"CONTENTdm"@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=4180012"@en . "Wallace B. Chung and Madeline H. Chung Collection"@en . "[unknown]"@en . "2016-01-05"@en . "1897"@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/chungpub/items/1.0056395/source.json"@en . "36 pages : 1 folded map"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " British\nColumbia RRITI5H COLUHBIfl\nCdN/lbfl'S MOST WESTERLY PROVINCE\nITS\nPosition,\nAdvantages,\nResources\nand Climate.\nNEW FIELDS FOR\nMining, Farming* Ranching\nALONG THE LINES OF\nThe Canadian Pacific Railway\nInformation for Prospectors, Miners and\nIntending Settlers.\n1897 m\nC. P. R. HOTELS. British Columbia.\nGEOGRAPHICAL POSITION\nOF THE PROVINCE.\nBritish Columbia is the most westerly province of Canada. Its limits\nextend from the 49th parallel \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the international boundary line between\nCanada and the United States\u00E2\u0080\u0094on the south to the 60th degree of north\nlatitude, and from the summit of the Rocky Mountains westward to the Pacific\nOcean, Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands being included witnin\nits bounds. The province contains the immense area of 383,000 square miles\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094a diversified country of huge mountain ranges, fruitful valleys, magnificent\nforests and splendid waterways. The position of British Columbia on the North\nPacific Ocean \u00E2\u0080\u0094 bearing a somewhat similar relation to the larger portion of\nthe American continent that Great Britain does to Europe for the trade of the\nworld \u00E2\u0080\u0094 makes it one of the most important and valuable provinces of the\nDominion, both commercially and politically. Already its trade, which is ever\nrapidly increasing in vo'ume, has assumed immense proportions, and reaches\nto China, Japan, Australia, Europe, Africa and South America. The principal seaport\u00E2\u0080\u0094Vancouver, the western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway \u00E2\u0080\u0094 is\nthe gateway of the new and shortest highways to the Orient, the Far North, the\nTropics and the Antipodes. The voyage from Yokohama, Japan, to London\nhas already been made in twenty-one days by this route, beating all previous\nrecords; and the journey to and from Australia, via Vancouver, is speedier\nand more pleasant than by any other route. British Columbia attracts not\nonly a large portion of the Japan, China and Australian rapid transit trade,\nbut must necessarily secure much of the commerce of the Pacific Ocean, the\nsteamers of the Canadian-Australian Line touching at the Hawaiian and b'ijian\nIslands. Its timber is unequalled in quantity, quality or variety; its numerous\nmines already discovered, and its great extent of unexplored country, speak of\nvast areas of rich mineral wealth; its large fertile valleys indicate great\nagricultural resources, and its waters, containing marvellous quantities of the\nmost valuable fish, combine to give British Columbia a value that has been\nlittle understood.\nTHE HARBOURS.\nBritish Columbia has a magnificent ocean frontage of 1,000 miles, abounding in harbours, sounds, islands and' navigable inlets. Of the many fine\nharbours the principal are English Bay and Coal Harbour, at the entrance to\nBurrard Inlet, a few miles north of the Fraser River. Vancouver, the terminus\nof the Canadian Pacific Railway, is situated between these harbours.\nVictoria, on Vancouver Island, possesses an outer harbour at which all\nthe Ocean liners dock, and an inner harbour for vessels drawing up to 18 feet,\nwith another harbour at Esquimalt, three miles to the south east. Esquimalt BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND\nharbour is about three miles long and something under two miles broad in the\nwidest part; it has an average depth of six to eight fathoms, and affords\nexcellent holding ground, the bottom being a tenacious blue clay. The Canadian Government has built a dry-dock at Esquimalt with a length of 450 feet,\nand width of 90 feet at the entrance, to accommodate vessels of larger size.\nNanaimo, at .the coal mines, has also a commodious and well-sheltered\nhaibour.\nTHE RIVERS.\nOf the rivers of British Columbia the principal are the Fraser, the\nColumbia, the Thompson, theKootenay, the Skeena, the Stikine, the Liard, and\nthe Peace. The Fraser is the great watercourse of the province. It rises in the\nnorthern part of the Rooky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles in two branches\nin a westerly direction, and then in one stream runs due south for nearly 400\nmiles before turning to rush through the gorges of the Co^stran e to the Straits\nof Georgia. Its total length is about 740 miles. On its way it receives the waters\nof the Thompson, the Chilicoten, the Lillooet, the Nicola, the Harrison, the\nPitt, and numerous other stream*. For the last 80 miles of its course it flows\nthrough a wide alluvial plain, which has mainly been deposited from its own\nsilt. It is navigable for river boats to Yale, a small town 110 miles from the\nmouth, and again for smaller craft for about 60 miles of its course through\nthe interior, from Quesnelle Mouth to Soda Creek; and larger vessels, drawing\n20 feet, can ascend to New Westminster, situated about 15 miles from the\nmouth.\nThe Columbia is a large river rising in the south eastern part of the\nprovince, in the neighborhood of the Rocky Mountains, near the Kootenay\nLake. This lake is now traversable by regular steamboat service. The\nColumbia rnns north beyond the 52nd degree of latitude, when it takes a sudden\nturn ami runs due south into the State of Washington. It is thi\u00C2\u00AB loop made\nby the abrupt turn of the river that is known as the \"Big Bend of the\nColumbia.\" The Kootenay waters fall into the returning branch of this loop\nsome distance south of the main line of the railway. The Columbia drains a\ntotal area of 195,000 square miles.\nThe Peace Hiv\u00C2\u00BBr rises son e distance north of the north bend of the Fraser,\nand flows ea*tw\u00C2\u00BBrdly through the Rocky Mountains, draining the plains on\nthe other side- It more properly belongs to the district east of the mountains\nthat bears its name. In the far north are the Skeena and Stikine Rivers flowing into the t acific, the latter being in the country of valuable gold mining\noperations.\nThe Thompson River has two branches, known as the North Thompson\nand the South Thompson, the former rising in small lakes in the Cariboo\nDistrict, and the other in the Shu*wap Lakes in the Yale District. They join\nat Kamloops and flow east out of Kamloops Lake into the Fraser River at\nLytton.\nLOCAJL DIVISIONS.\nThe province is divided for local purposes into a number of districts, of\nwhich six and part of another are on the mainland. The most westwardly of\nthese is the\nNEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT,\nwhich extends from the international boundary line on the south to 50\u00C2\u00B0 15/on\nthe north. Its eastern boundary is the 122\u00C2\u00B0 longitude, and its western the 124\u00C2\u00B0\nwhere it strikes the head of Jaivis Inlet, and the Straits of Georgia. In the\nsouthern portion of this district there is a good deal of excellent tanning laud,\nparticularly in the delta of the Fraser River. The soil there is rich and \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\"%\nNEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT\nstrong, the climate mild, ressembling that of England, with more marked,\nseasons of rain and dry weather, and heavy yields are obtained without much\nlabour. Very large returns of wheat have been got from land in this locality\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 as much as 62 bushels from a measured acre, 90 bushels of oats pur acre,\nand hay that yielded 3\u00C2\u00A3 to 5 tons to the acre, and frequently two crops, totalling\nsix tons. Experiments have of lute years been made in fruit growing, with\nthe most satisfactory results \u00E2\u0080\u0094 apples, plums, pears, cherries and all the\n-smaller fruits being grown in profusion, and at the Experimental Farm at\nAgassiz, figs in small quantities have been successfully produced. This part\nis fairly well settled, but there is still ample room for new comers. Those\nhaving a little money to use, and desirous of* obtaining a ready-made farm, may\n'find many to choose from. These settlements are not a Ion the Fraser; some are\n3it a distance from it on other streams. There is considerable good timber in\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2the western and south-western portions.\nThe chief centres of this district are the cities of Vancouver and New\nWestminster. The climate of this district is very mild, but in the fall of the\nyear there is considerable rain in those parts of the district nearest the coast.\nThe Canadian Pacific Railway crosses the southern portion of this district\n\"to Vancouver, and rail communicaiiou is established with the cities situated\non Puget Sound, with Portland, Oregon, San Francisco and the American\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2system.\nCHIEF TOWNS.\nVancouver.\u00E2\u0080\u0094On a peninsula having Coal Harbour in Burrard Inlet on\nthe east, and English Bay on the west, is the young city of Vancouver. It is\nsurrounded by a country of rare beauty, and the climate is milder and less\nvarying than that of Devonshire, and mwie pleasant than that of Delaware.\nBacked in the far distance by the Olympian range, sheltered on the north by\n-the mountains of the coast, and sheltered from the ocean b\u00C2\u00BB* the high lands of\nVancouver Island, it is protected on every s>de, while enjoying the sea breeze\n^rom the Straits of Georgia, wnose tianq til waters bound the city on two sides.\nThe inlet affords unlimited space for sea going ship*, the land falls gradually\nto the sea, rendering drainage easy, and the situation permits of indefinite\n-expansion of the city in two directions. It has a splendid and inexhaustible\nwater supply brought across the inlet from a river in a ravine of one of the\nneighbouring heights. The Canadian Pacific Railway was completed to Vancouver in May, 1887, when the first through train arrived in that city from\nMontreal, Port Moody having been the western terminus from July of the\npreceding year. In 1887, also the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. put a line of\nsteamships on the route between Vancouver and Japan and China, and i 1893\nAn excellent service was estab'Nhed between Vaucouver and Victoria and\nAustralia, via Honolulu and Suva, Fiji. These three important projects are\n.giving an impetus to the growth of the city, by placing its advantages\nentirely beyond the realm of speculation, and the advancement made is truly\nmarvellous.\nIn addition to the great transportation lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the steamship lines to Au-tralia, Japan and China, the Hawaiian\nand Fijian Islands, the city has connection with all important points along the\nPacific coast and with the interior. Ihe boats employed in the mail service\nbetween Vancouver and Japan and China are three magnificent new steel\ntwin-screw steamships specially designed for that trade\u00E2\u0080\u0094the Empress of Iudia,\nthe Empress of Japan and the Empress of China\u00E2\u0080\u0094which avoiding the \" horse\nlatitudes\" take the shortest and mo-t pleasant route across the Pacific, and\nmake the trip in from five to ten day- quicker time than any oth^r line. The\nCanadian-Australian Line gives a monthly service to Australia via Honolulu,\nH. I., and Suva, Fiji. There is a weekly sailing to A aska during the summer,\nmonths and a semi-monthly sailing in winter. Steamers p.y between Vaucou- BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND\nver and Victoria and Nanaimo daily, and connection is made at Victoria for all\nPuget Sound ports and to Portland and San Francisco. The Bellingham Bay\n& British Columbia Railway gives close railway connection, via Mission\nJunction, 43 miles east of Vancouver, with the different cities and towns of\nthe Pacific Coast.\nA great conflagration, in June, 1886, nearly wiped the young wooden city\nout of existence, but before the embers died materials for rebuilding were on\ntheir way, and where small wooden structures were before, there arose grand\nedifices of stone, brick and iron. Under the influence of the large transportation interests, which were established there the next year, the building of the\ncity progressed rapidly, and now it has several extensive industries \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the\nBritish Columbia Iron Works, sugar refinery, cement works, etc- The city is\nthe centre of the lumber trade of the provit ce, and within its limits are several-\nlarge saw mills. The population is about 20,000* Electric cars run on the\nprincipal streets, and there is a service of electric cars to and from New Westminster, on the Fraser River. The C. P. R- Hotel, the Vancouver, recently\nenlarged to meet increasing wants, in comfort, luxury and refinement of\nservice, is equal to any hotel on the continent, and in the vicinity of this hotel\nis an opera house admitted to be unsurpassed in elegance by any outside of\nNew York. The city is laid ont on a magnificent scale, and it is being built\nup in a style fullv in accord with the plan. Its private residences, business\nblocks, hotels, clubs and public buildings of all classes would be creditable to>\nany city, and Stanley Park is unsurpassed by any other in the world.\nThe following table of distances will be useful for reference:\nMILES.\nVancouver to Montreal \u00C2\u00A3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2 906\nVancouver to New York, via Brockville 3,16S\nVancouver to Boston, via Montreal 3,248\nVancouver to Liverpool, via Montreal 5,71&\nSan Francisco to New York 3,266\nSan Francisco to Boston ... 3,370\nYokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via San Francisco...... 11,281\nYokohama, Japan, to Liverpool, via Vancouver \". 10,041\nSydney to Liverpool, via Vancouver 12,673-\nSydney to Liverpool, via San Francisco 13,032\nLiverpool to Hong Kong, via Vancouver. | 11,649-\nLiverpool to Hong Kong, via San Francisco. 12,883\nVancouver to Yokohama 4,283\nVancouver to Hong Kong 5,936\nVancouver to Calcutta 8,987\nVancouver to London, via Suez Canal 15,735\nVancouver to Honolulu, H. I 2,410\nVancouver to Suva, Fiji , 5,190\nVancouver to Sydney, N. S. W 6,960\nNew Westminster.\u00E2\u0080\u0094This city, founded by Colonel Moody during the\nFraser River gold excitement in 1858, is situated on the north bank of the\nFraser River, fifteen miles from its mouth, is accessible for deep water ship-.\n>ing, and lies in the centre of a tract of country of rich and varied resources.\nt is connected with the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway by a branch\nline from Westminster Junction and with Vancouver by an electric railway-\nNew Westminster is chiefly known abroad for its salmon trade and its lumber\nbusiness, but the agricultural interests of the district are now coming into\nprominence and giving the city additional stability, particularly as it is the\nmarket town of the Fraser River delta. There are about forty large salmon\ncanneries within easy reach of New Westminster. These establishments\nt \"^\nCARIBOO GOLD FIELDS\nrepresent an invested capital of over a million dollars, they employ over eight\nthousand men during the fishing season, and pay out over $750,000 a year for\nsupplies. This is one of the most important industries of the region. Lumbering operations are also extensive and profitable, the mills in the city alone\nhaving a capacity of 350,000 feet per day of ten hours. There is a magnificent\nsystem of waterworks, and the city owns its own electric light plant, which\ncost $116,000. New Westminster can boast of the finest public library westof\nWinnipeg, and a capital public market. There are fifteen churches with a\nseating capacity of 4,400. The Provincial Penitentiary, Asylum for the\nInsane, and other public buildings are located here. In 1884 the population\nwas 1,500 ; in 1896 it was estimated at 8,000.\nSteveston.\u00E2\u0080\u0094A town at the mouth of the Fraser where a number of large\niish canneries are located.\nLadner's, on the delta of the Fraser, is a rising town surrounded by a\nprairie region of great fertility.\nChilliwack, with a population of 700, in the centre of a large agricultural and fruit growing district, is a prosperous place.\nMission City, on the north side of the Fraser, has a large area of farming\nlands tributary to it which are well-adapted for fruit growing. The Pitt\nMeadows, which include 40,000 acres of bottom lands being reclaimed by\ndyking, are contiguous to the town.\nCASSIAR DISTRICT\nLies north of the Comox district, and occupies the whole western portion of\nthe province from the 26\u00C2\u00B0 longitude. While its agricultural capabilities have\nnot yet been fully determined, it possesses several tracts of fertile land, notably\nthat occupied by the Bella Coola colony, which gives indications of great\nprosperity. The district contains some of the richest gold mines yet discovered\nm the province, and indications are numerous of further mineral wealth to be\ndeveloped. There are some prosperous fish canning establishments on the\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2coast, and parts of the district are thickly timbered. Communication with\nthe Cassiar district is principally by water. Steamers start at regular dates\nfrom Victoria for the Skeena River, Port Simpson and other points on the\ncoast within the district. See page 29 northern zone, as to climate.\nOMTNECA AND PEACE RIVER.\nThe Qmineca and the Peace River countries, which are best reached by\nthe Cariboo road, are attracting much attention as there is a large and practically unexplored section of country that is known to be rich in gold and\nsilver. Tne opening up of several hydraulic mines will give that country a\nwell deserved prominence. These mines are nearly 600 miles north of Ash-\ncroft, are partially fitted up and will be in operation before the close of the\nseason of 1897- There is said to bemucb/rich hydraulic ground in that section.\nCARIBOO DISTRICT\nLies between Cassiar on the west and the Canadian Northwest on the east, the\nsouthern boundary being the 52nd parallel. The famed Cariboo mines, from\nwhich fifty millions of dollars of gold have been taken, are in this district.\nThis is still a promising field for the miner, the immense output of the placer\ndiggings being the result of explorations and operations necessarily confined\nm0 n\nCARIBOO GOLD FIELDS\nto the surface, the enormous cost and almost insuperable difficulties of transporting heavy machinery necessitating the employment of the mo.-t primitive\n-appliances in mining. These obstacles to the full development of the marvellously rich gold fields of Carihoo have been largely overcome by the construction of the Canadian Pacific, and the improvement of the great highway\nfrom that railway to northern British Columbia, with the result that the work\n-of development has recently been vigorously and extensively prosecuted.\nDuring the past few years several costly hydraulic plants have been introduced\nby different wealthy mining companies which are now operating well-known\n-claims with the most gratifying results, and there is every prospect of a second\ngolden harvest which in its immensity and value will completely overshadow\nthat which made Cariboo famous thirty years ago. Among the numerous\nCariboo enterprises are the Horsefly Hydraulic Minirg Co., with a capital of\n$250,000, working a series of claims which are located in tne drift gravels on\nthe western bank of the Horsefly, a tributary of the Upper Fraser River, near\n 0,000 was taken in two miles distance in early days\n.{and now being at enormous expense opened up to work by the Cariboo Gold\nFields Company, with a hydraulic elevator,) the results speak well for the\nfuture prosperity of Cariboo. In addition to the properties of these companies, there are numerous other large gravel deposits, many of which\nrare now being prepared for working by companies with ample capital, and\nwhich only require properly directed ex- rtions to insure large returns.\nThe development work for the season of 1896 has served to materially advance\nthe intere-ts of the district, and the season of 1897 will see the opening up of\n-some vast mines. Many hundreds of men found emp'oyment last year in this\nregion and none who really desired work at a fair wage failed to secure it.\n-Capitalists will find advantages which no other part of the world offers for\ninvestments. The quartz mines have not as yet been exploited only in a very\n-superficial way, but the rich surface showing on Burns, Island and Bald\n^mountains, all tend to prove that further rest arch and a fair use of capital\nwill make the quartz mines of the Cariboo district among the great producers\nand dividend payers of the world. Gold abounds in every valh y, and in every\nstream that empties into it, and there is no estimating the unusual activity in\nthe Cariboo mining circles, some of the richest places merely awaiting the\nadvent of capital for that development which the new condition of affairs has\nrendered easily possible. Cariboo in not without agricultural resources, and\nthere is a limited area in scattered localities in which farming and ranching\nare carried on ; but this region will always prove more attractive to the miner\nthan to the settler. The early construction of a railway from a point on the\nmain line of the Canadian Pacific, through the district, when completed will\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2open up many desirable locations and largely assist in developing the immense\nmineral wealth already known to Cxi\u00C2\u00ABt. At present com<. unication is by serni-\n*reekly stage line from Ashcroft, (with steamer from Soda creek to Quesnelle\nduring navigation) but on application in advance, arrangements can be made\nAt any time for the transportation of large or small parties by special convey- 10 LILL00ET AND YALE DISTRICTS\nances. The roads are excellent, the stopping places convenient, and the trip\nis not an uncomfortable one. The chief places en route are Clinton, Lac la\nHache, 150 Mile House, Soda Creek, Quesnelle Mouth, Horsefly, Quesnelle\nForks, Stanley and Barkerville. This district covers such a large area that it\ncontains more than one climate, which subject, however, is dealt with on\npage 29, middle zone.\nLILLOOET DISTRICT.\nThis division lies directly south of Cariboo and is bisected by the Fraser\nRiver. The country is as yet only sparsely settled, the principal settlements\nbeing in the vicinity of the Fraser River, though there are other settlements at\nClinton, Lillooet and elsewhere which, when the projected Cariboo Railway,\nbefore mentioned, is built, will rapidly become of more importance. This\ndistrict is rapidly coming to the front as a gold producer. Considerable milling\ngold is found near the town of Lillooet when the Golden Cache and other\nmines are being operated. Several promising quartz-bearing locations are\nbeing developed in this district, and as machinery capable of treating the\nrefractory ores are of the most improved methods the excellent results already\nattained are attracting miners and mining men in large numbers. There is a\nlarge area of the finest grazing land in this district, and cattle thrive well. The\nvalleys are wonderfully rich, and fruit of an excellent quality, chiefly apples,\nis grown; peaches, pears and plums are also cultivated, and smaller fruits\ngrow in profusion. See page 29, middle zone, for climate.\nYALE DISTRICT\nIs on the east of Lillooet and New Westminster. It extends southwards to\nthe international boundary and eastward to the range of high lands thai\nseparate the Okanagan Valley from the Arrow Lakes. The Yale district\naffords openings for miners, lumbermen, farmers, and ranchmen. For the\npurpose of localizing the information here given this district of the Province\nmay be subdivided into the Nicola, the Okanagan and the North Thompson\ncountries.\nTHE NICOLA VALLEY,\nForming the central part of the Yale district, while specially adapted to pastoral pursuits, is well fitted for agriculture and the growth of all classes of\ncereals. The crops already grown are excellent in quality and the yield\nexceptionally large. There is greater tendency now to mixed farming than\nin the past, and the Nicola Valley is becoming as famous for its grain, roots,\nvegetables and fruits of all kinds as it has been for its bunch grass fed cattle.\nFor climate see page 29, southern zone.\nThe valley is also rich in its mineral deposits. The principal mines for\nthe precious metals are in the Similkameen section where hydraulic companies\nare operating. There is a large area of bituminous and good coking coal at\nColdwater, where magnetic iron ore is likewise found. The richest platinum\nmines on the continent have been discovered on Tulameen and Slate Creeks.\nA railway is projected from Spence's Bridge, which, when completed, will\nlargely develop the mines in this valley.\nTHE OKANAGAN VALLEY,\nSouth and southeast of Kamloops and the Canadian Pacific Railway, and east\nof the Nicola Valley, is one of the finest sections in the whole province for .\nagriculture and stock raising pursuits. In this part are to be found the most\nextensive farms in the province, as well as the largest cattle ranges. Many\nU OKANAGAN VALLEY 11\ncan count their herds by the thousands of head, and their broad fields by\nthousands of acres. The district is an extensive one and within its borders\nare to be found large lakes, the principal one being Okanagan, whilst such\n-streams as the Spallumcbeen and other large rivers flow through the district\nOkanagan is famous as a grain-growing country. l?or many years this\nindustry was not prosecuted, vigourously, but of late a marked change has\ntaken place in this respect, and samples of wheat raised in Okanagan, sent to\nthe Vienna Exposition, were awarded the highest premiums and bronze\nmedals. One of the best flouring mills in the Dominion is now in operation\nat Enderby, 24 miles south of Sicamous, and connected with it by rail. The\nflour manufactured at these mills from Okanagan grown wheat is equal to\nany other to be found on the continent. There is another mill at Vernon and\n-one at Armstrong erected in 1896. Though Okanagan is a excellent wheat\nproducing country, considerable attention is now being given to the various\nkinds of fruit culture, and an important movement is on foot looking to the\nconversion of the grain fields into orchards and hop fields. Attention has\nbeen more particularly turned to the production of Kentish hops, and during\nthe past four years hops from this section have brought the highest prices in\nthe Euglish market, competing successfully with the English, the continental,\nand those grown in other parts of America. The Earl of Aberdeen, Governor\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0General of Canada, has a large fruit farm near Kelowna, on the east side of the\nlake. His Excellency has also over 13,000 acres near Vernon, in the Coldstream Valley, where general farming, hop growing and fruit raising are carried\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2on. His orchard of about 125 acres is the point of attraction for visitors to\nVernon. An excellent quality of cigar wrapper and leaf tobacco is grown about\nKelowna, shipments of which are yearly increasing, but the production has\nnot yet become general.\nThere are still to be taken Up immense stretches of the very best land,\nwhich are but lightly timbered and easily brought under cultivation. Water\n'is abundant in many sections, whilst in some it is scarce, rendering irrigation\nby artesian wells a necessity, although not every year.\nOkanagan is also a very rich mineral district, and in the different parts\nvaluable gold, silver, platinum, copper and iron deposits have been discovered,\nand are being developed.\nThe Shuswap & Okanagan Railway to Vernon, the chief town of the district, from the main line of the Canadian Pacific, a distance of 46 miles, has\nproved an immense impetus to this splendid section of the country. There are\nsplendid grazing lands, and the valleys that intersect them are of the most\nfertile character. The Coldstream or White Valley is one of these, the Simil-\nkameen is another, and the country round about Kelowna, where extensive\nfruit orchards have been established, is a rich and valuable section. Crops\ngrow luxuriantly, but the dry climate necessitates irrigation. There is, however, ample water in the hills, and no difficulty presents itself on this score.\nFrom Okanagan Landing, near Vernon, a fine steamer, the Aberdeen, owned\nby the Canadian Pacific Ry. Co., plies to Kelowna (formerly called the Mission)\nand to Penticton near the south end of the lake, and the Provincial Government is constructing roads to open up the Boundary Creek country and Samil-\nkameen Valley, the former being rich in mineral wealth, and the latter a\nfamous hunting ground for sheep and goat. The Boundary Creek district\nlying along the international boundary contains a large area which is believed\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2to be mineralized throughout its extent. Some valuable mines are being\nOperated extensively. Its wealth is not alone in its rich ores, but its valleys\nare fruitful and adapted for grain growing; there is excellent water and timber\nsupply, and grazing lands on which thousands of head of stock range, are\nfound throughout the district. The country tributary to Lake Okanagan is\npre-eminently suitable for settlement and will shortly become thickly populated. A railway from Trail, in West Kootenay through the Boundary Creek 12 BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND\ncountry to Penticton, will, when constructed, give a great impetus to thi>\nsection\nThe climate of the Okanagan country is mild and dry, irrigation being:\nnecessary for farming and fruit growing. There is only a slight snow fall m-\nwinter, and the summers are warm and pleasant.\nTHE THOMPSON VALLEYS.\nTo the north of these valleys are the Valleys of the North and South*\nThompson, where there are extensive grazing and fertile agricultural areas-\nValuable mining properties-\u00E2\u0080\u0094iron, gold, silver, lead and copper and large-\ndeposits of mica \u00E2\u0080\u0094 from which shipments of ore have been male, are in this-\nlocality. Here also is a large deposit of cinnabar, said to be the only one io\nthe British Empire.\nCHIEF TOWNS.\nThe chief towns of the district are Agassiz, Kamloops, North Bend and*\nAshcroft on the Canadian Pacific Railway main line, Penticton, Enderby am>\nVernon on the Okanagan branch, and Rock Creek, Midway, Greenwood and\nGrand Forks, in the rapidly developing mining region near the international\nboundary which can be reached from Penticton.\nKamloops is 224 miles east of Vancouver, and is situated at the confluence\nof the North and South Thompson Rivers, both of whicH are navigable for a-\ngreat distance. It is a railway divisional point and a thriving town of 150(r\npopulation, doing a good trade with the farmers, ranchmen and miners of the-\ndistrict Steamboats ply on Kamloops lake, and there are sawmills in constant\noperation. The town is supplied by waterworks and lighted by electHcity. It\nwas originally merely a Hudson's Bay Co's trading post, bit has now become\na town of some size and importance, and is destined to be one of the great\nhealth resorts of the West on account of the dryness and equability of its\nclimate and its possession of a'l the conditions necessary for the cuie of lung:\ntroubles. Placer mining has been successfu ly carried on north of Kamloops^\nfor 25 years and rich mineral discoveries have recently be*n made within three\nmiles of the town, carrying gold and copper, and some being free milling.\nAshcroft, on the Thompson River, is 204 miles east of Vancouver. It is-\nthe starting point of the stage line for Clinton, Lillooet 150 Mi'e House,.\nHorsefly, Quesnelle Forks, Quesnell** Mouth, Stanley, Soda Creek, Barkerville\nand other points in the Lillooet and Cariboo districts- It is a busy place, where\nconsiderable freighting business is done, and where supplies of all kinds can\nbe obtained.\nAgassiz, on the main line of the C P. R. is the site of the Dominion\nGovernment experimental farm which has proved of great benefit to the\nfarmers and fruit growers of the Province. Over two thousand varieties of -\nfruit trees are under test, besides many cereals, roots, fodder, plants and livestock.\nVernon is a good sized town of 1,000 population, with three principal -\nhote's and other minor ones. 1 here are stores of all kinds, flour and saw mills\nand two banks. Having a first-rate farming and ranching country in its-\nimmediate vicinity, besides large tracts of valuable timber, a large and flourishing business is done at this centre.\nEnderby and Armstrong are smaller, but rising towns, where there-\nare good hotel accommodation and a variety of stores and other business\nestablishments, and each having large g-ist mills.\nl WEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT 13\nYale is at the head of navigation on the Fraser River\u00E2\u0080\u0094 103 miles east of\nVancouver, and is the eastern gateway to the famed Fraser River Valley.\nMidway is a thriving mining town of growing importance, in the Kettle\nRiver district.\nGrand Forks, 20 miles east and north of Midway, at the junction of\nNorth Kettle and Kettle rivers, has a large mining country tributary to it. It\nis proposed to erect a smelter at tnis poiut. The Great Volcanic Mountain\nmines are north of Grand Forks.\nGreenwood is a new and flourishing town in the mid^t of a rich mining\nseetion, with a population of about 900, and close to it the rival town of Anaconda has sprung up.\nWEST KOOTENAY DISTRICT\nIs the next east of Ya'e, and extends north and south from the Big Bend of\nthe Columbia to the international boundary, embracing, with East Kootenay\n(from which it is separated by the Purcell range of mountains) an area of\n16,500,000 acres. West Kootenay is chiefly remarkable for its great mineral\nwealth. Marvellously rich deposits have been discovered in different sections,\nand new find- are almost daily made. There is still a large area not yet prospected which will doubtless yield even more phenomenal returns of precious\nores. It is a country of illimitable possibilities, but is only passing the early\nstages of development, when the vast area of hidden wealth is considered.\nGreat strides, however, have already been made, and many of the camps, notably in the Trail Creek, Kaslo-Slocan, Ainswouh and Nelson districts, are\ncompletely equipped for mining operations. In the Lardeau, Big Bend and\nother parts of this rich region, mining is profitably carried on, and as capital\nis acquired through the working of the mines, or is brought in, the output of\nore will be immensely increased. The output of ore last year approximated\n$6,000,000, and with the additional transportation and smelting facilities now\nbeing afforded this amount will doubtless be largely increased during 1897.\nCapitalists and practical miners have shewn their unbounded confidence in\nWest Kootenay by investing millions of dollars in developing claims, equipping\nmines, erecting smelters, building tramways, etc., and an eminent American\nauthority speaks of it as: ar, Columbia & Kootenay, O. K., Jumbo, Cliff, Iron Mask,\nMonte Christo, St. Elmo, Lily May, Poonnan. and other leading mines, while\nthe Centre Star and other properties have lar^e quantities on the dump ready\nfor shipment With increased home smelting facilities, the Output of the\ncamp will be immensely increased. The most notable silver mines are in the\nfamed Slocan district, from which large shipments of ore have been and are\nbeing made \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the general character of its ore being high grade galena, often\ncarrying 400 oz. of silver to the ton, and averaging 100 oz. and over. The\npriucipal mines are the Slocan Star, which paid $300,000 in dividends in 1896,\nEnterpiise, Reco, Good Enough, Whitewater, Alamo, Ruth, Two Friends,\nDardanelles, Noble Five, Washington, Payne, Idaho, Mountain Chief and Grady\ngroups. The Wonderful, two miles from Sandon, is the only hydraulicing\ngalena mine in the world The Slocan is admitted to be the r* chest silver mining region in America to-day, and has the advantage of excellent transportation\nfacilities. On Kootenay Lake are the well known Aiusworth group which are\nlarge shippers of ore. The Toad Mountain district around Nelson, and south\nof it, has a distinct gold, silver and copper belt, the ore being of that character\nknown as \"gray copper.\" There are a number of rich mining properties in\nthis section, amongst others the Silver King or Hall mines, purchased for-\n$1,500,000 by an English company, which has constructed an aerial tramway\nto connect the mines with their own smelter at Nelson. A number of free milling gold claims have been located near Nelson recently. Hydraulicing is also\ncarried on at Forty-Nine Creek with profitable results. During the summer of\n1896, some of the i ichest discoveries in the Kootenay were found in the Salmon\nriver country, between the Lower K\"Otenay River and the international boundary. In the north, in the IllecMewaet, Fish Crt-ek and Trout Lake districts are\nrich properties which are heing worked, and a*ound Lardeau, some valuable\nplacer gold mines and extensive deposits of galena are being developed. Between the Gold Range and the Selkiiks is the west side of the Big Bend of the\nColumbia River, that extends north of the 52nd parallel. This bend drains a 1\nEAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT 17\ngold region yet awaiting complete exploration, but which has every indication of\ngreat mineral richness. Throughout the whole Kootenay country new discoveries\nare made every year, so that which is the richest claim of a district during\none season may be surpassed by a dozen others in the following year.-\nThe wages paid laborers are from $2.50 to $3.00 per day ; $3.00 to $3.50\nfor miners ; $3-00 to $4.00 for mechanics. Board is from $6 to $7 per week at\nmine boarding houses; from $6 to $10 at private boarding houses; and\ntransient rates at hotels are $2-00 to $3.00 per day.\nEAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT.\nEast Kootenay, lying between West Kootenay and the eastern boundary\nof the province, comprises the larger part of the famous Kootenay region of\nBritish Columbia, which is entered from the east at Golden, on the Canadian\nPacific Railway. ^^^^^K\nEast Kootenay is now actively engaged in working its new mines and\nprospecting for others. The selection of the Crow's Nest Pass route for a short\nline of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the probable construction of the\nbranch roads and other lines within a few years will add marvellously to its\nprosperity. East Kootenay is, speaking generally, a good agricultural and\npastoral as well as mining country, and during the past year has added a large\nnumber of actual farmers to its population who have taken up and are cultivating land.\nIt contains a valley nearly 300 miles long, from the international boundary-\nline to the apex of the Kootenay triangle of the Big Bend of the Columbia,\nwith an average width of 8 to 10 miles, in the centre of which is enclosed the\nmother lakes of the Columbia, 2,850 feet above sea level. The Columbia River\nflows north from these, and the Kootenay River south through the valley.\n\"It is,\" says Judge Sproat's report, '\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 one of the prettiest and most favored valleys in the province, having good grass and soil, a fine climate, established\nmines and promising mines, excellent waterways and an easy surface for road-\nmaking. Its chief navigable waterway leads to a station of the Canadian\nPacific Railway.\"\nNearly the whole of the area of the valley described is a bunch grass\ncountry, affording excellent grazing. The grass country is 250 miles long, of\nan average width of five.miles, besides a number of lateral valleys of more\nlimited extent It is safe to say that the whole of the valley is fertile, though\nexcept in a few places its agricultural capabilities have not been tested. The\natmosphere is clear and dry and the snowfall in winter light, but in a district\nso extended climatic conditions vary considerably from local causes.\nThe country is more thinly wooded than the West Kootenay district, and\naffords great facilities for fishing and hunting; big game, trout and salmon\nabounding.\nMuch is expected of the oil fields in the southeast portion of East Kootenay\nwhich were discovered several years ago, but wbich have been waiting capital\nto develop them. Over a large area of ground there are indications of the\npresence of oil.\nTOWNS.\nThe towns of East Kootenay are Field, near Monnt Stephen ; Golden, on\nthe Columbia River at the mouth of the Wapta, and Donald, at the base of the\nSelkirk Range, all on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Fort Steele, a\nmining centre of importance on the Kootenay River, about 40 mile3 from the\nhead waters of the Columbia, and Sancho on Kootenay Lake further south-\nProspectors, sportsmen, miners and others can supply their requirements at\n. these places, and also at Windermere, on the Lower Columbia Lake, Thunder\nHill Landing on Upper Columbia Lake and Cranbrooke. L EAST KOOTENAY DISTRICT 19\nThe present communication of the district is effected by the Kootenay\nmail line of steamers plying from Golden Station, on the Canadian Pacific\nRailway, southward fdr 120 miles to the Columbia Lakes. A steamer leaves\nGolden once a week, (Tuesdays, 6 am.) for Canon Creek, Carbonate, Humphrey's, Galena, Shorty's, McKay's, Gordon's, Windermere and Adela, connecting at the tramway with S. S. Pert to Thunder Hill and Canal Flat, at\nwhich there is a connection with North Star, Fort Steele, Tobacco Plains, on\nthe [J. S- boundary, and Jennings, Montana. The steamers connect with the\ntrains of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The steamboat company operates a\nseries of tramways to connect the upper lakes and mines and owns a fleet of\nbarges used in the transportation of ores and other heavy freights. For climate\nof East and West Kootenay see page 25 southern zone-\nMINING LOCALITIES.\nA large amount of work has been done in the mines of Jubilee and Spilli-\nmacheen Mountains, 45 miles above Golden, fine bodies of lead and silver\nhaving been opane.d up on the latter and several copper mines on the former.\nBack of Spillimacheen, on the several branches of the river of that name, in\nthe region known as the McMurdo district, a number of promising claims\nhave been located and worked to a considerable extent. Some of them are\nlarge gold quartz lodes, and others are small high-grade silver-lead veins. On\nBugaboo Creek, a few miles south of Spillimacheen, silver-lead veins have\nbeen known for several years, and last season a large and well-defined gold\nquartz lode was discovered. On Toby Creek, opposite Windermere, there are\nnumerous quartz locations, and also benches of hydraulic ground; and back\nof Windermere a silver-lead and copper property has been opened up and some\nhigh great carbonates shipped. The Jupiter group of claims, at the head of\nUpper Columbia Lake, extends about a mile on two great parallel gold bearing\nquartz lodes forming a ridge from 250 to 500 feet above the adjacent country,\ncarrying gold in varying quantities. The Sun Lake is a similar property\nnorth of the Jupiter, and Gold Hill is south. Thunder Hill is also immediately\nnorth of the Jupiter, and has a 50-ton concentrator on the lake. Large low\ngrade lead and silver and gold quartz lodes have been found up Findley Creek\nand on the South Fork. There are also high benches of hydraulic ground\nfor miles along either side of Findley Creek. Beyond Gold Hill and Jupiter\nand on the same mineral belt, 26 or 30 miles further south, and 20 miles from\nFort Steele, are the North Star and Sullivan groups. The former is a large\nlode, 15 to 30 feet wide carrying immense quantities of argentiferous galena\nand carbonates; and the shipment of ores to smelter points is paying large\nprofits. The output in 1896 was 6,000 tons. The Sullivan mines which are\nof a similar character, are being developed. In fact, the whole country tributary\nto Fort Steele is developing with amazing rapidity. At Wild Horse, a few miles\nback of Fort Steele, hydraulic mining is being carried on extensively, and\nseveral good quartz claims are more or less opened up. In early days,-this\nsection was a rival of Cariboo in the marvellous output of its placer mines,\nthe value reaching up in the millions. Still further south on Moyie Lake,\nlarge silver lodes have been discovered, and on Moyie River a considerable\namount of gold is annually obtained from the placers. Gold quartz lodes have\nalso been found on Moyie Lake and Weaver Creek.\nIn the Crow's Nest Pass are great coal mines only waiting for the completion of the railway to ship coal and coke to East and West Kootenay for smelting purposes, and extensive petroleum fields have also been found in the southeastern portion of the district 20 ALONG THE CANADIAN PACIFIC\nALONG THE LINE OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC\nRAILWAY. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nStarting from Vancouver eastward, already described on page 5, the trains\nof the Canadian Pacific stop at\nNEW WESTMINSTER JUNCTION,\nfrom which a branch line runs to the city of New Westminster. Twenty-three\nmiles east of this is\nMISSION JUNCTION,\nfrom which a branch line starts, and crossing the Fraser River, runs south to\nthe international boundary, where rail connection is made for New Whatcom,\nTacoma, Portland, San Francisco, etc- Twenty-eight miles east is\nAGASSIZ,\nnear which are the Harrison Hot Springs, where a large hotel is in operation\nwith baths and other sanitary conveniences. At Agassiz the Dominion Government has established an experimental farm. Every kind of grain, vegetable,\nand fruit likely to succeed in a temperate climate is here tried, and from here\nsettlers obtain seeds and cuttings that have been proved suitable to the country.\nAgassiz is the centre of an extensive hop-growing district. Thirty-two miles\nfurther along the line going east is\nYALE,\nat the head of navigation on the Fraser, and formerly one of the principal\ntowns of the Yale district, and twenty-six miles east of this is\nNORTH BEND,\na divisional point of the Canadian Pacific Railway, where one of the company's\nchalet hotels is situated, and whence parties desiring to explore the Fiaser\nCanon and the neighboring gorges can with advantage proceed. Twenty-seven\nmiles beyond North Bend on the line of railway is\nLYTTON,\nat the junction of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers, once a busy mining town,\nand now giving indications of returning prosperity in consequence of the opening of mines in the vicinity.\nASHCROFT,\non the Thompson River, is forty-eight miles beyond Lytton. It is the starting\nplace of the stage line for the celebrated Cariboo mines and the northern\ndistrict (page 14), and forty-seven miles east is\nKAMLOOPS,\na delightful health resort, in whose temperate climate may be found a natural\nsanitarium, the conditions being favorable for those afflicted with lung troubles.\nThe country in this section is good grazing land; cattle and sheep thrive to\nferfection on the bunch grass, and cereals, fruit, etc., are successfully grown,\nron, cinnabar, mica, gold, copper and silver-lead discoveries have been made\nnear Kamloops.\nSICAMOUS,\neighty-four miles east of Kamloops, on the great Shuswap Lakes, is the junction of the Shuswap & Okanagan Railway, operated by the Canadian Pacific\nRailway, which runs to Enderby and Vernon, the latter at the head of Okanagan Lake,from which the C. P. R. steamer \u00C2\u00ABAberdeen\" plies tri-weekly to\nKelowna and Penticton, from which the Boundary Creek mining regions are\nreached by stages. MINERALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 21\nREVELSTOKB,\nforty-three miles ea\u00C2\u00B0t of-Sicamous, is a railway divisional point and a busy\nmountain town on the Columbia River. From here a branch railway runs to\nArrowhead, the head of Upper Arrow Lake, from which all poms in the West\nKootenay mining region are easily reached- The main line of the railway has\nby this time passed through the Coast and Gold ranges. After leaving Revel-\nstoke it enters the Selkirk range and the famous Albert Canon \u00E2\u0080\u0094a remarkable\ngorge through which the lllecillewaet runs, where the train stops for passengers to alight to better view the canon \u00E2\u0080\u0094 is soon -reached* Continuing eastward, the line passes Ross' Peak and ascends the \"loop\" to the foot of Mount\nSir Donald at\nGLACIER STATION.\nGlacier House station is opposite Mount Sir Donald and about a mile and\na half from the foot of the great glacier of the Selkirks. One of the Canadian\nPacific Railway Company's chalet hotels, with an annex to meet increasing\ntravel, is at this point (The Glacier House), and is most frequented by tourists\nand sportsmen. Though several other stations are passed,\nDONALD,\non the Columbia, as it flow,s northward, is the next town on the railway. It is\na divisional poiut and the headquarters of the mountain section of the railway,\nthe line east of this being in the western division. Here watches are put on\none hour going east and put back one hour going west, to conform to standard\ntime.\nGOLDEN,\non the Columbia River, is seventeen miles eastward of Donald- From here a\nsteamer makes weekly trips (starting on Tuesday) up the Columbia to the lakes\nat the head of the river, and a good waggon road has been constructed from\nGolden to Fort Steele. From the head of navigation roads and trails leal to\nall parts of the mining district, and steamers connect with mining camps on\nthe Kootenay river. Soon after leaving Golden the railway p.sees through\nKicking Horse Pass into the Rocky Mountains, where the principal station is\nFIELD,\nnear Mount Stephen. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has a chalet\nhotel he'-e, and there is a small town, or village, at which supplies for miners,\ntravellers and sportsmen can be obtained. From Revelstoke to Field, and\nbeyond to the Gap, where the mountains end and the plains begin, the scenery\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2is the finest on the continent, but the v*lue of the district is in its rich mineral\ndeposits, which are from time to time discovered, and the development of\nwhich is partially seen at several points along the line.\nMINERALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.\n. It would be difficult to indicate any defined section of British Columbia in\nwhich gold or silver has not been, or will not be found. The first mines dis- '\ncovered were on the Thompson River; then on the Fraser and Hope, and\ncontinued up the Fraser to the Cariboo district\nGold has been found on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, on Queen\nCharlotte Islands at the extreme west, and on every range of mountains that\nintervenes between these two extreme points. Until recently the work has been\npractically placer mining, a mere scratching of the surface, yet over fifty millions of dollars have been scraped out of the rivers and creeks. B\u00C2\u00ABrs have been\nwashed out and abandoned, without sufficient effort being made to discover the\nquartz vein from which the streams received their gold. Abandoned diggings\nhave been visited after a lapse of years, and new discoveries have been made\nin the neighborhood. 22 BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND\nThe railway now pierces the auriferous ranges; men and material can be\ncarried into the heart of the mountains, and with each succeeding season fresh\ngold deposits are found, or the old ones traced to the quartz rock, and capital\nand adequate machinery brought to bear upon them. In no section in this\nmore strongly demonstrated than in the famed Cariboo region, where during\nthe past three years hydraulic mining has been commenced on a large scale, and\nimproved plant to the value of over half a million dollars introduced. During\nthe past year, a grand total of 43 miles of ditch flume and pipe have either-\nbeen constructed or put in working order. Already the results have been most\nsatisfactory, and there is every indication of a yield of the precious metal that\nwill astonish the world and revolutionize mining in northern British Columbia,\nwhich had hitherto been conducted in a somewhat crude fashion.. The recognized and greatest authority on mineralogy in Canada, Dr. G. M. Dawson,\nF.R.G-S., who for fifteen years was engaged in exploring British Columbia,,\nsays: | The explorations of the Geological Survey of Canada have already l\nresulted in placing on record the occurrence of rich ores of gold and silver in\nvarious places scattered along the entire length of the Cordilleran (Rocky\nMountain) region in Canada- * * * Because a mountainous country, and\ntill of late a very remote one, the development of the resources of British\nColumbia has heretofore been slow, but the preliminary difficulties having\nbeen overcome, it is now, there is every reason to believe, on the verge of an era\nof prosperity and expansion of which it is yet difficult to foresee the amount\nor the end- * * * Everything which has been ascertained of the geological\ncharacter of the Province, as a whole, tends to the belief that so soon as means\nof travel and transport shall be extended to what are still the more inaccessible\ndistricts these also will be discovered to be equally rich in minerals, particularly in precious metals, gold and silver\"\nIn giving evidence before a committee of the House of Commons a member of the Government Geological Survey said; \" After having travelled\never 1,000 miles through British Columbia, I can say with safety that there\nwill yet be taken out of her mines wealth enough to build the Pacific Railway.\" This means many millionss. Another gentleman in the same service\nsaid that, | it may soon take its place as second to no other couutry in North\nAmerica.\"\nThere are large areas still open to the poor prospector, and there are\nnumerous openings for the capitalist To the agricultural settler the existence\nof gold is of double significance. He is certain of a market for his produce, he\nis not debarred from mining a little on his own account, and he is never deprived of the hope that he will one day become the fortunate discoverer of a\nbonanza.\nThe total output of gold since its first discovery in British Columbia, even\nbefore new mineral districts were opened up by the Canadian Pacific Railway,\nwas estimated at $60,000,000. It is uow far in excess of this. With present\nfacilities for prospecting, much heavier returns are expected, for the era of\nscientific mining in British Columbia has only commenced.\nIn British Columbia a belt of rocks, probably corresponding\" to the gold\nrocks of California, has already been proved to be richly auriferous. Geological explorations go to show a general resemblance of the rocks to those of\nthe typical sections of California and the Western States.\nSilver has been discovered in several places, and its further discovery wilt\nprobably show that it follows the same rules as in Nevada and Colorado. Tne\nbest known argentiferous lot ality is the West Kootenay, from whose mines it\nis estimated between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000 in ore were shipped within the\npast year. Railroads in this section are opening up the country and several new\nsmelters have been erected and are in operation, smelting the ore in close\nproximity to the mines. There can be no doubt that the output will be largely\non the increase as development work shows more ore in sight every day.\nI MINERALS AND TIMBER 23\nGreat iron deposits exist on Texada Island, and copper deposits have been\nfound at several points on the coast of the mainland, Howe Sound, Jarvis\nInlet, the Qugen Charlotte Islands and other points. Cinnabar and platinum\nhave been found in small quantities during the process of washing gold.\nA ledge of cinnabar, found on Kamloops Lake, is operated by the Cinnabar\nMining Co. The true vein is reported as being fourteen inches thick, and there\nappears to be a large scattered quantity besides. Assays give a high percentage\nof mercury, and the mine, which is now being actively worked, is pronounced\nto be a very valuable One.\nIn Alberni Distict on the west coast of Vancouver Island a considerable\namount of work is in progress. Numerous, quartz veins have been discovered\n* and are being opened up; a mill run from one of these claims gave a yield of\n$30.00 per ton. In the same district two hydraulic claims have commenced\nwork on China Creek with every prospect of success.\nBituminous coal has been extensively worked for many years past at\nNanaimo, on Vancouver Island, at whiGh place there are large deposits, and\nindications of coal have been found at several other places on that Island.\nSeveral seams of bituminous coal haye been discovered on the mainland\nand the New Westminster and Nicola districts, and other indications of coal\nhave been found in many parts. The same formation exists on the mainland\nas on the island, and the iNew Westminster and Nicola coal fceds are probably\nsmall portions only of a large area.\nA most phenomenal discovery of coal as been made in the Crow's Nest\nPass of the Hocky Mountains. Here no fewer than twenty seams are seen to\noutcrop, with a total thickness of from 132 feet to 448 feet-\nAnthracite coal is now being extensively mined at \" Anthracite,\" on the\nline of the Canadian Pacific Railway, just outside British Columbia, and some\ncomparing favourably with that of Pennsylvania has been found in seams of\nsix feet and three feet in Queen Charlotte Island. Fragments of anthracite\nhave been picked up on several parts of Vancouver Island, and this would\nseem to indicate that the seams found in Queen Charlotte Island will be traced\nto Vancouver.\nTIMBER.\nNo other province of Canada, no country in Europe, and no state in North\nAmerica, compares with British Columbia in respect to its timber.\nThere are prairies here and there, valleys free from wood, and many openings in the thickest country, which in the aggregate make many hundred\nthousand acres of land on which no clearing is required, but near each open\nspot is a luxuriant growth of wood.\nThe finest growth is on the coast, and in the Gold and Selkirk ranges.\nMillions on millions of feet of lumber, locked for centuries past, have now\nbecome available for commerce. In 1895 the quantity cut amounted to 112,-\n884,640 feet, an increase of about 40 per cent over that of the previous year. The\nCanadian Pacific Railway passes through a part of this, and crosses streams that\nwill bring untold quantities to the mills and railway stations. The Government\nDepartment of Agriculture has published a catalogue and authoritative description of the trees of British Columbia, including:\nDouglas Spruce (otherwise called \" Douglas Fir,\" \" Douglas Pine,\" and\ncommercially * Oregon Pine.\") A weil-known tree. It is straight, though\ncoarse-grained, exceedingly tough, rigid, and bears ^reat transverse strain.\nFor lumber of all sizes and planks, it is in great demand. Few woods equal\nt for frames, bridges, ties, and strong work generally, and for shipbuilding.\nIts length, straightnegs and strength specially fit it for masts and spars.\nThe White Pine, resembling the White Pine of the Eastern Provinces,\nmaking the most valuable lumber in their markets; the Black Pine, the Butt\nPine, the Yellow Cypress (commonly called the Yellow Cedar), the Western TIMBER AND LAND , 25\nLarch (sometimes called Tamarac), Engleman's Spruce, Manzie's Spruce, the\nGreat Silvei Fir, Balsam Spruce, besides Oak, Elm, Maple, Aspen, and other\ndeciduous trees. '1 hese several growths are found more or less throughout the\nProvince, both on the mainland and the adjacent islands. The Douglas\nSpruce, the largest and most valuable, attains its greatest size in the neighborhood of the coast, but is found elsewhere. Owing to the variety of climates in\nBritish Columbia the several classes of trees named are to some extent localized..\nLAND.\nAs indicated in the descriptions of the several districts forming the mainland portion of British Columbia, the land varies in quality in different sections,.\nThere is almost every description and quality of land from the rich river\nbottom land, such as that in the Fraser delta, to the light covering of moss\nand sand at high altitude on the mouxtains. Between Yale and he coast in\nthe New Westminster district, where the rainfall is regular, the land of the\nvalleys is rich and heavy ; east of Yale, where the rainfall is slight and irregular, there is a considerable quantity of good land, very productive, under\nirrigation. In the Nicola and Okanagan valleys of the Yale district, and in\nboth the Kootenays, there is a quantity of very fertile land in some parts, as\nin the Okanagan section, requiring irrigation and in other places sufficiently-\ncared for by the rainfall. On the higher lands the bunch grass grows freely\nand affords the best pasturage for cattle. Where water is convenient for irrigating purposes, grains and vegetables succeed well in those sections otherwise\nused only for grazing. Along the Fraser valley fruit ripens well. A great\nnumber of varieties have been tried at the experimental farm at Agassiz, and\nthe more delicate fruits have been successfully cultivated. Still greater success\nhas been achieved in the Okanagan valley, a considerable distance east of\nAgassiz, so that in all parts of British Columbia south of the Canadian Pacific\nRailway, the land, when worked as circumstanct s require, is found to be of\nfirst quality for agricultural purposes. North of the railway line, in the districts\nof Lillooet and Cariboo, there is a considerable quantity of land adapted to>\nfarming, and still larger tracts admirably suited for cattle raising,\nPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT LANDS.\nCrown lands in British Columbia are classified as either surveyed or un~\nsurveyed lands, and may be acquired by entry at the Government Lands Office*\npre-emption or purchase.\nThe following persons may pre-empt Crown lands; Any person being the-\nhead of a family, a widow, or a single man over 18 years of age. being a British,\nsubject, may record surveyed or unsurveyed Crown lands, which are unoccupied, or unreserved, and unrecorded (rhat is unreserved for Indians or others,.\nor unrecorded iu the name of any other applicant).\nAliens may also record such surveyed or unsurveyed land on makinga.\ndeclaration of intention to become a British subject\nThe quantity of land that may be recorded or pre empted is not to exceed\n320 acres northward and eastward of the Cascade or Coast Mountains, or 160>\nacres in the rest of the province.\nNo person can hold more than one pre-emption claim at a time. Prior\nrecord or pre-emption of one claim, and all rights under it, are forfeited by\nsubsequent record or pre-emption of another claim.\nLand recorded or pre empted cannot be transferred or conveyed till after\na Crown grant has been issued.\nSuch land, until the Crown grant is issued, is held by occupation. Such*\noccupation must be a bona fide personal residence of the 6ettler, or his family*\nThe settler must enter into occupation of the land within thirty days after\nrecording, and must continue to occupy it 26 DOMINION GOVERNMENT LANDS\nContinuous absence for a longer period than two months consecutively of\nthe settler or family is deemed cessation of occupation ; but leave of absence\nmay be granted not exceeding four months in any one year, inclusive of two\nmonths' absence.\nLand is considered abandoned if unoccupied for more than two months\nconsecutively.\nIf so abandoned the land becomes waste lands of the Crown.\n\"J he fee on recording is two dollars (8s.)\nThe settler shall have the land surveyed at his own instance (subject to\nthe rectification of the boundaries) within five years from date of record.\nAfter survey has been made, upon proof, in declaration in writing of himself and two other persons, of occupation from date of pre-emption, and of\nhaving made permanent improvements on the land to the value of two dollars\nand fifty cents per acre, the settler, on producing the [pre-emption certificate,\nobtains a certificate of improvement\nAfter obtaining the certificate of improvement and paying for the land\nthe settler is entitled to a Crown grant in fee simple. He pays five dollars\ntherefor.\nThe price of Crown lands, pre-empted, is one dollar. (4 shillings) per acre,\nwhich muj-t be paid in four equal instalments, as follows: First instalment\ntwo years from date of record or pre-emption, and yearly thereafter, but the last\ninstalment is not payable till after the survey, if the land is unsurveyed.\nThe Crown grant reserves to the Crown a royalty of five cents per ton on\nevery ton of merchantable coat raised or gotten from the land, not including\ndross or fine slack.\nNo Crown grant can be issued to an alien who may have recorded or preempted by virtue of his declaring his intention to become a British subject,\nunless he has become naturalized.\nThe heirs or devisees of the settler are entitled to the Crown grant on his\ndecease.\nLandlords may divert, for agricultural and other purposes, the required\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2quantity of unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of\nany stream, lake, etc., adjacent to or passing through their land, upon obtaining\na written authority of the Commissioner.\nHOMESTEAD ACT.\nThe farm and buildings, when registered, cannot be taken for debt incurred\nafter the registration ; and it is free from seizure up to a value not greater than\n$2,500 '\u00C2\u00A3500 English); goods and chattels are also free up to $500 (JEl 00 English) :\ncattle \" farmed on shares \" are also protected by an Exemption Act\nDOMINION GOVERNMENT LANDS.\nAll the lands in British Columbia within twenty miles on each side of the\nCanadian Pacific Railway line are the property of Canada, with all the timber\nand minerals they contain (except the precious metals). This tract of land,\nwith its timber, hay, water powers, coal, and stone, is now administered by the\nDepartment of the Interior of Canada, practically according to the same laws\nand regulations as are the public lands in Manitoba and the North-West Territ-.\ncries, except that the homesteads must not only be resided upon and cultivated\nfor not less than six months in each of the three years after entry, but they\nmust also be paid for at the rate of one dollar per acre. Dominion lands in the\nprovince may also he acquired by purchase, free from settlement conditions.\nAgencies for the disposal of these lands have been established at Kamloops, in\nthe mountains, and New Westminster, ou the coast The minerals in this tract,\nether than coal and stone, are administered by the British Columbia Govern-\norient. THE FISHERIES 2T\nEDUCATION.\nFree schools are established throughout the Province. Whenever a minimum daily attendance of at least ten pupils can be secured, the Government\nsupplies a certificated teacher, so that there is hardly a settlement in the country too small for Jhe advantages of a common school education to be afforded\nits children. There were in 1896, 200 public schools throughout the Province,\neducating 15,000 children. About one-fifth of the total revenue of the Province\nis thus expended, irrespective of the large yearly grants from the Department\nof Land and Works for the erection of school houses, etc, and a sum almost\nequal which city municipalities pay in salaries to their own teachers- In these\nlatter there are also high schools which provide a more advanced instruction;,\nand a number of private academies.\nFISHERIES.\nAn important part of the trade of British Columbia is the wealth of fish in\nthe waters of her coast. Of these the most valuable at present is the salmon.\nThey literally teem in the Fraser and Columbia Rivers, and frequently passengers on the Canadian Pacific Railway are astounded during the spawning\nseason by the sight of broad expanses of river, or deep pools packed almost\nsolid with wriggling masses of splendid fish making their way to the spawning\ngrounds, their motions being distinctly visible from the platforms or car windows as the trains pass by. The greater number of the canneries are on the\nFraser River, but there are some in the far north.\nThe salmon make their way for great distances up the rivers. The salmon\nof the Columbia fill the streams of the Kootenay ; those of the Fraser are found\nsix hundred miles in the interior. There are five different kinds of this fish,\nthe spring or tyhee, sockeye, cohoe, dog and humpback, the two latter being of\nno commercial value, and they arrive from the sea at different times. There are\nfifty-five canneries in the Province, each employing about 300 men during the\nseason. Each cannery costs from $30,000 to $40,000 equipped, so that over\n$2,000,000 are invested in this enterprise. Of these, thirty-five are on the\nFraser (three being double). The value of the fish catch has increased enormously, largely owing to the establishment of fish hatcheries. In 1876 it\namounted to $104,697 ; in 1880 to $718,355; in 1885 to $1,078,038 ; in 1890 to\n$3,487,432, and in 1894 to $3,954,228. The annual salmon pack has increased\nsince the beginning of the industry in 1876 from 9,847 cases to 566,395 in 1895,\nvalued at $2,831,875, and owing to the fish hatcheries established by the\nGovernment there is no danger of the rivers being depleted, one authority stating that the greater the catch the larger the number of fish to be caught\nBesides this the fish consumed yearly in the Province, and exported fresh\namounts to $250,000. During the fourteen years, 1883 to 1896 inclusive, the\nvalue of the salmon caught was $25,000,000, and to this should be added the\ncatch al halibut, sturgeon, herring, oolacban, trout, cod, etc.\nBesides the salmon are the oolachan, which come in great numbers, and\nsupply a valuable oil largely used by the natives. The black cod, a superior\nfood-fish, abounds from Cape Flattery northward. Cod, similar to the eastern\nvariety, are taken on the banks off the coast of Alaska Halibut of fine quality\nand large size are plentiful in the inner waters, on the banks off the west coast\nof Vancouver Island, and further north. The halibut fisheries are just being;\ndeveloped, and during the past three years large quantities were exported,\nT^e estimatedjcatch of last season was 4,000,000 lbs. Sturgeon of very heavy\nweight and occasionally up to 1,00j pounds are numerous in the Fraser\nand large rivers; 1893 and 1894 were the first years for exporting this fish, and\nhigher prices were secured than for sturgeon caught elsewhere. There is a\ngreat future for this industry, especially in the manufacture of caviare which 28 TRADE AND CLIMATE\nProf. Prince, Dominion Fichery Commissioner, has pronounced equal to the\nRussian a'tide. The surf smelt and common smelt and anchovy are abundant,\nand valued for the table. Herring is plentiful, and trout abound in the lakes,\nrivers and streams of the whole Province.\nThere are scores of men in the fishing trade of England and Scotland who\n-struggle year after year for an uncertain percentage, who, in JJnti;-h Columbia\nwould find competency in a few years'working, and hundreds who are no richer\nat the eud tf December than they were at the beginning of January who would\n^experience a very different condition of life on the coast of British Columbia.\nThese coasts afford wide fields for occupation, and dispense reward with\nJess niggard hand than in the older home were every loaf has many claimants.\nThere is no rent to pay, no leave to ask to run a boat ashore \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the land is his\nwho occupies it. A man who in other seas toils year in and year cut for others,\nway here own his own home, his piece of land and his boat by no man's favour.\nTRADE.\nThough the trade of British Columbia is still unimportant when compared\nwith the extent, resources and immense future possibilities of the province,\n*still it has improved and developed wonderfully during the pa^t few years,\nshowing an increase in the last decade, that speaks volumes for the progress\nand enterprise of the people. It is now the largest in the world per head of\nfjopulation except Holland. In 1871, the imports were $1,789,283 and the\n-exports 11,858,050, which increased in 1886 respectively to $4,011,726 and\n:$2,89l,811, a total of $6,903,537, and in 18f6 to $5,526,490 imports and $10,-\n$76,524 exports\u00E2\u0080\u0094a total of $16,103,014. Prominent exports are fish, coal,\ngold, silver, timber, masts and spars, furs and skins, fish oil, and hops. A large\nportion of the salmon, canned and pickled, goes to Great Britain, Eastern\n'Canada, the United States, South Africa and Australia; the States and Hawaiian Islands consume a large share of the expoited coal, aud great quantities of\ntimber are shipped to Australia and ports in South America. To Great Britain\nand the United states are sent the valuable furs and peltries Of land animals\nand the much prized seal and otter, etc China also receives a considerable\namount of lumber, timber and furs. Valuable shipments of fish oil, principally obtained from dog-fish at the Q.neen Charlotte Islands, are cousigned\nto the States annually, and also to the Hawaiian Islands. Gold and silver ore,\n^valued in the millions, is shipped annually to the smelters in the United States.\nThese industries, though already of considerable importance, are destined to\n^become very large as well as very profitable enterprises in the near future. A\nlarge inter-provincial trade with Kastern Canada, Manitoba and the North-\nWest Terr-tories is rapidly developing. With the shipping facilities offered by\nthe Canadian Pacific Railway and the magnificent steamship lines to Japan,\nChina, Australia and the Hawaiian and Fijian Islands, backed by her natural\nadvantages of climate and geographical position, and immense resources in\ntimber and minerals, British Columbia is gradually obtaining her proper share\nof the commerce of the world. There is no other country on the globe more\nrichly endowed with varied resources of wealth, as fisheries, timber, minerals,\n.pasture and arable lands, etc., and all are open to those who choose to avail\nrthemeel'ves of these new and attractive fields for enterprise.\nCLIMATE.\nNe general description will serve the purpose in speaking of the climate\n\u00C2\u00ABof the mainland of British Columbia. On the coast it varies considerably, while\n\u00C2\u00ABn the iuterior the differences are yet more plain'y marked. It may be divided\ninto the southern, middle and northern zones. r\nTHE CLIMATE\n29\u00C2\u00BB\nTHE SOUTHERN ZONE.\nThe southern zone, taking that to be between the international boundary-\nline 49\u00C2\u00B0, and 51\u00C2\u00B0 north latitude, and east of the coast range beginning at Yale,,\ncomprising much but not all of that country in which irrigation is essential to*,\nthe growth of cereals. This aiises of course from the air losing moisture in\ncrossing the range. The region about Kamloops especially possesses an equable\nand temperate climate, and owing to its dryness is peculiarly beneficial to those-\naffected by consumption or other lung troubles.\nIt is in this zone that so much bunch-grass country exists, which offer so-\nmany advantages for cattle and shetp-raising. The mean annual temperature\ndiffers little f torn that of the coast region; a gi eater difference is observed,,\nhowever, t etween the mean summer and winter temperature and a still greater\ncontrast when the extremes of the heat and cold are compared. The rainfall\nat a point on the Thompson River, 700 feet above the sea, was measured in the\nyear 1875 and showed 7 99 inches, together with melted snow making 11.84,.\nwhile at Esquimalt it was 33.87. The winter is shorter and milder^than the-\ndistrict further north, and though snow falis the windswept slopes are usually\nvery thinly covered. Cattle as well as horses winter out, and as the former,,\nunlike the latter, will not scrape for their food, this circumstance serves in\nsome degree as a guide to the nature of the climate.\nThe report of thr Geological Survey of Canada says of it: \" The whole of\nBritish Columbia south of latitude 52\u00C2\u00B0 and east of the Cascades is really a\ngrazing country up to an altitude of 3,500 and a farming couutry up to 2,50(>\nfeet, where water can be conveyed for irrigating purposes. The que*-tion of\nwater in this district must be ever kept in sight.\" Some years ago General\nMoody, K.E. formerly Lieutenant-Governor of the colony, in speaking of the\ninterior and its advantages for settlement, said: \"It will demand not a little-\nfaith by those living in the same parallels of latitude in Europe to believe that\nwheat will ripen anywhere at all, at altitudes from 2,500 to 3,500 feet, audi\nother grain at even more. * * * Nevertheless such is the fact\"\nTHE MIDDLE ZONE.\nThis comprises the region between 51\u00C2\u00B0 and 53\u00C2\u00B0 north latitude and contains\nmuch of the mountainous parts of the Province, including the Cariboo Mountains, the locality of the most celebrated gold-fields yet discovered in British\nColumbia. rlhe rainfall is heavier there than in the southern zone, aud the\nforest growth therefore becomes more dense. The altitude of the settlements\nin this division varies from 1,900 to 2,500 feet above the level of the sea; 3,000-\nfeet being about the maximum height for wheat, though other grains ripen at\na greateraltitude. From longitude 122\u00C2\u00B0 the land falls towards the valley of\nthe Fraser, the climate becomes milder than in the mountains aud bunch-\ngrass grows in the valleys and on the benches- 1 he climate, if less attractive-\nthan thHt of the two great divisions east and west of the coast range, is particularly healthy.\nTHE NORTHERN ZONE.\nA consideration of this country hardly falls within the scope of this pamphlet It is neces-arily remote from the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway \u00E2\u0080\u009E\nand except for its gold mines and fish in its waters will not, by reason of its>\ndistance, attract immediate settlement\nIt will be seen fiom the foregoing that British Columbia possesses a greater\nvariety of climate than any other country of its size, aud that the lines of demarcation between one and the other are singularly abrupt and well defined. VANCOUVER ISLAND\n31\nSPORT.\nIn addition to its many advantages already referred to, British Columbia\noffers great attractions to the lover of rod and gun. Of game, large and small,\nthere is a great variety, grizzly, black and brown bears, panthers, lynx, caribou.^\ndeer, mountain sheep and goat, heads aud skins of which are the finest trophies\nof a sportsman's rifle. Water fowl, geese, duck, etc, are very abundant on the\nlarger lakes, and these and several varieties of grouse are the principal feathered game, and can always be found in season. In the lakes and rivers are\nto be found a great variety of fish.\nIn the foregoing pages the statements made, with the exception of the land\nlaws and educational facilities, have applied almost exclusively to British Columbia on the mainland, and not to the adjacent islands.\nVANCOUVER ISLAND.\nVancouver Island is the largest on the west coast of America, being about\nthree hundred miles long, and with an average breadth of about fifty miles,,\nand contains an estimated area of about 15,000 square miles. The coast line-\nmore particularly on the west side, is broken by numerous inlets of the sea,.\nsome of which run up to the interior of the island for many miles between\nprecipitous cliffs, backed by high and rugged mountains, which are clothed in\nfir, hemlock and cedar. At some points are sheltered bays which receive small\nstreams, watering an open gladed country, having a growth of wild flowers and\ngrasses\u00E2\u0080\u0094the white clover, sweet grass, cowslip, wild timothy and a profusion\nof berries. The two ends of Vancouver Island are, comparatively speaking,,\nflat, but there are mountains in the interior ranging from 6,000 to 8,000 feet on\nthe highest ridges. The interior of the island, still unsettled at any distance\nfroth the sea coast, is largely interspersed with lakes and small streams. The\nsurface is beautifully diversified by mountains, hills and rioh valleys, and on\nthe east coast the soil is so good that great encouragement is offered to agricultural settlement and fruit growing.\nIn other parts the soil is light and of little depth, but it is heavily wooded-\nIn the inland lakes and in the indentations of the coast there is a plentiful\nsupply of fish, and a fair variety of game on shore. The scenery is picturesque\nand varied.\nThe island is rich in mineral wealth, besides the greal coal mines of Nanaimo, whose output amounts to 1,000,000 to..8 annually, there being discoveries of gold and other valuable metals in several districts. The region about\nAlberni has recently come into.prominence owing to the rich *'finds,\" and it is\nexpected that this district will rank high among the gold producing centres of\nthe north as development already well under way progresses. Some of the\nrocks of the island furnish excellent building material, the gray granite being\nequal to Scotch and English granites.\nThe principal harbour is that at Esquimalt, which haslongbeen the rendezvous of the British squadron in the North Pacific. It is situated at the south\nend of the island, on the eastern side. There are, however, numerous good\nharbours both on the east and west coasts of the island, notably Nanaimo and\nDeparture Bay on the former, and Alberni Canal and Quatsimo Sound on the\nlatter.\nVictoria-\u00E2\u0080\u0094(pop. 20,000) is the capital of British Columbia and the chief\ncity Of Vancouver Island. It was formerly a stockaded post of the Hudson's\nBay Company and was then called Fort Victoria. It is delightfully situated on\na small arm of the sea, commanding a superb view of the Straits of San Juan\nde Fuca, the Olympian range in Washington, the mountains of the mainland,\nand snow-capped Mount Baker in the distance. The city's age may date from _,\u00C2\u00AB\n^2 VANCOUVER ISLAND\n1858, when the discovery of gold on the mainland brought a rush of miners\nfrom the south. It is now a wealthy, well-built and a very English city, with business and shipping interests of great importance. Victoria is pre-eminently a\nplace to delight tourists, and has ample accommodation for a large floating\npopulation, having several comfortable hotels, one or two of which are noted\ntor the excellence of their tables. Various public buildings are also worthy of\nmore than passing notice, the new government buildings costing \u00C2\u00A3800,000 when\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2completed especially being an imposing structure. Many of the manufacturing\ninterests of the province are centred at Victoria. It has one of the largest iron\nworks on the Pacific Coast outside of San Francisco, and several smaller foundries and machine shops, and many factories. The city is amply provided with\neducational facilities, both public and private.\nVictoria has the advantage of being a port of call of the Canadian Pacific\nKail way Company's Royal Mail Steamship Line of steamers to and from Japan,\n "Books"@en . "SPAM28776"@en . "10.14288/1.0056395"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "[place of publication not identified] : Canadian Pacific Railway"@en . "Rare Books and Special Collections ASRS storage"@en . "These images are provided for research and reference use only. Written permission to publish, copy or otherwise use these images must be obtained from Rare Books & Special Collections http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/"@en . "University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. SPAM28776"@en . "British Columbia, Canada's most westerly province : its position, advantages, resources and climate : new fields for mining, farming and ranching along the lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway : information for prospectors, miners and intending settlers"@en . "Text"@en . ""@en .