"6629b669-17ab-491a-ab81-56c038013d0b"@en . "CONTENTdm"@en . "REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931."@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1198198"@en . "Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia"@en . "British Columbia. Legislative Assembly"@en . "2016-03-14"@en . "[1932]"@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0300628/source.json"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA\nANNUAL EEPOET\nOF THE\nLANDS AND SURVEY BRANCHES\nOF THE\nDEPARTMENT OF LANDS\nYEAE ENDED DEOEMBEE 31ST, 1931\nHON. N. S. LOUGHEED, Minister op Lands\nPRINTED BY\nAUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.\nVICTORIA, B.C. :\nPrinted by Ohaeles F. Banfielo, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.\n1932. Atictoria, B.C., March 11th, 1932.\nTo His Honour John William Fordham Johnson,\nLieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia.\nMay it please Your Honour :\nHerewith I beg respectfully to submit the Annual Report of the Lands and Survey Branches\nof the Department of Lands for the year ended December 31st, 1931.\nN. S. LOUGHEED,\nMinister of Lands. Victoria, B.C., March 11th, 1932.\nThe Honourable N. S. Lougheed,\nMinister of Lands, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit the Annual Report of the Lands and Survey Branches of\nthe Department of Lands for the twelve months ended December 31st, 1931.\nI have the honour to be,\nSir,\nYour obedient servant,\nH. CATHCART,\nDeputy Minister of Lands. PAET I.\nDEPARTMENT OF LANDS.\nTABLE OF CONTENTS.\nPage.\nReport of Superintendent of Lands 7\nRevenue 7\nSale of Town Lots 8\nPre-emption Records, etc 9\nPre-emption Inspections 10\nSummary 11\nLetters inward and outward 12\nLand-sales 12\nCoal Licences, Leases, etc 12\nCrown Grants issued 12 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS.\nVictoria, B.C., January 23rd, 1932.\nH. Cathcart, Esq.,\nDeputy Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit herewith statements containing details of administration\nof lands by the Lands Branch of the Department of Lands during the year ended December\n31st, 1931.\nWhile it will be observed that figures in some features of our business show a slight falling-\noff, other items show an increase that gives a balance for the year that can be viewed with a\nmeasure of satisfaction, considering the severity of trade depression which continued during the\nperiod under review.\nGeneral revenue is slightly below the past ten-year average, but the margin between this and\nthe preceding year is accounted for by one abnormal sale of Vancouver acreage in 1930.\nItems of particular interest are the sale of reverted acreage outstripping that of similar\nordinary Crown acreage for the fourth consecutive year, the heavy increase in pre-emptions\nissued, and pre-emption inspections.\nWhile several districts have shared in this increase, the influx of settlement to the Peace\nRiver \" block \" is mainly responsible, in which connection entrants in the main are described as\na particularly fine type of sturdy, self-reliant settler, in whose hands the future welfare of the\ndistrict may reasonably be considered safe.\nIt is gratifying to place on record that adjustments necessary in absorbing the business of\nthe Railway Belt, Peace River Block, and the Land Settlement Board have made satisfactory\nprogress and at a minimum of cost hardly anticipated.\nI have, etc.,\nNEWMAN TAYLOR,\nSuperintendent of Lands.\nSTATEMENT OF REVENUE, YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31st, 1931.\nLand-sales.\nVictoria.\nAgencies.\nTotal.\nUnder \" Coal and Petroleum Act\nUnder \" Taxation Act \"\t\nTownsite lots...\t\nCountry lands\t\nPre-empted lands.\t\nMineral claims\t\nTotals.. ,\n$600.00\n52,488.20\n6,077.43\n0,245.37\ni,471.00\n$28,504.36\n44,816.56\n067.40\n1,124.14\n$75,472.46\n$660.00\n52,488.20\n34,641.70\n54,061.03\n067.40\n1,124.14\n$143,043.55\nRevenue under \" Land Act.\"\nVictoria.\nAgencies.\nTotal.\nSundry lease rentals.\nGrazing rentals\t\nSurvey fees..\t\nSundry fees\t\nKoyalty .'.\t\nImprovements\t\nKent of property\t\nTotals\t\n$103,325.80\n7,305.57\n101.33\n13,181.55\n322.00\n1,762.40\n126,178.74\n$2,168.21\n6,201.00\n1,507.21\n$0,066.42\n$103,325.80\n$7,305.57\n2,350.54\n10,472.55\n322.00\n3,269.61\n$136,145.16 Z 8\nREPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nRevenue under \" Coal and Petroleum Act.\"\nVictoria.\nAgencies.\nTotal.\n$20,200.00\n14,477.56\n2,680.00\n1,350.00\n$20,200.00\n14,477.56\n2,680.00\n1,350.00\nTotals\t\n$38,707.56\n j $38,707.56\nSundry Receipts.\nVictoria.\nTotal.\nMaps, blue-prints, etc\t\nMiscellaneous\t\nInterest, South Okanagan Project\u00E2\u0080\u0094.,\t\nRevenue from lands transferred from the Dominion\nTotals\t\n$8,920.48\n545.45\n5,545.96\n12,531.73\n$27,543.62\n$8,020.48\n545.45\n5,545.06\n12,531.73\n$27,543.62\nSummary of Revenue.\nVictoria.\nAgencies.\nTotal.\n$68,471.09\n126,178.74\n38,707.56\n27,543.62\n$75,472.46\n9,966.42\n$143,943.55\n136,145.16\n38,707.56\n27,543.62\nTotals\t\n$260,901.01\n$S5,438.88\n$346,330.80\nSummary of Cash Received.\nVictoria.\nAgencies.\nTotal.\n$346,330.80\n8,329.93\n2,218.62\n49,300.00\n46,583.06\n2,442.01\n1.97\n$346,339.89\n8,329.93\n2 218 62\n\" Soldiers' Land Act \"\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\" Better Housing Act \"\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n49 300 00\n46,583.06\n2,442.01\n1.97\nTotals\t\n$454,215.48\n$454,215.48\nSALE OF TOWN LOTS DURING 1931.\nDisposal of lots placed on the market at previous auction sales:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n26 lots in Vancouver $16,960.00\n8 lots in Vanderhoof 750.00\n5 lots in Kimberley 600.00\n2 lots in Prince George 675.00\n3 lots in Trail 300.00\n5 lots in Tulameen 275.00\n3 lots in Quesnel 300.00\nAnd some 62 lots in various other townsites 1,449.00\nA total of 114 lots $21,309.00 PRE-EMPTION RECORDS, ETC.\nZ 9\nDuring the year six auction sales were held, as follows:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nAt Abbotsford, 67 lots offered, 9 lots sold (acreage) $1,714.00\nAt New AVestminster, 1 lot offered, 1 lot sold (acreage) 1,775.00\nAt Powell River, 292 lots offered, 64 lots sold (suburban) 7,645.00\nAt Soda Creek, 14 lots offered, 5 lots sold (town lots) 550.00\nAt Sooke, 1 lot offered, 1 lot sold (island) 110.00\nAt Walters Cove, 39 lots offered, 18 lots sold (town lots) 595.00\nA total of 98 lots for $12,389.00\nDisposal of home-sites in townships placed on the market at previous auction sales in New\nWestminster District, 21 parcels, 368.78 acres, for $2,437.60.\nUniversity Hill Subdivision in District Lot 140, N.W.D. (Endowment Lands).\u00E2\u0080\u0094Six lots\nleased, value $14,985; three parcels sold, value $45,705.\nSouthern Okanagan Project.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Twenty-two parcels were sold in 193L comprising 193.28 acres,\nthe purchase price being $7,143.40.\nPRE-EMPTION RECORDS, ETC., 1931.\nAgency.\nPre-emption\nRecords\nallowed.\nCertificates\nof\nPurchase.\nCertificates\nof Improvements.\n2\n65\n5\n2\n65\n175\n18\n53\n1\n1\n7\n45\n16\n1,766\n8\n112\n37\n19\n28\n10\n6\n21\n57\n13\n5\n22\n70\n2\n34\n10\n4\n54\n114\n15\n59\n68\n58\n2\n13\n5\n137\n9\n663\n1\nAtlin\t\n15\n1\nFort Fraser\t\n14\nFort George....\t\n21\n1\n7\n2\n1\n2\n2\n2\n14\n7\n16\n5\n2\nTotals\t\n2,441\n1,444\n113 Z 10\nREPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nrn\nO\nhH\nEH\nu\na\n&H\nDQ\niZ5\nO\no\n\u00C2\u00AB\nIzi\no\nhH\nr-i\na\nH\n-\nrU\no\nn\nIO t- rH LO Cl Cl GO CO LO Cl Cl rH t- b- Cl CO\nrjH COO COrH M O O Cl i< CO LO\ntH CO rH rH rH rH rH\nCl t- tr-\nIO rH (M\nrH rH\nLO\nrH\n00\no\np\nce\nO CD\ni-H\nrH Ir- Cl O\n00 CO Cl\ni-H 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CJ CJ =3 fa* >\n8\n53 rH ,\nCJ CD +\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\ntn a> a\n_c\nO O +j fcj, +;\nW M 5 S a\n0) CJ d p r\n1 c;\na\nQJ iH\nO QJ +J\nCJ CJ fl\nK\nt-t ff\nQJ\np\n+J -faJ fH *H i/\n, 03 fl 60 \u00C2\u00A3 C\nfl a\n3 C\nSMI/\nE\nCJ CJ _ fl fa\n>\ncp fl co in\nfl u U\nfl aj a\n9 -faJ 4-\ncfl cfl fl ^ c\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A24 f-\nrH a u u\nf 53 2 \u00C2\u00A3 d -4 \u00C2\u00BBC\na\n+- +j P* 03 i\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n>c\nrH \u00C2\u00AB ^ ^\ncu ;-. t-i o +j oci P\nK\n> +j +.\nc\nfai fan o +e c-\nfl >\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 +J +J\nw aj a; u c o z\nc\nQJ QJ C\nt-\nQJ O fn O C\ne:\nO QJ QJ QJ\np.\nU C\nC\nE-\nC\na;\nt\n\u00C2\u00A3 P\n-\nd\nO C\nc\nE-\n\".\na\nc\npi\nh-\nh= Z 12\nREPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nSTATEMENT OF LETTERS INWARD AND OUTWARD, 1931.\nLetters inward 26,304\nLetters outward 19,153\nLAND-SALES, 1931.\n,; Land Act \"\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Acres.\nSurveyed (first class) 4,506.45\nSurveyed (second class) 9,412.85\n13,919.30\nUnsurveyed 2,551.00\nTotal 16,470.30\n\" Taxation Act \"\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nSurveyed 18,564.86\nCOAL LICENCES, LEASES, ETC.\nCOAL-PROSPECTISTG LICENCES.\nNumber of licences issued, 203; area, 129,920 acres.\nCoal Leases.\nNumber of leases issued, 6; area, 2,177.65 acres.\nSundry Leases.\nNumber of leases issued, 175 ; area, 22,608 acres.\nCROWN GRANTS ISSUED, 1931.\nPre-emptions 268\nPurchase 178\nMineral 197\nTown lots 64\nReverted lands (other than town lots) 142\nReverted town lots 123\nReverted mineral 22\n\" Dyking Assessment Act \" \t\n\"Public Schools Act\" .'. 3\nMiscellaneous 30\nTotal 1,027\nApplications for Crown grants 1,151\nCertified copies 6\nTotal Acreage deeded.\nPre-emptions 41,191.82\nMineral claims (other than reverted) 9,029.63\nReverted mineral claims 896.69\nPurchase of surveyed Crown lands (other than town lots) 8,549.11\nPurchase of reverted lands 9,874.92\nTotal 69,542.17 PART II.\nSITKVEY BEANCH.\nTABLE OF CONTENTS.\nPage.\nGeneral Review of Field-work 14\nDetails of Field-work 15\nOffice-work 15\nSurvey Division 16\nGeographic Division 17\nTable A\u00E2\u0080\u0094Showing Acreages of each Class of Surveys Gazetted each Year since 1900 20\nTable B\u00E2\u0080\u0094Summary of Office-work 21\nTable C\u00E2\u0080\u0094List of Departmental Reference Maps 22\nTable D\u00E2\u0080\u0094List of Departmental Mineral Reference Maps 24\nTable E\u00E2\u0080\u0094List of Lithographed Maps 25\nReports of Surveyors\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nPhoto-topographical Survey, Northerly Vancouver Island 20, 27\nPhoto-topographical Survey, Hope-Princeton Area 29\nPhoto-topographical Survey, Quesnel Placer-mining Area 32\nTriangulation, West Coast of Vancouver Island 36\nGeodetic Survey, Northerly Vancouver Island .' 36\nSurveys in Chilcotin Area : 37\nMiscellaneous Surveys near Prince George 38\nSurveys in Peace River Block 39, 41, 42\nSurveys near Vanderhoof 45\nTriangulation Survey, Cassiar District 46\nTriangulation and Topographical Survey, Upper Skeena River 50 REPORT OF THE SURVEYOR-GENERAL.\nVictoria, B.C., March 10th, 1932.\nThe Hon. N. S. Lougheed,\nMinister of Lands, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit the following report, on the operations of the Survey\nBranch for the year ended December 31st, 1931:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nThe fall in revenues which, in common with other countries, this Province has experienced\nwas reflected in a greatly reduced appropriation for surveys, with the result that attention had\nto be confined to the most urgent items of work. For twenty years, as funds permitted, work\nhas been proceeding on a triangulation net covering the settled portions of the Province, with the\nobject of connecting all existing surveys and laying down an accurate and permanent foundation\nfor future maps. Only a few important gaps remain, and in order to benefit fully from the large\ninvestment already made, these gaps should be closed with as little delay as possible.\nWe had the same full co-operation from the Dominion Topographical Survey as in 1930, and\nby arrangement with them two aeroplanes of the Royal Canadian Air Force were employed on\nphotography in the Quesnel placer-mining area, and on Vancouver Island, without cost to the\nProvince. As its share, the Province carries out the necessary ground surveys for control and\nthe maps are then to be published by the Dominion as part of the National Topographic series.\nIn 1931 our surveyors developed a method for reducing the cost of ground control by making\nextensive use of the surveying camera. This proved particularly effective in country open at\nhigh levels and timbered below, such as Vancouver Island, and the combination of the various\nmethods promises the most complete maps at the lowest cost ever secured by the Province. These\nmaps will show contours, and from them it will be possible to work out the drainage areas\ntributary to water-powers and the storage possibilities, areas of potential forest and agricultural lands in so far as these are governed by altitude and slope, height and character of all\npasses and approaches to them, thus indicating the best transportation routes, without further\nsurveys. Such a map will double the field accomplishments of the Geological Survey workers,\nand since fully indexed aerial photographs covering the entire area are on file, the most detailed\ninformation concerning any particular feature is available.\nUnder the co-operative arrangement with the Dominion Topographical Survey, our aero-\ntopographical work was concentrated on northerly Vancouver Island and in the Quesnel placer-\nmining region. The former was chosen on account of the resources of the Nimpkish-Coast copper\narea in minerals, timber, and water-power, and the latter mainly on account of its placer-gold\npossibilities. Experience in Great Britain, Italy, and the oil areas of California has demonstrated the worth of aerial photography in showing up relationships between features which to\none on the ground do not appear to be related. It is the belief that the proposed contour map\nof this area, supported by the aerial photographs now on hand, will greatly improve the chances\nof success in prospecting for ancient gold-bearing channels.\nGENERAL REVIEW OF FIELD-WORK.\nThe general field-work of the Branch is divided into three main classes\u00E2\u0080\u0094namely, surveys of\nCrown lands for settlement, industrial, and residential purposes; control surveys; and topographical surveys, including control for aerial photographs.\nThe following is a short review of the work done of the various classes:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nCrown Land Surveys.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Surveys of land for settlement were limited to areas likely to be\ntaken up in the very near future and, with the exception of some small scattered areas, attention\nwas confined to a series of hay meadows partly occupied by Indians in the Chilcotin area, to a\ncontinuation of the re-establishment and completion of some surveys made thirty-eight years ago\nnear Vanderhoof, and to agricultural areas in the former Dominion Peace River Block. The\ntotal area surveyed was 47,193 acres, and the cost per acre of this day-work was approximately\nthe same as under the pre-war contract rates.\nControl Surveys.\u00E2\u0080\u0094The necessity for control surveys has been explained in past reports, and,\nbriefly, the system adopted is a triangulation network following the main valleys. To this all\nolder scattered surveys are steadily being tied and the aim is to have these permanently marked\ntriangulation stations so distributed that all future surveys can be tied to them at little cost. \" Wild \" transits have been substituted for the older type on the more important triangulation\nnets, and owing to the reduced weights, the saving in back-packing will in some cases pay for\nthe new transit in a single season, and the results so far obtained also indicate a higher degree\nof accuracy.\nTriangulation networks in the southern part of the Province are well advanced, but owing\nto lack of funds nothing was done on the few gaps remaining there. An attempt was made to\nclose the 70-mile gap between Peace River and Nass waters, but early deep snow on the higher\nmountains prevented this, though essential information for the mapping of this region was\nsecured, and we expect, about July, to issue a new map of Northern British Columbia, the\nformer one being obsolete and now out of print.\nDETAILS OF FIELD-WORK.\nThe following is an outline of the work carried on by field parties during the season, with\nthe names of the British Columbia Land Surveyors in charge of parties. Detailed reports by\nthese surveyors are appended.\nA. J. Campbell and G. ,T. Jackson, of the permanent staff, on aerial photograph control,\nNortherly Vancouver Island.\nR. D. McCaw, of the permanent staff, on photo-topographical survey of Hope-Princeton\narea.\nN. C. Stewart, of the permanent staff, on aerial photograph control in the Quesnel placer-\nmining area.\nW. J. H. Holmes\u00E2\u0080\u0094Short season closing gap in triangulation on west coast of Vancouver\nIsland.\nH. E. Whyte\u00E2\u0080\u0094Short season connecting geodetic survey of Johnstone Strait to Northerly\nVancouver Island triangulation.\nD. M. MacKay\u00E2\u0080\u0094Short season on scattered surveys in Chilcotin area.\nJ. A. F. Campbell\u00E2\u0080\u0094Short season on miscellaneous surveys near Prince George.\nJohn Elliott, E. H. Burden, and Duncan Cran\u00E2\u0080\u0094Full season on land surveys in Peace\nRiver Block.\nV. Schrjelderup\u00E2\u0080\u0094Full season on land surveys near Vanderhoof.\nFrank Swannell and E. R. Foster\u00E2\u0080\u0094Full season on the triangulation gap between Peace\nand Nass Rivers.*\nOFFICE-WORK.\nThe office staff is divided into two main sections\u00E2\u0080\u0094namely, the Survey Division and the\nGeographic Division. Reports compiled by Mr. F. O. Morris and by Mr. G. G. Aitken, who are\nrespectively in charge of these Divisions, follow, and following that the reports by surveyors\nabove referred to.\nI have the honour to be,\nSir,\nYour obedient servant,\nF. C. GREEN,\nSurveyor-General. Z 16 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nAPPENDIX TO EEPORT OF SURVEYOR-GENERAL.\nSURVEY DIVISION.\nThis Division deals with the general correspondence, supplying survey information, the\npreparation of instructions for surveying, examining field returns, and plotting official plans,\ncompiling departmental reference maps, clearing all applications, and other incidental work.\nDuring the past year 405 field-books were received, containing notes for 1,345 lots, and\nincluding twenty-five books containing notes of traverses and triangulation control surveys.\nThe number of lots plotted and gazetted numbers 915; tracings of the plans of these lots\nwere prepared and forwarded to the various Land Commissioners. Numerous surveys of\nreverted lands were also dealt with by this Division.\nMiscellaneous tracings made total 88, while 972 tracings were made in duplicate for leases\nand Crown grants.\nA schedule of the various kinds of surveys examined and gazetted during 1931 follows:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nAcres.\nPurchase surveys 11,209\nMineral-claim surveys 5,630\nTimber surveys 31,226\nCoal-licence surveys 1,259\nLease surveys \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2,708\nGovernment surveys 84,635\nTotal 136,667\nA comparison of these figures with those of previous seasons is given in Table A, attached\nto this report.\nRight-of-way Plans.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Plans of rights-of-way through Crown lands for railways, logging-\nrailways, and power-transmission lines are examined and dealt with by this Division in connection with the applications of the companies for Crown grants or leases as may be required.\nInformation supplied,\u00E2\u0080\u0094A nominal charge is made for the preparation of copies of field-\nnotes, blue-prints, etc., required by surveyors, officials of other departments, and the general\npublic. The revenue derived last year from the copying of notes and for blue-prints was\n$4,324.07. The total number of prints made was 27,630, valued at $7,941.31, of which the sum\nof $3,617.24 covered departmental charges.\nCorrespondence and Accounts.\u00E2\u0080\u0094During the year the Branch received 6,616 letters and sent\nout 5,276, not including form letters and interdepartmental memoranda.\nClearances.\u00E2\u0080\u0094During the year the Surveys Division supplied to the Lands, Forest, and Water\nBranches clearances of applications, as follows:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nPre-emptions 2,590\nApplications to purchase .-. 258\nApplications to lease 364\nCoal licences 209\nWater licences 156\nTimber-sales 1,068\nHand-loggers' licences 36\nCrown grants 973\nReverted lands 1,198\nCancellations 1,173\nInquiries 2,685\nA graphical record is kept of all clearances on the maps of the Branch. In many instances\nit is necessary in the clearing of a single application to connect numerous departmental records\nin order to ascertain that no other interests are affected.\nAn indication of the work involved in dealing with various matters covered by the work of\nthis Branch is given by the number of plans and field-notes consulted. During the past year there were received from the vault for reference, and returned for filing, 28,507 documents of\nthis description.\nDepartmental Reference Maps.\u00E2\u0080\u0094In order to keep a proper graphic record of alienations and\ninquiries, reference maps on the scale of 1 mile to 1 inch, drawn on tracing-linen, are maintained\nby the Survey Division. There are now 170 reference maps and 54 mineral reference maps,\nmaking a total of 224 maps. The work of keeping these up to date by adding new survey information as it becomes available, and revising same when worn out, forms a considerable portion\nof the work of the Branch. During the past year eighteen (thirteen reference maps and five\nmineral reference maps) were prepared.\nGEOGRAPHIC DIVISION.\nThe Geographic Division deals with the compilation and drawing of maps for lithographic\nreproduction, the preparation of standard base maps and the calculations incidental thereto,\ntriangulation adjustment, the distribution of maps, and all photostat and map-mounting work;\ngeographic data and records of the Province.\nThe production for the year is outlined in the following schedules:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nPublished.\nName.\nNo. of\nCopies.\nDate of\nIssue.\nDept.\nMap No.\nScale.\nArea in\nSq. Miles.\nKootenay, Osoyoos, and Similkameen.\nPeace River Block, special\t\nPeace Kiver Block, special\n5,300\n4,200\n5,200\n8,000\n1,000\n2,000\n2,600\n5,000\nFeb., 1931\nFeb., 1931\nSept., 1931\nMar., 1931\nApril, 1931\nAug., 1931\nJune, 1931\nDec, 1931\nIE\n3Q\n3q\nlex\n7.89 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n50 m. to 1 in.\n50 m. to 1 in.\n50 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 In.\n60,000\n9,600\n9,600\nTete Jaune Pre-emptors' Map.\t\n3h\n4p\n6,000\n3,400\nIn Course of Preparation,\nName.\nNo. of\nCopies.\nDate of\nIssue.\nDept.\nMap No.\nScale.\nArea in\nSq. Miles.\nMineral Reference Map No. 6, Grand\n3,000\n4,000\n4,000\nMay, 1932\nMay, 1932\nJune, 1932\nM.R.M. 6\n3j\n3 k\n4c\nlH\n4b\nlA\n1 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n15.78 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n1/1,000,000 or\n15.78 m. to lin.\n800\nNorth Thompson Pre-emptors' Map...\n9,000\n11,400\n3,100\n160,000\n3,100\n372,630\nNorthern B.C\t\nDuring the year extensive and Important work was done in assisting the Dominion Bureau\nof Statistics with the mapping requirements for the census-taking; also providing the arrangement for establishing permanent statistical publication areas in British Columbia for Dominion\nand Provincial administration requirements.\nGeographical Naming.\nRegular progress was made in the establishment of permanent geographical naming in conjunction with the work of the Geographic Board of Canada, covering new map publications of\nBritish Columbia submitted by Dominion Government departments\u00E2\u0080\u0094Geological, Hydrographical,\nand Topographical\u00E2\u0080\u0094as well as the requirements for Provincial departments and map publications. The following map-sheets were edited for geographical naming, also individual applications, necessitating correspondence, searching of records, and correcting of maps:\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Z 18 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nName of Map. For whom prepared.\n1. Nelson Degree Sheet B.C. Government.\n2. Penticton Degree Sheet B.C. Government.\n3. North Thompson Pre-emptors' Sheet B.C. Government.\n4. Lillooet Pre-emptors' Sheet B.C. Government.\n5. Peace River Block Pre-emptors' Sheet B.C. Government.\n6. British Columbia Wall Map B.C. Government.\n7. Topographical Sheets (Campbell) \u00E2\u0080\u0094\n(a.) Cheakamus and Green River Valley B.C. Government.\n(6.) Mamquam Valley Sheet B.C. Government.\n8. Topographical Sheet (McCaw) \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nPart of Kettle River Valley B.C. Government.\n9. Topographical Sheet (Jackson) \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nKettle-Granny Sheet B.C. - Government.\n10. Topographical Sheet (Austen-Leigh) \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nGranby and Burrell Creeks Sheet B.C. Government.\n11. Topographical Sheet (Stewart) \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nVicinity of Stuart and Fraser Lakes B.C. Government.\n12. Reference Maps (13) B.C. Government.\n13. Mineral Reference Maps (5) B.C. Government.\n14. Forest Surveys\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n(\u00C2\u00AB.) Long Lake Forest B.C. Government.\n(b.) Barriere Forest B.C. Government.\n(e.) Nehalliston Forest B.C. Government.\n(d.) Powell Forest B.C. Government.\n15. Chart of Alberni Inlet Dominion\u00E2\u0080\u0094Hydrographic Survey.\n16. Alice Arm Sheet Dominion\u00E2\u0080\u0094Geological Survey.\n17. Shuswap Lake Sheet Dominion\u00E2\u0080\u0094Topographical Survey.\n18. Revelstoke Sheet Dominion\u00E2\u0080\u0094Topographical Survey.\n19. Salmo Sheet Dominion\u00E2\u0080\u0094Geological Survey.\nGazetteer.\nThe work of the Gazetteer\u00E2\u0080\u0094although completed and issued in 1930\u00E2\u0080\u0094goes steadily on. Over\na thousand new names have been recorded during the year and, in addition, many of the place-\nname cards have had to be revised and rewritten on account of new surveys and information.\nCentral Index.\nThis register (registering of plans under our \" quad \" system) has been kept thoroughly up\nto date, and has been a great saver of time by the departments interested, in quickly finding\nplans required and the gathering of information for the compilation of maps, etc.\nGeographical Work done for other Departments.\nTwelve orders (Provincial), with total cost, charged and received, $369.72.\nFourteen orders (Provincial), co-operative, not charged, value $1,051.19.\nThe intricate, special geographical records necessary in connection with the 1931 census of\nBritish Columbia and the establishment of permanent statistical publication areas were prepared\nat especial request for the Bureau of Statistics, Dominion of Canada, at a total cost of $2,119.54.\nMap-mounting.\nThe following is a synopsis of the work accomplished in map-mounting for the year 1931:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nLoose-leaf map-books\u00E2\u0080\u0094mounted maps in rexine covers and unmounted\nmaps in brown-paper covers 44\nWhite, blue, and ozalid prints\u00E2\u0080\u0094joined, mounted, etc 1,724\nMaps\u00E2\u0080\u0094joined, mounted, cut to fold pocket size, and mounted 1,000\nPhotostat prints\u00E2\u0080\u0094fitted, joined, mounted, etc 387\nOfficial maps and charts\u00E2\u0080\u0094repaired, mounted, etc 109\nField-books and miscellaneous books\u00E2\u0080\u0094repaired, bound, etc. 13\nPhotos, pictures, sketches, and paintings\u00E2\u0080\u0094mounted 104\nMaps\u00E2\u0080\u0094reinforced to hang, sticks top and bottom 44 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF SURVEYOR-GENERAL.\nZ 19\nWork clone, Receipts and Credits.\nGeographic and Survey Branch $1,365.37\nLands Department 561.98\nOther departments 490.94\nPublic 121.75\nTotal $2,540.04\nMap Stock and Distribution.\nMaps issued to departments and public 25,183\nGazetteers issued to departments and public 77\nMaps received into Geographic stock\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n(1.) Provincial Government maps 40,140\n(2.) Dominion Government and miscellaneous 1,008\n 41,148\nCash receipts for printed maps and Gazetteers $3,137.11\nCredits (Lands Department) for printed maps and Gazetteers 1,072.26\nCredits (Government Agents) for printed maps and Gazetteers 526.74\nValue of printed maps and Gazetteers issued free to departments and\npublic 2,734.75\nPhotostat, 1931.\nRequisitions\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nDepartments 541\nPublic 87\nCharges\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nDepartments $1,476.00\nPublic 345.85\nTotal : $1,821.85\nLetters received\nYear. and attended to.\n1928 1,796\n1929 '. 2,548\n1930 1,787\n1931 2,259\nStandard Base Map Staff.\nStandard Base Map Sheets produced.\nType of Work.\nNo. of\nSheets.\nVicinity of.\nScale\nArea in\nSq. Miles.\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n2\n1\n3\n1\n1\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 in. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 in. to 1 in.\n20 ch. to 1 in.\n40 ch. to 1 in.\n690\nSkeleton Control (revised)\t\n700\n770\n730\nSkeleton Control (revised) ....\nSkeleton Control\n730\n1,540\n740\nSkeleton Control\t\nDetail\nFinlay River \t\n2,000\n90\nDetail - ...\".\n360 Z 20\nREPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nControl nets were supplied as follows :-\nGeographic Printed Maps.\nPeace River Block.\nCranbrook Degree Sheet.\nTete Jaune Pre-emptors' Map.\nLillooet Pre-emptors' Map.\nWall Map of B.C.\nDepartmental Reference Maps, etc.\nSurveys Branch Reference Maps Nos. 6a, 38b, 59, 63, 89, 90,\n91, 30-32.\nMineral Reference Maps.\nForest Branch Departmental Maps.\nHydrographic Survey of Canada.\nGeological Survey of Canada.\nPhoto-topographic Surveys of R. D. McCaw, G. J. Jackson,\nA. J. Campbell, and N. C. Stewart, B.C.L.S.\nTriangulation Computation and Adjustment.\nLeast-square adjustments of the following triangulation control surveys were made during\nthe year:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nL. S. Cokely, B.C.L.S., season 1930, Finlay River.\nF. C. Swannell, B.C.L.S., season, 1930, Ingenika River.\nWm. Hallam, B.C.L.S., season 1930, Columbia River.\nJ. Davidson, B.C.L.S., seasons 1927 and 1928, Telegraph Creek.\nN. C. Stewart, B.C.L.S., season 1931, Quesnel.\nH. E. Whyte, B.C.L.S., season 1931, North Vancouver Island.\nF. Nash, B.C.L.S., season 1930, Klappan River.\nThe above necessitated the adjustment of 280 triangles and 310 calculations for latitude,\nlongitude, distance, azimuth, and reverse azimuth.\nA total of 1,884 triangulation stations are at present entered in the alphabetical and quad-\nindex registers.\nTable A.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Showing Acreages of each Class of Surveys Gazetted each Year since 1900.\nTear.\nPreemptions.\nPurchase.\nMineral\nClaims.\nTimber\nLimits.\nCoal\nLicences.\nLeases.\nB.C. Govt.\nSurveys.\nTotals.\n1900..\n1901..\n1902..\n1903..\n1904..\n1005-\n1906..\n1907..\n1908-\n1909..\n1910..\n1911-\n1912..\n1913..\n1914..\n1915-\n1916..\n1917..\n1918-\n1919..\n1920-\n1921..\n1922..\n1923-\n1924..\n1925..\n1926..\n1927-\n1928..\n1929..\n1930..\n1931-\nAcr\n22\n20.\n35,\n37\n48\n42\n33.\n50\n60\n71\n79\n89,\n99,\n55\n45\n22\n14\n12\n10,\n8,\n8.\n3,\n1\nes.\n873\n493\n297\n615\n124\n660\n573\n460\n788\n316\n273\n485\n461\n202\n551\n746\n335\n632\n835\n514\n172\n078\n268\n991\n180\nAcres.\n4,419\n16,401\n29,652\n26,787\n36,468\n58,705\n66,608\n102,218\n147,980\n145,325\n455,356\n1,352,809\n1,011,934\n508,002\n234,580\n41,551\n8,771\n802\n1,034\n153\n5,992\n8,122\n6,160\n3,341\n11,926\n2,307\n1,081\n1,763\n1,589\n11,917\n2,151\n11,209\nAcres.\n33,441\n33,400\n31,057\n18,115\n20,549\n15,535\n9,894\n10,017\n14,607\n10,744\n12,499\n21,325\n16,645\n18,043\n7,546\n8,339\n7,677\n8,386\n9,247\n10,264\n12,5S0\n6,290\n.4,637\n0,175\n11,382\n4,750\n9,166\n15,695\n16,253\n20,210\n14,630\n5,630\nAcres.\n59\n2,027\n1,040\n127,992\n155,279\n214,841\n77,829\n83,016\n167,925\n426,121\n509,201\n686,909\n804,730\n1,181,355\n1,105,635\n512,62S\n302,903\n275,538\n223,768\n105,289\n347,729\n247,766\n37,966\n53,101\n33,028\n2,150\n6,651\n67,171\n1,990\n1,218\n31,226\nAcres.\n026\n48,670\n137,218\n41,312\n20,367\n9,821\n8,310\n43,303\n120,938\n99,236\n72,719\n36,098\n29,245\n10,983\n2,843\n953\n160\n22,143\n4,423\n2,520\n4,480\n7,561\n320\n10,437\nt30,019\n2,990\n1,186\n1,259\nAcres.\n664\n593\n1,026\n2,003\n3,009\n806\n9,566\n4,387\n2,580\n15,239\n5,864\n6,500\n8,560\n4,740\n4,209\nS41-\n5,145\n2,960\n2,342\n1,495\n3,227\n11,884\n3,094\n2,790\n1,437\n2,273\n2,641\n5,411\n3,484\n2,122\n2,155\nAcres.\n10,057\n800\n179\n107\n113,968\n97,072\n512,373\n302,536\n948,644\n826,362\n1,014,366\n1,078,579\n705,170\n124,953\n111,256\n60,311\n77,121\n63,505\n127,797\n98,841\n147,927\n33,860\n23,402\n29,393\n8,477\n8,872\n10,560\n17,972\n84,635\nAcres.\n71,513\n79,094\n98,698\n213,312\n312,278\n469,872\n238,842\n444,433\n506,773\n1,189,42S\n1,407,912\n3,220,610\n2,866,997\n2,854,487\n2,512,198\n1,320,520\n474,767\n414,417\n309,090\n262,996\n463,348\n409,300\n154,486\n221,805\n100,374\n36,192\n52,718\n37,996\n127,388\n49,789\n39,312\n136,667\nAllotted to surveyed land.\nt Includes 28,548 acres surveyed as phosphate licences. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF SURVEYOR-GENERAL.\nZ 21\nTable B.\u00E2\u0080\u0094Summary of Office-work for the Year 1931 and Comparative Figures for 1930,\nSurvey Division.\nNumber of field-books received \t\nlots surveyed '..*\t\nlots gazetted and tracings forwarded to Government Agents.\nmiles of right-of-way plans dealt with\t\napplications for purchase cleared\t\napplications for pre-emption cleared \t\nreference maps compiled\t\nCrown-grant applications cleared \t\nTotal number of letters received by Branch :\t\n\u00E2\u0080\u009E Crown-grant and lease tracings made in duplicate\t\n,, blue-prints made\t\nRevenue from sale of blue-prints and survey information\t\n1930.\n692\n728\n568\n46\n233\n1,234\n20\n1,074\n6,827\n1,558\n24,525\n$4,655.23\n1931.\n405\n1,345\n915\n161\n258\n2,590\n18\n973\n6,616\n972\n27,630\n$4,324.07 Z 22\nREPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS. 1931.\nM .3\n03 HJ\n1-3 ^\n4w\nrit\u00C2\u00BB.\no a,\nrH \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n.& g > S\ntf ^ \u00E2\u0080\u009E- ^\n03 ,2\nS 5 \"o\n.fc 5 |\n1 1^\n\u00C2\u00AB r-i\n>C3\nj E\n& .3\nvi ^ :\n5s \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n\u00C2\u00BB3 \u00C2\u00A3 \u00C2\u00AB (\u00C2\u00A7 A\na cj tr, \u00C2\u00A3 Ph r* l* 'aa a o\ny\ncj\ntnO eg\na\nH\n.fc\u00C2\u00A3 o\nfc\nt$% a\nCj\n&\u00C2\u00BB&\ng\u00C2\u00A7-\u00C2\u00A7\nh-tf\"\nhb S\nl-l\n* s\n<\nrV +-1 1>\na\nPEhm\na s ?> &\nr2\u00C2\u00A7^g\n3 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\no&O*.\n1 .W ^\n1 ^J r-i\n H EH\n3.S.S.W 9 -h&SB\na co\n.- cj\ns j*\ncc a\ncs W\nCm o\n(TJ) -r-l U.\nP \nCO -rH\na sf\n) fl) \"^\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0a e\no\no HB Ph \u00C2\u00BB\n*!\nB o\nB SS\nPhS\n3 5 a -g fl -g\nm\ng CJ^i\n5hsi tl S\nO B P S\nK\nn ^ b tn\ntH ^ W\nPhKW\no tn o\n\u00C2\u00AB^Ph\nSfa\nS \u00C2\u00AE \"2 tH\ntag\nQi ftH HI 5\n\u00C2\u00BB S \u00C2\u00AB '\nOfCfais\nBo*\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0^ S PQ\n0 .5 a\n>\u00E2\u0080\u0094\" c3 cu\nSsp^\ncu B Jo '\n'cj 03\nS -jh CQ\n.s>5 S\no\n.M\nr\u00E2\u0080\u0094I 3 Pi\nbj .k^\n0\n71\nj4\n-M\n'C\ns\n-4-1\nfe\nQ\nBi\n>>\n>s\nr-l\nb^sj'-g'\nP> c: c3\nco 00 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0'\n03 03\n, -73 H hB\nS s\ntn \u00C2\u00B0 a\nCJ S> cc\nC> *\u00E2\u0080\u0094* HJ\nB\ncd\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0fc fe\nPh\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 CJ Q\n!>04\ntaor\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0fc w B 4 w\nls.a|I\n(3-3MSS\nC3 .S ^\nS^oi^tHC+jra.j-^i\n05 \u00C2\u00AB\ntH IO .\nO) -^ hB\na p S o 5\nr-i r CJ +J\nS fa a ca\nC tH 3 ^\nH 'B\na os\n^COaOC^C^CiOTHTHC>l^l^^lC-l^lCO\u00C2\u00ABCc;C^HH^H^^w^crJ!^t^t-t-CCC/5CCCiOC^CiOTHTH^lC^l^lC^^\n-^ TH rH rH rH rH C^l tM CM CM C-I (M Ol Ol Ol (M Cl C-l Ol fM (M C^l Ol Ol CM Ol Ol Ol OI Ol Ol Ol \u00C2\u00A3l Ol Ol Ol CC CC CO CO CO CO CO CO CO\n(H\ni\ni-l\nO\nt-i a.)\n- o -\n1 \"OjO\n1 fl tH\n! C3 od\n1 SB\nCO w\n>V tH\nCJ ccj\nA 3\nO\n^I>\n03\n+J\nm\ncl\n4H\nou\na\nto\n0\nfl a\na 1 \u00C2\u00AB\n^^-fl\n-^+H W CC\n\u00C2\u00A7agh'\ntJ h3\n- Ofll\ns Ph wi\nM\n03\ntH\ncci\n3\nB6 T3\n5 gSa\n0 ^^H\nj , 13 B\nhSC\u00C2\u00AB\n. \u00C2\u00A7 H^-\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 kg g\ncj fl \"\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0,w o\n-\u00E2\u0096\u00A0BO\nOi3\nCO\nh'!\n2 s a\ncu t\"^\n% *\nHJ 4J\ntH tH\n\"3\nB\nCO\"\nO s\nO\no\nnr-j >\n9 is wi!\nHfJ\u00C2\u00BB.S\nCJ B O tn\n.fc \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00C2\u00A3 1-11\n\u00C2\u00ABS^ShT\ne is \"3 & cj\nPhCmJ\n^SJ,\nfci-i\n5 s.\no> \u00E2\u0080\u0094 rn\nfe p W'S\n\n93\nC\npq\ni 13-\n: S ;\n: 03 '\nWh-q\n\u00E2\u0096\u00BA* 3\nfl CJ HJ\nAl 2\nr\u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ta p\ncs B\n3 CC\nHJ\nT3 'o\nfl fl\n. ca^a\n>i ., 50\n3 S HH-\n\u00C2\u00A70\nr ti a 5\nt3 ^^3 tn\nfl cS OO\ncci B\nfl g 4J CJ\nbe cj o oi\nautsH\nfl \"\nCB -fr*. T3\n^a fl\n*h fl\n\u00C2\u00AB si\n4-1 1\u00E2\u0080\u00941\npq *\nSo\ncj ca r^5\n^\u00C2\u00ABbpq\na ^13\n* tH CJ B\na cj \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ca\n= .fc \u00C2\u00AB V.\n3Ph>'3\n\"4i B a\n? > a$\n^Phq\n\u00C2\u00AB fl CJ\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A02 \u00C2\u00A7^\n9 n 3\nHJ r\n03\na a\n^a\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2O|oS 3 \u00C2\u00B0\nUBS\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00AB cj A ca B cj -\n^otiajpqHPqwMMrt^^PH^;\n5 a\nH P \u00C2\u00A3 fl\n3 to a.B\n, CJ\n0S3S\n\"\"PhOO\n\u00C2\u00A3^T3\ncaH 9\n> ca\n' \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 % 5 2\no\nB1'\nfl.2'\nI\u00E2\u0080\u0094I rQ\n. U A\n3 a-?,r-r\n3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00AB W Ph \u00C2\u00AB\nOS P^3 \u00E2\u0080\u0094O\nhSj\u00C2\u00A7 a \u00C2\u00A7\n^ _^ ,H3 CJ tn\n5 cc fq a *\na st^ s\n1-1 =3 -2 rtH rr*\nQQ.t\n^ O O '\u00C2\u00A3\n^ EQ tS '-D t-i\n0 C3 t-. r-l O\nhqS\u00C2\u00A3\u00C2\u00A7\nS S B \u00C2\u00AB\n=a a -a^rrs\ntn 3 fl a^\ncj o< ad a\n.fc w 2 2 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0a\n\u00C2\u00AB ej'Tt.^\nco :\nB\n_ s \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\"\"\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 d\nca' ?2 oa \u00E2\u0080\u009E\na\u00C2\u00ABJ*Ha\nd a > a ?a -\ni\"jb\" a\nr- cc cc a\nb cj f ^a\n\u00C2\u00B0 P tH\na\"\ntH\nC\n0\nC4\ntH\nO\nPh\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A04-3\nCO\nJ3\nrfl\n3\ntH\n0\n0\nw\n^\n13\ntc\"\na\na\na\nca\ncc\nr-i\na a\na\n&A\nCZ\nca\ntfr^t\n\u00C2\u00B0-\u00C2\u00A3 b\u00C2\u00BB.S\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0a _ O r}\nS fl Bl3\nS \u00C2\u00A7 \u00C2\u00A7 \u00C2\u00A7\nTO fly k> i/)\nd tH n tH\n- ft 03 ft\nI rHrH\n. .; \u00C2\u00AE . .j?^\" 5 ij S ri < ^\n4ss\"g^\u00C2\u00AB^S-s56'|feo -=g\u00C2\u00A7'^.2\u00C2\u00A7Saj |l8sSJ B-S-g\" fa aVg b^-h ^-.1 g 4\nOHwWil|HQPqa;Wpqp:fahqHi-q a\nCh rH\nPh\nr* ^ OJ ^.\na 5\na r\u00C2\u00A3\nsss ~S\u00C2\u00A3L?\u00C2\u00A3i i h, h?^ 9 q nag\nV\u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00A7 s I- -Sal I \u00C2\u00A3$3.a5 * \u00C2\u00ABg 3 S | g|\nn?i ^ >\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB cph-sS.^1 |^ wtS^gH |i|\u00C2\u00A7a d i 2 ^s\nS \u00C2\u00BB fl\" sh ,. ^nj S^S-rSo PHf n.S^uj.-fc^QitTH^a 13 -A M \"\u00C2\u00A7\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a h\n^S^* 3% \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 I S<.^|SG.2M S;I .dl\u00C2\u00A7a\"|rt t.51 \" I e I 8.3\n\" o II S a .3 fc^-stH-oSpM-sQcH 5>'f3tr.9.fciHrtT3)>a>.M'ga ^j 3 W-flQ\ncj-op -a dH-g a'B^PM -rS dg.g cj S oj C- \u00C2\u00AB a a B M > pq b o-.fc S .fc a \u00C2\u00A3 jg .3 t. Z 24 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nA \"\" ? 2\nSB SB\n.%. cj > a\na jB ** t\u00C2\u00BB\nJ=\u00E2\u0080\u0094 s\n, Ji? CJ o 3C(h . ^ .\na !I~ tl$* &1| o\nr\ \u00C2\u00A7i r^ h-s 6\" \u00C2\u00AB\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0u -a a >j \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\" eg . o \u00C2\u00AB ., ja\ncaa ^ 'Sa-dtH .\u00C2\u00BB}' 'e\nrft *!? g \"OjB h34J> J\nu J .J* Sh rrjCJCJ CJ d fl\n3 S- S \u00C2\u00AB .3 a? b, g -g ^ o \u00C2\u00BB\n' S u\nd d\nO M fl\n*5 \u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00A3\n1 \u00C2\u00A33\n.cj cc g o d Su kSjcj . \u00C2\u00BB t 2\nCO. O tH ^ \u00E2\u0080\u009EjHCJ fica at a\n& r* r^C^rHt/jOtH <,_, ^O) ^31 \u00C2\u00BBa^,,Oj^\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0g* S -\u00C2\u00A3BCHgto\u00E2\u0080\u009E S(,0 jSa^^rTNg\nan \u00E2\u0080\u00A23'drso3Hfliicja>cri .fccj\u00E2\u0080\u009E, M p\ S'J oj ^ ^ \u00C2\u00AB.Q\nS ph tn-'g s = t,s \u00E2\u0096\u00BA>* s o p \u00E2\u0080\u009E s.fc m.2.3 \u00C2\u00A73 cj.^^-Sa\n13 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\ne-aa\n5* a-S 535 s\na \u00C2\u00B0 ^\u00E2\u0080\u009E6i3 \u00C2\u00ABW\u00C2\u00A7\u00C2\u00A3a h tH-s-SMg-sw sagfc.2a\u00C2\u00A3Sa ~ g\ng S %BdsSnSc-fls|ffi = gHs g 3 J -Ti \"\nooooococooecooooococ S ai S \u00E2\u0080\u009Es\nooOQOooooooooQOooQOQtrjooooooQoaDaD Skh!{ a\u00C2\u00A3\nco oi oi co cc cc co cc co oi ci ci 01 01 01 oi oi oi oi oi S e? E a ~ r0 S3\nHHHHHHHrHHHHHEHHHHHBHH?;5;ScJ\"H^\nO O OI CC O rH CO Ol CO \u00E2\u0096\u00A0* rH CI CO ICC I- Ol 03 Ol rH Ol fH E tn 0 cj3\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A24\nfi O O Ol OD IO rH CD Ol CO -* rH CC CO IO t- Ol CO Ol rH OI \u00E2\u0096\u00A0? E tn 0 T3 _B B\ngrHrH rH0101cHcaaH3o~ \u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\u00C2\u00BB 6^\nfl\no\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00C2\u00AB\nS \u00C2\u00B0\n3B \u00C2\u00AB B o a\npq \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 i2 ih fl j\nm a\nCO\nM\nfl\nr P\n\"\"a /a\nPh cc\nhj 3\nIfl \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00C2\u00AB\n^ g a\na\u00C2\u00AB\nd\n*H \"^\nr^H-J ^1 \"\n3i ^ < *\ngot- a\n\u00C2\u00ABfl\n&M\nM .X\n-4 O \"^\ng a>>\nri \"^\n<-> d\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0c\nek.\nlumbia\nOreille ]\nriest Ri'\nheep Cr\nrQ\nfl\no\n0)\n\u00C2\u00A3q^PhM\nH- B a fl \u00C2\u00B0\nCJ CJ\n.-fcdofHtH oao jHJ-g v a\nsi 3ii!qi: aSs^i asassi***!-*-\nft\ns\n^^\ns\nu\n(=)\n13\nr.\nB\n5\n+3\nca\nfl)\nr\"3\no\na5 pq|&S\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00A7 s| S a ^ S g S\u00C2\u00B0-.gB^S^o|^|^\nEH \u00C2\u00ABd- ..3\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\" S 41 r!3\n-^MiH4i33?~'?St;Q-rtt4.t;.^3rfl'ri.sH'rjtg;cjC3^B)u:j^ cjad\ndHJo\u00C2\u00A3aP'\u00C2\u00ABoaisojac)oS3gl_i2ddK;i2St;S^ocjroB ^ajtH\nRHtj^p^^pp^jxOcHflO^WflMWOfeOPWflOOQKpHCiBaj soPPfH\n. d'^ddd'^dd^oicid-rficiro-r^dci-^dciciddcici-^ddd'd d d d\nO C003COCT30caocr>OOOCrJCiDCOC30CPC>003CroCDOOOcrjcDOOCDCDOOOOOCO oococo\n55 CM CN Ol Ol OI 01 Ol OI OI OI Ol 01 Ol OI CM Ol OI Ol 01 01 01 Ol CC Ol OI OI OI Ol CC CC OI 01 01 OI\n\" HHHHHHHEhEhEhHEhHHHBEhHHHEhHHBEhHHHEhHEh HHH\nCOOIWTHOCO^OOrH0010r^t-01rHCOC301iOrHOOIOHcHOJOC3CCCCCjt.--0 t~CDCC>\nrHi-HCI riri riH riririri rri ,\nAPPENDIX TO REPORT OF SURVEYOR-GENERAL.\nTable E.\u00E2\u0080\u0094List of Lithographed Maps.\nZ 25\nMap\nNo.\nYear of\nIssue.\nTitle of Map.\nScale,\nMiles, etc.\nPer\nCopy.\nPer\nDozen.\nlA\nflA\nlex\nlEM\nla\n1.1 C A\n1912\n1932\n1931\n1930\n1916\n1923\n1923\n1923\n1923\n1923\n1923\n1923\n1925\n1929\n1920\n1914\n1929\n1923\n1924\n1927\n1930\n1926\n1923\n1922\n1928\n1921\n1927\n1931\n1932\n1932\n1929\n1924\n1931\n1927\n1931\n1931\n1913\n1925\n1913\n1914\n1926\n1921\n1923\n1926\n1927\n1930\n1931\n1916\n1929\n1929\n1929\n1930\n1927\n1928\n1928\n1929\n1929\n1932\n1930\n1928\n1907\n1898\n189fi\nGeographic Series\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nBritish Columbia. In four sheets. Showing- roads and trails,\nrailway systems, etc.\nWall Map of British Columbia. In four sheets. In course of\npreparation\nBritish Columbia. In one sheet. Showing-Land Recording Divisions\nKootenay, Osoyoos, and Similkameen. Showing- Mining Divisions\nCariboo and adjacent Districts. Showing Land Recording Divi-\n' sions\nBritish Columbia. In one sheet. Showing rivers, railways, main\nroads, trails, parks, distance charts, etc.,\n17.75 m. to 1 in.\n1:1,000,000\n15.78 m. to 1 in.\n50 m. to 1 in.\n7.89 m. to 1 in.\n7.89 m. to 1 in.\n31.56 m. to 1 in.\n31.56 m. to 1 in.\n31.56 m. to'l in.\n31.56 m. to 1 in.\n31.56 m. to 1 in.\n31.56 m. to 1 in.\n31.56 m. to 1 in.\n7.89 m. to 1 in.\n15.78 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 m. to 1 in.\n3 tn. to 1 in.\n4 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n2 m. to 1 in.\n5 m. to 1 in.\n^ m. to 1 in.\n\ m. to 1 in.\n5 ni. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n- 1 m. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\n20 m. to 1 in.\n50 m. to 1 in.\n10 m. to 1 in.\n6,000 ft. to 1 in.\n1 m. to 1 in.\nSI.00\nFree\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.75\n.75\n.75\n.75\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\niO\nli\n-^ 2\n\u00C2\u00BB2l\nfc\u00C2\u00A3 CJ 5\nC aJ o\nja cj\nC cs\nM\n.50\n.50\n.25\n.25\n.25\n.25\n.25\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.5(1\n.25\n.50\n.50\n.50\n2.00\n.50\n.60\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.50\n.'85\nFree\n.10\n.10\n.10\ns$10.00\n1.50\n4.00\n4.00\n4.00\nlJC\nditto ditto and Land Recording Divisions.\n4.00\n4.00\n1.IE\n1JF\nl.TGL\nIjgc\nIK\nIt\nditto ditto and Assessment Districts\t\nditto ditto and Provincial Electoral Divisions\nditto ditto and Land Registry Districts...\nSouth Western Districts of B.C., Commercial and Visitors.\n(Economic Tables, etc., 1929.)\n6.00\n8.00\n6.00\n6.00\n4.00\n4.00\n2 A\n2b\nLand Series\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n4.00\n4.00\n2c\n4.00\n2D\n4.00\n2k\n4.00\n2k\n3a\n3b\nQueen Charlotte Islands, Economic Geography (preliminary). ...\nPre-emptors' Series\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n4.00\n2.00\n2.00\n3c\n3d\nBulkley Valley\t\n2.00\n2.00\n3e\n3 k\n2.00\n2.00\n3g\n2.00\n3a\n13..\n|3k\n3m\n2.CO\n2.00\n2.00\n2.00\n3p\n3Q\n4a\nDegree Series\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n2.00\n2.00\n4.00\nt4B\n4.00\nt4c\n4d\n2.00\n4k\n4 k\n2.00\n2.00\n4g\n4h\n2.00\n2.00\n4.1\n4.00\n4k\n4.00\n4l\n4M\n4N\n4p\n5 A\n5b\n5c\nTopographical- Series\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nOmineca and Finlav River Basins, Sketch-map of\t\nHowe Sound-Burrard Inlet (contoured), South sheet (special) ...\nii ii H North sheet (special) ...\nGeographical Gazetteer op British Columbia\t\nMineral Reference Maps\u00E2\u0080\u0094Printed.\n4.00\n4.00\n4.00\n4.00\n2.00\n4.00\n4.00\n4.00\n4 00\nmrm2\n4.00\n4 00\n4.00\n4 00\nMiscellaneous\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n2.50\nOn app.\n.50\nMD\n9\nB.C. Mining Divisions and Mineral Survev Districts... .\n5\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A22\nKootenay District, East, Triangulation Survey of...\n.50\n.50\ntin course of compilation.\nNote.\u00E2\u0080\u0094To avoid misunderstanding, applicants for maps are requested to state the \" Map Number\" of map desired.\nInformation supplied of maps of British Columbia printed and published at Ottawa, by the Canadian Geological Survey, also\nthe Dominion Department of the Interior, etc., etc.\nInquiries for printed maps \u00E2\u0080\u0094Address :\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nChief Geographer, Department of Lands, Victoria, B.C. PHOTO-TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY, NORTHERLY VANCOUVER ISLAND.\nBy A. J. Campbell.\nVictoria, B.C., January 14th, 1932.\nF. C, Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit the following report upon the photo-topographical surveys\ncarried out by me, under your instructions, during the past season:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nThe work this year promised, and proved to be, extremely interesting. We were, for the\nfirst time, to work in an area covered by vertical aerial pictures. This was somewhat of an\nexperiment, the idea being that ground control for plotting the aerial pictures in position could\nbe obtained from photographs taken from ground stations. This idea has been unquestionably\nsubstantiated, and it is safe to say that any degree of such control could be obtained, depending\non the density of the photographic stations. This applies only to rough areas where points of\nsufficient elevation to overlook the surrounding country are available. It is not possible to give\nin any detail the system which will be used in mapping, as we are still in the throes of searching for a satisfactory method, but we have progressed sufficiently to feel assured of complete\nsuccess in the method.\nIn British Columbia topographical maps have been successfully made by the photo-\ntopographical method for many years, but in a heavily timbered and rolling country certain\ndeep creeks and other features may not be satisfactorily shown by the photographs, and these\ndetails must be filled in by traverse and other means. By using aerial pictures iii conjunction\nwith the ground pictures much field-work is saved and yet all details are clearly disclosed.\nYour instructions, dated June 6th, 1931, assigned Mr. G. J. Jackson and myself to work\ntogether, and the area to be covered is described as the Nimpkish and neighbouring watersheds,\nwhich were covered with aerial photographs by the Royal Canadian Air Force in the year 1930.\nWe were to use the Nimpkish Lake and the Klaaneh River above the lake as the dividing line\nbetween the two parties. The area lying to the west of this boundary was assigned to me.\nThe party was organized at Victoria on June 9th and proceeded via Vancouver to Engle-\nwood, Vancouver Island. From Englewood we travelled by logging-railway to Nimpkish Lake\nand to the head of the lake by motor-boat. Englewood, which is situated on Beaver Cove, is\nthe headquarters camp of the Wood & English Logging Company. This company controls extensive timber limits in the vicinity of Nimpkish Lake and has extensive logging equipment there.\nOur thanks are due to the Wood & English Logging Company, which, through their superintendent, Mr. L. Frank Hoy, rendered us every assistance possible in the furtherance of the work.\nA camp, situated at the head of Nimpkish Lake, was used as a base, and from there trips\nwere made in several directions. All transport on getting away from the lake, with the\nexception of some small lakes which were rafted, was by man-power, which of necessity made\nthe work proceed comparatively slowly, but through the season forty-five camera stations, well\nscattered and placed throughout the area covered, were occupied and thirty-two dozen plates\nwere exposed. Stations were occupied along the Karmutsen Range, lying to the west of Nimpkish Lake on the range stretching southerly to near Rugged Mountain, and on the hills lying\nstill farther to the west. It is expected from 400 to 500 square miles of country will be mapped.\nConsiderably greater area would have been covered if the season had been more favourable for\nphotographic work. During the parts of June and September the party was in the field it was\nimpossible to accomplish but very little on account of the heavy rains and low clouds which\nmade photography impossible. July and August were exceedingly fine months. It was particularly unfortunate that September was not better, as we were in position to occupy several\nprojected stations, which, along with those already occupied, would have added considerable\narea to that which we are able to map. Several land-ties were made, in two cases by direct\nreadings from stations and in others by identifying position of post, or, rather, the crossing\nof a stream by the survey-line, on the aerial view. This position will be plotted from the views\nand hence position of post can be located on the plan.\nTo control the position of camera stations a connection was made by triangulation with\nthe Elizabeth and Georgina Geodetic Stations. This tie was made by Mr. H. E. Whyte,\nB.C.L.S., using triangulation signals erected by the topographical parties. Generally speaking, the area may be classed as mountainous. The only considerable areas\nof comparatively flat land are found along the Klaanch River, particularly around the head of\nNimpkish Lake, and around the junction of AVoss Creek and the Klaanch. It would be a difficult matter to estimate the area of land suitable for agriculture. Certainly there are areas that,\nunder present conditions, would not be classed as suitable for agriculture, which at some future\ndate will probably be considered good land. To the west of the range of hills bounding the\nKlaanch Valley and Nimpkish Lake basin lies a peculiar wide valley or trough stretching from\nKathleen Lake on the north to the Leballos Valley on the south. Several streams with their\ndifferent branches have their rise in the hills on either side of this trough, and, joining together\ninto the main stream, break through the range of hills to the west to reach the sea. The trough\nis broken up by low rocky ridges and hills, with small areas of flat land along the larger streams.\nThere are several passes in this range lying to the west of the Nimpkish Lake and Klaanch\nValleys which may be followed by future roads. The narrow valleys of the Kilapa and AVillow\nCreeks, which flow into Nimpkish Lake, head in passes approximately 1,200 and 1,100 feet\naltitude. The former leads over to Kathleen Lake waters, the latter to a branch of the Tahsish\nRiver. Atluck Lake, also, through Hustan and Anutz Lakes, a feeder of Nimpkish Lake, fills\nthe next gap in the range. It is nested between the steep slopes of Finder Mountain and those\nof Hustan Mountain. Its altitude is only 430 feet and the pass at its head, which leads over\nto the Tahsish River, is only about 50 feet above the lake. AArere it not for the exceedingly\nsteep and rocky slopes on either side this would offer a very fine route across the island.\nAA'olfe Creek heads in a pass about 1,100 feet altitude and leads over to the Zeballos Aralley.\nEasy gradients on each side, in spite of its altitude, make it a very feasible route.\nEast of the Zeballos A7alley, and lying between that valley and the AVoss Lake basin, there\nstands the much more mountainous area about Rugged Mountain. The steep rock walls and\nthe fairly large glaciers give the mountains a formidable enough appearance to suit any Alpine\nenthusiast. In spite of its altitude of only 6,157 feet, it has all the attractions and thrills of a\nmountain of 10,000 feet, and more in another setting. It is quite easily reached from the head\nof Tasis Arm, on the west coast of the island.\nWhere altitude permits, the whole area is timber-covered. Above 4,000 feet altitude the\nforest-growth begins to open out and alpine types only are seen. Only two small burns were\nnoted over the whole area\u00E2\u0080\u0094one on the north of AVillow Creek Aralley and the other about 4 miles\nup the Klaanch. A considerable area has been logged around the head of Nimpkish Lake.\nHemlock, cedar, and balsam-fir are the most common species. Douglas fir is found more or\nless scattered over the area. Maple-trees were seen along the banks of some of the streams.\nThe brush and undergrowth, which reports had stated as being exceedingly thick, did not prove\nto be so.\nDeer were very plentiful in the logged areas and also were seen over the whole area. Elk\nwere reported to be in the district, but none were seen. Black bear were encountered, but not\noften. Cougar are quite plentiful, as many are trapped but none were seen.\nTrout, generally of small size, were caught or noted in all the lakes and streams of sufficient size.\nI have, etc.,\nAlan J. Campbell. B.C.L.S.\nPHOTO-TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY, NORTHERLY VANCOUVER ISLAND.\nBy G. J. Jackson.\nA'ictoria, B.C., December 31st, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit the following report on the photo-topographic Survey\nmade by me during the past summer:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nThe area covered is on Vancouver Island, and includes the easterly slope of the Nimpkish\nRiver Valley, the Kokish and Tsulton Rivers and Bonanza Lake Aralleys, and the Tsitika River\nValley, extending about 20 miles southward from Johnstone Strait. On the west it joins the\narea done by A. J. Campbell, B.C.L.S., during the same summer. This area has all been covered by vertical aerial views, taken by the Royal Canadian Air\nForce. Our instructions were to occupy and to take horizontal views from stations to furnish\nground control for the vertical views, and to obtain elevations, sufficient to make a topographical map combining the two systems of views.\nThe party was organized at Vancouver on June 9th and arrived in Englewood on June 10th.\nHere we occupied several stations, but were only able to clear them and put up signals, as\ncontinued fog and rain interfered with taking views and reading angles.\nOn June 16th we moved up to the head of Nimpkish Lake. The AVood & English Timber\nCompany took us up to the bottom of the lake by speeder and to the head of the lake by launch.\nFrom this camp we occupied four stations on the east side of the lake. Then we had a fly-\ncamp on the summit between Nimpkish and Bonanza Lakes, from which we did four stations\nalong the ridge. As it rained or snowed nearly every day, it was not until July 2nd that we\ncompleted this work.\nWe now packed to the head of Bonanza Lake by way of Steel Lake, and from here we had\nfly-camps on the mountains between Bonanza Lake and Tsitika River. We occupied eleven\nstations and established triangulation stations on Tsitika Mountain and on Twin Mountain.\nThen we moved back to Englewood, reaching there on August 3rd. From here we completed the stations we had tried to do in June, and occupied eleven stations along Johnstone\nStrait. AVe also established a triangulation station on Mount Palmerston.\nOn August 13th we moved by launch to Robson Bight, at the mouth of the Tsitika River,\nand proceeded to work up the river. AATe occupied stations for about 20 miles up the river and\ngot within reach of, and expected to complete, the headwaters, but the weather broke on August\n29th and it rained continually, so we were able only to do one station and to reoccupy Twin\nMountain Triangulation Station between then and September 17th. On that date we moved down\nthe river and back to Englewood. The party was disbanded in Vancouver on September 21st.\nThe weather was not at all favourable, as it rained nearly every day in both June and\nSeptember and several days in July and August. During August, while we were working on\nJohnstone Strait, there was fog every morning, and it seldom cleared until afternoon. During\nfair weather, however, the atmosphere was very clear and good views were obtained.\nThe triangulation was extended by H. E. AA7hyte, B.C.L.S., from the Elizabeth and Georgina\nGeodetic Stations to Palmerston, Tsitika, and Twin Stations on the east of the Nimpkish River\nand Karmutsen, Pinder, and Rugged Stations on the west. Elevations were obtained from\nmean water-level on Johnstone Strait as zero.\nDuring the season thirty-two dozen plates were exposed and the following stations occupied :\nTriangulation stations, 3; camera stations, 40; separate camera stations, 47.\nThe only settlements in the area are on Beaver Cove. They are Englewood, the headquarters and mill of the AVood & English Timber Company, and Beaver Cove, just across, where\nthere is the mill of the Beaver Cove Timber Company. These are both ports of call of the\nCoast boats and have school, post-office, and store. Alert Bay, on Cormorant Island, only 6 miles\naway, is quite a fair-sized town, with a hospital, wireless station, Indian school, and a salmon-\ncannery.\nThe area consists of three valleys, running in a general north-and-south direction. The\nNimpkish River Aralley empties into Johnstone Strait about 6 miles west of Beaver Cove, the\nKokish into Beaver Cove, and the Tsitika enters Johnstone Strait at Robson Bight, 12 miles\neast of Beaver Cove.\n, There are two large lakes in the area. Nimpkish Lake is 16 miles long and 1% miles wide,\nand Bonanza Lake, about 6 miles to the east, is 5 miles long and 1 mile wide. These lakes are\nseparated by a mountain about 5,000 feet in height. Its western slope is gradual, but to the\neast, towards Bonanza Lake, it. is very steep.\nEastward from Bonanza Lake and between it and the Tsitika River is a mountain range\nreaching 5,700 feet. This is very rugged and steep. To the east of the Tsitika there is another\nrange of equal height and steepness. The Tsitika River A'alley is very narrow and the sides\nare very steep.\nThe whole area is heavily timbered to timber-line, at about 4,500 feet. The predominating\nspecies are hemlock and balsam, with some spruce, fir, and red and yellow cedar. Considerable\nareas in the vicinity of Nimpkish Lake have been logged, but the rest has not been touched. PHOTO-TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY, HOPE-PRINCETON AREA. Z 29\nDue to heavy timber and difficulty of access, it is a hard country to prospect and little\nhas been done except in the vicinity of Nimpkish Lake. Here several prospects have been\nlocated\u00E2\u0080\u0094one 3 miles up Lime Creek, located by E. L. Kinman, and where considerable drilling\nand prospecting was done by the Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company.\nThe AVood & English Timber Company has a logging-railway from Englewood to the foot\nof Nimpkish Lake, with spurs to logging operations in the vicinity. It also has several tugs,\nlaunches, and scows on the lake.\nA horse-trail is being constructed up the east side of the Nimpkish River, from the head of\nthe lake, by the British Columbia Department of Mines, to help open up the country for prospectors. Twelve miles had been completed by August. The first 8 miles, to Steel Creek, follows\nalong an abandoned railway-grade. A pack-trail up Steel Creek to Bonanza Lake branches off\nthe end of this grade.\nThere is a horse-trail for about 3 miles up Lime Creek from the head of Nimpkish Lake to\nthe Kinman prospect, at an elevation of 2,300 feet. From there a pack-trail goes to the summit\nof the mountain.\nFrom Beaver Cove there is an old horse-trail to Bonanza Lake and there is a small boat\nand a raft on the lake. There is a pack-trail on the west side of the Tsitika River from the\nmouth to the head at Davie Creek.\nThe Nimpkish River can be navigated by canoe from salt water to AVoss and Vernon Lakes,\nnear the headwaters, but only by experienced canoemen and at certain stages of the water.\nThe Tsulton and Kokish Rivers, flowing into Beaver Cove, are too small for a canoe and the\nTsitika River is too rapid and full of boulders.\nDeer, blue grouse, and band-tailed pigeons were plentiful in the logged-off areas around\nNimpkish Lake. Pigeons collected in hundreds wherever berries were available. In other parts\nof the area grouse were scarce, but deer were seen in most of the swampy meadows, and\noccasionally on the mountains around timber-line. There were a few black bear and willow-\ngrouse along the creek-bottoms and ptarmigan on most of the higher peaks. Elk are reported\nto be in the country at the head of the Tsitika and Nimpkish Rivers, but none were seen where\nwe were.\nConsiderable trapping is carried on each year throughout the area, the principal catch being\ncougar, marten, beaver, otter, coon, and mink.\nThere are trout in all the rivers and larger lakes, while salmon of various kinds run up\nthe rivers. There is good fishing in the strait and considerable commercial fishing is carried\non both by trolling and purse-seining.\nThe work on the maps is now in progress and the usual plans are being prepared.\nI have, etc.,\nG. J. Jackson, B.C.L.S.\nPHOTO-TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY, HOPE-PRINCETON AREA.\nBy R. D. McCaw.\nVictoria, B.C., December 24th, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I beg to report upon the photo-topographical surveys done by me during the past\nseason.\nUnder your instructions of June 5th, I was directed to survey, by photo-topographical\nmethods, the unmapped area In the Railway Belt east of the Coquihalla River, lying between\nthe Coquihalla Sheet of the Geological Survey and the south limit of the Railway Belt, this\nlatter boundary being the westerly limit of previous topographical surveys by Mr. G. J. Jackson,\nB.C.L.S. It was suggested that a start be made at the northerly end and that the surveys be\ncarried south as far as possible during the season. I might here state that the unmapped area\nconsisted of a long narrow strip extending southerly from Henning Mountain (some 2 miles\neasterly from Coquihalla Station on the Kettle A'alley Railway) for about 25 miles, then widening, being 9 miles in width along the Sumallo River. From here the area widens rapidly. Z 30 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nI left Victoria on June 8th, going to Kamloops to take over the light Ford truck stored there\nlast year, and drove to Tulameen the next day. All other equipment had been shipped to this\nplace previously. Upon arrival at Tulameen I found that work was being done on the \" Summit\nCity \" Road up the Tulameen River and that it was closed for about 6 miles from 8 o'clock a.m.\nuntil 5 o'clock p.m. It was therefore necessary to move our equipment to fit in with these\nhours, so we moved the bulk of the outfit the evening of the 9th, about 7 miles up the road,\nand the balance before 8 o'clock the next morning, and the same day moved all some 14 miles\nfarther and located at Sutter Creek, in the north part of Township 5, Range 23, west of 6th\nmeridian. The packer and pack-horses arrived in camp on the night of the 10th.\nAVork was commenced in the vicinity at once, and until July 9th operations were carried\nnortherly to the north end of the area. Moves were made by pack-horse as occasion required.\nPractically no time was required for trail-cutting, as existing trails and open burns made easy\nmeans for pack-horse travel. The numerous creek-valleys in the area are very narrow and the\nfeaturing generally small, so that many photographic stations were needed. The streams consist of Sutter, Amberty, Railroad, McGee, Starvation, and Britton Creeks and many tributaries, all in the Tulameen River system. A main control station was placed on the summit of\nTulameen Mountain. The Geodetic Survey of Canada had placed a station on a low summit\nnorth of this mountain, but it was useless for our purpose and we subsequently had to make\nconnection between the two, which to obtain with accuracy was difficult. It is unfortunate that\nthe geodetic station had not been placed on the summit, as it is easily accessible from the southeast. Another control station used for this area was a former geological station to the north\ncalled Patches (Mount Thynne) and had been used by me some years ago when a large cairn\nwas left. The Geodetic Survey had included this in their net, which will strengthen positions\nin that locality. Unfortunately the cairn was torn down and not replaced, causing us some\ntrouble. I would suggest that when old triangulation stations are used by the Geodetic Survey,\nthe request should be made to replace the signals for daylight observing when it is possible,\notherwise there is very often considerable loss of time when surveyors wish to use these at\na later date. Most of the cairns erected by the Geological Survey in their work on the Coquihalla area were still in place and were found very useful, especially that on Coquihalla Mountain.\nJune was very wet and much time was lost through rain and low hanging clouds.\nFrom July 10th to 31st surveys were continued southerly to the. ridge separating the Tulameen River system from the Sumallo River. Two high peaks occur on this ridge within our\narea\u00E2\u0080\u0094namely, Hopeless Mountain (7,368 feet) and Beaver Mountain (8,049 feet). (These\nnames will likely be changed later.) During the period a trip was made to the Patches Control\nStation, which was occupied for triangulation. The cairn was rebuilt. A forestry lookout has\nbeen established here, the summit being an excellent view-point for many miles around.\nOn August 3rd a camp was located on the Sumallo River, near Mile 23, on the old Sappers\nRoad from Hope. AVe moved in here via Snass Creek, two days being needed for the trip. The\nbalance of the season was spent in the Sumallo River Aralley. The south limit of this river\nsystem is a steep rugged ridge with many jagged peaks falling on the south side to the\nKlesilkwa Creek-Silver Creek Valley. The high feature on the ridge is Silvertip Mountain, a\nglacier-hung peak 8,514 feet above sea-level, and is at the head of the main branch of the\nSumallo. A small portion of the Nicolum River watershed, unmapped, was done at this time\nalso. Horse-feed was a difficult problem in this area and trails off the existing road were nil,\nso that it was necessary to cut some 6 miles of horse-trail up the river from the Bend at\nMr. A. B. Trites' ranch (14 miles from Hope). In the early part of August the truck was\ndriven around from Tulameen to Hope and up the existing road 14 miles. The road was so\npoor, however, that it was used but little, and later, when the road camps were started, heavy\nrains made it impossible for transport, supplies being brought in by pack-horse.\nHeavy rains started the first of September and were the cause of continued delay, with just\nan odd day when we could get any work done. On the 15th I decided to break camp as we\nhad completed the Sumallo Aralley, and on the 16th moved the bulk of the equipment down to\nHope by pack-train and discharged half the party. I then returned, packed up the balance of\nthe outfit, and moved back to the head of the Tulameen River, intending to occupy Snass\nMountain, a former triangulation station of Mr. Jackson's. Bad weather continued and after\nwaiting two days, with a fall of snow in the meantime, decided I would be very uncertain of\ngetting the readings wanted, which were to the south-west. The. station was desired to PHOTO-TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY, HOPE-PRINCETON AREA. Z 31\nstrengthen our positions in the south, but was not absolutely necessary. AA'e continued on to\nTulameen, and on the 23rd I sent the packer and horses on their return trip to Ashcroft and\nI went by train to Hope. The next day I brought the truck down from the summit, as the\nroad-gang had improved the road, so that this was possible. On (he 25th I drove to Vancouver,\nshipped across to Nanaimo, and drove down to Alctoria. Next day the truck was turned over\nto the Property Clerk with that portion of the outfit brought along. The balance was turned\nin as it was received by freight.\nGENERAL.\nFor the purpose of description the area done should be divided into two parts\u00E2\u0080\u0094namely,\nUpper Tulameen River and Sumallo River. In the former the base altitudes were from 3,500\nto 5,000 feet, approximately, leaving as a rule very easy climbing. The country, however, was\nmuch broken up, necessitating numerous camera stations. Again, the area was a narrow strip\nbetween the two sections done previously, with few former stations looking into it, so that\nstations were needed along both sides as well as interior stations. All of this slowed down the\nspeed of the work, and in the same length of time, had no other work been done previously,\nwith the same stations, almost double the area could have been mapped. The country has been\nvery badly burned in past years and very little mature green timber remains, although some\nareas are restocking. Much is covered with willows and other scrub. The road from Tulameen\nends at a group of mineral claims in the north-west part of Township 5, Range 23, west of 6th\nmeridian. During June and July this road was being widened and improved for about 6 miles\nout from Tulameen, and from here a logging-road was being constructed northerly up Lawless\nCreek (Bear Creek) for the purpose of hauling out logs from timber limits up that stream.\nBefore the end of the summer, spruce was being hauled by truck from these limits to Tulameen\nand from there shipped by Kettle Aralley Railway to the Nicola Pine Mills at Merritt.\nSpecial mention should be made of the mining activities in this neighbourhood. The\nclaims mentioned before in Township 5, Range 23, west of 6th meridian, are owned in groups\nand constitute what is known as the \" Summit Camp \" and are located mainly on \" Treasure\nMountain.\" Much development-work has been done in past years at this camp, although during\nthe past summer matters were practically dead. The Silver King Mining Company has done\na great deal of work and construction and has employed quite a few men. A small mill was\nbuilt a year or two back and a considerable quantity of concentrates was shipped to Trail.\nTwo other groups worthy of mention are the Eureka and Summit Camp Mines, Limited, whose\noperations have been on a much smaller order. Along the Tulameen River for 12 miles out from\nTulameen a good deal of placer-mining was being done, and all through the district prospectors\nmight be met from time to time.\nDeer and bear are very plentiful about the Upper Tulameen River and many goats were\nseen in high altitudes. Blue grouse are very plentiful. There is a good growth of huckleberries in most parts and the upper part of Kelly Creek is the rendezvous of many berry-\npickers in the season.\nTurning to the Sumallo River ATalley, we at once are in coast country. The valley-floor at\nthe Bailway Belt boundary is about 2,100 feet above sea-level, and at the Sumallo-Nicolum Pass,\nsome 10 miles north-westerly, is about 2,200 feet. The greater part of the area is badly broken,\nwith deep narrow valleys with very steep rugged sides. Here again stations had to lie numerous and were more difficult to reach, in some cases taking six hours of continuous climbing.\nThe slopes were very treacherous owing to much loose rock and some very narrow escapes were\nexperienced. The old Dewdney Trail, built under the supervision of the Royal Engineers, from\nHope, followed the Nicolum River to the summit and then the Sumallo to the Skagit. The\ntrail was built in 1860 and the next year Dewdney & Moberly took contract to make the trail\ninto a wagon-road. This road has been improved from time to time and has been part of the\nHope-Princeton Trail, over which much pack-horse traffic has moved and is still moving. The\nroute of the New Hope-Princeton Road, under construction, follows very closely the old road\nthrough the area. At Mile 14 Mr. A. B. Trites has a large holding of valley-bottom for ranching\npurposes. During the past summer considerable activity was taking place here in improvements, hay-making, and in the sawmill located on the property. AVe are much indebted to\nMr. Trites for courtesies shown while we were in the locality.\nThe Sumallo Aralley shows evidence in parts of fires and in one or two places almost clean\nburn has occurred. The greater part of the valley-bottoms are densely wooded with cedar, Z 32 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nhemlock, and some white pine. Jack-pine and balsam appear as altitude increases, until either\nthe alp-land is reached or steep bare rock-slopes.\nSeveral mining properties are located near Mile 23, in the vicinity of the Railway Belt\nlimit. None of these are being developed at present. The most important, probably the Silver\nDaisy, has done extensive development-work in the past and made small shipments. The ore is\nsilver-lead with a little gold.\nThe Sumallo and Skagit Rivers are full of rainbow and Dolly ATarden trout and are the\nrendezvous of many fishermen in the season. Deer are rather scarce, except in the alp-lands\nin the higher altitudes. Black and brown bear seem numerous and goats are seen high up.\nGrizzlies are also said to be numerous in parts.\nFrom an historical standpoint this part of the country is most interesting, and the efforts,\nas shown in old documents, of the attempts of the Hudson's Bay Company to get trails across\nthe mountains must have been very difficult.\nDuring the season some eighty-eight photographic and triangulation stations were occupied\nand fifty-six dozen plates exposed. The nature of the area necessitated a great deal of moving\nand, at times, over the same ground. An effort was made to sufficiently overlap work already\ndone, so that there should be no discrepancies in the join. The mapping is now being done\nand will be submitted when complete.\nI have, etc.,\nR. D. McCaw, B.C.L.S.\nPHOTO-TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY, QUESNEL PLACER-MINING AREA.\nBy N. C. Stewart.\nVictoria, B.C., December 28th, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit the following report on main mapping control surveys\ncovering portions of Map-sheets Nos. 93 G/S.E. and 93 A/12 of the National Map of Canada, and\nof the extension of the main triangulation (from stations previously established in the vicinity\nof Prince George) southerly through these areas. The portion of Map-sheet 93 G/S.E. controlled\nlies between latitude 53\u00C2\u00B0 00' and 53\u00C2\u00B0 22' and longitude 122\u00C2\u00B0 15' and 122\u00C2\u00B0 45', being approximately 400 square miles in extent. This will be designated the Cottonwood Sheet.\nMap-sheet 93 A/12 lies between latitude 52\u00C2\u00B0 30' and 52\u00C2\u00B0 45' and longitude 121\u00C2\u00B0 30' and 122\u00C2\u00B0.\nControl was obtained over 300 square miles of this area. This will be called the Hydraulic\nSheet.\nMy party was organized in Quesnel .on May 18th. It consisted of two instrument-men, a\npacker, two axemen, and a cook. Two motor-cars, one with a trailer, was provided for transportation. A small rowboat was bought for crossing the streams. Pack-horses were used for\ntwo weeks during August.\nFollowing your instructions, I proceeded with the extension of the main triangulation from\nStations Tabor (geodetic) and Hughes near Prince George, but owing to an exceptionally dry\nspell in May, smoke from forest fires and land-clearing operations became so intense that\ntriangulation-work had to be discontinued.\nOn May 31st Flight-Lieutenant Phinney, of the Photographic Detachment of the R.C.A.F.,\ntook me for a reconnaissance flight over the areas which were being photographed by him and\nwhich will eventually be controlled by our Department. Much valuable information was\nobtained. Fifteen fires were noted during the flight.\nOn June 1st I moved camp up the Quesnel River to a point near the old Hydraulic Mine, where\nthe control of air photographs taken in 1930 was commenced. This work was carried on until\nAugust 12th, when a move to Quesnel was made to again undertake the extension of the triangulation which was started in the spring. The air photographs of the Cottonwood area having\narrived, I proceeded with the control of that area, utilizing the breaks in the weather to proceed\nwith the main triangulation. Field-work was discontinued on October 9th. Seventeen main triangulation stations and eighty-six secondary stations were occupied during the season. Particular attention was given to ties to the cadastral survey (twenty-nine\nlot corners being tied to the triangulation), so that the information contained in the field-notes\non file might be fully utilized. In addition, 54 miles of stadia traverse was made and sixteen\ndozen photos taken with a surveying camera, chiefly to supplement the vertical control. Fifty-\nfive monuments were erected, consisting of twenty standard brass bolts cemented in rock, thirty-\none B.C.L.S. iron bars, and four wooden posts.\nThe air photos controlled consisted of parts of twenty-five flights containing 1,200 photos.\nThe amount of control obtained was considerably denser than in former years; consequently a smaller area was covered.\nThe final returns, which are now being prepared, consist of: (1) A duplicate set of the\nair photographs duly marked with the information gathered in the field; (2) copy of the field-\nnotes; (3) projection sheets, on which all the information in the notes is plotted; (4) an index-\nmap to accompany the field-notes; and (5) a book of latitudes and departures, giving the\nrectangular co-ordinates of the monuments and the control points. These will be forwarded to\nthe Topographical Survey, while the originals will be placed on file here.\nA brief description of the two areas covered by the survey is as follows:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nTHE HYDRAULIC SHEET.\nPhysical Features.\nThis area extends a few miles on either side of the Quesnel River from Quesnel Forks to\nBeavermouth, a distance of about 20 miles, the southerly boundary being about 10 miles south\nof the river and the northerly boundary about 7 miles north. The portion of the area immediately adjoining the river has a mountainous aspect, due to the narrowness and depth of the\nriver-valley. AVhen once on the valley-rim looking south and west the country appears to consist of rolling pine-clad hills, and to the north a broad valley is terminated in a few miles by\nthe Cariboo Mountains. The higher prominences, Beavermouth Mountain and Kangaroo, are\nwell under 5,000 feet altitude. The Quesnel River has several important tributary streams, the\nlargest of which is Beaver Creek. This stream, after entering the area near Beaver Lake Post-\noffice, broadens out into a series of beautiful lakes and is joined about 5 miles above its outlet\nby Beedy Creek. Maud Creek, rising in a picturesque lake of the same name, flows northeasterly through the broad valley already mentioned, and into the Quesnel about 4 miles below\nthe \" Forks.\" The north-westerly portion of this valley drains into tributaries of the Cottonwood River.\nForests.\nThe whole area is wooded; the present forest consists chiefly of reproduction lodgepole pine\nand spruce. The remains of large Douglas fir, spruce, and cedar are found almost everywhere,\nshowing that before the coming of the miners this area supported a large stand of commercial\ntimber. Some remnants of this old stand are still found, notably in places in close proximity\nto the Quesnel River and in a rather large stand south of a line joining Polley and Morehead\nLakes. This latter stand contains commercial fir, spruce, cedar, and balsam, some of the trees\nreaching 5 feet in diameter. Quite a large percentage of this timber is overmature and most\nof the cedar is hollow. A detailed description of this stand may be obtained from the Forest\nBranch.\nMinerals.\nSince 1858 the Quesnel River and its tributaries have all been worked for placer gold.\nThere was a revival in the mining activity of this section during the past year. Hydraulic\noperations were carried on at the famous Bullion Mine, but the results were discouraging.\nA company was operating at Rose Gulch and another was making extensive preparations to\nopen up the hydraulic workings near the mouth of Morehead Creek. Single miners and miners\nin groups of two to four were seen \" rocking \" on many of the bars of the Quesnel River and\n' new prospect-holes were encountered continually throughout the district. A party of young men\nwas sluicing gold on a small creek north-west of Kangaroo Mountain. At the \" Forks \" a few\nwhite men and some Chinamen were working the leases near the old townsite. A great number\nof these miners were from outside, having reached the diggings mostly in old \" flivvers \" loaded\n3 ,\nZ 34 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\ndown with the necessary equipment and supplies, a much easier way than that of the early\nminers, who carried their outfits on their own backs. It appears from my inquiries that the\ngold-output of the average miner was around $2 per day. These men lived very simply, obtaining meat and fish off the country, their expenses amounting to about $10 per month, which\nincluded purchase of the \" Quick \" to retrieve the gold from the black sand. Many of these\nminers prepared to winter in the mining country.\nIn the sixties this district was thoroughly covered and the remains of the placer-workings\nare seen everywhere. However, the gold content of the bars is renewed to some extent by the\nspring freshets, which are continuously breaking down gravel-banks too poor to work by man.\nIn some places this action of nature is aided, the operation being known as \" feeding the bars.\"\nGame.\nDeer, moose, and bear (black and brown) were very plentiful last season. Fur-bearing\nanimals seen included beaver, bear, muskrat, mink, coyote, and squirrels. AArillow-grouse, spruce-\npartridge, and rabbits were also plentiful. Excellent trout-fishing was found in Polley and\nMorehead Lakes, and no doubt there is good fishing in most of the other lakes in the district.\nThe whole area is thoroughly covered by trap-lines.\nClimate.\nThe field season started out with a dry spell which ended during the second week of June\nand was followed by a very wet summer. Rain fell on sixty-two days, the downpours being\nunusually heavy. Roads, where not gravelled, were rendered almost impassable. The highest\nnoon temperature recorded was 86\u00C2\u00B0 and the lowest 47\u00C2\u00B0. Judging from the density of the forest-\ncover and undergrowth, there is apparently considerable rainfall here each summer, and a large\nsnowfall, giving an abundant annual precipitation.\nAccessibility.\nThe motor-road from AVilliams Lake to Likely traverses the southerly part of this map-\nsheet. A road forks from it at Hydraulic Post-office, going down the Quesnel River to the town\nof Quesnel; this road is not in good condition and becomes almost impassable after the heavy\nrains which are so prevalent in this section of the Province. Another road, with a rather steep\ngradient, connects with Quesnel Forks and the Bullion Mine. The road into Polley Lake can\nbe travelled almost to the south end of the lake, where a wagon-trail continues easterly to a\nhunting-lodge on Quesnel Lake. The local roads to Chambers and Joan Lakes and along Beedy\nCreek are very poor. The road constructed by the old Hydraulic Mining Company at 20-Mile\nCreek is now almost obliterated. All the old pack-trails are grown over and covered with windfalls, with the exception of the Maud Creek Trail from Quesnel Forks, which has been kept\nopen by trappers.\nSettlement.\nQuesnel Forks, or the \" Forks,\" as it is known locally, was a town of considerable size in\nthe sixties, for it was the headquarters for large numbers of miners operating in every direction\nfrom it. Now it is but a ghost town, consisting of one store run by Chinese and a few residences\noccupied by white miners, the remainder of the buildings being empty and going to ruin. There\nare post-offices at Beaver Lake, Hydraulic, and Quesnel Forks. A few farms and ranches are\nlocated on Beedy and Beaver Creeks and three along the Quesnel River. The Government\ntelephone is located along the road to Likely.\nTHE COTTONAVOOD AREA.\nPhysical Features.\nThis area lies to the north of the town of Quesnel and on both sides of the Fraser River.\nIt includes about 20 miles of the Cottonwood River. It is mostly rolling plateau, cut up by the\nFraser and Cottonwood Rivers, which are approximately 600 feet below the general level of the\ncountry. Other streams worth mentioning are the Ahbau, which drains Ahbau Lake and is a\ntributary of the Cottonwood, and Canyon Creek, which flows north-westerly into the Fraser near\nHixon. That portion of the area between the Fraser and Canyon Creek and north of the\nCottonwood is rough and rolling, the ridges being mostly gravel, but in a few places rock in PHOTO-TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY, QUESNEL PLACER-MINING AREA. Z 35\nplace. The highest point in this section is 3,100 feet above sea-level. Near Canyon Creek the\nland becomes more level and the soil improves, and several good farms are located there. The\ngeneral aspect of the country between the Cottonwood and the town of Quesnel is much the same,\nexcept that a larger percentage of the land contains better soil and is therefore more suited to\nagriculture.\nForests.\nAlthough forest fires have been prevalent and have destroyed immense quantities of timber,\nthere still remain in this area several stands of good timber. The largest of these is found north\nof the Cottonwood River and between the surveyed portion and the Fraser River. West of\nAhbau Creek and north of the Cottonwood there still is a large stand of merchantable timber,\nalthough a portion has been logged. In Lots 8641, 8642, and 8643 there is some good fir and\nspruce. Between Mouse Mountain Lookout and the Cottonwood River there is also a fair stand\nof merchantable timber. The principal trees are spruce, fir, and pine.\nMinerals.\nHere also many placer-miners were seen working the gravel-bars of the Fraser and its tributaries. Such activity had not been seen for a great many years. The orderly piles of gravel\nand stones now partly overgrown by brush still stand as a monument to the work of the early\nminers, and create a plausible background for the stories of the millions in gold-dust recovered\nin the early days. An outfit was working the Tertiary gravels exposed at the lower end of\nthe Cottonwood Canyon and another was developing the diatomaceous earth outcrop which is\nlocated at the big bend in the Fraser, about 8 miles above the town of Quesnel.\nGame.\nSimilar to Hydraulic area.\nClimate.\nSimilar to Hydraulic area; possibly a little drier.\nAccessibility.\nThe Cariboo Highway leading to Prince George runs due north through this area from the\ntown of Quesnel. The road to Barkerville crosses the sheet hear its south boundary, and the\nroad to the Nazko country crosses the Fraser over a splendid highway bridge at Quesnel and\nproceeds westerly through the southerly part of the area. These are good roads. The old\nhighway to Prince George via the Blackwater has not been kept in good condition, but one can\nget as far as the Blackwater River with a car. The district is served by many branch roads\nthat are not very suitable for motor transportation. Very little traffic was seen on the Fraser\nRiver, which, not so many years ago, was the main artery for the whole country to the north.\nSettlement.\nThe town of Quesnel, although not in the area being mapped, is the distributing-point for\nthe district. It is a complete little town with all modern facilities. It has two good hotels,\na bank, numerous stores, churches, schools, Government offices, and a creamery. It is the\npresent terminus of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway and is connected with all parts of the\ncountry by good motor-roads and by Government telephone.\nThe settlement extends in every direction from Quesnel and nearly all the land suitable for\nagricultural purposes has been alienated. The main crops are hay and grain, but good root-\ncrops are also obtained. The country is most suited to mixed farming, for there is always a\nready sale for cream and meat.\nContinued activity in mining is expected in the Cariboo country. These districts will support a larger agricultural population when more intensive methods of farming are required to\nmeet the demands of new and larger markets.\nI have, etc.,\nN. C. Stewart, B.C.L.S. Z 36 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nTRIANGULATION, WEST COAST OP VANCOUVER ISLAND.\nBy W. J. II. Holmes.\nVictoria; B.C., October 31st, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I beg to report that, in accordance with your instructions, I have during the past\nseason completed a triangulation tie between Sydney Inlet and Nootka Sound, thus closing the\ngap between extensive triangulation nets south and north of those points.\nI commenced on Sydney Inlet, carrying forward from my survey of 1930, and from stations\non the wide part of the inlet jumped directly to the mountain-tops, and after the use of seven\nmountain stations dropped into Muchalat Arm and tied to the triangulation net there established\nby me in 1925.\nI also completed a triangulation to the head of Sydney Inlet for the purposes of topography\nand to tie to Indian Reserve No. 29, to which are tied the several timber-limit surveys in the\nvalley to the north.\nThe country is all mountainous, with altitudes up to 4,000 feet, and I saw no agricultural\npossibilities. The valleys and mountain-sides are all heavily timbered with hemlock, cedar,\nspruce, and fir, practically all of which is covered by surveyed timber licences.\nInaccessibility is a striking feature; there are no trails and travel is slow and extremely\ndifficult. Scarcity of game of any kind was particularly noticeable. This locality seemed to be\nthis year infested by cougar, trails of which I saw everywhere, and the deer had apparently\nleft for other parts.\nAny further remarks appear to be unnecessary, as the ground has been so often covered in\nprevious reports.\nI have, etc.,\nAV. J. H. Holmes, B.C.L.S.\nGEODETIC SURVEY, NORTHERLY VANCOUVER ISLxlND.\nBy H. E. AVhyte.\nA'ictoria, B.C., October 28th, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094Acting on your instructions of August 5th, I proceeded to Englewood with one man,\nand first of all visited the Elizabeth and Georgina Geodetic Stations on Gilford Island. At both\nthese points a lot of very heavy clearing was necessary, as the vistas already cut were very\nnarrow, being used for night-light signals only, and, in addition, several new vistas had to be\ncleared. This work took longer than was anticipated, but during the time it was being carried\nout the weather was not favourable for reading angles in any case. A large tripod signal\ncovered with white cloth was erected at each of the above stations.\nA large cairn was then erected on the north end of the Franklin Range to the south-west of\nRobson Bight. Angles were read on this cairn subsequently, but the station was not occupied\nowing to the fact that Messrs. Campbell and Jackson had read on a station about IV2 miles\nfarther south, and in order to get closing angles I used their station instead.\nThe following stations were occupied during the season: Elizabeth, Georgina, Franklin\n(Jackson's), Palmerston, Karmutsen, and angles were read to numbers of signals set by the\ntwo above-mentioned surveyors.\nMuch delay was caused by bad weather, especially during the time I was trying to read\nangles from Franklin. Hence it was too late in the season to attempt the second part of the\nprogramme\u00E2\u0080\u0094namely, setting a cairn on Victoria Peak.\nI regret that owing to the above conditions this work was not carried out in a shorter time.\nI have, etc.,\nH- E. Whyte, B.C.L.S. SURVEYS IN CHILCOTIN AREA.\nBy D. M. MacKay.\nVictoria, B.C., December 31st, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit the following report on the surveys made by me for your\nDepartment in the Chilcotin area of Cariboo District during the past season:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nMy work consisted of the survey of sixteen lots and the necessary connecting traverse ties.\nEight of these parcels are situated in that area north of Alexis Creek Post-office lying between\nthe outlet of Tautri Lake and the headwaters of Narcosli Creek, one in the vicinity of Redstone\nPost-office, and seven in what is locally known as the \" Brush meadows,\" Chezacut.\nInstead of organizing a regular survey party, I carried out the work with the assistance of\ntwo men, and because of the localities in which the surveys fell, the transport, equipment, and\nsupplies could be limited to the bare needs of the work to ensure moves being made with freedom\nand expedition. Reports of former years having covered the main characteristics of the area\nin general, my remarks are confined to the parcels surveyed and immediate surrounding lands.\nOn August 16th I established my camp on the east bank of a small stream running northerly\nthrough Lot 10267, from which I laid out Lots 10268 and 10269, areas of meadow and pasture\nland suitable for stock-raising. Nearly all the meadow acreage of these parcels can be flooded\nby the waters of Tautri Lake, which draws its main supply from a large spring creek having its\nrise in the swampy areas immediately to the east of Lot 7142. The westerly portion of Tautri\nLake is gradually assuming' a sluggish appearance, numerous water-plants, grasses, and weeds\nand accumulations of decayed vegetation cover its surface, and in midsummer its flow is hardly\nperceptible. A new bridge 250 feet long, situated about 10 chains east of the south-east corner\nof Lot 10268, provides access to the easterly side of the lakes. This bridge as well as the old\none it replaces was built by Indian Long Johnnie and required much time and labour to construct.\nOn August 20th I moved southerly a distance of 5 miles to the outlet of a small lake to\nsurvey Lots 10270, 10271, and 10272. These parcels contain small wild-hay meadows and tracts\ncovered with patches of low willows and grass, suitable as pasture or late fall range. The\nsurrounding land is uneven, with numerous grassy flats and runways; low gravelly hummocks\noccur to the east and west, while to the south the land rises gradually in a succession of narrow\nbenches to an altitude of 600 feet above the small lake referred to. Northerly to Tautri Lake\nthe country is generally undulating, with occasional low stony ridges. In this area there are\nnumerous small meadows, willow-swamps, and glades, which provide considerable late fall feed\nfor stock. The forest-cover is mostly pine interspersed with clumps of poplar and scattered\nspruce, wide tracts of which have escaped the ravages of fire.\nThe area is served by a rough wagon-road which runs in a general northerly direction from\nAlexis Creek Post-office to Helwig's ranch, a distance of 40 miles. Nearly all the suitable land\nalong and in close proximity to this road has now been surveyed.\nMy next work necessitated a move by a somewhat circuitous route by way of the Anahim\nIndian meadows and Pelican (Stum) Lake to the headwaters of Narcosli Creek, to survey an\nacreage of wild-hay meadow and pasture land used by Dan Lee, of Hanceville. This parcel,\nwhich was given No. 10273, embraces good meadow acreage on both sides of Narcosli Creek,\nthe yield from which is heavy and of good quality.\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 In the spring of 1930 the Alexis Creek-Pelican Lake AAragon-road was improved and\nextended northerly to Narcosli Creek. The new road has been fairly well located and can\nwithout great expense be made passable for light cars. The country traversed by this road is\ngenerally undulating, with scattered low, gravelly ridges; the forest-cover is mostly small pine\nand spruce, and is particularly dense along the lakes and bordering the numerous meadows,\nrunways, and marshes which form the pasture and grazing acreage of the area.\nThe survey of Lots 10274 and 10275 brought the work in the area north of Alexis Creek\nPost-office to a close. These parcels are situated in the vicinity of Lot 9504 and cover small\nwild-hay meadows and land mainly suitable for use as pasture. I explored the country for a\nfew miles to the north of Lot 10275 especially with a view to the examination of some small\nmeadows wanted by Indian Alexander, of the Anahim Indians, but found these meadows,\nalthough used by this Indian, to be of insufficient size and value to warrant survey. Z 38 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nAVith the exception of Lot 10273, the above surveys cover lands claimed and being used by\nthe Anahim Indians.\nREDSTONE AND CHEZACUT.\nOn September 13th I commenced moving to the Boyde Ranch at Chezacut and on the following day reached Redstone, where I closed in the vacant area of the Crown lying between\nLots 8960 and 9142 and gave same No. 10276.\nRedstone, which has a post-office and good general store, has a weekly mail service and is\non the AVilliams Lake-Bella Coola Telegraph Line.\nThe remaining seven surveys were made for Redstone and Chezacut settlers desirous of\nincreasing their holdings, and fall in two groups in what is known throughout Chilcotin as the\n\" Brush meadows,\" an extensive acreage of slightly undulating land forming part of the Chezacut\nSettlement. The area is well suited for the raising of beef cattle for market and nearly all\nthe settlers are engaged in this industry. Cattle shipments from Chezacut continue to show a\nsteady increase, and, despite the prevailing low prices for beef, herds are being increased and\nlands generally improved, especially with a view to greater hay production.\nThe Chezacut Settlement is reached by a good road from Redstone which runs northwesterly for about 28 miles, terminating at the Maxwell Ranch. Good branch roads, all passable\nfor light cars, lead off from the main road to the various ranches. Chezacut has a semimonthly mail service; the post-office is located at Mr. Mulvahill's ranch.\nGENERAL.\nThe Indians of the district informed me that their returns from trapping continue to show\na steady decrease and that this one-time extensive business no longer provides a livelihood for\nthem. These people are becoming more and more dependent on other ways of making a living;\nsome are now engaged in cattle-raising in a small way, while others are employed from time to\ntime throughout the year by white settlers.\nAlexis Creek has a number of new residences and other improvements and is gradually\ntaking on the appearance of a village.\nAVilliams Lake is the nearest town; freight and mail for the various Chilcotin settlements\nis handled by motor-trucks from this progressive centre.\nMuch rain fell during our stay in the area, delaying considerably the harvesting of hay and\nother fodder-crops.\nI have, etc.,\nD. M. MacKay, B.C.L.S.\nMISCELLANEOUS SURVEYS NEAR PRINCE GEORGE.\nBy J. A. F. Campbell.\nPrince George, B.C., October 16th, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I beg to report as follows, on the resurvey of a small area adjacent to the Fraser\nRiver and opposite the month of the A\Tillow River, Cariboo District:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nPart of the survey consisted of surveying into smaller lots two timber limits that had been\nlogged off, while the balance of the work was relocating posts that had been destroyed by fire.\nMost of the area surveyed had been burned over some years ago, the fire being especially\nsevere on the north side of the Salmon River and extending west from the Fraser River to the\n. main Prince George-Summit Lake Road, some 7 miles in length and 3 miles in depth.\nThe two timber limits in question have been logged over and the slash and any small standing timber were burnt by the fire, leaving some very excellent agricultural land, practically ready\nfor cultivation after the stumps are removed.\nThe land outside the timber limits was just as badly burnt, but, as the timber was all\nstanding during the fire, the windfalls, though easy to clear, make travelling across country\nsomewhat difficult. SURVEYS IN PEACE RIVER BLOCK. Z 39\nMost of the land surveyed lies about 50 feet above the Fraser and may be classified as bottom\nland, as it occupies an old channel of the river. Gravel shows in a few places, but as a whole\nthe soil is a rich river-silt.\nNowhere is the timber heavy. Most of the timber is burnt clear or else is fire-killed and\nlying in windfall. Evidently many years before the more recent fire parts of the area were\nburnt over, and these patches have reproduced with poplar, at present having an average\ndiameter of about 3 inches.\nA road leaving the Prince George-Summit Lake Highway near the bridge crossing of the\nSalmon River is now being built towards the Fraser River and will traverse the southern part\nof the area surveyed. Across the Fraser and 2 miles east lies the town of Willow River, and\nuntil the road mentioned is completed the easiest way to reach the area is by road from that\ntown, though there is the disadvantage of crossing the Fraser River.\nThe C.P.R. survey from the Peace River, completed last year, passes through the locality\nand a suitable bridge crossing was found just below Lot, 4974. Added to the excellent quality\nof the land are the two factors of a motor-road and a projected railway, and no doubt all three\nhave made the area very attractive to the dozen or more settlers who have located there during\nthe past year.\nI have, etc.,\nJ. A. F. Campbell, B.C.L.S.\nSURVEYS IN PEACE RIVER BLOCK.\nBy John Elliott.\nVancouver, B.C., January 4th, 1932.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit the following general report on my surveys of the past\n' season as carried out under your instructions of May 26th, 1931:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nIn order to have a car always available in ease it was found possible to utilize same in\nconnection with my work, I drove from Vancouver to Fort St. John. A stop was made at\nEdmonton to secure a supply of Dominion standard survey posts, and after an uneventful trip\nPouce Coupe was reached on the evening of June 3rd. The next morning, after an interview\nwith the Government Agent and the heads of various departments, the trip was continued to\nFort St. John, which became headquarters for the season.\nExamination of the report of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway resources survey of 1930\nindicated three areas which seemed suitable for survey operations. First, an area north of\nFort St. John and close to the north boundary of the Block; second, an area to the westward\naround the forks of Cache Creek ; and, third, the country east of the Beatton River. After due\nconsideration of the trend of settlement, the cost of providing access, and utilities, the first of\nthese areas was selected as most suitable for survey at the present time, and Mr. Burden and\nMr. Cran commenced work in that district, a detailed description of which should appear in\ntheir reports.\nBefore proceeding with a particular description of any definite areas it is perhaps well to\ninsert the following few remarks descriptive of the country as a whole: It is generally a\nrolling plateau, becoming rougher as it approaches the mountains to the west, and deeply gashed\nby the valleys of the Peace and its tributary rivers and creeks. The soil is generally a clay\nloam on deep clay subsoil and would seem capable of producing very good crops of grain. The\ncovering is usually a light to medium stand of poplar, interspersed with areas of spruce and\ntamarack and of the so-called muskeg. These muskegs as far as noticed consist of deposits of\npeat and muck in shallow depressions in the clay and seldom exceed 2 feet in depth, and when\nthe adjacent land is cleared and cultivated they will have a tendency to dry up and become\ncapable of cultivation. At the moment they have considerable value as reservoirs to conserve\nthe moisture falling as snow or rain. Summer feed for stock is plentiful, wild grasses, peavine,\nand vetch growing more or less abundantly over the whole area, but no winter range was\nnoticed. It does not seem that any part of this country was ever true prairie. It at one time\nprobably carried a fairly heavy and uniform stand of spruce which has been destroyed by forest Z 40 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nfires. These fires, often recurring, have not only prevented the reproduction of the spruce, but\nhave prevented the rapidly growing poplar from maturing over any large area. The clean burns\nof recent date form the open lands of to-day. Practically all the open land which is accessible\nhas been surveyed and taken up, so that any extensive settlement from now on must be in the\npoplar. But, as experience has proved that poplar-covered land when cleared by man-power is\noften more productive than that cleared by fire, legitimate settlement by bona-fide home-seekers\nshould not be greatly retarded.\nAs your instructions were to survey as many as possible of the squatters who were in\noccupation prior to the reversion of these lands to the Province, investigation was made as to\ntheir whereabouts. It was found that those north of the Peace River lay in two rather compact\nbut widely separated groups\u00E2\u0080\u0094one group around the forks of Cache Creek in the westerly portion\nof the Block and the other adjoining the Alberta boundary a short distance north of the Peace\nRiver; and arrangements were made to survey these in the order mentioned.\nFive parcels were surveyed in Township 85, Range 22, thirteen in Township 85 and five in\nTownship 86, Range 23. Twelve squatters were found in actual occupation and three others,\nthough absent at the time of survey, had erected dwellings and no doubt expected to return.\nAs most of them had located hut a year ago, the amount of land prepared for cultivation was\nnot very great. An exception to this must be noted in the case of the South-east Quarter of\nSection 18, Township 85, Range 23. The settler on this quarter, who has resided there for\nseveral years, had about 40 acres of very nice-looking oats. These lands lie in the narrow\nvalleys of the forks of Cache Creek or on the slopes of the pronounced ridges which separate\nthem. They have a light and scattered stand of poplar with extensive openings and carry a\nvery good growth of wild grasses, vetch, and peavine, providing very good summer range for\nstock. Although feed for a long winter would have to be grown and stored, it would seem that\nthis district is better suited for stock-raising than for any other purpose. The soil is a uniformly\ngood clay loam on deep clay subsoil. AVater can be obtained from the forks of Cache Creek,\nalthough in some places it is difficult of access, and a few springs occur over the area. This\ndistrict may be reached from Fort St. John over the old wagon-trail which extends to Hudson\nHope in conjunction with roughly constructed branches leaving same at the mouth of Cache\nCreek and at the mouth of Halfway River. The completion of the highway from Fort St. John\nto Hudson Hope, which I believe is now under construction, will improve this means of communication to some extent. It is probable that sufficient land suitable for settlement could be\nobtained here to occupy one survey party for a season, but until the means of access is improved\nit is doubtful whether further settlement should be encouraged.\nThe second group of squatters dealt with lie in Townships 82 and 83, Range 13, and in\nTownship 82, Range 14, just north of the breaks of the Peace and close to the Alberta boundary.\nTwenty-five quarter-sections were surveyed here, of which nineteen were claimed by squatters.\nThis is a very gently rolling country with a slight general rise to the north. It is comparatively\nopen, the poplar being very light and scattered. There is a very fair growth of wild grasses,\nvetch, and peavine. The soil is a heavy clay and will probably produce very good grain-crops.\nWater is scarce. It was found difficult to find even enough to supply the survey camp in\nAugust. At present this district is in closer touch with the settlements south of the river than\nit is with Fort St. John. By crossing the river to Rolla Landing it is possible to reach Rolla\nand the railway by motor-car, whereas the trip by wagon to Fort St. John is a long roundabout\n. one, over a very poor road which is passable only under favourable conditions. A ferry across\nthe Peace in this neighbourhood would render this district comparatively easy of access and\nwould draw into British Columbia considerable trade from the settlement immediately adjoining\nin Alberta. Examination of the lands west of the Alces River would probably reveal some\nsuitable for settlement, but not to any very great extent.\nOne squatter was surveyed at the point where the old Dunvegan Trail crosses the Alces\nRiver, in the North-east Quarter of Section 33, Township 84, Range 14. This quarter, though\nbadly broken by the river-valley, is very useful as a home-site and watering-place in conjunction\nwith the operation of leased lands adjoining.\nSix parcels were surveyed on the north side of the Pine River in Townships 81 and 82,\nRange 20. These places lie on level benches several hundred feet below the general elevation\nof the plateau and have been occupied for many years. The occupants have quite an area under\ncultivation and carry considerable stock. The soil is usually clay, except along the river where SURVEYS IN PEACE RIVER BLOCK. Z 41\nsand predominates. AVater is always abundant in the Pine River and numerous springs are\nfound over the area. They are reached by a rough wagon-trail from the mouth of the Pine\nRiver, which enters the Peace just above the highway ferry crossing. This ferry at certain\ntimes of the day will cross the Pine and so afford communication with the settlements on either\nside of the Peace. In the surveys here the township system was dropped, as owing to the shape\nof the various improvements and owing to the distance from the nearest base-line it was not\nconsidered suitable or economical. The same will apply to the survey of the remaining squatters\nsouth of the Peace, as they all seem to be on small areas along the rivers isolated from each\nother and nearly always at some distance from the nearest control-lines.\nAVith the exception of such cases as those mentioned in the last paragraph, the Dominion\nthird system as followed this summer has many admirable qualities. It renders the identification of any particular parcel of land very easy. It is familiar to and well liked by the majority\nof intending settlers and the standard posts with pits and mound make a splendid monument,\nbut is best adapted to the survey of large areas and is not well suited to the survey of small\nselected parcels, where its rigid application would probably divide the usable land suitable for\none holding among perhaps four sections and break it up with useless road allowances.\nI have, etc.,\nJohn Elliott, B.C.L.S.\nSURVEYS IN PEACE RIVER BLOCK.\nBy E. H. Burden.\nPrince George, B.C., March 10th, 1932.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to submit the following report of my surveys in the Peace River\nBlock, north of Fort St. John, during the months of July and August, 1931:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nLeaving Prince George on Tuesday, June 15th, I proceeded via Edmonton and Pouce Coupe\nto Fort St. John, where I organized my party, consisting of a picketman, chainman, cook, packer,\nand four axemen, all of whom were engaged locally.\nWe left Fort St. John by truck and car on an excellent graded road which we followed for\nabout 20 miles, at which point we transferred our supplies and equipment to two wagons, reaching the settlement of Rose Prairie, 26 miles north from Fort St. John, the same evening. The\nnext morning we travelled by team another 6 miles, where we transferred to pack-horses,\nfollowing an old trail northerly for another 5 miles, where we made our first camp in the centre\nof Section 9, Township 88, Range IS; at that time unsurveyed. Here we started our surveys,\nspending the next two months working in a northerly and westerly direction; completing the\nsurvey of nine sections in the South-west Quarter of Township 88, Range 18, as well as fifteen\nin the East Half of Township 88, Range 19.\nOf these twenty-four sections, about ten in the southerly portion of the work were considerably below the standard of the average land in the Peace River Block, there being large areas\nof swamp intermixed with strips of excellent bottom land with rich loam soil, the whole,\nhowever, being covered with a fairly heavy stand of spruce and poplar, 6 to 12 inches in\ndiameter, making the clearing very difficult.\nAs we worked north, and especially in Range 19, the country improved considerably,\nbecoming more open, with a rich growth of various native grasses and peavine. Here, however,\nthe water-supply may constitute a serious problem, as there are no creeks or springs and no\nsurface water after the middle of July. I believe that in a good many of the quarter-sections\nwater would be found at no great depth if wells were dug, but as yet this has not been attempted\nin the neighbourhood.\nI completed the survey of two sections adjoining the north boundary of the Peace River\nBlock, and as the land is already surveyed for another 5 miles north of that point, there is now\nground available for at least 300 families in this neighbourhood, extending to the Blueberry\nRiver. In 1930 the Canadian Pacific Railway engineers surveyed a line through here, and when Z 42 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nthis road is completed I expect to see this area one of the most valuable in the Block; it being\npractically level throughout and, on the whole, has a better water-supply. There yet remains\na large area of excellent land to be surveyed both east and west of the northerly portion of my\nwork. There are at present two means of access to this district\u00E2\u0080\u0094the first by car to Rose\nPrairie, then by a good trail to the easterly sections, or by car to Section 18, Township 87, Range\n19, known locally as the \" Hold-up,\" and then by an excellent trail north to the Blueberry River.\nThe nearest schools are at Section 15, Township 87, Range 18; at Rose Prairie in Section 3,\nTownship 87, Range 18; and at Montagneuse in Section 12, Township 87, Range 19.\nOn my way back to Fort St. John during the first week of September, I surveyed Sections\n36 and 25, Township 86, Range 20, as there were four families of squatters settled on this land\nalready, with considerable work done. This land is on the Montagneuse (Fort St. John) Creek\nand accessible by car from Fort St. John.\nI returned to Fort St. John on Saturday, September 5th, where the party disbanded.\nI have, etc.,\nE. H. Burden, B.C.L.S.\nSURVEYS IN PEACE RIVER BLOCK.\nBy Duncan Cran.\nFort St. John, B.C., October 1st, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094Herewith is report covering the area surveyed by me in the Peace River Block.\nSITUATION AND ACCESS.\nThis area, which consists of Sections 19-21, part of 25, 26-35, and N.W. %, 36, Township 87,\nRange 18, and Sections 22-27 and 34-36, Township 87, Range 19, west of the 6th meridian, is\nsituated 21 miles due north of Fort St. John and extends from the Beatton (or North Pine)\nRiver westwards for 8 miles. By highway, which is at present graded for 22 miles out of Fort\nSt. John, the distance is 29 miles. A road running straight north from Fort St. John, the grading\nof which has commenced, would cut this distance down 5 or 6 miles. A car can be driven from\nFort St. John to within about a mile of the area in dry weather. From there on access to the\narea is by way of wagon-trails and a pack-trail which runs north-westerly through it, passing\nthe cabin of the only settler in the area in the extreme south-east. An old trail follows Whisky\nCreek from Rose Prairie into the centre of the area, and a well-beaten pack-trail leads from the\nHold-up Settlement, in the Montney Valley, north-easterly through the north-west corner. Rose\nPrairie, which is the nearest settlement, is 3 miles south. There is a post-office and school here,\nwith another school a little north of it just opened.\nCLIMATE.\nA record of the climate (a diagram of which is herewith attached) taken between June 15th\nand September 3rd shows the lowest temperature on June 28th, being 3\u00C2\u00B0 ofr frost. The mercury\ndropped below the freezing-point on June 27th and 2Sth, July 1st, 11th, and 15th, and on August\n5th and 6th. A maximum of 80\u00C2\u00B0 was recorded, in the shade of the woods, on July 8th and 20th\nand on August 1st, the average maximum temperature being 70\u00C2\u00B0 in the shade. The heaviest\nrains were in June and rain occurred several times during the period. Electric storms occurred\nonce each month, but were not of a serious character. The winters in this district are featured\nby Chinook winds, which at times lay the ground bare of snow, of which, generally speaking,\nthere is not a heavy fall. This district does not experience as severe winters as many districts\nmuch farther south, although there are short periods of extreme cold. The prevailing wind is\nfrom the south-west and there is a considerable amount of wind in the district. Serious\nblizzards do not occur and occurrences of hail are seldom of a serious nature. In regard to\nsummer frosts, it would appear that the area being described compares favourably with the\nmore settled areas to the south. SURVEYS IN PEACE RIVER BLOCK. Z 43\nSOIL.\nOn an average there is a covering of 5 inches of loam over a subsoil of clay. Nearer the\nBeatton River the clay is of a sticky or \" gumbo \" nature, while the western part has a clay\nsubsoil of a lighter nature. In two or three sections in the south-west corner the clay is\ngravelly or stony.\nTIMBER.\nThe largest patch of spruce timber, which runs up to about 18 inches in diameter, is found\nto the east of the centre of the area and covers between 800 and 900 acres. This timber has been\nlogged to some extent for house-logs. There are much smaller patches of such timber scattered\nthroughout the area, and this timber is a great asset to new settlers. At different periods, some\nquite recently, fires have run through the area, with a resultant variety of forest-covering.\nA considerable part of the land between the patch of timber above mentioned and the Beatton\nRiver consists of brule, the second growth of poplar having been killed by fire and another\ngrowth of poplar and willow appearing. There are no large areas of open land except that held\nby the settler referred to. Along Whisky Creek there are small patches of semi-open country\nand ground-birch. Generally speaking, the area is covered by poplar of an average diameter of\n4 or 5 inches, intermingled with willow, spruce, and birch, some Cottonwood, and jack-pine, and\ntamarack in the swampy areas.\nUNDERGROAVTH.\nThe undergrowth consists of high-bush cranberry and soapberry bushes (the former growing\nin profusion in many places), rose-bushes, fireweed, peavine, and grass. In the small, semi-open\nareas along some of the creeks, such as Whisky Creek, there is feed for a limited number of\nhorses.\nAVATER.\nThe great supply of water for this area during the dry season (from the middle of July)\nis in the spruce-swamps, which are not properly muskegs, as there is a clay bottom below 2 to 3\nfeet of moss and peaty material. This moss is saturated with water. The following notes,\ntaken in reference to a pit dug in one of these swamps in the south-west part of the area, show\nthe nature of these swamps and their value as water-reservoirs: August 15th, 1 foot of moss,\n1 foot of peaty substance (4 to 6 inches of which is frozen), 2 inches of ashes and charcoal,\nclay subsoil. August 21st, good water in pit 12 inches below surface of moss. August 23rd,\nwater fallen 2 inches. On July 14th, in the spruce-swamp in the centre of Section 28-87-18, on\nprobing through the moss it was found to be frozen 16 inches below the surface. On July 28th\na similar, condition was found in another spruce-swamp. The spruce in these swamps are about\n4 inches in diameter and are more or less -scattered. A creek which flows from one of these\nswamps in the western part of the area had ceased to run by August 20th, but there were pools\nof good water in it on September 3rd. At this time the water in AVhisky Creek had practically\nceased to flow (at this latitude). There are several small creeks throughout the area which dry\nup in July, hut in many cases there are opportunities of cheaply constructing dams to conserve\nthe water. There is one lake in this area, 28 acres in extent, near the south-west corner, and\nan examination proved that water was still flowing south from it on August 23rd.\nCLEARING.\nCompared with the land that was first taken up by settlers in the Fort St. John District,\nthis area presents a more difficult proposition to clear, but a judicious use of controlled burning\nwould in most cases do a great part of the work. In regard to this, although the forest-growth\npresents difficulty in bringing the land under cultivation, complete or uncontrolled burning-off\nof the latter would not be wise, as belts of trees would act as wind-breaks and serve to conserve\nmoisture (and, as has been noted, there is a considerable amount of wind in the district). Also,\nit is reasonable to suppose, the supply of water in the swamps would fall off following too widespread clearing. Generally speaking, stumps can be uprooted without the use of powder.\nAGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES.\nThe greater part of this area can be brought under cultivation and no doubt could grow\ncrops as any other in. the district, and mixed farming, which is so often advocated for the\ndistrict in general, should apply here. The supply of water, when stock-raising is considered, Z 44 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nwould be a valuable asset. The matter of clearing has been discussed above, and although it\npresents difficulties in this area, the amount of open or prairie land still unalienated is very\nlimited throughout the whole district, and if the country keeps on receiving new settlers the\narea being described will soon be taken up.\nADJACENT INDUSTRIES.\nA portable sawmill is being operated at Hold-up, about 3 miles west of the area, obtaining\nits logs from the Blueberry timber to the north, and a small stationary sawmill is operating\n16 miles to the south on Charlie Lake, obtaining its logs close by. At Fort St. John an up-to-date\nflour-mill of fifty barrels capacity is now under construction. This will be a market for some\nof the excellent wheat that is grown in this district. Farming is quite well advanced and the\ncrops of grain and vegetables are heavy for the areas sown. Horses, cattle, and hogs are\nsuccessfully raised.\nWILD LIFE.\nThere are a fair number of moose, deer, and bear and numerous prairie-chicken, while, this\nyear, rabbits are in great numbers. A flock of mallards was seen on the small lake mentioned\nand muskrats were seen swimming there. A trap-line was found in the woods, attesting to the\npresence of other fur-bearing animals.\nELEVATION AND CONTOUR.\nThe elevation is approximately between 2,300 and 2,400 feet above sea-level and about 400\nfeet above the Beatton River. The eastern part of the district is nearly level or slightly rolling,\nthe creek-bottoms being not deep till they get within about half a mile of the Beatton River,\nwhere they become increasingly deep gulches. The extreme western part of the area is rolling,\nwith a small ridge having its highest point a little more than a mile from the west boundary of\nthe area and falling gradually to the east for 1% miles and dropping about 175 feet in this\ndistance. AVhisky Creek is in a depression about 300 to 400 feet wide and 15 to 20 feet deep.\nMARKETS.\nShipments of hogs and cattle have been made by way of the rail-head at Dawson Creek,\n50 miles distant from Fort St. John. Grain has been shipped out and the new mill will absorb\na certain amount.\nSURVEY.\nA crew of men, including a packer who had his own horses, six in number, was obtained in\nthe vicinity of Fort St. John. The party consisted of six (at first), including myself, but it\nwas found necessary to add another axeman later. Leaving Fort St. John on June 12th, a stop\nwas made at the Tin Shack, Montney, and the next evening the first camp was pitched in the\nNorth-east Quarter of Section 27, Township 87, Range 18, at the junction of a pack-trail and a\nsmall stream. A wagon and team were employed to transport the posts and part of the equipment, but only for the two days. At the commencement of operations work was considerably\nretarded by the brule mentioned elsewhere in this report. It was noticed at this camp that the\nground remained very wet for some time after the rain had ceased, and the pack-horses had to\nflounder through deep mud when bringing in supplies, most of which were obtained at Rose\nPrairie. The second camp, to which we moved on July 15th, was nearly 3 miles west on a\nsmall stream flowing into Whisky Creek. Use was made of a boundary-line as a pack-trail,\na little more work being done on it to make it fit for bringing in supplies. Still making use of\nthe line as a trail for some of the distance, we moved about l1/^ miles to our third camp on\nAugust 7th. The water at this camp, which came from a spring, appeared to contain a certain\namount of sulphur and its effect was disagreeable. In order to commence the chords, from the\nmeridian through the centre of Range 19, we pitched a fly-camp at a creek near the north-east\ncorner of Section 22, and we also ran part of the meridians from the control-chord from this\nfly-camp. On August 21st we moved to our fourth and last camping-place on the same stream\non which we had pitched our fly-camp, but a mile down-stream. This creek, which flowed from\na spruce-swamp, supplied us with good water, although it had ceased to run before we moved\nthere. In setting the posts, generally speaking it was found advisable to wait until intersections\nwere made. One or two men were then taken off line to dig the pits. In the case of two I SURVEYS NEAR VANDERHOOF. Z 45\nwould help with an axe on line, and sometimes some of the post-setting could be done when lines\nwere being retraced or at times when the men could be spared from the line. Two men working\ntogether would set four or five posts in a day, depending on the nature of the ground. The\ncentre posts were set as we went along, without waiting for closures.\nIn laying out the area in sections, the third system of survey, as adopted by the Dominion\nGovernment, was followed, road allowances being provided for every mile east and west and\nevery 2 miles north and south, but, in addition a standard post (a brass-headed iron post) was\nset at the centre of sections. Three sections were left unsubdivided in this way, as they consisted largely of spruce-swamp or heavily timbered areas. Thirteen and a half sections were\nsurveyed in Township 87-18 and nine sections in Township 87-19, being an area altogether of\n14,400 acres.\nThirty-one photographs accompany this report. On account of the difficulty in obtaining\npoints of vantage, it was impossible to get many comprehensive views of the country.\nI have, etc.,\nDuncan Cran, B.C.L.S.\nSURVEYS NEAR VANDERHOOF.\nBY V. SCHJELDERUP.\nVictoria, B.C., December 10th, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094In compliance with your instructions dated the 9th day of June, 1931, I this year\ncompleted the re-establishment of boundaries and the running of centre lines in Township 11,\nRange 5, Coast District (originally surveyed as Tp. 1, AAT.R. 1, N.).\nStandard galvanized iron posts 36 inches long were again used in marking the corners and\nintersections. These posts are all marked and driven 30 inches into the ground. Except where\nthe iron posts are set in concrete, reference posts, 3 inches by 3 inches by 3 feet cedar, were also\ndriven within a few inches of the iron posts, and in addition four pits were dug at a distance of\n1 foot from the iron posts.\nA total of 148 miles of line and 15 miles of river traverse was run in completing the said\ntownship. The accuracy of the survey is shown by a closing error of about half a link per mile,\nand the cost is less than 22 cents per acre, including the preparation of office returns.\nThe original survey was made by Mr. J. Strathern, P.L.S., during the summer of 1893, and\naccording to field-notes and plan all the section-lines were run and y\u00C2\u00B1 S. posts established, but\nno centre lines were run, nor was the Nechako River traversed.\nSome fifteen years later the Nechako River was traversed, but as I could not make the\nactual banks of the river correspond with the banks as shown on the plan, I had to make a\ncompletely new traverse in order that a correct plan might be prepared and true fractional\nquarter-section acreages calculated.\nThe larger islands in the river were traversed and all the small ones tied in by intersections and tangents from the main traverse.\nAlthough both the south and east boundaries of the township are shown as run between\nposts in the original field-notes, I found these boundaries run on offsets varying from a few\nlinks to some 5 chains. Neither in the field-notes of subsequent surveys adjoining Township 11\nis there any mention of these offsets, except from the south-east corner of Section 24 to the\nnorth-east corner of Section 36, where the offset is only a small one. In the interior of the\ntownship at least half of the original lines were also run on offsets.\nGenerally speaking, however, the survey of Township 11 in 1893 was carried out far more\ncarefully than the survey of Township 12, and in so far as could be ascertained most of the\n% S. posts were set over on the true boundaries.\nAs in Township 12, I found but very little trace left of the original survey, and in many\ninstances I had already marked in my notes, \" no trace of old line \" when an old blaze or cutting\nwould be found.\nAt several corners I located parts of posts, whereas the bearing-trees had totally disappeared. In some instances these bearing-trees were shown in the original field-notes to be Z 46 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nlarge spruce-trees, but all that could be found of them was some rotten wood, insufficient even\nto determine where the roots had been. In other places there was no trace of the old posts,\nbut bearing-trees were found not only alive, but still of the same diameter as given in the field-\nnotes of the survey carried out some thirty-eight years ago.\nThe G.T.P. Branch of the C.N.R. runs through the township and a considerable number of\ncorners were re-established in accordance with the ties as shown on the right-of-way plan.\nAnother few corners, where posts and bearing-trees had disappeared owing to road-construction,\nwere re-established from ties shown in the field-notes of the survey of the 124th meridian.\nWithin the boundaries of Township 11 are some of the best and largest farms in the\nNechako Aralley, and even this year, when farmers have had a hard time of it owing to the\nabnormally low prices for farm produce, extensive areas have been cleared and broken ready\nfor next year's crop.\nA good many fences and strips of cleared land are off and cross the lines, but nothing but\nsatisfaction was heard regarding the survey, as it has settled the uncertainty of boundaries\nand the many squabbles which have existed for years.\nField-notes and plan covering the season's surveys are now being prepared and will be completed and filed at an early date.\nI have, etc.,\nY. Sciijelderup, B.C.L.S.\nTRIANGULATION SURVEY, CASSIAR DISTRICT.\nBy Frank Swannell.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094Herewith my report on the triangulation survey made by me during the field season\n1931.. Your instructions were to push the main triangulation chain carried during previous\nseasons by various surveyors, including myself, from Prince George to the Upper Ingenika River\nwestward so as to close the gap between this and the triangulation being carried up the\nTelegraph Trail by Mr. Foster, B.C.L.S. It is much to be regretted that, largely owing to\nadverse weather conditions, this main objective of a rigid triangulation tie could not be obtained.\nTo offset this, however, a tie was made through to the triangulation made by Mr. P. M.\nMonckton, B.C.L.S., carried eastward from the main system extending from Telegraph Creek.\nThe circuit closed by this tie is approximately 1,000 miles. The error of closure as shown by\nthe preliminary calculation is 4.22 chains in latitude and 3.59 chains in departure. The result\nis gratifying, taking into consideration the weakness of several links in the chain of triangulation. For mapping purposes the error is negligible.\nConnection was also made to a triangulation made by Mr. T. Rognaas, C.E., in 1914. My\ncomputed' length of a side of his triangulation rather over 1,000 chains in length differs only\n11 links from his. This is excellent, especially in view of the fact that Mr. Rognaas' triangulation was a rapid one executed purely for the purpose of obtaining control for a topographical\nsketch-map. The accuracy of Mr. Rognaas' work being thus proved, it may be used to complete, although not rigidly, the tie to Mr. Foster's work, as it was started from Taylor's principal meridian in the Groundhog country.\nReverting to my own triangulation: The number of main stations occupied was twenty-\nfour, all monumented by large cairns, and in most cases by brass bolts or galvanized-iron bars.\nMinor stations, a considerable number of which are permanently monumented, would number\nconsiderably over sixty. Most of this minor system is in the neighbourhood of the three large\nlakes, Thutade, Tatlatui, and Kitchener, and is used as control, vertical and horizontal, upon\nwhich to adjust sketch topography.\nA rough track-survey was made on the way out of the region lying between the headwaters\nof the Ingenika River and the Omineca. The scant information on existing maps as to this\narea has been found to be hopelessly inaccurate. I endeavoured to carry a rapid triangulation\ndown to connect with a cairn set on Peggy Peak, near the Omineca, in 1914. This scheme had\nto be abandoned, however, on account of deep snow and continuous bad weather. TRIANGULATION SURVEY, CASSIAR DISTRICT. Z 47\nGENERAL PHYSIOGRAPHY OF AREA EXPLORED.\nThe area over which fairly complete topographic information was obtained may be described\nas a belt 70 miles from east to west, 30 miles in breadth, roughly 2,000 square miles in area.\nThe eastern boundary is 126\u00C2\u00B0 AV. longitude, the western limit close to the 128th meridian, and\nthe mean latitude 57\u00C2\u00B0 N. It is a jumble of mountains intersected by deep, broad, alpine valleys.\nThe lowest elevation is that of Thutade Lake (3,647 feet). Few of the valleys are below 4,000\nfeet; the general elevation of the summits is over 6,000 feet, but peaks rise to over 8,000 feet\nin the vicinity of Sustut Lake.\nThe most striking physiographic feature is that the region under discussion contains, in a\ncuriously interlocking system, the headwaters of three of the main rivers of British Columbia\nand those of the greatest river flowing into the Arctic. AA'estward the streams drain into the\nSkeena. The Sustut and Asitka Rivers are main feeders of Bear River, itself a tributary of\nthe Skeena. The northerly draining streams are headwaters of the Stikine\u00E2\u0080\u0094all these Pacific\nwaters. Northward and eastward run the Finlay and Ingenika, which eventually form the\nPeace and ultimately, as the Mackenzie, reach the Arctic Ocean. The three large lakes, Thutade,\nTatlatui, and Kitchener, and the broad alpine valleys at, their heads radiate from a common\ncentre like the spokes of a wheel, with the Pacific waters running in a diametrically opposite\ndirection from the mountains lying between.\nTHUTADE LAKE.\nThe Sikanni name I was told meant \" long narrow lake,\" the pronunciation being\n\" too-ta-day.\" The lake is aptly so named. It is nearly 27 miles long, shaped like a boomerang,\nand only in a few places more than a mile wide. Twelve miles up, where the lake swings into\nthe south-west, are narrows, where horses may be crossed with not more than a 250-yard swim\nat low water. These narrows are caused by the large delta of Niven River (75 feet wide), the\nsand and silt deposited by the stream having formed bars which nearly cut the lake in two.\nThutade is not a typical mountain lake, in that nowhere except at the head do the mountains\ndrop steeply into the lake. Elsewhere comparatively flat country borders it in a densely\ntimbered belt several miles in width. At the head the mountains are very rugged, some carrying small glaciers. A turbid glacier stream enters here through swampy meadows and is\nslowly silting up the end of the lake. Niven River, and the Attichika, entering from the east\n5 miles from the outlet, are the only other large streams flowing into Thutade Lake.\nThe Finlay River flows out at the north end for a short distance, smooth-flowing although\nswift, but shortly dropping into a gorge; about 4 miles down are the falls, 50 feet in sheer\ndrop, with a crest 100 yards across broken by a rock in the middle. Below, as far as visible,\nthe river was swift, its bed strewn with broken rock fragments. From the lake to the head of\nthe falls the drop of the river is probably 60 feet.\nIt is evident from the forest-cover that at the head of Thutade the snowfall is much\nheavier and in summer the rainfall much greater than at the outlet. Along the lower arm there\nis much jack-pine, particularly on the gravelly benches, and where the soil is better a heavy\nstand of spruce. Above the narrows the timber steadily becomes scrubbier; the pine disappears, being replaced by balsam, until at the head of the lake the vegetation is almost alpine.\nThis change of climate was further evidenced by the fact that early in June the snow was still\nlying in large banks at the head, although at the outlet it had completely disappeared several\nweeks previously.\nTATLATUI AND KITCHENER LAKES.\nTatlatui Lake is about 14 miles long and considerably higher than Thutade, its height above\nsea-level being 4,085 feet. It is much more picturesque, the shore-line indented by deep bays,\nsome of which are studded with islands. At the head the mountains on the west shore run\nsheer down into the lake and are slide-swept and almost bare of timber. Due to the higher\naltitude the forest-cover close to the lake is quite alpine in type, mostly spruce, pine, and\nbalsam. There is much swampy upland meadow.\nThe lake waters are greenish in tinge, quite turbid owing to glacial sediment in solution.\nHoy River, heavily charged with glacial mud, enters at the head through a swamp-meadow\ndotted with ponds and sloughs, the remains of old channels. Mud-flats border the head and\nshallow water extends far out. No other stream of any magnitude enters the lake. Z 48 REPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nThe view at the outlet of Tatlatui is rarely beautiful, the country being park-like in character, open grass lands, and clumps of pine and spruce. The river for the first quarter of a\nmile runs smoothly over a gravel-bed and at the ford of the Bear Lake Trail is 150 yards wide.\nPack-horses may be crossed in August without the water reaching the packs. Farther down the\nriver are wild rapids; in one place a natural dam of rock so regular in outline as to appear\nartificial is broken through by the river in several narrow chutes. Below are falls and rapids\nwith fantastically shaped islet-dotted lake expansions between. The outlet of Kitchener Lake\nenters 4 miles down and after several more miles of alternate lake expansion and connecting\nrapids the river enters into canyon for some miles above its junction with the Finlay.\nThe branch flowing out of Kitchener Lake is about 5 miles long, the lower 3 miles a succession of riffles and rapids, with one cataract of 60-foot drop. It is a large stream, some 100\nfeet wide, and even in its upper reaches, where it flows smoothly over gravel, is in most cases\ntoo deep to ford.\nKitchener Lake (4,281 feet) is 11 miles long and lies nearly east and west, except at the\nhead, where it swings into the south-west. The south shore is densely timbered, with much\nswamp and mountains rising abruptly behind in an unbroken line, in striking contradistinction\nto the north side, where sandy beaches and park-like country make travel easy. The pack-train\nwas taken through without any trail having to be cut whatever.\nFive miles up the north shore of Kitchener Lake a large creek enters through grassy flats.\nIt drains a wide depression or trough valley running back north-west by west for 10 miles.\nThree miles up is a lake 1% miles long, a short reach of stream, and a second lake 2% miles\nlong. Beyond these lakes the valley, now only sparsely wooded with scrub balsam and spruce,\nbranches north and south.\nTo the northward, crossing a low divide, a beautiful open valley was discovered\u00E2\u0080\u0094the headwaters of the East Fork of the Stikine River. Southward over a lower divide still, we could\nsee far down into the valley of Duti Creek and catch glimpses of the mountains south of the\nSkeena.\nAnother very easy route to the Stikine waters is that used by the Caribou Hide Indians\ndown the wide meadow-filled valley of Sturdee Creek. Kitchener Lake probably once drained\nthis way, as the large meadows to the east of the lake merge into this valley without, there\nbeing any perceptible height of land. This extremely broad valley would appear to belong to\na drainage system antedating the present one. Its continuance can be traced to Tatlatui Lake,\nacross to Thutade, south of Jorgensen Mountain, and thence, occupied for a while by Niven\nRiver, through to Sustut Lake. It is by this route that the Indians occasionally take horses\nthrough to Takla Lake.\nROUTES INTO THE LAKE COUNTRY, HEADAVATERS OF FINLAY RIVER.\nFour men of the survey party and 4,000 lb. equipment and provisions were brought in by\naeroplane, from Burns Lake, the trip being broken by first relaying everything to Takla Landing.\nThe route taken from Takla Landing was up Takla Lake by the Driftwood Aralley to Bear Lake\nand thence flying over the summits of a high range at altitude 10,000 feet to Thutade Lake.\nThe distance from Takla Landing to the foot of Thutade Lake is 125 miles, the flying-time 1 hour\nand 30 minutes. A more usual route, avoiding the crossing of the high range, is to swerve up\nSustut River and through a narrow pass strike the headwaters of Niven River.\nTwo men with six horses loaded light were sent up by trail from Fort St. James and made\nan exceedingly quick trip in, considering that the feed was poor, the passes still blocked by snow,\nand all the streams and rivers very high. They left Fort St. James on June 5th and arrived\nat Thutade Lake on the 28th, having travelled 317 miles. The whole party returned to Takla\nLake by the same route in the fall. A detailed description of the Kitchener-Takla Lake Trail\nfollows.\nTRAIL ROUTE, KITCHENER TO TAKLA LAKE.\nThe Indians on their annual migration from Caribou Hide Arillage to Takla Lake come\nup the Sturdee Valley, in the upper part of which there is no beaten trail, the country being\nopen. Crossing Rognaas River a short distance below Kitchener Lake, in 4 miles the trail\narrives at the Tatlatui Ford, at the other side of which it forks, one branch running across to\nthe head of Thutade Lake and eventually to Bear Lake\u00E2\u0080\u0094a very execrable trail as we had\noccasion to know. The other branch runs down the Tatlatui Aralley 9 miles and then climbs out of it into alpine meadows, the summit being 5,080 feet. There is a steep and bad descent\nto the outlet of Thutade Lake where horses are swum across. From Kitchener to Thutade\nLake by this route is 23 miles. Mileages from here on will be reckoned as from Thutade Lake.\nTHUTADE LAKE TO McCONNELL CREEK.\nThe trail follows Thutade Lake some 5 miles and thence up Attichika Creek, the bed of\nwhich it crosses, repeatedly taking advantage of bars and high-water channels. From about\n17 miles out it follows a string of lakes and enters the semi-alpine depression in which lies\nFredrikson (North Fork) Lake. At Mile 24, Snowslide Creek, the North Fork of*MeConnell\nCreek, is crossed and the trail climbs over a summit of about 5,000 feet, with a steep descent\ninto MeConnell Creek.\nThis creek was the scene of considerable mining excitement in 1908, being staked from\nend to end for placer. No work is being done at present, except by Peder Jensen, staker of\nthe original discovery claim. A full account of MeConnell Creek, both as to geology and\nphysiography, may be found in the Report of the Minister of Lands for 1908.\nLeaving MeConnell Creek, the trail cuts across through rough, burnt country into the broad\nvalley of the Upper Ingenika, which it crosses at Mile 38, the river here having dwindled down\ninto a mere brook flowing through open grassy alpine country. The Ingenika Summit (5,100\nfeet), a broad plateau, mostly open meadow, is at Mile 40. From here a steep descent and truly\nexecrable trail, all mud-holes, roots, and boulders, leads down into Granite Creek. This creek\nis really the Sustut River, the lake of that name draining into it through a much smaller creek\na few miles below. At the head of Granite Creek is reported a low divide, across which is the\nbroad valley of Swannell River.\nThe altitude of the trail crossing at Granite Creek is 4,550 feet. Gold Creek is 6y2 miles\nsouth of Granite Creek and 1% miles farther is a good pack-train camp at Dortatelle Creek.\nBoth these creeks drain into the Asitka River, which heads in a lake only a very short distance\nfrom, and much the same elevation as, Sustut Lake.\nLeaving Dortatelle Creek, the trail runs for 2% miles down the Asitka Aralley and then\nturns up a large creek, which it crosses at Mile 63 and climbs steeply up into AA'histler Basin\n(4,850 feet)\u00E2\u0080\u0094an open grassy summit. The snow lies late here, there being 3 feet the latter end\nof June. The descent down into Quenada Creek is gradual across pine benches. Quenada\nCreek is 30 feet wide and 1 foot deep at extreme low water. The altitude at the crossing is\n4,370 feet and about 8 miles down the creek enters the Asitka, here flowing south-west.\nCARRUTHERS PASS.\nClimbing out of Quenada Creek in 3 miles and at an altitude of 4,500 feet, the headwaters\nof the North Fork of the Omineca are reached and at Mile 73 Bates Basin. The much-dreaded\nCarruthers Pass commences here. There is a steep side-hill ascent through scrub balsam to the\nsummit (5,350 feet) at Mile 74; a steepish dip into Carruthers Lake (5,260 feet), a third of\na mile long. The trail then drops steeply down a Ar-shaped gorge to Mile 76, and then more\ngradually through brushy side-hill swamp and springy ground to the pack-train camp at Mile 79.\nOn October 9th there was a foot of new snow in the pass and the trail beneath one long mud-\nhole. On June 21st our packers encountered 5 feet of old snow.\nThe descent from Mile 79 down into the Omineca Valley affords the only bit of good trail\non the whole route. The Omineca River is forded at Mile 85; the river at low water only knee-\ndeep, but in June swimming water.\nIt is 26 miles across from the Omineca to the pack-train camp at the Rock Bluff on the\nDriftwood River, the trail crossing the Arctic-Pacific Divide through large summit meadows.\nThis trail, especially on the Omineca slope, is extremely bad, horses miring continually. Bluff\nCamp to Bulkley House, at the head of Takla Lake, is 20 miles, and from this point Fort St.\nJames on Stuart Lake is reached by boat. The total mileage from Thutade Lake to Fort St.\nJames is 265.\nThe far northern latitude of the area dealt with in this report, but more especially the high\naltitude (the greater part being above 4,000 feet), preclude there being any possibilities for the\narea agriculturally. The same altitude factor has resulted in a stunted timber-growth, there\nbeing little timber of commercial value, although plenty would be available for mining purposes\nshould mineral be found. At present, however, apart from a little prospecting and placer-mining\n4 Z 50\nREPORT OF MINISTER OF LANDS, 1931.\nat MeConnell Creek, there is no mining in the district. Spruce occurs to quite a large size along\nThutade Lake wherever a creek has built a flat out into the lake. Pine and balsam, especially\nthe latter, are very scrubby. There is no Cottonwood and only a couple of patches of poplar\nwere seen the whole summer.\nClimatic conditions, to judge from last summer, are unfavourable. The rainfall was heavy\nand storms in the mountains frequent. The mass of very high mountains extending to the\nOmineca and Bear Lake on the south and on the west to the Skeena seemed to be a veritable\nstorm centre. All our bad weather came from that direction. A weather record was kept, the\nresults being tabulated below:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nMonth.\nTemperature.\nEain fell.\nSnow fell.\n6 a.m.\n6 p.m.\nJune 17-30\t\nJuly\t\n44\n47\n45\n36\n31\n48\n55\n54\n44\n39\nDays.\n9\n12\n14\n6\n6\nDays.\n4\nOctober 1-14\t\n4\nGAME AND AVILD ANIMALS.\nThe country is well stocked with game, as owing to its inaccessibility it has never been\nhunted except by a few roving Indians. Caribou were seen almost every day, mostly high in the\nmountains, where as many as sixteen were counted in one band. On a dozen occasions caribou\nor moose were observed swimming across Thutade Lake. The latter animal, while fairly\ncommon, ranged in the valleys and kept out of the higher mountains.\nNo sheep were seen and goat far from plentiful, although one band of twenty-five was seen.\nBear are very scarce and only two grizzly were seen the whole summer. There are no deer,\nvery few wolves, and only a few beaver. Among smaller game the spruce-partridge or fool-hen\nwas plentiful and in large coveys; there were a few willow-grouse and an occasional blue grouse.\nPtarmigan were found above timber-line. Four or five specimens of a very rare animal, a pure-\nblack chipmunk, were seen at localities 20 miles apart. They would appear to be found only\nin this district.\nThe fishing was disappointing. No trout could be caught on the troll in the lakes and we\nhad equally bad luck with the net. Large trout are to be caught in the eddy below the Finlay\nFalls, but elsewhere on the Finlay our luck was poor. Tatlatui and Rognaas Rivers are well\nstocked with trout, but, although at times they took the fly voraciously, at others we would not\nget one rise in an hour.\nI have, etc.,\nFrank Swannell, B.C.L.S.\nTRIANGULATION AND TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY,\nUPPER SKEENA RIVER.\nBy E. R. Foster.\nNanaimo, B.C., December 10th, 1931.\nF. C. Green, Esq.,\nSurveyor-General, Victoria, B.C.\nSir,\u00E2\u0080\u0094I have the honour to report on the survey made by me during the season 1931 in the\nvicinity of the source of the Skeena River.\nThe object of the survey was to extend north-easterly the existing triangulation net, which\ncommences at Hazelton, so as to connect with the net of Mr. F. C. Swannell, B.C.L.S., extending\nnorth-westerly from the Ingenika River; the junction was expected to be in the neighbourhood\nof Kitchener Lake. A connection was also required to the Dominion astronomical monument\nat Sixth Cabin on the Telegraph Trail. TRIANGULATION, ETC., SURVEY, UPPER SKEENA RIVER. Z 51\nThe party proceeded north from Hazelton on June 13th, but was delayed at different points\nalong the route by the very heavy rains and consequent floods of the Skeena River and its\ntributary streams, which washed out some of the bridges, and at other points necessitated the\ncutting of a new pack-horse trail.\nThe triangulation was extended from the last two stations\" established during the 1930\nseason to the south of Fifth Cabin, and a station was occupied within about 2 miles of Sixth\nCabin; from here a tie was made to the monument near the latter by triangulation and then\ntraverse along the Telegraph Trail.\nThe party moved easterly and then northerly along the Groundhog Trail. This access to\nthe Groundhog country has been little used of recent years and in parts considerable work had\nto be done to get the pack-train through.\nFrom a peak near the Slowmaldo River it was observed that just to the south of the group\nof mountains comprising the Groundhog country there was a pass with a comparatively easy\ngrade running north-easterly to the Skeena River, and approximately half-way along there\nappeared to be a meadow which would afford ample feed for the horses. After establishing a\nstation on one of the Groundhog peaks, it was decided to cut a pack-horse trail to this meadow\nand back-pack our camp and supplies from there on. Unfortunately an accident to the writer's\nknee put back-packing out of the question for a time, and the cutting of the pack-horse trail\nwas continued through to the Skeena River. AVhile the grade of the trail was for the most part\nexcellent, thick willow, scrub hemlock, and windfall rendered the progress slow, and during the\nwhole season so far there had only been seventeen entirely fine days in two and one-half months.\nA peak had been selected to the east of Duti Creek for occupation, so the Skeena was\ncrossed in a rubber boat which was carried with us. Even at this point the Skeena is a\ncomparatively large river, being almost 250 feet wide, 4 to 6 feet deep, and running swiftly.\nAfter about a mile of cutting trail it was discovered that Duti Creek was misplaced on the\nexisting map, and that we were still on the westerly side of it; no suitable crossing could be\nseen, so it was evident that the best approach to the mountain in prospect would be to cross\nthe Skeena below its junction with Duti Creek, which here is almost as large as the Skeena\nRiver itself.\nThe weather, however, still continued bad and it became very doubtful if connection with\nMr. Swannell could be made. It was essential that one other station to the south should be\nestablished, and this having been done it was decided to take the necessary angular readings in\norder to complete the net as far as possible. On one of the stations subsequently occupied snow\nfell almost continuously for six days.\nACCESSIBILITY.\nThe only artery to the territory traversed is the Telegraph Trail, which, as its name denotes,\nstretches along the Dominion telegraph running from Hazelton to Dawson City. Considering\nthe nature of the country crossed, this trail is fairly well maintained by a party of about eight\nmen, who work for about five months each year, rebuilding bridges, replacing corduroy, clearing\nwindfalls, etc. Its location, however, as far as the Nass River is in a wet belt with heavy\nsnowfall, and consequently there is perpetual mud over a considerable part of it.\nThe Groundhog Trail, which leaves the Telegraph Trail about half-way between Fifth and\nSixth Cabins and runs northerly, has evidently been well located and built, but has recently\nfallen into disrepair, and at present cannot be considered to be any better than the 17 miles of\ntrail built by us this summer from the Groundhog Trail to the Skeena River.\nThe Skeena River itself is too swift and hazardous to permit of any navigation, but when\nfrozen is often used in parts by trappers with dog-teams.\nAGRICULTURAL RESOURCES.\nThe amount of land suitable for agriculture in the entire area covered by our season's work\nis very limited. There are no settlers. In the valleys of the Kilankis and Damdochax Rivers\nthere are fairly extensive hay meadows, but the Indian squatters have made no attempt to\ncultivate any portions of these. It is probable that the season is too short to properly mature\nmost vegetables.\nThe Skeena Aralley south of the junction of Duti Creek widens in places up to about 3 miles;\nthis continues for several miles south-easterly, and from the mountain-tops from where it was viewed would appear to he very swampy. If drained this area could probably be used for\nstock-raising purposes.\nAs no tests have been made, it is difficult to estimate the agricultural possibilities of this\ndistrict.\nTIMBER.\nThe timber is principally balsam, with scattered spruce and hemlock. Although the average\ndiameter would not exceed 15 inches, the whole country is thickly wooded, except where snow-\nslides have taken place. As the Skeena River has great power possibilities, this area may at\nsome future date be used for the production of pulp.\nVEGETATION.\nOwing to the rain and heavy snowfall, the underbrush is consequently thick and hard to\npenetrate, especially the willow and creeping alder. Sufficient hay and swamp-grass were nearly\nalways available for horse-feed. Blueberries and huckleberries are fairly plentiful along most\nof the creeks.\nCLIMATE.\nThe precipitation this summer has probably been greater than usual; there were only\ntwenty-five days without rain or snow. On the warmest day the thermometer recorded 82\u00C2\u00B0.\nNight frosts during August and September were numerous.\nMINERALS.\nThe formation being principally shale, no evidence of mineral other than coal was observed.\nOne distinct outcropping of coal was seen on the pass between the Groundhog and the Skeena\nRiver.\nANIMAL LIFE.\nThe area between the Groundhog and Telegraph Creek is probably the best game country\non the North American Continent, and if proper game restrictions can be enforced after transportation has been facilitated, this territory will always be an important asset to the Province on\nthat account.\nEach year a number of big-game parties enter these parts, some via Hazelton and others\ncoming south from Telegraph Creek. Each hunter on these parties is satisfied to pay about\n$50 per day for the trip, most of which is occupied in travelling to and from the hunting-grounds.\nCaribou, particularly, are to be seen in large numbers, but the hunter can always be sure\nof a complete set of trophies, including moose, grizzly and black bear, mountain sheep and goats.\nIn the valleys willow and blue grouse are numerous. Trout are plentiful in the Damdochax\nRiver, but none were caught in the Upper Skeena.\nIn August we met Mr. John Utterstrom and party near the Groundhog; this gentleman has\nbeen through these parts for years as hunter, trapper, and surveyor's assistant. During these\ntrips he conceived the idea of producing a moving picture showing the animal life in its superb\nnatural setting, and at the same time introducing sufficient of the human element to ensure\nagainst monotony. He accordingly wrote a scenario in his spare time, and returning to Sweden\nhad no difficulty in interesting a film company in the production thereof. Mr. Utterstrom\nexpected to expose about 15,000 feet of film before reaching Telegraph Creek. It is to be hoped\nthat this may eventually find its way back to British Columbia.\nGENERAL.\nAs far as possible all topographical data were noted and a map of the area is being prepared.\nIt is unfortunate that most of the photographic records were spoiled by the wet, when one of our\npack-horses was nearly lost in the Kilankis River.\nI have, etc.,\nEdward R. Foster, B.C.L.S.\nVICTORIA, B.C. :\nPrinted by Chables F. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.\n1932.\nUI-432-8642"@en . "Legislative proceedings"@en . "J110.L5 S7"@en . "1932_V02_18_Z1_Z52"@en . "10.14288/1.0300628"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Victoria, BC : Government Printer"@en . "Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia"@en . "Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia"@en . "PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LANDS AND SURVEY BRANCHES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LANDS FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31ST, 1931"@en . "Text"@en . ""@en .