"CONTENTdm"@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=3202327"@en . "British Columbia History"@en . "British Columbia Historical Federation"@en . "2015-07-17"@en . "2000"@en . "Vol. 33, No. 2"@en . ""@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bch/items/1.0190695/source.json"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " British Columbia\nHistorical News\nJournal of the British Columbia Historical Federation\nVolume 33, No. 2\nSpring 2000\n$5.00\nISSN 1195-8294\nCharles William Jefferys (1869-1951) David Thompson Taking an Observation. National Archives of Canada (C-073573)\nMeasuring the altitude of the sun using a sextant and an artificial horizon. This drawing from Charles Jefferys shows David Thompson, but,\ngiven more trees and no horses, it could equally well be a drawing of\nFraser's clerk, John Stuart. Artificial horizons came in two styles. One\nwas a tray of liquid, usually mercury (quicksilver) or water, often sheltered from the wind with an A-frame of glass. The other was a \"parallel\"\nglass plate or a mirror, adjusted to be horizontal using a spirit level. The\nposition ofthe true horizon, which can not be seen except at sea, is\nexactly halfway between the sun in the sky and its reflection in the\nartificial horizon. Unfortunately for the surveyors, artificial horizons\nmade good \"collectors' items\" for the Natives.\nNick Doe: \"Simon Fraser's Latitudes, 1808.\" Page 2\u00E2\u0080\u00945\nWhere did Fraser sleep?\nWalhachin's soldiers\nThe Kootenay's finest fruit\nWho needs archives!\nLandlubbers' ship\nMalaspina Hotel\nNorman Lee's mother-in-law British Columbia Historical News\nJournal of the\nBritish Columbia Historical Federation\nPublished Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall.\nEditor:\nFred Braches\nPO Box 130\nWhonnock BC, V2W 1V9\nPhone (604) 462-8942\nbraches@netcom.ca\nBook Review Editor:\nAnne Yandle\n3450 West 20th Avenue\nVancouver BC, V6S 1E4\nPhone (604) 733-6484\nyandle@interchange.ubc.ca\nSubscription Secretary:\nJoelVinge\n561 Woodland Drive\nCranbrook BC VIC 6V2\nPhone (250) 489-2490\nnisse@telus.net\nPublishing Committee:\nTony Farr\n125 Casde Cross Road,\nSalt Spring Island BC V8K 2G1\nPhone (250) 537-1123\nLayout and Production: Fred Braches\nSubscriptions\nIndividual $15.00 per year\nInstitutional Subscription $20.00 per year\nFor addresses outside Canada add $6.00 per year\nPlease send correspondence regarding\nsubscriptions to the subscription secretary in\nCranbrook.\nFor back issues of the journal write to the\neditor in Whonnock.\nThis publication is indexed in the CBCA,\nPUBLISHED BY MlCROMEDIA.\nISSN 1195-8294\nProduction Mail Registration Number\n1245716\nPublications Mail Registration No. 09835\nThe British Columbia Heritage Trust has provided financial assistance to this project to support\nconservation of our heritage resources, gain further\nknowledge and increase public understanding of the\ncomplete history of British Columbia.\nBritish Columbia Historical Federation\nPO Box 5254, Station B., Victoria BC V8R 6N4\na charitable society under the income tax act\nExecutive\nHonorary Patron: His Honour, the Honorable Garde B. Gardom, Q.C.\nHonorary President: Leonard McCann\nc/o Vancouver Maritime Museum\n1905 Ogden Ave., Vancouver BC V6J 1A3\nOfficers\nPresident: Ron Welwood\nR.R. # 1, S-22 C-i, Nelson BC ViL 5P4\nPhone (250) 825-4743 welwood@netidea.com\nFirst Vice President: Wayne Desrochers\n#2 - 6712 Baker Road, Delta BC V4E 2V3\nPhone (604) 599-4206 Fax. (604)507-4202\nSecond Vice President: Melva Dwyer\n2976 McBride Ave., Surrey BC V4A 3G6\nPhone/ Fax (604) 535-3041\nSecretary: Arnold Ranneris\n1898 Quamichan Street,Victoria BC V8S 2B9\nPhone (250) 598-3035 wl545@freenet.victoria.tc.ca\nRecording Secretary: Elizabeth (Betty) Brown\n473 Transit Road,Victoria BC V8S 4Z4\nPhone (250) 598-1171\nTreasurer: Ron Greene\nPO Box 1351V1CTORIA BC V8W 2W7\nPhone (250) 598-1835 Fax (250) 598-5539 pdgreene@pinc.com\nMember at Large: Roy J.V. Pallant\n1541 Merlynn Crescent, NorthVancouver BC V7J 2X9\nPhone (604) 986-8969 pallant@telus.net\nMember at Large: Robert J. Cathro\nR.R. #i, Box U-39, Bowen Island BC VoN 1 Go\nPhone (604) 947-0038 bobcat@direct.ca\nPast President: Alice Glanville\nBox 746, Grand Forks BC VoH 1H0\nPhone(250) 442-3865 aglanvil@direct.ca\nCommittee Officers\nArchivist: Margaret Stoneberg\nBox 687, Princeton BC VoX 1W0\nPhone (250) 295-3362\nMembership Secretary:Terry Simpson\n193 Bird Sanctuary, Nanaimo BC V9R 6G8\nPhone (250) 754-5697 terryroy@nanaimo.ark.com\nHistorical Trails and MarkersJohn Spittle\n1241 Mount Crown Road, NorthVancouver BC V7R 1R9\nPhone (604) 988-4565 jds@vcn.bcca\nScholarship (Essay) Committee: Frances Gundry\n255 Niagara Street,Victoria BC V8V 1G4\nPhone (250) 385-635 frances.gundry@gems3.gov.bc.ca\nPublications Assistance: Nancy Stuart-Stubbs\n2651 York Avenue,Vancouver BC V6K 1E6\nPhone (604) 738-5132 nancy_stubbs@bcsympatico.ca\nWriting Competition\u00E2\u0080\u0094Lieutenant-Governor's Award :\nShirley Cuthbertson\n#306 - 225 Belleville Street,Victoria BC V8V 4T9\nPhone (250) 382-0288\nBritish Columbia Historical News\nPublishing Committee see column on left side\nVisit our website: http://www.selkirk.bc.ca/bchf/main1 .htm British Columbia\nHistorical News\nJournal of the British Columbia Historical Federation\nVolume 33, No. 2\nSpring 2000\n$5.00\nISSN 1195-8294\n2 Simon Fraser's Latitudes, 1808:\nWhere was the Chief's village?\nby Nick Doe\n6 Victoria Interlude: a troubled time in the lives of\nNessie and Norman Lee\nby Donald F. Harris\n15 Big Little Cherry\nby Ron Welwood\n19 A Walhachin Index\nby Keith R. Wood\n24 The Blunt End ofthe Discovery\nbyfohn E. Roberts\n28 Book Reviews\n34 Archives & Archivists\nby Gary A. Mitchell, CRM\n35 Tokens: J.N. Killas & Co. of Premier, BC\nby Ron Greene\n36 Reports: Nanaimo's Malaspina Murals\nby Phyllis Reeve\n38 News and Notes\n40 Federation News - Port Alberni Conference\nAny country worthy of a future should be interested in its past.\nW. Kaye Lamb, 1937\nRemember that I wondered last\nsummer if postage stamps were\never issued relating to BC history?\nGeorgie Sutherland of Sidney kindly\ncompiled for us a list of about thirty\nstamps, relating to this province,\ncovering art, artists and a few other\npeople, artifacts, buildings, locations,\nrivers, ships. Some \"heritage\" but\nlitde British Columbia history.\nNew stamps are issued frequendy and\nthirty-odd BC stamps issued in half a\ncentury is not a great number. In that\ntimespan not more than half a dozen\nstamps honouring events and\npersons from British Columbia's\nhistory were issued\u00E2\u0080\u0094five in the\n1970s. Three ofthe six historical\nstamps commemorate the centenaries\nof BC's entry into confederation, the\ncity ofVancouver, and the founding\nofthe province. The three others\ncommemorate Alexander Mackenzie,\nDavid Thompson, and Captain Cook.\nGiven this track record it is not\nsurprising that efforts to convince\nOttawa to commemorate your\nfavourite person or event in the\nhistory of BC with a stamp have not\nbeen successful. Canada Post is clearly\nnot interested in our past.\nLest we forget\u00E2\u0080\u0094On Remembrance\nDay we commemorate those who fell\nin the terrible wars of our time,\nstarting with the Great War 1914-\n1918.The result of Keith Wood's\nexemplary research on those who left\nWalhachin to serve in the Great War\nis a reminder that most ofthe soldiers\nwe commemorate today have\nbecome \"unknown soldiers.\" Perhaps\nwe could do something about that in\nthe communities where we live.\nthe editor\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000 Simon Fraser's Latitudes, 1808\nWhere was the Chief's village?\nby Nick Doe\nNick Doe lives on\nGabriola Island. His\ninterests include\narchaeo-astronomy in\nthe Alexander Thorn\ntradition, old tide\ntables, 18th-century\nnavigation and\nsurveying techniques,\nandthepre-1850\nhistory ofthe BC coast.\nNick enjoys using\nmathematics to tease\nout historical details\nfrom numerical data\noverlooked by earlier\nresearchers. He's also\nvery kind to animals.\nAcknowledgements\nI want to thank Tomas\nBartroli of Floresta,\nSpain, and Barbara\nRogers ofVancouver,\nBC, for generating my\ninterest in Simon\nFraser's voyage.\nIt was Barbara Rogers\nwho astutely pointed\nout to me that, hitherto,\nhistorians appear to\nhave neglected the\nastronomical observations of John Stuart\nrecorded in Fraser's\njournal.\n1 Both Simon Fraser's journal and the surviving fragment of notes are printed in\nfull in Tlie Letters and Journals of Simon Fraser 1806-\n1808, edited by W. Kaye\nLamb, McMillan Company,\nCanada 1960.\nIn the summer of 1808, Simon Fraser, fur\ntrader and employee ofthe NorthWest Company based in Montreal, travelled with\ntwenty-three companions from Fort George (later\nPrince George) to the mouth ofthe Fraser River\nand back. So far as is known, this was the first\ntime that people of mainly European extraction\nhad visited the Greater Vancouver area since the\nvisits of the Spanish and British royal navies in\n1792.\nUnfortunately, the only record we have of\nFraser's epic journey is a narrative summary of\nhis journal composed from field notes some time\nafter the journey was over. All that is left ofthe\noriginal notes, which contained details of the\ncourses followed and the distances travelled, is a\ntranscript covering the ten days from 30 May to\n10 June 1808.1 Although at least one ofthe two\nexpedition's clerks,John Stuart (Stewart),also kept\nnavigational and other notes, almost all of these\ntoo have now been lost.2 All that we have of\nStuart's work is a few scattered details contained\nin Fraser's surviving notes and journal, and what\nsecond-hand evidence can be gleaned from David\nThompson's \"Map of the Northwest Territory\nofthe Province of Canada,\" completed in 1814.\nThompson for sure must have had access to\nStuart's notes for Stuart's name appears in the\nmap's tide inscription, and, so far as is known, no\nother European-led expedition visited the lower\nFraser River before December 1824.\nUnfortunately, as Tomas BartroU has noted in\nhis recendy published review ofthe Fraser expedition,3 Fraser's descriptions of some ofthe events\nare tantalizingly bereft of detail. One such omission is evidence that would enable us to identify\nwith certainty the site ofthe Native village where\nthe party overnighted July 1-2,1808, somewhere\nbetween Mission and Barnston Island. Fraser describes a large plank house 640-ft. long, carvings\nof beasts and birds, several tombs, and the custom\nof the inhabitants of using white paint as a cosmetic.4\nI have recendy taken another look at Fraser's\njournal and Thompson's map to see what can be\nlearned about the site of what Fraser himself called\n\"the Chief's village\".\nThe first thing of interest was a note in Fraser's\njournal to the effect that Mr. Stuart had a meridian altitude O.L.L. 127\u00C2\u00B013' while staying at the\nvillage; that is, Stuart had measured, with his what-\nI-will-call-a sextant,5 the height ofthe sun above\nthe horizon at noon.6 This information is sufficient for us to calculate the latitude of the village, a fact that appears to have been ignored by\nprevious commentators on Fraser's expedition.\nDeterminations of latitudes in the late-18th and\nearly-19th century were commonly good to one\nor two miles. Because the lower Fraser River flows\ngenerally in an east-west direction, determinations\nof latitude in this area are not usually sufficient\nto fix locations unequivocally; however, they are\nfar from being useless. They are sufficient, for\nexample, to distinguish between say Matsqui at\n49\u00C2\u00B006.5' N, and Haney, which at 49\u00C2\u00B012.8' N is\nseven miles farther north.7\nBefore we can reduce Stuart's altitude to latitude, we have to see what can be learned from\nthe surviving data about the calibration of Stuart's\nsextant. Sextants are precision instruments, and\nalways come with a small residual error, known\nas the index error, and this has to be accounted\nfor in any very precise calculation of latitude.\nLooking through Fraser's journal, I found a\ntotal of six meridian altitude measurements, some,\nvery fortunately, at locations that can be fairly\nprecisely located from Fraser's descriptive narrative. In order to have the highest possible degree\nof confidence in the determination of the latitude of the Chief's village, I analyzed all six of\nthese observations. The results are as follows.\nThe first observation was made on 28 May.8\nAfter their usual early start at dawn, the party\ntravelled from Fort George down through the\nFort George Canyon, where, after \"running down\nseveral considerable rapids\", they stopped for\nbreakfast at 11 o'clock. Stuart then made his first\nobservation which is recorded as meridian altitude O.L.L. 115\u00C2\u00B009'45\" by artificial horizon; error ofthe sextant 7'30\"+.9 By my reckoning, the\ncorresponding latitude is 53\u00C2\u00B038.5' NJust below\nthe community of Stoner.10This is a good result.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No.2 We cannot be sure exacdy where they were, but\nthey were certainly below the Fort George Canyon, and they had adequate time, given the strong\ncurrent, to cover the 30 miles of rapids-free river\nfrom Stoner to the West Road River, which they\nreached at 4 o'clock that afternoon.11\nThe second observation was made on 9 June\nwhen the expedition had, by their own admission rather recklessly, just run through the rapids\nat French Bar Canyon (Le Rapide Couvert).The\nobservation is recorded as \"merfidian] alt[itude]\nO.L.L. 112\u00C2\u00B058'30\" by artificial] hor[izo]n.\"\nSomewhere down the Une there has been a simple typographical error, because Stuart undoubtedly meant 122\u00C2\u00B058'30\".The corresponding latitude is 51\u00C2\u00B010.7' N, which is at Big Bar Creek,\nabout two miles below French Bar Canyon, and\nonly about a mile south of exacdy where Fraser\nsays they were.12 We can be especiaUy confident\nof this location, a fine sandy beach (greve) on the\neast side of the river, because a surviving fragment of Fraser's field notes gives the compass\ncourses taken through the French Bar Canyon.13\nThe third observation was made on 16 June.\nAt noon, Stuart had a \"Merfidian] Altfitude].\nO.L.L. 124\u00C2\u00B059'Artificial] Horiz[on].\"The corresponding latitude is 50\u00C2\u00B034.4' N, ten miles\ndownstream of LiUooet which Fraser had left on\nfoot the previous day.14 This position is exacdy\naccording to Fraser's narrative.\nThe next observation, the fourth, is the only\none ofthe six to present a problem. Fraser records\nthat on 24 June, Stuart had a meridian altitude of\n126\u00C2\u00B057'. This corresponds to a latitude of\n49\u00C2\u00B038.2' N, which, by my reckoning, is as much\nas twenty-five (statute) miles south of where they\nreally were (approximately 50\u00C2\u00B0 N).15 Maybe this\nwas wishful thinking on Stuart's part, for Fraser\nwas, as Lamb notes, now approaching the most\ndifficult and dangerous part of the Fraser Canyon at HeU's Gate. Stuart's position, if correct,\nwould have put them comfortably past the worst,\nthree miles below Spuzzum. I have looked very\ndiligendy to see what mistake might have been\nmade, assuming that Stuart actuaUy set the sextant correctly, and the best I could come up with,\nother than there being a typographical error, is\nthat Stuart inadvertendy forgot to add 40' to his\nreading.16 An observation of 126\u00C2\u00B0 17' would have\nput them at 49\u00C2\u00B058.2' N close to the Nahadatch\nRiver which is about where they were at noon\nthat day.17 This is however, I hasten to add, conjecture.\n2 So far as I know, there is no evidence that the second clerk, Jules Quesnel, also kept a\njournal, although it would not be surprising if it were discovered that he had. In any event,\nall trace of it has been lost.\n3Tomas Bartroli, Genesis ofVancouver City-Explorations of its site 1191,1792 & 1808. (Vancouver:\nMarco Polo Books, 1997).\n4 Lamb, ppl02-104. Although recorded use of white paint is rare in British Columbia,\nAboriginal people in other parts ofthe world use it in ceremonial dances to ward off evil\nspirits, in imitation of a skeleton.\n5 Conventionally sextants are capable of measuring angles up to 120\u00C2\u00B0, though their scales\nare frequently extended to 125\u00C2\u00B0. Fraser himself calls the instrument Stuart used a sextant,\n(Lamb p 62), yet, on July 1, Stuart measured an angle greater than 127\u00C2\u00B0. I really do not know\nhow he did this, but the most likely explanation is that his instrument had a back-horizon\nmirror rotated 90\u00C2\u00B0, which would have changed the scale from 0-120\u00C2\u00B0 to 60-180\u00C2\u00B0. That\nStuart had such an instrument is possible, as David Thompson, who also worked for the\nNorth West Company, had a sextant made by Peter Dollond of London, and Dollond is\nknown to have experimented with rotated back-horizon mirrors. See Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society, Vol. LXII.pp 95-122,1772.The other possibility is that Stuart\nhad a quintant with a range of 0-144\u00C2\u00B0, but I have found no evidence that these were used\nin the first decade ofthe 19th century.\n6 The letter printed as \"O\" is a symbol for the sun, usually handwritten with a dot in the\nmiddle. L.L. stands for \"lower limb\", not as Lamb says, \"lower left\". Navigational tables\nalways print the position ofthe sun as measured at the centre of its disk; however, unfortunately, the sun does not come marked with a black dot at its centre, so the navigator must\nmeasure the height of either the upper or lower limb (edge) and subtract or add the semi-\ndiameter of the sun's disk respectively. Note that Stuart's measurement is actually that of\ntwice the height ofthe sun.This is because he was using an artificial horizon and measuring\nthe angle between the sun as seen in the sky and its reflection in the artificial horizon.\n7 Locations are taken from Canada 1:50 000 topographical maps 92 G/l \"Mission\", and 92\nG/2 \"New Westminster.\"\n8 Actually recorded by Fraser as May 22, but this is identified by Lamb as most probably\nbeing a mistake. The astronomical data discussed in this paper shows that Lamb was right.\n' Initially I did not know whether the \"+\" sign indicated that the error was positive, or the\ncorrection to be applied was positive. Clearing several ofthe observations both ways quickly\nshowed that Stuart intended the \"error\" to be added.\n10 The calculation is as follows. Add index correction 115\u00C2\u00B017'15\"; divide by 2 to get 57\u00C2\u00B038'38\";\ncorrect for refraction 57\u00C2\u00B038'00\"; correct for LL 57\u00C2\u00B053'48\"; zenith distance 32\u00C2\u00B006'12\"; add\nsun's declination 53\u00C2\u00B038'28\". Canada 1:50 000 topographical map 93 G/10 \"Red Rock.\"\n\" At this early point in the journey, the group were still using the four birch bark canoes\n[canots du norcf).These were paddled at an average rate of five to six miles an hour on still and\ncalm water, faster of course downstream.\n12 The calculation is as follows.Add index correction 123\u00C2\u00B006'00\"; divide by 2 to get 61\u00C2\u00B033'00\";\ncorrect for refraction 61\u00C2\u00B032'27\"; correct for LL 61\u00C2\u00B048'13\"; zenith distance 28\u00C2\u00B011'47\"; add\nsun's declination 51\u00C2\u00B010'41\". Canada 1:50 000 topographical map 92 O/l \"Big Bar Creek.\"\n13 Lamb, p 157.The compass course at the lower end, S 30 E (169\u00C2\u00B0 true) 1 [mile], ends at\nlatitude 51\u00C2\u00B0 11.6' N Fraser's subsequent estimate of distance travelled to Big Bar Creek is, as\nis often the case with him, a little on the high side (Lamb, pp 33-34).\n14 The calculation is as follows.Add index correction 124\u00C2\u00B006'30\"; divide by 2 to get 62\u00C2\u00B033'15\";\ncorrect for refraction 62\u00C2\u00B032'44\"; correct for LL 62\u00C2\u00B048'30\"; zenith distance 27\u00C2\u00B011'30\"; add\nsun's declination 50\u00C2\u00B034'25\". Canada 1:50 000 topographical map 92 1/2 \"Lillooet.\"\n\"The calculation is as follows.Add index correction 127\u00C2\u00B004'30\"; divide by 2 to get 63\u00C2\u00B032'15\";\ncorrect for refraction 63\u00C2\u00B031'45\"; correct for LL 63\u00C2\u00B047'30\"; zenith distance 26\u00C2\u00B012'30\"; add\nsun's declination 49\u00C2\u00B038'09\". Canada 1:50 000 topographical maps 92 H/13 \"Scuzzy Mountain\", and 92 H/14 \"Boston Bar.\"\n16Nineteenth-century sextants, and modern ones too, commonly have three components to\ntheir readings. The number of degrees, plus a coarse-scale reading of 0', 20', or 40', plus a\nfine-scale vernier reading in the range 0-20'. Using a swivelled back-horizon mirror,\n126\u00C2\u00B057' would have been read originally as 180\u00C2\u00B0 - 126\u00C2\u00B057' = 53\u00C2\u00B0 + 00' + 03'. If Stuart had\nforgotten to add the coarse-scale reading, the correct reading might have been 53\u00C2\u00B0 + 40' +\n03* = 53\u00C2\u00B043', and the correct angle would then have been 180\u00C2\u00B0 - 53\u00C2\u00B043' = 126\u00C2\u00B017'.\n17 Briefly, the evidence for the location is that they were below the rapids at Kanaka Bar\n(June 24); and they were \"a considerable distance\" of rapids-free river and, on the way back,\nseveral hours walking distance above the Scuzzy Rapids below Boston Bar (June 25 and\nJuly 11).The rapids-free section must have included, if not comprised, the 10-mile stretch\nof river between Ainslie Creek and Scuzzy Rapids.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000 18 The original is held by\nthe Toronto Public Library.\n19 The calculation is as follows.Add index correction\n127\u00C2\u00B009'30\"; divide by 2 to\nget 63\u00C2\u00B034'45\"; correct for\nrefraction 63\u00C2\u00B034'15\"; correct\nfor LL 63\u00C2\u00B050'00\"; zenith distance 26\u00C2\u00B010'0\"; add sun's\ndeclination 49\u00C2\u00B020'24\".\nCanada 1:50 000 topographical maps 92 H/5\n\"Harrison Lake\", and 92 H/\n6 \"Hope.\"\n-\"Bartroli's book, Plate 21.\nFor a discussion ofthe technique see Doe, NA.,\"Some\nAnomalies in a Spanish\nChart ofVancouver Island\n1791\", Lighthousejowma/ of\nthe Canadian Hydrographic\nAssociation, 56, Fall 1997. See\nalso remarks on p 292 of\nStewart, W.M., \"David\nThompson's Surveys in the\nNorth-West\", Canadian Historical Review, XVII, 3, Sept.\n1936.\n21 Canada 1:50 000 topographical map 92 H/4\n\"Chilliwack\". My arbitrary\n\"check-point\" was 930530.\n22 According to this theory,\nthe \"islands\" would include\nCroft, Greenwood, and\nBristol Islands. Perhaps the\nisland where Fraser was entertained that afternoon was\nnear, or part of, the present-\nday Aywawwis Indian Reserve (Iwowes).\n23 The time that Fraser left\nthe overnight camp was\nblank in the initial writing\nofthe manuscript, although\nsomeone has later inserted\n7 o'clock. This time is not\nprinted in Lamb's edition. I\nsuspect that the inserted\ntime is wrong. Fraser had to\nnegotiate the purchase of\ncanoes and hints at a delay\nin his text. My guess is that\nhe left between 9 and 10\no'clock that morning.\n11 The calculation is as follows.Add index correction\n127\u00C2\u00B020'30\"; divide by 2 to\nget 63\u00C2\u00B040'15\"; correct for\nrefraction 63\u00C2\u00B039'45\"; correct\nfor LL 63\u00C2\u00B055'30\"; zenith distance 26\u00C2\u00B004'30\"; add sun's\ndeclination 49\u00C2\u00B010'56.\"\nThe fifth observation too initiaUy caused me\nsome problems, until I discovered that Lamb has\nprobably made what for him is a very rare error\nin transcribing the journal manuscript.18 On 30\nJune, Stuart observed a meridian altitude O.L.L.\n127\u00C2\u00B002' (Lamb has 127\u00C2\u00B023') which translates to a\nlatitude of 49\u00C2\u00B020.4' N.,9The location corresponds\nexacdy to the Ohamil Indian Reserve IRI\n(Shxw'whamel) on the southeast bank ofthe river.\nA substantial viUage at this site is shown in the\n1859 sketch \"Upper Part of the Fraser River-\nFrom Langley to Yale\" by Lieutenant Mayne\nR.N., Captain Richards, and Judge Begbie. It is\nalso interesting to note that one of the very few\nIndian viUages marked on Thompson's 1814 map\nis also on the southeast bank of this stretch ofthe\nriver, although, as near as one can teU, several rrules\nfurther downstream.\nHere again we can be fairly sure of the actual\nlocation. Fraser notes that the site was a camp of\n\"400 souls,\" nine miles above a point where the\nriver expands into a lake.Thompson's map clearly\nindicates the \"lake,\" presumably formed by extensive flooding, along with an unidentifiable river\nmentioned by Fraser. By using a computer to\nscale Thompson's map independendy in the latitude and longitude directions until it fits a modern map,20 it is possible to show that this was probably a mile or so downstream of Sea Bird Island\nnear Agassiz, where indeed the river finally\nemerges from the confines ofthe Coast and Cascade Mountains into the central Fraser VaUey.21\nThis is not the only evidence that Stuart's latitude determination might be right. Some have\nsuggested that it was at Ruby Creek the party\novernighted 29-30 June 1808, but I disagree.\nFraser left Hope at 4 o'clock having been entertained by the Native people for \"a couple of\nhours\". He reached the overnight camp of \"170\nsouls\", a place where the river was very wide\n(two males he says) with islands, possibly near the\npresent-day Hope Airfield,22 only one hour later.\nTo have reached Ruby Creek that evening, the\nspeed ofthe canoes would have had to have been\nmore than double their average speed between\nYale and Hope. I think it more Ukely that it took\nthe party another hour or so the next morning\nto reach the vicinity of Ruby Creek and the\npresent-day Ohamil Reserve.23\nThe sixth and final observation was made at\nthe Chief's viUage on 1 July when Stuart had a\nmeridian altitude O.L.L. 127\u00C2\u00B013'. The corresponding latitude is 49\u00C2\u00B010.9' N.24\nThe Indian Reserves and archaeological sites\nin this area are shown in Table 1. Distances are\nrrules north (+) or south (-) of latitude 49\u00C2\u00B010.9' N.\nThe speUing of Native names may not always\nreflect official speUings.\nMr. Stuart was in my view a very skiUed and\ncompetent observer, as evidenced by the four of\nthe five previous observations that were \"right\non the money\". I think therefore that there is no\nreason for not accepting this last latitude determination at face value, and to anticipate that any\nerror might be \u00C2\u00B11.5 rrules, and certainly not more\nthan \u00C2\u00B12.5 nules. This would firmly rule out in\nmy mind the possibfiity that the Chief's viUage\nwas at Matsqui, or anywhere else further upstream\nthan say SUverdale.\nAlthough this is the end of this paper, it is by\nno means the end ofthe story. Further clues as to\nthe location of the Chief's viUage are contained\nin the tidal observations of Fraser and, in 1824,\nFrancois-Noel Annance; and in the timetable of\nevents, particularly on 2 July 1808. '<5=\u00C2\u00BB'\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 2 Previous page Figure 1 and below Table 1\nThe horizontal lines in the figure indicate Stuart's latitude measurement at the Chief's village, and the likely error margin of \u00C2\u00B11.5 miles. Error is due to\ninstrument inaccuracy and uncertainties generated by atmospheric refraction. No significance should be attached to the position of sites within the \u00C2\u00B11.5\nmile error band; similarly, sites outside this band, although unlikely, are not absolutely excluded by Stuart's measurement. All sites are listed, but probably\nonly three or four in the list are good candidates. Native usage of sites was drastically changed by devastating smallpox epidemics in 1782-1783 and\npossibly again in 1801-1802, which left many sites with no survivors. Other changes are associated with the foundation of Fort Langley in 1827 and\nits relocation in 1839; and the post-1864 reduction and elimination of many Indian Reserves.\nPitt River-west xwti'tas (?)\n(too far west to be shown on map)\nPitt River-east kll'ekwas (?)\n(not shown) pipkwatsan (?)\nBarnston Island IR3 Qelesihp (?)\nKatzie IRI q'eyst'i\nKatzie IR2\nPort Hammond\nHaney\nDerby\nKanaka Creek\nkwthexth'exem\nts'i:xwt\nshxwleqwen'e (?)\nSnalomelh (?)\ntsilhxwey'en (?)\nMcMillan Island IR6 squalets\n(and, prior to 1932, Brae Island)\nLangley IR5\nWhonnock IRI\nNathan Creek\nLangley IR2-4\n(?)\nxwewenaqw\nsmo:qwe'\nSxwoyeqs (?)\nMatsqui Main IR2 mathekwi\nOld fishing-site on the west bank ofthe Pitt where it joins the Fraser below Mary\nHiU, now destroyed. Early HBC records (1827-1830) refer to a Kwanden vUlage on\nthe Pitt (Quoide), but its exact location is uncertain. This archaeological-site is an\nunlikely candidate because it is seasonally flooded and it is over three miles north of\nStuart's latitude.\nTwo smaU sites, both too far north, one at the mouth ofthe Pitt, and one\nbetween the Pitt and Katzie IRI. I know nothing about their\narchaeology, history, nature, or precise location.\nFishing-site on south side of Barnston Island. It is unlikely Fraser would have\ntaken the Parsons Channel to get to it.\nNorth side of river, level with the eastern tip of Barnston Island. Although\nthis viUage-site is old, its present importance is probably due to the influx of\npeople in the latter half of the 19th century from Port Hammond a mile or\nso to the east, and from traditional Katzie territory along the Pitt River. A\ngood candidate nevertheless.\nMouth ofYorkson Creek on south side of river. Now a Katzie village, but\ndescribed in early HBC records as an important Nanaimo summer camp.The\nHBC descriptions ofthe village do not match Fraser's. A good candidate\nnonetheless.\nSite now occupied by the Interior Cedar MiU. Old viUage-site, once\nextensive, with burial grounds. People moved from here to Katzie IRI. Once\naccessible from the Pitt via Katzie Slough and so possibly the Kwanden\nvUlage in HBC records. Perhaps the best candidate of aU.\nOld viUage-site which has now been destroyed. Probably depopulated by\nsmaUpox. The site is also more than two miles too far north. A possible\ncandidate though.\nSite ofthe first Fort Langley founded in 1827. No mention of a vUlage in\nearly HBC records. Probably unoccupied in Fraser's time. An unlikely site.\nShown in the early HBC maps as Berry Creek. No mention of anyone Uving\nthere when the HBC people arrived. Probably unoccupied in Fraser's time.\nAn unlikely site.\nOn McMillan Island across from the HBC fort. Either founded, or gready\nincreased in size, as a result ofthe construction ofthe second Fort Langley in\nthe spring of 1839.The McMillan expedition was here in 1824 and makes no\nmention of any vUlage. An unlikely site.\nOn the north shore. Not mentioned in early HBC records. Probably only of\nany size after the foundation ofthe second Fort Langley. Early HBC records\nrefer to a Kwanden vUlage \"a few miles\" upstream ofthe old fort at Derby,\nbut where this vUlage was exacdy is not known.\nOn the north shore and formerly much larger than it is today. Not\nmentioned in early HBC records. Probably stiU too unoccupied in Fraser's\ntime to be a good candidate.\nAcross the river from Whonnock IRI .Very small and without IR status since\nthe 1860s. Nothing else known. A very unlikely site.\nSites on the Stave River. These seem unlikely because Fraser does not\nmention a river, and he would have had to divert into it to reach the sites.\nMcMiUan's expedition visited a lodge in a bay at the confluence ofthe Stave\nand Fraser Rivers in 1824, but it had only 22 inhabitants.\nAbout five mUes too far south of Stuart's latitude and therefore a very\nunlikely site.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000 Victoria Interlude:\na troubled time in the lives of Nessie and Norman Lee\nBy Donald F. Harris\nThe studies of Donald F. Harris\u00E2\u0080\u0094he had a first-class degree in History from Cambridge\u00E2\u0080\u0094were interrupted by the war and service in\nthe RAF. His good fortune gave him a posting in Comox for advanced training, flying long distances over our then partly still un-sur-\nveyed province. In 1947 He emigrated to Canada and proudly took up citizenship. He lived in Ontario where he taught history for\nthirty years before returning to England. After retiring in 1988 he was persuaded to work for a PhD, promoting on a thesis on emigration to Canada in a 1998. During his research for his PhD thesis Donald Harris found in Shrewsbury, England a large packet of\nletters by Mrs. Nash, written to a son in England during a visit to BC between 1912 and 1914. She stayed most of that time with her\ndaughter, Nessie, and her legendary son-in-law, Norman Lee from the Chilcotin. In 1993 Dr. Harris deposited copies of his edited\nversion ofthe letters in the BC Archives and he is more than willing to contribute what he knows about the Lees \"to anyone who\nwould write the book that cries out to be written.\"We are grateful to the BC Heritage Trust who referred Dr. Harris to BC Historical\nNews.\n'Letters from British Columbia, C, Shropshire\nRecords & Research Centre, Shrewsbury (SRR)\n2794/42/3.\n2The name Henry, borne by\nseveral ofthe Lees, was derived from two ancestors:\nPhilip Henry (d.1696) and\nhis son Matthew, noted biblical scholars. See Dictionary\nof National Biography; Sarah\nLawrence, Tlie Descendants of\nPhilip Henry, M.A. (London\n& Leamington,1844)\n(SRR); Matthew Henry\nLee (Ed.)\u00E2\u0080\u0094Norman's father\u00E2\u0080\u0094The Diaries and Letters of Philip Henry (London, 1887) (SRR).\n! Lee Family Papers, SRR\n2794/46; Shropshire newspapers and census returns,\nand other local sources.\nLate in January 1913, Mrs. Agnes Nash, from\nthe English market town of Whitchurch,\nin Shropshire, arrived at St.John on board\nthe Canadian Pacific Empress of Ireland. She was\nto visit four children of her first marriage who\nhad emigrated to western Canada, three of them\nto British Columbia. The first-class passage, during which Mrs. Nash, sitting at the Captain's table, never missed a meal, had been paid for by\nNorman Lee, the already famous \"Old Lee\" of\nthe Chilcotin, husband of her daughter Nessie.\nDuring her twenty-two months in Canada she\nwrote almost weekly to her bachelor son, Hugh,\naWhitchurch solicitor with whom she had Uved\nsince the death of her second husband. She was a\nwoman of determined stamina and lively mind,\nand her letters contain shrewd, but never malicious, comments on what she observed.The principal aim of this article is to show how Mrs. Nash\nsaw the circumstances of Norman and Nessie Lee\nduring an atypical, and in some respects unfortunate, period of their fives.1\nShe had been born Agnes Lillian Tulloch in\n1849, daughter of a Scottish army officer who\nhad transferred to the Customs Service. Her family were what the British would have termed\ngendefolk.An uncle was Principal of St. Andrew's\nUniversity, and a first cousin was Principal of\nAberdeen University and a Chaplain to the\nQueen in Scodand.\nAt seventeen Agnes Tulloch married William\nHenry Lee, a land agent living at Oak Bank,\nIscoyd, in the Welsh county of Flintshire, some\nfour miles from Whitchurch.2 There were many\nLees in the area, most of them, including the fam\nily into which Agnes married, people of substance.\nThe house, Oak Bank (now called Whitewell\nLodge), was set in a small estate of forty-four acres.\nThe 1871 census showed four servants living\nthere. A land agent, who was often trained as a\nsolicitor, was responsible for the management of\none or more large rural estates. He would have\nto have a thorough knowledge of land law and\nagricultural practice, but he would not be in\ncharge ofthe day-to-day farm operations. Agnes's\nhusband was a partner with an older cousin in a\nprosperous agency.\nIn 1881, her husband decided to set up his\nown agency, and moved to the village of Ash,\nvery near Whitchurch. No reason for the break\nhas been discovered, but there cannot have been\nserious disagreement, since his cousin was prepared to recommend the new agency to potential clients. However, WiUiam did not have time\nto build a large practice. He died in 1888, aged\nforty-five, leaving a large family in straitened circumstances. Soon afterwards Agnes and those of\nher children who had not already left home\nmoved to Whitchurch, into a house which would\nhave been far more acceptable then than its\npresent condition suggests, but nevertheless a sad\ndecline from Oak Bank. Her second marriage to\nFrederic Nash of Stafford brought her no lasting\nfinancial improvement. However, as her letters\nshow, Agnes was a woman who made the best of\nthings. One of her daughters, in a letter to Hugh,\nwrote of their mother as \"The old darling, so\ngood and generous on so Utde.\"3\nHer sons had to make their own way in life.\nOnly Hugh seemed motivated towards a profes-\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 2 Photo by Donald F.Harris, 1991\nsional career. From their\nfather's work they would\naU be famiUar with various types of farming, and\nthey had been brought\nup to enjoy outdoor pursuits; but they had no direct experience of farm\nwork and insufficient\ncapital to make much of\na start as tenant farmers\nin England, where,\nmoreover, it was a time\nof agricultural depression, particularly for arable farming. The colonies would offer them\nopportunity.They chose Canada probably because\nthey had relatives or friends already out there who\nrecommended its attractions and might help them\nget established.4\nWiUiam Henry TuUoch Lee was the first of\nAgnes's sons to emigrate. He followed a\nWhitchurch friend to Boissevain, Manitoba, in\n1892. He had Utde success growing wheat, and,\nwith a wife and four chUdren to support, put\nhimself through veterinary training in Toronto\nand Chicago. He returned to Manitoba, and developed a successful practice in the Minto area.\nTom, the youngest, was the next to go, c. 1896,\nfoUowing his brother to Boissevain. He soon\nmoved further west, to the District of Assiniboine,\nand served briefly in the Royal North West\nMounted PoUce. Perhaps because he had\nheard of opportunities from his cousin,\nNorman Lee, he hit up the Cariboo TraU,\nand went to work in a store at 150 MUe\nHouse. When his mother arrived in 1913,\nhe was preparing to open a store at Alexis\nCreek, in partnership with Alec\nMcCuUoch. At that time, aged thirty-five,\nhe was stiU unmarried.\nAfter service in the Royal Navy, the eldest son, Alfred Wood Lee, emigrated to the\nChilcotin in 1900, his wife and daughter\nfollowing the next year. He may have\nworked on his cousin Norman's ranch at\nHanceviUe; he may have had a smaU property of his own. However, not long before\na second daughter was born in 1907, their\nlog cabin burned down, and Alfred began\nworking for the provincial government.\nWhen his mother visited him he was at\nNicola, where, among other duties, he was\ndeputy-registrar of the Yale County Court.\nNessie (she had been christened Agnes) was\nthe last of the family to emigrate. In December\n1902, at Whitchurch, she married Norman Lee.\nNorman was the second son of the late Canon\nMatthew Henry Lee, who had been Vicar of\nHanmer, Flintshire, not seven miles from\nWhitchurch. Norman's career included an attempt to drive two hundred cattle from\nHanceviUe to the Klondike during the gold rush.\nIt had made him something of a legend in British Columbia and has been amply recorded by\nlocal historians.5 How Norman and Nessie came\nto be married is not clear. Their famUies would\nhave been in close touch: their fathers were first\nLeft: Oak Bank, now\ncalled Whitewell Lodge,\nsome four miles from\nWhitchurch. When the\nLees lived there, none of\nthe extensive addition in\nlighter brick (here enhanced) had been made.\nTheirs was the part to the\nleft, in the rather Italianate\nstyle, including the ground-\nfloor living room with the\nclimbing plant around the\nwindow. The Lees had\nobviously lived in comfort\nand some style.\n4 They would know of their\ncousins, Norman and\nPenrose Lee, in British Columbia. They would also\nknow of the career of\nFrederick Godsal,son ofthe\nowner of Iscoyd Park (a client ofthe Lee land-agency\npartnership). He went to\nCanada in 1882 with\n\u00C2\u00A32,000, and soon became a\nsuccessful rancher in the\nFort McLeod district of Alberta. He wrote long letters\nto his father which he asked\nto be circulated among\nfriends and relatives. Iscoyd\nPark MSS, Clwyd County\nRecord Office, Hawarden.\n5 E.g., G.R.Elliott (Ed.), Vie\nJournal of Norman Lee, 1898\n(Vancouver, 1959), and\nJ.W.Grant, \"Norman Lee,\nChilcotin Pioneer\", in\nG.McEwan, Sodbuslers (publication details not known).\nPhoto by Donald F. Harris\nLeft: 9 Bronlow Street,\nWhitchurch, where Mrs.\nLee (later Mrs. Nash) went\nwhen she was first\nwidowed. The complex was\nnewly built when she\nmoved there, and the area\nby no means run down,\nbut it was a come-down\nfrom Oak Bank.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000\n7 Right: Lee Ranch,\nHanceviUe, 1929.\nCourtesy BC Archives - H-4041\n'' From the foreword by\nEileen Laurie to G.R.Elliot\n(Ed.), Klondike Cattle Drive,\ntlie Journal of Norman Lee\n(Vancouver, 1960).\ncousins. Norman was ten years older than Nessie:\nshe was only ten when he emigrated in 1882. It\nis known that Norman made a visit home in 1891,\nbut there is no record of another. They cannot\nhave known much of each other before their marriage, but, through testing times, it proved to be a\nstrong partnership.They saUed for Canada shordy\nafter the wedding, arriving at Halifax in January\n1903. They stayed for a whUe with WiUiam and\nhis famUy at Boissevain; from there Norman went\non ahead to make arrangements for a team and\nsleigh to take them from Ashcroft\u00E2\u0080\u0094a CPR stop\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nto HanceviUe. Nessie later recorded her memories of that seven-day journey, and her first impressions of her new home.\n\"There was a house of logs in the midst of a\nwilderness, with a trading post just across the road.\nThis was my home in the New World. Having\ncome straight from an EngUsh drawing room, I\nwas soon very homesick, especiaUy when Norman talked pidgin-English to the Chinese cook\nand various dialects with the Indians. But I never\nlet him know I was unhappy in the home he had\nprovided for me. Riding was one of my greatest\njoys, and I often rode out to the old Indian cemetery nearby. There I'd sit on the rail fence and\ncry my heart out. Had there been cars or planes\nat that time I probably wouldn't be writing this!\nBut now I wouldn't change my Ufe for anything\nin the world. GraduaUy I setded into my new Ufe\nand learned how to deal with its many problems.\nNorman Lee was a wonderful husband, whose\nknowledge ofthe country and never-fading sense\nof humour soon changed me from a hot-house\nflower into a sturdy pioneer wife.\"6\nIt is unhkely that Nessie was ever a \"hot-house\nflower.\" A newspaper account of her wedding\nstated that\".. .her good work in the Church Sunday School and her amiability and kindness to\naU, has gained the respect of aU classes ofthe community.\" It is not surprising, therefore, that the\nsacred edifice was crowded by the numerous relatives of the two famUies and the townspeople\ngeneraUy.\nMrs. Nash had brought a grand-daughter,\nKittie, out with her. When they arrived at\nHanceviUe, Norman and Nessie had recently\ncompleted arrangements for the sale of the Beaver Ranch and the store, but they were not sure\nwhat to do next. One idea was that Kittie should\nexercise her right to pre-empt land, on which\nNorman would buUd a house and raise the 200\ncatde which he stiU owned. \"The man who has\nbought this place bought 300 head @ \u00C2\u00A311 each\nbut didn't want any more This is an odd Ufe\nbut has its attractions, and I can quite see Norman could never be happy in any other country,\nthough this place is too much for him now.\" He\nwas 51.\nNorman wasted no time taking up land across\nthe river in Kittie's name, he having already\nclaimed aU the land to which he was entided. He\n\"staked it and put a notice in her name on a tree.\n... I think this means Kittie wiU have to be in\nthis country for two years.\" Norman and Nessie\nwere now planning to buUd a house there in\nwhich they would spend the summer, living in\nVictoria during the winter, \"if they do not alter\n8\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 2 Courtesy BC Archives - B-9455\ntheir minds again\" (7 March). However, a week\nlater Mrs. Nash reported that the land claimed in\nKittie's name had already been taken by someone else, so Norman and Nessie had to change\ntheir plans again. 4 April: Norman was having\nliver attacks, and was irritable. \"He is now sorry\nhe has sold this place, but wiU not decide anywhere to go. Nessie has a bad time with him\nsometimes.\"\n11 April: \"I drove yesterday\na pair of horses in a buggy to a\nranche [sic] to buy some beef.\nAgnes [Alfred's oldest daughter] went with me. We got 74\nlbs which we hope wiU last tiU\nwe leave here in about three\nweeks' time. The snow has\ngone but there is not a blade\nof green grass to be seen, aU\ndry, scorched up stuff and the\nroads aU dry mud so the dust is\nawful. StiU, the country is beautiful with the fir trees and\nriver.\" Norman's brother\nPenrose (\"Young Lee\"), who\nhad two ranches in the Chilcotin, had come for\na short visit. \"He is nice looking and clever, but\ndoesn't take much pride in his clothes, in fact he\nis a very rough diamond, but I Uke him much.\"\nMrs. Nash had previously observed that \"This\nis a place where people are continuaUy coming\nand going and beds always have to be ready.\" On\n18 AprU she wrote, \"The house is fuU tonight to\noverflowing. Agnes had to go up to the Hances\nat the Post Office to sleep. Mr. Temple, the man\nwho bought this place and who is such a bounder\nis here with a Mr. Marryat who is to help in the\nstore. Mr. Marryat knows the Rector of Malpas\n[the parish in which Oak Bank was then situated], he is a gendeman but Temple has no pretensions to being one.\"\nMrs. Nash saw no reason to change her opinion of Temple, who was from England. On 19\nMay she reported that he had stiU not paid the\nfirst instalment on his purchase. \"I don't Uke Mr.\nTemple, cannot trust him.\" Norman and Nessie\nhad to postpone their plans for a long hoUday in\nCalifornia, and Mrs. Nash worried about their\nhealth. \"Nessie has gone to nothing, thin as BeUe\n[Kittie's mother], worried and worn out, but\nworking with Marryat stocktaking at the store.\"\nNorman, despite toothache and influenza, was\nhelping Temple rebrand the catde.\nLater in May, Mrs. Nash and Agnes, Alfred's\ndaughter, stayed with Penrose at his Chilancoe\nRiver Ranch: \"He is aU alone, has not even a\nChina man [sic] and was so longing for me to go\nand stay with him but was afraid I would not Uke\nbeing without a servant of any kind, however as\nI teU him if he wUl get the breakfast ready Agnes\nand I can cook anything else and I should Uke to\nsee his house, he leads a lonely\nUfe.\" On the day she arrived she\n\"made a curry and open tart\nfor dinner.\" The next day, she\nwrote, \"Penrose is away aU today branding horses. Agnes and\nI have had a huge wash, then I\ncooked a brace of willow\ngrouse and made a pudding for\ndinner. This house has just a\nkitchen and a sitting and dining room combined, with two\nbedrooms leading out of it, and\nis very comfortable. It is a lovely\nplace, the river just in front and\nsuch lovely pine woods all\naround, absolutely isolated.\" 29\nMay: \"I have been busy doing up lots of things,\ncurtains &c for this house.\"\nAfter leaving Penrose, Mrs. Nash stayed awhUe\nwith Tom, in his newly-built house at Alexis\nCreek. Then she went to Nicola for a long stay\nwith Alfred and Amy, taking Agnes back to her\nparents.The journey cost $40,\"but Norman pays\neverything. He is very kind to me.\" At Nicola\nshe must have been a tremendous help to the\nfanuly. 27 June: \"I have been here a fortnight but\nhave not been out ofthe house. I have been busy\nhelping Amy with the children's summer clothes,\nteaching Agnes, doing a litde in the garden, and\nthere has been no time to go out.\" She worried\nthat her son was working too hard: as weU as\nhaving a government job he was busy improving\nthe house and working on a tract of land he\nowned. \"Amy has no servant so her work never\nseems done, and I can see Alf worries continuaUy\nhow he can make ends meet. I am spending $15\na month on the house whUe I am here. I just buy\nthings I see they want when I'm in Nicola so\nthat Alf may not think I am giving him a board,\nhe is so glad to have me here.\" 15 August: \"Amy\nis going away for a week, she is just worn out and\nI can see to things whUst she has a hoUday away\nfrom the children.\" (There were three besides\nAgnes).\nCentre: Nessie Lee, Mrs.\nNash's daughter, wife of\nNorman Lee. Her forceful\npersonality shines through\nin this detail of a family\nphoto shown on page 13.\nShort family tree\nMathew Henry Lee +\nLouisa Warden\nNorman Lee\nHelen Warden Lee\nEduard Penrose\nGrace Lee\nRobert Warden Lee\nCapt. Henry Lee\nWilliam Henry Lee +\nAgnes Tulloch\nAgnes \"Nessie\"Lee\nAlfred Wood Lee\nIsabel (Eccles) Lee\nHugh Booth Lee\nLillian (Ormisten) Lee\nWilliam Henry T.Lee\nThomas Campbell Lee\nMathew Lee and William\nHenry Lee were first cousins. Children are not listed\nin correct order.\nAfter William Henry Lee\ndied, Agnes (Tulloch) Lee\nmarried Frederic Nash\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS SPRING 2000 7 Mrs. Nash wrote of Tom\nand Alec McCulloch both\nhaving to have expensive\nfalse teeth. \"They couldn't\nattend properly to business\nthey were having such\ntoothache.\" In another letter she told of Nessie and\nNorman \"both in the hands\nofthe dentist. So is Penrose.\nWe are a great source of income to the dentist at\npresent.\"\n13 October: Mrs. Nash was inVictoria, staying\nwith Norman and Nessie, who, after a holiday in\nCalifornia, had rented a house at 871 CoUinson\nStreet. It was not large enough, and they were to\nmove to a bigger house at the end ofthe month.\nFirst impressions ofVictoria pleased her: \"This is\na lovely city. Nessie and I went to the Cathedral\nfor Service Sunday morning. The Bishop\npreached and the place was packed.\"\n21 October: Alf, as his mother always caUed\nhim, had been moved to a new post at Port\nAlberni which offered better prospects. Kittie\nwent there to help Amy, who had had a carriage\naccident. \"She had an offer of marriage from a\nman up at Alexis Creek ten days ago, he is a gen-\ndeman but a fool and I hope she refused him, but\nyou never know what unexpected thing she wiU\ndo.\" Kittie did refuse the offer.\n\"I've been feeling very sorry for myself the\nlast week. I've had a great deal of toothache aU\nsummer, and I had three teeth taken out without\ngas or anything else last Tuesday and it quite unnerved me.\" She then had six more extracted with\ngas, and this left her with very sore gums and an\nupset stomach. She was in bed for two days, and\ncould take only slops. The work was going to\ncost Norman $100,\"But he says whatever it costs\nI am to have my mouth made absolutely comfortable.\" 7\n\"Norman is most kind to me.Yesterday he took\nme by train to Oak Bay two mUes from here,\nsuch a lovely Utde shore and view. We had tea at\nthe hotel then took another train to Esquimalt\nwhere the Navy are. Tonight he is taking us aU to\nthe theatre to see 'The Girl from Vancouver', we\nhear it is good. On Saturday Norman was at a\nsmoking concert given by the naval officers, so\nLauncelot [Gurney, Confederation Life Association district manager for Vancouver Island, who\nhad been a close friend of the family in\nWhitchurch] took us to a Picture Show. There\nwas a splendid organ played beautifuUy by a man\nin the orchestra which was better than the\npictures Sunday was Thanksgiving Day and\nMonday a holiday aU over Canada. AU who can\nafford dine off turkey. We dined at Launcelot's. I\nonly had the gravy and bread sauce.\"\nThe letter written on 4 November was from\n640 Rupert Street. \"We are setded very comfortably here and people are beginning to caU.\"\nNorman was wondering if he should buy a car\nor a horse and buggy. \"Norman went to see about\na motor car 10 days ago and I should think aU\nthe people who have a car to seU inVictoria must\nhave heard about it as one or two come daUy\nbegging him to try their cars, so they are getting\nplenty of free trips.\"\n12 November: \"Last Saturday Miss ConneU\nand I [they had been at school together] went by\n[street] car to Foul Bay, went down to the shore\nand walked to Oak Bay where we got tea and\nafter that walked home, about five mUes altogether\nand we are both 65!\"\n19 November: \"We are asked to tea at the\nDean's next week and on Friday we are going to\nhave tea at Mrs.Wm. Barton's, her husband is one\nof the minor canons. A Mr. WiUshaw is coming\nto lunch on Friday to overhaul a motor car Norman rather thinks of buying, and as he knows\nnothing about them and it is a 2nd hand one, he is\nhaving this young feUow who was in motor works\nto look at it. He now breeds fox-terriers for sale,\nhe is an Eton man, we seem to meet so many out\nhere. Now I must go and dress for dinner.\"\n2 December: \"Everything here is fearfuUy dear.\nNessie and Norman are giving me a new coat\nand skirt for Christmas, but have asked BeUe\n[Kittie's mother, in England] to get them. Here\nthe very plainest would cost \u00C2\u00A310 and shoes are\n30 shilhngs a pair to be any good at aU.We are\ngoing to a bazaar this afternoon in aid of the\nVictoria Club for Gendewomen who are badly\noff.\" Norman continued to be very kind to her,\n\"but [he] is a queer-tempered man and sometimes says pretty rude things to people.\" Tom,\nwriting to Hugh from Alexis Creek about this\ntime, thought that Norman and Nessie would\nbe happier if they bought another store such as\nthey had at HanceviUe: \"They do not seem to be\nable to accustom themselves to doing nothing.\"\n9 December: \"Norman must be Uving at the\nrate of \u00C2\u00A31,000 a year. Everything inVictoria is\nvery dear. Fancy, the one servant has \u00C2\u00A360 a year\nand I do the cooking.\"\n16 December: \"Norman and Nessie went to\nhave tea at Sir Richard McBride's, the Premier.\nThen Norman had to go to see the [Lieutenant]\nGovernor, and most of the rich swells of the\nneighbourhood have caUed on us, he having\nknown their parents.\" Norman bought a five-\nseater CadiUac, but did not drive it himself yet.\nHe borrowed a car for a twelve-mUe drive out of\nthe city, on rough roads, to look at property for\npossible purchase. Coming home the front tyres\nburst. \"Nessie and I had to get into a passing oyster laurie [sic] and drove over a rmle to the street\n10\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 2 cars, the roads being so muddy and our having\nfur coats we could not walk.\"\nNessie and Norman had no chUdren of their\nown, but on a visit to England had adopted a\nson, Dan. Mrs. Nash had mixed feelings about\nhim: \"A taU, good looking lad but has not much\nbrain, he learns quickly enough, but forgets it aU\nin a week which is rather a pity as both Nessie\nand Norman are both so clever. I sometimes can't\nget to care much for him.\"A few weeks later she\nwas worried about his health:\"Poor Dan is growing so fast, he looks so white. The doctor says he\nought to run wild for six months, however Norman won't hear of that but says he can stay at\nhome for a half term. He is very joUy and fuU of\nfun but soon gets tired. He is only 11 and is taUer\nthan any of the boys of 13 in the school\" \u00E2\u0080\u0094 a\nboarding school inVictoria to which he had been\nsent from HanceviUe. 16 December: \"Norman\ndecided quite suddenly to go to Vancouver as Dan\nis to be circumcised tomorrow and as it is to be\ndone in the house he just cleared out. His temper lately has been terrible so I am glad he has\ngone for a few days. Dan has been far from weU\nfor a long time and Dr.Walker and another Dr.\ndecided this must be done.\" 23 December: \"An\nupsetting week with a nurse in the house. Dan\nstiU has not had his clothes on.\"They had planned\nto spend Christmas with Alf's family at Port\nAlberni. \"The Dr. says that if he goes in a closed\nmotor to the station he can go with us tomorrow. Unfortunately it is a IVi hour journey.\"\n1 January 1914:They were back inVictoria.\nMrs. Nash had taken flowers to a funeral home.\n\"Poor George Gellings, he wanted to marry\nLiUian [her daughter] but she wouldn't have him\nand he married a Miss Harris of Douglas [Isle of\nMan] and came out to Alberta, but died at 36 of\nBright's disease in a private hospital here. I got a\ngreat shock, the coffin had a glass lid and there\nlay the poor lad dressed in his dress suit with\nwhite shirt, coUar and black tie, it was too horrible. I can't think how EngUsh people can conform to such a horrid custom.. ..Norman is going to caU on the Governor and Bishop this afternoon. It is the custom here for any man who\nis anyone to caU on these people on New Year's\nDay. Nessie is off to the Empress for tea.\"\n6 January: \"Nessie and Dan are gone to a\nChristmas tree, and Norman and I have a quiet\nlitde dinner alone, as we generaUy have company\nor go out it is quite a change. There were ten to\ndinner on New Year's Eve and about eight came\nin after for games, bridge in the dining room and\nround games in the drawing.\"\n13 January: \"Norman is going into the motor\ncar business. He went to Vancouver last Friday\nwith a man who buys and seUs motor cars and\nwith whom Norman is going in. They bought\neleven new motor cars from a firm that is being\nsold up and expect to seU them for about three\ntimes what they\ngave for them.\" Mrs.\nNash wrote of having seen a\"splendid\"\n\"Gondoliers\" at the\nNew Theatre, which\nhad opened on the\n1st of January, \"the\nlargest I have ever\nbeen in.\"\n21 January: Mrs.\nNash had gone with\nNorman and Nessie\nto the Premier's reception at the Empress. She found him\n\"a very charming\nman, entirely self-\nmade.\" She had also\ngone with a friend\nto see Anna Pavlova:\n\"$4 for a ticket and\nthe house was\npacked. I have never\nseen anything like\nthis, she and aU her\nparty, about 20 men\nand girls, were quite wonderful. Then on Monday night we went to the opera. The New Theatre is packed every night... .Norman cannot decide whether to take another house in a better\nlocaUty or to take a trip to Honolulu. He hates\nthis house, there are so many doors in every\nroom.\"\n28 January: \"I've just got my teeth, they are\nnot very comfortable yet, but I must grin and\nbear them till they are. Norman has paid \u00C2\u00A320 for\nthem, they are aU right till I begin to eat and\nthen they hurt.... This house is taken only until\n1 March and it is not very convenient. AU the\nrooms lead into each other and Norman wants a\nroom where he can sit and write and read without people continuaUy disturbing him.\"The three\nof them had gone to look for a suitable house,\nand the car got stuck in the mud. Guests were\nCourtesy BC Archives B-4362.\nAbove: Norman Lee, very\nmuch looking the confident,\nprosperous gentleman.\nPhoto perhaps taken at the\ntime when Mrs. Nash, his\nmother-in, law, visited\nBritish Columbia.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000\n11 \"The house was demolished\nc.1969, and an apartment\nblock built on the site.\ncoming to dinner that evening: \"We had the two\nVicars of Alberni staying here, and were expecting Archdeacon Pugh, Father Reis and Miss Jones\nto dine with us to meet them, and we were 18\nmiles from home and no chance of getting there\nin time for dinner. Norman managed to telephone Launcelot [Gurney], asking him to go in\nand act as host. They got a team to puU the car\nout, but it was 8.30 before we reached home.\"\n23 March: They were to move into a house at\n2086 Granite Street on the first of AprU.8 \"We\nhave had possession since the 17* and I have gone\nup daUy from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. superintending\nthe garden and receiving and having put in their\nplaces the furniture which Norman and Nessie\nkeep buying and sending up from sales.Yesterday\na party went up to the new house.We had a great\npicnic tea (15 of us) in the dining room. Launcelot\nand I walked home (2 Vi mUes), the rest went on\nthe street car....It is a sweet house.The drawing\nroom is 36' by 17', with a large bay window at\none end looking into the verandah and a window seat aU around it. At the other end the window goes right across the room and on each side\nofthe fireplace high up are Utde windows. Then\nvery large doors draw open into a very nice dining room, at the other end of which is a door\nleading into the kitchen. Norman's den is by itself the other side of the haU. Upstairs are five\nbedrooms, bathroom, linen cupboard &c. Then\nthere is a large basement with big furnace to heat\naU the house, and down there are the wash house,\nmen's lavatory, coal and wood places &c and a\nbig door into the back garden. There is a smaU\nverandah also outside the kitchen door where\nthe maid can sit, and lovely housemaid's pantries,\nbut out here no one hardly ever has more than\none servant or one China Man in the house. It is\nquite wonderful to me the amount of work just\none does, but the wages are huge, our young\nScotch maid, Elsie, 21, gets \u00C2\u00A35 a month (25 dollars) Isn't it awful?\" Mrs. Nash had forgotten her\ncomplaints ofthe high prices inVictoria.\n31 March: \"I haven't been in town for three\nweeks, I have been so busy up here. We bought\nthe chickens with the house and there are 13\nlaying hens to look after. I had a man in the garden seven days before the others came up to live\nand have got it beautifuUy neat, we want some\nramblers. Major Pottinger says it is not too late\nfor them.\" On the Sunday eighteen people had\ncome to tea. \"I spent the day in bed, I was so\ntired, and I could see them coming up the gar\nden. I thought they would never cease.\"\nEarly AprU, undated: \"Everyone seems to Uke\nto walk out here in time for tea on\nSunday...Norman is sleeping in a chair in his\nden (sleeping off too much whisky).\"\n23 AprU: \"It is just 26 years today since dear\nFather [her first husband] died. It seems to me a\nUfetime... .We've had a week of bother. Norman\nwent with some men to Duncan on business for\na few nights, and direcdy he went we heard that\nthe man who Norman had financed to buy motor cars was going into Uquidation.\" Mrs. Nash\ndescribed the events of a fraught day, but they\nwere more vividly described by Nessie in a letter\nto Hugh:\n\"We have been having a terrible time lately.\nNorman Uke an idiot handed $5000 to a man to\nput into a motor car deal, the cars were to be\nsold at the end of a fortnight, huge profits to be\nmade, etc. Instead of their selUng, the men whose\ncharge they were in hired them out, sent incompetent drivers and the cars got smashed up, so\nwhUst Norman was away this week I heard the\ncompany was going into Uquidation and Norman was to be involved so I flew to a lawyer and\nhe told me to go down to the garage and take\nthree cars out and caU it a go against our account.\nSo away I went with Major Pottinger and three\nchauffeurs. We found parts of each motor had\nbeen taken off so that they couldn't work, and\nnone ofthe heads ofthe firm to be found, but at\nleast we got each car removed to another garage.\nThe lawyer compUmented me on my actuaUy\nsecuring the cars, he never thought I would, and\nNorman was quite pleased when he got home\nthat we were free of the beasdy garage people,\nthough it may take a long time to seU the cars.\nStiU, it is better having them than nothing. One\nwe traded for a house, getting $2,000 for the car\nand leaving a balance of $4,000 to be paid on the\nhouse, the seUer guaranteeing six months rent.\"\nA letter from Mrs. Nash told of Nessie and Norman going \"aU over the country lately looking at\n'lots' of land which people want to trade for\nNorman's motor cars. No one wants to give\nmoney, aU want to trade lots or houses for them.\"\nNessie told Hugh,\"We gave $10,500 for [our]\nhouse. We could easUy seU it again should we\nwish to do so. House property here is very high\nand this is two lots, one being entirely garden,\nwhich if we were very hard up we could seU\nseparately for budding purposes.\"\nMrs. Nash writes on 28 AprU: \"There is a ru-\n12\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 2 Left: Norman, Nessie and\nDan Lee, perhaps taken\nsome time in the 1920s.\nCourtesy BC Archives B-9455\nmour that Temple may not be able to pay the\nsecond instalment on the Beaver Ranche, due\nnext week, and that they may have it back on\ntheir hands which would be rather terrible as we\nhear he has lost most ofthe custom at the store\nand has hardly any catde on the ranche. Of course\nthis may be aU gossip. I cannot fix a date to leave\nuntil Norman gets his money from Temple.\"\n10 May: \"The Miss Duponts leave shordy for\nEngland.They are great people for bridge parties\nand we have been to several at their house. [Mrs.\nNash gready enjoyed bridge, but it had to be\ncontract bridge; she did not Uke auction.] They\nare old-timers here and have asked so many of\nthe best people to caU upon us. People come here\nby dozens to tea on Sunday and we make it a\nkind of picnic as Elsie always has Sunday out after she has washed up the dinner things.\"As Mrs.\nNash said in another letter, Nessie, despite aU her\nworries at this time, \"is not happy unless she is\nentertaining.\"\n27 May:\"I've been out to Esquimalt to look at\nthe Rainbow (the Canadian Navy which has only\none ship) this afternoon... .The 24th May is a great\nday here. It was kept on Monday. We had our car\nat 9 a.m. and drove for three hours aU about the\nTown, Park, &c looking at the procession which\nI hear was a mUe long. I never saw anything equal\nto the flowers on the cars, carts, &c. It was a wonderful show. After a hasty lunch we went down\nto the Empress landing stage where the two Miss\nSheffields had their motor launch and two row\nboats waiting for us. A large party of us aU went\nup to the gorge to see the Indian canoe races.We\nhad tea and dinner in the boats, then as it began\nto rain we aU came back here for games instead\nof going to see the fireworks in the\nPark Norman is learning to drive his car, he\nwould not try before. I am so glad, it wiU give\nhim something to do.We had our first new potatoes out ofthe garden yesterday, such beauties.\"\nMrs. Nash's visit was coming to an end. Early\nin June Nessie and Norman took her for a final\nvisit to Alf and his farmly at Port Alberni. They\nwent by car: \"Norman motored part way and a\nMr. HaU who is with us took over the worst\nroads.\" On the way they stayed at QuaUcum Inn,\nthe notepaper of which boasted \"ExceUent Bathing Beach, Golf Links, Fishing, Shooting.\"\n20 June: Mrs. Nash was to leave Victoria the\nnext day. She would spend a few days with friends\nin Vancouver, visit the two step-sons of her second marriage near Calgary, and then stay with\nher eldest son, WUUam, and his famUy at Minto,\nnear Brandon, Manitoba. Kittie stayed inVicto\nria.\n24 June, Nessie to Hugh: \"We are missing\nmother. Everyone here loved her and thought\nher so bright and handsome with such an excellent figure.\"\n26 July, Nessie to Hugh: \"Everyone loved her,\n' Kittie had failed to find\nsuitable work as a mother's\nhelp. When her grandmother left she was virtually a domestic servant at the\nsmall private school which\nDan attended. She was paid\n$30 a month. \"Mrs.Ward\n[the schoolmaster's wife]\nand Kittie are going to do\neverything between them.\nFortunately there are only\ntwo boarders, but there is\nthe big schoolroom to clean\ndaily. She says Kittie can\ncome up here (it is only\nthree minutes walk) every\nevening, and every Sunday\nfor the afternoon and\nevening, so it will not be a\nhard post.\" (Letters, 23 & 28\nApril 1914) Kittie's career in\nBritish Columbia at this\ntime illustrates the difficulties faced by young English\nwomen of her class, untrained for any work, yet trying to find suitable employment. I do not know if, or\nfor how long, Kittie stayed\nin Canada. She married: a\nnewspaper report of Hugh's\nfuneral mentions a niece,\nKittie Borneman, but does\nnot state where she was living.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000\n13 10 For details of William's\ncareer in Manitoba I am\ngrateful for material supplied by the Manitoba Provincial Archives, and for the\ngenerous help of Mrs. Dolly\nAnderson, his youngest\nchild. The Alberni District\nHistorical Society kindly\ngave me information about\nAlfred and his family. The\nBritish Columbia Provincial\nArchives gave me information about Tom, and were\nvery and generously helpful\nwith details of Norman,\nNessie and Penrose. I am\n. also indebted to Norman\nPaddock ofVictoria, a friend\nand former Air Force colleague, Pat Kelly, also ofVic-\ntoria, whom I met in\nShrewsbury while he was\nsearching for his old-country ancestors, and Mrs. Anne\nLee, Dan's daughter-in-law,\nof HanceviUe. They have all\nshared my interest, and been\nvery generous with their\nhelp.\nthey had seldom seen such an aristocratic old lady\nin these parts and with such wonderful\nenergy... .We got about $60,000 for the ranche,\nthe balance is to be paid in two years more each\nMay, it bears interest @ 7%. We also have a good\ndeal of side property, but it is difficult to seU anything down here or in Vancouver, times are so\nbad and land held at too high a valuation. [Norman had bought some CPR land on the mainland shordy before going to Uve inVictoria.] We\nhave a meadow in ChUcotin stiU which has seven\nmUes of fence round it. There is a trout stream\nrunning through it where one can catch from 20\nto 30 trout an hour and exceUent shooting too,\ngrouse, teal, maUard, geese, snipe, deer, etc. I want\nto hold on to it if we can as we might be able to\nseU it to some wealthy potentate, but Norman\nthinks he could do more with the money now\nthan later on. ... Living is fierce here. Try as we\nwiU we can't get our grocer's biU under $50 a\nmonth and our water comes to over $4 a month.\nWe have second payments to meet on property\nnext month so we have to go easy.\" This was in\nreply to her brother's suggestion that she make a\nvisit to England soon.\nMrs. Nash's return to England was delayed by\nthe outbreak of war. In mid-November 1914 she\nsaUed on the Canadian Pacific Missanabie. She had\na safe voyage, and after nearly two years away she\nwas back with her son Hugh at Whitchurch,\nwhere she Uved for the rest of her Ufe. There is\nno record that she made another visit to Canada.\nShe died in March 1932.\nTom ran his store at Alexis Creek until his death\nin 1946. His partner,McCuUoch, had gone overseas with the Canadian Army, after which Tom\nseems to have been in sole possession. He married an Irish girl, and their son, Tommy, carried\non the business until the store was demoUshed to\nmake way for a wider road.\nAlf remained at Port Alberni until his death\nin 1942. After retirement from his post of County\nCourt Registrar he engaged in real estate development. At Port Alberni he used his second name\nto avoid confusion with another Lee, the road\nsuperintendent, and was known as Wood Lee.\nPenrose stayed on his Redstone ranch until\nhis death in 1960, Uving in the sod-roofed house\nerected in 1895. He loved the Chilcotin country,\nwhich in his memoirs he caUed \"the land of my\nheart.\" He never married, but his sister, Helen\nWarden Lee, after some twenty years in San Fran\ncisco, where for some time she worked for the\nPinkerton detective agency, came to keep house\nfor him, remaining at Redstone until shordy before her death in 1954 in her 93rd year.\nIn 1919, Nessie and Norman regained possession ofthe Beaver Ranch. Temple\u00E2\u0080\u0094whom Mrs.\nNash had so disUked\u00E2\u0080\u0094had been unable to make\na go of it, and could not keep up the payments.\nWith young Dan they set to work. There was\nmuch to do. Temple had sold the catde to pay off\ndebts, and there was not even a mUk cow on the\nproperty; the fences were down, and the house\nand buUdings in poor shape for want of maintenance; the store had been closed, and the fur-\ntrading business badly neglected. Reconstruction\nwas a long and hard task, especiaUy as they had\ngone back with Utde money after the financial\ndisasters ofthe previous six years\u00E2\u0080\u0094and by 1919\nNorman was fifty-seven. But together they graduaUy restored ranch, store, and trade. Dan\u00E2\u0080\u0094for aU\nhis grandmother's worries about him as a boy\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nproved to have a shrewd head for business, first\nin fur trading and then in catde: indeed, it was\none of his venturesome catde drives that earned\nenough to pay off his father's debts, with enough\nleft over to establish the herd of purebred\nherefords for which the ranch became famous.\nIn 1927, Nessie opened a women's wear store in\nWiUiams Lake, keeping a smaU apartment at the\nback of the store for her frequent visits to keep\nan eye on the business, which had a reputation\nfor clothes of good quaUty.\nNorman died in March 1939, aged 76; Nessie\nin December 1958, aged 86. Like her mother,\nshe was almost bUnd in her last years, but until\nher final, brief Ulness she was stiU the strong per-\nsonaUty that she had been throughout her long\nUfe. Many Natives were among the mourners at\nher funeral at HanceviUe, for she had earned their\nrespect and affection, and become fluent in their\nlanguage. Dan carried on the business, expanding the ranch and buUding up the quaUty herds.\nHe and his sons also buUt, at what came to be\ncaUed Lee's Corner, a restaurant and motel, just\nsteps from his father's original trading post, to\nserve not only the local ranchers, but also the\ngrowing number of tourists, hunters and fishermen \u00E2\u0080\u0094 for the beautiful Chilcotin was being\nopened up in a way that Norman and Penrose\ncould never have imagined when they first arrived.10 ^=^\n14\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 2 Big Little Cherry\nBy Ron Welwood\nThen, in your opinion, an orchard is not exactly a Garden of Eden?\nNot in England at any rate.\nIs it so anywhere\u00E2\u0080\u0094in any part ofthe world?\nYes: in Canada. At least, so I am told. I mean in British Columbia.\n(Bealby 1911, viii)\nCourtesy Ministry of Agriculture & Food, Victoria, BC\nAt the turn ofthe century, fruit ranching\nin British Columbia was considered an\nideal colonial alternative for many disenchanted Englishmen who sought independence as weU as prosperity. Advertisements extolling the virtues of this gendeman's occupation\nabounded in the contemporary Uterature, and,\nconsequently, many came west to seek their fortune. Often these pioneers purchased land from\nunscrupulous land brokers who extoUed the virtues of fruit ranching in both the Okanagan and\nthe Kootenay.\nIn 1906 Earl Grey, governor-general of Canada,\npurchased fifty-four acres of fruit land on the east\nside of Kootenay Lake after a personal inspection\nofthe region.This convinced many that, indeed,\nthere was a great future in Kootenay fruit growing. Testimonials such as one from James\nJohnstone, a pioneer Nelson fruit-grower, also\npromoted the Kootenay region as a possible Garden of Eden:\nI consider the conditions here [Kootenay Lake District] the most perfect for fruit-culture... .The quality and size here are far superior, and the yield per\nacre is at least double that of anything I have ever\nseen or succeeded in producing during my ten years'\nresidence in the States....I have not found irrigation necessary, and this adds much to the superior\nquaUty of aU our fruit. The fruit-grower wiU find\nhere an ideal home. The climate is perfect; the soU\nis very rich and productive, and the market the best.\nHe wiU be surrounded by beautiful scenery; and\nthe shooting and fishing are the best to be found\nanywhere\" (Bealby 1911,13-14).\nAmong the fruit crops, cherries from the\nKootenay region became famous. Although there\nwas considerable labour involved in picking and\npacking the crop, this soft, sweet fruit commanded\na ready market and a good price. Picking was\nslow because of the cherry's size, and packing\ncherries into cartons (eight into a smaU, shaUow\nwooden box) required considerable skUl to avoid\nshaking and bruising during transit. However,\nsuch careful attention to detaU paid handsomely\nand in 1909, Mr. Johnstone reported that his average gross return was $1,050 per acre (Bealby\n1911,205).\nIn describing a cherry orchard, J.T. Bealby, a\nNelson fruit rancher and promoter, exuded that\nOne ofthe most wonderful sights in a British Columbia orchard, and more especially a Kootenay\norchard, is the cherry-trees when laden with their\nsnow-white blossoms. Every branch, from its divergence from a large limb or the main trunk, right\naway to the outermost twig, is thickly feathered\nwith clusters of blossom, and tufts of bloom cling\neven to the main trunk and large limbs.This is true\nof every variety of cherry alike, sour as well as sweet.\nThe crops are, as a rule, enormously heavy\u00E2\u0080\u0094 so\nmuch so that the trees, and this appUes to apples,\npears, and plums, as well as to cherries\u00E2\u0080\u0094have to be\nwell supported with props to prevent them from\nbreaking down under the loads they carry, and even\nthen it is no unusual thing for one or more branches\nto spUt off before the fruit can be gathered (Bealby\n1911,114).\nSuch was the euphoric hype relating to fruit\nranching in the Kootenays at the turn ofthe century. However, underlying this supposed idyUic\nvocation was the reaUty ofthe hard back-breaking work required to clear treed and rock strewn\nland before planting, constructing buUdings, and\ndoing the many other mundane activities required\nto eke out a living whUe waiting for the fruit\ntrees to mature. In fact, it took a great deal of\nintestinal fortitude, physical stamina and patience\nto become a successful fruit rancher.\nAfter patiendy waiting for the trees to mature,\neuphoria changed to disiUusionment as competition increased and the markets became more\nsaturated. It was not unusual at the end of the\nseason for a rancher, after taUying the additional\nRon Welwood is\ncurrent president of\nthe British Columbia\nHistorical Federation,\nlibrary director at\nSelkirk College, and a\nresearcher and writer\non Kootenay related\ntopics.\nAbove: Little Cherry\ndisease. The large fruit on\nthe right are healthy. The\nothers show severe disease\nsymptoms.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000\n15 1 Malcolm Heddle preempted 40 acres (16 hectares) at Willow Point on\n12 April 1901 (Lang 1996,\n146).\ncosts of freight and packing expenses, to end up\nin debt (Dawson 1997, 62-65). In addition to\nthese hardships was the abandonment of many\ndeveloped lands when the caU to arms and patriotic duty beckoned during the First Great War.\nFruit ranching encompassed orchards containing apples, pears, plums, etc., but during these\nhalcyon years the Kootenay region became famous for its cherries. In fact, cherry production\nsurpassed apples in many orchards. Bing and Lambert varieties were considered the best commercial producers because of their big, firm-skinned,\nand dark-coloured fruit that commanded good\nprices.\nIn October 1905, the Kaslo Fruit Growers'\nAssociation was formed and sponsored the first\nKootenay Lake Fruit Fair in the faU of 1906. Kaslo\ncherries were renowned across Canada. The industry prospered and Kaslo's First Canadian\nCherry Fair was held at the end of July 1912. By\nthis time cherry cultivation was the most lucrative fruit crop in the Kaslo region. In August 1924,\na Cherry Carnival was held at the Kaslo DriU\nHaU where five hundred cases were displayed and,\naccording to the reports, some of the cherries\nwere so large they resembled smaU plums (\"average three and a quarter inches in circumference\")\n(McCuaig 1993). In 1929 the Pacific Fruit and\nProduce Company of Pordand, Oregon, received\na four-carton box of Lambert cherries and reported:\n.. .the finest looking piece of merchandise we have\never seen in our Uves... .the best we can say is that\nyou have the world beat....Since we are used to\ncommon, ordinary cherries it is hard for us to get\nan idea of the values of this kind of merchandise\n{Kootenaian 1929).\nThe pride and popularity of this Kaslo fruit was\ntouted by the city fathers who had the boulevards\nplanted with cherry trees in 1932 (McCuaig\n1993).\nUnfortunately a mysterious cherry disease suddenly and inexplicably destroyed this thriving\nsweet cherry industry.When the symptoms were\nfirst noticed in 1933 at Mr. Heddle's orchard1 on\na bench above WiUow Point on the West Arm of\nKootenay Lake approximately ten kilometres (six\nmUes) east of Nelson, this aberration completely\nbaffled provincial and Dominion plant pathologists. Its most striking feature provided the name,\nLitde Cherry disease.\nCherries affected by the Litde Cherry disease\nwere unsuitable for the fresh fruit market not only\nAnd life is like a cherry tree,\nWith branches all around;\nAnd up upon the topmost twig\nThe finest fruit is found.\nSometimes the picking's difficult,\nSometimes it's bloody tough \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nBut a good cherry picker\nCan always do his stuff. (The Cherry Picker)\nbecause they were smaU, but also because they\nlacked taste, sweetness, and appearance (angular\npointed with three flat sides). The fruit had a\nbrick-red hue with a duU lustre. Most disheartening to the fruit rancher was that disease-infected trees only became obvious about two\nweeks before harvest. Nowhere was the impact\non cherry production more dramatic than in the\ncentral Kootenay vaUey.\nUntil this time Litde Cherry had not been\nrecorded in any contemporary Uterature.This was\n\"the first report in the world ofthe new disease\nof sweet cherry caUed Litde Cherry\" (Mealing\n1989), and the first official description ofthe disease appeared in the British Columbia Department of Agriculture's Annual Report for 1936.\nFor over a decade the Department's horticulturists and plant pathologists reported their frustration in trying to determine the cause and find a\ncure.\nWR. Foster, assistant plant pathologist for the\nBritish Columbia Department of Agriculture, was\nassigned to study the disease. Although a virus\nwas suspected, the symptoms appeared entirely\nin the fruit of healthy bearing trees. NaturaUy,\ngrowers were reluctant to have their healthy orchards used for testing purposes, so with the cooperation ofthe ConsoUdated Mining and Smelting Company an experimental cherry orchard\nwas estabUshed at Columbia Gardens near Trail\naround 1940. This experimental orchard was\nimmature and could not be used immediately; so\ninfected trees were sprayed with concoctions such\nas the juice of cherry leaves and fruit, yeast extract (vitamin B),boric acid, magnesium or zinc.\nFertiUzer tests and soU analysis were also conducted. Buds from severely affected trees were\ntaken and put into fruiting Lambert trees at the\nDominion Experimental Station on Vancouver\nIsland in Saanichton where the resultant fruit\nseemed identical to those of the disease, Litde\n16\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 2 Courtesy Bon Welwood\nCherry. This suggested a virus and, if so, the plant\npathologists were determined to learn whether\nthe abundant native wild cherries were also susceptible to the disease.\nBy 1942, Litde Cherry symptoms appeared in\nevery fruit section of the Kootenay District except Kaslo. Finding a cure for this rapidly spreading infestation was critical. Communications and\ntravel between the Saanichton experimental station and the Kootenays was awkward enough\nwithout the added difficulty of Canada at war.\nTherefore, the research station at Summerland\nwas made responsible for tackling the problem.\nIn 1943, it was decided to abandon the young\norchard at Columbia Gardens and lease an isolated, healthy, mature orchard on approximately\nfive acres in the Kootenay Bay area.2 By now it\nwas almost certain that infected insects were the\ntransmission agents. Insects could be carried by\nthe wind, automobUes or other means and this\nwould explain the rapid expansion ofthe infested\narea.\nMeanwhile a large number of Little Cherry\nand wUd cherry buds were grafted to trees in the\nleased Kootenay Bay orchard. This was done to\nascertain whether or not the disease was truly a\ntransmissible virus and also whether or not wild\ncherries were carriers. By 1944, the plant pathologists concluded that, indeed, Litde Cherry was\ncaused by a virus; and the next year the Department of Agriculture reported:\nAt this time the sweet-cherry growing industry here\nin the Kootenays, does not look very bright, and\nunless something can be done to prevent the spread\nofthe 'Utde cherry' trouble one ofthe most profitable fruit-crops of this district wUl be eUminated\n(BC Sessional Papers 1945.V55).\nThe disease had spread throughout the entire\nKootenay vaUey (including Kaslo), the Upper\nArrow Lakes region and parts of the State of\nWashington by 1946.\nWhile the source of Litde Cherry disease outbreak near Nelson in 1933 was not then known,\nsubsequent research by plant pathologists proved\nthat Japanese ornamental flowering cherries\n(principaUy, Prunus serrulata) were carrying the\nLitde Cherry Disease in symptomless or masked\nform. Apparendy, three specimens of P. serrulata\nLindl were growing not far from the Heddle orchard.\nLess than five kUometres (three rrules) west, at\nRoberts Bay on Kootenay Lake, was the property of Selwyn GwiUym Blaylock,Vice-President\nand General Manager of Consolidated Mining\nand Smelting Company (later Cominco). The\nproperty, purchased in 1927, contained a modest\nresidence and a smaU orchard, but it was Blaylock s\nintention to have this summer retreat replaced\nwith a stately manor. Since one of his passions\nwas gardening, he developed an exotic garden\noasis around his newly constructed mansion\nknown as Lakewood. The land sloping up from\nLeft: The Lakewood or\nBlaylock Estate, constructed\nin 1935, is located\napproximately five\nkilometres (three miles)\neast of Nelson.\n2 In 1927, WiUiam Fraser\nplanted a cherry orchard\non his land just north of\nKootenay Bay. Fifty-five\ntrees were planted on 1.5\nacres (0.6 hectares) of\ncleared land. This isolated\norchard was leased to the\nDepartment of Agriculture\nfor seven years (Fraser\n1982, 19-20).\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-SPRING 2000\n17 i As Blaylock was president\nand general manager of\nCominco at the time, it\nmakes one wonder why\nCominco was so willing to\nprovide Columbia Gardens\nfor an experimental cherry\norchard in 1940.\n4 A parasitic wasp (Allotropa\nutilis Mues.) was released\nin the Kootenays between\n1938 and 1943. \"The establishment of A. utilis\npopulation coincided with\na dramatic decline in the\nrate at which litde cherry\ndisease spread through orchards ofthe Kootenay\nVaUey\" (Eastwell 1997,\n147).This proved that the\nrate at which Litde Cherry\ndisease spread was direcdy\ncorrelated with the population densities ofthe apple mealy bug.\nthe lake included terraced lawns and rock gardens. The grounds purportedly featured one of\nevery species of tree native to Canada as weU as\ncoundess other ornamental trees and fragrant\nflowering shrubs.\nIt is rumoured that Blaylock encouraged his\nfrequent weekend guests, including foreign dignitaries, to bring gifts of trees and shrubs from\ntheir native lands to add to his garden coUection\nand give it an international appearance. Although\nit would be simple to conclude that the Japanese\nornamental flowering cherry tree was introduced\nto the Kootenay Lake region in this manner, it is\nmore Ukely that Blaylock was direcdy responsible.\nThe ornamental Japanese Flowering Cherry trees\nwere on the \"Lakewood\"estate.They were imported\nclandestinely in the 1930's by the owner, Blaylock,\nwho was aware ofthe Ministry of Agriculture ban\nbut went ahead anyway (MeaUng 1989).\nMr. Foster stated that Cominco's Blaylock while\ndeveloping the Lakewood estate in the late 1920's\ninquired officiaUy about importation of Japanese\nOrnamental Cherries. He was told that the trees\nwere diseased & might not be imported. He decided to smuggle some in anyway & did so; they\nwere established & the disease Ukewise (Mealing\n1994).3\nAlthough the ornamental flowering cherry was\nidentified to be the viral source, the manner in\nwhich Litde Cherry spread was unknown. An\ninsect vector was suspected because ofthe rapidity with which the disease infected an orchard\nand spread from one orchard to another. The\nculprit was eventuaUy identified as the apple mealy\nbug (Phenacoccus aceris Sig.). In 1936 when the\nfirst description of Litde Cherry was pubUshed,\nthe Department of Agriculture's Horticulturalist\nReport for the same year also stated this \"very\ntroublesome insect pest\" was widely distributed\nin the Kootenays, particularly in theWUlow Point\narea. Unfortunately, at that time it was felt that\nthe mealy bug caused damage \"chiefly to the apple crop\" (BC Sessional Papers 1936, P35).\nTo control this infestation two tactics were\neventuaUy employed. Sprays and biocontrol4 were\nused to reduce the mealy bug population. In addition, infected trees were removed and destroyed.\nThe removal of infected cherry trees was devastating to the fruit ranchers, but such action was\nnecessary. By 1958, removal became mandatory\nunder the British Columbia Plant Protection Act\nthrough the Little Cherry Control Regulation.\nIn 1920, 65% of British Columbia's sweet\ncherry trees were planted in the Kootenay-Ar-\nrow Lakes district, but by 1950 this figure had\ndropped to 11% and by 1955 it had been dra-\nmaticaUy reduced to a mere 2% (MacPhee 1985,\n217). Geographic isolation, transportation difficulties, marketing and war were contributing factors to the decUne of this once thriving Kootenay\nfruit crop; but the biggest blow came from the\nLitde Cherry. The famous and bountiful cherry\ncrops ofthe Kootenays were no more.'***'\nBibliography\nBealby, J.T. Fruit Ranching in British Columbia. Lon-\ndon:Adam and Charles Black, 1911.\nBlaylock Estate in Nelson, B. C. Garden Tour. Nelson:\n1997.\nBritish Columbia. Sessional Papers. Department of Agriculture. Reports. Victoria: King's Printer, 1936,\n1948.\nDawson, Reginald. Hope and Forty Acres. Kamloops,\nBC: Plateau Press, 1997.\nEastweU, K.C. \"Litde Cherry Disease.\" In Filamentous\nViruses of Woody Plants. Ed. P.L. Monette.\nTrivandeum, India: Research Signpost, 1997.143-\n151.\nFoster, WR. andT.B. Lott.\" 'Litde Cherry,' a Virus\nDisease.\" Scientific Agriculture 27 A Qanuary 1947):\n1-6.\nFraser, WUliam. Four Score and More. Kootenay Bay,\nBC:W. Fraser, 1982.\nKootenaian: \"Big Cherries\" (2 Aug. 1906);\"The First\nFruits\" (6 Sept. 1906);\"Says Kaslo Cherries Have\nthe World Beat\" (29 Aug. 1929).\nLang, Joan E. A. \"History ofthe Fruit Industry in the\nWest Kootenay District of British Columbia,\n1905-1950.\" UnpubUshed M.A. thesis. University\nofVictoria, 1996.\nMacPhee, E.D, Commissioner. British Columbia.\nRoyal Commission on the Tree-fruit Industry of British\nColumbia. Report.Victoria: Queen's Printer, 1958.\nMcCuaig, George. Kaslo: the first 100 years. Kaslo,\nBC: Semco Press, 1993.\nMeaUng, Dr. F. Mark. Memos to the author, dated 14\nMarch 1989 and 27 AprU 1994, oudining a conversation inVictoria, Cadboro Bay, between W.R.\nFoster, assistant plant pathologist and Mealing of\nSelkirk CoUege in the summer of 1975; including\na single-page, unsigned, document \"Litde Cherry\"\nfrom Foster.\nScott, David. \"West Kootenay Fruit Ranchers.\" In\nBC Outdoors, 37.9 (Oct.-Nov. 1981): 34-36.\nWest, GUbert A. Kootenay Kuts Including \"The Little\nCherry Picker\" and Other Jingles: a small collection of\nrhymes and reasonings of a rambling rancher. 2nd edition. Nelson, BC: Nelson Daily News, 1953.\n18\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 2 A Walhachin Index\nby Keith R.Wood\nThirty-five mUes west of Kamloops Ue the remnants of the tiny orchard community of\nWalhachin. Conceived by an ambitious land company and born into boom times, it suffered a short\nspan on the Canadian agricultural frontier. The\nmany reasons given for Walhachin's demise are,\nfor the most part, weU documented.They include\npoor soU, a hostile cUmate, inadequate acreage\nfor return, an inconsistent water supply and, as\nan accelerator, the effects ofWorldWar I.\nWalhachin's claim to have sent, without conscription, more men into the war in proportion\nto population than any community in Canada\nreceived wide coverage by a wartime press and\nwould be difficult to chaUenge. However, other\ntowns have placed the same claim. An accounting ofthe men who served overseas during the\nGreat War has barely been touched. The legend\nthat most fruit growers died or never returned\nhas long ago been refuted; however, it has never\nbeen adequately measured.\nWhen war was declared in August 1914,\nWalhachin possessed a weU-estabUshed cavalry\nmUitia unit. Since 1911, C Squadron, 31st British\nColumbia Horse, under Captain Rowland Paget,\nhad trained every Wednesday, attended the Vernon\nMUitia Camp each summer, and sent men to\nWinnipeg in the winter for senior N.C.O. courses.\nEvery man was an accompUshed equestrian from\nyears of polo, fox hunts, and racing. Drawn from\na population base of less than two hundred, the\nunit numbered thirty in 1912 and fourteen at\nthe beginning of hostihties.\nThroughout that August, Capt. Paget recruited\nmen for the British Columbia Horse in\nWalhachin, Ashcroft, and Savona. MeanwhUe, on\nparade, during inspections, and on the rifle range,\nthe young men trained and waited in resdess\nanticipation for the caU. In these early days of\nwar their greatest fear was to miss the \"Great\nAdventure.\"\nFinaUy, on 21 August, orders arrived and C\nSquadron entrained from the Walhachin station\nfor Kamloops, where it joined the main body,\nand hence to the mobiUzation camp atValcartier,\nQuebec.\nHere the 31st was broken into drafts, the main\nbody going to the 5th Canadian Infantry Battal\nion also known as the Western Cavalry. Despite\nthis nickname it fought as infantry for the duration. Over half of the Walhachin contingent went\nto the Lord Strathcona's Horse, including Captain Paget. Even at this stage of the war it was\nreaUzed the need for cavalry would be hmited.\nSo, the Strathcona's was converted to infantry after\na 30-day course and went into the Une as a composite BattaUon with the Royal Canadian Dragoons in May 1915. By February 1916 the regiment was once again cavalry; however, as part of\nthe Canadian Cavalry Brigade, it was still subject\nto stints in the trenches and even carried suppUes\nto the front Unes, dug trenches and strung barbed\nwire as a Pioneer Battalion.\nIn the faU of 1915, communities across Canada\nwere encouraged by Ottawa to compUe Usts of\nthose who had enroUed from their town and send\nthem to the MUitia Office. These honour roUs\nwere framed as a permanent record and given a\nspecial place in local churches or town haUs.\nWalhachin's honour roU was unveUed on 1 July\n1916. It was created by Alfred John Pugh and\nfunded by Ralph Chetwynd, and it hung over\nthe fireplace in the Walhachin Hotel until the\nearly 1920s. The honour roU was then moved to\nthe town haU, but sadly went missing sometime\nin the 1970s.The Walhachin honour roU showed\nthe names of 44 men who enlisted from\nWalhachin up to 1 July 1916,includingthe names\nofthe 22 men ofthe British Columbia Horse (C\nSquadron) who left in August 1914. The others\nnamed left after August 1914 to join their regiments in Britain during the course ofthe war or\nenUstedin local Canadian battaUons.Also included\nare two men who, in 1915, joined Britain's Munitions Supply Force.\nThroughout 1914 a Walhachin column had\nappeared weekly in the Ashcroft fournal. Perhaps\nthe regular correspondent had left in the August\nrush because for four to five weeks, between the\nmiddle of August until the middle of September, no Walhachin column was pubUshed. This\ncreates a lack of information at a time when a lot\nof things were happening in Walhachin. The\nWalhachin column resumed in the Ashcroft fournal on 19 September 1914. It is clear that also\nsome famUies left in this time frame. With more\nKeith Wood has lived in\nKamloops since 1975.\nHe has an unabating\ninterest in the military\nheritage of the south-\ncentral interior of BC\nand particular in the\nfate ofthe individual\nman.\nA photograph of\nWalhachin's Honour\nRoll propelled Keith\nWood into research of\nthose from Walachin\nwho went to serve in\nthe Great War.\nSources\nArchives\nNational Archives of\nCanada. Canadian Expeditionary Force service papers for all\nWalhachin enlistments.\nNominal rolls for: The\n5th Canadian Infantry\nBattalion and The Lord\nStrathcona's Horse.\nBritish Columbia Archives:\nThe Yale DistrictVoters'\nLists, 1911,1913, and\n1916.\nInterviews\nDarrough, Ada (re Parkin\nfamily).\nFlowerdew, John and family (re Eric and\nGordon).\nMaynard, Kay (re Halliday\nfamily).\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000\n19 Names as shown on\nthe 1916 Walhachin\nRoll of Honour:\nAskew, EJ.P\nBlair, R.\nCalder, G.\nCallenderJ.\nClarke, J.C.\nClarke, M.H.\nDe Jongh, K.G.\nFellowes, CA.\nFlowerdew, E.\nFlowerdew, G.M.\nFortescue, W.A.\nGreen, A.\nGreen, Ml.\nHalliday, R.\nHolbertonJ.E.\nJefferies,W.H.\nKinch,A.T.\nKnatchbutt,W.P.\nLangley.W.\nLoyd,E.B.K.\nMacMahon,E.E.\nMartin, J.\nMelhuishJ.L\nMunro, A.\nPaget, L.\nPaget, R.E.\nParker-Jervis, H.\nParkin, B.\nParkin, H.\nPearce, P.C.\nPenketh, H.J.\nPole, R.\nPrior, A.P.\nRoberts, R.\nSalaman,E.S.\nShaw, W.T.\nSoames.C.T.\nTennant, W.G.\nTuring. J.L.\nWallingtonJ.\nWilkinson, E.R.\nWillan,A.R.\nPike, James\nGoggin,V.P.\nNames to be added:\nBertram, E.\nBumettJ.\nChetwynd,W.R.T.\nFitzgerald, Dermot\nHalliday, Duncan\nJohnson, LL\nKitsonJ.F.B.\nLoyd,A.K.\nthan a Utde acrimony the correspondent relates\nthe closure of the Walhachin school for inadequate\nenrolment in spite of their community's contribution of almostforty young men to the war effort.\nThere were 22 men in the British Columbia\nHorse contingent, who left in August 1914. Only\none other man shown on the honour roU (H.\nParker-Jervis) has been traced as enUsting before\n19 September 1914. Still, the \"almost forty young\nmen\" mentioned in the newspaper suggest that\nin addition to the 23 men there were another 16\nor 17 men who left prior to the middle of September 1914, the pubUcation date ofthe article.\nThe honour roU shows 11 names whose departure date is unknown. If every one of those 11\nleft before the middle of September date, the total would stiU be around 34 and short of the almost 40 mentioned by the correspondent. Either some of the early enUstments were lost in\nthe rush or the correspondent's count was incorrect.\nThe labour force of the Anglesey Estate and\nother orchards could perhaps account for the\nmissing enUstments. Most men mentioned on the\nhonour roU who gave their caUing as labourer\nwere employed by the Anglesey Estates, owned\nby the Marquis, located downriver from\nWalhachin. In 1914 there were 110 workmen in\nWalhachin, most of whom were non-permanent\nresidents and therefore not considered in the\noveraU calculations here or in other communities. However, amongst the many separate orchards using hired labour, surely there were some\nwho quahfied as permanendy employed.\nAfter July 1916, when the honour roU was\npresented, the number of enUstments increased\nsubstantiaUy. For almost two more years conscription cuUed the population at an unknown rate.\nInformation on eight men, not Usted on the honour roll, was compiled from data found in\nWalhachin's column pubUshed in the Ashcroft Journal, the 1916Voters' Ust, and from interviews with\ndescendants. Those 8 brings the total from the\n44 men Usted on the honour roU to 52. The Usting of these 52 men on the foUowing pages is\nnot meant to be a definitive count forWalhachin\nerUistments.The information has been compiled\nprimarUy to shed Ught on the mUitary records of\nWalhachin's soldiers and to clarify this aspect of\ntheir community's history.\nOf the 52 enUsted men, at least 25 became\ncommissioned officers, a total far above the average, reflecting the residents' class origin. From C\nSquadron, those with the notation \"Auth: War\nOffice Letter\" after their commission date were\nrewarded for famUy connections. Others who\ntransferred to Imperial forces at their own request were, in fact, rejoining prewar regiments.\nThe rest were either Canadian MUitia officers at\nthe onset of hostihties, or were in time promoted\nthrough the ranks. For direct enUstments into the\nBritish Army, there is stiU Umited access to service papers.\nWalhachin lost at least 7 men during the conflict\u00E2\u0080\u0094not a large sum at first glance, but severe\nenough for a population of under 200. However,\nother smaU rural communities suffered a similar\nfate in a terrible war. Walhachin's closest neighbour, Savona, sent 33 men to the front and lost 8;\nLavington, a community simUar to Walhachin,\nhad 13 of 33 men kiUed; and the experience of\nmultiple losses from one family was shared by aU.\nVeterans of this conflict knew from personal experience the equaUzing effects of war, for it honoured no boundaries nor class. The concept that\none community might have contributed more\nthan another is purely a civUian extension of civic\npride.'^^'\nBibliography\nAshcroft Journal 1910-1921. Walhachin excerpts.\nDendy, David and Kathleen M. Kyle. A Fruitful Century, The British Columbia Fruit Growers Association,\n1889-1989. B.C.F.G.A., 1990.\nFlick, C.M.G,C.B.E.,Lt.Col.,C.L.^ Short History of\nthe 31st British Columbia Horse. Victoria.BC: J.Parker\nBuckle.The ReUable Press, 1922.\nGrodzinski.Capt.J.R. The Battle of Moreuil Wod. n.p. 1993.\n Honours and Awards, Army, Navy, and Airforce 1914-\n20. Reprint. J.B. Hayward & Son, 1979.\nHesilrige.Arthur G.M., Ed. Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage,\nKnightage and Companionage. London: Dean &\nSons,1928.\nJarvis, S.D and D.B., The Cross of Sacrifice, vol. 1 Officers\nDied in British, Indian and East African Regts. and Corps.\n1914-19. Roberts Medals, n.d.\nOrmsby, Margaret, Coldstream Nulli Secundus, Friesen,\n1990.\nRiis, Nelson. \"The Walhachin Myth: a Study in Setdement Abandonment.\" MA Thesis, Department of\nGeography, University of British Columbia, 1970.\nWeirjoan. Walhachin, Catastrophe or Camelot. Hancock\nHouse Pubhshers, 1984.\nWigney, Edward H. The C.E.F.Roll of Honour. Eugene\nUrsual, 1996.\nWrigley's British Columbia Directory, 1919. Vancouver:\nWrigley's Directories Ltd, 1919.\nZuehlke, Mark, Scoundrels, Dreamers and Second Sons.\nWhitecap Books, 1994.\n20\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 2 Walhachin Index 1914-1918\n* those who lost their Uve in the war.\nC SQUADRON (Count: 22)\nBlair, Robert: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. On 1911 voters\nUst. Born: Londonderry, Ireland. Age 32. Single. Calling:Teamster.\nService with 5th BattaUon as a sergeant. Warrant Officer First Class.\nAwards: Distinguished Conduct Medal; mentioned three times in\ndispatches;Belgian Croix de Guerre. Discharged: 1919 with Walhachin\nas intended residence.\n* Calder, GEORGE:Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. On 1913 voters Ust. Born: Aberdeenshire, Scodand. Age 31. Single. Catling: Carpenter. Service with 5th Btn. as a sergeant. Died of wounds incurred\nat Pozieres Ridge on the Somme on 12 September 1916. Note:Bur-\nied at Contay British Cemetery, France.\nClarke,John Coulson: Arrived in Walhachin: March 1911. Born:\nLichfield, Staffordshire, England. Age 34. Single. Calling: Farmer.\nService with L.S.H. as Ueutenant, wounded 1917. Discharged as a\nMajor with Walhachin as intended residence.\nClarke, Miles Harwood: Arrived in Walhachin: AprU 1914. Born:\nCeylon. Age 23. Single. CaUing: Farmer. Service with L.S.H. as a\nprivate. Commissioned into British Army 27 February 1915. (Audi:\nWO. letter)\nFlowerdew, Eric Symonds: Arrived in Walhachin: AprU 1914. Born:\nNorfolk.England.Age 18. Single. Calling: Farmer. Service with L.S.H.\nas a private. Commissioned lieutenant in Royal Field ArtiUery in\n1918, wounded. Discharged in 1919 setded in Langley with his new\nbride. Calling: Poultry farmer. At the same time began many years of\npubUc service including as one ofthe founders ofthe Otter Farmer's\nInstitute and the local Legion branch; a founder of Langley Memorial Hospital and served as a director: served on Langley Municipal\nCouncil 1944-1964 and was instrumental in obtaining the initial\nbudget appropriation for Municipal Parks and Recreation. The Eric\nFlowerdew \"Volunteer of the Year\" trophy is still awarded at the Langley Museum. Brother to Gordon.\n* Flowerdew, Gordon Muriel: Arrived in Walhachin: 1910.\nBorn: Norfolk, England. Age 29. Single. CaUing: Storekeeper. Service\nwith L.S.H. as a L/Cpl. Commissioned 1916 with L.S.H.Award:The\nVictoria Cross. On 30 March 1918 he led a mounted charge of 75\nmen against 300 ofthe enemy and took a vital position in MoreuU\nWood. Lt. Flowerdew died of wounds the next day. Note: Buried at\nRocUncourt Military Cemetery, France.\n* Green, Arthur Adelbert Lingard: Arrived in Walhachin: Spring\n1911. Born: Fort Que AppeUe, Saskatchewan. Age 24. Calling:Teamster. Service with L.S.H as a L/sergeant. Wounded by sheUfire 22\nJune 1915 and died of wounds 16July. Note: Buried Letreport MUitary Cemetery, France and commemorated on the Kamloops Memorial.\nGreen.Michale LiNGARD:Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. On 1913\nvoters Ust. Born: Devonshire, England. Age 29. Single. CaUing: Seaman. Service with L.S.H. as a private sergeant. Wounded 1 AprU\n1918. Discharged to U.K. Possibly a cousin to A. Green.\n!P1\nm\nv/sPer\nCourtesy lohn Edward, son.\nAbove: Guy H.T.Edwards, left, and Gordon M. Flowerdew in front ofthe\nWalhachin Post Office. Gordon Flowerdew died in France in 1918.\nEdwards, who arrived in Walhachin September 1910, was a farmer,\nstorekeeper, and orchardist. He was deemed unfit for military service. In\n1918 he was secretary to the Marquis of Anglesey's Estate and after the\nwar he owned stores in Savona and Notch Hill.\nHolberton, Thomas Edmund: Arrived in Walhachin: 1912. Born:\nMiddlesex, England. Age 31. Single. CaUing: CivU engineer.\nService with L.S.H. as a private. Commissioned New Army at Canterbury 4 May 1915. Served with Royal Horse Artillery in\nMesopotamia. Decorations: MUitary Cross and Bar for second award.\nNote: An older brother was kUled as an officer in the British Army\n1918.\nJeffries, William Henry: Arrived in Walhachin: January 1911. Born:\nHampshire, England. Age 30. Single. CaUing: Fitter and mechanic.\nService with Canadian Army Service Corps-Motor Transport as a\nprivate sergeant. Decorations: Meritorious Service Medal as a chauffeur. Discharged 1921; intended residence Victoria.\nKiNCH,ALBERTT.:Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. On 1913Voters\nUst. Born: London, England. Age 29. Single. CaUing: Teamster. Service with 5th Btn. as a private sergeant. Wounded twice. Discharged\nwith Walhachin as intended residence. Note: His calling was in fact\nthe very popular bartender at the Walhachin Hotel. This sudden vocational change might have arisen from a desire to escape service as a\nbase wallah for the duration.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS SPRING 2000\n21 Loyd, EdWard Basil Kirkman: Arrived in Walhachin: September\n1910. Born: Hertfordshire, England. Age 21. Single. CaUing: Orchardist. Service with L.S.H. as a sergeant Commissioned into 2nd\nBtn. Royal Irish Rifles 20 July 1915.Award: Mentioned in dispatches\n1917. Residence on discharge: Kelowna. Note: Brother to Arthur.\nMacMahon, Ernest Edward: Arrived in Walhachin: 1911. Born:\nKent, England. Age 22. Single. CaUing: Clerk. Service with 5 Btn. as\na private. Commissioned into 12th Essex Regiment 10 March 1915\n(Audi: War Office Letter.) Note:The 12th Essex were a Pioneer Bat-\ntaUon.\nMelhuishJohn LEON:Arrived in Walhachin: November 1910. Born:\nSurrey, England. Age 31. Single. CaUing: Fruit Farmer. Service with\nL.S.H. Machine Gun Squadron as a L/Cpl. Ueutenant. Discharged\nwith intended residence Walhachin. Note: Received two months\nleave in Canada without pay in late 1917 due to a serious labour\nshortage in Walhachin to assist his civUian partner Frank Ivan.\nPaget, Louis George: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. Born: Fife,\nScodand. Age 23. Single. CaUing: Fruit grower. Service with L.S.H.\nas a private* Commissioned into Royal Horse Guards 6 November\n1914 at his own request. Note: Comments on discharge: A thoroughly reUable steady man.\nPaget, Rowland Edward: Arrived in Walhachin: FaU 1910. Born:\nLichfield, Staffordshire, England. Age 35. Married. CaUing: Rancher.\nService with L.S.H. as Ueutenant. Transferred to Kings Royal Rifle\nCorps at own request as major. Severely wounded 1916. Returned\nto Walhachin disabled with an artificial left leg. Note: Cousin to\nMarquis. Captain in charge of C Squadron. Adjutant to BCH Regiment. One of a few from Walhachin who took a Canadian bride,\nMaud Cran, whose famUy had resided in Canada since the 1840s.\nShe was a daughter to the manager of the Bank of British North\nAmerica in Ashcroft. On his service papers Paget Usted his next of\nkin as \"The Lady Berkeley Paget.\" This has been neady crossed out\nand replaced with Mrs. R.E. Paget.\nParkin, Bennet: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. Born: England.\nAge 23. Single. CaUing: Teamster. Service with 5 Btn. Regimental\nStaff as a private. Discharged in England.\nSalaman, Eric John Seymour: Arrived in Walhachin: AprU 1914.\nBorn: London, England. Age 18. Single. CaUing: Fruit farmer.\nService with Royal Canadian Horse Artillery as a gunner. Discharged\nas medicaUy unfit 20 September 1915 in U.K. and returned to Canada.\nShaw, Wilfred Thomas: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. Born:\nDerby,England.Age 25. Single. CaUing: Shoeing-smith. Service with\nL.S.H. as a farrier-sergeant.Wounded 1915 and multiple wounds in\n1917. Discharged to Canada for convalescence December 1917 and\ndischarged medicaUy unfit March 1918, residence to be Walhachin.\n* Tennant, William Galbraith: Arrived in Walhachin: July 1911.\nBorn: London, England. Age 32. Widower. CaUing: Farmer. Service\nwith L.S.H. as Ueutenant. KUled in Action 25 May 1915, Batde of\nFestubert.Was the Lord Strathcona's first officer casualty ofthe war.\nA younger brother was kiUed at GaUipoli in August. Note: Buried:\nChoques Military Cemetery, France.\n* Wilkinson, Eric Russel: Arrived in Walhachin: March 1911 .Bom:\nHertfordshire, England. Age 20. Single. CaUing: Fruit rancher. Service with L.S.H. as a sergeant. Commissioned into Middlesex Regiment (AuthWar Office Letter) October 1915. Royal Flying Corps\nas a pUot in 1916 with 47th Squadron in Macedonia and Salonika.\nAward: MUitary Cross June 1917. Died of wounds received whUe\nstrafing enemy trenches 7 October 1917. Note: Buried: Sarigol MUitary Cemetery, Greece. Youngest son of the late Charles Henry\nWilkinson London director ofthe B.C.D.A.\nWillan.Arthur Reginald: Arrived in Walhachin: Summer 1910.\nBorn:Warwickshire, England.Age 25. Single. CaUing: Farmer. Service with L.S.H. as a L/Cpl. Commissioned into 1st Derbyshire\nYeomanry 2 AprU 1915. (Audi: War Office Letter). By August 1915\nthis regiment was heavUy involved in fighting at GaUipoU as infantry. Note: Shown on 1925 MUitia List as a captain in the British\nColumbia Mounted Rifies (Kelowna). Struck off strength British\nColumbia Dragoons 1914, overage. Major.\nOTHER ENLISTMENTS 1914-1916 (Count: 20)\nAskew, Edward Jocelyn P.: Arrived in Walhachin: July 1911. Married. CaUing: Orchardist. British mUitary service but untraced. Returned to Walhachin in 1919 as a Captain.\nCallenderJohn Slimmin: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. Born:\nGlasgow, Scodand. Age 29. Single. CaUing: Farmer. Service with\n172nd Btn. (Rocky Mountain Rangers) as a private from 5 November 1915,. In France with 29th Btn. and 2nd Machine Gun Company.\nWounded twice. Discharged 1919, intended residence Kamloops.\nDejongh, K. G.: Arrived in Walhachin: AprU 1914. CaUing: Orchardist. Left to join his regiment in Britain October 1914; otherwise\nuntraced.\nFellowes, Hon. Carol Arthur: Arrived in Walhachin: July 1914.\nAge 18. Single. CaUing: Fruit Grower. Left November 1915. Service with 3rd Btn. Norfolk Regiment as a Ueutenant. Returned:\n1919. Note:Third son of First Baron AUwyn (1921) .An older brother\nkilled in action as an officer with the British Army 1917.\n* Fortescue, William Aubrey: Arrived inWalhachin:August 1911.\nMarried. CaUing: Fruit grower. KUled in Action as a Ueutenant with\n2\u00C2\u00B0dBtn. Lancashire FusiUers 12 October 1916,Batde ofthe Somme.\nBuried: London Cemetery and Extension, Highwood, Longueval,\nFrance.\nHalliday, Robert: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. Born: Scotland.Widower. CaUing: Labourer. Left December 1915 to join The\nArgyU and Sutherland Regiment in Scodand. Returned: 1919.\nNote: Brother to Duncan.\nKnatchbull.Wyndham Persee: Arrived in Walhachin: 1911.Married. CaUing: Secretary/accountant for the British Columbia De-\nvelopmentAssociation. Left sometime after October 1915 and joined\nthe Royal Field Artillery as a major.\nLangley, Walter: Untraced.\nMartin,J.: Untraced.\nMunro, A: Untraced.\n22\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 2 Parker-Jervis, Humphrey: Arrived in Walhachin: July 1914. Age 25.\nSingle. CaUing: Orchardist. Left August 1914 and joined The Rifle\nBrigade as a Ueutenant then to the Royal Air Force. Award: Mentioned in dispatches.\nParkin, Harry: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. Born: England.\nAge 19. CaUing: Labourer. Left November 1915 andjoined 172\"dBtn.\n(Rocky Mountain Rangers) as a private.To 72ndBtn. (Seaforth Highlanders of Canada). Wounded 26 June 1917. Struck off strength and\nreturned January 1918. Note: Brother to Bennett.\n* Pearce, Percy Charles: Arrived in Walhachin: April 1914. Born:\nCornwall, England. Age 21. Single. Calling: Orchardist. Left March\n1916. Joined 172nd Btn. (Rocky Mountain Rangers) as a private.To\n47th Btn. Missing and presumed kiUed 13 April 1917 Batde ofVimy\nRidge. Note: Has no known grave and is commemorated on the\nVimy Memorial and the Kamloops Cenotaph.\nPenketh, Harry James: Arrived in Walhachin: May 1912. Born:\nStaffordshire, England. Age 23. Single. CaUing: Rancher. Left August\n1915. Joined 54th (Kootenay) Btn. as a private corporal. Wounded\n1916 Batde ofthe Somme. Returned for convalescence as quarter\nmaster sergeant with intended residence Vancouver. Award: MUitary\nmedal. Note: Two older brothers kUled in action as officers with the\nBritish Army.\nPole, Rjeginald Alexander Charles: Arrived in Walhachin: October 1910. Born: England. Age 27. Single. CaUing: Accountant. Left\nNovember 1915 to seek a commission in the Army Service Corps.\nNote: Walhachin's first postmaster.\nPrior, Arthur Patrick: Arrived in Walhachin: May 1911. Service\nwith British Army Service Corps, as a Ueutenant. Wounded 1915.\nRoberts, K: Untraced.\nSoames, C.T.: Untraced.\nTuringJohn Leslie: Arrived in Walhachin: July 1914.Age 19. Single.\nCaUing: Orchardist. Left January 1916 to join 3 Btn. Seaforth Highlanders in England as a lieutenant. Award: Military Cross. Returned\nto Walhachin in 1919. Note: A younger brother to his twin, heir to\nthe family tide. Educated at WeUington CoUege\u00E2\u0080\u0094brother at Eton\nand R.M.C. Attributed longevity to many hours in the hot sun\ntUling Walhachin soU. Succeeded twin in 1970 as 11th Baronet of\nAberdeenshire.\nWallington J.: Arrived in Walhachin: Nov. 1911. Further history\nuntraced.\nCIVILIAN ENLISTMENTS. (Count: 2)\nGoggin VP:Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. Left July 1915 to join\nthe British Munitions Supply Force foUowing his faith as a Quaker.\nPike, James: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. Left July 1915 to join\nthe British Munitions Supply Force.\nHONOUR ROLL ADDENDA (Count: 8)\nBertram, Edward Ethelbert Nelson: Arrived in Walhachin: 1909.\nBorn: London, England.Age 36. Married. CaUing: Mining engineer.\nLeft June 1916 andjoined 211th Battalion in Vancouver as a private to\n28 Inf. Battalion. Discharged December 1918 as medicaUy unfit;\nresidence Vancouver. Note: Assisted in surveying of flumes and orchards.\nBurnett, James: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown. On 1916Voters\nList. Born: Kincardinshire, Scodand.Age 40.Widower. CaUing: Butler. Joined 172 Btn. March 1916 in Savona. Served 1st Res. Btn,\nH.Q. in England. Discharged with intended residence Glasgow.\nChetwynd, William Ralph Talbot: Arrived in Walhachin: 1910.\nBorn: Lichfield, Staffordshire. Age 27. Married. Calling: Manager.\nJoined Royal Field ArtiUery in 1917 as a Ueutenant.Award: MUitary\nCross for saving a wounded soldier under fire. Note: A cousin to the\nMarquis of Anglesey. Postwar manager of Anglesey Estates replacing\nCharles E. Barnes who was elected president ofthe British Columbia Fruitgrowers Association in 1918. Entered poUtics as Social Credit\nMLA for Cariboo in 1952. Held appointments as Minister ofTrade\nand Industry; Minister of Fisheries, Railroads and Agriculture.Town\nof Chetwynd is named after him.\nFitzgerald, Dermot: Arrived in Walhachin: May 1912. Born: England. Age 24. Single. CaUing: Gendeman (from 1913 voters Ust).\nService with British Army Remount Service 1915-1918 as a captain. Returned in 1919.\nHalliday, DuNCAN:Arrived in Walhachin: 1912. Born: Morven, Scotland. Age 29. Married. CaUing: Labourer. Left Janunary 1918 and\njoined 72ndBattaUon Seaforth Highlanders of Canada. Returned:\n1919. Note: Brother to Robert.\nJohnson, Lancelot Llewellyn: Arrived in Walhachin: Unknown.\nOn 1916 voters List. Born: England. Age 33. Married. Calling: Civil\nEngineer. Left June 1916. Commissioned into Canadian Engineers\nseverely wounded at Vimy. Discharged to employment with Invalided\nSoldiers Commission. Award: MUitary Cross.\nKitsonJohn Francis Buller: Arrived in Walhachin: March 1911.\nMarried. Calling: Rancher. Left June 1916 to join Royal NavalVol-\nunteer Reserve as a Ueutenant. Service in motor torpedo boats.\nAwards: Distinguished Service Cross: While protecting a convoy in\nthe English Channel he attacked and rammed a U-boat thus driving it away. Also awarded the Order ofthe British Empire (CivU) in\n1945. Returned: 1919. Note: Married to Dorothy, sister of Eric\nWilkinson. An older brother kiUed as an officer with the British\nArmy 1917.\nLoyd, Arthur Kestevan: Arrived in Walhachin: Sept. 1910. Born:\nHertfordshire, England. Age 27. Married. Calling: Rancher.\nLeft June 1918 andjoined #5 Coy. Royal Canadian Gatson Artillery as gunner. Service in Canada only. Discharged December 1918\nwith intended residence Walhachin. Note: By 1919 he was in Kelowna\nemployed as a tree pruner, purchased an orchard and expanded his\nholdings. By 1935 president ofthe British Columbia Fruit Growers\nAssociation until 1940; president and general manager of British\nColumbia Tree Fruits Ltd. Led the industry through its most prosperous times. Upon retirement became involved in the formative\nyears of the Kelowna Museum. Award: Member of the British\nEmpire(CivU) 1946 For exceUence in agriculture.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 2000\n23 The Blunt End of the Discovery\nby John E.Roberts\nBetween 1969 and\n1972 John E. (Ted)\nRoberts assisted in the\ndesign and construction ofthe Discovery\ndisplay in what is now\nthe Royal British\nColumbia Museum.\nThe writing of this\narticle brought back\nmany happy memories\nof the days he spent at\nthe museum with\nsome remarkable\npeople.\nTed Roberts'unflagging interest in Captain\nVancouver and his\nexploration ofthe\ncoast have recently\nbeen rewarded by the\nestablishment of a\nCaptain Vancouver day\ninBC.\nCentre: Wasfohn Brent\nthe author of The\nShipbuilder's Repository as suggested by f. E.\nRoberts? So far no one has\nchallenged his assumption.\nIt wasn't that long ago that the suggestion the\nfamUy visit a museum would have elicited\nprolonged groans, especiaUy from its younger\nmembers. Fortunately, for those of us Uving in\nsoutern British Columbia, this aU changed with\nthe opening of the new British Columbia Museum in 1972 foUowing\nfour years of preparation after the new\nstructure was completed on Belleville\nStreet inVictoria.\nMany of our society's\nmembers wiU remember the old museum\nquarters in the basement of the east wing\nof the Parliament\nBuUdings, with its boring exhibits of stuffed\nanimals which were\nhardly epitomes of the\ntaxidermist's art, and the\ninsects in glass frames,\npoorly lit, with almost\nunreadable labels and\nthe constant hovering\nof the attendant with\nhis admonition of\n\"Don't Touch.\"\nIn the new quarters, everything became aUve\nwith innovative lighting and sound systems, and\na visitoi could literaUy enter right into the scene.\nMind you, the admonition of No Touching stUl\nremained and if young hands strayed, an elaborate alarm system would sound and it didn't take\nlong for visitors to remember the limits. However, even today, nearly thirty years later, there\nare still those who want to test the system and\nthe occasional alarm and security's attention wiU\nmake everyone jump.\nThe \"first phase\" on the 3rd floor ofthe museum houses the modern history and the Aboriginal displays which astounded the first visitors, and in short order the museum was rated\n\"world class.\" My own involvement was in the\nShipbuilder's Repofitory;\nOR, A TREATISE OK\nMARINE ARCHITECTURE.\nWHEREIN ARR CONTAINS!).\nThe PRINCIPLES of the ART,\nWith the THEORY inA PRACTICAL PARTS fully explained;\nAnd ctwy Infl/udiwi rehired in che building and completing * Ship, of every\nCU6, from the forming of tlie Draught, to che launching into ihe Waicr.\nCAlCtflATID TO T)U CAfACITV OJ\nYOUNG BEGINNERS:\nCompiled and digefted in a Manner ENTIRELY NEW\nAnd laid down different from what tut hitherto appocicd on the Subjca,\nTht Whoto bring intentcd u\nA Com^te Companion for thofe Naval Archite&s,\nDeiirous of attaining a Competent Knowledge of\nTHAT IMPORTANT ART.\nLOKD0K-. PRINTED POR THE AUTHOR-\nfc esss^\u00E2\u0084\u00A2^-