"CONTENTdm"@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=3202327"@en . "British Columbia History"@en . "British Columbia Historical Federation"@en . "2015-07-17"@en . "2000"@en . "Vol. 33, No. 4"@en . ""@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bch/items/1.0190692/source.json"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " British Columbia\nHistorical News\nJournal of the British Columbia Historical Federation\nVolume 33, No. 4\nFaU 2000\n$5.00\nISSN 1195-8294\nVancouver Public Library,Special Collections VPL 3921\nOperating Room in Queen s Hospital at Rock Bay,Vancouver Island.\nThe room was brightened by many windows and a sky light above\nthe operating table. Note the bare light bulb over the operating table.\nThe Victorian Order of Nurses is the subject of articles by Helen\nShore and Lynda Maeve Orr.\nCottage Hospitals\nNorth Thompson\nHammond\nLand Warriors\nOne-armed Antony\nAiyansh\nHarley R. Hatfield\nSonia Cornwall British Columbia Historical News\nJournal ofthe\nBritish Columbia Historical Federation\nPublished Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall.\nEditor:\nFred Braches\nPO Box 130\nWhonnock BC, V2W 1V9\nPhone (604) 462-8942\nbraches@netcom.ca\nBook Review Editor:\nAnne Yandle\n3450 West 20th Avenue\nVancouver BC, V6S 1E4\nPhone (604) 733-6484\nyandle@interchange.ubc.ca\nSubscription Secretary:\nJoelVinge\n561 Woodland Drive\nCranbrook BC VIC 6V2\nPhone (250) 489-2490\nnisse@telus.net\nPublishing Committee:\nTony Farr\n125 Casde Cross Road,\nSalt Spring Island BC V8K 2G1\nPhone (250) 537-1123\nCopy editing: Helmi Braches\nProof reading: Tony Farr\nLayout and Production: Fred Braches\nSubscriptions\nIndividual $ 15 .oo per year\nInstitutional Subscription $20.00 per year\nFor addresses outside Canada add *6.oo per year\nPlease send correspondence regarding\nsubscriptions to the subscription secretary in\nCranbrook. Some back issues of the journal\nare available\u00E2\u0080\u0094ask the editor in Whonnock.\nSingle copies of recent issues are for sale at\nBooks and Company, Prince George BC\nCoast Books, Gibsons BC\nGaliano Museum\nGray Creek Store, Gray Creek BC\nRoyal Museum Shop, Victoria BC\n114is pubucation is indexed in the cbca. published by\nMicromedia.\nISSN 1195-8294\nProduction Mail Registration Number 1245716\nPublications Mail Registration No. 09835\nThe British Columbia Heritage Trust has provided financial assistance to this project to support\nconservation of our heritage resources, gain further\nknowledge and increase public understanding ofthe\ncomplete history of British Columbia.\nBRITISH COLUMBIA\nheritage\n'W \u00E2\u0080\u00A2' * ''''\u00E2\u0080\u00A2*\nCourtesy BC Archives F-02237\nWhether intentional or not, the adoption of\nthe Burrard Inlet route for the railway in 1879\nmakes the land holdings ofthe Hammond brothers quite interesting. If the line along the north\nside ofthe Fraser were to be close to the bank, it\nwould pass through William's property, and if further back it might weU go through John's. When\nOnderdonk's massive projects started to take shape\nin 1880, the CPR's main Une went right through\nWiUiam's district lots 278 and 279. In 1882 the\nraUway company not only began construction,\nbut also arranged for the use of part ofWiUiam's\nproperty to buUd wharves to land suppUes and\nmaterials for construction.\nWith their holdings the centre of industrial\nactivity, the Hammond brothers were not slow\nto act; on 3 August 1883, a town plan of Port\nHammond Junction was deposited at the Registrar-General's office inVictoria; a subdivision of\nparts of district lots 278, 279, 280, and 281. The\nowners ofthe properties were now WiUiam and\nJohn Hammond, and EmmeUne Jane Mohun.\nJohn Edward BeU's name no longer appears as\nco-owner of district lot 279. Emma Tod, remarried to Edward Mohun in November 1878, gives\nher name as EmmeUne Jane Mohun, labeUing\nthe remainder of her large property \"Hazelwood\nFarm.\" Her husband, Edward Mohun, was a civil\nengineer and a Dominion Land Surveyor, so it is\nnot too surprising that he was retained to make\nthe survey ofthe new townsite, but there is Utde\ndoubt that the Hammonds planned the layout.\nIt -was a shrewd move. Over the next few years\nthe townsite came into its own, becoming an\nimportant supply port \u00E2\u0096\u00A0where steamers connected\nthe raUroad to Victoria. According to reports there\nwas \"a large wharf and long freight sheds, a turntable for turning locomotives, a spur-Une from\nAbove: First CPR\nStation at Hammond\naround 1898. Unknown\nphotographer.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 the wharf to the main land to transfer freight,\nexpress, maU and passengers, a water tank, and\noffice for the construction company's telegrapher.\nIn town, three hotels, several boarding houses and\ndoubdess several bars took care of new residents.\"\nIn the raflroad era, fourteen trains a day passed\nthrough Hammond, aU but the Transcontinental\nstopping. In the townsite the names ofthe suburbs of London, England were weU represented.\nStreets were caUed Ealing, Dartford, Wanstead,\nKingston, ChigweU, Bromley, and more, whUe\nthe street fronting on the miU site remembers\nthe English county of Kent. Provisions were made\nfor a chUdren's playground, to be kept unfenced,\nand even a bandstand. The first CPR station is\nshown in the original plan, halfway round the\nbig curve\u00E2\u0080\u0094on the outside, a somewhat dangerous situation. The station was moved in 1910,\nafter being completely inundated with wheat\nwhen two boxcars deraUed. \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nJohn Hammond continued living on the\ntownsite. Tired of being single, he eventuaUy\nmarried a maU-order bride from Boston, Mass.,\nand they Uved in a house at the corner of Lome\nAvenue and Waresley Street in Hammond. It is\nsaid that he played the vioUn.Uked gardening and\nduck hunting, and, when he became a member\nof council for Maple Ridge, that he was wont to\nfaU asleep at meetings. After he died in 1909, his\nwife sold his property and moved back to the\nUnited States.\nWiUiam Hammond and his wife continued to\nUve in Victoria, and they had two sons. These\nHammonds seem to have had Utde connection\nwith the townsite in later years. He was not Usted\nagain in the Victoria City Directory as a surveyor,\nbut is known to have worked as assistant engineer for the E & N RaUway in 1884, and latterly\nas a draftsman in their office in 1887. He died of\ncancer on 9 February 1891, aged only 48 years.\nIn his obituary the Colonist noted that he was a\nhighly esteemed citizen, a man of good business\nhabits and abiUty, respected by aU who knew him.\nHe was buried in Ross Bay cemetery, and in the\nsame plot Ues his second son.WUhelm Martin C.\nHammond, who died aged 11 months.\nAs the automobUe age progressed, Hammond's\nresidents became less dependent on the raUway\nAfter the SecondWorldWar the occasional sound\nofthe telegraph key tapping might stiU be heard\nin the inner office of the station buUding, but\nfewer and fewer trains stopped at Hammond, and\nfinaUy none at aU.The post office, opened in 1885,\nwas the last to drop the word \"Port\" in the town's\naddress; \"Junction\" had been dropped long be-\nfore.The steamer landing only lasted a few years,\nbut a sawmUl took its place, and industrial activity has continued throughout the years.The mUl,\nnow run by International Forest Products Ltd.,\nwas once noted as the largest cedar operation in\nthe world.**1^\nRight: This photograph,\ntaken about 1884, shows\nJohn Hammond in the\ncentre, visiting the cottage\nof a Mr. Clapcott, perhaps\nthe person standing to his\nright side. The Coquidam\nStar, 8 May 1912.\nCourtesy Maple Ridge Museum P 4303\n8\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 A Half Century of BC's Land-Use Wars\nBy W.T. Lane\nI have watched with pride\u00E2\u0080\u0094and sometimes\ndespair\u00E2\u0080\u0094the evolution of planning and land-\nuse regulation in this province over the last\nhalf century. The foUowing is (only sUghdy abbreviated) the text of a talk I presented on 19\nJune 1997 to the Municipal Law Subsection of\nthe BC branch ofthe Canadian Bar Association.\nAt the time I tried to dispel the notion that fifty\nyears of municipal planning law and practice (both\npubUc and private) might be a bit duU by noting:\n\"I wUl ginger up the talk with anecdotes taken\nfrom the mouths of dead politicians and the\nmemos of pensionable bureaucrats.\"\nTo put order into this varied material I wUl\ntouch briefly on the start of modern planning in\nBritain and North America, the growth of the\nplanning process in BC, and the widening scope\nof provincial planning legislation.\nThe start of modern planning in\nBritain and North America\nThe squalid housing that had grown up during\nthe Industrial Revolution in Great Britain pricked\nthe conscience of people Uke Ebenezer Howard.\nIn 1903 he launched the Garden City Movement which advocated channeUing urban growth\ninto new communities that combined the advantages of town and country. Letchworth, near\nLondon was planned (as an altruistic private endeavour) for 30,000 persons with a central urban\narea of 1,200 acres and a surrounding agricultural belt twice the core size. Howard's ideals must\nhave influenced both the CPR in its pre-First\nWorld War development of Old Shaughnessy and\nDr. Frank Buck's efforts to get Point Grey Mu-\nnicipaUty to adopt plans that produced both efficient and pleasing communities.\nThe most courageous\u00E2\u0080\u0094and naive\u00E2\u0080\u0094attempt to\novercome the habitual criticism of conventional\nzoning, viz. that some owners were winners whUe\nothers were losers, was the adoption by the British ParUament in 1947 of the Town and Country\nPlanningAct, commonly known as \"The '47 Act.\"\nIt attempted to apply the concept of \"compensation and betterment\" whereby the person whose\nland was zoned for a more valuable use would\npay cash into a pot to compensate less fortunate\nneighbours. A friend of mine, who was present at\nthe passing of the statute, noted later, \"It should\nnot have been unexpected that the Act would\nhave to be abandoned when claims for'compensation' far outstripped the value of the 'betterment.'\"\nSurprisingly, in North America the first steps\nin anticipation of modern city planning can be\ntraced to King PhUip II of Spain's 1573 decree,\nthe Law of the Indies. He oudined procedures\nfor estabUshing communities in the New World,\nincluding colonial CaUfornia. Slaughterhouses\nwere to be located on the outskirts of town and\nthe streets were to be oriented so as not to be\nwindswept. Later, in the United States, hit-and-\nmiss complaints led to the prohibition of specific\nuses, such as the storage of gunpowder in Boston\nand the buUding of dangerously flammable tenements in New York City. In Los Angeles\u00E2\u0080\u0094an un-\nUkely place for the triumph of Umits on private\ninitiative\u00E2\u0080\u0094the law of nuisance, triggered by a constant flow of steam from an immigrant's laundry,\nwas used to justify land use controls. A similar\nconcern in Toronto led to \"districting,\" a both-\nsides-of-given-streets type zoning.\nIn New York, where the rapidly growing city,\nwedged between large bodies of water, faced the\nsame geographic constraints as downtown Vancouver, authorities were forced to adopt what\nwas Ukely the first overaU zoning law in North\nAmerica. Interestingly, it was a lawyer who spearheaded the action. The idea was not sold as a\ndevice to enhance community amenities but\nrather to protect individual property values. To\nthis day the height of skyscrapers is Umited only\nby the strength of the underlying bedrock\u00E2\u0080\u0094the\ncluster of towers in mid-town and at the tip of\nManhattan is the result. When next in that city\none should visit the Museum ofthe City of New\nYork at 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St. for graphic\nportrayals of what NewYorkers faced before town\nplanning.\nThe growth of the planning process in BC\nIn 1909, in reaction to wasteful practices in\nthe resource industries, the federal government\nappointed CUffbrd Sifton to chair a newly created \"Commission of Conservation.\" Sir Wilfred\nLaurier, an avid conservationist, saw to it that three\nWilliam (Bill) Lane, is a\nretired member of the\nLaw Society of BC and\nthe Canadian Bar\nAssociation. He served\nas municipal solicitor\nand prosecutor for the\nMunicipality of Richmond, as chairman of\nthe British Columbia\nLand Commission,as\nDirector of Regional\nDevelopment for the\nGreater Vancouver\nRegional District, and\non numerous governmental committees\nand councils.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n9 Opposite page:\n\"/ choose indstead to be\nphotographed on the huge\ntopographic model ofBC\nat the PNE. My reason\nwas to show the public how\nthe province was in fact a\nrelatively small \"archipelago of habitable land\"\nin which towns, roads, and\nfarms had to share the\nwarm, narrow valley-\nbottoms. It confirmed in my\nmind, as nothing else, how\nimportant land use\nplanning was for British\nColumbia.\"\nfederal cabinet ministers, nine provincial ministers, and twenty members at large, including one\nprofessor from every province that had a university, were to serve on it. With foresight that today\nseems remarkable, the objectives ofthe commission included a mandate to provide the national\nand provincial governments with the most up-\nto-date scientific advice on human as weU as natural resources.\nIn due course, the efforts of the Vancouver\nBranch of the Town Planning Institute of Canada\ncrystallized local poUtical sentiment into persuading the province to pass the Town Planning Act,\nSBC 1925, c.55. It authorized, but not mandated,\nmunicipaUties including the City ofVancouver\nto adopt zoning bylaws regulating land use and\nthe location of various types of buUdings.\nPerhaps the first comprehensive bylaw in\nCanada was adopted by the old MunicipaUty of\nPoint Grey in 1926 and replaced by a more effective one in 1928.The impressive and detaUed\nBartholomew Plan was completed in December\n1928. It had been commissioned by theVancouver Town Planning Commission as a \"comprehensive Town Plan for the City ofVancouver and\na Regional Plan of the contiguous or adjacent\nterritory.\" As a result, a detaUed plan was made\nfor Vancouver and Point Grey. Shordy afterwards,\non 1 January 1929, Vancouver, Point Grey and\nSouth Vancouver were amalgamated. This sim-\npUfied planning the city.\nBy 1914 the CPR's first Shaughnessy Heights\nsubdivision had proved attractive to Vancouver's\naffluent. Many had moved out ofthe downtown's\nWest End to the spacious, carefuUy designed subdivision of curving streets between 16th Avenue\nand King Edward Boulevard. The area, however,\nwas part of the old municipaUty of Point Grey\nwhere, generaUy, a grid pattern of streets and\nsmaUer lots prevaUed. Some of Shaughnessy's new\nresidents feared that large lots as yet to be sold by\nthe Royal Trust Company on behalf of the raUway in Shaughnessy Heights could be further\nsubdivided. Apartment houses and rental suites\nmight flourish, as they had in the West End.\nIn reaction, a group of newly-estabUshed residents petitioned the province to turn Shaughnessy\ninto a separate municipaUty. The government\nwisely refused but, by way of compromise,\nadopted a private statute, the Shaughnessy Setdement Act, SBC 1914, c.96. It enshrined the\n\"single-family structure and no further subdivision\" concept. However, lobbying for more com\nprehensive protection grew again as some ofthe\nshort-term restrictive covenants granted to the\nRoyal Trust began to expire. As a result, the province adopted the Shaughnessy Heights BuUding\nRestriction Act, SBC 1922, c.87. The area was\nstiU to be subject to Point Grey zoning if the\nprovisions were more onerous than those in the\nstatute. It must have been one ofthe few hands-\non provincial or state zoning enactments in North\nAmerica.\nThe role ofthe legislature in the 1922 statute,\nalthough initially to cease in 1925, was extended\nfrom time to time up until, I beUeve, 1978.Thus,\nit wasn't until decades had gone by that owners\nin the area could obtain a change in zoning without getting a statutory amendment. Sometime\nafter 1978, the CPR sent me the approved design plan of my own house\u00E2\u0080\u0094albeit a mirror image of what was buUt in 1927. In any event, the\n\"enshrinement\" in the hands ofthe legislature of\nwhat would have normaUy been delegated to local government may have raised the prestige of\nthe whole process. However, with the coming of\nthe Great Depression (1929-1939), foUowed by\nthe Second World War, interest in landuse planning evaporated. Wartime federal Orders-in-\nCouncU even displaced the sacrosanct provincial\nlegislation preventing rooming houses in\nShaughnessy!\nAfter the lengthy struggle against Nazi Germany had ended, the Canadian government instructed its Central Mortgage & Housing Corporation to invest heavUy in new home mortgages as part of the country's post-war recovery\nplan. However, the Corporation soon became\nworried that its investment might be prejudiced\nby hasty or Ul-considered neighbourhood growth.\nIn what seemed Uke a replay of the enthusiasm\ngenerated by the 1909 federal Commission on\nConservation, the CMHC organized and partly\nfinanced a citizens' group caUed the Community\nPlanning Association of Canada. To further the\nassociation's efforts CMHC financed one paid\nCPAC employee in BC, the redoubtable Tom\nMcDonald.\nAt the time CPAC was estabUshed in BC, there\nwere, I beUeve, only two professional pubUc planners in the province: Sandy Walker in Vancouver\u00E2\u0080\u0094employed by theVancouver Planning Commission\u00E2\u0080\u0094and Mr. Doughty-Davies with the\nprovince inVictoria. Most municipaUties had no\nzoning bylaws hence volunteers from the CPAC\nwere asked to \"explain\" zoning to town councUs\n10\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 as far away as Prince George. Peter Oberlander (first head of\nUBC's School of Community and Regional Planning), Lew\nRobinson (later head of UBC's Department of Geography),\nas weU as Tom McDonald, were ready to jump into my car on\nshort notice and head for the scene ofthe most recent caU for\ngratuitous advice. One anxious mayor even asked our opinion about the actions of a municipal worker who, upon being\nasked to dump a bucket of chlorine each day in the town\nreservoir, decided that\nseven buckets, once a\nweek, would do as weU.\nBC's Town Planning\nAct of 1925 was our\nfirst comprehensive\nstatute to let communities regulate land use by\ndistrict or zone. While\nthis could have\namounted at law to legal \"discrimination\" it\nwas authorized by the\nlegislature (presently\ns.927 ofthe Municipal\nAct) no doubt on the\ngrounds that it was for\nthe greater good ofthe\nwhole community. As\nnoted, both Point Grey\nand Vancouver City\nwere quick to use zoning. But in my early\ndays as an advocate of\nurban planning I found\na distinct reluctance on\nthe part of municipal\nclerks of smaUer communities to dabble in-\nany statute other than\nthe Municipal Act\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n\"their bible since birth.\"\nEventuaUy, the problem was solved by incorporating the Town\nPlanning Act into the Municipal Act.\nFor years the Municipal Act had provided that a council\ncould by bylaw require that highways within a subdivision be\ncleared, drained and graveUed. After protests to government\nthat gravel roads were no longer appropriate in some communities, the statute was changed to read \"and surfaced\" which,\nas Richmond's soUcitor, I took to include asphalt paving, curbs\nand gutters, as weU as sidewalks. Later, the right to require\nthese was specificaUy added to the Act. A former Reeve of\nDelta told me that his councU was reluctant to adopt the new\nstandards \"because, considering the extra costs involved.it might\nprevent the home owner from buying a television set.\"\nPhoto by David Looy\nAlso, Richmond pioneered comprehensive subdivision contracts (underground wiring etc.), land use contracts (possibly\nthe first); a sign bylaw that dealt with appearance \u00E2\u0080\u0094not merely\nsafety\u00E2\u0080\u0094banished biUboards.The municipaUty went on to buy\nand develop the 600-acre Brighouse Estate that generated sites\nfor a new city haU, cultural and athletic centres, Minoru Park,\nthe Brighouse Shopping Centre, an industrial estate and a\nfuUy serviced residential neighbourhood. After a Vancouver\nofficial enquired about\nthese unprecedented\nsubdivision standards,\nhis councU referred the\nmatter to their Town\nPlanning Commission.\nThe considered opinion, I believe, was \"It\nwouldn't be fair\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nwe've never asked any\ndeveloper to do that in\nthe past.\" This explains\nthe total lack of\nsidewalks in the CPR's\nsubdivision on the old\nQuUchena Golf Course\nsite.\nMore than fifty years\nago at UBC I heard Dr.\nHarry Warren expound\nthe theory that if the\nNechako River could\nbe diverted westward to\nthe coast at Kemano, a\nhuge hydro-electric\npower generator could\nbe buUt to capture the\ndown spiU. In 1953 the\nAluminum Company\nof Canada, having taken\nadvantage of this geographic fact, estabUshed\na town at nearby Kitimat as a site for Alcan's aluminum smelter.\nThe company engaged me to draw the first zoning bylaw for\nthis planned-from-the-start community. The chaUenge lay in\nthe fact that construction ofthe town was planned to go ahead\nbefore the land survey was completed. This resulted in the\nneed to use weird formulae to establish the required separation between buUdings. I learned later that other, established\ntowns\u00E2\u0080\u0094 presumably without the advice of a solicitor\u00E2\u0080\u0094had\n\"borrowed\" the text of my bylaw -without alteration, no doubt\nto the endless confusion of builders. With the compliance of\nthe Alcan planning consultants Meyer & Whittlesey of New\nYork, and recognizing that a zoning bylaw was used extensively by non-legaUy trained people, we endeavoured to clarify\nB.C. HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n11 meaning by indenting and Usting vertically subordinate clauses\nof equal value. Some wag said it looked Uke modern poetry.\nCommunity planning in BC started with a few knowledgeable activists, such as Dr. Frank Buck; progressed into the\nTown Planning Commission stage, with official groups of volunteers advising their councUs; and finaUy became largely the\nresponsibUity of professionaUy trained planners. UBC's School\nof Community and Regional Planning made a very timely\ncontribution to the training of people with a variety of academic backgrounds, to be staff planners and consultants for\nour towns and regional districts. I had the pleasure of being a\ncourse lecturer in planning law and practice at the School for\n23 years. The growth ofthe profession led to the founding of\nthe Planning Institute of BC. As an honorary member, I keep\nin touch and can testify to the fact that its pubUcations, seminars, and conferences have encouraged both exceUence and\ninnovation in the profession.\nWith the emergence of professionals, it became appropriate that planning departments be set up within town and city\nhalls. A beUwether decision to do that was made by the City\nofVancouver. I was at the city councU meeting at which the\ndecision was made. The only additional matter to be setded\nwas whether it should be a separate body or placed under the\nengineering department. After some debate, a separate entity\nwas created. The planning department took its place as an\neffective voice in the city's decision making.\nTHE WIDENING SCOPE OF THE PROVINCIAL PLANNING\nLEGISLATION\nTom McDonald persuaded an old poUtical friend and BC\ncabinet member, Herbert Anscomb, to have the government\nenable groups of adjacent municipaUties to create regional\nplanning areas. Sections 720 to 723 of the Municipal Act,\nRSBC. 1960 c.255, set out the conservatively balanced power\nstructure that ultimately enabled the adoption of a regional\nplan, including \"unorganized territory.\" The approval of two-\nthirds ofthe regional board members, two-thirds ofthe member councils involved, as weU as the approval ofthe Lieutenant\nGovernor in CouncU was needed. As a result, the Lower Mainland Regional Planning District\u00E2\u0080\u0094the forerunner of regional\ndistricts in that part ofthe valley\u00E2\u0080\u0094came into being. It operated under a professional geographer, Jim WUson. His work\ncreated a precedent for cooperative multi-municipal planning\nin the province.\nPrior to 1965 there was a mixture of provincial parks administered direcdy by the province, and a few other parks,\nestabUshed by the province, but administered by independent\nboards (see: Garibaldi Park Act SBC 1926-27 c.25). In addition, of course, there was a weU-estabUshed system of municipal parks. I was asked to work on an intergovernmental technical committee to see if a regionaUy administered park system could be estabUshed.The result, guided by Reeve Clarence\nTaylor, was the Regional Parks Act, SBC 1965, c.43 (now the\nPark (Regional) Act, RSBC 1996, c.345). One of the first\nsuch parks boards was estabUshed in the Lower Fraser VaUey.\nThe members were representatives of the local governments\ninvolved. Land purchases were funded pardy by the province.\nAfter the creation of regional districts, the Municipal Act was\namended to read, \"subject to the Parks (Regional) Act, [current tide], a regional district\u00E2\u0080\u0094may, by bylaw, estabUsh and operate\u00E2\u0080\u0094regional parks. [Section 789(l)(g) ofthe current Act].\"\nA notable example is the vast and varied regional park system\nofthe GVRD. Planners Vic Parker and Norm Pearson prepared the initial plan that today, in enlarged form (9,400 ha.),\nis managed by Rick Hankin. In my opinion it was the most\nambitious and successful regional parks plan implemented in\nCanada\u00E2\u0080\u0094and perhaps anywhere in North America.\nBy 1965 it had become apparent to Municipal Affairs Minister Dan CampbeU that more than a quarter of a miUion\npeople were Uving in \"unorganized territory,\" as they caUed\nland outside ofthe municipaUties, and which was thus under\nhis direct jurisdiction. He added \"Division (2) - Regional\nDistricts\" to Part XXIV of the Municipal Act (SBC 1965\nc.28), which brought Regional Districts into being. As he\nonce told me, \"I got tired of pushing a button inVictoria and\nhoping that aU would go weU 500 mUes away!\" In my opinion\nit was a vasdy better solution to the problem of bringing local\ngovernment\u00E2\u0080\u0094including land use planning\u00E2\u0080\u0094to non-metro-\npoUtan areas of the province than the alternative county device.\nMuch later, I served as Commissioner of Regional Development for the Greater Vancouver Regional District, with\noveraU responsibUity for regional planning, some hospital planning, social housing, regional parks, and pubUc information.\nIn this capacity I had the duty of explaining to the pubUc the\nBoard's Livable Region Plan\u00E2\u0080\u0094Harry Lash's epic work\u00E2\u0080\u0094and\nthe Light Rapid RaU Transit plan prepared for the Board. Some\nofthe other duties led to unexpected results. I served on a tri-\nlevel committee to find a way to coordinate federal, provincial, and local government concerns about development along\nand in the Fraser River Estuary. The final result, perfected\nlong after my participation, was creation of the Fraser River\nEstuary Management Program (FREMP), which spawned a\ntwin for Burrard Inlet (BIEAP).The former involves 36 government agencies, of which six provide funds. In 1994 an\nEstuary Management plan was adopted. An objective of importance to the pubUc was \"one-stop shopping\" for a variety\nof permits. The astounding thing is that it was aU achieved by\nagency and bureaucratic cooperation without a single statutory amendment! This contrasts with an early effort of mine\nto have a smaU municipal tot lot in Richmond placed on the\ncorner of a large school ground. Because of UabUity and union problems it took two statutory amendments (Public\nSchools Act and Municipal Act) plus an operating agreement\nbetween the School Board and the MunicipaUty to get the\nteeter-totters teetering.\n12\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 4 At the local level, the Municipal Act s. 945 (4) (a) now authorizes a councU to \"designate areas for the protection ofthe\nenvironment\" in its official community plan. Some time ago,\nreflecting growing pubUc concern about the impact of industry on the environment in Crown land, the provincial arm of\nCPAC asked me to approach the minister responsible for the\nold BC Power Commission to question the wisdom of damming the river that was to become Buttle Lake without first\nremoving the forest cover from the area to be flooded. The\nmatter was important because the lake would extend weU into\nStrathcona Park.The government agreed, despite the fact that\nthis conservation measure had not been required upon the\ncreation of Lake WilUston behind the then recendy completed\nKenney Dam buUt to bring power to the Kitimat smelter.\nUnknown to most British Columbians was the work done\nduring the early seventies by federal and provincial soU scientists on the Canada Land Inventory. Their Land CapabiUty\nmaps were invaluable when the Land Commission was created in 1973\u00E2\u0080\u0094to which I was appointed as the first chair. The\ninitiative, which was largely misunderstood at the outset, resulted in angry demonstrations in front of the Legislative\nBuUdings. One elderly widow, with acreage in the Agriculture Land Reserve, telephoned me asking anxiously, \"When\ndo I have to start farming?\" W.A.C. Bennett, then retired,\nwarned aU farmers not to seU their holdings to the Commission. Of course, no such mass purchase was contemplated,\nonly the odd isolated parcel for which the owner claimed\nthere was absolutely no market.\nThe purpose ofthe Agricultural Land Reserve was to ensure that regardless of what local zoning was or was not in\nplace, quaUty farm and grazing land would not be lost. We\nmust add that the quaUty of farmland is made up of a combination of soU and cUmatic factors. Up until the creation ofthe\nALRs municipal councUs-had the habit of considering locaUy\nzoned farmland as a \"site warehouse\" for future urban development. The five percent of the province in the ALR is of\nsurprising value to some food producers. One rancher complained to me that BC Hydro, without consulting him, had\nwidened the tote road across his vast grazing lands by about a\nmetre. As a result, the rancher had to reduce his herd because\nof the loss of grassland to the buUdozer.\nYears ago, at the time \"Habitat\" was held in Vancouver, Republican Governor Dan Evans\u00E2\u0080\u0094who had tried to get legislation with the same objective passed in Washington State\u00E2\u0080\u0094\ntold me that when he asked one ofthe Socred cabinet ministers what his party felt about the BC statute the reply was:\n\"You can't un-ring that beU!\"\nPerhaps no area of land use regulation has caused more\nsoul-searching than the defining and protection of what various groups call \"our heritage.\" As a one-time chair of the\nArchaeological Society of BC as weU as ofthe local branch of\nthe American Institute of Archaeology I had some personal\nconcern about this matter. FinaUy, as a past member of the\nMinister's Advisory Committee on Heritage, I am able to report that after years of dUigent work his staff has come up\nwith a weU crafted Heritage Conservation Act, RSBC. 1996,\nc.187. A \"Heritage object\" may be \"personal property\" whUe\na \"Heritage site\" may be \"land, including land covered by water.\"\nTied in is s.945(4)(c) ofthe Municipal Act. If you wish to be\ndisabused ofthe thought that our aboriginal heritage is confined to totemic art, enter St.Eugene s Church at the St. Mary's\nReserve north of Cranbrook for the incredible sight of a lav-\n. ishly furnished gothic church in the \"high chaparral.\"\nThe Islands Trust: In 1974, prior to the adoption of the\nIslands Trust Act (now RSBC 1996, c.239) an aU-party committee of the legislature recommended a law to protect \"the\nunique amenities and environment\" ofthe Gulf Islands.There\nwere no incorporated towns on the islands, hence poUcy making ofthe sort necessary to protect what one expert described\nas the very northern extremity ofthe CaUfornia cUmate belt\nwas spUt among several Electoral Areas forming parts of a\nnumber of Regional Districts.\nThe legislated solution was to place land use control in the\nhands of a unique body of elected trustees whose main concern was to set overall poUcy. Special responsibiUties regarding zoning on a given island were given to \"LocalTrust Committees\" which included the two \"Island Trustees\" from each\nisland area. Recendy, as places Uke Ganges grew into significant centres, the Ministry asked me to conduct pubUc hearings on Salt Spring and report on how a suitable form of\nincorporation could be designed that would be compatible\nwith Trust poUcy yet satisfy local aspirations.\nAt the time I was appointed to the Land Commission, David\nLooy, a Globe and Mail photographer, asked me to stand for a\npicture on the old QuUchena Golf Course, which would serve\nas a make-beUeve \"farm\" background. I chose instead to be\nphotographed on the huge topographic model of British\nColumbia at the PNE. My reason was to show the pubUc\n. how the province was in fact a relatively smaU \"archipelago of\nhabitable land\" in which towns, roads and farms had to share\nthe warm, narrow vaUey bottoms. It confirmed in my mind,\nas nothing else, how important land use planning was for British\nColumbia.\nAt the end of a half century of what I caU the \"land-use\nwars\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094in which I am proud to have served as a foot soldier\u00E2\u0080\u0094I beUeve that the practitioners of municipal law, both\npubUc and private, and their coUeagues the planners, as weU as\nUBC's School of Community and Regional Planning have\nachieved a notable victory. In fairness, I must add that outstanding politicians of every stripe deserve the Croix de\nGuerre\u00E2\u0080\u0094some with Oak Leaf Cluster! And I attribute the\nmotivation largely to what I describe as the \"civic patriotism\"\nof our people, triggered as it is by the endless splendour of this\nprovince. <<5-J\nB.C. HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n13 Cottage Hospitals in British Columbia\nby Helen Shore\nHelen Shore is a member of the Vancouver\nHistorical Society in\ncharge ofthe Historical\nResearcher Referral\nService. As a retired\npublic health nurse and\nteacher, she is interested in pioneer nurses\nand hospitals in BC.\n1 For example, the Royal\nColumbian Hospital in New\nWestminster in 1859, Royal\nCariboo Hospital in Barkerville\nin 1863, St. Luke's Hospital and\nCity Hospital in Vancouver in\n1888,Royal Jubilee Hospital in\nVictoria in 1890.\n2 The Vancouver Women's\nCouncil was formed in 1894.\nRosa L. Shaw, Proud Heritage: A\nHistory ofthe National Council of\nWomen (Toronto:The Ryerson\nPress, 1957).\n3 Mrs. Duncan Gavin and Mrs.\nJames Macaulay\n'John Murray Gibbon, 77k Victorian Order of Nurses in Canada:\n50th Anniversary 1897-1947\n(Montreal: Southam Press,\n1947), 16\ns Ibid., 39\n6 Revelstoke (1901-1919);\nKaslo (1903-1919);Arrow-\nhead (1905-1915); Rock Bay\n1905-1910); Fernie (1907-\n1910); Quesnel (1911-1919);\nBarkervUle (1912-1913);\nAshcroft (1913-1919); Ganges\n(1914-1919); and Windermere\n1917-1919).\nAT the turn ofthe century contagious diseases, Ulness, and accidents brought injury and sometimes death to the setder\npopulation throughout urban and frontier regions\nof British Columbia.The Native population suffered similarly, especiaUy from contagious diseases.\nProtection of water, milk, and food suppUes was\neither missing entirely or extremely primitive.\nSanitation was lacking in the famUy homes in\nmost setdements as weU as in canneries and logging and mining camps. Resources for caring for\nthe sick and injured were few. SmaU general hospitals were only avaUable in some of the more\nbuUt-up regions of British Columbia.1 None were\navaUable in the remote regions.\nStories of particular needs and hardships experienced by famUies and workers Uving in unpopulated and remote regions came by word of\nmouth to people in larger centres. Doctors, nurse\nmatrons, and nurses in city hospitals often heard\nhorror stories from patients who were brought\nin after suffering accidents in remote logging\ncamps. Cottage hospitals were developed for these\nremote areas through the combined work of interested communities, social activists, and their\nrespective organizations.\nWomen's groups, such as the Local CouncU of\nWomen, often took up the cause of improving\nthe quaUty of Ufe to famUies in local communities.2 In 1897 the Victorian Order of Nurses\n(VON) initiated a national district nursing program, providing hospital, medical, and nursing\ncare to setders in remote regions of Canada. In\nBritish Columbia cottage hospitals started after\ntwo members of the Vancouver chapter of the\nCouncU ofWomen placed a resolution from the\nVancouver chapter before a national meeting of\nthe CouncU ofWomen, chaired by President Lady\nIshbel Aberdeen, the wife of the governor general at that time.3 Both Countess Aberdeen and\nlater Countess Minto gave the district nursing\nand cottage hospital movement their unquaUfied\npersonal and financial support enabUng its growth\nand survival on a national level. WhUe many doctors and medical associations initiaUy fought the\ndevelopment of the Victorian Order of Nurses,\nsome doctors gave support and encouragement\nto the Order.4 Also workers and employers in\nresource industries gave positive support. This\nsupport formed the basis for much ofthe growing community action.\nThe phenomenon of cottage hospitals in the\nhinterland of British Columbia lasted from 1898\nuntU roughly 1919. The hospitals were smaU\nbuUdings, housing seven to ten patients, staffed\nby one or two nurses providing 24-hour nursing. A smaU operating room, a patient ward, and\na kitchen were the usual features. An orderly and\na cook may have been employed on a part-time\nbasis. A doctor attended when needed or was\ncaUed for surgeries or emergencies, reaching the\n' hospital by boat, horse, or any other means.\nThe first cottage hospital in BC was estabUshed\ninVernon in 1898, with two nurses,Annie McKay\nand Bena Henderson.5 Other cottage hospitals\nsoon foUowed.6 The cottage hospital in Vernon\noperated until 1908 when it was turned into a\nmunicipal hospital. As communities grew and\nmunicipaUties were formed also the other hospitals became municipal hospitals or were operated by other groups. An excerpt from the Annual Report to the VON Board for 1904 written\nby Margaret AUen, the second superintendent of\nthe VON in Ottawa, gives an overview of her\nimpressions gained by her annual visit to the\nhospitals in the West.\nThe work ofthe hospitals in the West has increased\ntremendously in the past year: with one or two exceptions they are all over-taxed, cots being placed\nin the halls, and often the nurses being turned out\nof their rooms in order to accommodate patients. I\ndo not think that the people in this part of Canada\ncan reaUze the difficulties under which the nurses\nwork in some ofthe small Western towns: no light\nbut oU lamps, and often times the only supply of\nwater being in the basement of the buUding and\nhaving to be carried to other parts ofthe Hospital.\nIn fact, in one case the water was brought to the\nbuUding in barrels and for two days last faU they\nwere without drinking water.\nA large number ofthe patients have come long distances to be treated, one man who had both hands\nbadly crushed riding 70 mUes on an engine over an\nunfinished road \u00E2\u0080\u0094 double amputation was necessary when he reached the hospital. Another case\n14\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 Courtesy Archives of Anglican Provincial Synod of BC #634\nwas a trapper, whose\ncamp-fire burned his\nbed of boughs and\nhimself severely, having\nto walk 16 miles to the\nnearest house, by the\ntime he reached it he\nwas badly frozen, in this\ncondition driving 30\nmiles to the hospital. I\nthink these two cases I\nhave cited will give\npeople a Utde idea of\nhow necessary the Cot- .\ntage Hospitals are to the\npeople of the West.7\nThe cottage hospital at\nRock Bay is selected\nhere as an example because of its remote and\nisolated location, the variety of people and groups\ninvolved in its development, and also because of\nthe surviving historical records. The construction of this cottage hospital illustrates community action at work.\nVancouver Island's abundant fir and cedar forests behind Rock Bay, Sayward, CampbeU River,\nand Courtenay attracted logging entrepreneurs\nand a large work force. The Hastings MiU Company was one of the largest sawmiU companies\noperating in the area. Rock Bay became the Hastings' main logging camp on the BC coast. The\nfirst camp ran under the direction of contractors\nor semi-autonomous foremen. Camps were set\nup near water and skid roads were pushed inland.\nOxen hauled the logs out.8\nPlans for the cottage hospital in Rock Bay\nstarted on Friday, 8 August 1903 in the Hotel\nVancouver at a meeting of theVancouver Branch\nof the Victorian Order of Nurses.The Vancouver\nbranch, formed in July 1898, was experienced in\nplanning new ventures. At this meeting Chief Superintendent Charlotte Macleod and the board\nplanned for a cottage hospital in Rock Bay. The\nmeeting was presided by Sarah McLagan, pioneer newspaperwoman, activist andVON board\npresident. Others present were Mrs. Macaulay\n(past president VONVancouver board), Archdeacon Pentreath (Anglican minister), Margaret\nClendenning (superintendent, Vancouver City\nHospital), Sister Frances (matron St. Luke's Hospital, Vancouver) and other VON board members. Miss Clendenning suggested that a cottage\nhospital be started up the coast at some central\nlocation near the logging camps. She told of sev-\nLeft: Queen's Hospital,\nRock Bay in 1905.\neral cases of men who had died before medical\naid could reach them.The Board resolved to send\na letter to the honorary president of the VON,\nHer ExceUency Lady Minto, wife of the governor general.They also began to plan for pubUcity\nand fundraising. A letter was sent to aU the lumber miUs in the area to find out their opinions of\nlocation and to eUcit their support.9 Positive responses were soon received. Support for the idea\ncame from the Loggers Union, the Pacific Coast\nLumber MiU Company, and Robertson and\nHackett Lumber MiU. AU the responses requested\nprompt action.\nPossible sites suggested for the cottage hospital were Lund, Rock Bay, or Shoal Bay. Rock\nBay was chosen as the best site. One hundred\nand thirty miles north ofVancouver on the east\ncoast ofVancouver Island, Rock Bay had more\nloggers employed than any other location on the\ncoast.10 Mr. R.H.Alexander ofthe BC MiUs and\nTrading Company\u00E2\u0080\u0094formerly Hastings MiU\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nsaid that his company would put up a suitable\nbuUding for an emergency hospital for the use of\ntheVON.\nThe Queen's Hospital in Rock Bay was opened\n3 July 1905 in the presence of VON board members travelling from Vancouver. The national\nbranch of the VON had provided $500 for furnishing the hospital; the Vancouver branch was\nresponsible for the nurse's salary; the Daughters\nof the Empire provided the necessary Unen suppUes. During the VON board's visit to various\nlogging camps in the vicinity, the Secretary collected donations of $91.50 from the loggers for\nthe purchase of a cow for the use ofthe hospital.\nOn Sunday, 9 July Archdeacon Pentreath con-\n7 Gibbon, The Victorian Order of\nNurses, 60.\n8 Ken Drushka, Working in Ihe\nWoods: A History of Logging on\nthe West Coast (Madeira Park\nBC: Harbour Publishing, 1992)\n50\n' \"Victorian Order of Nurses\nGreater Vancouver Branch,\nMinute Book No. ljuly 1898-\nMay 1905.\"BC.Victorian Order of Nurses Archives.Vancou-\nver,\n10 Another strong advocate was\nJohn Ande, Anglican clergyman,\nwho knew first-hand the plight\nof men living in small communities along the coast. He had\nsailed the BC coast as far as\nAlert Bay in a fourteen-foot\nboat, the Laverock, and was convinced that the Christian ministry and emergency services\nmust be extended to these remote areas. He wanted the\nchurch to be involved in establishing reading rooms and libraries to support the social side\nto the church's work. A turning point for Antle came in\n1903 when the freight and passenger boat, Cassiar, entered\nVancouver from a logging camp\nwith four dead men on board.\nOne man bled to death in a\nboat trying to reach Vancouver,\nanother had died on board for\nlack of medical attention. Injured loggers in the forest were\nrowed by their friends out to\nsea in a desperate attempt to flag\na passing ship and get the injured man to hospital. Doris\nAndersen, The Columbia is Coming (Sidney, BC: Gray's Publishing, 1982). John Ande became\na VON Vancouver Branch\nBoard member in January 1905\n(VON Minute Book. July 1905).\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n15 Above: 1906 - Dr. Daril\nHanington sitting on the\nfront steps ofthe hospital.\nStandimg are nurses fean\nSutherland (right) and\nAlice Franklin (left).\n\" Gibbon, Tlie Victorian Order of\nNurses, 41.\n12 Andersen, The Columbia is\nComing, 1.\n'-1 Ibid., 24.\n14 A memorial cairn to mark the\nevent is located in Stanley Park.\nCourtesy Archives of Anglican Provincial Synod # 647\nducted a morning service and a service of dedication for the opening of the ten-bed hospital.\nAbout 50 loggers attended the service, some from\nfar away. After the service there was a tour ofthe\nhospital.\nIn 1905 Jean Sutherland was head nurse and\nAUce Franklin her assistant. Other staff included\na housekeeper, an orderly and a cook (see table\n1). The Queen's Hospital was a smaU wooden\nframe building surrounded by logs cut in the\nclearing. The interior was plain: a ward of ten\niron-frame beds, tighdy made in the traditional\nstyle, one bare Ught bulb hanging from the ceiling, an oil lamp on a bracket at one side of the\nroom. The operating room was brighter with\nmore windows and again a bare Ught bulb hanging from the ceUing, instruments, and suppUes in\ncases along the sides ofthe room.\nTable 1 - Queen's Hospital staff and salaries in 1905:\nLady Superintendent\nJean Sutherland\n$40/month\nHousekeeper\nEmily Yates\n$20\nOrderly\nJ. A. Biddle\n$25\nCook\nMargaret Laycock\n$25\nOrderly (Aug, 21)\nA.J.Wadsworth\n$25\nNurse (Nov. 27)\nAlice Franklin\n$35\nNurse (Nov.)\nSara Cruikshanks\n$35\nNurse (Dec 6)\nLaura Tyner\n$30\nNurse (April 1)\nSara Cruikshanks\n$45\nMiss AUen, Chief Superintendent of\nthe VON, paid visits of inspection to the\nbranches and cottage hospitals. She remembered in particular the visits to Rock\nBay and the trip on a smaU boat, the\nCassiar, which carried straitjackets to the\nhospital as part of its equipment, since\ndehrium tremens was a not infrequent\nform of iUness, among the lumberjacks\nin that region. The conditions were very\nprimitive: The strain on the nurses was\nterrific.11\nRock Bay had no resident doctor. By\nan arrangement worked out between the\nVON and the AngUcan Church, a doctor\non the mission boat Columbia included\nQueen's Hospital in Rock Bay on his\nrounds.The Columbia was a hospital ship\ntravelling from the Seymour Inlet to\nRock Bay along the northern shores of\nQueen Charlotte Strait.12 The Reverend John Ande, captain of the mission\nboat, enlisted Dr. W.A.B. Hutton\u00E2\u0080\u0094a\ngraduate of the University of Manitoba and\nformer Medical Officer with the Canadian troops\nin the Riel RebeUion\u00E2\u0080\u0094as the first ship's doctor\nof the Columbia Coast Mission. Dr. Hutton\nserved as surgeon for both the Columbia and the\nhospital.13 After Dr. Hutton died in the 1906 sinking ofthe tug Chehalis opposite Brockton Point,14\nDr. DarU P. Hanington, a graduate of McGUl University came to take Dr. Hutton's place.\nThe monthly patient records for the Queen's\nHospital provide Uttle information about diagnoses or treatment. From another source comes\na story on the condition of one patient treated. A\nlogger had jumped from the rear ofthe logging\ntrain, wedging his boots in logs, the train backed\nup, knocking him down, and its wooden brake\nbeams hitting him over and over. An arm and leg\nwere broken and his head needed 37 stitches.15\nSome records survive showing occupancy and\npatient days for Queen's Hospital:\nDec.'05 Jan.'06\nTotal # of hospital days 135 179\nTotal cases nursed 15 15\nOutpatients 63 38\nFor January 1906 the records show five ticket\nholders and the amount of $55 paid by patients.\nTicket holders were patients who were part of a\nprepayment scheme instituted to pay a monthly\nsum to the hospital to make free care possible\nshould the need arise, an example of an early pre-\n16\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 paid insurance plan.\nFor March 1906 the records show 14 new cases,\n24 cases nursed, 6 medical cases, 11 surgical cases.\nThere were 42 outpatients. Dressings sent to\ncamps were 16.The total number of hospital days\nwas 204. The hospital was then staffed with two\nnurses and one servant. Patients paid $151. As\nthe records indicate, the nurse saw to it that dressings were provided to logging camps and outpatients were seen on a regular basis.\nThe VON nurses were prepared by the most\nup-to-date nursing education of the time. After\ngraduating of three-year hospital diploma programs, they entered the six-month VON program in Toronto or Montreal, preparing them to\nnurse patients in their own homes.16 The nurse\nmanaged a patient's care, provided hygienic and\ncomfort measures, cared for post-deUvery and post\nsurgical patients, appUed dressings for burn patients and accident victims, cared for babies and\nchUdren, cared for dying patients, and comforted\nand supported famUy members.The nurse worked\nco-operatively with doctors and other hospital\nworkers, kept hospital records, and saw that a clean\nenvironment was maintained.\nChief Superintendent Margaret AUen remembered how, when head nurse Jean Sutherland died\nin 1906 (from overwork, according to Rev. John\nAnde), the Rock Bay loggers made a coffin to\ntransport her body to the mainland, Uning it with\nspirea and other wUd flowers they had coUected.17\nIn 1910, a fire burned Queen's Hospital. A new\nhospital, \"St. Michael's,\" was buUt in 1911 and\nthe Columbia Coast Mission took over management and operation of the Rock Bay hospital\nfrom the Victorian Order of Nurses.\nThe establishment and operation of this cottage hospital at Rock Bay shows the rewards of\nteamwork and community participation in bringing hospital and district nursing to the hinterlands\nof British Columbia.The value of influential partners, the sharing of a commitment, and the cooperation of many key players was as important\nthen as it is today. Once the cottage hospital was\nin place, it was the nurse\u00E2\u0080\u0094often on her own or\nwith one other nurse\u00E2\u0080\u0094who played the critical\nrole in making the cottage hospital a success. She\nwas the only professional present on a 24-hour\nbasis, she organized and oversaw the hospital's\noperation; working in remote and isolated regions she made the decisions and provided professional care in a wide variety of situations and\nunder the harshest of conditions.'<=a\u00C2\u00BB'\n15 Anderson, The Columbia is\nComing, 25.\n\" Gibbon, The Victorian Order of\nNurses, 38.\n17 A Century of Caring.The History of the Victorian Order of\nNurses in Canada. (Ottawa:\nVON Canada, 1996), 40.\nVancouver Public Library, Special Collections VPL 3920\nLeft: Ward in Queen's\nHospital, Rock Bay.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n17 Ministering Angels: The Victorian Order\nof Nurses and the Klondike Goldrush\nBy Lynda Maeve Orr\n\"I love history, always\ndid.\" Lynda Orr, who is\nassistant programmer\nat the Burnaby Village\nMuseum, came from\nIreland in 1973. She\nhas a degree in history\nand women's study\nfrom Simon Fraser\nUniversity.\nIT was the event ofthe season, a gUttering soiree, attended by the cream of society. On 12\nMay 1898,Vancouver's most prominent citizens gathered at the home of Mrs. J. C. McLagan\nto bid fareweU to four nurses of the Victorian\nOrder, before they departed for the gold fields of\nthe Yukon. Among the guests in the flower-fiUed\nrooms of the McLagan house were the officers\nof the Yukon Field Force, \"whose dark uniforms\nmade a pleasing contrast to the graceful daintily-\nrobed women.\" So successful was the event that\nit was \"past seven before the guests could tear\nthemselves away.\"\nThe nurses, accompanied by Faith Fenton, the\nfamous correspondent ofToronto's The Globe, had\nbeen continuaUy feted by Vancouver society since\ntheir arrival from Ottawa on 24 AprU. They had\nbeen met at the station by a delegation of the\nLocal CouncU ofWomen (LCW), of which Mrs.\nMcLagan was president, and once the nurses'\nidentity became known, \"the ladies attracted a\ngreat deal of respectful attention, the noble character of their mission adding to the interest felt\nin their personaUties.\"\nA very special mission it was. Lady Aberdeen,\nwife ofthe governor general, had personaUy chosen the four nurses: Georgina PoweU, Rachel\nHanna, Amy Scott, and Margaret Payson, as the\nfirst contingent sent into the Yukon by the Victorian Order of Nurses (VON). In 1898 the Yukon was the destination for many men hoping to\nstrike it rich in the gold diggings ofthe Klondike.\nThe mission was the subject of much discussion\nsince it was considered a strange place to send\nrespectable women. However, Lady Aberdeen was\nno stranger to controversy and fully understood\nthe value of pubUcity for the fledgUng order.\nIt seemed appropriate that the citizens ofVancouver were able to participate in the nurses' glorious send-off, as the whole idea of a nursing\norder had originated with the Vancouver Local\nCouncU ofWomen. Distressed by the \"dangers\nand hardships encountered by women, who in\ntheir greatest hour of need were often mUes from\nmedical aid,\" theVancouver CouncU proposed in\n1896, that the \"Dominion and Provincial Governments take earnest steps to estabUsh medical\nand nursing aid in those districts.\" This plea and\nthe desire of other councUs to estabUsh a memorial honouring the 1897 jubUee of Queen Victoria captured the attention of the national president ofthe CouncU ofWomen, Lady Aberdeen.\nThe creation of a distinct nursing order based\nupon home visits, the Victorian Order of Nurses\nseemed a perfect solution to both requests.\nLady Aberdeen lost no time approaching the'\ngovernment and bringing her remarkable organizational skills to bear, for the idea was very dear\nto her heart. However, not every one in the country was as keen.The conservative press automatically criticized anything with which the\nAberdeens were connected, and the medical profession ranged soUdly against it. Canadian nurses,\nstruggUng to achieve professional recognition,\nwere not at aU pleased by the idea of a nursing\norder staffed by unquaUfied personnel. Lady Aberdeen, reaUzing the nurses had a vaUd point, decided to use only trained nurses in the Victorian\nOrder, although this gready increased the overaU\ncost and effectively ruled out any hope of government support.\nUndaunted, Lady Aberdeen mounted her own\npubUcity campaign to counter the negative press\ncoverage. First she sent an appeal to the school-\nchUdren of Canada asking for their support in\nthe Queen's name:\nIf the Queen herself could appear in your\nschoolrooms and ask you to do something for her,\nwhat a rush and competition there would be to\ndo it. Well, Her Majesty has\u00E2\u0080\u0094she has said \"Make\nthis a year of jubUee to the sick and suffering of\nmy dominions.\"\nLady Aberdeen's next move was to enUst the help\nof Dr.AlfredWorcester of Harvard who persuaded\nthe influential doctors of Ottawa to change their\nminds. Dr. Worcester reassured the medical estabUshment that: \"Victorian nurses are trained\nnurses, before they begin district visiting. And\nthis means that they are trained to know their\nown proper sphere, they know too much to interfere with the physicians.\" The doctors were\nno doubt most reUeved to know the nurses knew\ntheir place.\n18\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 4 Left: The four Victorian\nOrder nurses who took the\nKlondike Trail and Faith\nFenton, correspondent of\nThe Globe, who joined\nthe nurses on their trip.\nCourtesy BC Archives.O06932\nLady Aberdeen had the audacious and briUiant idea of sending four nurses to the Yukon:\".. .nowhere could be more remote or more Ukely to need nurses than the Yukon and nowhere would success be assured of more pubUcity.\" On 28\nMarch 1898, Lady Aberdeen wrote to The Globe oudining her\nplans, noting that the nurses were fuUy aware ofthe hardships\nthey would have to face,\"...but [they] count[ed] the opportunity of succouring suffering humanity a joy and an hon\nour.\nThe four nurses would accompany the troops of the Yukon\nField Force as far as Fort Selkirk. The decision to send the\ntroops was prompted by concern for the maintenance of Canadian law and order, in an area facing an influx of foreign\nminers, many resenting Canadian mining regulations. The\ncommissioner, fearing that \"it would be the easiest thing in\nthe world for a few bold men to take possession,\" urged the\ngovernment to take action.\nThe Canadian government was asked to provide safe passage for the nurses from Vancouver and in return the nurses\nwere asked to attend any soldiers who feU iU.The government\ndid not pay the travel expenses for the nurses. Lord Aberdeen\ntook care of most of the cost and Lady Aberdeen, in her capacity as president of the VON, made the travel arrangements.\nShe thought of everything. On 28 AprU she wrote to Sara\nMcLagan, in Vancouver asking her to procure a list of suppUes\nfor the nurses: \"cocoa, compressed tea, essence of beef, compressed beef and vegetables.\" She even had the entire list of\nsuppUes published in the newspapers. No doubt the pubUc\nwas intrigued by the lengthy list of sleeping bags, long fur\ncoats, endless kinds of boots, sou'westers and outfits of \"neat\nbrown suits made with bloomers and gaiters in the style of a\nnatty bicycle suit.\" One can almost hear the gasps of shock\nfrom astonished readers.\nThe whole event was a masterpiece in pubUc relations and\nensured that the mission remained in the public eye. Reporter\nFaith Fenton would accompany the nurses on their trip. Apparendy Lady Aberdeen's letter oudining the plan to send the\nnurses north convinced the editor of The Globe that readers\nwould be intrigued by Fenton s accounts ofthe nurses'journey. Doubdess he agreed with E.E. Sheppard, the editor of\nSaturday Night, that \"trifles such as would hardly be read if\nwritten by a man become thriUing and picturesque as an episode in the life of a woman.\"Whether Lady Aberdeen had any\nsay in the decision to employ Fenton as a correspondent remains a mystery, but she knew Fenton quite weU. Fenton had\noften been in charge of pubUcity at the annual conventions of\nThe National CouncU ofWomen and, when she was editor of\nThe Canadian Homefournal, Fenton offered the CouncU a permanent space in the journal that \"was under the direct personal supervision and control of Her ExceUency.\"\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n19 AU the arrangements were in place by 18 AprU when the\nfour nurses, accompanied by Faith Fenton, left Ottawa by train\nfor the west coast. They traveUed ahead ofthe troops as they\nhad a busy schedule of meetings and interviews along the way.\nThe Local Councils ofWomen arranged the meetings. Fenton\nwas frequendy the only member ofthe group speaking pub-\nUcly, praising the nurses and oudining the aims of the VON.\nShe spoke \"feeUngly of the loneUness of the mountain sections of our mining districts and the comfort tender hands\ncould bring.\"\nIn Vancouver, Fenton and the nurses found themselves thrust\ninto the UmeUght. Fenton stayed with Sara McLagan, who\nnever missed a chance to pubUcize the causes she beUeved in.\nIn 1888, McLagan and her husband had founded the Vancouver\nDaily World, and although Sara was not involved in the day-today management ofthe newspaper, her influence was evident.\nVancouver was kept informed of practicaUy every move the\nnurses and Fenton made. On Wednesday, 27 AprU, they spent\nthe day inVictoria as the guests ofthe Lieutenant Governor,\non Thursday they attended an executive meeting ofthe Local\nCouncU and on Saturday, 30 AprU, they aU went for a drive in\nStanley Park. At a benefit performance of the play May Blossom, The Daily World reported that the nurses, \"look[ed] to be\nwomen who reaUse their mission is no ordinary one...the\nnext three years wiU bring much of toU and perhaps of sorrow\ninto their Uves.\"\nThe Yukon Field Force arrived in Vancouver on 11 May. A\nhuge crowd turned out to welcome them, \"the station was\npacked and every point of vantage on the hUl was soon taken\nup.\" The troops enjoyed their short stay, the Vancouver Daily\nProvince reported that \"at night they owned the city and enjoyed themselves hugely, sauntering around the docks and\noccasionaUy putting a doUar or two in the way of the hotel\nand saloon keepers.\"\nOf course Vancouver was enthraUed with anything concerning the Klondike, for it had brought much prosperity to\nthe young city. The decision by the North West Mounted\nPoUce (NWMP) to bar prospectors from entering the Yukon\nunless they had a year's provisions had proved to be a veritable\ngold mine for the storekeepers ofVancouver andVictoria. Many\ncitizens were optimistic that \"many ofthe returning Klondikers\nwUl setde down to Uve here and there wUl assuredly be a large\ninvestment of capital in a city with so bright a future.\"\nOn Saturday, 14 May, \"as Vancouver lay sleeping under an\nopal sky,\" the nurses and soldiers left Vancouver for the Yukon.\nTheir route took them by boat to WrangeU, by river steamer\nto Glenora, then overland to TesUn and down the HootaUnqua\nandYukon rivers to Fort Selkirk, which had been tentatively\nselected as the capital ofthe territory. It had been decided that\nthey would travel the \"aU-Canadian route\", rather than seek\npermission from the American authorities to enter United\nStates territory. A pamphlet pubUshed by theVancouver Board\nofTrade admitted that whUe this traU avoided the hardship of\nthe passes, \"it had its own particular hardships,\" a fact that the\nnurses would soon discover for themselves. In an article pubUshed in The Daily World one ofthe nurses, Georgina PoweU,\nwrote: \"...we went tramping, leaping, springing and cUmb-\ning, a strain that only the strongest and most sinewy women\ncould bear,\" and that at a time when women were constrained\nas much by their clothing as by convention. Fenton, PoweU,\nScott, Hanna, and Payson were crossing more than one boundary on their journey north.\nPropriety stiU had to be preserved. When Fenton made her\nfirst appearance in her short-skirted traveUing costume, Colonel Evans, the commander ofThe Yukon Field Force was horrified as she was not wearing bloomers under her dark green\nskirt. Fenton, a fan of dress reform, who once described long\nskirts as \"impeding our progress in every direction, by increasing if not producing our physical weakness\", was eventuaUy persuaded to alter her skirt by sewing on a band of black\nsateen. No doubt the colonel heaved a sigh of reUef.\nFrom June to November 1898 Fenton's articles were pubUshed in both Toronto's The Globe and Vancouver's The Daily\nWorld. As a writer, Fenton tended to be somewhat effusive\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nshe described Vancouver as \"a bright young Queen of the\nwest, the sunset doorway of the dominion\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094but she possessed an insatiable curiosity about Ufe that appealed to her\nreaders. She described the local flora and fauna; the vagaries of\npackers and pack trains, the confusion caused by lack of standard\ntime, and of course the work ofthe nurses.\nThe representatives ofThe Victorian Order are not idle in this\nslow journey over the traU.. .we are rarely a day estabUshed in\ncamp, without an appeal for help from packer or miner, prostrated by accident, overwork, or the careless neglect habitual to\na strong man.. .the gratitude of these patients by the way to the\nnurses and the order under which they labour is deep and\ngenuine.\nWhUe the soldiers and nurses did not experience the hardships suffered by the miners on the trail, it should be noted\nthat the nurses did not have to carry their own suppUes or\ncook any meals. Fenton even managed to bring a kitten with\nher. However, the journey was not without incident. Georgina\nPoweU and Amy Scott traveUed with the advance party. They\nbecame separated from the rest ofthe group and spent a most\nuncomfortable night, until some miners came to their aid.\nThe advance party with Georgina Powell and Amy Scott\nreachedTesUn on 12 June.The tramp had taken fourteen days,\nand they were \"weary with tent Ufe and its discomforts.\" Fenton\naccompanied, by Rachel Hannah and Margaret Payson arrived at the beginning of July.\nHowever, the journey was by no means over as the nurses\nand the troops stiU had to negotiate the various waterways\nbetweenTesUn and Fort Selkirk, a distance of about four hundred mUes. The advance party was fortunate, as Colonel Evans\nwas able to arrange transportation on The Anglican, a steamboat buUt by The Canadian Development Company at TesUn.\n20\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 They arrived in Fort Selkirk on 25 July. However, The Anglican\nwas wrecked whUe attempting to return to TesUn, and so the\nrest ofthe party was forced to make do with smaUer boats and\nscows, frequendy running aground on the sandbars. \"Then\nthe fun began, aU hands had to tumble overboard up to their\nwaists in ice-cold water and puU and haul for about twenty\nminutes, tiU at last we swung clear and went on our way, damp\nbut rejoicing.\" One ofthe most frightening moments occurred\nat the Five Finger rapids, when two scows swung broadside as\nthey entered the fast water, \"but at the last minute the current\nchanged and they plunged through the channel.\" On 11 September the smaU flotiUa arrived in Fort Selkirk.\nSome ofthe troops went on to Dawson to assist the North\nWest Mounted PoUce in combating lawlessness, the rest stayed\nbehind to finish the construction of the barracks. Georgina\nPoweU had already gone from Fort Selkirk to Dawson to take\ncharge ofThe Good Samaritan Hospital, where a typhoid\nepidemic was raging. In a letter to Lady Aberdeen, which was\nreprinted in the newspapers, Colonel Evans explained that in\nDawson house-to-house nursing was impossible and as the\nnewly completed hospital was overflowing with patients,\nPoweU's arrival was truly providential. Colonel Evans added:\nThe work of the Victorian Order in Dawson is a great one\u00E2\u0080\u0094\ntheir presence with the force has been invaluable.. .1 do not\nknow how we should have fared without them. Here [in Fort\nSelkirk] Nurse Scott holds sway and not only the force but the\nsurrounding countryside realise and appreciate the value of her\npresence.\nAfter four weeks of round-the-clock nursing, the exhausted\nGeorgina PoweU herself caught typhoid. Fortunately help was\nat hand as the other three nurses arrived in Dawson three days\nlater. In Dawson Payson took charge ofthe Grand Forks hospital \"if the miserable buUding could be so caUed\" where she\nslept on the floor \"in an atmosphere thick with tobacco smoke.\"\nScott was sent to the barracks hospital and Hanna remained\nwith PoweU at the Good Samaritan.Typhoid was not the only\nscourge. An outbreak of scurvy proved to be a considerable\nchaUenge. For severe cases of frostbite the only solution was\namputation of the affected Umbs. Here Hanna's \"services to\nthe surgeon were invaluable.\"\nThe lack of basic sanitation and decent housing, coupled\nwith the overwhelming amount of work, made for trying times,\nso much so that six weeks after her arrival, Margaret Payson\nleft the Victorian Order and obtained a position with the post\noffice. She later married a wealthy miner and raised \"cats and\ndogs to her heart's content.\"\nRachel Hanna also left the order, as she wanted to remain\nat the Good Samaritan Hospital and was apprehensive that if\nshe stayed with the VON, she would be transferred. In 1899,\nAmy Scott, who was never as physicaUy robust as the others,\nwas sent home to recuperate from an operation. She later served\nin South Africa during the Boer War.\nThat same year, the discovery of gold in Nome, Alaska,\nprompted an exodus of miners bound for the new Eldorado.\nAs the population of Dawson began to dedine, so did the\nneed for the nurses' services.The original plan of making home\nvisits had proved unpractical in the Klondike, so despite the\nfact that the nurses had done sterling work in the local hospitals, the decision was made to recaU the VON from the\nKlondike. On realizing she would be transferred, Georgina\nPoweU also resigned, as she was engaged to a sergeant in the\nNorthWest Mounted PoUce. She too served in South Africa,\nin the same unit as Amy Scott. Faith Fenton also remained for\na whUe in the land ofthe midnight sun and she continued to\nwrite for The Globe until her marriage to Dr. J. Brown in\n1900.\nSo the story of these five women and their epic trek to the\ngoldfields of the Yukon ends here. Undoubtedly it was a great\nsuccess. Apart from aU the Uves they saved, they succeeded in\nfirmly estabUshing the VON as a viable enterprise. Branches\nwere formed in communities aU across Canada and women\nwho previously found it difficult to obtain medical aid came\nto rely on the Victorian Order nurse. Their success also had\nsignificant if less tangible benefits, since women across the\ncountry were empowered and inspired by their example. ^^\nBibliography\nBackhouse, Frances. Women ofthe Klondike.\nVancouver: Whitecap Books, 1995.\nBerton, Pierre. Klondike.\nToronto: McLeUand and Stewart Ltd, 1972.\nCherrington, John. Vancouver at the Dawn.\nMadeira Park: Harbour PubUshing, 1997.\nCoates, Ken S. and William R. Morrison. Land ofthe Midnight Sun.\nEdmonton: Hurtig PubUshers, 1988.\nDownie, Jill. A Passionate Pen:The Life and Times of Faith Fenton. Toronto: Harper ColUns, 1996.\nDisher, Arthur L.'The Long March of the The Yukon Field Force,\"\nThe Beaver. Autumn 1962.\nFrench, Doris. Ishbel and the Empire: A Biography of Lady Aberdeen.\nToronto: Dundurn Press, 1988.\nGibbonjohn Murray. The Victorian Order of Nurses in Canada.\nMontreal: Southam Press, 1947.\nGreenhaus, Bereton. Guarding the Goldfields. Toronto: Dundurn\nPress, 1987.\nLang, Marjorie. \"Separate Entrances: The First Generation of Canadian Women Journalists\" in Rediscovering Our Foremothers, ed.\nLorraine McMullen. Ottawa; University of Ottawa, 1990.\nSayweU.JohnT Introduction to The Canadian fournal of Lady Aberdeen. Toronto:The Champlain Society, 1960.\nTheVancouver Daily Province, 1898; The Globe, 1898; The Daily World,\n1898; Victoria Daily Colonist 1898.\nOther sources\nMcLagan, Sara. UnpubUshed diary 1898.\nPersonal Letters of Sara McLagan in the possession of Doria Moodie.\nSpecial CoUections, UBC Vancouver Local CouncU of Women, box\n5, file 9.\nB.C. HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n21 On the Trail of the One-Armed Man\nby Graham Brazier\nGraham Brazier writes\nabout colonial Vancouver Island from his\nhome on Denman\nIsland.\nl.WH. Olsen, Water Over the\nWheel, (Chemainus: Chemainus\nHistorical Society, 1963) also a\nseries of articles appearing in\nThe Ladysmith Chronicle between 10 January and 4 April\n1963.\n2. See particularly Richard\nSomerset Mackie, \"Colonial\nLand, Indian Labour and Company Capital: The Economy of\nVancouver Island, 1849-1858,\"\n(MA. thesis, University ofVic-\ntoria: 1984). Mackie notes that\nmaterial in the \"Adam Grant\nHorne\" Vertical File, British\nColumbia Archives and\nRecords Service (BCARS) also\nsupports Olsen's speculation.\nSignificantly, however, Mackie\nsubsequendy, notes that some of\nthe material is of \"unknown\nprovenance.\" See also John\nHayman, ed. Robert Brown and\nthe Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition (Vancouver: UBC Press,\n1989), p 26, footnote 29, and\nHamar Foster, '\"The Queens\nLaw Is Better Than Yours:' International Homicide in Early\nBritish Columbia,\" in Essays In\nthe History of Canadian Law, volume V, Crime and Criminal Justice, ed Jim Phillips, Tina Loo\nand Susan Lewthaite (Toronto:\nThe Osgoode Society, 1994),pp\n41-111, footnote 109 p 101,\nand John Cass, \"Indian Guide\nGovernor's Friend,\" Nanaimo\nDaily Free Press, 5 October\n1973.\n3. W. H. Olsen, \"Tomo\nAntoine...He Who Played\nGod,\" Tlie Daily Colonist, 15July\n1962.\n4. Annie Deans, Letter to a\nFriend, 1 October 1856.\nBCARS.\n5. Government Record 308, v.\n7.BCARS.\n6. Mark Bate, \"How Chase\nRiver Came by its Name,\"\nNanaimo Free Press, March 30,\n1907.\n7. For example, on two occasions Olsen portrayed Thomas\nIT HAS been almost forty years since W H.\nOlsen first speculated that in the summer of\n1856 James Douglas deUberately contrived\nto deceive his superiors at Hudson's Bay Company Headquarters and the Colonial Office in\nLondon. According to Olsen, Douglas, acting in\nhis dual capacity of Chief Factor for the HBC in\nFort Victoria and as Governor ofthe Colony of\nVancouver Island, misrepresented the identity of\na severely wounded man who, on 22 August 1856,\nhad been brought by Cowichan Natives to Victoria for emergency medical attention. In correspondence with the Colonial Secretary, Douglas\ndescribed the injured man as \"a British Subject\nnamedThomas WUUams.\" Olsen aUeged that the\nvictim ofthe shooting was actuaUy a mixed-blood\nIroquois named \"Thomas Quamtany\" who may\nhave seduced the intended bride of a Cowichan\nChief of the Somenos vUlage and as a conse\nquence was shot from ambush.1 Olsen further\nspeculated that Douglas concealed Quamtany's\nidentity in order to justify what was to be the\nlargest and most expensive mUitary expedition\nto that point in the Colony's history.\nOlsen's theory was that Douglas had a particular fondness for the Iroquois guide and interpreter, Thomas Quamtany, who throughout his\nmany years of service in the Hudson's Bay Company, also answered to \"Thomas Anthony,\" \"Tomo\nAntoine,\" and \"One-Armed Tomo,\" as weU as\n\"Toma.\" According to Olsen, Douglas was anxious to punish Quamtany's assailant, but doubted\nthat British authorities would look favourably\nupon a large expenditure of money and a massive movement of troops into a territory unset-\nded by whites, simply to capture a single Native\nwho had been involved in a dispute with another Native. Olsen went on to suggest that, in\nreports to London, the name \"Thomas WUUams\"\nwas substituted for \"Thomas Quamtany,\" who\nwas described as being a British subject, as weU\nas a \"squatter\" in the Cowichan VaUey. In spite of\nthe lapse of almost forty years, Olsen's hypothesis\nis worthy of closer examination for a couple of\nreasons. Firsdy, it has consequences for the reputation of the man who became known as \"Sir\nJames Douglas, Father of British Columbia,\" and\nsecondly, in recent years it has gained acceptance\namong a number of scholars and writers.2\nOlsen's theory that \"Thomas WUUams\" was\nsimply an anglicized pseudonym used by James\nDouglas to obscure the identity of Thomas\nQuamtany rests on two factors; firsdy, letters written by Douglas in which he appeared uncertain\nabout the name of the man brought from\nCowichan Bay to Victoria in August of 1856 and,\nsecondly, the nature of the injury sustained by\nthe man. Shordy after the arrival of the victim\non 22 August, Douglas wrote a flurry of letters\nto various British officials. Before setding on the\nname \"Thomas WUUams,\" which he used in aU\ncorrespondence before 22 August, he referred to\nthe injured man both as \"Thomas Williams\nAntony\" and \"WUliam Antony.\"\nDouglas' confusion surrounding the man's\nidentity is further evident in the text of one letter written to HBC officials in which the \"s\" in\n22\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS-Vol. 33 No. 4 \"WUUams\" appears to be added later and the first\n\"Antony\" appears above the Une of writing and\nthen is crossed out. Apparendy alerted by Douglas' uncertainty, as weU as some striking simUari-\nties ofthe name \"Thomas Antony\" and \"Thomas\nQuamtany,\" Olsen noted that the injury sustained\ncould weU have been the one which caused the\nloss of one of Quamtany's arms and the reason\nhe became known as \"One-Armed Tomo.\" August Jack, a Cowichan elder, who told \"the story\nas it came from the Ups of his elders,\" appeared to\noffer support to Olsen's conjecture for, according to Olsen, August Jack said that Tomo was\nshot by a Chief \"in the arm, and the buUet goes\nright through and makes a big hole in his chest,\"\nand then a medicine man packed his wound with\ncedar bark before taking him to Victoria in a canoe where the doctor was unable to save his arm\nand had to cut it off.3\nOlsen's hypothesis is further bolstered by the\nfact that the first reUable reference to \"One-\nArmed Tomo\" appeared only a few months after\nthe shooting. The entry in the Nanaimo Journal\nof the Hudson's Bay Company for 21 November 1856 indicated that \"One-ArmedToma [sic]\"\nwas \"engaged at the mUl which now goes night\nand day.\" Furthermore, the injury suffered by the\nman Douglas referred to as \"WUUams,\" was to\nthe right arm and side, and there seems Utde doubt\nthat Quamtany was missing his right arm. Annie\nDeans, a resident ofthe Metchosin district at the\ntime, described the wound of the shooting victim almost exacdy the way August Jack had. She\nreported that the man brought to Victoria from\nCowichan \"had been shot in the right arm just\nbelow the shoulder, the baU shattered the bone\nand went into the right side.\"4 Two sources confirm that Quamtany was indeed missing his right\narm.Victoria CityjaU records show that in 1867,\nwhen he was charged with seUing Uquor to Indians and was admitted to jaU under his angUcized\nname ofThomas Anthony, he had his \"Right arm\noff at [the] shoulder.\"5 In addition, Mark Bate, an\nearly setder in Nanaimo, recaUed that '\"One-\nArmed Tomo'was an extraordinary man...he had\nlost his right arm, and it was surprising with what\ncelerity, and power he could swing an axe, or use\ntools\u00E2\u0080\u0094an auger, for instance, with his left hand.\"\n6 Though it is far from clear that Olsen was aware\nof aU the evidence oudined above,7 on the surface it appears that his theory that James Douglas\nattempted to deceive his London-based superiors is at least plausible.\nEvidence to the contrary, however, is abundant. For example, Annie Deans, who, though\nshe didn't record whether she actuaUy saw the\ninjured man, noted in a letter to a friend that \"he\nis getting aU right again\u00E2\u0080\u0094the Doctors set his arm\nso about a week after he was shot, the Governor\nwent off... .\"8 In other words, according to Annie,\ndespite the seriousness ofthe injury, the man who\nsuffered the gunshot wound at Cowichan Bay\ndid not lose his arm. Furthermore, HBC employment records show wages paid to both \"Thomas WUUams\" and\"Thomas Quamtany\" for work\nperformed in the FortVictoria area between 1852\nand 1855.9 In addition, a number of sources confirm that the gunshot victim was not a \"half-\nbreed Iroquois\" but rather a \"white man\" just as\nDouglas had described him in correspondence\nwith HBC Factor James Murray Yale. 10The Reverend Cridge, HBC chaplain, who along with\nDr. Johnstone tended to the man's wounds, described him as \"a white man...[who] recovered.\"11\nAlso, according to the daughter of Comiaken\nChief Lo-Haar, the victim ofthe shooting was \"a\nwhite setder.\"12 Neither description would fit\nThomas Quamtany.\nAt least one contemporary writer has suggested\nthat, because evidence of the presence of white\nsetders in Cowichan in 1856 is not conclusive,\nDouglas' characterization ofthe victim as \"white\"\narouses the suspicion that, as Olsen aUeged, the\nGovernor might have been engaged in a \"cover-\nup\" in order to justify his planned course of action which involved mobiUzing over four-hundred of Her Majesty's troops.13 By most accounts,\nhowever, the earliest white settler in the\nCowichan Valley was John Humphreys (or\n\"Humphrey\") who arrived, along with two unnamed friends,in 1856.u Quite Ukely, one ofthe\nfriends was Thomas WiUiams, for both WiUiams\nand a \"Jack Humphrey\" had worked together at\nthe HBC's Craigflower farm, near Victoria, for a\nbrief period in 1854. According to Robert\nMelrose, the unofficial chronicler of events at the\nfarm, they also drank together on at least one\noccasion, and, what is perhaps more significant,\nthey both quit work and left the farm on the\nsame day.15 Subsequendy, though WiUiams' contract with the HBC extended into 1857, he did\nnot draw wages after 1855. It is entirely possible\nthat Thomas WiUiams grew disenchanted with\nworking for the company for one reason or another and in order to avoid being compeUed to\nhonour his contract, and to stay out of sight, he\nOuamtany without his left arm.\n(1) The illustration on the back\ncover of Water Over the Wheel\ndepicts Tomo with a rifle in his\nright hand and a short stump\nextending from his left shoulder. (2) Writing in The Ladysmith\nChronicle in 1963, Olsen noted\nthat since \"the loss of his left\narm, the half-breed Iroquois\n[Tomo] had acquired abnormal\nstrength in the one that remained. WH. Olsen \"The Face\nofTomo Antoine (PartVLGold\nBullets)\" The Ladysmith Chronicle, 14 February 1963.\n8. Annie Deans, Letter to a\nfriend, 1 October 1856.\nBCARS.\n9.1 am indebted to Bruce M.\nWatson for the following references to HBC Archives\nrecords:York Factory Abstracts\nof Servants Accounts (1852-53),\nFortVictoria Abstracts of Servants Accounts (1853-54,1854-\n55,1855-56).\n10. Quoted in Foster, \"The\nQueen's Law Is Better Than\nYours,\" footnote 109, p 102.\n11. Edgar Fawcett, Some Reminiscences of Old Victoria (Toronto:\nWilliam Briggs, 1912), p 251.\n12.B.M.Cryer,\"Legends ofthe\nSalish\", (undated typescript)\nBCARS, p 3.1 am indebted to\nChris Arnett for this source.\n13. See Foster, \"The Queen's\nLaw Is Better Than Yours,\" p 64\nand footnotes 108. 109, p 101.\n14. For reference to \"John\nHumphrey\" see E. Blanche\nNorcross, The Warm Land\n(Duncan: Elizabeth Blanche\nNorcross, 1959), 1.98,and R.I.\nDougan, \"Cowichan: My Valley\" (ms. 1973) BCARS p 118.\n15. W Kaye Lamb, ed. \"Diary\nof Robert Melrose\", B.C. Historical Quarterly, v. 7,1943. See\nentry 10 September \"John Instant '4 D[runk], Thomas\nWilliams V* D[runk] Jack\nHumphrey 'A D[runk],\" and 6\nOctober \"Jack Humphrey, &\nThomas Williams dropped\nwork.\"\n16. Chris Arnett, The Terror of\nthe Coast. (Vancouver:\nTalonbooks, 1999), p 54.\n17. Joseph William Mackay,\n\"The Indians of B.C.\" The B. C.\nMining Record, 1899, p 83.\n18. Lamb, ed. \"Diary of Robert\nMelrose,\" 20 August 1856.\n19. 25 August 1856, Nanaimo\nJournal.BCARS.\n20. Hudson's Bay Company\n\"Records on the Affairs of Fort\nVictoria, 1852-59,\" September\n1856, p 198-9. BCARS.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n23 21. Olsen wrote about the incident three times. Each time,\nhis description grew less specific. On the first occasion he\nquoted August Jack at length\nand enclosed Tomo's name inside the quotation marks, stating that Tomo was much feared\nand disliked by the local\nCowichans and that he was shot\nby a young Chief before being\ntaken to Victoria where the\ndoctor had to cut his arm off\n(Olsen, \"Tomo Antoine.... He\nWho Played God\",p 8). On the\nsecond writing, in January of\n1963, Olsen altered the quote\nin a number of minor ways and\nalso substituted the words \"this\nfella\" for \"Tomo\" (Olsen, \"The\nFace of Tomo Antoine: One-\nArmed Tomo,\" The Ladysmith\nChronicle, 31 January 1963). By\nthe time Olsen wrote about the\nincident a third time, the most\ncompelling piece of evidence\nthat Thomas Ouamtany and\nThomas Williams were the\nsame person was omitted altogether: neither the name \"August Jack\" nor any of his words\nappeared in Water Over The\nWlieel, Olsen's only published\nbook. Though Olsen seems to\nhave lost confidence in his\nsource\u00E2\u0080\u0094perhaps August Jack\nobjected to the particulars of\nthe words attributed to him in\nthe first quotation\u00E2\u0080\u0094it didn't\ncause Olsen to change his conclusion.\nFor footnotes 16\u00E2\u0080\u009420 see\nprevious page.\ndrifted into the Cowichan area, along with Jack\nHumphrey (or John Humphreys), where they\n\"squatted,\" just as Douglas indicated in his correspondence of 22 August.16\nIt appears that shordy after their arrival in the\nCowichan area, both men became romanticaUy\ninvolved with Native women. Humphrey's relationship with the daughter of a Quamichan Chief\nis weU documented and endured for many years.\nUnfortunately for aU concerned.Thomas WUUams\nwas apparendy attracted to a young woman who\nhad been betrothed from childhood toTathlasut,\na young Somenos chief. It was subsequently\nTathlasut who was identified as the man who\nfired the injurious shot.17 Robert Melrose, who\nclearly knew Thomas WiUiams from the time he\nhad spent at Craigflower farm, left no doubt that\nQuamtany was not Tathlasut's victim when he\nnamed WiUiams as the man \"shot through the\narm by an Indian\" in his diary entry of 20 August 1856.18\nAt the time ofthe shooting.Thomas Quamtany\nwas under contract with the HBC. Records show\nthat he arrived in Nanaimo in January of 1856\nand worked at various jobs, until 10 May when\nhe took part in an overland expedition to\nClayoquot.Then on 25 August a \"Canoe arrived\nwith [a] Despatch from the Governor ordering\nThos. Ouamtony [sic] to proceed at once to Victoria to act as interpreter; a white man having\nbeen wounded by a Cowichan Indian.\"19 It ap\npears that Quamtany foUowed Douglas' directive and served on the expedition to Cowichan,\nas accounting records show that, in September\nof 1856, \"T Quamtany\" was paid 4/17/11\n(pounds sterUng) for his role \"in the expedition\nto Cowichan to capture and punish the Indian\nwho attempted to murder the man WUUams.\"20\nIn summary, it seems, that in spite ofthe words\nattributed to August Jack by WH. Olsen,21 a preponderance of evidence supports the conclusion\nthat Thomas Quamtany and Thomas WUUams\nwere two different men and it was mere coincidence they each suffered serious injuries to their\nright arm and chest. Certainly, they foUowed separate trails subsequent to the events of August 1856.\nWUUams took up residence inVictoria where he\nUved in a boarding house on View Street. He had\na couple of brushes with the colonial judicial\nsystem before returning to the Cowichan VaUey\nin 1862 where he settled on 175 acres.\nQuamtany's skUls as guide and interpreter continued to be in demand and he was subsequently\nemployed on numerous exploring expeditions on\nVancouver Island, culminating in 1864 with the\nBrown Expedition, which completed its work\none year after he survived a charge that he had\nmurdered his wife. Most significandy however,\nthe aUegation that James Douglas was involved\nin a \"cover-up\" operation in the summer of 1856\nseems untenable. '\nReviewer Gordon Elliott is a member ofthe Vancouver Historical Society.\nThe Sommers Scandal: The Felling of\nTrees and Tree Lords.\nBetty O'Keefe and Ian Macdonald. Surrey,\nBC: Heritage House, 1999.192 pp. Ulus.$16.95\npaperback.\nReviewed by Kirk Salloum.\nRobert Sommers was an early organizer for\nthe BC Social Credit and, later, a rookie poUtician. As Minister of Lands, Mines and Forests, he was one ofthe most powerful individuals in the W.A.C. Bennett government.\nHis actions as minister were relatively short\n28\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 lived. Sommers resigned from Cabinet because of accusations of questionable behaviour. Later, he served two years and four\nmonths in jaU after being convicted of conspiracy and accepting bribes while a BC\nCabinet minister.\nO'Keefe and Macdonald masterfully out-\nUne the Sommers scandal. The authors encapsulate the scandal using government,\ncourt, and media documentation, supplemented with people's recoUections. Discussions on relevant events, such as the development of the forest industry and government poUcy at the time, assist the reader with\nappreciating the details of the Sommers affair.\nThe authors suggest that it was Gordon\nGibson, a Liberal MLA, started the ball roU-\ning in the legislature. Without mentioning\nSommers by name, Gibson accused the\nSocred government that \"money talks and\nhas talked.\" The House deemed these allegations inappropriate and Gibson became\n\"the first MLA ever ordered out ofthe B.C.\nlegislature.\" As a form of damage control, the\ngovernment appointed the Land Commission to probe Gibson's charges. People involved in money transactions with Sommers\nimmediately began assessing their files. Others distanced themselves from Sommers, including WA.C. Bennett.\nO'Keefe and Macdonald outline the\nevents that led to the lengthy trial and supply a lucid analysis ofthe compUcated court\ncase. The reader finds out that though other\naccused individuals escaped a guUty verdict,\nthe Sommers scandal altered their Uves. The\nauthors address a host of questions that\nevolve from the trial and convictions of\nSommers and Wick Gray (a major character\nin the Sommers affair).\nThe media played a substantial role in\nmaking pubUc the story ofthe Sommers scandal. O'Keefe and Macdonald provide background as to the relationship that each political party had with the media. Before and\nduring the trial, media reports provoked\npubUc debate. At its conclusion,\"almost everyone had an opinion ofthe trial.\"The outcome of the Sommers affair made history:\nThe Province newspaper maintained that it was\nthe first time in the British Commonwealth\nthat a cabinet minister had been convicted\nof conspiracy to accept bribes.\nInformation coUected from major players\nthroughout the decades foUowing the trial,\nincluding an interview with Sommers, adds\nto the story's intricacies. What the authors\neUcited and documented makes for a good\nread. O'Keefe and Macdonald conclude the\nbook with two contemplative topics regarding the governance of this province: one focuses on the moral and ethical behaviours of\npoliticians, and the other revolves around BC\nforest poUcies and practices. As with the media coverage of the Sommers scandal, this\nbook provokes debate and reader opinion.'*5*'\nReviewer Kirk Salloum is an educational consultant living in Vancouver, BC.\nOur Fair: the Interior Provincial Exhibition: Its Firstioo Years.\nShirley CampbeU. Armstrong, BC: Armstrong\nAdvertiser, 1999.174 pp. IUus. $23.95 paperback.\nReviewed by Alice Glanville.\nAny thought that Our Fair would be a rather\ndry compUation of facts and statistics, is dis-\npeUed after becoming absorbed in the contents of this deUghtful book. The Usts of trophy winners, presidents, life members, etc. and\na relevant timeUne are there, but documented\nin the appendices for quick reference. An\nindex is also included. Shirley CampbeU has\ndone a masterful job of chronicUng the development ofthe Armstrong Fair\u00E2\u0080\u0094the Interior Provincial Exhibition (IPE).\nAlthough the book foUows the development of the fair starting in 1900, the author\ntakes us back to the Overlanders of 1862 when\nAl Fortune pre-empted land at Enderby, followed by Moses Lumby near Enderby in 1870,\nMartin Furstineau at Lansdowne in 1873, Price\nEUison in Priest VaUey in 1876, and Benjamin\nYoung a short whUe later. These men and\nothers, with the same pioneer spirit, aU realized that they had rich, productive land. It\nwas from this soU that the challenging exhibits to the Armstrong Fair would come.\nImmigrants from Eastern Canada, United\nStates, Europe, and Asia joined the First Nations people in the Okanagan and brought\nwith them their favourite seeds and breeds\nof Uvestock and their competitive spirit. This\n\"winning combination of people\" gathered\nin 1900 to decide who had the best produce.\nThe actual site of the Fair was determined\nfollowing the completion ofthe CPR across\nCanada. A number of wealthy businessmen\nand farmers formed a company to buUd the\nS and O Line, a connecting raU Unk from\nSicamous to Okanagan Landing. Arriving at\n\"the island in the swamp,\" they parked a box\ncar beside the tracks and called it Armstrong,\nin honour of WE. Heaton-Armstrong who\nfloated most ofthe bonds for the S and O.\nThis site became the locale of the future\nInterior Provincial Exhibition (IPE).\nExpanding to a three-day show in 1932\nat the height ofthe Great Depression, the\nfair experienced a further expansion in 1974\nto a four-day event. By 1988 the show enlarged to a five-day event foUowing its designation as a class \"A\" exhibition in 1982. A\nsplendid agricultural haU was completed in\n1906 and in 1960 a new grandstand with\ndining haU below the bleachers was opened.\nOther grandstands, a new agricultural complex and the horticultural buUding have been\nadded to accommodate the increased\ngrowth.The grounds, the buddings, the racetrack, the quaUty of exhibits and Uvestock,\nand the entertainment have aU been targeted\nto become even better. Attendance increased to 55,000 in 1993, to 86,000 in 1998,\nand 95,000 in 1999, making the IPE the largest\nagricultural fair in the province.\nA progression of many relevant and Uvely\nphotographs (almost 200) spanning the century not only provide an attractive window\nbut also attest to the depth of research\nachieved by the author and her advisors.The\nresearchers have used The Armstrong Advertiser extensively, a reminder of the importance of local newspapers in recording history. Interspersed throughout the text are\ninterest boxes of vignettes, mainly quotes\nfrom the Armstrong Advertiser, adding another\ndimension and providing further insight into\nthe phenomenal success of this fair.\nThe Wagner Shows, formerly Gayland,\nbecame a substantial part of the entertainment for many yean with Mark Wagner himself being an enthusiastic supporter of the\nIPE. Prominent politicians and entertainers\nhave shared the podium over the years.The\nnames of Mat Hassen and his son, Matt S.\nHassen, are synonymous with the\nArmstrong Fair. Their combined record of\n59 years as secretary-managers have given the\nfair the necessary continuity for networking and buUding the reputation of a first\nclass fair.\nWith directors who were alert to the\nneeds of aU branches of agriculture, the IPE\ncontinued to grow and to flourish whereas\nsome other fairs did not. The directors encouraged \"outside competition,\" and this\nprevailing competitive spirit, along with a\nstrong beUef in the educational value of agricultural exhibits and displays, contributed\nto the \"general improvement and productivity ofthe entire community.\"\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n29 To quote from the book:\nThe phrase 'Where farming comes first' is the\nessence of the Spallumcheen district historically and today. It is a guide to policy making\nin the Official Community Plan ofthe present\nmunicipal government. Farming is the trunk\nofthe tree and the IPE is the enduring branch.\nThe story of early families in Spallumcheen\nand of the townspeople of Lansdowne and\nArmstrong brings the creation ofthe IPE into\npresent history.\nThe book is a well-written, inclusive account\nofthe IPE, a remarkable achievement which\ntoday stands as a testimony to aU who have\ncontributed over these hundred years.\nThe author and her excellent research\ncommittee worked on this volunteer project\nfor the Armstrong and Spallumcheen Museum and Arts Society and have more than\nadequately fulfilled the purpose of this history of \"Our Fair -\"to discover its origins,\nacknowledge its evolution and to inspire its\npresent direction.\"\u00C2\u00AB\"**'\nReviewer Alice Glanville, a member of the Boundary Historical Society, is a former president ofthe\nBritish Columbia Historical Federation.\nSmall City in a Big Valley: The Story\nof Duncan.\nTom Henry. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 1999. 182 pp. Illus, maps. $36.95 hardcover.\nReviewed by Adam C. Waldie.\nThis beautiful volume looks like a smaU coffee table book, though it is much, much\nmore. Its 182 pages encompass some ofthe\nlivehest prose and most interesting photographs and Une drawings this reviewer has\nseen for a long time. It could weU be read in\nan evening by anyone even remotely interested in this unique Vancouver Island town.\nCovering a span ofthe first hundred years\nofthe hundred and thirty seven year history\nof Duncan, it relates at once the anatomy\nand development of this thriving community. Interwoven in the fabric of this history\nare the stories of the Native people, a distinctive Chinese community, a smaller Japanese one, a hard-working East Indian group,\nand the purely British phenomenon of the\n\"long stockings.\" British Columbians have\nlong referred to this latter group as \"remittance men.\" It is a good account ofthe cultural legacy of these turn-of-the-century\npensioners from the British Army and Navy\nand victims ofthe laws of primogeniture.\nNesded at the foot ofthe Cowichan Valley, in the rain shadow of the Island mountains, the MunicipaUty of North Cowichan\nhad the warm, sheltered chmate to become\nthe breadbasket of British Columbia. Indistinguishable from the surrounding municipaUty is the City of Duncan itself, not unlike the civic anomaly ofthe City of North\nVancouver encircled by a district ofthe same\nname. At various times it has been called the\ncity of totems, the dairy capital of British\nColumbia, and the sweet-pea capital of\nAmerica.\nThe author, Tom Henry, is a native of\nDuncan and a graduate of its school system.\nPresumably this intimate connection is at least\none reason for the freshness of the anecdotes he relates, and for the caring way in\nwhich he describes the various ethnic communities. For example, he mentions that a\nson of a large Chinese family started out in\nthe family corner store, and ended up one\nof the top photographers for Playboy Magazine. An older brother became a pharmacist,\nthen a senior officer in the Canadian Armed\nForces, and, on retirement, mayor of\nPetawawa. Similarly he notes that Frances\nKelsey, who as head of the United States\nFood and Drug Administration forty years\nago prevented the marketing ofThalidomide\nin America, was the daughter of a Major\nOldham ofthe Cowichan Valley. A new high\nschool and a newly discovered planet have\nbeen named in honour of this distinguished\ndaughter of the valley.\nSir John A. Macdonald made but one short\ntrip to British Columbia,in 1886, to hammer\nin the traditional last spike ofthe Esquimalt\nand Nanaimo Railway. There were to be three\nstations in the Duncan area, but at the last\nminute Premier Robert Dunsmuir, the coal\nmining baron, decided to eliminate the one\nat Duncan's Crossing, as it was then known.\nThe locals put up such a protest that, at the\nlast minute, Dunsmuir relented and restored\nthe plan for the station.\nThe author won the Bill Duthie B.C.\nBookseUers' Choice award for 1999 for his\nWestcoasters: Boats that Built B. C. This delightful volume on Duncan and the Cowichan\nVaUey should put him in the running for\nanother honour. '**\u00C2\u00BB'\nReviewer Adam C. Waldie, BA, MD died in May\nof this year.\nGlyphs and Gallows; the Rock Art of\nClo-oose and the Wreck of the John\nBright.\nPeter Johnson. Surrey,B.C.:Heritage House,\n1999.254 pp. $18.95 paperback.\nReviewed by Phyllis Reeve.\nPete Johnson breezes ashore with an entourage of students and tourists. I don't know\nwhich he enjoys more: learning some new\nthing or refreshing it with his own enthusiasm and teaching it to someone else. His initial encounters with petroglyphs on Gabriola\nsent him questing on the outer edges ofVancouver Island and sleuthing in the depths of\nthe Provincial Archives, attempting to uncover a Unk between a set of Aboriginal rock\ncarvings and an historical murder mystery.\nThe word \"art\" in the title indicates\nJohnson's appreciation of petroglyphs as an\nart form heavy with symbolic and likely\nshamanic implications, with roots deep in\ntradition and history. He looks at them with\neyes accustomed to looking at art, and reacts\nto the \"plethora of metaphorical images and\nsymbols that took me to places I did not\nknow I wanted to go.\" But at Clo-oose on\nthe West Coast Trail the carvings depict sailing ships. How can we read these records of\nEuropean arrival?\nJoy Inglis, in Spirit in the Stone, (Horsdahl\nand Schubart, 1998) interprets them as references to cargo and part of the wealth of\nthe sea. Presumably shamanic power could\ncall in cargoes as it called in fish. But Johnson\nthinks them a factual account of events.\nIn February 1869 the EngUsh barque John\nBright came to grief on the rocky coast near\nNootka Sound. Soon the Victoria press\nprinted rumours of bodies found on shore,\nsome decapitated.The revelation that several\nwomen and chUdren had been aboard fired\nthe good colonists' tenderest feehngs, righteous indignation, and thirst for revenge.\nJohnson suggests that unscrupulous traders\nseized the opportunity to instill some useful\nterror into the Aboriginal people with whom\nthey had to deal. Inquests and Grand Jury\nwere duly called, but the real trial was by\npress and pubUc opinion. By July, the formal\nverdicts were in and two Hesquiat men were\nhanged for murder.\nJohnson finds loose ends, suppressed clues\nand room for reasonable doubt aU over the\ncase, and works out Unks between the John\nBright tragedy and the Clo-oose glyphs, despite the distance between locales. He gives\nus speculation at least as credible as the \"evi-\n30\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 dence\" which convicted Katkeena and John\nAnayitzaschist.\nJohnson's murder mystery, set in a somewhat unsavoury oldVictoria, moves at a rapid\nand engrossing pace. His personal journey\nand engagement with the rock carvings invites a thoughtful, even meditative response,\nbut the action doesn't stop. Johnson's head\nor legs, or both, are always on the move.\nThe final chapter \"Revelation and Desecration\" pleas for protection of the\npetroglyphs through education rather than\nrestriction of access, arguing, \"If the federal\ngovernment, through its National Parks Service, invites the world to experience the West\nCoast TraU, then I beUeve it has an obUgation\nto raise pubUc consciousness about the rock\nart of First Nations peoples.\"\nJohnson's book should help raise some\nconsciousnesses. It's also a lot of fun.<<5a\u00C2\u00BB'\nReviewer Phyllis Reeve lives on Gabriola,\n\"Petroglyph Island.\"\nHaunted Waters: Tales ofthe Old Coast.\nDick Hammond. IUustrated by Alistair\nAnderson. Madeira Park: Harbour PubUsh-\ning, 1999.243 pp. Ulus. $32.95 hardcover.\nReviewed by Kelsey Mcleod.\nThe waters are indeed haunted in most of\nthese tales, not to mention the islands and\nmountains. The settings are mainly on the\nupper and lower Sunshine Coast areas, as\nwould be expected with the author's lifetime in that part of our province. In the main,\nthe stories fall roughly into a few categories:\nlogging, hunting, offbeat characters, as would\nbe expected when dealing with those early\ndays. As much as the core content of the\nstories, the detaUs given about logging practices, boats, engines, terrain, and weather,\nmake for interesting reading. Only someone\nwho has spent a lifetime on our coast could\ngive such details with accuracy.\n\"Living off the land\" is good for many a\nchuckle, as it teUs of a group of hunters inexperienced in coastal Ufe, who set off on\nan expedition with the idea of Uving off the\nland whUe stalking their prey. Who, Uving up\nthe coast, has not encountered such people\u00E2\u0080\u0094the know-it-alls who regard the rain\nforest as their oyster? As they get their comeuppance a tremendous sense of satisfaction\nfills the reader.\n\"The house by the Talking FaUs\" is the\nbook's longest story. To say it is weird is an\nunderstatement, and the author's father, who\nrelates the story, remains a bit of a mystery.\nWhat did he reaUy experience? Were some\nof the characters and happenings a product\nof imagination? The real impact ofthe tale is\nat least pardy taken away by the disclosure\ntoward the end of two separate incidents: In\none, a family who have Uved in the area for\nyears deny that there is any house in the\nlocation. Here would be a fitting place to\nend the story. But it continues with the writer's parent returning to the site and finding\nthe remains of the house. So we are left\nwondering if the house was a total illusion,\nor if it was known to neighbours who preferred to pretend the house and its occupants did not exist. Take your pick.\n\"Svendson and the Taxman\" is a narrative\nofthe amusing outwitting of an income tax\nofficial. \"That's Nothing\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094 the chronicle of\nan only too typical character poUuting his\nsurroundings with his ego. \"The Deer and\nSUence\" give shivers up the spine. One would\nUke to shrug off the stories told as superstitious nonsense, but the supernatural auras\nmake this impossible, and one is left with\nthe uneasy feeUng that it just could aU be real.\nSpooky.\n\"The Stoics\" is my favourite story, for all\nthat it relates rather gruesome accidents, back\nin the days before there were mercy flights,\nrescue helicopters, the Coast Guard, and\nquick communication. It is the reaction of\nthese injured men that holds the interest.\nThese were the people, theirs the attitude,\nthat buUt our province. When reading the\nstories, I could not help thinking of so many\nof today's individuals who deUght in making\nmuch of every twinge, every symptom, every\ndiscomfort, every difficulty they meet. How\nthey do go on, on TV, radio, in the printed\nword, deUghting in the display of their lack\nof intestinal fortitude. This story should be\nrequired reading in our elementary schools,\nto give chUdren a role model early on. It just\nmight bring back a smidgen of that old pioneer spirit.\nAs I read the last sentence, I found myself wondering: if today's men had to face\nwhat these pioneers did, would we have the\ncountry, the province, we share today?\nAU in aU, a good read. It is heart-warming\nthat here, on the West Coast, young as we\nare historically, we are at last publishing myths,\nlegends, superstitions, happenings, that are\nunique, and our own.'***\u00E2\u0096\u00A0'\nReviewer Kelsey McLeod is a free-lance writer living in Vancouver. She is on the executive of the\nVancouver Historical Society and has contributed\narticles to BC Historical News over the years.\nFederation\nNews\nJulie Stevens of UBC wins\nBritish Columbia Historical\nFederation Scholarship iqqq-\n2000.\nFrances Gundry announces that the\nBCHF scholarship this year was won\nby JuUe Stevens, a fourth-year student at the University of British Columbia with a double major in history and English. The tide of her essay is \"Letters from Montney: an insight into the rural teaching experience in early twentieth century British Columbia.\" Nine essays were submitted this year and the judges noted\nthat aU of the essays were of a very\nhigh standard and that they had a\ndifficult time making their decision.\nMs. Stevens is working at a volunteer job in Switzerland for the summer and wiU travel before returning\nto British Columbia at the end of\nthe year to go into teaching. It is\nhoped that she wUl be able to attend the BCHF conference in Richmond for the announcement of the\naward.\nJulie Stevens' essay is scheduled to\nappear in the spring issue of BC Historical News.\nResearching the Indian Land Question\nin British Columbia.\nLeigh Ogston, ed.Vancouver: Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, 1998. Unpaged.\nIUus. No price given. AvaUable from Union\nof British Columbia Indian Chiefs, 500-342\nWater Street.Vancouver, BC.V6B 1B6.\nReviewer Morag Maclachlan.\nAlthough, as the tide indicates, this manual\nis primarUy intended for those researching\nIndian land claims, Saul Terry, speaking for\nthe Union of B.C. Indian chiefs, expects it\nwUl have much wider use. He hopes those\nwriting family, band, or First Nations histories, those engaged in land-use studies, those\nplanning initiatives in self-government and\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n31 education, and those involved in community planning wiU make use of this exceUent\nreference material.\nThis book provides practical advice about\nresearch basics, so clearly presented that beginning researchers can start work with confidence. But as weU as instruction in methodology, there is a great deal of information\nabout sources\u00E2\u0080\u0094Ubraries, archives, government\ndepartments, and web sites, and there are bibUographies to accompany most chapters.The\nuse of anthropological, archaeological, and\nlegal resources are explained and there is information about reserves, treaties, cemeteries, water as weU as land rights, the use of\nmaps, and oral history.\nIn spite ofthe comprehensive nature of\nthis pubUcation, it is obviously a work in\nprogress. There are no page numbers and\nthe ring binding makes it possible to alter or\nadd material as more information is acquired.\nIn his famous en' de coeur in 1967, Chief\nDan George predicted that his people would\nbecome great and that education would be\none ofthe tools that would help them overcome the effects of colonization. An educational system designed to assimilate and to\ntrain a labour force faded miserably, producing instead, with some notable exceptions,\napathy and despair. The production of this\nreference work is a clear indication that this\ngeneration of Native people freed from that\nsystem, is making great progress in improving their economic and social status. But\nimproved education for the First Nations\npeople is not the only answer. It is only when\nenough people in the dominant society are\neducated and enlightened that progress can\nbe made.\nThe chiefs in the nineteenth and early\ntwentieth centuries, who saw their reserve\nlands being curtaUed and their way of Ufe\ndestroyed, were fuUy aware of the damage\nbeing done to their people and used aU the\nlegal means avaUable to them to reverse the\nsituation. Until the 1930s they were a dying\npeople weakened by white men's diseases,\nand those in power refused to Usten, expecting that the problem would disappear.\nIn view of the \"apartheid\" nature of the\nreserve system, it is ludicrous to insist that\nthere should be no \"special status\" for Native people.The separate status has been well\nand truly established. As the research goes\non and aboriginal land claims are estabUshed,\nparticularly in densely populated urban areas, there wiU be many people with longstanding claims who wiU find their owner\nship disputed. Two wrongs do not make a\nright and the great chaUenge ofthe twenty-\nfirst century wUl be to find a way in which\nwe can aU Uve together with consideration\nand respect for each other, f*5**'\nReviewer Morag Maclachlan is the editor ofThe\nFort Langley Journals, UBC Press, 1998.\nThe Frontier World of Edgar Dewdney.\nBrian Tidey.Vancouver: University of British\nColumbia Press, 1999.181 pp. Ulus. $75 hardcover, $25.95 paperback.\nReviewed by Charles Hou.\nAs a high-school teacher I kept coming across\nEdgar Dewdney's name. I hiked with students on the Dewdney TraU in Manning Park,\nhad my students debate the arguments for\nand against British Columbia's entry into Confederation, used Dewdney as a witness in\nmock trials of Louis Riel, and took students\nto see his grave in Ross Bay cemetery. In\neach case I wanted to learn more about the\nman. Brian Tidey has solved this problem for\nme and probably many others, as the chapter headings of his book wUl Ulustrate: \"The\nTraUblazer,\"\"The PoUtician,\" \"Indian Com-\nmissioner,\"\"RebelUon,\"\"Lieutenant Governor,\" \"Minister ofthe Interior,\" and \"A Frontier CapitaUst.\"\nTidey documents how Edgar Dewdney\nacquired some of his strongest biases in his\nnative England. He beUeved in government\nby a small poUtical and social eUte drawn\nfrom the upper classes. When given a chance\nto be part of the government in Western\nCanada he resisted the democratization of\npoUtical institutions and opposed native-born\ndemocrats such as Amor de Cosmos, Louis\nRiel, and Frank OUver. When British Columbia joined Confederation and acquired\nresponsible government, Dewdney was\nelected as a Conservative Member of ParUament and continued the battle with de Cosmos and others.\nIn order to Uve and function in the proper\nstrata of society (another idea he picked up\nin England) Dewdney reaUzed he would\nneed a lot of money. He sought wealth in\nBritish Columbia during the gold rush. His\nskills as a civU engineer were useful and he\nworked briefly with Colonel Moody ofthe\nRoyal Engineers before striking out on his\nown to fulfill government contracts building roads in southern British Columbia. He\nspeculated in agriculture, ranching, mining,\nreal estate, and transportation schemes in\nWestern Canada from 1860 tUl his death in\n1916. The results were mixed and he depended more on secure government appointments for most of his wealth, as government officials were very weU paid at the\ntime. When Sir John A. Macdonald offered\nhim positions as Commissioner of Indian\nAffairs, Lieutenant-Governor of the North\nWest Territories, or a member of his Cabinet, he quickly accepted. He did the same\nafter Macdonald's death when offered the\nposition of Lieutenant-Governor of British\nColumbia.\nTidey clearly shows how Dewdney arrived in the colony with an imperiaUst disdain for Native people\u00E2\u0080\u0094an attitude he never\nlost. As Indian Commissioner and then as\nLieutenant-Governor ofthe North West Territories, Dewdney had a hand in events leading up to the Riel RebeUion of 1885. As an\nagent of colonization he went along with\nthe government's decision to force the Natives to move to reservations, and was very\nadept at minimizing the costs involved. Even\nBig Bear, the one chief he respected, was\nbrought to his knees by the threat of starvation. Unlike Macdonald, Dewdney was weU\naware ofthe incredible hardships faced by\nthe Native people in 1884-1885 and the halfhearted government response to their needs.\nWhUe Tidey is reluctant to blame the RebeUion of 1885 on Dewdney, many historians beUeve that Dewdney should have lobbied Ottawa more forcefuUy, visited Ottawa\nto explain the urgency of the situation, or\nresigned, in order to get Macdonald's government to act on what he knew were serious and legitimate Native grievances.\nLike Matthew BailUe Begbie.another British immigrant with a similar social background\nbut a more tolerant attitude, Dewdney was\nalso motivated by a sense of adventure and a\nwiUingness to take risks. Both left the safety\nof jobs in England to seek their fortunes in\na faraway British colony. They both reveUed\nin the tough frontier conditions and enjoyed\ncamping and travelUng in the somewhat harsh\nconditions of British Columbia.\nUnfortunately Tidey mars an interesting\nchapter on the Riel RebeUion with a couple of significant errors. On two occasions\nhe has Big Bear surrendering on 2 June 1885.\nIn fact Big Bear's band was involved in several skirmishes with Major-General Strange\nin June and did not surrender until July. Big\nBear was one ofthe last Natives on the prairies to select a reserve in 1882 and was one\nofthe last to surrender in 1885. He was also\nwrongfuUy convicted for his actions during\n32\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 the rebellion and was released from prison\nonly when it appeared Ukely he would die\nthere.Tidey also states that Chief Poundmaker\nled the looting at Battleford when in fact\nthe chief opposed the looting and, like Big\nBear, did his best to keep his more militant\nfollowers out of the rebeUion.\nAlthough Dewdney did use his position\nin government to further his financial interests (his choice of Regina as the capital of\nthe North West Territories was based on his\nownership of property there),Tidey makes a\nstrong case for Dewdney's leadership abilities. Dewdney avoided extreme solutions to\nproblems. He sympathized with Alexander\nMackenzie when depression conditions prevented Mackenzie from buUding the Canadian Pacific RaUway on time, and worked\nfor a reasonable solution; he was flexible in\nassigning reserves to Native people in the\nprairies; he worked to improve decisions affecting western Canada made in far-off Ottawa; and he worked for a compromise solution in the contentious matter of reUgious\nschools in the North West Territories.\nTidey's book unfortunately does not tell\nus much about the personal Ufe of Dewdney\nor his wife Jane. The author states that this is\ndue to the lack of documentary evidence.\nHence the book focuses on Dewdney as a\npubUc figure and does a fine job of documenting him as \"a representative of that class\nof adventurer who saw in the western frontier an unprecedented opportunity for self-\naggrandisement.\" Oddly, Tidey also states that\nhe does not consider Dewdney a great man\nor a nation builder. Tidey does not explain\nwhat it takes to be considered a great man\nand one must assume that his standard is so\nhigh that only a few Canadians have achieved\nit. His book provides plenty of evidence in\nDewdney's favour. To hike from Hope to\nthe Kootenay gold fields without a map in\nall kinds of weather, and to later buUd roads\nand search for railway routes through the\nsame difficult terrain, surely qualifies\nDewdney as a nation buUder. (A map would\nalso have been a useful aid to readers of the\nbook.) In Tidey's words Dewdney was \"never\nfar from the most vital decisions and actions\"\naffectingWestern Canada. Dewdney was particularly well liked in British Columbia for\nhis work in opening up the province and\nfor his efforts to make Burrard Inlet the western terminus ofthe CPR, and Tidey comes\nto many insightful conclusions about his\nsubject.'\"^\nCharles Hou, now a retired history teacher is known\nfor his interest in the preservation of historic trails.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\nArchives and Archivists\nEdited by Frances Gundry\nhttp://www.bcarchives.gov.bcca\nAlthough we may look the same on the outside\u00E2\u0080\u0094same address, same buildings\u00E2\u0080\u0094the public\nface ofthe BC Archives has changed radicaUy in the last five years. In January 1995 we went\nlive on the Internet and we haven't looked back since. In 1997, the first instalment ofVital\nEvents indexes were added to the Internet site. Every year the site gets larger as more\nresearch tools, indexes, catalogue cards, finding aids, maps, film, and images are scanned and\nadded. We even have an award-winning section designed for school chUdren and Unked to\nthe curriculum.This \"AmazingTime Machine\" includes eleven different gaUeries on a variety of BC historical themes, each geared to specific school grades and reading levels.\nIn 1999 our Web site received seven and a half miUion hits from over 61 countries and over\n105 gigabytes of data were sent over the Internet. Our remote enquiries jumped 67 percent\nover the previous year. We now have over 50,000 photos and artworks scanned and avaUable\nvia keyword search. Many ofthe private manuscript holdings and the government records\nare described or Usted in finding aids pointing you to the specific citations for your on-site\nvisit.\nWhat has happened of course is that it is now possible do conduct preUminary research\nfrom the comfort of your own home or the pubUc Ubrary. You can use the Web site to learn\nmore about the BC Archives, our services and our holdings; do searches to compUe shordists\nof coUections or groups of material you think wiU be useful to your research; or even just\nkeep track of what photos have been newly scanned through the daUy log. When you plan\nyour visit to Victoria (because it is still necessary to visit the actual Archives to view actual\ndocuments), your research days at the BC Archives are gready tailored because of your online preparation.\nThe Web site gives equal access to aU British Columbians and opens the institution and its\ntreasures to the world. It is the broadest form of outreach and one that is important for our\nprofile both within and without government. The future is a busy one for staff as we try to\nbalance the ever-increasing demands of today's electronicaUy oriented society and our re-\nsponsibUities \"to coUect, preserve, and make avaUable\" the Province's documentary heritage,\na heritage that includes not only manuscripts, diaries, photos, maps, and other paper records,\nbut film, video, computer discs, and electronic databases.\nWeb Site Highlights:\nBirths Registration Index: 1872 - 1899 (events over 100 years old)\nMarriage Registration Index: 1872 - 1924 (events over 75 years old)\nDeath Registration Index: 1872 - 1979 (events over 20 years old)\nThe Registration documents are on microfilm. Tlie actual documents are only available through\non-site visits. Other BC locations for these microfilms are: Okanagan Regional Library, Kelowna;\nSimon Fraser University Library; Surrey Public Library; Victoria Genealogical Society and West\nCoast Family History Society in Victoria; Vancouver Public Library and any Church of Jesus\nChrist of Latter-day Saints Family History Centre.\n10,000 entries covering the entire paintings, drawings and prints collection\nOver 50,000 historical images with item level description\nApproximately 5,400 catalogue descriptions with hypertext subject cross references\nand over 1,200 related finding aids for textual records\nSelected images of historical maps and related information\nOver 10,000 publications (about 1/7 ofthe library collection)\nListing of our holdings of BC newspapers on microfilm\nThe award winning \"AmazingTime Machine\" featuring 11 educational gaUeries\ncovering BC history topics from the Province's K-12 social studies curriculum ap\npeals to anyone interested in BC history.\nSoon to come: Index to wills and probates, annual update ofVital Events indexes,\nand \"This day in history.\"\nKathryn Bridge\nKathryn Bridge, Manager Access Services of BC Archives, can be reached by telephone (250)\n387-2962 or e-mail: kathryn.bridge@gemsl.gov.bc.ca\n33 Reports\nHarley Robert Hatfield 1905-2000\nA tribute spoken by Harvie Walker\non 1 April 2000 in Penticton.\nI am greatly honoured that I have been\nasked to speak about a person who has\ntouched our Uves, in so many positive and\npersonal ways. Harley Hatfield has been a\nmodel citizen\u00E2\u0080\u0094the mentor of many of us\nhere today, both young and old, who have\nknown him through family ties, through his\nfamily business, the Boy Scout Movement,\ncivic politics, his profession of civil engineering, and the numerous volunteer organizations, in which he served so faithfully.\nI would Uke to preface these remarks with\nan apology to Harley. I know that because\nof his modest nature and quiet demeanour,\nhe would not be particularly comfortable on\nan occasion such as this one in praise of his\ncharacter and achievements. We are here to\ncelebrate Harley s Ufe, and to acknowledge\nthe many ways he has touched and influenced the lives of so many of us, through his\ngreat skUl in the art of quiet leadership and\nhis abiUty to move others to action.\nIt has been said that, \"Every exit is an entry to somewhere else\" and that \"Nothing is\nfinal among friends.\" So these comments are,\nin a certain sense, a litde stock-taking along\nthe pathway of a continuingjourney for this\nmost unique individual, who has enriched\nthe Uves of aU of us. In that vein, I would like\nto take a little time to visit the life of this\nremarkable person.\nHarley Robert Hatfield was born in Saint\nJohn, New Brunswick, on 28 February 1905,\nthe son of A. Seaman Hatfield and Roberta\nChristie. The Hatfields moved to BC in the\nsummer of 1907, and they lived in a tent on\nthe edge of Shuswap Lake, whUe Seaman\nHatfield worked as a timber cruiser.That fall,\nthey moved to Summerland to their new\nhome, which still exists there today. In 1909,\nthey moved on to Kaleden, living first in a\ntent, then in a converted chicken coop, and\nfinally, in a new house on the Skaha Lake\nbeachfront.\nGrowing up in the pioneering days of\nthe South Okanagan along with his brother\nPhillip, Harley graduated from Penticton High\nIf #1 $\nPhoto by John P.Hatfield\nSchool in 1923The following year, he bought\na horse and rode it over the Hope trail to\nChilliwack. In his later years, he would relate\nwith pride, that he paid $35 for the horse\nand sold it for $50\u00E2\u0080\u0094in his words,\"at a handsome profit of $15.\" In ChiUiwack, carrying\nhis saddle, bridle, and pack, he boarded the\nold inter-urban tram for Vancouver, .There\nhe enrolled in the fledgling University of British Columbia where he completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in history.\nHis career in construction began with Dominion Construction during the rebuilding\nof the Fraser Canyon section of the old\nCariboo Road. In 1930, Harley and his father founded the Interior Contracting Company. Working with his brother PhiUip, the\nfamily business became well known for the\nquaUty of its work and\nthe unfailing honesty\nand integrity of its operation. Many of the\nroads, bridges, and\ndams in the BC Interior have the Hatfield\n\"stamp\" on them. On\none occasion, while\ntravelling with Harley\npast the Nickel Plate\nRoad, a Hatfield road\nthat snakes its way up\nthe hillside near\nHedley, I asked him, in\njest, if it were true that\nevery Hatfield road had\nto have at least one\nswitch-back in it. After thinking about it for\na while, and taking a\nlong Hatfield draw on\nhis pipe, he replied,\n\"Well you must admit\nthey are a good way to\nget up a hiU, and sometimes a helluva fast way\nto get down one.\"\nIn 1932, Harley mar-\nried Edith White\nTisdall. \"Toddy,\" as she\nwas affectionately\nknown, was the\ndaughter of Charles\nTisdall.Vancouver's mayor in the 1920s.Toddy,\nan RN, served as a pubUc health nurse in\nKelowna prior to her marriage to Harley. In\nthe early years of their marriage, they lived\nin the cottage that stiU exists on the island at\nVaseaux Lake. Children foUowed, as they usually do, so she was able to use her health-\nnurse talents raising and repairing an active\nand adventurous family of four. Son John\nwas born in 1934, Peter in 1936, and the post-\nAbove: Harley Hatfield in sight ofMt.\nHatfield. John P. Hatfield took this picture in\nAugust of 1986, when his father was 81 years\nold. Harley never made it to the top, but he got\npretty close.\n34\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 war babies, Chris and Ah/son, a decade later.\nThere is an old saying, I suppose no longer\npohticaUy correct, that says, \"A good wife is\nthe best home remedy.\" The Hatfield chUdren have aU achieved success in their chosen fields; proof positive ofthe care and support they received from their parents, in their\nchUdhood years.Toddy Hatfield predeceased\nHarley in 1984.\nHarley began his engineering career during World War II, serving first in the Royal\nCanadian Air Force, and then in the Royal\nCanadian Engineers, where he achieved the\nrank of captain. After returning to civilian\nlife and further study, he became a member\nof the Association of Professional Engineers\nofBC in 1948. FoUowing the sale ofthe family\nbusiness, Harley set up practice as a consulting engineer. In 1987, in recognition of his\ndevotion to his community and its youth,\nand to his profession of civU engineering,\nHarley was honoured by his coUeagues, \"as\na most worthy recipient of this Association's\n1987 Community Service Award.\"\nAs the award suggests, Harley was an active and tireless community worker. One of\nhis long-time associations was with the Boy\nScout Movement. Beginning in 1913 as a Wolf\nCub, his Scouting career spanned every level\nof Scouting leadership, from cub master to\npresident ofthe Interior Region. In 1967,\nhe was awarded Scouting's Medal of Merit,\nand in 1994, the Silver Acorn, Scouting's highest service award. The citation for the award\nreads, \"Harley Hatfield through his long association with Scouting in the Okanagan\nVaUey has exemplified the finest Scouting\ntraditions as an active outdoorsman who has\ncombined those skills with sustained community service. Beyond this legacy to Scouting and to his community, is a man who has\ngready influenced the Uves of many boys and\nmen\u00E2\u0080\u0094a man of great warmth and unfailing\nhumour.\"\nMy personal association with Harley and\nhis famUy began in my impressionable teenage years, and as a consequence, I owe many\nof my values and attitudes to the things he\nmodelled through example, quiet urging, and\nhis parable stories about Ufe. He was one of\nthose catalytic people who could relate to\nyoung people and demonstrate the important basic values needed for a caring society\nthat recognizes and celebrates the uniqueness of individuals. Harley's steadfast adherence to the ideals of the Scouting movement, and his unfailing beUef in the goodness of humankind, made him \"the right\nperson at the right time\" in our teen-age\nstruggle \"to find out who we were and what\nwe wanted to be.\" He was our model for\nwhat we would Uke to be. He was a leader\nby doing, and a doer by leading.\nHarley possessed a passionate and keen\nsense of history, as weU as an intense love and\nrespect for nature. He combined those interests in his historical research, and in his\nlong-time association with the Okanagan Historical Society, as a writer and director, and\nlatterly, as an honorary Ufe member of that\nsociety. He was also a founding member of\nthe Okanagan Similkameen Parks Society. It\nis natural, therefore, that his pioneer background, his research skUls, and most of aU,\nhis dogged determination, drove him in his\nefforts in re-locating and protecting sections\nof the Okanagan Fur Brigade TraU, and the\n1849 Hudson's Bay Fur Brigade TraU, between\nPrinceton and Hope. There are people here\ntoday, myself included, who wUl remember\nthose days in the rain, fog, mosquitoes, and\ndevU's club at Fool's Pass, so apdy named,\nmight I add, when Harley would, with the\ndetermination of one possessed, drag us out\nof our sleeping bags and lead us in search of\nold axe blazes and other signs of a trail, long\nsince reclaimed by nature. Most ofthe credit\nfor saving those important historical and recreational traUs belongs to Harley. It is appropriate, therefore, that a mountain near the\ntraU has been named Mount Hatfield.\nIn addition to the pubUc service I have\nalready mentioned, he made other substantial contributions to his community. He served\ntwo terms as a Penticton city alderman, was\non the executive of the Similkameen Regional District, from 1965 to 1969. He served\na term on the Penticton School Board, and\nwas the CivU Defence Officer, in the 1970s.\nHe was a continuing member of the\nOkanagan Similkameen Parks Society and was\na founding member ofthe Apex Alpine Ski\nArea - one of its tireless early volunteer workers.\nHarley was also an active member ofthe\nSouth Okanagan Naturalists' Club, a director of the Engineering Institute of Canada\nfrom 1961 to 1971, a member ofthe Museum Advisory Committee and the Penticton\nCentennial Committee, in the 1970s. He was\nactive in the Canadian Legion and the Canadian Club, and served 20 years on the\nPenticton Board ofTrade. He was an active\nmember of Engineers for Disarmament, a\nmember of the World FederaUsts of Canada,\nand the Borstal Society of Canada. Such a\nrecord of pubUc service by one individual is\na remarkable reflection of his unlimited energy, and his deep concern for others.\nAs you know, one of Harley's most endearing characteristics was his talent as a sto-\nryteUer. He had a story for every occasion,\nand often spoke in parables. To travel with\nhim was to experience a colourful historical\ntravelogue, and a variety of anecdotes\nprompted by the moment. He was self-deprecating, often making himself the victim of\nhis own humour, as the foUowing incidents\nhe related to me wUl show.\nIn his youth he worked for his unclejim\nChristie, one of the pioneer ranchers of\nOkanagan FaUs. Each morning his uncle\nwould rap on Harley's cabin door to waken\nhim to go fetch the cows for milking. One\nmorning the rap came as usual, and he answered, \"Airight, Uncle Jim\". The rap was\nrepeated a second time, and Harley responded even louder. And a third time, when\nhe realized that a woodpecker had taken over\nthe waking chore, and had, as Harley put it,\n\"done me out of a half hour's sleep\". Another story he related involved Bobby\nChristie.Jim's son, who Harley described as\n\"a serious Utde boy, anxious to know all about\nthe world\". One day, tiring of Bobby's incessant questions, he said to him, \"Haven't\nyou heard that curiosity killed the cat?\" to\nwhich Bobby repUed, \"Was it his cat?\" As I\nhave said, Harley never minded a joke on\nhimself. He told me about the time he and\nTommy Shutdeworth were riding the range\nin the late faU gathering the catde. On one\nparticularly cold night, they were camped\nout in the lulls above Okanagan FaUs. In the\nmiddle of the night, Tommy poked him in\nthe ribs and said, \"I think your horse is loose\nand you had better get up, if you don't want\na long walk back to the FaUs\". So Harley\ndressed, and in the dark and cold, managed\nto retrieve the horse in question, only to\nfind it was Tommy's horse, and not his own.\nI recaU one day when I was the victim of\nHarley's humour. We had spent a particularly\nhot July morning wandering through the\nsagebrush and cactus near White Lake, looking for signs of the old Okanagan Fur Brigade TraU. By mid-day, I had developed a\nburning thirst. And as luck would have it,\nwe arrived at a small pipe sticking out ofthe\nhillside with a nice stream of water flowing\nout of it. Producing a cup from his knapsack and filling it, he poUtely offered me the\nfirst cup, which turned out to be the foulest\nalkali water I have ever tasted.This of course,\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n35 much to his amusement.\nBeing from a profession that uses words\nto make a Uving, I have always been impressed by the unique and succinct way in\nwhich Harley used language. Not long ago,\nhe reminded me that we could use the cabin\non the Island at Vaseaux by saying, \"I think\nthe wheelbarrow on the island needs fixing\nagain.\" And in a letter I received from him a\nfew years ago, he wrote, \"Apologies for the\nspelling and other mistakes. I am almost ninety\nand if I took the time to check the spelUng,\nI would never get this letter done.\"\nIn the past couple of years I have visited\nhim at GranviUe Park Lodge, often taking\nhim his favourite Borkum-Riff whiskey-flavoured pipe tobacco\u00E2\u0080\u0094the only kind he\nwould wilUngly smoke. Each morning he\nwould go out with his walker for his morning pipe. He related to me how, one morning at the nearby park, he went to sit down\non his walker seat, but had failed to engage\nits brake. So as he put it, \"the walker had\nmigrated from the spot where I had left it,\nto a place where I wasn't, so I ended up on\nthe ground. But, I am good at falling, and\nthe only damage I suffered was to my dignity. The only problem was that one of the\nmen who helped me up stepped on my favourite pipe and broke it in half\". One final\nexample of Harley's unique brand of humour\nhas come to me through his famUy. When\ngreat-grandchild, Sam was a babe in arms and\ndrooUng, as babies are prone to do, Harley\nwas heard to remark, \"Just think, Sam, in\nanother ninety years, you will be doing that\nall over again.\"\nBecause each of us has known Harley and\nin different ways and in various circumstances, each one of us has our own set of\npersonal memories and special feeUngs about\nthis truly remarkable man. So we will remember him in a variety of ways.We are aU better\nfor having known Harley. We wiU miss him\ngready!\nHarley Robert Hatfield\u00E2\u0080\u0094husband, father,\ngrandfather, great-grandfather, scout, scouter,\nsoldier, engineer, pioneer-buUder, alderman,\ntrustee, but most of aU, good and faithful\nfriend!\nFebruary 28, 1905 to February 14, 2000 -\na long and productive Ufe! To use the gende\nold Scout saying,\"Harley Has Gone Home!\"\nMourn not too long that he is gone, but\nrejoice forever that he was, and walked with\nUS.'\nSonia Cornwall\nBy Eileen Truscott\nThis summer, from July to September, the\nKelowna Art GaUery presented an art exhibition of some historical interest. The work\nshown was by Sonia CornwaU, an artist well\nknown in the WUUams Lake area. Showing\nher work at this time is appropriate, considering the increasing interest in both Canadian history as weU as regional Canadian art\nhistory, especially in regard to history\nmoulded by women. Much of Sonia Corn-\nwaU's early life intersected with the very romantic era of the opening of the west, and\nthe transition from European cultural traditions to the beginnings of a particularly Canadian art history.\nSonia was born in 1919 in Kamloops\nwhere her father, C.G. (Deadwood) Cowan\nwas a property agent. Leaving Ireland when\nhe was 15, Deadwood Cowan arrived in\nKamloops to visit his brother's farm in South\nCaroUna. In the late nineteenth century he\nwent to Mexico, arriving during a pre-revo-\nlutionary Mexican gunfight. FamUy legend\nrecounts how he saw, looking at a magazine\nwhile sheltering under a bed from stray bullets, an advertisement for the North West\nMounted PoUce, in Edmonton. He rode up\nto Edmonton to join their division and stayed\nwith them for six years. During that time he\nlearned how to speak the Cree language, how\nto guide, and how to track and hunt. WhUe\nfoUowing a murderer into British Columbia\nhe first saw what later became his Onward\nRanch, and vowed to come back. Later, when\nhe became a property agent in Kamloops he\nstarted to put together the land that formed\nthe Onward Ranch, which included the 150\nMile Ranch, and the Jones Lake Ranch. At\none time Onward Ranch included over\n11,000 acres and substantial grazing rights on\nCrown Land. Sonia still calls this a small ranch\nwhen compared to other ranches in the area.\n\"Deadwood\" also guided EngUsh visitors\non 6-month trips to Canada whUe persuading them to invest in land. He wrote about\nthese expeditions for the British magazine\nCountry Life and traveUed back and forth,\ncrossing the Adantic from Canada to Europe numerous times. He had a Canadian\nPacific RaUway pass for raU and steamship\ntravel because he wrote for their agricultural\ncolumn. Before his marriage he spent the\nwinter in London enjoying theatre and his\nclub. He used to visit for a few days atTatton\nPlace as a guest of Lord Egerton who had\nfrequendy employed him as a guide and agent\nand he would also visit Lord Exeter at\nBurleigh House. He had met Lord Exeter\nserving as the agent for Lord Exeter's ranch\nat 100 MUe House. \"Deadwood\" also served\nas a guide for the collection for the\nRothschUd Museum in New York, and the\nKensington Museum in London where you\ncan see the record moose, with anders over\nseven feet, that he shot in Kodiak, Alaska.\nWe can imagine that \"Deadwood\" Cowan\nwould be quite a catch. He was good looking, and had an office, a house, a buggy with\na handsome pair of bay horses with brass-\ntrimmed harness, a chauffeur, and a housekeeper. Every year a crate of books would\narrive from the Times Book Club in London, England. When Soma's mother Vivien\nTuUy arrived from Pordand, Oregon it was\nlove at first sight.\nSonia was born in 1919. She grew up at a\ntime when there were smudge pots in the\ngarden, mosquito nets at home over the bed,\nand children were to be seen and not heard.\nShe had her dog, Mr. Timothy, and her horse,\nCamp. When she was nine she stayed with\nfamily friends in Kamloops and attended Miss\nBeattie's school. On Saturday mornings she\nhad art classes. When she was old enough\nshe joined Grade 9 at Strathcona Girls' School\nat Shawnigan Lake on Vancouver Island. In\nVictoria, after she left Strathcona Girls'\nSchool, she began to study to be a set designer with Don May ofthe Cornish Theatre in Seatde\nSonia loved going home to the ranch\nduring the summer months and would see\nher famUy during the winter inVictoria. Any\nisolation the family felt on the ranch would\nbe counter balanced by the winters spent in\nVictoria, where the famUy went each year,\naccompanied by trunks of Unen, sUver, and\nbooks. In 1939, when her father died, aU this\nended. At that time her family, like many\nothers, had no money. Sonia began to take a\nserious interest in the working ofthe ranch,\nlabouring beside the men, which was quite\nan undertaking for a woman at that time.\nShe would rise at 5 a.m., eat breakfast, feed\nand harness the team, and head to the hay\nfields for a ten-hour day. Sonia loved it. The\nfamily would stiU have their books to read\nbecause during the 1930s and the 1940s the\npubUc Ubrary inVictoria would lend up to\nsix books, sending them by maU even paying\nthe postage each way. At night Sonia remembers rigging up a car battery to a radio and\nUsten to jazz from New Orleans.\n36\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 Sonia Cornwall: House at the Outward Ranch, 1960. Oil/paper 18\" x 23'A\".\nDuring this time Sonia s mother Vivian\nbegan to take art classes at the Banff School\nof Fine Arts and met A.Y.Jackson. In 1943,\nSonia was working on the ranch when she\nreceived a telegram from her mother teUing\nher A.Y. Jackson would arrive by bus and\ninstructioning her to \"take care of him.\" A.Y.\nJackson returned several years, each time staying for approximately three weeks. At the\nend of each visit he would set up the paintings that he had produced during this time\nand offer Sonia and her family a choice from\namong them. He would then pack up his\nworks with wooden matchsticks between\nthe panels and tie them with string and set\noff to return east. A.Y. Jackson continued\nhis association with the famUy and Sonia\nwould later send him half a dozen of her\npaintings at a time for his criticism.\nIn 1946, when Sonia was 27 years old she\nand her sister went to the Provincial Institute of Technology in Calgary to study art.\nThey had been attracted to this school because Jock MacDonald taught design there.\nMost of her classmates were ex-servicemen\nof similar ages, but in spite of this, Sonia and\nher sister felt they were all treated like children. Sonia remembers how they studied still\nlife. No nude studies were allowed. She would\ntake a tram as far out as she could go on the\nBow River and paint, or hitchhike out of\nCalgary to Okotoks and draw people in the\npub.\nThis only lasted three months. She returned to the ranch. In 1948 she married\nHugh Cornwall, a native of Ashcroft who\nhad served as a pUot with the RAF and a\nflying instructor with the RCAF before coming to the'Cariboo to work for the Cariboo\nCatdemen's Association. Like many people\nliving in supposed isolation, she didn't feel\nlonely or deprived. She continued to work\nas a rancher whUe she raised a family.\nShe continued to paint. Sonia is largely\nseff-taught and with the help of the CBC\nradio programmes and extensive reading she\ncontinued to learn. She attended outreach\nworkshops in the Cariboo and received critiques from well-known artists such as Molly\nBobak, Herbert Ziebner, Joe Plaskett, Jack\nHardman,TakaoTanabe, Cliff Robinson and\nZelko Kujundzic, besides A.Y.Jackson. Sonia\nalso credits friends who were involved with\nplaywriting, set designing, and writing books\nand poetry, encouraging her to paint. Sonia\nsays she always had interesting friends.\nBut her real inspiration is the ranch where\nshe and her husband Hugh stiU live. She is\nfamiUar with all its terrain, with the seasonal\npattern of calf birthing, branding and\nroundup. Sonia wasn't able to paint when\nher chUdren were very young and she and\nher husband were busy running the ranch.\nBut she was able to store images and experiences to be released later when she could\nwork again in her own lyrical extension of\nthe Canadian Impressionist tradition.\nThe works in her exhibition were produced over a forty-year period and are a testimony to her love of Ufe and her energy\nand talent to capture this love in her work.'*5\"\nArchives Week\nThe Archives Association of British Columbia (AABC) is seeking support for the proclamation of an Archives Week in BC to help\nraise public awareness of the importance of\narchives.\nOn lOJuly 2000 the AABC wrote the following letter to the Hon. Graeme Bowbrick,\nMinister of Advanced Education.Training and\nTechnology and Minister Responsible for\nYouth, with a copy to the Hon. Ian Waddell,\nMinister of Small Business,Tourism and Culture.\nDear Minister:\nRe: Proclamation of British Columbia\nArchives Week, November 19-25, 2000\nThe Archives Association of British Columbia (AABC), which represents archives and archivists throughout the\nprovince, requests your support in establishing an annual Archives Week.\nWe have selected the week of November\n19-25, 2000 as the most suitable because\nit begins on Douglas Day, which commemorates the proclamation ofthe\nCrown Colony of British Columbia at\nFort Langley in 1858.\nAs you will see from the enclosed Resolution from our Executive, we are requesting a permanent designation ofthe\nthird week in November, centred on\nNovember 19th, as British Columbia\nArchives Week. Why an Archives Week?\nArchives are the foundation from which\nour society maintains continuity with\nour past, and preserves the present for future generations.\nArchives care for the records that document all aspects ofthe public and private\nlife of our society, including official\nrecords that protect citizens' rights and\nhold elected officials accountable to the\npublic.\nFor these reasons we think it is important\nto mark the accomplishments of our\ncommunity archives network, including\nthe provincial BC Archives, with a new\ncelebratory week. We hope you will be\nable to honour our request for a Proclamation of Archives Week and be available\nfor a public announcement on Monday,\nNovember 20, 2000.\nSincerely, Jane Turner, President\nIf you consider supporting this initiative,\nby writing to the ministers or participating\nin the activities planned by AABC, you may\nreach Jane Turner by phone (250) 721-8258,\ne-mail: jtumer@uvic.ca, or fax (250) 721-\n8215. Visit the AABC homepage at http:/\naabc.bc.ca/aabc/\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n37 News and Notes\nPlease send information to be published in News and Notes to the editor in Whonnock before 15 August, 15 November, 15 February and 15 May.\nFrom the Branches\nAlberni District Historical Society\nsaid goodbye to their past president Simo\nNurme who died of cancer at the far too\nearly age of 54 years. He was born in Finland, grew up in Alberta. Simo Nurme taught\nhistory in Alberta, and worked with CUSO\nin Papua New Guinea before coming to\nPort Alberni 13 years ago to teach history\nand mathematics at North Island College, Port\nAlberni Campus. He worked tirelessly developing a course in BC history incorporating a portion of the local history for each\ncoUege region using this format. He was one\nof those rare people who delight in the\nknowledge they acquired and share it willingly and with enthusiasm. His pupils could\nnot help but join in the quest for more\nknowledge.\nBy accepting the volunteer position of\nCommunity at Large Member of the Museum Advisory Committee in 1989 he became involved with the heritage family. He\nserved for six years. Jean Mcintosh, Director\nof the Alberni VaUey Museum, reflects, \"He\nstrove to create partnerships amongst community institutions and to integrate education into the museum's purpose and history\nand use ofthe museum in coUege level education.\" Simo continued as a volunteer with\nthe Alberni Valley Museum, the McLean MUl\nNational Historic Site Project, and the\nAlberni District Historical Society.\nSince January Simo was busy buUding a\ncanoe, serving on the planning committee\nfor the British Columbia Historical Federation Conference, and presenting a double\ncourse on Canadian Political History to\nEldercoUege. On 3 and 4 May he hosted a\ntwo-day meeting of 19 coUege history teachers from all over the province, and, beginning on the evening ofthe 4th, as the President of the Alberni District Historical Society, he began his duties as official host for\nthe four-day BCHF conference. On 17 May\nSimo presided over the Alberni and District\nHistorical Society's AGM. After serving as\npresident for two years he passed on the presidential torch to Bob Gray. \"He never hesitated to guide and work with me. He was a\ngenerous man,\" said Bob Gray.\nJust two weeks later, Simo fell ill and was\nadmitted to hospital. On 4 July, he was gone,\nleaving a legacy of enthusiasm to learn and\nshare knowledge that wiU last many lifetimes.\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Valentine Hughes\nPhoto by Helmi Braches\nAbove: Simo Nurme at the BC Historical Federation Awards Dinner in Port Alberni in May.\nSidney and North Saanich Historical Society\nMembers of the society are keen on seeing\na plaque, or perhaps a statue, installed at\nSidney town in memory of a First World War\nhero, Colonel Cyrus Wesley Peck,VC.,D.S.Q\nand Bar, ofVimy Ridge and Arras. A committee has been formed headed by the\nmayor, Don Amos. Colonel Peck was a longtime resident at Sidney and said to be \"the\nbest-known and most popular man in Western Canada.\" - Don Robb\nDistrict 69 Historical Society\nCraig Heritage Park & Museum had its official summer opening in June. Parksville's\nmayorjulia McDonald, presented Life Memberships to the five remaining members who\nformed the District 69 Historical Society 25\nyears ago: Graham and Tina Beard, Grace\nd'Arcy, Marjory Leffler, and Josta Tryon. A\nmemorial bench was also dedicated to the\nmemory of CUff Leffler, a long-time member who died in 1998. The beautiful clear\nday saw a good turnout with free admission,\nmusical entertainment, and tea, coffee, and\nsnacks provided. - Ben Burns\nBowen Island Photo Album\nAudrey Ades Ward of Penticton recendy presented a photo album of the 1928-1929\nschool year to the Bowen Island Historians.\nAudrey's sister Jay (Jessie) taught on Bowen\nIsland and carefully recorded the dates, places,\nnames, and circumstances for each picture.\nThe Bowen Island Historians were deUghted\nto receive pictures of so many of Bowen's\npioneer citizens. That should remind us of\nthe importance of recording names, dates,\nand places on each picture one takes as soon\nas the film returns from the print shop and\nit will be easy. Someone, some day, will be\nvery happy that we took the trouble.\n- Naomi Miller\nChemainus Valley Historical Society\nOnce again the Chemainus Valley Historical\nSociety celebrated Canada Day with an old-\nfashioned tea served under the towering firs\nin Waterwheel Park. The members, dressed\nin period costume, passed out pieces of red\nand white \"Canada flag\" birthday cake and\niced tea to an appreciative crowd.\nAnd just to show our island individuality,\nthe society purchased a Colony ofVancouver Island flag to fly over the museum with\nthe Maple Leaf and the British Columbia\nflag.The Colony ofVancouver Island flag was\nauthorized by Queen Victoria in 1865 but\nas we amalgamated with the mainland in\n1866, it was never officially flown.This handsome flag displays the Blue Ensign with the\nbadge of the Colony ofVancouver Island;\nthe Wand of Neptune, Mercury's Wand of\nCommerce, a pine cone, representing our\nforests and the beaver for the Hudson's Bay\nCompany emblazoned on the fly. Unfortunately, someone Uked the flag so much, it\ndisappeared five days later along with the\nother flags. - Liz M. Forbes\nOther News\nGaliano Museum Society\nOn 22 July the little Galiano Museum\nopened its doors. Members ofthe executive\nhave spent much time getting things ready\nfor pubUc viewing. Donated furniture has\nbeen arranged to create areas for theme displays and explanatory information sheets are\ncreated. Donations of things suitable for display continue to arrive. Entry to the mu-\n38\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 seum is free, but there wiU be a donation\nbox. Several donations of five hundred dollars have been received as weU as many hun-\ndred-doUar cheques. A membership in the\nsociety is five doUars per year. Send for them\nto Joan Coralan at Page Drive, RR 1,\nGaUano VON IPO. Other contributions go to\nJoan or to Nancy Davidson, Devina Drive,\nRR2,GaUano,V0NlP0.\nOutstanding Achievements\nIn May, at the annual conference of the\nHeritage Society of British Columbia in\nVictoria, Outstanding Achievement Awards\nfor Advocacy were given to:\n\"V Five members of the Armstrong\nSpaUumacheen Museum & Arts Society for\nwriting and publishing Our Fair. Shirley\nCampbell, Innes Cooperjessie Ann Gamble,\nMarion Hope and Kristen Kane collaborated\nto produce this extensive history of the Interior Provincial Exhibition.\nV The Nanaimo Heritage Commission for\nthe pubUcation of Columns, Cornices and Coal:\nThe Heritage Resources ofNanaimo.\n\ Delta pioneer and Uving legend Edgar\nDunning for his life-long commitment to\nthe promotion of heritage conservation in\nDelta. He is especiaUy acknowledged as a\nhistorian.\nV Donald Luxton and LiUa D'Acres for the\npubUcation of Lions Gate.\n\"V The Port Moody Heritage Commission\nfor the pubUcation ofthe City of Port Moody\nHeritage Inventory.\n\ The OUver and District Heritage Society\nfor their Heritage Week program.\nThe Lower Skeena Revisited\nThe first volume of Pioneer Legacy: Chronicles\nofthe Lower Skeena\u00E2\u0080\u0094reviewed in BC Historical News, Winter 1998-1999 by George\nNeweU of Victoria\u00E2\u0080\u0094was awarded second\nprize in the 1997 BCHF writing competition. Pioneer Legacy is a compilation of stories\nup to about 1920 coUected by Norma V\nBennett, who donated her material to the\nDr. R.E. M. Lee Hospital Foundation in Terrace for pubUcation. Any funds realized were\nto go toward hospital equipment. So far approximately $20,000 ofthe revenues ofthe\nfirst volume has gone towards the new endoscopy unit for MiUs Memorial Hospital in\nTerrace.\nHelene McRae has just gone through the\nfinal editing ofthe second volume of Pioneer\nLegacy with Harbour PubUshing's editor.The\nbook should be available before Christmas.\nThe book is dedicated to Mrs. Bennett, who\npassed away in AprU of this year at the age\nof 88. She went with the knowledge that\nher book would be pubUshed. Mrs. McCrae\nworked with her on both books and certainly misses her and her help.\nThis second volume of Pioneer Legacy wiU\ncover some ofthe riverboat landings, the telegraph Une, maU service, and the buUding of\nthe Grand Trunk Pacific RaUway. The reviewer of the first volume mentioned that\nthere are no articles devoted to Meanskinisht.\nWeU, in this volume there are several stories\nof the Tomlinsons of the Holy City, once\nknown as Meanskinisht, now Cedarvale.\n- Helene McRae\nOrmsby Prizes Awarded\nThe Society for the Promotion of British\nColumbia History announced the 1999 winners ofthe Margaret Ormsby Prize for B.C.\nHistory. The award recipients are:\nV Jean Foote, University-CoUege of the\nCariboo, for her paper \"The Honourable\nThomas Humphreys: A Controversial Contributor to Changes in Early B.C.PoUtics.\"\nV Anne Dore, University-CoUege of the\nFraserValley, for her paper\"Good Neighbours:\nRemembering Japanese Canadians of the\nFraser VaUey.\"\nV Leanne Dyck, Okanagan University-College, for her paper\"Goal Symbiosis: An Analysis ofthe MutuaUy Compatible Goals ofthe\nBeUa BeUa HeUtsuks and the Methodist Missionaries of B.C.\"\nV Wendy Robertson, Malaspina University-\nCoUege, for her paper '\"You start the work,\nand I'U fiU in the blanks/To AU Appearances\na Lady: Fact or Fiction?\"\nThe Margaret Ormsby Prizes are offered by\nthe Society for the Promotion of British\nColumbia History for the best essays in British Columbia history and are meant to encourage researching and writing about British Columbia history in a way that informs\nand engages a broad audience.There are four\nawards of $200 each presented every year\nfor the best undergraduate essay on an aspect of BC history.\nWelcome Shale\nThis faU the Gabriola Historical and Museum Association wiU pubUsh the first issue\nof Shale. This issue ofthe new magazine wUl\nbe distributed to members free of charge.\nThe prime focus of the journal wiU be on\nhistory and pre-history ofthe Snuneymux*,\nChemainus, and Lyakson people and the\nhistory of later \"Gabriolans.\" Aside from history, attention wiU also be given to archaeology and anthropology as weU as geology and\nnatural history. Anyone with a special interest in Gabriola please contact editor Nick\nDoe. E-mail: nickdoe@island.net.\nRupert's Land Colloquium 2000\nThe Centre for Rupert's Land Studies at the\nUniversity of Winnipeg collaborated with\nWashington State University to present Colloquium 2000 at Vancouver, Washington, 24\nto 28 May 2000. Approximately half of the\nabout hundred people in attendance were\nfrom Canada. British Columbia historians\ngiving papers included Ken Favrholdt,\nSecwepemc Museum, Kamloops; Richard\nMackie, Malaspina CoUege, Nanaimo; and\nRoberta Dods, Okanagan University College.\nThe papers covered a broad range of topics,\nprimarUy focused on the for trade in the\nPacific Northwest. Visits to Fort Vancouver,\nFrench Prairie and Cape Disappointment\nwere part ofthe program.\nThis was the ninth biennial coUoquium.\nThe Centre for Rupert's Land Studies faciU-\ntates research and pubUshing in the human\nhistory ofthe Hudson's Bay Company territories known from 1670 to 1870 as Rupert's\nLand and the Columbia District, promotes\nawareness of the Hudson's Bay Company\narchives in Winnipeg, pubUshes The Rupert's\nLand Newsletter, and co-pubUshes a series of\ndocumentary volumes on aspects of Rupert's\nLand history in partnership with McGUl-\nQueens University Press. For further information on the Centre's activities and the location of the next coUoquium please contact: The Centre for Rupert's Land Studies,\nUniversity ofWinnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue,\nWinnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9.\n- Marie Elliott\nCranbrook School Heritage Fair\nFive members ofthe East Kootenay Historical Association were among the judges for\nCranbrook's first Heritage Fair. StewartWU-\nson, an energetic teacher from Steeples Elementary School, enhsted cooperation from\nmost ofthe other elementary schools in the\ncity and had entries from one class in Fernie.\nHe arranged for sponsors to provide aT-shirt\nand a certificate for each youngster who entered. Stewart Wilson also enhsted groups\nsuch as the QuUters GuUd, Amateur Radio\nClub, Western Wireless Company, and Fort\nSteele's harness maker to have adult displays\nwithin the haU, and antique car owners to\nshow off in the parking lot outside.\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000\n39 This first Heritage Fair attracted 125 students between Grades 4 and 9. The individual students or team chose topics for\nprojects and 90 projects were displayed. For\na small number of outstandingly weU-done\nprojects a Certificate of ExceUence was issued. From those with \"ExceUent\" rating are\nchosen entrants to district, provincial, or national fairs. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Naomi Miller\nThe Heritage Fairs are promoted by the CRB Foundation (who sponsors the Heritage Minutes TV spots).\nThe foundation has a Web site called \"Historica\" that\ncontains more information at: http://histori.ca/\nhistorica/eng_site/showcase/heritage_fairs/index.htlm.\n-Ed.\nElko Homecoming Weekend\nDuring the last weekend in June the East\nKootenay community of Elko of less than\ntwo hundred citizens hosted a special reunion for former residents. Honorary Mayor\nViola Wilkinson came to Elko as a toddler\nand has Uved there for the rest of her more\nthan eighty years. She welcomed visitors and\npresided over the anniversary cake cutting.\nThere was a fascinating parade of old vehicles and machinery. Local chUdren rode in\na hay wagon. There were musical entertainment, food booths, chUdren's games, raffles,\na steak supper and dance. Neighbours from\nnearby Wardner put on a fashion show. Returnees came from aU across Canada, parts\nofthe United States, and from as far away as\nEngland and New Zealand. One family came\nfrom New Mexico to attend the reunion\nand stayed for a friend's wedding the fol\nio the 1940s, the Vancouver artist F. P.Thursby painted\na rendition ofthe ship Thames City infull sail. The\nProvince reproduced that painting (14 April 1945) to\nillustrate an article by George Green. Mike Layland of\nVictoria seeks help locating the painting and wants to\nhear from anyone who happens to know what happened\nto the ship after the Columbia Detachment disembarked\nin Esquimalt in 1859. baytext@islandnet.com\nlowing weekend. About nine hundred\npeople participated on the Saturday and\nseven hundred turned up for the pancake\nbreakfast on Sunday.\nOne of the reasons to celebrate was a\nhistory book tided A Century in the Life of\nElko, compUed and composed by a committee of five: Gladys Wilkinson, Marjorie\nFitzpatrick, PhylUs Johnson, Corlyn Usarstad,\nand Caroline Mercer. Ron Blair, of Friesen\nPrinters, gave the group guidance and encouragement. A large number ofthe books\nwere presold and attendees purchased almost\naU the extra copies at the reunion.\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Naomi Miller\nUnion of BC Indian Chiefs\nIn AprU the Union of BC Indian Chiefs\n(UBCIC) announced the release on the\nInternet of its book Researching the Indian Land\nQuestion In BC:An Introduction to Research Strategies & Archival Research for Band Researchers.\nThis timely pubUcation is the first ever\nhow-to manual focused exclusively on the\nfull spectrum of BC repositories and records\nrelating to First Nations.The entire pubUcation or chapters of the manual needed can\nbe downloaded from the Web site http://\nwww.ubric.bc.calmanual.htm. Comments and\nsuggestions on any aspect of this manual are\nwelcome. Please call UBCIC Research at (604)\n684-0231, fax (604) 684-5726 or e-maU\nresearch@ubcic.bc.ca\nMorag Maclachlan's review of this book\ncan be found on pages 31 and 32 of this\nissue of BC Historical News.\nJohn Woodworth Honoured\nOn 12 June 2000 John Woodworth, a retired\narchitect and founding member of the Alexander Mackenzie Trail Association\n(AMTRA), was honoured in his hometown\nof Kelowna with an Honorary Doctor of\nLaws Degree from Okanagan University\nCoUege.\nThe tiny group of volunteers that formed\nAMTRA twenty years ago has grown into a\nnational organization: the Alexander Mackenzie Voyageur Route Association (AMVRA)\nof which John Woodworth is executive secretary. John Woodworth wrote an article,\n\"Show Us Where Mackenzie Walked,\" in BC\nHistorical News, 26:2, Spring 1993.\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Naomi Miller\nBritish Columbia Historical\nFederation\n2000 - 2001 scholarship\nApplications should be submitted\nbefore is May 2001\nThe British Columbia Historical Federation annually awards a $500 scholarship to\na student completing third or fourth year at\na British Columbia college or university.\nTo apply for the scholarship, candidates must\nsubmit:\n1. A letter of application.\n2. An essay of 1500-3000 words on a topic\nrelat-ing to the history of British Columbia. The essay must be suitable for publication in British Columbia Historical News.\n3. A professor's letter of recommendation.\nSend submissions before 15 May 2001 to:\nScholarship Committee,\nBritish Columbia Historical Federation\nPO Box 5254, Station B.\nVictoria BC V8R 1N4\nThe winning essay will, and other selected submissions may, be published in British Columbia Historical News.\nBC History Web Site Prize\nThe British Columbia Historical Federation\nand David Mattison are jointly sponsoring a\nyearly cash award of $250 to recognize Web\nsites, longer than one page, that contribute\nto the understanding and appreciation of\nBritish Columbia's past.\nJudgement will be based on historical content, layout, design, and ease of use.The award\nhonours individual initiative in writing and\npresentation.\nNominations for the BC History Web Site\nPrize for 2000 must be made to the British\nColumbia Historical Federation, Web Site\nPrize Committee, prior to 31 December\n2000. Web site creators and authors may\nnominate their own sites.\nPrize rules and the online nomitation form\ncan be found on The British Columbia History Web site: http://www.victoria.tc.ca/re-\nsources/bchistory-announcements.htlm.\nA Certificate of Merit and fifty dollars will be\nawarded annually to the author ofthe article,\npublished in BC Historical News, that best enhances knowledge of British Columbia's history and provides reading enjoyment. Judging\nwill be based on subject development, writing\nskill, freshness of material, and appeal to a general readership interested in all aspects of BC\nhistory.\nManuscripts submitted for publication should be sent to the Editor, BC Historical News, PO Box 130, Whonnock BC V2W 1V9. Submission by\ne-mail of text and illustrations is welcome. Otherwise please send a hard copy and if possible a disk copy ofthe manuscript by ordinary mail. Illustrations should be accompanied by captions and source information. Submissions should not be more than 3,500 words. Authors publishing for the first\ntime in the British Columbia Historical News will receive a one-year complimentary subscription to the journal.\n40\nBC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 33 No. 4 British Columbia Historical Federation\nOrganized 31\nOctober 1922\nMember Societies\nAlberni District Historical Society\nNicola Valley Museum Archives Association\nPO Box 284, Port Alberni, BC V9Y 7M7\nPO Box 1262, Merritt BC V1K 1B8\nAnderson Lake Historical Society\nNorth Shore Historical Society\nPO Box 40, D'Arcy BC VON 1L0\nc/o 1541 Merlynn Crescent,\nArrow Lakes Historical Society\nNorthVancouver BC V7J 2X9\nPO Box 819, Nakusp BC VOG 1R0\nNorth Shuswap Historical Society\nAtlin Historical Society\nBox 317, Celista BC VOE 1L0\nPO Box 111, Adin BC V0W1A0\nOkanagan Historical Society\nBoundary Historical Society\nPOBox313,VernonBC V1T 6M3\nPO Box 1687, Grand Forks BC VOH 1H0\nPrinceton & District Museum & Archives\nBowen Island Historians\nBox 687, Princeton BC VOX 1W0\nPO Box 97. Bowen Island, BC VON 1G0\nQualicum Beach Historical Society\nBurnaby Historical Society\n587 Beach Road\n6501 Deer Lake Avenue,\nQualicum Beach BC V9K 1K7\nBurnaby BC V5G 3T6\nRichmond Museum Society\nChemainus Valley Historical Society\nMinoru Park Plaza, 7700 Minoru Gate,\nPOBox 172, Chemainus BC VOR 1K0\nRichmond BC V6Y 7M7\nCowichan Historical Society\nSalt Spring Island Historical Society\nPO Box 1014, Duncan BC V9L 3Y2\n129 McPhillips Avenue\nDistrict 69 Historical Society\nSalt Spring Island BC V8K2T6\nPO Box 1452, Parksville BC V9P 2H4\nSidney & North Saanich Historical Soc.\nEast Kootenay Historical Association\n9281 Ardmore Drive\nPO Box 74, Cranbrook BC VIC 4H6\nNorth Saanich BC V8L 5G4\nGulf Islands Branch BCHF\nSilvery Slocan Historical Society\nc/o A. Loveridge S22, CI 1, RR # 1\nBox 301, New Denver BC VOG ISO\nGaliano Island BC VON IPO\nSurrey Historical Society\nHedley Heritage Society\nBox 34003 17790 #10 Hwy.\nPO Box 218, Hedley BC VOX 1K0\nSurrey BC V3S 8C4\nKamloops Museum Association\nTerrace Regional Historical Society\n207 Seymour Street\nPOBox246,TerraceBC V8G 4A6\nKamloops BC V2C 2E7\nTexada Island Heritage Society\nKoksilah School Historical Society\nBox 122,Van Anda BC VON 3K0\n5213 Trans Canada Highway,\nTrail Historical Society\nKoksilah, BC VOR 2C0\nPO Box 405,Trail BC V1R 4L7\nKootenay Lake Historical Society\nVancouver Historical Society\n. PO Box 1262, Kaslo BC VOG 1M0\nPO Box 3071,Vancouver BC V6B 3X6\nLantzville Historical Society\nVictoria Historical Society\nc/o Box 274, Lantzville BC VOR 2H0\nPO Box 43035, Victoria North\nLondon Heritage Farm Society\nVictoria BC V8X 3G2\n6511 Dyke Road, Richmond BC V7E 3R3\nYellowhead Museum\nNanaimo & District Museum Society\nBox 1778, RR# 1\n100 Cameron Road\nClearwater BC VOE 1N0\nNanaimo BC V9R 2X1\nNanaimo Historical Society\nPO Box 933, Nanaimo BC V9R 5N2\nAffiliated Groups\nNelson Museum\n402 Anderson Street, Nelson BC V1L 3Y3\nUnion of BC Indian Chiefs\nThe British Columbia\nHistorical Federation is\nan umbrella organization\nembracing regional\nsocieties.\nLocal historical societies\nare entitled to become\nMember Societies ofthe\nBC Historical Federation.\nAll members of these\nlocal historical societies\nshall by that very fact be\nmembers ofthe Federation.\nAffiliated Groups are\norganizations with\nspecialized interests or\nobjects of a historical\nnature.\nMembership fees for\nboth classes of membership are one dollar per\nmember of a Member\nSociety or Affiliated\nGroup with a minimum\nmembership fee of $25\nand a maximum of $75.\nQuestions about\nmembership should be\ndirected to:\nTerry Simpson,\nMembership Secretary,\nBC Historical Federation,\n193 Bird Sanctuary,\nNanaimo BC V9R 6G8\nPlease write to the\nEditor, BC Historical\nNews for any changes to\nbe made to this list. Return Address:\nBritish Columbia Historical News\nJoelVinge, Subscription Secretary\n561 Woodland Drive\nCranbrook, BC VIC 6V2\nCanadian Publications Mail Product Sales Agreement No. 1245716\"\nPublications Mail Registration No. 09835\nCcHlelCjel We acknowledge the financial support ofthe Government of Canada, through the Publications Assistance Pro\ngram PAP , towfard our mailing costs.\nBC Historical News\nwelcomes manuscripts dealing\nwith the history of British Columbia and British Columbians.\nPlease send stories or essays on\nany aspect ofthe rich past of our\nprovince to:\nThe Editor, BC Historical News\nFred Braches, PO Box 130\nWhonnock BC V2W 1V9\nPhone: (604) 462-8942\nE-mail: braches@netcom.ca\nSend books for review and book\nreviews directly to the Book\nReview Editor, Anne Yandle\n3450 West 20th Avenue\nVancouver BCV6S 1E4\nPhone: (604) 733-6484\nE-mail:\nyandle@interchange.ubc.ca\nNEWS ITEMS for publication in\nBC Historical News should be\naddressed to the editor in\nWhonnock.\nPlease send correspondence about\nsubscriptions to the Subscription\nSecretary, Joel Vinge\n561 Woodland Drive\nCranbrook BC ViC 6V2\nPhone: (250) 489-2490\nE-mail: nisse@telus.net\nThe British Columbia Historical Federation\ninvites submissions of books for the eighteenth\nannual Competition for Writers of BC History.\nAny book presenting any facet of BC history, published in\n2000, is eUgible. This may be a community history, biography, record of a project or an organization, or personal recollections giving a glimpse ofthe past. Names, dates and places, with relevant\nmaps or pictures, turn a story into \"history.\" Note that reprints or revisions\nof books are not eligible.\nThe judges are looking for quality presentations, especially if fresh material is\nincluded, with appropriate illustrations, careful proofreading, an adequate\nindex, table of contents and bibliography, from first-time writers as well as\nestablished authors.\nThe Lieutenant-Governor's Medal for HistoricalWriting will be awarded to an\nindividual writer whose book contributes significandy to the recorded history of British Columbia. Other awards will be made as recommended by\nthe judges to valuable books prepared by groups or individuals.\nWinners will receive a Certificate of Merit, a monetary award and an invitation to the BCHF annual conference to be held in Richmond in May 2001.\nSUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS: All books must have been published in 2000 and.\nshould be submitted as soon as possible after publication. Two copies of each book\nshould be submitted. Books entered become property ofthe BC Historical Federation. Please state name, address and telephone number of sender, the selling price of\nall editions ofthe book, and, if the reader has to shop by mail, the address from which\nit may be purchased, including applicable shipping and handling costs.\nSEND TO: BC Historical Federation Writing Competition\nc/o Shirley Cuthbertson\n#306-225 Belleville Street Victoria BC V8V 4T9\nDEADLINE: 31 December 2000"@en . "Titled \"British Columbia Historical Association Report and Proceedings\" from 1923-1929; \"British Columbia Historical Quarterly\" from 1937-1957; \"BC Historical News\" from 1968-2004; and \"British Columbia History\" from 2005 onward."@en . "Periodicals"@en . "FC3801.B72 H44"@en . "FC3801_B72_H44_2000_vol033_no004"@en . "10.14288/1.0190692"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Victoria : British Columbia Historical Federation"@en . "Images provided for research and reference use only. Permission to publish, copy, or otherwise use these images must be obtained from the British Columbia Historical Association."@en . "Original Format: University of British Columbia. Archives."@en . "British Columbia--History"@en . "British Columbia Historical News"@en . "Text"@en .