"CONTENTdm"@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1916231"@en . "British Columbia Historical Books Collection"@en . "Canada. Department of the Interior"@en . "Voorhis, Ernest, 1859-1933"@en . "2018-12-13"@en . "1930"@en . "\"Mimeographed. \"List of chief authorities consulted\", l. 182-184, includes a list of 147 maps. 612 forts and posts listed in alphabetical order, with historical notes and brief histories of the fur-trading companies. Entries should now be checked against those works based on more recent research, e.g. nos.348, 504.\"-- Strathern, G. M., & Edwards, M. H. (1970). Navigations, traffiques & discoveries, 1774-1848: A guide to publications relating to the area now British Columbia. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 314"@en . ""@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0375744/source.json"@en . "ii, 188 pages : map(folded) ; 33 cm"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " I\n Historic Forts and Trading Posts\nof the French regime\nana af the\nEnglish Fur Trading Companies.\ncompiled by\nErnest Voorhis, A.M., Ph.D.\n1930\ndepartment of the Interior\nOt tawa\nHonourable\nCharles Stewart\nMinister\nv\u00C2\u00BBr. Cory, C. m G.\nDeputy Minister\nNatural Resources Intelligence Service\nF. C. C. Lynch, Director.\n Attempt is made in this brochure to\ngroup in alphabetical order the numerous military\nand trading forts erected under the French regime\nand fey the English Pur-.trading companies..\nA few of these establishments were\nlocated on what is now territory of the United\nStates, but the list is primarily concerned with\nthe posts in Canada.\nHistorical notes on each fort are given\nas far as accessible sourees permit apd lists are\n. of authorities and maps consulted.\n Page\nFrench forts and trading posts 1\nMain portage and canoe routes 7 & 20\nChain of French forts 14\nFrench trading companies 15\nFree traders after eession of Canada 18\nThe North West Company 23\nThe Hudson's Bay Company 25\nAlphabetical list of forts and posts 28 to 181\nList of chief authorities consulted 182\nList of Maps showing forts.. 185\nErrata\n2,line 16,\n27, \" 17,\n32, No.22,\n40, No.55,\n43, No.70,\n52, No.106\n\u00C2\u00ABL 54, No. 115\n53,No.138,\n64,NO.154,\n66,No.162,\n87,No.247,\n109,No.338\n110,No.343\n135,No.418\n169,No.554\n176,No.587\nfor distinct read distant.\nfor Government read Governor.\nfor village of Hartney read\nSouris.\nfor 185 7 read 1757.\nfor latitude read longitude.\n, for Chileotin lake read right\nbank of Chilcotin river at\nmouth of Chilko river. n <\n,line 1, read on Columbia river 10 ^\nat Kettle Falls.\nadd See No. 239.\nfor Manitoba read Saskatchewan.\nfor Bedford read Bedfont.\nfor 20 miles read 50 miles,\n, for at junction read near junction.\n, for 14 miles read 60.\nomit Alberta,\nfor Liard read Dease.\nfor Winnipegosis read waterhen.\nAdditional posts*.\nAthabaska Landing, No. 613.\nCross Lake House, No. 614.\nForts duplicated in the list:\nAu Chat-Falls No. 31 and Lac Des Chats No. 270.\nFort Bull No. 77 and DeBull No. 134.\nOld White Mud No. 4*6 and White Earth River No.\u00C2\u00A394.\nPaubna No. 418 and Pembina No, 421.\n The French forts and trading posts.\nTwo main objects called for the erection of forts and\ngarrisoned posts by the Government of France in Forth America.\nFirst, there was the need of strongly built military forts for\nestablishing the claims of Kew France, This required defence\nagainst the English colonies of Kew England and against the\nhostile Iroquois, their allies. Second, fortified posts were\nneeded for protection of trade routes against incursions of the\nIroquois, who from the days of Champlain were bitter enemies of\nthe French.\nDuring the struggle for possession of North America\nbetween France and England, which lasted for more than a\ncentury until 1763, the French Government constructed many strong\nforts and fortified outposts at strategic points where now exist\nthriving cities,\nRivalry in the fur trade, with its enormous profits,\ninduced both French and English to solicit alliance with the\nIndians and this fostered wars of extermination between the\nIndians, On the one hand, the Algonquins and Hurons, staunch\nfriends of the French, controlled the Hipissing and Ottawa trade\nroute to Montreal and endeaVbured to keep open the St.- Lawrence\nroute. On the other hand, the Iroquois barred the gateway of\nthe St. Lawrence and tried to divert the fur trade from the French\nin Montreal to the English in Albany and Kow Amsterdam. For a\ntime the Iroquois succeeded in preventing the Indians of the\nupper country from bringing their furs to Montreal.\nSuccess in the fur trade thus depended upon control of\nthe trade routes and for this purpose the French constructed\nfortified places at strategic points, beginning their erection\nearly in tho seventeenth century.\nThese forts were built in some cases solely for\ndefence and military purposes; in other cases they were intended\nprimarily for trading purposes, for the protection of the licensed\nfur-traders, and as establishing France's sovereignty. In some\ninstances, though built for strategic and military defence they\nbecame the hoadquarters of fur-trading merchants.\nThe location of the French forts was chosen with much\nforesight and military skill. A definite plan was followed with\ntho design of restricting the English settlements to the territory\neast of tho Alleghany mountains. The St. Lawrence valley, lakes\nOntario and Erie, tho Ohio valley and the Mississippi were to\nconstitute the natural bounilary botween ITow France and tho English\nsettlements. All the rest of Korth America, excepting the region\nheld by Spain west of tho Mississippi river, was claimed by\nFrance under tho name of Hew France.\nA complete chain of military forts was built by the\nFrench Government extending from Quebec along the St.Lawrence\nwestward to the Great Lakes, including the Champlain valley.\nFrom the eastern end of lake Ontario these forts continued on the\nsouth of lake Ontario, and at Kiagara Falls, to Presqu'Isle on the\nsouth shore of lake Erie, whence they followed down the Alleghany\nriver and the Ohio to the Mississippi, and then south to the\nmouth of that river.\n \\nOther forts were constructed on the Great Lakes,\nbetween the Mississippi and the Great Lakes, from lake\nSuperior to Winnipeg, and thence westward to the foothills of\nthe Rocky Mountains.\n\"The forest posts of France \vere not exclusively of\na military character. Adjacent to most of them one would have\nfound a little cluster of Canadian dwellings, whose tenants\nlived under the protection of the garrison and obeyed the\narbitrary will of the commandant, an authority which, however,\nwas seldom exerted in a despotic spirit. Agriculture was\nneglected for the more congenial pursuits of the fur trade, and\nthe restless, roving Canadians, scattered abroad on their wild\nvocation, allied themselves to Indian women and filled the\nwoods with a mongrel race of bush-rangers.\nFrench influence diffused itself through a thousand\nchannels among distinct tribes. Forts, mission houses and\narmed trading stations secured the principal passes. Traders\nand coureur-des-bois pushed their adventurous traffic into the\nwildest deserts, and French guns and hatchets, French beads\nand' cloth, French tobacco and brandy, were to be found among\nthe Indians everywhere and showed the vast extent of French\ninterior commerce. The French amalgamated with the Indians thus\nwinning their friendship and alliance,\"\nFrench forts at the time of the Conquest.\nThe following note is printed on a map entitled\n\"Canada, Territory of the Indians and Hudson Bay,\" by Thomas\nDevine L.S., and found in Appendix to Report of Minister of\nGrown Lands 1857: \"Jeffreys, an English Geographer, writing\n1760, just after the taking of Quebec and before the final\nconquest and cession of the country, at page 19 says:\nAt the mouth of Les Trois Rivieres, or the Three\nRivers, is a little French fort called CamenistagEfnia, and\ntwenty-five leagues to the west of the said fort, the land\nbegins to slope and the river to run towards the west. (The\nFrench league was S|- English statute milesw)\nAt ni&oty-five leagues from this greatest height\nlies the second establishment of the French that way, called\nFort St.Pierre, in the Lake des Pluies. The third is fort St.\nCharles eighty leagues farther on the Lake des Bois. The\nfourth is Fort Maurepas, a hundred leagues distant from, the\nlast, near the head of the lake of Ouinipigon. Fort La Reino,\nwhich is the fifth, lies a hundred laagues farther on the river\nof the Assiniboels (i.e. Assiniboine}. Another fort had been\nbuilt on the river Rouge, but was deserted on account of its\nvicinity to the two last. The sixth, Fort Dauphin, stands on\nthe west side of Lac des Prairies or of the Meadows (lake\nManitobo), and the seventh, which is called Fort Bourbon,\nstands on the shore of the Great Lake Bourbon (i.e. the northern part of lake Winnipeg). The chain ends with fort Pascoyac\nat tho bottom of a river of that name, which falls into lake\nBourbon. The river Pascoyac is made by Delisle and Buache to\nrise within twenty-five leagues of their west sea which, thoy\nsay, communicates with the Pacific Ocean.:i\nJ\n A mistake was made by Jeffreys in saying abtfve\nthat \"the chain ends with fort Pascoyac,\" for three forts lay\nstill farther to the west, though their garrison had probably\nbeen withdrawn before 1760. These forts were, Fort Nippaween\n(variously spelled) on the Saskatchewan, Fort i la Corne just\nbelow the forks of the North and South Saskatchewan, and fort\nLa Jonquiikre on the Bow river about where the city of Calgary\nnow stands.\nThese ten western forts extending from fort St.\nPierre on Rainy lake to fort La Jonquiere at the foot of the\nRocky Mountains were all grouped under the general name \"La\nMer de 1'Ouest.\" The Chevalier de la Corne was the last French\nofficer to have charge of these western forts.\nIn addition to the forts of \"La Mer de 1'Ouest\" the\nFrench had constructed at an early date forts or fortified posts\ncontrolling the routes by the St.Lawrence, the Ohio, and the\nMississippi rivers, and along the north shore of the lower St.\nLawrence, also in the interior at various places south of\nJames and Hudson bays. That section of lower St.Lawrence known\nas the Domalne du Roy was plentifully garrisoned with fortified\nposts known as the King's posts.\nLouis Antoine, Comte de Bougainville, came to Canada\nin 1756 as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. He kept a careful journal\nof the campaign ending with the surrender of Quebec and he also\nprepared a memoir on the state of New France now among the French\narchives in Paris.- Pierre Margry, for many years Keeper of the\nArchives in the Department of Marine and the Colonies at Paris,\npublished Bougainville's memoir in his Relations et Memoires inl-\ndits pour servir a l'histoire de la France &c 1867. Bougainville's memoire dated i757 is found on pp. 39 to 84 of Margry's\nRelations and contains a list of the French forts garrisoned at\nthat time (1757) with short descriptions.\nBougainville\nlist of Forts.\nCap Charles\nBaye-des-; Chateaux\nSt.MOdet\nBaye Rouge\n1'Ans e-au-Loup\nLa Porteau\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nBaye Phelipeaux\nChichat eka\nRivibre St.Augustin\nMechatina\nHontagnaniou\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Maingan\nLe3 Sept Isles\nLes Islets de Jeremie\nTadoussac\nChueretimi\nQuebec\nLorette\nLes Trois Rivieres\n-Bekancourt\nSt. Francois\nChambly\nSt.J ean\nSt.Frederic\nCarillon\nGrosbourg\nFort de Chartres\nPImitooui\nKanses\nMont-real\nSt.Pierre\nLac des Deux Montagnes\nSt. Charles\nLe Long Sault\nBourbon\nThemiscamingue\nLa Reine\nAbitibis\nDauphin\nMichipicotton\nPaskoia\nNepigon\nDes Prairies\nChagouamigon\nLa Baye-des-Illinois\nKamanistigouia\nLes Ouyatonons\nJ\n Les Miamis\nLe Detroit\n(Pontchartrain)\nLa Riviere-au-Boeuf\nLe fort Duquesne\nRouille (Toronto)\nLa Presentation\nSault St. Louis\nVincennes\nKaskaskia\nSault Ste.Marie\nLa Riviere St. Joseph\nLa Fresqu'Isle\nLe fort Machault\nNiagara\nCatarrakoui\nSt* Regis\nE i chi1imakinac\nCahokia\nBaye-de s-Puan t s\nSte. Therese\nFrench forts on. Hudson and James Bays.\nWith the exception of Fort Bourbon, which the\nFrench built in 1682 near the mouth of the Hayes river, there\nwere no forts originally built by the French on the shores of\nHudson or James Bays, but from 1684 to 1713 the French captured\nand held for various periods forts erected by the Hudson's Bay\nCompany on the bay6. These forts during this term of year's\nchanged hands several times and some were rebuilt by bpth\nFrench and English. Forts on Hudson bay were not of much\nadvantage to the French for the expense of transporting the\nfurs overland to Montreal was almost prohibitive asid the outlet by sea through Hudson Strait was always in the hands of the\nEnglish. The Indians of the Hudson Bay region were suspicious\nof the French and preferred to trade with the Hudson's Bay Co,\nThe following\nin ownership of\nchronological outline shows the\nthese forts between 1668 and 171$:\n1668 - Groseilliers built the first fort on the shores\nof Hudson Bay. It was constructed of stone on\nthe site of Henry Hudson's house of 1610 at the\nmouth Qf the Rupert river and was protected by\na stockade. The name given to it was Fort\nCharles.\n1670 - Radisson and Groseilliers with Governor Bayly (the\nfirst of the Hudson's Bay Co. governors) arrived at\nFort Charles. Radisson crossed the Bay and built a\nrude fort at Port Nelson.\n1673 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nRadisson and Gro\nilliers desert thi\nHudson's Bs\n; Co.\nThe H.B. Co. have four forts on Bay, namely,\nFort Charles on the Rupert rivor, also called Fort\nRupert, Fort York (Fort Nelson) at mouth of Nelson\nriver, Fort Moose at mouth of Moose river, and Fort\nAlbany at mouth of Albany rivor.\nRadisson and Groseilliers, acting at that time\nin the interests of the French, arrived at Hayes\nriver and built Fort Bourbon aboitt 15 miles up the\nHayes river.\nJ\n Two other ships arrived soon after at Port\nNelson bringing Ben. Gillam (Jr.) from Boston and\nZa'chary Gillam (Sr.) with Governoi Bridgar of the H.\nB. Co. Gillam Sr. was drowned and Gillam Jr. and\nBridgar were taken prisoners by the French and sent\nwith their men to Fort Moose.\n1684 - Radisson deserted the French and rejoined the H.\nB. Co. He returned to Hudson Bay and compelled\nGroseilliers (who had remained at Fort Bourbon after\nit was built in 16S\u00C2\u00A3) to surrender to the English.\nThe fort was then looted.\n1685 - A new French trading company, the Company of the\nNorth, was established. The H.B. Co. ship Perpetuana\nwas captured and looted by the French and the captain\nsent prisoner to Quebec.\n1686 - The main struggle for possession of the forts on\nHudson and James bays began with an expedition overland from Montreal by way of the Ottawa river and lake\nTemiscamingue to the.Moose river, in command of De\nTroyes and d1Iberville. Fort Moose surrendered to\nd'Iberville and its name was changed to fort St*Louis.\nThis fort was also known by several different names,\nviz., Fort Hayes Island, Fort Monsippi, Fort Monsonis,\nand Fort Bourbon. Fort Charles also surrendered to\nthe French and was dismantled, and than Fort Albany\nwas captured and the name changed to Fort 3te.Anj:*e...\nThis was a strongly built fort with four bastions and\n43 guns. These captures were all effected while\nEngland and France were at peace.\n1687 - d'Iberville captured the H.B. Co. ship Churchill.\n1688 -- ' Kelsey established a trading post at mouth of the\nChurchill river for the H.B. Co,\n1689 - d'Iberville captured Fort Sevsra. Thenreturned\nto Fort Ste,Anne (formerly Fort Albany) and captured\nthe H. B. Co. ship, which had been sent to the Albany\nriver to recapture the fort, and In her he sailed to\nQuebec. Fort Nelson now alone remained to the English\n1691 - Kelsey for H.B. Co. explores northwest.to the\nRocky Mountains. A French frigate arrived off Fort\nNelson and Governor Phipps set fire to the fort with\nits contents to save them from the French.\n1692 - The H.B, Co. rebuilt Fort Nelson and Governor\nBayly was placed in charge. (This fort was also\ncalled Fort Bourbon, Fort York, and York Factory).\nFort Albany was recaptured by the English also fort\n1694 - d'Iberville with two ships of war recaptured\nafter a seige Fort Nelson which had been rebuilt by\nthe English. The name was now changed to Fort Bourboi.\nagain and the.Hayes river was called ;^te.Therese river\n.\n Fort Severn recaptured by French. Fort Albany now\nalone remained to the English.\n1696 - The Hudson's Bay Company recaptured Fort Nelson.\n1697 - d'Iberville with five ships of war destroyed in\na fierce naval battle the three English ships and\ncaptured Fort Nelson. She H.B. Co. now held only\nFort Albany. Treaty of Ryswick.\n1713 - Treaty of Utrecht. The French withdrew from\nHudson bay and the entire region of the bay was\nhanded over to the English.\n1714 - Fort Nelson delivered to the English.\n1718 - Wooden fort built by H.L, Co. short distance\nfrom mouth Churchill river.\n1719 - East Main and Slude river forts built.\n1720 - Fort Henley built 150 miles up the Albany river,\n1733 - Erection of Fort Prince of tales begun,\n1782 - Fort Prince of >.vales surrendered by Hearne to\nFrench and destroyed. Fort York captured and burned\nand rebuilt (1783) by H.3. Co.\n1788 - Fort York moved half mile upstream to present\nlocation on account of floods, requiring five years\nto move.\nHeld by Sngli\nHeld by French\nFort Charles\n1668\n1695\nto\n1686\n1697\n1686\n1697\nto 1693\n- 1713\nFort Moose\n1671\n1693\n\u00C2\u00AB**\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n1686\n1686\n1694\n- 1693\n- 1713\nFort Albany\n1689\n.1695\n~\n1686\n1692\n1713\n1686\n1692\n- 1669\n- 1693\nFort Severn\n1685\n1693\nii\n1689\n1694\n1689\n1694\n- 1693\n- 1713\nFort Nelson\n1670\n1696\nf\n1694\n1697\n1694\n1697\n- 1696\n- 1713\nThe only fort on Hudson Bay\n: 1697 and 1713 was Fort Albany.\nby the English\n 1.. The route to James Bay from the St. Lawrence, to\nFort Charles (St.Jacques, or old Fort Rupert at the mouth of the\nRupert river) was by the Saguenay river, lake St. John,\nAshuapmouchouan river, lake Mistassini, and the Rupert river.\nThis route which was first traversed by Father Albanel S.J. in\n1672 was continuously used by the French for seventy-five years\nbefore the cession of Canada. -She route was guarded by seven\nforts or fortified stations from Fort Tadoussac at the month of\nthe Saguenay to Fort Charles.\n2. Three routes led to Fort Moose (called by the French\nFort St. Louis, Monsippi, or Monsonis) at the mouth of the Moose\nriver. One route was from.Montreal by the Ottawa river, lake\nAbitibi, Abitibi river, and Moose river. This route was\nguarded by at least eight forts between Montreal and Fort Moose.\nThe second route was by ths Ottawa river to Mattawa,\nto lake Nipissing, Georgian Bay, lake Superior to Michipicoten,\nMichipicoten river, Missinaibi river, Moose river. The fort at\nMichipicoten protected this route.\nA third route was from Three Rivex-s on the St.\nLawrence, ascended the St. Maurice river to height of land,\nthence by lake Mattagami and the Nottaway river to James Bay.\nThis route was first used by the Algonqiiin Indians and their\nallies to avoid the Iroquois Indians on the St. Lawrence.\n3. To Fort Albany (at mouth of Albany river), renamed by\nFrench Fort Ste.Anne, also Fort Ghichitouan, or Quichichouanne,\nthe route led from Fort Nipigon at the outlet of Nipigon river,\nthrough lake Nipigon, the Ombabjka river to the Ogoki river, a\nbranch, of the Albany river. Between Fort Nipigon oh lake\nSuperior and Fort Ste. Anne, four forts controlled the.route.\nAnother route was .by Long Lake and the Kenogami river to Albany\nriver.\n4. The route from lake Superior to the far west-began at\nFort Kaministiquia at the mouth of the Kaministiquia river,\nfollowed the Kaministiquia route (see below) to Rainy Lake and\nLake of the Woods, thence by the Winnipeg river to lake Winnipeg,\nTwo routes from lake Winnipeg led to the Sasikateh^gm river: one\ntraversed lake Winnipeg, the northern part of which was called\nby the French lake Bourbon, to the northern terminus of the lake,\nascended the Grand Rapids to Cedar lake and thaace to the forks\nof the Saskatchewan river. The second route ascended the Red\nriver from lake Winnipeg to its junction with the Assiniboine,\npassing up the latter river to the x->ortage leading to lake\nManitoba at Fort la Reine, through lakes Manitoba and\nY/innipegosis to Cedar lake and thence westward by the Saskatchewan. The farthest west of all the French forts was Fort La\nJonquiere built in 1751 by de Eiverville near the Rocky Mountains\nand generally thought to have been on the sits of Calgary-. It\nwas never more than an outpost and was deserted before 1759.\nFort a la Corne near the forks of the Saskatchewan was the\nprincipal Prench depot of the far west.\nJ\n 5. Five chief routes led from the Great Lakes to the\nMississippi river. The first was from the south shore of lake\nErie, at Presqu'Isle, on the site of the present city of Erie,\nto the headwaters of the Alleghany river which joined the Ohio\nand thence to the Mississippi. Seven foxts protected this route\nfrom Fort Presqu'Isle to Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburg), and a\ndrain of forts guarded the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. A\nsecond route led from the western end of lake Erie, where Toledo\nnow stands, by the Kauraeo river to the head waters of the '..abash,\nwhich falls into the Ohio* This was a favourite route guarded by\nfour forts. A third route was from the southern end of lake\nMichigan at the site of Chicago, by the Des Plaiues river to the\nIllinois river and thence to the Ohio. This was the route\nfollowed by La .Jalie in 1682 to the Mississippi. At St. Joseph\nsituated on the southeast shore of lake Michigan a fourth route\nled by the St. Joseph river to the Illinois river and by the\nOhio to the Mississippi. The fifth routs led froL: the southern\nend of Green bay, on the west side of- lake Michigan, by the Fox\nriver and portage to the Visconsin. By this route in 1673 Loxxis\nJolliet and Father Marquette reacned the Mississippi river.\n6. The Kaministiquia route was first discovered by-\nJacques de Noyon in 1668,. a trader from Trois Rivieres, Quebec,\nwho spent the winter of 1688 with the Indians on Lake of the\nWoods. The Kaministiquia river was first called Riviere des\nAssiniboines, then Trois Rivieres. This was the old French route\nup to the time of the cession of Canada. After that time it was\nentirely forgotten for nearly 50 years until it was rediscovered\nby Roderick I'.cKenzie in 1798. After the conquest, the free\ntraders and then the North West Company followed the-Grande Portage route (see below) until after the recognition of the\nindependence of the United States when the fact of its being on\nforeign territory led to the substitution of the original route\nby the Kaministiquia river. The N.W. Co. used the Grande Portage route from 1783 to 1802\u00E2\u0080\u009E\nAn account of De Noyonrs route is found in a\nmemorandum attached to a letter from De Vaudreuil and Begon to\nthe Duke of Orleans 13th February 1717. The memorandum is dated\nNovember 12, 1716 and is as follows: -'In coming out we enter the\nKaministiquia river. We go up that rivor for 30 miles after\nwhich there is a portage of about 10 acres where we shoulder the\ncanoes. After the portage there is a rapid about 30 miles long\nand from the said rapid there is a portage of 1 acre. Nine miles\nfrom saici portage there is another one of 3 miles in length,\ncalled Dog portage, after which we enter a lake about 9 miles\nlong to reach the same river Kaministiquia, which we follow for\n45 miles. After which there is a portage of 5 miles and there is\na lake without any outlet being in the middle of a swamp (i.e.\nthe present C\u00E2\u0080\u009EP, Ry. station at Savanae). This lake is about 30\nacres wide and is at height of land. At the end of this lake we\nhave to portage through swamp for about- 3 miles. Then we enter\na river that is about 30 miles long and which goes down into\nCanoe lake. Je cross this lake for some 10 miles to the right\nand entex- a bay \"where we portage over a poplar point for about 3\np-ei-es. Thence \;e come upon a little river filled with wild oats\nand along which we travel for 2 days in canoes, .making 30 miles a\nday. After that we come to a fall where there is about 1 acre of\nportage. At the end of this portage there is a rocky sti'ait\nabout 1 acre long which extends to the foot of Christinaux lake.\n (i.e. Rainy lake or lake Takimamiwen (Cree) 300 miles from\nKaministiquia). This lake is about 1500 miles around. We\ncoast along the left bank for a distance of 24 miles, at the\nend of which the lake empties into and forms the river Takimamiwen, otherwise called Ouichichick by the Crees. For 8 days\nwe go down that river for a distance of 240 miles without\nmeeting any rapids (Rainy river). Six miles from the entrance\nof this river a little portage of about 1 acre must be made.\nOn coming out of this river we enter the Lac des Isles, otherwise called by the Blackstone people Lake of the Assiniboines\n(Lake of the Woods). This lake on the south side is lined with\nbarren expanses, while on the north side it is covered With all\nkinds of wood and fringed with islands. ' At the end of this lake\nis a river that flows into the \"..estern ssa according to Indian\nreports.\"\nThe following extract is from Roderick MeKenzie's\nReminiscences in Masson vol.5,p.46:~ '1798. On my trip from\nGrande Portage to Lac La Pluie, I met a family of Indians at\nthe height of land and accidentally learned of a water route\nfrom lake Superior to lake La Pluie navigable for large canoes\nand would avoid the Grande Portage. Being acquainted with\nentrance of route I proceeded, reached a post of the Company and\nprocured a guide to accompany me to Caministiquia, being the\nfirst to reach Grande Portage from Lac la Pluie by water route.\nIt was used by the French formerly. After Peace of 1733 the\nCommissioners decided that the Grande Portage was on American\nTerritory. In 1704 the Directors sent Umfreville to find a\nroute through Nipigon to Winnipeg river which was reported\nimpracticable. The French forts were destroyed by fire. A few\nvestiges were seen in 1798. In 1801 Caministiquia became Headquarters of North est Company and the Grande Portage was\nabandoned.\" Kaministiquia means river of difficult entrance.\nThis route is shown on map in Hind's Expedition 1858\nand described in vol.11, Appendix I, where a table is given\nshowing' lengths of all portages between Fort William and lake\nWinnipeg by Kaministiquia route. This route is also shown on\nMap of 1857 Report of Crown Lands, Toronto, as follows: Lake\nSuperior, Kaministiquia river, Kakabeka Falls, Dog lake, Dog-\nriver, Prairie portage 3/4 mile, Height of Land lake, Shallow\nstreams and swamps, Savanne river, Lac des Mille Lacs (Canoe\nlake). From Mille Lacs the route divides, (1) Baril lake,\nCannibal lake, Dech, Brule, French, Sturgeon lakes, Sturgeon\n(or Maligne) river, lake La Croix, Nequangon or pine lake, to\nNarrows (Vermilion river) or portage to Sand Point lake, Rainy\nlake, Rainy river, Lake of the Woods, Rat Carrying Place to near\nBonnet lake (avoiding rapids in Winnipeg river), fort Maurcpas;\n(2) by portage around falls and rapids of rivor La Seine and\nmany portages to Rainy Lake. At Mountain portage the North\nVest Co. had a store house provisioned from Now Fort (Fort\nWilliam) as the river from this to Kaministiquia is shallow and\nfull of rapids.\n7. Grande Portage or Pigeon River route was first\nmentioned in a Memoir dated 1722 by an officer named Pachot who\nwrote that \"the route thought most favoux-able to Vest was by way\nof a small river Nantokouagane about 7 leagues from Kaministi-\ngoya\": This was the Pigeon river. Although the French did not\nfollow this route regularly, they had evidently traversed it.\nJ\n - 10 -\nIt was the regular route of the North est Co. until 1302. The\nGrande Portage was quite hilly and was divided by the voyageurs\ninto 16 posts or stops, 3 leagues from one navigation to the\nother. Fifteen days were required to cross the portage from\nlake Superior. This route is shown on map of 1857 Report of\nCrown Lands, Toronto, and a list of portages is given in Hind's\nExpedition vol.11, Appendix XII page 427. The distance from\nGrande Portage to Lake of the Voods by Pigeon river route is\n325 miles; by the Kaministiquia rcute 381 miles. The route\nwas as follows: Grande Portage, Pigeon rivex', Partridge\nportage, Fowl portage, Fowl lake, Moose lake, Mountain lake,\nVatak lake, Rose lake, South lake, Gun Flint lake, Portages,\nBirch lake, Saganaga lake, Cypress lake, Knife lake, Carp lake,\nBasswood portage, Basswood lake, Portages, Crocked lake, Iron\nlake, Battle portage, La Croix lake, Pamakan river (or Vermilion\nriver and portage), Eamakan lake, Portage, Rainy lake, Rainy\nriver 50 miles to Lake of the Woods.\nAlexander Henry (Senior) gives following data: \"The\nGroseilles river {called also Gi-osseiliers, aux Groseilles, aux\nTourtres, au Tourt river), portage du Perdrix at Falls, portage\nau Outarde, small lakes on height of land: Outarde, Moose,\nMountain, \,atab, Rose, Perche, Sagunac, Maligna or Jturgeon\nriver, lake La Pluie.\"\nThe Pigeon river on Jeffery's Map 1752 is called the\nNatouagan or Grosillers river. By the Grande Portage it is 60\nmiles to height of land and the distance across the Grande Portage itself is 9 lailes.\nBay\n0. The Toronto Trail from lake Ontario to Georgian*via\nlakes Simcoe and Couchiching and Sturgeon river was an old\nIndian trail to avoid the long passage round by lakesHuron and\nOntario. It was first crossed by Jean Fere in 1669 although\nBrule may have crossed it earlier: La galls returning from.\nMontreal to Michilimackinac in 1680 followed this route,\nAlexander Henry (Senior) crossed it in company of Indians 1764.\nThe North Vest Company used this route to some extent as shorter\nthan the Ottawa - Hipj.ssing route to the west about 1800,\nemploying sailing vessels on lake Ontario, and it was much\ntravelled before the introduction of steam vessels on the lakes.\nYonge Street was extended from Toronto (York) to lake Simcoe in\n17S4 by Governor Simcoe. The old Indian trail was followed and\ntroops were employed in oonstructiixg the road.\n9. Montreal to Fort Kaministiquia by Ottawa river.. The\nfollowing portages are given by McKenzie ixx his \"General History\nof the Fur Trade- in Mackenzie's Journal 1801, p. LXv\", This\nwas the regular route to the west followed for nearly two\ncenturies by the French and their successors in the fur trade.\nIt was controlled in tho 17th century by the Algonquin Indians,\nexcepting the Iroquois inroads from time to time. \"Leave La\nChine - St. Anne's 2 miles from western extremity of island\nMontreal - Portage to lake Two Mountains - Ottawa rivor 15 miles\nto rapids - Port dc Chaudiero 643 paecs - second pox t do ,\nChaudiore 700 paces - Ottawa river 6 miles - Port, des Chcncs\n740 paces - Lac des Chaudicros 30 miles - port.des Chats 274\npacos - Lac dos Chats 18 miles to Grand Calumet - Port, du Fort\n245 paces - Dech^rge dos Sables 135 paces (dachargo whore goods\nonly arc cax-ricd) - Port. Mountain 385 paces - Dachargo Dcrigc\n250 pacos - Grand Calumot longest portag.'- on route 2035 paces -\nOttawa river 6 leagues to lake Coulong.; - Allvuuottos dechargo\n 1\n342 paces - .curt, des Allumettes 25 paces - Ottawa river 7\nleagues to Deep river which is 36 miles loxxg - Port, des\nJoachims first \u00C2\u00A326 paces, second 720 paces - Ottawa river S\nmiles to river du Moine - 4 leagues to decharge - port. Roche\nCapitaixxe 797 paces - 6 leagues to - Port. Two Rivers 820 paces - 3 leagues to - Decharge de Trou 300 paces - Rapids\nLeveillier and Mattawan - 36 miles to mouth Mattawa river (or\nPetite Riviere), 400 miles from Montreal.\nMattawa river to lake NipissinK.\nPort. Plein Champ 319 paces - Decharge de Rose 145 paces -\nDecharge de Campion 134 paces - Port. Grosse Roche 150 paces -\nPort. Paresseux 402 paces - Port, de Px'airie 237 paces - Poi't.\nla Cave 100 paces - Port, de Talon 275 paces - Port. Pin de\nMusique 456 pacos - Port. Mauvais de Musique (where many canOe-\nmen were killed) - Port, Turtle 83 paces - lake Turtle - port*\nHeight of Land 1513 paces - 1 mile to next vase (muddy creek) -\nPortage 725 paces - riviere de la Vase to lake Nipissing -\nSwamp 2 miles to next vase (the last) 124 paces - 6 miles to\nlake Nipissing (12 leagues long).\nNipissing to Grande Portage\nLake Nipissing 12 leagues - riviere des Franqais 25 leagues to\nlake Huron - Port, des Pins 52 paces - Port de Feusille 36 paces\nPortage Parisienne 100 paces - Portage Eecolet 45 paces -\nPortage Petite Feusille 25 paces - lake Huron - 50 leagues to\nriver Tessalon - 10 leagues to Detour - 6 leagues to end\nisland St. Joseph (40 miles to Michilimackinac) 50 miles to\nFalls Stejlarie - 160 leagues from Sault Ste.Marie to fort\nKaministiquia by way of north shore of lake Superior.\n10. From Acadia to Quebec the ancient route followed\nthe St. John river from the Bay of Fundy to mouth of the\nMadawaska river, ascending that river to lake Temiscouata and\nthen by portage trail to the St. Lawrence following the present .\nOld Lake Road to Notre Dame du Portage, then along- the south\nshore to Quebec. This was the old Indian, trail and was the\ncustomary lino of communication in after years between Halifax\nand Quebec.\nForts on the St. Lawrence River,\nAlong' the. north shore of the St. Lawrence from the\nStrait of Belle Isle to the vicinity of Montreal no fowor than\ntwOnty-six forts load been constructed by the French and several\noxx tho south shore. They were gonoraily located at the mouths\nof x-ivors whex-e txvde -was carried on with the Indians who\ndescended from the interior of Labx*ador, Those posts were also\ndepots for seal and whale fisheries, ^ca,c dating back to the\nearly sixteenth century. They afforded protection also against\nthe Esquimaux who inhabited the shores of th- St. Lawrence and\nLabrador as far west as the Saguenay river up to the beginning\nof the eighteenth century and were very troublesome.\nThe names of these fort3 and armed posts from the\notrait of Belle Isle to Three Rivers vers, Baie Chateau;:, Baie\nRouge, Anse~au-Louy, Baie Forteau, ,.t. Augustin, Baie Phely-\npeaux, Pontchartrain: Brest, Baie-de-Shecatica, Mechatina, KaS\nHal Baie, Musquarro, ITaslcapis, H'atashquan, Nepiochibou, Mingan,\nJ\n Sept Isles, Godbout, Manicouagarx, Isle Jeremie, Bondesir,\nTadoussac, Malbaye, Lorette, Quebec, Trois Rivieres. Many\nof these posts were located in the King's Domain and one or\ntwo in the seigniory of Mingan.\nThe King's Domain (Domaine du Roy), known also as\nPostes du Roi, and Traite de Tadoussac, was the ancient Indian\nkingdom of Saguenay extending eastward from the Saguenay river\nto the Cormorant Islands near Anticosti, being bounded on the\neast by the seigniory of Mingan and on the north and northwest by the height of land and lake Mistassini. Ho exact\nbounds were given to the Domaine du Roy until 1733. The\nIndians considered their kingdom Saguenay to extend from the\nSaguenay river to the lakes emptied by the Hamilton river and\nfrom the St. Lawrence to lake Mistassini and adjoining lakes.\nThe posts established in the King's Domain wore maintained at\nthe King's cost and all profits were credited to the king, but\nBougainville makes the statement that many of the King's posts\nv/ere not profitable and wore maintained at a loss to the king\nonly \"for preserving the regard of the Indians.\"\nIn 1630 the coast for four leagues on each side of\nthe post at Brest on the Strait of Belle Isle was granted to\nthe Sieur de Courtemanche who had married a daughter of King'\nHenry IV. In *1702 the grant to de Courtemanche was extended\nto his heirs to include all the territory between Hamilton\nInlet and the town of Brest.\nIn 1658 a lease of exclusive privileges was granted\nby the King of France to Sieur Demaure. This was known as the\nTraite de Tadoussac (trade of Tadoussac) and the word Traite\noccurs in this grant for the first time. (Note: The word\ntraite unaccented signifies trade. The accented word means\ntreaty. These two words have been much confused by writers on\nthe King's Domain. Traite occurs in Grant to Demaure 1658,\nGrant to Courtemanche 1630, and in numerous later acts and\ngrants. Thus, \"Arret du Conseil d'Stat du Roi qui accorde a\nla Compagnie des Indos Occidentales lo quart des Castors, le\ndixier.:e des Orignaux, et la traite de Tadoussac.\" 8 April\n1666. Vid : Edits et'Ordonnanees &c. vol.1 pg.43 (published\n18Q>3) also Act 1733 vol.11 pg.87.)\nTho territory granted in lease to Domauro 1658 \vas\nknown as the Kings Doniain and oxtendod from the lie aux Cou-\ndros at Les Eboulcments to Capo Cormorans below the Seven\nIsles and near the mouth of the Moisy river and north to tho\nheadwaters of the rivers draining ixxto tho St. Lawrence. This\nincludes lakes St. John and 2Jistassini. Tho trading posts\nestablished in this Domain wore known as Postes du Roi, Tho\nlease to Domauro of 1658 passed to tho Compagnie des Postes du\nRoi about 1700 and was renewed every twenty-one years.\nThe seigniory of Mingan, was granted to Francois\nBissot, Sieur de la Riviere, in 1661. It extended from cape\nCormorant (the eastern limit of the King's Docain) ninety\nleagues to the Goynish river.\nIn 1733 an .Ordinance oxx the boundaries of the King's\nDomain issued at Quebec by the Intendant Iiocquax\"t (Edits et Ordonnanees &c vol.11 pg. 87) giryes the boundaries of the King's\nDomain as above and includes the territory \"behind lake\n Mistassini as far as Hudsonrs Bay \"and mentions several posts\niix the interior showing that the traders were well established.\nThese posts as given in the Ordinance were: Tadoussac,\nChecoutimy,Lac St. Jean, Nekoubau, Mistessinoc, Papinachois,\nNaskapis, Riviere Moisy, Sept Isles, Malbaye, Bondesir, Islet\nde Jeremie, Bersiamites and Chouraonthouane. The ordinance also\nmentions \"the ancient establishments \u00E2\u0096\u00A0where trade was formerly\ncarried on and of which there remain some vestiges.\" Some of\nthese old posts had been constructed half a century earlier.\nUntil the Iroquois had been subdued and transportation to the\nGreat Lakes became safe, the fur trade of the French was chiefly confined to the Labrador peninsula and to the country north\nof the St. Lawrence. After the cession of Canada, the lease\nof the King's Domain was continued in the same manner by the\nEnglish Government, Murray Bay, which was originally part Of\nthe King's Domain, was in 1762 granted by General Murray to\nMajor Nairn and Lieutenant Fraser, but they were restricted\nfrom trading with the Indians.\nIn 1765 the British Government granted to Dunn & Co.\na monopoly of the Indian trade at the King's posts. \"These\nKing's posts, chief of which was Tadoussac, at the mouth of the\nSaguenay, were the trading posts that had been held by the\nFrench monarch as monopolies of the Crown. The revenue from\nthem* either as the result of direct trade by the Kings agents,\nor more commonly from farming them to the highest bidders, had\nalways gone into the colonial troasui*y. The British Government,,\nin this respect, merely followed the example of the French and\nendeavoured to collect most of the taxes and feudal dues which\nhad been levied under the old regime.\" (Canada\" and Its provinces\nvol. IV, p. 524).\nAbout tho year 1788, the Horth ' est Company acquired\nfrom the British Government a lease of the King's Domain and the\nKing's posts at \u00C2\u00A31000 per annum. Upon tho union of this Company\nwith the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821, the lease passed to the\nlatter Company. It was renewed in 1842 axxd finally expired by-\nlimitation in 1859. Under tho control of these companies iaany\ntrading posts were established in the interior and although the\nrecords of these oarly adventurers are lost, they undoubtedly\nexplored all tho chief river routes between Hamilton Inlet and\nk description of the King's posts in the King's\nDomain is given by James McKenzie who visited them in 1808,\nwill be found in Masson's Les Bourgeois de la Cie. N.V. vol.1\nThere were man;/ other forts rated as King's posts\nand situated in the lake region and the Mississippi valley.\nThese are noted in the numerical list of forts below.\n 1 the Chain of Forts\nBetween Quebec\nQuebec\nTro.is'. Rivieres\nBecaiicourt\nSt. Franqois\nRichelieu\nDe 1'Assomptlon\nLac des Deux Montagues\nLes Cedres\nDe la Presentation\nThe Qhaapaplain valley\nCrevier\nLa Prairie\nChambly\nSt. Frederic\nSt. Jean\nLake Ontario to Ohio river\nCataraqui (Frontenac)\nRouille (Toronto)\nNiagara\nVenango\nNecessite\nOhio river t;o mouth Mississippi\nDuquesne\nSte.Anne\nPrudhomme\nDe Longueuil\nMaisonneuve\nLa Chine\nPetite Nation\nCarillon\nSault St. Louis\nLong Sault\n3t, Regis\nIsle-aux-Eoix\nMissisquoi\nLa Motte\nTiconderoga\nSte.. Therese\nDenonville\nPresqu'Isle\nRivi ere-au-B oeuf\nI5acha.nl t\nLigonier\nATiCcBlSaS\nRosalie\nPoiixte Coupe\nLa.Boulaye\nNew Orleans\nBiloxi\nMobile\nMississippi mot\nth.\nMississippi valley north *of\nOhio river\nMiami\nVIncsnnes\nSt. Jose^\n>h \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nCahokia\nCrevecoeur\nChartres\nOuatanon\nSt. Philip\nSte. Genevieve\nXaskaskia\nSt. Nicholas\nBa i e-de s-Puant s\nKansas\nC hagouaai igon\nSt.Croix\nPepin\nLe Sueur\nBonseeour\nBeauharnois\nL'Hull t least, Louis\nDetroit to the Yriee. T\nno fur trad\ne sooxx\nproved\nexc\nsptional-\niy\nprofi\ntabic\nand a\n/tracted\nindependent\nadven\nturers.\nTac\nloussac.\ntht\nrath\nof the\nSaguenay\n, comraandec\nthe i\nor trade\nof\nthe\nnox\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2th\nm\nand\nwesteri\ni regions\nand beca-i.\nthe c\nhiof pos\nt and\nxtrc\n) 0\n\" tl'\u00C2\u00A3\nde with the Ind\nians. In i\nimc ti\ne centre-\nof\nW}\ntve\nmo\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2ed \u00C2\u00BB\n/est to\nTrois Ri\nvieres and\nLaChin\n1\n From the time of Cartier the port of St. Malo kept\nup a constant trade with Tadoussac, Several of Cartier's\nrelatives were among the chief traders. Court favourites were\nconstantly intriguing to obtain special monopolies of trade.\nThe first monopoly of trade was given to Roberval January 1540.\nIn 1598 this monopoly passed to the Marquis de la Roche.\nThe monopoly of the colonial trade was passed rapidly from one hand to another until it came Ixxto the possession\nof Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, in 1599. In 1604 under\nprivilege of the monopoly he seized a number of free vessels\nengaged in trade, thus producing a great outcry among the Norman\nand Breton merchants.\nDe Monts' monopoly was rescinded in 1607 and afterwards renewed to 1609. From 1609 to 1612 trade of the St.\nLawrence was free to people of France and of the colony.\nIn 1612 the Company of Rouen and St. Malo, commonly\nkaown as Champlain's Company, was established. Under its\nprovileges the colonists were not allowed to trade with the\nIndians. In 1620 this Company's charter was cancelled and a new\ncompany organized by Guillaume de Caen and his nephew Emery de\nCaen, merchants of Rouen, succeeded to the trading privileges in\n1621. This Company was known as the Company of Montmorency.\nTheir trading monopoly was cancelled in 1622 and suppressed.\nThe Company of New France, otherwise known as tne\nCompany of One Hundred Associates (Compagnie des Cent Associas)\nwas established April 29,1627, under Richelieu. All trade was\nforbidden except through the Company and all furs obtained by\ncolonists from the Indians had to be handed over to the Company.\nIn 1640 the Company of Notre Dame de Montreal\nobtained from the Company of New France the northeastern portion\nof the island of Montreal and founded the city of Montreal in\n1642. From that time the control of a portion of the fur ti'ade\npassed to Montreal, which became the base for outfitting and\ndeparture of exploring expeditions.\nThe Company of Hew France in 1645 agreed to transfer\nits trade monopoly to the inhabitants of the colony and the\nCompagnie des Habitantswas then formed. It was this company\nwhich first employed brandy as an article of trade with the\nIndians.\nIn 1663 the powers and privileges of the old Company\nof New France passed to the king and Canada became a Royal\nProvince under the Sovereign Council.\nUnder Calbert the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales\n(West India Company) was established May 28, 1664, and was\ngranted for forty years a complete monopoly of all commerce in\nthe colony. This company did not prosper and became bankrupt in\neight years. Its powers were revoked by the King, December 1674,\nand trade was thrown open to all colonists and people of France.\nThe tax on furs and the monopoly of the trade at\nTadoussac was then farmed to Nicholas Oudiette & Cie. Special\nlicenses were issued to certain persons to trade with the Ixxdians\nbut in 1676 these licenses wore revoked. In 1602 licenses were\nagain adopted.\n In 1676 the Compagnie du Nord (Company of the North)\nwas founded, six years after the Hudson's Bay Co. Their trade\nwith the Hudson Bay Indians was not lucrative owing to the\ndifficulty and expense of overland traffic and they were unable to transport their furs by vessel through Hudson Strait\nto Montreal owing to English opposition* In 1713 the Treaty\nof Utrecht was signed and the Hudson bay territory passed under\nBritish control.\nFor some time beaver and moose taxes were farmed out\nto individuals and corporations. In 1700 this system was\nabolished but soon after resumed and a La Rochello Company,\nthe chief partners in which were Sieurs Aubert, Neret and Gayot,\nobtained in 1701 and held for twelve years a complete monopoly\nof the trade in beaver skins until tho Treaty of Utrecht 1713.\nIn 1717 this Company was'merged in a new corporation\nknown as tho Company of the West (Compagnie d'Occident). In\n1719 all tho colonial companies of France were merged in this\ncompany and the name was changed to Company of tho Indies.\nThis Company carried on the beaver monopoly of Canada until\nafter the time of the conquest. \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 .\nApproximate list of Charters\n1540 Roberval\n1598 De la Roche\n1599 de Monts, rescinded 1607,renewed to 1609\n1609 to 1612 trade was free\n1612 Champlain's Company\n1621 Compagnie de Montmorency\n1627 Compagnie de la Nouvelle France\n(One hundred Associates)\n1645 Compagnie des Habitants\n1663 Company's privileges revoked\n1664 Compagnie des Indes Occidentales to 1674\n1676 Compagnie du Nord\n1701 La Rochelle Company\n1717 Compagnie d'Occident to cession of Canada\nThe fur trade of the French was carried on for\nmore than a century in the face of strenuous opposition by the\nIroquois and other tribes forming the Confederation in New\nYork state who endeavoured to secure the monopoly of trade\nnorth of the St ..Lawrence in favour of the English at Albany\nand New York. It was not until 1701, when peace was effected\nbetween the French and Iroquois, that tho St.Lawrexxce trade\nroute could be followed by the French in comparative safety.\nIt was this rivalry in the fur trr.de that instigated the\nIroquois to exterminate the Hurons, the Neutrals, Tobacco\nNation, and other northern tribes. V/ith relentless fury the\nIroquois in 1660 penetrated as far north as the sources of the\nOttawa river and in 1661 the Mohawks raided north of lake St.\nJohn.\n The Free Traders after the Cession of Canada and before the\nformation of North West Company.\nThe War of the Boundary Lines, the final struggle\nbetween France and England for the possession of New France,\nbegan in 1755 and ended in 1760 with the surrender of Montreal\n(Treaty of 1763).\nDuring this war all the French officers and soldiers\nwere withdrawn from the forts in the far west for the defense\nof Canada and were used to increase the garrisons in the front\nlines. The western forts were practically deserted in 1756\nexcepting for a few traders, voyageurs and coureurs-dos-bois who\ncontinued for a time to live with the Indians. Many of the\ngarrisons in the smaller forts in the Mississippi valley and\nadjoining country to tho north were concentrated in fewer forts.\nIn some instances these forts wcro destroyed by their garrisons\nv/hon vacatod.\nThe following forts wore surrendered to tho British in\n1760-1761:-\nDotroit.\nMiami on the Maumcc.\nOuatanon on the Vabash.\nSchlossor, near Niagara Falls.\nPresqu'Isle, south shore lake Erie.\nLc Boouf south of Presqu'Isle.\nVenango.\nDuquosno (afterwards called Fort Pitt).\nSault Ste. Mario.\nMichilimackinac.\nL'Arbrc Crochc, oast shore lake Michigan.\nSt.Josoph, near south-cast shore lake Michigan.\nChartros, on Mississippi near mouth Missouri rivor.\nThis fort was not surrendered until 1765.\nIn tho confusion immediately following the cession of\nCanada and the change of Govornmonts, the vast region west of\nlake Superior, partly oxplorcd by the French, was neglected for\na timo. This was due in large measure.to the revolt of tho\nIndians under Pontiac who in 1763 seized the western posts and\nwore not subdued for noarly a yoar. A poriod of three or four\nyears elapsed before any Englishman ventured among the Indians,\n. and it was during Pontiac's war and the noxt succeeding year or\ntwo that many of tho westom forts and posts were destroyed by\ntho Indians. Not till 1771 could British traders safoly traffic\nas far west as the Saskatchewan river, the Indians bringing thoir\nfurs meanwhile to tho Hudson's Bay Company forts on Hudson and\nJames bays. The following forts wore captured by Pontiac and\ntheir garrisons ixx many instancos massacred:\nSandusky captured I5ay 16, 1763.\nSt. Joseph \" May 25, \"\n II\nOuatanon captured June 1, 1763.\nMichiiimackinao captured June 4, 1763.\nPresqu'Isle captured June 15, \"\nLe Boeuf \" June 18, \"\nVenango \" June 20, y,\nL'Arbre Croche abandoned by English Juixe 21, 1763.\nSault Ste .Marie was partly burned,\nLigonier and\nPitt repulsed the Indians in June and July.\nDetroit held out until relieved.\nFor twenty years after the cession of Canada the inland\ntrade was in the hands of private adventurers who in 1783, tired\nof rivalry, united to form the North-West Fur Trading Company with\nheadquarters at Montreal.\nThe trade began in 1766 from Michilimackinac to the\nKaministiquia river and in 1767 to the Grande Portageg The post\nof Michilimackinac was the central point of commerce of the\ndifferent merchants of Canada who were not attached t*j the Northwest Company, both before and after its formation.\nThomas Curry and James Finlay were the first Englishmen\nwho entered the west after the conquest of Canada. The former\nwith guides and interpreters reached Fort Bourbon at tho west end\nof Gedar lake in 1766. Finlay in 1767 ascended the Saskatchewan\nand built a trading post at the site of Lower Fort Nipawee, one of\nthe farthest west of the French establishments on the Saskatchewan,\nwhich probably had been destroyed about 1763 by the Indians in\nPontiac's rebellion. Other traders were reported to have penetrated in 1767 as far as Fort La Reino on the Assiniboine.\nThese meagre details are all that may be gathered as to\nthe first trading expeditions west of lake Superior after the\ncession of Canada.\nAlexander Henry, a native of How Jersey and known as the\n\"Elder\" to distinguish him from his nephew, was one of the first\nEnglish traders to vonturo into the west. He left Montreal in 1761\non a trading expedition to Michilimackinac whore he baroly escaped\ndeath in tho Indian massacre at that fort on Jun~ \"4th, 1763, under\nPontiac. In 1775 he travelled by way of the Grande Portage to the\nwest. At lake Winnipeg ho mot Potor Pond, who had gone into the\nwest in 1768, and tho two Frobishcrs. Ihe combined party of\ntraders pursued their way westward to The Pas and Cumberland House,\nbuilt in the previous year by Samuel Hearne for the Hudson's Ba**;\nCompany.\nHenry and tho Frobishcrs built a substantial S'^M on\nBeavor lake and wintered there 1775-1775. Henry then proceeded\nto Fort dos Prairies (a la Como) whoro he mot James Finlay,\npassing on tho way Finlay*s house built on site of the old French\nfort Sipawi (i.o. Lower Eipawi). Ho proceeded further west in the\ncompany of Assiniboine Indians and then returned to his fort on\nBoavor lake.\nIn April 1776 Thomas Frobishor erected a fort on the\nChurchill, called Fort du Ti'aitc from the trade made with tho\nIndians at that place. He reached tho Churchill by way of Prog\nportago. The winter of 1776-1777 he passed os the west shore of\nJ\n Ilo-a-la-Crosse lake where Ilo-a-la-Crossc House was afterward\nbuilt.\nPeter Pond in 1778, after some of the Free leaders had\npooled their resources, acted as their agent and built a post,\nknown as The Old Establishment, about 30 miles above the mouth of\nthe Athabaska river.\nThe route to the west from MontreaL which the Free\nTraders followed was the old French route by the Ottawa, river,\nlake Nipissing and lake Huron to Michilimackinac. Thence they\nproceeded by the south shore of lake Superior to the Grande Portage via the Pigeon river to Rainy lake axid the West. 'The Free\nTraders never travelled by the old French Kaministiquia route.\nThe route from the Lake of the Woods followed the\nWinnipeg river from Rat Portage for about 100 miles when it\nturned sharply to the right; followed the main branch known as\nthe Pinawa, until it rejoined the main stream at Bonnet lake, thus\navoiding the portages on this portion of the v.-innipeg river.\nThe route from Thunder Bay to Fort Garry (Dawson Route)\nis given in Grant's Sandford Fleming's Expedition 1872 \"Ocean to\nOcean\" as follows:\nfrom 15 Mile Shanty.\nPort Arthur's Landing 4 miles from Eaministiqu:\nTo lake Shebandowan.\nFifteen mile Shanty.\nKaministiquia river crossed 6\nMatawan Creek.\nMatawan to Shebandowan 20 miles.\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nCanoes for 380 miles (by tow line from launch.)\nPortage 3/4 mile to lake Kashaboine.\nLake Kashaboine 10 miles.\nPortage.\nLac des Mille Lacs (height of land) 22 miles long.\nPortage.\nLake Baril 8 miles.\nPortage.\nRiver to lake Windegoostigwan 15 miles.\nPortage 2 miles.\nLake Kaogassikok 16 miles.\nTwo portages, Pine and Deux Rivieres, 2 miles betwe*\nMaligne river, 7 rapids and portage.\nIsland portage after 32 mile paddle.\nLake Eequaquon 24 miles.\nLoon portage.\n5 mile paddle.\nMud portage.\nAmerican portage.\nCreek to lake Nameukan.\n18 miles and 2 portages to Rainy lake.\nFort Frances, west ond Rainy lake, 45 miles.\nFifteen Mile House (from fort Francos.)\nFort Frances 2 miles down Rainy river from lake.\nRainy river 80 miles.\nManitou rapids 25 miles from Fort Frances.\nSault rapids 30 \" \" \" \"\nHungry Hall,\nLake of tho Woods, traverse 10 miles.\n Horth West Anglo, whence road to Fort Garry.\n80 miles North West .Anglo to Oak Point by road.\nWhito Birch river, 30 miles from North West Anglo.\nWhito Mud river 17 miles.\nOak Point 33 miles and 30 miles oast of Fort Garry.\nRod rivor to Fort Garry.\nTotal 530 miles. 45 miles by land at beginning &\n110 at end and 350 miles by lakes.\nThe Dawson Route.\nTho route west from Montreal by the Groat lakes was not\nfollowed before 1785. After the introduction of sailing vessels\non the Great Lakes, cargoes were brought up from Montreal by\ncanoes and large skiffs to Fort Frcmtenac (Kingston), then loaded\non sailing vessels for York or Niagara. From York the cargoes were\ntransported north by the old Indian trail via lake Simcoe to Georgian Bay. From Niagara portage on lake JSrie cargoes were reshipped\nin sailing vessels for Detroit.\nIn 1787 it was estimated that three-fifths of the western\ntrade was conducted by the Ottawa river and two-fifths by tho Great\nLakes. The Indian trade to the west was by way of the Ottawa river\nand heavier freight service by the lake route after-tho American\nrevolution*\nThe canoe journey from Montreal to Grande Portage required\nsix weeks.\nUnder the Free Traders, followed \u00C2\u00A3by tho North-Vcst Company\nand K. Y. Company, the trade in fiu-3 rapidly expanded. There was\nno international competition such as had existed between tho French\nin Montreal and the English in Now York. The American revolution\ncaused the dispersion of the Fivo Nations' Confederacy in New York\nstate and tho fur trade in the United States was confined to their\nown territory. The only competition in the fur trade in Canada was.\nbetween tho old Hudson's Bay Company and the Free Traders and their\nsuccessors. The following extract is from Wintorbotham's \"Historical View of the United States and of European settlements in America\",\npublished in 1795: -\n\"About tho yoar 1773 the Canadian traders from Montreal...\nhad become so numerous and indefatigable at the head of tho rivers\nwhich led to the Hudson's Bay Company scttlomonts that trade of tho\nlatter was in a groat measure cut off. The Indians being suppliod\nwith everything at thoir own doors had no occasion to paddle several\nhundred miles to the Company's.forts.\"\nAfter the cession oi' Canada, free trade with the Indians\nled to the universal employment of liquor and this Tjraeticc in turn\ncaused the demoralization of the Indians and produced lawlessness,\nfraud said conflict among tho numerous traders who wont out in\nsearch of tho Indians.\nThe groat scourge of smallpox which ragod throughout *il\u00C2\u00B0\nwest and north from 1780.to 1762 practically ruined the fur trad*ac|f|at Montreal. Fort -.Villianij after the abandonment of the\nGrand Portage route in 1801-2, and the rediscovery of the old\nFrench Kaministiquia routs, became the headquarters of the\nentire trade of tne North West Company from lake Superior west\nto the Pacific. Trade in the territory west of the Rocky\nMountains was virtually in complete control of the North Vest\nCompany, as the Hudson's Bay Company did not seriously alter\nthe country antil after amalgamation in 1821.\nCHAPTER IV\nHudson's Bay Company\nThe original charter of the Hudson's 3ay Company\nwas granted by King Charles II in 1670 to \"The Governor and\nCompany of Adventurers of England, trading into Hudson's Bay\",\nThis was the corporate title of the Company until coalition with\nthe North West Company in 1821, when the px*esent title,\"The\nHudson's Bay Company\" was adopted. The Company had been generally known by. the latter title from fchs time of the French regime.\nThe struggle between the Frauch end English for\npossession of the fur trade of fa* north and west, terminating\nby the Treaty cf Utrecht 1713 and by the cession of Canada 1753,\nhas been treated in Chapter I.\n After the French regime ceased, 1760, the Hudson's\nBay Company encountered a fierce and growing competition with\nfree traders and organized fur companies, until in 1821 the\nchief rival, the North West Company, was absorbed by the\nHudson's Bay Company. Competition still survived with individual traders and gradually other fur companies were\norganized, but the trade was almost exclusively in the hands of\nthe Hudson's Bay Company until the surrender of its territorial\nrights in 1869.\nThe Company did not seriously enter the field of\ntrade west of the Rocky Mountains while the North West Company\nexisted as.a separate body. In 1821 the Hudson Bay Company\nobtained a license granting exclusive privilege of trading in\nsuch parts of North America as were not part of the territories\ngranted in the original charter. This covered the Pacific\nslope (known as New Caledonia) and also the North Vest\nTerritories under the general name of the Indian Country.\nThis license expired in 1842, but on appeal from the\nCompany in 1837 for renewal, an extension was granted in 1838\nfor a further term of twenty-one years, terminating in 1859.\nVancouver Island was granted to the Company in 1849\nfor the purpose of trade and colonization. In 1859 this grant\nexpired and Vancouver Island became a Crown Colony. The presence of the Hudson's Bay Company in New Caledonia, a portion\nof the Oregon Territory, and its practical administration of\ngovernment and economic affairs, contributed in large measure ,-\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nto saving that part of Canada for the British Crown.\nAfter the coalition of the North West Company and the\nHudson's Bay Company in 1821, many of the fur-trading posts\nwhich had been duplicated by both companies during the period\nof commercial rivalry, were nov? discontinued and several unnecessary posts were closed.\nAfter the settlement of the International Boundary\ndispute, the Hudson's Bay Company submitted claims for the value\nof their forts and posts located south of the international\nboundary line.\nIn 1869 the Company surrendered to the Crown its\nterritorial rights under the charter, reserving certain blocks\nand parcels of land adjoining its posts and certain blocks in\nfuture townships. The surrendered territory, known as Rupert's\nLand and the North West Territory* was acquired by the Dominion\nof Canada upon payment of \u00C2\u00A3300,000, to the Company.\nThe first of the Company's interior forts was built in\n1741, about 150 miles up the river Albany, and was called Henley\nHouse. It was erected to prevent encroachments of the French.\nTwo other posts were built between 1740 and 1760, Split Lake\nHouse on Split lake, an enlargement of the Nelson river about\n140 miles from Fort Nelson, and Nelson House on Footprint lake\na tributary of the Churchill river.\nThe fourth of the interior forts was built by Hsame\non Sturgeon lake in 1774 and was called Cumberland House. After\n the erection of Cumberland House the Company built no interior\nforts until after the North West Company was formed in 1783.\nMany forts were erected at strategic placed between 1784 and\n1810, both rival Companies building establishments often contiguous.\nList of the early (Governors at Hudson Bay\nGovernor Charles Bailey, resided at Fort Charles; established a post at Nelson river 1670.\nGovernor William Lyddal at Fort Albany 1674.\nGovernor John Nixon of Rupert's river.\nGovernor John Bridger at Fort Nelson 1682.\nGovernor Captain Abraham .1684.\nGovernor John Nixon recalled from Ft. Albany 1683 and\nHenry Sergeant (Seargent) appointed. He removed the\nchief factory from Ruperts river to Albany river.\nGovernor Geyer at Ft. Nelson 1690.\nGovernment Forrest at Ft. Nelson 1694.\n Alphabetical List of\nAbitibi\nOn east shore of lake Abitibi at mouth of Abitibi\nriver. Originally built by De Troyes in 1686, who built a small\nstockaded fort of logs near entrance to lake, on direct route\nof Iberville in his expedition from Montreal 1666 against the\nHudson's Bt>.'j Company forts on James Bay by way of the Ottawa\nriver. This fort was regularly operated by the French from\n1686 to 1763 and all their trade with James 3ay to the Treaty\nof Utx-echt 1714, and, after that Treaty, their local trade,\npassed through this fort for a period of 77 years. Memoire\nde Begon, October 20, 1725,\"qui expliquo les anciennes limites\ndu poste de Temiscamingue\", states that Abitibi was the most\nadvanced station of the French towards Hudson Bay. Bougainville in his list of forts 1757 says, \"A post dependent on Te-\nmiscaming, 120 leagues from that post, towax-ds Hudson Bay.\nThere are 100 men in the two posts. They (the natives) live\nby fishing and hunting - they never sow anything and hav^ no\nvillage. All the country is mountainous and little fertile.\"\nWas situated on a long flat point projecting into lake at extreme eastern end. Shown on all the early and late maps, such\nas Bellin's map 1755 (i!o.93) and De l'Isle 1700 (No.94).\nA second fort was located on the 3../. shore of the Narrows at\nthe end of a long peninsula commanding entrance to Lower lake\nAbitibi, about 30 miles distant from the first fort. It was\nbuilt by the French before 1688 and is snown as Maison Francaise\nonJ'aillot's map 1695 No. 117, Pranquelin's 1688, and De l'Isle's\n1703 (No.18).\nAfter the recall of the French troops about 1760,\nboth the Abitibi forts were occupied for short pex'iods by freetraders, but trie Hudson's Bay Company was established in the\nfirst of the forts at the east end before 1774, and it became an\nimportant outpost of Moose Factory after 1783. At first all\nsupplies for this post were brought from Moose Factory up the\nAbitibi river, but for some years before 1890 they were taken\nup the Ottawa. Both forts were operated by the Compagnie du\nNord in 1695. The free traders in the second fort at the Narrows\nwere succeeded by the North V/est Company about 1783 which\noperated the fort until the union of tne two companies in 1821,\nwhen the Hudson's Bay Co. took over this fort. In 1783 the\nHudson's Bay Co. built the first Frederick House at the confluence of the Abitibi and Frederick House rivers to compete\nwith the free traders established in the old French fort at the\nnarrows. In 1794-96 the Hudson's Bay Co. built a \"good house\nat Abitibi\", and rebuilt tne old De Troyes fort.\nThis post has been in continuous operation for more\nthan 200 years, After co\\u00C2\u00BBstruction of the Transcontinental\nrailway in 1914, Abitibi post was discontinued and superseded by\nLa Sarre, a small station on the railway nearby, the furs being\nshirjped by rail to Montreal and not sent by canoe to Moose\nFactox*y as formerly.\nBoth :\n1901 \"Lake abitibi\n The Hudson Bay Co. house adjoining- the North West\nGo. house called Rocky Mountains House, on North Saskatchewan\nriver near mouth of Clearwater river. Name Acton House was\ngiven to distinguish it from the North '.'/est Co. house, but it\nwas generally called Bocky Mt. House. '.5howa on Devine Map of\nNorth West Canada 1857 No.12.\nAdhemar's Fort\nA North West Co. fort located 6 miles east *\u00C2\u00BBf\nPortage la Prairie, south of present High Bluff Station of\nC.P.R'y. It was upstream from Blondish's fort.\nAillik House\nThe Hudson's Ba^ Co. in 1340 operated a small post\nat Aillik on the Labrador coast, about 150 miles from Rigolet.\nThis post seems to have been operated until 1877 and reopened\nin 1891. Shown on White's map 1926 Forts on Labrador peninsula.\nNo.24.\nFort Aklavik\nHudson's Bay Co. post in delta of Mackenzie river at\njunction of Peel and West channels. A recent post. Shown on\nMap Mackenzie river Dept. Interior 1924, (No.25).\nFort Alabama\nSee fort Toulouse.\nFort A la Corne\nOld historic French fort on Saskatchewan river,\nabout 12 miles air line below the Forks, oix south side of river,\nclose to mouth PayOenan Creek, about centre of Tp.48,R.xx, W.\nof 2d Meridian. Originally built by La Verendrye 1743, who\nnamed it Fort St.Leuis. It was rebuilt by his successor in the\nold French company Legardeur de St.Pierre in 1753 who renamed\nit Fort a la Corne. Tyrrell gives its location as \"about the\nnorth-east comer of the Hudson's Bay Co. reserve'', and he\nnoted that traces of the old trails and stockades were still\nvisible in 1896. In 1755 iiendry of the Hudson's Bay Co.\nstopped there, snd it was then occupied by six men for the French\ncompany. It was deserted for some time after the cession of\nCanada, although in operation in 1763. Cocking of tho Hudson's\nBay Co. found it deserted in 1772 except for an Indian camp.\nJames Finlay in 1776 occupied it. A. Henry Sr. in 1776 also\nstopped there and speaks of \"a considerable establishment, about\nan acre of ground, enclosed by.stocked-- and having 50 to 30 men\nattached\" (under James Finlay). The old fort was occupied by\ntJie North West Co. and rebuilt by them in 1797 and called Fort.\nSt-.Lo.uia. It was also known as Upper Neopawa. Pes Prairie3,\nand Dos Trembles. It was abandoned by th. NorthWest Co. in 1805\n(reason unknown). The site was unoccupied till 1846-8 whon tho\nHudson's Bay Co. rebuilt on the sito- of tho old fort and r.-\"air-ad\nit Fort a la Come. In 1887 it was moved throe miles upstream\nto present location. This fort was one of the oldest and most\ncontinuously occupied of the establishments in the west. It is\nJ\n meixtioned in Bougainville's List and there named \"Des Prairies\".\nAlex. Henry Sr. passing in 1808 speaks of remains of the old\nFrench fort St.Louis in a low bottom on the south side \"where\nsome years ago were still to be seen remains of agricultural\n. implements and carriage-wheels.\"\n8 Fort Albany\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on 30uth shore of Albany\nIsland at mouth Albany river. (Map Northern Ontario, Wilson)\nNo.52. Built by Governor Sergeant 1783-4. It was a large fort\nwith four bastions. Captured by French 1686 and renamed by\nthem Fort Ste.Anne, (Map No.93) or Fort Chechouan (Chichitouan,\nChechewan, Quichechouanne) Map No.18. Retaken by the English\n1689; by the French again in 1692; by the English in 1693;\nby the French 1695; and was finally surrendered to the English\non 2nd August 1696. The French again attacked in 1704 but were\n. repulsed. This was the only fort held by the Hudson's Bay Co.\nafter the Treaty of Ryswick (May 1697) to Treaty of Utrecht\n1713. It has been continuously opex*ated by the Hudson's Bay\nCo. from 1696 to date. Shown on Bellin's map 1755, No.93.\n9. Albany House\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. house, outpost of Berens\nRiver fo\u00C2\u00BBt. Built before 1850 (about 1830). It was not included among the forts named in the Company list 1869nnor on\nlater lists. This outpost has been shown in various localities.\nArrowsraith map 1854 place3 it on a branch of Berens river. A\nmap of 1851 shows it on Family lake. Map in Hind's Expedition\n1858 shows it- at north end of a small lake about 50 miles S.E.\nof Family lake. Sho\/n on Arrowsmith 1832 (No, 10$).\n10 Fort Albert\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on North Saskatchewan river'\nabout 42 miles from Carlton House, site of the presexxt town\nPrince Albert. It was built about 1865 and was included in the\nCompany's list 1869. Closed about 1885. Pierre de la virendrye\nis said to have established a post at Prince Albert on one of\nthe islands. The Indians had chosen this spot as one of their\nrallying points. In 1866 Rev. James Nesbit founded here the\nmission of Prince Albert for Indians. Fort Albert was the\nsecond name given to Fort Victoria (q..y.) on Vancouver Island.\n11 Fort Alexander (1)\nH. B. Co. fort on Winnipeg river about three miles\nfrom mouth on left banlfc. Built 1792, near site of old French\nfort Maurepas. In 1800 the Hudson's Bay Co. and the North\nWest Co. had forts only.a few rods apart. The present fort\nAlexander was built on site of the North West Co. fort. After\nthe coalitioxx of the two companies in 1821, the majority of\nshipments of the Hudson's Bay Co. passed through Norway House\nto York Factory and the route through Fort Alexander to Fort\nWilliam was scarcely used. The trade at Fort Alexander rapidly declined. The North West Co. fort was built in 1792 by\nToussaint Lesleur (Le Sieurs) a fey; miles below and opposite the\nold French fort Maurepas, which had been abandoned about 1745.\nThe North West Co. fort was known as \"Bas do la riviere\"*!q.v.)\n_\n and \"Sieur's fort,\" The Hudson Bay Co. fort was also called\nWinnipeg Lake fort and the North West Co. fort was called\nWinnipeg River fort.\n12 Fort Alexander (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Fraser river B.C. near\nmouth of Quesnel river. Built 1821, not far from the North\n'West Co. Alexandria, which it superseded. It was an important\ndepot for northern posts. The first fort stood on left side of\nFraser river. In 1836 this fort was moved to west side, Shovm\non H.B.C. map 1857, (No.8) also on 1832 (No.101) & 1850 (No.\n100). Appears on 1872 list last, and was probably closed\nabout 1880.\n13 Fort Alexandria\nNorth West Co. fort on we3t side of Assiraboine\nriver near source of Swan river, in Section 27, Tp.32, R. 3,\nWest of 2nd Meridian, about 5 miles upstream from Fort Pelly.\nIt was 256 feet leng and 196 feet wide. Built in 1780.\nAttacked by Indians 1782. Was strengthened in 1801 and\nabandoned 1805. Harmon was there in 1800 and makes note of the\nfort as being well built and plastered. It is shown on David\nThompson's map 1812 (No.7) and Map of Harmon's Journal (No.2).\nIt was originally called Fort Tranblant and Poplar Fort but the\nname was changed in honour of Sir Alexander Mackenzie.\n14 Fo rt Alexandria\nNorth West Co. fort on Fraser river, B.C., about\n20 miles above Soda Creek. Built 1800-5. It was located at the\nfarthest point on Fraser river reached by Mackenzie before turning back to continue west to Pacific ocean. It is shown on\nRinfret map (No.3). This fort was abandoned at the time of the\ncoalition 1821, and was not taken over by the Hudson's Bay Co.\n13|5 Fort Anderson\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Andersen l-iver, about'150\nmiles east of Mackenzie delta and 100 miles from mouth of\nAnderson river. Built 1857. Was abandoned 1866-7 after\nscarlet fever plague had decimated the Indians of that region.\nShown on map of Northern Canada (No,35) marked \"abandoned\".\n16 i*.nse-au-Loup\nAn old French trading post on lower St.Layrence\nnorth shore, established before 1710, on strait of Belle Isle.\nA King's post. Was in territory granted to Courtemanche 1630-\nand extended 1702. In 1748 Galissoniere and Bigot granted the\nAnse-au-Loup concession to Joseph Deschenaux for 9 years. This\nconcession was ratified by the King to run from 1749 to 1756.\nAfter the cession of Canada this post was leased by the North\nWest Co. 1788. It was net long operated by the Company and was\nxxot acquired by the Hudson's Bay Co. Shown on Rinfret map Gulf\nSt.Lawrence (No.67) and White's map of Labrador posts (No,24).\nFrench fishing post on lower St.Lawrence\nWm. Grant 1804 and again sold 1806 by Sheriff of Queb\n 18 Anse-Ste.Claire\n- French trading post on lower 3t.Lawrence near\nBlanc Sablon post. Built about 1752. In 1750 Jonquiere and\nBigot granted the concession to Tache for 9 years. In 1751 it\nwas granted to Michel Fortier for 6 years. In 1752 Brouague\nclaimed Anse bte.Claire as included within the limits of his\nconcession. In 1754 it was declared to be within the limits\nof Baye Phelypeaux concession. In 1761 Governor Murray\ngranted the seal fishery concession from 2 leagues west of\n3elsamont to 2 leagues east of Anse Ste.Claire for 3 years.\nIn 1804 it was sold to Grant. (Map No.24).\n19 Fort Anticosti\nOld French fort at western end of Anticosti; probably at present port Menier. Shown on La Hontan map 1703\n(No. 20) as \"Magazin Fortifiet\", also on Carver Map Quebec\n1763 (No.70). Anticosti was granted to Sieur de Joliette in\n1697.\n20 Arctic Red River post\nHudson's Bay Co. post on left bank of Mackenzie\nriver at mouth of Arctic Red river (right bank) at Lower\nRamparts. It is a recent post established about 1900. Shown\non Map Mackenzie river (No. 25).\n21 Fort Arkansas\nFrench military fort on Arkansas river, 3 leagues\nfrom mouth. On south side Arkansas river and west bank\nMississippi river, at the junction. Built 1685. A mission\nand fort for Arkansas Indians. Shown on maps No\u00C2\u00AB93-96-100.\n22 Ash House\nNorth West Co. fort on left bank Souris river near\nmouth Plum Creek, a tributary of Souris river. Was located\n16-g-miles south and 39 miles west of McDonnell's House, probably near or opposite the present village of Hartney, Manitoba.\nIt was an outpost of Assiniboine House about 45 miles distant.\n3uilt 1795 and abandoned 1796. Thompson Journal December 1797\nsays, \"had to be given up from its being too open to incursions\nof Sioux Indians\". In July 1806 Alexander Henry Jr. visited\nthe site of Ash House on his journey to the Mandan Indians.\nWas on the direct route to the Mandan villages. It was known\nalso as Fort de la Frenier (Ash tree).\nFort Ashuapmuchouan\nOriginally a King's post in Domaine du Roy, on\nriver -ashuapmuchouun, about 90 miles above the mouth, on the\nshore of lake Chigobiche an enlargement of river. 3uilt 1690.\nWas on route from lake St .John to James Bay as travelled X>y\nFather Albanel 1672. -./as operated by French up to time of\ncession 1760. Leased by North Vest Co. with other King's poc;ts\n1788. James McKenzie of North Vest Co. visited the King'a\nposts 1308 and says in his description of this post: \"It is 60\nleagues from lake St.John. Ou a small lake of same name, &\npoor shabby post. There is '.- route from henco to rivor St.Mau-\n1\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n rice by small lakes and rivers\". It is shown on Laure's map\n1732 and Bowen and Gibson's map 1772 (White). In 1825 it was\noperated by the King's Posts Co. In 1831 the Hudson's Bay Co.\nacquired lease of this and other King's posts. It is shown\non Arrowsmith map 1848. Was closed before 1371. The name\nmeans \"Watch Moose Deer\" and is variously spelled, Assuapraou-\n3oin, Chamuchuan, and Chamouthouane. Shown on White's Map of\nLabrador posts (No.24) and Le Rouge 1755 (No.112 & Berlin 1744\n(No.95).\n24 Aspin House\nNorth West Co. small post on east bank of Assiniboine river about 51.030'N. & 1020W., few miles above \"Aspin\nriyulet\". Shown on D, Thompson's map 1812, (No.7) Aspin river\nshown on map of Assiniboia 1611 (Ho\u00C2\u00BB38). The same as Grant's\nHouse q.v.\n25 Fort Assiniboine\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Athabaska river at confluence of Freeman creek on north bank, about 114\u00C2\u00B045*W. Shown\non map northwest Territories 1894 (No.37) as \"in rains\", also\non map northern Canada 1907 (No.34), also Devine map Crown\nLands 1857 (No.12). Jt is noted on the Hudson's Bay Co. map\n1857 (No.8) and appears on the 1857, 1869, and 1872 lists of\nforts. Probably clossd about 1880.\n26 Fort Assiniboine\nNorth West Co* fort on north side Assiniboine river\n2 miles above mouth of Souris river, in N.E. quarter of Sect.\n19, Tp.8, B. 16 W. of principal meridian, 3 miles north of\nBanting on southwest branch of C.P.R'y. It was first built on\nnorth side of river before 1794 to compete with Hudson's Bay\nCo. post Brandon House. At this time there were 5 opposing\ntrading posts at this place. . John McDonnell in 1795 moved the\nfort to the south side of Assiniboine river at mouth of Souris\nriver* It was about 50 miles from Montagne \u00C2\u00BB la Bosse. This\npost declined after 1805 and was not continued after the\ncoalition 1G21. A* Heniy Jr. was there in 1806 and describes\nthe starving condition of the occupants, \"no trade, no furs,no\nbuffalo\"\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Was am important post at first, from which all the\nNorth West Co. trade with the Mandans was carried on. Thompson\nwas there In 1798. Remains of fort were seen by Tyrrell in\n1890. Shown on Thompson's map 1812 (No.7) and the British\nMuseum map 1617 (No.9), also Map Mackenzie track Arrowsmith\n1801 (No.4). Various names have been given to this fort,\nAssibiboine House, Stone Indian River House, McDonnell's House,\nPort Souris, Assiniboine River House, and Mouse River Fort.\nFort Assiniboine River\n1. See H.B. Co. fort Portage la Prairie.\n2. See X.Y.Co. fort Hibernia.\n3. See H.B.Co. fort Pelly.\n4. See N.W. Co* Assiniboine House (McDonnell's.)\n Or\nmout\n1 of\nCo\n.um\nams\n3d bj\nr Nort\nFort i\nfinally built by Pacific Fur Co. in 1811 at\nLa river, site of present Astoria. Was pur-\nWest Co. in'October 1813 from Pacific Fur Co\nand the name changed to Fort George. It was restored to the\nUnited States by Treaty of Ghent 1818. Was one of the fozts\nfor which the Hudson's Bay Co. claimed indemnity in 1865.\n.Shown on Devine Map of Crown Lands 1857 (No.12) and 31ackie\nmap North America 1846 (No.22) also Arrowsmith No. 100 and 101.\nThe site was changed o^ McLoughlin in 1824 to north side of\nColumbia river, 7 miles above mouth of Willamette river, where\na fort was erected 1825 and called Fort Vancouver, Five years\nlater, 1830, another site was selected one mile west of the\nfirst 4s\u00C2\u00A9rt and nearer the river. This was McLoughlin's headquarters. By the convention between the United States and\nGreat Britain, Oct. 2, 1818, the Oregon Country was to be free\nand -open to all for ten years joint occupancy. In 1827 the\noccupancy was made indefinite, but was terminated by the.Treaty\n1846 which defined the boundary as 49th parallel. During the\ntime of joint occupancy, the Hudson's Bay Co. established a\nnew site for fort Astoria as above, acquired from the North\nWest Co. Officers of U.S. army took possession of the fort in\n1849-1850. It was sometimes called fort Clatsap (Map No. 101).\n28 Fort Athabaska River\nBuilt by Peter Pond in 1778 on west bank of Athabaska river, about 30 miles from lake Athabaska. It was known\nas the \"Old Establishment\" or \"Old Pond Fort\" for years. It\nwas the first and only fort in that region until 1785, when\nfort Chipewyan was first built. For many years it was an important establishment of the North West Co. Thompson visited\nthe post in 1804. It is shown on Rinfret map (No-3) and\nTurner's map 1790 (No.106) shows it on the east bank of the\nriver.\n29 Attawapi3cat House\nHudson's Bay Co. post at mouth of Attavapiscat\nriver, James Bay, north bank. Established about 1900.\n30 Lake Attawapisoat Post\nAn old Hudson's Bay Co. post on lake Attawapisoat,\nheadwaters of Attawapiskat river, about 50 miles north of Fort\nHope. Was established about 1850 as an outpost of Fort Hope.\nName has now been changed to Lansdowne House and new log\nbuildings are being erected (1929) in Hudson's Bay Co. style.\nIt is 3hown on Mclnnes' map of Keewatin 1903 (No.54) as an old\npost.\n31 au Chat Falls post\nSmall North West Co. post on Ottawa river at Chat\nFalls, mentioned by Harmon 1800. It was probably a repair\nstation on the canoe route between Montreal and lake Nipissinr.'.\nSix forts to\nAlta, (1) The\n1\nJ\n North West Co., known as Fort Augustus, sometimes called Upper\nFort Des Prairies, on Saskatchewan river, north bank, a little\nmore than one mile above mouth of Sturgeon Creek, and about 20\nmiles air line east from present city Edmonton. Built by Shaw\nand McGillivray 1794. Shown on Thompson map 1810. Thompson\nwas there in 1808 and A. Henry Jr. passed in 1809. Was destroyed 1807 by Blackfeet Indians. (2) The second fort was built in\n1795 by the Hudson's Bay Co. close beside Fort Augustus and\nwas named Fort Edmonton in compliment to John Pruden, clerk, a\nnative of Edmonton, near London. It was built lay George\nSutherland. Was sometimes called Fort Des Prairies. This fort\nwas destroyed by Blackfeet Indians at same time as Fort\nAugustus*\nBoth these forts were the most western stations\nuntil 1799 when Rocky Mountains House was built 200 miles\nfarther upstream.\n(3)In 1808 New Fort Augustus was built by Hughes of the North\nWest Co. on the site of the present city of Edmonton, 20 miles\nin straight line upstream from old Fort Augustus. This fort\nwas abandoned 1810 and destroyed by Blackfeet Indians.\n(4) The same year, 1808, Rowand of Hudson's Bay Co built New-\nFort Edmonton close by New Fort Augustus.\nBoth these forts were abandoned in 1810 and were\nre-established several miles further upstream at mouth of White\nMud Creek and went by the name of Old Port Whitemud and Upper\nTerre Blanche Fort (q.v.) In May 1811 A. Henry Jr. camped for\nthe night at the nearly demolished Fort Augustus which had been\nabandoned 1810: \"'We pitched our tent inside the old House for\nthe night\".\n(5) Fort Edmonton was again reoccupied and repaired by the\nHudson Bay Co. some time before 1819. At first it was built\non the river flats but later was moved to the top of the bluff\nand strongly re-enforced. Its defences were maintained till\nrecent times because of hostile Indians. It was hexagonal in\nform with high pickets and bastions and battlemented gateways,\non the perpendicular height commanding the river. \"It was\npainted inside and out with Indian devices, gaudy colours and\nqueer sculptures. The buildings were painted red and smeared\nwith red earth which, when mixed with oil, produces a durable\nbrown\" (Sir George Simpson 1843). In 3583B the fort was removed'*'\nto allow construction of Parliament buildings. See maps No. 8,\n100 & 101.\n(6) An X.Y. Co. fort was also built in the neighbourhood in 1798\nand 1810.\nThe site of old Fort Augustus was marfcfed by Historic\nSites Board August 8, 1927. Inscription on the cairn reads:\n\"On the river flat below stood Fort Augustus, established by the\nNorth West Co. in 1794; Fort Edmonton, established by the\nHudson's Bay Co. 1795. Abandoned 1807\",\nFort Augustus was in Sect. 15, Tp.55, R.22, W. of\n4th Meridian. See Map Early Alberta forts (3o.ll) and Tyrrell's\nNorthern Alberta (No.36).\n1\n 33 Fort &ux Trembles\nNorth West Co. fort on Assiniboine river near present Brandon, on South side. It was attacked by the Indians\n1780 and surrendered. A. Henry says that this fort was known\nin his time as Fort Des Prairies. Its location is shown on\nMap of Northwest Territories (Ho.l) and Rinfret's North 'West\nTerritories (No. 3).\nFort aux Trembles. Alex. Henry Sr. says \"this was the former\nname given to the French fort Des Prairies or Nepoin\".\n34 Fort Babine\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at north end of lake Babine,\nB.C. Built 1822 and in continuous operation even since. It\nwas famous for its salmon, but poor as a fur trading station.\nIt was sometimes called Kilmar's Fort. Was first built at\nbase of the two arms at the north end. In 1836 it was moved\n35 miles to the north end. Shown on Arrowsmith maps 1832\n(No.101) & 1850 (No.100) 1857 (No.8) and both locations on\nMap of Northern Canada (No. 35).\n35 Fort Baie-Chateau\nOld French trading post on Chateau Bay, Strait of\nBelle Isle, in the territory granted to Courtemanche 1630 and\nextended 1702. Built about 1740. Chateau Bay is shown on\nHarleyan map 1543. Jacques Cartier anchored there in 1534. In\n1736 the concession wa3 granted to Bazil for 9 years to 1745.\nIn 1749 it was regranted to Sieur Gaultier for 9 uyears. Bougainville gives Baye-des-Chatea-ux in his list of forts 1757.\nSir Hugh Palliser ordered a fort to be constructed in 1767,\nplan of which is given in Gosling's Labrador p. 190. Thi3 fort\nwas called Fort York and Chateau Bay was renamed York Bay.\nCartwright in his journal 1770 says that the Government about\n1765 erected a block house and small fort garrisoned by an\nofficer and 20 men. In 1776 the garrison was withdrawn as un-\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 necessary. uLease of Chateau Bay was acquired by the North\nWest Co. in 1788. The Hudson's Bay Co. does not seem to have\nleased this post. Captain Wemyss reported Septr. 1794: \"At\nTemple Bay there are 4 forts, Fort Carlton, Fort Wallace at\nentrance, Fort Sheffield fronting Temple Bay, and Fort Charlotte, lo . e. There are no fortifications on the coast of\nLabrador but at Temple Bay\". These were all small wood blockhouses. Temple Bay was contiguous to Chateau Bay, practically\none bay. Shown on Low's map of Labrador S.E. (No.61).\nThe original name of the Strait of Belle Isle was\nStrait of Baie Chateau. It was so called from a huge mass of .-'\nbasalt which caps an island in the bay, peipendicular cliffs\nlike a Norman keep.\n36 3aie-de-Shecatica\nEarly French trading post on north shore ot lower\nSt. Lawrence about 58\u00C2\u00B010' W. at port Jacques Cartier. This\npost is named in Bougainville list 1757 \"Chichateka\" and is\ngenerally known as Chicataka or Apetepy. It was a fishing and\nwhaling station, about 25 miles east of St. Augustin. The\nconcession was granted in 1738 for 10 years. In 1750 it was\nJ\n granted to Lafontaine de Belcour for 15 years. In 1761\nGovernor Murray granted the concession to Whale Fishing Co.\nfor 3 years. It was sold by the Sheriff in 1808. Shown on\nmap Gulf St.Lawrence (No.67) and White's map Labrador posts\n(No.24).\nFort 3aie-des-Puans\nFrench military fort at southern extremity of\nGreen Bay Wisconsin, on left bank of Fa:: river at the mouth.\nBuilt 1670. The Chevalier de Tonti was in command 1680 and\nSieur Du L'Hut in 1684. A Jesuit mission was maintained under\nPere Allowez St. Xavier in 1668, called Mission de St.Francois\nXavier, whence the fort Was sometimes named Fort St.Xavier, as\non Jeffrey's map of 1762. The fort was reconstructed about\n1718. Bougainville names it Fort Baye des Puants in his list\nof 1757 and says it was a King's post in command of M. de\nRigaud. It was apparently abandoned when the French garrisons\nwere concentrated about 1757 and is not included among the\nFrench forts surrendered to English 1761-63. -There was a\nsettlement of French on the Fox river nearby. This fort was\nalways the centre of an extensive trade and commanded the route\nfrom Great Lakes by the Fox river to the Mississippi. A\ngarrison was always maintained until the cession of Canada,\nShown on Bellin's map 1744 Lakes of Canada (No.15) and 1755\n(No.93) and map showing Fi*ench possessions 1756 (No.10). On\nPalairet's map 1763 it is named Fort Sakisdac (No.94) and Ft.\nSt.Xavier on No.96.\nBaie Forteau\nOld French post on Forteau Bay, Strait of Belle\nIsle. Fort built 1710. It marked the eastern limit of the\ngrant to Courtemanche 1630. Before 1630 the Basques had\nmaintained there an establishment for whale fishery but were\ndriven away by the Esquimaux. In 1716 the post was plundered\nby the Esquimaux. In 1748 the concession was granted for 9\nyears. The North West Co. acquired a lease of the post in\n1788. Shown on Rinfret map of St. Lawrence (No.67) and-Low's\nmap Labrador peninsula (No.61). Does not appear to have been\noccupied by the Hudson's Bay Co.\nFort Baie-Rouge\nOld French trading post and fort on Bay Rouge,\nStrait of Belle Isle, in territory granted to Courtemanche\n1630 as extended 1702. Built before 1715. In 1719 a new fort\nwas erected by Lessee Constantin. This was destroyed by\nEskimo and again rebuilt by Constantin in 1721. Post was not\noccupied in 1735 temporarily, but in 1748 Constantin again\noperated the post. It was noted for seal fishery. North West\nCo. acquired the post by lease about 1788.\n40 Fort Balisle\nFrench fort on an island at mouth Mississippi\nriver built 1699. (Another 18 miles distant built in 1700).\nShown on Bowen's map No.97 tl763) & Palairet 1755 (No.93) &\nLe Rouge 1755 (No.Ill) & Mitchell 1755 No.110.\n North West Co. fort near mouth of Winnipeg river,\non the south side, a short distance below and Opposite the old\nFrench fort Maurepas which stood on the north.side. Built by\nTdussaint Lesieur for the North Vest Co; in 1792. McDonnell\nRiver House. Before fort 3as de la'Riviere was built th?\nNorth West Co. had a storehouse for provisions at Otter Point\nRock across froro the site of old Po;.-t Maurepas, about 4 miles\nabove mouth of river. 3as de la Riviere was built a mile or\ntwo further down the l-iver. (A. Henry and D. Thompson Journal*),\nUntil the time of the coalition 1821 both the Hudson's Bay Co.\nand the North West Co, maintained forts at this place only a\nfew rods apart. The present Hudson's Bay Co. establishment\nwas built on the site of Fort Bas de la Riviere. This was\nprobably one of tho first posts built by the North V/est Co.\nwest of Fort William and was an important station on the main\ncanoe route. (See Fort Alexander.)\n42 Batchawana Bay post\nA small North West Co. post named in the coalition\nlist 1820. It stood on the north shore of lake Superior near\nthe entrance of the lake from Sault Bte.Marie, about 25 miles\nnorth of Sault Ste.Marie. It is not included among the Hudson's\nBay Co. posts. Was on main canoe route from Montreal, to Fort -\nWilliam. Shown on Map of N.W. Co. ijosts 1317 (Ko.5)\n43 Fort Battle River\nThe present Battloford,Saisk., on tho North\nSaskatchewan river. About 1805 the North West Co. established\na small post, called also Fort War Road; near mouth of Battl--.\nriver. Tho Hudson's Bay Co. had also established a post near\nby, on the north or loft brink of the Saskatchewan abov;.* the\nmouth of the Battle rivor. The main Hudson's Bay Co. fort was\nprobably built soon after the coalitioij 1821. It lay in the\ncentre of disaffection in the rebellion of 1885, Poundmaker\nresiding in tho region. The settlement was aaekod and invested\nby the Indians until the arrival of troops. The fort -was\nattacked and stores plundered. Aftor the rebellion this fort\nwas not re-established. It appears on tne Hudson's 3ay Co.\nlists of 1869 and 1872. Tho North West Co. post is shown on\nThompson's map 1312 (No.7) on the right bank of tho Saskatchewan, north of the Battle river, and Hudson's Bay Co. reserve\non map of Northwest Territories 1894 (Ho.37)\n3attle River post\nName sometimes given to Horse-shoe House, q.v.\nFo rt 3 eauba s s i n\nFrench fortified settlement made In 1672 at head of\nCumberland Bay on neck N.S. by Jacquest Bourgeois and fouraft.^F\nother families from Port Royal. Tbe French settlers on approach\nof English forces in 1750 all moved to Beausejour. The English\nthen erected Fort Lawrence on east side of Misseguash river,\nunder Major Chas. Lawrence, on or near site of French settle-\n ment Beaubassin. It was evacuated and dismantled in 1756.\nFo rt B eaulia rno i s\nFrench military fort on lake Pepin, an enlargement\nof Mississippi river. Built 1727. It was maintained for some\nyears as a missionary and trading post. It was deserted or\ndestroyed before the cession-of Canada.\nFort Beausejour\nFrench military fort on neck of Acadian peninsula\non north bank Missiquash river. Built about 1750. Was\ncaptured by British 1755 under Col. Moncton and name changed\nto Fort Cumberland. Situated at head of Cumberland Bay.\nShown on Carver Map 1778 (No.19). & No, 97. Named after an\nearly settler Laurent Chatillon Boause'jour. The fort was\nstrengthened by Col. Moncton and a plan of it made by Col,\nMorse in 1784. In 1812 further repairs were made. Garrison\nwas withdrawn after war of 1312 and the fort declined. It is\nnow a National Park.\n47 Fort Beaver Lake\nFortified trading post built by Henry and Frobisher\non Beaver lake (lac aux castors) in 1775 before formation of\nNorth West Co. lxorth of Cumberland or Pine lake, on route to\nChurchill river. It was said to be a substantial and commodious\nfort, with buildings round a quadrangle and garrisoned by 43\nmen. Fort was soon abandoned for Cumberland lake.\n48 Beaver Lake House\nBoth North West Co. and Hudson's Bay Co. had\nestablished posts on Beaver lake before 1850. A small lake \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nlying near source of Weenisk river, Ontario. Shown on Arrow-\nsmith map 1857 (No.3). An output of Fort Wapikopa,\n49 Fort Becancour\nFrench fort at mouttt Becancour river on right bank\nof St. Lawrence nearly opposite Three Rivers. Here there was\na settlement of Abenakis Indians numbering 500 to 600. Named\nin 3ougainville's list 1857.\n50 3edfont House\nHudson's Bay Go. fort on northwest shore of Reindeer\nlake, built in 1796 by Thompson. It also went by the names\nDeerLake House, Reindeer Lake House, or Caribou House. Here\nThompson left the service of the Hudson's Bay Co. to enlist with\nthe North West Co. 23d May, 1797. This fort was destroyed by\nthe Tiorth West Co. in 1317, The Hudson's Bay Co. later built a\nfort on the north shore at the mouth of Cochrane river which\nwas named Lac du Brochet House and is still operated by the\nCompany. The date of building not ascertained. Bedfont-Kouse\nic shown ori Arrowsmith maps 1832 (No,100), 1850 (No. 101) 1357.-\n(No.8) at northwest corner of Reindeer lake. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nFort Bell\nAnother name for Fort Mcpherson,\n 51 3elleau'3 Fort\nFree trader's establishment near present Fort Pelly,\nbetween Swan and Assiniboine rivers, about 53\u00C2\u00B0N. Mentioned by\nD. Thompson.\n52 Fort Bellinghara\nHudson's Bay Co. post, site of present town Belling-. \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nham, state of Washington, at outlet lake Whatcom, tributary of\nStrait of Georgia, about 34 miles south of New Westminster,\nShown on map \"The Company's Territory\" No. 6. Small post.\n53 Berens House\nOld trading house on right bank Athabaska river\nnear Old Red River House (present Fort Mackay) at or near mouth\nMuskeg river - probably an independent trader's house. Shown\non Wallace map Early Alberta Forts (No.11 )..\n54.- Beren'3 River House\nHudson's Bay Co. poet on east shore of lake Winnipeg\nat mouth of Berens river. Built before 1825 and operated to\ndate. In 1825 the post was in charge of John Robertson. McLean\nin \"Twenty-five years sexwioe\" mentions it as a small post in\n183S. Appears on Arrowsmith maps 1832 (No.101),1850 (No.100)\n1857 (No.8). Named after Joseph Berens,.Governor of Hudson's\nBay Co. 1812 to 1822.\n55 Betsiamites or Bersimis post\nOld French trading post at mouth of Betsiamites river,\nnorth shore of lower St. Lawrence about 6 miles from Isle Jeremie.\nThe present village and river are named Bersimis in White's\nPlace names of Quebec, but are called Betsiamites on Government\nmap of 1913. This post was distinct from l3le Jeremie. Both\nBetsiamites and Islet de Jeremie are given in list of King's\nPosts in Ordinance 1733 of Intendant Hocquart. It is not included in Bougainville's list 1857, but is shown on Del'isle map\n1703 (No.18). It was probably an outpost of Isle Jeremie,\"the\nmain post. In 1825 La Rocque enumerated Betsiamites as one of\nthe King's Posts operated by the Hudson's Bay Co's. opponents.\nIsle Jeremie was operated by the Hudson's Bay Co. In 1858\nGovernor Simpson closed Isle Jeremie but maintained Bersimis.\nIt has remained in operation to date. Shown on Rinfret map of\nGulf of St.Lawrence (No.67) and White's map of Labrador posts\n(No.24).\n56 Big Island House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on large island at outlet of\nGreat Slave lake. Built by the Hudson's Bay Co. about 1830.\nThe trade of this post was afterwards removed to Fort Providence,\n40 miles down the Mackenzie river, about 1850.\n ig Island post\nsouth end Lake of the Woods*\nand was included in the Deed i\nincluded in the 1372 list. '$\nv-.%3 established about 1865\narrender List 1869. It is\nlbsed about 1880.\nMsJ\nLake, now Evan's lake, Quebec, scarce of Broadback rivor.\nShewn Arrowsmith map 1804, on Arrowsmith 1857 (No.8), and\nWhite's map of Labrador Posts (No.24). It was not included\nin the Company's list of 1821. Shown also on Arrowsmith map\n.1832 (No.101).\nFort Biloxi\nFrench military fort built by Iberville in March\n1699 on bay at mouth of Pascagoula rivor, about 50 miles west\nof Mobile Bay. It was called Fort Maurepas by Iberville,\nwas abandoned soon after the building of Mobile, about 1705\nShown on De Lisle's map 1713 (No.32) also Bellin's map 1755\n(No.93) and Bowon's map 1763 (No.96)\nBirch Point House\nIt\nNeoskwesjjan.\nBird Mountain Fort\nSee Some:\nFort Birdstail\nHudson's 3ay Co. fort on left bank Assiniboine\nriver at mouth of Birdstail Creek, about 12 miles below. Fort\nElllce. Established before 1850. Appears on Arrowsmith map\n1857 (No.8) but is not included in the Company list of 1869.\nProbably discontinued about 1865. Shown on Devine map 1857\n(No.12) and Willson map (No.6) & Arrowsmith \"1832 (No.101).\nBlackfoot Ppst\nSee Rocky Mountain House.-) (1)\nBlack River post\nA 3mall Noi'th West Co. post on Black (or Turnagain)\nriver, branch of the Liard river. It is named in the North\nWest Co. list of 1820. Probably of short duration and does\nnot appear on lists after \"\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 ~''\n62 Blondin's Fort\nA North jtea* Co. post built t\nof Lesser Slave Lake, Thompson visit-d t\nfoxt was probably known as the Lesser Sla\n63 Blondish's Fort\nA free-trader's fort built in\nAssiniboine river below Portage la Frairl\nilt by 31ondin at V\npost 1803-4\nLake fort.\n 64 Boat Encampment\nNorth West Co. establishment at the Great 3end in\nColumbia river, at mouth of Canoe river on east side of river.\nBuilt by Thompson January 1811. It was tne rendez-vous for\ntravel across the mountains by Athabaska Pass. It was maintained\nup to time of building railway. It is shown on Arrowsmith map\n1857 (No.8) & on Johnston map of North West Territory 1877.\n65 Boggy Hall\nA North West Co. post on North Saskatchewan river,\nabove Blue Rapids, on west bank, about 10 miles below confluence\nof Brazeau river. Thompson visited the site of this abandoned\npost in 1810, where the North West Co. had been located for two\nyears. It is shown on Tyrrell's map of Northern Alberta 1887,\nmarked \"3ite of\",(No.36) also on Wallace map of early Alberta\nforts (No.11).\n66 Fort Boi3e\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Snake river a few miles\nbelow Boise' river. It was built 1835 and was stockaded. The\nHudson's Bay Co. claimed indemnity from United States in 1865\nfor loss of this fort. See Oregon Territory, Shown on Arrow-\nsmith map 1857 (No.8) Its walls and bastions were of adobe -\nbrick & enclosed a number of houses &e. Three miles square\naround the fort was under cultivation by H.B.Co. Hostilities\nbetween U.S. and.Indians 1855 caused abandonment of fort*\n67 Fort Bondesir\nFortified King's post in the Domain du Roi, located\nat mouth of Escumains river, probably identified by present\nnamed Cape Bondesir. It is given in decree of Intendant\nHocquart 1733. The name was probably discontinued after the\ncession of Canada and Portneuf or Mille Vaches used instead. It\nwas built before 1732. Apparently was not operated by Hudson's\nBay Co. Laure's map 1732 shows a post at 3ondesir. Shown on\nWhite's map of Labrador peninsula (No.24) and Low's map 1896\n(No.63). It was known as one of the King's post3 in 1786. See\nMill Vaches and Portneuf.\n68 Fort Bonseoour\nFrench fort built before 1700, on right bank of\nMississippi river near southern terminus of lake Pepin and near\nmouth of Chippewa river. Shown on DeLisle's map 1700 (No.94)\nand 1703 (No.18). Danville's map 1755 (No.97) names it Fort\nPerrot.\nBougainville\nList of French forts given in \"Memoire de Bougainville sur l'Etat de la Nouvello France 1757\", in Pierre Margry's\nRelations et Memoir\u00C2\u00AB3 ixxedits pour servir h l'histoire de la\nFrance, etc.,1867 Paris, one vol., pages 39 to 84.\n69 Fort Bourbon\nFrench fort on a small island dividing Cedar lake\nfrom Mud lake, now called Fort Island, at or near mouth\n Saskatchewan river. Built by Pierre Gaultier de Varennes,\none of sons of Sieur de la V^rendrye, in 1741. It was\ndestroyed before 1775. Is included in Bougainville's List\n1757 and he locates it as being \"150 leagues from St.Charles\nat the entrance of lake Ouimpeg\". The northern helf of lak\nWinnipeg and Cedar lake was called lake Bourbon by Veirendrye\nand Saskatchewan river he called the Pascoyac, and sometimes\nRiviere aux Biches (Deer). The Hudson's Bay Co. early had e\nfort on this Lake, succeeding the French fort, called Cedar\nLake House (q.v.), also a later post called Grand Rapids\nHouse (q.v.). The North West Co. operated a small post on\nthis lake, which was abandoned 1802. If. Bourbon is shown on\nBellin's map 1755 (No.93) & Rocques 1763 (No.86).\nFort Bourbon\nName given by French to Port Nelson after capture.\nSee Fort Nelson.\nFort Bourbon\n70 Bow Raver fort\nNorth West Co. fort on north bank of Bow river at\nmouth of Old Fort creek, 1150W latitude, east of present Banff\nand about 50 miles west of site of old Fort Lajonquiere. It\nwas built about 1802 and closed about 1823 after the coalition\nof 1821. Shown on Rinfret's map of Korth West Territories\n(No.3); and Wallace's map Early Alberta forts {No. 11), and\nMacoun's map of 1882, (No. 13).\n71 3randon House\nNorth W\u00C2\u00ABst Co. post near present\" city of Brandon.\n3uilt 1794. Operated to time of coalition 1821. There were\nfive different trading posts in this locality 1794-5. Shown\non Rinfret's map (No.5), and Thompson's map 1612 (No.7).\n72 Brandon House\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on south side of Assiniboine\nriver, 2 miles above mouth of Souris river, and about 17 miles\nbelow present city Brandon. Built 1794. It was burned 1814\nand rebuilt. This was the chief Hudson'3 Bay Co. fort in that\nregion for 20 years. It does not appear on the Company's\nlists later than 1856 and was probably closed about 1860\nthrough failure of trade. Shown on Arrowsmith map 1857 (No.8)\nAncient French fort and settlement on Old Fort Bay,\n(Baie du Vieux Fort), north shore, at western entrance Strait\n3elle Isle. It is called the \"ancient harbour of Brest\".\nFounded 1504. Frequented by Bretons 1500. Visited by Cartier\n1534. Appears on a Portugese map of 1550 and on Desbien's map\n1546 (No.74). Was in the original grant to Courtemanche 1630.\nShown also on Molyneux q&o 1598 (Ho.75).\n Fortified post of H\nriver. 3uilt 1744. This pos\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2Brunswick House was substitut\nBruixswick lake. The latter w\nLocation of both forts shown\nArrowsmith 1357 (No.8) and 1832 No. 10\nBrunswick House was situated on north\nnsar outlet of Opasatika rr\n100 miles further upstream.\nulson's Bay Go. on Missinaibi\nwas abandoned in 1730 and N<\n:&, built 1788, at xxorth end c\nis operated until about 1900.\nm Devine map 1857 (No.12), ai\nWhite's map (No.24).\n. bank Micsinaibi river\nBrunswick Houoe va3 nearly\nFort\n-rule'\n75 Buck Lake House\nHudson's Bay Co. trading post on north Snskateh\nriver, on north bank opposite mouth of Buck Lake creek,\n114\u00C2\u00B042'W., about 20 miles upstream fsem Old White Mud fort\nIt is shown on Wallace map of eai-ly Al'o.orta posts (No,11).\nsmall post not named on the Company lists.\n76 Buckingham House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on North Saskatchewan river\n350 miles above Cumberland House and equal distance above the\nForks {Tyrrell) and near the North West Co. fort George.\nBuilt 1780 by Mitchell Oman. Abandoned 1801 in favour of\nIsland Fort, 18 miles farther up the ri of\n18C\n?. and\n1'.\n25 &\nmar\n 94 Cedar Lake' House\nThe North West Co. post was built on or near the 3ite\nof the old French fort Bourbon in 1790 and was abandoned in\n1802. The old French fort was destroyed in 1775, or a little\nearlier, and the Hudson's Bay Co. was almost immediately\nestablished in the locality. Their first post soems to have\nbeen built at the mouth of the Saskatchewan river below Grand\nRapids and was called Grand Rapids lie-use. In 1856 the Company\nbuilt a fort, known as Cedar Lake House about half a mile below\nthe main Cedar lake on the right or west bank of the river.\nShis fort is shown on the Johnston map 1877 (No.16} and is included ixi all lists of the Hudson's 'Bay Co. posts to 1925* It\nwas built to compete \7ith free-tradex-s from the Red river'\nregion. A description of these posts is given in Hind's Canadian Expedition. The Hudson's Bay Co. had also another post\nat the entrance of Cedar lake, -.vest end, shown on Johnston map\nof 1894 (No.37).\n95 Fort Chagouamigon\nFrench fort at southwestern extremity of lake Superior,\ncalled also Fort La Pointe, or Grand Pointo, from the long projecting point. Settlements were made here by Huron and Ottawa\nIndians after war with Iroquois about 1650. The first fission\nwas established by Menard 1660 and called Mission du Saint\nEsprit. The first fort was built by Radisson -and Groseilliers\n1661 on the shore of \"Cheguamegon\" bay. It was a palisaded' fort\nsituated not far from the present town Ashland, Wisconsin.\nMarquette was in command of this fort in 1663. It was probably\ndestroyed by fire within a'few years, for in 1692 Fro&tenac sent\nSieur La Seneur to La Pointe to build a fort and garrison it.\nLa Gardeur de St.Pierre was in command, followed by Linctot in\n1726, This fort was built on the south *\u00C2\u00BBnd of Magdalox (Madeleine) island. Thirty soldiers formed the garrison. It was included in Bougainville's list 1757 as \"Pointe de Chagoamigon\"\nunder the command of M. de Beaubassin. This fort seems to have\nbeen destroyed at the conquest of Canada. For a number of years\nthe fur-traders followed the south shore of lake Superior in\ngoing west and La Pointe became an important stopping-place.\nAlexander Henry Sr. was one of the fix*st traders to venture west\nafter the French had deserted the forts. In 1765-6 he built a\nhouse on the mainland sheltered by Madeleine island. He remarks\nthat \"on the island there had been a French trading post, called\nLa Pointe du St.Esprit\". The North West Co. soon acquired\npossession of Grand Pointe, erecting a fort which appears on\ntheir list of 1821. It was not operated by the Hudson's .Bay Co.\nafter coalitioxx, being on American texrritory. It is shown on\nDel'Isle's map 1745, on map of French claims (No. 10), *m Bellixx'o\n1744 map (No.15), on La Ronton 1703 (No.20) also on Del'IsIe\n1703 (No.16J.\n96 Fort Chambly\nFrench military fort, 8 i\non a promontory in river Richelieu.\npalisades 15 feet high, by Jacques '\nofficer in tho Carignan regiment,\nagainst the Iroquois to the south,\nstone, having boon burned by Indian\nles so\nitheast\nof Montr\noal\nBuilt\n\t first\nof wood\nvi\n; Chamb\n_y, in 2\n665, an\nwas d\neaign^d\nas a def\nar.3\nn 1709\n-11 it \\na3 rebui\nit\n1702.\nAt firs\nt it was\n called Fort Pontchartrain d*. Chambly and sometimes Fort St.Louis\nde Chambly. It was situated in the seigniory first granted to\nPierre de Chambly 1672.. It was surrendered to English forces\n1760. Captured by Americans 1775. Retaken by British 1776. It s\nstood at foot of large rapid in Bichelieu river on left bank. It\nIs now under supervision of National Parks; Branch. Shown on\nmap of French claims 1756 (No.10) & 'No.97.\n97 Fort Champoeg\nHudson's Bay Co. fort near present city of Sal*m,\n. Oregon. It was a small establishment of one house. Was one\nof the posts for which Hudson's Bay Co. claimed indemnity from\nthe United States. See Oregon Territory Forts.\nFort Chamuchuan\nSee Ashuapmouchouan.\n98 Fort Charlotte (1)\nSmall fort on Temple Bay, Labrador.\nSee Fort Baie-Chateau.\n99 Fort Charlotte (2)\nNorth West Co. fort, 9 miles west of Grand Portage Bay,\nat the western end of the gyand portage. Built 1799. Visited\nby Harmon 1800. It was established owing to difficulties of the\nlong portage. Taken over by the Hudson's Bay Co. after coalition\n. 1821. Shown on Arrowsmith map 1857.\n100 Charlton Depot\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Charlton island, James bay, a\nwarehouse fortified. In 1631 Captain James wintered here and\nbuilt a hous**. In 1680 the'first depot was built,\" a good,\nlarge, dry, substantial warehouse\". It was constructed on the\nsite of James' house, and was a supply depot for posts on.James\nBay. In 1684 a fort was ordered built. In 1586 the establishment was seized by the French and the Company abandoned the\nisland. In 1808 agents of North West Co. established a post on\nCharlton island which they soon abandoned. By the Treaty of\nUtrecht 1713 the Hudson's Bay Co. regained possession of their\nforts and reopened Charlton Dapot; since which time it has been\nregularly operated by the Company.\nFort\nCharnisay\nPort\nLa\nSee\nTour.\nFort\nChart res\nAlso\ncal\nled\nFort\non 1\n3ft bank M\nxssi\nssi;\n>pi ri\ns Chartres. French militaucy fort\nsr, about 25 miles above the mouth\nof Kaskaskia river. Built 1717. It was the seat of government\nof the Illinois. In 1756 it was jjebuilt, an irregular quadrangle with four bastions, of stone plastered. Walls were from\n2 ~feet to 3 feet thick and 15 feet high, with loop-holes and\n^\n port-holes, surrounding several enclosed buildings, Bougainville in his memoire says that this fort was dependent on New\nOrleans. It wa3 generally believed to be the best built of\nthe interior French forts. It was the last of the old French\nforts to be surrendered to the British after the conquest,\nbeing surrendered in 1765. In 1772 the Mississippi river had\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0undermined the west sidfe and the wall fell. This fort\ntogether with Cahbkia, Kaskaakia said St. Genevieve in the immediate neighborhood commanded the approach to th<-\u00C2\u00BB Illinois\ncountry by the Mississippi. It is shown on map of French\nclaims 1756 (No.lO)j on Benin's 1755 (No.93) & Danville 1755\n(No.97).\n102 Chatham House\nA small Hudson's Bay Co. post on Wintering lake,\nNelson river and Grass river, on canoe route from Sipiwesk lake\nto Grass rivor. Was situated on long peninsula extending north\ninto lake. David Thompson mentions the post 1792.\n103 Chesterfield Ho us 9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2'\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nOriginally a North West Co. post on South Breach of\nSaskatchewan river at mouth of Red Deer river, on north- bank.-. -\nBuilt 1791. It was abandoned 1804 and rebuilt in 1805 by - '.\nJohn McDonald of the North West Co. and then called New\nChesterfield House. In 1822, after coalition of the two com-,\npanies, the Hudson's Bay Co. took over the North West Co.\n- \u00E2\u0080\u00A2stablishment and opened Chesterfield House under Donald\nMcKenzie. It was abandoned after a few years on account of\n.Indian troubles. It i3 shown on Arrowsmith maps 1832 (No.100),\n1850 (No.101), 1854 (No.77) and 1857 (No.8) and is Included in\nCompany list of 1857, but not later. The X.Y. Co. also had a\nsmall post in the immediate xxeighborhood.\n-104 Fort Chioagou\nFrench fort shown on Bellln's map 1755 No. 93* site\nef present city Chicago,\n105 Fort Chicoutimi\nA Freixch fortified post near the head of the Saguenay\nriver, at the junction of the Saguenay and Chicoutimi rivers.\nIt was one of the earliest of the King's posts, built 1650 or\nearlier. A Jesuit chapel was erected 1670 at the post for the\nIndians. Later a second chapel was built 1707i The post is\nnamed in Bougainville's list 1757 as \"Chueretimi\". Oudiette,\nlessee of the Domaine du Roy, had built a post at \"Chigoutimy\"\nbefore 1683. Chicoutimi was included in lease of the Traits\n. de Tadoussac 1701. Mckenzie, who visited the King^s posts in\ninterests of the North West Co. in 1808, states that a \"store\"\nhad been built in 1707. It was included in a list of the\n' King's posts 1720. An inventory of the goods was taken in\n1750. Immediately after the cession of Canada, Dunn, Gray and\nMurray'operated this post 1764. It v/as- leased, together with\nother King's posts, to the North West Co* 1788 and was operated\nby that Company to the coalition of 1821, when the Hudson's\nSay Co. took over the post and maintained it until about 1870.\nIt is possible that the great fire of 1870 destroyed the post\n and buildings. It is given in the Company list of 1857 and\nshown on Arrowsmith map 1857 (No.3). .-cods for th** interior\nwere brought here by schooners and boats and thenc\u00C2\u00BB distributed\n106 Fort Chilcotin\nHudson's Bay Co. post en Chilcctin lake (ChilKn)\nbranch of the Fraser river B.C. Built about 1823. It was a\nsmall outpost shown on Arrowsmith maps 1832 (No.lOC), 1050 (No.\n101). 1857 (Nc.8) and appears on the Company list of 1872. bit\nnot later.\n107 Fort Ohimo\nHudson's Bay Co. post on right bank Kcksoak river near\nits outlet (about 25 miles) in Ungava bay. In 1828 Hendx'y explored the lower Kakcsoak and selected a site. In 1830 the fort\nwas built by Finlayson and Frlandson for the Hudson's Bay Co.\nIn 1842 it was abandoned through lack *f trade, but was re-opened\nin 1866. It is included in the Company list at Deed of Sur-\nr\u00C2\u00ABnder Rupert's Land 1869, and is still in operation. Shown oix\nWhite's map Labrador (No.24) and Low's map 1896 (Hr.64)\n108 Chinook House\nA small establishment \u00C2\u00BBf the Hudson's Bay Co. near\nmouth Columbia river. It -was a station for salmon. Calle.}. also\nPillar Rock. The Hudson's Bay Co. claimed indemnity from the\nUnited States for this post 1665. (3<=e Oregon Territory). .\n109 Fo rt Chi pewyan\nNorth West Co. fort on lake Athabaska. The first fort\nin this region was built by Peter pond on Athabaska riverabout 30\nmiles above the outlet, on west side. Athabaska river and lake\nwere called Elk river and Lake of the Hills- This fort was\nbuilt in 1778 and was known as The Old Establishment and\nAthabaska House and Pond's Reuse. Athabaska means \"Meeting place\nof rzany waters.\" In 1788 Pond's fort was abandoned and a new\nfort built on south shore of lake Athabaska, about 6 miles from\nmouth of Athabaska river, 38 miles from the old fort, at th\"\nsouth-western end of the lake, on a rocky point projecting into\nthe lake. This fort was built by Roderick Mackenzie of th*\nNorth West Cr. Fort Chipewyan was, styled the \"limpcrium rf the\nNrrth\" and \"Little Athens cf the Hyperborean regions\". In 18C4\ntnis site was abandoned and a new fort (the third) was erected\nby the North West Co. on a rocky point en the north shore rf the\nIak\u00C2\u00BB, the present site. The old fort on the south shore continued to be of use/some years, but in 1815 it was rapidly decaying and was finally abandoned in 1\u00C2\u00B0>H0, i'he now frxt \u00C2\u00BBn li.e\nnorth shore was \"sux-rounded by rocks and swamps\". It was the\nmost important North W\u00C2\u00ABst Co. fort in the far north. After tlxe\ncoalition of 1821, the Hudson's Bay Co. cpei-ated this fort to\nthe preseixt date. Dr. Mac\u00C2\u00BBun described the fort in 167F as\nfollows: \"All the buildings are \u00C2\u00BBf most substantial character,\nall shingled and whitewashed, and of imposing appearand*. Two\nlarge stores with glass windows, each (\"\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\":. ins. by 31 ins. by 17\nins. high, stand next the landing. Eight hous'*s are occupied by\nemployees of the Ctmpany. In thf- rear is the clerk's house,\n -\u00C2\u00B10 x 30 x :\nstore and i\n'002 and Fort\n'-rod- and warn\nrt Chipewyan\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0ral\nTopographical Survey macs of\n1P32 (NoaOO)- 1850 (No.101)\n. Go. constructed a fcrt\nn near sit\" o\u00C2\u00A3 the present\nilt Nottingham house in\nits Athabaska, Nottingham,\nabasia* 1897 (No.il) also\nriver (Nc.25) & Arrowsmith\nAnctixer name for rort Lac des Boeufs, wmcn s*\u00C2\u00BBe.\n110 Fort Chipewyan Lake\nHudson's Bay Co. pest on Chipewyan lake, Athabaska\ndistrict. Established 1670. Shown on the Company map of posts\n1924 (No.39). 113'30'W - 56\u00C2\u00B057'N.\n111 Fort Churthill\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at mouth of Churchill river. The\nfirst fort was built I6S8 five miles up the river. Whal\u00C2\u00BB fish- \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\ning was notable at that time. This fcrt was captured by the\nFrench 1689. In 1716 a second fcrt was built at meuth of river/\nmade of wood. A third fort, the great fort known as Fcrt Prince*\nof Wales, was constructed in 1734j on the point at entrance to\nChurchill Harbour. The walls w^re 37 to 42 feet thick at base\nand 6 feet 3 inches at top. The north and south sides of the\nfort were ever 100 yards long. Walls were of cut stone, and it\nwas erected by Seetijh masons brought over from Scetland for the\npurpose. This fort w\nas capt\nmm\nand -.\n.estroy\n?d by the French\nunder Admiral La P\u00C2\u00BBro\nuse.in 1782,\nand\nthe r\u00C2\u00BBmains are-now a\nHistoric Memorial Sit\ne in ch<\nirge-\nof tl\nxe Dominion Government.\nSome of the gunsj^of\nvhich' tl\nxere\nwere\nforty,\nare*-lying en the\nground. In 1784 an |\nstablishment\nwas\ncenstr\nacted on the. present\nsite, a few miles ups\ntream f\nrem t\nhe ol\nd fort\nand on sit-**- of tix*\nfirst original fort o\nf 1688.\nIt\nis s\ntuat^d\nIn the midst of a\nbarren rocky region w\nit Lout \\nrcod.\nLcc\n.ation\njt these forts shown\non map of Churchill H\narbeur\nNo.7\n8). C\nn Rocq\n;e's map 1763 (K\u00C2\u00AB-.\u00C2\u00BB6)A\nDel'lsle 1700 (No.94j\nFort Clatsop\n\"*\nSee Fort As\ntoria.\n112 Cl\u00C2\u00B0ar Water Lake Hous\ne\nSmall Hudso\nn's Bay\nCo.\npost\nen Clear Water lake (now\ncalled T^ggau lake) f\new mil^s wes\nt of\nFagle\nLake District fef\nKenora, It was noted\non the\n1869\nand\n1872 lists of posts. Map\nNorthwestern Ontario\n(No.79)\nsho*\ns loc\n,ation\nif lake. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n113 Coacoacho post\nSmall Hudso\nn's Bay\nCo.\npost\non Coac\nsoacho bay, L#wer St.\nLawrence, about long.\n6.0\u00C2\u00B0 15'i\nhis r\nxst was built befcx*e 1546,\nand abandoned about 1\n657. 1\nlown\non White's jj\nlap Nabrador pests\n 114 Cold Lake House\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. outpost of Nelson House, on\nCold Lake (now called Kississ'ing Lake) about -75 miles southwest\nof Nelson Ho'uso, tributary to the Churchill river. It appears\non lists of 1869 and 1672. Location 'of lake on Mclnnes map (No .4;:\nFort Columbia\nir\n115 Fort Colville h\sT\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Cclville river about ort#-mile\nfrom junction with Columbia river, State of Washington. It was\na wooden fort of large- size, enclosed with stockades and bastions.\nThe buildings. wer*\u00C2\u00BB made of cedar logs. Cultivated fields surrounded the fort. It was established in 182c, and of the Oregon\ncountry forts it was next in importance to Fort Vancouver. The\nHudson's Bay Co. claimed indemnity firm the United States for this\nfort. S\u00C2\u00ABe \"Oregon Territory\". It is shown on Devir-e map 1857\n(No.12), Arrowsmith's maps 1857 (No.8) and 1854 (No.77) and\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nRinfret's (No.3). Also on Map State of Washington (No.80) &\nArrowsmith 1832 (No.101).\nFcrt Conde'\nSee Fort Mobile.\nFort Concord\nSee Fort Wapikcpa.\n116 Fort Connolly\nHudson's Bay Cc. fort at north end of Bear lake, uB.C.\nnear head ef Skeena river. 3uilt 1826 by Douglas.. It was clesed-\nabout 1900 and appears last on 1894 list. Originally built on'}\nan island. Shown on Rinfret's map (No.3), on Devine map 1357 \\n(Nc.12) and Arrowsmith 1P57 (No.8) and 1854 (No.77) 1832 (Nc.lCI/.,\nSometimes spelt Cennelly. Skeena river was called Simpson's \\nriver at first. See also\" map Northern Canada (No.35).\n117 Fort Confidence.\nExplorers fort built by Simpson and Lease for Franklin\nen Lease Bay at northeast end of Great Bear lake in 1S37. It\nwas a simple log house 40 feet long by 14 feet wide. Ihis\nbuilding was burned. It was rebuilt by Bell and Rifhardscn IS**5.\nThe buildings w*re still in fair condition in 1395. ' No nails\nwer-# uspd in the structure, but drve-taiiing and wofd***n pegs.\nIt was situated in a. sheltered place prrt^ct\u00C2\u00BBd by a large island.\n-Hs locatien is shown on Arrowsmith 1657 (No.3) 1854 (Ne.7-7,1 and\nmap pf Nerth\u00C2\u00BBrn Canada (Ne.35). On right tank at outlet cf I-ras\"\nFrench trading pest built 1715 on Strait of B^i\nst of 3aie Rouge. Built ty Constantin who obtained the\n \"1\ncession 31 March 1716 from the King. In 1732 Constantin leased\nhis posts at Riviere des Francais (this po3t), Baie Rouge, and\nSte.Marie. In 1737 Constantin occupied this post and was protected from poacixers in 1748. 1'he post was not maintained\naft^r the cession of Canada. Riviero des Francais is now\ncalled Pinware river and Ste.Marie is now Ste.Modeste. Shown '\non White's map Labrador posts (No.24).\n119 Copper Fort\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Atna or Copper river Alaska\nat mouth of Chitlyna river (Chitina). Probably site of present\ntown Chitina. On American territory. Shown Arrowsmith map\n1857 (No.13) and 1854 (No.77).\n120 Cormoran post\nAncient French post at the western extremity of\nMingan Seigniory, probably established 1661 wh**n the seigniory\nwas granted. (See Mingan). In 1803 this jjost was leased by\nGrant, Stuart and Dunn to McTavish Frobisher & Co. (the North\nWest Co.). On the expiration of the 1803 lease it was leased\ntc the Hudson's Bay Co. The last reported operations known\nwere in 1831. It was not included in Simpson's 1857 lease.\n121 Fort Coulcnge\nFrench fort on left bank of Ottawa river (north side)\n--\"at mouth of Coulenge rivor, between Grand Calumet and Allumet-\ntes islands - stockaded fort erected about 1680 or earlier.\nThe family of Louis d'Ailleboust, Sieur d-= Couloxxge, traded\nwith the Indians on the Ottawa river from 1670 to 1760 and\nerected several trading pests of which fort Coulonge was one.\nAfter the cession of Canada this pest was deserted by the\nFrench. Alexander Honry Sr., one of the first free-traders,\npassed this fort 1761 and states that it was deserted at that\ntime,' \"a trading fort surrounded by stockade, built by the\nFrench\". Harmon was there 1800 and mentions the fort. It was\nsoon operated by the North West Co., whe rehabilitated many 'of\nthe vacant French forts which had not been destroyed. The\nHudson's. Bay Co.'after the coalition 1821 took over this fort\nand operated it until about 1865. It appears on'the'Arrrwsmith\nmap 1832 (No.101), 1857 (No.8) and 1854 UTo.77) but is not included among the Company lists later than 1869, It was visited\nby Governor Simpson in 1841 when on his famous trip. McLean\nin his \"Twenty five years Service\" speaks of being there in\n'1622-23.\n122 Fort Cowlitz\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on loft bank ef Cowlitz river\nabout 25 miles upstream and about 35 miles from Fert Vancouver.\n3uilt by Douglas 1837. It was a small establishment of ene\nIxeuSe. Was ene of the posts for which the Hudson's Bay Cc.\nclaimed indemnity from the United States, 1665. Shown on\nArrowsmith map. 1857 (No.8).\n123 Fort Crevecoeur\nFrench fort built by La Salie in 1680 on41eft \"bank\nIllinois river about 6C miles from its junction with the\n Mississippi river. Means \"broken hearted\" and was so named by De\nLa Salle. It was demolished in 1681. Rebuilt 1683 and ffsen called Fort St.Louis, It was u 1-ague below Des Miamis and about 60\nmiles from mouth of river. Its location was site of Starved Rock,\nnear Utica, Illinois. It is included in Bougainville's list 1756\nunder the name of Fort Pimiteoui. It is shown'en map of French\nclaims 1756 (No.10) and on D=l'Isle's maps 1700 (No.94) and 1703\n(No.13). Henri de Tonty took command of Fort St.Louis 1683 and\nthe post was granted to him and La Forest as a seigniory. Lake\nPimiteoui is shown on Del'Isle's map 1700 as an enlargement of\nthe Illinois river a few miles north of Fort St.Louis. Starved\nRock was so named in memory of a band of Illinois who took refuge\nthere and were starved to death while besieged by their enemies\nthe Pottawattomies. AI30 on map No. 96.\nFort Crevier\nFrench military fort at mouth of St. Francis river, on\nthe shore of lake St.Peter, at Notre Lame do Pierreville. It\nwas erected 1687. It was the scene of battles 1689 and 1693.\nIt guarded approach to irois Eivieres from the south.\nFort Grown Point\nThe original French fort was called Fort St. Frederic\nand was built under Marquis de Beauhamois 1725-26, on west bank\nnear southern extremity of lake Champlain. It was one of the\nchain of forts extending from Montreal to mouth of the\nMississippi river by the Great Lakes, Ohio and Mississippi rivers.\n3uilt to prevent intercourse and trade between Montreal and\nAlbany and New York, it was destroyed by the French occupants\nunder Bourlamaque about August 1st 1759 before the advance of\nAmherst. It was then rebuilt by the, English and called Fo*rt\nCrown Point. Crown Point itself was called by the.French '.'Pointe\na la Chevelure\", or Scalp Point. During the American revolution,\nCrown Point was captured by Seth Warner May 1775. It is shown\non map of French claims 1756 (No.10) & No.97'\nFort Cumberland(l)\nSee Fort Beausejour\nFort Cumberland (2)\nEnglish fort on north branch of headwaters of Potomac\nriver on boundary between Maryland and Virginia - Shown maps 96\n& 95.\nCumberland House\nThe first trading pos'\nJoseph Frobisher 1772 free-trad'\nwas., then known as Pine Island 1;\nwas built for the purpose of in\nFort Nelson. It was built clos<\nfar from the site formerly occupied by\nIt was. a temporary structure am\nThe second fort on Cut\nn Cumb\nerla\nrid lake,, was\nbu\nil't\nb\nat the\ntim\ne. Cumberla\nnd\nla'\n, and\nStur\ngeon lake.\nlb\n,s i\nceptir-\ng th\ne Indians go\nin\n2 to\no port\nage\nto Gull lake\n,ct\nnot\nd by t\nr\u00C2\u00ABnch fort r\nas\ncoy:\n1C\nas soo\nn re\nplaced.\nrland\nlake\nwas built t\ny\nSami\n Hearne for the Hudson's Bay Co., In 1774. It was called\nCumberland House, situated at east end of the lake, near\nportage.to Gull lake, where it l\u00C2\u00BBaves Cumberland lake. The name\nwas givnn by Hearne in honour of Prince Rupert,Duke of\nCumberland, first Governor of Hudson's 3ay Co. This fort has\nalways been maintained since 1774. It is the eldest post of\nHudson's Bay Co. in the interior, for although Henley House,\nSplit Lake House, and Nelson House, were built between 1740 and\n1760, these posts ar\u00C2\u00AB near the Bay and only nominally inland.\nIt is a strategic point as two routes open thence to the interio:\nwest aixd south by Saskatchewan river, northwest and north to the\nupper Churchill country. The Hudson's Bay Co. post was located\nabout 500 yards from Fx'obisher's house of 1772, on the south\nshore, \"on tho Saskatchewan river at a spot where it is touched\nby Cumberland lake\". It was built on an island at the southeast end cf Pine Island lake, about 4 miles north of the\nSaskatchewan river, into which are three outlets from the lake,\nnamely, Big Stone river immediately in the rear and west of/fort\nTearing river 4 miles to east, and Fishing Weir creek farther\neast. Pine island is made by the lake on the north, Saskatchewan river on south, Big Stone river on the west, and Tearing\nriver on the east.\nIn 1780 the North West Co. constructed their new fort\n(also called Cumberland House or Station) about 100 .yards from\nHudson's Bay Co. and about 1-^-miles west of the first house\nbuilt by Frobisher 1772. Henry Jr. was th^-re in 1806 and\ndescribes it as being at the north ^nd cf this little river\ncalled Little English river', i.e. the -Tearing river. This\nfort was sometimes called Fort Sturgeon Lake, but in general\nboth Companies used the same name Cumberland House. This was\nthe first permanent post of the North West Co. on Cumberland\nlake and was maintained by them to the coalition 1821. In 177?-,\nwhen Alexander Henry Sr. passed, there was only the Hudson*^\n3ay Co. post, Frobisher's post cf 1772 having disappeared.\nThere was also an X.Y. Co. pest near by.\n128 Oust's House\nA free-trader's establishment at west end of Rocky\nMountain Portage, Hudson's Koj/e or.Rocky Mountain Portage Fort\nbeing at east end. Harmon was there in 1810,and does not speak\nof Cust's House, simply \"the. northwest end of Rocky Mountain\nPortage\". It was on the l\u00C2\u00BBft bank of Peac* river in the canon.\n56\u00C2\u00B0N - 122\u00C2\u00B0W. It is shown on map of Canada 35 miles to 1 inch,\nand Dawson map 1879 (No.81). An old Hudson's Bay Co. post was\nlocated at west end cf portage.\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Red river near Pembina.\nBuilt by Governor Macdonnell, mm.* 1812. Some say was built\nthe Selkirk settlers 1612. It was named after Lord Selkirk,\nwho was also Baron Daer. The North West Co. had a pest near b\nwhich was called Pembina House. The Hudson's Bay Co. fort was\non west bank of F.ed river at mouth of Pemibna rivr en north\nside, oix the site of present town of Pembina. The Hudson's Ba,\nCo. first appeared on the Rod river'in 1793 when McKay built\nalongside the N.-./.Co. (Grant's House), a\n North West Co. fort is shown on Thompson's map (No.7) on south\nside of Pembina river.\n130 Fort Dauphin\nOld French fort on northwest shore of lake Manitoba,\ncalled by the French Lac des Prairies. Built by the sons of\nVerendrye 1741 at the portage to lake Vyxnipegosis, at the\nmouth of a small river now called Mossy river, and by the\nFrench \"riviere des Biches\", flowing from the west. The first\nfort was destroyed by the Indians, but the French rebuilt it in\n1743. The last fort was probably destroyed when abandoned by\nthe French at the cession of Canada. The site has been built\nupon several times. It was one of the oldest trading posts in\nthe west. The site of Fort Dauphin was known to the Canadian\ntraders who traversed this part of the country immediately after\nthe cession of Canada. It was evidently no longer in existence\nwhen Pond and Henry travelled west in 1774. Its location Is\nshown on map of French claims 1756 (No.10) and Devine map 1857\n(No.12) also Bellin's map 1755 (No.93).\nBougainville 1757 says \"Fort Dauphin is 80 leagues\nfrom La Heine, situated on the river Minanghenachequeke or\n\"De 1'eau Trouble\".\n131 Dauphin Lake House\nSometimes called Fort Dauphin. The first fort on\nDauphin lake was built by Pond on the north shore 1775, where\n- Pond spent the winter. Its location is shown on Pond's map 1785\n(No.82), marked \"Pond Fort 1779\", a more permanent structure\nthan that of 1775. This fort was afterwards moved to south shore\nand to Ochre river a few miles south of the lake, under the\noperations of the- North West Co., and the location is shown on\nThompson's map (No.7). After the coalition of 1821 the Hudson's'\nBay Co. took over this establishment and it is shown on their\nmaps 1832 & 1857 (Arrowsmith No.8 & No.106) marked Dauphin Lake\nHouse. It was probably discontinued about 1870 and does not\nappear on the 1872 list of posts. The first Hudson Bay Co.- fort\nwas situated one mile up the west side of Mossy river. This\nfort was abandoned in 1821 when the Hudson's Bay Co. moved to th--*\nNorth West Co. fort, which was built en Valley river west of\nDauphin lake. The Hudson's Bay Co. also had a tradiixg pest about\nmidway en the west shore of lake Dauphin shown on Tyrrell's map\n1891 (No.83) as abandoned. Several different posts were built\nin the immediate vicinity at various times. Thompson obtained\nsupplies from the North West Co. fort in 1797. Tyrrell in his\nReport on north-western Manitoba 1887-90, speaks of seeing the\nremains of old Hudson Bay Co. trading posts on west sido- lake\nDauphin, 8 miles south of mouth of Valley river, and other ruins\nof the Company's fort on \u00C2\u00B0ast bank of Mossy river, x mile above\nits mouth, on a narrow strip of grassy land between the forest\nand the river.\n132 Davis Inlet post\nHudson's Bay Co. post on an island off the Labrador\ncoast about 56\u00C2\u00B0 N. near Zoar. This post was sold to Hudson's\nBay Co. by a. 3. Hunt & Co. in 1869, and has since been maintained by them. Shown on -./hite's map Labrador Posts (No.24).\n Dease Lake Fort\nHudson's 3ay Co. post at south end (head) of Dease\nlake B.C., source of Dease river. Built by Robert Campbell 1336.\nThis fort was soon burnrd by Indians, but was rebuilt after the\nfire. Does not appear on th\u00C2\u00B0 Company lists of forts later than\n1856 until 1925, and appears to have been closed from about 1870\nto 1910. Shown on map of Alaska &c, 1897 (No.84) and Axrowsmith\n1857 (No.8).\nAlbany and Oswego.\nShown on man French\n134 Fort de Bull\nBritish fort on line betw\nCaptured and destroyed by French 17\nclaims 1756 (No.10).\nFort Deer Lake\nSee Fort Caribou.\nFort De la Prenior\nSee Ash House\nFort D-e la Presentation\nFrench fort on right bank of St.Lawrence*, site of present town Ogdensburg. Established about 1718. The fort was rebuilt or strengthened in 1748. Bougainville in 1757 described\nit as,!a poor fort of wood palisades with a small garrison\". A\nmission for Indians of Five Natiens was established there by\nAbbe' Piquet cf the Sulpicians. About 100 Indians of the five\nnatiens assembled there for trade. It was a King's post and oxxe\nof the very few from which no \"eau-de-vie\" was given out to the\nIndians. The mission had been only re-rently established in 1757.\nThe fort was also known as \"La Galette\" and location is shown on\nmap of French claims 1756 (No.10) also No. 97.\nFcrt De l'Asscmption (1)\nFrench fort on left bank Mississippi river below mouth\nof Margrt river . Probably \u00C2\u00ABn site of Memphis. Fort built 1693.\nShown on Bell'in's map 1755 (No.93) and on Rccqu*-'s map 1763 (No.\n137 Fort De l'Assomption (2)\nFrench fort on Richelieu river, about 10 miles below\nfort Chambly, on left bank. Shown on map of French claims (No.10)\n138 Fcrt De l'Isle (l)\nTwo small trading posts of North West Co. and Hudson's\nBay Cc. on North Saskatchewan river, in vicinity of Manchester\nHouse. Mentioned by McDonald of Garth in his Autobiographical\nNotes 1792 (Masson II pg.16), also by Alexander Henry Jr. 1809\nSept. 11, who says \"this was old fort Brule abandoned some years\nago.\" It was built on north side river. Thompson, 1800., names\nit Island House and in 1808 calls it \"Burnt Fort de l'Isle\". It\nwas abandoned before 1800. The Fall Indians plundered and burnt\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. jost at this place in 1793 but v/ere repulsed\nfrom the North West Co.\n 60\n139 Fort Be I'Isle (2)\nA North West Co. fort on Saskatchewan\nriver about 20 miles above Fort George, built by-\nBee oigne 1801.\n140 Fort de Longueuil\nMilitary fort in seigniory granted to\nCharles le Moyne 1657 at Longueuil. It was built\n1689-90 for protection against Iroquois to the south.\nWas demolished 1810. The seigniory of Longueuil comprised 150 square miles. Charles Le Moyne (son of\nthe first Seigneur) became Baron in 170O and the\ntitle hereditary. The seigniory was noted for its\nfamous baronial chateau of solid masonry and flanked by four towers, reminder of castles in feudal\nFrance.\nFort Denonville\nSee Fort Niagara.\nFort Pes Prairies\nThis name was given to several different\nforts. See under the following:\nFort a la Corne; Portage-la-prairie If.\nV<\". Co.; Fort la Jonquiere; Fort \"Edmonton (see Fort\nAugustus); Fort Aux Trenlbles on Assiniboine river;\nFranch fort Nepoin on Saskatchewan river. Lower\nFort Des Prairies was Fort Vermilion on Saskatchewan\nriver at mouth of Vermilion river. Upper Fort Des\nPrairies was Fort Augustus. \"'\nFort\"pes Trembles\nSee Fort k la Corns .\nFort Du Tremble\n141 Fort Detroit\nRiver Fort.\nThe first trading post between lakes\nHuron and Urie was built by Diilhut, at- Denonville 1s\nrequest, in 1686, or a little earlier, at the pro-\nsent city of port Huron, not far from the site of\nfort Gratiot. It was called Fort St.Joseph, On\nBellin's map 1755 it is called Fort du Luth, Fort\nGratiot and Ft. St. Clai r were on the American side\nof St.Clair river, between lake St. Clair and lake\nHuron. Fort St. Joseph was soon abandoned and la\nso marked by symbol on La Hontan's map 1703* In\n1686 Farquis de Denonville urged the French Government to strengthen the fort at Detroit. Nothing\nwas dme until 1701 when Cadillac founded the new\nfort ^.nd Sailed it Fort pontchartrain, at the sam'5\n time establishing a settlement at Detroit, which was\nthe first French colony in that region. The fort\nwas also called Fort Ticksarondis. Bougainville\n1757 states that it was an important entrepot for\nthe southern posts, also a settlement of Huron\nIndians. He oalls it \"Pontchartrain des Deux Lacs\",\nestablished by Antoine de la Kotte-Cadillae, de\nToulouse. He says there were 200 habitations including the environs, well stocked, which furnished\ngrain to the different posts in the north. He recommended establishing there the Feudal system for\nsoldiers, the officers to be seigneurs. This \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 |\ngovernment, he says, would be able to furnish the\nposts of Niagara, Frontenac, La presentation, and\nothers on the shore of the St.Lawrence. (This\nsystem had been established in the Richelieu valley\nfor the officers and disbanded soldiers of the\nCarignan regiment). After the cession of Canada,\nDetroit surrendered to the British, November, 1760.\nBuring Pontiac's war, which broke out soon after the\nEnglish forces garrisoned the western forts, Detroit\nsustained a seige of 15 months 1763-64 without\nsurrender. The fort was located on the west side of\nDetroit river, stookaded with bastions at each\ncorner, palisades 25 feet high, the whole surrounded\nby a moat. Over each gate there was a blockhouse.\nIt was armed with a few light guns. Shown on map\nof French claims 1756 (No.10);\" on Bellin's map 1744,\n(No.15); on La Hontan's map 1703 (No.20); on\nJeffe\u00C2\u00BBys map 1762 (See No. 12). On Danville 1755\n(No.97) is called ?.t.pontchartrain. Also on maps\n96 and 120 & 111. Both names given on P.ownall's\nmap 17 76 No. 108.\nFort drIsle\nSee Island House.\n142 Fort Douglas\nHudson's Bay Co. fort, Winnipeg, on site\nof present Robert and George avenues, about one mile\ndownstream from Fort Gibraltar, near the bank of the\nRed river. It was built by John McLeod for Governor\nMcDonnell in 1812. Was captured by Cuthbert Grant,\nJuly, 1816, after the killing of Governor Semple at\nSeven Oaks and partly demolished. It was recaptured\nby Lord Selkirk in 1817. For several years Fort\nDouglas was the headquarters of the Governor of\nAssiniboia. When the Hudson's Bay Co. repurchased\nLord Selkirk's rights, in 1835, Fort Douglas was\nsold to Robert Logan who occupied some of the buildings until 1854. See Winnipeg Forts and maps in\n\"Old Forts of Winnipeg.\" Built on site of Fort\nSelkirk.\n143 Fort Drew\nHudson's Bay Co. post in British Columbia\nabout 130\u00C2\u00B0W. It was situated west of Fort Halkett\n and is shown on map in Willson's \"Great Company\".\nOn Dease river at mouth of Carribeau (French creek)\nriver. It appears on Arrowsmith map 1850 (No. 100)\nbut not on later maps - Also on No.6.\n144 Duck Bay House\nA small Hudson's Bay Co. post at mouth\nof Duck river, west shore of lake Winnipegosi3. It\nwas established 1859. Stood at bcttom of the bay,\n70 yards back from the lake. Abandoned during the\nautumn of 1887, a new store being opened at Pine\nRiver on west bank about 1% miles from the mouth.\nThis was always a small outpost, not included in\nlists of forts. Shown on mat) Forest Distribution\nTyrrell (No. 43).\n145 Ft. Va Lievre\nHudson's Bay Co. post at mouth Du Lievre\nriver, 15 miles below Hull, shown on Arrowsmith map\n1857 (No.8), and became the basis for town of\nBuckingham. There was an old Frenoh fort or trading\npost on this site which was deserted in 1761 when\nAlexander Henry Sr. passed up the Ottawa. Possibly\nthis fort was operated by the North West Co. and\nafter the coalition 1821, by the Hudson's Bay Co.\n146 Fort Du Milieu\nNorth West Co. fort on North Saskatchewan river, known as Middle Fort or- Half-way House.\nAlexander Henry Jr. passed it Sept. 5, 1808, and\nobserved that \"it had been abandoned many years ago\".\nThompson also passed the 3ite in 1808. It was 2*\nhours down from Carlton (Crossing place) and 1 hour\nbefore Yellow Banka, and 2-4 hours abo-ve the site of\nold Hudson's House. It was about half-way between\nCarlton and prince Albert.\n147 Fort Dumoine\nAn old French fortifitd trading post at\nmouth of Dumoine river, about 9 miles above Allumet-\nte Island in Ottawa river. It was deserted in 1761\nwhen Alexander Henry Sr. passed on his journey west,\nft was deserted at the cession of Canada when all\nthe Ottawa river posts were abandoned.\n148 Fort Duncan\nNorth West Co. fort at north end of lake\nNipigon. Probably built by Duncan Cameron for the\nNorth West Co. about 1795. He was clerk at Nipigon\n1797 and in charge of Nipigon district 1799. The\nsite is uncertain but was probably located on\nWabino3h Bay at the northwest angle, where the\nHudson's Bay Co. located at first, or on Windigo Bay.\nSee also \"Nipigon House\".\n 149 Fort Dunvegan\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on north bank of\nPeace river at mouth of Muddy Creek (118\u00C2\u00B040' W & 56\u00C2\u00B0\nN.) built about 1800. Was closed temporarily in 1825\nto punish the Indians for the massacre at Fort St.\nJohn in 1823. This fort was maintained by the Company until about 1900. Shown on maps No. 8, 101 &\n100.\nThe North West Co. also built opposite \u00C2\u00ABhe\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. on the south bank, about 1800.\nThis fort was soon moved to the north bank, near the\nHudson's Bay Co. It was named after McLeod's castle\nof Skye Is. Harmon visited the fort in 1809. Shown\non Map of \"^arly Fur Trading Posts in Alberta (No.11).\n150 Fort Duquesne\nFrench fort at the confluence of the\nAlleghaney and Ohio rivers. It was first built by\nGovernor Dinwiddie of Virginia in 1753 and Washington with 150 men was sent to garrison it. Before\nthe arrival of Washington, Centre coeur had captured\nthe fort, which was then strengthened by the French\nand the building completed (1753). General Braddook\nwas defeated in 1755 when attempting to recapture\nthe fort. It is given in Bougainville's list who\nsays that it was made \"of wood, small, of little\naccount, controlled by two approaches within gunshot; in a 'Tword, indefensible, if attacked. It\nis necessary to prevent the \"English from seizing\nthese parts. It ought to be a more respectable fort\nwhich in time of war could hold 500 or 600 men as.\ngarrison\". Under the French regime it was rated\nas one of the Zing's posts for trade.\nIn 1758 it was captured by the ''English\nafter being abandoned and blown up by the French.\nThe name was changed to Fort Pitt and the settlement was called Pittsbourg. It was rebuilt by the\n\"English after 1761. It vns attacked by pontiac in\n1763 and the attack repulsed. Map (97).\nFort Durham\nSee Fort Highfield.\nFort Du Traite\nSee Fort La Traite.\nFort Du Tremble\nSee Zeg River Fort,\n^abamet Lake House\nA North West Co. post is shown at the\noutlet of lake Habamet (tributary to Albany river,\n88\u00C2\u00B0 W.) on map by Wm. Molnnes 1903 \"part of District\nof Zeewatin\" marked \"Old Post\". (No.54). It is also\n shown on map of North Western Ontario 1922 (No.79)\nand on map of Albany, Severn and Winisk rivers 1910\n(No.57) marked \"N.W. Co. Old Post\". It was located\nnear Fort Hope of Hudson's Bay Co.\nEagle Hill Fort\nSee Montagne d'Aigle.\n152 Eagle 's Nest House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on ^gle lake,\nabout 75 miles east of Rat Portage. ' It was established about 1860, appears on the 1872 list of posts, and\nwas closed about 1880.\n153 East Main Fort\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at mouth of East\nMain river (called also Hudson, Canuse, and Slude\nriver). Built 1685.. It was rebuilt in 1719 and\nagain in 1730, a small square fort. In 1732 it was\nmade headquarters of the east coast, until after\n1821. As the only fort on Hudson Bay held by the\nEnglish between 1697 and 1713 was Fort Albany, it\nis probable that the first East Main fort was rebuilt in 1719 when the sloop \"Diligence\" wintered\nat East Main 1718-1719. The first journal of East\nMain begins in 1736. In 1739 a new Factory house\nwa3 built nearer the coast at George's point, completed 1739-40. In 1749 it was listed as one of the\nHudson's Bay Co's. six forts on Hudson Bay. In\n176 4 it appears to have been again rebuilt. In\n1821 it ceased to be headquarters of east coast. In\n1830 it was in a dilapidated condition. It does not\nappear on the list of 1857 and was probably closed\nfor a time. It wa3 named as one of the Hudson's Bay\nCo. posts on the Deed of Surrender 1869. Is being\noperated 1928, It was sometimes called \"Slude River\nPost\". The first East Main fort was on Fishing\nCreek on the north side of mouth East Main river.\nThe new fort was built on a point on the south side\nof mouth of river about || miles southwest of the\nold site. Appears on White's :map of Labrador\nPeninsula (No.24) and Carvers map 1778 (No.19) &c.\nFort Edmonton\nSee Fort Augustus.\n154 Egg Lake House\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on Egg Lake\nabout 10 miles west of Nut lake, Manitoba. Mentioned in Annual Report Department of Interior 1892\n(part II p. 56) as \"remains ,of old trading post\nwhich had been burnt\". Map .showing location in\nsame report. Was on the list of Hudson's Bay Co.\nposts 1894.\nElbow Fort\nSee Somerset House.\n 155 Fort Ellice\nHudson's Bay Co, fort on Assiniboine\nriver about 5 miles below mouth of Qu'Appelle river.\nBuilt soon after the coalition of 1821. In 1862 it\nhad de alined to a \"lone habitation\", trade having\ndisappeared. Its only purpose for some time had\nbeen to supply pemmican and dried meat for brigades\nand northern posts. It was included in the 1869\nlist of forts but was discontinued soon after. It\nwas some times called the \"Beaver Creek post\". Shown\nMap Macoun 1882 and its site on Sectional Sheet\nNo. 1\u00C2\u00A71.\n156 Encampment Island Fort\nNorth West Co. fort on left bank Peace\nriver above Fort Vermilion. Built before 1808 for\ntrade with Beaver Indians. Visited by Harmon 1808.\nShown on map No. 2 for Harmon's journal. It was\nprobably near or opposite Zeg river Fort or Fort\nDu Tremble built later (Map No,86) and was named\n\"Old Fort\" on Hudson's Bay Co. map 1857 (No.8). See\nalso maps No. 5 and 11.\nEnglish River House\nSee Fort Mamattawa.\n157 Fort Enterprise\nExplorer's fort built by Sir John\nFranklin in 1820 on Yellowknife river near source of\nCoppermine river, at Winter lake. It was not used\nby fur traders. 'Map. 8 &c.\n158 Erlandson Post\nHudson's Bay Co. post at outlet Indian\nHouse lake, an enlargement of George river, about\n100 miles from George River post at mouth of river\nin Ungava Bay. Built 1838-39. Called later Fort\nTrial. Was probably abandoned in 1842 for some\ntime, but was included in the Company list of 1857.\nIts site is shown on Low's map 1896 marked \"abandoned\".\n159 Fort Esperance\nNorth West Co. fort on Qu'Appelle river\nnear mouth of Cut-Arm Creek. It was two days'\njourney up the Qu'Appelle river from its junction\nwith the Assiniboine river, on right bank. It was\nsituated not far above fort Ellice of later date.\nIt is shown on Rinfret map No. 3 marked \"Old Fort\nEsperanee\". Said to have been first built by\nRobert Grant about 1783. John McDonnell wrote in\nhis journal fron Fort Esperanee undei/date October\n1793. This was the first North-West Co. fort in\nthe Assiniboine country. It was rebuilt in 1806\n by McDonald for the North West Co. This post\nbecame later the chief provision depot of the Company\nand large quantities of dried meat and pemmican were\nkept there for the other posts. It was called by\nThompson \"Thorburn's House\", who visited the fort in\n1797.\nThe X.Y.Co. also had a small post nearby.\n160 Fort Esquimault\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Vancouver Island\nbuilt about 1850 and shown on Watkin map No. 21. It\nappears on the Company lists of 1869 and 1872, but\nwas soon superseded by the Esquimault Naval Station.\nEsquimaux Bay Post\nSee Fort Rigolette.\nEsquimau River Post\nSee Fort St. Paul.\n161 Fort Essington\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on pacific coast\nbetween Fort Simpson and Fort McLoughlin, near mouth\nof Naas river B.C., site of present Bella Coola.\nFounded 1835 to serve as an intermediate station.\nShown on map No. 6 & No. 101. Was of short duration.\n162 Fairford House (1)\nA small Hudson's Bay Co. trading post on\nChurchill river, one mile below the mouth of Reindeer river. It was built in 1795 and apparently was\nabandoned in 1796 when Bedford House was built on\nwest shore of Reindeer lake. Thompson was there in\nJune 1796.\n163 Fairford House (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. post at outlet of\nManitoba lake on Portage Bay. It was established\nabout 1856 and is included in the Company's lists to\n1894 inclusive. Was visited by the Hind's Expedition\nof 1858. Shown on H.B.Co. map of 1857 (No.8) and\nMacoun map 1882 (No.13).\n164 False River Post\nHudson's Bay Co. post near mouth of\nZoksoak river, Ungava Bay, established about 1833.\nThis post was included in the Lis'- of 1869 on the\nDeed of Surrender. It appears in the List of 1894\nbut was discontinued soon, not being in the List of\n1925.\n165 Fidler's Fort\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at Winnipeg, built\n by Fidler for the Company in 1818. It was a\npalisaded structure located at the present McDermot\nAvenue and Notre Dame Street, east of site of Fort.\nGibraltar. It was known as \"The Company's- Fort\",\nor Fidler's Fort; Until the Hudsonrs Bay Cc rebuilt Fort Gibraltar as the first Fort Garry in 1822,.\nthis was the Company's establishment at the Forks as\ndistinct from Fort Douglas which was distant about\none mile. It was said to have been destroyed by the\nflood of 1826. See also \"Winnipeg Forts\".\n166 Finlay's House (1)\nFree trader's post on North Saskatchewan\nriver on north side, at Nipawin Rapids (Nepowewin),\nabout 35 miles east of Fort a la Corne (104020' West).\nIt was x.built by James Finlay, pioneer free-trader in\n1767. It is shown on Hudson's Bay Co. map 1832\n(No.101) ,1850 (No.100) & 1857 (No.13); see also map.s\n37 & 42 for position of rapids. Journal of Matthew\nCocking of Hudson's Bay Co. 1772 says that Finlay\noccupied the post in 1767. Alexander Henry passed\nthe site of Finlay's fort in 1776. The original\nfort was probably destroyed by Indians (?) and was\nrebuilt and used promiscuously by traders for many\nyears. Sir Alexander Mackenzie in his \"Account of\nthe Rise of the Fur Trade\" names Jame3 Finlay and\nThomas Curry as the first traders who entered the\nwest after the French retired. This was probably\nthe first post built in this region after the Cession\nof Canada.\n167 Finlay House (2)\nTrading post of free-traders shown on\nmap No.11 of early Alberta posts on right bank of\nPeace river about 116\u00C2\u00B0 34' W. and 58\u00C2\u00B0 14' N. opposite\nsome islands, and about 30 miles upstream from the\n\"Old Establishment\" at mouth of the Boyer river\n(Ft. Vermilion). It is named \"Old Fort\" on the\nHudson's Bay Co . map 1857 (No.8).\nFort Fitzgerald\nLater name of Salt River House, which see.\n168 Flamborough Factory\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Hayes river,\nabout 40 leagues from mouth, on Hayes island,\nopposite Flamborough Head. It was built in 1750\nto prevent \"interlopers intercepting Indians before\nthey could reach our Factory at York Fort\". In 1752\nit was stated that this post was not independent of\nYork Fort. It is shown onHhe Carver map of 1778 (No.\n19) and on Condor's map 1750 (page 38, \"Old Forts of\nWinnipeg\" by Dr. Napier Bell.)\n169 Flat Heads House\nHudson's Bay Co. outpost of Fort Colville.\n It was established by Thompson in 1809, on the right\nbank of Flat Heads or Clarke's river, 115\u00C2\u00B0W. The\nCompany claimed indemnity for this post from the\nUnited States in 1865. (Vid. Oregon Territory). It\nis shown on the Hudson's Bay Co. map 1657 (Arrowsmith)'\nNo.8, and Map of Devine 1857 No. 12, also Arrowsmith\n1832 (No.101) and 1850 (No.100).\n170 Flying Post\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Ground Hog lake\nnear the head of Ground Hog (or Zakozhisk) river, a\nbranch of the Mattagami river, Ontario. It was formerly called Fort Zuekatoo3h, (profcably from\nZakozhisk) , and was listed under that name in the\nCompany's list of 185 7 and in the list accompanying\nthe Deed of Surrender 1869. It appears on list of\n1894 but was probably closed about 1900. Originally\nthis was a North West Company post and was taken over\nby the Hudson's Bay Co. at the time of the union\n1821. It is shown on Geological Survey map with report 1880-2 (No.96); on the 'Watkin map 1872 (No.21)\nand on map Labrador posts White 1926.\n171 Fort Fond-du-Lac (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. fortified post at east\nend of lake Athabaska, situated on a low point of\nsand and rock on north shore where the'lake is only\n2 miles wide. It consists of a number of well-built\nlog houses surrounded by palisades of stout posts.\nThis post is on the principal line of travel of the\nBarren Ground caribou in their regular migrations\nnorth and south. It was built by Jose Mercredi , a\nFrench half-breed, in 1845, who in 1892 was 75 years\nold and had been in charge of the post for 47 years.\nIn early part of the century, about 1820, the Hudson's Bay Co. had their post on a point of the south\nshore. The three inhabitants were killed by\nChippewyan Indians and the post looted. At the same\ntime the North West Co. had a post on a point of the\nnorth shore a short distance farther east, but after\nthe murder of the Hudson's Bay Co. men, they moved\nacross to1 the point of south shore. The post was\nabandoned by both companies until rebuilt by the\nHudson's Bay Co. in 1845. Since then, the post has\nbeen in constant operation. Location of post is\nshown on Tyrrell's map of lake Athabaska 1895 (No.41).\nBoth posts are shown on north shore on Rinfret map of\nHenry Thompson Travels (No.3). See also H.B.Co. map\n1832 (No.101) Sc 1857 (No. 13); & Johnston map 1877\n(No.16). Map No. 21 Watkin 1872 shows the two\nlocations of Fond-du-Lac on the north shore (1) near\nthe centre and (2) at east end. lake Athabaska was\nalso called Lake of the Hills and Lac des Buttes.\n172 Fort Fond-du-Lac (2)\nNorth We3t Co. post at mouth of St.Louis\nriver, west end of lake Superior, There was a\nportage route thence to Red lake and other posts\n terminating at the Red river, which was travelled by\nThompson 179 8 and had been long used by the Indians.\nThese posts were surrendered to the United States in\n1796. Fond-du-Lac was also known as St.Louis River\nPost. Shown on map for Harmon's Journal 1820 (No.2)\nand Rinfret map (No.3), on Arrowsmith 1801 (No,4),\nand 1857 (No.13) Devine map 1857 (No.12). Thompson's\nroute from the Red river to Fond-du-Lac 1798 is traced\non map No. 88.\n173 Fort of the Forks (1)\nSmall North West Co. fort on north 3ide\nof Peace Siver, 5 miles above the mouth of Smoky\nriver, near the forks. It was built in 1792 by\nAlexander Mackenzie. Thompson visited the post in\n1802, and John Stuart in 1803 & 1804. After the\nunion of 1821 this post wa3 continued by the.Hudson's\nBay Co. for some years. The present Peace River\nLanding is a short distance below the old Fort of the\nForks. Site is 117\u00C2\u00B0 23' W. It is shown on the\nArrowsmith map 1857 (No.13) and Map of Early posts in\nAlberta /No.11) , also No. 35, On Arrowsmith map 1832,\n1850 and 1857 it i3 named \"Fort\" only.\nFort of the Forks (2)\nSee Fort McMurray , also Fort George.\n174 Fort of the Forks, \"La Fourahe\" (3)\nOld French fort at mouth Ohio river north\nside and east side of Mississippi river, probably\none of earliest French forts in the Mississippi and\nOhio valleys. No other name found for it. Was not\nincluded in Bougainville's list 1757 and probably\ndestroyed before 1750. Marked as site of \"ancient\nfort\" on D'iSnvxlle's map 1755 (No.97) Shown also on\nRocques nap 1763 (No.96) and on No.93 and 98.\n175 Fort Frances (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at outlet of Rainy\nLake, built uin 1820 near site of old French fort\nSt. Pierre (which see). It was located.two miles\ndown the Rainy river from the lake and was named\nFort Frances after the wife of Sir George Simpson.\nIt was surrounded by stockades 10 feet high. A\ndescription is given in Grants \"Ocean to Ocean\" 1872.\nThis post was operated by the Company until about\n1900 and was finally listed in 1894. Shown on\nArrowsmith map 1857 (No.8).\n176 Fort Frances (2)\nHudson's Bay Co..fort at south end of\nFrances lake near source of Frances river, a branch\nof the Dea3e river, Yukon. Situated on a peninsula\nbetween the east and west arms of tho lake. It was\nbuilt'in 1841 by Campbell's men and first called\n Glenlyon House, then Frances Lake House, then Fort\nFrances. It was abandoned in 1851. The site is shown\non map of Canada 35 m. to 1 in. and on map Upper\nYukon (Dawson) in Report Interior Dep't. 1887 (No.89),\nalso Map of Alaska &c 1897 (No.84). It was reopened\nabout 1880.\n177 Fort Franklin\nAt the outlet of Great Bear lake. It\nwas built for Sir John Franklin by the Hudson's 3ay;\nCo. in 1825. Its site is shown on Map Mackenzie\nRiver (Topographical Survey) 1923 (No,25) .\n178 Fort Eraser\nNorth West Co. fort at east end of Fraser\nlake, B.C., built by Simon Fraser 1806. It was burned,\nOctober 4, 1817 and afterwards rebuilt. It was taken\nover by the Hudson's Bay Co. after the union of 1821\nand was operated by the Company until about 1900. It\nappears on all the Lists of forts to 1894. This fort\nis said to be \"the first settlement made in the so-\ncalled Oregon Territory by civilized man\". It is\nshown on map of Henry-Thompson travels (Coues) No. 3\n& on Arrowsmith's maps 1832 (No.101), 1850 (No.100),\n1857 (No.8).\nFort Frederick\nSee Fort La Tour.\n179 Frederick House\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at confluence of\nAbitibi and Frederick House rivers, Ontario. The\nHudson's Bay Co. built their first fort at this site\nin 1783, on the site of an old French post built\nbefore 1696. In 1785 Frederick House was moved from\nits first location to the site of the old French fort\ncalled St.Germain or Piscoutagamy at the outlet of\nNight-hawk lake built in X63fS.- In 1794 Frederick\nHouse was ordered closed but in 1798 it had been reopened on Frederick House lake at the outlet (then\ncalled Waratowaha lake). This post seems to have\nbeen closed about 1820, but in 1822 it waa again\noperation. In 1887 the Hudson's Bay Co. maintained\na post on Night-hawk lake. Its location is shown on\nArrowsmith map 1857 (No.8) and on White's map of\nLabrador 1926 (No.24). See also Old Post (French\nfort).\n180 Frobisher's Fort\nFree trader's fort on Red River, {.i.-'\"'\u00E2\u0096\u00A0*\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n(Manitoba), two or three leagues above the Riviere\naux Morts and about 3 leagues below St. Andrews\nrapids. R. aux Morts is now called Netley's Creek,,\nLocation was near site of present Selkirk. It was an\nold cleared spot forming an ancient camping ground of\n the Assiniboines. Fort was built by Joseph Frobisher,.\nbrother of Thomas Frobisher, in 1774 or earlier, and\nwas the- first English fort or post on the Red river\nafter the French. It was only a temporary structure..\nSometimes called Red River Fort. The present Red\nriver was known as Lower Red river by the North West\nCo. and the Assiniboine as the Upper Red river. After\nthe name Assiniboine was given to that river, the\nRed River was known as Upper or Lower Red river\naccording to location north or south of Pembina (See\nmap of Harmon's Journal No. 2). The Assiniboine was\nalso known as the Red river or Stone Indian river\n(Map 4).\n181 Frog Lake House\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on Frog lake\nabout 30 miles from Fort Pitt, north of North\nSaskatchewan river, about 110\u00C2\u00B0 15' W. In the rebellion of 1885 this post was raided by Indians and\ndestroyed by fire, the garrison occupants being\nmassacred, pate of establishment not ascertained.\nFrog Portage\nOne of the chief portages traversed by\nthe fur-traders. It crosses the height of land\nseparating the drainage basins of the Nelson and\nSaskatchewan rivers from theChurchill drainage and\nwas the gateway from eastern Canada to the west and\nnorthwest. Fur-traders from the east after reaching\nCumberland lake, passed through Heron, pelican, and\nLake, of the Wood3, to Frog portage which brought\nthem to the Churchill river, thence westerly by lac\nla Ronge, lie a la Crosse, Buffalo lake, Lac la Loche,\nto the Methye Portage and the Clearwater river to the\nAthabaska river and lake . It was first crossed to\nthe Churehill river by the Canadian fur traders from\nMontreal in 1774, Joseph and Thomas Frobisher and\nAlexander Henry, who afterwards formed the North West\nCompany. A fort was constructed nearby known as\nFort La Traite, or Frog portage Fort.\nFort Frontenac\n^ A later name given to Fort Cataraqui after\nthe o^d fort was rebuilt by Frontenac. See Cataraqui.\n182 Fort Garry\nThe chief Hudson's Bay Co. fort at\nWinnipeg. Was built on site of N.W.C. fort Gibraltar\nin 1822 after the union of both companies in 1821.\nIt waa a rough* affair with wooden palisades, known\nat first as The Company's Fort, or Fort Gibraltar (so\ncalled because it was built on site of N.W. Co. fort\nGibraltar.) It was named fort Garry by Governor\nSimpson in 1823 after a Hudson's Bay Co. councillor.\nThe fort consisted of the buildings erected by the\nNorth West Co. after the destruction of Fort\nGibraltar and some additions and palisade. This fort\n was known as the first fort Garry, Was situated near\nthe banks of the Assiniboine and Red rivers. Much of\nthe land was washed into the Assiniboine river,\nespecially by the flood of 1826, and in 1852 what was\nleft of the fort was pulled down.\nThe second Fort Garry was begun in 1835,\na little removed from the site of the first fort\nGarry. It was known-as Upper Fort Garry. Built'by\nGovernor Alexander Christie. It was substantially\nbuilt, covered a space 240 x 280 feet enclosed by a\nsolid stone wall and four large round bastions of\nsolid masonry at tho corners. It was sold to the\ncity of Winnipeg in 1882, Only the north gate new\nremains as an Mstorical site. A picture of the\nsecond fort Garry is given in Hind's Expedition vol.\nII, p. 82, 1858.\nFort Gaspereau\nFrench fort built by Governor De la Jon-\nquiSre 1751 at head of Baie Verte near mouth of\nGaspereau river, Chignecto Neck, N.S. A road connected it with Fort Beausejour in 1754. Captured by\nCol. Moncton 1755 after capture of Fr. Beausejour.\nName then changed to Fort Moncton. Finally abandoned\nand burnt together with Ft. Lawrence (Beaubassin) in\nSeptember, 1756.\n184 Fort George (1) (At le\nknown as ft.\nast 9\n3-eorge\ndifferent places were\nA North West Co. fort on North Saskatchewan river about 25 miles above Old Fort Vermilion,\nabout 110\u00C2\u00B045' W., on the north bank, 4| miles above\nmouth-of Moose Creek. Built by Angus Shaw 1792. It\nwas abandoned in 1801 in favour of Island fort 18\nmiles up the river. It was the most westerly house\nin 1798. Its erection was noted by McDonald in his\nautobiography, Masson II, page 17. It was visited by\nThompson in 1808 and is shown on the Thompson map.\n(On north side of river, Section 19, Tp.56, R. 5\nW. of 4th Meridian). In 1809 was in ruins, only the\nchimneys being visible, as noted by A. Henry Jr,\nThi-s fort was afterward rebuilt and taken over by\nthe Hudson's Bay Co., as it appears on their 1832\n(No.101), 1854 (No.100) and 1857 map (No.8). It was\nprobably maintained by the Co. until about 1865.\nWas in the immediate vicinity of Buckingham House. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nIt is shown on Tyrrell map Northern Alberta (No.36)\nand Hume map part of Alberta (No.40).\n185 Fort George (2)\nOne of the three British forts at mouth\nof Oswego river, half-mile from fort Oswego. It\nwas a small fort, captured by the French 1756.\nFort George (3)\nHudson'\nGeorge river (Big c\nBay Co. fort at mouth of Fort\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Gilpin river) on James Bay.\n Established before 1805. Was called Big River\nFactory in 1807. Was removed to Great Whale river\nin 1808, but soon after was re-opened at Big river\nmouth. Was in operation 1820, a provision base in\n1832, included in lists of Company forts in 1857 and\n1869, and still maintained (1928). It was sometimes\ncalled Great River and Big River fort. It is shown\non White's map Labrador (No.24) and Arrowsmith of\nHudson's Bay Co. forts 1857 (No.8).\n187 Fort George River (4)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort near mouth of\nGeorge river, Labrador. Established by McLean for\nthe Company 1838 and was also known as Fort Siveright.\nIn 1842 it was probably abandoned when Fort Chimo was\nclosed. It is included in list of forts on \u00C2\u00A3>eed of\nSurrender 1869. In 1876 it was re-opened, the remains of the old buildings being used in constructing\ntwo new houses. Is in operation to day. Shown on\nWhite's map Labrador (24) and on map of posts 1872\nby Watkin '(No.2) .\n188 Fort George (5)\nA North West Co. fort on the strait at\noutlet of Great Slave lake, south of Big Island, west\nof Point Desmarais. It-was abandoned before 1840.\nIt was noted in Richardson's Journal of a Boat Voyage\nvol. 1, p. 160. (1851).\n189 Fort George (6)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Hay river (Great\nSlave lake) mentioned by Bryce History H.B.Co. p.392.\nSeveral forts were built on the Hay river from time\nto time. Probably the site of this Fort George is\nnow occupied by Hay River post. .\n190 Fort George (7)\nA North West Co. fort on Fraser river,\nB.C., at mouth of Nechaco river. Built 1807. Was\ntaken over by Hudson's Bay Co. 1821 and is named on\ntheir 1ist of 1894. Shown on Map No. 1 & Rinfret Map\nNn. 3r ^^.llArl -ffq-r-T. nr H-m-kg cm A rvryju Ft mi T.h TrH:p I H/ii* \\n101) and is placed on east side of'the riiyr' at)\n' nhaFnTTJr\n1 Stnart'a r-iv=>y fp, b^TI'^h of the.\nis called Fort George on Arrows\nand shown in present location.\nruth 1857 (No.*8)\nName applied to Fort Astoria by.North \\n\"West Co. after purchase. Soe Ft. Astoria.\nName sometimes given to Fort G~ahd\np-ortase , lake Superior. Shown on Map of North Ajneric;\n1845 No.22.\ny\n 191 Fort Gibraltar\nNorth West Co. fort built by John ..\nMcDonald of Garth for the Company in 1805. McDonald\nin his autobiography under date 1807 (Masson's vol.\n2.) says \"I established a fort at the junction of\nthe Red and Assiniboine rivers, and called it\n\"Gibraltar,\" though there was not a rock or stone\nwithin three miles\". It was erected on the north\nside of the Assiniboine river at its junction with\nthe Red river and extended along the bank of tho\nRed river. Was one year in building, was surrounded by a stockade of oak 12 to 15 feet high, enclosing\neight houses within. It stood on or near the site o\u00C2\u00B1\nold Fort Rouge, also of Bruce and Boyer's fort 1780,\nof Alex. Henry's 1803 fort, and of St.Pierre's 1751\nfort. Was quite near the bank cf the Assiniboine\nriver ,&ad near the present bridge. It was the chief\nNorth West Co. fort in the interior. Was in charge\nof Duncan Cameron when captured by Governor Semple\nApril 1816, by whom it -was completely demolished\n(1316) and its material used in strengthening Fort\nDouglas. After the capture of Fort Gibraltar, the\nNorth West Company proceeded to \"build houses and\nstores to replace the old fort and, after the union\nof 1821, the Hudson's Bay Co. built the first Fort\nGarry on the site of Fort Gibraltar and for this\nreason this Fort Garry was sometimes known as Fort\nGibraltar. (See Fort Garry and Winnipeg forts).\n192 Gillam Post\nHudson's Bay Co. post at mile 3 27 Hudson\nBay Railway 3 miles 30uth of Kettle Rapids on Nelson\nriver. .Established 1927.\nFort Glefrlyon\nSee Fort Frances.\nGlenora House\nSee Fort Mumford.\n193 Gloucester House\nHudson's Bay Co. post constructed on\nUpasheway lake (Washisagaigan lake) , tributary of\nthe Albany river, between Osnaburgh House and Martin\nFalls House. About 35 miles upstream from Martin\nFalls. In 1774 the Master of Henley House was\ninstructed to choose a suitable place farther inland\nand in season 1777 to 1778 Gloucester House was\n.constructed. This was the first of the Company\nposts built inland after Henley House (1741) . In\n1774 the \"pedlars\" had built a post about 70 milesf?)\nfrom Henley House and to compete with this,\nGloucester House was built. The pedlar's hous\u00C2\u00A7' may\nhave been the old Forth West Co. house on lake\nEabamet at the outlet. This, however, was about 175\nmiles upstream from Henley House, not 70 miles.\n(See Maps No. 79 and 54) . Gloucester House was in\noperation in 1798 and in 1814, as shown on lists of\n those dates, but was probably discontinued before\n1821 as it is not included in List at date of Union.\nIt was probably soon re-opened as it appears on the\nHudson's Bay Co. map of 1857 by Arrowsmith, but not\non later lists. On T. Zitchin map 1794 Gloucester\nHouse is shown on a large lake called St.Ann's lake\nnear source of Albany river. Washisagaigan lake\n(abbreviated to washi lake on maps 79 and 54) means\n\"Lake of the Narrows\", or \"Turning-off-place\", there\nbeing a double route going west to Makokebatan lake.\nIt was formerly called Gloucester lake from the\nHudson's Bay Co. post, situated at the narrows.\nGloucester House is shown on map No. 2 (from Harmon's\nJournal), on Map No. 4 Arrowsmith 1801, and on Map\nHo,*5 Arrowsmith 1857\n194 Godbout Post\nOne of the early French trading posts on\nthe lower St. Lawrence at mouth of Godbout river,\nabout 67\u00C2\u00B0,30'W. It was within the Zing's Domain and\nwas reckoned as a Zing's post. Established before\n1670. Mitchell's map 1755 shows location of a\n\"French House\" and Bouchette's nap 1846 marks it as\na Hudson's Bay Co. post. It was leased to the North\nWest Co. 1788 and after the union 1821 to the\nHudson's Bay Co. Mackenzie, 1808, in his' survey of\nthe Zing's posts says, \"The buildings are poorly\nplaced, without order, on a low sandy point on east\nside of Godbout river. It is one of the best posts\nfor furs and seal oil and salmon are plentiful.\" It\nwas included in the Hudson's Bay Co. list of 1856\nbut was closed in 1859 on recommendation of Governor\nSimpsen. See Map No. 67.\n195 God's Lake House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on north shore of\nGod's lake, Ontario, about 30 miles by portage route\nnorth to Hayes river. It was probably built about\n1830 and has been in continuous operation to 1925\n(or date). It was shown on the Hudson's Bay Co.\nmap 1854 (No.77) and 1857 by Arrowsmith (No.8). Its\nlocation is shown on map of Zeewatin 1911 (No68).\nIt appears on all the Company Lists of posts from\ntime of union 1821 & on Arrowsmith map of 1832\n(No.101).\n196 Fort Good Hope\nNorth West Co. fort erected 1804 on left\nbank of Mackenzie river, 131\u00C2\u00B0W, and 67027' N. After\nunion of 1821, it was moved by the Hudson's Bay Co.\nabout 100 miles further upstream to the south to\nManitou Island near the Ramparts, about 1825. Good\nHope was the most northerly, post of the North West\nCo. The fort on Manitou island being destroyed by\nice in 1836, the Hudson's Bay Co. rebuilt (18o6-39)\non the mainland, the present location on rie-ht bank.\nIt is shown on Arrowsmith map 1857 (No.8) and 1854\n(No.77) marked 1839. Also map of Mackenzie river\nIT o. 25.\n 197 Fort Grahame\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on left or east\nbank of Finlay river, about 124\u00C2\u00B0 45' W. and 56\u00C2\u00B0\n35'N. It was established about 1890. Shown map\nNo. 35..\n198 Grand Forks House\nNorth West Co. fort on the upper Red\nriver at mouth of Red Lake river, later known as\nGrand Forks, Dakota. Built 1807 \"by Alex. Henry\nJunior's men from Pembina. \"Grandes Fourches\" was\nthe name given by the traders. The first Hudson's\nBay Co. fort on the upper Red river was built by\nMcLeod in November 1812, in opposition to the North\nWest Co. at Grand Forks, and was located about 18\nmiles north of Grand Forks at the mouth of Turtle\nriver. (See Turtle River fort.) After delineation\nof the international boundary, forts 'on the American\nside were abandoned.\n199 Fort Grand Lake Victoria\nSituated near source of Ottawa river.\nOriginally a North West Co. post built before 1820\nand included in list of their posts at union of 1821.\nThe post was maintained by the Hudson's Bay Co. from\n1821 to date and is included in their list of 1857\nand shown on Arrowsmith map 1857 (No.8). See also\nWhite's Map of forts and trading posts 1926 (No.24)\nFort Grand Marais :- See Red River Fort.\n200 Fort Grand Portag-wfl $\nNorth West Co. fort at the east end of\nthe Grand Portage route from lake Superior to lake\nof the Woods. The grand portage or first portage\nfrom lake Superior-to Pigeon river near partridge\nFalls portage was nine miles long and terminated at\nFort Charlotte. Grand portage fort was first begun\nin 1778, although there was some sort of a fort\nthere in 17 75 when Alexander Henry passed on his way\nwest, and the building was completed in 1784. It\nwas a substantial fort surrounded by palisades 18\ninches in diameter, enclosing sixteen buildings, of\nwhich six were storehouses, the stockade being 24 by\n30 rods, about 400 by 500 feet. The fort was\nsituated at the bottom of a shallow hay, 3 miles\ndeep and 4|- miles wide at the mouth, called Grand\nPortage bay, between pointe aux Chapeaux and pointe\na la Framboise, the p3,lisade being about 15 to 20\npaces from the water's edge. A small island lay\njust opposite the fort, and immediately back of the\nfort was a lofty round sugar loaf mountain on the\nnorthwest now called Mt. Josephine.\nGrand portage fort was sometimes called\nFort George. After the international boundary was\n defined, the fort being on American territory was\nabandoned 1800-1801 when the \"New Fort\" ( i.e.Fort\nWilliam) was built on the site of the old French\nfort Zaministiquia.\nThe X.Y. Co. alsc had a trading post\nerected 1797 about 200 rods distant from the North\nWest Co. In 1802 the X.Y.Co. also moved to\nZaministiquia where they established their base of\nsupplies on lake Superior.\n201 Grand Rapids House\nHudson's Bay Co. post at mouth of\nSaskatchewan river lake Winnipeg, at foot of the\nrapids. This fort was built by the Hudson's Bay Co.\nsoon after the old French fort Bourbon was destroyed,\nbefore 1775. Cedar Lake House was built by the\nHudson's Bay Co. very near the site of old Fort\nBourbon (q.v.) The Report of the Department of the\nInterior 1875 (page XEXII) says, \"The original post\nof the Hudson's Bay Co. at the mouth of the river,\nhas been abandoned and a new one established on\ntheir Reserve, some six miles higher up the river,\nat head of the portage, which the river steamer\ndescends to.\" The Company about 1875 constructed a\ntramway four miles long parallel to the rapids, at\nboth ends of which the Company maintained a house.\nA description of the Grand Rapids and of the forts\nis given In Hind's Canadian Expedition vol.!, p.460.\n202 Grant's House on Assiniboine river\nNorth West Co. post built by Cuthbert\nGrant before the end of 1793. Znown also as Aspin\nHouse. Situated on east bank Assiniboine river\n(Section 14, Township 28, Range 31) a little below\nLittle Boggy Creek. Was in the bottom of a valley\n500 paces east of river and 50 paces from foot, of\nwooded bank, at the mouth of a deep ravine, and 35\nfeet above the river. For many years it did a\nlarge business in beaver and otter. (Masson vol.1,\np.275-285.) It Is named Aspin House on Thompson's\nmap 1812 No.7, and Grant's House on Arrowsmith map\n1801 of Mackenzie's track No.4, and its location is\nshown on Map of Indian Territories about 1817 No.9.\nGrant's House on Red river\nFortified post built by Cuthbert Grant\non the Red river about 10t> miles above Pembina.\nNorth Wes t Co.\n204 Grant's House on Red river\nThe first trading post on the upper Red\nriver, built by peter Grant about 1793 on east side\nof Red river opposite mouth of Pembina river and\nopposite Chaboillez' House (q.v.) built later 1797-\n98 for North West Co. Alexander Henry 1801 mentions\n \"the place where Grant's fort had stood\" and which\nwas destroyed.\nFort Gratiot\nFort erected by U.S. Government in 1814\nat Port Huron at head of St. Clair river outlet of\nlake Huron. Port Huron is the site of old Fort St.\nJoseph built by Dulhut in 1686 not far from the site\nof Fort Gratiot. Fort St. Joseph was soon abandoned\nand is so marked on La Hontan map 1690. First\nFrench settlement at Port Huron was made in 1790.\nSee Fort Detroit. Fort Gratiot is shown on map of\nBritish America 1839 Ho. 17, also Map of Upper\nCanada 1821 No. 120.\n206 Great Whale River House\nHudson's Bay Co. post built in 1756 at\nmouth Great Whale river to take place of Fort Richmond on Richmond gulf which was demolished at that,\ntime. Great Whale River House was abandoned in 1780\nand rebuilt in 1793. i It was in operation in 1820\nand listed 1821. Hendry's Journal says that it was\nnot occupied in 1828. In 1837 a small post was\nagain, erected at Whale river. It was included in\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. schedules 1857 and 1869 and is\nin operation today. Shown on Map No. 24.\n207 Fort Green Lake\nGreen lake tributary of Beaver river,\n107\u00C2\u00B0 40'W - 540 15'N. Hudson's Bay Co. seems to\nhave established the first f or b on Green lake. It\nwas built before 1795 at north end of lake- This\npost was seized by. the North West Co. on December\n21st, 1816 and again on March 17, 1817, and plundered. It was raided by Indians in the rebellion of v\n1885. The Company has maintained this post to date.\nAbout 1820 another Hudson's Bay Co. post was built\nat south end of lake.\nThe North West Co. erected their fort\nat the north end of the lake on the east shore of\nthe bay, near the Hudson's Bay Co. fort. It was\nbuilt before 1798 and probably immediately after the\nHudson's Bay Co. had erected their fort. David\nThompson met Fidler at the Green lake fort 1799\nand was there in 1798.\nThe N.W. Co. fort is shown on D.\nThompson's map 1812 No.7 and the H.B.Co. fort on\nArrowsmith map 1857 No.8, 1832 No.101, 1850 No.100.\n208 Green Lake House\nSmal\n^8\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0forth W\n3St C\no. p\nost\non Green\nlake,\nsourc*-\nof\nSable\nn\nver flea\nving\ninto\nthe\nSpanish\nriver\nopp\nosite l\nanitoulin\nisla\nnd.\nThis post was\ntaken\nove\nc by tl-\niuds on'\n3 Baj*\nCo.\nin\n1821.\n -J\n 209 Fort Grosbourg\nA small French fort on the Detroit river\nabout 6 miles south of Detroit, probably opposite\nnorth end of Grosse Isle, near present Sibley. Was\nincluded in'Bougainville's list 1757. Frobably\ndestroyed in Pontiac 's War 1763.\n210 Gros Mecatina Post\nA French seal and fishery station on\nlower St. Lawrence about 590 on north shore. It\nwas built before 1738 and in that year was leased tc\nPcmmerau for 10 years. In 1749 his grant was extended to 1754. In 1754 it was granted to Hocquart\nand ratified by the Zing of France in 176C.\nHocquart leased it to Tache in 1754 for 5 years.\nIn 1761 Governor Murray granted a permit to\nLaf ontaine to operate the post and In 1762 Murray\ngranted Gros Mecatina to Gray for seven years' 1762\nto 1769. in 1804'it was sold, to William Grant and\nin 1808 the Sheriff of Quebec sold the post. This\npost was included in Bougainville's list but was\nwe'ver operated by the Hudson's Bay Co. Its\nlocation is shown on map No. 24. It was situated\nabout 5 miles north, of Bay des \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\"\"outons opposite\nIsle Gros Mecatira and about 5 miles south of Ha.\nHa i Bay. This bay was visited by Cartier. The\npost is irarked Vieux Poste on Map No. 67. It\nappears on fiel'isle ?rap 1703.\nFort Grouard\nLater name of Lesser Slave Lake fort\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 Lake House\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post at the\nnd of Gwillim lake r.ear portage over height\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2nd to Cree lake and about 75 miles north of\n1 la Crosse lake, about 57\u00C2\u00B0 N. and 107\u00C2\u00B0 30' W.\ns marked abandoned on Tyrell's map 1895, i;o.\nport of Geol, Survey vol. VIII p. 36 p.)\nsouth\nof lai\nIt wai\n41. (\nII\n212 Fort Halkett\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Liard river,\nleft bank, about 12603\u00C2\u00A9'V;. at mouth of Smith river\non west side. It was built soon after the union of\n1821. It was abandoned about 1875 and a small post\ncalled Toad River post -was built near the mouth of\nToad river on loft bank of Liard river (See Map\nNo.9C). This latter post was abandoned about 1890\nand a post built on left bank Liard just above\nmouth of Dease river called Dense Post or Sylvesters\nLower Post (See rap 9C and 91) afterwards called\nLower post.\n J\n Fort Hall\nThe southernmost fort of Hudson's Bay\nCo. in Oregon Territory about 112020'W.& 43\u00C2\u00B0N. In\npresent Fort Hall Indian Reserve of Idaho, Map.No.92.\nIt was built in 1834 by the American Fur Co. and\nsold by them to Hudson's Bay Co. in 1836. Is shown\non the H.B.Co. jmap of 1857 by Arrowsmith No.8. The\nHudson's Bay Co. claimed indemnity for loss of this\nfort from United States in 186-5. See Oregon Territory.\nHamilton Inlet\n214 Hannah Bay House\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on James bay at\nmouth of Harricanaw river, Hannah bay, 60 miles east\nof Fort Moose. _ It is shown on Arrowsmith map of\n1796. As it is not Included in the list of Hudson's\nBay Co. posts at the date of union 1821, it was probably not in operation at that time. It must have\nbeen re-opened soon after for in 1832 the officer\nin charge, his family and several natives were\nmurdered by Indians. It is included in the Hudson's\nBay Co. lists of 1857, 1869 and 1872. It was closed\nbefore 1894. Shown maps No. 3, 8, 17, and 24.\n215 Harrison,, Port, post\nHudson's Bay Co. post on east shore of\nHudson's bay, at Cape Dufferin, Portland promontory,\nestablished 1920. Map No.24.\n216 Hay River post\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Great Slave\nlake at mouth of Hay river right bank. This post\nwas opened about 1870 and appears on the Company\nlist of 1872 for the first time. It is now abandoned. Tke original Kay river post was located at the\njunction of the two branches of Hay river. It was\nabandoned before 1845. Revillon Pre res operate a\npost at the junction of the Hay and Meander rivers,\ncalled Hay River post. Maps 21 & 25.\n217 Henley House\nHistoric Hudson's Bay Co. fortified\npost and the first of the interior forts built by\nthe Company.. It was erected to prevent encroachments of the French traders in 1741, on the north\nshore of the Albany river about 8 miles belov; the\nforks of the Zenogami and Albany rivers at the mouth\nof the Henley river, and about 15C miles up tho\nAlbany river. The French had erected a fort within\n120 miles of Fort Albany, which later they had\n abandoned and the Hudson's Bay Co. erected a blockhouse near that place which commands the two branches\nof the river. It was in operation in 1759. Henry\nsays that the French plundered Henley House in 1760-\nIt was probably destroyed at that time, the French\nleaving for the seat of war in the east. It was rebuilt in 1764. Was in operation in 17 74 and was\nlisted among the Company posts at date of union 1821.\nIt was probably closed so 3n after 1857 as it does not\nappear on the 1857 or later lists. Nothing was left\nof the old fort in 1680. Shown on maps Nos .1,3, 8,12 ,\n19,24,79, also 96 Rocque 1753 \"an English Factory\"\n& on No.8 (1857)\n218 Henry's House (1)\nPost built by William Henry 1812 on upper\nAthabaska river near confluence of Snaring river,\nabout 8 miles below Jasper House village of today and\nabout 20 miles above the last site of Jasper House,\nabout 8 miles below confluence of Miette river. it\nwas used as an outpost of Jasper .House and was\ndeserted about 1861. It is shown on map of early\nAlberta forts (No.11) and on Arrowsmith's Hudson's\nBay Co. map of 1832 (No. 101).\n219 Henry's Hou3e (2)\nAlexander Henry Jr. built a Henry House\nin 1811 on the upper Athabaska river at the confluence of the Miette river, facing Yellowhead pass.\nIt was destroyed after two or three years.\n220 Henry's House (3)\nFortified post built by Alexander Henry\nJr. September 1800 on west bank of the Red river\nabout one-fourth of a mile from the confluence of the\nPark river (Little Salt river) I-or. Dakota about 48\u00C2\u00B0\n30'N. It stood 30 feet above the river, and was\nenclosed by stockades 15 feet high. The building,\nHenry says, required 3,114 logs.\n221 Herschel Island P03t\nRecent post of the Hudson's Bay Co. at\neastern extremity of Herschel island, shown on map\nNo. 25. Established about 1920.\nFort Hibernia\nFort on the Assiniboine river, on east\nside, about 12 miles upstream from Fort Pelly and\nabout 5 miles above the liorth West Co. fort Alexandria. It was originally built by the X.Y.Co. in\n1803 and was taken over and opera tea by the North\nWest Co. after their union in 1803. The Hudson's\nBay Co. after the union of 1821, continued to operate\nFort Hibernia for some years as it appears in\noperation on the Arrowsmith maps of 1832 (No.101),\nand 1850 (No.100) and 1857 (No.8). It was closed\n before 1869 as it was not included in the Hudson's\nBay Co. list of 1869. The proximity of Fort Pelly\n(built 1857) probably rendered Fort Hibernia unnecessary.\n223 Fort Highfield\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at north end of\nWrangell Is. (Alaska) opposite mouth of stickeen\nriver B.C. Built by James Douglas for McLaughlin\n1839-1840 and called fort Durham by Douglas. It\nwa3 afterwards known as Fort Highfield and is so\nnamed on Arrowsmith map 1857 (No.8). This name was\nchanged to Fort Wrangell and its site was at the\npresent settlement on Wrangell Island. Fort\nWrangell is shown on Heubach's map of Alaska 189 7\n(No.84) and on Johnston's Map of Upper Yukon river\n1887 (No.122)\n224 Fort Hope (1)\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0b Small Hudson's Bay Co. p03t on west\nshore of Eabamet lake.(Albany river, Ontario),88\u00C2\u00B0 W\n& 51\u00C2\u00B030' N. It appears first on 1894 list of posts\nand of present date. Located a few Miles north of\nthe old North West Co. post on Eabamet lake, whioh\npost it probably succeeded. .Shown maps No. 79,57\nand 54.\n225 Fort Hope (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Fraser river at\nconfluence of Coquihalla river, B.C. It marked the\nbeginning of road from Fort Langley to Zamloops.'\nBuilt about 1830. It constituted headquarters- of\nmainland until Langley was selected. Appears on\n1872. list of forts, but was almost deserted in 1862.\nShown on map No. 3.\n226 Fort Hope (5)\nHudson's Bay Co. post near head of\nRepulse Bay on south point near entrance to bay,\nnorth of Southampton island, Hudson Bay. It was\nestablished before 1850 and has been maintained to\ndate. It appears on Arrowsmith map 1857 (No.8) and\n1850 (No. 100) and is called Fort Hope on both maps,\nalso on map No.6. In the list of posts of 1925\nthis post is named Repulse Bay.\nFort Howe\nSee Fort La Tour.\n22 7 Fort Hudson's Hope\n. . \u00E2\u0096\u00A0- Originally this was a North West Co.\nfort on the north bank of Peace river at the mouth\nof Middle river. Built by Simon Fraser 1605 as a\n base for his British Columbia explorations. It was\nknown as \"Rocky Mountain House, or Fort\", also as\n\"Old Hudson's Hope\", and \"Rocky Mountain portage\nFort\". This post was operated by the Hudson's Bay\nCo. after the coalition of 1821. It was abandoned\nfor a time in 1825 to punish the Indians for the\nmassacre at St. John in 1823. New Hudson's Hope\nwas built about 1875 on the south bank about 12\nmiles further upstream from Old Hudson's Hope, at the\neast end of the portage, near east end of Ca'rion at\nits foot. Sometime after 1880 this post was again\nmoved to its present location on the north side.\nHarmon in his journal 1810,October 15th, calls\nHudson's Hope the \"Rocky Mountain portage Fort\".\nGust's House and an old Hudson's Bay Co. post are\nshown on Arrowsmith map 1832 (No.100) at the west\nend. of the portage from Rocky Mountain House. The\nlocation of the original fort is shown on the Dawson\nmap 1879 (No.81) and narked \"abandoned\". It is\nshown on Arrowsmith maps 1850 (No.100) and 1857 (17\n&o.8).\n228 Hudson's House (1)\nA small Hudson's Bay Co.^post built by\nTurner, surveyor for the Company, in 1776 and shown\non his map of 1790 (No. 106) on left bank of North\nSaskatchewan river about 80 miles above the Forks,\nin Section 32 Township 46 Range 3 west of 3rd\nMeridian, about 4 miles north of Silver Grove. It\nwas located 280 miles above Cumberland House of which\nit constituted an outpost and was then the uppermost\nsettlement on the Saskatchewan river. Thompson was\nthere in 1786, 1788 and 1794 and Henry Jr.. in 1808.\nThis house was occupied for some years.\n229 Hudson's House (2)\nWas built by Tomison 15 miles farther\ndown the river about 1788-1789 and named after\nGeorge Hudson an employee of the Hudson's Bay Co.\nThis was called \"Lower Hudson House\". It stood a\nshort distance above the present prince Albert and\n3' or 4 miles below a place known as Yellow Banks.\n230 Horse-Shoe House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on left bank of\nPeace River at mouth of the Nitikewin (or Battle)\nriver, about 75 miles below Peace River P.O. Its\nlocation is shown on Wallace map of early posts in\nAlberta (No.11) and on Map of Dept. Interior 1898\n(No.35) . It was one of the very early posts, probably erected by North West Co. and taken over by\nHudson's Bay Co. at union. In their List of 1869\nit is called Battle River House. David Thompson was\nthere in March, 1804.\n231 Hungry Hall House (1)\nHouse of free-traders Ross and Thoburn\n built 1792-1793 on Saskatchewan river at Tobin or\nGrand Rapids about 14 miles above Sturgeon river..\nAlex. Henry Jr. in 1808 passed this \"old establishment abandoned many years ago\". It-was in Tp.54,\nR.10, West of 2nd Meridian.\n232 Hungry Hall House (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. post on right (E) bank,\nof Rainy river about 3 miles from its outlet into\nLake of the Woods, near pointe aux Pins. It was\nestablished about 1850 and was included in the 1869\nList of posts accompanying the Deed of Surrender,\nalso in the 1872 List. It is shown on Map of N.W.\nTerritory Dept. Interior 1878 (No.16) .\n233 Fort Hunter\nEnglish military fort on the right bank\nof Mohawk river New York state at mouth of Shoxey\nriver now called Schoharie Creek. Shown on map\nD'Anville 1755 (No.97) and Rocque's map 1763 (98).\n234 Hunter's Lodge\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on Hunter's\nNarrows lake Zeepaway, Quebec, on the bay at\nentrance of Hunter lake , a tributary of Zeepawa\nlake.- It was an outpost in the Temiscamingue\ndistrict. Abandoned 1890. Shown on H.B .Co. map 1857\n(No.8) and marked \"abandoned\" on Geological map\n1908 (No.123) .\n235 Fort Ile-a-la-Crosse\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on lake Ile-a-la-\nCrosse, Saskatchewan. At the bottom of a little\nbay opening eastward near south end of lake at end\nof long tongue of land and on west shore of lake at\nthe mouth of Deep river or' channel connecting with\nClear lake. A little farther north is the site of\nformer H.B.Co. fort.\nNumerous trading posts or forts were\nbuilt on the shores of lie-a-la-Crosse lake by free\ntraders, North West Co., and Hudson's Bay Co. The\nfirst fort was built by Thomas Frobisher on a\npeninsula on the west side of lake in 1776, where\nthe H'.B.Co. fort was afterward built. In 1791 the\nNorth West Co. built on west shore and in 1790 the\nHudson's Bay Co. also constructed a fort, shown on\nTurner's map 1790 (No.106) . This fort was seized\nand burned by the \"Canadians\" about 1808. It was\nrebuilt by Fidler for the Hudson's Bay Co. in 1809.\nIt was again seized by the North \"'est Co. in 1817\nand the occupants were Imprisoned. Harmon was at\nthe fort in August 1808 and desorlbed it ;as well-\nbuilt. David Thompson was there in 1804.- The\nHudson's Bay Co. have maintained their fort since\n1790.\nSurrounding the lake the country\n ^n\nand swampy. To the north, at the portage La Loche,\nthe hills rise to 1000 feet. The name of the lake\nis derived from an island opposite the post where\nthe Indians played lacrosse.\nThe location of the fort is shown on map\nof the Dept. of the Interior 1908-9 (No. 124) and on\nGeological map of Tyrrell 1895 (No.41) also on\nArrowsmith maps 1832 (No.101) 1850 (No.100),1857\n(No.8) .\n236 Fort Ile-aux-Noix\nFrench fort on Ile-aux-Noix in Richelieu\nriver (so named by Champlain in 1609 on his discovery\nof lake Champlain) 12 miles below outlet. of lake\nChamplain. First fort was built in 1759 by General\nBourlamaque after the surrender of Fort Carillon(5Pi-\nconderoga) and St.Frederic (Crown Point). It was\nsurrendered to the English 25 August 1759 and afterwards rebuilt by them and named Fort Lennox (q.v.).\nThis fort was captured by the Americans in 1775.\n23 7 lie Jeremie\nOne of the Zing's posts in Domain du Roy,\nabout 6 miles west of mouth of river Betsiamites\n(Bersemis) on.north shore of St.Lawrence river,about\n68\u00C2\u00B030'W. It was named after Noel Jeremie an early\ntrader and first settler in the district. It appears\non Laure map 1733 (No.55). Was established about\n1650. It was included in Bougainville's list of\nforts 1757. After cession of Canada, Dunn Gray &\nMurray operated the post. It was leased to the Northwest Co. in 1788 and to the Hudson's Bay Co. in 1821.\nIn 1859 Governor Sigpson. closed the post at lie je-\nrSraie but continued to operate Bersiais. It is\nshown on Arrowsmith imp 1857 (No.8) and was included in H.B.Co. lists up to 189 4 list when M\nBersimis appears and lie Jeremie is omitted. It has\nbeen in constant operation since 1650. McZenzie 1808\nsays in his Journal that it was considered the best\nof the Zing's posts for furs. Shown on White's map\nof Labrador posts (No.24).\nIndian Cap Fort\nSee Lac-du-Donnet Fort.\nIndian Villages '!*^Vi|lP\nList of Indian Villages or Settlements\naround fortified posts under protection of the\nFrench as given by Bougainville 1757:-\nAt Lorette - The Hurons\n\" Bekancourt - Abenakis 500 or 600 men\n\" Mississquoy - Abenakis 100 to 150 men\n\" St. Francois - Abenakis\n\" Sault St. Louis - Iroquois\n\" Lac des Deux-Montagnes - Iroquois\n\" '..La -presentation, the Five Nations\n\" ' Detroit - Hurons\n\" Miramichi - JJicmacs .\n 2.3 8 Isaac's House\nThompson\nme\n\u00C2\u00BBn t i ons a\nfree-tre\nider's he\nuse\nunder name 1\nsaac's I\nOU5\nse on\nthe\nSa\n3katchewan\nri\"1\ner\neast of\nthe\nForks so\nvhere\nin\nRam\n*-e 17\nWest\nof\n,!eridian in\n1794.\nIsland 1\nouse\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on North Saskatchewan river near Englishman river and about 3 miles\nbelow Manchester House. It was attacked by Fall\nIndians in 1793, plundered and burnt. Indians were\nrepulsed from North West Co. fort nearby.. Later\nanother Island House was built farther up Saskatchewan river above Fort George. Called also Fort\nBrule, Fort d'Isle, and Burnt Fort d'Isle. Thompson.\nwas there in 1800.\n240 Island Lake Fort\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at the outlet of\nIsland lake, Manitoba,.west-end of lake. Location\nshown on map No. 68. It appears on all the Company\nlists from 186S. It was originally located at Saga--\nwechewan at east end of lake and was built before\n1824. After a few years it was abandoned owing to\nscarcity of furs. About 1840 it was re-established\nhalf a mile south of present location. It was again\nabandoned until 1864 when Cuthbert Sinclair built\non the present site. Island lake is 75 miles long\nand 50 miles wide at widest part. There are' 3400\nislands.\n241 Isonglass River post\nA small Hudson Bay Co. post at mouth of\nIsonglass or Old Factory river, James' Bay, about 30\nmiles north of East Main river. Built before 1685,\nprobably abandoned in 1686 temporarily when Forts\nRupert, Moose and Albany were captured by the French.\nA mica mine was discovered on the river bank and was\nworked by the Company for some time, but unprofit-\nably. The river, which empties into Moar's Bay, was\ncalled. Mica, Isonglass, or Old Factory river. Shown\non map No. 24 and the river on map No. 63.\n242 Itamamiou\nFrench trading post on lower St.Lawrence,\nc.60\u00C2\u00B0W., built about 1733. Concession was granted\nto Lafontaine de Belcour by Beauharnois and Hoc-\nquart in 1733. In 1764 de Belcour sold to FcZenzie\n& Lymburner who sold it to Wm. Grant in 1804. \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 In\n1808 it was sold by the Sheriff, probably used by-\nNorth West Co. Was rated as a Hudson's Bay Co... post\nin 1847. Does \"not appear on the Arrowsmith map- 1857.\n Location shown on map No,: 24. Was in Seigniory of\n. T$\u00C2\u00A9Hecourt.\n243 Jack River House\nHudson's Bay Co. post at mouth of Jack\nriver now called Gunisao river, Manitoba, on left\nbank. Built before 1819. Shown on maps of Arrow-\nsmith 1832 (No. 101) and 1857 (No.8). After the\nfirst Norway House was burned in 1825, the present\nNorway House was erected on the site of, or contiguous to, old Jack River House. See Norway House.\n244 Jackson's Bay House\nA small Hudson's Bay Co. post on Jackson\nBay, southeast shore of Oxford lake, Ontario, York.\nDistrict. It was an outpost of oxford House and was\nincluded in the Co. lists of 1869 and 1872. Shown-~\non map No. 126.\n245 Jasper House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on upper Athabaska\nriver, Alta. Built 1799 at outlet of Brule lake and\ncalled Rocky Mountain House. In 1801 Jasper Hawes\ntook charge and moved the fort to left bank Athabaska\nriver and about 16 miles farther upstream to present\nlocation at the outlet of Jasper lake. The second\nhouse was named after Jasper Hawes. At one time an\nimportant post. Practically abandoned by the Company\nin 1875. It was described by Milton & Cheadle in\n\"Northwest Passage by land\" 1862, as \"a neat white\nbuilding surrounded by low palisades standing in a\nperfect garden of wild flowers, backed by dark green\npines\". Shown on maps No. 101, 100, 98, 8, & 127.\nIt appears on H.B. Co. Arrowsmith map 1857 under\nboth names.\n246 Fort Jemseg\nBuilt by Governor Charles Temple 1659 at\nJemseg on river St. John, N.B., near mouth of Jemseg\nriver. Captured by Dutch force 1674. Rebuilt 1690\nby Villebon but finally abandoned 1692.\n247 Fort Joachim\nA small Hudson's Bay Co. outpost on the\nOttawa river at Les Joachims rapids about 20 miles\nbelow Mattawa on the north bank. This was probably\na relief station on the canoe route between Montreal\nand Fort William providing rest on the journey after\nthe 36 miles paddle up the \"Deep River\", as that\nportion of the Ottawa was called, from Alumettes. It\nwas originally an old French trading post to which\nthe North West Co. succeeded and, after 1821, the\nHudson's Bay.Co.\n 248 Zaipokok\nHudson's Bay Co. post on the shore of\nLabrador near Hopedale. It was built before 1790\nby the French or other \"Europeans\". In 1836, D. R.\nStewart of Quebec had the post. In 1837, the\nHudson's Bay Co, bought out- Stewart. It was included in the H.B. Co. list of 1857 and was maintained by the Cbmpany until 1879 when it was closed.\n249 Fort Zakababeagino\nHudson's Bay Co. post on lake Zakabonga,\nTemiscamingue district, about 40 miles east of\nGrand Lake Victoria. It was built before 1856 and\nwas operated until about 1880 as an outpost of Ft.\nTemiscamingue. Superseded by Barriere post on lake\nBarriere tributary to lake Zakabonga. Was included\nin H.B. Co. lists of 1857, 1869 and 1872. Location\nof Barriere is shown on Gatineau sheet of Standard\nmap.\n250 Fort Zaministiquia\nOld French fort on site of present 'town\nFort William, Ontario. Called also Fort Les Trois\nRivieres and-spelled \"Caministagouia\". The first\nfort was built by Dulhut 1678. It was built of logs\nand was Dulhut's main trading post. Situated about\nhalf a mile from mouth of Zaministiquia river on the\nsouth shore of river. This fort did not last after\nabout 1700. A second fort was built by Robutel de\nla Noue* in 1717. This fort was abandoned for some\ntime after the cession of Canada. It was rebuilt by\nthe North V.'est Co. in 1800 on site of the old French-\nfort of La Noue* and was called \"New Fort\". On xxnion\nof the North West Co. and X.Y. Co. in 1804 it was -\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 again rebuilt as a very substantial fort and called\nFort William (which see). The X.Y. Co. had a trading\npost and base of supplies in 1802 near New Fort.\nFort Zaministiquia was included in Bougainville's\nList of Forts who says that it was \"leased to M.\nRepeiitigny and the lease expires in 1758\". At that\ntime the French withdrew to Montreal and Quebec and\nthe post was deserted, and soon destroyed by fire.\n251 Fort Zamloops\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on south bank of\nthe South Thompson river opposite the confluence of\nthe North Thompson river, B.C. Alexander Ross in\n1812 first traded at the junction of the South\nBranch with the North Branch Thompson river. In tho\nautumn of 1812 David Stuart built the first fort at\nZamloops for the Pacific Fur Co. It was situated\non practically the same site as the present fort and\nwas known at first as the \"Shewaps Fort\", being\nnamed after a local tribe. The Northwest Co. on\nabsorbing the Pacific Fur Co. (called the Astoria\nCo.) in 1813 took over fort Shewaps and named it\n\u00C2\u00AB@m\n fort Thompson after David Thompson, constructing a\nnew fort (the second) on the east shore of the North\nBranch at the confluence. This fort was attacked by\nthe Indians on several occasions. The Hudson's Bay\nCo. acquired this fort on the union of 1821.\nMcLeod was the factor from 1822 to 1826. The fort\nwas well stockaded and included arj. enclosure for\n300 horses. John Todd, who was the factor from 1842\nto 1850, constructed a new fort (the third) opposite\nMcLeod's fort, on the west side of the North j\nThompson river and the name was now changed to Fort\nZamloops (meaning \"Meeting of Waters\"). It was a\nlarge fort with several dwellings and a store and\nother buildings. The palisades were 15 feet high\nand were strengthened by two bastions. A fourth\nfort, the present one, was built by Donald McLeod\n1861-1862 (Factor from 1854 to 1862) on the south\nof the South Branch opposite the confluence. It was\ntriple gabled with overhanging eaves. It is still\nin good condition. This was always an important\npost. It is shown on Arrow3mith's map of 1832\n(No. 101), on that of 1850 (No. 100) where both\nnames are given, and on that of 1857 (No. 8). It\nis mentioned in all the Company lists up to 1872.\n252 Fort Zanaaupscow\nHudson's Bay Co. post on the Fort George\n(or Big) river about 76\u00C2\u00B0W., Quebec. Established\n19 21 and in operation to date.\n253 Fort Zaniapiskau\nHudson's Bay Co. post established in\n1834 as an outpost of Nichikun on lake Zaniapiskau,\nQuebec, about 54\u00C2\u00B0N. and 7QOW. It was given in the\nCompany lists of 1857 and 1869. Low reported it in .'\n1895 as having been abandoned for 25 years. It was.\nprobably operated only as an outpost. Its location\nis shown on maps No. 24 and 63.\n254 Fort Zansas\nFrench fort on right bank of Missouri\nriver at mouth of Little Zansas river. It is named\nin Bougainville's list of 1757 as \"having a garrison\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 with commander dependent on New Orleans\". It was\nprobably an outpost of fort Orleans a few miles\nfurther down the Missouri river. It is shown on\nRocque's map of 1763 (No.96), and Bellin's 1755\n(No.93) and D'Anvi'lle's 1755 (No.97).\n255 Zapiskatt post\nHudson's Bay Co. post on James Bay at\nmouth of Zapiskau river, shown on map No. 52 of\nNorthern Ontario 1903 and on the Company map of\n1924 posts No. 39. Established about 1900.\n 256 Fort Zaskaskia\nFrench fort on right bank of Zaskaskia\nriver about five miles from its confluence with the\nMississippi river. It was built of square logs.\nBurned in 1766. Zaskaskia, Illinois, was the first\npermanent white settlement in the Mississippi\nvalley. Mission established by Marquette in 1675\nfor the Zaskaskia Indians near the present TJtica,\nIlls., was removed in 1700 to site of Fort Zaskaskia. It was situated nearly opposite Fort Genevieve and a few miles below Fort Chartres (1720). Was\nsurrendered to English in 1763 and was capital of\nthat region for some time. Is named in Bougainville's list 1756 as dependent on New Orleans.\nShown on Bellin's map 1755 No. 93, on d'Anville's\n1755 (No.97), and on map French Possessions (No.10).\n257 Zee; River post\nHudson's Bay Co. post on east bank Peace\nRiver, 60 miles above Fort Vermilion, near mouth of\nZeg river. It was sometimes called Fort du Tremble.\nShown on H.B. Co. map 1857 (No.8) and Map of North\nWesi^ Territory 1877 (No. 16). This fort was Originally built by the North West Co. about 1800 or\nearlier, and is called by D. Thompson in 1804. \"Old\nFort du Tremble\". Sometimes called De Tremble or .\nDes trembles.\n258 Fort Zenamu\nOld French post at west end lake Melville , Labrador, opposite the outlet of Grand lake.\nProbably located on Carter Basin at .the mouth of\nZenemich river. It was built before 1799. Purchased\nby Hudson's Bay Co. 1836 and closed soon after.\nLocation 3hown on White's map Labrador posts (No.24)\nand Low's map 1896 (No.61).\n259 Fort Zenogamissi\nHudson's Bay Co. post at north end of\nlake Zenogamissi near source of Mattagami river,\nOntario, about 30 miles southwest of Frederick\nHouse. It was built before 1798, one of the { r\nearliest inland posts dependent on Moose Factory.\nIt was closed about 1850.and had been abandoned\nfor many years before 1880. Location shown on map\nNo. 24.\n260 Fort Zikendatch\nHudson's Bay Co. post on lake Zikendatch,\nenlargement of St. Maurice river, about 9 miles\nabove Gouin dam. Was originally an old French post\nin the Zing's Domain. It came to the Hudson's Bay\nCo. in the\"'lease of the Zing's posts 183.2. It is\nnamed in the list of 1857 and 1894. Was closed\nshortly before 1900. It is shown on Arrowsmith\nmaps of 1832 (No.101) and 1857 (No.8) also on White's\nmap (No. 24).\n Zilmar's Fort\nSee Fort Babine.\nThe Zing's Domain and Zing's Posts\nExtent of the Domain du Roy was 76\nleagues on north shore of St. Lawrence from Black\nriver (i.e. 5 leagues below Murray Bay) to river\nCormorant (9 leagues below Sept Isles) and up the\nSaguenay river 200 leagues to lake Mistassini -\nPointe-aux-Cormorants marked north-east extremity\nof .the Zing's Domain and the beginning of Mingan\nSeigniory. Murray Bay parish was originally a part\nof the Zing's Domain until 1762, when Gen. Murray\ngranted it to Major Nairn and Lieutenant Fraser but\nrestricted them from trade with the Indians.\nLabrador coast from Mingan Seigniory was then free\nfor trade to all. An account of the Zing's posts\nin the Zing's Domain was written by James Mckenzie\n1808 and found in. Masson, Les Bourgeois &c, Series\nII page 405 et seq.\nList of Zing's Posts in Domain du Roy\nSept Isles before 1710.\nGodbout before 1670.\nManicouagan on lake Manicouagan before 1749.\nManicouagan,mouth Manicouagan river before 1800.\nBersimis before 1703.\nMille Vaches (Portneuf) before 1800.\nlie Jeremie before 1730.\nTadoussac c. 1600.\nChicoutimi be#\u00C2\u00A3re 1650.\nLake St.John (Metabetchouan) c. 1650.\nAshuapmuchouan (Chamuehuan) 1690.\nMistassini c. 1673.\nNekoubau (Nemiscau) 1685.\nSt. Charles 1686 (St.Jacques).\nNichigun (Nichikun before 1725.\nPapinachois before 1703.\nMoisy before 1694.\nNaskapis before 1733.\nMalbaye before 1733.\nBondesir before 1730.\nMusquarro c. 1710.\nZing's Posts outside the Domain\nRouille (Toronto! 1749. Frontenac 1673.\nNiagara 1678. Little Portage 1753.\nPresqu'Isle 1753. R. au Boeuf 1753.\nMachault 1753. Duquesne 1753.\nBaye des Puants 1670. ; La Chine 1671.\nDe la Presentation 1718.\nMap of Domaine du Roy by Pere Laure S.J. 1731(No.l09)\n 261 Klttigaruit\nHudson's Bay Co. post at outlet of East\nChannel, delta of Mackenzie river, recently opened.\n262 Zootenay House\nFortified post erected by Thompson for\nNorth West Co. in 1807 on the west side of Columbia\nriver B.C. one mile down stream from the north end\nof lake. Windermere, about one mile northwest of\nAthalmer and just north of Toby Creek. It was the\nfirst post erected in that region. Sometimes called\nFort Zootanae. After the union of 1821 was operated\nby the Hudson's Bay Co. for some time and was included in the 1856 list of forts. Shown on map No.6.\n263 Zootenay Falls House\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at Zootenai Falls,\nMontana, on east bank. Built by North ?\u00C2\u00BB'est Co.1808.\nAn outpost of Fort Colville. The H.B. Co. claimed\nindemnity from the U.S. for this fort. Shown on\nmaps No. 12 Crown Lands 1857, Arrowsmith 1832 (No.\n101), 1850 (No.100) and 1857 (No.8). Sometimes\ncalled Zootanie or Zootanais Fort. (Not to be confused with Zootenay House on the Columbia river\nB.C.).\nFort Zuckatoosh\nThe original name of Flying post. q.v.\n264 Zullyspell House .\nNorth West Co. post in basin of Columbia\nriver, on east side of Zullyspell lake (lake lend\nd'Oreille), f% miles from mouth of river, 48\u00C2\u00B011'\n30\"N. . Built by Thompson 1809 and named by him. It\nstood on a point extending into lake Pend d'Oreille\nbetween Hope and Clarks Fort stations on Northern\nPacific Railway. \"Yas maintained for only a few\nyears.\n265 Fort La Boulaye\nFrench fort built by d'Iberville 1700,\non poverty Point, Mississippi river, 38 miles\nbelow New Orleans. It was the first fort built near\nmouth of Mississippi river on the river and marked\nthe first settlement. Location shown on L't. Ross\nmap 1765, paste 174 in \"First Great Canadian\" by\nC. B. Reed.\n266 Lac a la Mart re\nSmall North West Co. post on lake 4 la\nMartre about 15 days travel north of Great Slave\nlake. Built by Ler'oux in 1789. Probably only a\ntemporary post. On some old maps this lake is called Martin's lake.\n 1\n26 7 Fort Lac-au-Serpent. (Snake Lake)\nA small trading post of North West Co.\n& H.B. Co. after 1821 on lac des Serpents near lac\nlie a la Crosse, built by Roderic McZenzie 1786-87.\nMentioned in Mass on I pg.17 Reminiscences of R.\nMcZenzie. At east end of Snake lake, Churchill\nriver, map No. 41 (1895). In charg-e of McGillivray\n1786.\n268 Lac Barriere Post\nHudson's Bay Co. post at south end of\nlac Barriere.. Named on 1925 list of posts. Probably opened about 1900. A tributary lake to Grand\nLake Victoria. Shown White's map 1926 (No. 24),\nalso Nos.130 and 131, and Standard Map Gatineau\nSheet.\nFort Lac des Allumettes\nAnother name for Fort William.on Ottawa\nriver.\n269 Fort Lao-des-Boeufs\nThe first fort on lac des Boeufs (now\ncalled Buffalo lake or Peter pond lake) , near\nMethye Portage, was built by the North West Co. in\n1790. This post is shown on Arrowsmith maps 1832\n(No.101), 1850 (No.100) and 1857 (No.8) and marked\n\"N. W. House\". Macoun 1875 says\"Buffalo House, at\nthe jnorth end of the lake opposite mouth of\nPembMa river, was deserted\". This post was\nopera oed by the Hudson's Bay Co. after union 1*21.~-\nThe second post on Buffalo lake was\nbuilt by the Hudson's Bay Co. in 1791 at the south\nend on the point projecting south between Buffalo\nlake and Clear lake (now called Churchill lake) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nThe present name of this post is Buffalo Lake House\nor Puffalo River post. T'acoun 1875 says \"at\neastern end of the narrows and at the head of Clearwater lake is situated Chipewyan House\". This post\nis still operated by H.B. Co.\nBoth posts shown on Tyrell's map 1895\n' (No. 41).\n270 Lac des Chats post\nMcLean in his \"Notes of Twenty-five\nyears Service\" says 1822 that the North West Co.\nand Hudson's Bay Co. had built adjoining, posts on\nthe Ottawa river at Chats Falls, probably about 16CC.\nThese posts were discontinued after the union of\n1821.\n271 Lao des Deux Montagnes\nAn old French fort at Lake of the Two\nMountains is named in Bougainville's list 1757. The\n ^\nSulpicians obtained the seigniory of Montreal\nisland in 1663. and established a mission at the\nfort, 12 leagues from Montreal. About 250 Indians.,\nNipissings., Algcnquins, and Iroquois, traded at the\npost. The commerce was for the benefit of the\npriests and there was no French commander nor\ngarrison at the fort in 1757. The site is now Oka\non the north side of the lake. The fort was probably built about 1660.\nThe Hudson's Bay Co. established a post\non the Lake of Two Mountains in the spring of 1819\nand the North West Co. also operated a post until\nthe date of coalition 1821.\n272. Fort Lac Pes Roseaux\nHudson's Bay Co. post at outlet lake\nDes Roseaux on right bank of river Aux Roseaux,\n96\u00C2\u00B0W. and just south of 49\u00C2\u00B0N. Trail led from here\nto Pembina and Fort Garry. This was the old Indian\ntrail from Lake of the Woods to Red river. It is\nshow* on Dawson map 1869 (No. 134).\n273 Fort Lao des Sables\nA small Hudson's Bay Co. post on lac des\nSables, Du Lievre river, Quebec. McLean-(\"Twenty-\nfive years service &c\") speaks of this fort in 1826\nand gives the location \"fright miles above the last\nrapid and portage\".\" Rapide du Fort is at the outlet\n(south end) of the lake. It is shown on map No.17.\nof 1839.\n274 Fort Lac d'Orignal (1)\nMoose Lake fort. A North West Co. fort\non southeast end of Moose lake .(Alberta) upper\nwaters of the Beaver river, 54\u00C2\u00B0 15' N. & 110\u00C2\u00B0 50'W.\nBuilt by Angus Shaw in 1789 and hence sometimes\ncalled \"Shaw House\". Shown on'map of early Alberta\nforts No. 11. Does not seem'to have been continued\nafter 1821.\n275 Fort Lac d'Orignal (2)\nA small North West Co. post west of\nYellowhead pass on present Moose lake near T\u00C2\u00A7te\nJaune Cache, enlargement of Fraser river, 53\u00C2\u00B0 N.\n& 119\u00C2\u00B0 W.\n276 Lac d'Orignal House (3)\nMoose Lake House on Moose lake, north\nof Cedar lake, about 50 miles east of The pas. The\nNorth West Co. located on the north shore of lake\nabout 1800. This post was included in their list\nof 1820. The Hudson's Bay Co. located on the west\nshore. It is included in their 1856 list and shown\non Arrowsmith maps 1832 (No.Ill) and 1857 (No.8).\n 277 Lac-du-Bonnet House\nOriginally a North West Co. post on lac-\ndu-Bonnet, enlargement of 'Winnipeg river, about 25\nmiles above fort Alexander. Built about 1800. Included in list of posts 1821. After coalition of\n1821, this post was operated by the Hudson's Bay Co.\nand was named on their lists of 1856 and 1872. Name\nof Hudson's Bay Co. post was generally \"Indian Cap\nFort\" and the lake was variously called, Cap lake,\nCat lake , or Indian Cap lake . It is shown on maps\nNo. 2, No.7, No.8, No. 21, and No. 86. Was on route\nfrom Lake of the Woods to lake Winnipeg.\nFort Lac-du-Brochet (Pike Fish)\nSee Bedfont House, and Fort Caribou.\n27 8 Fort Lac-la-Biche\nOriginally a North West Co. fort at east\nend of lake La Biche , tributary to Athabaska river.\nThe outlet, La Biche river, flews into the Athabaska\nriver a few miles below Athabaska Landing, 54\u00C2\u00B0, 45'\nN. & 112\u00C2\u00B0 W. Built by Thompson in 1798 who wintered\nthere 1798-99. The lake was called by him Red Deer.\nThe Hudson's Bay Co. succeeded to this fort in 1821\nafter the coalition. It was raided by the Indians\nin the rebellion of 1885. Appears to have been discontinued after 1912. It is shown on maps Nos.35,\n37 and 69. Lake La Biche is called Red Deers Lake\non Arrowsmith maps 183 2, 1850 & 1857 and the\nAthabaska river is given alternative names Elk or\nLa Biche river..\n279 Lac La Nonne. House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on lake La Nonne\n(La Nun) tributary to Pembina river about 75 miles\nfrom its junction with the Athabaska river. Established about 1870 and closed before 1894. Shown a\non map No. 35.\nFort Lac la pluie\nSee fort Rainy Lake.\n280 Fort Lac la Ronge\nThe first fort on lac La Ronge was built\nby Peter Pond for the North West Co. in 1781 on the\nwest shore of the lake as shown on Pond's map of\n1785 (No. 82) , Simon Fraser wintered there 1795-6\nand Thompson was there in 17 38.\nThe Hudson's Bay Co.. fort was built\nabout 1790 or 1800 at the north end of the lake-\nShown on Arrowsmith maps 1832 (No.101), 1850 (No.100)\nand 1857 (No.8). This fort was superseded by Rapid\nRiver fort before 1860, about 15 to 20 miles distant.\n The H.B. Co. also operate a post on Big Stone lake\nabout 5 miles beyond the outlet of Lac La Ronge known\nas Lac La Ronge post, shown on map of 1895 (No.41).\n281 Fort Lac Seul\nHudson's Bay Co. post on north shore of\nLac Seul, Ontario, at White pine Narrows which are\nabout three miles west of mouth of Canoe river. A\nlong point projecting from the south shore here contracts the lake to about half a mile wide. The ex-\ntinsmity of the point is conspicuous by a clump of\nwhite pines and the name, Obijikoka, (or\"lake of White\nPine Narrows\"), which the Indians gave to Lac Seul,\nhas reference to this locality. The lake was variously called Lac Sal, Sel, Saul,\" Salt, and lonely. The\nHudson's Bay Co. recommended building the post in\n1815 and it was established soon after that date and\nwas included in the 1856 list of posts. It is\ndescribed as a \"fine group of buildings on a sandy\nshore\". In operation to present date. Located on\nroute from Fort Alexander to Osnaburgh House and\nJames Bay. Shown on map No. 132. Nov/ known as Pine\nRidge Post. See Fort Mattawa.\n282 Lac Traverse post\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on lake\nTraverse (between Minnesota and South Dakota) two \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nmiles from-head of lake, near source of Red river.\nThi's post being on American territory was abandoned.\n283 Fort La Chine\nFrench fort built 1671 at head of Lachine\nrapids nine miles above Montreal. In the seigniory\nof La Salle. Mentioned in Bougainville's List 175 7\nwho says that houses and stores of the Zing were\nlocated there. A Zing's post. The settlement was\nbegun by La Salle in 1666 and the name La Chine refers\nto his belief that the Ottawa river led to the \"Mer\nde 1'Ouest\" and thence to China. The fort was later\nnamed Fort Remy until 1760. In 1689 the settlement\nsuffered from an incursion of the Iroquois when 20C\ninhabitants of the settlement were massacred and the\nvillage burned. Lachine became the centre of the fur\ntrade before the cession of Canada and, afterwards,\nespecially so under the North West Co. The Hudson's\nBay Co. after union with the North West Co. in 1821,\ncontinued the trading post, called Lachine House, a3\ncentre of the fur trade via the St. Lawrence river,\nalthough the outlet for western furs was York Factory.\nThe St-Lawrence-Ottawa River route was continued by\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. for some time after the\namalgamation in 18 21 for local needs, and later the\nLakes' route and Yonge street portage (Toronto) . But\nthis route gradually declined in favour of James Bay.\nIn 1851 Sir George Simpson's house was at Lachine\nand it was then the headquarters for the fur trade.\n Canoes for the Grand Portage started from\nLa Chine. These large canoe3, called \"Mattre Canots\",\nwere of four tons burden and were manned by 8 to 10\nmen. They left La Chine in fay, via Ottawa river, to\nMachilimackinac for additional supplies and provisions\nand arrived at Grand Portage early in July.\nFort La Cloche\nBoth the Hudson's Bay Co. and the North\nWest Co. had establishments at La Cloche. Situated on\nthe north shore of the North Channel, Georgian Bay,\nabout ten miles east of mouth of Spanish river. It\nwas on the route from Montreal to the west via the\nOttawa river. A. Henry Sr. says that the, name vjas\nderived \"from a rock standing on a plain which being\nstruck rings like a bell\". No fort was there in 1761\nwhen A. Henry passed, nor in 1789 when Roderick\nMcZenzie passed. The North West Co. probably built the\nfirst post about 1790. The post was mentioned by\nMcLean in 1833 and was visited by Sir George Simpson\n1841. It is included in the Hudson Bay Co. lists from\n1820 to 1872 and is shown on Arrowsmith maps 1832\n(No.101) and 1857 (No.8) and on map 133. Located at\nmouth of outlet of lake La Cloche.\nFort La Galette\nSee fort De La presentation.\n285 Fort La Jonquiere\nFrench fort built by ten voyageurs sent\nahead by de Niverville in 1751, on the Saskatchewan\nriver near site of present city of Calgary. Named\nafter the Governor, of New France. St. Pierre in his\nMemoirs (Masscm) says that it was a stockaded fort.\nIt was not maintained after the French withdrew in\n1?59.\nOn its site in 1873 Capt. Brisebois of the\nRoyal North West Mounted Police founded a post called.\nFort Brisebois which grew to be the city Calgary.\nCapt. Brisebois stated that he had found traces of\nold fort La Jonquiere on the spot.\nThe North West Co. erected a fort about 50\nmiles west of old La Jonquiere in 1802 to which the\nname Bow River fort was given. This fort was closed\nabout 1823.\nShown on map No. 3 of North West Territories from Dr. Coue's Henry-Thompson Travels.\n286 Fort Lake of the Woods\nSmall post built by Hudson's Bay Co. on\nwest shore of Lake of the Woods on or near the site of\nthe old French fort St.Charles (q.v.). It was named in\nthe list of posts in the Deed of Surrender 1869 but\n does not appear on later lists. The North West Co.\nhad a post of like name on the left (west) bank of\nRainy river near entrance to Lake of Woods.\n287 Fort Lake St. John\nAn early French post established about\n1650 at mouth of Metabetchouan river, east bank,\nnear the shore of lake St* John; Sometimes called\nfort Metabetdhouan; It is shown on pere Laure'a\nmap 1731 (No.109) as Metabetchouan and marked \"An-\ncien Etablissement et Mission\". The post was on the\nsite of the first Jesuit Mission to lake St. John,\nand was probably founded a little later than Chicoutimi. It was one of the posts in Traite de Tadoussac\nand was listed by B^gon in 1720 as a Zing's post. In\n1766 it was spoken of as dependent post on Chicoutimi.\nIt was leased by the North West Co. in 1788 with the\nother posts in the Zing's Domain, and was included in\ntheir list 1821 at the time of union. McZenzie 1808\nvisited the post and says\"'lake St. John post is on\nthe south shore, 4 leagues from the entrance at the\nmouth of a beautiful river where the Jesuits formerly\nwere located\".\nThe Hudson's Bay Co. acquired this post\nat the union of 1821. It is shown on their map of\n1846 and included in the list 1857. Soon after 1864\nthis post was removed to Pointe Bleue on the west\nshore of the lake and is now called Pointe Bleue post.\nThe old French fort may have been destroyed in the\ngreat fire of 1870.\nShown on Maps Nos. 17,24,95.\n288 Fort La Maggie\nCalled also La Tourette or Latourette.\nBuilt by Charles Dulhut, Sieur de la Tourette, in\n1684, at mouth of Ombabika river, on northeast shore\nof lake Nipigon. Dulhut in 1684 wrote to M. de la\nBarre, Governor of New France, mentioning the fort\nwhich he had built on the river A la Maijne at the\nhead of lake Alempigon (Nepigon). It is shown on\nJaillot's map of 1685 and 1696 marked \"poste du Sr.\nDuluth pour emp\u00C2\u00A7cher les Assiniboels et autres sau-\nvages de descendre a la Baye de Hudson\". (Map No.\n117). It is also shown on La Hontan map of 1703.\nThe route to Hudson Bay from lake Nipigon by the\nOmbabika, Ogoki, and Albany rivers, was first discovered by a Canadian named perre and old maps show\na river de Perre from lake Nepigon to Hudson Bay.\nSee maps No. 19 and 18, 67 and 68.\nVerendrye was in charge of fort La Maune\nin 1726. The fort was maintained by the French until\nthe cession of Canada, lake Nepigon being the headquarters of the French fur traders in that region.\nThe fort was probably destroyed at the time of, or\nsoon after, the departure of the French garrison.\nNeither the North West Co. nor the Hudson's Bay Co.\nincluded thi3 fOrt in their various lists. (See\nNipigon House). A map of 1737 shows a fort at the\nnorth end of lake Nipigon, probably meant for fort La\nMaune.\n Fcrts cf La Mer de.1'Ouest\nSeven forts are naned by Bougainville\n(1757) as comprising the department of the west\ncalled \"La Mer de if Ouest\". \"These seven farts, he\nsays, were stockaded and ordinarily have a garrison\nof one or two officers, with 7 or 8 soldiers, and 80\nCanadian engages. They merit attention principally\nfor two reasons, first, because they are next to the\nestablishments of the English on Hudson Bay, ind,\nsecond, because from these posts it will be possible\nto discover the Mer de l\"niest, but- for this discovery it will be necessary for the voyageurs to forsake their commercial interests\".\nThese forts were:\nSt.Pierre on left bank Rainy river (at outlet- .\nSt. Charles on peninsula extending into Lake of 'Woods.\n3ourbon at entrance to lake 7finnipeg (from Saskatchewan river) .\nDe 1a Reine on right bank Assiniboels river (junction\nof Red and Assiniboine rivers).\nDauphin on river Eau Trouble (northwest shore of lake\nManitoba) .\nPaskola on river of that name 180 leagues from\nUauphin (mouth of pas quia river).\nDes Prairies,80 leagues from paskola (Ft.a la Corne).\n(See under each name.)\n289 Fort La Montee\nNorth West Co. fort en North Saskatchewan\nriver about 3 miles upstream from Carlton House on\nnorth side of river. Built about 1797. Was used\nohiefly as a provision station and was one of their\nprincipal meat depots, supplying 300 bags of pemmican yearly. Montee means Ascending or Crossing\nplace, referring to the fact that here canoes were\nexchanged for horses, if going north to Green lake\nand Beaver river or south to south Saskatchewan river\nat Batoohe . \"A counting place for horses\".\nFort La Motte\nFrench fort on Isle La Motte, lake\nChamplain. Shown De Lisle map 1703, No. 18.\nLane's Post\nSrrall trading- post about 18 miles east\nPortage la prairie on Assiniboine river. Shown on\nHind's jsap of expedition 1858.\nFort Lojigley\nHudson's Bay Co. fort near the mouth of\nthe Fraser river, B.C.. 'Built in 1827. Destroyed b;\nfire and rebuilt 1840. The first fort on the main-\n - 100 -\nland of lower British Columbia. Erection of this\nfort sp-cured the British occupation of fee. It wis\nused as a depot for the north and included i\u00C2\u00BB lists\ncf pests in operation until about 1885. Shotin on the\nH.B. Co. naps No. 8, 1C1 & ICC.\nLansdcwne House\nSee Attawapiskat.\n293\nLa Pierre's House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on right bank of\nBell river, tributary of the porcupine river, Yukon.\nSituated a few miles upstream from fort Mcpherson.\nIt was built by the Hudson's Bay Co. in 1847 and\nabandoned in 1890. Shown or. Arrowsmith map 1657\n(No.8).\nFort ~L& Pointe\nSee Chagouamig'm.\n294\nFort La Prairie\nSmall French fort of legs, palisaded,\nsituated $ear or at the present La Prairi e,Que, ,\nb^low Lachine rapids. It protected the route from\nMontreal, Richelieu river and lake Champlain to\nFort Oasilloip. ^Ticonderoea) , and was probably built\nabout 1550 for defence against ths Iroquois. It was\nmentioned in Bougainville's list 1767 as abandoned.\nFort L'Arbre Croche\nFrennh fort *>x south sh^re Strait of\nMackinac, entrance to lake Miahigan. An Indian\nvillage, fort, and settlement, and a Jesuit rrission\ncalled St. Ig^iaoe. It was surrendered to the British\n1760 and visited by Alex. Henry 17fl. At the outbreak of Pontiac's rebellion th\u00C2\u00AB garrison was withdrawn on June 21, 1763, to Ft. Michllircackinac, *md\nthe fort was seized \"by pontiac and burnei.. The*\nfirst fort was built by La Salle in 1579. Nasjed o\u00C2\u00BB,\nsorae Raps as Ft. St. Ig3iP.ce. Shown on Bellin's map\n1744 No. 15, on palairet 1755 No. 119, on P'Anville\n1755 No. 97, on Le Rcuge 1755 No. 112.\n296 Fort La Reine\nFrench fert rn north bank of Assiniboine\nriver at Portage la Prairie,' portage of 12 mile3 to\nlake Manitoba. -Built by Verendrye in 173 8. It was\nfirst called L5}.urepas, then changed to La Reine. The\nAssiniboine river was then called St. Charles and\nriviere des Assiniboels. The first fort was burned\nby the Indians about 1750. It was rebuilt >y St.\nPierre 1752. Again burned by Indians 1752, and St.\nlierra retired ta old fort Rouge for the winter of\n1752-53. St. T?ierre describes this second f#rt as\n having bastions and several adjoining buildings, one\na uagazine. It was again rebuilt (the third; fort)\nabout 1753-54, but was abandoned in 1756 when the\nFrench garrisons were drawn east. After the cession\nof Canada it was still standing in 1767 and was\nvisited by British traders in that year. Bougainville 1757 mentions fort La'Heine as being 70* leagues\nfrom fort Bourbon, in the midst of vast prairies, and\nthe route to the Missouri from the north.\nThe Northwest Co. had a fort at portage .\nla Prairie Mentioned in McDonnell's journal 1794 and\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. were located near by.\nL* Heine is shown-on Bellin's rrap 1755\nNo. 93, on Rocque's 1761 No.. 96 where it is called\nQueen's Fort, on pond's map 1785.No. 82. Fort La\nReine was probably occupied-by the Hudson's Bay Co.\nuntil they built on its site in 1796. See portage\nla Prairie.\nFort La Ronde\nNorth West Co. fort at mouth of La \"vise\nriver,, lake Nipissing, south-east bay, at the\nterminus of the portage. Originally at the mouth of\nthe Vase river and afterwards moved to an island in\nthe lake. The Hudson's Bay Co. post was called\nNipissing House (q.v.).\nFort La-R\u00C2\u00ABnge\nLa Sarre post\nHudson's Bay\u00C2\u00BBCo. post on .Canadian National R'y. y.ear river La Sarre which flows from lake\nMacamic to 'Jake Abitibi, about 9 raiies frcra old fort\nAbitibi, which fort was superseded by. La Sarre en\nthe railway about 1914. See Abitibi.\nFort\nFrench ffrt\nBuilt.by Claude de M T.c\neast side *\u00C2\u00BBf St. John hai\n1643 and again i& 1645,\nCharaisay 1645 and the. ?\nat xmiJi St. John river, N*~ ,\nu.r 1631, on Portland Point,\nhour. Attacked by Chamisay\nand finally captured by\narrison rr.assacred and fort\ndestroyed. Charnisay then T\u00C2\u00BBulit\nthe rpposite side of harbour. F\nals\u00C2\u00BB kantwn as. fort La Tour. The\nchanged to fort Mart I gnon- 1572 w\nretained the grant of St. John,\nnamed Fort St,Jean. About 1750\nFrench and called fort Menagouec\nabandoned. In 1758 General M-\u00C2\u00BBnc\nand named it F\u00C2\u00BBrt Frederick and\ncalled Fort Mon-nton. In 17 75 th\nby the Americans. In 1778 .Fort\nhill above. Portland P#int. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 'Fina\nort Charni say\nort Charni say was\nname was ,-again -\nhen Sieur .Martignon\nIn 1700 it was '\nit was rebuilt by\nt#n rebuilt the fort\nit was some^iai-js\ne fort was destroyed\nHowe was built on th*-i\nlly abandoned 1821.\n Fort La Tour is shown oh D'Anville's\nof 1755 (No.97) also Vieux Fort & Htablishments\ncais a few miles further upstream.\nFort La Tourette\n300 Fort La- Traite\nFirst fort was built by free-trader\nFrobisher 177g., on Churchill river (called also\nEnglish river) near mouth of 'jeer river, outlet of\nKeindeer lake, near Frog portage (q.v.) on north side\nof Churchill river. Shown on map No. 3. Another\nfort was built by Henry in June 1776 at \"Portage de\nTraite\". The North West Co. succeeded to these forts\nwhich they maintained to time of Union 1821. Hudson's\nBay Co. post was near-by & was called Rapid River\nfort, which see.\nLa Traite was also called Frog porta.ge\nfort and fort Du Traite.\nFort Lawrence\nBeaubassin.\n501 Leaf River post\nHudson's Bay Co. p\nmouth c\u00C2\u00BBf Leaf river, Ungava Ba\n1905.and operated to date.\non Leaf Bay,\nEstablished \\nLeech\nfort\nNorth West Co. fort at the west end cf\nLeech lake (called also Lac A la Tortue,.. .& Turtle\nlake), Minnesota. It was visited by Thompson 1798.\nShown on maps No. 3, 2, 4, and 8.\nFort Lennox\nEnglish wilitary fort built 1812-1818 on\nsite of old French fort (1759) named Fort Isle-aux-\nNoix, Richelieu river (q.v.). French fort was\ncaptured by the English 25 August 1759. New fort\nbuilt 1812-18 was na^ed Lennox from family name of\nCharles, Duke of Riohmon-1, the Governor General 1618-\n19. Fopt Lennox was captured by the Americans 1775.\nAfter Treaty of Paris 1782 fort was maintained by\nEnglish garrison until 1669 when it was finally\nabandoned.\n304 Le Roy'^s House \u00E2\u0080\u00A2*-\nFree-trader's post\n45-| rriles above Perr.bina, 48\u00C2\u00B0 23\nsouth of Salt river. *\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nSee Red River Forts\nn Red river about\n,54\"N, and b\ Miles\n Sedres\nb ank , a t\nriver.\nLuquesne\nLesser Slave Lake forts\nOld French fort on St. Lawrence, left\ndars rapids, near confluence of Ottawa\nwas on the route from Montreal to Fort\nWas included in Bougainville's List 1657.\nNorth West Co. erected first fort, at\nwest end of lake, before 1802. It was visited by\nThompson 180 2. This was probably the fort known as\nBlondin's fort (q.v.).\nHudson's Bay Co. also built at .7est end\ntf lak<-> before 1817. This fort was seized by the\nNorth West Co. in 1817. Both forts were combined\nafter union of 1821. The present name is Fort\nGrrmard dating from about 1900. Maps, No. 5,5,8,\n100 & 1C1.\n307 Fort Le Sueur\nFrench fcrt on right bank Mississippi\nriver above the mouth of Wood river (r.Des Bois),\nabout 18 ipiles down stream from fort L'Huiltier. It\nis marked \"destroyed\" on Bowen map 1763 (Mo.98) .\nDe Lisle map of. 1703 (No.18) , D'Anville's 1794,\nJeffery's 1762, Bellin 1755 (No.93) D'Anville 1756\n(No.97), Rocque 1763 (No.96), palairet 1755 (No.119)\nall show Fort Le Sueur, but varying in location.\nFort Les Trois Rivieres\nSee Zaministiquia.\n308 Fort Levis\nFrench fort on south side of St.Lawrence\nriver nearly opposite Fort Frontenac. Erected by\nthe French 1759 on Isle Royale (5 miles east of present town Prescott). Surrendered to the English\nAugust 176* who renamed it Fort William Augustus.\nShown on map No. 10.\n309 Fort L'Huiltier\nFrench fort on right bank St.Peter's rive\n(now called Minnesota river) , 44 leagues up the St.\nPeter's river, at-junction of the Verte river (now\nGreen river), built 1700. This fort was destroyed\nand on its site in 1739 was built fort Verde (Vert),\nwhich was destroyed before 1763 (either by tho\ngarrison on leaving, or by indians unde\niac. ]\nIt is mark-si. \"destroyed\" on Bowen map 1753 (No.#98) .\nShown on Del'Isle map 1703 (No.18) and on maps No.96\n97, 119, and 111. Sometimes spelled L'Hlllier, and\nL'Huillier.\nF\u00C2\u00BBrt Liard\nRivisre-au-Liard.\n 310 Fort Ligonie\nEnglish\nvania. originally a\nsite. Shown map No.\nWas included in'Boug\nxrt in Bedford Ccunty, pe\n:ench fort iiear Fort %% L\n.0 and Rocque's map 1765\n.nville's list 1757. It\nattacked during pontiacTs rebellion but the Indians\nwere repulsed June 21, 1763. During the American\nrevolution this fort was occupied by Washington as\nheadquarters for a. time.\n311 Little Current House\nA North West Co. repair station on the\nnortheast promontory of Manitoulin Island, opposite\nGrand Cloche Island. Boats and canoes were made and\nrepaired here. It was situated about half way\nbetween Montreal and Fort William and all canoes\ntravelling on the route passed through the narrow\nstrait called Little Current.\n312 Little Grand Rapids House\nHudson's Bay Co. post in Norway House\ndistrict at north'end of Family lake, Manitoba, about\n12 miles from eastern boundary of Manitoba. NamqAy.-.-. .\nafter Little Grand rapids in Berens river. Established about 1848 by Wm. McZay then in charge of Beren's\nriver post. It has been operated to date. Supplies\nwere formerly sent to this post from York Factory by\nYork boats via lake Winnipeg and Berens river. The\nlast York boat was used in 1871.\nLittle\nRiver Fort\nSee Red River fort..\n313 Little Whale River post\nHudson's Bay Co. post at mouth of Little\nWhale river, eastern shore of Hudson's Bay. Established between'1813 and-1820. Mentioned on the 1657\nand 1869 lists. Operated to date. Maps No. 8 & 24.\n314 Livingston\nFort\nNorth West Co. fort on right bank of\nMackenzie river, 80 miles north of Great Slave lake\nand about 16 miles downstream from month of Trout,\nriver, 61\u00C2\u00B0 27' N. Built by Duncan Livings ton ..for the\nCo. in 1796. Was the first fort built on the Mackenzie\nriver north of Great Slave lake. Livingston and his\nmen were murdered by Esquimaux. This fort is mentioned in Wentzel's Letters (Masson vol.il). It is marked\n\"Old-Fort\" on Arrowsmith map 1632 (No. 101) also., on\nmap of Topographical Survey 1923 (No. 25).\nLong Lake fort\nOriginally a North 'vest Co. fort at the\noutlet of Long Lake source of Eenogr-mi river, a branch\n**\"the Albany river. On the northwest side,, opposite\nmouth of Ground river, about 1-i miles from the outlet\n I ;\n as described by Dr. Bell, Geological Survey, 1870.\nIt was built about 1800 and probably on the site of\nan old French post. Portage route from south end of\nthe lake by Black river to lake Superior and from the\nnorth end by Ground river, McZay lake, Steel lake and\nMountain lake to Jackfish bay. The North West Co.\nfort was taken over by the Hudson's Bay Co. 1821 and\nhas been regularly operated to date. Shown map 1832\n(No.101), 1857 (No.8) and No. 3.\n316 Long Point. House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on a long point extending from the north shore, near the centre, of\nlac Des Quinze (Ottawa river). It was in operation\nin 1897 and on the 1894 list, but not on earlier or\nlater lists. An outpost from Temiscamingue probably\nVuilt about 1872 and closed about 1900. Shown on\nmap No. 135.\n317 Fort Longue Sault\nFrench fort on the Ottawa river, six\nmiles from lake of Two Mountains. Location is shown\non map No. 2. Bougainville says of this fort: \"It\nis situated on the south bank of Grand or Ottawa\nriver, as Carillon is on the north bank, at foot of\nrapids, about six leagues from lake of Two Mountains.\nThese two little posts have been established for\ntrading with passing Indians, Nipissihgs, Algonquins\nand Iroquois\". The Marquis de Vaudreuil was commandant of Longue Sault in 175 7. Situated at present\nPoint Fortune.\n318 Fort Lorette\nFrench fortified post and village of\nHuron Indians to which they were removed in 1697\nJtfter destruction of Jesuit missions in Huronia by\nthe Iroquois. It was located near Quebec.on a branch\nef the St. Charles river - the present Lorette.\n319 Fort Louisbourg\n0n.Cape Breton Island. Built in 1713.\nIt was captured by New Englanders under Pepperell in\n1745 and returned to France 1748 by Treaty of Aix-\nla-Ch*t,pell e. Captured by English under Amherst, July\n26, 1758.\nLower Fort Des Brairies\nSee fort Vermilion (2).\n320 Lower Fort Garry\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Red river, 19\nmiles from Upper Fort Garry, at St. Andrews. Built\n1831-33. Strengthened'with loop holes and bastions\n 11 with bastions,\nforts, next to\nthe residence\n1841. Surrounded by massive stone\nIt was the strongest of the-Company\nFort Prince of Wales. In 1843 it wl,\u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u009E\u00E2\u0096\u00A0...,\nof the Governor of Rupert's Land and seat of govern\nment. It was often called the Stone Fort and is so\nnamed on Arrowsmith map 1850 (No.-lOO).\nLower Hudson House\nSee Hudson's House.\n321 Fort Lower Nipawi\nZnown !\nN ep ow ew\n.lso as Nipawi,\nn, and Fort De\nNepiwa, Neepoin,\ns prairies or Aux\nNippewean,\nTrembles.\nOld French fort on south side of\nSaskatchewan river, about 100 miles above The pas,\njust below the Nipawin rapids and about 3 miles below\nthe Cadotte rapids. Built about 1748. This fort is\nmentioned by Sir A. McZenzie who calls it Nepawi\nHouse. It was regularly operated by the Frenoh until\nthe cession of Canada and was abandoned about 1763.\nAfter the French, the first English trader to reach\nthe locality was James Finlay who in 1767 either\noccupied the old French fort or constructed Finlay's\nHouse (q.v.) nearly opposite on the north bank.\nFinlay wintered there in 1771-72, also 17 75-76, and\nCadotte of the Hudson's Bay Co. and-A. Henry Sr. were\nthere in 1776, and Thompson in 1808, After the\nformation of the North West Co. in 1783, the old\nFrench fort was occupied by that Company and it was\ncalled \"Nepoin\" fort. Porter and McLeod of the North\nWest Co. were in charge in 1794. About 1808 the\nCompany abandoned the old fort. A. Henry Jr. passed\n\"the old establishment at the Nepawee\" on August 30,\n1808, apparently deserted. The old French fort is\nshown on Franklin's map and the-North West Co.\n\"Nepoin\" on Thompson's map 1812 (No.7). Fort a la.\nCorne fst.Louis) was known as Upper Nipawi and Nepoin\nas Lower Nipawi. Location of Nipawin rapids is\nshown on maps No. 37 & 42, and the old fort on naps\nNo. 3, 10,12.\n322 Lower Post\nHudson's Bay Co. post at confluence of\nDease and Frances rivers forming the Liard. It was\na small outpost attached to Ft. Frances, upstream\nabout 60 miles* Shown on modern maps also en Map\nUpper Yukon 1887 (No. 122).\nMcDonnell's House\nSee Fort Assiniboine.\nFort MoZay\nSee Old Red River House\n 323 Fort McZenzie\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Zaniapiskau\nriver. Built 1915 - on site of old South River House\n(q.v.). Included in 1925 list of posts and shown on\nmap No. 24.\n324 Fort McLaughlin\nThe third Hudson's Bay Co. fort establish-r\ned in lower British Columbia, on Millbank .Sound. Built\nby Finlayson, Manson and McNeill in 1833. It was\nstrongly fortified. Shown on maps No. 6,8 and 100.\n325 Fort McLeod\nNorth West Co. fort at north end of lake\nMcLeod,.British Columbia, built by Simon Fraser for\nthe Company in 1805. This is said to have been the\nfirst post erected in B.C. After the union of 1821\nthis post was operated by the Hudson's Bay Co. to\ndate. Maps No. 8, IOC & 101.\n326 McLeod's Fort\nN-fNorth West Co. fort on left bank of peace\nriver just below mouth of Smokyriver, a few miles\nbelow Fort of the Forks. Was well-built with a\nstockade and 5 bastions. After the'union of 1821 the\nHudson's Bay Co. operated this fort for some time. It\nappears on their 1857 map No.8 also map No.3. Built\nin 1791.\nAn X.Y.Co. fort was built nearby.\n327 Fort McMurray\nOriginally built by North West Co. en the\nwest bank of Athabaska river, opposite mouth of\nClearwater river, in 1790, and named Fort of the Forks\nThe Hudson's Bay Co. took over this fort in 1821 and\nabout 1875 rebuilt on site of the old fort and name\nwas then changed to Fort Mc Murray, It appears on\ntheir 1869 list as Fort of the Forks. Maps No. 3, 5\nand 16.\n328 Fort McBherson\nHudson's Bay Co. post in Mackenzie district on right bank of Peel river about 24 miles from\nthe outlet,'67\u00C2\u00B0 25' N. Built by trader John-JsiBell in\n1840. Sometimes called Fort peel River, or peel River\nHouse, or Fort Bell. Shown on maps No. 8 and 25.\n329 Fort Machault (Machaud)\nFrench fort near confluence of river Au\nBoeuf and the Alleghany. It was included in Bougainville's list 1757. A palisaded log fort; the last\nentrepot for Fort Duquesne, built by Marin for\nGovernor Duquesne in 1753. A Zing's post. With other\n forts it commanded the route from presqu'Ile, lake\nErie, to the Ohio river. It was probably destroyed\nby the French when the garrison withdrew to Detroit\nin 1759. Riviere au Boeuf is now called French\nCreek. Shown on map No. 10.\n330 Ii/iackenzie River post\nAn \"old fort\" is shown on Rinfret rrap of\nNorth West Territories in Dr. Coue's Henry-Thompson\ntravels (No. 3) on right bank of J/iaekenzie river\nopposite mouth of Dahadinni river, about 64\u00C2\u00B0N. No.\ntrace of this fort now remains.\n331 Fort Maisonneuve\nFrench fort built by Paul de Chomedy,\nSieur de Maisonneuve, at point Calli&re, site of\npresent Customs House, Montreal. Built in 1642 of\nwood and palisaded. Maisonneuve was Governor for\n22 years. This fort for over quarter of a century\nwas continually attacked and harassed by the Iroquois-.\nIt bore the brunt of the Indian attacks and protected the settlements farther down the river. Because\nof the natural advantages of its situation, control\nof large part of the fur trade was soon transferred\nto it, and it became the base for outfitting and\ndeparture of exploring expeditions to the V/est.\n332 Fort Malbaye j .\nFrench fortified Zing's Post in the\nDomain du Roy included in list of Zing's posts in\nthe Decree of Tntendant Hocquart 1733. Now known\nas Murray Bay named after General Murray of Seigniory\nof Malbaye (sp called from the poor anchorage)-\nMalbaye parish was originally part of the Zing's\nDomain until 1762 when General Murray granted it to\nMajor Bairn and Lieut. Fraser but restricting them\nfrom trading with the Indians. In 1760 Bigot ordered an inventory taken at Malbaye. pere Laure's\nmaps of 1730 and 11831 (No.109 & 110) of the Zing's\nDomain show this post.\n333 Fort Mamattawa\nHudson's Bay Co. post, originally called\nSouth River fort, at junction of Zenogami and\nZabinakagami rivers, Ontario, about 75 miles south\nof Henley House. It was established before 1832 as\nSouth River House and is so named on Arrowsmith map\n1832 (No.101) also on Arrowsmith 1848 and 1857 (No.8)*.\nThis post was included in the 1857 list. About 1860\nit was closed and re-established about 30 miles further down the river and named New post at mouth of\nWabashi river on right t side. About 1880 New' post\nwas moved back to the old site (Mamattawa) and then\nnamed English River House. Under this latter name\nit appears on the 1894 list and 1925. Mamattawa\n (sometimes writtenlftsonawipattawa) is the contraction\nof an Indian word signifying \"the coming together of\nmany \"branches\". Two large tributaries here join the\nriver from the east and both of these receive * -\nbranches near their mouths. See maps No. 52 & 78.\n334 Manchester House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on north bank of\nNorth Saskatchewan river, 42 miles above Battleford\nand 425 miles above Cumberland House. It was\nlocated above the Forks and about 3i miles above the\nmouth of \"Horse Creek\", (now Englishman river) . It\nwas built by D. Thompson in 1786 who resided there\nthat year and again in 1793. A trail from South\nBranch House led to Manchester House. Fort pitt was\nerected in 1831 a few miles distant and Manchester\nHouse was closed about 1860. It was plundered by\nthe Indians in the autumn of 1793. The.North Branch\nof the Saskatchewan was known as Rivibre du Pas.\nShown on Turner's map 1790 (No. 106) also on Arrow-\nsmith maps No. 8, 100, 101.\n335 Fort Manicouagan(1)\nA Zing's post on lake Manicouagan.near\nsource of Manicouagan river, Quebec, 69\u00C2\u00B0W. 51\u00C2\u00B0 50'N.\nBuilt before 1749. Map No. 24.\n336 Fort MaAcouagan (2)\nSmall French post at mouth of Manicouagan\nriver. A Zing's post. Mentioned by Mackenzie 1808.\n33 7 Manitoba House\nHudson's Bay Co. establishment on lake\nManitoba, near the Narrows, on west shore south cf\nentrance to Ebb and Flow lake. Built before 1850.\nWas in poor condition in 1858 and the old buildings,\nwhich had been a-R. 0 . Mission sold to the Company,\nwere burnt in 1859. It was rebuilt very soon.\nAppears on the Company lists to 1894. Shown on Map\nNo. 43,8100 & 101.\n338 Marlboro House\nNorth West Co. post at junction of\n?/hitesand & Assiniboine rivers. Opposite Carlton\nHouse. On Arrowsmith map of Alexander Mackenzie\nRoute 1801 (No.4) .\n339 Martin Falls House\nab-\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Albany riv\nabout 115 jailes upstream from Henley House. Es'\nlished in 1794. This post was operated by the\nCompany until 1928-23 when it was closed. It is\nincluded in lists of posts 1857, 1859, 1894 and shown\non maps No. 8 and 79.\n 340 Manuan Lake post\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. outpost of Whale '\nRiver post, probably at north .end of lake Manuan,\nupper waters of Whale River flowing into south end\nof Ungava Bay. Built before 1844. Shown on map No.\n24. Called also Manewan post.\n341 Fort Matachewan\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on lake Matachewan,\nenlargement of Montreal river, Ontario, near the\nheight of land and the Great Northern bend of\nMontreal river. Built before 1850.. Shown on maps\nNo.71, 24 and Standard map, Gowganda sheet No. 135.\n342 Fort Mattagarni\nSituated near the centre of lake\nMattagami , Ontario, as shown on maps No. 24 & 137.\nIt was shown on Jeffrey*-s map of 1762 and was probably an old French fort and outpost of Fort St.\nGermain. After the cession of Canada it became one\nof the North West Co. forts and was taken over by\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. in 1821 at the union. It was\nincluded in their lists of 1857, 1869, 1872 and 189\nClosed about 1900.\nCalled also :\nMatawa gamingne\n343 Fort Mattawa\nHudson's Bay Co. post originally built\nabout 1872 at junction of Mattawa and English rivers,\nOntario, (outlet of Pakwash or Shallow lake) on\nnorth bank, see maps No. 79 and 57. A small Indian\nvillage was located nearby. About 1923 this post\nwas moved about 14 miles.to the east near the east\nend of Lac Seul at pine Ridge on the north shore'and\nthe name was changed to Pine Ridge Post (Maps No.138\n& 79). See Fort Lac Seul. Fort Mattawa was\napparently on outpost of Fort Lac Seul and later was\ncombined with it, Lac Seul having been established\n1815.\n344 Mattawa House\nNorth West Co. post at junction of\nMattawa and Ottawa rivers. It was first built by\nthe North West Co. about 1784, probably on the site\nof an old French fort. It was an important station\non the canoe route from Montreal to Fort William,\nthe route here leaving the Ottawa river. Another\nroute proceeded north by lake Timiscamingue to Fort\nAbitibi and James Bay. The North West Co. followed\nthe Mattawa route to the west (the. old French route)\n-until about 1800 when the lake route via Yonge Street\nwas adopted, 'although the Mattawa roxite was in \"\nconstant use for a century. Mattawa House was maintained by the North West Co. as an outpost of Fort\ne.\n Timiscamingue and after the union of 1821 the Hudson'\nBay Co. continued to operate the post. After the\nopening of the Canadian pacific Railway, M&ttawa\nbecame the headquarters of posts in that region for\na decade. Gradually declining in importance it was\nfinally closed about 1915.\n345 Fort Maurepas (1)\nOld French fort at mouth of Winnipeg\nriver on the north side, some distance above the\nmouth and near the present fort Alexander. It was.\nbuilt by Veren.drye's eldest son in 1733-34. It was\nburnt by the Indians about 1747 and rebuilt by Ve-\nrendrye's son in 1748. It was again destroyed at\nsome time before 1763. It ia not mentioned in Bougainville's list of 1757. When Alexander Henry .\npassed in 1775, there was no trace of it left except\nthe clearing. John McDonnell of the North West Co.\npassed the iiiouth of the Winnipeg river in 1793 and\nspeaks of the old French fort that stood on the\nnortheast side of the river on a high knoll. This\nfort is shown on maps No. 12,19,95,92. On Jeffrey's\nmap 1762 the Winnipeg river is called the \u00C2\u00A9nessipi\nor Maurepas. The fort was' namedafter Count Maurepas, Minister of Colonies. In 1792 Toussaint Le-\nSieur of the North West Co. built a fort a few miles\ndistant from the site of Fort Maurepas on the south\nside of the river. This was called \"Bas-de-la-Rivi(e-\nre\" fort, and sometimes Le Sieur's fort. The Hud- ;\nson's Bay Co. also built nearby and their fort was '\ncalled Fort Alexander. The present fort Alexander\nwas built on the site of the old North West Co. fort.\nFort Maure\n(2)\ngA second small fort Maurepas was built\nin the autumn of 173 4 by Verendrye's son Pierre en\nthe Red river, 5 leagues upstream from the mouth, on\na point '\u00E2\u0099\u00A6ommanding a distant view. It stood on the\nleft bank of the river, about 6 miles below the present Selkirk, where the shores are steep and high.\nThis fort was soon destroyed.\nFort Maurepas (3'\nSee Fort Biloxi .\nFort Mechatina\nSee (Jro3 Mechatina and Petit Mechatina.\nFort Menagoueche\nSee Fort La Tour.\nFort Metabetchouan\nSec Lake St. John.\nimd\n 347 Fort Methye Lake\nOld Hudson's Bay Co. fort probably\nestablished about 1790 at the north end of the lake\nshown on map No. 41, at the beginning of Methe\nportage. Methye lake was also known\"as La Loche\nlake. Arrowsmith map of 1857 (No.8) places the\nat the south end of the lake. The old fort was\ncalled \"Portage La Loche\" fort. Maps 100 & 101\nfort\nalso\nFort Methye Portage\nPortage La Loche.\n348 Fort Miami (1)\nFrench fort, first built by La Salle in\n1678, on the Illinois river, called also fort Des\nMiamis. It was on the right bank of the river, built\nof logs and palisaded. It was included in Bougainville's list 1757. Surrendered to British 1761.\nCaptured by Pontiac May 27, 1763. Destroyed before\n1794. Shown on maps No. 97,98,119, 111.\nFort Miami (2)\nA second French fort Miami was built soon\nafter 1670 on the Miami (now the Maumee) river,\nIndiana, upon the site of which fort Wayne was\nconstructed about 1790, This fort was included in\nBougainville's list 1757 and marked the commencement\nof the portage to rivers flowing southwest. It was\nsurrendered to the British in 1751 and captured by\nPontiac 1763. Its location was the centre of the\npowerful Indian nation of Miamis. Shown on maps No.\nIll, 96, 119, 10, 98, 97,93.\n350 Fort. Michikamau\nHudson's Bay Co. outpost of Fort\nNascopie, at outlet of lake Michikamau, about 50\nmiles above Grand Falls in Hamilton river, Labrador.\nEstablished about 1840, was included in the Company\nlist 1869, and following the re-establishment of Fort\nChimo in 1880, it was abandoned. Shown on Low's map\nNo. 61.\n351 Fort Michilimackinac\npriginally established by pere Marquette\nas a mission station in 1668 at point St. Ignace near\nthe mouth of St. Mary's river at the entrance to lake\nMichigan on the north side of the straits. The first\nfort and settlement was established by La Salle in\n1679 on the south shore of the strait. The Marquette\npost was deserted in 1706. In 1712 Vaudreuil,\nGovernor General, sent De Louvigny to re-establish\nthe fort, which he did, building it on the south side\nof the strait, at a place now known as \"Old Mackinaw\"...\nIt was almost entirely destroyed by fire December 22, f \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 <|\n1762, and was largely rebuilt when in 1763 the\n garrison was massacred by Ind:\nBritish again took possession\nin occupation until 1781. A *\nerected on Michilimackinac,is!\ndistant. After the Americas :\npassed to the United States ii\nMichiliirack in-: c raj!\nshape of the island. The old Frenc\nan area, of 2 acres enclosed with pa\nwater's edge. Cn the bastions were\ncanon which had been captured by d'\nforts Albany and Hayes in 1^86. Th\nhouses and a ohurch within the stoc:\nwas the place of deposit and departi\nupper and lower countries. Here ou\nprepared by the traders and returns\nand embarked for Montreal. It was\nthe Mississippi and Missouri valley\nFrench regime and also te the west\nwas a considora'ble centre for weste\nthe French regime this was the poi\noojjmerce of the different merchants\nwe*e|' not in the North West Co. In .\nef traders, termed a \"General Store\nMichilimackinae, and a union of the\ned in 1765 by pooling stocks. This\nMiohiiimackinac Company.\nThe old French fort is\ngainville's list 1757. See Forts S\nL'Arbre Croche.\nider Pontiac\ntion th\n1\nTurtle from\nh fort in 1761 had\nlisadea nes r the\n2 small brass\nIberville frort\nere were 50\n-r.ade. This fort\nare between the\ntfits were\nin furs collected\nthe entrepot to\na during the\nand northwest and\nrn trade. After\nt of union and\nof Canada who\n17 79 a partnership\n\", was formed at\ntraders was form-\nwas kno;jn as the\nincluded in Bo'u-\nIgnace and\nFort Michipicoten\nFrench fort on\nSuperior, at the mouth of Mag\nside. . It was one of the old\nhave been built long bafore .'\nand spoken of as an old fort\nthe chief French .forts on lak\nmentiened by Bougainvilla\nresponding to Fort \"Zamanisti\nlimit \u00C2\u00ABf lake. Superior. It c\nof Missinaibi lake and river\nbay. During the French regii\nshore of lake Superior const:\nfur supply from thj vest and\nBeauhamois granted to Marin\ntraite at the post of Michip\nAfter the cessio)\nWest Gompanv took over this :\nthere in 17?7. At the date c:\nNorth West Co. and the Hudson\nposts at Michipicoten. In 1-8\ntook aver the old fort \u00E2\u0096\u00A0-\n1900 when it -was closed. For\nwas the principal Hudson's Ba-\nshore of lake Superior, from\ner posts in the interior were\nJames bay occupied about 16 d\npost with many and large Vail\nsouth side of the river about\nchipicoten bay, lake\n\".ver, on the so\ni forts said to\n750 (possibly about\nin- 1765. It was one\ne Superior and is\n\" s list of. 1757 as <\ngwia\" at the northwe!\nommanded the route b;\nto Moose river and J*\n.e the posts on the n\ntuted the main source\nnorthwest. In 1739\nand Douville a conge\ncoten.\n. of Canada, the Norti\n'art. A. Henry winte\nunion 1821 Tioth th\nBay Co. operated\n21 the Hudson's Bay'i\nintained it until ah\nmany years this fac\nCo. post on the no.\nhich a number of sm;\nsupplied. The rout\nys. It wr.s a super:\nings situated en th'\nhalf a mile from th\nv,th\n170t)\n mouth. Its location is shown on Arrowsmith mar. of\n1796 and 1832 (No. 10ie\nF>rt Migiskan\nHudson's Bay Co. post on the east shore\nof lake Paskagaraa, about 3C miles north of the\nC.N.R. Menet station, Quebec, in the Abitibi district.\nEstablished before 1830 and shown ex. the Arrowsmith\n\u00C2\u00A3ap of 1632 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0No.101). In 1625,\"Canadians\", (Zing's\nPosts Co.) also maintained a post. This post is included in the 1857 list and shown, on the Arrowsmith\nmap rf 1857 (No.8). It was named in the lists cf\n1869 and 1872 and was probably closed about 1890.\nShown on maps No. 24 and 63. Sometimes called\nMechiskan and Michiskun.\nMigislcan River Post\nAn old Hudson's Bay Co. post on Migiskaa\nriver, about 40 miles below Fort Migiskan, and 1C\njuiles below Shabogama lake, Quebec. It was closed\nabeut 1880 and had been used as an outpost of Fort\nMigiskan. Shown on maps No. 24 and 63.\nMille Lacs House \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nA small relay station and store house for\nprovisions maintained by the North West Co. at Mill 3\nLacs (Canoe lake) on the Zaministiquia route (q.v.).\nIt was situated to the right of two islands at\nMountain Portage.\n356 Mille Vaches\nA fortified French post on the lower St.\nLawrence 15 leagues below Tadoussac, and 2 leagues\neast of Mille Vaohes bay. Identical with portneuf.\nIt was sc called from la-rge stones in the bay re- '\nsambling at low tide a herd of cattle. It was one\nof the early Frensh establishments below Tadoussac.\nAfter'the cession of Canada, the North West Co.\nobtained this post and the Hudson's Bay Co. succeeded in 1821. It was closed about 1857. James .\nMcZenzie, visiting the Zing's posts in 1808, says,\nthe post was built on a high sand bank with tho river\nbefore it flowing into the St. Lawrence. Though in\nthe centre of the Zing's Do.ma.in it belonged to private individuals, having been given by the French to\nseme petty noblesse. There was also a Zing's post\nat-:Tortneuf, The post was noted for seal fisheries.\nIn November 17 75, it was related that quantities of\nseals were 1 3*f t by the receding tide and two or three\nthousand were killod in a few hours, From 500 to\n1200 wero killed every year in November and December.\nShown en maps No. 67,'63, and on Bouchette's map of\n1846.\n357 Mingan\nFortified\nLawrence. 0\nost of Mingan Seigniory, on\ne of the oldest trading posts\n in Canada being in cont\n260 years. The Seignio\nthe lower end of Anticcsti.\nclaimed about 5C0C square mil\nCormorants to Blanc Sablon ar.\nThe Privy Council of England\nmious operation for more than\ny extended from the Cor-\ne Vermilion river opposite\nti. The seignueurs of Minoan\ns of the coast from the\nto a depth of 1C miles\n1892 defined the\nlimits of the seigneury at 150 miles frontage and 6\nmiles depth from Cape Cormorants to the river\nAquanish, a surface of 800,000 arpents, or about 1056\nsquare miles.\nThe territory was closed to traders under\nthe seigniory. In 1733 Franoeis Bissot asserted that\nMingan seigniory ha3 been established in 1661 and\nthat it'had been continuously operated either by his\nfather Francois Bissot de la'Riyiere (the first seigneur) or by himself and his brother-ifl-law Jolliet\nfrom 1651 to 1733 when it was leased to Lafontaine and\nwas. called Terre Ferae de Mingan and Isles de Mingan.\nIn 1735 the seigniory was leased to Sieur Volant for-\" :\n21 ttyears. In 1761 Lafontaine and Tache leased\nMingan and its subsidiary posts to Isbester. In 176 4\nCugnet and Tache leased Mingan, Anticosti, and Isles\nde Mingan to John Lymburner. In 1803 the seigniory\nand post were leased to McTavish, Frobisher & Go.\n(the North West Co.) who operated the post until in\n1825, on expiration of the 1003 lease, the seigniory\nwas leased to'the Hudson's Bay Co. In 1866 on termination of the lease. Mingan post and a small area\nwere again leased to the Hudson's Bay Co. who have\noperated the post to present date. It appears on the\nCompany lists of 1856 and on rther lists to date.\nMingan was the headquarters of the first\nseigneur. A^ti^osti and Mingan Islands were granted\nin 1680 and 1697 to Sieur de'jcliatte. The post at\nJfingan is included in Bougainville's list 1757-and\nis described by Jas. McZenzie in 1808 as fellows:\n\"Mingan was the head post of the Seigniory. It was -\n\"beautifully situated at uouth of Mingan river, with\na good harbour; The buildings and chapel W9re as\ngood as aa.y on the coast, salmon an! trout are\nplentiful and seal 3 are shot before the hoij.se. '\nMingan island is one mile in circumference, 3 leagues\nabove the post. The old French post was located on\nifingan island and was fortified. Remains of the\nstone work are still visible.\" The North West Go's,\npost was located on the. mainland at the mouth of\nMingan river. L$- 1690 the post was destroyed by the\nEnglish fleet. It was rebuilt and again destroyed,\nby\"\"the English in 1711. Rebuilt by Bissot, it was\nagain destroyed in 1759 ley the English fleet.\n358 Fort Miramichi\nA Frer\nIndians on the no:\nBrunswick.\noh fortified settler\nth shore of Mir.aio.icl\nent of Micmac\nHudson's Bay\nat outlet of lake\n Missinaibi, Ontario, built 1779. Burned in 1780 and\nimmediately rebuilt. It is shown on Arrowsmith map\n1824. Has been in constant operation to date. This\npost is now called New Brunswick House and Old-\nBrunswick House on various maps, the name having been\ntransferred when these posts were closed. (See\nBrunswick House and New Brunswick House). The locations of all three posts are shown on map No. 24.\nThe North V.'est Co. also built a post on Missinaibi\nlake in 1800. Missinaibi means \"Pictur\u00C2\u00A9 on water\"\nreferring to Indian pictographs on a cliff.\nOld Brunswick House, built in 1744 on\nMissinaibi river was closed 1790.\nNew Brunswick House, built 1788 at outlet\nBrunswick lake closed about 1880.\nMissinaibi fort 1779 to 1929.\nMaps No. 137,24,12,8,139,79.\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2i\nMission Stations\nMany of the Missions of the Re collets,\nSulpicians, and Jesuits were fortified and included\ntrading posts. Partial list with dates of founding\nfollows:\nR^collets:\nPort Royal 1611.\nCape Breton 1634.\nTrois Rivieres 1615-1628.\nSault au Recollet 1625. Jesuits following:\nQuebec 1615.\nNotre Dame des Anges 1615-1625.\nUrsuline Convent 1639 .\nJesuifr* \u00E2\u0080\u00A2;\nQuebec Seigniory 1626.\nNotre Dame des Ange3 1625.\nNotre Dame de \"^oye (Hurons) 1636.\nTadoussac (Montagnais) 1640.\nTrois Rivieres 1625. (Hurons-great fur centre).\nSillery 1637 (Hurons)\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 .\nMontreal 1641. Sulpicians following:\nSt.Francis de Sales (Chaudiere river) 1685.\nSault au Recollet 1628.\nBecancourt near Three Rivers.\nChicoutiwi 1693.\nS. Francis Xavier (Iroquois) opposite Montreal 1669,\nremoved to present Caughnawaga.\nLorette 1697.\nSept Isles.\nLake St.John 0.1700.\nSte.Marie, near Wye river Cntario (Hurons) 1639.\nIhonatiria - 1634.\nHuronia missions five 1645; Destroyed by Iroquois\n1648-9.\nSt. J\u00C2\u00ABseph (Hurons) 1650.\nLa Pointe (Chequamegon Bay) 1665.\n St.Ignace (Machilimackinac) 1670.\nSt.Francis Xavier (Green Bay) 1668;\nDetroit 1701.\nMachilimackinac (1686).\nSault Ste.IIarie 1640.\nJesuits suppressed at cession of Canada, also the\nRecollets'.\nSulpicians, Seigneurs of Montreal Island.\nMontreal after 1650.\nLake of Two Mountains 1625 - Oldest Mission extant\nin Canada.\nZente (Bay of Quinte) 1669.\nPort Dover 1669.\n360 Fort Mississagi\nHudson's Bay Co. post pn mainland of\nNorth Channel, lake Huron, at the mouth of Mississagi\nriver, about 45 miles west of La Cloche. It was\nestablished before 1850 and was probably the old\nNorth West Co. post at this place which had existed\nfrom about 1800. It is shown on the Arrowsmith map\n1857^(110.8) and on the Standard Sheet Sault Ste.\nMarie. It does not appear on the Company's lists\nafter 1894. The. name is variously spelled, Mitsissgflft..\nMississaugie.\n361 Fort Missisquoi\nA french fortified Indian settlement at\nthe north end of lake Champlain on Missisquoi bay.\nBougainville 1757 mentions a settlement of Abenakis\nIndians of 100 to 15T men.\nJj'62 Fort Mistassini\nAn *ld French fortified trading post, ar\"\nZing's Post, on lake Mistassini, Quebec, built about\n1673. It was located on the point called Eliquabit\nabout 4 miles from head of Abatagusk bay, at the\nsouth end of lake Mistassini. It commanded the\nroute to Fort Rupert. It was continuously operated\nby the different fur Companies under the French regime. The North West Co. acquired this post by\nrental in 1802 and continued its maintenance until\nthe union of 1821. It is called Maison Frangaise on\nthe Del'Isle map of 1703 (No.18) and Maison des\nPorvals on the Jesuit map 1730 (No.110). It is\nshown on maps No. 10,17,18,97,96 and 112. On\nMitchell's map 1755 (No.Ill) there is a post called\n\"Chebmonkoue\" at mouth of Temiscamie river. Arrow-\nsmith map 1821 shows a \"Canadian House\" en the site\nof the old French fort on Eliquabit point.\nAnother French forti.fi ed post built about\n1674 wa;3 located at or near the mouth of the outlet\nfrom lake Albanel, shown on the Joliet map 1679\n(No.85) on the long point near the northeast end of\nlake Mistassini. It is shown on the Franquelin map\nof 1688 and Del'Isle's 1703 (No.18). This post was\n called Chabanonkoue on some maps and Chebmonkoue on\nMitchell-map 1755 ('No.111)..\nThe first of the Hudson's Bay Co. inland posts on the east mainland of Hudson Bay was\nbuilt about 1787 on the East ?,5ain river at Birch\nPoint about 300 miles above its mouth, where a\nportage trail leads to the Rupert river and to lake\nMistassini. About 1800 this'p'3t was moved to the\noutlet of lake Mistassini and in 1835 to its present'\nlocation on south-vest bay about 10 miles north of\nthe old French or-North West Co..post. This establishment has been regularly maintained by the Company to present date. It appears oo have been the\nonly inland post of the Hudsonrs Bay Co. established\nin Labrador prior to amalgamation with the North\nWest Co. except Nichicun. The location of Birch\nPoint is shown on pap No. 63- \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 James McZenzie 1808\nstated that the old post of the Hudson's Bay Co. on\nBirch Point was built of red spruce and grey pine\nand that- it. was known as Fort aux Anglais. It was\noutfitted from East Main Factory. Mistassini means\n\"Large Stone\".\nSee Birch Point and Neoskweskau.\n363 Fort MoIiHe vj&i J|\nPregch fort on west bank of Mobile bay,\"\nsouth of mouth of Mobile river and below the city.\nBuilt in 1702 cf bricks with four bastions and\nj?,oats . It'was known also as fort Conde and is named\nfort Louis on D'el'Lsl.eTs map 1718. Shown on maps\nNo. 93,98 and 96.\n364 Fort Moisle\nFrench fortified post named in list of\nZing's posts in the Ordlnanee 1733 of intendant\nHocquert. Situated at mouth of Moisy river, just\nbelow Sept Isle's, lower St. Lawrence. It was leased\nto, De la-Chesnaye before 1694 and was continously\noperated until the cession of Canada. It is not;\nmentioned in Bougainville's list 1757 nor by Jamjes\nMcZenzie in 1806.\nFort K^cton\nFort Monsippi & Monsoni\nSee Fort Moose.\nand fort La Tour.\n365 Montagamiou\nFrench trading post on the lower St.\nLawrence, built about 1733, fifteen miles above\nMecatina. Concession of Montagamiou was granted by\nHocquart in 1733 to Lafontaine de Belcour for nine\nyears, In 1761 Governor Murray granted to Lafontaine permission to operate thia pest and outposts.\n In 1764 Jacques De la Fontaine sold the post to\nAlexander McZenzie and John Lymburner. It is\nmentioned on Bougainville's list 1757.\n366 Fort Montagne a la Bosse\nNorth West Co. fort on the south bank of\nthe Assiniboine river, east of mouth of Gopher Creek\nand about 2 miles south of present Routledge on the\nC.P.Rd. It was built before 1794 and about 50 miles\nabove McDonnel's House (Fort Souris) at the mouth of\nthe Souris river. McDonnell was there in 1794 and\nHarmon in 1804-5 who wrote that \"the fort is well\nbuilt and beautifully situated on the high bank of\nthe Red river (Assiniboine), overlooking the country - a perfect plain and great buffalo country\".\nIt was the nearest point to the North West Co. post\non the Souris river. The fort was enclosed by a\nstockade 200 x 2*50 feet and enclosed a number of\nhouses.\nA Hudson's Bay Co. post was built by\nMcLeod for the Company im 1812 in immediate vicinity.\nThis post was not operated later than 1865. It was\nknown also as Turtle Mountain House. Map No.8.\n367 Fort Montagne d'Aigle\nA North .West Co. fort on north side of\ntchewan. river, 9 miles below mouth of Battle\nr, in a low bottor. of the valley. It was built\noleT a Canadian trader, in 1779-80. Cole was\nby the Indians in 1780. Alex. Henry Jr.\ned the site of this fort in 18Q8 and reported\nthat it was then \"a heap of ruins\".\nThe Hudson's Bay Co. constructed an\nadjoining fortified post. Znown also as Eagle Hill\nfort. One' of first posts on Upper Saskatchewan\nriver.\nby\nkill\nMontagne Oiseau Fort\nSee Somerset Hous\nSee Maisonneuve.\n368 Fort Moose\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at mouth of Moose\nriver, built by Radison & Groseliers in 1671, on or\nnear the site of present Moose Factory, on an\nisland 6 or 7 miles above the open bay or mouth of\nriver. The original fort was surrounded by a square\nof palisades 100 feet long on eaoh side and 18 feet\nhigh with four bastions. It was known as the Hayes\nIsland post. It was the residence of the first\nGovernor of the Company in America, Charles Bayley.\nOn June 11, 1686, it was captured by the French and\ncalled by them variously Fort Sc.Louis, Bourbon,\n Monsippi, and Mdnsoni. It was recaptured by the\nEnglish in 1693 and again retaken by the French\n1693 and called Fort St.Louis. In 1696 two English\nmen-of-war retook Frrt Moose and other posts in\nJames Bay. About this time the Company was again\ndispossessed and they demolished the original fort.\nThe site remained unoccupied till 1730. In 1728\nBevan \"discovered the island and place where the\nfort stood formerly\". In 1730 the Company rebuilt\nFort Moose, the foundations being laid in September\n1730, on the same island about fa mile higher up\nthe river Moose. The name then given \"Moose\nFactory\" has been used ever since. The Company\nlist of 1749 names Moose fort and it i s named Mouse\nFort on Rocque's map 1763 (No.96). The Factory has\nbeen in continuous operation since 1730.\nIn 180 5 the North West Co. erected a\nfcrt on the island at the mouth of the Moose river\nadjoining Moose Factory, but this post was soon\nabandoned. }&ips No. 94, 18, 10, 19, 52 & 93.\nse Lake fort\n\"See Lac d'Orignal.\nMouse River Fort\nSee Assiniboine Hous\n369\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 Mud Lak e pos t\nHudson's Bay Co. post established 1906\nat west end of lake Melville, on Goose Bay, mouth of\nHamilton river, Labrador. In operation 1929. Maps\nNo.' 24 and 61.\n370 Fort Mzmford\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Stikine river,\nB.C., on left bank near mouth of Shakes Creek or\nFirst South Fork, near present town at Telegraph\nCreek, sometimes called Glenora House. Established\nbefore 1800. Maps 3, 6 and 84.\nOld French fortified trading post on\nlower St. Lawrence at mouth of .Musquarro (Muskwaro)\nriver. The most eastern post in Mingan Seigniory,\n20 leagues from Nepioshibou. It was established\nabout 1710. Was in the territory leased to the\nLabrador Company of Quebec in 1780. Acquired by\nNorth West Co. 1803 by lease and by Hudson's Bay Co.\n1821. James McZenzie in 1808 says, \"The position\nof the post was well concealed. In 1775 was not\ndiscovered by the American pirates. The fort included a chapel and a few houses and was a noted\npost for quantities of beaver and martens\". Under\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. the name was changed to Ro-\nmaine (which see). It was reported on the Company\n - lists of 1831-1857. Apparently closed for a time\nin 1859. In operation 1925. Map 105 & 8.\n372 Nachvak post\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Nachvak bay\nabout 100 miles south of Port^Burwell, Ungava,' built\nin 1868 and closed 1905.\n373 Nagagarni post\nHudson's Bay Co. post at outlet\nNagagami lake, Ontario, tributary of the Albany\nriver, about 80 miles south of Mamattawa post.\nShown on map No. 137 as a winter post. Also on map\nNo. -24.\nFort Nakasley\n374 Fort Nanaimo\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on east coast of\nVancouver Island, built 1850 to protest the coal\ninterests of'local mines. The bastion of the\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 original fort is still preserved.\n375 Fort Nascopi\nHudson's Bay Co. post on the north bay\nof lake petitisikapau, Labrador, about 12C miles\nabove .Grand Falls. It was established in 1838 and\nclosed 1880.. It is shown on the Company lists of\n1857 and 1869, and on maps No. 8 and 61. Erected\nfor trade with the Nascopi Indians'. When fort\nChirao was re-opened in 1866 the Indians traded\nthere and also to the south coast with Mingan and\nSept Isles and trade deserted this post, .\n376 Fort Nashwaak\nFrench fort on north bank of Nashwaak ;\nriver at its junction with the St.John river,\nopposite present Fredericton, N.B. Built by\nGovernor Villebon 1692 after abandonment of Fort\nJemseg. It was 200 feet square, having a bastion..\nat each corner with mounted guns, and surrounded\nby palisades and a ditch or moat. It was abandoned\nin 1698.\n377 Fort Naskapis\nFrench fortified post on lake Naskapis\n(Ashuanipi) Quebec, at the outlet. Built before\n1731 and probably about 1700. Joliet and Bissot\ntraded on lake Naskapis in 1696 which they had\ndiscovered in 1695. This was one of the posts in\nthe Traite de Tadoussac 1749 and was a Zing's post.\nIt is shown as \"Maison Franyaise\" on palairet's map\n1755 (No.119) also on No. 24.\n 378 Fort Natashguan\nOld French trading post on lower St;\nLawrence at mouth of Natashquan river, on the pointe\ndu Vieux Forte. It was built before 1710. In 1734\nthe Bissots. (seigneurs of Mingan) controlled this\npost. It was probably operated by the North West Go.\nunder lease 1788. Mackenzie (1808) mentions the\npost as being \"half way between Nepioshibou and\nMasquaro.\" The river was noted for quantities of\nsa.lij.on caught in nets. The Hudson's Bay Co.\nacquired this post from the North West Co. They\nwere in control in 1831 and included this post in\ntheir list of 1856, It was finally abandoned by the\nCrvnpany about 1914* On Bougainville's list of 1757\nit is called Nontagnaniou and is named on Del'Isle's\nmap of 1703 (No.18) as Natagamiou. Map No. 2,4.\n379 Fort Necessity\nIn 1753 Washington was sent by Governor\nDInwiddie of Virginia to garrison the British fort\nbeing built at the forks of the Ohio river. He\nfaund that Contrecoeur had captured the fort and\nrenamed it from Fort Pitt*to Fort Duquesne 1754.\nWashington then intrenched at Great Meadows about\n50^r*iles from Fort Duquesne and called the place\nFort Necessity. Attacked by the French under de\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Villiers, -Washington capitulated-. The French then\nerected Fort de la Necessite on the spot. It was\"\nprobably destroyed by the French in 1759 and the\ngarrison retired to Detroit. Shown on maps No. 16\nand 97.\n300 Fort Nelson (1)\naalled also Fort York, nb\r- York Factory,\nand under the French Fort Bourbon (lap 18). Hudson's Bay Co. fort about 5' or 6 miles from Beacon\nPoint at the outlet of Hayes river, on the north\nbank, Manitoba.. 1612-13. Sir Thomas Button wintered at port Nelson.\n1576 Hudson's Bay Co. erected a small establiohment\nat Hart's Creek, mouth of Nelson river. This fort\nsoon disappeared.\n1673 The H.B,Co. traded at Button's wintering place.\n1682 Governor Bridgar of H.B.Co. erected a fort at\nWoodchuck Creek up the Nelson river, the fourth of\nthe Company forts on Hudson bay. This fort was\nseized by Radisson (at that time in the interests\nof the French) in the spring of 1683. The fort was\ndestroyed a&d Governor Bridgar carried prisoner to\nFort B our bog..\n1682 Radisson after destruction ef the H.B. Co.fort,\nbuilt a fort about 15 miles up Hayes river, above\nthe present York Factory and on the right bank of\nthe river, which he oalled Fort Bourbon. This fort\nBourbon was on the site of the later York Factory\nand above the present York Factory and on the ^';e\n opposite side of the river. Radisson was then acting\nin the interests of the Compagnie du Nord. ..^Nelson\nriver was then called Bourbon river by the Franch\nand the Hayes river Ste.Therese.\n1684 Radisson (now in the employ of the H.B. Co.)\nreturned and seized Fort Bourbon for the H.B.Co. and\nit was renamed Fort Nelson, and also called Fort\nYork, and York Factory...\n1686 de Troyes captured all the H.B.Co. forts on\nHudson and James bays except Fort Nelson, the name\nof which was now changed to York Fort.\n1690 Governor phipps dastroyed the fort to save it\nfrom the French.\n1691 York fort was rebuilt by the H,_B.Co. larger\nand stronger. It was located about 4 miles from the\nmouth of Nelson river on the south side of the triangular tongue of land bounded by the two river\nchannels converging. It was a stockaded fort with\nbastions at the four corners. The river front was\nprotected by earthworks and, cannon. The fort had\n32 eannon, & 14 swivel guns outside and 53 swivel\nguns inside. This- fort stood for nearly 100 years\nuntil finally burned by French ir, 1782.\n1694 Attacked by Iberville and surrendered to the\nFrench October 14, 1694. It was renamed Fort\nBourbon and the Hayes river called Ste.Therese,the\nfort having been captured on Ste.Therese day October\n14. The\"Nelson river was renamed Bourbon river.\nSee map3 No.117 and 18.\n1696 Surrendered to the English 31 August 1696.\n1697 Attacked by Iberville and surrendered to the\nFrench September 1697 and held by them until 1714\nwhen it was handed back to H.B. Co. by terms of the\nTreaty of Utrecht. See map No. 93.\n1782 Captured by French and finally destroyed.\nITST Rebuilt by the H.B. Co.\n1788-1793 Moved half a mile upstream to avoid floods\nto its present location, the work of removing and\nrebuilding occupying 5 years. Remains of the old\nfort destroyed in 1782 are still visible. It had\nbeen built in the midst of swampy land, covered\nwith low stunted .spruce almost impenetrable. The\nland never thaws more than from 12 to 18 inches in\nthe hottest weather. The work was carried on under\nJoseph Colen and several of the present buildings\nwere constructed by him 1789. York Factory consists\nof several buildings arranged around a quadrangle;\nso^e being large warehouses, others are residences.\nThb present location is about half a mile above the\nold fort. York Factory is the great warehouse depot .\nof the Hudson's Bay Co. where a supply of goods etc.\nis kept on hand to meet the demand of trade for two\nyears. For o'ver two centuries York Factory has been\nthe central supply house for all the H.B. Co. posts\nof the western country, a great centre of dis.&ri-\ntribution until the building of the Canadian pacific\nRailway in 1885. See maps No. 18,117,94,140 & 96.\n381 Nelson House (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. post en Footprint Lake,\n 66 miles northwest of Wabowden, mile 136, Hudson Bay '\nRailway. Znown also as Nelson River House. Established between 1740 and 1760. The location has\nbeen changed several times during the past century\nand a half. it was erected on the present site in\n1878. It is one of the earliest posts. Has one\noutpost on South Indian lake 120 miles north of\nNelson House. Footprint lake drains into Burntwodd\nriver and. thence to Nelson river. Shown on maps\nNo- 3, 8, 12, 16,68,101 and IOC. Thompson 'was at\nthis post in 1804.\n382 Fort Nelson (3)\nHudson's Bay Co, fort on the Nelson\nriver, a tributary of the Liard river, on the right\nbank, 100 miles above the mouth. Built about 1800.\n'In 1825, the occupants of the fort, including\nAlexander Henry Jr. and 4 men and some women and\nchildren, were massacred by Indians and the post\nwas deserted for many years. It was rebuilt in 1865.\nIt appears on the 1869 and 1872 lists, but not later.\nShown on maps No. 90 & 35,\n383 Fort Nemiscau\nOld French fortified post on Rupert\nriver, lake Nemiscow enlargement of Rupert river,\nabout 85 miles above its mouth. Built in 1695 and\nrated as a Zing's Post. It was a half-way station\nbetween Mistassini and Rupert House. In 1672 P&re\nAlbanel discovered the lake. In 1684 Jolliet was\nordered by De la Barre to build a fort on\"Nemisko\"\nriver. The Nemiscau post was granted to the Compagnie du Nord in 1695 who continued.to operate the\npost until the cession of Canada. Traders from\nMontreal and Quebec were established in the old fort\nin 1774. In 1794 the Hudson's Bay Co. erected their\nfort Nemiscau. It is called Nepiseaw House on\nArrowsmith.nap 1848 & 1832 (No.101). It was not Included in the 1869 list, but after being closed for\nsome ti$e it was re-opened before 1923.\n384 Fort Neoskweskau\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on East Main river\nabout 300 miles above its-|jouth and about 65 miles\ndistant from iake Mistassini. It was the first of\nthe Company's posts erected in the interior of\nLabrador, built about 1787. This was 85 years after\nthe French had built the Zing's post on lake Mistassini. A portage route led from this post to Rupert\nriver. About 1800 this post was closed and one\nopened at the outlet of lake Mistassini. James\nMackenzie reported Neoskweskap, as in operation in\n1808. It is included in the Company list of 1821\nunder name Neisquisear. It was closed in 1823 and\nomitted from list of 1869 but is shown on Arrowsmith\nmap 1832 (No.101) in operation but omitted from 1857\n\u00C2\u00A7ap. Was reported in operation 1925. Shown map No.\n63. This post was also known as Birch point and\nFort Aux Anglais. See Fort Mistassini.\n 385 Nepiochibou\nOld French trading post on the lower St.\nLawrence described by Mackenzie 1808 as being \"30\nleagues from Mingan on the Man river\". This was the\nNabesipi or the Piashti river near Pashashibu bay,\nabout 62\u00C2\u00B0 W. longitude. The post was in the Mingan\nseigniory. It had no harbour but was on the river.\nAn inferior post for furs but noted for quantities\nof salmon. Established before 1710. Leased by the\nNorth West Co. 1808 & acquired by the Hudson's Bay\nCo. about 1825, who operated it until about 1860.\nShown Bouchette's map 1846. Map. No, 24.\nFort Nepiscow\nSee Nemiscau.\nFort Nepoin\nSee Lower Nip\nFort Neuve\nSee Fort Severn\n386 New Brunswick House\nHudson's Bay Co. post built in 1788 on the\nwest bank of Brunswick lake, Ontario, near the outlet. At the date of union both the North West Co.\nand the Hudson's Bay Co. operated posts on Brunswick\nlake. It was named in the schedule annexed to deed\nof surrender Rupert's Land 1869. It appears on tho\n1894 list and was closed soon after. See Brunswick\nHouse and Fort Missinaibi. Brunswick lake was originally called Mica banish lake. Shown on maps No. 24,\n13 7, & 101.\nNew Fort\nSee Fort Zaministiquia and Fort William.\nFort New Caledonia\nSee Fort St. James.\n387 Fort New Orleans\nFrench fort built 1717 near outlet\nMississippi river. Two forts on opposite banks of\nriver are shown on the Ross map 1765, St. Leon and\nSte. TjSarie.\n388 New Post (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. post on right bank of\nAbitibi river, near mouth of New Post Brook, about\n50\u00C2\u00B0 N. It was established before 1880 and in operation\nto date. Ivy de Noyelle who through\none of the Verendrye's sons built Fort Bourbon on\nlake Y/innipegosis and Fort Bascoyac. It was included\nin Bougainville's list 1757 who says \"fort paskoia is\non the river' of that name, ISO leagues from Dauphin.\nFrom this ffjrt one corr.es in 10 days to the river\nNalson\". In 1808 Alex. Henry Jr. found the remains\nof an \u00E2\u0099\u00A6Id fort which he estimated to be 50 years old\nat the locality of Fort jvjsooyacj. In 1755 Hendry\nstated that .jp$:iy furs were here obtained from Indians\ngoing to Hudson-Bay. The first pest built by the\nNorth West Co, on Cumberland lake was near the' site\nof pascoyac. Shown on map 10.\n \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 Pas-Mountain House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Carrot river,\nsouth shore, 102\u00C2\u00B045' W. , about 50. miles from The pa\nit appears on l&coun map 1862 (No.13). Probably\nestablished c. 1870- and operated to date.\nFort Paubna'\nPembina river'near its mouth .Alberta . Built by\nChaboillez in 1797 and abandoned 1800.\nPeac\nRiver Landing\nSee Fort of the Forks.\nPeel River House\nSee Fort Mcpherson.\nPelican Narrows\nHudson's Day Co.. post at north end of\nPelican lake near Pelican Narrows between pelican\nlake and Mirond lake, enlargements of the Sturgeon-\nweir\" river, on route between Riendeer lake and\nCumberland House, about half way, and about 30 miles I\nfrom Frog portage. (Churchill river, Saskatchewan), I\nThis post was established about 1798 and is still\nmaintained by the Company. It is shown on several\nold maps as a H.B.Co. post without name, and is pro- I\nbably the same post as that shown on Miro\u00C2\u00BBa lake on I\nsome maps. Ifop No. 147.\nFort Pelly\nSee Carlton House.\nFort Polly P^nks\n! Hudson's Bay Co. post near source of tho\nPelly river, Yukon territory. Built in 1842 by\nCampbell and named from the bank where he first saw ;\nthe Pelly river in 1340. . It was accidentally'burned \u00E2\u0096\u00A0'\nin 1849 a~\u00C2\u00BBd tho site abandoned in 1850-. It is shown\non map No. 122, the upper Yukon river 1867.\nFort Pembip.a (i)\nFirst fort of the North West Co. at\nPembina was built by Charles Chaboillez 179 7-179B\nfor the N.W. Oo. on the west side of the Rei river\nand th.9 south side of th\u00C2\u00AB Pembina river. It was'\nkn\">wn as Chaboillez H-vuse. Henry Jr... in 1800 saw\nth% remains and in 1G01 slept one night there while\nthe'new fcrt was being built. An earlier trading\npost had boen built iv Peter Grant in 1793 (See\nttrant'a H*uise No. 2C4) .\n 422 Fort Pembina (2)\nNorth West Co, fort at mouth of Pembina\nriver on the north side opposite to remains of\nChaboillez'House on the south side (No.421).- It was\nbuilt by Alex. Henry Jr. 1801 who \"selected the north\nside of Pandian river at the point of land between\nthat and the Red river, about 100 paces from each\nriver.\" This fort was seized, by John McLeod for the\nHudson's Bay Co. in December 1815. Shown on map No,\n423 Fort Pembina (3)\nThe first Hudson's Bay Co. fort was\nbuilt on the east side of Red river in 1793 by\nMcZay. In 1801 the Company rebuilt this fort. It\nwas on the site of the present St.Vincent, Minnesota.\nIn.1812 the Company built Fort Daer (q.v.) on the\nnorth side of Pembina river, site of present town of\nPembina. In 1821 the Hudson's Bay Co. took over the\nN.W. Co. fort Pembina which stood close by,- After\ndelineation of the International boundary the\nHud-son's Bay Co. -moved a short distance north to\nBritish territory. In 1871 Fenian raiders from the\nUnited States seized this fort.\n42^- Fort Pembina (4)\nTho X.Y.Co. also built in 1801 by Cre-\nFort Pepesquew\nSee fort Y\u00C2\u00BBeenisk.\n425 Fort Pepin\nFrench fort built in 1695 on Mississippi\nriver west bank above lake Pepin and below the\njunction of St.Croix and Mississippi rivers, about\n25 to 30 miles below the present St.paul. It was rebuilt about 1730.\nFort perrot\nSee Fort Bonsecours,\n426 Petit Mecatina\nEarly French trading post on the lower\nSt. Lawrence, at mouth of petit Mecantina river,\nopposite north end of petit Mecatina island, about\n24 miles southwest of Gros Mecatina. Built in 1740.\nIt was granted in 1740 to Henry A. de St. Vincent.\nIn 1764 It was leased to Alex. Mackenzie and Lym-\nburner for 6 years. In 1804 they sold to Wm.Grant.\nMaps 24 and 67.\nII\n 427 Petite Nation Fort\nStockaded French fort on bank of\nOttawa river, about 35 miles above the Longue Sault\nat Grenville, at or near mouth of petite Nation\nriver. Alex. Henry Sr. in 1761 passed this fort\nand found it deserted.\n428 Fort Pic\nNorth West Co. fort at mouth of pic\nriver, north side of Heron Bay, lake Superior.\nBuilt before 1790. This post was at the beginning\nof the canoe route to Long lake and thence north.\nAfter the coalition of 1821-it was operated by the\nHudson's Bay Co. until about 1865. It appears on\ntheir list of 1856 but not on later lists. It was\nsometimes called peck fort or The pic. The X.Y.Co.\nalso operated a post at this locality before 1804.\nShown on maps No. 6, 8, 86.\n429 Fort Piekougami\nOld French post at mouth of Mistassini\nriver, on shore of lake St. John, Quebec, about 8\nmiles from Pointe Bleue. probably built about 1700.\nShown Mitchell map 1755 No.142, and on Bouchette's\nmap Canada &c 1846 with a note \"Site of ancient\nTrading post\". Also map No. 24.\n430 Fort Pierre-au-Calumet\nOld Hudso:\nof the Athabaska riv\nCalumet creek. This\nearliest posts in tha\ntab ligament and coSva:\nIn later years it was\nHouse which, in turn,\nPierre-au-Calumet was\nNorth West Co. It wa\nriver was formerly ca\nAthabaska was known a\nShown on maps of 1851\n12, 3, 41, 100-101.\nn's Bay Co. post on right bank\nopposite the mouth of\nfort was probably one of the\nt region after pond's Old Es-\n1 with the Fort of the Forks,\nsuperseded by Old Red river\nbecame Fort Mackay. In 1817\nseised and plundered by the\ndeserted before 1848. IB okay\nlied Red River, and the\nElk or La Biche river,\nlind's nap 1858, on No.\n431 Fort Pigeon Lake\nHudson's Bay Co. post at northwest corner of Pigeon lake, about 25 miles south of the\nNorth Saskatchewan river on meridian 114\u00C2\u00B0V\u00C2\u00BB. It was\nincluded in the lists of,1869 and 1872. Shown on\nmaps No. 34, 3 7 and 35.\n432 Pik\u00C2\u00AB Lake Hou\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Pike lake about\n15 miles west of lake Fikabau, Quebec, (49\u00C2\u00B010'N &\n74\u00C2\u00B010'W.) near the source of Opawika river. It was\nprobably established about 18 25 and was included on\n the lists of 1836, 1857, 1869 and 1872. Clo\nabout 1890. Shown on maps No. 62, 24, 6.\nSee fort Crevecoeur.\nPine Fort\nNorth West Co. fort on north bank of\nAssiniboine river west of pine creek, 18 miles below\njunction of Souris and Assiniboine rive*rs, in the\nN. E. quarter of Section 36, Tp.8, R.14, west of\nprincipal meridian, about 8 miles south of Carberry\nJunction on the C.N.R'y. It was built in 1784-\n1785. Abandoned by the North West Co. 1794 when the\nHudson's Bay Co. built Fort Souris 20 miles by land\nhigher up the river in 1793. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 It was the lowest,post\nof the N.W. Co. on Assiniboine river and was the\nchief trading post of the J&ndan Indians. It was\nreopened by the Hudson's Bay Co. about 1821 after\nthe coalition. Henry and Harmon visited the re- \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nmains of this fort in 1805. It was sometimes called\nfort Des Epinettes, des Pins, des Trembles. Shown\non maps No. 3,5,7,9, 101.\nPine Ridge Post\nSee Fort Mattawa, and Lac La Seul.\n434 pineimuta Lake Post\nNorth West Co. post.on lineimuta lake,\nbetween St.I5artin's lake and lake Manitoba. The\nname is Indian for partridge Crop and the North\n\"/est Co. post was known by the French name \"Fale\nPerdrix\" as on their list of posts in 1820. It was\nlocated about 15 miles northeast of the Hudson's\nBay Co. post Fairford (q.v.). It was discontinued\nafter the coalition 1821 and does not appear on the\nH.B,Co. lists. See Sectional Sheet No. 172.\n435 Fort piscoutagamy\nFrench fort built by Charles , Sieur de\nla Tourette, brother of Dulhut, in 1673, at outlet\nof lake piscoutagami (modern Nighthawk) lake on the\nFrederick House branch of the Abitibi river, about\n45 miles southwest of lake Abitibi. Shown on La\nHontan map of 1703 (No.20) at the outlet of a lake\ngiven as source of Albany river, with legend \"Little\nSt.Germain which hinders ya Assinipoels to come\ndown to port Nelson\" (English reprint of 1735). On\nJaillot's map of 1685 (No.85) and 1696 (No.117) the\nfort is shown with legend \"poste du Sieur de St.\nGermain pour couper presque toutes les voies des\nSauvages du Nord et les empecher de descendre a la\nBaye de Hudson\". Bellin says \"Albany river comes\nfrom a lake of the same name (We call the river Ste.\nAnne, the Indian was Quitchide Chouen) and on the\nshore of the lake we have a fort St. Germain\". La\n Hontan 1703 gives Piscoutagarni lake on portage to\nMichipicoten river, piscoutagami and Sti Germain\nwere the same fort. In the \"Ueuxieme Memoire de la\nCompagnie Franchise\" by French Commissioners 1687 it\nwas stated that Piscoutagami ,ias built in 1675 i '.\nWhite discusses the question of the site of St.Germain in vol.8, Canada and Its provinces * The fort\nwas rebuilt by the French in 1684 and probably\ndestroyed by them at the cession of Canada. In 1785\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. removed Frederick. House from its\nfirst site to or near the site of piscoutagami.\nSee Frederick House, Maps 20,24,10,117,77.\n436 Fort Pitt (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. post on south bank of\nNorth Saskatchewan river about 109050'W. It was a\nsquare palisaded and bastioned fort, situated 100\nyards from the river. Built in 1831. Treaty with\nIndians was signed there in 1875. It was raided in\nthe rebellion of 1885 and not restored after the\nrebellion. It was a small establishment in 1862,\nprincipally used as a provision post for dried meat.\nIts location is shown on sheet 317 Sectional Map,\nalso on maps No.8 and 100.\nFort Pitt (2 )\nSee Fort Duquosne.\nPointe Bleue\nSee Lake St. John.\n437 Fort Pointe Coupe\nFrench fort on right bank of Mississippi\nriver above Baton Rouge. It was built before 1750\nas one of the chain of French forts from Quebec to\nGulf of Mexico. It was built with four, bastions and\nstockaded. Shown on map No. 143.\n438 Pointe de Meuron House\nA small Hudson's Bay Co. establishment\nnear Fort William, Lake Superior, about 9 to 10\nmiles up the Zaministiquia river, on the north bank\nat Pointe de Meuron, maintained as a check upon the\nNorth West Co. Location shown on $ap No. 144.\n439 Fort Pontchartrain (1)\nAncient French fort near.Brest,\" Bradore\nBay, on lower St. Lawrence. It was in the original\ngrant to Courtemanche of 1630 and narked the western\nlimit of the grant. It is shown on Del'Isle's map\nof 1703 (No.18) at mouth of Eskimo river on Baie des\nEspagnols or Esquimaux. It was built by Courtemanche in 170 2 and named by him after Louis phelypeaux,\nComte de pontchartrain. Bradore bay was called Baie\n des Islettes by Cartier and was known as Baie des\nEspagnols in 1740. It was sometimes called Baie de\nBonne Esperance. The Eskimo river is now named St.\nPaul or Des Esquimaux. The fort is shown on many\nold maps sometimes named 'old\" fort. Maps No. 2*-*-,\n18, 96,95,97,105,118.\n1704. Courtemanche's chart of his voyage indicated\na fort at bottom of Bradore bay.\n1705. Courtemanche stated that he had two establishments, Pontchartrain and Baie phelypeau.\n1^14. The Baye Phelypeau concession was granted to\nCourtemanche for life and he was appointed Commandant pour le Roi on coast of Labrador.\n1718. The concession was confirmed to the widow of\nCourtemanche and family. Her son, Brouagne, was\nappointed! commandant. The family exercised the privileges of the lease ureil 1760.\n1760. Governor Murray dispossessed Brouagne and\ntransferred the property to Mackenzie, Lymburner and\nothers, who were in possession until 1779.\n1804. Lymburner & Co. sold to William Grant, (see\n\"Labrador\" by Gosling, p. 132.)\nPontchartrain (2)\nSee Fort Detroit.\nPontiac's Conspiracy 1763.\nThe following forts were captured by\nPontiac :-\nSandusky May 16; St. Joseph May 25th;\nMiami May 27th; Ouatanon June 1; Michilimackinac\nJune 4; Presqu'Isle June; Le Boeuf June 18; Venango\nJune 20; (Presqu'Isle had been practically destroyed\nby the French in 1759. The garrisons from Le Boeuf\nand Venango retired to Detroit). pontiac was repulsed from Ligonier on June 21, and from fort Pitt\nin July. Sault Ste.I!iarle was partly burned by the\nIndians. L'Arbre Croche was abandoned on June 21-\nDetroit held out and was relieved.\n440 Poplar Fort (1)\nZnown also as Old poplar Fort, poplar\nHouse, Fort du Tremble, des Trembles, aux Trembles,\nTremblier.\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094 North West Co. fort on Assiniboine river, a\n-- few. miles above Meadow Portage (portage la\nPrairie), in Section 6, Tp.ll,. R-7.West of principal\nMeridian. It was one of the oldest posts of the\nEnglish traders on the Assiniboine. Alex. Henry Jr.\nstates that it was abandoned in the autumn of 1781\nafter being attacked by Indians and three defenders\nkilled. Maps No. 1 & 3.\n Poplar Fort (2) \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nFort Alexandria on Assiniboine river\n441 Poplar River Fort\"\nof Poplar\non map of 18:\nSmall North West Co\niver, lake Winnipeg,\npost at the outlet'\neast shore. Shown\nestablished by the\n\"\".enry Jr. visite\"\n442 Portage de l'Isle House\nNorth West Co. post on right bank of\nWinnipeg river above confluence of the English river.\n3i miles below Terre Blanche portage. It was an old\nFrench post which had been re-established by the\nNorth West Co. in 1797. Alex,\npost in 1800.\n443 Portage-la-Loche\nZnown also as Methye portage. It was\nfirst crossed by Pond in 1778- The Hudson's Bay Co.\nmaintained a post at north end of portage, at the\nClearwater river. Shown on rcap No.8 (1857) and 41.\nIt was not an important post and was of service principally to those crossing the portage, as a depot.\nThe main post was on Methye lake and the present name\nis Portage La Loche House. The North West Co. also\nmaintained a post on the portage for similar purpose, i\nSee \"Athabaska to the Bay\" by F;H.Zitto,. for description of portage.\n444 Portage-la-Prai rie\nThe first fort constructed in the\nlocality was La Reine 1738 constructed by Verendrye\nat the beginning of the portage. In 1796 the Hudson's Bay Co. built a fort on the site of or near the\nold French fort which they had occupied after the\nwithdrawal of the French garrison. This fort was\nsometimes called Assiniboine River fort and later\nPortage-la-Prairie. In September 1813 McLeod built\nan enlargement to the fort of 1796, which the H.B.\nCo. continued to operate until about 1870. The\nNorth West Co. also constructed a fort at the portage mentioned by McDonnell in his journal of 1794.\nHarmon in 1805 described this as \"a miserable fort\nbut beautifully situated\". It was sometimes called\nFort Des Prairies or Fort La Reine.\nThis site was always famous in the\nwestern fur trade. Fort La Reine was one of the\nchief-.,\"'French trading posts until the cession of\nCanada'. After that it was occupied by the Hudson's\nBay Co. who remained until 1870. The portage was\n12 ml es across to lake Manitoba, Coods were carried\nby the French on this portage to Fort Dauphin. The\nportage began 5 miles below Poplar House, just below\na willow covered island in the river. The present\ncTity Portage la prairie occupies the site. The\nplace was also called Prairie portage, Meadow, and\nPlain portage.\n See Mille Vaches.\n445 Fort Presqu'Isle\nFrench fort on the south shore of lake\nBrie, site now occupied by Brie, Pennsylvania.\nBuilt in 1753. Bougainville 1757 says, \"it was\nbuilt of cut stones and square timbers and was\nsituated 7 leagues from fort De la Riviere-au-Boeuf\nand from Niagara, at the entrance of a large bay 1{\nleagues in depth and \ league in width. This post\nis for trade with fort Au Boeuf and TBchault and is\na necessary entrepot\". The fort was located at the\nbeginning of the portage route from lake Erie to\nthe Ohio river, which route had been opened about\n1728. The first carry on this route was from the\nfort to river Au Boeuf 7 miles (now called French\nCreek.) The fort was listed as a Zing's Post for\ntrade. One account states that the fort was surrendered to the British 1760, another that is was was I\ndestroyed by the French in 1759, and another that it/\nsurrendered to Pontiac in 1763. On La Hontan's nap\nof 1703 (No 20) the beginning of the route is shown\nas \"Landing Place\", and Bell in's map 1744 (No.15)\nshows the portage. The fort is shown on naps No.\n97, 96 and 119.\nFort Prince of Wales\nSee Fort Churchill.\n446 Fort Providence (1)\nNorth West Co. fort on an island in the\nNorth Saskatchewan river near the present town of\nPrince Albert. It was in ruins in 1808 as seen by\nAlexander Henry Jr.\n447 Fort providence (2)\nHudson's Bay Co, fort on the north shore\nof Slave lake near the mouth of Yellowknife river.\nBuilt by Alexander Mackenzie 1790. It was afterwards moved to an- island in the north arm of the\nlake (about 1850) and the name was changed to Fort\nRae after the explorer Rae. Maps No.8,100 & 101.\n448 Fort Providence (3)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Mackenzie river\nabout 40 miles below the outlet of Great Slave lake,\nbuilt about 1850. (Several old forts had been built\nand abandoned on Hay river near its mouth and on\nMackenzie river below fort Simpson.)\n449 Fort prudhomme\nFrench fort on left bank Mississippi\nriver at Chickasaw Bluffs, 160 miles below mouth of\n Ohio river, located nea\nTiptonville, Tennessee,\nand was in ruins before\n96, 98 & 145.\nvillage of\nSalle in 1682\non naps No. 9,\n450 Quagmire House\nNorth West Co. post on North Saskatchewan\nriver below Rocky Rapids, about || miles upstream\nfrom Bucklake House in the circular bend of the river,\non north side'of the river, I14\u00C2\u00B048'W. It was called\nby Thompson, Fort Maskey or Mukako in 1809. Alex.\nHenry Jr. was there in 1811 and says \"an establishment of ours on the north side, abandoned several\nyears ago, situation being improper for trade, the\nremains of which are still standing. It was the most\ninconvenient spot for an establishment on the river,\nbeing surrounded by a deep swamp.\" Shown on map II.\n451 Fort Qu'Appelle\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on the right (south)\nbank of Qu'Appelle river, 103\u00C2\u00B046'W. 90 miles west of\nold Fort Esperanee, at the mouth cf Jumping Deer\ncreek between the Fishing lakes. It was built before\n1804. Sometimes called Qu'Appelle Lakes fort. It\nappears on the 1872 list of posts and was probably\ndiscontinued after 1880.\nThe name Qu'Appelle is derived from an\nIndian legend that the shores are haunted by a spirit\nthat often wails during the night resembling a human\nvoice. The voyagexir3 applied the name Qu'Appelle.\nThe North West Co. also maintained a post\nbuilt by John McDonald in 1808 on a \"beautiful small\nlake\", and the X..Y.Co. had also an adjoining post.\n452 Quebec\nSettlement was made by Champlain in 1608\nand the first fort was built (1508), on the cliff\u00E2\u0080\u009E on\nthe site of Dufferin Terrace. Until about 1670,\nTadoussac was the chief trading post, then Quebec\nbecame the headquarters until Montreal was selected\nabout 1700. The fortress was captured by Zirke in\n1629 and returned to France In 1632 by the treaty of\nSt. Germain-en-Laye. Frontenac repulsed phipps In\n1690. Wolfe captured Quebec September 1759. De\nLevis was repulsed by General Murray 1760 and Montgomery was repulsed by Carleton in 1775.\n453 Quetachu Post\nSma11 Hud son's Bay\nQuetachou Manicouagan on the 1c\n5g o 45' w. Shown on Bouchette'\npost at Baie\nSt.Lawrenc e about\nfg of 1846. Map 24\nHudson's Bay Co.\nsouthern end of Marian lake,\nof Great Slave lake, pres en\nort on an island at\nributary to North Arm\n1 oca ti on and previ ous\n site shown on map No. 25 Western sheet of Great\nSlave lake. Originally Fort Rae was built at\nmouth of Yellowknife river 1790 and called Fort\nprovidence. About 1850 it was moved to a point of\nland near the northern terminus of the North Arm on\neast shore about 10 miles south of Frank Channel.\nIt was again moved about 15 miles farther north to\npresent location. On removal from mouth of Yellow-\nknife river, the name was changed from providence\nto Rae after the explorer Dr. Rae. Maps 8,100-101.\nFort Rainy Lake\nSee Fort St.Pierre, Ft. Frances , Ft ..Lac\nLa Pluie.\n455 Rampart House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on porcupine river,\neast of the international boundary line. Originally\nbuilt by Hudson's Bay Co. (about 1860) farther west\non Alaska Territory and in 1869 moved to British\nterritory. It was abandoned about 1870. Shown on\nmap No. 84,\n456 Fort Rapid River\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at confluence of\nRapid river, outlet of lake La Ronge, and Churchill\nriver, near Frog portage. Established before 1860\nto supersede fort on shore of lake La Ronge and is\nstill maintained under present name of Stanley House.\nThe post was originally about 10 miles east of\nStanley Mission and is now located on the south side\nof the'river opposite Stanley. Maps No.8 and 100.\n457 Rat portage House\nNorth West Co. establishment originally\non Old Fort Island, at the head of portage Bay (now\ncalled Zeewatin Bay) , at one outlet of Lake of the\nWoods. Constructed between 1790 and 1800 at the\nbeginning of portages on route between Lake of the\nWoods and Fort Alexander. This post is shown on\nThompson's map 1826 (No.7) and Capt. palliser 1857\nspeaks of \"the small trading post\". It is also shown\n'on Hind's map of 1858 and described by him. This\npost was operated by the Hudson's Bay Co. after the\ncoalition of 1821 who constructed a new building\nabout 1840. In 1861 the post was moved from the\nisland to the mainland. Dr. Bell says in his report\nof 1872: \"The post consisted of two long one story\nhouses, a shop, and dwelling. It was built on what\nafterwards became Main Street of the town Rat portage.\nIt remained on that site until moved across the\nstreet in 1881. In 1882 the post was burned. In\n1872 it was only a small clearing surrounded by unbroken forest.\" Rat Portage is now Zenora. See\nZaministiquia route and Lac du Bonnet. Maps No.8\nand Sectional Sheet No. 74 .\n - 145\nRed Deer Lake post\nSee Lac La Biche.\n458 Red Cedar Lake House\nNorth West Co. post on Red Cedar lake\nnorth shore, about 25 miles from Turtle lake,\nstate of Minnesota, on the route between Lake of\nthe woods and Red river. Thompson was there in\n1798 When the post was in charge of John sayer.\nThis post was also called Upper Red Cedar Lake\nHouse and the present name is Cass lake. Shown\non Thompson's map 1812 No.7,\n459 Red Deer Hiver House\nThe North West Co. had a small post\non Red Deer river north bank about 20 miles above\nits outlet in Red Deer lake, tributary to lake\nWinnipigoos . The Hudson's Bay Co. also naintained\na small post on the south bank, two miles below\nthe N.W. Co. Both posts are shown oh nap No. 37\nof 1894. N.W. Co. post was on boundary line\nbetween Manitoba and Saskatchewan.\n460 Red Lake House (1)\nNorth West Co. post at north end of\nRed lake, Ontario. It was mentioned by Duncan\nCameron in 1786 and is shown on the map of Mackenzie's route 1789 (Arrowsmith 1801) No,4, also nap\nof Harmon's Journal-1805 No.2, and on maps No.8,\n100,12, 101. Lecation of post is shown on map No.\n146 on post Narrows near east end of lake. This\nfort was taken over by the Hudson's Bay Co. in\n1821 and has been operated to date, a continuous\nperiod of nearly 150 years since first built. It\nappears on all the Company lists and on all Arrow-\nsmith maps and on Hind's nap 1858.\n461 Red Lake House (2)\nNorth West Co. post on Red Lake, source\nof Lac Rouge river, a tributary of Red river, in\nFond-du-Lac district. Being in State of Minnesota,\nthis post with others was relinquished to the\nUnited States in 1796. The Hudson's Bay Co. also\noperated a small post on Red Lake. The country\nwas early exhausted of furs, although at one time\na famous region for beaver. Shown on maps No. 3\nand 7.\nRed River Fort\nNorth West Co. fort at the junction of\nLittle Red river and peace river. It was called\nFort de la Riviere Rouge and was known as Little\nRed River fort to distinguish it from Old Red\nRiver fort on Athabaska river (Fort McZay).\n independent\nthis region\nNorth West \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nwho built a f\nof Peace rivi\n1798 or 1789,\nGrand Lara is!\nruins in 1805\nfort and have\nand 35. Litt\nkwa river.\nhe first fort was built by Boyer,\nin 1788. It was the first post in\nnd was afterwards abandoned. The\nwas represented by John Thomson\nrt, 28 ft. by 24 ft. on north side\nr at mouth of Little Red river, in\nknown as Little Red river or Fort\nThis fort was abandoned and in\nThe Hudson's Bay Co.. rebuilt this\noperated it to date, laps No.11\nle Red river is now called the Mik-\nRed River Forts\nThe present Red river, flowing north\ninto lake Winnipeg, was known as Lower Red river\nby the North West Co. and the Assiniboine river as\nthe Upper Red river. See under names :-\nFrobisher's fort(No,180)\nPembina forts (Nos.129-204-421-422-423-424)\nFort Daer (No.129)\nGrant's House (No.204)\nLeRoy's House (No.304)\nUpper Red River House (No.575)\nRoy's House (No.482)\nHenry's House (No.220)\nTurtle River House (572)\nWinnipeg Forts.\nSeveral additional posts on the Red river connecting with the Fond-du-Lac posts, not Identified.\n463 Red Rock House\nHudson's Bay Co. post at mouth of .\nNipigon river on right side, head of Nipigon\nharbour. Mentioned in Grant's Ocean to Ocean.\nEstablished soon after coalition of 1821 on site\nof, or near to, the old French fort Nipigon. It\nwas not included in the 1869 list nor later and\nwas probably closed about 1865. See Nipigon House.\n464 Reed Lake House\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on Reed\nlake, 54\u00C2\u00B030'N. & 10C\u00C2\u00B030'W., about 40 miles north of\nMoose lake, tributary to Nelson river. It was\nbuilt by Ross under direction of Thompson 1794.\nIn 1805 Thompson, (now in employ of North West Co.),\nbuilt a house for the North West Co. some distance\neast of the H.B.Co. post. This post appears only\non the H.B.Co. 1856 list. i\nReindeer Lake posts\ndu Brochet,\nSee\n& De\nFort Caribou,\ner Lak e.\nBedfont House,\n 465 Fort Reliance (1)\nExplorer's house at the extreme eastern,\nend of Great Slave lake. Built by McLeod of the\nHudson's Bay Co. for Captain Back in 1833, at mouth\nof Lockhart river. Now in ruins. It was operated a:\na fur trading post for some years by the Company.\nTyrrell in 1901 described the ruined fort as having\nbeen beautifully situated on a green terrace 20\nfeet above the harbour and 200 feet from the shore.\nThe country was thinly wooded with young spruce.\nThe fort, which had been burned, was 30 by 50 feet\nwith three chimneys and five open fireplaces, five\nrooms with fireplace in each. There were 2 smaller\nbuildings 18 feet square. Only the stone chimneys\nnow remain.\n466 Fort Reliance (2)\nHudson's Bay Co, post on the right bank\nof the Pelly or Yukon river 64\u00C2\u00B020'N. just north of\nDawson City. It is shown on map No. 122 and on map\nAlaska 1897 No. 83. This fore was probably superseded by Dawson.\nFort Remy\nSee fort La. Chine.\nFort Repulse Bay\nSee Fort Hope (3).\n467 Fort Resolution\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on south shore of\nGreat Slave lake about 4 miles south of mouth Slave\nriver. It was first built in 1815 and marked the\nmost northerly operations of the Hudson's Bay Co.\nuntil after the union of 18.21. After the union, the\npresent fort was constructed on the site of the firs\nfort. The first North West Co. fort on Slave lake\nwas built by Cuthbert Grant and Leroux for peter\nPond in 1786'on the Slave river, left bank, a few\nmiles from its mouth. This was called Slave Fort.\nA short time after, it was moved to Moose Deer\nIsland, a few miles from the mouth of Slave river\nand opposite Fort Resolution. There the North Wost\nCo. remained until the coalition of 1821 when Slav,;\nfort was abandoned. Maps 8, 100, 101 and 25 (part\n12).\n468 Fort Richelieu\nFrench military fort in seigniory grante\nto Pierre de Sorel (Saurel), Captain in'carignan\nregiment 1642,.constructed at mouth of sorel river,\nguarding approach from the south. Governor Mont-\nmagny named the river Richelieu at first and built\nthe first fort in 1642. Pierre de Sorel built the\nsecond fort in 1665. The river was sometimes called\n Sorel and Chambly because of the forts erected on its\nbanks. The first Anglican church in what was called\nCanada was established at Sorel in 1785 although\nservices had been conducted from July 4th 1784.\nMap No. 94 Del'Isle 1700.\n469 Richmond Fort\nHudson's Bay Co. fort erected 1749 on\nFactory Island, Richmond Gulf, east shore of Hudson\nbay. In 1756 it was taken down and rebuilt at mouth\nof Great Whale river. In 1759 it was closed. It\nwas not included in the lists of posts in 1821 and\n1869. In 1923 it 'was re-established and named\nRichmond Gulf post. It is shown on Bellin's map\n1755 (No.93) and Rocque's nap 1763 (No.96).\n470 Fort Rigolette\nThe first trading post on lake Melville,\nHamilton Inlet, Labrador, was erected by the French\nin 1734 on or near the site of the present North\nWest River post. In 1785 a Quebec Fur Trading Co.\nestablished a post at the outlet of lake Melville\nadjacent to site of present Rigolette. It was situated at the eastern limit of the grant to De Cour- ]\ntemanche as extended in 1702 to include the coast\nfrom Brest to Hamilton Inlet. Trade was principally\nwith the Esquimaux. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nThe Hudson's Bay Co. erected their fort\nat Rigolette in 1834-35 and in 1837 bought out their 1\ncompetitors. The North West Co. does not appear to\nhave been established on lake Melville. Rigolette\nwas called also Hamilton Inlet and Esquimaux Bay\nFort. It is in operation at present. Shown on map\nNo. 24 and 61.\n471 Fort Riviere-au-Boeuf\nCalled sometimes Fort Le Boeuf. A\nFrench fort, 30 leagues from Machault, the ontrepot\nfor fort Duquesne. It was built in 17 53 and is included in Bougainville's list 1757 who names it also\nFort Roial. Was situated about 10 miles from the\nshore of lake Erie at the head waters of the Au\nBoeuf river, now called French creek. It was a Zing's ;\npost for trade. Location shown on D'Anville's map\n1755 (No.97) and Bellin's 1755 (No.93). It was a\nsquare fort of quarried stone and palisaded. Surrendered to British 1761 and captured by pontiac\nJune 18, 1765. This was one of the forts commanding :\nthe route from Presqu'Isle on lake Erie to the Ohio\nriver.\n472 Fort Riviere-au-Liard\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Liard river near j\nthe mouth of Black river, 60015'N. It was built\nabout 1800 and was the first fort on Liard river.\nGenerally named Fort Liard on Arrowsmith naps. It\n has been in continuous operation to present date.\nTho North West Co. also maintained a post in the\nlocality at the time of coalition'1821. Shown maps\nNo. 8, 21, 100, 101.\n473 Riviere-aux-Morts post\nNorth West Co. fort at the junction of\nriver Aux Morts and Red river, near the outlet of\nthe latter in lake Winnipeg. River aux Morts is\nnow called Nettley Creek. It was built about 1803\nand operated by the North West Co. until the time of\ncoalition 1821 after which time it was discontinued.\nIt was situated about 9 miles from the lake. The\nname arose from a massacre of Cree Indians by Sioux\nabout 1780.\n47 4 Fort Riviere Desert\nHudsones Bay Co. fort at mouth of Desert\nriver, a branch of the Gatineau river, on the left\n.bank. It was probably located on site of present\nManiwaki. It is shown on map of Maniwaki Reservation\n(1867) on page 322 of \"Indian Treaties and Surrenders\"\nvol. 1-2, also on Arrowsmith map of 1857 (No.8).\n475 Rock Fort\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Hayes river\nManitoba below the falls and rapids, about 30 miles\nbelow Swampy lake. Established before 1812, at which\ntime it was in charge of John McLeod, chief trader.\nIt was included in the 1856 list of posts but omitted\nfrom the 186.9 and later lists. Shown on maps No.8,\n.140,77, 100 & 101. Sometimes called Old Rock House.\n476 Rocky Mountain House (1)\nFive trading posts were known as Rocky\nMounta in H ou s e:-\nNorth West Co. post on North Saskatchewan\nriver, \\ miles above mouth of Clearwater river, 5\nmiles below pangman's tree (1790) on north bank of\nriver, 70 yards from river's edge. It stood on high\nbank, well adapted for defense as block-houses commanded the fort. Of exceptional strength being in\nterritory of Blackfeet Indians. Hence it was sometimes called \"Blackfeet post\". Built by John\nMcDonald of Garth in 1602, although the first structure was erected in 1799. It was visited by Thompson\nin 1800 and 1806 and by A. Henry Jr. 1811. It was\nthe uppermost permanent post of the North Y/est Co.on\nthe Saskatchewan river. Ruins were still visible in\n1886. After union of the two eomianies it was occupied by the Hudson's Bay Co. for many years and\nfinally discontinued in 1875.\nThe Hudson's Bay Co. constructed a fort\nnear by (about 114059'W. & 52o22'N.) called Acton\nHouse or Rocky Mt. House, both names being given on\nsome maps. See Acton Hous*j. Maps No. 8,36,11,100,\n101.\n 477 Rocky Mountain House (2)\nCalled also Old Rocky Mt. Fort.\nNorth West Co. fort on Mackenzie river-\nabout 123020'W.& 62015'N. Built by John Thomson,\nclerk in N.W, Co.,1800, \"in full view of Rocky Mts.\nat whose smallness I was greatly surprised.\" It\nwas soon abandoned and spoken of by Alex. Mackenzie\nin 1805 as Old Rocky Mt. fort. Ruins are now\nvisible in Camsell Bend near mouth of Nahanni river.\nIt is narked \"Old Fort\" on Arrowsmith map 1832 No.\n101. see also maps No.3,1,100,8.\nThe following forts were also called\nRocky mountain House, namely:\nJasper House No. 245 , \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Euds on' s Hope No. 227, Acton\nHouse No.-3, Henry's House No. 218.\n478 Romaine\nHudson's Bay Co. trading post on lower\nSt.Lawrence at mouth of river Rcmaine (about 60\u00C2\u00B030'\nH). Originally this was French post built before\n1710. It stood, in the territory granted to the\nLabrador Company of Quebec 1780. 'This Company dissolved in 1820 and the Hudson's Bay Co. acquired\nthe post. It was reported as a Hudson's Bay Co.\npost in 1831 and is still in operation. It is\nshown on Bouchette's nap 1846 and on Bayfield's .\nof 1857. The post and river were also called Oloma\nnoshibo, Ouramane, Grand Romaine, and Old Romaine.\nSee Musquarro.\n479 Fort Rosalie\nFrench fort, site now occupied by present city of Natchez, Mississippi. Stood on left\nbank of the river, about 150 miles north of mouth.\nIt was built by Bienville 1716, of wood with a\nditch, on high bluff 200 feet above the river. The\nplace was destroyed and many of the inhabitants\nmurdered in 1729 by Natchez Indians. Fort was rebuilt and came into possession of the English 1763\nby the Treaty of Paris and the name was changed to\nFort Parmure. It is marked\"destroyed\" on Bellin's\nmap 1755 No. 93, also on Bowen nap 1763 No. 98, and j\nRocque's map 1763, No. 96. See also palairet map\n1755 No. 119 and Mitchell map 1775 No. 111.\n480 Fort Rouge\nFrench fort at forks of Red and Assini- \\nboine rivers, on south bank of Assiniboine river.\nBuilt by Verendrye 1734-5. was deserted before\n1737 as unnecessary. St.Pierre wintered there 1751-\n52, fort La Reine having been burnt. It was a small \\nlog fort palisaded. Legardeur St.Pierre in 1751\nbuilt his own fort on the north side of the Assini- \\nboine. Near the 3ite of Fort Rouge and the site of I\n La Pierre's fort other small forts and shelter\nhouses were built by Bruoe and Boyer in 1780, and\nby Alex. Henry 1803, also the original fort\nGibraltar 1807. Fort Rouge is marked \"abandoned\"\non Jeffery's map 1762, also on Rocque's 1763 (No.\n96). Its location is shown on the south side of\nthe Assiniboine river on maps of Paris 1737, 1740\n& 1750, also on Bellin's map 1755 (No.93). See\nWinnipeg Forts.\n481 Fort Rouille\nFrench fort on the site of Toronto,\nbuilt 1749 by Chevalier de Portneuf by order of De\nla Jonquiere, and named after Rouille, Minister of\nMarine, at Paris. It was built of oak logs, to\ncontrol the fur trade from the north and to comnand\ntho portage from lake Ontario to Georgian Bay.\nIt is included in Bougainville1s list 1757 who calls\nit Toronto and says that it was built to prevent,\nthe northern Indians frOm trading at Chouegtten\n(Oswego), \"a little fort of palisades to sell eau-\nde-vie. to Indians for purpose of counterbalancing\nthe commerce which they would have at Choueguen\n(Oswego)\". He also names it fort St. Victor, a\nZing's post.\nThe fort was deserted in 1759 and soon\noccupied by the British. A settlement was made\naround the fort and was called \"Muddy York\" in\n1793. The fort and settlement were probably abandoned for a few years after the cession of Canada\nuntil the arrival of U. E..- Loyalists from the\nUnited States in 1784 who changed the name to York.\nIt was incorporated as Toronto in 1834. Shown\non maps No. 93, 119, 112 and 111.\n482 Roy's House\nNorth West Co. establishment built by\nRoy for the Company about 179 7, at the mouth of\nSalt River (tributary of the Red rivor) about 8\nmiles south of Henry's Hou^e at mouth of Park rivor,\nNorth Dakota. It was visited by Thompson 1798, but\nhad probably been destroyed before 1800 when A.\nHenry Jr. passed.\n483 Fort Rupert\nHudson's Bay Co*, fort at north end of\nVancouver Island near present Port Hardy. Built\n1849. Shown on map No. 8.\nFort Rupert or Rupert's House\nSee Fort St. Charles.\n484 Rush Lake House\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on Rush\nlake, Quebec, near source of Chibougamou river, a\ntributary of the Waswanipi river. This post was\nclosed in 1822-23. Maps Ho. 24 & 63.\n 485 Fort St. Albert\nHuds on's Bay\nabout ten miles northwest\nwas founded in 1863. ??ap\n486 Fort Ste.Anne (1)\npost on lake St.Albert\nEdmonton. The Mission\no. 35 & 13.\nHudson's Bay Co. post on lake Ste.Anne-,\na tributary of Sturgeon river\", about 35 miles west\nof Edmonton. It was established about 1870. The\nsettlement was made'by old employees of the Hudson's\nBay Co. Does not appear on lists of forts later\nthan 1894. Maps 13 & 35.\nFort Ste.Anne (2)\nSee Fort Albany.\nFort Ste.Anne (3)\nSee Fort Vincennes,\n487 St.Augustine post\nOld French trading\nLawrence at mouth St.Augustine\nof Strait of Belle Isle.' Built\nSt.Augustine concession 'was gra\nin 1720 for life who operated i\n1750. It was then leased to ve\nshort terms. In 1761 Governor\nconcession to Morisseaux for 4\nLymburner sold the posts &c to\nleased to the Labrador Co. in 1\nHudson's Bay Co. decided to bul\nlished there from that date\n488 Fort St.Charles (1)\npost on lower St.\nriver, near west end\nbefore 1720. The\nted to De Lavaltrie\nt until his 'death in\nrious persons for\nMurray granted the\nyears. In 1804\nWm. Grant. It was\n780. in 1854 the\nId and were es tab-\npresent. Map No.67.\nThe original name of Rupert's House,\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at mouth of Rupert river.\nThis was the first fort built on Hudson or James\nbays. Built by Groseilliers in 1668, zachary\nGillam being in command of the ship \"Nonsuch\". In\n1670 it was renamed Rupert's House. Was rebuilt and\nstrengthened in 1677. In 1686 it was captured by\nthe French and destroyed in part. The French then\nrebuilt it and named it fort St. Jacques. It was\nrecaptured by the English in 1693, then again by\nthe French in 1595 and by the English in 1696. In\n1697, by terms of the Treaty of Ryswick, was given\nto the French who held it until 1713 when it was\nfinally restored to the Hudson's Bay Co. by tho\nTreaty of Utrecht, On Mitchell's nap 1755 (No.Ill)\nand on D'Anvilie ' s 1755 (No.97) It. is marked\n\"abandoned\".. Shown on Rocque's map 1763 (No.96) ,\non Del'Isle's 1700 (94), and Bellin's 1744 (No.95).\nRupert's river was called \"Nemiscan\" by the French.\n -\n489\n- 153 -\nFort St.Charles (2)\nFrench fort at west end of Lake of the\nWoods, at the Northwest angle, on a peninsula extending far into the lake. Built by Verendrye in\n1732 and named after Charles de Beauharnois, Governor of Canada, it was a strong fort enclosed by four\nrows of palisades 12 to 15 feet high, built with\nfour bastions, and the stockade enclosed a church,\nmain buildings, magazine and storehouse, and was\nthe most elaborate of the French outposts. Bougainville 1757 described it as \"about 60 leagues from\nSt. Pierre and situated on a -peninsula extending\ninto Lac Des Bois\". The French had abandoned it'\nbefore 1763. It is shown on nap of French forts\n1756 and was probably deserted soon after that date,\nthe garrison being withdrawn. Supposed to have been\nburned by Indians during Pontiac's rebellion 1763.\nRuins of the old fort were discovered in 1908. Some\nportion of it was still standing in 1775 when Alex.\nHenry visited the place. This fort was not occupied\nnor rebuilt by either the North West Co. or the\nHudson's Bay Co. both of whom erected forts near by\ncalled Fort Lake of the Woods (q.v.). Various names\nwere given to the lake, e.g., Mi.iitie, Des Bois,\nPikwedina, Sagaigan, Nimigon, Clearwater, Woody,\nWhitefish, and Lac Des Sioux. Maps No. 93 &-96.\n490 Fort St. Croix\nFrench fort on St.Croix river, 40\n. leagues upstream from its junction with the Mississippi river. It was built about 1700 and commanded\napproach to Mississippi river from the west end of\nlake Superior. It is included in Bougainville's\nlist and shown on Eellin's map 1755 (No.93) as\nabandoned, also on Rocque's map 1763 No. 96.\n491 Fort St.Francois (1)\nFrench fortified post at mouth of St.\nFrancis river, west end of lake St.peter in St.\nLawrenoe river, on right bank. It guarded a settlement of Abenakis Indians and is included in Bougainville's list.\n492 Fort St.\nanqois\n(\u00E2\u0096\u00A02)\nFrench fort on right bank of Mississippi\nriver near mouth of St.Francis river. It was sometimes called Fort Zappa from the Indian village\nlocated there. It was located half way between the\nmouths of the St.Francis and Arkansas rivers. Maps\nNo.' 93, 96, 119 & 111.\n493 Fort St. Frangois (3)\nFrench fort on left bank of Red river in\ncountry of Natchez Indians, about 100 miles upstream\nfrom the junction with Mississippi river, established 1714. Its site is now the town of Natchitoches, Louisiana. Shown on Bellin's map 1755 (No.\n93) and Bowen's map 1763 (No.98)..\n - 154 -\nFort St.Franc,ois (4)\nSee Fort Arkansas.\nFort St.Frederick\nSee Crown Point.\n494 Fort Ste.Genevieve\nFrench fort on right bank of Mississippi\nriver just above confluence of Zaskaskia river.\nShown on maps No. 10 and 93. Nearly opposite Fort\nZaskaskia.\nFort St.Germain\nPiscoutagami.\nFort St.Ignace\nSee Fort L'Arbre Croche.\nFort St.Jacques\nSee Fort St.Charles (1).\n495 Fort St. James\nOriginally a North West Co. fort at\neast end of Stuart lake, B.C., built by John\nStuart and Simon Fraser 1806. At first was known\nas Stuart Lake Fort or Fort Nakasley and was called\nFort New Caledonia by Fraser. Harmon was in charge\nfrom 1811 to 1817. After coalition in 1821, this\nfort became the chief Hudson's Bay Co. post in New\nCaledonia. Has been operated by the Company to\ndate, or 123 years since established. Maps No. 8,\n100, 101.\nFort St.Je\nSee Fort La Tour.\n49 6 Fort St. John\nFive different forts were constructed\nat different times near the present location and\nall were called fort St. John.\n(1) First fort was built by the North West Co.\non the left or north bank of the peace river a few\nmiles below mouth of pine river, about 121\u00C2\u00B0W,\ntwenty miles below the present St. John and 100\nmiles above Dunvegan. Built in 1805. In the\nautumn of 1823 this fort was burned by the Indians\nand Guy Hughes and four men were massacred. Harmon\nspeaks of visiting this fort in 1810 and in 1833\nMcLean describes the fort as in ruins and deserted. {\n(2) In 1860 the Hudson's Bay Co. constructed a\nsecond fort on the south shore at the mouth of North\nPine River.\n (3) In 1873 the Company erected a new log fort\non the north shore opposite.\n(4) In 1885 that fort was abandoned and another\none constructed across the river on the south shore.\n(5)_ In 1925 the fifth and present fort St. John\nwas built at the beginning of Sikanny Trail.\n497 Fort St.John (St.Jean)\nFrench fort on Richelieu river, site of\npresent town St. Johns. It was built before 1750,\nof palisades with 4 bastions. It is included in\nBougainville's list 1757. It was surrendered to the\nAmericans Novr. 2, 17 75 after a spirited resistance\nof two months by Major Preston and after the fall\nof Chambly.\n498 Fort St.Joseph (1)\nNorth West Co. fort on end of peninsula\nsouthern extremity of St.Joseph island at outlet of\nSault Ste. Marie, shown on Standard Sheet No.7 as\nold fort St.Joseph. Built by British troops about\n1765. In 1792 the North West Co. built an establishment for constructing canoes for the interior.\nIt was visited by Harmon in 1800. A settlement was\nmade near the fort in 1790. The fort stood on a\nrise of ground joined to the island by a narrow\nneck.\n499 Fort St.Joseph (2)\nSmall French fort on east shore of lake\nMichigan at mouth of St.Joseph river, a subsidiary\nfort to the main fort St.Joseph about 50 miles up\nthe St.Joseph river. It was occupied by the British\n1761 after the cession of Canada.\n500 Fort St.Joseph (3)\nFrench fort on left bank Illinois river\nopposite fort Miami. It is shown on carver's map\n1778 No. 19, and on No.10.\n501 Fort St.Joseph (4)\nFrench fort on right bank of St.Joseph\nriver about 20 leagues from its mouth in lake\nMichigan. At present the town of South Bend, Indiana.' This was the main fort in that^locality and\ncommanded the portage route to the Zankakee river,\na tributary of the Illinois river and from lake\nErie by the Miamis river to St. Joseph river and the\nMississippi. It is named in Bougainville's list 1757\nas in charge of M. Le Verrier and as a Zing's post.\nAfter being occupied by the British on the cession\nof Canada it was captured by pontiac (1763) and the\ngarrison killed. It was one of the earliest forts\nin the west and was visited by La Salle in 1679. See\nnaps No. 97, 111, 119 and 96. For the portages see\nmap 97.\n 502 Fort St. Joseph (5)\nFrench fort on north shore of St.Joseph's\nbay near mouth of Apalachicola river, Florida, built\nin 1719. it is shown on Bellin's map 1755 No. 93\nand on Bowen's map 1763 No.97.\nFort St.Joseph (6)\nSee fort Nashwaak.\nFort St.Joseph (7)\nSee fort Detroit.\n503 Fort St. Louis (1)\nFrench fort on the Illinois river near\npresent town Utica, Illinois. It was built in 1684.\nShown Bellin's nap 1755 (No.03). and on D'Anville's\n1755 (No.97) narked \"ancien\".\n504 Fort St. Louis (2)\nNorth West Co. fort on Saskatchewan\nriver a few miles above Fort a la Corne, near pine\nCreek. S. Henry Jr. in 1808 going upstream passed\nNepoin, then A la Corne (St.Louis), then this N.W.\nCo. fort St.Louis, of which he says, \"passed old\nestablishment of our own, which has been abandoned\nsince 1805, and called St.Louis from its proximity\nto the old French fort below\".\nFort St.Louis (3)\nSee fort a la Corne\nFort St. Louis (4)\nSee fort Crevecoeur.\nFort St.Louis (5) '$'W$'\nSee fort Mobile.\nFort St.Louis (6)\nSee fort Moose.\nSt.Louis River po'3t\nSee fort Fond-du-Lac (2). .\nFrench seal fishing post on strait of\nIsle. Shown map No. 24. In 1735 it was grant-\n... __ Boucault & Foucault by Beauharnois and\nHocquart. In 1740 granted by Hocquart to Constantin.\nIn 1748 Constantin operated the post for seal hunting.\nIn 1751 Constantin died and St.Modet was granted to\n Breard for 9 years by Jonquiere and Bigot. In 1753\nit was granted by the Zing to Hocquart. In 1756\nBigot granted it to Tache. in 1763 Governor Murray\ngranted it to Tache for 3 years. In 1838 A. Talbot\npurchased the post from J. Dumaresque and operated\nit for at least 10 years. It is included in Bougainville's list of 1757.\n506 Fort St.Nicholas\nFrench fort on the east bank of\nMississippi river near or at the mouth of the Wisconsin river.. It was destroyed before 1762. It is\nmarked \"destroyed\" on Jeffery's map 1762, but is\nshown as in condition on Bellin's map 1755 (No.93)\nand on D'Anville 1755 (No.97) it is named \"ancien\nfort de Franqois de S. Nicolas\", and No.96.\n507 St.Paul House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on North Saskatchewan river about 50 miles above fort Pitt, 111050'W.\nEstablished about 1870. Shown on maps No.13,and 37.\n508 St.Paul post\nOld French trading post near mouth of\nEskimo river,called also Eskimo River post. Built by\nCourtemanche (Legardeur de) before 1701, within his\nconcession from Zegaska river to Hamilton river, and\nis shown on Courtemanche's chart 1704 as located on\nthe first bay west of Eskimo river, Labrador. In\n1706 Vaudreuil'. and Raudot grante'd St.paul seigniory\nto Godefroy de St.Paul, who with his descendants held\nthe seigniory till 17 81 when the rights seem to have\nlapsed. In 1781 the Sieur St.paul sold all his\nrights and claims to N. &. P. Lloyd who maintained\nthe post until 1805. It was then sold to William\nGrant and in 1808 to Lymburner and others. In 1828\nthe Labrador Co. sold a part to Louis Chevalier, who\noperated a salmon fishery, and hig descendant L.D.\nChevalier operated the post in 1891. Shown on map\nNo. 24.\n5\u00C2\u00B09 Fort St.Philip\nFrench fort on Mississippi river, 50\nmiles above fort Chartres. It was destroyed before\n1775. Shown on map No.97.\n510 Fort St.Pierre\nFrench fort on Rainy lake first built by\nLa NouS in 1717. In that year La Nous was sent by\nVaudreuil to establish posts at Zaministiquia (where\na fort had been erected by Dulhut many years before);\nthen to go on to Rainy lake (called Takamamiononis)\nto establish a second post; then to acquire information for establishment of a third post at the\nlake of the Assinipoels. Little is known of his ex-\n pedition. In 1731 La Jemeraye constructed fort St.\nPierre for Verendrye at the outlet of Rainy lake.\nIts site was about 2 miles east of the present fort\nFrances and half a mile down the river from the lake.\nThis old French fort was destroyed before 1763 and\nis marked \"destroyed\" on D'Anville's map of 1756. It\nis shown on Bellin's map of 1755 (No.&3) and on Roc-\nque's map 1763 (No.^6). The North West Co. built a\nfort on the site of the old French fort and called\nit fort Rainy Lake or fort Lac la pluie. This fort\nsurrendered to Capt. D'Orsonnens for Lord Selkirk\nOct.3, 1816.. The Hudson's Bay Co. also operated at\nthat time a fort near the present Fort Frances built\nin 1790 and called Rainy Lake fort. In 1820 the\nHudson's Bay Co. erected the present Fort Frances\nnear the site of the old Freneh fort (called\nTakamami on enjoin 1717) and named it Fort Frances\nafter Sir George Simpson's wife. This post was\noperated by the Company until about 1900 and the\nname has continued in the settlement and the Indian\nreservation. Bougainville 1757 describing posts, in\nLa Mer d'Ouest says \"St.Pierre is situated on left\nshore of lake Takamamionen or Lac la pluie, 300\nleagues from Michilinackinak and (100) from\nZamanistigoyia or Trois Rivieres at the northwest\nend of lake Superior.\"\n511 Fort St. Regis\nFrench fort on the right bank of St.\nLawrence river on the international boundary line\n45\u00C2\u00B0N. In the list of Bougainville 1757 it is\nmentioned as \"a new mission of Jesuits for the\nIroquois\". St. Regis was defended by de Salaberry\nin the war of 1812 and temporarily captured by the\nAmericans.\n512 Fort Ste.Rose\nFrench fort on Ste.Rose island, not far\neast of pensacola, Florida. Shown on naps No. 93,\n96, 98 and 119.\n513 Fort Ste. \"Therese (1)\nFrench fort on the Sorel (Richelieu)\nriver about 6 or 7 miles above fort Chambly on the\nright baafe. Built in 1665 by M. de Salieres. It\nwas abandoned before 1757. Shown on maps No. 18 &\n97. Called also Ste. Teresa.\nFort Ste.Therese (2)\nSee fort Severn.\nFort St. Xavier\nSee f.ort Baie-des Puans .\nFort Saki3dac\nSee fort Baie-des-Puans.\n 514 Saleesh House\nNorth West Co. post within the basin of\nthe Columbia river. Built in Nov. 1809 by David\nThompson, near mouth of present Ashley creek, in\nMontana, about 1 mile southwest of present town\nWoodlin on Nor. pac. R'y. and near the town Thompson.\nShown on map No. 5.\n515 Fort Salmon River\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post at the head\nof Burke Channel B.C., probably on the site of\nBellakula. It was named Salmon River on the Arrow-\nsmith map 1857 (No.8) and on No. 21.\n516 Salt River House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Slave river\nnear Fort Smith, above the rapids. It was later\ncalled Fort Fitzgerald and became a station of the\nR.N.W.M.P. Shown on map No.3.\n517 Fort Sandusky\nFrench fort, built about 1750, at the\nhead of Sandusky bay, lake Erie, at outlet of\nSandusky river on left bank, a few miles west of\nthe present city of Sandusky, Ohio. It was surrendered to British forces at cession of Canada and\ngarrisoned. On Ifey 16, 1763, the fort was captured\nby Pontiac and the garrison murdered. It commanded\nthe route from lake Erie by the Sandusky and\nScioto rivers to the Ohio river. Shown on maps No.\n93, 96, 111, 112. Mitchell's map of 1775 shows the\nfort as garrisoned.\n518 Sandy Banks House\nSnail Hudson's Bay Co. post on Hamilton\nriver, Labrador, on left bank, about 40 miles above\nNorth West River House. It was built before 1844;\nClosed about 1880; the site of the clearing seen\nby Low 1895; reopened about 1895 and still in\noperation. Maps No. 24 & 61.\n519 Sandy Lake House (1)\nA small post of the North West Co. in\nWinnipeg river on sand lake (near Zenora). It was\non the canoe route from Lake of the Woods to Fort\nAlexander on Winnipeg lake. It was named in the\n1.820 list of posts and was taken over by the Hudson's\nBay Co. after the coalition 1821 and called Sandy\nPoint House. It appears on tho Company lists to\n1872 and was probably closed about 1880.\n520 Sandy Lake House (2)\nNorth West Co. post on Sand Lake near\n Red Cedar lake, Fond-du-Lac district, lake Superior,\nMinnesota. The route of the North West Co. from\nlake Superior to the Red river and the west (in\naddition to the regular trade route from Fort\nWilliam to Rainy lake, Lake of the Woods, lake\nWinnipeg &c) was from Fond-du-Lac, by the St.Louis\nriver, Sand lake, Red Cedar and Red lakes, to the\nRed river, and thence north. This route was explored by David Thompson 179 8. Sandy Lake House\nwith other posts on American territory was surrendered to the U.S. 1796.\n521 Fort Sault St.Louis\nAn old French fort, strongly built and\npalisaded, on south shore of lake St.Louis, St.\nLawrence river, above the Lachine rapids, now\nCaughnawaga. It was included in Bougainville's list\n1757 and contained a Jesuit mission for the Iroquois'\nwhere 350 Indians were settled having lands, cattle\n&c. Trade was carried on for the benefit of the\nJesuits.\n522 Fort Sault Ste. Marie\nAt the falls or rapids of Ste.Marie..\nFirst built as a Jesuit mission by pere Marquette\n1668. Owing to war with the Iroquois the fortified\nmission was abandoned in 1689. A French fort was\nsoon after built on the north side of the rapids.\nIn 1750, Jonquiere, the Governor, granted to Chevalier de Repentigny six leagues for erection of a\nfort. This was on the south shore and was called\nFort Sauvage (see map No.10) and was also known as .\nfort Sault Ste.Marie. It was located at the Mission of Ste.Marie, just west of St. George's Island -\nThe palisade surrounding the fort extended 110 feet\neach way and enclosed several houses and a redoubt.\nIt is included in Bougainville's list of 1757. The\nAmerican fort Brady was afterwards/constructed on the-\nsite of this French fort and mission, sea map No.15-\nThis fort was surrendered to the British 1760-1. It\nwas visited by A. Henry in 1762, was captured and\npartly burned by Pontiac in 1763. The garrison had -\nbeen withdrawn to Miohilimackinac before pontiac's\nattack, and on Mitchell's map of 1755 (No.Ill) this\nfort and mission are marked \"abandoned:' After the\nwar of American independence, this fort together\nwith the peninsula of Michigan was held by the\nBritish forces until 1796. The second French fort\non the north shore was reconstructed some time after\nthe American revolution and became the base for\noperations of the North West Co. and later the\nHudson's Bay Co. Bellin's map 17*\u00C2\u00B14 (No.15) shows\nthe location'of the mission on the south shore.\nArrowsmith maps No. 101 and 100 show a Hudson's Bay\nCo. fort on the north shore, sault Ste. li^rie under,\nthe French became the centre of the fur trade in\nthat region and was the central mart for the whole\nnorth-west. It was regarded by the Ottawas as their\npreserve in 1650. The North West Co, was- early\n established here. In 1792 they were said to have\nseveral houses and stores. They built a road\naround the portage and in 1797-98 constructed the\nfirst Sault canal on the Canadian shore, haIf-a-\nmile long with one lock 38 ft. long, 8 ft.9 ins.\nwide, with a lift of 9 feet for the passage of\nfreight canoes. They had also a good wharf and \u00C2\u00A7\nstorehouse as described by Harmon.\" A tow path\nalong the shore enabled oxen to track the canoes\nand bateaux through the upper part of the rapids.\nThis lock was destroyed in July 1813*.by American\ntroops from Mackinac Island, and the fort and\nestablishment pillaged and burned. After union\nof the two companies in 1821, trade of Sault ste.\nMarie began to decline as the Hudson's Bay Co. used\nthe Albany route to York Factory. McLean speaks\nof Sault Ste. Marie as a large depot in'1833 and\nthe Hudson's Bay Co. fort is shown on Arrowsmith\nmap 1857 (No.8). About 1850 a tramway operated\nby horses was built at the old portage succeeding\nthe single horse and cart used before. Map of\nUpper Canada 1800 (No.121) shows two forts on the\nsouth side of the strait at east end of rapids\nopposite the \"New portage\", which was constructed\nwhen the British forces retired to Canadian side\nof strait in 1796. Presumably one of these forts\nwas constructed by the Americans after retirement\nof the British forces.\nFort Sauvage\nSee fort Sault Ste. Marie.\n523 Fort Schlosser\nFrench fort on American side of Niagara\nriver just above the Falls and opposite Navy\nIsland. At the cession of Canada 1761 this fort\nwith others was surrendered to British forces.\nAfter the American revolution it was garrisoned\nby American troops. Location about 12 miles south\nof old fort Niagara at the present city Niagara\nFalls. In December 1813 this.fort was captured\nand destroyed by the British troops. On D'Anvil-\nle's map 1755 (No.67) this fort is shown as \"An-\ncienne Maison\", and on Mitchell :s map 1755 (Nolll)\nIt is called \"Storehouse\". On Bowen's map 1763\n(No.98) it is called \"French Storehouse\" and on\nPalairet's map 1755 (No.119).\n524 Fort Selkirk\nHudson's Bay Co. fort built by Robert\nCampbell in summer of 1848 on the Pelly (Yukon)\nriver at mouth of Lewes river about 300 miles\nfrom fort Halkett. It was first built on a point\nof land between the two rivers, but on account of\nflooding due to ice jams in the spring of 18'\u00C2\u00A72 it\nwas moved across the river and a short distance\nbelow mouth of Lewes river where its ruins are now\n visibla. Indians from Chilkat and Chilkoot Inlets\nthe fort August 1, 1852. Shown on maps No. 122 and S\nFort Selkirk (2)\nWinnipeg Forts\n525 Sept Isle\nFortified post in the Zing's Domain on\nBaie Sept Isles lower St.Lawrence river. It was the\neasternmost of the Zing's posts, and one of the\nearliest. Probably built in 1650. It was lease to\nDemaure m 1658; to Compagnie des Postes du Roi 1700.\nIn the Ordinance of 1720 (Traite de Tadoussac) it is\nmentioned as a Zing's post. Was included in-Bougainville's list 1757. In 1764 it was operated by Dunn,\nGray, & Murray. In 1768 it was leased to James\nMcZenzie for the North West Co. In 1821 the Hudson's\nBay Co. took over this post and operated it until\n1859 when it was closed and again reopened about\n1870 and operated to date. It is shown on the\nvarious Company naps and on Bouchette's map 1846.\n526 Setting Lake Post\nHudson's Bay Co. post established 1922\non Hudson's Bay R'y. 137 miles north of The pas.\nPresent house built 1925 after former was destroyed\nby fire.\n527 F*rt Severn\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at mouth of Severn\nriver. In 1680 the Company ordered the building of\na factory at New Severn river. The fort was completed in 1685 of logs with 4 bastions at mouth of\nSevern river on left bank. This fort was burnt by\nthe English 1689 to prevent its capture by the French.\nIn 1691 the French constructed a new fort, called\nSte.Therese or Neuve Savanne, on the right bank near\nmouth of river (map of Del'Isle 1703 (No.18). This\nwas captured by the English 1693. In the following\nyear 1694 it was again captured by the French and\nrebuilt by them in 1701-2 on sout^-sid^Tfrouth of\nriver. The fort was finally restored to the Hudson's\nBay Co. by the Treaty of Utrecht 1713. After 1714 the\nfort was for a time abandoned by the Company, but in\n1759 the present fort was rebuilt on the north bank\nand has boon operated continuously to date. (Maps\nNos. 1, 3, 4, 8, 18, 96, 94 and 140.,\n528 Severn Lake* House\nHudson's Bay Co. post at outlet, northeast end, of lake Severn near source of Severn river.\nSometimes called Big Lake. It was established in\n1795 and operated until about 1870. Shown on Hind's\nmap 1858 and on the Company map 1857 (No.8) and on\n Nos. 100, 101, 68 & 140.\n529 Shamattawa River Post\nK3&-U. Hudson's Bay Co. post on right bank of\nShamattawa river, tributary of Hayes river, about\n140mofl9130ni m\u00C2\u00B0Uth \u00C2\u00B0f river* Sh0vm on maPs \u00C2\u00AE\u00C2\u00B0-\nShaw House\nSee fort Lac d'Orignal.\nFort Sheffield\nSee Baie Chateau.\n530 Shell River Fort\nNorth West Co. fort at the mouth of\nShell river, junction with the Assiniboine river',\nManitoba, Built by peter Grant 1794.\n531 Fort Shepherd\nHudson's Bay Co. post on right bank of\nColumbia river, just north of 49th parallel, at\nmouth of Clark Fork. Established 1811. Shown on\nmaps No. 21 & 16 and on Hind's map.\n532 Shingle point Post\nPost of Hudson's Bay Co. on Mackenzie\nBay recently established.\n533 Shoal Lake House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Shoal lake, a\ntributary of Lake of the Woods. Shown on Arrow-\nsmith nap 1857 (No.8) and included in list of posts\nwith Deed of Surrender 1869 and named on 1872 list.\nClosed probably about 1880.\nShoal River House\nSee pSwan Lake House.\nSieur rs Fort\nSee fort Bas de la Riviere.\nFort Simeoe\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on left bank of\nYakima river, state of Washington, about the location\nof present town Yakima. It was built later than 1821.\nShown on map No. 6.\nFort Simpson (1)\nHudson's\nay Co. fort on an island at\n i-lJ0?3 \u00C2\u00B0fvLiard and Mckenzie rivers. I\nHi tJ^J07 the North \u00C2\u00BB** Co. about 18\n18llSil\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00B0P*^5_*l?e.F0?8r After the unior\n1 101.\nchanged to fort Simpson, laps 8, 100\n536 Fort Simpson (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort near mouth of Naas\nriver, B.C., built 1831-32. In 1834 it was moved to\nTsimean peninsula. A new fort was built in 1860.\nIt was closed in 1913 and burned in 1914, Maps\n82 and 100. *\n537 Sipiwesk Lake House\nHudson's Bay Co. post built by Thompson\nm 1792 on west side of Sipiwesk lake, a tributary\nof the Nelson river, on a rocky point. The site is\nnow covered with a grove of poplars. It was 30\nmiles from Chatham House on Wintering lake. Called\nby Thompson Seepaywisk House. Lake shown on map 42.\nFort Siveright\nSee George River Fort.\nFort Slave\nSee Fort Resolution.\nFort Slude River\nSee Fort East Main.\nSmallpox Plague\ncarried by Indians\n1640\n1670\n1758\n1775\n1763\n1636 broke out at Quebec and\nto the west.\nit was among the Huron missions and Indians\nblamed Jesuits for the plague.\nit depopulated all the northern Indians of\nCanada (i.e. Ontario & Quebec), and almost\ndepopulated Tadoussac.\nat fort William Henry decimating Indians.\nat the seige of Quebec and at Halifax.\nthroughout Indian settlements around Great\nLakes Ohio and Mississippi valleys spreading\ninto the West. A potent factor in ending\npontiac's rebellion.\n1778 on the Assiniboine river and thence through\nthe West, breaks up Indian war and lasts till\n1783.\n1780-1783 spread all over the West into far north.\nLake of Woods region depopulated. Red river &\nWinnipeg region severely affected. Hearne\nreported that it destroyed nine-tenths of\nChipewyans and other northern Indians. David\nThompson describes the plague on Saskatchewan\n \"I\n2iltLl V CauSht in 1780 by Sioux who took\nm ?Vf -masaao^d whites - extended across Rooky\nMts. & far into north. For more than one-half\nI!f^ died- Thei^ aead bodies eaten by wolves and\ndogs who mostly died or lost their fur.\" Completelv\nended fur trade for 2 or 3 years. Scourges north\n?*\u00E2\u0084\u00A2e Saskatchewan river in 1816, 1817, 1818 1856\n1857 1858, 1863, 1870-1873. Hind fvol.lJp. 90*\n& vol. 2 p.164) describes ossuaries of dead Indians\nkilled by small-pox.\n538 Fort Smith\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Slave river below\nthe rapids at 60\u00C2\u00B0 parallel. Erected 1870.\n539 Somerset House\nNorth West Co. post on Swan river, about\n50 miles upstream from Swan lake, Manitoba. Built\nin 1800 by Harmon for the Company. It was sometimes\ncalled Elbow fort and Montagne Oiseau, or Bird\nMountain fort, tops 2 and 4. See Swan ILake House.\nFort Sorel\nSee fort Richelieu.\n540 Fort Souris (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on the Souris river\nnear its confluence with the Assiniboine, Manitoba.\nThis was the first of the H.B.Co. forts erected in\nthat region. Built in 1793 for trade with the\nMandan Indians. Brandon House was built in 1794\nnearby and this forced the North West Co. to abandon\nPine Fort (on the north bank of Assiniboine river).\nMap No.3.\n541 Fort Souris (2)\nX.Y.Co. fort near mouth of Souris river,\nbuilt about 1800 within gunshot of H.B.Co. fort\nBrandon on Assiniboine river. It became a North\nWest Co. fort after fusion of the two companies in\n1804. Souris or Mouse river was called St. Pierre\nriver by Verendrye,\nFort Souris (5)\nSee Assiniboine House No.26 N.W.Co.\nSouth Branch House (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on south Branch of\nSaskatchewan river about 65 miles above the forks.\nBuilt before 1790. On June 24, 1794, it was plunder\ned and burned by the Falls Indians who had plundere\nManchester House the previous autumn. Occupants\nwere all murdered except one, man who escaped.\nThompson had visited the fort in October 1793. The\n ?nlLla8-+6lDUill in 1805 atout six railes above the\n106? 8, 100*& 101Se Vi8ited the P\u00C2\u00B08t in I806- M*J\u00C2\u00BB\n543 South Branch House (2)\nM tt a , North West Co. fort about 1000 yards from\nS,M^8 Bay Co. fort of same name. Built about\nTwo J' J. s was attackeci- hy the Falls Indians June,\n1794 alter they had destroyed the H.B.Co. fort, but\nthey were repulsed. The N.W. Co. fort was soon\nafter abandoned, in 1805 the Company rebuilt about\n6 miles farther upstream, within a few hundred paces\nof the new H.B.Co. fort, after abandoning their (N.W.\nCo.) Chesterfield House which was at the forks of\nRed Deer & Bow rivers. Harmon vi3ited this fort in\n1805. After union of the two Companies in 1821 the\nHudson's Bay Co. took over this fort and operated it\nuntil about 1870. Map No. 8.\nSouth Reindeer Lake House\nSee fort Caribou.\n544 South River House (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. post near confluence of\nZaniapiskau and Swampy Bay rivers, Labrador, about\n120 miles above Fort Chimo. It was built before 1832\nand appears on the lists of 1857,'69 and '72. It\nwas probably closed about 1880. In 1915 fort McZenzie was built on the site of South River House\nand is in operation to date.\nSouth River House (2)\nSee fort Mamattawa.\n545 Split Lake House\nOld Hudson's Bay Co. post established\non Split Lake, Nelson river, Manitoba, between 1740\nand 1760, antedating Cumberland House by about 30-\nyears. It was one of the earliest posts off the Bay,\nabout 140 miles from Fort Nelson. It is included in\nthe 1856 list and shown on maps No. 8, 12,16,86,100\nand 101. For some years this post seems to have\nbeen closed and the present Split Lake House was\nestablished in 1886 at the north end of the lake.\nSupplies for this post were at first brought frorn\nNorway House down the Nelson river by York boat\nthis method was abandoned in 1916 and supplies ar\nnow brought by railway from The pas to Landing Rr\n(mile 279) and thence by canoes 26 miles to the p\n546 Fort Spokane\nbut\nNorth West Co. fort at Spokane Falls,\niver, 1 mile above mouth of\neast bank of Spokan\nLittle Spokane river and about 10 miles northwe\npresent city Spokane, Washington. It was built\n 1\n i-S^nfiie/^v \he PrinciFal distributing and wintering point of the North West Co. for the Upper\n??n\u00C2\u00ABoJia/ ^otenay a*d Flathead trade and was continued by the Hudson's Bay Co. after 1821 to 1826\nivJl+n ,a? atandoned for a new fort at Zettle Falls\n(Fort Colville) built under orders of Governor\nSimpson, in 1812 the Pacific Fur Co. built a rival\nnouse but this was purchased with Astoria in\nOctober 1813. Map No. 3.\nFort Stager\nSite of this fort is shown on nap No. 35\nof 1898 on left bank of Zispyox river at the confluence of Skeena river just north of Hazelton,B.C.\nStanley House\n548 Fort Stikine\nHudson's Bay Co. post on peninsula in\nStikine Straits, B.C., 4 miles distant from mouth of\nStikine river. Originally established by Russian\nAmerican Fur Co. and transferred to H.B,Co, about\n1841 on a 10 years lease. Arrowsmith map 1857 No.8\nshows the settlement Stikine but not marked as a fort.\nStone Fort\nSee Lower Fort Garry.\nStone Indian River House\nSee Assiniboine House No. 26.\nFort Stuart Lake\nSee fort St, James.\n549 Fort Sturgeon\nNorth West Co.'fort on North Saskatchewan\nriver at mouth of Shell river, west of Prince Albert,\nSaskatchewan. Said to have been built by Peter Grant\n1794. It was unoccupied in 1808 when A. Henry Jr..\npassed who records that \"remains of several old establishments appeared.\"\n550 Sturgeon Lake Fort (1)\nNorth West Co. post on Sturgeon lake\nabout 70 miles west of lake Nipigon, Ontario. Built\nbefore 1805. It was situated near the east end of\nSturgeon lake. It was probably operated by the\nHudson's Bay Co. after coalition of 1821. Maps No.5\n& 79.\nSturgeon Lake Fort (2)\nSee Cumberland House.\n 551 Sturgeon River Howsa\nc^wJU \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Nor*h West Co. post near the mouth of\nbeS thVi^ flakS P-PW**) a^ four miles\nwa. Lplt^1^^ \u00C2\u00B0f stur*e\u00E2\u0084\u00A2 ?alls, Ontario. It\nTn!^erat\u00C2\u00B0\u00C2\u00AB $r ^e Hudson's Bay Co after the\ncoaltion of 1821 and finally abandoned about 1890.\nT*ni?\u00E2\u0080\u009E P0st \u00C2\u00B0arried on an active trade with the\nIndians of lake Temiscamingue district until the\n0.P..R y. was opened. lap No. 125.\nSurrenders\n\u00E2\u0080\u009E.*\u00C2\u00AB. feu Forts surrendered to the British at and\nafter the conquest of Canada 17\"60-l7*6TT^\t\nDetroit.\nMiami on the Mauraee.\nOuatanon on the Wabash.\nSchlosser on Niagara river.\nPresqu'Isle, south shore of lake Erie.\nLe Boeuf, south of Presqu'Isle.\nVenango, south of Presqu'Isle.\nDuquesne (named Fort Pitt).\nSault Ste.larie.\nMachilimackinac.\nL'Arbre Croche, east shore of lake Michigan.\nSt.Joseph , \". \" \" \"\nChartres, the last surrendered 1765.\nA number of the smaller forts and posts\nwere destroyed by the French on retiring.\n552 Swampy Lake House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Swampy lake\nManitoba , a widening of the Hayes river, shown on\nmaps No. 8 and 100. It was included in 1856 list.\nClosed probably before 1859-70. Map No. 140 shows\nlocation of the lake.\n,\n553 Swan Lake House\nThe first fort on Swan lake (Manitoba)\nwas built by the Hudson's Bay Co. in 1790. It was\nlocated about 4-J miles up the Swan river from its\noutlet in the lake. This fort was not long maintained by the Company as they moved about 1808 to\nthe outlet of Swan lake and operated there until\nabout 1895. This fort is shown on map No.37. It\nwas sometimes called \"Shoal River House\" being at\nsource of the shoal river.- The North West Co. at\nfirst located in the abandoned Hudson's Bay Co.fortor\nin the immediate neighbourhood and later moved 12\nmiles up the Swan river. On coaJ.ition in 1821 the\nH.B.Co. took over the N.W. Co. house and called it\nSwan Lake House. See maps No. 43, 37, 8,13,16,2,\n86 7 9,9,101, 141. In 1800 Harmon built a fort 50\nmiles farther up the Swan river and called it\nSomerset House (Map No.2) . It was also known as\nElbow Fort. Prior to 1806 the Swan and Red Deer\n C wttP, \"t0?11\"618 of trade of North West\ntended alJL ^ Indians and a good cart trail extended along the north bank of the river. The X.\ni. to. also had a Post 12 miles up the swan river.\n554 Sylvester's Lower Post\nn-p t-q a \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 A Hudson's Bay Co. post on left bank\not Liard river above the mouth of Dease river\no.i>., built about 1890 to take the place of Toad\nRiver post, it was called also Dease Post, see\nFort Halkett. Maps No.90, 35 and 91.\n555 FortTaco (Taku)\nPassage,\nin 1842.\n556 Tadoussac\n; Bay Co. fort near Stephen's\na landlocked harbour. Built\nAt mouth of Saguenay river. The oldest\nfur-trading post in Canada and one of the oldest\nsettlements in North America, it was first visited\nby Jacques Cartier in 1535 and from that date the\nport of St.Malo kept up a constant trade with\nTadou3sae, several of Cartier Ts relatives being\namong -the chief traders. At first the fisheries\nwere the chief product, but the fur trade soon\ndeveloped and Tadoussac became the chief mart for\nfurs from northern and western regions. Basque,\nNornran, and Breton mariners frequented the harbour\nin their whaling voyages. The first trading post\nwas established in 1599 by pontgrave and Chauvin.\nChamplain visited the post in 1602. The first\nmission of the Recollet Father Dolbeau was established in 1615. The post was seized by Sir David\nZirke in 1628. In 1661 the garrison was massacred\nby Indians. The Jesuits had charge of the mission\nfrom 1641 to 1782 when they were suppressed. Charlevoix relates that in 1670 there were rarely less\nthan 1200 Indians to be seen encamped at Tadoussac,\nthe entrepot of the fur trade at that period, but\nin that year the small-pox scourge put an end to\nthe trade by almost annihilating the Indians.\nTadoussac was one of the first posts known as\nZing's Posts in the Zing's Domain. After the\ncession of Canada, Dunn, Gray & Murray obtained the\nlease in 1764 and the North West eCo. in 1788, the\nHudson's Bay Co. in 1821, who did not operate the\npost after 1859. Mckenzie, who visited the post in\n1808 for the North West Co. stated that \"it was\nheadquarters of the Zing's posts. The chapel in\n1808 had stood for 110 years (1698-1808). In 1775\nthe field pieces at the post saved it from American\nprivateers\". The present chapel was built in 1747\nupon the remains of the first chapel.\nTemagami Post\nCalled also Temagamingue \"Deep Waters\"\nThe Hudson's Bay Co. established a small post in\n 182'\nTemuft!\nruins\nthe p\nlocat;\nAlexa:\nFrencl\nriver\nIroqu\n166*\nfrom\non la,\nfirst\non shore of a small cove at south end of\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\"mi island, near the centre of the lake,\nof which post are still visible. In 1875\n>st was moved to Bear Island, its present\non, on account of opposition fur trading by\n-der Dukes. Lake Temagami was visited by the\nfrom fort Timiscaming via the Metabechouan\nas shown by pietcgraph3 on cliffs also by th\nois Indians who raided the entire region in\nThe North West Co. operated six outposts\nfort Timiscaming and possibly they had a post\n'emagami. Map No.46 shows location of\nti Ontario.\n658 Fort Temiskamay\nHudson's Bay Co. post on lake Temiskamay near east end of lake Mistassini emptying\ninto lake Little Mistassini (lake Albanel) . It\nwas built about 1825 and was an outpost of Mistassini House. The post is given in lists of 1836,\n1857,1869 and 1872 and was closed about 1890. Map\nNo.8 shows \"Timmiskummay\". A. P. Low in 1884 found\nrerrains of the old abandoned post consisting of\nsquare spruce logs.\nFort Terre Blanche\nSee White Earth.\nThorburn's House\nFort Esperanee\nFort Thompson\nSee fort Zamloops.\n559 Fort Ticonderoga\nOriginally built by French in 1755\nat south end lake Champlain on outlet of lake\nGeorge', and called by them fort Carillon after the\nchiming sound of the waters.. It was so named in\nBougainville's list 1757. This fort was defended\nby Montcalm Ju^y 5, 1758, against Abercrombie. It\nwas captured by Amherst July 26, 1759 after being\ndeserted and blown up by the French. Amherst then\nrebuilt the fort at great cost-and renamed it\nTiconderoga. This fort surrendered to Ethan Allen\nI/ay 10 1775i It was recaptured by Burgoyne July\nFort Tick3arondic\nSee fort Detroit.\n?ort Timiscamingue\nOld French fort on the east shore of\nimiskaming (Ottawa river) on a point at the\n Narrows, north shore of LaPerriere bay, on the route\nto lake Abitibi and James bay. Built in 1686 soon\na -cer Sieur de Troyes' expedition to Moose river for\nthe capture of the Hudson's Bay Co. forts on James\nbay. See map No.46. This fort was in active service under the French until the cession of Canada.\nIt was a strong and important post, large and well-\nequipped. Immediately after being deserted by the\nFrench, it :;as occupied by the free-traders and then\nby the North West Co. In 1821 it became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay C:-. f:r surrounding\nposts and was noted for its large library. The post\nwas abandoned in 1888 and- a small store was erected\nnear the village of Baie des Peres CVille Marie)\nabout 4 miles north of the old fort. lattawa then\nbecame the headquarters with the opening of the C.t--.\nRy. laps 10,8,100 &\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 101.\nThe diary of de Troyes entitled,\n\"Relations and Journal of a Journey to the North by\na detachment of 100 men under command of Sieur de\nTroyes, March 1686\", says that the party arrived at I\nthe house of The Company of the North on an island\nof lake Timiskamingue \"situated between two rapids\nproceeding from a little river called Metabec-\nChouan\",. where 14 men of the Company were on duty.\nThis -island lies at the outlet of the Metabitchouan\nand Montreal rivers which empty into lake Timiskaming\nnearly conjointly. This was the first post on the\nlake and was built by the Compagnie du Nord between\n1.676 and 1685. About 1870 the Hudson's Bay Co.\noperated a s#all post at the ancient Indian village\nat the head of the lake.\n\"1\n561 Toad River post\nA small Hudson's Bay Co. post on the\nleft bank of the Liard river near mouth of Toad\nriver, B.C. Built in 1675 to take place of Fort\nHalkett. It was abandoned about 1890. Shown on maps\nNo.9t and 35. See fort Halkett.\n562 Fort Tombechj\nFrench fort on left bank Tombigbee river\na branch of the Mobile river not far from the present city of Columbus, Mississippi. It is shown on\nBellin's\" map 1755 (Nc.93) and on RocqUes 1765..(.No.\n96) and as a settlement on Bowen's map 1765 (No.98)\nand pallairet's 1755 (No.119).\nFort Toronto\n63 Touchwood Hill\nHudson's Bay Co. post on the\" east side of\nTouchwood Hills and northeast of Last Mountain,\nSaskatchewan. Established before 1850. In operation\n1858. Closed temporarily in August 1862.\nin 1869 list of posts with Deed of Surrender\ntrace of the fort remained in 1873.\n L\n Fort Toulouse\n7\u00E2\u0080\u009E \u00C2\u00AB? ?a<* ^yer8 siting to form the Alabama river\nAlabama-6 \u00C2\u00B0&?**W: J1 was caHed ^Iso fort\nBowen's\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Shown on Bellin's map 1755 (No.93)\n1/63 No. 9 8 and Roc ques 1763 (No.96).\nTree River ppgt\nHudson's Bay Co. post on southwest shore\nof Coronation Gulf, 4 miles east of mouth of Coppermine river. A recent post.\nof\nrci:\nFort Tremblant\nSee fort Alexandria (l).\nFort Trial\nSee Erlandson Fost.\n566 Fort Trois Rivieres (1)\nfn the St.Lawrence. Mission and trading\npost established 1617. Settlement and village\nfounded 1634. Fort built 1634. In 1655 the settlement was almost destroyed by the Iroquois. For 100\nyears this post was much frequented by Indians, trading from the north and west, but Montreal afterwards monopolized the trade. After the cession of\nCanada, 1762, this old French post eventually came\nto the North West Co. and to the Hudson's Bay Co..\nin 1821 who operated the post until about 187C.\nJesuit nap \u00C2\u00BBf 1660 (No. 103$ shows mission and fort.\nFort Trois Rivieres (2)\nSee fort Zaministiquia.\n56 7 Trout Lake Post (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Trout lake, a\ntributary of Lac Barriere and Grand Lake Victoria,\nQuebec. Built later than 1760 and shown on map No.24\n568 Trout lake Fort (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Fort Island at\nnorth end of Trout lake (Fawn lake) , near the\nsource of Fawn river, tributary of the Severn -river,\nnorthern Ontario. luilt about 183f or earlier and\nin operation to date. The North West Co. had a post\non Trout lak\u00C2\u00AB in 1793 and to this the Hudson's Bay\nCo. may have succeeded, shown on Arrowsmith maps\n1832 (No.101), 1850 -'No. 100), 1857 (No.8) also on\nmap No. 140.\n569 Trout Lake Post\n I\n t lake about 40 miles\nOntario, District of\nd in 1869 & 1872 list\non southeast shore of Tro\nnorth of outlet of Lac Se\nLac la Pluie. it was includ\nShown on map No. 57.\n570 Trout Lake po3t (4)\n-k i * \u00C2\u00BB SmH Hudson's Bay Co. post on west\nbank of stream entering southernmost of Trout lakes\n(now called Peerless lake) 56050'N. & 114\u00C2\u00B050'W. in\nAthabaska district, Alberta. Probably established\nabout 1880. Shown on map No.69 dated 1897. At head\nof trail from Wabiskaw.\nTurtle Mountain House\nSee Montagne a la Bosse.\n571 Turtle River House (1)\nNorth West Co. post on south side of\nSaskatchewan river about one. mile below mouth of\nTurtle river and 4\u00C2\u00A3 miles above mouth of Jackfish\n(Pike) river, near town of Delmas in Tp.46, R.18.W.\nof 3rd Meridian, Saskatchewan. A. Henry Jr. in 1808\npassed old \"Turtle fort\" which stood in a low bottom\non south bank. In 1800 Thompson found the post in\nruins.\n572 Turtle River post (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. post on the Red river\nat mouth of Turtle river about 18 miles north of present Grand Forks. It was built by McLeod in November\n1812. John Cameron was sent by A. Henry in Sept.\n1802 to.build a fort on Turtle river.\n573 Fort Umpqua\nStockaded fort of Hudson's Bay Co. at\nmouth of Umpqua river, Oregon. Built in 1822. One\nof the forts for which the \"Company claimed inderanity\nin 1865. See Oregon Territory.\n574 Upland's Farm\nA Hudson's Bay Co. farm and post on\nVancouver Island near fort Victoria. It was included in the lists of 1869 and 1872 and shown on\nmap No. 21.\nUpper Neepawa fort\nSee fort A la Corne.\n575 Upper Red River House\nNorth West Co. post on the Red river at\nthe Forks, junction of Red lake river, near present\ntown of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Built before 1789.\nMaps No. 5,3,7. See Red River Forts.\nUpper\nerr\ne Blanche fort\n 576 Fort Vancouver\nnm^-o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 HMson's Say Co. fort on right ba\u00C2\u00BBk of\n5n?^?friVer' 31X rniles above its potion with the\nWillamette river. Built in 1824^25, uhder charge\n01 Dr. John McLoughlin. Occupied as bfeing on British\nterritory until the treaty of 1846. The fort was\nmaintained-by the Company for several years after the\nireaty, until dispossessed by U.S. military authorities in I860. In 1847 McLoughlin was succeeded by\nPeter Skene Ogden who afterwards transferred the\nCompany's headquarters to Victoria. The fort was of\nlarge size, enclosed by stockade 750 x 600 feet and\nhad attached a 1500 acre far\u00C2\u00BB. The enclosure contained the fort with dwelling houses, store-houses,\nservantd* quarters, shops, barns &c. On the appertaining land were barns, stables and farm buildings\nnear the r*ain fort. Cultivated fields, pasturage,\nextended^long the Columbia river bank for 25-miles\nand 10 zAiles back from the river, also on Sauve and\nMenzie's islands. It was sometimes called Fort\nColumbiai Maps No.8, 100 & 101.\n577 Fort Venango\nFrench fort built in 1755 on right bank\nof Allegheny river at mouth of river Au Boeuf (now\ncalled French Creek), on the site of present city\n.of Franklin, Pennsylvania, it was occupied by the\nBritish in 1760 after being deserted by the French\nwho retired to Detroit. It was captured by pontiac\non June 20, 1765. j laps No. 119 & -.98.\nFort Verde (Vert)\nSee fort L'Huiltier. .\n578 Fort Vermilion (1)\nNorth West Co. fort en north bank of\nPeace river near mouth of Boyer river. The first\nfort, known as the \"Old Establishment\" was built by\nBoyer 1798. After the union of 1821 this fort was\ntaken over by the Hudson's Bay Co. who later built\na new establishment about 5 miles farther up stream\nfrom Boyer river, and still operate the post. Harmon\nvisited'the Old Establishment in- 1808. The Arrowsmith map of 1857 (No.8) shows the location of the\n\"Old Fort\". See also maps No. 11,100 & 101.\n579 Fort Vermilion (2)\nmil\nsid\nAlb.\nday\nto\n87\nthe\nBoth the North West Co. and the Hudson's\nbuilt closely adjoining forts called Ver-\nion in 1808, on North Saskatchewan river on north\nirectly ^opposite mouth of Vermilion river,\nerta. Both these forts were abandoned on the same\nMay 31 1810, and the goods were transported\nnew forts at the mouth of White Earth river about\nmiles upstream. The Hudson's Bay Co. maintained\nir post at White Earth river until about 1870.\nHenry Jr. was the\nin September 1808.\n sometimes called Lower Fort Des Prairies. See White\nEarth River and Old White Mud Fort. Maps No.11, 40,36.\nFort Victoria (l)\nHudson's Bay Co. post at Victoria Settlement on North Saskatchewan river about 70 miles below\nEdmonton. Established about 1870. It was raided in\nthe rebellion of 1885. Maps 3 7 & 13.\nFort Victoria (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on Vancouver Island.\nBuilt in 1843 by Douglas under direction of Dr.\nMcLoughlin. In 1849 it was headquarters of the Western\nDepartment. In 1846 about 160 acres were cultivated in\nwheat etc., and in 1847 about 300 -acres. The first name\ngiven unofficially after the fort' was built was Fort\nCamosun. Shortly after, the name was again changed unofficially to Fort Albert in honour of the Prince Consort and about December 1843 the fort received its\nofficial name of Fort Victoria.\nFort Vinoennes\nFrench fort on Wabash river about 50 miles\nbelow Ouatanon, now Vincennes, Znox County, Indiana.\nFirst fort was built in 1702 and this was rebuilt in 1710.\nIt was the seat of empire of France in the Ohio valley.\nCalled simply \"Le Poste\" for over 30 years and name then\nchanged to Vincennes, after de Vincenne one of the\nofficers of the fort. It was included in Bougainville's\nlist of forts 1757, as dependent on New Orleans. It was\nsurrendered to the British in 1763; captured by\nAmericans in 1779 and named by them Fort Sackville. It\nwas recaptured by the British and finally by the\nAmericans and name changed to Fort Patrick Henry. It is\nnamed Fort Ste.Anne or Vincennes on Danville's map 1755\n(No.9 7) and placed at the mouth of Ste.Anne river, a\ntributary of the Wabash. Also maps No.93 and 10.\nWabinosh House\n. See Nipigon House.\nFort Wabiskaw\nHudson's Bay Co. post on north shore of\nsouthernmost Wabiskaw lake, about 50 miles northeast of\nLesser Slave lake (1140W. & 560N.) Shown maps No.69,35,\n34.\nFort Wallace\nSee Baie Chateau.\nFort Walla Walla\nbank of Columb:\nOriginally a North West Co. fort on left\nibia river', at mouth of Walla Walla river,\n L\n Lewis\n5 miles below mouth of f\nBuilt in 1818. The Hudson's B\nthis fort in 1821 and rebui\nand bastions of brick\ndesert. The Hudson's Bay Co\nthis fort in 1865\n12,100,101 & 8. It '\nPerces.\n585 Fort Wapikopa\nreat Snake river.\nCo. succeeded to\nin 1841, the walls\nIt was surrounded by sandy\nlaimed indemnity for\nOregon Territory). Maps\ns sometimes called fort N\u00C2\u00AB\nz-\nHudson's Bay Co. fort on lake Wapikopa,\nOntario, headwaters of the Winisk river (55\u00C2\u00B0N. &\n88 15'W.) about 85 miles north of Gloucester House.\nIt is shown on Arrowsmith naps of 1832 and 1857\n(No.101 & 8). On Bell's map\" of lake Nipigon 1910\n(No.69) \"site of old Hudson's Bay Co. fort\" is marked,\nand on Mclnnes' map of Zeewatin 1903 (No.54) it is\nnamed \"Old fort Concord\".\nFort War Road\nSee fort Battle River.\n586 Waswanipi House\nHudson's Bay Co. post at outlet of lake\nWaswanipi, northern Quebec, an old post antedating\n1820 and possibly originally a French post. At the\ntime of union 1821, both the Hudson's Bay Co. and\n. the North West Co. had posts at this spot. It was\nincluded in the 1869 list with Deed of Surrender also\non 1857 list. Is still in operation. Maps No. 8,\n100, 101 and 63.\n587 Waterhen Lake House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on the east shore\nof Waterhen lake, I.a,nitoba, at the southern extremity, (51\u00C2\u00B055'N; 99\u00C2\u00B035'W). It is shown on\nTyrrell's map of northwest Manitoba 1891 (No.43).\nAbout 1885 this post was moved from near the outlet\nof lake Winnipegosis (where the old fort had stood\nfor many years) to present location.\n588 Fort Wedderburne\nHudson's Bay Co. fort o:\non Coal island, one mile from Fort i\n1808 the Hudson's Bay Co. abandoned\nAthabaska district to the North We*\nfort Nottingham built in 1802. In\ned and built Fort Wedderburne. Th:\nby Norman McLeod of the North West\n1817, .ibut was re-established in 18\nSimpson, afterwards Governor, winte\nthe union of 1821, the Hudson's Ba;y\nfort Chipewyan, (which has been enla\ntimes) and after about 1860 fort\nclosed.' Maps No. 100, 101 & 8. S\nq lake Athabaska\nChipewyan. In\nthe whole of the\nt Co. and also\n1815 they return-\ns fort was seized\nCo. ftarch 23,\n18. In 1820,\nred there. After\nCo. took over\nrged several\nidderburne was\nfort Nottingham.\n \"I\nFort\neenisk\nill I Hudson's Bay Co. post on Weenisk\n?el?4 J: 87v32 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0,)\" ^ilt before 1820. The North\nv\u00C2\u00AEsten0, also had an adjoining post. -\n100,101 and 57. Sometimes\naps No.\ncalled Pepesquew fort!\n590 Weymontachingue Post\n. Hudson's Bay Co. post on the upper St.\nMaurice river (now Manuan or Ueyraount on the C.N R.\nBuilt before 1827; included in the 1857 list-\nshown on Arrowsmith map 1832 (No.101) and in '\noperation to date. Map No. 24 and. the Standard\nSheet Montreal-Quebec.\n591 Whale River Post\nHudson's Bay Co. post at the mouth of\nWhale river, Ungava. Bay. Included in 1869 list of\nposts and in operation to date. Shown on Maps No.\n65 and 24.\n592 White Dog House\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Winnipeg river\nat mouth of White Dog river, outlet of White Dog\nlake, north of the Dalles and Hat Portage, Ontario.\nShown on the Arrowsmith map 1857 (No.8) 'and on\nSectional Sheet No. 74.\n593 Fort White Earth River (1)\nHudson's Bay Co. and North.West Co.\noperated adjoining forts on the north Saskatchewan\nriver at mouth of\" White Earth river (112\u00C2\u00B015 'W. ) , to\nwhich location they removed in 1810 from the mouth\nof Vermilion river. The site was a short distance\nbelow the present Victoria, (See fort Vermilion 2),\nand a short distance below \"Mud Brook House\" (Fort\nAugustus). Thompson visited the region in 16C0.\nIt was called also Terre Blanche, White Earth House,\nWhite Mud Brook, and Lower white Earth or Mud Fort.\nShown on reap No. 11.\n594 Fort White Earth Ri\ner (2)\nHudson's Bay Co. and North West Co. removed from Edmonton in 1810 to north side of the\nSaskatchewan river at the east side of a small\nstream, about 2 miles below the present White Lake\nCreek, halfway between fort Augustus (Edmonton) and\nBoggy'Hall, 114\u00C2\u00B020'W., in Section 30, Tp.51,R.2,\nWest of 5th Meridian. The post last appears on the\n1872 list and was probably closed about 1875. Znown\nalso as White Mud fort, Old White Mud, Upper Terre\nBlanche, Upper White Earth. A. Henry Jr. in 1811\ndescribed the fort as being in a \"pretty location on\nan elevated plain with range of hills in rear\".\nEstablished in 1810 for trade with the Assiniboines.\nSee Fort Augustus. Shown on map No.36. See also No.\n406.\n I'\n 595 Fort White Earth River (3)\nn-F i 7qq J!??11 f ort built by AltiX- Henry in autumr.\nof 1799 on White Mud-river (Terre Blanche) emptying\ninto south end of lake Manitoba'about 35 to 40 miles\nfori inS1810 P\u00C2\u00B0rtage la Prairi\u00C2\u00AB- Henry rebuilt his\n596 Whitefish Bay Honan\n^ Small Hudson's Bay Co. post on Whitefish\nbay xake of the Woods. It was included in list of\nposts with Deed of Surrender 1869 and last appears\non the 1872 list.\nFort Whitefish Lake (I)\nHudson's Bay Co. post on Whitefish lake\n(now called Utikuma lake, meaning whitefish) about\n20 miles north of Lesser Slave Lake, draining into\nPeace river by wabiskaw river. Erected before 1830,\nincluded in 1869 list, and still in operation. The\nNorth West Co. also built a fort nearby. Maps No.\n35, 69, 8, 100, 101.\n59 8 Fort Whitefish Lake (2)\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on Whitefish\nlake about 15 miles north of Georgian Bay and 40\nmiles east of fort La Cloche, outlet opposite Great\nCloche island. lap No.8.\n599 White Horse Plains House\nOld Hudson's Bay Co. post on north bank\nof Assiniboine river near present town of Headingly,\nabout 12 miles west of Winnipeg. It was located\nnear the North West Co. pine Fort, and built on site\nof Blondishe's old fort. It Is shown on Arrowsmith\nmap 1856 (No.8) and was included in 1856 list. Probably built about 1810. Closed about 1880.\nWhite Mud Fort\nSee Fort Augustus and White Earth River.\nWillamette River Fort\nA North West Co. post on Willamette\nriver outpost of Fort George (Fort Vancouver).\nNamed on the Company list 1820.\n601 Fort Willi\n(1)\nNorth West Co. fort on left bank of\nOttawa river above the north end of Alumettes\nisland. It was known also-as'fort Lac des Alumettes\nand stood on the site of an old French fort. The\nHudson's Bay Co. succeeded to this establishment m\n1821. Shown on map No.8.\n 602 Fort William (2)\nold French fort\north West Co. fort built on site of the\nZaministiquia (q.v.) on lake Superior\na-c moutn of the Zaministiquia river. The North West\nCo. used the Grand Portage route until 1801-2 when\nthey moved to Zaministiquia and used thenceforth the\nold French route to the west which had been-rediscovered by Roderick McZenzie 1798, the Grand Portage\nbeing on American territory. They rebuilt the old\nFrench fort in 1800 and called it \"New Fort\". On the\nunion of the X.Y.Co. and the North West Co. the fort\nWas again rebuilt in 1804 and called Fort William.\nIt was a great trading centre, the entrepot to the\ngreat west and northwest, and all furs and supplies\nof the Company passed through this fort both ways for\nnearly a quarter century. Supplies were received by\nschooner from St.lary's, though transported at first\nby canoe. The fort was surrounded by palisades 15\nfeet high with bastions. Within the enclosure were a\nlog-house dining room, Council House, Doctor's residence, storehouses, forge, workshops, prison, shipyard, garden, cattle & horses. A look-out was always\nmaintained. The fort was captured by Lord Selkirk\nin 1817 and came under control of the Hudson's Bay\nCo. at the.union of both companies in 1821. After\nthe union Fort William began to decline as a trading\ncentre, furs being transported by way of.Norway House\nand York Factory, and McLean says that in 1833 the\nfort was rapidly decaying and had become \"a petty\npost\". Across the Zaministiquia river at pointe\nde Meuron (q.v.) the Hudson's Bay Co. maintained a\nsmall observation post during the activities of the\nNorth West Co.\nFort William Augustus\nSee fort Levis.\n603 Fort William Henry\nFort built by English at foot of lake\nGeorge in 1755. Captured by Montcalm August 9,1757,\nand the garrison massacred by Indians after surrender.\nIt was recaptured by Amherst in July 1759.\n604 Windy Lake House\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on Windy\nlake, source of poplar river, flowing into lake\nWinnipeg, north of Beren's river. Maps No.12 and 100.\nBuilt before 183C\n605 Winnibigoshish House\nNorth West Co. post on lake Winnibigoshish\nMinnesota. Visited by Thompson 1798. Maps No. 3 and\n Winnipeg Forts. List of\n1. Fort Rouge 1734 No. 480\n2. St.Pierre's fort 1751 (see ^ort Rouge 480 and 191\n5. Bruce & Boyer's fort 1780 (see Fort Rouge 480\nM , . ahd Gibraltar 191).\n(First fort built by British traders after\nthe French).\n4. H.B.Co. fort at St.Boniface 1780.(Traditional)\n\" '' called \"The Forks\" 1799\n\" \" called \"Fort Selkirk\" 1800,See No.\n142\n7. Alex.Henry's fort 1803 near site of fort Rouge.\nSee No.191.\n8. Fort Gibraltar N.W.Co.1807 No.191.\n9. Fort Douglas H.B.Co.1812,on site fort Selkirk\nNoJ.42.\n10. Fidlers fort H.B.Co. 1818 No.165\n11. First Fort Garry 1822 No.182\n12. Second \" \" 1835 No.182\n15. Lower Fort Garry 1851. No.520\n6.\nWinnipeg House\nSee Bas de la Riviere.\nWinnipeg Lake Fort\nSee fort Alexander.\nWinnipeg River House .\nSee Bas de la Riviere.\n60 6 Fort Winokapau\nHudson's Bay Co. post at the upper end\nof lake Winikapau, an enlargement of Hamilton river,\nLabrador, about 150 miles above North West River\nHouse and 50 miles below Grand Falls. It was established about 1830 but abandoned 1876 and soon afterwards it was destroyed by fire. lap No. 61.\n607 Fort Wolstenholme\nHudson's 3ay Co. post near cape\nWolstenholme, Ungava. Built in 1909 and in present\noperation. JSCp No. 24.\nPort Wrangell\nSee fort Highfield.\n608 Fort Wrath\nSmall Hudson's Bay Co. post on northeast\nshore of lake Temiscamingue,. Ottawa river, one mile\nabove Piche point. Built about 1880 and closed\nbefore 1890. Map No. 46.\n If\n}\n 609 Fort Wriglev\nHudson's Bay Co, fort on Mackenzie rive\nleft bank, about 65\u00C2\u00B015'N. , half way between Forts\nNorman and Simpson. Built by Chief Factor Cantsell\nabout 1880. Formerly known as \"The Little Rapid\".\nNamed after the Chief Commissioner of the Company.\nMap No. 25*\n610 Fort Yale\nHudson's Bay Go. post on Fraser river\nabout 20 miles upstream'from Fort Hope. Built' in\n1848 and closed about 1880.\n611 Fort Yazou\nFrench fort on left bank Mississippi\nriver at mouth of Yazou river on south side, larked\n\"French fort\" abandoned on Bellin's map 1755 No.95,\nshown on Rocque's map 1765 (No.96), and marked\n\"destroyed\" on Mitchell map 1775 (No.111).\nFort York & York Factory\nSee Fort Nelson and Chateau Bay.\nFort Yukon\nHudson's Bay Co. fort at junction of\nPorcupine and Yukon rivers. Built 1847 by Alex. H.\nMurray. It was operated for 22 years until 1869\nwhen Alaska was purchased by the United States, T&p\nNo. 84 shows it \"abandoned\".\n f\n List of chief Authorities\nconsulted\nHudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island,\na . . J! B. Fitzgerald, London 1849.\nOrigin and Progress of North Vest Company\nA. Murray, London, 1811.\nmm Hunters of the Far West,\nAlexander Ross, London 1855.\nNotice respecting Boundary etc.,\nH. Murray, London, 1817.\nTravels through Interior America,\nThomas Auburey, London, 1789.\nHudson's Bay,\nR. II. Ballantyne, Edinburgh, 1845.\nJourneys of David Thompson, in Proceedings of\nCanadian Institute, vol.VI, pg.35\", 1888.\nHistory of Canada,\nWilliam Zingsford, Toronto, 1887.\nTravels through North America and Canada, -\nWeld, 1800, London.\nThree Reports of Select Committee, H.of C. to enquire into Trade and Commerce of Upper Canada,1835\nSixty Years in Canada,\nWier, Montreal, 1903.\nHistory of Canada ,\nWilliam Smith, Quebec, 1815.\nPeace River Canoe Voyage of Sir George Simpson in 1828,\nEdited by M. McLeod, Ottawa, 1872.\nThe Company of Adventurers,\nCowie.\nSaskatchewan,\nEarl of Southesk, London, 1875.\nOld Forts by the Sea,\nBourinot in Transactions Royal Soc'y,1883.\nHistory of New France by Lescarbot,\nTranslated by Grant and\"Biggar,Toronto, 1907.\nForts and. Trading posts in Labrador and Adjoining\nTerritory\"by James White, Ottawa, 1926.\nBritish and American Joint Commission, Memorial of\nH.B.Co. , London 1865.\nHistoire de la Nouvelle France,\nP.F.X.Charlevoix, Paris, 1744.\nHistorical Guide along the St.Lawrence,\nLe Claire, 1906\".\nMonograph on Anticosti,\nDr.Joseph Schmitt, Paris, 1904.\nHistory of Canada under French regime,\nH..H. Miles, 1872.\nNord-Guest, Territories Hudson Bay, police Monte, 1875.\nHistory of the San Juan Water Boundary Question,\nViscount Milton, 1869.\nAccount of British America,\nHugh I'urray, Edinburgh, 1839.\nNotes sur U Cote Nora du Bas St.Laurent,\nE. Ruchette, Quebec, 1926.\nAmerican Fur Trade of Far West,\nH. M. Chittenden, New York, 1902.\nNew Light on Alexander Henry and David Thompson's\n'Travels Elliott Coues, 1897,\nLetters on Hudson Bay Territories, by E. Ermatinger,1859,\nReport of T. Z. Ramsay.\n Reports on Boundaries of Ontario 1872-78 vol.1 & 2\nToronto, 1878.\nReport of Select Committee on Hudson's Bay Co.,\nBritish Parliamentary papers 1857,vol.XV,\n'Session II, Appendix 5,^.5 76, London.\nNouveaux Voyages de M. le Baron de la Hontan dans l'Ame-\nrique Septentrionale in 1688, la Haye, 1704.\nSuite du Voyage de l'Amerique, ou Dialogue de II. le Baron de la Hontan et d'un Sauvage, Amsterdam\n1704.\nMinute3 of Council Hudson's Bay Co. 1825 (McLeod Papers),\nCanadian Historical Review ,vol.VII, 1926*\nRupert's land in 1825, by H.A.Innis.\nLabrador, by W.G. Gosling,\nToronto, 1910.\nNarrative of Journey from Hudson Bay to Pacific-,\nSir George Simpson, London, 1847.\nVoyages through Continent of North Ameriea 1789 and 1793,\nby Alexander Mackenzie, Reprint.Toronto,1911.\nReport of Palliser's Exploration 185 7-1860,\nImperial Blue Book, London.\nOntario Bureau of Mines, Fifth Annual Report,\nToronto.\nVoyage en Amerique par La Rochfoucault-Lianeourt,\nParis 1 Londcn, 1799.\nThe Canadian West (translated), Abbe 0. Dugas,1905,\nMontreal.\nCanadian Exploring Expedition, 1857,\nH.Y.Hind, London, 1860.\nAstoria, by Washington Irving.\nJournal of Voyages and Travels in Interior of North\nAmerica, Daniel W. Harmon, Andover,1820.\nOcean to Ocean, Sand ford Fleming's Expedition 1872,\nby Principal Grant.\nHistory of the Northwest,\nAlexander Begg, Toronto, 1894.\nJournal of a Voyage through Rupert's Land, 1851,\nSir J. Richardson.\nNotes of a Twenty-five Years Service In Hudson's Bay\nTerritory, John McLean, London, 1849.\nNatural and Civil History of French Dominions in America,\n1761, Thomas Jeffreys, London, 1761.\nlanitoba Historical Society, Transactions 1885-1927,\nC.N.Bell on Historic Places and ^orts at\nWinnipeg.\nAlexander Henry's Travels,\nJ. Bain, Toronto, 1901.\nHistory of Northwest Coast, )\n\" \" Alaska ) *y H.H. Bancroft\n\" \" Oregon )\nHistory of Northern Interior of British Columbia,\n4.,G.Morice, Toronto, 1905.\nRoyal Soc'y of Canada, Transactions 1885-85-92.\nHudson's Bay Co. 1670-1920 - Memorial publication by\nthe Company 19 20,\nThe Great Company,\nBeckles Wills on, Toronto, 1899.\nThe North West Company,\nGordon C. Davidson, 1918.\n IP\n History of Hudson's Bay Co.,\nGeorge Bryee, London] 1900.\n-.es. Bourgeois de la Compagnie Nord-Quest et Esquisse\nHistorique, L. R. Masson, 1889-1890.\ncontaining: McZenzie's Journal of trip to Zing's\nposts 1808; Johnston's Account of lake Superior;\nMcDonnell's Account of Red River 1797.\nRelations et Memoires Inedits pour servir a l'histoire\nde la France 1867, by Pierre Margry. Contains\nde Bougainville's Memoir and list of forts,1757.\nHudson's Bay Co. Land Tenures,\nA. Martin, London, 1898.\nSearch for the Western Sea,\nL. J. Burpee, Toronto, 1908.\nCanada and Its provinces, vols. 1,4,8,\nToronto, 1914.\nImperial Blue Books, 1749 and 1857.\nDespatch of Governor Milnes to Lord Hobart,with List of .\n117 N.W.Co. forts in 180 2, Dominion Archives,\n(Can. q.89 pg. 166).\nAnnual Report of Dominion Land Surveys 1921,\nHistorical paper by G.H.Blanchet.\nEdits et Ordonnances, vol.11, 1803. Ord onnanee pour les\nlimites du Romaine par Hocquart 1735.\nForts and Trading Posts in Labrador,\nJames White, Ottawa, 1926.\nHistoire de Longueuil,\nJodoin and Vincent, Montreal, 1889.\nWintering Partners on peace River,\nJ.N. Wallace, 1929.\nAnnual Reports of Geological Survey of Canada.\nAcross the Sub-Arctics,\nJ. W. Tyrrell, 1893.\nThe Beaver, Hudson's Bay Co.,\nWinnipeg.\nEncyclopaedia Britannica XIV edition.\nThe Chronicles of Canada,\nToronto, 1914.\nPioneers of France in the New World, )\nLa Salle and Discovery of Great West, )\nA Half-Century of Conflict, )\nOld Regime in Canada, )\nJesuits in North America,\nConspiracy of pontiac. )\nAthabaska to the Bay,\nF. H. Zitto, 1919.\nHistorical View of the United States and of\nSettlements in America, Winterbothara,\nNorth West passage by Land,\nMilton and Cheadle, 1862.\nParkman\nEuropean\n1795.\n If)\n List of Maps showing one or more forts an\ntrading posts .\nRorthwest Territories in \"Conquest of Great Northwest\" by Agnes C. taut.\nm Interior of North America engraved for Harmon's\nJournal 1820.\n5. North West Territories by G. Rinfret, from \"Henry-\nThompson Travels\" by Dr. Coues.\nAmerica exhibiting lackenzie's Track, jArrowsmith\n1801.\nAmerica exhibiting principal trading stations of\nNorth West Co. in Davidson's North West Co.,\n.London 1817.\n6. The Company's Territory in'The Great Company\" by\nB. Willson.\n7. Portions of David Thompson's Map 1812 in \"Henry-\n.Thompson's Journals\" by Dr. Coues.\nNorth America, Arrowsmith 1857, showing territories\nclaimed by Hudson's Bay Co.\nPart of Indian Territories in'North America,exhibiting routes to stations of North West\nCo. from British Museum maps 69917 (75)\nabout 1817.\n10. North America shewing possessions claimed by France\nin 1756, from Boundaries of Ontario.\n11. Early Alberta forts, by J. M. Wallace, Calgary.\n12. North .West Canada from Crown Lands Report 1857,\nby T. Devine, Toronto, 1857.\n15. Jforth-West Territory and Manitoba, from \"Manitoba\nand the Great North West\", J. Macoun 1882.\n14. Routes of Explorers in-Atlas of Canada 1915.\n15. Carte des Lacs du Canada 1744, Bellin, Paris.\n16. North West Territory and lanitoba, Report of\nMinister of interior 1877, by J. Johnston.\n17. British America, from \"British America\", Edinburgh,\nH. Murray, 1839, vol.1.\n18. Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle France, Del'isle,\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Paris 1703.\n19. North America 17 78 from Carver's Travels.\n20. New France, by La Hontan 1703, English edition 1735.\n21. Canada, from \"Canada and the States-Recollections''\n'l851 to 1886 by Sir E. W. Watkin. H.B.Co.\nforts numbered for list of 1872.\n22. North America about 1845, Atlas, Blackie & Son,\nGlasgow,\n23. part of Upper Canada, portages Mattawa to Georgian\nBay, 1820.\n24. Forts & Trading Posts in Labrador peninsula and\nadjoining portions of Ontario and Quebec,\nJames White 1926.\n25. Mackenzie River, Topographical Survey, Department\nof the Interior 1923.\n26. New France, map of French forts in \"History of\nCanada under French regime\", by H.H.Miles\n1872, Library of Parliament.\n27. Oregon Territory and Forts, in \"History of San\nJuan Water Boundary question\" by Viscount\nMilton 1869, Library of parliament.\n If)\nfcA\n 30\nHudson Bay Territories 1763, in Series of Letters\nby E. Ernatinger 1858, report of T.Z.Ramsay.\nLibrary of Parliament.\n\nwmm.\n,i\nBfpartmtut of the Jnterunr\nHON. THOMAS G.MURPHY, Minister W. W. CORY, Deputy Minister\nMAP OF CANADA\nSHOWING\nHISTORIC FORTS & TRADING POSTS\nSole of Miles\n50 100 200\nM M M -T=\nPrepared by\nNatiional Development bureau\n1930\nLEGEND\nForts and Trading Posts.\ni\nfc-USS\nPtiraa\n "@en . "Other copies : http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/719814160"@en . "Books"@en . "HD9944.C2 V6"@en . "II-0592"@en . "10.14288/1.0375744"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Ottawa : Department of the Interior"@en . "Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy, or otherwise distribute these images please contact\u00A0digital.initiatives@ubc.ca."@en . "Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. HD9944.C2 V6"@en . "Canada--History"@en . "Fur trade"@en . "Historic forts and trading posts of the French r\u00E9gime and of the English fur trading companies"@en . "Text"@en .