglabella, 189\npalustris, 188\nsempervirens, 188\nViolaceaE, 187\nViolet\n. Canada,190\nDog, 190\nEarly Blue 187\nFamily, 187\nLow Yellow, 188\nMarsh, 188\nTall Yellow, 189\nVirgin's Bower, Purple,\nVitis-idaea, 221\nVitis-idaea, 224\n91\nW\nWater-leaf Family, 238\nWhitlow-Grass\nArctic, 114\nGolden, 115\nHoary, 116\nWillow-Herb\nAlpine, 196\nBroad-leaved, 194\nGreat, 194\nHornemann's, 197\nNodding, 196\nYellow, 195\nWillow Family, 68\nWind-flower, 93\nWintergreen\nBog, 208\nFamily, 207\nGreenish-flowered, 207\nLesser, 209\nLiver-leaf, 208\nLow, 213\nOne-flowered, 210\nOne-sided, 209\nOvate-leaved, 213 Index\nWoodsia, 4\noregana, 13\nscopulina, 12\nOregon, 13\nRocky Mountain, 12\nWormwood\nGreen, 316\nPasture, 316\nWoundwort Marsh, 246\nYarrow, 314\nYew\nFamily, 34\nWestern, 34\nZizia, 201\ncordata, 203\nZygadenus, 37\nelegans, 38\ngramineus, 39\nGrass-like, 39\nTall, 38 Q^D{ i\nU\n1c "@en . "Books"@en . "QK201_B85"@en . "10.14288/1.0056397"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "New York : London : G.P. Putnam's Sons"@en . "Rare Books and Special Collections"@en . "These images are provided for research and reference use only. Written permission to publish, copy or otherwise use these images must be obtained from Rare Books & Special Collections http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/"@en . "University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. QK201 .B85"@en . "Botany--Rocky Mountains"@en . "Mountain plants"@en . "Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains"@en . "Text"@en . ""@en .