"4a645117-ac73-4fa1-b301-abe972bbd3ae"@en . "CONTENTdm"@en . "DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933."@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1198198"@en . "Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia"@en . "British Columbia. Legislative Assembly"@en . "2016"@en . "[1934]"@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0308228/source.json"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA\nTWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT\nOF THE\nDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\nFOR THE YEAR 1933\nPRINTED BY\nAUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.\nVICTORIA, B.C. :\nPrinted by Chakles F. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.\n1934. To His Honour J. W. Foedham Johnson,\nLieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia.\nMay it please Youk Honour :\nI have the honour to submit for your consideration herewith the Annual Report of the\nDepartment of Agriculture for the year 1933.\nk. c. macdonald,\nMinister of Agriculture.\nDepartment of Agriculture, REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.\nREPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER OP AGRICULTURE.\nJ. B. Munko, M.S.A.\nHonourable Dr. K. C. MacDonald,\nMinister of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C.\nSib,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit herewith the Report of the Department of Agriculture for\nthe year ended December 31st, 1933.\nThe price of many agricultural products has advanced over the low returns of 1932 and\nthe featuring of agricultural commodities by departmental and chain stores at less than cost of\nproduction has declined. However, the total value of agricultural production for the year 1933\nhas not shown any material increase over last year. Full details of production and returns will\nbe given in the report of the Departmental Statistician.\nSEED-GRAIN SITUATION.\nOwing to scarcity of suitable seed-grain and inability of settlers to raise funds for the\npurchase of their seed requirements in the spring, the Department of Agriculture supervised the\ndistribution of seed-grain, of which the bulk was oats. These seed-grain advances were made\nunder authority of the \" Seed-grain Act\" of 1918.\nIn addition to this assistance to settlers in the remote districts, more than 2,000 collections\nof garden vegetable-seeds, comprising 14,000 packets, were distributed through relief agencies,\nwith the co-operation of Farmers' Institutes and officials of this Department.\nOwing to early fall frosts in the Peace River Block and Central British Columbia, together\nwith unsatisfactory climatic conditions at harvest-time, a number of districts report that there\nwill be a shortage of seed-grain and large quantities are already being requested for sowing\nnext spring.\nMany samples of seed-grain have been sent from the Peace River Block to the Dominion\nSeed Laboratory at Calgary, Alberta, and a large percentage of these indicate that there will\nbe very little viable seed of oats, wheat, and barley available from the 1933 crop in that portion\nof the Province.\nIt is also reported that there will be a scarcity of seed-potatoes throughout the Peace River\nBlock and the Central Interior of the Province. In fact, a preliminary survey of the potato-crop\nindicates that the total yield for the Province is below the average for a number of years and\nsettlers in those sections, where a shortage is apparent, are being advised to retain sufficient of\ntheir crop for planting next spring. This recommendation has been made because it is believed\nthat sufficient quantities of certified seed-potatoes will not be available to fill planting requirements.\nDISTRICT AGRICULTURISTS' ACTIVITIES.\nAccording to the report of James Travis, District Agriculturist, there will not this winter\nbe a repetition of last year's shortage of feed for live stock. It was found necessary, during the\nearly months of this year, to provide not only seed-grain for the Peace River Block, but feed\nfor live stock in that region. This was made necessary owing to the winter having set in earlier\nthan usual. The deep snow, which lasted until late spring, prevented cattle from getting out\nand rustling for themselves. The experience of the settlers during the past winter has emphasized the necessity of harvesting abundant stores of feed. As a result of this experience, and\nowing to early fall frosts that rendered it necessary to cut grain in the green stage, an ample\nsupply of feed has been provided for live stock for this winter's requirements.\nIn the Bulkley, Nechako. and Lakes District of Central British Columbia, the Farmers'\nInstitutes, in co-operation with the District Agriculturist, Donald Sutherland, who is also\nSecretary of the District Institute, have made satisfactory progress in spite of difficulties. They\nhave this year organized with a view to carrying through a definite agricultural production and\nmarketing programme next year. This should enable the settlers along the line of the Transcontinental Railway to share in supplying fresh fruits, vegetables, dairy and poultry products\nto the markets of Prince Rupert and Prince George. V 6 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nThe District B Farmers' Institute Secretary has issued monthly circular news-letters to all\ninstitutes within his territory. These exchange news-letters have kept the various local bodies\ninformed of market conditions, agricultural developments and opportunities, and have enabled\nthem to develop trade among themselves. The example of the District B Farmers' Institutes\nin arranging for a regular and informative exchange news-letter each month is being considered\nby other district institutes.\nH. S. French, District Agriculturist, reports that the establishment of a creamery, which\nis now in operation at Prince George, has focused the attention of the settlers in that area on\nthe importance of the dairy industry. Farmers generally are endeavouring to improve their\nherds and a number of dairy heifers, including individuals of the Shorthorn and Red Poll breeds,\nhave been imported. The Federal Department of Agriculture has co-operated with the farmers\nby providing pure-bred sires under their \" Sire Loan Policy.\"\nAlong with improvement in the dairy industry, there has been increased interest in swine\nproduction and advantage of the Federal brood-sow policy has been taken by a number of\nfarmers with satisfactory results. Farmers of the Central Interior have been assisted in their\nlive-stock endeavours not only by representatives of this Department and the Federal Department of Agriculture, but by Harry Bowman, the Agricultural Agent of the Canadian National\nRailways.\nThe settlers in the Prince George section were successful in having a lime-deposit reserved\nfor their general use. The deposit is located about 20 miles south-west of the city and contains\na large quantity of high-grade limestone, which, with proper development and use, will benefit\nthe soils of the district, where the growing of clover for seed production is becoming an\nimportant, phase of the agricultural industry.\nOwing to G. A. Luyat, District Agriculturist, Williams Lake, having resigned at the end of\nSeptember following six months' leave of absence, the district was without a resident representative of the Department for a part of the season. However, arrangements were made whereby\nDr. W. R. Gunn, Live Stock Commissioner, spent a considerable part of the summer in the range\ncountry, giving attention to animal-disease problems and a study of animal parasites and\npoisonous plants in the district. Particular reference to this phase of live-stock work will be\nfound in the report of the Live Stock Commissioner.\nOf necessity, the Live Stock Commissioner has had to include in his report many of the\nundertakings of certain District Agriculturists who have local supervision of policies directed\nby the Live Stock Branch. The work of G. W. Challenger in connection with the live-stock\nindustry and range problems; the work of H. E. AVaby in dealing with warble-fly eradication,\nadvanced swine-club projects and live-stock activities; the work of G. L. Landon, who\nco-operated in carrying out live-stock policies in the Boundary District, and the extension of\nBoys' and Girls' Club undertakings of R. G. Sutton in the Lower Mainland, all constitute a part\nof the programme under the direction of the Live Stock Branch; consequently, the reports of\nthese officials have been used by the Live Stock Commissioner in summing up the progress of\nlive-stock work during the year.\nSimilarly, reports of those officials responsible for the application of agricultural policies\nin districts where fruit and vegetable production is particularly important have been used by\nthe Provincial Horticulturist, who has embodied in his report a statement of the horticultural\nactivities of a number of the fleldmen, including, G. E. W. Clarke, District Agriculturist, Abbotsford ; H. H. Evans, District Agriculturist, Vernon; Ben Hoy, District Agriculturist, Kelowna;\nR. P. Murray, District Agriculturist, Penticton; E. C. Hunt, District Agriculturist, Nelson;\nand C. B. Twigg, District Agriculturist, Creston.\nIn addition to their usual participation in horticultural and live-stock production, practically\nall of the above-named fleldmen have taken more than passing interest in bee-keeping. They\nhave co-operated with A. W. Finlay, Provincial Apiarist, in such a way as to enable him to\nrender efficient apiary inspection service to the bee-keepers of the Province at the minimum of\ncost to the taxpayers.\nRESIGNATIONS, RETIREMENTS, AND TRANSFERS.\nOn August 1st of this year plant-quarantine inspection-work was transferred from the\nProvince to the Dominion after this Department had exercised for nearly forty years' close\nsupervision over this protective service to plant industry. Mr. Lyne and his staff are to be DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 7\ncommended on the splendid service they have rendered to agriculture in this Province over\nmany years.\nBy arrangement with Federal authorities the following members of the Plant Quarantine\nstaff were transferred to the staff of the Dominion Department of Agriculture: H. F. Olds,\nW. G. Graham, J. Noble, R. DeLisle, W. de Macedo, and Miss A. L. Sjodin.\nW. H. Lyne, Chief Plant Quarantine Inspector, and M. L. Bird, Plant Quarantine Officer,\nhaving attained superannuation age, were both retired on pension from the Provincial Department, and Walter Sandall, Plant Quarantine Officer, was transferred to the Field Crop Branch\nof this Department.\nOther retirements by superannuation from the departmental staff include: Dr. S. A. K.\nWhite, V.S., Provincial Veterinary Inspector; W. T. Andrews, Chief Clerk and Accountant;\nand Paul C. Black, Assistant Field Crops Commissioner. Those retiring from the permanent\nstaff by resignations include: G. A. Luyat, B.S.A., District Agriculturist, Williams Lake;\nMiss M. Larkcom, Stenographer, Victoria; and Miss Thelma M. Suffa, Stenographer, Kamloops.\nMiss M. Corcoran was transferred to the Taxation Office in the Department of Finance.\nREDUCED FEED RATES.\nIn March of this year the Canadian Railway Commission, by Special Tariff No. 145, gave\napproval to reduced transportation rates on feed grades of certain grains shipped from Prairie\npoints to Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island destinations. From the latter part of March\nto the end of December approximately 600 certificates covering shipments of feed-grain and\nscreenings were issued. Most of the shipments were of feed grades of wheat, which made up\nnearly 70 per cent, of the total tonnage brought in under the special arrangement. The other\n30 per cent, was almost equally divided in tonnage between feed-oats and feed-barley, along with\na small number of car-loads of screenings and mixed cars of feed-grains.\nApproximately 500 of the shipments of feed-grain were made to Lower Mainland points and\n100 to various sections of Vancouver Island.\nRADIO BROADCASTING.\nIncreased use of the radio for the dissemination of agricultural information has been evident\nduring the year. In addition to the regular weekly farm-lecture series over Vancouver and\nChilliwack stations, as well as at Kamloops, there has been inaugurated at Kelowna a weekly\nagricultural broadcasting service in which members of the Okanagan Agricultural Club are\nco-operating with radio station CKOV. The Okanagan Agricultural Club, which consists of\nFederal and Provincial officials and others engaged in agricultural pursuits, have not only\nmaintained an interesting and instructive broadcasting service, but are furnishing to the press\nregular agricultural contributions.\nLocal newspapers circulating in many of the agricultural districts of the Province have\nsupported the Department in its efforts to render useful service to the farmers. Particular\nmention might be made of publicity given to methods of control of apple-scab in the Kootenays,\ncodling-moth in the Okanagan, and grasshoppers in range districts. Also soil-survey and crop-\nimprovement policies have been given material assistance, while special attention in some\nquarters has been given by the press to measures aimed at control of pests and diseases injurious\nto farm animals. The Department of Agriculture appreciates the very generous assistance of\nthe press in our extension work.\nRODENT-CONTROL.\nThe problem of rodent-control has been given close study by farmers' organizations in almost\nall sections of the Southern Interior and Lower Mainland. Gophers and ground-hogs in the\nrange areas and throughout the agricultural districts between the Rocky Mountains and the\nCoast Range constitute not only a destructive pest as far as crop production is concerned, but\nare a general nuisance even on the unoccupied lands.\nThe stockmen and veterinarians regard them as a menace to the animal industry because\nof the fact that they are the hosts of ticks, which cause serious losses to live stock. In the\nLower Mainland the moles and voles are responsible for losses, particularly in small-fruit\nplantations, and methods of eradication of these burrowing pests have been applied in a limited\nway under the supervision of departmental officials. Y 8 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nThe field demonstrations conducted under the direction of G. L. Landon and H. E. Waby,\nworking in co-operation with F. A. Marsack, in the south-eastern portion of the Province, have\nproduced positive results. The Farmers' Institutes in that area have given good support to\nthese undertakings and have expressed their appreciation of the preliminary work that has\nbeen done toward gopher-control, particularly in the East Kootenay District.\nRequests have come in from many of the Farmers' Institutes asking that a definite rodent-\ncontrol policy be laid down by the Department and that a programme of field demonstrations\nbe carried out next spring. The Department has taken immediate action on these suggestions\nand is now in communication with agencies through which supplies of Cyanogas and various\nother poisons may be secured.\nFARMERS' INSTITUTES.\nFarmers' Institutes now number 211 and have a membership of 6,500. Many of these\nagricultural bodies have found it very difficult to retain their membership this year, as farmers\nfound it almost impossible to spare the annual subscription of $1 which is required by law for\nmembership. The Department again assisted all institutes by absorbing the annual registration\nfee and paid the incorporation fees for all new institutes formed. Although funds were not\nsufficient to permit of' the reinstatement of the per capita grant to Farmers' Institutes, a flat\ngrant of $10 for promotion and extension of agricultural and other educational work was paid\nto each institute in good standing, while the ten district institutes each received the usual grant\nof $25.\nThe Farmers' Institutes Advisory Board was called together' in January, during the period\nof the Provincial Seed Fair at Victoria. Unfortunately, fhe opening of the Legislature having\nbeen delayed until later than was generally expected, it was impossible for the Advisory Board\nto meet with the Select Standing Committee on Agriculture of the Legislature. By special\narrangement, however, several members of the Board were called in to confer with the Agricultural Committee of the House during March.\nNEW LEGISLATION.\nUnder this heading there was passed at the Fifth Session of the Seventeenth Legislature\nfive agricultural amendments. Among the Bills dealt with were:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\"Stock-brands Act Amendment Act\" provides that in stock-raising districts where the Act\nis in operation hides must be inspected before being destroyed or buried. No fee is chargeable\nfor the inspection service.\nWhere a shipper of cattle fills in a form, for shipment, showing cattle to be branded with an\nunregistered brand, he becomes liable for unregistered branding.\nTime for laying an information under the Act has been extended to two years, as under\nthe \" Summary Convictions Act\" prosecutions must be entered within six months.\nWhere horses are purchased for slaughter, for fox-feed or otherwise, a book must be kept\nto record such purchases, with descriptions of the horses and the brands and with particulars\nas to prior ownership.\n\" Pound District Act Amendment Act.\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094It is now provided that officers or constables of the\nProvincial Police Force shall have authority to drive estray animals to the pound. Formerly\nunder the Act only the pound-keeper or a proprietor of land had authority to do so.\n\" Loioer Mainland Dairy Products Sales Adjustment Committee Indemnity Act,\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094Owing to\nthe judgment of the Imperial Privy Council that the Act was invalid, the Bill was introduced\nto protect the Committee of Adjustment against any action which might be taken against the\nmembers for things done in good faith but which the Privy Council judgment ruled were ultra\nvires.\nAnother section provided for the winding-up of the affairs of the Committee in similar\nmanner to that provided in the \" Companies Act.\"\n\"Fruit Act (British Columbia).\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094This, was enabling legislation to avoid any question of\njurisdiction in the matter of intra-provincial shipments of commodities under the regulations\nof the Federal \" Fruit Act.\"\nThe Federal \" Fruit Act\" deals with the grading of fruit and the marketing of containers.\n\" Sales on Consignment Act Amendment Act\" merely adds cut flowers and potted plants to\nthe list of products which will come under the Act now the same as fruits, vegetables, and\nberries. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1033.\nNEW PUBLICATIONS.\nThe publications issued by the Department of Agriculture during the year are shown in\nAppendix No. 12. One of the outstanding publications is that entitled \" First Studies in\nMendelism,\" by W. R. Foster, Geneticist. In recent years, largely through the work of the\nDairy Branch in conjunction with the Supervisors of Provincial Cow-testing Associations, dairy-\nfarmers have been taking an increased interest in breeding problems and the above-mentioned\nbulletin has been produced as a result of popular demand for further light on this important\nsubject.\nThe activities of the General Office of the Department of Agriculture for the current year\nincluded the mailing of 60,000 circular letters and more than 44,000 bulletins and circulars, many\nof which were sent on request of settlers or those who contemplate taking up residence on farms\nin British Columbia.\nDuring the present year British Columbia was visited for the first time, in his official\ncapacity, by the Honourable Robert Weir, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, who came to this\nProvince immediately following the World's Grain Exhibition and Conference, and while here\nofficially opened the Vancouver Exhibition on August 30th.\nAmong Provincial Ministers of Agriculture visiting British Columbia were the Honourable\nW. C. Buckle, Minister of Agriculture for Saskatchewan, who. spent several days here in April;\nthe Honourable George Hoadley, Minister of Agriculture for Alberta, came here in July and\nspent several weeks at the Coast; and the Honourable Adelard Godbout, Minister of Agriculture\nfor Quebec, who spent several days here in August, accompanied by J. Antonio Grenier, Deputy\nMinister of Agriculture for Quebec.\nAGRICULTURAL CONFERENCES.\nAt the call of the Federal Minister of Agriculture the second National Conference on\nAgricultural Services was held at Regina. Saskatchewan, in July. British Columbia was\nrepresented by the Honourable Premier Tolmie in his capacity as Minister of Agriculture and\nby the Deputy Minister, together with three other members of the Provincial Advisory Committee\u00E2\u0080\u0094namely, G. M. Stewart, W. H. Hicks, and Dr. G. G. Moe. A complete report of the\nproceedings is on file in the Department.\nThe Provincial Advisory Committee named for British Columbia following the first conference at Toronto in 1932 was called together by the Minister on January 20th, 1933, at which\ntime thirteen sub-committees were appointed to deal with specific agricultural problems.\nA further conference was held at Victoria on May 31st, when advantage was taken of the\noccasion to present an illuminated address to the Honourable William Atkinson, who was on\nthat day relinquishing the portfolio of Agriculture.\nWORLD'S GRAIN CONGRESS.\nReference to British Columbia's outstanding achievement at the first World's Grain Exhibition and Conference held in Regina this year will be found in the report of the Field Crops\nCommissioner, but it might here be mentioned that this Province captured thirteen first prizes,\nwhich was more premier awards than was secured by any other of the forty countries, States,\nand Provinces from which exhibits were entered in the competitive classes. These winnings,\ntogether with the excellent publicity which that world event provided, has given great encouragement to the seed-growing industry of British Columbia.\nAll of which is respectfully submitted.\nJ. B. MUNRO,\nDeputy Minister.\nREPORT OF CHIEF PLANT QUARANTINE OFFICER.\nW. H. Lyne.\nThis is my final report of work performed by the Plant Quarantine Branch of your\nDepartment during the seven months of this year, January 1st to July 31st. After this period\nthe Division of Foreign Pests Suppression, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, will assume\nadministration. During the seven months referred to, all plant products, consisting of fruit, vegetables,\nrice, corn, peas, beans, etc., imported into the Province were inspected at.the entry-ports where\nProvincial Inspectors were stationed as specified in my previous annual report. No such\nproducts were permitted to enter the Province by way of any port where Provincial inspection\nwas not provided, as stipulated by the Dominion Minister of Customs, September, 1926, immediately following the ruling that Customs officials must cease undertaking that work.\nImported nursery stock, consisting of trees, shrubs, plants, and bulbs, was as usual inspected\nat the Inspection and Fumigation Station, specially provided at Vancouver for that purpose,\nwith the exception of that from Prairie Provinces in Canada inspected at other points in the\nProvince when special permits had been granted.\nPlant products for export were inspected to ensure freedom from pest or disease.\nOther official duties performed by or through the Plant Quarantine Office at Vancouver\nwere as follows: Collaboration with Division of Foreign Pests Suppression, Department of\nAgriculture, Ottawa, in the administration of regulations under the Dominion \" Destructive\nInsect and Pest Act\" regarding imported and exported plant products; administration of\nregulations under Provincial \" Noxious Weeds Act\" pertaining to movement of elevator grain\nscreening's; administration pertaining to issue of feed-grain certificates for special freight rate\nto importers of feed-grain for cattle and poultry within the Province under special C.F.A.\nTariff 145 ; and administration of Provincial \" Eggs Marks Act\" pertaining to foreign eggs\nimported.\nOn May .,31st, 1933, Geo. L. Learne, Provincial Inspector of Imported Plant Products at\nWaneta, resigned from that duty and on June 1st left for his new home in Marron Valley,\nnear Penticton, B.C. Practically no plant products from the United States have arrived by way\nof Waneta for several months, except those in bond to Nelson, B.C., which are inspected at that\npoint by J. S. Goulding. In view of those circumstances and the fact that there is no one\nresiding at Waneta to take Mr. Learne's place, that port automatically closes to the importation\nof plant products except those going through to Nelson in bond.\nInspectors of imported plant products whose duties will cease after July 31st, when the\nDominion Government assumes administration of the plant-quarantine work, are F. Wilson at\nNanaimo, B.C., and Wm. Darling, at Revelstoke, B.C. Geo. M. Thrift will cease serving the\nPacific Highway and Douglas ports of importation and confine his duties to inspection of\nimported plant products entering the Province by way of White Rock, where he resides. By\nthat arrangement inspection will be maintained at the following ports only: Victoria, Vancouver,\nPrince Rupert, New Westminster, White Rock, Huntingdon, Grand Forks, Nelson, Kingsgate,\nNewgate, Cranbrook, and Fernie. Officers at these ports have been notified that on and after\nAugust, 1st their duties as Provincial officials will cease and they will receive their instructions\nfrom the Federal Department as Federal officials. That order, however, does not apply to\nW. Sandall on the Vancouver staff, who will remain a Provincial official, or to M. L. Bird and\nmyself, owing to our superannuation on that date.\nWith regard to my retirement from the Government service, I would like to express my\nregret that it is necessary for me to cease performing the duties with which I have been\nassociated during twenty-eight years. In that time I have learned to appreciate the congenial\nco-operative atmosphere that has always prevailed during my association with colleagues and\nother Government officials.\nIn concluding my report, it is a pleasure to refer to my staff, whose loyal and efficient\nsupport and faithful adherence to duty has been the means of this Branch of your Department\nrendering good service to the Province by protecting it against many of the major economic\ninsect pests and diseases that have arrived at various times with importations of nursery stock\nand plant products. They have also rendered good service in protecting the reputation of plant\nproducts of this Province exported to many countries throughout the world by careful inspection\nof same to ensure their freedom from pest or disease.\nRespectfully submitted.\nW. H. Lyne,\nChief Plant Quarantine Officer. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 11\n(Note.\u00E2\u0080\u0094For purpose of record the following brief statement by A. J. Fuller, of the Plant\nInspection Service at Vancouver, is appended to the report of the Chief Plant Quarantine Officer,\nand a complete summary of horticultural importations at various points of entry is on file in the\nDepartment of Agriculture at Victoria for reference purposes.)\nFor many shears this important service has been under the jurisdiction of the Provincial\nDepartment of Agriculture, with W. H. Lyne in charge as Chief Quarantine Officer. On August\n1st this work was transferred to the Federal Government, and is now controlled by the Entomological Branch, Division of Foreign Pests Suppression, with H. F. Olds, District Inspector, in\ncharge of the work in this Province. With the exception of Mr. Lyne and Mr. Bird, who were\nsuperannuated, and W. Sandall, who remained as District Field Inspector, the former Provincial\nstaff was transferred to the Federal Department. Under this arrangement John Noble continues\nto look after the Port of Victoria.\nThe situation regarding the Boundary ports in this Province has also been revised. Cranbrook, Fernie, Nanaimo, Revelstoke, and Waneta have been closed. Grand Forks, Huntingdon,\nKingsgate, Nelson, Newgate, Prince Rupert, and White Rock remain ports of importation under\nthe supervision of the Federal Department. Compensation for the services of the Quarantine\nOfficers has been temporarily provided by the Provincial Department for the present fiscal year.\nMonthly reports from these ports are rendered to this office as heretofore, and I post them\nin the Provincial recording-books provided.\nInterprovincial shipments of nursery stock and plant products continue to be inspected by\nthe Federal officers. How necessary this is is revealed by the fact that during the year nearly\n3,000 various plants from other Provinces were condemned for various pests and disease. Two\nboxes of peaches were also intercepted and destroyed and one barrel of apples from Ontario\nwas found infested with San Jose scale, codling-moth larva?, and scab. All inspections and\ninterceptions are posted in Provincial books provided for that purpose.\nAll nursery stock from the United States and foreign countries consigned to this Province\nis inspected at Vancouver or Victoria, with the exception of small individual shipments for the\nInterior arriving in Canada by way of Eastern ports. These are inspected at the port of\nimportation and transhipped to the various consignees as free goods and no records of the\nimportations are available at this office.\nFrom the first of the year until the end of July fresh and dried fruit, nuts, and grains were\nfumigated for various pests as in the past. Since the transfer, however, most of this work has\nbeen handled by Johnson Storage Company, which operates an up-to-date commercial plant\nunder the supervision of the Federal Department of Agriculture.\nITEMS OF INTEREST.\nIn January the first shipment of tomatoes from the Bahamas arrived in good condition.\nIn February two nests of the brown-tail moth larva? were intercepted in a shipment of roses\nfrom Holland. Inspectors are ever on the alert for this dangerous pest. In England during\nthe summer of 1782 this insect created great alarm oyer the country, subscriptions were opened\nin many parishes, and poor people were employed to cut off the webs from trees, etc., for the\nsum of one shilling per bushel, which were burnt under the inspection of the churchwardens\nand beadles. Prayers were even offered up in some of the churches to deliver the country from\nthe calamity. The hairs of the caterpillar are finely barbed, and after moulting the hairs are\nblown around in the air and often settle on the face, getting into the mouth, eyes, etc., and\ncause great annoyance and some danger to the afflicted person.\nIn March we had our first shipment of paddy rice from Egypt.\nIn May 5,500 tons of corn arrived from South Africa in excellent condition.\nOn the last day of the year we received the first commercial shipment of tomatoes from\nJapan.\nADMINISTRATION.\nThe Plant Inspection Service still occupies the same offices situated in the Court-house,\nwhich is shared with J. W. Easthain, the Provincial Plant Pathologist, and Mr. Sandall, District\nField Inspector. Dominion office furniture is gradually replacing that which was under the\nold regime. Inspection charges ceased on the date of transfer. Daily reports continue to be Y 12 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nreceived from various transportation companies regarding the arrival of nursery stock and\nplant products by boat, train, express, or mail. Special reports relating to the condition of\nimportations are issued to importers, shippers, or transportation upon request.\nProvincial horticultural and agricultural bulletins are always on hand for public distribution. This service is greatly appreciated, for many apply during the year for information\nrelating to pests and disease, spraying, pruning, etc.\nThe Fumigation Station, jointly owned by the two Governments, is not used so much as\nheretofore. All mail parcels are now inspected at the post-office, and shipments from countries\nother than the United States arriving by express, rail, or boat are either inspected at the point\nof arrival or forwarded to the importer for inspection at destination. Deciduous nursery stock\nfrom the United States and the Orient is still inspected at the station, as this class of stock is\nsubject to fumigation, as is also that emanating from Ontario. Imported plant products are\ninspected and recorded as usual, but no certificates issued.\nNursery stock and plant products for export continue to be inspected at Vancouver, Victoria,\nand Interior points. Dominion certificates for fruit and vegetables have replaced those previously issued by the Provincial Department. In connection with the export of plant products,\nmay I take the liberty of drawing to your attention the small amount of common vegetable\nexported to the Orient. The border States of America are making a bold bid for this trade.\nLarge quantities are being shipped from Seattle via Vancouver by the C.P.R. boats for distribution at Hong Kong, Shanghai, etc. British Columbia appears to have made only a feeble\nattempt to capture this class of export trade, which in the near future may develop into big\nbusiness. The situation might be taken more seriously. Could not British Columbia grow and\nship many of the varieties at competition prices?\nOCEAN TRAFFIC.\nDuring the year 2,170 deep-sea and coastwise boats docked at Vancouver. This is a decrease\nof 183 compared with last year. Sixty-six boats brought assorted nursery stock and 812\ncontained plant products, all subject to inspection.\nAll passenger-boats and the deep-sea freighters are attended by an Inspector and all manifests carefully scrutinized. One hundred and sixty-seven passengers were found to be in possession of 1,065 assorted trees, plants, and bulbs and one case of bulbs; also the following plant\nproducts :\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nPineapples (crates) 46 Oranges (boxes) 77\nPears (boxes) 3 Bananas (boxes) 9\nSand pears (boxes) 5 Avocados (boxes) 1\nMangoes (boxes) 1 Dried fruit (boxes) 3\nGrapefruit (boxes) 2 Persimmons (boxes) 4\nNuts (assorted) (boxes) 9 Yams (boxes) 1\nBeans (boxes) 1 Taro (boxes) 4\nCocoanuts (boxes) 2 Quantity of cut flowers.\nA few ornamental trees were prohibited entry into Canada and several infested with pests\nand disease, which were destroyed. All plants and plant products that passed inspection were\nreleased. <\nIMPORTED NURSERY STOCK INSPECTED AT VANCOUVER.\nFruit-trees (assorted) 12 916\nSmall fruits (grape-vines, raspberries, etc.) (assorted) 80 243\nOrnamental shrubs and trees (assorted) 41.833\nRose-bushes 33 994\nFruit seedlings (assorted) 215 399\nOrnamental seedlings (assorted) 119 951\nBulbs (assorted) 1 93:5 523\nPerennial roots (assorted) 43 603\nPlants (herbaceous) (assorted) 8 775\nMiscellaneous (scions, etc.) 5353\nPeach-pits (lb.) 2.007 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 13\nThe above stock was imported from the following countries: England, Scotland, Wales,\nIreland, Holland, Belgium, France, Denmark, Hungary, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Norway,\nItaly, Czechoslovak!, Japan, China, New Zealand, Australia, AVest Indies, United States of\nAmerica, and various Provinces in Canada.\nCompared with 1932, there is a decrease of 20,782 fruit-trees, and increase of 42,309 small\nfruits, a decrease of 11,603 ornamentals and shrubs, an increase of 5,872 rose-bushes, a decrease\nof 84,001 roots, a decrease of 6,820 herbaceous plants, and a decrease of nearly one and a quarter\nmillion bulbs.\nNURSERY STOCK INSPECTED AT VICTORIA.\nFruit-trees '. 6\nOrnamental shrubs and trees 94\nRose-bushes 10,002\nBulbs (assorted) 392,089\nPerennial roots , 195\nPlants (assorted) 1,022\nIt will be observed that more nursery stock is inspected at Victoria under the new system\nthan heretofore.\nINTERPROVINCIAL PERMITS ISSUED TO IMPORT NURSERY STOCK\nFROM OTHER PROVINCES TO INTERIOR POINTS IN\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nIn addition to nursery stock from other Provinces inspected at A'ancouver, 213 permits were\nissued at this office to importers living in the Interior, granting permission to bring in the\nfollowing plants:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nFruit-trees 466\nSmall fruits 3,623\nOrnamental trees and shrubs 13,097\nRose-bushes 174\nFruit seedlings 74\nBulbs (assorted) 5,421\nRoots 935\nPlants (assorted) 768\nIt is not possible to state what percentage of the above pints entered this Province, as only\na small number of the permits were returned endorsed inspected. Furthermore, there is no\nevidence available in this office that any plants were condemned, although a large number of\nplants were condemned at Vancouver.\nNURSERY STOCK INTERCEPTED.\nDuring the year 11,310 assorted fruit-trees, small fruits, ornamental shrubs, roses, fruit\nseedlings, bulbs, plants, and scions were intercepted from 133 shipments, and for convenience\nare placed under the following headings:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nThere were thirty-three fruit-trees condemned for scale, Aspidiotus pemiciosus, Aspidiotus\nostrewformis, woolly aphis, pear-root aphis, root-galls, and .sour-sap; condemned for Aspidiotus\nostrewformis, Aulacaspis rosw. Phylloxera vastatrix, crown-borer, Nematodes, and root-gall, 2,540\nsmall fruits (raspberry-canes, grape-vines, etc.).\nAssorted ornamental shrubs and trees to the number of 498 were condemned for scale,\nLecanium hespcridum, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Diaspis cameilii, Aspidiotus forbesi, Aspidiotus\npemiciosus, Aspidiotus rapax, holly leaf-miner, Millapedes, Buprestida?, Anomala larva?, and\nNematodes; twelve rose-bushes for crown-gall.\nFruit seedlings rejected for scale, Aspidiotus ostrewformis, woolly aphis, and sour-sap numbered 439 in all.\nAssorted bulbs condemned for fusarium rot, Penicillium mould, Bacterium marginatum,\nSeptoria gladioli, Selerotium, Botrytis tulipw, Rhizopus necans, bacterial decay, and the larva?\nof the large narcissus-fly (Merodon equestris), were 6,156.\nScions condemned for scale. Aspidiotus pemiciosus, Aspidiotus forbisi, and woolly aphis,\ntotalled 1,171 and a total of three plants for mealy bug, Aspidiotus rapax, and Chionaspis scale. Y 14 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nPROHIBITED ENTRY INTO BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nPlants prohibited entry under Dominion Regulation No. 4, Foreign 2\nFive-needle pine prohibited entry under Dominion Regulation No. 6, Foreign 1\nSweet-chestnut trees prohibited entry under Dominion Regulation No. 7,\nForeign 12\nBerberis prohibited entry under Dominion Regulation No. 9, Foreign 5\nTsuga Canadensis prohibited entry under Dominion Regulation No. 13,\nForeign 4\nGladiolus corms prohibited entry under Dominion Regulation No. 19,\nForeign 105\nPeach-trees prohibited entry under Dominion Regulation No. 6, Domestic... 24\nGladiolus corms prohibited entry under Dominion Regulation No. 10,\nDomestic 241\nCONFISCATED.\nAs consignees refused to comply with regulations, there were sixty-seven assorted shrubs,\ntwo rose-bushes, and 3 plants confiscated.\nAll condemned nursery stock was either destroyed in the presence of a Customs officer or\nreturned to the shipper.\nRespectfully submitted.\nA. J. Fuller.\n(Note.\u00E2\u0080\u0094With the transfer of the plant-quarantine work to Federal auspices, certain duties\nof a Provincial nature were delegated to Walter Sandall, who has been retained as Field\nInspector in the office of this Department at the Court-house, Arancouver. His report on the\nadministration of the \" Eggs Marks Act,\" \" Noxious AVeeds Act,\" etc., is here reproduced as a\nsupplement to the interim report of AV. H. Lyne.)\n\"EGGS MARKS ACT.\"\nComplying with the \" Eggs Marks Act,\" chapter 74, R.S.B.C. 1924, and amendments thereto,\na careful watch has been maintained by Inspectors appointed to see that all foreign eggs\nimported into the Province duly comply with the regulations of the \" Eggs Marks Act.\" Very\nfew imported eggs have arrived into British Columbia during the year, the greater proportion\ncoming from China. Chinese eggs in the shell are preserved in mud, and are used exclusively\nby the Orientals for flavouring and medicinal purposes. A total of 285 cases of preserved eggs\nfrom China and 29 cases at 30 dozen per case commercial eggs from Australia were imported\ninto Vancouver during the year 1933, and a total of 51 cases of preserved eggs from China and\n8 dozen hatching-eggs from the United States arrived into Victoria during the same period.\nThere were also 60 dozen commercial eggs from the United States arrived into Trail early in\nDecember. k\nThe following persons were appointed Inspectors by the Provincial Department of Agriculture to carry out the provisions of the \" Eggs Marks Act\" in addition to other duties:\nAValter Sandall, Chief Inspector, Vancouver, B.C.; J. Dennis Allen, Inspector, Prince Rupert,\nB.C.; John S. Goulding, Inspector, Nelson, B.C.; Earl C. Hunt, Inspector, Nelson, B.C.; Richard\nWilliams, Inspector, Newgate, B.C.; Mrs. Evelyn Campbell, Inspector, Kingsgate, B.C.; Percy\nH. Dawson, Inspector, Huntingdon, B.C.; George M. Thrift, Inspector, White Rock, B.C.\nSCREENINGS AND FEED-GRAIN.\nIn compliance with the Provincial \" Noxious Weeds Act,\" assented to April 1st, 1931, being\nchapter 69, section 17, Part II., and regulations pertaining thereto, grain screenings which\ncontain more than 3 per cent, by weight of weed-seeds other than wild oats are not allowed\nto be moved to any place within the Province except on special permit issued at the office of\nthe District Field Inspector, Court-house, Vancouver, B.C. Permits consist of two specific\nforms; i.e., one permitting removal of grain screenings by a dealer or grain merchant, and one\nto stock-feeders conditional to prescribed regulations. Before granting either permit the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 15\npremises of the applicant are inspected and the facilities for handling the screenings according\nto regulations examined. Occasional inspections are made of the premises of the holders of\nscreenings permits for the purpose of checking-up. Permits are refused to applicants whose\npremises are so situated that the use of screenings would, in the opinion of the Inspector,\ncreate a weed menace.\nDuring the year forty-two permits to remove screenings were issued to eight different firms,\ngranting- the total movement of 752 car-loads and 10 tons; eighteen feeders' permits were\nissued to nine applicants, granting the removal of 50 car-loads and 15 tons of screenings, 7 carloads of which was solely for fuel purposes.\nThe permits were issued for various quantities, from 10 tons to 100 car-loads. One car\ncontains approximately 30 tons. A large quantity of the uncleaned screenings purchased by\nvarious dealers is recleaned and ground by them and sold as ground recleaned screenings or\nused for blending with other feeds; the refuse is sometimes used for fuel, bedding for cattle,\nor is exported.\nMANAGERS' REPORTS.\nComplying with regulations governing the movement of grain screenings, monthly reports\nwere received at the office of the District Field Inspector, Court-house, Vancouver, B.C., from\nmanagers of all grain-elevators and the principal grain-dealers within the Province. Each\nreport contained name and address of consignee, date of delivery, quantity, grade, number of\npermit, and whether for home use or export.\nThe following table will show the amount of screenings removed from grain-elevators\neach month.\nTable showing Amount of Grain Screenings removed from B.C. Elevators.\nFor Use in British Columbia.\nExport.\nMonth.\nRecleaned or\nGrade A.\nUncleaned or\nGrade B.\nUncleaned or\nGrade B.\nTotal per\nMonth.\nJanuary\t\nFebruary\t\nApril\t\nMay ...\nJune\t\nJuly\t\nAugust \u00E2\u0080\u009E .\nTons. Lb.\n84 1,760\n103\n375\n460\n171\n176 1,900\n218 1,810\n30\n19 470\n172 1,000\n41\n82 \t\nTons. Lb.\n1,734 950\n1,946 900\n1,935 1,830\n1,108 30\n977 1,500\n823 1,740\n703 660\n688 630\n773 1,700\n1,006 810\n1,998 1,570\n1,586 850\nTons. Lb.\n390\n440 1,000\n710\n89 1,000\n30\n90\n236 1,150\n208 1,870\n60\n364 650\n210\n180 \t\nTons. Lb.\n2,209 710\n2,489 1,900\n3,020 1,830\n1,657 1,030\n1,178 1,500\n1,090 1,640\n1,158 1,620\n927 500\n853 170\n1,543 460\n2,249 1,570\nDecember\t\n1,848 850\nTotals\t\n1,934 940\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A215,283 1,170\n3,009 1,670\n20,227 1,780\n* Of the 15,283 tons 1,170 lb. of B Grade screenings recorded for home consumption, a percentage was\nrecleaned by the dealers and 3,965 tons of refuse was exported by them.\nFEED-GRAIN CERTIFICATES.\nCommencing March 27th, 1933, a total of 499 feed-grain certificates have been issued from\nthe office, Court-house, Vancouver, up to December 31st. AA7ith a few exceptions, each certificate\nrepresents one car of grain. Of the above number of certificates issued, seven were returned\nto the office where issued and cancelled for the following reasons: Two were issued for two\ncars each which was not acceptable to the transportation companies; the remaining five missed\ndiversion or was exported.\nRespectfully submitted.\nAV. Sandall,\nDistrict Field Inspector. Y 16 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nEEPORT OF MARKETS COMMISSIONER.\nJ. A. Grant.\nThe marketing season of 1933 went off to a rough start, mostly due to the depreciation of\nthe pound sterling, leaving the shippers who held their apples for an expected spring rise in a\ndepressed condition. Fortune again favoured those who sold at firm prices ahead. This condition forced the Associated Growers of British Columbia to change their selling policy in\nEngland, which involved a change of agents. In their new selling plan they have an assurance\nof a fair share of advance selling orders.\nThe Apple Cartel that was created during 1932 and successfully controlled volume did not\ntry to control prices. The result was discontent, as volume-control alone was not sufficient\nto warrant the expense of carrying it on. The same Board could have controlled prices as\nwell as volume, but that did not meet with the approval of shippers who catered to special\nPrairie interests. This deadlock remained unbroken until the 1933 apple season started.\nFORCED RHUBARB.\nThe forced-rhubarb growers for the first time were united and marketed through one\ndistributer. The result was a record volume movement and a satisfactory price to the growers.\nThe Prairies took twenty straight cars and 400 40-lb. cases L.C.L., which netted the growers\n$13,654.32. A^ancouver and Victoria took about 10,000 cases.\nFIELD RHUBARB.\nThe field-rhubarb organizations, including Dewdney, Pacific, Associated, Central, and Fraser\nAralley, controlling about 140 cars, agreed to use the same distributer as handled the forced-\nrhubarb deal. Yarrow growers, who had made other arrangements, had ten cars. Painstaking\narrangements as to the tonnage each organization could ship were made. The first two cars\nwere shipped by Dewdney on April 15th, four days later than in 1932 and eleven days later\nthan 1931. The quota became effective on April 17th. By April 20th there was a deluge of\nsupplies with no demand. AVhen the twenty-third car was shipped jobbers reported they had\nheavy carry-overs, with cold, wet weather and a poor demand. This was in reply to appeals\nfor more business, as growers were clamouring for orders and shippers had agreed not to load\nuntil orders were given. Just then Vancouver brokers, both white and Chinese, commenced\nquoting to Prairie jobbers at lower prices. It was only a few days later that some of the\norganizations in the pool were reported as quoting direct, and prices as low as 60 cents for a\n40-lb. crate were made. By May 11th the price had dropped to 50 cents and by the 15th the\ndeal was over, with the organizations only shipping forty-eight cars\u00E2\u0080\u0094leaving about 100 cars\nto rot in the fields.\nASPARAGUS.\nAsparagus supplies from British Columbia are becoming a factor in Calgary and Edmonton\nmarkets. Calgary housewives paid 35 cents per pound for California asparagus from April\n10th until May 6th, when British Columbia commenced to ship, and prices slipped to 22 cents\nper pound, then advanced on May 10th to 25 cents, and remained at that price for the balance\nof the season. (These are retail prices.) Favourable comments were made on the quality of\nBritish Columbia asparagus; most of it compared favourably with California importations.\nDuring the last three years the British Columbia acreage has increased from 100 to 400 acres.\nSMALL FRUITS.\nFrost during November, 1932, had frozen the respberry-buds, and that crop, already hit\nwith some disease or physical trouble, was reduced to a very small tonnage. The introduction\nof a 2-cent duty on sugar threatened the pack of strawberries, and up to the time that the crop\nwas well under way in shipping no jam contracts had been made. Growers through their agent,\nknowing that the season was late, resolved to sell at extremely low prices on the fresh-fruit\nPrairie market. The low prices quoted greatly increased the demand, and as the season was\nfavourable to berries arriving in good condition the cannery and jam manufacturers found\nthat they were not going to be able to get berries at the low prices they had anticipated and DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 17\nstepped out to secure supplies at fair prices to the growers. The Prairie movement in one week\nwas over forty cars\u00E2\u0080\u0094a record for all time. Towards the close of the season the weather broke\nand remained wet for the balance of the shipping season, so that canners were able to get all\nthe supplies they wanted. While raspberries were short, the abundant supply of strawberries\nprevented them realizing the price expected.\nBERRY SHIPMENTS.\nThe value of selling berries through one distributer was again amply demonstrated.\nEighteen cars moved by freight to Alberta points\u00E2\u0080\u0094all arriving in good condition at an advantage\nof 20 to 23 cents per crate to the growers.\nThe following figures represent the car-lot shipments of strawberries from the various\nassociations:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nAssociations. Crates.\nCentral Fruit 15,686\nMaple Ridge Co-op 11,922\nAssociated B.G.A 4,235\nFraser Valley Co-op 4,014\nPacific Co-op 12,979\nSurrey (south side) 6,990\nSaanich F.G.A '. 11,176\nKeating Co-op 1,704\nGordon Head F.G.A , 1,456\nVancouver Island Co-op 3,888\nAA'ynndel Co-op 784\nTotal 74,834 = 91 cars.\nTotal to growers, $97,029.59. Average per crate, $1.2965.\nThe following is the recapitulation of the cars partially mixed\u00E2\u0080\u0094some with raspberries,\nstrawberries, loganberries, blackberries, and Everbearing strawberries:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nAssociations. Crates.\nCentral Fruit 6,126\nMaple Ridge Co-op 2,826\nAssociated B.G.A 4,745\nFraser Valley Co-op 5,551\nPacific Co-op 14,386\nAVynndel Co-op 3,321\nTotal 36,955 = 46 cars.\nTotal to growers, $55,122.31. Average per crate, $1.4916.\nIn addition to the berries listed herein, Manitoba bought five cars of Ontario strawberries.\nThese sold at 50 cents per crate below British Columbia berries.\nL.C.L. shipments of strawberries to the Prairies amounted to 74,036 crates, or equal to\nninety cars. These were mostly consumed in Alberta and Saskatchewan\u00E2\u0080\u0094few reached Manitoba.\nOf these L.C.L. shipments, 75 per cent, were sent on consignment. Car-lot shippers to Alberta\nhad to meet prices set by jobbers and retailers who were receiving L.C.L. berries, and lower\nprices than were necessary were created by the action of the growers participating. Orderly\nmarketing under control is the only way to prevent this unprofitable mix-up; every other way\nhas failed.\nA striking example of handing over perishable fruit on consignment was called to the notice\nof this office. A Japanese grower in Huntingdon shipped through a firm at that point. Berries\nwere shipped by this firm to Saskatoon, much too far for safety in L.C.L. shipping, and were\nreported to have sold at little over express charges. AVe investigated this deal and found that\nthe shipping concern deducted their percentage, which in some cases was equal to the net return\nto the grower. Car-lot berries averaged close on $1.29 per crate to the grower. This L.C.L.\nshipper shipped over 800 crates and only averaged 60 cents per crate.\n2 Y 18 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nLOGANBERRIES.\nThe fresh-loganberry marketing is still confined to a small home market and cannery demand\nfor the British trade. Over 38,000 cases have been sold in the United Kingdom this year and\nprices realized leave the grower about 3% cents per pound. The winery demand is expected to\nbe again a factor in taking care of some of the 1934 crop.\nH. Beach was sent to England to specialize on marketing berries, but to date the result has\nnot been up to his or the growers' expectations. The United Kingdom trade seek consignment\nof goods without a set price, while the British Columbia grower insists on a firm price being\nmade before shipment takes place. Oregon loganberry-growers are the chief competitors in the\nUnited Kingdom and reports from there are to the effect that the acreage is being greatly\nreduced. Their shipments this year, however, exceed last year's, and this does not tally with\nthe information received from Oregon on reduction of acreage. The British preference gives\nBritish Columbia a distinct advantage on that market, and this advantage will wear out Oregon's\ncompetition in time if British Columbia growers can only hang on long enough to secure the\nmarket. The reputation gained by British Columbia loganberries is good, but they have not\nbeen established long enough to secure the full benefit of their quality.\nSTONE-FRUITS.\nThere has been rivalry in the Okanagan amongst shippers as to the division of stone-fruit\nsupplies during the past two years, and prices have not been as good as under the pooling system\nthrough one distributer, as it stabilized prices and pooled the unwanted supplies that were sent\nto other markets. If growers continue to spread their stone-fruits amongst the various shippers\nwho are competing against one another they will not be able to stabilize prices long, even if the\ndemand is greater than the supply.\nThe supply of Italian prunes, apricots, and peaches is still under the market's demand.\nApart from one or two growers offering prunes 10 cents per crate under the market, no difficulty\nwas experienced in cleaning up the whole stone-fruit crop, except cherries.\nSome good advertising, earned through shipping tree-ripened stone-fruit in 1932, was lost\nin 1933 through shipping much too green fruit (especially prunes). This was more noticeable\nin Saskatchewan and Manitoba, where, no doubt, the semi-ripes were shipped owing to expectation of ripening in transit, which under refrigeration ripens very little. A shipper in Penticton\nhas a trade larger than he can fill because of his care in packing and watching that the sugar\ncontent has developed in his stone-fruits before picking. His care might be too much to give to\na commercial pack, but the fact remains\u00E2\u0080\u0094stone-fruits were shipped on the green side in 1933.\nPEARS.\nThere is every appearance that pears are planted in abundance for the demand. They move\nvery slowly in commerce, and while fair prices usually rule the demand is light. The only\nexception to this is the Bartlett pear, as the canning demand for this variety is still greater\nthan the supply.\nAPPLES.\nWealthy apples in bulk were rolled as low as $15 per ton, with lower prices in prospect.\nBy this time growers were in a determined mood and a campaign was started in Kelowna to\nrefuse shipment of apples that did not bring back something more than selling charges. A slogan\nwas adopted, \" A cent a pound or on the ground,\" and it spread all over the Okanagan Valley\nand main-line points. Shippers were forced to get behind the campaign and from then on some\ncontrol of prices was established.\nTime did not allow Kootenay growers and shippers to participate in the new slogan, but it\nwas generally believed that they would co-operate. This, however, did not materialize and\nPrairie jobbers soon found this weakness and commenced to wire Kootenay shipping organizations for supplies of apples. The price offered was about 15 cents a box below the Okanagan\nprice decided upon, and as Kootenay had a lot of well-coloured apples they were able to command\nover 75 per cent, of the Prairie apple business. Consternation developed in the valley owing to\nthe lack of movement from there, especially as the Mcintosh crop exceeded that of 1932 by over\n100,000 boxes and their prime moving season was passing. The new Stabilization Board set\nhousehold Mcintosh prices about 15 cents a crate too high and this helped Creston and Kootenay DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 19\nshippers to get 75 cents per crate. Had they set the price at 75 cents the Kootenay growers\nwould not be as well off to-day as they are, as that would have meant 15 cents a box less for\nthem. The Board stuck to their price long enough to create a wholesome respect for their\ndetermination.\nYour Markets Commissioner was requested to report conditions from the Prairies, and\nseveral reports were made pointing out the need of patience, as Kootenay had to run its course\nto a finish before stability could be established. AVe found that the 400-odd cars of Kootenay\napples were about all sold; this included fall and winter varieties. AVhen we reached Kelowna\nwe advised the growers at a public meeting that the situation was one of \" who could clean up\nfirst,\" and that apart from the delay in marketing Mcintosh they would not have enough apples\nof winter varieties to carry them through the season, and not to be surprised if in February and\nMarch large importations of AVashington AA'iuesaps took place to fill the Prairie demand. This\nnews had a stimulating effect. Next day the price of winters went up on our recommendation.\nWe also informed them that dumping apples would not be needed this year and the only loss\nwould be shrinkage on overripes.\nIt was known that the 1933 apple-crop had run heavy to export sizes and during the time\nthat Prairie jobbers passed up,the Okanagan supplies the export market was heavily supplied.\nAdvice from our Markets Representative, London, was that they were far too heavily shipped\nand the low prices ruling there bore put his contention. The net result of the growers' campaign\nhas been to transfer a rout in prices to more or less stability. It would seem from present\nindications that at the end of 1933 growers will show a profit instead of a loss, but whether they\nwill average the 1 cent a pound is not yet established.\nThe heavy export of British Columbia apples to the United Kingdom, especially Mcintosh\nReel, coming on that market at a time when the British and Nova Scotia apples were being\nmarketed, together with a cold-storage carry-over from Australia and New Zealand, had a\n\" bear \" effect on prices, and much loss is anticipated by British firms who bought on a f .o.b.\nshipping-point or c.i.f. basis. Exports of British Columbia apples for 1933 are already over\n100,000 boxes more than 1932. Our shipments of apples this year to the United Kingdom on\nNovember 25th were 1,267,000 boxes. At same date last year shipments were 1,104,000 boxes.\nThis is in view of the fact that the interior-grown apples are estimated at over 1,000,000 boxes\nshort of 1932 production.\nThe following figures show that on December 30th, 1933:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nThe percentage of Mcintosh sold was 76.7\nThe percentage of Mcintosh sold same date, 1932 78.6\nOther varieties sold to December 30th, 1933 71.3\nOther varieties sold to December 30th, 1932 67.2\nCANTALOUPES.\nThe special campaign to supply vine-ripened cantaloupes was a success. Vine-ripened\ncantaloupes were stamped and inspected and arrived at destination in good condition and sold\nreadily. Those not inspected, and unstamped, were in the discard and sold at low prices.\nIn future the trade will demand cantaloupes stamped and vine-ripened. There was a big volume\nconsumed and fair prices were realized.\nA^EGETABLES.\nImportation of produce from the United States of a kind that can be grown in Canada\nhas fallen off greatly during the past two years. The prospect of enlarging the sale of vegetables\non the Prairies is lessened by the extending acreage planted to vegetables at numerous points\nthere. Lethbridge and Medicine Hat are keen rivals of British Columbia in the growing of\nNetted Gem potatoes. Sweet corn from Medicine Hat is usually on the Calgary market as early\nas from British Columbia. Cucumbers, head-lettuce, cabbage, and all early vegetables are only\na matter of two weeks later. This year Medicine Hat District produced about thirty-five cars\nof fine Yellow Globe onions\u00E2\u0080\u0094equal in every respect to the onions grown in the Interior of\nBritish Columbia. Similar advances in vegetable-growing are being made in Manitoba. In\nCalgary and Medicine Hat, also Edmonton, glass houses are increasing and they are turning out\na lot of hothouse tomatoes and cucumbers every year. POTATOES.\nThe potato-crop for 1933 is below normal and fair prices have ruled during the season.\nThe amount in storage at end of December is at least 5,000 tons less than at same date last year.\nAdvancing prices are due early in spring.\nEXPRESS RATES.\nFollowing a resolution passed at the British Columbia Fruit-growers' Association meeting\nheld in Penticton asking for a 25-per-cent. reduction on express rates on car-lots to Prairie and\nEastern points, a committee, including your Markets Commissioner, discussed this matter with\nExpress Company officials in February, who in turn forwarded the request with their notes\nand recommendations to headquarters for consideration. A decision was received just before\nberry-shipping time refusing the request, at least for 1933, when a short crop was expected.\nThe short-crop prediction was not attained; instead, an increase in strawberries from sixty-six\ncars shipped in 1932 to ninety-one cars in 1933. Growers protested the decision by shipping\neighteen cars by freight to Alberta points.\nOn February 4th the Committee on Transportation met the officials of the railway companies\nand applied for a special rate on the long haul to Toronto and Montreal of $1.50 per 100 lb., to\napply from April 10th to May 10th. This request was forwarded to Eastern officials and was\ngranted, but owing to the late season was not used.\nMEETINGS.\nThe Coast fruit and vegetable growers decided to organize a Coast association similar in\nscope to the British Columbia Fruit-growers' Association, so that more discussion of local\nproblems, especially small fruit, would be possible. A resolution was passed by the British\nColumbia Fruit-growers' Association authorizing the formation of this body, whose intention is\nto co-operate with the British Columbia Fruit-growers' Association financially and in all matters\nwhere their interests are in common.\nA meeting was held on February 2nd to consider the marketing of early vegetables. Later\nmany meetings were held, including a visit to points between Seattle and Tacoma to investigate\npacking and icing of head-lettuce. G. E. \Ar. Clarke led this movement, which resulted in the\nformation of a strong group of vegetable-growers, with headquarters at New AVestminster\nCold Storage Plant, where all modern facilities are available to growers. Many cars of vegetables have been shipped by the new organization this year. This organization has a membership of over 1,000. They are holding their first convention on January 12th and 1.3th, 1934, at\nNew AVestminster.\nPUBLIC MARKETS.\nThe campaign started by this Branch, aimed at starting a public market in Nanaimo, was\nbrought to a head by the opening of a market there last May. A visit was made in August,\nwhen the stall-holders decided to have two market-days weekly instead of one. All were highly\npleased with the venture. It had the effect of stimulating the production of local vegetables, etc.,\nfor local use and providing farmers with ready money weekly.\nMARKETING INFORMATION.\nThe intelligence-work of the Markets Branch has been carried on in a limited way. Two\nbulletins were published weekly, and apart from the leaders in the organization movement, who\nwere placed on the mailing-list, this information did not reach the growers direct. The daily\nand weekly press did not co-operate to any extent, as the Market News Letter, excepting to those\ninterested, is not popular. This office co-operated closely with the car-lot distributers as well\nas keeping the chairman of the Stabilization Committee informed every Monday by wire regarding the British prices cabled by our Markets Representative from London. AVith very little\nextra expense, bundles of weekly bulletins can be circulated amongst growers by sending them\nin charge of organization for distribution. These bulletins have value as a file record of the\nPrairie and domestic markets.\nThe Chief of the Fruit Branch, Ottawa, instructed his local Inspectors at main distributing\ncentres to furnish a weekly letter covering major market news and an occasional telegram.\nWe appreciate this co-operation. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 21\nMARKETING ORGANIZATION.\nThe time for an active marketing campaign to include all farm produce is at hand. So far\nthe farmers' organizations, outside of fruit and milk, are without the necessary marketing data\nupon which to organize an orderly scheme, and much spade-work is needed to make their\nindustry fit for marketing \" by time and place.\" Few of the organizations have an all-year-round\nsupply, without which the trade will buy elsewhere. Poultry and live stock is being imported\nheavily into British Columbia and it will take time and some money to change this condition.\nRespectfully submitted.\nJ. A. Grant,\nMarkets Commissioner.\nREPORT OP PROVINCIAL HORTICULTURIST.\nAV. H. Robertson, B.S.A.\nThe winter was marked by abundant snowfall and rain in all districts, which ensured a\nsatisfactory supply of water in the irrigated sections. The spring was late, with a resultant\nlate ripening of spring and early summer crops. Summer temperatures were on the whole\nuniform and excellent from a growing standpoint. The fall, however, was very wet in most\ndistricts. This did a great deal to retard the ripening and harvesting of the late seed-crops\nand interfered materially with the tree-fruit picking in the Interior districts. Heavy rainfall\nand snow was recorded in all districts during the early winter months.\nTREE-FRUITS.\nThe total production of apples in 1932 was the largest on record, amounting to 5,192,000\nboxes. The 1933 production, as was expected, was somewhat lower. At this date it is impossible to give the actual number of boxes, but the total crop is estimated at 4,366,000 boxes.\nSome idea of the tree-fruit production in comparison with 1932 may be obtained from the\nfollowing figures :\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Estimated\n1932 Production. 1933 Production.\nApples (boxes) 5,192,000 4,366,000\nCrab-apples (boxes) 134,000 131,000\nPears (boxes) 166,000 167,000\nPlums and prunes (crates) 363,000 255,000\nPeaches (crates) 250,000 181,000\nApricots (crates) 168,000 78,000\nCherries (crates) 210,000 193,000\nThe lighter crop this year, particularly in the case of stone-fruits, was undoubtedly due to\nsevere winter conditions which prevailed and caused considerable bud-injury to trees in the\nsouthern sections. In the case of cherries heavy rains in the Kootenay districts during the\npicking season materially lightened the marketable crop. The processing of cherries was again\nundertaken in the Okanagan with very satisfactory results. This method of handling the\nlight-coloured cherries, such as Royal Anne, etc., which are difficult to market on the fresh-\nfruit market, gives promise of further extension not only in the Okanagan but in the Fraser\nValley. At Chilliwack this year approximately 10 tons were marketed in this way, and with\nan increased demand there is no reason why a large proportion of the Royal Anne crop of the\nKootenays could not be marketed in a similar manner.\nSMALL FRUITS.\nStrawberries, which are the principal small fruit grown in the Province, were on the whole\na lighter crop than in 1932. Severe winter conditions in some districts, coupled with unsatisfactory weather conditions during the picking season, tended materially to shorten the crop.\nPrices also were lower than those of the previous year.\nDue to severe winter conditions during the month of December, 1932, the raspberries,\nparticularly in the Fraser Aralley, were badly winter-killed. The result was that the crop was\nvery short. Many of the patches have to a large extent recovered and, given favourable winter\nconditions, there should be practically a normal crop in 1934. Y 22 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nLoganberries, like many other small fruits, were later in maturing than in 1932 and the\ncrop was smaller. This crop is not satisfactory from a fresh-fruit standpoint, particularly\nwhere distant shipments, such as to the Prairie markets, have to be made. For the most part\nthe major portion of the loganberries produced are used by the local jam and canning plants.\nThis season a large quantity was canned and exported to the British market. In the past a\nlarge portion of the crop was used for wine-making purposes. This year, however, very little\nof the crop was used in this way. The future for this crop seems doubtful unless the wineries\nare able to take more than they have in the past two years and the growers are assured of\nbetter returns than were received in 1932 and 1933. The average return to the grower during\nthe past two seasons varied from 3Y2 to 4 cents per pound.\nWith regard to other small fruits such as blackberries, currants, gooseberries, etc., there\nis very little change from year to year, both with regard to acreage and production. There is\nusually sufficient to meet the demand.\nGrape-growing in the Province is undertaken principally in the Kelowna District. The\ngrapes produced are used for shipping as fresh fruit, although a limited tonnage is manufactured\ninto wine in the Coast wineries. As this industry is comparatively young, it necessarily follows\nthat some experimental work has to be done, particularly from the standpoint of securing\nsatisfactory varieties. Reporting on this particular crop, B. Hoy, District Agriculturist,\nKelowna, makes the following statement:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n\" With the exception of a few vines here and there throughout the district, there was no\nincreased plantings this year. The crop was considerably larger than in 1931 owing to a good\nset and young plantings coming into bearing. Owing to the cool weather in spring and poor\nripening weather in September the crop was later than usual and quality not quite up to normal.\n\" Of the early American varieties being tried out, Moore's Early ripens first, but is a poor\ngrower, small yielder, and not of high quality.\n\" Portland is a strong grower, good yielder, and of good quality, but hard to sell because\nof the green colour.\n\" Patricia is a blue grape, grows well and yields well, but is of poor quality.\n\" Freedonia is a blue grape that grows and bears well, is of good quality, and to date seems\nto be the best of the early varieties. Vines of this variety are at present difficult to obtain\nand are expensive.\n\" Sheridan continues to be outstanding as a good late grape, but should be planted on early\nsites.\n\" The experimental work being done by Rittisch Bros, continues to be of much interest to\nthe Okanagan. They have been growing European grapes for three years, and last year\nproduced a large enough quantity to see something of the possibilities of these grapes in this\ncountry. The vines wintered well and several varieties were brought to maturity. Pearl of\nCsaba was in prime eating condition on August 30th. Golden and Blue Chasselas and Ferdinand\nde Lesops were ripe on October 11th. All of these varieties are of good quality. Whether or\nnot this type of grape will become commercial in this valley cannot be predicted, but undoubtedly\nsome of these varieties will make an excellent addition to the home-gardens.\"\nThe following figures show the total production of the four principal small fruits in the\nProvince in 1932 and the estimated production for 1933:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nEstimated\n1932 Production. 1933 Production.\nStrawberries (crates) 310,000 230,000\nRaspberries (crates) 136,000 69,000\nLoganberries (crates) 115,000 75,000\nGrapes (lb.) 694,000 1,025,000\nVEGETABLES.\nThe vegetable situation during the past season was very similar to that which prevailed in\n1932. Greenhouse production was as heavy if not heavier than in 1932. The grower of hothouse tomatoes, however, received a lower price than was obtained the previous year. This\nwas undoubtedly due to the fact that the date on which the dump duty went into effect was\nchanged from May 15th to June 10th, thus allowing the importation of large quantities of\nMexican and Southern United States tomatoes. In the Lower Mainland districts there is a\nmarked tendency to increase the quantity of vegetables produced with a view to supplying home DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 23\nmarkets, as well as for shipments to the Prairies. The situation in this district is perhaps\nmost clearly summarized by G. E. W. Clarke, District Agriculturist, in his annual report, from\nwhich the following is taken:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" While the greater acreage in truck-crops is grown by Chinese, others are becoming\ninterested, but there is considerable to be learned as to variety, packing, and seasonable growing.\nThe movement is being given careful consideration by many growers who in past years were\ndoing well in one or two lines of farming and are now finding it necessary to have supplementary\nlines of endeavour.\n\" It is, however, not only a case of growing vegetables, but rather growing in order to be\nready for certain markets with the kind, quality, and quantity required.\n\" British Columbia is practically the earliest vegetable-producing area in Canada and many\nmarkets, both local and distant, should be ours that are now being supplied from elsewhere.\n\" Mixed cars of vegetables have been advocated for years, and while many growers realized\nthe truth of the statement they were unwilling to attempt growing vegetables. To-day it is a\nconsiderably easier matter to arouse interest and action.\n\" The Fraser Valley is equally well adapted and in many respects has better opportunities\nfor the production of vegetables than the areas immediately to the south in Washington, which\nduring the past twelve years have been making rapid progress. The Fraser Valley should\nhave a good market in Vancouver and New Westminster, as well as the seasonable markets,\nboth early and late, on the Prairies and in Eastern Canada. Growers are also beginning to\nrealize that certain districts can produce vegetables as early as is possible 100 to 150 miles south\nof the 49th parallel on the Pacific Coast.\"\nIn the Interior districts there was a reduction in the plantings of certain crops and an\nincrease in others. The estimated acreage of lettuce was 85 acres, as compared with 132 acres\nin 1932. A great deal of this crop was not harvested, due to unsatisfactory marketing conditions.\nOnions also showed a decrease of approximately 190 acres. Difficulty in harvesting this crop\nwas experienced, due to unsatisfactory weather conditions. On the other hand, there was an\nincrease in tomato plantings of over 600 acres. Cantaloupes also showed an increase of\napproximately 80 acres. AVhile this crop was late the quality was excellent, due largely to\nthe supervised picking which was instituted by the shippers. This crop is largely grown in\nthe Oliver-Osoyoos District of the Southern Okanagan. R. P. Murray, District Agriculturist\nfor the Southern Okanagan, makes the following statement regarding this crop in his annual\nreport:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" The cantaloupe-growers in the Oliver-Osoyoos District have had a very good season, and\nalthough prices have not been high, the improved methods of handling moved the largest crop\nin years without any difficulty. The district has gone to a great deal of trouble to put a first-\nclass cantaloupe on the market, and it is interesting to note that the district has moved a crop\nof some 40,000 crates without a rebate being made for condition on arrival.\"\nThe acreage devoted to the growing of asparagus shows a decided increase. At the present\ntime there are over 400 acres devoted to this crop, as compared with 119 acres planted previous\nto 1931. The following table shows the plantings for the last four years and segregated accord-\nBritisii Columbia Asparagus Acreage, 1933.\nDistrict.\n1933.\n1932.\n1931.\nPrevious.\nTotal.\nVancouver Island\t\nFraser Valley\t\nSalmon Arm\t\nKamloops\t\nVernon\t\nKelowna\t\nSummerland\t\nPenticton\t\nOliver\t\nGrand Forks\t\nKootenay and Arrow Lakes\nCreston\t\nTotals.....\t\n3\n50\n1\n4\nfi%\n5\n%\n70 y4\ni%\n44\n1%\n6%\n85\n%\n140%\n30\n1\n10%\n40\n83i/4\n20\n62\n6%\n16%\n10\n%'\n%\ni%\n1191/24\n25\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2186\n10\n4\n40%\n140\n.%\n%\n2\n1%\n2%\n412\"/i2 OTHER CROPS.\nThere are a number of other crops which, while not being classed as either fruit or\nvegetable crops, nevertheless may be considered as coming under the supervision of your\nHorticultural Branch. As most of these crops are produced in the Lower Mainland District,\nthey are mentioned specifically in the report submitted by G. E. W. Clarke, District Agriculturist,\nAbbotsford. The following is quoted from Mr. Clarke's report:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" Tobacco.\u00E2\u0080\u0094The Sumas Reclamation area is growing the largest acreage of this crop in\nBritish Columbia and there are also several small plantings in other sections of the Lower\nMainland. The acreage in the Sumas area totalled over 800 acres and more buildings have been\nerected and equipped for the handling of the increased production.\n\" Mushrooms.\u00E2\u0080\u0094The supplying of the steady demand for this crop has been handled very\neffectively during the past few years. The production of between 250 and 400 lb. daily is required\nfor the Vancouver market. Prices, though comparatively low, average a little better than cost\nof production.\n\" Canning-peas.\u00E2\u0080\u0094In view of the uncertainty of markets, the canneries were somewhat\nundecided at the beginning of the year the extent of the acreages in vegetable-crops to be\ncontracted. The acreage in peas for canning purposes consequently showed very little increase\nover 1932. Prices for the crop were on the same basis as in 1932 and these are not very\nencouraging. The past season was not very favourable for the best results, but in spite of\nseveral setbacks and adverse conditions during the harvest the pea-pack was very good.\n\" The fleldmen of the canneries are extending the work as started a few years ago regarding\nthe use of fertilizers, and growers are averaging better yields. It is contemplated that soil-\nanalysis work will be undertaken in order to obtain further data as to the best conditions for\ngrowing peas for canning purposes. There are several factors that apparently enter the growing of a canning-crop in order to increase the yield.\n\" Dried Peas.\u00E2\u0080\u0094British Columbia and particularly some districts in the Fraser Valley are\nwell suited for the growing of peas. There is a large market which could be developed in\nBritish Columbia, other parts of Canada, and the export market for a cooking or boiling pea\nfor culinary purposes.\n\" Since 1929, when the acreage was approximately 500 acres, there has been an increase\nuntil the present plantings are over 2,000 acres. This should mean an annual return to the\ngrowers of between $75,000 and $100,000.\n\" The various markets available require peas of different types. At the present time the\nJapanese Wrinkled, the Bluebell, Idakel, and the Victoria are the varieties grown.\n\" Considerable effort has been made to have growers recognize the value of good seed, proper\nharvesting methods, and the value of grading.\n\" This move has had some measure of success, as the growers, with a large acreage in crops,\nrealized that a good grade and quality product was necessary to obtain and retain markets.\n\" The Fraser Valley Pea-growers' Association has been formed and an attempt made by\nthis organization to have peas graded and also to stabilize the price as to grade.\n\" In the past there have been no recognized grades for peas, but on August 1st, 1933, the\nUnited States Department of Agriculture published ' Tentative United States Standards for Dry\nPeas.' It was agreed to adopt, as far as possible, grades as tentatively published, and note\nwhether satisfactory, before requesting the assistance of the Government to establish definite\ngrades on dried peas.\n\" A number of stencil copies were made by the Department of Agriculture at Victoria and\ngiven to interested growers.\"\nBULB SURVEY.\nMany sections of British Columbia are well suited to the production of bulbs. In view of\nthis, and when it is remembered that large quantities of bulbs are imported each year from\nforeign countries, it would seem as if more could be done in British Columbia along this line.\nIn order to keep a close check on crops we make a biennial survey of all horticultural plantings.\nSuch a survey was made this year and is similar in nature to the surveys made in previous\nyears. The 1933 survey shows that there are 203 acres planted to bulbs in the Province, as\ncompared with 200 acres in 1931 and 159 acres in 1929. Full details showing acreages planted\naccording to kind and district in 1933 and in comparison with the last two surveys are given\nin table form. This table is submitted as Appendix No. 1. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 25\nGREENHOUSE SURVEY.\nA survey of the area under glass was made this year. This makes the sixth biennial survey\nof this kind which has been made in British Columbia. It is interesting to note that the total\narea under glass as shown by the survey this year is 4,152,664 square feet, in comparison with\n1,905,180 square feet as shown in the 1923 survey. Full details of all surveys conducted since\nand inclusive of 1923 are shown in the table submitted as Appendix No. 2.\nSTONE-FRUIT SURVEY.\nThe last complete tree-fruit survey in the Okanagan was made in 1930. Each year since\nan estimate of stone-fruit plantings in the valley has been made. The total plantings in stone-\nfruit at the present time are as follows: Peaches, 98,280 trees ; apricots, 57,341 trees; plums\nand prunes, 58,691 trees; cherries, 38,070 trees. During the past three years the plantings of\nstone-fruits show the following increase: Peaches, 52 per cent.; apricots, 23.6 per cent.; plums\nand prunes, 18.6 per cent.; cherries, 19.3 per cent. Further details as to total plantings according to varieties and districts are to be found in the table submitted as Appendix No. 3.\nDEMONSTRATION-AVORK.\nAs in the past, demonstration-work with various horticultural crops, as well as with different\nsprays for pest-control, has been undertaken. This work, while under the supervision of this\nBranch, was in charge of the District Agriculturist in whose district the work was undertaken.\nSixty Day Golden Corn.\u00E2\u0080\u0094This corn was introduced from the East and had given excellent\nsatisfaction in some sections of the Province. This year a few pounds were sent out to the\nvarious agricultural offices in the southern section of the Province. Practically all officials\nreport that this corn has proven very satisfactory indeed, both from the standpoint of earliness\nand quality.\nLettuce Strains Test,\u00E2\u0080\u0094For a number of years officials of your Branch have been endeavouring to secure a strain of lettuce better suited to commercial plantings than those at present\nobtainable. The plots covering this work were in Armstrong under the supervision of H. H.\nEvans. AVith regard to this work the following, taken from Mr. Evans's report, is brought to\nyour attention:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" This is a continuance of previous work endeavouring to find the most suitable strains of\nhead-lettuce for commercial production in both spring and fall crops. For the spring tests\nduplicate plots were planted on the properties of M. O. Lane and W. C. Boss at Armstrong.\nIn the fall-crop tests a duplicate of the spring plots was made at M. O. Lane's and on the\nAAr. C. Boss property, a distinct series carrying different strains from the previous sets and from\nseed supplied by A. W. McMeans, Dominion Seed Inspector. Growing conditions for lettuce were\nexcellent in both spring and fall periods.\n\" Records taken from M. O. Lane's plots. Spring plantings, April 7th. New York strains:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" Plot A, Strain No. 12.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Fit to cut June 18th; heads uniform and Arm. June 28th, plot\nshowed 10 per cent, tip-burn and slime-rot. Approximately 90 per cent, of heads were solid.\n\" Plot B, Special.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Comparative in all essentials to Plot A.\n\" Plot C, Imperial No. 26982.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Fit to cut June 28th ; approximately 60 per cent, of firm\nheads, coarse in texture; 100 per cent, tip-burn and slime-rot; no use for spring crop.\n\" Plot D, Imperial No. 26795.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Fit to cut June 20th ; strain appeared badly mixed. June\n28th, only 40 per cent, of heads firm, others slack or bolted; 70 per cent, tip-burn and slime-rot;\ncannot compare with A or B.\n\" Spring plots on AV. C. Boss's lot comparative in all essentials to the above.\n\" Fall crop, M. O. Lane's plots. Field seeded July 20th. Records taken October 3rd:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" Plot A, Strain No. 12.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 80 per cent., balance filling slowly.\n\" Plot B, Special.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 50 per cent., about 20 per cent, filling slowly; the balance\nof 30 per cent, very loose and bolting.\n\" Plot C, Imperial No. 26982.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 50 per cent., about 35 per cent, filling; the\nbalance of 15 per cent, too slack to make cutting heads. This strain later than all others but\nvery promising for a fall crop.\n\" Plot D, Imperial No. 26795.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 60 per cent.; all others slack or bolting, badly\nmixed. Y 26 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\n\" Though 6\u00C2\u00B0 to 8\u00C2\u00B0 of frost had been recorded previous to October 3rd, only a slight discolouring of outer leaves had occurred.\n\" Fall crop, AV. C. Boss's plots. Field seeded July 20th. Records taken October 3rd:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" Plot Imperial F.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 60 per cent., filling slowly 20 per cent.; balance slack\nand blown ; no frost-damage.\n\" Plot Imperial 6 D.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 80 per cent., filling freely 15 per cent., and only 5 per\ncent, not heading. This strain had very solid heads, was coarse in texture, and was undoubtedly\nmuch the best plot of the series. No frost-damage.\n\" Strain No. 250.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 50 per cent., filling freely 30 per cent., balance of 20\nper cent, slack or bolted; comparable to Imperial F. No frost-damage.\n\" Strain No. 12.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 15 per cent., filling slowly 60 per cent., not heading or\nblown 25 per cent. Slight frost-damage on outer leaves.\n\" Strain No. 5.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Heads fit to cut 10 per cent., filling freely 50 per cent., balance of 40 per cent,\ntoo loose and would never form heads. This plot severely damaged by frost.\n\" Strain No. 01.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Comparable to Strain No. 5 in performance, but not so severely damaged\nby frost.\n\" The first three plots of this series were retained intact until November 4th to note their\nfrost-resistance qualities. There were several nights of low temperatures between October 3rd\nand November 4th, with one night registering 14\u00C2\u00B0 of frost. On the final examination a check\nwas made of frost-damage that had injured the heads sufficiently to make them unsaleable, and\nthe following was recorded:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" Imperial F, heads fit for use, 25 per cent.; Imperial 6 D, 50 per cent.; Strain 250,\n10 per cent.\n\" In summarizing these lettuce tests, we believe at the present time New York Special No. 12\nto be particularly good for spring crops, providing seed-supply sources can maintain purity of\nthe strain. This strain is also excellent for the main fall crop. Further tests, however, should\nbe carried with the strains Imperial F, Imperial 6 D, and No. 250, as these show good promise\nof extending the fall cutting season considerably.\"\nOther Vegetables.-\u00E2\u0080\u0094Certain vegetable-crops were tried out in the Oliver District under the\nsupervision of R. P. Murray, District Agriculturist. Mr. Murray reports as follows :\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" The early cabbage used in the tests was Golden Acre and it has proved a suitable variety\nfor the early-vegetable sections in this district. Cutting commenced about June 1st and the crop\nfinished before much competition occurred from other districts. Snowball, the variety of cauliflower used, was unsatisfactory. The heads were small, ' riced ' very quickly, and discoloured\neven when tied. Apparently the weather is too hot for this crop. Some Yellow 60 Day Corn\nseed was distributed, but unfortunately most of this was eaten by pheasants and the stand was\nvery uneven. The corn that did survive was very satisfactory. The cobs were a good size, the\nkernels deep, and of good quality. This corn apparently does not go tough as quickly as some\nof the early varieties that have been grown in the district, and was ready for eating approximately 62 days after planting.\"\nStrawberry-plant Selection-work.\u00E2\u0080\u0094This work was undertaken during the past season in the\nKeating and Gordon Head Districts by E. AAr. A\rhite, Assistant Horticulturist. The following\nreport has been prepared by Mr. AVhite:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" A start was made this year on a project of plant-selection with the object of trying to\nimprove the Magoon strawberry. This variety has come in for a great deal of criticism during\nthe past few years, owing principally to the malformation of the fruit.\n\" It was thought that if during the fruiting season 100 of the best plants in each planting\nwere selected and staked, it would be possible to grow a few plants from these selected plants\nand use them for a propagating-bed in 1934.\n\" Subsequently the following growers undertook to carry on the work as outlined: G. A.\nVantreight and W. J. Houlihan, of Gordon Head; Bickford & Sons, C. B. McCarthy, AV. H.\nMcNally, and A. Sutherland, of Keating.\n\" The exceedingly dry weather which followed the completion of strawberry-harvesting and\nthe cleaning-up of the patches was not conducive to a good growth of young plants, and the\nresults on the staked plants have been somewhat disappointing, but it is hoped to secure a\nnumber of plants to start small propagating-beds in the spring.\" DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 27\nRaspberry Variety Tests.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Raspberry trials were in some cases started this year, while in\ncertain sections they have been in progress for some time. On the trials at Salmon Arm\nC. R. Barlow, District Agriculturist, reports as follows:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" Six varieties of raspberries were secured from the Dominion Experimental Farm at\nAgassiz last spring and were planted out on the farm of Captain F. Cox at Salmon Arm with\na view to ascertaining their respective values and behaviour under local conditions. The following are the varieties planted: Count, Brighton, Viking, Newman 23, Latham, and Lloyd George.\nOf these varieties, Latham and Lloyd George have made good growth, Count and Brighton a\nfair growth, while Viking and Newman 23 are poor. Considerable difference in maturity was\nnoticeable this fall between the different varieties. Latham, Asking, and Newman 23 were well\nmatured, while Lloyd George, Count, and Brighton were not so well matured, showing a high\npercentage of green tips. No fruit, of course, was picked this year, so not until next season can\nany comparison of the fruits be made.\"\nIn the Vernon District the plots were established in 1932. The following, taken from the\nreport of H. H. Evans, District Agriculturist, Vernon, gives an excellent idea of findings to\ndate:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" This test was started in 1932 with the object of obtaining if possible a variety of raspberry\nwhich would prove in winter hardiness and yield superior to commercial varieties being grown\nat present in the Okanagan.\n\" W. H. Baumbrough is co-operating with the Department on this work in carrying the test\nunder our guidance. Seven varieties are included; a light crop of fruit was borne the past\nseason and the following table indicates their performance. No report on yields was obtained\nthis season as plots were patchy in crop. The column on winter-killing is significant, in that\nthe freeze of December, 1932, was a severe test for all raspberry plantations. Powdery mildew\nwas severe on two varieties; 'this indicates predisposed susceptibility, as our standard varieties\nare rarely affected under Okanagan conditions.\n\rariety.\nCane-growth.\nWinter-injury.\nDiseases.\nFruit Quality.\nBrighton\t\nCount\t\nNewman 23...\nLloyd George.\nLatham\t\nAdams 87\t\nSt. Kegis Everbearing\nFree in new canes,\nmedium in strength\nCane-growth free,\nmedium strength\nCane-growth very\nfree, sturdy\nCane-growth very\nfree, very sturdy\nCane-growth very\nfree, very sturdy\nVery shy cane-bearer, growth very\nsturdy ; might\nprove shy bearer\nCane-growth free,\nmedium strength\nTip-kill medium ;\nbud-kill slight\nAs above \t\nPowdery mildew,\nmedium infection\nFree \t\nAs above\nMildew-infection\nmedium\nMedium injury at\nbase of cane\nNo injury\nNo injury\nNo in jury-\nMildew very bad,\ncaused check in\ngrowth\nFree\t\nFree\nEarly, quality good ;\ndrupes fairly firm.\nQuality poor.\nQuality somewhat insipid ; berries uneven\nin size a.nd crumbly.\nQuality excellent ; berry\nvery large, soft, and\nsub-acid.\nQuality very good ; berries large and firm.\nQuality very good ; berries large and firm.\nQuality medium; berries medium in size\nand firmness.\n\" These plots will be in full bearing in 1934 and can then be checked against Cuthbert and\nViking for yield performance. There will be extension of plantings of Lloyd George, Adams 87,\nBrighton, and Latham, as these appear most promising.\"\nBroom-corn Variety Test.-\u00E2\u0080\u0094AVork with broom-corn has been carried out only in the Kamloops\nDistrict. As to whether it will be a financial success has yet to be proven. A complete report\nis submitted by C. R. Barlow, District Agriculturist, Salmon Arm:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" In the spring of 1931 a small amount of seed of the California Golden variety of broom-\ncorn was obtained by your assistant from R. L. June, who, in addition to farming^ manufactures\nbrooms at Salmon Arm on a limited scale. This seed was planted on the farm of Captain G. H.\nHilliard at Kamloops, and the results obtained from the standpoint of growing the ' brush ' were sufficiently encouraging to warrant some further work being carried out in 1932. It was\nfound, on inquiry from AV. AV. Duncan, then Director of Markets, that the ' brush ' used in the\nmanufacture of brooms in Vancouver was largely imported from the Argentine Republic and\nthe United States of America, and that the value of the imported material was considerable,\nand it is in an endeavour to test the feasibility of replacing the imported product with a homegrown one that the work with broom-corn has been carried out. In 1932 seed of the ' Improved\nEvergreen ' variety was secured, and a quarter of an acre was planted, under field conditions,\non Captain Hilliard's farm. The seed proved to be a somewhat inferior strain, and while the\nyield was fair the quality of the ' brush' was not so good as that grown in 1931. This material\nwas, however, all used in the manufacture of brooms by R. L. June, of Salmon Arm. From the\ngreat difference in results obtained by using different varieties or strains it was deemed advisable to secure as many varieties as possible this year and therewith make comparative tests.\nAccordingly seed of six varieties was secured, and two rows of each, 180 feet long and 3 feet\napart, were again planted on Captain Hilliard's farm. The following are the varieties tested:\nAksarben, Imperial Evergreen, Black Spanish, California Golden, AVhite Italian, and Illinois\nFavourite. The seed was planted on May 12th in a silty loam soil, the land having been\nirrigated before seeding. Owing to the cold and backward conditions which prevailed in the\nearly summer, germination and growth were at first retarded, but by the beginning of July the\nplants began to make rapid growth, and by September 16th the ' brush' in all varieties was\nready for cutting. Frequent cultivations were made during the growing season, the crop being\nhandled in a similar manner to an ordinary corn-crop, except as regards thinning of the plants.\nAs regards this operation some experimental work was attempted. The crop was divided\ntransversely across the varieties into four 45-foot strips, the first being thinned to hills 15 inches\napart, with five plants to the hill; in the next the plants were left 4 inches apart in the row,\nthe next 6 inches apart, and the last 9 inches apart, the object being to discover what advantage,\nif any, in yield or quality resulted from the different methods tried. It was found, however,\nthat yield and quality were very similar at all four distances, and as the method of leaving the\nplants in the row at 4 inches apart makes for cheapness in operation this is probably the best\nmethod to adopt. AVith reference to the comparative merits of the different varieties tested,\nit will be seen by an examination of the table given below that in the matter of yield and\nquality the White Italian and Illinois Favourite varieties appear to stand out from the\nothers, although somewhat later in reaching maturity; Imperial Evergreen proved fairly\nsatisfactory, while Black Spanish, California Golden, and Aksarben were distinctly inferior\nboth in yield and quality. The last-mentioned variety, though earliest to mature, produced a\npoor yield of ' brush' of an inferior quality, the heads being of an undesirable branched type\nand the ' brush' short. Owing to the fact that the crop was put in on somewhat rich land\nthe growth of stalk of all varieties was unnecessarily tall, the average height being about 11\nfeet, and in any further work which may be done with this crop a less fertile soil should be\nselected, as the extreme fertility of the soil used probably had the effect of retarding maturity\nto some extent, also the coarse long stalks made the disposal of the debris more difficult. Some\nslight trouble was experienced owing to plants going down during wind-storms, but this could\nprobably be remedied by hilling up to the first node on the stalks above the ground-level at the\ntime of the last cultivation, a practice which was not followed this year.\n\" Broom-corn Experiment,\nA'ariety.\nDate of Maturity.\nYield.\nQuality.\nWhite Italian\t\nSept. 16th :..\nGood; brush long, straight, and\nmoderately fine.\nGood ; brush long, straight, and\nfine.\nGood ; brush medium long,\nstraight, and line.\nFair; brush medium long, but\ninclined to be coarse.\nFair; medium long and fine, but\ninclined to branched heads.\nPoor; brush short, with many\nbranched heads.\nSept. 14th\t\nSept. 11th\t\nSept. 11th\t\nImperial Evergreen\t\nGood...\t\nBlack Spanish\t\nSept. 11th\t\nSept. 8th\t DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 29\n\" It is hoped that as a result of this work a beginning may be made at Kamloops next year\nin the cultivation of broom-corn commercially, though it will be necessary to carry out much\nfurther investigational work before any considerable development would be justified.\"\nDISEASE- AND PEST-CONTROL WORK.\nCodling-moth.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Codling-moth is found at the present time in practically all of the important\nfruit-growing districts of the Interior. Information as to the time to spray, when to spray, and\nwhat to use is being constantly asked for by the growers. With this in mind a spraying project\non a commercial basis has been started at Kelowna. A great deal of useful information has\nalready been secured and it is hoped with a continuation of this work that more information\nwill be obtained. The project is under the supervision of B. Hoy, District Agriculturist,\nKelowna. Mr. Hoy's report on this season's work follows:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" As this is the most important insect pest our fruit-growers have to contend with, and one\nin which spraying means the difference between a good crop or no crop at all, much time is\ntaken up throughout the year in studying the seasonal activities of codling-moth and giving\ninformation to the growers.\n\" Each year sees an improvement in spraying. More growers are following instructions\nclosely and getting good control. As will be noted in studying the results of the spraying tests\nincluded in this report, excellent control is possible with three sprays properly applied.\n\" Present conditions are excellent for the increase in codling-moth. AA'ith an improvement\nin conditions, undoubtedly there would be a faster increase in good spray equipment and more\nefficient work done. Poor control is usually the result of skimping spray and too hurried work.\n\" The Glenmore Municipal Spray Zone was dropped this year, but the City of Kelowna\ncontinued to spray the city area.\n\" Bait-pot records were kept daily during the emergence of the first- and second-brood\nworms and spraying tests on the property of Mr. Staples and F. AA7. Pridham were continued.\nAssistance in taking records was kindly given to us by the Provincial and Dominion Entomological Branches. For details regarding spray applications and materials used see Appendices\nNos. 4 and 5.\"\nApple-scab Spray.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Demonstration spraying-work for the control of apple-scab was undertaken in the Kootenay, Salmon Arm, and A'ernon Districts. The work in the Kootenay districts\nwas carried out by E. C. Hunt and J. W. Eastham. Mr. Eastham in his annual report outlines\nfully the work done and his observations of the same. In the other districts the work was\nundertaken co-operatively with the Dominion Pathological Branch. In regard to Salmon Arm,\nthe following, taken from the report of C. R. Barlow, District Agriculturist, gives some idea of\nthe work done :\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" This work was carried out in collaboration with officials of the Dominion Pathological\nand Entomological Branches, arrangements for the plots and seasonal observations of a horticultural nature being made by your assistant, the application of the sprays and the counts\nbeing made by the Dominion officials. The work was conducted on B. H. Naylor's orchard at\nSouth Canoe. Ten plots comprising sixty-three trees were laid out and various materials and\ncombinations of materials were used. The sprays were applied on all plots at uniform times;\ni.e., pre-pink, calyx, and cover. As reports from the Dominion officials are not yet to hand,\nyour assistant is unable to give data at this time on the phases of the work covered by them,\nbut from the standpoint of foliage-injury caused by different materials some interesting observations were made. Severe burning of foliage was found to take place where ferrous sulphate,\nlime-sulphur, and calcium arsenate were used in combination, and the effect of the injury was\napparent during the entire season. The plot on which lime-sulphur only was applied showed\nsevere burning, also that on which it was used in combination with lead arsenate, but the\ninjury on these plots was somewhat less severe than on the first-mentioned plot. Very little\nburning took place, however, on the plots on which lime-sulphur was applied in combination\nwith calcium arsenate or with calcium monosulphide. The plot sprayed with calcium mono-\nsulphide and calcium arsenate showed absolutely no injury throughout the season, and this\ncombination of materials appears to have a stimulating effect on the foliage, the leaves being\nlarger and of better colour than those on the check-plot. The same stimulating effect was\nobservable, though in a less pronounced degree, on the plot on which lime-sulphur was applied\nin combination with the above materials.\" Y 30\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nIn the Vernon District the work was under the supervision of II. H. Evans, District Agriculturist, who reports as follows:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" The past season constituted the third year of this co-operative project by the Provincial\nDepartment of Agriculture and the Dominion Pathological Laboratory of the Summerland\nExperimental Station. The base of operations was moved from Vernon to Dr. S. W. Jackson's\norchard at Laviugton as being more suitable, apple-scab being much more prevalent and serious\nin that section. A slight change was also made in construction of the plots, with calcium\narsenate being added to all plots excepting No. 1. The materials used were standard lime-\nsulphur, calcium monosulphide, ferrous sulphate, and calcium arsenate. These materials were\nused singly and in combination, with results obtained as illustrated by the following table:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" District, Lavington. Orchard, A. W. Jackson. Variety, Mcintosh.\n\" Number, of Trees.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Plots Nos. 1 and 2, ten trees each; Plots Nos. 3 to 5, five trees each;\nPlot No. 6, two trees.\n6\nMaterials and Dilutions.\nApplication Dates.\nFkuit Counts.\nrt>\nc\ns\nClean.\nInfected.\n1\nLime-sulphur : Cluster, 1-35 ; calyx, 1-40 ; cover, 1\u00E2\u0080\u009440\nLime-sulphur ; calcium arsenate: Cluster, L.S. 1-35.\nCalcium arsenate 2-40: Calyx, L.S. 1-40; calcium\narsenate 2\u00E2\u0080\u009440 ; cover same as calyx\nLime-sulphur; calcium monosulphide; calcium arsenate : Cluster-bud, L.S. 1\u00E2\u0080\u009470 ; monosulphide, 10 lb.\nper 100 gals. ; calyx and cover as above, with L.S. 1-80\nCalcium monosulphide; calcium arsenate: Cluster,\nmonosulphide, 20 lb. per 100 gals.; calcium arsenate,\n2 lb. per 40 gals.; calyx and cover as above\nLime-sulphur; ferrous sulphate ; calcium arsenate :\nCluster, L.S. 1-35; ferrous sulphate, 1 lb. per 35\ngals.; calcium arsenate, 2 lb. to 40 gals; calyx and\ncover as above, with L.S. 1\u00E2\u0080\u009440\nCluster-bud, May 5th ;\nPer Cent.\n99.3\n99.1\n97.6\n97.0\n86.2\n28.8\nPer Cent.\n0.7\n?,\ncalyx,\ncover,\nSame as\nSame as\nSame as\nSame as\nJune 2nd;\nJune 2nd\n0.9\n3\n2.4\n4\n3 0\n5\n6\nabove\t\n13.8\n71 2\n\" Climatic conditions in 1933 were conducive to the spread of apple-scab as indicated by\nheavy infection of the check-plot. This condition was paralleled in other orchards of the\ndistrict and severe losses sustained where poor spraying had prevailed.\n\" All sprays were applied with a power-machine under 450 lb. pressure. Plots sprayed with\nstandard lime-sulphur alone and in combination with calcium arsenate, again showed serious\neffects of toxic action by foliage-burning and by restricted size and lighter colour of the same.\nThe lime-sulphur and ferrous-sulphate combination gave very slight foliage-burn, but the leaves\nwere much better in size and colour than on the previous plots. Calcium monosulphide alone\nor in combination with lime-sulphur showed no sign of toxic injury and the foliage was larger\nand much deeper in colour than on either of the other sprayed or unsprayed plots. There was\nevery indication that these last-named mixtures will prove very beneficial from both the disease-\ncontrol standpoint and general health of the tree.\n\" It appears essential that this work continue to finally work out not only the fungicidal\nvalues, but also the cost factors of the most promising materials. All spraying-work and\nrecording of spray-injury was performed by the Arernon office, while fruit counts and records\nwere compiled by the Dominion Pathologists.\"\nFertilizer Trials.\u00E2\u0080\u0094AVork with fertilizers which have been under way for some years was\ncontinued in all districts. It is hoped that a continuation of this work will be possible in 1934.\nPear Demonstration Orchard.\u00E2\u0080\u0094This work, which was undertaken in 1932 at Sardis, was\ncontinued during the past season. The area under supervision was more extensive than in\n1932, but unfortunately, clue to climatic conditions at time of blossoming, the crop was materially\nshorter than that of the previous year. Returns, however, were sufficient to cover the major DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 31\ncosts and the orchard as a whole shows a general improvement. As an object-lesson of what\nmight be done along the line of pear-growing in the Chilliwack Aralley this orchard has justified\nany expenditures which the Department has made.\nSan Jose Scale (Aspidiotus pemiciosus).\u00E2\u0080\u0094San Jose scale still persists in the Spences Bridge\nDistrict, it having again been found on one tree in the Smith orchard. Necessary sprays will\nbe applied next spring and careful inspections made from time to time.\nIn the Chapaka Reserve area the spring application of oil for the control of San Jose scale\nwas very satisfactory. Mr. Ruhmann, who made a final inspection late in the fall, reports that\nexcellent control has been secured and no extension of scale on new growth was found. He\nrecommends that an oil spray in the spring be applied and hopes that this will clean up the\noutbreak.\nAt Kaslo this scale was again found in the same area in which it occurred about five years\nago. This area will be sprayed in the spring, quarantine regulations with regard to shipment\nhaving been put into effect last fall.\nCodling-moth (Cydia pomonella).\u00E2\u0080\u0094The codling-moth control-work which has been in effect\nin different sections of the Province over a period of years was again carried out. No new\nspray zones were organized, but it is felt that a reorganization of some of the zone areas will\nhave to be effected in order to secure more satisfactory control. This should be carried out\nearly in the coming year.\nColorado Potato-beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).\u00E2\u0080\u0094Potato-beetle control-work was again\ncarried out in the East Kootenay areas. F. A. Marsack was again in charge of the work and\ncarried it out most, satisfactorily. There has been no marked increase in the total area under\ncontrol as compared with 1932. One or two small outbreaks occurred somewhat farther north\nthan previously located. These were dusted with calcium arsenate, full strength, and at the\nlast inspection no beetles were found. In view of the well-defined area in which this pest is\nfound it is strongly recommended that the work be continued in 1934.\nFire-blight (Bacillus amylovorus).\u00E2\u0080\u0094The Okanagan Aralley from Armstrong south to the\nInternational Boundary is the principal area in which fire-blight is found in the Province. In\nother fruit areas the presence of fire-blight is by no means general, but nevertheless it is kept\nunder observation and well under control. In the Okanagan area a systematic inspection is\nmade each year. The following table gives the details with regard to the 1933 inspection:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nDistrict.\nTotal Acreage\ninspected.\nTassed.\nNot passed.\n5.951\n4,200\n1,798\n441\n418\n233\n1,670\n86\n5,681\n4,125\n1,798\n426\n396\n233\n1,654\n72\n270\n15\n22\n16\n14\nTotals \t\n14,797\n14,385\n412\nNursery Inspection.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Inspection of all nurseries was undertaken in the past year. Inspectors' reports show that a total of 158,639 trees were inspected, with a total of 2,185 or 1.4 per\ncent, condemned. During the past year eighty-six nursery sales licences were issued, as\ncompared with eighty-nine in 1932. '\nNEAV ORGANIZATIONS.\nA number of new organizations were formed in 1933, which will undoubtedly be of assistance\nto the fruit and vegetable industry of the Province. The British Columbia Fruit-growers'\nAssociation was reorganized and at the present time deals more specifically with the tree-fruit\nconditions of the Interior.\nAn entirely new organization called the British Columbia Coast Growers' Association was\ncreated. The membership in this organization is made up of Fraser Valley and Vancouver\nIsland fruit and vegetable growers. While independent of the British Columbia Fruit-growers' Association, it is affiliated with it to a certain extent, particularly when it becomes a matter\nof presenting the views of the fruit-growers of the Province on such matters as tariffs, freight\nrates, and other matters of common interest.\nThe Okanagan Stabilization Board was also formed to assist the growers in the marketing\nof their crops. Up to the present this Board has done a lot of foundation-work in the building-\nup of what may be a successful marketing organization.\nINSPECTION OF EXPORTS.\nThe issuing of export certificates on shipments of fruit has for a number of years been\nundertaken by Provincial departmental officials. This year the work was taken over by the\nDominion Fruit Branch.\nPRUNING DEMONSTRATIONS.\nThe usual three-day pruning demonstrations which have been held in the Province for a\nnumber of years, and for which a fee of $1 per individual was charged, were this year changed\nto one-day demonstrations with no charge. In the four horticultural districts in which these\ndemonstrations were held there was a total attendance of 882 people. Details covering these\ndemonstrations are given in Appendix No. 6.\nSEED PRODUCTION.\nSeed-production work in the Province was under the supervision of S. S. Phillips, Provincial\nSeed Promoter. His work includes the following: The placing of elite stock seed with growers ;\nthe distribution of commercial stock seed; a survey of seed conditions in the Province.\nOn the whole, the growth of seed production in the Province shows a most satisfactory\nincrease. Eastern buyers are showing a marked interest in the possibility of seed production\nin British Columbia, and Old Country houses have also increased their contracts this past year\nfor both flower and vegetable seeds. In his annual report Mr. Phillips makes the following\nrecommendations, which are well worth consideration:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" To obtain the best results the Department should continue its policy of careful direction.\nCertain lines of production may easily be pushed too far, which would result with overproduction, and this would be a reflection on the policy of the Department.\n\" For the protection of seed-growers producing varieties of seeds that readily cross with\nsimilar varieties the Provincial Seed Production Act, which has been annulled, should be\nre-enacted with changes to meet present conditions.\n\" I would also suggest that a portion of the seed-improvement vote be used to purchase\nseed-cleaning machinery next year. The present production of carrot-seed in the Province\nwarrants the purchase of a carrot-cleaning machine.\n\" Furthermore, in order to ensure steady production of root-seed, the policy started this\nyear should be continued and growers who received seed this year supplied with a further\nquantity of the same variety of seed so that the supply will be steady.\"\nACKNOAVLEDGMENT.\nBefore concluding this report your Horticulturist wishes to acknowledge the excellent\nco-operation which he has received during the past year not only from his own staff, but from\nthe various officials of the Dominion and University staffs engaged in horticultural work in the\nProvince.\nRespectfully submitted.\nAA7. H. Robertson,\nProvincial Horticulturist.\nREPORT OP PROVINCIAL PLANT PATHOLOGIST.\nJ. W. Eastham, B.Sc.\nThe work this year on apple-scab control in AA'est Kootenay was in part directed along the\nlines developed by the work of preceding seasons. This included the determination by laboratory examination of the date of maturity of the first ascospores of the season and the giving-out\nof advance information to growers, by telephone and through the press, when each spray should\nbe applied. The opportunity is here taken to thank the Nelson Daily News for its co-operation. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 33\nIn addition, experimental work was continued in the search for a better spray material than\nthose so far tested. Lime-sulphur, the most generally used fungicide, while efficient in controlling scab, is liable to cause serious foliage-injury under certain weather conditions. Calcium\nmonosulphide, which was heralded as having solved the problem of both scab-control and spray-\nburn, has not proved satisfactory, with varieties susceptible to scab, under the exacting\nconditions of the Kootenay District. However, it was considered desirable to give it one more\ntest in combination with lime-sulphur. In addition, a careful test was made of the lime sulphur-\nferrous sulphate-calcium arsenate combination, which has found considerable favour with Nova\nScotia apple-growers. This work was carried out in collaboration with E. C. Hunt, District\nAgriculturist at Nelson.\nSeasonal Conditions.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Rainfall at Nelson for the months of April, May, June, and July was\nin each case lower than the thirty years' average. On the other hand, for August (2.77 inches)\nand September (3.70 inches) it was double the average. As a consequence scab was well\ncontrolled until late in the season, but there was a serious development of pin-head scab at\npicking-time, especially where the less adhesive sprays had been used.\nCollections of apple-leaves were made by Mr. Hunt from time to time after the snow melted\nin the orchards and forwarded to the Vancouver office for microscopical examination. Mature\nascospores were first found in leaves gathered April 24th, at which time Mcintosh Reds were\njust beginning to show \" green tip.\"\n(N.B.\u00E2\u0080\u0094In making \" counts.\" the entire crop of one tree in each test row or plot was sorted\nand counted. The trees selected were as far as possible representative of the general condition\nas far as could be ascertained by preliminary inspection. Trees in the corresponding position\non adjoining sub-plots were also used as far as possible to ensure a better measure of uniformity\nin orchard conditions. In some cases, however, this could not be followed owing to a tree\nbeing off-crop or showing drought-spot. The records from these individual trees were also\nchecked against counts of a number of boxes here and there during the course of the regular\norchard picking. These figures are not, however, shown as they were in general agreement\nwith the results here given.)\nPlot 1.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Comparison of lime-sulphur alone and half-strength plus calcium monosulphide.\nS. G. Blaylock's orchard, near Nelson. Variety, Mcintosh Red; five sprays given\u00E2\u0080\u0094May 2nd,\n15th, 30th (calyx), June 19th, July 5th.\nMaterial.\nTotal\nApples.\nClean\nApples.\nScabby\nApples.\nClean.\nScabby.\nL.S. % gal. and CaS 3% lb. to 40 gals, water..\nL.S. 1-40 \t\n2,591\n(2 trees)\n1,285\n168\n1,323\n1,160\nmi\n1,268\n125\n168\nPer Cent.\n51.1\n90.3\nNil\nPer Cent.\n48.9\n9.7\n100 0\nThe entire yield, 168 apples, on the unsprayed tree filled less than half an apple-box. Not\none was marketable. The better results with straight lime-sulphur would seem to be due to\nbetter adhesiveness. Spray material was still visible on the foliage of the lime-sulphur plot\nat picking-time (September 25th), but not on the other. The actual spraying in this experiment\nwas done by Mr. Hunt.\nPlot 2.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Several materials tested. Appleton Bros., Sunshine Bay. Variety, Mcintosh Red,\nfive sprays given\u00E2\u0080\u0094May 3rd, 15th, June 1st (calyx), June 16th, July 3rd.\nMaterial.\nTotal\nApples.\nClean\nApples.\nScabby\nApples.\nClean.\nScabby.\nL.S. y2 gal. and CaS 3V2 lb. to 40 gals, water..\nL.S. 1-40\t\nIron sulphate 10 lb., L.S. 2<% gals., and 5 lb.\ncalcium arsenate to 100 gals, water .....\nAs above, but home-made L.S. used instead of\ncommercial liquid\t\nL.S. 1-80\t\nCheck unsprayed ,\t\n3\n1,637\n1,536\n3,8S3\n3,079\n945\n282\n1,464\n1,371\n3,800\nI\n| 2,943\n| 810\ni 91\n173\n165\n83\n136\n135\n191\nPer Cent.\n89.5\n89.3\n97.9\n95.6\n85.7\n32.3\nPer Cent.\n10.5\n10.7\n2.1\n4.4\n14.3\n67.7 Y 34\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nActual spraying done by E. C. Hunt. At picking-time (October 3rd to 5th) a heavy rusty-\nred deposit was still present on the foliage of the iron-sulphate plot, although not noticeable\non the fruit. Probably sufficient was present to prevent scab-infection, as late scab was\npractically absent on this plot, although frequent on all the others. Insect-injury was also\nnoticeably less, though not estimated.\nPlot 3.\u00E2\u0080\u0094J. D. McDonnell's orchard, Willow Point. Variety, Mcintosh Red; five sprays\ngiven\u00E2\u0080\u0094May 2nd, 15th, 30th (calyx), June 19th, July 5th.\nMaterial.\nTotal\nApples.\nClean\nApples.\nScabby\nApples.\nClean.\nScabby.\nL.S. % gal. and CaS 3% lb. to 40 gals, water..\nL.S. 1-40 \t\n1,876\n2,414\n2,070\n3,620\n1,452\n1,686\n2,012\n934\n424\n728\n58\n2,686\nPer Cent.\n77.4\n69.9\n97.2\n23.4\nPer Cent.\n22.6\n30.1\n2.8\nCheck . \t\n76.6\nThe check-tree received one spray (No. 4) ; actual spraying done by owner.\nPlot If.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Attree Bros.' orchard, Queens Bay. Variety, Rome Beauty ; five sprays given with\niron-sulphate combination, six with others\u00E2\u0080\u0094April 25th, May 1st, 14th, 25th, June 10th, 26th.\nMaterial.\nTotal\nApples.\nClean\nApples.\nScabby\nApples.\nClean.\nScabby.\nL.S. % gal. and CaS 3% lb. to 40 gals, water\nL.S. 1-40\t\nL.S. 1-80\t\nIron-sulphate combination\t\nCheck unsprayed\t\n1,756\n2,004\n1,391\n2,304\n115\n1,252\n1,436\n273\n2,155\nNil\n504\n568\n1,118\n149\n115\nPer Cent.\n71.3\n72.0\n19.7\n93.5\nNil\nPer Cent.\n28.7\n28.3\n80.3\n6.5\n100.0\nPlot 5.\u00E2\u0080\u0094As for Plot 4, but variety Cox Orange.\nMaterial.\nTotal\nApples.\nClean\nApples.\nScabby\nApples.\nClean.\nScabby.\nL.S. % gal. and CaS 3% lb. to 40 gals, water.\nL.S. 1-40\t\nIron-sulphate combination\t\nCheck unsprayed\t\n880\n969\n1,143\n490\n832\n922\n1,117\n262\n48\n47\n26\n228\nPer Cent.\n94.5\n95.1\n97.8\nPer Cent.\n5.5\n4.9\n2.2\n46.5\nActual spraying done by owner. These two plots, 4 and 5, in adjoining rows in the same\norchard, illustrate very well the differing results of the same sprays with varieties susceptible\nand resistent to scab. In the case of Cox Orange, which does not scab badly (unsprayed tree\n53.5 per cent, of apples clean), any of the sprays used gave good commercial control; i.e., over\n90 per cent, clean fruit. With Rome Beauty, however, a susceptible variety (unsprayed tree\nwithout a single clean apple), there was a marked difference in efficiency between these same\nsprays; 71.3 per cent, control with the calcium-monosulphide combination as against 93.5 per\ncent, control with the iron-sulphate combination. Not only so, but with the iron sulphate only\nfive sprays were necessary to get this result in both plots, whereas six sprays were given with\nthe other materials.\nPlot 6.\u00E2\u0080\u0094A. Mackie's orchard at Boswell. Variety, Mcintosh Red. Although on Kootenay\nLake, Boswell has a somewhat different climate from the West Arm or Kaslo and scab is a\nmuch less serious problem. The average rainfall is consistently lower for each month of the\ngrowing season, the figures for the growing season (April-September, inclusive) at Boswell\nbeing 8.18 inches and at Nelson 11.10 inches. Three sprays only were given on this plot, the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 35\nfirst being lime-sulphur 1-50 in the pink stage; calyx and one later spray with the materials\nmentioned. Actual spraying done by owner.\nMaterial.\nTotal\nApples.\nClean\nApples.\nScabby\nApples.\nClean.\nScabby.\nL.S. % gal. and CaS 3% lb. to 40 gals, water..\nL.S. 1-80\t\n2,082\n2,103\n2,477\n1,890\n1,784\n1,020\n192\n319\n1,457\nPer Cent.\n90.8\n84.9\n41.2\nPer Cent.\n9.2\n15.1\n58.8\nA similar plot was laid out with variety Cox Orange and received the same treatment.\nAt picking-time the unsprayed check showed only 25 per cent, possibly scabby fruit. Most of\nthe scab-spots were healed over, probably not over 5 per cent, of the apples having conspicuous\nscab-spots. It was not thought worth while, therefore, trying to make an estimate of scab on\nthe sprayed trees. Looking them over, they appeared to be 100 per cent, clean and the fruit\nof very high colour and free from blemishes.\nGeneral Conclusions.\u00E2\u0080\u0094The results with the calcium-monosulphide and lime-sulphur mixture\nare in agreement with the findings of last season. AVhere sprays are applied not more than\ntwo weeks apart, good control will probably be obtained in most seasons on all but the most\nsusceptible varieties. Its main fault is a lack of adhesiveness, so that in a wet fall much late\ninfection may occur. It would hardly be safe .to use it for the final spray on such varieties as\nMcintosh Red, Newtown, or Rome Beauty. On the less susceptible varieties and in localities\nwhere scab is less severe lime-sulphur alone at 1-80 may be satisfactory and would be considerably cheaper, but growers are advised to go very carefully in adopting such a dilution.\nThe iron-sulphate mixture, in so far as conclusions can be drawn from one season's work,\nwould seem to be the most effective material that has been tried during several seasons' work.\nIn preparing the spray the ferrous sulphate, in powder, is gradually sifted into the spray-tank\nas the water is put in (10 lb. to 100 imperial gallons) ; the lime-sulphur, 2% gallons, is then\nadded; and, lastly, 5 lb. of calcium arsenate. For the calyx and later sprays 4 lb. of calcium\narsenate are sufficient. The spray is an inky-black liquid, which makes it possible to do very\nthorough work, as any unsprayed branch is very noticeable. Generally 100 gallons of this\nmixture sprayed two to four trees less than the same quantity of the other sprays, indicating\nmore thorough work.\nUnfortunately the cost is approximately double that of lime-sulphur, but it may be possible\nto reduce this by using other materials for a portion of the spray schedule or by reducing the\nstrength for the earlier sprays. On the other hand, it may be possible to get good results with\nfewer sprays, as in Plots 4 and 5, thus reducing considerably the total cost.\nThe observations this season have been confined to scab-control. Lime-sulphur burning has\nbeen much less than usual, due probably to a drier atmosphere during May and June, with\nconsequent quicker drying of the spray. The heavy deposit on the foliage when the iron-\nsulphate spray was used made it more difficult to estimate the condition of the foliage, but in\na general way it appeared that the most vigorous foliage was on trees sprayed with the\ncalcium-monosulphide mixture, the iron sulphate coming next and the lime-sulphur last.\nCALYX-ROT OF APPLES.\nDuring the past two seasons some loss has occurred in the Queens Bay District from an\nunidentified calyx-end rot of the fruit. So far it has been found chiefly in the varieties Cox\nOrange and Rome Beauty, the loss reaching perhaps 5 per cent. The rot is present at picking-\ntime as a small, brown, firm, rotted area in and around the calyx-end. In a few cases the rot\nseems to be arrested at an early stage and the rotted part dries out to a spongy mass. Usually,\nhowever, it extends slowly until the entire fruit is destroyed. What appears to be the same\nfungus has been isolated constantly from the rotted tissue in both Cox Orange and Rome\nBeauty and a study of its identity and pathogeneity is in progress.\nSAN JOSE SCALE AT KASLO.\nInfestation was discovered in a number of small orchards in the fall of 1924. A quarantine\nwas placed on the affected places and clean-up measures started in the spring of 1925. Spraying- :\nY 36 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nwork was done by Department officials, a dormant oil spray being used. The area was kept\nunder quarantine until the fall of 1926, all trees having a dormant oil spray in the spring of\nthat year. At that time, after a thorough inspection of the area and no live scale found, it\nwas thought advisable to lift the quarantine. \" This was carried out with the understanding\nthat the area be sprayed again in the spring of 1927. The 1927 operations were carried out\non April 5th and 6th, using the Allover oil spray at an 8-per-cent. solution as in other years,\nand it is now felt that the scale is eradicated at least for some time.\" (Provincial Horticulturist's Report for 1927.) No scale was found from 1928 to 1932. In the summer of 1933,\nhowever, Mr. Hunt reported its reappearance. Identification of the scale, both in the original\ndetection and in the 1933 reappearance, was confirmed by Mr. Ruhmann.\nIn October, in conjunction with Mr. Hunt, your Plant Pathologist made a survey of the\ninfested area. This is confined to the farther part of the bench above the town. No increase in\nthe infested area was found, the same orchards being affected as were covered by the 1924\nquarantine. No infection was found on the wild bush. Infestation was found to be especially\nheavy on pears and some apple-trees, the fruit in many cases being conspicuously marked.\nA few trees were very heavily infested. There are some rather surprising things about this\noutbreak. Although cherry-trees are abundant, no infestation was found on them or on any\nstone-fruits, although they are all considered quite susceptible. In some instances the same\ntrees infested in 1924 had become once more heavily infested in 1933, while just across the\nfence trees might have no sign of infestation, although having been exposed to it for nine\nyears. Possibly the coolness of the nights, the temperature rarely rising over 60\u00C2\u00B0 F., may have\nsomething to do with restricting the spread of the insect, but the matter would seem to be\nworth further investigation.\nPEA-WEEVIL AT CRESTON.\nFollowing the discovery of this pest an inquiry was made into the extent of the infestation\n(October 12th). The insect had been found only in the crops of two growers, one of whom\nhas only a small amount of seed-peas and the other expects about 400 lb. No trace of it was\nfound in the former case and in the other the peas were not yet threshed, so inspection had\nto be left to the District Agriculturist at a later date. The origin of the infestation in the\nlatter case is not clear, as this crop has been grown from 1 lb. of seed purchased locally four\nyears ago and showed no signs of the insect for the first two years. Only another grower of\nseed-peas was located who had about 300 lb., apparently free from weevil. Inspection at this\ntime, however, is inconclusive, as the adults may not emerge unless the seed is stored in a\nwarm place. As nearly all seed sold locally is sold by two merchants, these were interviewed\nand were willing to undertake not to distribute any seed from the infested places until they\nhad received the assurance of the District Agriculturist that the seed had been found by him\nto be free from infestation or fumigated. While this will probably prevent the spread of the\ninfestation and perhaps eradicate it, there is no guarantee in our present interprovincial\nmethods of shipping seed against new infestations. The only apparent safeguard would he\nfor the Dominion Government to insist on fumigation of all pea-seed by seed-houses before\ndistribution.\nOFFICE AND LABORATORY.\nSince 1915 the Plant Pathologist has shared a suite of offices in the Vancouver Court-house\nwith the Provincial Plant Quarantine Branch, at that time under the direction of the late\nT. Cunningham, and later of W. H. Lyne. This arrangement has been very satisfactory, in\nthat it has economized office-space, obviated the duplication of reference-books, specimens,\nmicroscopes, and other equipment, while the services of the Pathologist's laboratory have been\nimmediately at hand for the determination of diseases that could not be satisfactorily diagnosed\nin the course of routine inspections. Moreover, with the combined staffs, some one was sure\nto be on hand to answer the numerous over-the-counter inquiries regarding common pests and\ndiseases.\nAVith the transfer of the Plant Quarantine work and staff to the Dominion on August 1st,\nthere is the possibility of these two services being separated by the location of the Quarantine\nOffice in some other part of the city after the close of the present fiscal year. Since a continuation of the present arrangement involves an agreement between the Dominion and the\nProvince, it may be in order to point out the above-mentioned advantages of association. More- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 37\nover, owing to the distance of the port of Vancouver from Ottawa, it was arranged at the time\nof the transfer of the quarantine-work that the Provincial Plant Pathologist should continue\nto assist as formerly in the diagnosis of disease in imported material and in an advisory\ncapacity regarding treatment and disposal of infected shipments. The carrying-on of this\nrelationship will certainly be much facilitated if the two offices remain associated. Furthermore, the public have been coming to these offices for over twenty years on importation matters\nand a change of location will undoubtedly lead to much confusion and redirecting over a\nconsiderable period.\nAlthough most of the quarantine-work formerly performed by the Province has been transferred to the Dominion, the regulation and inspection of certain interprovincial shipments of\nplants into British Columbia has been left, temporarily at least, to the jurisdiction of the\nProvince and placed under the supervision of the Plant Pathologist, who has also been appointed\nto succeed Mr. Lyne as the representative of British Columbia on the Western Plant Quarantine\nBoard.\nBy arrangement with the Federal Department of Agriculture, certain plant-disease investigations are carried on by this Branch at the Saanichton laboratory. The following is a summary\nof work done during 1933 by AV. R. Foster, M.Sc, Assistant Provincial Plant Pathologist:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" The work performed during the past season comprised both research and extension work.\nThe following problems are under investigation:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" Fruit-blight of Loganberry and Raspberry.\u00E2\u0080\u0094A fungus has been found constantly associated\nwith this blight, infection being apparently through the stigma of one or more carpels at or\naround the blossoming period. The identity of the fungus has not yet been determined, but its\npathogenicity has been established. It is expected that a paper on the manner of infection and\nthe progressive histological changes which ensue will be published during the coming year.\nAn extensive series of spraying experiments directed towards the prevention of infection was\ncarried out, but the natural incidence of the disease was so low during the past season that the\nresults were inconclusive. The problem of control is complicated by the suspected relation of\nthrips as inoculating agents, by possible injury to pollenization by spraying in bloom, and by\nthe successive opening of blossoms over a considerable period.\n\" Stinking Smut (Bunt) of Wheat.\u00E2\u0080\u0094In the winter-wheat-growing areas of British Columbia\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094e.g., Armstrong\u00E2\u0080\u0094considerable damage is caused by stinking smut, regardless of whether the\nseed is treated or not. The most satisfactory solution of such a problem is the finding of a\nvariety which has good commercial qualities, adapted to the district, and naturally resistant to\nthe strain of the fungus existing in the Province or locality. To this end a collection was\nobtained of standard and new varieties, some of which have shown a high degree of smut-\nresistance elsewhere.\n\" These were tested for smut-resistance (by artificial infection) and for yield, at the\nExperimental Station, Saanichton, in the season 1932-33, with the following results: The\nvarieties Albit, Ridit, Oro, Jen. x Ridit, AVhite Odessa, Martin, and Hussar in this experiment\nare immune. Dawson's Golden Chaff, Sun, Golden Sun, Berkeley Rock, Kharkov, Minhardi,\nand Yeoman are resistant. Imperial Amber, A.O.C. 104, and Crail Fife are moderately susceptible. Hybrid 128 is very susceptible. Oro and AVhite Odessa gave the highest yields.\n\" A similar experiment was conducted at Armstrong on the Illustration Farm with the\nco-operation of H. H. Evans and Dr. AV. B. McKechnie. Unfortunately winter-killing destroyed\nall but Minhardi and Oro. Of these two varieties, which are apparently hardy, Oro proved\nimmune to bunt at Saanichton. In continuation of this work nine variety plots (each in\nquadruplicate) were seeded at Armstrong this year with artificially infected seed.\n\" Resistance by Chemicals.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Since the wheat-plant is susceptible to this disease only during\nthe short period between the first emergence of the young shoot from the seeds and its appearance above ground (approximately), it seemed theoretically possible that the germ might be\nartificially immunized for this length of time by forcing into the tissues some chemical which\nwould prevent the entrance of the parasite without materially injuring germination. A preliminary inquiry was made into the quantitative absorption of water by the seed under atmospheric\npressure and vacuum treatment respectively. It was found, for example, that with a vacuum\nof 27 lb. pressure the amount of water absorbed (39 per cent.) was equal to that absorbed at Y 38 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nordinary pressures in three hours. A series of chemicals at different strengths have been tested\nfor their effect on germination\u00E2\u0080\u0094among them Cheshunt compound (copper), copper nitrate,\ncopper sulphate, copper acetate, potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, malachite\ngreen, mercuric chloride, silver nitrate, and formalin. Of the copper compounds the acetate is\napparently least injurious to germination, while silver nitrate is much less injurious than\nmercuric chloride.\n\" This stage of the work is being continued during the winter, while the effects on smut\ninfection will be undertaken in the spring.\n\" Other investigations in progress are: (a) Measures for the control of Sclerotinia blossom-\nblight of cherries, a disease very destructive on Vancouver Island; (6) the nature and control\nof ' witche's-broom' in alfalfa; (c) a simpler treatment for preventing loose smut of wheat than\nthe present hot-water method.\n\" Publications.\u00E2\u0080\u0094As mentioned in last year's report, a form of fruit-blight of loganberry was\nproved to be due to the fungus Ilapalosphwria deformans Syd. This was the first record of\nthis fungus in North America. It has been recorded in Europe on other species of Rubus, but\nthis is the first record on loganberry. A paper entitled ' Anther and Stigma Blight of Loganberry,' by Professor J. Dearness and W. R. Foster, was published in the Canadian Journal of\nResearch (9:43. 1933).\n\" A twenty-page circular entitled ' First Studies in Mendelism' was prepared during the\nyear. This was intended for the use of agricultural classes in rural high schools and for the\ninstruction of plant and animal breeders in some of the fundamental principles underlying their\npractice, and was published as Dairy Circular No. 24.\"\nThe above summary indicates the progress of investigations of economic importance to\ngrowers. The publication entitled \" First Studies in Mendelism\" has been well received,\nparticularly by dairy-farmers, who are keenly interested in the practical application of the\nprinciples outlined.\nPACIFIC SCIENCE CONGRESS.\nThe Fifth Pacific Science Congress met in Victoria and Vancouver, June 1st to 14th. As a\nmember of the Sectional Committee on Botany and Plant Pathology, the Plant Pathologist took\npart in the preparation of the programme and read a paper on \" The Relation between Climate\nand the Incidence of Some Orchard Diseases in British Columbia.\"\nMISCELLANEOUS WORK.\nAlthough raspberry certification is done under Dominion regulations and Inspectors, the\nProvincial Plant Pathologist has co-operated in the work in the Fraser Valley, having accompanied the Inspector on the field inspections in this area and in the investigation of various\nproblems and difficulties in the production of certified raspberry stock.\nAs a result of the depression and unemployment a large number of people in and around the\nCity of Vancouver are trying to raise at least part of their own food-supply by extending their\ngardens, cultivating vacant lots, renovating neglected orchards, etc. Being for the most part\nwithout experience in agriculture or horticulture, they naturally run into many unforeseen difficulties and disappointments, due to insect pests and plant-diseases. As a consequence there\nhas been a considerable increase in office inquiries on these matters and a good deal of office-\ntime taken up in giving advice on them.\nA considerable number of botanical identifications have been made, comprising identifications\nof imported and exported plants for the Quarantine Service, alpines and other more or less\nuncommon plants for commercial or other gardeners, and weeds, flowers, and supposedly\nmedicinal, poisonous, or economic wild plants from correspondents throughout the Province.\nReports on the prevalence of plant-diseases have been furnished, as usual, for the Dominion\nPlant Disease Survey.\nRespectfully submitted.\nJ. W. Eastham,\nPlant Pathologist. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 39\nREPORT OF PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST.\nMax H. Euhmash, B.A.\nTwo projects were carried on during the year:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n(1.) Spray Tests for Codling-moth Control.\u00E2\u0080\u0094This is a continuation of work which has been\ncarried on for some years co-operatively by the Horticultural Branch at Kelowna and this\noffice. The results have been excellent and show that satisfactory control can be obtained under\nour conditions with arsenate-of-lead sprays; thoroughness and timeliness of application being\nthe important factors.\nA preliminary test in the substitution of calcium arsenate to replace arsenate of lead was\nmade. This is showing good promise; good control of the codling-moth was obtained and no\nburning resulted.\nOur present recommendations are, subject to local conditions and extent of infestation, a\nmaximum of five sprays, consisting of the calyx-spray and two cover-sprays for the first brood\nand two cover-sprays for the second brood. The dates for the application of all cover-sprays\nare subject to variation of moth emergence and flight. Observations of this are made by the\nDepartment of Agriculture and the cover-spray dates for all Interior districts are available in\nthe local offices as soon as the dates are set.\n(2.) Tests of Substances which might act as Bee Repellents.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Tests were again made during\n1933 with new substances, the following being used: Naphthalene Ether-Beta, Chloroethyl\nAcetate-Beta, Chloroacetone, Furfural, Salicylic Aldehyde, Monobromonaphthalene Alpha, Pyridine, Oil of Cloves, Oil of Cade, Oil of Pine, Oil of Camphor, and Oil of Spruce.\nAll substances were prepared as 1-per-cent. solutions in water and applied to small blocks\nof white clover in full bloom, and observations made on the reaction of bees to the sprayed\nplants. Three of the substances gave distinct indication of repellent action in the following\norder: Oil of Spruce, Oil of Camphor, Furfural. More extended tests of these substances will\nbe undertaken during 1934.\nECONOMIC INSECTS NOTED DURING THE YEAR.\nCutworms caused considerable injury in the Kamloops District. Infestations were moderate\nin the Okanagan Valley, although a heavy flight of moths was recorded in 1932.\nFlea-beetles were responsible for considerable loss of seedlings recorded. Tomato-plants\nwere severely injured in the AVinfield District.\nMosquitoes, due to high water in the summer of this year, were very much in evidence,\nalthough considerable oiling had been done.\nGranary-weevil.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Some heavy infestations were noted in feed-stores-in the valley.\nWireworm injury was not as heavy as in the past three years.\nEuropean Red Mite (Paratetranychus pilosus).\u00E2\u0080\u0094This mite is becoming more widespread\nand its distribution is general in the Okanagan Valley. Good control is being obtained with\nthe oil sprays.\nThe Two-spotted Mite (Tetranychus bimaculatus).\u00E2\u0080\u0094An unusually heavy infestation by this\nmite occurred at Penticton.\nBruce's Measuring-worm (Rachela bruciata).\u00E2\u0080\u0094This moth has not been in evidence for some\nyears. Its presence was noted in a number of orchards in Vernon and Kelowna, but distribution\nis not general.\nBlossom Syneta (Syneta albida).\u00E2\u0080\u0094This insect was more prominent than usual, attacking\napple-blossoms both at Vernon and Kelowna.\nTarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis) was abundant in Vernon. In other sections of the\nvalley it was present in moderate numbers. Alfalfa cover-crops are very attractive to this\ninsect.\nPear-thrips (Twneothrips inconsequens) is recorded for the first time at Vernon, where its\ndistribution is fairly general. No serious injury was noted.\nClover-mite (Briobia pratensis) was very common in houses during the past winter.\nCabbage-ivorm (Pieris rapw) was more plentiful than usual during the summer. Unsprayed\ncruciferous crops were severely injured in many districts.\nRose Curculio (Rhynchites bicolor) was unusually destructive in gardens.\nRosy Apple-aphis (Anuraphis roseus) was particularly noticeable at Kelowna, where some\ninjury resulted. Y 40\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nTurnip-aphis (Aphis pseudobrassicw) did considerable damage at Vernon and Kamloops.\nCabbage-aphis (Aphis brassicw) was destructive at Vernon and Kamloops.\nLesser Apple-worm (Laspeyresia prunivora).\u00E2\u0080\u0094There is a slight increase of this insect in\nthe Coldstream section of the Vernon District.\nApple-tree Leaf-roller (Archips argyrospila) has not been of importance in the Okanagan\nValley for some years.\nOblique-banded Leaf-roller (Archips rosaceana) is of general distribution in the Interior.\nThe distinctive scars on the fruit of the apple caused by this insect is quite common. Good\ncontrol is maintained, however, where a regular arsenical-spray programme is employed.\nEye-spotted Bud-moth (Spilonota ocellana) has been unusually scarce during the past two\nyears.\nBlister-mite (Eriophyes pyri).\u00E2\u0080\u0094Good control of this insect is being maintained generally.\nSevere infections are now rarely seen.\nRed-humped Caterpillar (Schizura concinna) was quite abundant at Salmon Arm, but quite\nrare in other parts of the Interior.\nPear-slug (Eriocampoides limacina) was less prevalent than usual.\nFall Web-worm (Hyphantria cunea).\u00E2\u0080\u0094A considerable increase of this insect was noted this\nyear.\nSan Jose Scale (Aspidiotus pemiciosus).\u00E2\u0080\u0094An outbreak of this scale has appeared at the\nChapaca Indian Reserve and at Kaslo. Quarantine measures have been instituted at these points\nfor the purpose of eradicating this scale.\nDETAILS OF CODLING-MOTH SPRAY TESTS AT KELOWNA DURING 1933.\nThe main project was continued on the Salome block in the orchard of F. W. Pridham at\nKelowna. Results obtained will be found in the report of the Provincial Horticulturist and in\nAppendices thereto.\nA preliminary test of calcium arsenate as a substitute for arsenate of lead was made on the\norchard of J. J. Staples, of Kelowna. This consists of a block of 100 Salome trees of about\n25 years of age. The block was divided into two plots for the purpose of this test. Each plot\nreceived three sprays, the first being the calyx, when each plot received the same spray of\narsenate of lead at the rate of 3 lb. to 80 gallons (imperial) of water.\nTwo cover-sprays were applied for the first brood of codling-moth. Plot 1 received, at the\nfirst cover-spray, 5 lb. of calcium arsenate plus 5 lb. of hydrated lime to each 80 gallons\n(imperial) of water used.\nPlot 2 received 3 lb. of arsenate of lead to each 80 gallons (imperial) of water used. This\nspray was repeated on Plot 2 for the second cover-spray.\nPlot 1 received 5 lb. calcium arsenate without additional lime to each 80 gallons (imperial)\nof water used at the second cover-spray. Three average trees were selected in each plot for\nexamination. All the fruit of each tree was examined and counted, with the following results:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nPlot No.\nMaterial used.\nNo. of\nApples.\nNo. of\nWorms.\nNo. of\nStings.\nWorms.\nStings.\n1\n2\nCalcium arsenate\t\n10,036\n6,733\n58\n61\n182\n191\nPer Cent.\n0.57\n0.90\nPer Cent.\n1.81\n2 83\nNo burning resulted from the use of calcium arsenate.\nThese plots had been used for test-sprays during 1932 and recorded the following infestations at the end of the year:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nPlot No. 1: Percentage of worms, 0.9 ; percentage of stings, 2.6. Plot No. 2: Percentage of\nworms, 1.2; percentage of stings, 5.1.\nIt will be noted that, although only receiving three sprays during 1933, a further reduction\nof infestation was obtained. During 1934 further tests will be made with calcium-arsenate\nsprays on a heavily infested orchard.\nRespectfully submitted.\nMax H. Ruhmaitn,\nEntomologist in Charge. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 41\nREPORT OP APIARY INSPECTOR.\nA. AV. Finlay.\nEarly spring examinations showed winter losses of normal proportions, not more than\n10 per cent, to date of April 1st.\nContinued wet and cold weather during April and May, however, caused heavy mortality\namong colonies that were short of stores. This condition was general throughout the Province,\nexcept in most of the commercial apiaries, where feeding was resorted to to maintain brood-\nrearing. AVeather conditions during the months of May, June, and part of July were not\nconducive to nectar-secretion. The honey-flow was slow and intermittent. Swarming was\ngeneral under these conditions, and though increase in this manner made up for earlier losses\nfrom starvation and spring dwindling, the prospects for a honey-crop were not very good.\nTowards the end of July and for the first two weeks in August exceptionally hot weather caused\na great improvement. The honey-flow was rapid and continued for some time after the normal\nclose of the season, so that final reports showed a better than normal crop.\nA crop questionnaire was sent out on August 16th to about fifty prominent bee-keepers,\nrepresenting all districts in the Province, accompanied by a return post-card stating the number\nof colonies operated, the average surplus per colony, and the estimate of the average for,the\ndistrict. About 60 per cent, of these cards were returned, representing twenty-eight apiaries,\noperating 2,159 colonies, with an average surplus of over 100 lb. per colony, and estimating an\naverage for their districts of 78 lb. These reports are used as a basis in estimating the total\ncrop report for the Province, supplemented by your Inspector's knowledge of local conditions\nfor districts not so reported.\nThe total estimated honey-crop for the Province amounted to 1,164,350 lb., an increase of\n157,150 lb. over that of last season. This compares favourably with reports from other Provinces\nof from 30 to 35 lb. per colony below normal, due to drought, grasshoppers, etc.\nSeveral Apiary Inspectors for the various districts commenced their work in April, but made\nlittle progress that month due to inclement weather. Their efforts were confined to the districts\nin which they reside, as far as possible, to avoid excessive transportation costs. Systematic\ninspection was given in areas where disease was prevalent and a check-up made in other areas\nas far as the limited appropriation for this work allowed. Much good work was accomplished\nby these men in the control of contagious bee-diseases, which, unfortunately, had to be stopped\nbefore completion owing to the funds for this purpose becoming exhausted.\nThe following is a summary of field-work done in this manner:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nInspector.\nDistrict.\nExamined.\nA.F.B.\nApiaries.\nColonies.\n.1. F. Roberts\t\n121\n123\n184\n58\n285\n733\n474\n1,167\n194\n2,077\n48\n22\n120\n120\nChilliwack\t\n48\n22\n65\nTotals. .\n771\n4,645\n310\n135\nAll colonies found to be diseased were promptly treated or destroyed, according to the\nseverity of the case, and all diseased material burned. Absentee owners of diseased apiaries\nwere notified of conditions and given a maximum of ten days to clean up. Printed forms were\nprovided for this purpose, embodying a declaration that this, work had been done according to\ninstructions and returnable to the Inspector's office, the receipt of which obviated the necessity\nof a return visit of the Inspector. Bee-keepers' field-days were attended and practical demonstrations and addresses given.\nIn addition to supervision of work of local Field Inspectors, extension-work was again\ncarried on by your Inspector in visiting various districts of the Interior and working in\nco-operation with the local District Representatives; apicultural instruction was combined\nwith apiary inspection and encouraging results were noted, the effect of two seasons' previous Y 42 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nwork in this respect. Several doubtful samples of diseased combs were afterwards forwarded\nto the office for micro diagnosis through the efforts of District Representatives, the determination\nof which undoubtedly prevented further outbreak or extension of disease in that particular\napiary or district. Pressure of other work cut short this season's visit to the Interior districts,\nwith several important places unattended. A special report on this work, recommending its\nextension, was forwarded to the Department on July 3rd, 1933.\nOFFICE-WORK.\nThe district office at the Court-house, New Westminster, was attended two days per week,\nMondays and Fridays, for interviewing bee-keepers, attending to correspondence, reports, registration of apiaries, microscopic examinations of smears and samples of brood-combs sent in for\nbacterial diagnosis, and other office-work. There were 114 smears and twelve samples of comb\nreceived and examined. Reports were sent out with instructions for treatment, a detailed list\nof which is appended. Of these, eighty-three proved to be affected with American foul-brood,\neighteen with European foul-brood, and twenty-five sterile or sac-brood. Three hundred and\nforty-seven letters were received and 334 sent out.\nEXHIBITIONS.\nAn increase was noted in the number of entries of competitive exhibits of honey and apiary\nproducts at the principal fairs, especially at Victoria, where the number almost doubled, and\nwere all of exceptionally high quality. The honey exhibits at Vancouver Fair secured a much\nimproved placing this season, being staged in the centre of the Horticultural Building, where\nthey formed an attractive centre piece for the flower displays and to their mutual advantage.\nAt these and several of the smaller fairs your Inspector attended in a judicial capacity.\nEncouraged by their previous efforts at the Imperial Fruit Show in England, British\nColumbia bee-keepers again entered the lists in Empire competition with an increased number\nof entries, and further improved on their previous successes by taking the great majority of\nthe awards. In all classes of the honey section open to the Dominion, British Columbia was\nawarded sixteen out of the possible nineteen prizes and special awards of merit. As the highest\npoints were given for quality, British Columbia bee-keepers can rightfully boast of producing\nthe finest honey in the British Empire and, to no less extent, its skilful preparation for market.\nAll of which is respectfully submitted.\nA. AV. Finlay,\nInspector of Apiaries.\nREPORT OP LIVE STOCK COMMISSIONER.\nWallace R. Guwn, B.S.A., B.V.Sc, V.S.\nIn the year 1933 there was more than the usual precipitation, especially in the range\ncountry, and particularly during the spring season. This encouraged growth of all range plants.\nA sudden hot spell during midsummer dried up the open ranges and forced stock back into the\ntimber ranges. Lakes and ponds throughout the range area are gradually filling to considerably\nhigher levels. The fall season saw a continuation of rain, with but little snow, after a sudden\nearly fall in the upper ranges in early September.\nLive-stock production for the year was particularly good, with cattle and sheep wintering\nwell. The early spring grass brought stock on well; good calf and lamb crops are reported.\nConsiderable grass beef went to market during the early part of the season, during the months\n9\nof June and July. Market conditions, however, for the year were not at all good, and it is\nquestionable whether many outfits were able to do more than break even on their business,\nand some no doubt \" went in the red.\"\nHORSES.\nThe serious condition of the horse-breeding industry of the Province still continues, with a\nlarge part of the farming areas depending entirely upon old worn-out horses. In these districts\nthere are but very few brood mares that could raise foals, and no stallions of any kind available\nfor use. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 43\nDuring the year quite a number of draught horses and also- some good light stock were\nmarketed from the upper range country around Kamloops, Ashcroft, and Nicola. Prices were\nrather low for the draught stock at the point of shipment, but fair prices were realized at point\nof sale in the farming districts.\nIt is unfortunate that we were unable to prevent the entry to our Province of a nondescript\nlot of horses driven in from Alberta. Many of these animals were no better than the wild horses\nrunning on our'ranges which we pay yearly to have destroyed.\nKamloops again came forward with a very fine horse display at their annual exhibition.\nMuch of this Upper Country is proving to be an ideal place for developing and wintering over\nhorses, especially racing-stuff. The climate and general conditions seem to make it possible to\nwinter over, so that but a very few weeks are required to put them in first-class racing condition.\nBEEF CATTLE.\nPrices were very disappointing again this year. In many cases the cost of production was\nnot realized by the rancher. A number of ranchers held over 2-year-olds from 1932, expecting\nto realize a better price for 1933, but they were disappointed. This extra marketing of heavy\nbeef also had a tendency to disrupt the market. Charges against beef production continue to\nbe well on to as high as in previous years.\nThe experimental work that has been carried on for two years in the feeding of Upper\nCountry beef at the Coast seems to point to the necessity of further work being done before the\npolicy can be finally O.K.'d. It is possible that much of the feeding of range cattle in the\nProvince of British Columbia will have to be done in areas adjacent to the range, where climatic\nconditions are similar to those where the cattle are produced. Again, British Columbia will\nalways continue to turn off early grass cattle to reach the market in June and early July.\nThis is one of the best markets of the year and cannot very well be invaded by animals from\nany other part of the Dominion.\nRANGE PROBLEMS.\nSome policy should be evolved which would get away from the enormous losses in cattle due\nto poisoning by the timber milk-vetch (Astragalus campestris). As stated previously, the early\nspring weather was conducive to a heavy growth of range plants, including timber milk-vetch.\nThis plant does very well in the timbered areas, and of course, with the drying-up of the grass\nas a result of the sudden hot spell in July, cattle were forced into the timber range to secure\ngreen succulent feed, and almost immediately reports came from all over the territory of cattle\nand horses, particularly milking animals, being affected with Astragalus campestris. As far as\ntreatment is concerned, in most cases, little can be done, and as a result many cattle and some\nhorses, mostly brood mares, died. Many other cattle became permanent \" knockers,\" and these\nknocker cattle will go to market at best very poor beef and at a loss to the producer. The general\nsuggestions offered, as means of control, include moving the animals gradually off these infested\nranges, especially all milking animals.\nAs a general policy I have suggested that, in so far as possible, ranchers should attempt\nto develop breeding pastures on non-infested ranges, where they can keep their breeding cows\nwithin reach of bulls and at the same time keep the most susceptible animals off the badly\ninfested ranges. The breeding season and the season when Astragalus campestris is most\ncommon come at about the same time. This facilitates matters and makes this suggested plan\ngenerally practical.\nDuring the winter the usual outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicaemia and certain other\nconditions, such as coccidiosis and necrotic stomatitis, were prevalent, and it is at this season\nof the year that assistance is mostly required in this part of the Province. Your Commissioner\nwent carefully into this matter with individual ranchers and cattle associations, offering\nsuggested treatment and preventive measures. Circulars have been prepared and distributed\nto stockmen in these districts, giving full information as to how to prevent and control these\ndiseases. The situation as it exists at the present time in the Province of British Columbia\nrequires that fundamentals be dealt with, such as, first and foremost, the health of the live\nstock. AVhen some definite programme of disease-control and general health has been fully\nworked out, more attention can then be given to the improvement in breeding stock.\nThe year 1933 seemed to be about the peak of the rabbit cycle, and as a result the wood-tick\n(Dermacentor andersoni) was prevalent throughout the range country. While no large out- Y 44 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nbreaks of tick paralysis were reported, many individual cases are known. Control of this\nparasite is something that requires attention before some serious outbreak of diseases fatal\nto humans, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tuleremia, make their appearance extensively within the Province. Many different methods of control have been suggested, but to date\nnone appear to be entirely satisfactory. Some of the practical men throughout the country\nseem to feel that a system of burning off areas of undesirable scrub timber land where cattle\nare compelled to range will not only kill large numbers of the tick, but will destroy many of\nthese rodents which act as intermediate hosts in the spread of the tick.\nBRANDS.\nUntil the complete reports for the calendar year are received, comparison can only be made\non the basis of shipments up to October 31st. In the Cariboo, while AA'illiams Lake will show\nabout the same as last year, the Clinton area is down, and the total for the Cariboo will probably\nbe below 1932. Kamloops-Nicola will probably be down about 10 per cent. The smaller districts\nalso show reductions, and it is not likely that total shipments will exceed 18,000 head, as compared with 22,000 head in 1932.\nThe sudden activity in hides in the spring in order to replenish a bare market was a feature\nof the year for stockmen. Increased prices and the need of ready cash resulted in the collection\nand shipment of hides of all conditions and ages, whereas last year the difficulty was even to\ngive them away. Nearly 20,000 hides have been shipped, which is four times the 1932 total and\ndouble the total of any of the previous three years.\nSome useful amendments to strengthen the \" Stock-brands Act\" were passed at the last\nsession of the Legislature.\nThanks to the co-operation of the police and the paid Inspectors, this work is being carried\non efficiently. In Kamloops District Inspector Cahilty is devoting a good deal of his time to\nthe patrolling of the ranges.\nThe following convictions were secured: For dealing in hides without a licence, three\u00E2\u0080\u0094at\nFernie, Williams Lake, and Lytton; for using an unregistered brand, three\u00E2\u0080\u0094at Kamloops,\nKelowna, and Burns Lake; for illegal slaughtering, one, at Ootsa Lake. In addition, many\nother reports of cattle-stealing were investigated.\nTwo new Brand Commissioners, C. Moon, AVilliams Lake, and B. P. Guichon, Quilchena,\nwere appointed to replace E. Clark, deceased, and R. H. Helmer, resigned.\nFollowing many complaints from the stockmen, alternative schemes were submitted for the\nmore systematic registration of brands for Indians, but it is to be regretted that the stockmen,\nwhile anxious to have this work done, were not prepared to endorse it at present.\nNew brands were issued in about the same number as last year, and through careful\nchecking of shipping records many brands which were being used illegally were put on the\nrecords.\nRenewals are coming in very slowly, less than 20 per cent, having been received to date,\nwhich is indicative of the hard times the stockmen are going through.\nThe quadrennial issue of the complete Brand Book\u00E2\u0080\u0094till December 31st, 1932\u00E2\u0080\u0094was made\nlast spring, and the regular monthly lists of brands issued were sent out.\n(See Appendix 11 for additional statistics.)\nDAIRY CATTLE.\nThe dairy industry has been seriously affected throughout the entire country, and of course\nthis reflects on the breeding of dairy cattle. Sales of pure-bred sires have not been particularly\ngood during the year. The Holstein Breeders' Association contributed some very fine calves to\nstockmen along the main line of the Canadian National west of Prince George to serve as\nfoundation stock. They also supported the industry in the way of prize-money to Holstein\nCalf Clubs, which was of great assistance. The Jersey, Guernsey, and Ayrshire Breed Associations also assisted with junior clubs.\nBreeding-diseases and their sequela? continue to be the most important factor affecting the\ngeneral production of dairy cattle, and should receive first attention, because production pro- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 45\ngrammes are of little value when seriously modified by breeding-diseases. This is work requiring\nthe attention of qualified veterinarians, and unless they are given the direction of this work\nthe trouble is going to continue and no doubt increase. If the dairy-cattle men could be persuaded to recognize the importance of vigour and constitution in their cattle and be encouraged\nto pay more attention to general sanitation and hygiene about their herds and premises, and\ntry to as far as possible follow out balanced-production programmes, there would be perhaps a\nmargin of profit in the production of milk even with the present low prices. This same thought\napplies in the production of poultry; where vigour is overlooked no amount of biological treatments and laboratory tests can make the business successful or profitable. In other words,\nnature will take a hand and eliminate the undesirable.\nAVARBLE-FLY CONTROL PROJECT.\nThe Deep Creek District warble-fly control project was organized under the Live Stock\nBranch by H. E. AVaby, District Agriculturist at Salmon Arm. The Deep Creek District was\nchosen on account of it having the required features of being almost completely confined. AVith\nmountains and wooded areas almost completely surrounding the area, the possibility of reinfesta-\ntion from outside districts is very small. Within this area there were some twenty-nine herds\nwith a total live-stock population of somewhat over 400, including bulls, mature cows, heifers,\nyearlings, and calves. The material used was a Derris powder mixture. The first application,\nwhich commenced on February 10th, was completed on February 14th. At that time a total\nof 979 warbles were found on the backs of the animals and, as is usual, a greater percentage of\nwarbles was found on the backs of the younger animals. The Federal Assistant Entomologist\ngave every assistance.\nThe second application was given from March 13th to 16th. At this date a total of 1,847\nadditional warbles were found on the backs of the animals. The third treatment was commenced on April 10th and completed on April 14th, and at that time 590 more warble grubs were\nfound on the backs of the animals. A later examination proved that a fourth application was\nnot necessary, which evidently indicates that the late warble-fly is not so prevalent in that\ndistrict. The material for this work was supplied by the Provincial Department of Agriculture\nand cost only an average of 3 cents per animal.\nThe farmers of the Deep Creek District have repeatedly expressed their very great\nappreciation of this work and have asked that the programme be continued. It is expected\nthat their request will be complied with, and we are looking forward with interest to the\ncheck-up on the results obtained from last winter's treatments. Needless to say, there will be\nsome warbles, but, judging from the reports of individual farmers throughout the area, cattle\nwere not bothered nearly so much by the heel-fly during the past season. It is expected at\nthe present time the territory will be slightly extended to take in another clearly defined and\nprotected area adjacent to the Deep Creek District. There has been organized also another\narea in the Upper Thompson Valley adjacent to the range country.\nAs far as warble-fly control work is concerned, without a doubt this policy will eventually\nspread to every part of this Dominion. AVarbles cost untold thousands to the cattlemen of this\ncountry in loss of hides, loss in beef, irritation to the animal, resulting in lower milk and meat\nproduction. Beef-cattle ranchers in many sections cannot move their beef cattle during the\ndaytime without the heel-fly stampeding the cattle, and, again, cattle cannot graze in the open\nin many sections of the country as a result of the heel-fly, and what is a very costly feature to the\nrancher is the fact that he gets a decidedly reduced calf-crop because bulls cannot contact\nbreeding cows hidden away from the heel-fly in the timber.\nSHEEP.\nThis year's Sheep Show and Sale, held under the direction of the British Columbia Sheep-\nbreeders' Association, for several reasons did not prove particularly satisfactory to those\ncontributing rams. Prices in general were not good for rams this season. Again, weather\nconditions seriously interfered, and two conflicting dates for the sale were given out to the\npublic. However, most of the rams were sold either through the ring or by private treaty.\nAt the meeting of the association which followed the entire matter of the ram-sale was gone into\nvery thoroughly, and it is hoped that next year will see a much better sale. Y 46 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nThe price of lamb varied from $5.25 to $5.50 in January and February, to pick up in June\nto $5.65, going down in October to the low for the year at $3.75, and up in December to $4.75.\nChoice spring lamb found the high price of $7.25 in June and reached its lowest level of $4.75\nin October, and went up to $6 in December. Butcher ewes sold best in June at $3.25 and lowest\nin October at $2.25.\nThe method of putting British Columbia and AVestern Canadian lamb on the market will\nhave to be modified if sheepmen are going to make a profit out of their business. It is the\nopinion of the sheep-breeders and many interested in the industry that orderly marketing of\na well-finished product is the only way that this situation can be corrected. In the past,\nthroughout the entire season, particularly during the big marketing months, many lambs came\non the market far too light in weight and decidedly unfinished. These unfinished lambs seem\nto be used by the buyers to set the market price for the entire run. As the season advances,\nthese unfinished lambs are placed in feed-lots by the packers and other large feeders, to come\nback in competition with the spring crop of lamb which has been produced at considerable\nexpense either by shed-lambing in the Upper Country or on farms on the Lower Mainland and\nGulf Islands. This is a condition that tends to very seriously discourage the production of\nearly lamb in our farming districts; consequently sheepmen at the Coast are inclined to favour\nlater lambing, which, of course, will mean their product going on the market at the same time\nas the range-country lamb, which is the very thing we have been trying to educate against.\nAVe decidedly want a continuity of supply, with the farm-raised lamb reaching the market\nfirst and being well out of the way by the time the range lamb is ready. Throughout the range\nareas of British Columbia and adjacent to the range areas there are a number of small rangemen\nwho in the past have been very careless how their product has been shipped out. Educational\nwork that has been going on under the direction of this Branch for the last few years has very\ngreatly improved this situation, but there is much yet to be done.\nSheepmen throughout AVestern Canada, the different breed associations and live-stock\nbranches, are working out a plan at the present time to prevent as far as possible this unfinished\nmaterial going on the market. It is felt that the producer is losing the very best of his market\nwhen these lambs are allowed to be accumulated in lots adjacent to the large markets. If the\npresent suggestions materialize, it is intended that all unfinished lambs will be returned to the\nfarmer or rancher producing them and not permitted to be shipped to the central markets.\nThis will definitely keep breakers from competing actively with the spring lamb and will return\nto the rancher and farmer any profits there may be.\nPESTS AND PARASITES.\nCertain areas where parasites and diseases obtained a foothold have been given attention,\nand as a result of the year's work very marked improvement has been noted. The sheepmen are\nwell pleased with the results obtained. This work is being done, with the assistance of\nthe Provincial Veterinary Inspectors, on the area plan for efficiency and economy. It will be\nextended as rapidly as possible. In many sections of the Province work of this nature has to\nbe given first consideration before thinking of any extensive programme of improved breeding.\nPredatory animals, particularly the cougar and the coyote, continue to cause considerable\nloss to the sheepmen. Every effort has been made by the Government to co-operate in ridding\ndistricts of these animals. In some sections of the Province bear are a great menace to sheep-\nraisers. These animals, when they get old and lose their activity, prefer to hang about sheep-\nranches and pick off animals at their leisure rather than go out in the usual way to secure\ntheir food.\nSheep losses from dogs cost the Department this year $842.10 for the first eleven months\nfor 229 animals killed, compared to $978 for 176 head killed in 1932 and $913 for 109 head\nkilled in 1931. This apparent increase in the number of animals killed no doubt is due to the\nfact that sheepmen are forced to report even the smallest loss under present conditions, while\nthe decreased expenditure is due to careful attention to paying out compensation in keeping\nwith the present price of sheep. As usual, a large part of the killings occurred around towns\nand, of course, adjacent to Indian reserves. Your Commissioner feels that where towns and\nmunicipalities are permitted to collect their own dog tax they should be required to take care\nof their dog population, for in cases where the tax is not collected carefully a lot of stray dogs DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 47\nare to be found. These stray animals make raids out of the municipality or town into areas\nunder the jurisdiction of the Government, and where the owner of the dog doing the damage\nis unknown the Government is compelled to pay within the area under its jurisdiction.\nMARKETING.\nDue to the extended stay of your Commissioner in the Cariboo, Lamb AVeek this year had\nto be left to the direction of the British Columbia Sheep-breeders' Association. It proved to\nbe of some assistance to the industry at a time of year when the market is usually glutted with\nthe heavy markets from the range country, but to get best results the concerted action of all\ngroups is needed.\nRam-grading, as usual, was carried on by the Federal Department of Agriculture and\napproximately the same number of rams were graded as in previous years. Many breeders\nget considerable educational assistance out of this grading policy, while others seem to feel that\nthere is room for improvement in the policy. While this may be true, without a doubt, if all\nthe breeders actually endeavoured to use the policy in the way that it is intended, it would\nbe of considerable value to the industry. Another point that has not been overcome with respect\nto this policy is that the buying public are not familiar with the policy, and many times purchase\ntwo-star and even one-star rams under the impression that they are graded rams and therefore\nmust be of first quality, while had they taken the trouble to examine the policy they would have\nlearned that the top rams are graded three-star. Although this year's work seemed very\nsatisfactory, it is without doubt unfair to expect one man to grade all breeds of rams. It is\nfelt by most sheepmen that if this could be corrected it would mean an improvement.\nThe suggested lamb-grading policy outlined last year by the Federal Department has not\nbeen put into force, and, as mentioned in last year's Annual Report, very few British Columbia\nsheepmen feel that this policy would be desirable in this Province.\nPerhaps one of the most outstanding educational features in support of market-lamb work\nis the Williams Lake Annual Fair and Sheep Sale. This event received financial support from\nboth the Federal and Provincial Departments of Agriculture and has done a very great deal for\nthe sheep industry in that part of the Province. When this event was first held it was quite\nevident that many sheepmen knew very little regarding the type of lamb that was required,\nthe weight at which it should be marketed, and the required finish; also, with the poor quality\nof many of the sires being used in the district at that time, it would be impossible for such\nbreeders to produce suitable market-lambs. To-day, as a result of this education, the class of\nsire found throughout this range country is a decided improvement in type and breeding, with\nthe result that the quality of lamb produced is vastly improved. In addition, lambs are now\nbeing presented for market and sale at the weights favoured by the packers, and finish is\nreceiving sufficient attention that at this year's fair only a very small percentage of the lambs\nexamined were found to lack suitable finish. This programme of work is fitting in definitely\nwith the present policy in hand hy both the Provincial Department of Agriculture and the\nBritish Columbia Sheep-breeders' Association and other sheep associations throughout Western\nCanada.\nA programme of work on the Gulf Islands and in the Fraser Valley, which will need considerable attention, has been undertaken. As stated previously, the fundamentals consist in\nbuilding up clean, healthy stock; this to be followed or accompanied by a programme of type\nand production improvement. Surveys were made and field-days held throughout these districts,\nand from the information secured it is quite evident that the situation needs immediate attention. Many sheepmen attending these field-days went away fully convinced that they could\nnot possibly continue in the business profitably unless something was done.\nGOATS.\nThe milk goat is proving its place under the present emergency. Many people who would\nfind it very difficult to purchase milk are able to supply their families by keeping one or two\ngoats tethered on vacant lots and waste land adjacent to their homes. As far as the pure-bred\nend of the business is concerned, this is not receiving more attention than usual, and consequently it can scarcely be said that the general quality of the stock is improving. There are\nof course a few good breeders throughout the Province who are keeping up the standard, and\nwhen good material is really required it can be secured. Y 48 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nInquiries have come regarding goats and goat-breeding from all parts of the Dominion as\nfar east as the Maritimes, where some goats were shipped last year and where they seem to be\ndoing well.\nR.O.P. record-work has continued up to the present. Whether it will be carried on for the\ncoming year or not is questionable at the present time.\nSWINE.\nBritish Columbia still continues to be an importer of pork and pork products. Prices for\nswine during the last year have improved somewhat, no doubt due in part to the quota granted\nCanadian pork and bacon on the British market. Over 150,000 hogs are imported into the\nProvince each year, and no doubt this condition will continue so long as the Prairie breeders\ninsist upon producing surplus hogs fit only for the fresh-pork trade. If they could be encouraged\nto produce hogs suited for an export trade, this would relieve our market considerably and\nmake it more profitable for British Columbia breeders to produce for their own market.\nIn many sections of the Province good feeder hogs can be produced even where very little\ngrain is grown, and this will take care of our feeder-hog market adjacent to the large centres of\nVancouver, New Westminster, and Victoria. This has been the suggestion made to swinemen.\nThroughout the dairying sections of the Province both feeder hogs and finished hogs could easily\nbe produced in reasonable numbers. There is invariably to-day a surplus of milk in most of\nthese sections which would take care of the production of feeder hogs, and where some grain\nis raised finished pork could be produced and placed on the large central as well as the local\nmarkets at a fair profit.\nOne of the strongest reasons in favour of following out this programme is again with the\nidea of protecting the health of our live stock. In many parts outside the Province certain\ndiseases have gained a strong foothold and are seriously affecting swine production. It is of\ncourse impossible for British Columbia to prevent the entrance of these hogs to the Province,\nand the result will sooner or later be a spread of such diseases as swine erysipelas as well\nas hemorrhagic septicaemia (swine-plague). AA7here feeder hogs are shipped in from points\noutside the Province and again passed on to the farms for finishing, there is little doubt but\nwhat these places will become infected sooner or later, and from these centres these diseases\nwill gradually spread to a large percentage of the farms throughout the Province where swine\nare kept.\nAnother policy supported by the Live Stock Branch was the Junior Swine Improvement\nAssociations, intended to encourage swine production amongst the older junior farmers in the\nProvince. These associations were grouped together within a district, with each member\nowning one choice gilt, either high-class grade or pure-bred, and a pure-bred boar was placed\nwith each association. The idea was to bring in sufficient new blood to support our present\nherds, and gradually adding to the number of these associations until car-load shipments could\nbe secured for shipment to the central markets. As a result of our one year's activity, we have\nlearned that boars from outside the Province have to be selected very carefully if they are to\nprove successful in our Province. In some cases they do not appear to acclimatize properly,\nwhich perhaps is again a case of not enough attention being given to the matter of vigour,\nand there is the possibility of chronic infections. In every case where vigorous, healthy boars\nwere used excellent results were obtained.\nUnless Canada on the whole makes some attempt to fill the quota allowance provided on\nthe British market, this large quota privilege will no doubt be reduced materially and will\nwithout doubt be given to some other part of the Empire or to a foreign country. At the present\ntime Canadian production is not taking care of the export market, but in too many cases\nCanadian producers in the different Provinces are competing against each other instead of\nworking to develop the export market.\nJUNIOR LIVE STOCK CLUBS.\nThere were in the Province this year the following junior clubs:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nSwine Clubs.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Number of clubs, 12; total membership, 94; number of pigs exhibited, 188.\nCalf Clubs.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Number of clubs, 25; total membership, 208; number of calves shown, 208.\n(Note.\u00E2\u0080\u0094There were five additional Calf Clubs sponsored by the Holstein-Friesian Cattle-\nbreeders' Association with fifty-six additional members.) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 49\nPoultry Clubs.\u00E2\u0080\u0094No. of clubs, 29; total membership, 239.\nPrize-money for the Swine Clubs amounted to $297, with the Provincial and Dominion\nDepartments of Agriculture and the local organization contributing equally.\nPrize-money for the Calf Clubs amounted to $600, with the Provincial Department of\nAgriculture contributing one-half of the prize-money and the local organization contributing\nthe other half.\nPoultry Club work comes primarily under the direction of the Poultry Commissioner, but\nI might add that prize-money for the Poultry Clubs amounted to $174, contributed entirely by\nthe Provincial Department of Agriculture.\nIn addition, there are a number of Sheep Clubs, mostly adjacent to the City of New Westminster, sponsored by the Kiwanis Club, which are doing very good work. AAThile the Department keeps in touch with the club and does a certain amount of organization-work, the\nfinancing of these clubs is taken care of by this service club.\nIn general, our club programme has been somewhat reduced from last year, due in part to\na reduction in moneys available for the work and in part to a general weeding-out of clubs\nwhere interest was not keen and where the work was not accomplishing what really was\nintended. Generally, interest in club-work throughout the Province is very keen, and it is felt\nthat only a class of clubs suited to the district, and only clubs where interest warrants the\nexpenditure, should be given consideration.\nUntil this year our junior competitors that met teams from other Provinces at the Toronto\nRoyal went into these contests with but a very few years' experience in club-work and in actual\nclub-contest work. This year, with our dairy-cattle team, we had in Joseph O. Bulman, of\nWestwold, and Thomas P. AArilson, of Alnsulla, two boys of much greater experience than many\nof our previous teams. These boys had not only the advantages of many other competitions and\ngood training, but had in addition the advantage of years of show-ring experience on the show\ncircuit as herdsmen. The training secured by working with experienced stockmen very\nmaterially supplemented the excellent training that they had received from their coaches.\nIn addition, the long years- of training, competition, and experience that these boys had received\nsent them into the Toronto competition in a position to do their best and not become unduly\nexcited or affected by the competition. As a result these two hoys placed fourth in the\ncompetition conducted by the Canadian Council on Boys' and Girls' Club Work at the Toronto\nRoyal. They were defeated by but a small margin by the Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick\nteams.\nWe were represented in the poultry competition at the Toronto Royal by Georgina F. Game\nand Dorothy J. Chamberlaine, who placed third in keen competition, despite the fact that Miss\nGame was seriously incapacitated with an attack of influenza.\nOur swine team from the Fraser Valley, made up of Clifford Freeman, Langley Prairie,\nand Stuart McLaren, Milner, went into the Toronto competition perhaps at a greater disadvantage than either of our other teams. The numbers of swine available for training boys and\ngirls in judging is limited to but a very few large herds, and since the contest at Toronto\nlargely\" centres around the standards as set down by the Federal Department of Agriculture\nHog Grading Service, which is not in force in the Province of British Columbia, our boys could\nscarcely be expected to place high in the competition.\nBritish Columbia, as a member of the Canadian Council on Boys' and Girls' Club Work,\nwhile working under some disadvantages of distance from the competition centre, and being\nrequired to compete against the larger Provinces such as Ontario and Quebec, nevertheless has\nvery many advantages over perhaps any other Province in the Dominion. Our competing teams\nget, without a doubt, the finest trip\u00E2\u0080\u0094a trip that would cost many times our annual fee to the\nCouncil. We are in addition building up in our young people an appreciation for the Dominion\nof Canada by putting them in contact with people of the other Provinces. Placed as we are\non the west coast of the Dominion, there could be a tendency to become provincialized, and\npossibly, with conditions as. they were in past years, a tendency to contact and observe more\noften our neighbours on the Pacific Coast of the United States. Y 50\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nESTIMATED NUMBERS OF FARM LIVE STOCK IN BRITISH COLUMBIA,\nYEARS 1932-33. 4\u00E2\u0080\u009E\u00E2\u0080\u009E\u00E2\u0080\u009E '\"\nDescription. 1932. 1933.\nHorses 57,700 58,700\nCattle-\nMilch cows 83,000 90,772\nOther cattle 174,000 189,425\nTotal cattle 257,000 280,197\nSheep 151,900 148,638\nSwine 51,700 47,327\nHens and chickens 3,340,800 3,001,900\nTurkeys 41,800 40,940\nGeese 9,600 9,940\nDucks 45,000 43,000\nThis Branch wishes to recognize the action of Captain Dunwater, of Fintry, B.C., in so\nkindly giving a purse to the winning dairy-cattle team again this year.\nRespectfully submitted. Wallace Raymond Gunn,\nLive Stock Commissioner.\nREPORT OF CHIEF VETERINARY INSPECTOR.\nA. Knight, V.S.\nIt was necessary to notify the Inspectors in their respective districts to turn in their reports\nhy December 9th, so that these could be compiled in the Annual Report; therefore it is possible\nto include only eleven months of this year.\nThe general health of live stock throughout British Columbia is in good condition. Epidemics\nof a contagious nature which have broken out occasionally have not assumed large proportions.\nYour Inspectors, on being notified, have promptly responded to the calls of the stockmen and\nhave lent advice in the curtailing of contagious troubles amongst live stock.\nSuch diseases as hsemorrhagic septicaemia and blackleg in cattle have been diagnosed and\nremedies have been prescribed for their treatment in the way of serum injections. A number\nof the stockmen are making a practice of inoculating their cattle with serum once a year as a\npreventive measure against blackleg and hsemorrhagic septicemia, and therefore where these\ndiseases were more or less prevalent they have been reduced to a minimum by following this\npractice.\nYour Inspectors, co-operating with the Live Stock Commissioner, have also dealt with\nparasites in sheep and hogs, lending advice as to the proper handling of sheep and swine on\ninfested areas, and also medical treatment. This phase of our work, although not compulsory\nunder the \" Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act,\" has been greatly appreciated by the stockmen,\nas parasites among the class of animals mentioned have been causing the farmer considerable\ntrouble of late years.\nA general test in the Fraser Nalley Restricted Area was commenced on October 26th, 1932,\nand continued into this year for three months. This entailed considerable expense to the\nProvincial Department of Agriculture as well as the assistance of your Areterinary staff. During\nthis work, 6,663 premises were visited, 66,561 cattle were T.B. tested, and a total of 412 reactors\nwere found. The number of premises on which reactors were found was 256.\nYour Inspectors have also covered other areas throughout the Province, paying attention\nto the testing of the dairy herds supplying the towns and cities with milk as well as grading\nthe dairy premises. The sanitary conditions of the dairies have greatly improved within this\nlast few years, and probably it is more noticeable during this last year. The figures submitted\nshow that there is a considerable increase in the number of Grade A and Grade B dairies\nthroughout the Province, and the public are being supplied with milk from a much better class\nof dairy premises than formerly. This will tend to increase consumption of milk as well as\nsafeguard the health of the people.\nDealing more especially with the various diseases handled through the past year, particular\nattention is drawn to the following:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nActinomycosis.\u00E2\u0080\u0094This disease has been investigated by your Inspectors. It is more or less\nprevalent in our dairy and beef herds. The usual advice, where the disease is found in the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 51\nearly stages, is to attempt treatment by using the potassium-iodide remedy. If in the advanced\nstages and the tumour is discharging, the owner is advised to destroy the carcass. Multiple\nabscesses and carcinoma tumours are also found. Milk is prohibited for sale from such animals.\nUdder-troubles.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Amongst dairy stock, at least in those herds frequently inspected for milk-\nsupply, mastitis or other infections of the udder are commonly found. Treatment is advised,\nbut at the same time the milk is not. sold from cows affected with udder-trouble. Proper milking\nmethods and clean surroundings are factors also in the elimination of these disorders to a great\nextent.\nIntestinal Parasites.\u00E2\u0080\u0094These are found chiefly in sheep and swine and, as in former years,\nare the cause of trouble and loss to farm animals. Advice has been given to the farmer in the\nmedical treatment of infested animals and also in the method of handling and sanitary precautions to prevent such troubles. Owners are more interested and a greater amount of precautions\nare being taken.\nHwmorrhagic Septicwmia,\u00E2\u0080\u0094A number of outbreaks were found in the Chilcotin area, especially amongst some of our larger cattle-ranchers. Dr. McKay investigated the trouble and\nadvised preventive treatment by inoculation with a hemorrhagic septicemia serum. This\nprevented further loss. Small outbreaks have also occurred on Arancouver Island. These have\nassumed very small proportions, only a few young cattle being affected. By change of pasturage\nand using sanitary precautions the disease was curtailed.\nCoccidiosis.\u00E2\u0080\u0094This disease has been causing trouble from year to year, although outbreaks\nhave occurred chiefly amongst yearlings and 2-year-olds, and the losses amongst this age of stock\nhave been the greatest. Occasionally we have an outbreak involving older cattle. Medical\ntreatment has been advised and also the cleaning-up of infected corrals. Owing to the stock\ncovering such a wide area it is very difficult to thoroughly clean up infected ground.\nFoot-rot.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Some 11,000 head of sheep were inspected for foot-rot. The sheepmen have been\nvery willing to co-operate with your staff in stamping out this disease, and it has not been so\nprevalent this year. Some 500 head were found to be infected near Pavilion, and Dr. McKay\nreports prohibiting 1,500 sheep pasturing on the Hunter Range. As the low, wet parts of the\nrange country are more liable to carry the infection, the sheepmen are advised to pasture their\nsheep on the high land. This disease is now listed under the \" Contagious Diseases (Animals)\nAct,\" and I believe this will prove of benefit to the sheepmen.\nAbortion amongst dairy cattle continues to be a source of trouble, especially-to the dairymen.\nYour staff has at all times given advice to the dairymen as to the sanitary precautions to be\ntaken in an outbreak of this nature. No preventive measure has been discovered for the control\nof this disease. The Dominion Government is lending assistance towards the diagnosing of the\ndisease by making blood tests. This is done under certain restrictions. Also a number of\nprivate practitioners have established laboratories and are doing something towards the blood-\ntesting of animals for contagious abortion. Sanitary precautions in handling diseased animals\nare a great factor in its control.\nTotal number of premises visited by Provincial Inspectors on tuberculin\ntest 1,090\nTotal number of cattle tuberculin-tested by Provincial Inspectors 10,431\nTotal number of reactors 96\nTested by Dominion Inspectors with assistance of Provincial Department,\nFraser Valley Restricted Area:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nTotal number of premises visited 6,663\nTotal number of cattle tested 66,561\nTotal number of reactors 412\nPremises inspected for grade and cattle kept on same:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nTotal number of premises visited 3,140\nTotal number of cattle inspected 39,652\nTotal number of grades inspected\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nGrade A : 1,359\nGrade B 1,552\nGrade C 623\nUngraded 602\nA. Knight,\nChief Veterinary Inspector. Y 52 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nREPORT OF THE POULTRY COMMISSIONER.\nJ. R. Teeky.\nThe late winter and spring weather was mild and more favourable than usual. Breeding\nstock came through in better shape, but one of the disadvantages of a mild winter is that the\nproduction of eggs reaches high totals earlier than expected, with the result that prices are\ndepressed accordingly.\nAs to prices of feedstuffs, it is to be recorded that until early summer most of the quotations\nwere consistently low, but a flurry in wheat prices took almost all grain prices up in sympathy,\nwith the result that many breeders, already somewhat shaky financially, were forced to close\ndown.\nA decline in flock population has again to be noted this year. A conservative estimate of\nthe decrease would be about 15 per cent. Very few large shipments of eggs were sent out of\nthe Province during the year. Again this year eggs in fairly large quantities were imported\ninto the Province. Rather an unusual sight was to be seen in many store windows this year,\n\" Alberta Storage Eggs.\"\nAgain this year we publish a table of egg prices for the past twenty-eight years. The prices\nare payable to the producer and are the average for the whole Province throughout the year.\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\nCents.\nCents.\n29%\n1920 \t\n 57%\n31\n1921 \t\n 39%\n3iy2\n1922 \t\n 32%\n33%\n1923 \t\n 28\n34y4\n1924 \t\n 32\n34%\n1925 \t\n 32\n41\n1926 \t\n 30\n35\n1927 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2...\n 29\n35\n1928 \t\n 29\n32%\n1929 \t\n 30\n34\n1930 \t\n 24%\n41\n1931 \t\n 20\n50\n1932 \t\n 15\n60%\n1933 \t\n 15\nBREEDING OPERATIONS.\nDuring all slack periods it is interesting to note the easily apparent improvement in breeding\nflocks generally. Heavy culling always follows as soon as a slump makes itself felt. This year\nan added incentive was given by the fact that mortality amongst adult fowls is progressing to\na point where it. is very imperative that rigid culling must be followed, or else extinction of the\nfowls is predicted.\nThe hatching operations were a little above the average as far as quality was concerned,\nbut the number incubated again showed a decrease. Conditions obtaining last year were\nrepeated. Fewer fowls were hatched, and in the fall there was again a rush to buy well-\ndeveloped pullets of the most popular breeds.\nThe preference for brown eggs again continued, and many of the Leghorn-breeders are\nagain hatching a proportion of heavy-weight varieties for the purpose of supplying the demand,\nand also to get a better return for the sale of poultry-meats, mainly surplus males.\nEach year shows a decided demand for smaller-sized dressed fowls at all seasons, with the\nexception of Christmas and New Year festivities. AVholesalers and butchers explain that the\naverage family consists of less than four persons, and the family purse cannot be made to cover\nthe cost of a fowl above 4 or 5 lb. In an attempt to supply this class of trade, breeders are\nexperimenting with fowls by cross-breeding. Both here and in Great Britain new breeds are\noriginating. AA'hat appears to be a cross between a Game fowl and a Mediterranean class of\nbird has been given the name of the York fowl in Great Britain. It is a medium-sized fowl,\nwith a weight of about 5% lb. for the male and 4 lb. for the female. The cockerels of this breed\nmake first-class 3%-lb. roasters, with the gamy breast and plumpness. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 53\nCross-breeding for the purpose of sex determination at birth has been taking hold during\nthe past two or three years. Several breeders specialized in the selling of day-old pullets,\ncrossing Rhode Island males and AAThite Wyandottes, whilst others utilized a cross of Barred\nRocks and Black Leghorns. The latter cross is the most accurate.\nAn Oriental company has been formed for the purpose of teaching a supposedly new method\nof examination at birth of chicks to determine sex. It is reported that several beginners have\ntaken the course. It is understood that an unlimited market exists in the United States for\nexperts at this work on hatcheries and large breeding establishments. At present the fees are\nsuch as might deter many who otherwise would try the experiment.\nBOYS' AND GIRLS' POULTRY CLUBS.\nA drop of about 45 per cent, took place in the number of clubs operating this year as\ncompared to last season. Northern parts of the Province again had the major part of the\nclubs organized. A few of the clubs again selected day-old chicks as against the majority\nwho desired eggs. The number of settings supplied was 228, the eggs totalling 2,964.\nBetter hatching averages were obtained', and in many cases good prices were obtained for\nsurplus cockerels, especially in the northern parts of the Province. Many children report the\nselling of hatching-eggs in their districts from past hatches. This means that fairly large sums\nof money which formerly went to the Eastern Provinces for eggs and stock are being kept in\nthe Province. The stock which has been imported in the past has very seldom been up to the\nquality expected for the money paid.\nThe breeds mainly chosen by the clubs have been Barred Rocks, Rhode Island Reds, AAThite\nWyandottes, Orpingtons, Light Sussex, and a few settings of AAThite Leghorns. The last-\nmentioned breed is not much favoured in the colder settlements of the Province.\nDuring the past few years many of the juvenile clubs have entered judging competitions\nconducted by local Poultry Associations and Fall Fair Boards. Such work has been done during\nthe past year by the Cloverdale, Vernon, Grand Forks, Boundary District, Langley Prairie,\nArmstrong, and Kamloops Clubs.\nIn addition, the writer has officiated as judge at the A'ancouver Fair in August for the\njuvenile classes, and akso for the Provincial Elimination Trials at Armstrong Regional Fair.\nAt this fair competitors from various parts of the Province contest for the right to try for\nDominion championships at the Royal Fair, Toronto, each winter. This year Armstrong Club\nproved the champion at the trials, defeating the Boundary Club team, from which district came\nthe Dominion champions last year.\nThe Armstrong team was trained by an enthusiastic commercial poultry-breeder there, and\nthe two girls\u00E2\u0080\u0094Miss Georgina Game and Miss Jessie Chamberlaine\u00E2\u0080\u0094were sent to Toronto, and\nsucceeded in winning second place. The contest was more difficult this year, and the team,\nits coach, G. Game, and the District Agriculturist, II. Evans, of Vernon, all deserve much credit.\nAt the Vancouver Fair the children were all under 16, and it is predicted that as soon as\nthey reach Dominion trial age\u00E2\u0080\u009416 and over\u00E2\u0080\u0094the Interior contestants will get a few teams from\nthe Coast worthy of their steel. The Vancouver Poultry Association deserves much praise for\nthe way in which the children have been encouraged in the district. Many of its members gave\nmany hours of judging instruction during the year.\nTURKEYS.\nOwing to low prices received last year many breeders reduced their hatching operations\nduring this year, but despite this the prices received have again been disappointingly low,\naveraging about 14 cents per pound, even for really high-class, well-fattened stock. It must\nnot be forgotten by Provincial breeders that turkeys raised on the Prairies will always set the\nprices here for the favourite fowl at the holiday season. During times such as these, especially\nwhen wheat is at such a low price on Prairie farms, a few turkeys and common fowls constitute\nthe principal live stock raised. With plenty of insect-life and a fair amount of milk plus the\nwheat fed, turkeys can be raised at about a quarter the price of local turkeys.\nOwing to improved breeding methods, coupled with better breeding stock, the rate of\nmortality amongst Provincial birds has been very materially lowered during the past decade.\nThe elimination of all breeders that show any weakness or sickness will still further improve\nmatters in breeding operations. As mentioned last year, many breeders are trying to produce a smaller and more compact\nbird to cater for the markets here. This year again the demand is for the medium-weight birds.\nA very limited demand is evidenced for the really heavy bird. These are in the main too\nexpensive for most people, especially these slack times. At Winnipeg Agricultural College the\nexperts have had fair success so far in producing a new breed of turkey which would fill the\nrequirements before mentioned.\nThe Cowichan Turkey Association again held its annual show of Island birds, with an\nincreased entry. A full exhibit of all the principal and popular breeds\u00E2\u0080\u0094Mammoth Bronze,\nNarragansetts, White Holland, Bourbon Reds, and Blacks\u00E2\u0080\u0094was made.\nA fair demand in the spring for hatching-eggs and day-old poults was experienced. The\naverage price was 20 cents for eggs and 75 cents for poults.\nThe British Columbia Turkey Club again marked time, but hopes in the coming spring to\nagain become active.\nAVATER-FOWL.\nIn the spring an unusual demand for geese-eggs and breeding stock developed, especially\nfor the white breeds\u00E2\u0080\u0094Embden and Chinese. The hardy Toulouse still held its own and\nconstitutes about 85 per cent, of the geese population. Farmers with sufficient pasture and an\ninclination for the breed should find geese a profitable side-line even at present prices. A plentiful supply of greenstuffs is necessary, however, and a small stream or swamp is also of benefit.\nMost large cities have sufficient Jewish population to make a good demand for live geese at the\nappropriate festivals. Only specimens of live birds without blemish are desired by the Kosher\nbutcher. Average prices during the year were about 20 cents per pound.\nThe duck flocks of the Province almost held their own during the year, with the Pekins as\ngeneral-purpose variety holding premier place, and Khaki Campbells and Indian Runners the\nmost popular in the light-weight or egg-laying varieties. Crosses of Muscovy and Pekin were\nagain made for table purposes.\nEggs from the light-weight varieties are slowly making a market for themselves, although\nin some sections of the Interior the only market available is that of the confectioners and bakers.\nAverage prices were a few cents ahead of the common fowl prices\u00E2\u0080\u0094about eighteen cents per\ndozen.\nThere are several up-to-date commercial duck-farms in the Province and most of these\nreport fairly good times, with a moderate demand for breeding stock. This work is a real\nspecialist proposition, and only those with prospect of a steady market, coupled with plenty of\nexperience in the business, should start out.\nDISEASE PROBLEMS.\nDuring the spring the writer was visited by a breeder from the State of AVashington, one of\nthe largest breeders in the United States; in 1929 the ranch he managed did business in excess\nof $100,000 and raised over 12,000 head of stock. He stated that he came for the purpose of\nbuying AVhite Leghorn breeding stock that would prove \" livable.\" Down the Pacific Coast it\nwas now the common practice for persons buying laying stock to pay as high as 45 cents each\nmore for yearling hens than for matured pullets. This, it is alleged, is because of the heavy\nmortality of the pullets during the first laying year. Estimates as high as 45 per cent, death\nlosses were given from large flocks owned by experienced breeders. The greater proportion of\nthe losses was from ovarian diseases, much of which was admittedly caused by forced feeding.\nIt was also admitted that hatching-eggs were taken from matured pullets, especially where\nlarge-scale incubation was practised.\nIt is not contended that such losses are being experienced here, yet the mortality in the\nmajority of flocks is much too high, and also higher than a few years ago. Pullorum disease,\ncoccidiosis, leg paralysis, and infectious bronchitis are the causes of most of the death losses.\nDuring the past year the losses have been so heavy that many breeders have become sufficiently\nalarmed that blood-testing, heavier culling, and a general overhauling of the plant have been\ntaken up. Much more has yet to be done. During boom times people were encouraged to\nembark in the business, not only as egg-producers, but as pedigree-breeders, almost before they\nhad made their first payment on the ranch. Many of these unfortunately found out too late\nthat the industry needed years of experience before the highly specialized work of a breeder \t\nDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 55\ncould be learned. Five years' apprenticeship is none too long before a poultry-keeper should\ntake up the pedigree-breeding end of the industry.\nThe writer considers that, besides elimination of diseased birds by blood-testing, more\nattention will have to be paid to the feeding of all kinds of fowls, so that the health and\nvitality of the flocks may not be depleted. Pullets coming into lay before 5% months, by forced\nfeeding, should never be kept over for breeding purposes.\nNinety per cent, of the visits made by the Division, mainly at the Coast, have had to do\nwith disease or worm infestation.\nPROVINCIAL ASSOCIATION.\nThe annual meeting and convention was held again at A'ancouver during the Fat Stock\nShow. Entries were up to the usual figure, although the prize-money was lower than in the\npast owing to the lack of a departmental grant this year. This year the excellent showing of\nbreeds of fowls used principally for meat purposes was very encouraging. Many Cornish and\nOld English Game fowls competed for the awards. For the first time in many years there was\na full representation of all standard varieties of turkeys. High-priced imported birds were\nshown by an Island breeder.\nThe British Columbia Registered Breeders' Association, with Dominion Registrar H. E.\nUpton as Secretary, again exhibited. A splendid showing was made. Many predict that in the\nfuture the popular breed exhibits at shows will all be registered stock. Some good sales were\nmade.\nSeveral United States exhibitors, one from distant San Diego, Lower California, exhibited,\nand were successful in carrying off prizes.\nThe annual meeting was again held without aid of Government grant. Eleven delegates\nwere present from all parts of the Province, and over 100 of the general membership attended\nall the meetings.\nAffiliated association shows were held at Victoria, Ladysmith, and Vernon. No assistance\nwas- given by the Department.\nRABBITS.\nExtraordinary interest has been taken in the wool-producing end of the industry this year.\nAs mentioned last year, much of this activity was stimulated by broadcasting programmes by\nenterprising breeders in the State to the south of us. Many articles also were published in\nweekly columns of local newspapers. Much of the advice given in these talks and articles has\nbeen of a flowery, boosting nature. High prices are still being paid by beginners for inferior\nstock, and only those breeders of high reputation should be patronized. Most of the breeders\nof repute are members of Rabbit Associations.\nThe Department has published up-to-date information from British official sources and these\nbulletins have been appreciated.\nHutch record and young stock record cards have been in big demand and breeders are\nappreciative of the Department's assistance.\nThe A'ancouver and Victoria Associations held shows during the year, and many visitors\nattended, mainly to watch the wool clipping, carding, and spinning operations that have been\na feature of these events.\nMany applications were received for Bulletin 80 on rabbits, and circulars, and many visitors\nto the office were supplied with breeders' directories and advice.\nOFFICE AND FIELD WORK.\nDuring the year James Allen, Poultry Instructor, has been on part-time work for the\nDivision. During the spring he made a lengthy visit to the northern part of the Province,\naddressed meetings, and gave killing and culling demonstrations. Visits were made and meetings addressed at Glentanna, Evelyn, Telkwa, Quick, Houston, Topley, Francois Lake, Uncha\nLake, Palling, Forestdale, Fraser Lake, Fort Fraser, Vanderhoof, Hazelton, Pineview, Woodpecker, Beaverley, Prince George, and Longworth.\nRespectfully submitted.\nJ. R. Terry,\nPoultry Commissioner. Y 56 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nREPORT OF DAIRY COMMISSIONER.\nHenry Rive, B.S.A.\nProduction of milk during the year has been only slightly greater than in the previous one.\nThe spring was cold and backward in dairy districts, with little growth of grass. In addition,\nclovers and grasses suffered severely during the preceding months, much winter-killing occurring.\nPastures were therefore later and scanty. Silo mixtures and roots yielded fairly, corn indifferently well. Yields of grain and hay were below the average. Dairy fodders in stock at this\ntime are consequently rather lighter than usual.\nPrices for dairy products continue low, trending upwards slightly towards the end of the\nyear. Prices for mill-feeds have steadily, if gradually, risen.\nThe marketing of milk on the Lower Mainland remains in an unsatisfactory condition.\nPrices of fluid milk to consumers remain low, though the price-cutting of last year has shown\nabatement. With an approximate production of 225,000,000 lb. milk in the whole area, and fluid\noutlets for not more than 100,000,000 lb., there is left inevitably for manufacture into dairy\nproducts considerably over 100,000,000 lb. To regard this, in fluid-milk trade terms, as surplus\nto the fluid supplies of the area is to render exceedingly difficult any just or equitable disposition\nof returns in view of the exceedingly different services and costs that obtain in the production\nof milks of various grades for various purposes.\nCREAMERIES.\nThe same services as heretofore have been regularly rendered the creameries of the Province.\nGeneral conditions and practice obtaining have been noted in respect particularly to cream-\ngrading, milk and cream testing, and sanitary surroundings. The milk plants, creameries, and\ndairy-factories of the Lower Mainland were visited by F. Overland; those of the Southern\nInterior by F. C. Wasson; both of these Provincial Dairy Inspectors on occasion making calls on\nthe plants of the Islands and those of the Central Interior. Calls on patrons requiring assistance\nhave been carried out and cards conveying check-tests and grades mailed to a percentage of\npatrons of each factory on the occasion of such visits.\nThe quality of butter manufactured in the creameries of the Province is steadily, if slowly,\nimproving. AVith the advent of dull times and decreased local consumption, the enforced marketing of butter in the larger centres has brought many of the smaller country creameries to a\nbetter realization of to-day's demands\u00E2\u0080\u0094mild flavour and keeping quality which are due to good\ncream and pasteurization. Action by the Federal Dairy Branch is hopefully awaited in regard\nto the retail marketing of butter according to grade. The project is looked upon favourably by\nthe authorities at Ottawa, who apparently prefer to be responsible for its enforcement rather\nthan to permit to arise the differences as to grade names, flavour scores, etc., that must inevitably result if action by separate Provinces is undertaken. During the year twenty-nine establishments (seventeen quite small) have manufactured butter. Under near normal conditions\nof climate and pasturage, an annual increase of about 10 per cent, in creamery butter is to be\nexpected.\nCHEESE.\nDuring the year three cheese-factories have operated steadily. Two of these produced four\nvarieties in small quantities only. The remaining factory, a far larger commercial project,\nmanufactures annually several hundred thousand pounds of Canadian cheddar. Other kinds\nmade are Roman, Kingston, Monterey or Jack, and Camosun. A few of the larger dairy firms\nturn out between them several thousand pounds of cottage cheese. On the farm a score of\ndairies produce small amounts of several varieties, including Cheshire, Derby, Swiss Brick, and\nCamosun, which is a modified cheddar. There is great need of investigation and stimulation of\ncheese possibilities in British Columbia.\nCONDENSED PRODUCTS.\nEvaporated Milk.\u00E2\u0080\u0094The condensery at South Sumas (Borden's, Ltd.) ran steadily during\nthe summer season, May to October. The Fraser A'alley Milk Producers' Association condensery\nat Delair ran as continuously as might be throughout. Much of the evaporated milk manufactured is for local consumption. Export trade is being diligently sought after both in Europe\nand in the Orient. Milk-powder, Butter-milk, Casein.\u00E2\u0080\u0094The manufacture of powdered milk, skim and whole,\ncontinues, though with none too favourable markets. The demand for casein is reviving, but\nfor both casein and semi-liquid buttermilk, demand for some years past has suffered greatly.\nIce-cream.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Due partly to season as well as to depressed conditions, the total of ice-cream\nmanufactured has dropped considerably.\nThe number of dairy-factories operating in British Columbia includes twenty-nine creameries, three cheese-factories, two condenseries, ten wholesale ice-cream factories, besides many\nsmall ice-cream plants and one plant each for milk-powder, casein, and buttermilk.\nVERIFICATION TESTS.\nApplication was received, accompanied by the necessary fees, for tests to be conducted of\nthe milk of four patrons of the Fraser Aralley Milk Producers' Association shipping to the dairy\nplant at Sardis. F. C. Wasson was detailed and duly carried out the work. Under instructions,\na special two-day test was also performed by G. H. Thornbery of a herd in the neighbourhood of\nVictoria.\nHERD IMPROVEMENT.\nThere continue operating in the Province twelve Cow-testing Associations with fifteen routes,\nemploying fifteen supervisors. The total of members with herds on test decreased somewhat\nduring the two previous years, and the recorded yields have reflected quite perceptibly the lowering in standard of rations on account of poor returns for butter-fat. During 1933 numbers of\nmembers and of herds on test have increased, though not yet to previous proportions, and the\nyields recorded cannot be expected to reach high figures for a season or two in view of the\nenforced slackening of feeding practice. It may be said that, though a difficult period has been\nencountered by Cow-testing Associations, their work has been maintained, and as times improve\na considerable expansion of the system may be expected. Nothing but a complete collapse of\nall these institutions and the loss of many years' work of incalculable value will follow any\nwithdrawal of subsidies at this time. (For the list of associations, supervisors, secretaries, and\nsubsidies paid see Appendix No. 6.)\nThe Third List of Dairy Sires is now in the press. It contains particulars of the performance of daughters, numbering five or over, of pure-bred dairy bulls of the Province, with\ndaughter-dam comparisons when available, as closely to date as may be. The attention now\ndirected by all Dairy Breed Associations and others to the various bull indices that are being\nevolved makes this work of supreme interest and importance to those concerned in permanent\nherd improvement.\nIn making known the possibilities towards better breeding arising from a knowledge of these\nthings, the Dairy Branch has received from W. R. Foster, M.Sc., Plant Pathologist and Geneticist, the fullest measure of co-operation and assistance. Introducing very clearly, as he has done\nat several lectures, an outline of first Mendelian principles, the experienced C.T.A. and R.O.P.\ndairy-farmer is finding answers to many questions that long have both puzzled and dismayed.\nCREAM-GRADERS' LICENCE COURSE.\nThe course for 1933 was held January 23rd to February 8th at the premises of the Associated\nDairies, 1170 Hornby Street, Vancouver. At the same time a course for intending supervisors of\nCow-testing Associations was held. Fourteen applicants attended. Eleven passed the testers'\nlicence examination successfully, two of these in the supervisors' course. Two were issued\ncream-graders' licences. Four were withheld till factory experience is secured. The course for\n1934 is to be held again at 1170 Hornby Street, Vancouver, commencing January 22nd.\nTESTERS' LICENCES.\nDuring the year eighteen applicants were examined. Sixty-four licences were issued. (For\nlist of testters holding licences during 1933 see Appendix No. 8.)\nCREAM-GRADERS' LICENCES.\nForty-five licences to cream-graders were issued, all combined cream-graders' and milk-\ntesters' licences. (For the list of cream-graders so licensed see Appendix No. 9.) Y 58 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nDAIRY AND CREAMERY LICENCES.\nTo fifty-five persons, firms, companies, or associations buying milk or cream on the basis of\nthe butter-fat content, licences were issued. (For the list of creameries and dairies so licensed\nsee Appendix No. 7.)\nFAIRS.\nAssistance with the dairy classes was given as usual at Victoria Exhibition. At Vancouver\nthe usual services were proffered, but on account of the deliberate withholding, on the part of\nthe manager, of help for the uncrating of packages, the frequent handling of boxes in course\nof classifying, listing, affixing entry-tags, and finally judging, the representatives of this Branch\nwithdrew. The dairy exhibits at this exhibition for years have been subjected to neglect and\nworse, as though totally unwelcome, and no efforts or representations have availed towards\nimprovement. No credit can come to this Department or Branch by further participation in\na section which it is manifestly desired to discourage if not to obliterate.\nMEETINGS.\nMeetings were attended and addressed during the year at Vernon, Evelyn, Telkwa, Round\nLake, AA7istaria, Prince George, Chilliwack, Pitt Meadows, Cloverdale, Ladner, Courtenay, and\nSaanich.\nBRITISH COLUMBIA DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION.\nAgain, owing to lack of funds, activities have been few. The annual convention was held at\nNew AA'estminster on January 17th and 18th with the co-operation of the British Columbia\nVeterinary Association. The various Cow-testing Association contests alone are being continued.\nIt is planned to hold the annual meeting for 1934 at Chilliwack on January ISth and 19th next.\nLEGISLATION.\nThe regulations under the \" Milk Act, 1927,\" relating to pasteurized milk and pasteurized\ncream were amended by Order in Council on January 19th of this year.\nPUBLICATIONS.\nDairy Circulars Nos. 23 and 24, \" The Annual List of C.T.A. Certified Records \" and \" First\nStudies in Mendelism,\" by AV. R. Foster, M.Sc, respectively constitute the publications of this\nBranch so far issued for the year. Dairy Circular No. 25, \" The Third List of Dairy Sires,\"\nwill be in the press before the year expires.\nOFFICE.\nA large volume of inquiries, applications, reports, etc., in relation to general dairy-work,\ncream-grading, testing, licences, C.T.A. and Herd Sires, continues to be received. F. C. Wasson,\nProvincial Dairy Instructor and Inspector, was on May 1st transferred to Kelowna.\nThe diligent application of the stenographer-clerks to the work of the Branch is worthy of\nbetter recognition than has yet been given. The duties of the two Dairy Inspectors and of the\nAssistant in Charge of Cow-testing have been carried out efficiently.\nRespectfully submitted.\nHenry Rive,\nDairy Commissioner.\nREPORT OF FIELD CROPS COMMISSIONER.\nCecil Tice, B.S.A.\nIn many districts clover, grasses, and fall-sown crops, including winter wheat, suffered badly\nas a result of the unfavourable winter conditions of 1932-33. In fact, many clover and grass\nfields were ploughed up in the spring and sown to oats and other crops to supplement the hay-\ncrops. Many fall-sown wheat-fields were also ploughed up and put into other crops. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 59\nThe spring of 1933 was cold and backward with much rain. While this favoured growth\nof range plants, it retarded field-crop production. Spring crops were sown late and did not get\noff to a good start. The month of August, on the other hand, was very hot and dry.\nGrain and hay crops were below average, particularly the hay and pasture crops in the\nFraser Valley. The acreage of potatoes was below average and the yield was generally light.\nField-crop seeds yielded well, the timothy-seed crop in Central British Columbia being much\nheavier than it has been during recent years.\nDuring these times, when prices for farm produce are low and all feeds which the farmer\npurchases are fairly high, there is a tendency for farmers to produce more of their own concentrates. This would appear to be a very sound procedure.\nFIELD CROP UNION.\nThe need for a Field Crop Association in the Province has been apparent for some time.\nFor this reason, at a meeting of representative farmers held in Chilliwack in the month of May,\nit was decided to form a British Columbia Field Crop Union. The objects of this organization\nhave been stated as follows: To test out improved seeds, various crops, and the method of\ngrowing crops; to distribute information relative to crop improvement; and to co-operate with\nall organizations in Canada interested in the improvement of agriculture and of field crops in\nparticular. Special attention will be given those crops which may have a place in the feeding\nof various classes of live stock, and every effort will be made to encourage farmers to produce\nmany of the concentrates which they are now purchasing. Furthermore, there is a distinct\nneed in many districts of the Province for the production of crops having a high protein content\nin order to provide a balanced ration.\nAttention will also be directed towards an improvement of the pastures, so that the same\nmay be more efficiently managed and the most suitable kinds of grasses used. Forage-crops,\ngrains, etc., will also receive their share of attention both in respect to kinds and varieties.\nProvision has been made in the by-laws to extend the operations of the organization so as\nto cover fertilizers, weeds, and other phases of agriculture in due course if considered desirable.\nIt is proposed to model this organization along somewhat the same lines as that followed by\nthe Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, the Saskatchewan Field Husbandry Association, and similar organizations which apparently are functioning very successfully in Canada,\nthe United States, and in other countries. In a Province such as British Columbia, where the\nsoils and climate vary so much in short distances and where the agricultural areas are so widespread, it would appear that an organization such as the British Columbia Field Crop Union\nmay have a very definite place.\nThe organization proposes to distribute small lots of seed of specially selected varieties and\nkinds of crops to members of the union for testing out on their farms. In this way it is hoped\nfarmers will be saved the expense of spending large sums of money on certain varieties and\nkinds of crops which may prove to be valueless. Every experimenter will be expected to carefully conduct the test selected by him and to keep proper records.\nMuch information relative to crop production in British Columbia is obtained from investigational work carried on at the various Dominion Experimental Farms, University of British\nColumbia, and on the Illustration Stations. These institutions, however, cannot cover every\nlocal condition. There is need then for some organization which can obtain information regarding the performance of various varieties and crops under the special conditions existing in\nvarious localities in this Province. The British Columbia Field Crop Union, it is hoped, will\nfill this need.\nThe association's business will he conducted by an executive. There will be also ten\ndirectors; one director to represent each of the Farmers' Institute districts in the Province.\nIn addition to this, two representatives from each of the following institutions will be ex-officio\ndirectors: University of British Columbia, Federal Department of Agriculture, and Provincial\nDepartment of Agriculture. An experimental committee to decide on the type of tests to he\nconducted in the various areas of the Province has already been appointed for this year\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nnamely, Messrs. Newton, Hicks, Moe, Rive, and Tice.\nYour Commissioner has also been appointed secretary-treasurer of the union. Up to the\npresent time fifty members have joined up. Much of the field demonstration-work in field crops now being carried on by the Provincial\nField Crop Branch will be handled through this organization.\nAVORLD'S GRAIN AND SEED EXHIBITION.\nThe AVorld's Grain and Seed Exhibition took place in Regina, Saskatchewan, July 24th to\nAugust 5th, and was generally considered a great success. This was very gratifying to all\nconcerned in view of the difficult times through which we have been passing. The competition\nwas open to all countries of the world and classes were provided for all kinds of grain and\nfield-crop seeds as well as vegetable-seed. Australia, Great Britain, Ireland, United States, and\nIndia, as well as many other countries, together with the various Provinces of Canada, were\nwell represented with exhibits.\nIt is interesting to note that this Province forwarded 126 entries. Of this number, eighty-\neight captured prizes and thirteen were awarded first prizes. No other Province or country\nwas awarded as many first prizes as British Columbia was, which indicates not only the wide\nrange of seeds which can be produced in this Province, but also proves that British Columbia\nseeds are of the highest quality. Altogether British Columbia exhibitors won over $11,000 in\nprize-money. A complete list of the prize-winners is shown in Appendix No. 10.\nIn the junior grain-judging competition the team from the University of British Columbia\ncaptured fourth place, which was very creditable in view of the keen competition.\nWEEDS.\nAA'eed-work during the year was conducted along similar lines to that followed during\nrecent years. The most important area in the Province from the standpoint of weed-control\nis probably the Peace River District, for in this section grain is grown on a very extensive\nscale and weeds are not, as yet, as prevalent there as in most other sections of the Province.\nNevertheless, it should be pointed out that many had weeds have already been introduced into\nthe British Columbia section of the Peace River and every effort must be made to control them.\nThe Peace River District probably offers a better opportunity for the adoption of systematic\nweed-control measures than other sections of the Province.\nTwo temporary Weed Inspectors\u00E2\u0080\u0094namely, Messrs. Hadland and Moody\u00E2\u0080\u0094were reappointed\nfor weed-inspection work in the Peace River District and they carried on their duties, as in the\nprevious year, under the supervision of the Provincial Police. In this connection sincere\nappreciation is expressed of the close attention and interest which Sergeant Greenwood gave to\nthe weed-work until sickness necessitated his departure from the district in the fall. The work\nis at the present time under the supervision of Sergeant Duncan. Mr. Hadland was assigned\nthe territory on the north side of the Peace River, whilst Mr. Moody devoted his attention to the\ndistrict south of the Peace River.\nThe Provincial Police also continued to inspect settlers' effects coming into the district to\nsee that no weed-seeds were being introduced.\nIn the remainder of the Province attention was largely confined to educational work and a\ncheck-up on agencies responsible for the enforcement of the \" Noxious AAreeds Act.\"\nFIELD-CROP SEED PRODUCTION.\nIn view of the fact that S. S. Phillips is devoting his attention to seed-promotion work,\nthis office has curtailed its activities in connection with seed-production matters during the year.\nHowever, there are certain phases of seed-work which continue to receive attention by this\noffice, and your Commissioner is also a member of the seed-production committee for the\nProvince.\nIt is interesting to note that as a result of the combined efforts of the Provincial and\nFederal Departments of Agriculture an enterprising farmer of Chilliwack was successful in\nproducing a crop of Italian rye-grass seed this year. This is, as far as we know, the first time\nthat seed of this kind has been produced in this Province on a commercial scale. Heretofore all\nour supplies of this and similar grass-seeds have been imported.\nThe development of the alfalfa-seed crop in the Interior, particularly around Lytton, is\nbeing watched, and every effort is, and will be, made to assist in improving the position of this DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 61\nindustry. The following figures show the amount of field-crop seeds produced in British\nColumbia in 1932 :\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nLb.\nSwede turnip 755\nMangel 5,690\nTimothy , 122,000\nAlsike clover 6,000\nAlfalfa 30,000\nRed clover 80,000\nYour Commissioner, who is a director of the Canadian Seed-growers' Association, attended\nthe annual meeting of the association held in Regina, Saskatchewan, in July.\nBRITISH COLUMBIA SEED FAIR.\nThe 1932 Provincial Seed Fair, which was held in the Crystal Garden, Victoria, from\nJanuary 18th to 21st, 1933, proved very successful from the standpoint of quality and number of\nexhibits. The fair was conducted by this Branch in co-operation with the Victoria Chamber of\nCommerce. It served largely as an elimination contest for the AVorld's Grain Exhibition.\nSome excellent exhibits were received from all parts of the Province.\nDISTRICT SEED FAIRS.\nTwo district seed fairs were successfully held, the one in conjunction with the Interior\nExhibition at Armstrong, whilst the other, which was for Central British Columbia, was held\nat Smithers.\nCROP COMPETITIONS.\nDuring the year a combined field-crop and cleaned-seed competition was conducted with\noats by the Delta Farmers' Institute, and standing field-crop competitions with potatoes were\nconducted by each of the following institutes: Pemberton, Langley, and Malakwa. A standing\nfield-crop competition with oats was also conducted by the Shearerdale Farmers' Institute in\nthe Peace River District.\nSEED-CLEANING MACHINERY.\nThe following is a list of the departmental seed-cleaning machines, together with a statement of the amount of seed cleaned by each during the winter of 1932-33:\u00E2\u0080\u0094-\nLocation.\nWheat.\nOats.\nBarley.\nKye.\nPeas.\nBeans.\nTimothy.\nClover.\nAlfalfa.\nLb.\n6,000\n18,500\n23,400\n8,000\n1,820\n4,000\n340,625\n18,240\n49,500\nLb.\nLb.\nLb.\n3,000\n1,120\nLb.\nLb.\nLb.\n12,000\nLb.\nLb.\n8,000\n53,000\n54,050\n12,000\n10,310\n3,000\n137,860\n12,682\n31,960\n2,000\n2,500\n4,800\n10,000\n100\n4,000\n97,119\n85,317\n24,500\n200\n10,000\n22,500\n1,735\n665\n1,800\nIt is desirable to point out that these cleaning-machines are proving of very\nthe districts in which they are located.\n;reat value in\nMISCELLANEOUS CROP INVESTIGATIONS.\nSoy-beans.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Several tests were conducted in the Fraser Valley and on Vancouver Island\nwith soy-beans. Three varieties were under test\u00E2\u0080\u0094namely. Mandarin, AAlsconsin Black, and\nO.A.C. 211. At the time of writing this report complete results have not been compiled. However, from observations made during the growing season, it would appear that the AVisconsin\nBlack is the earliest maturing variety and that seed can be successfully produced both on the Y 62 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nLower Mainland and on Vancouver Island. Generally speaking, however, observations would\nindicate that in the Fraser Valley soy-beans have their chief value as a forage-crop.\nWinter-killing.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Complaints have been received from time to time respecting winter-killing\nin alfalfa, clover, and other plants. This condition is being investigated and tests are under\nway with more hardy strains.\nField Peas.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Tests are being conducted in certain districts of the Interior and Central\nBritish Columbia with various varieties of field peas, the object being to encourage the production of this crop, particularly in areas where hog production is being advocated by the Live\nStock Branch.\nPastures.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Your Commissioner was appointed secretary of the Provincial Pasture Committee. A survey of the pasture situation is being undertaken by this committee.\nPastry-flour Wheat Work.\u00E2\u0080\u0094The Provincial Committee on pastry-flour wheat, of which your\nCommissioner is a member, has under way a series of tests in conjunction with the Dominion\nCerealist in various parts of the Province. It will take several years to secure information of\na definite nature, as the tests will need to be conducted over a period of years.\nMalting Barley.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Several samples of barley were collected during the year and these have\nbeen forwarded to the Dominion Research Laboratory at AVinnipeg for examination to ascertain\ntheir suitability for malting purposes.\nSoil-analysis.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Following the practice of the Department for several years, samples of soil\nhave been received by this office and the same have been analysed by the Provincial Analyst.\nPUBLICATIONS.\nDuring the year the Potato Bulletin was revised and a circular on soil-fertility was issued.\nAlso a large number of stencilled circulars on important topics were prepared. In this connection your Commissioner wishes to make special mention of the splendid assistance which has\nbeen rendered to the Branch by Paul C. Black, who has written or revised a number of these\npublications.\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS.\nThis report would not be complete without referring to the valuable assistance rendered\nthis Branch during the year by officials of the Federal Department of Agriculture and of the\nUniversity of British Columbia, and also by the Provincial Analyst. AVithout such assistance\nit would be difficult to carry on certain phases of the work satisfactorily. Also the hearty\nco-operation received from members of this office is greatly appreciated.\nRespectfully submitted.\nC. Tice,\nField Crops Commissioner.\nREPORT OP SOIL SURVEY BRANCH.\nC. C. Kelley, B.S.A.\nAt the beginning of the fiscal year the Dominion Government, by a 10-per-cent. reduction in\nthe Budget, eliminated a vote provided for the annual assistance of soil surveys in Canada.\nThrough lack of Dominion Government assistance survey-work during the year had to be\nrestricted and kept in line with funds made available by the Province.\nR. H. Spilsbury, Draughtsman and General Assistant, was engaged during the winter of\n1932-33 in study leading to a postgraduate degree in soils and chemistry. His services were\nretained from May 17th until October 1st, 1933, when he returned to the University of British\nColumbia to complete his course.\nOther assistance included a part-time chainman, whose services were used as lay-assistant\nin office and laboratory after the close of the field season.\nFrom January 1st until May 17th, 1933, your Officer in Charge was without assistance.\nWhile every effort was extended to complete the annual office-work, it was found to be too much\nfor one man to handle, and some of the work was laid over the field season until the following\nwinter, when the same situation will have to be faced. Consolidation of field-work done during\nthe year is a full-time winter occupation for two men. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 63\nActivities during 1933 were divided into three kinds of work: (1) Educational work;\n(2) miscellaneous soil problems; (3) general soil surveys.\n(1.) Educational Work.\u00E2\u0080\u0094 (a.) A glossary of soil terms was prepared. This was released\nin mimeographed form.\n(6.) Press articles of educational nature on soils and related subjects were prepared. No\ndifficulty was experienced in getting such materials published.\n(c.) Bulletin reviews: Owing to the fact that literature on soils is not readily understandable to experts engaged in other fields of endeavour, a number of bulletin reviews were made,\ninterpreting important data for use in areas that have been surveyed and mapped. This material\nwas issued in typewritten form to officials of the Dominion and Provincial Departments of\nAgriculture.\n(d.) Farmers' Institutes, the local Rotary Club, and groups arranged by School Boards were\naddressed on subjects related to soil and soil-management.\n(e.) Five radio addresses were given during 1933, over CKOV, Kelowna, on soils and soil\norganic matter. These addresses have been mimeographed for distribution.\n(/.) A paper was prepared outlining a scientific basis for land settlement.\n(2.) Miscellaneous Soil Problems.\u00E2\u0080\u0094From time to time, during the summer, farmers in\nvarious parts of the valley called upon the Survey staff to visit their farms in connection with\nsoil problems on which they desired explanation and a method of treatment.\nThe method of visiting farms in connection with individual soil problems is held to be\npreferable to receiving soil samples for examination. Soil samples taken by the average farmer\ndo not give a representative idea of the quality and texture of the surface soil, and generally do\nnot take the soil profile into account. It is considered important not only to examine the surface\nsoils, but also the subsoil and local climatic conditions. After these three factors have been\nexamined, samples for mechanical analysis are taken from top soils and subsoils by the survey\nparty, and, except where chemical tests are necessary, satisfactory results have been achieved.\nProblems involving chemical examination have been left until such time as a service which\nincludes chemical analysis is established.\n(3.) Soil Surveys of Glenmore, Winfield, and Okanagan Centre Areas.\u00E2\u0080\u0094The Glenrnore survey\ncommenced during the last week of May and continued for the succeeding two months. A map-\nsheet showing soil boundaries and 25-foot contour intervals related to the Okanagan Lake benchmark was prepared from registered plans. The Glenmore map-sheet covers approximately 8,000\nacres on a scale of 400 feet to an inch. Acknowledgment is made to Glenmore municipal authorities for their co-operation in checking plans, roads, flumes, and buried pipe-lines.\nThe Winfield survey, covering approximately 3,040 acres, and the Okanagan Centre survey\nof about 5,600 acres followed on completion of the Glenmore survey. The two latter surveys\nare described on separate map-sheets on a scale of 400 feet to an inch. The area surveyed during\n1933 totals approximately 16,640 acres.\nAn important part of the area making up the total on the three map-sheets is classified as\nrange, which did not require intensive examination. Accurate calculations showing acreage of\nrange and soil types will he given in separate reports, which will deal with the Glenmore,\nWinfield, and Okanagan Centre areas in detail.\nPROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE OKANAGAN VALLEY AND ITS SOILS.\nAt different periods in time British Columbia has been subject to mountain-building movements, which have raised and lowered the land in relation to the sea. Each time the land went\nbelow the sea a layer of sedimentary rocks was formed, and each time it came up these rocks\nwere partially weathered into soil.\nThe beginning of a period known as the Tertiary was marked by the rise of the Southern\nInterior, and other parts of British Columbia, for the last time. There followed a long period\nof erosion with a more or less humid climate, which created watersheds and valleys and caused\nthe movement of large masses of debris.\nThe end of the Tertiary period was marked by a series of violent events. A'olcanic upheavals\nand lava-flows spread everywhere. A line of weakness split open to form what is now the\nOkanagan Valley. Gold-bearing gravels in ancient stream-beds were.covered over and cemented\ninto conglomerate masses by the Tertiary lava-flows. Y 64 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nFrom the standpoint of agriculture the next important era was an ice age, in which a glacier\nfilled the valley. When the glacier finally melted it left unconsolidated deposits of ice and\nstream origin over large areas.\nThe consolidated rocks are obscured by water-sorted gravels up to an elevation of nearly\n900 feet above the present level of Okanagan Lake. Tributary streams, such as Peachland and\nMission Creeks, have built up conspicuous deltas in the form of a series of benches, reaching to\nthe original level of the lake.\nThe main valley stretches from Shuswap Lake to the International Boundary. It contains\nlakes of various sizes, formed probably by the collapse of surface deposits following the melting\nof underlying ice. On the lower slopes of the main valley there are a series of benches or terraces\nrising to nearly 900 feet above Okanagan Lake. These benches or terraces are interrupted or\nmodified here and there by tributary streams, the more ancient of which have left their deposits\nat each successive lake-level and have finally built up fan deposits on the lake-shore.\nThrough the agency of ice, tributary streams, and erosion from the valley-walls great masses\nof debris have been deposited on the valley-floor. Each different force of formation deposited\nmaterial of different chemical composition and geological origin. Natural weathering, sorting,\nand grading within these masses produced in each a family of soil classes similar to one another\nin so far as the texture of the surface soil is concerned, yet different in chemical nature and\nphysical structure of the soil profile.\nIn the bottom of the valley we have laminated or plated silts and clays. These are obviously\nof glacial origin, but they have been subject to secondary sorting and transportation by lake-\nwaters. Higher up on the sides of the valley these silts and clays have been covered by a blanket\nof soil which has weathered from the valley-walls. This is a sedentary or local type of soil and\nits characteristics are in relation to the kind of rock from which it weathered. In some cases\nformer shore-lines penetrated these local deposits, resorting this material and forming sandy\nbeaches of different width and extent.\nOn benches formed by tributary streams a thin blanket of soil has formed and covered the\noriginal sands and gravels, which, at a depth of from one to several feet, still exist in their\noriginal state. AVhere the blanket of soil is too thin on stream-benches, and where the depth\nof sand is too shallow or too coarse on former lake-shore lines, we have the so-called \" marginal\nlands \" of the various irrigation districts. These marginal lands require excessive amounts of\nirrigation-water for ordinary cropping. Failure of the water-supply leads to tree-injury and\npathological disease.\nCLIMATE AND THE ORIGIN OF ALKALI.\nIn British Columbia there are two main soil divisions based on climate. These are the\nmid-latitude semi-arid soils (Pedocals) and the humid soils in various parts of the Province\n(Pedalfers). A distinguishing point between the two is alkalinity in the former and acidity\nin the latter.\nThe mid-latitude semi-arid type is a salt-accumulating soil, whereas the humid, or coast\ntype, is a salt-losing soil. This essential difference is brought about by the difference in annual\nprecipitation.\nThe rock-particles which break down into soil are composed of highly complex chemical\ncompounds. The tendency of some of these compounds in the process of disintegration is to\nbreak down into simple salts (e.g., sodium chloride or common salt, sodium sulphate or Glauber's\nsalt, magnesium sulphate or Epsom salt, sodium carbonate or washing-soda, lime, etc.).\nAVhere the mean annual precipitation is over 18 inches there is a certain movement of\npercolating ground-water, which removes salts as they are formed and carries them off into the\nstreams and rivers and finally into the sea. Under these conditions the soil becomes impoverished of bases. It becomes acid, and a weak alkali in the form of lime must be applied to the\nland to reduce the acid when the acid reaction becomes too strong for healthy plant-growth.\nWhere the annual precipitation is less than IS inches the opposite condition exists. The\nannual run-off is low. Salts form in the soil in the same way as described above, but there is\nnot sufficient annual precipitation to cause an annual movement of percolating ground-water,\nhence the salts remain in the soil where they form. Where annual run-off is slight the salts\nform local concentrations in low-lying lands, sloughs, etc., making such places strongly alkaline.\nThus, in the mid-latitude soils such as we have in the Okanagan Valley, the salts remain in\nthe land where they form, instead of being leached out. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 65\nThe formation of salts in Okanagan soils has been going on for a great period of time before\nthe irrigation systems were installed. With the advent of irrigation comes the movement of\nground-water for the first time in ages. The salts begin to move from their highly dispersed\nstate, and commence to concentrate at points where topographical relief is favourable. If a\ngrower has an orchard situate on such a point of concentration he will be indeed unfortunate\nunless proper measures towards the solution of his problem are taken.\nThis situation gives birth to the alkali problem, for which semi-arid areas under irrigation\nare noted. As the agriculture of the Okanagan Valley becomes older we will hear more and\nmore about alkali. The only answer to the problem is prevention by means of research and\ninvestigation while farm lands subject to salt accumulations are still on a commercial basis.\nThus, in semi-arid districts such as the Okanagan Valley, an artificial climatic change, like\nthe application of irrigation-water, unbalances the scheme of nature and permits the accumulation of salts where topographical features favour their concentration. Under these conditions,\nunless knowledge and understanding are applied, one generation of fruit-growers will appreciably\ndegrade land values, and influence thereby the fortunes of the succeeding generation.\nOther than by observation, no work on the alkali problem has been done to date. To\nemphasize the need of doing such work it may be said that in dealing with alkali an ounce of\nprevention is worth a pound of cure.\nSPECIAL WORK. '\nDuring July the Survey staff was visited by G. V. Jacks, M.A., B.Sc, Deputy Director,\nImperial Bureau of Soil Science, Rothamsted Experimental Station, England, and Dr. D. G.\nLaird, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Agronomy, University of British Columbia.\nThese distinguished visitors were conducted to areas that had been surveyed. The soils\nwere examined and the methods used by the Provincial Soil Survey were reviewed. It is\nsatisfactory to report that methods of survey used during the past three years in the Okanagan\nValley were approved by both experts.\nFollowing special instructions, a visit was made to the Lillooet District during October for\nthe purpose of examining lands in connection with a contemplated irrigation project to be used\nas a relief settlement. It was found that soil conditions and acreage available were both\ninadequate for the particular purpose and the project was dropped.\nIt may be stated here that in turning in an adverse report sums of money were saved, both\nto agencies involved and prospective settlers, that would pay the cost of annual soil-survey\nappropriations for many years.\nIt is strongly emphasized that all lands to be used for settlement should be examined by\nthe Survey staff. So far as soil productivity is concerned, land settlement can be made foolproof by the use of the soil survey. In the performance of such work the survey could operate\non an enormously profitable basis.\nWith the exception of Dr. D. G. Laird, Associate Professor of Agronomy, University of\nBritish Columbia, and the Provincial Soil Survey staff, there are no official soil experts in\nBritish Columbia. This fact should be recognized in all matters pertaining to soil and land\nsettlement. Ignoring the value of soil knowledge has, in the past, cost British Columbia\ntremendous sums of money.\nIn the latter part of October work preliminary to a survey in 1934 was done in the Vernon\nIrrigation District, following application for completion of a soil survey. The area still to be\nsurveyed in the Vernon Irrigation District covers approximately 15,000 acres.\nDuring the past year the field and office work was conducted with two assistants; one\ntechnical assistant who acted as surveyor-draughtsman and one lay-assistant. This allowed\noffice and field work to be conducted at the same time. However, such assistance has been\nseasonal, whereas there is sufficient work for a surveyor-draughtsman the year around. The\nwork cannot be conducted on a satisfactory basis with untrained men. It is therefore suggested\nthat the position of surveyor-draughtsman be made permanent.\nThere appears to be no call to cover extensive areas in a number of districts each year,\nor to make large expenditures in order to rush the general survey. Every year certain specific\nneeds arise, and these can be taken care of one at a time. Every argument in connection with\nsoil survey points to a small but permanent staff of two, with one seasonal lay-assistant.\n5 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nSeasonal staffs cannot gain or store knowledge about difficult problems or plan efficient results.\nApproximately 86 per cent, of soil-survey appropriation is expended in the form of wages.\nIt is suggested that the establishment of an office laboratory be considered as one of the\nultimate requirements of the Soil Survey. Base exchange, lime content of soils, organic matter,\nand alkali investigation, and the determination of the characteristics of different parent materials\nin the establishment of soil series, depend upon chemical analysis.\nRespectfully submitted.\nC. C. Kelley,\nOfficer in Charge, Soil Survey.\nREPORT OF WOMEN'S INSTITUTE BRANCH.\nMrs. V. S. McLachlan.\nIn 1931 the total income of only 129 institutes was $56,480.31, hut in spite of the heavy drop\nin revenue over one-quarter of last year's income was spent in direct payments for charity and\ncommunity betterment, much of it in local relief-work. This sum does not include donations of\neggs, fresh and canned fruits and vegetables, and much sewing done by practically every\ninstitute either for the local hospital, the Solarium, the Crippled Children's Hospital, or the\nSalvation Army Hospital.\nNew institutes organized in 1933 16\nInstitutes disbanded in 1933 8\nTotal Women's Institutes 161\nMembership at June 30th, 1933 3,752\nReceipts of 142 institutes, 1932 $39,036.00\nCash expenditures on charity and community work in 1932 10,783.13\nThe new institutes were organized at Saturna Island and Ganges; Bon Accord, Devereux,\nErinlea, Mill Valley, Sunrise Valley, Sunnybrook, Stewart Flats, Tupper and Willow Valley in\nthe Peace River District; Delta and Pinegrove in South Fraser District; Magna Bay and\nProcter in the Interior.\nSince the object of Women's Institutes is \" to improve conditions of rural life, so that\nsettlement may be permanent and prosperous,\" the work is divided into eleven branches. Some\nof the largest institutes have committees in all eleven branches, but the majority devote themselves to two or three in which they are particularly interested.\nAGRICULTURE.\nThere were ninety prize books presented by the Department for eighteen institute flower\nshows. Coquitlam held its first show, but a number of places found they could not finance a\nshow this year.\nPotato and Boys' and Girls' Poultry Clubs were organized by a number of institutes,\nincluding Beresford, Arras, Sunset Prairie, Vimy, etc.\nKelowna held a seed and plant exchange in the spring and members of the Department\nhave given talks and demonstrations to institutes in many places. Victoria, Langford, Luxton,\nand Royal Oak Institutes had good exhibits in the Victoria Spring Flower Show.\nCOMMUNITY BETTERMENT.\nIn rural sections the Women's Institute is usually the pivot of efforts for community\nbetterment. They are at the hack of the community Christmas-tree, picnics, relief funds, and\nmost social activities, as well as working for the nearest hospital or building the community\nhall. They have undoubtedly helped considerably to keep up the morale of the people, many of\nwhom are on relief, and inspired continued efforts at self-help. For example, the Arras Institute\nin the Peace River, finding it is no longer possible to obtain Travelling Libraries, has organized\na public library for the general good composed of all available hooks in the community.\nProgress, also in the Peace River, last winter held classes under the night-school Act in spinning\nand knitting, and have now purchased a spinning-wheel, which is loaned out to members at a\nsmall charge so that they may spin up their own wool. The Comox Institute has also adopted\nthis plan. All institutes make over and distribute old clothes and never fail to accede to appeals DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 67\nsent on from this office, of which quite a number are received during the year. Every year\nnews comes in of \" showers \" organized to help burned-out families.\nAlthough a membership of forty constitutes a large institute, the following is some of the\nwork carried on from year to year: Mount Ida has improved and enlarged the Community Hall.\nBurton has paid for their hall and deeded it to the community. West Saskatoon, Squamish,\nand Howe Sound are all building or paying for halls they have already built. Burrard has\nobtained the lease of the beach at loco, cleaned it of logs and rubbish, and keeps it clean and\nsanitary, so that the beach is becoming a popular resort and near-by shops are profiting.\nShawnigan keeps its beach clean and provides a Swimming Instructor during the summer.\nNelson runs a Women's Exchange, where members from all over the Kootenay sell their produce\nand handicrafts at a small commission. Bon Accord in the Peace River sponsored the first\nDramatic Festival of the British Columbia Institutes, when four centres competed, and Stewart\nFlats won what proved to he a most popular event in the community life.\nIn considering the social activities of institutes, a Secretary's remark throws light on the\ngreat need for some such amenities in the long winter: \" It is almost pathetic to see the way\nthe women from the country enjoy the monthly meetings.\" Another Secretary apologized for\nthe fact that they always began with tea and a social hour. She explained that most of the\nmembers had walked 4 or 5 miles to the meeting, and, having seen no one but her immediate\nfamily since the last meeting, every woman needed \" to get her talk out\" before settling down\nto business.\nEDUCATION AND BETTER SCHOOLS.\nLarge numbers of country institutes provide cocoa or hot soup for school lunches in cold\nweather, notably at Prince George and Fraser Lake, where members take it in turn to provide\nsoup materials and go to the school to make and serve it each day. Lac la Hache, with only\neight or nine members, raised money to purchase lumber for a new school and made their\nhusbands build it. Vernon and Armstrong regularly hold bird-house making and cookery competitions for their children. Grand Forks, AA'est Saskatoon, Balfour, Vernon, Arras, Sunrise\nValley, and Edgewood hold sewing and knitting classes for children, and at Armstrong the\nclass proved so popular there had to be an overflow class in the evenings. Finally, an exhibition\nof work was held, when coats, dresses, suits, smocking, embroidery, etc., were shown. Arras\nhad a manual-training class for boys last winter.\nMany institutes take advantage of the provisions of the Night-school Act and have classes\nwith the assistance of the Education Department.\nPlayground improvement, playground equipment, and first-aid Itits are usually the responsibility of the local institute.\nHOME ECONOMICS.\nEvery opportunity is seized to inspire members to give preference to home and Empire\nproducts. Institutes are keen supporters of the British Columbia Products Campaign, and\nVictoria did outstanding work for the Tudor Rose League.\nTo improve the standard of women's work at fairs, lectures and demonstrations have been\nheld whenever possible, Mrs. J. D. Gordon, the Provincial President, doing much useful work\nalong these lines. At Vancouver Fair a challenge cup is awarded each year to the institute\ngaining most points in all classes of needlework, knitting, and lace-making. This year Comox\nInstitute won the cup from Denman Island, last year's winners.\nIn the interests of economy, institutes are encouraged to make use of particularly proficient\nmembers of their own community, and persuade them to give 10- or 15-minute talks or demonstrations in their special line. A list of suggested demonstrations is provided from the office,\nand frequently we are asked to assist in preparing the talk. They are becoming increasingly\npopular.\nINDUSTRIES.\nThe most profitable industry at the present time is the making of wool-filled comforters,\nusing local fleeces. It is a regular source of revenue to many institutes, and wool is also\ncarded up and spun and knitted for warm clothing. One member of Denman Island Institute\nhas purchased a knitting-machine and is making socks for most of the island from local wool.\nOkanagan Centre and some other institutes make gloves, which sell well in a limited market.\nCortes Island is learning to make Indian baskets, taught by an Indian woman. Y 68\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nAs there is difficulty in obtaining some handicraft materials in small quantities, two years\nago the institutes subscribed for a handicraft fund, with which materials have been purchased\nand are sold to members at a little over cost price. Mrs. M. E. AVatt, Nelson, is in charge of\nthe fund.\nPUBLIC HEALTH AND CHILD-AVELFARE.\nInstitutes interested in this work adopt a policy outlined for them each year by the Provincial Board of Health. AVell-baby clinics are held regularly in many centres, notably Nelson,\nOkanagan Centre, and Rutland, which had six Japanese babies at one clinic. Following the\nsuccessful dental clinics held two years ago, in co-operation with the Dominion and British\nColumbia Dental Hygiene Associations, clinics have been held this year at Sicamous, Shuswap\nLake, Laidlaw, Cariboo, and Devereux. This last included the adults and afforded immense\nrelief to the patients. Sunrise Valley is now raising funds for a dental clinic for the children\nwho need it urgently.\nWhonnock and Ruskin helped to pay the expenses of inoculating the children against\ndiphtheria. Squamish sent a child threatened with blindness down to Vancouver for examination and treatment.\nArmstrong organized a much-needed Hospital Auxiliary. The Okanagan institutes contribute in cash and otherwise to the Kelowna Preventorium.\nUnder the advice of the Board of Health, institutes purchase goitre tablets for the schoolchildren when necessary and distribute much useful health literature.\nIMMIGRATION, LEAGUE OF NATIONS, AND LEGISLATION.\nThese committees find it hard to get new ideas to interest the members, but the Legislation\nCommittee can always count on a good meeting if the local member of the Legislature is invited\nto speak on recent enactments for the welfare of the Province. The women are also encouraged\nto obtain copies of \" Arotes and Proceedings \" through their local member while the House is in\nsession, so that they may have correct information on the work of the Legislature.\nCONFERENCES.\nThe Department paid the transportation expenses of one delegate from each Peace River\ninstitute to the District Conference at Shearerdale, and the Districts of North and South Fraser,\nSouth Vancouver Island, and Okanagan each paid the expenses of their own conferences. With\nthe advice and assistance of this office, the programmes were drawn up and stencilled in the\noffice to save the expense of printing. Mrs. McGregor and Mrs. Noble, members of the Board\nof Directors of the Provincial AVomen's Institute, attended the Biennial Conference of the\nFederated Women's Institutes in Winnipeg; the Federated AVomen's Institutes paying their\nexpenses.\nA conference was planned for the Bulkley Valley District (where they have not had one\nsince 1928) and the Superintendent was to attend, but this had to be cancelled on the ground of\nexpense. It was found impossible to hold conferences in the Salmon Arm, Kootenay, and Arrow\nLakes Districts.\nOFFICE-WORK.\nDuring the year 1,653 letters and reports have been received and 1,024 sent out, as well as\na number of circular letters. Many inquiries have been received regarding wool carding and\nspinning and information on the making of wool comforters has been sent to England, Scotland,\nand Sweden, upon request. The Vancouver Social Service recently sent in an urgent appeal\nfor information on the making of tireless cookers. Information on the work of the British\nColumbia institutes has been supplied for the book of the Rural Women's Liaison Association,\nand also informataion has been provided for a book entitled \" Country Women in Council,\" a\ncopy of which was sent to the office recently.\nFrequent appeals are received from individuals or communities for clothing and other relief.\nThese, subject to the approval of the Relief Committee, are turned over to the nearest institute,\nand usually amply satisfied.\nRespectfully submitted.\nMrs. V. S. McLachlan,\nSuperintendent, B.C. Women's Institutes. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 69\nAPPENDICES.\nAPPENDIX No. 1.\nBritish Columbia Bulb Surveys, 1929-31-33.\nNarcissi.\nTulips (Early).\nTulips (Darwin).\n*\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\nVancouver Island.\nAcres.\n33%\n4%\n1%\nAcres.\n45%\n47s\n2%\nAcres.\n45%\n71/2\n274\nAcres.\n1%\n%\n%50\nAcres.\n1\n%\n1/40\nAcres.\n1%\n%\n%2\nAcres.\n5%\n1%\n%\nAcres\n4y\nI5/\nVi\nAcres.\n8\n1%\n3 %\nTotals\t\n39%\n52%\n55%\n1%2\n1%\n2i/fe\n7%\n6y\n10%\nMainland.\n257/12\n%\n\"/i2\n30 Vi\n1\n1\n26%\n%\n2\n2%\niyi2\n5\n%\ny4\n%\n%\n7\n5%\n%\n87i\n5\n2i/c\n! ey4\n4y*\n4\nTotals\t\n26%\n32%\n29\n3%2\n5%\nI\n12%\n1511/1\n' 14%\n66 y8\n84%\n84%\n0\n7%\n3%2\n20%\n22 y\n24%\nHyacinths.\nGladioli.\nIris (Bearded).\nDistrict.\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\nVancouver Island.\nAcres.\n%\nAcres.\n1/20\nAcres.\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2He\n%2\nAcres.\n4%\n7%\n%\nAcres.\n10%\n4%\n%\nAcres.\n6 7s\n2%\n1\nAcres.\n1/10\n1\nAcres\nVi\n11/1\nVi\nAcres.\nTotals\t\n%\n%>\n%\n13\nI0I/4\n10%\nli/io\nIM\n%2\nMainland.\n4%\n%oo\n3%\n2\n19%\n6%\n33yi2\n9%\ny8\n25\n13\ni/ie\n5%2\n3%\n5y4\nKootenay\t\n1%\nTntnls \t\n41/4\n3%\n2\n26% | 43\n38^6\n5%2J 3%\n6%\n41320\n3%\n8%\n39y4| 58 M,\n489/ie\n6%\n4%\n6%\nIris (Other).\nDahlias.\nOther Bulbs.\nDistrict.\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\n1929.\n1931.\n1933.\nVariety.\nVancouver Island.\nAcres.\n%\n%\nVl25\nAcres.\n1%\nAcres\n3 74\n%\n%s\nAcres.\n1%\n%\n%\nAcres.\n2%\n1\n%\nAcres.\n2\n1%\n%\nAcres.\n1\nAcres.\n1%\nAcres.\n3%\n2\n1/16\nLilies.\nLilies.\nPeonies.\nTotals \t\nm\n1%0\n3%\n2%\n3%\n3%\n1\n1%\n5%\nVie\nLilies.\nPeonies.\nMainland.\n3%\n%00\n2y8\n%2\n4%\n37l2\n17/20\n4%\n7*\n3%\n1%\n%\n5\n1/4\n6\n174\n8%\n1%\n74\nLilies.\nPeonies.\nLilies.\nPeonies.\n3%o\n2%\n47s\n4%\n411/12\n5\n%\n5\n6\n27l2\n9\nLilies.\nPeonies.\nTotal B.C. bulb acreage ....\n5%\n4%\n8%\n7%\n9\n8%\n1%\n5\n1%\n6\n81/12\n9%6\nLilies.\nPeonies.\nTotal bulb acreages: 1929, 159% acres; 1931, 200 acres; 1933, 203% acres. Y 70\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nhH\nO\nH\nft\nft\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A25\neo\nL\n05\nCi\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0*\nC!\nrt\n19\nCO\n-*\nCi\n19\nO M O (S O W\n\u00C2\u00A9\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0HH rH\nCO\nCO H t- IM tO 19\nco\nOl -HH\nCO\nri\nO LO 00 H 10 IM\n(M\nCO CO\nt- \u00C2\u00A9 T-l.t- CO **\nlc\nt- t-\nO I' Ci IM H\nH Ci\niH i-l\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0HH\nof tH\nO 01\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0^ CJ B CO IO CO\nCi\nCO CO 00 00 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0HH iH\n\u00C2\u00A9\nCO CM\nri\nC CD O 00 CO M\nH-\nCO LO\n09\nM CD C O) H CO\noo\"\n00 Ci\n-* CO Ifi W W OO\n-t<\n19 CO\nOOCCMH\nc:\n\u00C2\u00A9 CO\nEH\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0H rH\nCO\nof rH\nCC t- -HH TH l> iH\n1-1\nO rH\nH\n^ H CJ M t- t-\nCO\nHH -HH\na\nCl\nX rH CO O rH rH\n\u00C2\u00A9\nLO rH\nfe\nOi\nri\nrH CM CO 00 t- O\nto\n19 O\nCO 00 -HH rH rH \u00E2\u0096\u00A0HH\n00\nCO O\nH\nO CO t- O rH\nCC\nCi HI\n<\nrH rH\ncc\nrH rH\nP\n0>\nm\nOOMI9l>t-\n01\nt- 19\nCl O 19 Q NiM\nCD\nt> CO\n\"A\n1-*\nt- O CJ O M H\nI-\nO CD\nIN\nOi\nrH\nCO yfl CO -HH CO CM\n-t\nCO 00\n<\nHH L9 CD \u00E2\u0080\u00A2# H HH\nw\nco Ci\nH\n00 M CD CO H\n1-\nCD O\nS3\noi\nrH rH\n\u00C2\u00AB.\n-HH -HH t- TfH O t-\n\u00C2\u00A9\n00 GO\nLO Ci IO CD to CO\n19\nCi LO\nIO\nrH O. CO CD CD t-\nCO\nCO -HH\n01\nOS\nr-l\nCM 00 I- rH \u00C2\u00A9 CO\nt-\"\nCO CO\n00 O CO \u00C2\u00BBo 00 CO\nCl\nCO CD\nt- W IO CD\nrC\nt)H CO\nCN\ntH\n\u00C2\u00A9 O \u00C2\u00A9 Ol \u00C2\u00A9 00\nO\n00 01\nCO [^ 05 00 t- Hi\n00\n01 IO\nCO\n\"HH CO Ci CO t- Ci\nr-l\nH q\nCN\n\u00C2\u00A9 CO\" \u00C2\u00A9\" of t> Ci\nIO*\nCi co\"\nCi\nCi CD I.\u00E2\u0080\u0094 CO CD Oi\nc\nIO *HH\nrH\nCD rH LO CO\n\u00C2\u00A9\nCO LO\nrH\nCO\nH Ci M CD O M\nCD 19\nCi CO ^ CO 01 rH\n-H\nCD O\nCi\nr-l\nrH\nCO\nOl\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0H\nCO\nH M CO HH CD N\ncc\nt> co\nM CO M CO H H\nc\nCO CD\noi\nCi\nrH\nrH\nCC\n01\nes\nd\nOi\nO HH O O. CO rH\no\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0HH CO\na\nCC rH rH Oi 0i rH\n\u00C2\u00A9\n01 CO\nis\no\na\nrH\nrH\nCl\nOl\nS3\nfc\ntA\n X H IN\nrH\n00 Ol\n6\nCi\nrH\n01\nrH\n\u00C2\u00A3\nOi\nO CD 19 19 M CO\n01\nIO CO rH rH\nCD\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0HH 01\na\nrH\nH\nrH\nCO\nLO 01 rH Ci 00 IO\nC\nCi rH\nOI\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2HH LO\n0\nO tH\nCi\ni-(\nUl\nCi\nSQ\n. ri u\nfi +.\nrt\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0s\n0J\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0M\nM\nf S-=-w\n35\n5\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2a 'O\nK3\nrH\ninlan\ninlan\nIsla\nIsla\nXf\nxr\nis\n1\n3 \u00C2\u00AB *< fc _\n\?\no to\n^1 rt, m 01 rt fr^\nH\n?* r > a a\nfcO rH\n3 13 M a\n^ tr O O rt a,\nd\n& \"S\n^ \u00C2\u00A3 O W fi V\nis \u00C2\u00A3 C a 5 5\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 r- \n>\nc\nM\nK\nc DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 71\nco\nCO\nOJ\nTrt\na\nfc\n\n\u00C2\u00A9 CO 19 IO CO Ci \u00C2\u00A9 O\na\n\u00C2\u00A353\nrH CO fc- rH rH IO K9\nrH r-\n-t\nGQ\na\ns\nlO 01 \u00C2\u00A9 Ol IO 01 GO CT\nt-\np\noi\nCO\nt-Ci\u00C2\u00A9\u00C2\u00A9rt\u00C2\u00A9rtCf\n-\n\u00C2\u00AB\nCO IO Ol 01 Ol r-\nt-\nPh\nCi\nrH rH\ncr\nrt\n0\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A04\nrH\n\u00C2\u00A9\n> to\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nIO LO LO \"lOC0Ci\u00C2\u00A9lOH\nt-\n\u00C2\u00A9\nCO*\" OS CO rH LO CC\nt-\nH\nH\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0<*\n:\nbd\nfe.Sco\n\u00C2\u00A3\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 Has\n\u00C2\u00AB rtrH\n19 IO \u00C2\u00A9\nHH \u00C2\u00A9 rt \u00C2\u00A9\nr-\nrt CO IO\nIO CO CO H\"\n\u00C2\u00A9\nTW 01\n-HH \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\no\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 rH H\ncC\ns\n\u00C2\u00A9 LO \u00C2\u00A9\nIO \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\n-t\noi\nCO\nrH \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\n01 CO 01 \u00C2\u00A9\ncc\nsc\nrH \u00C2\u00A9\n00 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nfc-\nH\nCi\nrH * r-\n\u00C2\u00AB\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0rH\nO\nrH\ntJI\n5\n> CO\nt-\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nLO \u00C2\u00A9 LO \u00C2\u00A9\n\u00C2\u00A9\nPh\nrH\nCO\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nt> IO fc- H\nH\n19\n<\nJO 19\nrH 0-\nlf\nCi\nO-\nCf\nw\nlO rtrtrtOOrtr-\u00C2\u00A9\nc\n\u00C2\u00A9\nCO\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2HHr-\"HHr-iociCiC\nt-\no q w co h h ir\nfc-\n\u00C2\u00A9\n01 rH rH -HH rH CT\n0*\nrH\nrH O\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\"*\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nu\nbe\nfe.Sco\nrZ fl\u00C2\u00A9\nt- \u00C2\u00A9 eo \u00C2\u00A9 t- Ci cm\n1-\n19 O CO CO rt t- t-\ncr\n\u00C2\u00A9 CO CO Ol rH r-\n0\n! rt rl K cr\n\u00C2\u00A9\nOJ\ns\nHH \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 CO Ol 19 C\nc\noi\nCO\nt- \u00C2\u00A9 Ol 01 rt \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\n\u00C2\u00A9\nm\n00 IO rt \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 CO CC\n0\"\nS\nci\nrH rH 01 CC\nir\n\u00C2\u00A9\nW\nrH\nT~\n1 s\nJ-01\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\n\u00C2\u00A9 IO LO o\n0.\n00\na\nrH\nCO\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 oi cc\nt-\nCi\nPh\n19 CO\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 CO c\nGC\n'\nCi\nH\nH\n\"~\nr-\n\u00C2\u00A9\nCO\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0HH CO\nCO C\nCO IT\n\u00C2\u00A9 -HH \"HH L-\n\u00C2\u00A9 -HH LO t>\nir\nCO c\nrH \u00C2\u00A9 LO rH Ci rH r~\nr-\nCi\ntH 'HH 01 t- C\nfc-\nrH\n\u00C2\u00AB\ntt\nJ\n*\n'\n+J\n\u00C2\u00A3\nCJ\nC\nu\nX\n0\n+->\n'C\nB\ns\nR\nc\n!\n0\nfl \u00C2\u00AB\nrt c\n71! c\nC\nA fl H Si rH\nll'.t\nO O ES fj rC\na\u00C2\u00ABo^\nt\ at.\ncd a. \u00C2\u00AB lT a; rt 3 a\na\n>\n\\u00C2\u00A3\nts\nP.\n\u00C2\u00A3\na\nri\ncs\no\ner\no\nH\nI-\n19\nCO\nrt\nCO\n1-\n\u00C2\u00A9\n\u00C2\u00A9\nn\ncr;\ncc\ni-\nlO\n\u00C2\u00A9\n:c\nCO\nCO\n\u00C2\u00A9\nrt\nrt rt t- 10\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 CO GO\noi_ Ol^ CO \u00C2\u00A9_\n\u00C2\u00A9 CD -HH\" Ol\"\nOl\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0*\n01\nIO\nCO\nCO\noi\nCO\n\u00C2\u00A9\nrt\n\u00C2\u00A9 HH fc- 19\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 Ci fc-\n05 t- t\u00C2\u00BB 01\n19 CO CO rt\"\nrH\n\u00C2\u00A9\n\u00C2\u00A9\nOl\nCO\n\u00C2\u00A9\nOl \u00C2\u00A9 Ci -HH\nt- -HH CO 01\nCO IO 01_ \u00C2\u00A9\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0* co oi\" tm\nrH\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0rH\nCO\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0*\n01\n1\nDQ\nfl\nG\nrt\nP.\n\no\nH\n.2\n1\n<\na\na\nc\nft\n\u00C2\u00A9\nE\n-\nP-\n1\n\u00C2\u00AB\na\nI\nV\nq\nc\nEr\n3 r=\nOr!\nOl ^\nfim\nS a\n\u00C2\u00A71\nS g \u00E2\u0080\u00A2-\nI CO rH\n*H ft 0\" ^\nSco go\n\"I ffl rt rH\nS ft\"\n\u00C2\u00BBi\nO 05\nCo\nl\u00C2\u00BB fl\na. a\ngS - ri\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2S rt Ul rn\ns \u00E2\u0080\u00A2- ig \u00C2\u00AB\n* Z rt\nr* w rt fi\ne n o m\ns . 71\nS m I 9\nr\ ft rrt rrt\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0a rt\na \u00C2\u00BB\nrt Ph Y 72\nRRITISH COLUMBIA.\nAPPENDIX No. 4.\nCodling-moth Spray Tests, Kelowna, 1933\u00E2\u0080\u0094Pbidham Obchabd, Salome Block.\nOriginal infestation, 1931, 42 per cent, worms, 14.5 per cent, stings. This block consists of\n160 trees, average age 30 years. Block divided into six plots. Counts were made from three\naverage trees in each plot.\nSprats.\nNo. of\nApples\nexamined.\nNo. of\nWorms.\nNo. of\nStings.\nPercentage,\n1933.\nPercentage,\n1932.\nPlot No.\nMay\n17-19,\nCalyx.\nJune\n7-9,\n2.\nJune\n22-28,\n3.\nAug.\n7-9,\n4.\nAug.\n24-23,\n5.\nWorms.\nStings.\nWorms.\nStings.\n1\t\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\n10,336\n2\n170\n0.02\n1.65\n1.40\n9.5\n2\t\nX\nX\nX\nX\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n9,722\n23\n120\n0.24\n1.24\n2.25\n12.2\n3\t\nX\nX\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nX\nX\n7,295\n35\n162\n0.48\n2.20\n3.10\n12.3\n4a\t\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nX\nX\nX\nX\n11,576\n44\n256\n0.38\n2.20\n3.60\n13.2\n4b\t\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nX\nX\nX\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n9,568\n102\n550\n1.00\n5.75\n5\t\nX\nX\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nX\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n9,864\n22\n296\n0.23\n3.00\n2.55\n15.2\nAll sprays consisted of 3 lb. Arsenate of Lead to 80 gallons (imperial) of water. Spreader\nwas used in all sprays, at the rate of 1 lb. to 240 gallons, excepting the calyx-spray.\nCrosses indicate sprays applied. Dashes indicate sprays omitted.\nAPPENDIX No. 5.\nCodling-moth Spbay Tests, Kelowna, 1933.\nOriginal infestation in 1930, 30 per cent, worms, 8 per cent, stings. Trees over 25 years old.\nCounts made from three average trees.\nPlot No.\nKind of\nSprays.\nMay\n17-19.\nJune\n7-9.\nJune\n7.\nNo. of\nApples\nexamined.\nNo. of\nWorms.\nNo. of\nStings.\nPercentage,\n1933.\nPercentage,\n1932.\nWorms.\nStings.\nWorms.\nStings.\n1\t\n2\t\nL.A.\nCA.\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\nX\n6,783\n10,036\n61\n58\n191\n182\n0.90\n0.58\n2.80\n1.72\n1.27\n5.2\nLegend\u00E2\u0080\u0094L.A., Lead Arsenate. C.A., Calcium Arsenate.\nNo spreader was used in the Lead Arsenate sprays, which were applied at the rate of\n3 lb. of Arsenate of Lead to 80 gallons of water. Calcium Arsenate first used in this experiment\nin 1933 was applied at the rate of 10 lb. to 240 gallons of water. No burning resulted from the\nuse of this material on Jonathan, Salome, or Mcintosh apples in 1933. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 73\nAPPENDIX No. 6.\nCow-testing Associations in Bbitish Columbia, 1933.\nName.\nInstituted.\nSecretary.\nSupervisor.\nDepartmental\nGrant.\nBulkley Valley :\t\nChilliwack, Route 1\t\nChilliwack, Route 2\t\nChilliwack, Route 3\t\nComox Valley\t\nDewdney-Deroche\t\nLangley \u00E2\u0080\u00A2..\nNorth Okanagan\t\nOkanagan.....\t\nPitt Meadows-Maple\nRidge\t\nRichmond-Ladner,\nRoute 1\t\nRichmond-Ladner,\nRoute 2\t\nSumas-Matsqui\t\nSurrey\t\nVancouver Island (South)\nOct.,\nMarch,\nNov.,\nApril,\nOct.,\nJune,\nJuly,\nApril,\nNov.,\nMarch,\nNov.,\nApril,\n1926\n1913\n1928\n1927\n1914\n1930\n1914\n1929\n1920\n1925\n1919\n1930\n1923\n1924\n1929\nO. Ekman, Telkwa\t\nW. S. Annis, R.R. 1, Chilliwack...\nW. S. Annis, R.R. 1, Chilliwack...\nW. S. Annis, R.R. 1, Chilliwack...\nW. E. Mantle, Sandwick ,\nD. W. Strachan, Dewdney\t\nJ. C. Berry, Langley\t\nB. H. Morris, Enderby\t\nG. D. Cameron, Kelowna\t\nC. S. Pallot, Pitt Meadows\t\nR. J. Smith, R.R. 1, Ladner\t\nR. J. Smith, R.R. 1, Ladner\t\nB. Stewart, R.R. 2, Abbotsford\t\nF. McKinnon, Cloverdale\t\nR. Rendle, 1118 Johnson Street.\nVictoria \t\nJ. E. Manning\t\nJ. J. Andrews\t\nA. H. R. Howell...\nA. S. Dixon\t\nT. G. M. Clarke...\nG. Jess\t\nWm. Rose\t\nAlf. Johnson\t\nWm. Hooson\t\nW. E. Hawthorne.\nG. H. Medd\t\nD. S. Heelas\t\nR. A. Wilson\t\nH. C. Clark\t\nG. G. Grimes\t\n$900.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\n600.00\nAPPENDIX No. 7.\nCbeamery Licences issued dueing 1933.\n)\nName. Address.\nAssociated Dairies, Ltd .405 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nAssociated Dairies, Ltd. (Valley Dairy, Ltd.) ....1569 Sixth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nAvalon Dairy Wales Street and Forty-third Avenue, Vancouver.\nBell, Wm Central Dairy, Nanaimo.\nBorden Co., Ltd., The Sardis.\nBurns & Co Creamery Dept., Woodland Drive, Vancouver.\nCariboo Farmers' Co-operative Association Quesnel.\nCloverleaf Dairy .1508 Hastings Street East, Vancouver.\nColumbia Valley Co-op. Creamery Association Golden.\nClark's Hygienic Dairy, Ltd 1001 Pender Street West, Vancouver.\nCollege Dairies (1928), Ltd Rear 1156 Pender Street West, Vancouver.\nComox Creamery Association Courtenay.\nCowichan Creamery Association Duncan.\nCrystal Dairy, Ltd Cranbrook.\nEmpress Dairies, Ltd 1002 Hastings Street West, Vancouver.\nEast End Dairy 2469 Oxford Street, Vancouver.\nFraser Valley Milk Producers' Association .425 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nFraser Valley Milk Producers' Association Sardis.\nFraser Valley Milk Producers' Association Abbotsford.\nGibson's Dairy Produce, Ltd 7 Hastings Street West, Vancouver.\nHazelwood Creamery Co., Ltd 351 Keefer Street, Vancouver.\nHilton Dairy 6395 Fraser Avenue, Vancouver.\nJersey Farms, Ltd 2256 Broadway West, Vancouver.\nKelowna Creamery Co., Ltd Kelowna.\nKeremeos Creamery Keremeos.\nLake Windermere Creamery Invermere. Y 74 BRITISH COLUMBIA.\nAPPENDIX No. 7\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\nCbeameey Licences issued during 1933\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued.\nName. Address.\nModel Dairy 3342 Kingsway, Vancouver.\nAlf. Miller Prince George.\nMarlborough Dairy 3507 Sanders Street, Burnaby.\nNanaimo Creamery Association Nanaimo.\nNechaco Farmers' Institute Vanderhoof.\nNational Dairies, Ltd 1132 Hastings Street East, Vancouver.\nNorthwestern Creamery, Ltd 1311 Broad Street, Victoria.\nOkanagan Dairy Penticton.\nOkanagan Valley Co-op. Creamery Association....Vernon.\nOkanagan Valley Co-op. Creamery Association....Enderby.\nPalm Dairies, Ltd...; Kamloops.\nPalm Dairies, Ltd Grand Forks.\nPalm Dairies, Ltd Nelson.\nPalm Dairies, Ltd Nelson and Cambie Streets, Vancouver.\nPalm Dairies, Ltd 930 North Park Street, Victoria.\nPort O'Van Ice Cream, Ltd 1170 Hornby Street, Vancouver.\nPouce Coupe District Co-op. Creamery Assn Pouce Coupe.\nRidley, Albert A. J 2153 Marine Drive, West Vancouver.\nRoyal City Creamery 309 Sixth Street, New Westminster.\nRoyal Dairy, Ltd 707 View Street, Victoria.\nSalmon Arm Co-op. Creamery Association Salmon Arm.\nSalt Spring Island Creamery Co Ganges.\nTurner's Dairy 361 Kingsway, Vancouver.\nSteves, J. M., Dairy 2024 Twelfth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nTwigg Island Dairy 735 Twenty-ninth Avenue East, Vancouver.\nValentin Dairy Prince Rupert.\nValley Creamery, Ltd Penticton.\nVictoria City Dairy Co., Ltd 1111 Fort Street, Victoria.\nWhite Lunch, Ltd 124 Hastings Street West, Vancouver.\nAPPENDIX No. 8.\nMilk-testebs' Licences issued during 1933.\nName. Address.\nAntilla, Lawrence E Vernon.\nAndrews, J. 3 .Chilliwack.\nAtkinson, L. A 425 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nBickert, R. H Vernon.\nCampbell, T .Vernon.\nChevalley, F Sardis.\nChevalley, P Abbotsford.\nChristie, C. E .Ocean Falls.\nClark, H. C .Cloverdale.\nClarke, T. G. M .Courtenay.\nColwell, C .Courtenay.\nCoxen, W. G 1111 Fort Street, Victoria.\nCranswick, P .1002 Hastings Street West, Vancouver.\nDavis, R. L 4446 Sixth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nDixon, A. S Atchelitz.\nDavidson, W 5837 Second Avenue East, Vancouver. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933. Y 75\nAPPENDIX No. 8\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued.\nMilk-testers' Licences issued during 1933\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued.\nName. Address.\nGrimes, G. G. .4405 Sixth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nGibbs, J .930 North Park Street, Victoria.\nGates, H. C 2155 Fourteenth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nHall, F. D. B Chilliwack.\nHawthorne, W. E Pitt Meadows.\nHansen, Knute Prince George.\nHeelas, D. S 2350 Thirty-seventh Avenue West, Vancouver.\nHooson, Wm. E ..Kelowna.\nHoffman, W .1569 Sixth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nHolm, C 3121 Clinton Street, New Westminster.\nHolmes, J 2685 Victoria Drive, Vancouver.\nHowell, A. H. R Chilliwack.\nHoy, N. D .4426 Hudson Avenue, Vancouver.\nHurley, M. H 1111 Fort Street, Victoria.\nHyke, Fred. G .1520 Sixth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nJohnson, Wm. G Nelson.\nJess, Geddes Dewdney.\nKendall, Walter G .425 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nKirkby, Wm 2814 Sophia Street, Vancouver.\nLord, W. C Penticton.\nLivingstone, John B .1001 Pender Street West, Vancouver.\nMain, T Agassiz.\nMartin, Geo. R .405 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nMetcalfe, J. F .3436 Oak Street, Vancouver.\nManning, J. E Telkwa.\nMedd, G. H Fort Langley.\nMcLeary, Sam .Cranbrook.\nMiller, Alfred Prince George.\nMiller, R. C 2675 Maple Street, Vancouver.\nMonteith, W. J .735 Twenty-ninth Avenue East, Vancouver.\nMoore, J. S .709 Fourteenth Street, New Westminster.\nNorton, F. H. A 1311 Broad Street, Victoria.\nOrr, J. B R.R. 1, Sardis.\nRidley, Albert A. J .2153 Marine Drive, West Vancouver.\nRobertson, J. H Kamloops.\nRochon, J 1508 Hastings Street East, Vancouver.\nRose, Wm Langley Prairie.\nStaheli, H .Vancouver.\nSkelley, E Enderby.\nStrachan, Jos 325 Railway Street, Vancouver.\nTaylor, E. W 325 Railway Street, Vancouver.\nTurner, L. H -371 Kingsway, Vancouver.\nValentin, H. B. M Prince Rupert.\nWashington, F. J -405 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nWaterman, Rex H Abbotsford.\nWells, B Abbotsford.\nWest, Chas .Wales Street and Forty-third Ave., Vancouver.\nWilson, R. A Abbotsford. APPENDIX No. 9.\nCombined Mllk-testebs' and Ceeam-graders' Licences issued during 1933.\nName. Address.\nArndt, Gus Kelowna.\nAnderson, J. D Quesnel.\nAnderson, A. H Box 1020, Kamloops.\nAkerman, J. E Ganges.\nBatey, H. S c/o Northwestern Creamery, Victoria.\nCarroll, W. .1 Courtenay.\nDunn', J. S .553 Fifth Street, Nanaimo.\nDungate, W Houston.\nDunn, J. S., Jr Invermere.\nDrake, A. W Ganges.\nEllis, Jack 7582 Prince Edward Street, Vancouver.\nHigham, C. J 2342 Frederick Street, Burnaby.\nHargreaves, J. A. D 145 Fifty-third Avenue East, Vancouver.\nJenne, H. H Nelson.\nJames, D. A 3508 Eighteenth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nJohnson, Alfred Salmon Arm.\nKell, Geo 309 Sixth Street, New Westminster.\nLamb, Ernest Vanderhoof.\nMorse, A. 0 1750 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nMoss, J Box 324, Kelowna.\nMuraro, W Nelson.\nMaslen, W. F Pouce Coupe.\nMcAllister, C. W 707 View Street, Victoria.\nMcKerricher, W. R 134 Eleventh Avenue West, Vancouver.\nMcPhail, G. A Salmon Arm.\nPatten, L. W Vernon.\nPatchett, Geo Duncan.\nPyvis, Roy T Box 152, Chilliwack.\nQuaedvlieg, E. J Keremeos.\nReid, Sydney, E 342 Fourteenth Avenue East, Vancouver.\nRive, Chas 2256 Broadway West, Vancouver.\nRodger, J. M Courtenay.\nRolph, E. N Box 426, Kamloops.\nRoss, P. B 2012 Twelfth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nSaunders, H. T Box 10, Prince Rupert.\nSloan, J. G , , Nanaimo.\nSkelton, R. J Salmon Arm.\nSmith, Robert 3342 Kingsway, Vancouver.\nThomson, F. D Quesnel.\nValentine, Victor 124 Hastings Street West, Vancouver.\nWoods, R. H Penticton.\nWarburton, S 2473 Gait Street, Vancouver.\nWhite, C. J 58 Fifty-ninth Avenue West, Vancouver.\nWoodworth, L 2150 Adanac Street East, Vancouver.\nWise, Harold 1001 Pender Street West, Vancouver. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 77\nAPPENDIX No. 10.\nBritish Columbia Awards at the World's Grain Exhibition, Regina, 1933.\nClass 1\u00E2\u0080\u0094Hard Red Spring Wheat.\n7. J. W. Abbott, Baldonnel.\n15. W. G. Gibson, Ladner.\n40. G. H. Hiffernan, Rolla.\n42. Geo. Hutchinson, Kamloops.\n49. F. R. E. DeHart, Kelowna.\n50. W. Rogers, Tappen.\nClass 1a.\u00E2\u0080\u0094White Spring Wheat.\n23. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 2\u00E2\u0080\u0094Hard Red Winter Wheat.\n5. R. Wood, Armstrong.\n39. F. R. E. DeHart, Kelowna.\nClass 3\u00E2\u0080\u0094Soft Red Winter Wheat.\n5. W. D. Michell, Keating.\n10. F. R. E. DeHart, Kelowna.\n11. T. R. French, Vernon.\n12. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 4\u00E2\u0080\u0094White Winter Wheat.\n1. A. J. Fisher, Armstrong.\n3. F. R. E. DeHart, Kelowna.\n5. J. P. Thompson, Canoe.\n6. J. Fowler, Armstrong.\n15. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\n17. B. Young, Koksilah.\n19. Mike Luniw, Armstrong.\nClass 5\u00E2\u0080\u0094Durum Wheat,\n33. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 6\u00E2\u0080\u0094White Medium or Late Oats.\n6. A. McMillan, Evelyn.\n20. W. Montgomery, R.R. 1, New Westminster.\n21. D. Montgomery, R.R. 1, Ladner.\n30. Dominion Experimental Farm, Agassiz.\nClass 7\u00E2\u0080\u0094Yellow Medium or Late Oats.\n36. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 8\u00E2\u0080\u0094Early Oats.\n3. W. G. Gibson, Ladner.\nClass 9\u00E2\u0080\u0094Six-rowed (Manchurian Type)\nBarley.\n1. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\n10. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 10\u00E2\u0080\u0094Six-rowed (Trebi Type) Barley.\n11. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 11\u00E2\u0080\u0094Two-rowed (Chevalier Type)\nBarley.\n10. W. Rogers, Tappen.\n13. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nGlass 12\u00E2\u0080\u0094Two-rowed (Duckbill or Thorpe\nType) Barley.\n1. W. Rogers, Tappen.\n7. W. G. Gibson, Ladner.\n11. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\n28. B. Young, Koksilah.\nClass IS\u00E2\u0080\u0094Hull-less Barley.\n6. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\n14. R. B. McKechnie, Armstrong.\n16. T. R. French, Vernon.\nClass 16\u00E2\u0080\u0094Flint Corn (Varieties requiring\nless than 110 days to mature).\n12. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\n16. Mrs. A. Kelsey, Erickson.\nClass 18\u00E2\u0080\u0094Any Named Variety of Rye.\n1. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\n14. N. E. Sjodin, Notch Hill.\n17. T. R. French, Vernon.\nClass 20\u00E2\u0080\u0094Silver Hulled Buckwheat.\n12. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\n13. Dominion Experimental Farm, Agassiz.\nClass 23\u00E2\u0080\u0094Foxtail Type Millet.\n1. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 24\u00E2\u0080\u0094Any Type other than Foxtail Millet.\n4. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\n9. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 25\u00E2\u0080\u0094Large White or Yellow Field Peas.\n1. W. G. Gibson, Ladner.\n2. Ronayne Bros., Pemberton.\n3. C. E. Eckert, Yarrow.\n5. W. D. Michell, Keating.\n8. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\n9. C. W. Stirling, Sidney.\nClass 26\u00E2\u0080\u0094Small White or Yellow Field Peas.\n19. Ronayne Bros., Pemberton.\nClass 27\u00E2\u0080\u0094Any other Type or Colour Field Peas.\n2. W. D. Michell, Keating.\n9. W. R. Mcintosh, Vancouver.\nClass 28\u00E2\u0080\u0094Canners' Field Peas.\n1. Dominion Experimental Farm, Windermere.\n12. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\n14. W. G. Gibson, Ladner.\n17. Rolling & Pauli, Woodpecker.\nClass 29\u00E2\u0080\u0094White Medium or Large Field Beans.\n9. Mrs. A. Gibson, Ladner. Y 78\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nAPPENDIX No. 10\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued.\nBritish Columbia Awards at the World's Geain Exhibition, Regina, 1933\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued.\nClass 30\u00E2\u0080\u0094White Small Field Beans.\n13. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\nClass 32\u00E2\u0080\u0094Yellow or Greenish Yellow Soy-beans.\n17. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass Ifl\u00E2\u0080\u0094Meadow-fescue Seed.\n2. W. P. Boden, Streatham.\nNo entries in Classes 48 and 49.\nClass 33\u00E2\u0080\u0094Any other Colour Soy-beans.\n2. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 35\u00E2\u0080\u0094Flax-seed for Fibre.\n4. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 36\u00E2\u0080\u0094Seed of any Variety of Hemp.\n1. J. Turner, Cadboro Bay.\nClass 37\u00E2\u0080\u0094Alfalfa or Lucerne Seed of any\nVariety.\n10. J. W. Abbott, Baldonnel.\n17. A. M. Ruddock, Lytton.\nClass 38\u00E2\u0080\u0094Red-clover Seed.\n11. F. A. Beharrell, Matsqui.\nClass 39\u00E2\u0080\u0094Alsike-clover Seed.\n10. E. J. Down, Woodpecker.\nClass 40\u00E2\u0080\u0094Sweet-clover Seed.\n14. N. D. Dow, Pouce Coupe.\nNo entries in Classes 43, 44, 45, and 46.\nClass 50\u00E2\u0080\u0094Sunflower Seed.\n1. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\n6. M. S. Middleton, Vernon.\nClass 51\u00E2\u0080\u0094Mangel Seed (any Variety).\n1. J. M. Steves, Steveston.\n4. James Canadian Seeds, Ltd., Duncan.\n6. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\n7. B. J. A. Campbell, Glen Valley.\n8. R. Brett, Chilliwack.\n9. J. E. Deloume, R.R. 1, Cobble Hill.\nClass 52\u00E2\u0080\u0094Swede Turnip or Rutabaga Seed\n(any Variety).\n1. A. Marlow, Beaver Creek P.O., Alberni.\n2. J. E. Deloume, R.R. 1, Cobble Hill.\nClass 53\u00E2\u0080\u0094Sugar-beet Seed (any Variety).\n1. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\nClass 54\u00E2\u0080\u0094Grower's Collection of Garden\nVegetable Seeds.\n1. Mattock Bros., Rayleigh Mount.\n6. James Canadian Seeds, Ltd., Duncan.\n7. Sunset Seed Co., Keating.\nAPPENDIX No. 11.\nBeands eecorded, renewed, etc., during 1933.\nRecorded.\nRenewed.\nReissued.\nTransferred.\nTotal.\n175\n83\n169\n96\n68\n29\n21\n6\n433\n214\nNumber of licences issued: Hide-dealers, 41; slaughter-house, 36; beef-peddlers, 3.\nCattle and Hide Shipments, 1933.\nCariboo.\nCattle. Hides.\nWilliams Lake 6,526 703\nLac la Hache, Soda Creek, and Quesnel 739 449\nClinton, Lone Butte, 100-Mile, and Lillooet 3,349 774\nTotals 10,614 ' 1,926 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1933.\nY 79\nAPPENDIX No. 11\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued.\nCattle and Hide Shipments, 1933\u00E2\u0080\u0094Continued.\nKamloops, Nicola, etc. _ ~-\nCattle.\nKamloops and Chase 2,084\nNicola 4,452\nAshcroft and Lytton 922\nSalmon Arm 2\nTotals 7,460\nOkanagan.\nVernon and Lumby 128\nArmstrong and Enderby 121\nKelowna 43\nPenticton 205\nTotals 497\nSimilkameen.\nKeremeos 310\nOliver 231\nPrinceton 140\nCoalmont 141\nTotals 822\nSouth-cast British Columbia.\nGrand Forks and Greenwood 114\nNelson, Creston, etc 2\nCranbrook, Fernie, etc 26\nGolden, Revelstoke, etc 30\nTotals 172\nCentral British Columbia.\nPrince George, Vanderhoof, etc 278\nSmithers, Telkwa, etc 203\nBurns Lake \t\nTotals 481\nPeace River.\nPouce Coupe, Fort St. John, Dawson Creek, and Rolla 448\nHides.\n2,295\n1,157\n498\n522\n4,472\n2,651\n650\n1,799\n1,037\n6,137\n303\n549\n591\n261\n1,704\n1,636\n2,098\n2,464\n1,387\n7,585\n632\n853\n426\n1,911\n348\nTotals compared.\nDistrict.\n1931.\n1932.\n1933.\nCattle.\nHides.\nCattle.\nHides.\nCattle.\nHides.\n11,223\n8,153\n1,047\n579\n189\n242\n420\n693\n3,784\n3,848\n452\n3,238\n104\n107\n10,928\n7,952\n598\n927\n284\n801\n852\n377\n2,509\n1,322\n159\n1,131\n49\n8\n10,614\n7,460\n497\n822\n172\n481\n448\n1,926\n4,472\n6,137\n1,704\n7,585\n1,911\nPeace River \t\n348\nTotals\t\n21,853\n12,226\n22,342\n5,555\n20,494\n24,083 -\np\nY 80\nBRITISH COLUMBIA.\nAPPENDIX No. 12.\nPublications issued by the Department of Agriculture during 1933.\nName.\nDescription.\nNo.\nFirst Studies'in Mendelism\t\nSecond List of Dairy Sires\t\nMilk and Butter-fat Records, 1932 '.\t\nWoolly Aphid of the Apple\t\nField Crop and Garden Spray Calendar\t\nFruit Spray Calendar\t\nThe Potato in B.C\t\nSoil Fertility\t\nBlackberry Culture\t\nGardening on a City Lot\t\nVarieties of Fruit Recommended for Planting in B.C..\nUse of Feathers\t\nBee Culture in B.C\t\nExhibition Standards of Perfection\t\nList of Publications\t\nWomen's Institute Rules and Regulations\t\nAgricultural Statistics, 1932\t\nClimate of B.C\t\nTwenty-seventh Annual Report\t\nDairy Circ. 24..\nDairy Circ. 22..\nDairy Circ. 23..\nHort. Circ. 34..\nBulletin 86 \t\nField Crop Circ. 11....\nHort. Circ. 57\t\nHort. Circ. 43\t\nHort. Circ. 64\t\nPoultry Circ. 35\t\nBulletin 92 \t\nAgr. Dept. Circ. 50..\n3,000\n1,500\n1,000\n1,000\n1,500\n2,000\n3,000\n2,000\n1,000\n3,000\n1,000\n1,000\n4,000\n2,000\n1,500\n1,000\n1,200\n2,200\n750\nVICTORIA, B.C.:\nPrinted by Charles F. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.\n1934.\n1,075-334-6151"@en . "Legislative proceedings"@en . "J110.L5 S7"@en . "1934_V02_15_Y1_Y80"@en . "10.14288/1.0308228"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Victoria, BC : Government Printer"@en . "Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia"@en . "Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia"@en . "PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1933"@en . "Text"@en . ""@en .