"CONTENTdm"@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=3202327"@en . "British Columbia History"@en . "British Columbia Historical Federation"@en . "2015-07-17"@en . "1987"@en . "Vol. 20, No. 4"@en . ""@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bch/items/1.0190596/source.json"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " $4.00\nVolume 20, No. 4\nFall, 1987\nISSN 0045-2963\nBritish Columbia\nHistorical News\nJournal of the B.C. Historical Federation\n**\n*\u00C2\u00AB\nNative Indian History.\nWilby in the Kootenays.\nThe Little Red Schoolhouse.\nConvention Photos.\n-w\nj*d* MEMBER SOCIETIES\n***\u00E2\u0080\u00A2**\u00E2\u0080\u00A2*\u00E2\u0080\u00A2*\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nMember Societies and their secretaries are responsible for seeing that the correct address for their\nsociety is up-to-date. Please send any change to both the Treasurer and the Editor at the addresses\ngiven at the bottom of this page. The Annual Return as at October 31st should include telephone\nnumbers for contact.\nMembers' dues for the year 1986/87 were paid by the following Member Societies:\nAlberni District Historical Society, Box 284, Port Alberni, B.C. V9Y 7M7\nAtlin Historical Society, P.O. Box 111, Atlin, B.C. VOW 1A0\nBCHF \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Gulf Island Branch, c/o Marian Worrall, Mayne Island, VON 2J0 '\nBCHF \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Victoria Section, c/o Charlene Rees, 2 - 224 Superior Street, Victoria, B.C.\nBurnaby Historical Society, 5406 Manor Street, Burnaby, B.C. V5G 1B7\nChemainus Valley Historical Society, P.O. Box 172, Chemainus, B.C. VOR 1K0\nCowichan Historical Society, P.O. Box 1014, Duncan, B.C. V9L 3Y2\nDistrict 69 Historical Society, P.O. Box 3014, Parksville, B.C. VOR 2S0\nEast Kootenay Historical Association, P.O. Box 74, Cranbrook, B.C. V1C 4H6\nFraser Lake Historical Society, P.O. Box 57, Fraser Lake B.C., VOJ 1S0\nGaliano Historical and Cultural Society, P.O. Box 10, Galiano, B.C. VON 1P0\nGolden & District Historical Society, Box 992, Golden, B.C. VOA 1H0\nLantzville Historical Society, c/o Susan Crayston, Box 76, Lantzville, B.C. VOR 2H0\nMission Historical Society, 33201 2nd Avenue, Mission, B.C., V2V 1J9\nNanaimo Historical Society, P.O. Box 933, Station 'A', Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 5N2\nNanooa Historical and Museum Society, R.R. 1, Box 22, Marina Way, Nanoose Bay, B.C. VOR 2R0\nNorth Shore Historical Society, 623 East 10th St., North Vancouver, B.C., V7L 2E9\nB.C. V7L 2E9\nPrinceton & District Pioneer Museum and Archives, Box 687, Princeton, B.C. VOX 1W0\nQualicum Beach Historical & Museum Society, c/o Mrs. Cora Skipsey, P.O. Box 352, Qualicum Beach,\nB.C. VOR 2T0\nSaltspring Island Historical Society, P.O. Box 705, Ganges, B.C. VOS 1E0\nSidney and North Saanich Historical Society, P.O. Box 2404, Sidney, B.C. V8L 3Y3\nSilvery Slocal Historical Society, P.O. Box 301, New Denver, B.C. VOG ISO\nTrail Historical Society, P.O. Box 405, Trail, B.C. V1R 4L7\nValemont Historic Society, P.O. Box 850, Valemount, B.C. VOE 2A0\nVancouver Historical Society, P.O. Box 3071, Vancouver, B.C. V6B 3X6\nAffiliated Groups\nB.C. Museum of Mining, P.O. Box 155, Britannia Beach, B.C. VON 1J0\nCity of White Rock Museum Archives Society, 1030 Martin St., White Rock, B.C. V4B 5E3\nFort Steele Heritage Park, Fort Steele, B.C. VOB 1N0\nThe Hallmark Society, 207 Government Street, Victoria, B.C. V8V 2K8\nNanaimo Centennial Museum Society, 100 Cameron Road, Nanaimo, B.C. V9R 2X1\nLasqueti Island Historical Society, Lasqueti Island, B.C., VOR 2)0\nSecond-class registration number 4447.\nPublished fall, winter, spring, and summer by the British Columbia Historical Federation, P.O. Box 35326, Station E,\nVancouver, B.C. V6M 4G5. A Charitable Society recognized under the Income Tax Act.\nManuscripts and correspondence for the editor are to be sent to P.O. Box 5626, Stn. B, Victoria, B.C., V8R 6S4.\nCorrespondence regarding subscriptions and all other matters should be directed to the Vancouver address above.\nSubscriptions: Institutional, $16.00 per year; Individual (non-members), $8.00.\nFinancially assisted by the Government of British Columbia through the British Columbia Heritage Trust. Volume 20, No. 4\nFall, 1987\nBritish Columbia\nHistorical News\nJournal of the B.C. Historical Federation\nContents\nFeatures\nAn Aboriginal and Ecological Conspiracy: The\nLife-Sustaining Turning Point in History\nWalt Taylor\nThe Shuswaps: A Band Moves to the Columbia\nValley\nShelagh Dehart\nMemorial to a Cowichan Chief\nElsie G. Turnbull\nWilby in the Kootenays\nRon Welwood\nBeyond those Rugged Mountains\nGerry Andrews\nSaanich Indian Settlement\nGeoffrey Castle\nSolar-Lunar Observatory \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Montague Harbour\nLes Laronde\nThe Little Red Schoolhouse\nRae Purcell\nNative Issues: Selected Quotes\nReports from the Branches\nNews and Notes\nConvention \u00E2\u0080\u0094 1987 (photos)\nBookshelf\nMayor Gerry: The Remarkable G.G. McGeer\nreview by Patricia Roy\nMetis Outpost\nreview by Moray Maclachlan\nThe B.C. Historical News welcomes submissions of interesting and informative\narticles or photo essays on any subject relating to British Columbia history.\nManuscripts should be typed (double-spaced) with footnotes and/or bibliography,\nif possible and pertinent. Length to 2500 words. Photos and illustrations appreciated and returned. Authors are asked to provide a very brief \"bio\" to run\nat the end of the article. Send to: The Editor, B.C. Historical News, P.O. Box\n5626, Stn. B., Victoria, B.C., V8R 6S4.\n8\n12\n15\n16\n18\n20\n22\n23\n24\n26\nEditorial\nVolume 20, No. 5 is the second in\nthe series of 'theme issues' for the B.C.\nHistorical News. With the prominence\nof the land claims issue in our\nnewspapers these days, \"Native People\" is both a topical theme and one\nthat the majority of us would do well\nto learn more about. I personally am\nfascinated by the history and culture\nof those who have Uved in this part of\nthe world long enough to truly understand the land. I only hope that I live\nlong enough to witness the pubUcation\nof a history of the west coast from the\nperspective of the native people. I fear,\nhowever, that a cultural bias (i.e. the\nlack of a written tradition) will make\nthis event unUkely. I beUeve that there\nis a great deal to be learned from a\nculture that for centuries was able to\nUve in harmony with nature along our\ncoast \u00E2\u0080\u0094 something that today presents\nus with a good deal of difficulty.\nI am pleased that we are able to present a variety of articles that deal with\nnative Indians in this issue; however,\nI am also very disappointed that we\nhave only one submission from an Indian. I had hoped to have more. I am\npleased to present Walk Taylor's interesting and informative perspective\non the land claims issue.\nOur next theme issue wiU be Volume\n21, No. 2 (Spring) and wUl focus on\nthe history of the Chinese in British\nColumbia. This is another rich area of\nour province's history that remains\nlargely untapped. If you have expertise in this field, know someone who\ndoes, or are looking for a new area to\nexplore, now is the time to get started.\nSubmissions should be recieved by\nMarch 1, 1987.\nThemes to be explored in future\nissues of the B.C. Historical News include \"Pioneer Women in B.C.\" and\n\"Education in the Frontier Community.\" The intent is to have two theme\nissues per year (alternate issues). It\nshould be stressed that there is room\nfor weU-written articles on any subject\ndealing with B.C. history in every issue\nof the News.\nBob Tyrrell Publishing Committee Report\nLetters to the editor\nTo the editor:\nThe Telkwa Museum Society is currently involved in a historical research\nproject of the Bulkley Valley in Northwestern British Columbia. This area\nstretches from Houston to Hazelton,\nand includes the communities of\nSmithers, Quick and Telkwa. Our\nprimary concern is with the\nTelkwa/Aldermere area in the period\nbetween 1900 and 1930.\nAny information you can give us on\nbuildings, customs, roads, etc. would\nbe greatly appreciated.\nThank-you for your time and we\neagerly anticipate your reply.\nSincerely yours,\nSandra Lussier\nTelkwa Museum Society,\nBox 365,\nTelkwa, B.C. VOJ 2X0\nWe were pleasantly surprised at the\nease with which our list of subscribers\nwas computerized a few months ago.\nBut we rejoiced too soon! A number\nof problems have begun to appear: our own tardy invoicing of individual and institutional subscribers;\nthe mysterious disappearance of those\nwho the Post Office advise us have\n'moved'; and confusion in interpreting\nsubscription lists sent in by Branch\ntreasurers.\nWe are trying to do better with invoices. A form will be included in this\nand future issues for the use of those\nwho are moving; we would appreciate\nhaving treasurers or membership\nsecretaries advise us promptly about\nchanges of address as well, so that\nmembers will not miss issues.\nWe will try to overcome the confusion which has arisen in the past few\nmonths in transferring information\nfrom branch treasurers' submissions\nto the computer program by mailing,\nevery six months or on request,\nduplicate copies of a printout of\nsubscribers of each branch. In this\nway, renewals, changes and corrections can be made on the printout\nsheet itself. One copy can be returned\nto the Subscription Secretary, while\nthe second is retained for the Branch's\nrecords. Treasurers should have received up-to-date printouts before this\nissue of the News is distributed.\nThe sorting out of this situation has\nbeen a big job and, in a few cases,\npaid-up members were sent invoices.\nWe are very sorry for any consternation or inconvenience which this has\ncaused.\nWe are grateful once again to the\nB.C. Heritage Trust for a $2000.00\ngrant towards the cost of publishing\nthe News over the next two years.\nIn closing, we must thank Rhys\nRichardson once again for the tremendous contribution which he made to\nthe publishing of the News during its\ntransition period last year. We hope\nthat he enjoys catching up with all his\nother commitments; retiring he is not!\nAnn W. Johnston, Chair.\nNEXT ISSUE\nDeadline for the next issue of the\nB.C. Historical News is Dec 15, 1987\nPlease submit articles and reports to:\nThe Editor\nP.O. Box 5626, Stn. B\nVictoria, B.C. V8R 6S4\nM^e//vso/V\nCJQ4A3 HOUS\u00C2\u00A3 /fffO\nCopyright WA/VOoA A/-A/.S.\nB.C. Historical News An Aboriginal and Ecological\nConspiracy: The Life-Sustaining\nTurning Point in History\nWalt Taylor\nThe \"land claims\" struggle has been\nmisunderstood in British Columbia as\na potential threat by Indian people\nagainst non-Indian interests.1 From\nthe very beginning of contact with\nnative people on both Atlantic and\nPacific coasts, most non-native North\nAmericans have assumed that their\nsuperior, European, civilized society\nwould endure and prosper while the\nbackward, savage, heathen, original\npeople whom they misnamed \"Indians\" would eventually vanish \u00E2\u0080\u0094 one\nway or another.\nFor more than a century in British\nColumbia, and several centuries\nelsewhere, the persistent non-Indian\nanswer to the so-called \"Indian problem\" has been assimilation. Every\ntime one approach failed another was\ntried. With the best of intentions\nsometimes, and other times the worst,\npressures and inducements prodded\nIndian people to catch up with the\ndominant society's language, religion,\nlaw, education, and aggressive\neconomic development.\nDuring recent years, however, much\nevidence has been accumulating that\nhuman well-being and possibly the\nvery survival of life on earth depend\non the willingness of all people,\nespecially industrialized people, to\nchange our ways of thinking and begin\ncatching up with the more advanced\naboriginal heritage of living in responsible harmony with nature. 2 3 4\nWe could call it cultural leapfrog.\nAfter generations of looking back on\nIndian culture we now find that it is\nout in front in some very significant\nways. Some may consider the new approach assimilation in reverse, but it\nwill be more useful and appropriate to\ndescribe it as an urgently needed, two-\nway cultural interaction, with mutual\nrespect and for mutual benefit.\nThe ancient aboriginal hertitage and\nthe more recent ecological science have\nmuch in common. Working together\nthey provide the most promising glimmer of light we can now see at the end\nof this century's long, dark tunnel of\nworsening conditions for life on\nearth.5\nThe good news is that the land\nclaims process in British Columbia can\nnow be appreciated as an opportunity for mutual advancement instead of\nbeing feared, ignored or attacked as\nthough non-Indian residents must\nsomehow lose whatever Indian people\nwin.1\nThe Hidden History of B.C.\nThe history of British Columbia as experienced by native people is unfamiliar to most residents of the province even though it may not have\nbeen deliberately suppressed. To\nunderstand Indian land claims,\nhowever, it is necessary to absorb this\nlittle-known history directly from well-\ninformed sources or to search the\navailable literature for information\nabout the agonizing and still continuing struggle by Indians to retain their\naboriginal rights and to exercise their\ntraditional responsibilities in order to\nsurvive as a people.\nThe constructive achievements of\nIndian people are also part of the hidden history, but we are beginning to\nhear more about the unique contribution which native people are making\nto solving complex problems of\nmodern society. The land claims process will eventually be understood as\na very important step toward the survival and advancement of all people.\nAgonies of History\nIn his 1856 inaugural address to the\nLegislative Assembly of the colony of\nVancouver Island, Governor James\nDouglas referred to the uneasiness in\nthe colony caused by maurauding\nbands of Indians, but he declared, \"I\nshall nevertheless continue to conciliate the good will of the native Indian tribes by treating them with\njustice and forebearance and by rigidly\nprotecting their civil and agrarian\nrights.\"6\nDouglas arranged 14 treaties in the\n1850s covering small areas in the\nsouthern tip of Vancouver Island.\nFederal Treaty Number 8, signed in\n1899, extended into the northeastern\npart of British Columbia. Otherwise\nthe land question in the entire province\nhas never yet been resolved by any\ntreaty, agreement, purchase, court\ndecision or other arrangement with\nnative people, and not even by\nconquest.\nFor all 116 years of its existence, the\nprovince of British Columbia has\nrefused to negotiate, arguing that\naboriginal title or interest never existed, but even if it ever did, it was extinguished when B.C. joined Confederation as a province in 1871.\nThrough all those years native people in British Columbia suffered more\nagonies than any short paper can adequately summarize. Children were\nremoved from their home communities to attend residential schools\nwhere they were severely punished for\nspeaking their own languages by both\ngovernment and religious instructors.\nMany communities were decimated by\nalien diseases. When the feast or\nB.C. Historical News potlatch was outlawed by non-Indian\nlegislation between 1884 and 1950,\nobedience to that foreign law tended\nto undermine the foundations of indigenous peoples' very existence \u00E2\u0080\u0094\naboriginal law, religion, education,\neconomy, government, family and\nclan life, and the combined wisdom\nand spirit for respecting and protecting all of nature.\nAll these facets of Indian life were\nintegrated into one unbroken circle\nwhich anticipated the first law of\necology, that everything is connected\nto everything else \u00E2\u0080\u0094 not compartmentalized or fragmented into separate\ncategories.\nFor more than a century B.C. Indian people have persistently and patiently tried to resolve the land question. In 1915 and 1916 the Allied\nTribes of British Columbia was formed to act in support of the 1913\n\"Nishga Petition.\" It was the first\ninter-tribal Indian organization in the\nprovince.\nIn 1926 the Allied Tribes, through\nRev. Peter Kelly, a Haida minister,\nAndrew Paull of the Squamish Band\nof Mission Reserve and Chief Johnny\nChillihitza, presented land claims positions to Parliament which set up a\nJoint Committee to hold hearings and\nmake recommendations. Chief\nChillihitza summarized a point of view\nthat has been eloquently presented\naround the world by countless chiefs\nlong before his time and right up to\nthe present date:\n\"My forefathers and my own father\nwere some of the leading chiefs of\nBritish Columbia and they never relinquished their titles, but now they are\ndead, and I am their successor, and I\nstill have the title; I did not give them\nto anybody, and now I come over here\nin Ottawa so that the government in\nOttawa will give me power in my titles\nand my rights.\n\"The Indians do not want to be enfranchised; they want to be as they are.\nAll the Indians want is to be just Indians, and not to be taken as white\npeople, and made to live Uke the white\npeople; they want to be the way their\nforefathers used to be, just plain Indians. That is what my people want.\nThey do not want to be\nenfranchised.\"7\nIn 1927 the special joint committee\ndismissed the claim as unproven and\nclosed the door on any more Indian\npolitical activity around land claims.\nIn response to committee recommendations, Parliament even made it a\ncriminal offense for Indians to\norganize or to collect money to assert\ntheir land claims.\nIn June, 1969, during the early\nperiod of Prime Minister Pierre Elliott\nTrudeau's government, a \"new Indian\npolicy\" was published by Indian Affairs Minister Jean Chretien. The colour of this \"White Paper\" was appropriate. In a quick response\nrepresenting enormous Indian fury,\nyoung Harold Cardinal pubUshed The\nUnjust Society before 1969 ended.\n\"Now,\" he wrote, \"at a time when\nour feUow Canadians consider the promise of the Just Society, once more the\nIndians of Canada are betrayed by a\nprogramme which offers nothing more\nthan cultural genocide ... a thinly\ndisguised programme of extermination\nthrough assimilation . . . Small\nwonder that the native people of\nCanada look back on generations of\naccumulated frustration under conditions which can only be described as\ncolonial, brutal and tyrannical, and\nlook to the future with the gravest of\ndoubts . . . Indians have aspirations,\nhopes and dreams, but becoming white\nmen is not one of them.\"8\nCardinal reported in 1969 what has\nbeen happening increasingly ever\nsince:\n\"Many Indians once again are looking toward the old as the hope of the\nfuture. Many Indian leaders believe a\nreturn to the old values, ethics and\nmorals of native beliefs would\nstrengthen the social institutions that\ngovern the behaviour patterns of Indian societies.\"'\nFaced with this unexpected opposition, the federal government slowed its\npace of assimilation and began funding Indian groups to undertake the\nnecessary research and planning for\nnegotiating their land claims. The\nUnion of B.C. Indian Chiefs was\nformed to tackle this huge task. In\n1973 the Supreme Court of Canada\nsurprised federal politicians with its\njudgment in the Calder case. Three\njudges held that the Nisga'a still had\naboriginal title to their land; three ruled that they once had such title but it\nhad been taken away without ever being compensated. The seventh sitting\njustice ruled against the Nisga'a only\non a technicality, their failure to obtain provincial permission to take the\ncase to court.\nPrime Minister Trudeau\nacknowledged that aboriginal rights\nmight be stronger than he had thought\nand his government agreed that claims\nshould be settled by negotiation. As it\nalways had done, British Columbia\nrefused to participate. Fourteen years\nlater negotiations have not even started\non any B.C. claim.10\nNow that all else has failed, 54\nGitksan and Wet'suwet'en hereditary\nchiefs have taken the provincial\ngovernment to court in order to assert\ntheir ownership and jurisdiction over\n57,000 square kilometres of traditional\nland. The province successfully forced the federal government into the case\nas co-defendant, even though the\nfederal government has a trust responsibility to protect Indian interests.11\nThis landmark case began in a\nSmithers courtroom with six weeks of\npowerful testimony presented in May\nand June, 1987, by four chiefs \u00E2\u0080\u0094 three\nGitksan and one Wet'suwet'en. It was\nscheduled to re-open September 8, but\nB.C. Supreme Court Chief Justice\nAllan McEachern agreed on that day\nto a postponement requested by the\nplaintiffs because they lack sufficient\nfunds to pursue the case. The federal\ngovernment had reduced by one-third\nthe funding needed and expected by\nthe plaintiffs. The senior governments,\nas co-defendants, apparently have\nwhatever financial and research\nresources they may require. For the\nbest interests of all Canadians, this\ncase is considered too important to be\ndiscontinued for lack of sufficient\nfunds to complete it.\nEcstacies\n\"The Honour of AU\" is a video\ndocu-drama about the Alkali Lake\nBand of Shuswap Indians successfully advancing in 12 years from nearly\n100% alcoholism to about 95%\nsobriety. Led by Chief Andy Chelsea\nand his wife, PhylUs, the actors in this\nhistorical show are band members who\nplay the parts they actually Uved in real\nB.C. Historical News Ufe, \"warts and all.\" An essential\nfeature of community recovery was a\nreturn to traditional spiritual values,\nincluding the sweat lodge ceremonies,\ncounselling by Indian Elders, and\nwarm, substantial, neighbourly support for everyone willing to attempt\nto give up drinking.12\nOn Haada Gwaii (\"the Islands of\nthe People\") \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the Queen Charlotte\nIslands \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the Haida say, \"The land\nis still our culture, our bodily\nsustenance, our artistic inspiration,\nand the source of our spiritual well-\nbeing. Our people cannot and will not\nallow the destruction of this priceless\nheritage.\"13 A two-week Rediscovery\nprogramme was initiated in 1978 by\nThorn \"Huck\" Henley for Haida\nyouth with problems at home or with\nthe law. Expanded now to include\nchildren of all backgrounds, this\nhands-on experience encourages\nrespect for nature and Haida culture\nthrough wilderness adventure. Haida\nelders often visit to teach about life in\nancestral villages. At least seven\nsimilar camps have developed in\nBritish Columbia and the U.S. based\non Rediscovery's success.u\nThe Gitksan-Wet'suwet'en Tribal\nCouncil, centred in Hazelton, is confident that its combination of years of\nbiological research and centuries of\ndirect experience in protecting fish and '\nthe environment will lead to improved conditions for natural salmon and\nfor all responsible fishing people. The\nTribal Council plans to re-estabUsh the\nconservation benefits of an inland\nfishery based on traditional as well as\nmodern scientific wisdom and\nmethods.15\nAlthough not opposed to development, the Nisga'a \"do not support the\nkind of development which imposes\ntremendous negative impacts while offering few benefits. We are for orderly, rational development which is in\ntune with our culture, economic interests, and long-term survival.\"16 In\nrespect to B.C.'s important forest industry, for example, the Nisga'a have\nbeen doing research and preparing for\nyears to replace the present shortsighted logging system in the Naas\nValley with their own, genuine, sustained yield plan for development that\nwill continue to provide valuable tim\nber for the next seven generations.\nFrom Melting Pot to Mosaic\nFortunately, in spite of endless\npressure to assimilate, indigenous people of British Columbia, Canada and\naround the world have refused to\nvanish. Instead of disappearing, they\nare becoming the world's highly\nrespected consultants on the best ways\nto survive dire straits. We are beginning to appreciate the strengths in\ncultural diversity.\nThe Turning Point\nFor the first time in a million years\non earth, human beings must now\nchoose between survival, with\npossibilities for a higher quaUty of Ufe\nthan we can now imagine, or \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nextinction.\nOur Common Future is the title of\na 1987 report by the World Commission on Environment and\nDevelopment.17 Chaired by a woman\nwho is Prime Minister of Norway, Dr.\nGro Harlem Brundtland, Commissioners from 21 very different national\nbackgrounds \u00E2\u0080\u0094 including two\ndistinguished Canadians \u00E2\u0080\u0094 conducted\nhearings around the world for nearly\nthree years. Although disagreeing on\ndetails and priorities, they agreed completely on significant changes required\nfor survival. They conclude, \"We are\nunanimous in our conviction that the\nsecurity, well-being, and very survival\nof the planet depend on such changes,\nnow.\"18\nThe absolutely essential key to Our\nCommon Future is \"sustainable\ndevelopment. All twelve chapters of\nthe Brundtland Report emphasize the\nadjective, sustainable.\nThis report is by no means the first\nto recommend that the endangered industrialized society put on some cross-\ncultural hearing aids in order to listen\nwith more understanding to the\nwisdom and experience of aboriginal\npeople. It offers, however, the most\nrecent and compelling evidence that we\nhave come to an unprecedented turning point in history:\n\"We are not forecasting a future;\nwe are serving a notice \u00E2\u0080\u0094 an urgent\nnotice based on the latest and best\nscientific evidence \u00E2\u0080\u0094 that the time has\ncome to take the decisions needed to\nsecure the resources to sustain this and\ncoming generations.\"19\nHow shall we begin to change our\nways of thinking toward sustainable\ndevelopment? The WCED Report\nnotes that \"some communities \u00E2\u0080\u0094 so-\ncalled indigenous or tribal peoples \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nremain isolated because of such factors as physical barriers to communication or marked differences in\nsocial and cultural practices . . . .20\n\"The isolation of many such people has meant the preservation of a\ntraditional way of Ufe in close harmony with the natural environment.\nTheir very survival has depended on\ntheir ecological awareness and adaptation . . . .21\n\"These communities are the\nrepositories of vast accumulations of\ntraditional knowledge and experience\nthat links humanity with its ancient\norigins. Their disappearance is a loss\nfor the larger society, which could\nlearn a great deal from their traditional\nskills in sustainably managing very\ncomplex ecological systems. It is a\nterrible irony that as formal development reaches more deeply into rain\nforests, deserts, and other isolated environments, it tends to destroy the only\nother cultures that have proved able\nto thrive in these environments.22\n\"The starting point for a just and\nhumane policy for such groups is the\nrecognition and protection of their\ntraditional rights to land and the other\nresources that sustain their way of life\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 rights they may define in terms that\ndo not fit into standard legal systems.\nThese groups' own institutions to\nregulate the rights and obUgations are\ncrucial for maintaining the harmony\nwith nature and the environmental\nawareness characteristic of the traditional way of Ufe . . . .Hence the\nrecognition of traditional rights must\ngo hand in hand with measures to protect the local institutions that enforce\nresponsibiUty in resource use. And this\nrecognition must also give local communities a decisive voice in the decisions about resource use in their area.23\n\"Those promoting policies that\nhave an impact on the lives of an\nisolated, traditional people must tread\na fine Une between keeping them in artificial, perhaps unwanted isolation\nand wantonly destroying their lifestyles . . . .\"\"\n(cont. on page 25)\nB.C. Historical News THE SHUSWAPS:\nA BAND MOVES TO THE\nCOLUMBIA VALLEY\nShelagh Dehart\nMany years ago Chief YelhiUna of\nthe Shuswap tribe led a few friends to\nexplore eastward from Adams Lake by\nway of Seymour Arm. They went over\nthe mountains then foUowed the Columbia River around the Big Bend to\nKinbasket Lake. The group migrated\nevery spring and returned in the fall\nto their winter homes at Adams Lake.\nThrough time they abandoned the Columbia River route and bush-whacked\nthrough the mountains to Albert Canyon, Revelstoke, Eagle Pass (Spel-\nqwax) and on to Adams Lake. Once\nthis path was cleared they were able\nto use horses for their seasonal trek.\nWhen Chief YelhiUna grew old and\nwas in failing health, his son Paul\nIgnatius Kinbasket, who had just\nbecome a Catholic, replaced him.\nShortly after this time there was some\ntrouble among the men of the tribe.\nOne was murdered and his body left\non a steep cliff. Because of the dissension in the group, the new chief\ngathered his family and a few friends\nto trek to Kinbasket Lake to make it\na permanent home.\nLife was good at Kinbasket Lake if\nit was not mosquito season! The\nwomen and children were left at the\ncamp on Kinbasket Lake while the\nmen explored southward \u00E2\u0080\u0094 upstream\non the Columbia River. At night the\nbabies were put in a group; wild swan\nchicks were caught and tethered in a\ncircle around the infants. \"Whadoog!\nWhadoog!\" was all you could hear as\nthe swans kept snapping up mosquitoes. But the women could not\nstand this for too long. When the men\nreturned to camp the women and\nchildren were gone. They had had\nenough and returned to Adams Lake.\nBut the women were brought back\nto the Columbia Valley. At first they\ncamped at Golden. Old YelhiUna died\nthere and was buried beside the Columbia River. Later the Kinbasket\ngroup moved to Spillimacheen.\nStrangers were near their new camp.\nThe Shuswaps had seen footprints in\nthe hills. One day twelve Kootenay\nmen walked out of the forest with\nbows and arrows in their hands and\nalmost at the same time the Shuswaps\nwere on their feet with their weapons.\nThe Kootenays stood in line with their\nhands by their sides. Chief Paul Ignatius Kinbasket, with his heart pounding, ordered his men to line up facing the strangers. The Kootenay man\nwho seemed to be the leader spoke and\nmade signs. He gave his bow and arrow to the chief. Then all the men exchanged theirs with the Shuswaps. The\nShuswaps understood that they were\nwelcome to the land of the Kootenays.\nOld chief Paul Ignatius was bothered with what he called \"shortness\nof breath\". His son Pierre took ovei\nhis father's business. Pierre, on the\ngroup's last trip to Adams Lake, had\nmarried Marianne who bore his first\nchild a year after he became chief. The\nKinbaskets went to AkAm (St.\nEugene's Mission) near Fort Steele to\nvisit the Kootenays. They were met by\na crowd of women, one of whom\nsnatched Marianne's papoose and\nB.C. Historical News MEMORIAL TO A\nCOWICHAN CHIEF\nElsie G. Turnbull\nA rocky mass rising above the\nwaters of Cowichan Bay, Mt.\nTzouhalem commemorates in its name\na notorious chief banished to living in\nits caves, but on the forested slope\nstands a memorial to another chief\nhonored by his fellows. From Cowichan ViUage across the water we often\nnoted the gleaming white obelisk until a sunny August day in 1966 lured\nus to futher investigation. Driving\naround the head of the bay we turned\nalong Khenipsen Road to find our way\nup the steep hillside. Now on land\nbelonging to the Cowichan Indian\nBand we cUmbed the trail to a rough\nclearing where we found an imposing\ncolumn topped by a large brass ball.\nStanding beside a cement slab which\nwas surrounded by a wood framework\nwith wire fencing, it marked the burial\nplace for several graves. A broken\nheadstone lay nearby. There was no inscription anywhere but a blank space\nwas obvious on the obeUsk shaft. A\nquiet spot beneath the rocky cliffs of\nTzouhalem, it gave no hint as to who\nlay buried there.\nNow, twenty years later, in this year\nof 1987 we have found the answer to\nour query. On the recent Cemetery\nSymposium Tour of the Cowichan\nDistrict, Jack Fleetwood, a long-time\nresident of Duncan recalled the story\nheard in his youth. \"I remember my\nfather mentioning the death of Chief\nCharlie ChUpaya-moult who died in\nCrave of Chief Chipaya-moult on Mt. Tzouhalem.\n1920 at the age of 110 years and was\nburied on the slope above Khenipsen\nRoad. In 1923 the Cowichan Band\nbuUt a tomb, 18 feet high, on its base\na plaque bearing the message: \"In loving memory of the Chief who organized the deputation of Indian chiefs on\nVancouver Island to King Edward VII\nin 1905. After life's fitful fever he\nsleeps well.\"\nIn 1964 the members of Post No.\n10, Native Sons of B.C. obtained permission from the Cowichan Indian\nBand to clear brush and debris from\nthe site and to paint the obelisk. The\nplaque had been stolen long years\nbefore but the Chief's daughter had a\nreplica under glass. This she let them\nphotograph, which was fortunate, for\na short time later her house and the\nreplica were destroyed in a fire.\nIn Jack Fleetwood's words, \"the Indian people were very disturbed at the\nway their tribal rights, such as fishing\nand hunting, were being restricted or\nsuppressed by the Dominion government, so raising a considerable sum of\nmoney, decided to send a delegation\nof Island Indian Chiefs to visit King\nEdward VII in London. They asked\nhim to intercede with the Canadian\ngovernment to ensure that Indian\ntraditional rights would be recognized by that body. However, it didn't\nwork out.\"\nChief Charlie Chipaya-moult still\nsleeps on that hillside, his tomb still\ncared for by later generations of the\nCowichan Band but forgotten by a\nworld which still questions tribal\nfishing and hunting rights that he\nsought eighty years ago.\nB.C. Historical News WILBY IN THE\nKOOTENAYS\nRon Welwood\nThis saga beings with a photograph\nthat was to be cropped and used on\nthe cover of a Nelson heritage\nbrochure. Simply enough. The cropped photo shows an early automobile\nparked in front of the old Strathcona\nHotel \u00E2\u0080\u0094 an appropriate Ulustration\nfor an architectural motoring tour.\nCopies of the photograph were located\nin three collections: Nelson Museum,\nDavid Thompson Library (Nelson),\nand the Provincial Archives of British\nColumbia. The information collected\nfrom these sources, however, revealed vast discrepancies in detail. Many\nhours of research later, the WUby tale\nunfolded.\nLittle is known about Thomas\nWilliam Wilby (born in 1870) except\nthat he was a British journalist and\nnoveUst, as weU as an automobiUst and\na \"good roads\" advocate who was not\nunfamiliar with continental motor\ntouring.\nIn 1911 WUby, accompanied by his\nwife, Agnes, and a driver logged 9,000\nmiles in a circular tour of the United\nStates. Leaving New York on August\n31, they traveUed westward to San\nFrancisco, Calif., then south to San\nDiego before returning eastward by a\nmore southerly route arriving in New\nYork 105 days later on December 13.\nThe purpose of the trip was to log\nMiddle and Southwest routes from\nAtlantic to Pacific in order to promote\nthe development of transcontinental\nhighways. According to Wilby, \"The\n^**\n' 0 -HS\nv ** t * **\nff\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nk..\n\"\nm\n1'. , \u00E2\u0080\u009E i\ni' ; -,\ni \u00C2\u00ABrp ^.,vfj\ni\njL*lml f x\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 { \"/\n' H\nPBP8a^\u00C2\u00BB\"^->,, '_,,\n:\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0my?\"\" .\n^^\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0^^^^^^^^^^^^KKt/KKKKKKBKKK^KSm HUB\nWilby poses beside his Reo Special touring car in front of the\nStrathcona Hotel in Nelson, October 6, 1912.\n(photo courtesy of Kootenay Museum Assn.)\nman who goes across the continent by\ntrain, like a package at so much per\nmile, has no intimate contact with the\nland.\" (Logging, 29)\nDuring the journey the trio usually\ntravelled, on good roads, at about\n20 - 24 miles per hour for a total\naverage speed of 16 m.p.h. During the\nactual running time of 85 days, the\nautomobiUsts made no more than one\nhundred miles per day. Average daily\nexpenses for two people was $5.00!\nDriver's expenses, upkeep of the car\nincluding oil, gas and garage charges\n(but not including tires) were approximately $55.00 per week.\nIt appears that this trip whetted\nWilby's appetite for a greater\nautomobiUng challenge in Canada.\n\"Canada, indeed, was apparently a\nunit only by the good-natured\ntolerance of the railroad, having none\nof that true cohesion of human agglomeration which the existence of a\nnetwork of continuous and perfected\nhighways alone can impart.\" (A\nMotor Tour, ix - x) Consequently in\n1912, under the auspices of the fledgling Canadian Highway Association\nand the sponsorship of the Reo Motor\nCar Company, WUby commenced his\nepic journey to support the \"Good\nRoads Movement\" and to promote a\nTrans-Canadian Highway from Atlantic to Pacific via the \"AU Red Route\".\nFor the arduous trip, Wilby selected\nthe Reo Special touring car, manufactured in St. Catherines, Ontario. In\n1905, it was the first automobile to\nmake a double transcontinental trip of\nthe North American continent; and in\n1910, it captured the speed record by\ncrossing from New York to San Francisco in ten days. The thirty\nhorsepower, 5 passenger car had a\nshort wheel base and high clearance\nwith a single control lever in the centre. The car was outfitted with two\nlong boxes on the running boards\nwhich contained reserve gasoline\ntanks, oil cans, wheel chains and the\npulleys for block and wire tackle. The\nvehicle had a total carrying capacity\nof 23 gallons of gasoline. Dunlop\nB.C. Historical News\n8 Traction Tread 35 x 4 tires were used\nand only two spares were carried. In\nall, the Reo weighed 3280 pounds.\nIn keeping with his Victorian civility, Wilby proposed and secured commercial or private shelter every mght\nwhile on this transcontinental trip.\nPerhaps he did not want to sacrifice\nhis daily routine of partaking in coffee and cigars! Therefore, camping\nequipment and guns were deliberately excluded from the equipment list.\nForever dressed in his baggy tweeds\nand battered fedora, Wilby was accompanied by a Reo Motor Car\nmechanic, F.V. Haney, who doubled\nas chauffeur. It is interesting to note\nthat in his 290 page account of the entire trip, Wilby never once mentions\nHaney by name! He is only referred\nto as the \"driver\" or the \"chauffeur\".\nA second driver, Earl Wise, joined\nthem in Regina, Saskatchewan.\nNo wheeled vehicle had ever before\nattempted to make the journey from\ncoast to coast solely on Canadian soil.\nMany of the roads, where they existed,\nwere uncharted and unsignposted. In\nsome areas there were no roads at all.\nFrom northern Ontario to Winnipeg,\nthe Reo had to be shipped by boat and\nrail \u00E2\u0080\u0094 much to Wilby's dismay. Existing road maps were restricted to\nspecific regions; and, at best, many\nroads were just glorified pathways.\nConsequently, it was necessary to\nenlist pilots selected from the various\nauto clubs across Canada. These pilots\nvolunteered to guide the pathfinder\nthrough the uncharted districts. Such\narrangements created enough advance\npubUcity for the argonauts that they\nheartily received rousing civic\nwelcomes in the communities they\nvisited; and, of course, these receptions were accompanied by the usual\npublic speeches and dinners.\nAt four o'clock on August 27, 1912\nin Halifax, Nova Scotia, a flask was\nfilled with Atlantic water and the\nwheels of the Reo were ceremoniously backed into the ocean. The\nwestward journey from Nova Scotia\nto British Columbia is eloquently and\nhumorously described in WUby's book\nof Victorian prose, A Motor Tour\nThrough Canada. The purpose of this\npaper is not to relate the traveUers' tale\nThe Reo Special touring car manufactured in St. Catherines, Ontario,\n(photo courtesy of Kootenay Museum Assn.)\nbetween these two points but to\ndescribe the astonishing feats accomplished in motoring through the\nKootenay region of British Columbia.\nThis alone should give the reader an\ninkling of their adventures from\n\"Halifax to Vancouver \u00E2\u0080\u0094 All Red\nRoute\".\nBy October 3, 1912 Wilby, Haney\nand Wise had reached Cranbrook,\nBritish Columbia. Although superb\ntrails and roads entered Cranbrook\nfrom the east, the route westward included a swamp and a narrow mountain trail considered impassable by\nautomobile. The motorists were\nstrongly advised to ship their car by\nrail to Nelson or even Castlegar and\nspend their time touring the beautiful\nKootenay valley to the north.\nHowever, our stalwart heroes refused\nto entrain the Reo unless absolutely\nnecessary.\nThe next day, after the usual city\nhaU reception, the trio left Cranbrook\nat about three o'clock following J.R.\nMcNabb's pilot-car that would guide\nthem to Yahk. Walter Halsall joined\nthe group for the trip to Creston.\nAlthough their objective was to reach\nYahk by dusk, there was a five mile\nswamp and forest between Moyie\nLake and their destination point. As\na precaution, the automobilists had\ntelephoned ahead to have a team of\nhorses waiting for them but, upon\nentering the swamp, driver and horses\nwere nowhere to be seen. The\nmotorists lit their acetylene lamps and\nthe Reo tentatively took the lead over\na narrow track filled with rock, mud\nand water. Mirky pools of unknown\ndepth were cautiously sounded before\nbeing crossed.\nOften we plunged along at angles\nwhich no motor-car was ever intended to take, inwardly praying\nfor the advent of the horses. We\nwere buried to the flanks in the\nslough and at times both cars\nsank to the hubs, listing heavily, grinding and ploughing their\nway, pounding the tyres to rags,\nwhile the engines roared and\ngroaned and the wheels angrily\nshot the water in inky spindrift\nover men and trees. (A Motor\nTour, 244)\nAfter two hours the automobilists\ncame across the long expected horses;\nand the remainder of the journey to\nYahk was relatively uneventful.\nAt Yahk the traU came to an abrupt\nend. The only route ahead was fourteen miles of train tracks. Since driving along the railway right-of-way was\nillegal, the pilot surreptitiously made\ninquiries at a dingy bar and discovered\nthat no trains, \"barring a possible\nfreight or two\", were expected for the\nnext few hours. After a hasty meal, the\nmotorists bid farewell to their pilot\nB.C. Historical News MOYIE LAKe)}.'\nUMITED STATES 07 AMERICA\nwho had to return to Cranbrook\nthrough the swamp. They then drove\nwest to find a level crossing where the\nautomobUe could be placed on the\ntrack under the cover of darkness. For\nthe next few hours WUby and his crew\nencountered the most dangerous and\nnerve-racking section of the entire trip.\nFour pairs of eyes strove to\npierce the distance ahead and\nbehind; and every nerve was\nstrained in listening for a possible monster of steel and steam\nwhich might dash down upon us\nat any moment from around a\ncurve or catch us in its swift\ncareer from behind! Muscles\nwere tense, ready for the leap to\na precarious safety at first sight\nof an approaching headlight. . .\nAs the wheels \u00E2\u0080\u0094 one within\nand one outside the track \u00E2\u0080\u0094\ncrept from sleeper to sleeper,\nthere was an incessant and infernal jiggling and jolting that\nshook the teeth and vibrated\nthrough the spine. The jaw rattled sUghtly as when a man shivers\nwith cold. One felt as though in\nspeaking there was a danger of\nbiting the tongue at every attempt at articulation.\nTime dragged on interminably\nas we chased the long triangle of\nbriUiant Ught into the forest. The\nway had been straight only for\na mile or so, then it began to contort and twist and writhe and\nthrow itself into agonies as if trying to toss us off the rails. The\ntrack ran sharply downhill: one\ncould sense the grade in the\nsound of the engines and the\n'feel' of the pedals. The curves\ngrew sharper and shorter, the\ncontortions more violent. (A\nMotor Tour, 246 - 47)\nOn occasion the wheels would get\ncaught in the frogs of the switches. The\ncar was hastily jacked up, freed, and\ncontinued on its way. Needless to say,\nthe spikes on the sides of the rails cut\nthe tires to ribbons. FinaUy the lonely\nrailway station at Kitchener loomed\nout of the darkness and it was then\npossible to get on the \"government\nroad\" to Creston.\nThe motorists' celebration was\nshortlived when they soon discovered\nthat the \"road\" was actuaUy a mountainous path that precariously climbed up above the Goat River gorge.\nFortunately the canyon was hidden in\ndarkness or they may never had attempted the narrow, winding ascent.\nOn one steep hUl of shale rock, the car\nwas stuck three times. Block and tackle\nhad to be used to slowly pull the vehi\ncle up the incline. At three o'clock in\nthe morning of October 5th, the Reo\nwas the first automobile to enter the\ntown of Creston by \"road\". Four\nweary traveUers roused the sleepy-eyed\nproprietor of a darkened hotel, had a\nshort celebration in the dimly lit bar,\nand then tumbled off to bed.\nLater that day, the traveUers left\nCreston on yet another swampy traU.\nTheir destination was Kootenay Landing, the Canadian Pacific RaUway's\nterminus of the Crows Nest Line\nlocated on the west side of Kootenay\nLake at the mouth of the Kootenay\nRiver. Two river crossings separated\nthem from the Crow Boat for Nelson.\nThe motorists were guided past the\nKutenai Indian Reservation via an\nalmost invisible trail meandering amid\nstranded logs until they reached the\nfirst ferry crossing about twelve miles\nsouth of the steamboat landing. They\nthen proceeded across the tall, rank\ngrass of Kootenay Flats to the second\ncrossing. At this time of the year the\nwater level of the Kootenay River was\ntwenty feet below its mud banks.\nTo get the car down to the level\nof the river was a Herculean task\nwhich required all the strength\nand ingenuity of five men and\nthe aid of stubbing posts, ropes\nand planks. Once on the raft,\nboats towed it across and a team\nhauled it up to terra-firma again.\nThere were moments when it\nlooked as though the career of\nthe Reo would end there and\nthen in a watery grave. ('Cross\nCanada, n.p)\nThe pathfinders finally reached\nKootenay Landing one minute before\nthe scheduled departure of the Crow\nBoat for Nelson. According to Wilby\nthis was the first automobile trip between Creston and Kootenay Landing.\nAt the Nelson City Wharf, a deputation of Nelson's two automobUes met\nWilby and his crew. That evening the\nmotorists were entertained at the\nStrathcona Hotel by local dignitaries.\nThis gave Wilby the opportunity to\ndiscuss with road experts the best route\nfrom Nelson to the coast. Because of\nthe difficult terrain west of the city,\nit was decided to ship the Reo by flat-\ncar to Castlegar. H.H. Cleugh would\nB.C. Historical News\n10 accompany Wilby as pilot between\nCastlegar and Rossland.\nThe next day, October 6, just before\ntheir departure a photograph was\ntaken in front of the Strathcona. This\nis the photograph that inspired the\nresearch for this story.\nThe rest of the trip to their coastal\ndestination was relatively uneventful\nexcept for one thriUing section in the\nFraser River canyon just north of Lytton. Again the Reoists were motoring\non rough, meandering roads when\ndarkness caught up to them. With\ntheir big acetylene lamps on they slowly crept forward and on two separate\noccasions they came face to face with\nwagons heading in the opposite direction. Twice they gingerly backed out\nonto a jutting ledge to let the wagons\npass. As if that was not enough, approximately ten mUes from Lytton, the\nlamps went out leaving them in total\ndarkness! They were out of acetylene\ngas and because the small oil lamps\nwere mounted too far from the road\ntheir light was too feeble. In desperation, Earl Wise took one of the lamps,\nstretched himself along the outside\nfender, held the lamp out close to the\nground, and shouted directions to\nHaney as they inched their way forward! This night certainly matched the\nexcitement of their Kootenay\nexperiences.\nTheir long journey, however, was\nnot considered complete until they dipped the front wheels of the Reo Special\ninto the Pacific Ocean at Alberni, B.C.\non the west coast of Vancouver Island.\nOn October 17,1912 after 4,000 mUes\nof travel, the flask of Atlantic water\nwas ceremoniously emptied into the\nPacific. The Reo Special had lived up\nto its builders expectations and, amazingly, the front right tire was the same\none that had left Halifax fifty-two\ndays earlier! The objective of the\nCanadian Highway Association was\nalso realized and the importance of\nhaving an east-west, \"AU Red Route\"\nwas demonstrated. The Association\nhoped that this celebrated trip would\ninspire the governments to construct\na complete transcontinental highway\nby 1917, the fiftieth anniversary of\nCanadian confederation. Unfortunately this dream was not fuUy realized until decades later.\nBibliography\n\"Across Canada By Automobile\nThomas W. WUby Finds Route For\nTranscontinental Road.\" Vancouver Sun October 15, 1912, 1.\n\"By Motor Car: from ocean to ocean\nin fifty-two days.\" New York\nTimes Book Review (April 5,1914):\nSection 7, 163, col. 1.\nCoUins, Robert. A Great Way To Go:\nthe automobile in Canada. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1969. Chapter 5,\n57 - 59.\n\"Cross Canadian Rockies.\" New\nYork Times September 22, 1912,\nSection 8, 11, col. 3.\n\"Dunlop Tires On Cross-Country\nTour.\" Vancouver Province October 16, 1912, 5.\nDurnford, Hugh, and Baechler,\nGlenn. Cars of Canada. Toronto:\nMcClelland and Stewart, 1973.\nChapter 5, 190 - 200.\n\"From the Atlantic To The Pacific.\"\nCranbrook Herald October 10,\n1912, 1.\nGuiUet, Edwin C. The Story of Canadian Roads.Toronto: University of\nToronto Press, 1966. Chapter 15,\n219 - 224.\n\"Halifax To Vancouver, Arrival At\nCranbrook.\" The Prospector October 5, 1912, 1.\n\"A Motor Tour Through Canada.\"\nTimes Literary Supplement\n(November 27, 1913): 567.\n\"Pathfinder Arrives Tonight.\" Cran-\n' brook Herald October 3, 1912, 1.\n\"Pathfinder Reaches Vancouver.\"\nNelson Daily News October 15,\n1912, 3.\n\"Reaches Nelson On Cross Canada\nTrip.'' Nelson Daily News October\n7, 1912, 8.\nTaylor, G.W. The Automobile Saga\nof British Columbia, 1864 -1914\nVictoria: Morriss PubUshing, 1984.\n\"Transdominion Auto Arrives: uses\ntackle to ascend heavy grade.\"\nCreston Review October 11, 1912,\n1,5.\nWilby, Thomas W. \"Across Canada\nBy Automobile: from Halifax to\nWinnipeg ...\" Travel 20.\n(February 1913):18 - 20, 52 - 54.\nWilby, Thomas W. \"Across Canada\nBy Automobile: over the prairie\ntrails ...\" Travel 20. (March\n1913):22 - 24,53 - 57.\nWilby, Thomas W. 'Cross Canada\nWith the \"AU-Red\" Route Reo St.\nCatherines? :Reo Sales Company,\n1912?\nWilby, Thomas W. \"Logging Two\nTranscontinental Routes By\nAutomobUe: notes from the pioneer\ncircular tour of the United States.\"\nCoi//er's48.(February 17, 1912):\n29 - 31.\nWilby, Thomas W. A Motor Tour\nThrough Canada London: John\nLane, The Bodley Head, 1914.\nRon Wd\rood is a Public Services Librarian\nat Selkirk College as well as an avid collector of Kootenaiana. He authored Nelson's\nArchitectural Heritage Walking Tour and\nArchitectural Heritage Motoring Tour\nbrochures which collectively won the B.C. \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nHeritage Society's Annual Award of\nDistinction for 1987.\n11\nB.C. Historical News BEYOND THOSE RUGGED\nMOUNTAINS H\nGerry Andrews\nThe first white men to penetrate the\nWestern Plains far enough to see the\nRocky Mountains were intrigued by\nwhat might be hidden beyond them.\nYoung Henry Kelsey from Hudson\nBay, 1690-92, did not get far enough\nto see them. La Verendrye's sons Ukely\nsaw them from the Missouri River\nbefore 1750. Anthony Henday reached the foothills in Alberta in 1754.\nAlexander Mackenzie was first to cross\naU mountains, north of Mexico, to the\nPacific Ocean, in 1793.\nI completed Grade IX at Kelvin\nHigh School in Winnipeg, in 1918 at\nthe age of 14. That year from late\nMarch till mid September I worked on\na Manitoba farm as a \"soldier of the\nsoil,\" the First World War situation\nbeing still very grave. Among other\nthings I learned about handling horses.\nAfter harvest I moved with my parents\nto Calgary and enrolled in Grade X at\nCrescent Heights High School. On\nwinter mornings, climbing up the hill\nto school I could see the Rocky Mountains in grand panorama to the West,\nilluminated by the rosy tints of sunrise.\nThe highest ground I had ever seen\nbefore was probably Birds Hill, at a\ngravel pit near Winnipeg. Like the early explorers, I wondered what was\nbeyond those rugged mountains.\nAs holidays approached in June,\n1919,1 was again in the market for a\njob. A want ad in the Calgary Herald\noffered one for the summer as waiter\nRailway YMCA, Field,\nB.C., 1919. Mt. Dennis\nbehind; Kicking Horse\nRiver in Front.\nin the Railway YMCA at Field, B.C.\nEven at that tender age I had learned\nthat a telegram goes to the top of the\npUe for attention so I appUed by Night\nLetter. It worked. I went up to Field\nby CPR, the last Saturday in June \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nabout a 5-hour trip \u00E2\u0080\u0094 through\nCochrane, Morley, Banff, Lake\nLouise, over the Great Divide and\ndown through the Spiral Tunnels to\nField \u00E2\u0080\u0094 exciting for a prairie lad!\nThe discovery and choice of Rogers\nPass (El. 4345 ft.) through the Selkirk\nMountains, in September 1882, also\ncast the die in favor of Kicking Horse\nPass (El. 5339 ft.), discovered in 1858\nby (Sir) James Hector, for the CPR's\ncrossing of the Rocky Mountains,\n1883-4. PoUtical and financial advantages of this choice imposed a high\nprice in engineering and operational\ncosts due to excessive grades, particularly between Cathedral (El. 4501\nft), near the mouth of Yoho River, and\nHector (El. 5219 ft) at Wapta Lake,\nwhere a route distance of little over 3\nmiles had to climb 718 feet. This\nequates to a grade of over 4%, twice\nthe \"acceptable\" maximum.\nTo service this critical segment of\nthe railway a major depot was\nestablished and named Field, after\nCyrus W. Field (1819-92), of trans-\nAtlantic cable fame, who visited the\narea in 1884. It was located about 10\nroute miles west of the summit on the\nleft bank of Kicking Horse River at the\nbase of Mount Stephen where there\nwas enough level ground for railway\nyards, shops, warehouses and personnel accomodation.\nThe steepest grade became known\nas the \"Big HiU\" and was notorious\nfor accidental loss of life and equipment as weU as prohibitive operational\ncosts. These were remedied 1909-11 by\nboring the famous \"Spiral Tunnels\"\ninto the massifs of Mount Ogden and\nCathedral Mountain thereby adding\nabout 5 miles distance to reduce the\ngrade within the acceptable limit of\n2%.\nB.C. Historical News\n12 The scenic amenities surrounding\nField made it an important base for\ntourism when Yoho National Park\nwas established in 1886.\nThe \"Y\" at Field in 1919, was housed in Mount Stephen House, the old\nCPR hotel, built in the late 1880's. It\nwas an enormous wooden gingerbread structure, fronting on the station platform (photo 1). Its coffee\nshop, open all hours, catered mainly\nto railway crews, and to day-coach\npassengers who could get a quick\ncheap snack there. Field was a Divisional Point where crews and\nlocomotives from Calgary and\nRevelstoke were changed and coaches\nserviced. This took about half an hour.\nAt that time and season there were at\nleast six passenger trains each way each\nday. Highways were not yet built, so\nall through travel was by rail.\nI reported to Mr. Rice, the \"Y\"\nSecretary, and was given a small\nbedroom, one floor up overlooking\nthe station. I was put on night shift in\nthe coffee shop ^10 pm to 8 am,\nseven days a week, pay about $40 per\nmonth, all found. This was nearly\ntwice what I got as a \"soldier of the\nsoil\" in 1918. The seven-day week\nseemed hardly compatible with\n\"Christian\" in YMCA. I soon got into\nthe routine, if a bit clumsy at first. I\nnever became adept at carrying umpteen plates or cups of coffee with one\narm.\nThe cUentele on my shift were mostly freight crews, who were sometimes\ncranky, being away from their homes\nin Calgary or Revelstoke. I stood my\nground against the bullies but\ndiscovered there were some \"good\nguys\" too. I contrived to eat some\nbreakfast before going off duty and\nsupper after going on at night \u00E2\u0080\u0094 but\nwithout much appetite. Often I made\na bag lunch to eat outdoors. The quiet\nhour was about 4 am when I could\nhardly keep my eyes open. But by 8\nam I was very wide awake. Instead of\ngoing to bed I had to get out in the\nglorious sun and scenery. There were\neasy hikes to beautiful and interesting\nplaces. I felt hemmed in by the four\nnearby mountains, Stephen, Dennis,\nBurgess and Field, which cradled the\ntown. The problem, aggravated by the\nnoise of trains below my window, was\nto get enough sleep.\nOne day a friendly pusher engineer\nasked me if I would like a ride with\nhim up through the Spiral Tunnels. He\nsaid I should be near the track about\nten o'clock, out of sight just beyond\nthe station. I was there and as he passed, I hopped on the step and climbed\nup into the cab. The fireman, not\nmuch older than I sat on a leather\ncushion on the left with his hand on\na fuel control \u00E2\u0080\u0094 pretty soft! His pay\nwould be more than twice mine. The\nengineer sat on the right, at the throttle. It was exciting to be carried along\nin the bosom of this dragon monster.\nIn about half an hour we saw the\nbeautiful Yoho Valley on our left and\nthen entered the lower spiral tunnel.\nLingering smoke from the front\nengines was suffocating and I fainted,\npartly from nervous tension. They\nrevived me with a cold air jet and\nthought it a big joke. I survived the\nsecond tunnel. Then, at a siding near\nthe summit, the lead engine and the\npusher were detached, aUowing the\nrest of the train to move on east. The\ntwo extra engines then hooked\ntogether and returned downgrade to\nField, stopping in the yards past the\nstation. I thanked my hosts for such a\nwonderful experience and walked back\nto the \"Y\" and to bed \u00E2\u0080\u0094 to dream of\nspace travel in a steam leviathan.\nToward the end of July I became\ndisillusioned with the job at the \"Y\"\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 not enough sleep, no days off,\nsmeUy indoor work and poor appetite,\nbut I did not complain. Someone must\nhave recommended me to Mr. Joe\nLaBeUe who, I think, ran a large boarding house in Field for CPR laborers.\nI had no contract with the \"Y\", so\nwhen LaBeUe offered me a job as\nbullcook at the CPR tent camp at\nTakakkaw Falls up the Yoho Valley,\nI accepted and notified Mr. Rice that\nI would quit as of the end of July.\nTakakkaw Camp, ten miles from\nField by wagon road, catered to\ntourists. Most were driven there by\ncarriage for a posh lunch at the camp\nand returned to Field in the afternoon.\nMore affluent and leisurely guests took\na 3-day trip by saddle horse with\nguides. The first day was by trail over\nBurgess and Yoho Passes to overnight\nat the camp. The second day featured\nTakakkaw Camp, Gerry Andrews, bullcook,\n1919.\nthe trail up to the head of Yoho VaUey\nto see the ice cave and other sights\nthere and back to the camp for a second night. Day 3 was by trail over\nYoho Pass and down to Emerald Lake\nChalet, thence to Field by road. Mr.\nLaBeUe had the concession to operate\nthe camp and Brewsters handled\ntransport and guides from their depot\nacross the Kicking Horse River from\nthe station at Field, for which Mr.\nLyal Currie was manager.\nThe campsite, in a rough meadow\ncommanded a fine view of Takakkaw\nFalls less than a mile away across the\nvalley. There was good forage for\nhorses and a small brook provided excellent water. There was a good cook\ntent, a large dining tent and about ten\nbedroom tents for overnight guests\nand like tents for the staff. A large\nteepee was used for evening campfires.\nThe cook, Miss Pirie, was boss. She\nwas very Scotch, mature, buxom,\ncapable and short tempered. But she\nhad a warm heart withal. I have since\nlearned that good camp cooks are\noften cranky \u00E2\u0080\u0094 and for good reasons.\nThe waitress-chambermaid, a younger\nwoman, shared a tent with the cook\nwho later confided to me that her\ntentmate said long prayers at bedtime\nand added \"I've na time ta pray \u00E2\u0080\u0094 I\ntalk ta God while I'm workin\". When\nannoyed she did, and with lurid eloquence. Meals served to guests in the\ndining tent were right up to top CPR\n13\nB.C. Historical News MissPirie, cook and 'boss', Takakaw Camp.\nstandards of the day \u00E2\u0080\u0094 spotless linen\nwith the fuU array of dishes and\ncutlery. The two women enjoyed\ndecorating the tables with wild\nflowers. No liquor was served and\neverything was prepaid in Field so no\ncashier was needed.\nMy duties as buUcook included cutting firewood and kindUng, Ughting aU\nfires, fetching water, washing dishes,\npeeUng vegetables, burying noncom-\nbustible garbage and keeping the\npremises tidy. I slept in my own tent\nand ate at the cook tent. I had no\ndirect contact with the guests. One\nmorning while filling the boss's wood\nbox, I clumsily upset a tray of cooked bacon set on a large water boiler\nto keep warm while the eggs were frying. The air was blue with sparks from\nMiss Pirie's hot line to the Almighty.\nBut when loading my plate she would\nadd an extra portion and say \"Tis y're\na growin lad and it requires ta feed\nye\". She had cooked in a hotel at Fernie, B.C., and remembered the\ndevastating fire there in 1908.\nMy jobs required no supervision so\nI arranged my own timetable. There\nwas lots of fresh air and the environment was beautiful. In afternoons,\nafter the lunch guests had gone and\nbefore the overnight people arrived for\nsupper, we had our interlude of spare\ntime. Miss Pirie, on the other end of\na crosscut saw, often helped me cut\ndown a dry tree for the woodpile. To\nhaul the logs, there was an old saddle\nhorse which I looked after and exercised on nearby trails. Often I cut\nwood in the cool of evening. Occasionally guests strolled by to watch or\nchat. Many were interesting and kindly. My day began early, lighting the\ncook's stove first then all the heaters\nin the guest tents while they were supposedly still asleep. I remember a tall\nchap's bare feet, protruding in the cold\nair from the end of his bed. I resisted\nthe temptation to tickle them. The\nevenings were cool and nights cold,\noften with frost. The elevation was\nover 5,000 ft. Often before bedtime the\nguides lit a fire in the teepee to entertain the guests with songs and yarns.\nI don't remember being invited to\nthese. When I finally retired to my\nlonely tent I had no trouble getting to\nsleep, (Photo 9). Our one neighbor\nwas another Scot, Jock Tocher, Park\nWarden who bached in his cabin near\nthe foot of the faUs (Photo 10). He was\nfriendly and no doubt was attracted by\nMiss Pirie's hospitality with a good\nmeal on the house.\nOne evening when I was washing the\nsupper dishes down behind the cook\ntent, Miss Pirie brought me a lady's\nriding boots which had got muddy on\nthe trail. The owner wanted them\ncleaned. I protested that this was not\none of my duties and anyway I had no\nkit. She kidded me along and found\nme some rags and grease. I was really\nfond of the old girl so did the best I\ncould and the boots were duly returned to the owner, but not by me. After\nbreakfast next morning I was at the\ndishwashing station as usual, when the\nlady in her nice clean boots came\ndown, probably directed by Miss Pirie.\nShe thanked me and offered a $2-tip.\nThis I poUtely declined, said I was paid\nfor my work and that my family never\nhad to take tips for a living. She was\noffended and marched off in a bit of\na huff. Just as her party, which included a son nearly my age, were ready to\nmount and leave, she came again, said\nshe appreciated my attitude and\nrepeated her thanks. I was certainly\ngetting some lessons in the rudiments\nof human nature!\nOn 3 September just before the\ncamp was to close for the season and I\nhad to think about getting back to\nschool, my father came through Field\non a business trip and stopped for the\nday to see me. Brewsters' Mr. Currie\nkindly arranged a ride for him in one\nof the buggies coming out for lunch.\nHe enjoyed one of Miss Pirie's wonderful meals also on the house and we\nhad time to see some local sights\nbefore he had to go back. He loved it,\n(Photos 11, 12, 13).\nA day or two later, when the camp\nwas shutting down, my baggage was\nconveyed to Field by road and I was\ntold to deliver the saddle horse to\nBrewsters' stables there. Instead of going direct, I was allowed a couple of\ndays to see the local sights by trail.\nFirst day I went up to the head of\nYoho Valley. Jock Tocher may have\naccompanied me or at least told me\nwhat to see and how to find my way.\n(Photos 14, 15, 16). The second day\nI went up over Yoho Pass and down\nto Emerald Lake, and thence by road\nto Field. The high trails afforded some\ngrand views of the surroundings\n(Photos 17, 18, 19). I duly delivered\nthe horse to Mr. Currie at Field and\nthanked him for his kindness to my\nfather and me. I picked up my baggage, and hopped the eastbound train\nthrough scenery now more familiar\nand got to Calgary in time to enroll\nin Grade XI at Crescent Heights High\nSchool.\nI had now seen a bit of what lay just\nbeyond these rugged mountains visible on the western skyline from Calgary. But I did not know then that the\nsummer after next, 1921, Fate would\ngive me one more wonderful summer\nbased at Field, B.C.\nB.C. Historical News\n14 SAANICH\nINDIAN SETTLEMENT\n,0 From Sam Juau\n\u00C2\u00AB,V and GULF ISP*-\nGeoffrey Castle\nMATlVEVaiAGfS 1842\nPROBABUe SITES\nPOSSIBLE SITES\nLANGUAGE BPY\nMIGRATIONS\nWhen Fort Victoria was established in 1843 the Songish Indians, which\nwere part of the Coast Salish native\ngroup, inhabited the Saanich peninsula. Their ancestry was a mixture of\nthe two main groupings of people who\nsettled southeastern Vancouver Island.\nWith the coming of the Hudson's\nBay Company activities, they abandoned their villages and Ufestyle and\nvirtually disappeared from Saanich.\nThe Sooke-Victoria-Saanich area was\nsettled by 3 separate linguistic groups\nof Coast Salish. In addition to the\nSongish in Saanich, Victoria and Esquimalt, there were Saanich Indians\non the Saanich peninsula and the\nSooke who lived in the Becher Bay-\nSooke Basin area.\nBy the beginning of the 19th century\nit was estimated that the total Indian\npopulation in this area was reduced to\n2,000 following a smallpox epidemic.\nAfter fur traders introduced firearms\nthere was a further decrease in the\nnative population as they fought one\nanother. Attacks from bands with\nsuperior strength caused the Gulf\nIsland and San Juan Island natives to\nresettle at Saanichton Bay and the\nSidney ones moved to Patricia (Union)\nBay. The Sooke band moved from\nBecher Bay to Sooke Basin but by\n1850 their population was reduced to\n60. The largest remaining groups were\nfound in the villages of the Saanich\nand the Songish, at Cadboro Bay.\nDUOTVfBY\nEach dweUing housed a clan, and a\nviUage like Cadboro Bay consisted of\nseveral clans. There the stockade was\nabout 150 feet square and 20 feet high\nwith about 500 natives. Villages were\nlocated in bays to provide protection.\nThough Ufe centered around the sea\nand its resources, the Indians hunted\nelk and deer, waterfowl and bear.\nThey also grew some crops, the most\nimportant of which was the bulb of the\ncamas plant. In summer, the Saanich\nnatives traveUed to Point Roberts and\nthe Songish went to San Juan Island\nfor fishing. Red cedar provided their\nclothing (as did dog hides and wool)\nand shelter as well as transportation.\nThe southeastern Vancouver Island\nbands were inter-related from previous\n_1A.P BASED Ohl INFORMATION OBTAINED\nERPM-CORPOfWTjOkl OF DISTRICT OF SAANlCM\nARCHIES\nCf.C-rSTi.e\nmarriages and traded with each other\nbut when Fort Victoria was buUt, the\nSongish people abandoned their\nvUlages and moved closer to the fort.\nAround then, they changed their name\nto Songhees.\nIn 1860, the Songhees relocated in\nwhat is now Victoria West and remained there until 1913 when they moved\nto the Esquimalt Indian Reserve. Today, there are no Indian reserves\nwithin Saanich MunicipaUty although\nthere are two in each of Central\nSaanich and North Saanich municipalities.\nGeoffrey Castle is the Municipal Archivist for\nthe Corporation of the District of Saanich and\npast president of the Victoria section of the\nB.C. Historical Federation.\n15\nB.C. Historical News A Solar-Lunar Observatory,\nMontague Harbour, Galiano Island\nLes Laronde\nThere is evidence that Montague\nHarbour on Galiano Island may be a\nsite of unique astronomical importance. It is possible that the way we\nmeasure time \u00E2\u0080\u0094 a 365 Va day year\ndivided into twelve months \u00E2\u0080\u0094 was first\ndiscovered in this Gulf Island setting.\nFrom the most protected corner of\nMontague Harbour, an area with Unks\nto primitive man that go back fifty-five\ncenturies, it is easy to calculate the\nlength of the year, the day of the summer solstice and the movements of the\nmoon. It is probable that man was not\nin the area too long before discovering its astronomical significance. After\nall, 4800 years ago, seven hundred\nyears after man arrived in the Gulf\nIslands, construction of Stonehenge\nwas begun by a people who already\npossessed a highly developed\nknowledge of the movements of the\nmoon.'\nWhen we look out to sea from the\nancient vUlage site at the southernmost\ncorner of Montague Harbour, we see\nthat hills and forest surround the\nsheltered waters except for one narrow\nchannel to the northwest; the lone\nmountain on the skyline above that\nchannel is Mt. Benson, 57 km away on\nVancouver Island. The spectacular\nsunsets in May down the edge of this\n1019 m mountain can be used to compare the relationship between the\nphases of the moon and the moon's\nposition among the stars.\nFigure 1. The synodic sunset.2\nWhen the right upper edge of the\nsun first sets into the right face of Mt.\nBenson, about May 22 (between the\ndashed Unes as shown on figure 1), the\nmoon is in the same phase, e.g. full\nmoon, as it will be one month later,\nat summer solstice.\nWhen the entire sun first roUs down\nand into the right face of the mountain, about May 24 (between the dashed lines as shown in figure 2), the\nmoon appears in the same group of\nstars where it will be at summer\nsolstice. This method of finding the\nsolstice is accurate to within twelve\nhours. Finding midsummers day by\ndirect observation is not possible\nbecause the sun sets in the same place\nfor three or four days around the time\nof the solstice.\nThe people who lived in the Gulf\nIslands had a practical reason for\nknowing the movements of the moon:\nthe unique local tides respond to those\nmovements. The Coast Salish people\nwho navigated the inland waters between Vancouver Island and the\nmainland of British Columbia Uved by\nthe tides. They paddled hundreds of\nmiles each year between traditional\nseasonal settlements gathering food\nand other resources.4\nAlthough there is evidence that a\nlarge population lived at least\nseasonally at Montague Harbour over\na very long period of time, just who\nthose people were remains a mystery,5\nand it is impossible to say for certain\nthat they or any other coast Salish\ncould predict the tides.\nWe do know that the Cowichan and\nthe Saanich people used to spend late\nspring and early summer in the Gulf\nIslands. These people had a lunar\ncalendar that began at winter solstice.6\nSome said there were twelve moons to\nthe year and some claimed there were\nthirteen.7 The moon is fuU twelve times\nin a year but returns to the same place\namong the stars thirteen times which\nmay explain this discrepancy.\nThe Cowichans determined the time\nof winter solstice by going to a certain\nplace and observing the sun rising in\nrelation to a distant mountain peak.\nA similar method was used at Bella\nCoola and at other places along the\nB.C. coast to determine the summer\nsolstice.8\nAll the Coast Salish named con-\nsteUations so they could have noted the\nposition of the moon in the stars\nthroughout the month.'\nThe Montague Harbour site may be\nB.C. Historical News\n16 Figure 2. The siderial sunset.3\nunique in the Americas for fitting the\nsolar and lunar movements to the\ntides. Although prehistoric observatories were used from Saskatchewan\nto Peru and from California to\nFlorida,10 the Inca were the only Indian people known to have timed\nevents by the moon's monthly return\nto a position among the stars.\"\nThe observatory site at Montague\nHarbour has not yet been radiocarbon dated. Helen Point on Mayne\nIsland, a site six km away at the\nwestern entrance to Active Pass has\nbeen dated back to about 3500 B.C.\nand the Pender Canal site on Pender\nIsland has been dated back to about\n3000 B.C.12 so it is probable that the\nobservatory site is about the same age.\nThe earliest investigated observatory\nsite in the Americas, at Izapa, Mexico, was radio-carbon dated to 1500\nB.C.13\nThis unique site, where the interrelationship between the observer and\nthe cycles of the sun, the moon, the\ntides and all the life around him can\nso easUy be seen, should be scientifically investigated and protected for future\ngenerations. The remains of one of the\nworld's longest lasting vUlages are now\nrapidly washing away.\nNotes\n7.\n8.\n9.\n10.\n11.\n12.\n13.\nBritish Columbia Provincial Museum,\n1971), 26.\nJames C. Haggafty and John H.W.\nSendey, \"Test Excavation at the\nGeorgeson Bay Site, Gulf of Georgia\nRegion, British Columbia,\" in Occasional Papers of the British Columbia\nMuseum No. 19 (Victoria, Ministry\nof the Provincial Secretary and\nTravel Industry, 1976), 10.\nH.G. Barnett, \"Culture Element\nDistributions: IX Gulf of Georgia\nSalish,\" in University of California\nPublications in Anthropological\nRecords Vol. 1 No. 5 (Berkeley:\nUniversity of California, 1939), 250.\nIbid., 287.\nDiamond Jenness, \"The Faith of a\nCoast Salish Indian,\" in Anthropology in British Columbia,\nMemoir No. 3, (Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum, 19SS), 87.\nBarnett, \"Culture Element,\" 251.\nRay A. Williamson, Living the Sky\n(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984), 2.\nIbid., 15.\nRoy L. Carlson, in a speech to the\nGulf Islands Branch of the B.C.\nHistorical Federation given at Pender\nIsland, March 5, 1986.\nVincent H. Malmstrom, \"Architecture, Astronomy, and Calendrics in\nPre-Columbian Mesoamerica,\" in\nRay A. Williamson, ed. Ar-\nchaeoastronomy in the Americas (Los\nAltos, Calif.: Ballena Press, 1981),\n258.\nWe appeal...\nfor donations to buUd up endowment funds for two projects undertaken by the British Columbia\nHistorical Federation. It has been\nmoved/seconded and carried that the\nBritish Columbia Historical Federation\ngive:\n1.) A monetary prize to the winners) of the annual competition for\nWriters of B.C. History.\n2.) A scholarship for a student\nentering fourth year in a British Columbia university taking a major in\nBritish Columbia/Canadian history.\nThe writing Competition Prize Fund\nhas seen endowment which will\nguarantee a $100 prize can be paid to\nthe 1986 winter. This is a beginning.\nYou can make it possible for the B.C.\nHistorical Federation to offer more\nthan one prize, and attract more entrants to this competition.\nWe thank all those who have made\ndonations to these projects, and urge\nother readers to send a cheque today\nto:\nThe Treasurer \u00E2\u0080\u0094 B.C. Historical\nFederation\nP.O. Box 35326\nStation E\nVancouver, B.C. V6M 4G5\nState which project you are supporting. AU donations wiU be acknowledged with a receipt for tax exemption\npurposes.\n1. Alexander Thorn, Megalithic Lunar\nObservatories (Oxford: Oxford\nUniversity Press, 1971), 115\n2. The sun sets as indicated by the dashed lines an average synodic month\n(29.53 plus/-0.5 days) before summer\nsolstice.\n3. The sun sets as indicated by the dashed lines an average siderial month\n(27.32 plus/-0.5 days) before summer\nsolstice.\n4. Donald H. Mitchell, \"Archaeology of\nthe Gulf of Georgia area, a natural\nregion and its culture types,\" in\nSyesis, 4, Supplement 1 (Victoria:\nLes Laronde moved to Galiano Island in 1977\nand lived at the observatory site at Montague\nHarbour for almost 8 years. He has traveUed\na good deal in Asia and the South Pacific.\n17\nB.C. Historical News THE LITTLE RED SCHOOL\nHOUSE\nRae Purcell\nThis story could begin with 'Once\nUpon a Time', however, since the\ndates are recorded for posterity, we\nshaU begin in 1889, four years after the\nCanadian Pacific Railway had clinked its way across the vast Prairie and\nstruggled through the harsh, unforgiving Rockies bringing settlers, loggers,\nhomesteaders and many other\nspeculators to this land of milk and\nhoney on the West Coast of Canada.\nImagine then: surprise to find that the\narea known as British Columbia had\nalready developed the cities of Vancouver, New Westminster and Victoria\nalong the Une of the Coast, that the\ninhabitants had experienced the rise\nand demise of places like Barkerville,\nGranite City and Fort Langley along\nthe 'Mighty Fraser River' and that industrious farmers were busy forging\na UveUhood from the fertile acres of\nthe Fraser VaUey.\nCommunities were flourishing along\nthe stretch of land that bordered the\n49th paraUel. Spur railroad Unes were\ninterwoven through the area to\ntransport lumber and commodities\nsouth to lucrative mUls and ports in the\nUnited States. U.S. border towns provided the mail service for many\nCanadians.\nPlace names were constantly changing to accomodate new landowners.\nOne such change occurred at BIGGAR\nPRAIRIE, an area bounded on the\nsouth by the International Boundary\nLine (0 Ave.), the Old Yale Road to\nthe north, Brown Road (240th St.) and\nJohnson Townline Road (216th St.)\nthe east and west perimeters of that\nportion of Langley MunicipaUty.\nDepartment of Education records in\nVictoria refer to a school being part\nof the Richard Thomas Biggar\nhomestead in 1889. As was the custom\nof that day, lessons could have been\ntaught to local chUdren in the parlor\nof the house. These same records show\nthat in 1892, a power struggle erupted\nbetween the Biggar family and the\nCameron Clan \u00E2\u0080\u0094 homesteaders in.\n1888 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 and that the name Biggar was\nofficiaUy changed to Lochiel, thereby\nimplanting the namesake of the head\nof the Cameron Clan of Scotland\nfirmly in the lore and soil of British\nColumbia.\nIn 1896, a red school house was\nbuilt with lumber obtained from\nBaumgartner's mill located on Old\nYale Road and floated across the\nwater on Biggar Prairie (the name is\nstill in use today) to a one-acre site\nwhich had been cleared out of the\nwilderness adjacent to the Biggar\nresidence. The school fronted on\nNorth Bluff Road (now 16th Ave.)\nwhich was little more than a land\nboundary trail winding through the\ntrees.\nIt appears that the two feuding fac\ntions reached a compromise as the\nLochiel School was situated on property donated by the Biggar family.\nHowever, there continued to be much\nwrangling between the three trustees\nof the school \u00E2\u0080\u0094 of which Mr.\nCameron was one \u00E2\u0080\u0094 and members of\nthe community when the question of\nretaining teachers arose.\nA photograph taken in 1900 and\ndisplayed at the Langley Centennial\nMuseum in Fort Langley shows a class\nof twelve students ranging in age from\nprimary to secondary. An interesting\nfeature of the picture iUustrates the\ndress code adopted for that era; bare\nfeet on the youngsters seated at the\nfront.\nThe size of enrolment determined\nthe operation of the school which was\nsporadic in the early days. Any visual\naid that was provided came from the\nsun and the occasional coal-burning\nlamp. A large heater, filled with cordwood from the shed in the back, sat\nin the center of the room and suppUed\nthe comforts of 'central heating'. For\nthose days when the weather was less\nthan ideal, it also served as a clothes\ndryer.\nBy 1924, the school board chose to\nconsolidate the students from the\nLochiel district with those at Mur-\nrayviUe. The residents of Lochiel balked at this suggestion and demanded a\nnew school instead. After much\ndebate, an understanding was reached by both parties and a new one-room\nbuilding to replace the old red school\nhouse was erected on the same property, somewhat closer to the road. The\narrangement was short-Uved. The new\nstructure was used for the period of\none year, then abandoned and the\nstudents transported to MurrayvUle in\nthe first recorded school bus in the\nLangley district.\nWilfred Lewis, who owned a '23\nFord truck with canvas top and a converted van on the back, was paid $75\nmonthly for the hire of himself and\nvehicle. In spite of the condition of the\nroads and the inclement weather at\ntimes, he is reported to have provided excellent service. One can only surmise the reaction of the teachers as this\nsame truck was used in the off-hours\nto haul livestock. Students attending\nB.C. Historical News\n18 Langley High School paid $3 per\nmonth for the privilege of riding on\nthe tailgate.\nIn 1937, due to overcrowding in the\ncentral school, Lochiel was reopened\nand students were transferred from\nGlenwood to ensure a full class with\nthirty-five to forty pupils in the six\ngrades.\nJanitorial services which included\nlighting the fire, carrying wood, filling a three gallon tank which was\nsituated in the cloakroom with water\nfrom the dug well, sweeping and\ndusting the school etc. cost the School\nBoard $5 per month.\nA favorite game of the day was\nAntey-I-Over; played by two teams,\none to each side of the school. The object of the game was to throw the baU\nover the roof. A missile inadvertently\ncrashing through the window suspended further playing for a period of time.\nThere was a serious aspect in the\nlives of the students in these years.\nWar had broken out in many countries\nof Europe and Canadians answered\nthe call to support England and her\nAllies. Because of the close proximity\nto the coast, the danger of invasion\nseemed a possible threat and the\nschools were instructed to conduct air\ndrills. AU pupils had to leave the\nbuilding and scatter. On weekends,\nmany of the older boys were trained\nby the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers\nto be runners (messengers).\nIn 1950, Lochiel school was moved\nto a three-acre plot of land on 224th\nSt., just north of 16th Ave. Two portables, one trucked in from Langley\nPrairie and the other brought from\nFort Langley, plus an administration\nblock, separate from the original\nbuUding, were added in the fifties. The\noutdoor 'biffies', no longer in use but\nstiU on the property, were retired in\n1956.\nWith the advent of indoor plumbing came frozen pipes, and Lochiel experienced its first fire. A torch being\nused to thaw the lines, ignited the\ntinder-dry wood under the sink. A\npassing RCMP officer, alerted by the\nalarm, assisted the staff with portable\nfire equipment and the blaze was\nextinguished.\nIn the years 1965 to 1975 enrolment\nin the school reached as high as one\nhundred and fifty-six students. The\ncomplex consisted of four classrooms,\nmusic room, three administration\nrooms, a new library and half-gym as\nweU as the old building.\nIn 1975, arsonists set fire to the\nbuilding after vandaUzing the rooms,\nand the school was destroyed with the\nexception of the half-gym, part of the\nlibrary and the old school which suffered severe smoke and water damage.\nHeavy snowfall and freezing\ntemperatures prevented firemen from\nusing local ponds or ditches for a\nwater supply.\nThe local Lochiel Community Club\nhave moved the old building to the\nclub property at the corner of 16th\nAve. and 224th St., where it has sat\nidle this past decade. Renewed interest\nin heritage buildings has prompted a\nformer teacher and student to pursue\nthis possibiUty. In the event that the\nnegotiations now in progress are successful, The Old Red School House\nwiU be restored and situated on the\nRowlett Farm in Campbell VaUey\nPark.\nAs it was in the beginning, so it shall\nbe in the end.\nARE YOU MOVING?\nPlease let us have your change of address. The list of branches of the\nB.CH.F. is found on the inside front cover. If you cannot remain\na member of your current historical society or join a new one which\nis affUiated with the British Columbia Historical Federation, please\nindicate your wish for an individual subscription when your present\none runs out.\nNAME \t\nOLD ADDRESS \t\nNEW ADDRESS\nSame branch of B.CH.F. [ ]\nNew branch of B.CH.F.: that is\nIndividual subscription [ ]\nCancel subscription on expiry [\n(include Postal Code)\nScholarship Fund\nHelp us establish a scholarhsip for a\n4th year student taking a major or\nhonors course in Canadian history at\na B.C. University. All donations are\ntax deductible. Please send your cheque today to:\nThe British Columbia Historical\nFederation\nScholarship Fund\nP.O. Box 35326\nStation E\nVancouver, B.C. V6M 4G5\n19\nB.C. Historical News Native Issues:\nSelected Quotes\n\"The aboriginal people of Canada,\nwhile reluctant to abandon or even\nseriously compromise a way of life\nthat has stood them in good stead for\nmany centuries, have always believed\nthat the land and its resources are to\nbe shared for the common good of aU\npeople, not for the exclusive pleasure\nof a few. We share the view of some\ndeveloping nations that while we attempt 'the great ascent' to a further\nmeasure of economic fulfiUment, we\nwish to do so in accord with our own\nbest interests, mindful of our traditions and cautious in our relationship\nwith a fragile environment we understand intimately. We do not accept the\nproposition that anyone is as weU\nqualified to make decisions affecting\nour environment as we are ourselves.\"\nAboriginal People of Canada and\nTheir Environment, revised edition,\nNational Indian Brotherhood, Ottawa,\n1973, page 1. (President at the time\nwas George Manuel of B.C.)\n\"My father's generation was a happy, singing people. They were a proud people. They were strong and\nhealthy people. They knew what they\nwanted and what was good for their\nown. The Indian aspired to a clean and\nwholesome mind and a staunch,\nfearless heart. He was at peace with\nhis god and he was at peace with\nhimself.\n\"Quaint folklore tales were used\nwidely to teach the young the many\nwonders of nature; the importance of\nall Uving things, no matter how small\nand insignificant; and particularly to\nacquaint him with the closeness of\nman to all animal, bird life and the\ncreatures of the sea. The young were\ntaught through the medium of the tales\nthat there was a place in the sun for\nall Uving things.\n\"This resulted in a deep understanding and love of man for all animal\nlife. This was so prevalent that an Indian would show remorse and do\npenance on the spot whenever he kUled an animal for meat. This practice\nprevailed throughout aU the coastal\nregion of British Columbia.\"\nSon of Raven Son of Deer: Fables\nof the Tse-Shaht People, George\nClutesi, Tse Shaht author and artist,\nGray's PubUshing, Sidney, B.C., 1967.\n\"They had what the world has lost.\nThey have it now. What the world has\nlost, the world must have again, lest\nit die. Not many years are left to have\nor have not, to recapture the lost ingredient . . .\n\"What, in our human world, is this\npower to live? It is the ancient, lost\nreverence and passion for human personality, joined with the ancient, lost\nreverence and passion for the earth\nand its web of life.\n\"This indivisible reverence and passion is what the American Indians\nalmost universally had; and representative groups of them have it still.\n\"They had and have this power for\nUving which our modern world has lost\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 as world-view and self-view, as\ntradition and institution, as practical\nphilosophy dominating their societies\nand as an art supreme among all the\narts.\"\nIndians of the Americas: American Indians, Past and Present, The Long\nHope, John Collier, distinguished\nnon-Indian authority on Indian life,\nMentor Books, New York, 1947,\npage 7.\n\"We were a people of a great forest.\nThat forest was a source of great\nwealth. It was a place in which was to\nbe found huge hardwoods and an\nalmost unimaginable abundance and\nvariety of nuts, berries, roots, and\nherbs. In addition to these, the rivers\nteemed with fish and the forest and its\nmeadows abounded with game. It was,\nin fact, a kind of Utopia, a place where\nno one went hungry, a place where the\npeople were happy and healthy.\n\"Our traditions were such that we\nwere careful not to aUow our population to rise to numbers that would\novertax the other forms of life. We\npracticed strict forms of conservation.\nOur culture is based on a principle that\ndirects us to constantly think about the\nwelfare of seven generations into the\nfuture. Our beUef in this principle acts\nas a restraint to the development of\npractices which would cause suffering -\nin the future. To this end, our people\ntook only as many animals as were\nneeded to meet our needs. Not until\nthe arrival of the colonists did the\nwholesale slaughter of animals occur.\n\"In accordance with our ways, we\nare required to hold many kinds of\nfeasts and ceremonies which can best\nbe described as 'give-aways.' It is said\nthat among our people, our leaders,\nthose whom the Anglo people insist on\ncalling 'chiefs,' are the poorest of us.\nBy the laws of our culture, our leaders\nare both poUtical and spiritual leaders.\nThey are leaders of many ceremonies\nwhich require the distribution of great\nB.C. Historical News\n20 wealth. As spiritual/political leaders,\nthey provide a kind of economic conduit. To become a political leader, a\nperson is required to be a spiritual\nleader, and to become a spiritual\nleader a person must be extraordinarily\ngenerous in terms of material goods.\"\nBasic Call to Consciousness: the\nHau De No Sau Nee Address to the\nWestern World, papers presented to\nthe Non-Governmental Organizations\nof the United Nations in Geneva,\nSwitzerland, by the Hau De No Sau\nNee, the Six Nations Confederacy, the\nIroquois, in September, 1977. Edited\nand published by Akwesasne Notes,\nMohawk Nation, Via Rooseveltown,\nNew York, U.S.A. 13683, 1978.\nIn Strengthening the Canadian\nFederation, a Government of Canada\npubUcation explaining \"The Constitution Amendment 1987,\" the so-called\nMeech Lake Accord, the presence of\ntwo major language groups is said to\nbe part of what makes Quebec \"a\ndistinct society\" within Canada.\n\"HistoricaUy, it is this linguistic duaU-\nty that has made diversity, not 'the\nmelting pot,' a Canadian ideal.\"\nOn the next page, however, the\nreport briefly acknowledges that many\n\"Attempts to further define aboriginal\nrights in the Constitution have not yet\nbeen successful . . . But the federal\ngovernment is still committed to this\ngoal ...\" One thousand years after\ntheir first contact with Europeans and\nfive hundred years after Columbus,\nand 209 years after Captain James\nCook anchored in Nootka Sound,\nVancouver Island, aboriginal people\nof Canada are in fact the most\n\"distinct society\" in the country, but\nnot yet officially out of the melting\npot.\nGeorge Catlin, as portrait painter\nand expert cross-cultural listener,\nbecame well acquainted with many important Indian tribes even before or\nsoon after their first contact with what\nhe caUed, \"the bustiing, busy, talking,\nelated and exultant white man.\" His\nview is worth a second look now, no\nmatter how unpopular it was in his\nday, 150 years ago:\n\"I love a people who have always\nmade me welcome to the best they had\n. . . who are honest without laws, who\nhave no jails and no poor house . . .\nwho never take the name of God in\nvain . . . who worship God without a\nBible, and I believe God loves them\nalso . . . who are free from religious^\nanimosities . . . who have never rais\ned a hand against me, or stolen my\nproperty, where there was no law to\npunish either . . . who never fought a\nbattle with white men except on their\nown ground . . . and oh! how I love\na people who don't live for the love\nof money.\"\nGeorge Catlin and the Old Frontier:\nA Biography and Picture Gallery of\nthe Dean of Indian Painters, Harold\nMcCracken, Bonanza Books, New\nYork, 1959.\nGeorge Catlin understood in the\n1830s what the World Commission on\nEnvironment and Development is trying to tell us late in the 1980s \u00E2\u0080\u0094 for\nthe sake of Our Common Future, we\nmay finaUy be able to hear the ancient\nand stiU relevant wisdom as more promising than continuing the way we are\nnow going, drifting as Albert Einstein\nwarned in 1946 \"toward unparaUeled\ncatastrophe\" unless we change our\nways of thinking.\nSelected by Walt Taylor\nWalt Taylor has worked as a human development consultant for a number of Indian\norganizations in B.C. and is active in the\nSmithers Human Rights Society.\nThe British Columbia Historical\nFederation invites submissions of\nbooks or articles for the fifth annual\nCompetition for Writers of B.C.\nHistory.\nAny book with historical content\npubUshed in 1987 is eligible. The work\nmay be a community history, a\nbiography, a record of a project, industry or organization, or personal\nrecollections giving glimpses of the\npast. Names, dates and places with\nrelevant maps or pictures turn a story\ninto \"history\".\nThe judges are looking for fresh\npresentations of historical information\nwith appropriate iUustrations, careful\nproof reading, an adequate index,\ntable of contents and bibliography.\nWinners will be chosen in the following categories:\n1) Best history book by an individual writer. Winner receives\nWRITING COMPETITION\nthe Lieutenant-Governor's Medal.\nfor Historical Writing and a\nmonetary prize.\n2) Best anthology.\n3) Special Award \u00E2\u0080\u0094 for an author\nor editor of an outstanding\nbook.\n4) Best article published in the\nBritish Columbia Historical\nNews quarterly magazine.\nAU winners wiU receive considerable\npublicity, an invitation to the B.C-\nAlberta Historical Conference in\nBanff in May 1988, and a Certificate\nof Merit.\nBooks should be mailed as soon as\npossible after pubUcation to:\nBritish Columbia\nHistorical Federation\nc/o Mrs. Naomi Miller\nBox 105\nWasa, B.C. VOB 2K0\n21\nPlease include name, address and\ntelephone number, the cost of the\nbook and an address from where it\nmay be ordered if a reader has to order\nby mail. DeadUne for 1987 book submissions is January 31, 1988.\nArticles should be no more than\n2,500 words, substantiated with footnotes if possible, and accompanied by\nphotographs if avaUable. (Photos will\nbe returned.) Deadlines for the\nquarterly issues are September 1,\nDecember 1, March 1, and June 1.\nPlease send articles directly to:\nThe Editor\nBritish Columbia\nHistorical News\nP.O. Box 5626 Station B\nVictoria, B.C.\nV8R 6S4\nB.C. Historical News Reports from the Branches\nDistrict 69 Historical Society\nDistrict 69 Historical Society,\nalthough it conducts a variety of other\nprograms, concentrates its main thrust\nin the maintaining of Craig Heritage\nPark.\nThis Park is located on 1.3 acres of\nland owned by the City of Parksville\nand rented to the Society for a nominal\namount. It is a Museum in which are\nlocated 5 heritage buildings and one\nincompleted modern museum\nbuilding.\nThe genesis of Craig Heritage Park\nwas the re-location there by the Society\nof Knox Heritage Church, which was '\nmade available when a new Knox\nUnited Church was buUt in ParksvUle.\nAlthough the Society was formed in\n1972, it was not untU 1982, when the\nChurch was set-up in Craig Park, that\nthe Society had a home. It subsequently obtained, moved and restored a\nnumber of other buUdings. The French\nCreek Post Office is 100 years old as\nis the Duncan MacMillan House (named for the early settler who buUt it).\nThe Montrose School House and the\nCraig's Crossing Post Office are other\nold transplanted survivors.\nThe incompleted museum buUding\nwas brought to its sheU stage by means\nof a Canada Works grant in 1985. It\nwas supposed that a 1986 grant would\nsee its completion but the Canada\nWorks Program was cancelled.\nStudent guides escort summer\nvisitors around the Park and draw\ntheir attention to a variety of local artifacts housed in the Church and to a\nlesser degree in the Duncan MacMillan\nHouse and the Montrose School.\nIn 1987 an ambitious program was\na course in \"Museum Management\nFor the Layman\" funded by New\nHorizons with assistance from the\nB.C. Seniors' Lottery Fund. For 10\nweeks, 19 senior students met for one\nafternoon per week to learn the\nA.B.C's of museum-keeping. The instructor was Maureen Gee, a former\nEducation Officer with the B.C. Provincial Museum. Miss Gee also acted\nas Curator of Craig Heritage Park and\nwas invaluable in upgrading the expertise of our Trustees and other directors. Our number one priority is the\ncompletion of the museum building.\nAll of our efforts are now directed to\nthis end.\nPat Trebble \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Secretary\nVancouver Historical Society\nPlans are in place for a good year\nahead. We expect that our fall programme, arranged by Vice-President\nCyril Leonoff, wUl maintain the high\nstandard set in previous years. Our\nSeptember topic, Mount Pleasant and\nBrewery Creek, wUl be presented by\nCharles Christopherson, chairperson\nof the Brewery Creek urban committee. For October Jim Bezanon, a local\narchitect and heritage advocate, had\nentitled his talk A Look at Vancouver\nHistory through Architectural Style.\nIn November, Elaine Bernard wUl\ndiscuss Union Labels, Boycotts and\nBeer: One Hundred Years of Organizing the Brewing Industry in B.C.\nCyril Leonoff has arranged for a\ntour of the B.C. Sugar Museum for\nNovember 5. Our president, Dr. Hugh\nJohnston, head of the History Department at Simon Fraser University and\nan authority on the history of the Sikhs\nin British Columbia, has arranged a\nbus tour of the Vancouver and Richmond Sikh temples and the Punjabi\nmarket for October 24.\nThe U.S. based Roman Meal Company is introducing into each province\nof Canada a heritage bread. Manitoba\nwas the pilot province for this idea.\nBritish Columbia will follow in October. The company has approached\nVHS for permission to carry its crest\nand information about the Society on\nthe bread packaging. The Society will\nreceive a royalty of five cents for every\nbag sold.\nOur executive has decided to support the publication of a Vancouver\nAtlas. Considerable work has already\nbeen done on this project by our\nPubUcity Chairperson, Bruce MacDonald. A committee composed of\nHugh Johnston, Bruce MacDonald\nand John Spittle will oversee the\nproject.\nMorag Maclachlan, Secretary\nNORTH SHORE\nHISTORICAL SOCIETY\nThe subject of our September, 1986\nmeeting was \"The Story of Steam\nEngine No. 374\". Most of us had\nalready seen the engine that brought\nthe first C.P.R. Transcontinental\nPassenger Train to Vancouver in 1887.\nIt was very interesting to see the\nvideotape prepared by the \"Friends of\nLocomotive No. 374\", introduced by\nEvelyn Atkinson. The tape was the\nstory of the actual work of restoration,\nmuch of which was done at Versatile\nPacific Shipyard in North Vancouver.\nIn October, our speaker was Roy\nPaUant, author of \"The History of St.\nMartin's Church\", and now our 1st\nVice-President. The book is more than\nthe history of one congregation. It includes famous events in the City and\nDistrict of North Vancouver over the\nlast 75 years.\nNovember 11th saw the opening of\nPioneer Park in the centre of Lynn\nB.C. Historical News\n22 News and Notes\nNational Historical Societies Meet\nB.C. Historical Federation President Naomi Miller of Wasa and\nSecretary T.D. Sale of Nanaimo participated in the Heritage Canada/National Network of Historical Societies\nmeeting at Quebec City September\n24 - 27, 1987. The trip was made\npossible by a grant from the Heritage\nTrust.\nThe meetings began with reports\nfrom Provincial Heritage Societies and\na panel chaired by Mary Liz Bayer of\nVictoria. Some delegates were enthusiastic about programs and progress; other expressed frustration,\noften due to having to deal with\nvarious levels of government. The\nevening of the first day was highUghted\nby a concert of French and EngUsh\nheritage tunes by musicians playing old\ninstruments.\nOn the second day Professor Marc\nLeplante and Paul-Louis Martin of\nQuebec Culture and Recreation Dept.\nspoke on \"Heritage Tourism.\" Both\nB.C. Historical Federation delegates\ntook the 'rural' tour on He d'Orleans\nwith Wayne Choquette of Cranbrook\nas facilitator. This was followed by\ndinner at a heritage restaurant in Old\nQuebec.\nOn September 26 the Provincial\nHistorical Societies met; Ontario,\nQuebec, Manitoba, Alberta and B.C.\nwere well represented. Each province\noutlined their objectives and described their activities. The delegate from\nthe Canadian Historical Association\n(an organization for college and university professors) was surprised to\nlearn of the variety of projects undertaken by provincial historical groups.\nIn summary, while caution prevailed over the possibility of setting up a\nNational Historical Society, the\nmeetings left all delegates better informed, and provided contact with the\nnational academic historical group\n(C.H.A.)\nNaomi Miller\nFIFTH B.C.\nCONFERENCE\nSTUDIES\nThe fifth B.C. Studies Conference\nwill be held at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, 4-6 November 1988.\nThe B.C. Studies Conference is interdisciplinary with an historical focus.\nThe organizers invite proposals for\npapers that wiU enhance an understanding of any aspect of British Columbia's past, current and future development. Approximately ten sessions wUl\nbe held at the conference. Most sessions are made up of two papers on\na related subject followed by a commentator's critical assessment. One\nspecial evening session will also be\nheld.\nSuggestions for conference papers\nwUl be considered as they are received; the deadUne for proposal submissions is 1 November 1987. Enquiries\nand paper proposals should be directed\nto Robin Fisher, Department of\nHistory, Simon Fraser University,\nBurnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6;\nRobert A. J. McDonald, Department\nof History, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1W5; or\nPeter Baskerville, Department of\nHistory, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W 2Y2.\nThe Second Canadian\nBusiness History Conference\nIncludes papers on mining, lumbering, industrial development and\nbusiness archives in B.C., as well as\npapers on the history of business in\nother parts of Canada. Puts the\ndevelopment of business in B.C. in a\ncomparative frame. March 3-5,1988,\nUniversity of Victoria. For further information, please contact: Peter\nBaskerville, Department of History,\nUniversity of Victoria, Victoria, B.C.,\nV8W 2Y2, (604)721-7393.\nGoldstream Region Museum\nThe Goldstream Region Museum,\n697 Goldstream Avenue, Victoria,\nB.C., V9B 2X2 has a number of projects underway. The museum is looking for old-fashioned Christmas\nrecipes for a planned booklet, \"Tastes\nof Christmas Past.\" The museum has\nalso established an oral history program and is looking for volunteers for\nall aspects of the program (interviewers, transcribers, researchers). The\nmuseum is also seeking volunteers to\nact as host/hostesses at the museum\nand to serve on various committees.\nIf you can help in any way, call the\nmuseum at 474-6113.\nSILVER DART AVIATION\nHISTORY AWARD\nThe Canadian Aviation Historical\nSociety is very pleased to announce the\nwinner of the second Silver Dart Aviation History Award, Kyle Mclntyre.\nKyle Mclntyre is a graduate of\nQueen's University, Kingston, and is in\nthe second year of a two year Master's\ncourse at the Royal Military College,\nKingston, specializing in Canadian\nmilitary history. His essay was titled\n\"The Politics of Air Power: Mackenzie King and the Development of an\nAutonomous Canadian Air Force,\n1935 - 1939\". This essay wUl be printed\nin an up-coming Journal of the Canadian Aviation Historical Society.\nThe Silver Dart Aviation History\nAward is offered annuaUy by the Canadian Aviation Historical Society to\nstudents at technical colleges, aviation\nschools and universities. It's aim is to\nencourage the research and publication\nof Canadian aviation history. The\nAward consists of a prize of $500 plus\na trophy.\nLast year's winner of the Silver Dart\n(cont. on page 25)\n23\nB.C. Historical News CONVENTION \u00E2\u0080\u0094 1987\nB.C. Historical News (cont. from page 5)\nA Conspiracy for \"Our Common\nFuture\"\nDuring the last decade of the Twentieth Century, enlightened, non-Indian\nself-interest may finally open the way\nfor indigenous people to contribute\nwhat the world most needs without\nnative people losing the dignity and\nworth of their own unique identity.\nLiterally, to conspire is to breathe\ntogether. Conspiring differs fundamentally from the historical approach to native concerns, the persistent but fortunately unsuccessful\npressure on Indian people to become\nassimilated. Conspiring is breathing\ntogether; assimilating is one culture\nsmothering another.\nEnlightened self-interest will lead\ntoward sustainable development\nbecause the only alternative is\nextinction.\n\"Our Common Future\" clearly\ndepends now on cultivating this great\nconspiracy between the ecological\nknowledge of recent decades and the\naboriginal wisdom of recent millennia.\nInstead of concentrating on the bottom Une or the next election, ecologists\nand other enlightened Canadians will\nbegin to share the aboriginal sense of\nresponsibUity for the weU-being of the\nnext seven generations of people and\nother life on earth.\"\nThe decisions we make at this turning point in history wUl either enhance\nor terminate the opportunities for\nfuture generations even to be conceived. Their only voice in these decisions\nis ours.\nEndnotes\n1. \"Answers to Eight Common Concerns about the Gitksan and\nWet'suwet'en Land claim,\" a pamphlet by Smithers Human Rights\nSociety, 1987, Box 3595, Smithers,\nB.C. VOJ 2N0.\n2. Hugh Brody, Maps and Dreams: Indians and the British Columbia Frontier, Douglas and Mclntyre: Vancouver/Toronto 1981.\n3. Felix Cohen, \"Americanizing the\nWhite Man\" in The American\nScholar, 1952.\n4. Walter Taylor, \"The Relevance of\nthe Indian Heritage to the Survival of\nMan\" in Exploration, Journal of the\nBritish Columbia Social Studies\nTeachers' Association of the B.C.\nTeachers' Federation, Vol. 10, No. 1,\nNovember, 1969.\n5. Aboriginal People of Canada and\nTheir Environment, National Indian\nBrotherhood, Ottawa, Revised Edition 1973.\n6. Native Rights in Canada, Second\nEdition, Edited by Peter A. Cumming and Neil H. Mickenberg, The\nIndian-Eskimo Association of\nCanada in association with General\nPublishing, Toronto, 1972, page 176.\n7. \"Land Claims in B.C.\" in the information poster, \"Aboriginal Rights:\nLegacy of Our Forefathers,\" Union\nof B.C. Indian Chiefs, Vancouver,\nFebruary 9, 1980.\n8. Harold Cardinal, The Unjust Society:\nThe Tragedy of Canada's Indians,\nM.G. Hurtig Publishers, Edmonton,\n1969. Pages 1 and 3.\n9. Ibid., page 89.\n10. Living Treaties: Lasting Agreements,\nReport of the Task Force to Review\nComprehensive Claims Policy, Murray Coolican, Chairman, Department\nof Indian Affairs and Northern\nDevelopment, Ottawa, December,\n1985. Page 5.\n11. \"Aboriginal Title Action Against the\nProvince of British Columbia \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nBackground Papers,\" Gitksan-\nWet'suwet'en Tribal Council,\nHazelton, B.C., October, 1985.\n12. \"The Honour of All,\" in Kahtou,\nNative Communications Society of\nBritish Columbia, Volume 4, Number\n5, May, 1986, page 17.\n13. Duu Guusd: Haida Tribal park,\nposter of the Council of the Haida\nNation, Queen Charlotte Islands,\n1987.\n14. Moira Johnston, \"Canada's Queen\nCharlotte Islands: Homeland of the\nHaida,\" National Geographic,\nVolume 172, Number 1, July 1987,\npage 120.\n15. \"Aboriginal Title Action Against the\nProvince of British Columbia \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nBackground Papers,\" Gitksan-\nWet'suwet'en Tribal council,\nHazelton, B.C., October, 1985, \"The\nPeople's Food,\" pages 15 to 24.\n(Same reference as Endnote 11, except specific pages.)\n16. \"The Nishga Position: Some of your\nquestions with Nishga answers,\"\nNishga Tribal Council, New Aiyansh,\nB.C., July, 1983.\n17. Our Common Future by the World\nCommission on Environment and\nDevelopment, Oxford University\nPress, Don Mills, Ontario, April 27,\n1987.\n18. Ibid., Chapter 12, page 32,\nparagraph 126.\n19. Ibid., Executive Summary, page 1,\nparagraph 4.\n20. Ibid., Chapter 4, pages 19/20,\nparagraph 70.\n21. Ibid., Chapter 4, page 20, paragraph\n71.\n22. Ibid., Chapter 4, page 20, paragraph\n74.\n23. Ibid., Chapter 4, page 20, paragraph\n75.\n24. Ibid. Chapter 4, page 20, paragraph\n77.\n25. Basic Call to Consciousness, papers\npresented to the Non-Governmental\nOrganizations of the United Nations\nin Geneva, Switzerland, by the\nHaudenosaunee, the Six Nations\nConfederacy, the Iroquois, in\nSeptember, 1977. Edited and published by Akwesasne Notes, Mohawk\nNation, Via Rooseveltown, New\nYork, U.S.A., 13683, 1978. Page 96:\n\"Our culture is based on a principle\nthat directs us to constantly think\nabout the welfare of seven generations into the future.\" The same\nprinciple applies throughout many if\nnot all indigenous communities.\n(cont. from page 23)\nAviation History Award, Officer-Cadet\nDwayne Lovegrove of CoUege MUitaire\nRoyal, Saint-Jean, is currently undergoing flight training at CFB Moose Jaw.\nThe Canadian Aviation Historical\nSociety is now offering the third SUver\nDart Aviation History Award for the\nbest original essay on Canadian aviation history. Papers must be received by\nthe Award Chairman by March 15,\n1988. Further information on the\nAward is available by writing:\nMr. David Neufeld\nChairman, The Silver Dart\nAviation History Award\n111 Buxton Road\nWinnipeg, Manitoba\nR3T 0H1\nThe Canadian Aviation Historical\nSociety is a non-profit organization\ndedicated to the preservation of\nCanada's aviation history. Further\ndetails may be obtained by writing to:\nCanadian Aviation Historical Society,\nNational Headquarters, P.O. Box 224,\nStation \"A\", Willowdale, Ontario,\nM2N 5S8.\n25\nB.C. Historical News Bookshelf\nBook Reviews should be sent directly to the book review editor, Anne\nYandle, 3450 West 20th Avenue, Vancouver, B.C., V6S 1E4.\nMayor Gerry: The Remarkable\nGerald Grattan McGeer. David\nRicardo Williams. Vancouver:\nDouglas & Mclntyre, 1986. 319\npp., illus. $24.95\nBritish Columbia has had many colourful politicians. Among them was\nGerald Grattan \"Gerry\" McGeer who\nserved as M.L.A. (1916 - 20, 1933 -\n34), M.P. (1935 - 45), and Senator\n(1945 - 47). As the title suggests, he is\nbest remembered as Mayor of Vancouver (1935 - 36, 1947). In his first\nterm, Mayor \"Gerry\" fought the\nbankers and senior governments to\nrefinance Vancouver's debts and he\nreformed the police department.\nAlthough he antagonized labour by\nreading the Riot Act to unemployed\nstrikers in 1935, he revived flagging\nspirits generally by such devices as\norganizing Golden JubUee celebrations\nand building a new City Hall. Yet,\nWilliams rightly concludes that\nMcGeer was \"in a real sense... a faUed politician.\" (p. 298)\nMcGeer, an exceptionally able\norator, was a hard fighting, hot\ntempered man with an active imagination, unlimited optimism, and seemingly boundless energy. At the same\ntime he was a man manque and a man\nof contradictions. His many activities\nfrequently took him away from home.\nHe wrote affectionate letters to his\nfamily but seemed distant to his\nchildren. A champion of prohibition,\nhe was a heavy drinker. As a lawyer\nhe won British Columbia's case for\nlower freight rates in the 1920s; as a\npolitician he was less successful in\narguing that Ottawa paid too little attention to the West. As provincial advocate for lower freight rates he earned\nsuch a generous fee that it haunted his\nlater political life; at times his legal\npractice languished and only the fact\nthat his wife, a daughter of David\nSpencer, had a small monthly income\nand unlimited credit at her family's\ndepartment store aUowed the McGeer\nhousehold to enjoy material comforts.\nMcGeer promoted the construction of\na railway to the Peace River and the\ndevelopment of Alberta oil fields and\npreached his own ideas for monetary\nreform through speeches, articles and\na book; none of his schemes came to\nfruition. His railway and petroleum\nplans were ahead of their time; his\nmonetary theories, though leading to\na friendly correspondence with John\nMaynard Keynes, were among many\nsuch ideas which sprouted up in the\n1930s. As a politician, McGeer was a\nfrequent campaigner at home and in\nother provinces; when elected, he was\nso much a maverick that no premier\nor prime minister would appoint him\nto a cabinet.\nWilliams has intelligently\ndocumented how \"Gerry\" ran. He\neven presents the tangled and potentially tedious subjects of freight rates\nand monetary reform in a clear and\nagreeable manner. The literary, but\nunhistorical device, of re-creating\nspeeches conveys some of the flavour\nof McGeer's oratory. A selection of\nphotographs enliven the text. The cartoons which serve as chapter introductions would be even more effective if\ntheir sources were fully cited.\nWhile WUUams undoubtedly enjoyed writing about McGeer, this is\nnot a sycophantic hagiography. The\nauthor properly recognizes McGeer's\nweaknesses such as his failure to comprehend \"the implications of a fully\nregulated economy.\" (p. 130) WUUams\nalso notes discrepancies between\nMcGeer's public utterances and\nprivate views but appears uneasy in\ntrying in explain them. Similarly, whUe\nhe refers to McGeer's \"deeply held\nreligious convictions\" (p. 121) he\nmakes little attempt to fathom their\nroots or assess their effect. Thus, the\nbook, like the man, is somewhat wanting because it does not fully explore\nwhy \"Gerry\" ran. Nevertheless, it is\nan entertaining volume and a valuable\ncontribution to British Columbia\nhistoriography.\nPatricia E. Roy\nPatricia Roy, a member of the Victoria Branch,\nis a member of the History Department,\nUniversity of Victoria.\nMetis Outpost: Memoirs of the\nFirst Schoolmaster at the Metis\nSettlement of Kelly Lake, B.C.\n1923 -1925. Gerry Andrews, Victoria: the author, 1985, pp. 340, illus., maps, bibliography, index,\nappendices. (Marketed by Pen-\ncrest Publications, 1011 Fort St.,\nVictoria, B.C. V8V 3K5.)\nAbout 1910 two Metis families\nheaded by Narcisse Belcourt and St.\nPierre Gauthier moved into the Kelly\nLake area in British Columbia, sixty\nmiles due west from Grande Prairie,\nAlberta. This was the western tip of\nthe Metis migration from the Red\nRiver after white settlement disrupted\nthe lives of these people, born of the\nfur trade. The Belcourts and Gauthiers\nwere followed by other families and\nin 1923 an assisted school was started\nfor the Cree-speaking children of the\ncommunity. Jim Young, a local fur-\ntrader, took the initiative in having the\nschool established and Gerry Andrews, too young to vote, accepted the\nposition as teacher.\nMetis Outpost contains the recoUec-\nB.C. Historical News\n26 tions of Andrew's two years at Kelly\nLake, journals of two packhorse trips,\nan account of later contacts with Kelly Lake acquaintances, the diary, supplemented by other records, of a\nyoung Englishman, John Bennett-,\nwho died attempting to travel through\nPine Pass in the winter of 1930 - 1931,\ncorrespondence, genealogies of Kelly\nLake families, an English-Cree\nvocabulary with comments on the\nlanguage, many photos and maps as\nwell as a bibliography and index. This\nis a collection of such diverse material\nthat it appears to lack the unity\nnecessary in a well structured book. It\nis not a study of the Kelly Lake Metis\ncommunity. In spite of all the information compiled, in spite of his warm\nrelations with the children and their\nparents, Andrews did not get inside\nthat culture. Some of the correspondence, to a large extent replies\nto Christmas greetings, seems irrelevant and in some cases information in\nthe letters is also contained in the text.\nBut the book does not lack unity. This\nis a book about Gerry Andrews and\neverything in the collection relates in\nsome way to his Kelly Lake experiences. His character, his values, his\ngift for friendship, his sense of humor,\nhis common sense and his interest in\npeople and place are all strongly\nevident.\nWhen his pupUs had learned enough\nEnglish, Andrews expanded the school\ncurriculum beyond reading, writing\nand arithmetic to include history and\ngeography. \"For geography the starting point was HERE, and for history\nit was NOW,\" declares Andrews (p.\n125). Here, undoubtedly, is the key to\nthe success of this book. It is not surprising that a young teacher who introduced his pupils to geography by\nmapping their own locality, who\nfound a place on the time-table to\nlearn Cree from the children he taught\nEnglish, would as an \"old timer,\"\nrealize the value of compiUng primary\nsources as a basis for writing our\nhistory. For the reader, the journals\nof difficult trips through the Rockies\nare a sharp reminder of the enormous\ndifficulties of a terrain that we traverse\nin a matter of hours. We gain some\nperspective on the development of\nB.C.'s educational system from the\nmemoirs of a teacher who built desks\nfor a classroom in a log building which\nalso contained a store/fur trading post\ncum living quarters for both Andrews\nand Young. This collection is, as W.\nKaye Lamb states in the Foreword, \"a\nlittle jewel in the treasure house of\nhistory.\"\nMorag Maclachlan.\nMorag Maclachlan, a member of the Vancouver Historical Society, retired recently from\nthe History Department at Langara CoUege,\nVancouver.\nBooks recently received:\nTimber: history of the Forest Industry\nin B.C. G.W. Taylor, Vancouver, J.J. Douglas, 1975.\n$6.95\nAn overview of British Columbia's\nforest industry. It includes logging,\nsawmUls, paper mUls, and also touches\non such ancillary industries as the\nmaking of pallets and machinery for\nwoods and mills.\nThe Mackenzie, Yesterday and\nBeyond. Alfred P. Aquilina,\nNorth Vancouver, Hancock\nHouse, 1981. $7.95\nWhile the major portion of the\nMackenzie River is inside Northwest\nTerritory boundaries, one of its\ntributaries does begin in British Columbia. Several chapters on the Klondike gold rush are included.\nNow You are My Brother; Missionaries in British Columbia.\nMargaret Whitehead. Victoria,\nProvincial Archives, 1981.\n$3.00.\nReminiscences of Indian agents,\nparishioners and chUdren of some missionaries. An insight into how faith\novercame the privations facing these\nearly pioneers.\nPuffin Cove; Escape to the Wilderness\nof the Queen Charlotte\nIslands. Neil G. Carey. Surrey, Hancock House, 1982.\n$16.95.\nAnother book of a city couple\nescaping to an idyllic and remote\nisland and the problems they encounter. Good escape reading for a\ndreamer.\nMilestones on Vancouver Island. Ken\nPattison. Victoria, Pattison\nVentures Ltd., 1986 edition.\n$9.95.\nVery handy to keep when travelling\nthe Island, even for those of us who\ntravel there often. Our memory is\nrefreshed on forgotten points of\ninterest.\nThe North Bentinck Arm Route. Lt.\nPalmer's Trail of 1862.\nAdrian Kershaw & John Spittle. Kelowna, Okanagan College, 1981. $6.00. Available\nfrom the College.\nThe book is about the retracing of\nthe trail in 1979. There is an update\non the trail, and maps. A reprint of\nLt. Palmer's report and a copy of his\nmap are included. Excellent\nbackground history for a person who\nwants to know about the early\nexplorers.\nSnow Wars; an Illustrated history of\nRogers Pass Glacier National\nPark, B.C. Toronto, National\n& Provincial Parks Association of Canada. 1983. $6.00.\nAn illustrated story on the keeping\nof the east-west transportation system\nopen during the winter. RaU buffs wUl\nbe interested in snow removal on the\nrailways. When the Pass opened to\nautomobile traffic the avalanche control men of the Canadian Army were\nstationed nearby every winter. Photos\nare shown of this aspect of the Pass's\nhistory.\n(cont.)\n27\nB.C. Historical News The Columbia is Coming. Doris\nAnderses. Sidney, Gray's\nPublishing, 1982. $9.95.\nA well researched book on the\nAnglican coast mission boats covering\nthe northern and eastern coast of Vancouver Island and the opposite\nmainland. In addition to the missionary work the boats were noted for\nthe hospital services to isolated logging and fishing camps, which are still\nbeing carried on today.\nMethods of Placer Mining. Garnet\nBasque. Langley, Mr. Paperback, 1983. $5.95.\nFor anyone dreaming of taking a\ngold pan and finding a nugget this is\na 'how to' and 'where at' book. A\ngood winter-time read and to take with\nyou when you travel B.C. in the\nsummer.\nLost Bonanzas of Western Canada.\nT.W. Paterson & Garnet Basque. Langley, Sunfire\nPublishers Ltd., 1983. $5.95.\nA book for those of us who dream\nof finding a lost gold mine or a robber's loot. Eight of the lost caches are\nin B.C.\nOutlaws & Lawmen of Western\nCanada. Vol. I & II. Surrey,\nHeritage House Publishing\nCo. Ltd., 1983.\nShort articles by various authors\nabout desperados and their captors in\nour four western provinces. If you\nthink all the shoot-outs were in the\nAmerican West, these books will\nchange your mind. Maps and photos\nillustrate these popular paper-backs.\nThese are excellent books to persuade\nour young people that western\nCanada's history is not dull.\nPeggy Imredy.\nPeggy Imredy is Past-President of the Vancouver Historical Society.\nReport from the Branches\n(cont. from page 22)\nValley Community. The Lynn Valley\nCentennial Cairn was rededicated, and\na statue of pioneer, Walter Draycott,\nwas unveiled. Walter died in 1985 at\nage 102. He had authored the book,\n\"Early Days in Lynn Valley.\"\nIn February 1987, we had a\nvideotape presentation about Victoria's past, arranged by Robert\nBrown.\n\"The Royal City\", by Jack Scott,\na videotape about New Westminster's\nhistory, was the program for our Annual General Meeting in March.\nIn May, 1987, our subject was\n\"Remembrances of Things Past\".\nRoy PaUant persuaded members to teU\ntheir memories of life on the North\nShore.\nThe Station Museum in Mahon\nPark, North Vancouver, was our\nmeeting place in June. We saw a collection of old signs, and dairy farming equipment from the days before\nthe North Shore lost its early farms.\nDavid Grubbe\n(cont. from page 6)\ndisappeared with it into one of the\nteepees. Marianne slid off her horse\nand ran to her husband to ask for help.\n\"Surely baby wiU be kUled by these\nterrible people.\" \"No fear,\" her husband assured her, \"they only wished\nto have a good look at a Shuswap\npapoose.\"\nOn another trip to AkAm Marianne\nsaw the pack trains returning from the\nbuffalo hunt east of the Rockies. \"It\nwas Uke a bad dream.'' Two men were\nbadly wounded by the prairie Indians;\none was scalped and had to wear a\ncloth on his head for the rest of his Ufe.\nWe are told that before David\nThompson came the Indians met\nFrench scouts now and then. One was\nfound sitting by a tree near Golden,\nsuffering from frozen feet. The Kin-\nbaskets took care of him until a party\nof three whitemen came by on their\nway to the south country (U.S.A.).\nThe Frenchman was able to travel\nalong with the three.\nFather DeSmet came to the Columbia Valley and baptized some Indians\nincluding the Morigeau family and\nChief Pierre Kinbasket's first child.\nSome couples were married also at that\ntime. Several years later Baptise\nMorigeau (who spoke English) married Colette Kinbasket, sister to Chief\nPierre Kinbasket. When Walter Moberly hired Pierre to guide him over\nthe mountains in search of a suitable\npass for the railway, Baptise was his\ninterpreter, therefore communication\nwas possible between the two parties.\nThe old Indians used to say, \"Mobly\nwas one of us!\"\nThe Kinbaskets were good people\nbut not aU saints. The dark side is illustrated by the story of the ailing ex-\nchief Paul Ignatius who suddenly appeared doing his own pow wow and\nwar dance. The white man gave him\nsome very good medicine. It made him\nwell. Soon he was begging white men\nfor the \"good medicine\" almost daii\nly. He died near Athalmer and was the\nfirst to be buried in the Shuswap\nCemetery near the present day Invermere airport.\nShelagh Dehart learned the information contained in this article from her grandparents,\nChief Pierre and Mrs. Marianne Kinbasket.\nShelagh and her sisters were second generation students at St. Eugene Mission School near\nCranbrook. Fellow classmates and boarders\nwere Kootenay Indian children from Columbia Lake, Creston, Tobacco Plains, and the St.\nMary's bands. The author and her Swiss born\nhusband Dino recently celebrated their Golden\nWedding anniversary.\n28 THE BRITCSH COLUMBIA HISTORICAL FEDERATION\nHonorary Patron:\nHonorary President:\nHis Honour, the Honourable Robert C. Rogers,\nLieutenant-Governor of British Columbia\nDr. W. Kaye Lamb\nOfficers\nPresident:\n1st Vice President:\n2nd Vice President:\nSecretary:\nNaomi Miller, Box 105, Wasa VOB 2K0\n422-3594 (res.)\nJohn D. Spittle, 1241 Mount Crown Rd., North Vancouver V7R 1R9\n988-4565 (res.)\nMyrtle Haslam, 1975 Wessex Rd. Cowichan Bay, VOR 1N0, 748-8397 (res.)\nT. Don Sale, 262 Juniper St., Nanaimo V9S 1X4\n753-2067 (res.)\nRecording Secretary: Margaret Stoneberg, P.O. Box 687, Princeton VOX 1W0\n295-3362 (res.)\nGeorge R. Newell, 27 Seagirt Road, R.R. 1, Sooke, B.C., VOS 1N0\n642-5072 (res.)\nTreasurer:\nMembers-at-Large:\nPast-President:\nEditor\nDorothy Crosby, 33662 Northcote Cres., Mission, B.C. V2V 5V2\nDaphne Sleigh, Box 29, Deroche, B.C., VOM 1G0\nLeonard G. McCann, #2-1430 Maple St., Vancouver V6J 3R9\n736-4431 (bus.)\nR.J.C. Tyrrell, Editor, B.C. Historical News, P.O. Box 5626, Stn. B.,\nVictoria, V8R 6S4.\nChairmen of Committees:\nHis*\u00C2\u00B0rif Trails John D. Spittle\n& Markers: K\nB.C. Historical News Ann W. Johnston, R.R. 1, Mayne Island, B.C. VON 2J0 539-2888 (res.)\nPublishing Committee:\nLieutenant-Governor's\nAward Committee: Naomi Miller\nPublications Assistance Helen Akrigg, 8 - 2575 Tolmie St., Vancouver, B.C., V6R 4M1\nCommittee (not 288-8606.\ninvolved\nwith B.C. Historical\nNews): Loans are available for publication.\nPlease submit manuscripts to Helen Akrigg.\nHeritage Cemetaries Committee:\nJohn D. Adams, 628 Battery St., Victoria, B.C., V8V 1E5\n384-9988 The British Columbia Historical News\nP.O. Box 35326, Stn. E.\nVANCOUVER, B.C. V6M 4G5\nSecond Class Mail\nRegistration No. 4447\nADDRESS LABEL HERE\nJOIN\nWhy not join the British Columbia Historical\nFederation and receive the British Columbia\nHistorical News regularly?\nThe BCHF is composed of member societies\nin all parts of the province. By joining your local\nsociety you receive not only a subscription to\nBritish Columbia Historical News, but the\nopportunity to participate in a program of talks\nand field trips, and to meet others interested in\nBritish Columbia's history and the BCHF's\nannual convention.\nFor information, contact your local society\n(address on the inside front cover).... No local\nsociety in your area? Perhaps you might think\nof forming one. For information contact the\nsecretary of the BCHF (address inside back\ncover)."@en . "Titled \"British Columbia Historical Association Report and Proceedings\" from 1923-1929; \"British Columbia Historical Quarterly\" from 1937-1957; \"BC Historical News\" from 1968-2004; and \"British Columbia History\" from 2005 onward."@en . "Periodicals"@en . "FC3801.B72 H44"@en . "FC3801_B72_H44_1987_vol020_no004"@en . "10.14288/1.0190596"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Victoria : British Columbia Historical Federation"@en . "Images provided for research and reference use only. Permission to publish, copy, or otherwise use these images must be obtained from the British Columbia Historical Association."@en . "Original Format: University of British Columbia. Archives."@en . "British Columbia--History"@en . "British Columbia Historical News"@en . "Text"@en .