"CONTENTdm"@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1587105"@en . "British Columbia Historical Books Collection"@en . "Early western journals"@en . "Lewis, William S. (William Stanley), 1876-1941"@en . "Phillips, Paul C. (Paul Chrisler), 1883-1956"@en . "Work, John, 1792-1861"@en . "2016-04-27"@en . "1923"@en . "\"1,000 copies printed. Original mss. in B.C. Archives. Published from a transcript made in the Archives for Professor E.S. Meany. Contents: P.13. Preface.- PP[15]-53. [Phillips, P.C.] The fur trade in the northwest.- pp[551-6g. Life of John Work.- pp[721-176. The journal of John Work. 1831-1832.- Appendix. pp[177]-181. [Two letters of John Work]- P[183] Original letters of John Work to Edward Ermatinger [a list only]- PP[185]-190. A bibliography of the fur trade in the Northwest.\" -- Strathern, G. M., & Edwards, M. H. (1970). Navigations, traffiques & discoveries, 1774-1848: A guide to publications relating to the area now British Columbia. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 326."@en . ""@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0230525/source.json"@en . "[15]-209 pages : photographs, map ; 25 cm"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nmum H^ffi\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0D p-n-iTTT\nl^^\"^^1 \u00C2\u00AB .1 I I I T\n Ill\n Early Western Journals\nNumber I\n**i\n i\nOne thousand copies printed direct\nfrom type, and the type distributed\n i\nI\n The Journal of John Work\nA chief-trader pi >\nduring hiscfjp\nto the\nthe\n'-iy Co.\nr ur 1raue\nby\nvviliiaxn b\u00C2\u00AB Lewii\nand\nPaul C. Phillips\n<\nWaaBm\n'WW\nThe An\nim\npany\nClevelai\n- m\nA\n f\nft\n- -..-\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 .\u00E2\u0080\u00A2---v.y^v.\n The Journal of John Work\nA chief-trader of the Hudson's Bay Co.\nduring his expedition from Vancouver\nto the Flatheads and Blackfeet of\nthe Pacific Northwest\nSsjf\nedited, and with account of the Fur Trade in the\nNorthwest, and Life of Work\n. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Iby\nWilliam S. Lewis\nand\nPaul C. Phillips\nim\nI\nThe Arthur H. Clark Company\nCleveland: 1923\ni\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0I\ndm\n\u00E2\u0080\u00941\n11\nij.fi\n COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY\nThe Arthur H. Clark Company\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n .\n,\nIt\n \u00E2\u0096\u00A0H\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0mum.jp\n \m\nContents |\nPreface 13\nThe Fur Trade in the Northwest . . . . 15\nLife of John Work 55\nJournal of John Work 71\nAppendix . . 177\nOriginal Letters of John Work to Edward Ermatinger 183\nBibliography of the Fur Trade in the Northwest . 185\nIndex 193\n Illustrations\nin\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 -r\niJJf!\nJohn Work Frontispiece\nFrom an old photograph now in the Provincial Library, Victoria, British Columbia.\nThe Blackfoot River, near McNamara's Landing . . 91\nFrom a recent photograph by the Colville Studio.\nBeaverhead Rock 103\nFrom a recent photograph.\nLewis and Clark Trail over Lemhi Pass . . . 115\nFrom an original photograph by John E. Rees, 1903.\nBluffs along the Salmon River 141\nFrom an original photograph by John E. Rees.\nMap showing Route of John Work . . . . 191\n Preface\nJohn Worlds Journals furnish the most extensive\nrecords of the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest at the\ntime of its greatest activity. Alexander Ross and Ross\nCox described it at the time of its origin but John Work\ndescribed it when the business had reached maturity.\nJohn Work's Journals lack the picturesque settings\nthat characterize the writings of his predecessors, for\nwith him trading and trapping were only serious matters of business. His Journals^ however, illustrate the\ngeography of the Hudson's Bay Company's activities,\nand the methods and extent of its trade.\nThe editors of this Journal are indebted for assistance to Mr. T. C. Elliott of Walla Walla, Washington, Mr. John E. Rees of Salmon, Idaho, Miss Jean\nBishop of Dillon, Montana, and Miss Hazel Herman\nof the State University of Montana. The authorship\nof the notes is indicated by initials.\n k\u00C2\u00BB\nThe Fur Trade in the Northwest\nThe American fur trade began with the first explorations of the North Atlantic coast.1 This beginning\nwas at a time when Europe was seeking new materials\nfor shoes, hats, and clothing. An abundance of deer\npromised leather with which to make comfortable\nshoes to take the place of the heavy wooden ones or to\nsupply those who were barefoot. The beaver and\nmuskrat colonies were able to furnish vast numbers of\npelts with which to provide all classes with serviceable\nand handsome hats. Other fur bearing animals gave\ntheir skins to add to the comfort and beauty of the\nEuropean's dress.\nDuring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries\nFrench and British traders pushed the fur trade back\nfrom the Atlantic coast into the basin of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, along the shores of Hudson's Bay, and even to the country bordering on the\nOhio and Mississippi Rivers.2 On the Pacific coast\n1 \"There are in these partes most delicate and rare furres. . .\" Re-\nPorts of Ye Contrie Sr. Humphrey Gilbert goes to discou in Colonial Office\nRecords vol. i, No. 2. Copy in Canadian Archives. A Discourse of the\nnecessitie ... 0/ planting English colonies upon the North partes of\nAmerica gives an account of martens, beavers, foxes, blacke and white.\nHakluyt Collections, 89. Thomas Heriot, a follower of Raleigh's reported\nin 1586: \"Furres all along the sea coast there are great store of otters which\nwill yield good profit.\" Ibid., viii, 348.\n2 For accounts of the French and British fur trade in the seventeenth and\neighteenth centuries see Biggar (H. P.) Early Trading Companies of New\nFrance, University of Toronto Studies in History, 1901, and Willson\n(Beckles) The Great Company, Toronto, 1899.\nftl'\nI\nlb\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n v&\n16\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\niy too, Bering, a Dane in the service of the Russian czars,\nabout the middle of the eighteenth century, gave a great\nimpetus to the trade in sea otters. His successors\ncatered to the vanity of Chinese mandarins with immense profit to themselves. So eager were traders to\nsecure these valuable and beautiful furs that the sea\notter long ago became practically extinct.3\nIn spite of the vast trade in furs the Columbia River\nbasin and the valley of the upper Missouri remained\nuntouched and almost unknown to white traders and\ntrappers until after the opening of the nineteenth century. The streams of these mountainous If regions\nabounded in beaver.* The pelts were not so large and\nheavy as those east of the mountains but they were dark\nin color and rich in texture.5 Hardly less numerous\nwere the otters whose heavy, dark-brown furs were\nprized by Russians and Chinese next to those of the sea\notter. Bears, wolves, lynx, fishers, muskrats, and foxes,\nmostly of the red and cross varieties also furnished pelts\nto make up the trapper's toll.\nAlong the eastern slope of the Rockies began the\ngreat buffalo range of the Northwest.6 Countless\nthousands of these animals furnished the Sioux, the\n3 For Bering see Golder (F. A.) Russian Expansion on the Pacific, X641-\n1850, Cleveland, 1914.\n4 Peter Skene Ogden who was trapping and trading in the Snake River\n1 country in 1825-1826 reported the discovery of \"a country richer in beaver\n^ than any they have ever seen.\" This country was seventeen days travel\nfrom Fort Vancouver on the Columbia. Chief factor McLoughlin to Governor Simpson of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Vancouver, August 18,\n1826. McLeod (J.) Journals, in Canadian Archives, 69.\n5 In 1826 McLoughlin wrote that the beaver from Snake River country\nthe past year were \"as good as those east of the mountains.\" Ibid. In\n1830 he wrote that \"Columbia beaver sells higher per skin than any in\nAmerica.\" Fort Vancouver, February 1, 1830, in McLeod Journals, 124.\n6Trexler (H. A.) Buffalo Range of the Northwest, in Mississippi Valley\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n17\nBlackfeet, the Crows, and even the tribes west of the\ncontinental divide with food, clothing, and shelter.\nBuffalo meat saved many a white trapper from starvation, and buffalo robes became the currency by which\nthe Indian of the plain paid for the white man's\nweapons, trinkets, and liquors.\nThis rich fur country remained undeveloped because\nabundant supplies could be obtained in more accessible\nregions. Routes of exploration and of trade crossed\nthe continent either to the south or to the north.7 The\nColumbia River was unknown until near the close of\nthe eighteenth century, and even after its discovery it\nwas long believed that the falls and rapids made it a\ndifficult route to the interior. The coast ranges also\nappeared to offer an almost inpenetrable barrier to any\ntrail leading eastward.\nFrom the east the French were slow to go far west\nof the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. They early\ndiscovered the lower Missouri and some of them\nthought that it made a road almost to the Pacific.8 The\nfur trader believed, however, that its upper course traversed only barren plains inhabited by savage and poverty-stricken Indians whose only food and shelter came\nfrom the immense herds of buffalo. Since there was\nas yet no market for buffalo robes he left these Indians\nalone. From the western shores of Lake Superior\nFrench explorers and traders followed the water routes\ntowards the Northwest through the Lake of the Woods\nHistorical Review, vii, No. 4, 348-362, gives an account of the size of the\nbuffalo herds and of their importance.\n7 The Spaniards had long before the nineteenth century established regular communication between the Gulf of Mexico and California. Alexander\nMackenzie crossed the continent to die north in 1793.\n8 Thwaites (R. G.) Rocky Mountain Exploration, New York, 1904, z6.\n i8\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nto Lake Winnipeg, and ultimately to the Rocky Mountains. A rich trade in furs diverted them from the\ntreeless plains to the southwest through which flowed\nthe upper Missouri.\nIndian stories of a river that emptied itself into a\ngreat salt lake where dwelt white men with beards\nreached the ears of these French traders. One of them,\nPierre Gaultier, Sieur de Varannes de la Verendrye\nby name, was greatly interested, and he questioned the\nIndians sharply for all their information.9 He thought\nfirst that the best road to the Pacific lay to the north and\nwest but in 1738 decided to try the route to the southwest. He had obtained no assistance from the French\ngovernment beyond a grant of the monopoly of the fur\ntrade and depended upon partners and creditors for\nequipment.10 Accompanied by two sons, Francois and\nLouis Joseph, with a party of about fifty Indians and\nFrenchmen, he made a journey to the Mandans on the\nMissouri. From there he could not go on and, after\nhearing other stories of the lake with bitter water, he\nreturned to Fort de la Reine, a short distance west of the\npresent city of Winnipeg.11\nIn 1742 Verendrye sent his two sons on a new attempt\nto find the western sea. After dreary wanderings across\nthe Dakota plains they saw the mountains on January\n1, 1743. Perhaps their eyes gazed upon the Black\nHills of South Dakota but more likely they had gone\nup the little Missouri, across southeastern Montana and\nwere within range of the Bighorn Mountains.12 Here\n9 Ibid. DeLand. The Verendrye Explorations and Discoveries, in South\nDakota Historical Collections, Pierre, South Dakota, 1914, vii.\n10 Ibid., 140.\n11 Ibid., 286.\n12 The old belief that the Verendryes saw the Rocky Mountains near the\n nflU\nml\nTHE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n19\nthe threat of Indian war and perhaps discouraging reports of what lay beyond induced the party to return.\nThe Verendryes planned to renew their explorations\nin the far west, hoping to open trade with the Indians,\nand to establish a line of posts that would ultimately\nlead to the \"Sea of the West.\" The elder Verendrye\nwas granted a monopoly of the far western trade and\nthis aroused the jealousy of rival traders. His creditors harassed him and so many difficulties did he encounter that he could not return to the west before\ndeath overtook him in 1749. Soon after this his sons\nwere deprived of his grants and an officer of the royal\narmy was commissioned to find the western sea. The\nFrench and Indian War stopped all expeditions of\ndiscovery and in 1763 New France passed into British\nhands, and Louisiana came under the control of Spain.\nAfter the overthrow of French power in America\nBritish traders sought for themselves a monopoly of the\nfur trade. They had already powerfully entrenched\nthemselves in the fur country. In 1670 the Hudson's\nBay Company had obtained a charter granting it a\nmonopoly of the fur trade in the basin of Hudson's Bay\ncalled Rupert's Land.13 This charter provided for the\ncontinuance of exploration in America but the company\nwas content with the profits arising from trade along\nthe shores of its empire and for a century made little\neffort to extend its dominion.14 French traders con-\npresent Helena, Montana (Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, Helena, Montana, 1902, i, 278) is discredited. The discovery of the\nVerendrye plate near Pierre, South Dakota, proves that the party did not\ncome so far north as Helena. The most detailed account of the Verendrye\nexpeditions is in the South Dakota Historical Collections, vii.\n13 Copy of this charter is in Willson (Beckles) The Great Company, Appendix.\n14 \"Canadian adventures have annually increased in the upland country,\nI If\n 20\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\ntrolled the trade to the south and west, but there was\nenough left to yield the company large profits.\nAt the close of the French and Indian Wars, English\nand Scotch traders nocked to Montreal and began to\nstruggle for a control of the Great Lakes trade. Alexander Henry, a bold and resourceful adventurer was\none of the first to penetrate the region west of Lake\nSuperior.15 He was closely followed by the erratic and\nhot tempered Peter Pond16 and by the shrewd brothers,\nThomas and Joseph Frobisher.17 With the end of the\nold French system of monopolies French traders also\nbegan to strike for a share of this lucrative trade and a\nbitter rivalry began. Traders furnished great quantities of rum to the Indians whose activities as hunters\nwere thereby reduced. Prices of furs went up to unheard of heights, violence in the fur land was common,\nand many merchants were ruined.18\nIn 1779 an agreement was formed by a number of\nmerchants at Montreal to pool the traffic but this agreement lasted only two years. In 1783 or 1784 a number\nof Montreal merchants entered into an agreement for\nmuch to their own emolument, and the great loss of the Company: who it\nmay be said, are sleeping at the edge of the sea, without spirit and without\nvigour or inclination to assert that right. . . It is true, they have at this\ntime a few establishments in the interior country: but these are carried on in\nsuch a languid manner, that their exertions have hitherto proved inadequate\nto the purpose of supplanting their opponents.\" Umfreville (Edward) Present State of Hudson's Bay, London, 1790, 71. \"The Hudson's Bay Company\nfor many years did not go beyond the shores of Hudson's Bay; but the\nnatives came down from all parts.\" Dodds (James) Hudson's Bay Company,\nits Position and Prospects, London, 1866, 14.\n15 Henry (Alexander) Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian\nTerritories 1760-1776, New York, 1809, 253\u00C2\u00AB\n16 Ibid.f 252. Pamphlet on Origin and Progress of Northwest Company,\nLondon, 1811, describes Pond.\n17 Henry, opus citra, 253.\n18 Davidson (G. C.) The Northwest Company, Berkeley, 1918, 9.\nam\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n21\nfive years under the name of the Northwest Company.\nAll the traders were not at first included and competition continued until 1787 by which time all the important merchants of Montreal were brought into the partnership.19\nThe formation of the Northwest Company forced\nthe Hudson's Bay Company to expand westward or\nlose the trade with the western Indians which had\ngrown up after the expulsion of the French. Both\nbegan to push their explorations and to establish posts\nfarther and farther westward. Towards the end of the\neighteenth century each had traders on the upper Missouri.20 In 1804 the Northwest Company made a resolute attempt to get control of this trade. It sent out\nan expedition under the command of Francois Antoine\nLarocque to win over the Sioux and Crow Indians.\nLarocque's party spent the winter in the Mandan villages near which Lewis and Clark also had their camp.\nThere he obtained few furs and in 1805 went past the\nMandans over to the Powder River, thence to the Lit-\ntlehorn, the Bighorn, and finally to the Yellowstone,\nstriking it near Pryor's Fork. Larocque purchased\nmore than a hundred beaver skins and offered induce-\n19 Ibid., io-ii. Roderick McKenzie, Sketch of History of the Northwest\nCompany, Masson Collection v. \"Peter Pond who was not satisfied with the\nshare allotted him . . . accordingly he and another gentleman Mr. Peter\nPangman, who had a right to be a partner but for whom no provision had\nbeen made, came to Canada with a determination to return to the country if\nthey could find any persons to join. . . Mr. Pangman prevailed on Mr.\nGregory and Mr. McLeod to join.\" Pond soon deserted to the Northwest\nCompany. See also Davidson, opus citra, 47.\n20 McKenzie (Charles) Journal of Second Expedition to the Mississouri,\n[sic] 1805, Masson Collection, writes: \"In the course of our first trip to\nthe Mississouri having seen several Rocky Mountain Indians we made inquiries of the state of the country regarding trade and learned that beaver\nwere as numerous in their rivers as buffaloes were in the plains. Planned\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nIII\n 22\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nments to the Crows to begin hunting for his company.21\nThe United States government, however, refused to\nallow this trade to continue within its borders22 and the\nNorthwest Company then continued its western expansion along a more northern route.\nThe work of carrying the British fur trade to the\nPacific was entrusted to a group of able men, the most\nnotable of whom were David Thompson, Alexander\nHenry Jr., and Daniel W. Harmon.28 Thompson was\nnot really a fur trader. He was a scientist and explorer. His peculiar genius was not appreciated by the\nHudson's Bay Company and he left its employ in 1797\nto enter the service of the Northwest Company. He\nwas entrusted with the task of marking the line of the\nforty-ninth parallel to the Rocky Mountains and of reporting on the resources of the country to the north of\nthis line and also of the region beyond the mountains.\nIt appears that possibly as early as 1801 the Northwest\nCompany had planned to extend its trade beyond the\nRockies to the Pacific.2*\nIt was not until 1807 however, that Thompson actually crossed the Rockies and reached the headwaters of\nthe Columbia. The next spring he traded along the\nKootenai River in what is now northwestern Montana.25\nto start trade. Mr. Larocque was appointed to carry out this plan. Fall\n1805 reports H. B. C. traders in Missouri.\"\n^Journal of Larocque from the Assiniboine to the Yellowstone, 1805.\nEdited by L. J. Burpee in Publications of the Canadian Archives, no. 3,\nOttawa, 1910.\n22 Davidson, opus extra, 82 n.\n28 For Thompson and Henry see Coues (E., ed.) Manuscript Journal of\nAlexander Henry . . . and of David Thompson, 3 vols., New York,\n1897. Harmon (Daniel Williams) Journal of Voyages and Travels in the\nInterior of North America, Andover, N. H., 1820.\n24 Davidson, opus citra, 97.\n25 Coues, opus citra, 707 n.\niiimiiiiiiii\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n23\nIn 1809 he again crossed the mountains and built Kully-\nspell House on the east shore of Lake Pend d'Oreille.\nFrom there he moved to the southeast up Clark's Fork\nof the Columbia and in November built the first Salish\nHouse28 near the present site of Thompson Falls, Montana. It was not long after this that he or one of his\ncompanions built Spokane House and thus definitely\nentrenched the Northwest Company in the basin of the\nColumbia. After carrying his explorations down the\nColumbia to below the mouth of the Snake River\nThompson claimed the whole country in the name of\nGreat Britain.27 In July, 1811, he reached the mouth\nof the Columbia.28\nAhead of Thompson, however, at the mouth of the\nColumbia was the first party of Astor's Pacific Fur\nCompany under the command of Duncan McDougal\nand three others, all Scotchmen and formerly in the\nemploy of the Northwest Company. McDougal received Thompson with cordiality and equipped him\nfor the return journey. It was apparent to the Astor-\nians that a fight with the Northwest Company was impending. Astor had sought the cooperation of this\nCompany for his enterprise but his advances were rejected, and the struggle for the Columbia began.\nThe Pacific Fur Company was not content to sit\ndown at Astoria and wait for furs to come. About the\ntime Thompson appeared on the lower Columbia,\nDavid Stuart started for the interior to begin trade with\nthe Indians. He selected a site about seven hundred\nmiles up the river where he built Fort Okanagan.29 In\n26 Ibid., 606 n, 672 n, 674 n.\n27 Davidson, opus citra, 99.\n28 Cox (Ross) Adventures on the Columbia River, New York, 1832, 59.\n*\u00C2\u00BBIbid., 84.\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n!\n 24\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nJune, 1812, a second party was sent to the interior.\nDonald McKenzie led an expedition into the Nez\nPerce country and established a post on the Snake River.\nThe Northwesters had left a clerk named McMillan, a companion of Thompson's, in charge of Spokane\nHouse and he had two other posts under his command.30\nOf these Salish House about two hundred fifty miles\nnortheast of Spokane was under the command of Finan\nMcDonald. A Mr. Monteur had charge of the other\npost among the Kootenais probably near Kullyspell\nHouse about two hundred miles to the north. The\nAmerican traders built a post near Spokane House.\nCox and Farnham went to oppose McDonald among\nthe Flatheads and Pillet led a small party into the\nKootenai country. Both of these parties made a rich\nreturn of beavers.\nThe Northwest Company found its position strengthened by the War of 1812. Those of the Pacific Fur\nCompany who were British subjects were unwilling to\nfight their countrymen and former associates and the\nthreat of a British war vessel brought the surrender of\nthe post. The merchandise of the Pacific Fur Company was sold to the Northwest Company for a sum\nmuch less than its value.31 The affair appears to be\ntinged with an element of treachery.\nWith the fall of Astoria the dependent posts passed\ninto the hands of the British fur traders. The Okana-\n30 \"He (McMillan) had two other posts detached from this: one about\ntwo hundred and forty miles n. e. among a tribe called the Flatheads . . .\nother two hundred miles north among Cootinais in whose country there are\nplenty of beavers, deer, mountain sheep, and, at times, buffaloes.\" Ibid.,\n100, 101.\n31 Text of Bill of Sale in Davidson, opus citra, Appendix M, 293.\n\u00C2\u00BB1\nmimwmiL\nmm*\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n25\ngan post was continued, the Spokane post transferred\nto Spokane House, and the Nez Perce post moved to\nFort Nez PercS near Walla Walla. Most of the Astor\nemployes who were British subjects entered the employ\nof the Northwest Company. Among them were Ross\nCox, John Read, Alexander Ross, and Duncan Mc-\nDougall.\nA large expedition was soon after sent into the interior to continue the trade. Read led a party into the\nSnake River country with which he had become acquainted while traveling overland to Astoria.32 This\nparty was destroyed by the Indians and the trade of that\ncountry for a time abandoned. Cox returned to the\nFlathead country where he was now to work with his\nold foe McMillan at Salish House, and at once began\na lively trade.33\nThe Northwest Company did not depend entirely^\nupon posts to sustain its trade. The Indians were inclined to be indolent, so large trapping expeditions\nunder chosen leaders were sent to range the country for\nfurs. Iroquois Indians were brought from the east in\nthe hope that their example would encourage the western Indians to more activity in trapping.3* The supervision of this interior trade was entrusted to Donald\nMcKenzie who had been a partner in the Pacific Fur\nCompany.35 He was unpopular with the old Northwesters but was very successful in building up the western trade. He explored the country of the Snake\n32 Cox, opus citra, 115.\n33 Ibid., 117.\n34 Ross (Alexander) Fur Hunters of the Far West, London, 1855, i, 74.\n35 Ibid., 79.\nm\n4i .'\u00E2\u0096\u00A0.''\n**\u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n- A I\nV\nflit!\n11\n 26\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nRiver and even penetrated the region later known as\nYellowstone Park.86\nThe Northwest Company had from the time of its\nformation been the rival of the Hudson's Bay Company\nwho claimed a monopoly of the fur trade and was always ready to use its unlimited resources in killing off\ncompetitors. The Northwesters claimed to be successors of the old French traders and, like their famed\npredecessors, they cut heavily on the Hudson's Bay\ntrade. The activities of the younger company forced\nthe Hudson's Bay people to extend their posts westward. There was no one however with sufficient boldness to rival the explorations of Alexander Mackenzie3T\nand David Thompson, but Hudson's Bay traders followed closely upon the heels of their competitors and\ndemanded a share of all new trade. Among them was\na Mr. Howes, who built Howes House near Flathead\nLake in 1810.38 In general, however, the Hudson's\nBay Company limited its competition to the country\neast of the Rockies.39 There the fight was carried on\nby violence and bloodshed, high prices for furs, and\n36 \"Near the same lake (east of the Three Tetons) our people found a\nsmall rivulet of sulphurous water, bubbling out from the base of a perpendicular rock more than three hundred feet high. It was dark blue and\ntasted like gunpowder. Boiling fountains, having different degrees of temperature, were very numerous, one or two were so hot as to boil meat. In\nother parts, among the rocks, hot and cold springs might alternately be seen\nwithin a hundred yards of each other, differing in their temperature.\" Ibid.,\ni, 267.\n87 Mackenzie crossed the continent to the Pacific in 1793. Mackenzie\n(Alexander) Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of North America to the frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789-1793, London, 1802.\n38 Ross, opus citra, ii, 9. Elliott (T. C.) Columbia Fur Trade prior to\n1811 in Washington Historical Society Quarterly, vi, No. x, 9-10. Great\nBritain, Columbia (Coltman's Report) 1867, Part \"> 92> states that Howes\nHouse was founded in x8xo.\n39 McLeod (Malcolm) Memorandum in McLeod, Journals, 44, states that\nno\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0MM\nmmm\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n27\nthe sale of vast quantities of rum to the Indians and\nwith great financial loss to both sides. So serious did\nthe losses finally become that both parties were willing\nto come to terms and in 1821 the two companies were\nunited under the old name Hudson's Bay Company.40\nThe Hudson's Bay Company made few changes in\nthe Columbia River trade. Dr. John McLoughlin, a\nnative of Canada, of mixed French and Irish descent,\nand an old Northwester was made chief factor, and\ngiven supervision of the trade of this region. He was\na man of surpassing ability. He had wonderful powers of command and was a remarkable judge of men.\nHis temper was violent but he was tolerant and kindly\nof disposition, and showed strong friendship for Americans who came into his country.41\nMcLoughlin did not think the company headquarters at Fort George (Astoria) were suitable and he\nfounded Fort Vancouver on the north bank of the Columbia where he took up his residence. It was from\nhere that he despatched his brigades of trappers and\ntraders and it was from here that he shipped immense\ncargoes of furs to Asia and Europe. McLoughlin had\nunder his command an array of brilliant traders, who in\ntheir efforts to supply the demand for beaver hats,\nhave made so fascinating the history of the fur trade in\nthe Northwest. Among them were Peter Skene Og-\nden, James McMillan, James Douglas, and Alexander\nRoss, old associates of McLoughlin in the Northwest\nCompany. In addition there were Alexander R. Mc-\nthe Hudson's Bay Company had no trade west of the Rockies until after its\ncoalition with the Northwest Company in 1821.\n40 Davidson, opus citra, chapter vii.\n141 Fitzgerald, An Examination of the Charter and Proceedings of the\nHudson's Bay Company. . . London, 1849, I3-\n1\nw\n;ifl 1\nWV 1 M\niff I\n1 m.\n 28\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nLeod, James W. Dease, Archibald McDonald, Donald\nRoss, Francis and Edward Ermatinger, and John\nWork,42 all of whom were at some time to distinguish\nthemselves.\nAlexander Ross was intrusted with the Snake River\ntrade, and placed in command of a large body of traders and trappers, many of whom were Indians. He\nstarted from Spokane and went up Clark's Fork to\nSalish House. From there he went up the Flathead\nRiver to some place south of Flathead Lake. Thence\nhe marched directly for Hell's Gate (Missoula, Montana) and camped where Work was to camp eight years\nlater.43 From here he went up the Bitter Root to\nRoss's Hole and spent the winter trading with the Flat-\nheads. In the spring of 1824 he traveled through the\nmountains to the source of Clark's Fork near Butte,\nMontana, and crossed the main ridge of the Rockies to\nthe headwaters of the Missouri. He returned to Salish\nHouse in November with five thousand beaver and\nmany other pelts. This expedition was exceptionally\nprofitable to the Company.44\nAfter this successful expedition Ross was given command of Salish House (the Flathead post) and Ogden\nas chief trader, was sent to lead the brigade during the\nwinter of 1824-1825. Ogden was as successful as Ross\nhad been and reported a \"country richer in beaver than\n42 Hudson's Bay Company Council Minutes X825, m McLeod, Journals,\n2i. Ogden and McLeod left interesting journals. Archibald McDonald\nleft a number of valuable letters. Copies of these are in the Canadian Archives. Alexander Ross wrote two books regarding his experiences.\n43 October 20, 1831.\n44 Ross, opus citra, ii, 8-140. Ross wrote that this was \"the most profitable ever brought from the Snake River in one year.\" Ibid., 140. See also\nGovernor Simpson to John McLeod, November x, 1824, in McLeod, Journals,\n12.\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\nany they had ever seen.\" 45 So promising did this field\nappear that additional men were sent to help carry on\nthe trade, among them John Work and James W.\nDease. The latter was given charge of the Flathead\npost where he remained during the winter of 1826-\n1827.46 Ogden remained in general control of the\nwhole interior trade until 1831.47 During this time he\ncommanded brigades that traded in the region of Great\nSalt Lake and Ogden's Hole, and even down into California, besides exploring the whole region of the headwaters of the Snake and Columbia. Ogden was succeeded in command of the Snake River brigade by\nJohn Work, who traded in the interior as far as the\nheadwaters of the Missouri, to Ogden's River and the\nGreat Salt Lake, and also into California. He extended his travels beyond the limits of Ogden's expeditions. In 1834 ne was transferred to the trade on the\nNorthwest coast.48\nAfter 1827 tne beaver trade in the Northwest began\nto decrease.49 This was due in part to the heavy slaugh-\n45 McLoughlin to Governor Simpson, Fort Vancouver, August 8, 1826.\nIbid., 69.\n48 William Kitson to John McLeod, Kootenai House, March 8, X827.\nIbid., 93. \"TfytJU't S \u00C2\u00AB (ff V$1/^\n47 Elliott (T. C.) Columbia Fur Trade, 23. Morice (A. G.) Northern Interior of British Columbia, Toronto, 1904, x68.\n48 John Work to Edward Ermatinger, Columbia River, December 13, X834.\nPapers, re British Columbia in Canadian Archives.\n49 \"Mr. Dease has taken the Flathead post in charge for the winter and to\nhis sorrow will not turn out more than one-third of its last year's return.\"\nWilliam Kitson to John McLeod, Kootenai House, March 8, 1827. McLeod\nJournals, 93. \". . . the Indian trade at the Flatheads is declining;\"\nJohn Work to J. McLeod. Colville, March 25, X828. Ibid., no. George\nKeith wrote to J. McLeod, April x6, 1829, that the Columbia trade \"appears to be declining.\" Ibid., 119. Angus Bethume wrote to McLeod, March\n30, 1830. \"Columbia still going down hill, and will continue to go rapidly,\nI think.\" Ibid., 127.\n 1'.' fi\nfe a,/*\n%$* Mr\n30\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nter of beaver by Indian and white trappers but probably\nmore to the growing competition of the Americans.\nThe Americans developed the fur trade on the upper\nMissouri and carried it into the Rockies largely by\nindividual effort and without the efficient organization\nthat characterized the British fur trading companies.\nThe trade along the Missouri began before the close of\nthe eighteenth century, with headquarters at St. Louis.60\nThe most prominent of the early St. Louis traders were\nthe Spaniard, Manuel Lisa, and the Frenchmen, Au-\nguste and Pierre Chouteau. They shipped their furs\nto Montreal where they were purchased by the Northwest Company. John Jacob Astor tried to open up a\ntrade with them as early as 1800 but without success.51\nAfter the British were barred from American territory Manuel Lisa was the first to establish a trade on\nthe upper Missouri. Soon after the Lewis and Clark\nexpedition he led a party up the Missouri to the mouth\nof the Yellowstone, thence up that river to the mouth\nof the Bighorn where he established a trading post.\nThis post was in the heart of the Crow country and rich\n50 Missouri Historical Society, Collections, iv, 9, gives an account of the\norganization in 1794 of The Commercial Company for the Discovery of\nNations of the Upper Missouri. One Jacques Clamorgan appears as the\nmost active promoter. The Company obtained from Spain a monopoly of\nthe fur trade of the upper Missouri. The Auguste Chouteau, Papers, in the\nMissouri Historical Library contain references to the Missouri fur trade as\nearly as 1795.\n61 \"Je regrette beaucoup de n'avoir jamais pu realizer le desire dont Je\nme suis flatte il y a long temps, de visiter votre pays, pour y establir desf\nliaisons de Commerce. . . Ne sera-t-il pas possible pour vous d'en envoyer\ntout droit de votre pays jusqu'ici? Je ne doute pas que cela ne puisse faire,\net meme a notre avantage mutuel-dans un tel cas, il ne me seroit plus\nnecessaire d'aller a Montreal dont je vous assure je serois bien rejoui: car\nnon seulement les frais de voyage, mais se que vous encore plus, la perte de\ntrois mois de temps, seraient ainsi evites.\" John Jacob Astor to Auguste\nChouteau, New York, January 28, 1800. Pierre Chouteau, Collections.\nM!m\nm\nm\nm\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n31\nin beaver. The Crows were enemies of the Blackfeet\nand apparently were glad to welcome the Americans.\nThe Blackfeet had long traded with the British and,\napparently incited by their white friends, they began\nan open hostility towards the Americans which continued for many years. Lisa soon returned to St. Louis\nand his post was abandoned,62 but the trade on the upper\nMissouri was not allowed to die.\nManuel Lisa was so impressed with the possibilities\nof the fur trade on the upper Missouri that he decided\nto form a company of the leading fur traders of St.\nLouis to carry it on. He joined with Pierre and Auguste Chouteau, William Clark, and five others to\nfound the Missouri Fur Company which was incorporated in 1808.53 Apparently Astor sought to join\nbut was refused. In June of the following year Lisa\nobtained from Governor Meriwether Lewis a license\ngiving him and his associates the exclusive right to\ntrade on the upper Missouri.54\nThe first expedition of the new company under Lisa's\ncommand started up the Missouri in the summer of\n1809. The party was large and well equipped both for\ntrapping and fighting the Indians. Lisa spent the winter at his old post near the mouth of the Bighorn, where\napparently a large number of beaver pelts were traded\nfrom the Crows. The following spring two of the\npartners, Pierre Menard and Andrew Henry crossed\n52 This post was sometimes called Fort Manuel and sometimes Fort Lisa.\nChittenden (Hiram) History of the American Fur Trade in the Far fVest,\nNew York, 1902, i, 126.\n53 Articles d? association et de societe fait et conclu par et entre Benjamen\nWilkinsen, Pierre Chouteau pere, Manul Lisa, Auguste Chouteau jeune . . .\ndans les vues de traiter et chasser dans le haut du Missoury. . . Pierre\nChouteau, Collections.\n54 Lisa Papers. Envelope, i, 7, June, 1809, in Missouri Historical Library.\nm\nm\n 32\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nIII\nover the divide which separates the Yellowstone from\nthe Gallatin River and built a post where the three\nforks of the Missouri unite. Here was a rich beaver\ncountry and trade was lively. The Blackfoot Indians,\nhowever, did not accept the Americans and began a\nseries of attacks upon them. They stole their horses,\ntheir traps, their furs, and made it unsafe for any of\nthe party to venture out of the post. So dangerous did\nthe hostility of the Blackfeet become that Henry abandoned the post and crossed over the mountains to one\nof the tributaries of the Snake River, ever since then\nknown as Henry's Fork.55\nMisfortunes continued to follow the activities of the\nMissouri Fur Company. Fire destroyed a vast store\nof furs and impoverished the Company. The competition of Astor's Pacific Fur Company looked dangerous. The hostility of the Blackfeet continued to\nhinder trade on the upper Missouri. The War of 1812\nstopped the export of beaver and forced a sharp drop\nin prices.56 The Company continually declined although it underwent several reorganizations with\nLisa's influence continually growing. One by one the\nother partners dropped out and some of them formed\ncompeting companies.\nAfter Lisa's death in 1820 the Missouri Fur Company regained some of its former vigor.57 It established\n55 Dale (H. C.) The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a\nCentral Route to the Pacific, Cleveland, 1918, 30-31, quotes James, Three\nYears among the Indians and Mexicans, Waterloo, Illinois, 1846, 10-32.\nJames accompanied this expedition.\n56 Cavalier, a merchant of St. Louis, wrote Auguste Chouteau from New\nOrleans, March 1, 2809, \". . . nous voyons que l'ambargo, vous a em-\npechi de nous f aire de remiter sur les quelles nous comptionne vous avez tres\nbien priver que d'apres cette mesure la pelletemic Seroit sans voleuir.\nAuguste Chouteau, Papers.\n ftl1\nTHE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n33\na new post at the mouth of the Bighorn and named it\nFort Benton58 for Senator Benton the distinguished\nrepresentative of the fur trading interests in Congress.\nIn 1823 a large party under Jones and Immil set out\nfrom this fort to open trade with the long hostile Blackfeet. Many packs of beaver were collected but when\nthe expedition seemed assured of success it was attacked\nby the Blackfeet, most of the men killed and all the furs\nand equipment stolen. This blow practically ended the\noperations of the Missouri Fur Company in the Northwest. It continued to trade in other territories for some\nyears under the leadership of Joshua Pilcher, who in\n1828 made one last effort to recover the trade of the far\nNorthwest In July of that year he left Green River\nand proceeded towards the Northwest He crossed\nthe Beaverhead country and spent the winter on Flathead Lake. In the spring he continued his journey to\nFort Colville. From there he went east with a party\nbelonging to the Hudson's Bay Company. He found\nthis company so strong in the mountains that he made\nno effort to open up trade in that region, and henceforth\nthe Missouri Fur Company ceased to be of much significance.\nOf far more importance than the Missouri Fur\nCompany was John Jacob Astor's American Fur\nCompany. This concern was chartered in 1808 and\ncarried on a fur trade in all parts of America.\nAstor was interested in the trade of the far Northwest\nand as has already been told sought to establish his\ninfluence there by means of the Pacific Fur Company.\nWhen this failed Astor turned his attention to the Mis-\n57 Chittenden, opus citra, i, 150 n.\n58 Not to be confused with the later Fort Benton on the Missouri.\n 1\nf!\n34\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nsouri River trade. He had to fight a number of St.\nLouis traders, notably the Missouri Fur Company,\nStone and Company, and the powerful Chouteau interests. In 1822 the American Fur Company established a western department with headquarters at St.\nLouis. Stone and Company was soon united with this\nnew venture and a little later the directions of this department was intrusted to Bernard Pratte, the father-\nin-law of Ramsey Crooks who was one of Astor's ablest\nlieutenants. Pratte soon formed a connection with\nPierre Chouteau under the name of Pratte, Chouteau\nand Company. This firm managed the western department until 1838 when after the death of Bernard\nPratte and the retirement of Pierre Chouteau the management of the business passed into the hands of Pierre\nChouteau Jr., who operated under the firm name of\nPierre Chouteau Jr., and Company.59\nIn the meantime the American Fur Company\nstrengthened its hold on the upper Missouri by buying\nout a small but energetic and ambitious rival the so-\ncalled Columbia Fur Company. This occurred in\n1827 ana> henceforth the organizations of the Columbia\nFur Company passed under the designation of the Upper Missouri outfit.\nWith the elimination of all rivals for the Missouri\nRiver trade the American Fur Company began a definite program of pushing up the river. Its first step was\nthe construction of a fort near the junction of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, a post which later was\nknown as Fort Union. The leader of this undertaking\nwas Kenneth McKenzie and he soon attempted to open\n59 Chittenden, opus citra, i, 127-157 gives history of Missouri Fur Company.\nHHHHH\n**f\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n35\na trade with the Blackfeet. In the fall of 1830 he sent\nan expedition to the Blackfoot country. The party\nwent up the Missouri to the mouth of the Marias and\nthen marched up that river for some distance when the\nBlackfeet were encountered. This time through the\nmediation of an old trader who knew them well, friendship was promised and American trade with the Blackfeet began. The next year in 1831 McKenzie sent\nanother party under James Kipp to establish a post\namong the Blackfeet. It was in October of that year\nabout the time that John Work was trailing through\nLolo Pass or up the Blackfoot valley that Kipp began\nthe construction of Piegan Post at the mouth of the\nMarias River. Kipp with a bountiful supply of alcohol carried on a prosperous trade with the Indians for\na year and then returned to Fort Union. His fort was\nsoon after burned by the Indians but the next year Fort\nMcKenzie a few miles farther up the river was built\nto take its place. This place long remained the headquarters for American trade with the Blackfeet.\nIn the same year McKenzie established Fort Cass\nat the mouth of the Bighorn as a center for trade with\nthe Crow Indians. Fort McKenzie and Fort Cass\ndominated the Indian trade on the upper Missouri and\nthe Yellowstone for a decade. About 1843 Fort McKenzie was abandoned in favor of Fort Chardon at the\nmouth of the Judith. This location was not favorable\nhowever and the headquarters for the Blackfoot trade\nwas moved up the Missouri about eighteen miles above\nthe present Fort Benton and Fort Lewis erected in the\nnew location. This location did not prove suitable and\nin 1846 Fort Lewis was moved down the river and a\nnew post established which in 1850 was renamed Fort\nm\nrll\nPJ\nI\n 36\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nBenton in honor of the vigorous champion of the fur\ntrade, then United States senator from Missouri. On\nthe Yellowstone, Fort Cass had as tributaries Fort Van\nBuren near the mouth of the Tongue River built in\n1835, Fort Alexander opposite the mouth of the Rosebud built in 1839, and Fort Sarpy about twenty-five\nmiles below Fort Cass, built about 1843.60\nThe Rocky Mountain Fur Company and the companies that grew out of it constituted the most serious\nthreat to the supremacy of the American Fur Company\nin the northwest. The founder, and for some years the\ndominant figure in this concern, was William Henry\nAshley.61 He brought to his service a number of brilliant men without whose efforts and ability the success\nof the new trading company would have been impossible. First of all was Andrew Henry62 of the old Missouri Fur Company. After many misfortunes he was\nto fall upon a rich beaver country only to retire when\nwealth was almost within sight. There was Jedediah\nS. Smith63 who gained his first experience in the employ\nof Ashley and who added much to the world's knowledge of western geography. Among the other distinguished members of this company were Milton and\nWilliam Sublette, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Robert Campbell, Henry Fraeb, and the famous trapper and explorer, James Bridger.64\nAshley planned to begin operations on the upper\nMissouri in the territory that for more than a decade\n60 See ibid.f 309-395 for good sketch of the American Fur Company's operations in the west.\n61 For life of Ashley, see Dale, opus citra, part ii.\n62 Ibid., 63, see also supra.\n63 Ibid.., part iii.\n64 Chittenden, opus citra, i, chapter xv.\nran\n ill\nTHE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n37\nhad been worked by the Missouri Fur Company and\nsmaller concerns. Instead of building posts, however,\nhe thought to get the beaver by sending out parties to\ntrap them. When the trapping season was over all the\ntrappers in Henry's employ and all other trappers\nwhether Indian or white who desired to trade with him\nwould gather at an appointed place known as the rendezvous.65 Thus he was imitating the policy inaugurated in the Northwest by the Northwest Company's\nSnake River brigades. The Northwest Company,\nhowever, had posts instead of the rendezvous.\nAndrew Henry set out for the Yellowstone with the\nfirst expedition in 1822, and the next spring was followed by Ashley with a second party. The hostility\nof the Indians, however, caused both expeditions to end\nin failure.\nDuring the fall of 1823 Thomas Fitzpatrick discovered South Pass an easy entrance into the valley of\nGreen River, a region rich in beaver. Into this country in the spring of 1824 went Henry to begin a trade\nthat was to make many fortunes. Henry soon retired\nleaving Smith, Sublette, and Etienne Provost in charge\nof the expedition. Smith led his party during the\nsummer of 1824 across the mountains to Snake River,\nand from there across to the Clark's Fork of the Columbia. Here he fell in with a band of Iroquois detached\nfrom the brigade under command of Alexander Ross\nfrom whom he obtained all their furs, and accompanied\nthem to Ross's headquarters apparently with the intention of getting some further profits.66 Ross was at the\njunction of Pahsiman Creek and Salmon River in the\n65 Dale, opus citra, 67.\n** Ibid., 97, Ross, opus citra, ii, 127.\nIi\n1\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00C2\u00A5\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nr s *\n.' J\n1\nri\n4 [\"jjjl\n\u00E2\u0082\u00ACli\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2',,\n 38\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nill\npresent state of Idaho, and from there Smith accompanied him over the divide into Ross's Hole then down\nthe Bitter Root to Salish House where he was to meet\nPeter Skene Ogden who had been given charge of the\nSnake River brigades. The next spring Smith returned to Green River probably in company with Ogden's brigade.\nAnother party under the command of Provost explored the interior and discovered the Great Salt Lake.\nSublette and Smith joined Provost in this neighborhood\nsome time during the summer of 1825 and succeeded\nin getting a number of Ogden's men to desert and bring\nwith them a quantity of furs.67\nIn the summer of 1825 Ashley arrived at Green River to conduct his first great rendezvous. He had come\nup the Platte River to its forks, then followed the South\nPlatte far into Colorado, then going northwest had\ncrossed the divide by Bridger's Pass.68 So successful\nhad been Ashley's trappers and so large had been the\ntrade with Indians and free trappers that after this\nsummer's trade Ashley was enabled to retire a rich\n69\nman.\nAshley was succeeded by the firm of Smith, Jackson,\nand Sublette. The company still had a virtual monopoly of a rich beaver country save for the occasional\nvisits of a Hudson's Bay Company brigade, but the new\nleaders resolved to expand their business west of Great\nSalt Lake and possibly to find an outlet to the Pacific.\n67 T. C. Elliott states this from John Work's Journal in his Peter Skene\nOgden, Fur Trader, Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, xi, 20. See also\nDale, 107. Chittenden states the value of these furs was from seventy to\ntwo hundred thousand dollars, i, 277.\n68 Dale, opus citra, 116, 123-133.\n69 Ibid., 168 n.\nm\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n39\nSmith led the first expedition westward starting in\nAugust, 1826. He traveled in a southwestward direction until he struck the line of the later Santa Fe Railroad which he followed into California. He found\nfew furs but encountered many hardships. He left\nmost of his men in California and returned to the rendezvous in the summer of 1827. He remained there\nonly a month and started back to California with a\nforce of nineteen men. He arrived there short of provisions and found his men in a like condition with himself. The Spaniards were suspicious and anxious to\nget the Americans out of the country. Smith signed an\nagreement to leave the country and was allowed to purchase supplies. He started east during the winter by\na new route and in April, 1828, found his road blocked\nby high mountains.70\nSmith then turned towards the northwest and after\nreaching the coast followed it northward. The road\nwas difficult but the Indians gave no cause for alarm.\nAs the party approached the Willamette valley on the\nthirteenth of July it met the Umpqua Indians who also\nseemed friendly. The next morning, however, the Indians attacked the Americans and killed all except\nSmith and two others, who escaped to Fort Vancouver.\nMcLoughlin at once sent an expedition to punish the\nIndians and recover the stolen property. Much of it\nwas retaken and McLoughlin paid Smith about twenty\nthousand dollars for his furs.71\n70 Ibid., 237 n.\n71 Chittenden, opus citra, i, 286. \"August W. Smith an American left\n3 California with three hundred and fifteen mules. In July party\ndestroyed at Umpqua. Mr. McLeod sent party to retake property. Move\nunpopular.\" Journal of John Stuart at Rocky Mountain House, July 15,\n1829. This surely refers to J. S. Smith.\n 40\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nSmith spent the winter at Fort Vancouver as the\nguest of McLoughlin and the next spring went with a\nHudson's Bay brigade up the Columbia and across to\nSalish House from where he returned to the rendezvous.72 He found his partners had not been successful\nin their hunts. The winter had been very severe; many\nmen were lost, and the Indians would not furnish supplies, owing, it was suspected, to the influence of Ogden.\nIt appears that Smith, in return for the help he had\nreceived from McLoughlin, had promised to abandon\nthe Snake River country. He accordingly induced his\npartners to cross the mountains into the old beaver\ncountry around the Yellowstone and Madison Rivers.\nHere they encountered once more their old enemies the\nBlackfeet, and they met also a more determined enemy\nin the American Fur Company. The rendezvous of\n1830 on the Wind River was the last conducted by\nSmith, Sublette, and Bridger, but it brought large\nprofits.\nAfter this rendezvous, Smith, Jackson, and Sublette\nsold their business to a group of younger men who continued the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. The most\nimportant members of this group were Milton Sublette,\nThomas Fitzpatrick, James Bridger, and Henry Fraeb.\nThese men started a vigorous trade with all the Indians\nof the Rocky Mountain Northwest. The American\nFur Company was determined to share this trade and\nsent parties to follow its competitors. The next two\nyears were full of rivalry between these two concerns.\nIn 1831 American Fur Company traders followed\nFraeb and Fitzpatrick who were trading in the Powder\nRiver country. These two latter, however, ran away\n72 Dale, opus citra, 2jy, n.\nwarn\nm\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n41\nfrom their rivals and spent the winter trading with the\nIndians west of the divide. Work possibly had this\nparty in mind in his entry of December 16, 1831. The\nAmerican Fur Company traders continued to follow\nand the Rocky Mountain traders sought to escape. The\nlatter traveled over the country drained by the headwaters of the Snake River and into Pierre's Hole but\nthe American Fur Company brigade was always by\ntheir side. The rendezvous for 1832 was at Pierre's\nHole. Here were gathered the bands of the Rocky\nMountain Fur Company and a party of the American\nFur Company, besides a number of free trappers. Here\ncame also Nathaniel Wyeth from Boston and Captain\nBonneville. Among those present at this rendezvous\nwere doubtless some of the Americans whom John\nWork mentions as invading his country.\nThe Rocky Mountain Fur Company was putting up\na losing battle with its great rival. It could not stand\nthe fierce competition and in 1834 held its last great\nrendezvous. Shortly after this Fitzpatrick, Sublette,\nand Bridger entered the service of the American Fur\nCompany which thenceforth dominated the fur trade\nthroughout all the Northwest east of the continental\ndivide.\nThe region now known as Montana and Idaho early\nbecame the battle ground of the rival British and\nAmerican fur traders. The fall of Astoria and the\nfailure of the Pacific Fur Company merely delayed the\nstruggle until the Americans could creep up upon the\nBritish by way of the Missouri or over the Oregon\nTrail. Since the British had established their trade\nin this country after the War of 1812, they sought only\nto maintain their monopoly while the Americans were\nI\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n 42\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n/\nthe aggressors. Ross states the situation with precision\nas follows:\nOur southern and more enterprising neighbors have not lost sight\nof the advantages offered them, but continue year after year advancing with hasty strides, scouring the country and carrying off the\ncream of the trade; and if we do not speedily bestir ourselves the\nYankee will reap all the advantages of our discoveries.73\nThe methods of competition were unscrupulous and\nfrequently violent. Alcohol was used in large quantities to seduce the Indian to sell his furs. Astor had\nforbidden the Pacific Fur Company traders to sell or\ngive intoxicating drink to the Indians7* but it is doubtful if they obeyed his orders. The Northwest Company early found that the liberal use of rum was effective with the Indians and their traders used it unsparingly when there were competitors near their field.75\nThe Hudson's Bay Company forbade the use of alcohol\nin the Indian trade but apparently there was no expectation that these orders would be obeyed. When competition arose there was no hesitancy in resorting to\nalcohol to hold or win the Indians.76\n73 Fur Hunters, ii, 143.\njj'* Ibid., i, 15.\n75 John Dunn, a Hudson's Bay Company trader and hostile to the Northwest Company, declared that this Company ruined the Indian with spirits.\nThe Oregon Territory and the British North American Fur Trade, Philadelphia, 1845, 28. Morice, opus citra, 113, declares that the Northwest Company introduced rum into the Northwest.\n76 In 1831 the Hudson's Bay Company forbade the sale of rum to the\nIndians. Ibid., 114. This of course did not prevent the gift of rum. Governor Simpson testified before a committee of the House of Commons in\n1857 tna* rum was never sold to the Indians except some on the frontier.\nHe admitted that use of spirits was great during the fight with the Americans. Great Britain, House of Commons, Report of Committee on Hudson's\nBay Company, 31 July, 1857, 58-61. At the same hearing John McLoughlin\ntestified that the Americans restricted the use of alcohol and that the Hudson's Bay Company used it excessively. Ibid., 284. I cannot learn whether\n*\nmm\n m\nTHE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n43\nThe United States Government from time to time\nissued stringent prohibitions against the sale of rum to\nthe Indians. It was to check the evil of alcohol among\nthe Indians that it maintained the system of licenses,\nand those who were caught debauching the natives\nwere generally deprived of their right to trade.77 In\nspite of all the efforts of the government, however,\ngreat quantities of liquor were smuggled into the Indian country.78 These free traders and even the American Fur Company justified its use on the ground that\nit was used by the Hudson's Bay Company.\nThe fur traders all knew the demoralizing effect of\nalcohol upon the Indian. Every day of drunkenness\nrobbed him of a day's hunt and made him less efficient\nwhen in the woods. The use of alcohol was most extensive in the third and fourth decade of the century.\nIt so seriously affected the Indian trade that the fur\ncompanies came to depend more and more upon white\ntrappers or upon Indians trapping under the direction\nof white leaders.79\nThere are many instances of sharp practices recorded\nin the Indian trade. In 1822 a body of Americans\ninduced a number of Iroquois to desert the Hudson's\nor not this was Dr. John McLoughlin but the testimony appears to be in\nagreement with his feeling. Great Britain, House of Commons, Report from\nSelect Committee on Aborigines, 1837, te^s much of use of liquor in securing\nIndian trade.\n77 Chittenden, opus citra, chapter iv.\n78McLean, a Hudson's Bay trader, wrote: \"In the course of the winter\n(1822) a Yankee adventurer opened a 'grog' shop within a short distance\nof the depot.\" When an Indian, who had been equipped by McLean, returned\nin March with his hunt he began trading his furs for \"grog.\" McLean then\nseized the furs, and paid the balance due the Indian in rum. Twenty-five\nYears Service in Hudson's Bay Company, London, 1849, i, 61, 62.\n79 Great Britain, House of Commons, Report from Select Committee on\nHudson's Bay Company, 1857.\nM,\n\u00C2\u00ABti\nm;\nII\ni;I\nMWBH\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n 44\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nBay Company's brigade and work for them. Ross\nrecounts how in 1823 ne allowed a party of Iroquois to\nhunt by themselves. After a time they returned \"trap-\nless and beaverless; naked and destitute of almost everything ; and in debt to the American trappers for having\nconveyed them to the Trois Tetons.\" Old Pierre, their\nleader, told of two months of successful trapping when\nthe Snakes stole everything. The Iroquois fell in with\nsome Americans whom they promised forty dollars\nto escort them to the main party. The Americans'\nstory did not fully agree with Old Pierre's and Ross\nlearned that the former had already obtained more than\na hundred beaver skins from the Iroquois. Ross finally\ncame to believe his Indians had not been robbed but\nwhile hunting had fallen in with the Americans who\nsucceeded in seducing them \"to their side under the\npretext of giving them five dollars for every beaver skin\nthey might deliver at the Yellowstone River where the\nAmericans had a trading post, that with the view of\nprofit by this contemplated speculation, they had left\ntheir furs en cache with those of the American party\nwhere they had been hunting, and had come back, not\nwith the intention of remaining with us, but rather . . .\nto get what they could from us, and then to seduce their\ncomrades to desert in a body with their furs to the\nAmericans.\"80\nThe Hudson's Bay people showed no higher standards of conduct than did the Americans. In a letter\nwritten in 1839 is an account of an effort to capture a\n80 Ross, Fur Hunters, ii, 129. This was Jedediah Smith, the most devout\nand religious of all the fur traders. Dale, opus citra, 96, puts a somewhat\nbetter light on Smith's actions.\n '1M\nim\nTHE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n4S\nBritish subject who was trading for the Americans\namong \"our Piegans.\"81\nMcLoughlin found the most effective way of meeting American competition was by cutting the price of\nmerchandise and paying a high price for furs. He\nclaimed, however, that even after radically changing\nprices he could still make a fair profit, while the Americans were sure to lose.82 McLoughlin, however, sometimes became quite indignant at the efforts of the Americans. Referring probably to Nathaniel Wyeth or\nCaptain Bonneville, he wrote in 1833; \"But it is galling\nto think that a bankrupt Yankee unacquainted with the\nbusiness should have been able to oblige us to pay so\ndear.\"83\nBonneville soon gave up the fur trade and returned\nto the army. Wyeth who built Fort Hall in 1832 found\nhimself fighting a powerful and relentless monopoly.\nMcLoughlin not only cut prices so as to deprive Wyeth\nof all chance of profit, but he built a post just west of\nFort Hall and notified all the Indians that if they traded with the Americans he would not trade with them.\nAs a result Wyeth was soon compelled to sell out to the\nHudson's Bay Company8* and return to Boston.\n81 John Rowand Edmonton, January 5, 1839, in Letters of Donald Ross,\nin Canadian Archives.\n82 \"I broke up the American party in the Snake country and I did this\nsimply by underselling them and showing them we could afford to sell the\ntrappers at European servants' prices and give them ten per made beaver\nand clear handsomely by them.\" McLoughlin, Fort Vancouver, February\nx, 1830, in McLeod, Journals, 123.\n83 Fort Vancouver, March 1, 1833, ibid., 173.\n84 Dunn says that Wyeth \"tried a fur trading speculation and failed, from\nwant of skill, or capital, or liberality of dealing. The company purchased\nthis post from him on liberal terms, almost a gratuity.\" Opus citra, 222.\nml\nM\nmi\nII\ni\n1.\nIf\n1\n 46\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n1\nIn the Flathead country vigorous measures were\nadopted to overcome American aggressiveness. John\nWork in 1826 hurried three boats loaded with merchandise up the river to the Flatheads when he heard that\nAmericans were approaching. Some time before this\nDease had recommended that Kootenai Post be abandoned. The American peril, however, led him to reconsider this plan and he urged that both the post and\nthe Flathead post be strengthened.85 This recommendation was followed although the Flathead post was\nmoved farther east to ward off the Americans.86 A few\nyears later it was moved again to Post Creek near the\nsite of the present St. Ignatius, Montana, and named\nFort Connah. Construction was started by McArthur\nand completed by Angus McDonald in 1847.87 This\nwas the last Hudson's Bay post to be constructed within\nthe present limits of the United States.\nIn 1833 tne American Fur Company and the Hudson's Bay Company made an agreement defining the\nlimits of each one's activities.88 The next year when the\nRocky Mountain Fur Company came to an end there\nwas a prospect for peace in the fur country. American\nadventurers, however, still made invasions of the lands\nwest of the mountains and forced a liberal treatment of\nIndian and white trappers.*\n89\n85 October 15, 1826, ibid., 73.\n86 John Work to Edward Ermatinger. Flatheads, March 19, 1830.\n87 Bancroft (H. H.) Works, xxviii {Northwest Coast ii), 74. See also,\nAngus McDonald, A Few Items of the West, 1889.\n88 R. Crooks writes, June 26, 1837, that he was considering renewal of\nthis agreement made March 21, 1833. American Fur Company, Letters, no.\n5, in New York Historical Library.\n89 \"The trade . . . is on a more liberal scale than in early days in the\nColumbia, especially in the upper country both with Indians and freemen, in\nconsequence of the number of new adventures now pouring in upon us from\n THE FUR TRADE IN THE NORTHWEST\n47\nAlthough the Hudson's Bay Company was able to\ndrive out American fur traders from the Columbia\nbasin it was to fall before a new American invasion.\nMissionaries came to convert the Indians and they were\nfollowed by large numbers of settlers who proposed to\noccupy the land.90 Their efforts led to destruction of\nthe game and furthered the decline of the fur trade.\nThe treaty of 1846 put an end to the Hudson's Bay\nCompany's control of the fur trade of the Northwest.\nThe beaver of the Northwest were of good quality91\nand the supply was large. The number of pelts grew\nsteadily until in 1837 it amounted to twenty-six thousand\nseven hundred and thirty-five. The total importations\nof beaver from all the Hudson's Bay Company domains\nin 1834 was fifty-seven thousand three hundred and\nninety-three pelts of which about twenty-one thousand\ncame from the Columbia River country.92 After 1837\nthe Hudson's Bay Company's supply of beaver from\nthe Columbia declined until in 1845 it amounted to\nseventeen thousand two hundred and ninety pelts and\nin 1848 to only twelve thousand seven hundred and fif-\nthe American side of the mountains.\" Archibald McDonald to McLoughlin.\nColville, January 25, 1837, McLeod, Journals, 191.\nso \"Xhe traversing of the continent (from Missouri River to Columbia) is\nnow becoming more safe and familiar to our ear every day. I have now St.\nLouis cows and horses at Colville-two or three American clergymen with\ntheir families, and household goods came across last season. . . We must\nnow absolutely make a bold stand on the frontiers.\" Archibald McDonald\nto J. McLeod, Colville, January 25, 1837. Ibid., 191.\n91 \"From the northwest coast there is imported into Boston every year a\nconsiderable collection of furs. The beaver from there is generally dark,\nfine pelted, and good seasoned, at present worth in this market an average of\nabout twenty shillings per pound.\" American Fur Company, Catalogue.\nGeneral Observations as to the Present Value and Prospects for Furs, Lon*\ndon, December 21, 1837.\n92 C M. Lampson to R. Crooks. London, May 13, 1837. American Fur\nCompany Letters.\n1\n if\ni\n48\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nty-six pelts.93 The trade east of the Rockies cannot be\nstated so definitely but in general it followed the rise\nand decline of the trade in the Columbia basin. This\ndecline in production was accompanied by a decreased\ndemand for beaver. Silk hats and hats of nutria had\nsucceeded beaver in public favor.\nThe price of beaver generally advanced from the beginning of the century until about 1840. In 1800\nbeaver were sold at St. Louis at one dollar a pound,\namounting to about one dollar and twenty-five cents for\na pelt. In 1809 the price had increased to two dollars\na pound,94 and rose quickly to four dollars, but due to\nthe War of 1812 soon dropped to two dollars and fifty\ncents where it stayed till 1815.95 Thereafter it rose\nsteadily until in 1834 Kenneth McKenzie paid more\nthan four dollars at Fort Union96 which was considerably below the St. Louis price. After 1840 the price\ndeclined until in 1848 the Hudson's Bay Company paid\nonly one dollar at Fort Vancouver for a large skin.97\nThe market rapidly recovered however, and in 1850\nwas about a dollar and fifty cents at Fort Vancouver,\nand in 1851 was two dollars and fifty cents. There was\nhope that the old prices would come back but the great\ndemand for beaver was forever gone.98\nThe Hudson's Bay Company obtained other important furs from the Northwest. In 1835 i* obtained thir-\n1845 and 1848.\n93 American Fur Company, Memorandum.\n94 Auguste Chouteau Collections.\n95 Ibid., Chittenden, opus citra, i, 145 n.\n96 Pierre Chouteau Collections.\n97 James Douglas to F. Tolmie, May 14, 1848. Fort Nisqually Letter\nBook, 52.\n98 \"The price of beaver is gradually on the rise and maintains itself as\nformerly in the market as almost to inspire hopes of a return of better times.\"\nJames Douglas to F. Tolmie, April 21, 1851. Papers re British Columbia in\nCanadian Archives.\n 1\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n79\nFaul and one belonging to P. Satakays. Two others\nwere left below two days ago, which could not come on.\nMonday, September 12. Continued our route five\nhours, eighteen miles N. E. to another small river, want\nof water was the cause of making such a long [short]168\nday's journey.\nTUESDAY,,September 13. Overcast but very warm\nweather.\nContinued our journey six hours, twenty-two miles E.\nto another small river,169 there was no water to encamp\nsooner. Many of the horses fatigued. [Two of the\nsick men again taken very ill; had some severe fits today].170 Some of the Indians visited us in the evening\nand changed horses with the people.\nWednesday, September 14. Cloudy, cold weather.\nProceeded on our journey two and one-half hours,\ncarries very little water in September, enters the Touchet River. From there\nthe party left the Lewis and Clark party's route and followed the upper\nIndian trail nearer the mountains across Garfield County by what is now\nColumbia Center and Peola to the Snake River (Nez Perce river he calls it)\na few miles below the mouth of the Clearwater (he calls it the Salmon).\nCrossing the river the party proceeded up on the north bank of the Clearwater, perhaps crossing to the south side further up, to where the North\nFork comes in on the 24th, and then to the trail leading over the hills to\nWeippe prairie on the 26th. His Camas Plain is the Weippe. From there\nthe road to the Hot Springs is the Lolo Trail with deviations; evidently they\ngot off the trail just as the Lewis and Clark party did when coming across\nin the fall of 1805. This was a route not usually followed by the Hudson's\nBay Company traders in going to the Snake and Missouri River country\nand was strange to Mr. Work.\"\nIf this is the case Work's party journeyed up the Clearwater instead of\nthe Salmon River, crossing the north fork of the Clearwater on September\n24, and proceeded up the south fork for two days when he left the river\nto go to Camas Plains near Weippe, Idaho. From this point Mr. J. \u00C2\u00A3. Rees\ntraces the route to Lolo Pass.-p. c. p.\n168 Should be \"short\" as in Bancroft MS.\n169 Camping on the upper Wenaha in the vicinity of Willow and Owl\nCreeks.-w. s. l.\n170 Bancroft MS.\n~m\n'vW\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0II\n 8o\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\ni\neight miles E. to another small river.171 We were induced to stop earlier than usual on account of the country being burnt and dreading that we could not get\ngrass farther on. Some more Indians visited us and\ntraded a few horses with the people.\nThursday, September 15. Sultry, warm weather.\nMarched seven and one-half hours, twenty-five miles\nN. E. to N. P. River.172 The country along the way was\nburnt and no grass for the horses, which induced us to\nmake such a long day's march, even where we were\nencamped the country has been overrun by fire, and\nvery little grass left for the horses, hungry and fatigued\nas they are. Two of the sick men are very ill.\nFriday, September 16. Moved five or six miles up\nthe river, and crossed it a little below the fork of Snake\nRiver and Salmon River.173 We got two canoes174 from\nthe Indians, yet it was near night when the baggage was\nall across. Some Indians encamped with us. Some\nhorses bought from them, but the people are such fools\nthat they outbid each other and gave double the price\nthey ought for a horse.\nSaturday, September 17. Marched two and one-\nhalf hours, eight miles, up the river175 to above the\nforks where we encamped to allow our horses to feed a\nlittle as they have had very little these last two nights.\nSeveral Indians joined us in the evening.\n171 Camping on the 14th, near the junction of the Wenaha with the Grande\nRounde Rivef.-w. s. l.\n172To Nez Perce or Snake River; the day's march has been down the\nGrande Rounde and crossing this stream. The camp was made on the banks\nof the Snake River some distance about south of the mouth of the Grande\nRounde. -w. S. L.\n173 Mr. Elliott thinks Work should have written \"Clearwater.\"\n174 Bancroft MS. reads \"candes\" or beaver.\n175 That is, up on north bank of the Salmon River to near Wapshilla\nCreek. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 w. s. l. Mr. Elliott thinks this should be Clearwater.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n8l\nSunday, September 18. There being excellent\ngrazing here for the horses we did not move camp in\norder to allow them to feed. Some more Indians\njoined us. They had a religious dance. Some horses\nwere traded from them, and others exchanged. One\nof them made a present of one, and received a present\nto the value in return.\nMonday, September 19. Marched four hours,\ntwelve miles E. N. E. up the river,176 the road in places\nstony, but otherwise good.\nTuesday, September 20. Continued our route up\nthe river three hours, ten miles E. N. E. The road the\nsame as yesterday, some stony spots. We encamped in\nthe evening near the chief Sowities lodge. Some rain\nin the evening.\nWednesday, September 21. Heavy rain in the\nnight and forepart of the day, fine weather afternoon.\nThe unfavorable weather deterred us from moving\ncamp in the morning. Afterwards we did not start on\naccount of the illness of one of Satrouxs little daughters, who is dying. The chief Sauwashen made us a\npresent of a moose for the people to eat.\nTHURSDAY, September 22. Fine weather.\nContinued our route three hours, ten miles E. N. up\nthe river. A good deal of the road very stony, and bad\nfor the horses feet. We were recommended by some\nof the Indians to take the road on the opposite side of\nthe river as there were less stones. They advised us to\nkeep to the N. side as it was shorter and leveller. There\nis all along good grazing for the horses.\nFriday, September 23. Stormy, raw, cold weather\nin the morning, fine afterwards.\n176 Camping on north bank of Salmon east of the big bend south of Deep\nCreek.-w. s. l. Mr. Elliott thinks this should be Clearwater.\nm\nM\n 82\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nProceeded three and three-fourths hours, eleven\nmiles E. N. E. up the river. The country here becomes\nmore hilly, and the hills approaching close to the river\non both sides. Our road the most of the day along the\nbrow of the hill, and was good except a short piece\nwhich was stony in the morning.\nSATURDAY, September 24. Cold in the morning, but\nfine weather afterwards.\nContinued our journey one and one-half hours, five\nmiles up the river to a fork177 which falls in from the\nnorthward, where we encamped with some Indians as\nit would have been too long to go to another good encampment There is plenty of grass for the horses.\nSUNDAY, September 25. Continued our journey\nup the river to where the road leaves the river to strike\ninto the country to Camass Plain.178 The country hilly\nand partially wooded.\nMonday, September 26. Fine weather, but cooler\nin the morning.\nQuitted the river and proceeded across the country\nfive hours, twenty miles E.N.E. to Camass Plains.179\nThe road through a woody country, very hilly in the\nmorning but pretty level afterwards. Found some Indians here. It is a great place for collecting camass.\nTuesday, September 27. Sharp frost in the night,\n177 North fork of Clearwater. - T. c. E.\n178 Along the Lolo Trail. - p. c. p.\n179 These are the North Camas Plains in what is now called the \"Camas\nPrairie country\" between the Salmon and Clearwater. There are many\n\"camas\" plains or prairies in Idaho, the most important being the \"Big\nCamas Prairie,\" and the \"Little Camas Prairie\" in Elmore County, Idaho,\nalong the east branch of the Malade or Big Wood River. There is also a\n\"Little Camas Prairie\" on the south side of the Boise River in Elmore County,\nIdaho, -w. s. l.\nMr. Elliott and Mr. Rees believe this should be north of the Clearwater\nnear Weippe.-p. c .p.\nII\n*\n-=*\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n-\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n83\nand cooler in the morning, fine weather during the day.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nfeed before taking the summits. Some horses were\ntraded from the Indians, and some exchanged. It is\nvery difficult to effect any bargains with them.\nWednesday, September 28. Sharp frost in the\nnight, fine weather afterwards.\nProceeded on our journey five and one-half hours,\neighteen miles n.N.e. to a little plain,180 the greater\npart of the way through very thick woods and difficult\nroad though well frequented.\nThursday, September 29. Frost in the morning,\nfine weather afterwards.\nDid not raise camp owing to one of Satraux children,\na little girl, who has been some time ailing dying this\nmorning.\nFriday, September 30. Fog and frost in the morning, fine weather afterwards. Proceeded on our journey eight hours, twenty-four miles N.N.E. through continual thick woods and up several steep hills,181 and\nencamped in a valley, where there is very little grass\nfor the horses, and very little water.\nFriday, September 30. Began to rain a little before\ndaylight, and rained all day. In the evening a great\ndeal of thunder with very heavy rain and hail.\nRaised camp and moved one and one-half hours, four\nmiles N. N. E. to a little valley182 where there is a little\ngrass for the horses. The country here has been burnt\nand is pretty bare of wood.\n180 Near Weippe camping probably some place to north and east of Pierce\nCity. - j. e. r.\n181 Along Lolo Trail. - j. e. r.\n182Musselshell Creek.-J. e. r.\n fm\n84\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nSaturday, October 1. Began to snow in the night,\nand snowed all day.\nThe bad weather deterred us from raising camp.\nM. Plante lost a colt yesterday.\nSUNDAY, October 2. Some snow in the morning.\nCold weather, the snow thawing. Continued our journey eight and one-half hours, twenty-four miles N.N.\nN. E. over very steep hills and through thick wood, and\nencamped later in the evening in a deep valley183 with\nlittle or no grass and nothing but brambles and briars\nfor our horses to feed upon. We let them loose in the\nnight and expect we will be able to find them in the\nmorning as they cannot travel in the [heat?]. Our\nIndian guide returned for us this morning, we have\nnow fallen on the great road.184 There is a better place\nfor encamping on the hill behind us, but we did not\nknow it. Two horses gave up on the way. The snow\non the hills is about nine inches deep. Both people\nand horses much fatigued, and completely drenched\non arrival at camp. The soft melting snow falling off\nthe trees wet everything.\nMonday, October 3. Fair weather till towards\nevening when it began to snow.\nContinued our journey four and one-half hours, N.\nN.E., seventeen miles over steep hills, through thick\nwoods, and encamped later in the evening in a hill the\nside of which was clear of woods, and where we had\nthe satisfaction of finding a good deal of grass for our\nhorses, though it was covered with snow.185 By daylight all hands were seeking the horses, the most of\n188 Deep Saddle on Weitas Creek, -j. e. r.\n184Lolo Trail.-P. c. p.\n185Bald Mountain.-j. e. r.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n85\nthem were found sooner than expected [some] of them\ncould not be found during the day though the people\nwent in search of them till late, but the one trusted to\nthe other, and I think did not seek effectually for them.\nTuesday, October 4. Snowed thick nearly all day,\nthe snow melting a little.\nDid not raise camp on account of the bad weather,\nand to allow the people to seek the stray horses, they\nwere off in quest of them all day, three of them were\nfound. There are still missing seven. . .\nWednesday, October 5. Snowing most part of the\nday, the snow melting as it falls.\nContinued our route five hours, fifteen miles N.N.E.\nthrough thick woods and over some hills, one very\nsteep, and encamped later in a small swamp with scarcely any grass, and that little covered with snow,186 so that\nthe poor, starving horses could not get at it. Owing to\nthe soft snow falling and the bad weather the people\nand horses much fatigued. A dismal encampment.\nTHURSDAY, October 6. Snowed the most of the day.\nIt was late before the horses were found, and some\nof them not till the evening. We, nevertheless, raised\ncamp and marched four and one-half hours, twelve\nmiles N. N. E. over a hilly country thickly wooded, and\nencamped in the evening on the side of a hill clear of\nwoods, and very little snow with a little grass, and herbage scattered thickly over it.187 Our poor horses will\nbe able to feed a little. A few lodges of the people\nremained behind to seek the stray horses. . . A\nhorse, belonging to G. Paus, died at the encampment.\nSome more horses gave up on the way.\n186 Indian Grave Camp.-j. e.\n187 Indian Post Office. - j. E. R.\n[ii\nR.\n 86\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nII\nFriday, October 7. Snowed thick, and cold weather\nthe most of the day.\nProceeded on our journey five and one-half hours,\nfifteen miles, and encamped where there is a little feeding for the horses on the declivity of a hill where\nthere is a little snow and pretty clear of wood. The\npeople who remained behind came up with the camp.\nThey found all the horses that were astray yesterday,\nbut two cannot be found today. Two of the men, J.\nLouis and J. Rayburn who went back to a station of the\nfirst in quest of the stray horses, but saw nothing of\nthem. The snow on the mountains there is nearly six\nfeet deep,, it was with difficulty they could keep the\ntrack. We have not yet had the snow a foot deep. The\nroad today lay over hills, one of them very steep, and\nthe road embarrassed with fallen wood.\nSaturday, October 8. Fair weather.\nContinued our journey five and one-half hours, fifteen miles over a succession of hills and down a very\nsteep bank to the river188 which we left on the [25]\nSeptember. Here we stopped for the night though we\nare among the woods, and scarcely any grass for the\nhorses, but we apprehend several of the horses would\nnot be able to get to a little station ahead, but we do not\nknow how far. Here we have no snow. . .\nSUNDAY, October 9. Rained in the night and forepart of the day.\nRaised camp, and marched two and one-half hours,\neight miles up a steep, long hill to a small creek189 with\nsome swampy clear ground on its banks where there is\na good deal of good grass for the horses, of which they\n188 Middle fork of the Clearwater. - P. c. P.\n1,89Pack Creek, across the Bitter Root Divide.-j. E. R.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n87\nare in much need. Some of the people remained behind to allow the horses to feed and repose. They said\nthey found a little grass among the hills.\nMonday, October 10. Rained and a little snow fell\nin the night and forepart of the day.\nThe bad weather deterred us from raising camp,\nmoreover, our horses are in much need of feeding. This\nis a good place. Some of the people who were behind\ncame up, some remain behind still.\nTuesday, October n. Very heavy rain all day.\nOn account of the bad weather we did not raise camp.\nThough the horses have a good feeding this continual\nrain is much against them, and a great many of them\nare very lean.\nWednesday, October 12. Continual rain and sleet\nin the night and all day.\nDid not raise camp. The rest of the people who remained behind came up, they are completely drenched.\nThursday, October 13. Overcast, fair weather forepart of the day, rain in the evening.\nRaised camp and proceeded three and one-half hours,\neleven miles N. to a small plain at hot spring on Saloas\nRiver.190 The road today not hilly but very much embarrassed with fallen wood, and fatiguing on the horses.\nThree gave up by the way, and three were lost at the\n190 Le Louis in Bancroft MS. Lolo Hot Springs. From October 2 to\nOctober 13. Work's journal states he marched about one hundred miles to\nLolo Pass. The line of march was probably along the Lolo Trail and varied\nfrom southeast to northeast. October 13 Work states he was thirteen miles\nsouth of Lolo Pass. During this march Work's party probably crossed the\nheadwaters of the Clearwater, the South Fork, Selway Fork, Middle Fork to\nLolo Pass. Local tradition has it that the name Lolo, for many years spelled\nLou Lou, is an Indian pronunciation of Lawrence-the name of a trapper\nand trader who lived during the fifties on this creek. Judge Franklin\nWoody, a pioneer of western Montana, and Duncan MacDonald, a half-\nm\nr 'A\n W\n88\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nA\nencampment and could not be found, and one lost in the\nwood. The people who are ahead killed fourteen\nbeaver.\nFriday, October 14. Light rain in the morning, it\nthen faired a little, but the rain soon came on again and\ncontinued all day.\nRaised camp and marched five and one-half hours,\nfifteen miles N. to a little fork which falls in from the\nwestward.191 The road very hilly and slippery and\nmiry, and exceedingly fatiguing both on the horses and\npeople. Some of the horses gave up on the way owing\nto the bad road and the bad weather. This was a most\nharrassing day both on the men and horses. Some of\nthe people were out hunting, but without success.\nThere are a few chiveraux192 about this plain. Pich-\nette killed a bear.\nbreed, the son of an old Hudson's Bay Company trader and now tribal judge\nof the Salish or Flathead Indian tribe, both declared this is the true origin\nof the word. See Wheeler, Trail of Lewis and Clark, ii, 78.-p. c. p.\nA more plausible explanation is that the present name of the creek and\nmountain pass, \"Lolo,\" is a corruption of the French name Le Louis given\nthe stream and pass by the fur traders in honor of Meriwether Lewis.-\nW. S. L.\nJacob A. Meyers states that this word is the Chinook for the verb pack\nor carry, and that \"Lolo\" Pass simply means \"pack\" pass.\nFrederick J. Long, Dictionary of Chinook Jargon. Lo-Lo=to carry, 9.\nGill, John, Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, Portland, 1909, 14.\nShaw, George C. The Chinook Jargon and How to Use It, Seattle, 1909,\n44.\nPhillip, W. S. The Chinook Book, Seattle, 1913, 108.\nGibbs, George S. A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon, Washington, 1863, 34.\nHibben, T. Lr Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon or Indian Trade Language of the Northwest Coast, Victoria, B.C., 1899, 25\u00C2\u00AB\nHale, Horatio. An International Idiom, a Manual of the Oregon Trade\nLanguage or Chinook Jargon, London, 1890, 54.\n191 Really northeast down Lolo Creek to Grave Creek on the Lewis and\nClark trail.-P. c. p.\n^92 Cheviraux = deer.\n11\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n89\nSaturday, October 15. Overcast, showery weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nrepose a little and feed after the hard day's work yesterday, they are much fatigued. Those that were left\nbehind yesterday were brought up to the camp this\nmorning. Several of the people out hunting. Satoux\nkilled two deer, Gadif one, T. Smith two and Charlie\none sheep.\nSunday, October 16. Clear, fine, sunny weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nfeed as there is pretty good grass here, and as we must\nsoon begin night guard. It was, moreover, necessary\nto dry out things, they are nearly rotten. Some of the\nhorses which were left behind were brought up. A\npart of the people raised camp and moved a short encampment farther on. Some of the people are out\nhunting.\nMonday, October 17. Cloudy, showery weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded three hours, nine miles\nE. N. E.193 to a nice plain where there is a good feeding\nfor the horses. The men ahead killed beaver and one\nelk and [sic] two beaver.\nTuesday, October 18. Cloudy, showery in the afternoon.\nContinued our journey six hours, E. N. E. twelve miles\ndown the river to Bitter Root River,194 the road good.\nHere we commenced night guard on our horses. Some\nof the people were hunting, but with little success.\n193 Down Lolo Creek to the neighborhood of Woodman.\u00E2\u0080\u0094 P. c. p.\n1M Bitter Root River was so called from the \"Spettellum\" (Flathead Indian word for the \"bitter root\" or Lewisa rediviva), an important article of\nIndian food growing in profusion through the Bitter Root valley. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 w. s. l.\nFrom here Work followed the trail of Lewis on his return down the Bitter\nRoot, up Clark's Fork, and the Blackfoot River, -p. c. p.\nm\n1\n !\n9Q\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nWednesday, October 19. Rained in the night and\nall day.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nfeed, since there is fine grass. Three elk and a moose\nwere killed.\nThursday, October 20. Fair weather in the morning, but heavy rain afterward.\nMarched one and one-half hours, seven miles E. N. E.\nacross a fine plain to the river at the entrance of Hell's\nGates.195 - I \u00C2\u00A7 \u00C2\u00A7\nFriday, October 21. Snowed the most of the day.\nThe snow melts as it falls.\nRaised camp and proceeded up the river N. N. E. two\nhours, eight miles to the fork of Blackfoot River.19*\nSaturday, October 22. Overcast in the morning,\nthick snow all day afterward.\nProceeded up the Blackfoot River four and one-half\nhours, fifteen miles N.N. E. and encamped in the\nwoods.197 The road hilly, and in places stony, thick\nwoods all the way, very little grass for the horses at\nnight.\nSunday, October 23. Overcast, mild weather.\nProceeded two hours, eight miles E. across the river\nand a point of woods to Camass Plain,198 a fine feeding\n195 Hell's Gate:-Porte d'enfer of the French fur traders, just east of\nMissoula, Montana. A defile through the dividing ridges of the mountains,\nnoted as being the great war road by which the Piegan and Blackfoot Indians often visited the west side of the Rockies, and the pass by which the\nFlatheads and other tribes crossed over to the Missouri side in quest of\nbuffalo, and the scene of many a bloody contest between these hostile nations.\nIt was the usual and only well known place to the whites for passing the\nmountains in this vicinity. See Ross, Fur Hunters, ii, 12-13.-w. s. L.\nClark's Fork of the Columbia flows through this defile.-P. c. p.\n196 That is mouth of the Blackfoot River.-w. s. L.\n197 Near McNamara's Landing.-H. F. Herman.\n198 Near Potomac-h. f. h. There is a Camas Plain at this place-p. c. p.\n Eifl\n . t\nsK**jB\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0'\"\"T ^<^-:,--V^\ntasr' je\u00C2\u00A3\n- yw^*\n?r\n03\nT3\n1\nw pyg\n* mJ\nH\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0C^ M\u00C2\u00BBS\".5\np* *\n<<\n\nCTQ \u00C2\u00A3\ns^^^mkk^ J^ sj\nBKlft\nBi*l^l Ik\nn> po\nD >\nH^lHI B\n63 CO\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0^kK^ImI ; \u00C2\u00ABL^1\nBjl|iH B#fe^\ncr i\u00E2\u0080\u0094i\nHrl\n^\u00E2\u0096\u00A0l\u00C2\u00AB KjSB K\n1\nAND\nittle-\nJBlBir' |P^ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 II\n^^^sShO^IH ^BpS\n!T3 hh glyfc\n1\nO 2 &mt>mm\u00C2\u00A3M\nIIP*' ^ '9\nc O\nr^^EjjCBrf^m^'iP^ :-:j^^^ Hli^\n3 <\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 4 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2%' jM\nG- 'Jl\nbetw\n11\n<\u00C2\u00BB -JPH\nPIlSiS'lRSHi\n||!HrjMJMMyMM\u00C2\u00A39ij& Hbm-:\n 9%\nW&x&im\n^^\u00E2\u0096\u00A0BBBC-^'^'Jv^'^ -^\u00C2\u00AB^-^^H H\n3\n#S^ttXgr?>?i\nh=m \u00E2\u0096\u00A0! ar-?\n,>^S^>3f^^fiuJDmj\n^^\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00AB^y^iilgg^:^^^^jy ^9fl ^K\n1\ncr\nJ* rstiffilffft^\n!^Hu^\u00C2\u00ABJSjS^M\nImI\nn\nW\nn'i\nET* :lfl\n2^^^*-*?>^? \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\" \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 iJlB\no\nBfe&kH&'W^'.'S^. ' ^'*^3S^ V?'^-'^:- ^^|\nPT\n^*r% -^-^^ \"*\"^y\n|fc r!p^^^ \";./\nt-h\n-\u00C2\u00AB ffKV :.L-1\nPfe X, t:> <&^ '^OTW&f^K ^^B\nKb\nT ^flT*? ^\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0E9\n'i!i^ \u00C2\u00ABl\nU V\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A20' '.: -\nill\n. Ill\n V\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n93\nplace for the horses. The road good. The hail which\nfell yesterday nearly all melted. Late in the evening\nP. Finlay and an Indian arrived from the Flathead\ncamp which they left yesterday on Bitter Root River.\nFrom these people we learn that a large party of Americans are hunting in the grounds which we are going to,\nthat they have hunted during the summer several\nbranches of the Missouri which we intended to visit,\nbesides some other forks.199 A large party are also wintering on Salvos [Salmon] River.200 Three or four\nbeaver were killed.\nMonday, October 24. Raw, cold weather, snow\nshowers, sharp frost in the night.\nMoved camp and marched two and one-half hours,\neight miles N. E. through woods to a plain,201 the road\ngood, good feeding for the horses. One elk, a beaver\nand a bear were killed. The people who arrived yesterday returned. Four of our people, A. Finlay, M.\nFinlay, M. Plante, and A. Plante,202 quit the party and\nreturned with them, contrary to my wish. These men\nare half Indians, and so whimsical that they cannot be\nrelied more upon than Indians. Leaving me thus and\nweakening the party in a dangerous country is rascally\nconduct, they had promised to remain with the party\ntwo years. They are too lazy to keep watch. Beaver\nwere taken.\nTUESDAY, October 25. Frost in the night, raw, cold\nweather and much snow in the middle of the day.\nRaised camp and marched two hours, seven miles N.\n199 See The Fur Trade in the Northwest for account of American fur\ntrade in this region.\n200 Bancroft MS. reads \"Salmon.\"\n201 Near Sunset Hill.-H. f. h.\n202 See p. 64.\ni\n 94\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nacross the river to a small fork208 at a good feeding\nplace for the horses. The people out with their traps,\nsix beaver taken. Payette killed a black-tailed deer\nand Smith two bears.\nWednesday, October 26. Overcast weather, some\nlight snow.\nDid not raise camp in order to make lodge poles, all\nhands busily employed providing themselves with ones.\nSome of the men who slept out last night arrived, one,\nold Bairvent, is still behind. Beaver taken. Kanota\nkilled an elk.\nThursday, October 27. Snowed all day.\nThe unfavorable weather deterred us from raising\ncamp. Two beaver were taken. The snow melted\nearly as it fell. No news yet of Baisvent. . .\nFriday, October 28. Snowed all day, snow melted\nnearly as soon as it fell.\nRaised camp, and proceeded up the river three and\none-half hours, twelve miles E.s. E.20* We missed the\nroad, and passed through a bad part of the woods. Sent\na party of men in quest of Bainvent. They found him\nwhere his traps were set, he was lost, and so bewildered\nthat he did not know where to go. The old F. H. chief,\nLaBent, accompanied by his son, a boy, arrived late in\nthe evening in order to accompany us. He left his\npeople yesterday. Eighteen beaver were taken. Some\nof the people were in quest of elk, only one was killed\nby Sotraux.\nSaturday, October 29. Stormy, cold weather, hail\nand snow showers.\n20s Mouth of Clearwater. - H. F. h.\n204 Should be e. n. e. Camping on Cottonwood Creek. - h. f. h. See note 167\nregarding Work's compass directions.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n95\nMoved one hour, four miles E. s. E. up the river to a\nfork which falls in from the northward.205 Twelve\nbeaver and two otter were taken. Some of the hunters\nwere out and killed two elk. Some marks of the Americans were seen. The Indians had hunted the little\nforks up this far, and probably all above this is hunted\nby Americans, so that nothing is left for us.\nSunday, October 30. Overcast, cold weather.\nProceeded one and one-half hours, six miles E. S. E.\nacross a point to another fork of the river which falls\nin from the N. E.,206 and here, as well as in the other two\nforks there has been a good many beaver, but recently\nhunted by the Americans. Some beaver still remain,\nbut they are shy and difficult to take. This fork passes\nthrough a mountain at no great distance, the head of it\nbeyond the mountain which is in a plain country, is\nsaid to be rich in beaver, but it is in the Blackfoot country and very dangerous, and at this late season frozen,\nso that it could not be traded. The small streams are\nall getting frozen up. The people proceeded up the\nfork with the traps to near the [. . .] lies through a\nnarrow valley thickly wooded with steep hills on each\nside. No marks of Blackfeet are to be seen, but an old\nguide, LaBruh [La Buche] warned the people to be\nparticularly on their guard as that was their road and\ntheir country not far off. Thirteen beaver were taken.\nMonday, October 31. Cloudy, fine weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the people time\nto try what success there might be with the traps, which\nthey set yesterday. The men are off in different direc-\n205 Monteur Creek. -H. f. h. Named after Nicholas Monteur, a Northwest Company clerk, associated with David Thompson and one of the first\nwhite men in the Kootenai River district of Montana.-w. s. l.\n206 A small creek near Ovando. - h. f. h.\nft\n 96\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\ntions visiting the traps and hunting. Before noon\nChampagne, Masson and C. Riendeau arrived with the\nnews that some of their traps had been stolen by the\nBlackfeet and that they suspected J. Cloutier was killed\nas three shots were fired (we heard the shots here) very\nshortly after he passed them, two other men A. Letan-\ndre and Curry who were still farther up the river, it is\nfeared were also killed. Our cannon was fired twice\nto apprise our men who were out of the enemy's approach,207 and a party accompanied by old La Buche\nand Soteau, were immediately sent off but on entering\nthe valley they heard some of our people firing at ducks\nbelow the camp, and imagining that perhaps it was the\nenemy approaching the camp in that direction returned\nwith one of the men (Carney) who had from his swiftness outrun the savages and barely escaped with his life,\nhe relates that he and Letandre were both visiting a\ntrap, had left their horses on the bank and set their arms\nbeside them, when they heard the shots fired at Clou-\ntier, when one proposed to the other to be off, but were\ninstantly fired upon by five or six of the savages from\nthe bank, poor Letandre was wounded but they missed\nCfarney] who crossed the river and escaped to the\nmountains, both were taken so suddenly that they had\nnot time or wanted presence of mind to fly to their arms.\nC[arney] thinks he saw only six Indians. A party of\nfifteen men accompanied by Payette, La Buche and\nSoteau, immediately went off to visit the place and\nfound Cloutier and Letandre both dead, the former\n207 Bancroft MS. here inserts:\nJ. Clantin 6 traps stolen 4 remaining\nJ. Covine 3 do. do. & 1 do.\nF. Letande 3 | I\nC Rondeau x do. do. - P. c. P.\nil\n w\\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n97\nstripped of his clothes, neither of them were scalped or\nmangled, except that wolves or Indian dogs had devoured one of Cloutier's thighs, he seems to have been\nkilled instantly, both of hi9 arms were broken below\nthe shoulders and the balls passed through his breast,\nthe savages were so near that from the size and appearance of the wounds the wadding as well as the balls\nappear to have entered his body. Letandre seems not\nto have died so soon, he received two balls one passed\nthrough his left breast near his heart, and one through\nhis back and belly, besides a knife was dashed into his\nhead at the root of his nose, probably to dispatch him.\nThey did not take his waistcoat or shirt. The party is\nnot supposed to have been more than ten or twelve men\nin all, after committing the murder they seem to have\nmade a most precipitate retreat as they threw away two\nrobes, a pair of leggins, several cords, and two of the\ntraps which they had stolen. They have, however, got\nthree horses, three guns, and horse bags, and ammunition of two men, and traps from Cloutier, Letandre,\nCarney, Cloutier's traps were all on his horse as he had\nnot set any. Champagne [Carney?] apprised Cloutier\nthat his traps had been stolen and advised him to take\ncare of himself, he replied yes take care of yourselves\nand pushed on without stopping and was in a few minutes afterwards killed. The party are supposed to\nhave come from below, they had dogs with them.\nTuesday, November i. Cold, stormy weather.\nDid not raise camp on account of it being All Saint's\nDay which is a great festival with the [Fr.] Canadians.\nBuried the remains of our unfortunates who came to\nsuch an untimely end yesterday by the hands of the\ninhuman, murderous Blackfeet.\nId\n\ \.\n ) mitt\n98\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nWednesday [November] 2. Cloudy, fine weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded three and one-half hours,\nfourteen miles E. s. E. across a point to another fork and\nup it to near the upper end of a narrow defile, through\nwhich this fork here runs,208 which is partially wooded.\nThe people visited their traps, twenty-one beaver were\ntaken. Beaver have been numerous here some time\nago, but it has recently been hunted by the Americans,\nthere are still some bear [beaver] here, but they are\nvery shy and difficult to take. The swamps and small\nrivulets where beaver are to be found are freezing up\nso that the beaver cannot be taken. Kanota's horse was\nshot by his Indian last night.\nThursday [November] 3. Raw, cold weather.\nMarched two and one-fourth hours, nine miles E. s. E.\nup the river and across a point to a small swamp where\nwe encamped, here this fork issues from the mountain\nfrom the northward.209 The people visited the river\nbut no chance of taking any beaver, it has been so recently hunted by the Americans.\nFriday [November] 4. Raw, cold weather, some\nhail showers in the morning.\nMarched three and one-fourth hours, fourteen miles\nE. s. E. to the Little Blackfoot River, where we encamped\non a small point surrounded by hills.210 Some of the\npeople set a few traps. Some buffalo bulls were observed on the hills, a party of the people went after them\nand killed two. The meat is very indifferent, but nevertheless acceptable as provisions are very scarce with\nus.\n208 Tjp Nevada Creek to mouth of Cottonwood Creek, near the present\ntown of Helmville. - h. f. h.\n209 Back to Nevada Creek, -h. f. h.\n210 Near the present Avon.\nI\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n99\nSaturday [November] 5. Overcast, cold weather.\nMarched three hours, twelve miles S. S. E. down the\nriver and across a point to [Flint?] River,211 where we\nencamped, here is good feeding for the horses. A bull\nwas killed but notwithstanding the people had little to\neat; none of the meat was taken.\nSunday .[November] 6. Cloudy, blowing, fresh,\nsome rain in the evening.\nMarched two and one-half hours, eight miles S. S. W.\nup the river212 and some of the people set a few traps,\nlittle signs of beaver. The Americans hunted here in the\nsummer. The people were out hunting but very little\nsuccess. They thought two days ago that bulls would\nbe found everywhere, but they are disappointed.\nMonday [November] 7. Cloudy, fine, mild weather.\nMarched one and one-half hours, six miles S.S.W.\nup the river, and camped on a fork which falls in from\nthe westward,218 here there is excellent feeding for the\nhorses. The people set their traps-one beaver taken.\nThis river was formerly rich, but being frequently\nhunted both by the whites and the Indians, beaver now\nare very scarce in it. The people were out hunting but\nonly a bull and a sheep were killed. Provisions are becoming scarce with us.\n211 Bancroft MS. reads \"Flint.\" The party could not have arrived at\nFlint Creek from the Little Blackfoot in so short a time. Probably Deer\nLodge River, a local name for a part of Clark's Fork as indicated by Work's\nlater travels. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 p. c. p.\nAccording to Angus McDonald the first gold found in Montana was discovered near Flint Creek in 1850. See McDonald's A Few Items of the\nWest. In Washington Historical Society Quarterly, viii, 188-229. - w. s. L.\nThe first real discovery of gold was on Gold Creek about twenty miles\neast. - p. c. p.\n812 Should be 8. s. e. to near Deer Lodge. - P. c. P.\n813 Probably Dempsey Creek. - p. c. P.\n IOO\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nTuesday [November] 8. Overcast, foggy, cold\nweather, rained heavy the forepart of the night and\nafterwards snowed, near half a foot of snow fell.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the people to try\nwhat success they might have with their traps, and that\nthey might endeavor to kill some bulls for food. Several of the people went out hunting.\nWednesday [November] 9. Cloudy, cold weather.\nMarched two and one-fourth hours, eight miles S. S.\nE. up the river to the hot spring.21* The road good\nthrough a fine plain. The men visited their traps\nwhich had been in the water two nights, twenty-one\nbeaver were taken. Notwithstanding, that this quarter has been recently hunted both by the Indians and\nAmericans, there are still some beaver, but having been\nso lately hunted they are very shy, moreover the dams\nand small forks are freezing up so that they cannot be\ntaken. Several of the people were in the mountains\nhunting sheep, and killed five.\nTHURSDAY [November] 10. Raw, cold weather,\nfroze keen in the night.\nMarched two hours, eight miles S. S. E. up the river,\nhere we had to leave it and cross a small hill215 to the\nwaters of the Missouri.216 Several of the people out\nhunting. Numbers of bulls were seen ahead. No\nbeaver taken in the traps which were set yesterday, they\nwere frozen up.\nFriday [November] 11. Raw, cold weather.\nMarched S. S. E. four hours, fifteen miles S.S. E. to a\nai*Warm Springs, Montana.\u00E2\u0080\u0094 p. c P.\n216 Up Clark's Fork and Silver Bow Creek to near Stuart, Montana.\nCrossed over Deer Lodge Pass, now used by the Oregon Short Line.-Jean\nBishop.\n218 One of the small creeks tributary to the Big Hole River. - P. c. P.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\nIOI\nsmall branch of the Missouri.211 This was a fatiguing\nday both to horses and people, but there was no place\nto camp nearer. Several bulls were seen, the people\nkilled some of them, it was difficult to deter them from\nrising them, though it may raise them and be the means\nof raising the buffalo ahead.\nSaturday [November] 12. Weather milder than\nthese days past.\nMarched three hours, eleven miles S.S. E. to the river\nof the Grand Toux218 where it receives the small river\non which we were encamped last night. Some herds of\nbulls were seen feeding on the hills on both sides of the\nroad, the people prevented from going after them and\nthey remained undisturbed. From the appearance of the\ntracks the bulls which were raised yesterday have gone\non ahead and taken some cows that were near this place\nwith them. From a hill numbers of buffalo were seen\nin the plain ahead of us.\nSunday [November] 13. Cloudy, mild weather.\nIt was very cold last night, and the river was driving\nfull of ice this morning, and the small streams are nearly all frozen over.\nMarched ten miles, three hours S. E. across a range of\nhills and down the river on which we were encamped\nyesterday,219 and stopped at the plain where the buffalo\nwere seen yesterday, but the grand band were all gone,\nthere are however a number of bulls remaining and\n217 Head of Divide Creek. - j. b.\n218 Bancroft MS. reads \"Grand Horse.\" Big Hole, or Wisdom River.-\nP. c. P. Called by the French Canadian trappers Le Grand Trou, meaning\n\"big hole,\" from which the valley and the river took its name.-w. s. L.\n219 Ten miles across hills to mouth of Camp Creek on the Big Hole River\nnear Melrose. At the present time the road crosses these hills to avoid a\ncanyon of the Big Hole. This river opens out into a \"plain\" at Melrose.-\nJ. B.\nm\n\m\n 102\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nif\nsome cows among them, whom the people went after\nand killed eight or ten of them, but the most of them\nwere very lean.\nMonday [November] 14. Cloudy, cold weather.\nMarched one and one-half hours, five miles S.E.\ndown the river, and encamped to allow the horses to\nfeed where there is some grass, left by the buffalo.\nAbout this part of the river there were formerly a good\nmany beaver and our guide says there are a few yet but\non account of the coldness and the sides of the river being frozen, they cannot be taken now. Shortly after\nwe encamped, Soteau who had gone to the hills, brought\na large herd of buffalo close by the camp. Several of\nthe people immediately went after them and killed\neight or ten of them.\nTuesday [November] 15. Overcast, cold, stormy\nweather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nfeed of which they are in very great need, for some time\npast the grass has been both scarce and indifferent, and\nthe horses having to be confined at night without eating, they are becoming very poor.\nWednesday [November] 16. Weather as yesterday.\nProceeded on our journey two and one-half hours,\neight miles S.S. E. to a small creek220 which falls into\nthe river which we left this morning. No buffalo to\nbe seen on the road, but some of the men who went to\nthe hills saw plenty ahead.\nTHURSDAY [November] 17. Froze keen in the\nnight; overcast, cold weather during the day.\n220 Five miles below Melrose to a tributary called Birch Creek. From\nBirch Creek the party could see a large part of the Beaverhead valley where\nthere were \"plenty\" of buffalo.-j. B.\ni\n F\u00C2\u00BB *\nII\n(J\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n \m\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n105\nMoved camp and marched three and one-half hours,\nnine miles S. S. E. over sandy hills to an extensive plain\non the Missouri where we encamped a little above the\nBeaverhead,221 here the plains on both sides of the river\nare covered with large herds of buffalo, the most of the\npeople went after them and killed twenty-four cows;\nsome of them very fat. The river here is frozen, a\nsmall channel on which we are encamped is frozen\nover, and though the ground is low there is some snow\nalong the river.\nFriday [November] 18. Overcast, cold weather,\nstormy towards evening.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow our horses to\nfeed, there is good grass here, and to afford the people\ntime to kill more meat and dry it. Several of the people were out hunting and killed fifteen buffalo. Some\nof the men saw three Indians on horseback which they\nsupposed to be Blackfeet, it was too late when the peo-\n221 Nine miles s. s. E. must be s. s. w. Beaverhead:-Beaverhead Rock on\nthe Beaverhead River, below Dillon, an Indian name, used by Lewis and\nClark.-p. c. p. \"August 10, Saturday, 1805. We proceeded on passed a\nremarkable clift point on the star'd side about one hundred and fifty feet\nhigh, this clift the Indians call the Beaver's head, opposite at three hundred\nyards is a low clift of fifty feet which is a spur of the mountain on the\nstar'd about four miles.\" Thwaites, [ed.] Original Journals of Lewis &\nClark, ii, 328.\n\"Near Lovell's, in Beaverhead valley, and in full view of the stage road,\nis Beaverhead Rock. It is this quaint landmark which gives river, valley, and county their name; and as there is very good likeness of it in\nthese pages, readers will unite in saying that the title is appropriately\nbestowed. The rock rises three hundred feet above the river, and is\nso near the perpendicular that a plummet suspended from its summit would\ndrop into the edge of the deep eddy which washes its southern base.\nA short walk up the canyon, bursting from the cliffs by the roadside, is a\ncluster of warm springs. They throw off a strong stream of water, and,\ndropping from a ledge some twenty-five feet above the road, form the pretty\nlittle Twin Falls, which Montana-bound people admire so much.\" Strahorn\n(Robert E.), To the Rockies and Beyond, Omaha, 1879, 17^\u00C2\u00AB\nWW\n \u00C2\u00A3 7 '\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\"\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nio6\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\npie arrived from the buffalo hunt to send to examine\nthe tracks and to ascertain the number of the party.\nWe are here just in the road of the Blackfeet.\nSaturday [November] 19. Blew a storm from the\nsouthward, though the weather is cold the snow thawed\na little. . m\nDid not raise camp, some of the people went after\nbuffalo but with little success, the stormy weather was\nunfavorable for hunting. Our guide Buche, and some\nmen went to examine the Indian tracks which were seen\nyesterday, they compute the party to consist of twenty\nor twenty-three men, they have three horses with them\nand are going down the river, they passed on the opposite side in the night.\nSunday [November] 20. Cold, stormy weather.\nProceeded up the river two and three-fourths hours,\nten miles S. and crossed the river.222 No buffalo to be\nseen at our first station, but near our first encampment\nthere are several herds, the people went after them and\nkilled several. Tracks of Blackfeet are here in the\nsnow.\nMonday [November] 21. Cloudy, cold weather.\nDid not raise camp as we have good feeding for the\nhorses and there are buffalo close by. There is little\nnecessity for our hurrying on as the danger from the\nBlackfeet is the same wherever we can go. F. Payette\nis very ill, and unable to sit on a horse. The people\nwent a-hunting and killed several buffalo.\nTuesday [November] 22. Cloudy, cold weather\nbut milder than these days past.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nfeed and that the people might have time to dry their\n222 Up Beaverhead River to near Dillon. - p. c. p.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n107\nmeat. Some of the people went after buffalo and\nkilled only five.\nWednesday [November] 23. Stormy weather,\nsnowing and drifting forepart of the day.\nThe unfavorable weather deterred us from raising\ncamp as we intended. No buffalo to be seen in our\nneighborhood.\nThursday [November] 24. Cloudy, cold weather\nsome light snow and blowing towards evening.\nDuring the second watch about six o'clock last night\na party of Blackfeet approached the camp and fired\nupon the men who were guarding the horses about fifty\nyards from the lodges, at the same time raising a hideous war yell to frighten the horses which it did and\nthey ran off but were fortunately soon stopped and\nbrought back chiefly by the activity of Champagne who\nwas one of the men on watch. In the meantime the\nIndians continued firing upon the lodges and on our\npeople who turned about to the plains to meet them.\nOur cannon was fired in the direction some of them\nwere supposed to be in, they ceased firing immediately\nand made off. Not knowing the strength of the party\nand the party being occupied securing the horses they\nwere not pursued. Unfortunately J. Desland, one of\nthe men on guard, was dangerously if not mortally\nwounded by the first fire from the savages, the ball\nentered his left breast and came out under his left arm,\none of the ribs and part of the breast bone supposed to\nbe broken, he was one of the men on guard nearest the\nbushes where the villians concealed themselves, he is\nvery ill today and too weak to be moved which deterred\nus from raising camp. On visiting their tracks this\nmorning the party is supposed not to have exceeded\n Mi\nmm\n108\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n): ;|#\ntwenty men. It is to be regretted it was not daylight\nas probably few of the daring scoundrels would have\nescaped. They threw away several cords and other\nthings in their hurry to be off, one of the cords is a\nstrand of a tarred [tanned?] boat line.\nFriday [November] 25. Cloudy, mild weather.\nThe wounded men being too ill to be moved we did\nnot move camp. We have still good grass here for the\nhorses, but having them up at night this cold weather\nand being fourteen or fifteen hours without eating is\nvery hard upon them, yet we can't do otherwise as we\nknow not when a band of Blackfeet may set upon us.\nNo buffalo to be seen.\nSaturday [November] 26. Stormy, cold weather.\nMoved camp and marched three hours S. S.W., ten\nmiles up the river and encamped on a small plain; here\nthe rocks approach close to the river on both sides.*23\nIt is not a good situation but we could not find grass in\na better. A small band of buffalo were seen, and one\nor two of them were killed. The wounded man was\ncarried on men's shoulders on a bed constructed on\npoles, where he lay pretty easy.\nSunday [November] 27. Cloudy, cold weather.\nProceeded up the river two hours, seven miles S. S. W.\nand encamped in a good situation for defence. No\nbuffalo except a chance bull to be seen. The most part\nof yesterday and today's journey there is a little more\nsnow on the ground than below.\nMonday [November] 28. Cold weather.\nDid not raise camp on account of the wounded man,\nhe requires a little repose. No buffalo except a chance\nbull to be seen.\n228 Near Barratt's.-P. c. P.\nIftli\"';\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n109\nTuesday [November] 29. Cloudy, milder weather, than these days past.\nProceeded up the river two and one-half hours, seven miles S. S. W. to the fork of the river.224 Here the main\nriver falls from the eastward and the horse plain fork\ncomes from the S. S. w. We have no wood here but\nwillows, so that notwithstanding the cold weather we\ncannot keep large fires. Large herds of buffalo were\nfound feeding here, the people immediately went in\npursuit of them and killed upwards of twenty. The\nwounded man complains of being ill.\nWednesday [November] 30. Stormy, cold weather,\nsome hail showers in the evening.\nDid not raise camp principally on account of the\nwounded man, and to allow the people to dry the meat\nwhich was killed yesterday. We have good feeding\nhere for the horses. The people went after buffalo, but\nthe dogs had raised them and they could not be come up\nwith. Hardly one is now to be seen.\nThursday, December 1. Stormy, cold weather.\nProceeded three hours, ten miles S. S. W. up the river\nand encamped in a tuft of willows, where we had no\nwood but some small willows and wormwood to warm\nus.226 We have good feeding for the horses, in a fine\nvalley. There is no snow on the ground but the river\nis frozen over. The people went in pursuit of buffalo\nof which there [are] large bands all around us, and\nkilled a few, our horses are very lean, and few of them\nable to catch the buffalo now.\n224 Forks of Beaverhead formed by Horse Prairie Creek and Red Rock\nCreek near Armstead, Montana. Horse Prairie Creek was known to the fur\ntraders by that name.\u00E2\u0080\u0094 P. C. P.\n226 Up Horse Prairie Creek to Shoshone Cove named by Lewis and\nClark.-j. e.r.\n iStJf\nno\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n1\nFriday [December] 2. Again stormy weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people hunting buffalo\nand killed a few.\nSaturday [December] 3. Stormy and very cold all\nday. V.\nDid not raise camp. Notwithstanding the coldness\nof the weather, some of the people went after buffalo,\nbut with little success. Our old guide La Buche accompanied by F. Payette, Longtim, Pichette, Quintall\nand Carney, went up the river on discovery, and observed two Blackfoot Indians passing with four horses,\nthey immediately pursued them, but were not able to\ncome up with them, they have pressed them so hard\nthat they abandoned two of the horses, which our people brought to camp, one of them is known as a Nez\nPerce horse. Soteau observed another party of Blackfeet with seven horses passing along the mountains some\ndistance from the camp, had he given notice in time,\nthey might have been pursued and killed or at least the\nhorses taken from them. These horses are all supposed to have been stolen from the Nez Perce and\nF[lat]heads at Salmon River.\nSunday [December] 4. Cloudy, cold weather.\nFell about three inches of snow in the night.\nSeveral of the people went in quest of buffalo, but\nkilled very few.\nMonday [December] 5. Stormy, cold weather.\nDid not raise camp. Some of the people hunting\nbuffalo, but few were killed. All hands employed\nthemselves cutting grass to give the horses in the night\nwhile tied up, which is great service to them.\nTuesday [December] 6. Cloudy weather, some\nlight snow.\nm\nI\niii\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\nDid not raise camp. The people hunting buffalo.\nWednesday [December] 7. Weather as yesterday.\nSome of the people in pursuit of buffalo, but with\nlittle success. The most of our runners are so weak\nthat they cannot come up with the buffalo. The\nground is so slippery that the horses are afraid.\nThursday [December] 8. Mild weather in the\nmorning but became stormy and very cold afterwards.\nRaised camp and moved up the river three hours,\nnine miles S.W. to a steep rock called \"Cumcarny\"\n[Cumcarney]226-previous to reaching the encampment, a large herd of buffalo were observed close to,\nand the people went after them but killed only two.\nJ. Desland, the wounded man, insisted on going on\nhorseback alone, it is to be feared it will injure him.\nHe is recovering very slowly, and is becoming so peevish tempered that the people who attend him can scarcely bear him. Two Blackfeet with four horses passed\nyesterday.\nFriday [December] 9. Cold, cloudy weather.\nDid not raise camp on account of Souteau supposing\nto have seen some Blackfeet passing with a band of\nhorses, and the people went after them but it turned\nout that the old man was mistaken.\nSaturday [December] 10. Cloudy, still, cold\nweather.\nProceeded two and one-half hours, seven miles S.W.\nup the middle fork227 of the river to near the mountain,\n226 This is a Shoshone Indian name, pronounced Coon-carny, and means\n\"campfire,\" so named on August 16, 1805, because Captain Lewis and Indians\nbuilt camp to cook breakfast. It is at the narrows, near Brenner. - j. e. r.\n227 Bloody Dick Creek, named for Dick Greene, an Englishman with\nwhom it was always, \"bloody this and bloody that.\"-j. e. r.\n 112\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nand encamped at a hummock of woods at a good place\nfor defence.\nSunday [December] n. Cloudy, cold weather, a\nbitter cold night.\nEarly in the morning some Blackfeet were observed\nascending the hill opposite our camp; a party of the\npeople immediately went in pursuit of them and they\nfled and took shelter among thick willows and underwood on the south fork of the river. Our people commenced an attack upon them and continued their fire\ntill late in the evening, when they gave up the attack\ndeeming it too great a risk to go into the wood after\nthem. They conjecture that there were eight or ten\nIndians, they had eight horses with them which they\nstole in the night from F[lat]heads on Salmon River.\nOur people killed three of the horses, and they suppose\nthat two or three of the Indians are badly wounded if\nnot killed, at first they returned a brisk fire on our\npeople, but soon stopped, and lay quiet in their holes,\nit is probable they had little ammunition. They at first\ntalked with our people, and told them that the F[lat]-\nheads were close too, and that the Americans had a fort\non the Missouri about the forks.228 They said they did\nnot care to fight with us and enquired why we fired\nupon them.\nMonday [December] 12. Some snow in the night,\nand light snow and sleet during the day. Some of the\nyoung men visited the place where the Blackfeet took\nrefuge yesterday. From the appearance of the tracks\nand blood on the snow they think two at least of the\n228 Fort Union at mouth of Yellowstone. - J. e. r. See The Fur Trade in\nthe Northwest, pp. 30 to 47, for account of American activities.\nV\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n113\nIndians were killed or very badly wounded, they had\nconcealed themselves in old beaver dams.\nTUESDAY [December] 13. A very stormy night with\nsome light snow; light snow during the day.\nSome Blackfeet passed with horses, but from the\nsnow and drift, how many could not be ascertained.\nTwo men with two horses passed in the morning, some\nof them left a mare which our people found; it is\nknown to belong to the F[lat]heads.\nWednesday [December] 14. Very cold and stormy\nin the night. Moderate in the morning but stormy and\nvery cold afterwards.\nRaised camp and proceeded two hours, seven miles\nS.W. across a point and then up a small fork229 to near\nthe height of land on the way to Salmon 23\u00C2\u00B0 River, where\nwe encamped to be more out of the way of Blackfeet,\nand be enabled to let our horses feed a little. The\nsnow here is more than a foot deep, and in places drifted to two or three feet deep. A herd of some hundreds\nof elk were feeding a little to the one side of our camp;\nsome of the people went in pursuit and killed three of\nthem, they are very lean. For the first time since the\nBlackfeet attacked us we did not tie up our horses.\nTHURSDAY [December] 15. Stormy and very cold\ntowards midday but mild towards evening.\nRaised camp and marched two and three-fourths\nhours, eight miles S.W. over the height of land and\ndown a small fork of Salmon River.231 The snow on\nthe height of land more than two feet deep. The road\n22\u00C2\u00BB Up Trail Creek. - j. e. r.\n230 Salmon River should be Lemhi. - j. e. r.\n281 Over Lemhi Pass down Agency Creek to Lemhi River near Tendoy,\nIdaho.-j. e. r.\n \u00E2\u0096\u00A0;'i ;i\n114\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nmost of the day along the side of a slanting hill was\nslippery and very hard and fatiguing on the horses.\nFriday [December] 16. Overcast, milder weather\nthese three days past.\nContinued our route two and one-half hours, eight\nmiles S.W. down the creek and across a point to Salmon\nRiver. The road, the forepart of the day the same as\nyesterday but the snow diminished as we descended the\nriver where there is very little. Here we came up with\na camp-thirty-eight lodges, F[lat]head Indians, who\nare ascending the river. They inform us that a large\nparty of Americans are encamped at the fork below,232\nthat the Nez Perces with some more Americans have\ngone up another fork of Salmon River.233 There is no\nbuffalo below here, and the people both whites and Indians have been short of food for sometime. Here we\nexpect to find buffalo a little farther up the river. A\nlarge herd of elk were seen in the mountain near our\n232 The height of land at the sources of the Missouri, the Colorado and the\nClark (Pend d'Oreille) and Lewis (Snake) branches of the Columbia was a\nparadise for the early fur hunters. Manuel Lisa and Andrew Henry of the\nMissouri Fur Company had been active in this region and Henry had erected\na small establishment consisting of several log huts, and known as Henry's\npost or fort, on Henry's Fork, one of the sources of the Snake River, in\nJanuary, 1810, a year before the Astor overland party under Mr. Hunt\ntraversed the same section (1810-1811) having as guides Robinson, Renzer,\nand Hobach, three of Henry's former employees at Henry's post. Sublette,\nSmith, and Co. had invaded the region in the twenties and many employees\nof the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, American Fur Company, and many\nindependent traders and trappers were now scattered through the region.\nTheir presence led to the establishment of the great \"'American rendezvous\"\nof the trappers of this district. Alexander Ross in 1824, eight years before our\nauthor's present writing, complains of the Americans in this region.-w. s. l.\nThe Americans were apparently camped at the junction of the Salmon and\nLemhi Rivers. See page 37.\n233 North Fork of the Salmon, as the Nez Perce trail went that way.-\nJ. E. R.\nIf\n Lewis and Clark Trail over Lemhi Pass\nJohn Work's party passed over this trail on December 15, 1831.\nThe trail was remarkable for its steepness, but was much used by\nhunters and traders during the fur trading period.\n1\n1 j\n I\n7\n 7\u00C2\u00ABH\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n117\ncamp this morning. The F[lat] heads killed two\nBlackfeet horse thieves a few days ago.\nSATURDAY [December] 17. Overcast, mild weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow our horses to\nfeed and repose a little.\nSUNDAY [December] 18. Cloudy but rather cold\nweather.\nDid not raise camp. Though some of our people\nare short of food. The Indians are also short of food.\nMonday [December] 19. Sharp frost in the night,\nmild weather during the day.\nRaised camp and proceeded two and one-half\nhours, eight miles S. E. up the river in company with the\nIndians, and encamped on a fine feeding place for the\nhorses.29*\nTuesday [December] 20. Foggy with keen frost\nin the night and forepart of the day.\nDid not raise camp, in order to allow our horses to\nfeed. The most of the Indians moved on ahead, they\nare starving, it being some time since they saw any\nbuffalo.\nWEDNESDAY [December] 21. Weather as yesterday.\nMoved up the river two hours, seven miles S. E. to\nwhere the Indians are encamped,*86 a good feeding\nplace for the horses. A party of seven American trappers arrived from their camp at the forks below in the\nevening.\nThursday [December] 22. Snowed a little in the\nnight, overcast mild weather during the day.\nDid not raise camp. The people traded fifteen\nbeaver from the Americans who went off.\n284 Near mouth of Hayden Creek. - j. B. R.\n286 To Mill Creek. - j. b. r.\nill\n-11\n lllil\nm m\n118\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nFriday, December 23. Stormy, cold weather.\nDid not raise camp on account of one of the Indians\nbeing in a dying state.\nSaturday [December] 24. Stormy, cold weather.\nMoved up the river two and one-half hours, seven\nmiles S. E., and put ashore for the night.236 The Indians killed a few bulls of which they are in much need\nas they are starving.\nSunday [December] 25. Stormy, cold weather.\nBeing Christmas Day we did not raise camp. Owing to our not having fallen in with buffalo lately many\nof the people fared but indifferently having only dry\nmeat, and several of them not much of that.\nMONDAY [December] 26. The weather milder\nthan these days past.\nMoved camp, and proceeded two hours, seven miles\nE.237 to a little fork issuing from the mountains, some\nbuffalo were observed in the morning a good way\nahead, several of the Indians and some of our people\nwent in pursuit. They were all bulls. Several of\nthem were killed, our people killed seven of them.\nSUNDAY [Tuesday] [December] 27. Mild, soft\nweather.\nDid not raise camp. Some of the Indians went in\npursuit of buffalo, and killed a few bulls. Some buffalo supposed to be cows were seen passing over the\nheight of land towards this way in the evening.\nWednesday [December] 28. Mild weather. :\nDid not raise camp. A herd of buffalo were observed in the morning, the Indians and several of our\n236Eight Mile Creek.-j. e. r.\n237Timber Creek, near Leadore, Idaho.-j. e. r.\nfi.r\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n119\npeople went in pursuit and killed a great many of them.\nOur people killed seven.\nThursday [December] 29. Soft, mild weather.\nRaised camp and moved two hours, seven miles S.E.\nalong the foot of the mountains to another small\ncreek.238 There were some buffalo near but were\nraised and went off back. Late in the evening the Indians thought they saw two Blackfeet about the camp.\nFRIDAY [December] 30. Mild, soft weather.\nA few buffalo were to be seen in the morning but\nthey were too far off to go after them; a few Indians\nwent, but killed very few. Some more were seen approaching towards evening. A party of twelve Americans passed in the morning on the way to buffalo. They\nappeared to be very hungry but did not stop, or they\nwould have received [been asked] to eat from [by]\nour people, indeed it was not known that they were so\nshort of food till they were gone.\nSATURDAY [December] 31. Fine, mild weather.\nNearly all the people with the Indians were out\nhunting buffalo, and were successful all having killed\n[ ?]. Our people killed [ ?].\nSunday [January] 1, 1832. Fine, mild weather.\nThis being Sunday, and New Years Day neither our\npeople nor the Indians went in pursuit of buffalo tho'\nlarge herds were to be seen far off. The men and some\nof the principal Indians were treated with a dram and\nsome cakes in the morning, and a small quantity of rum\nhad been brought from the fort for the occasion. One\nof the Americans who passed on Friday returned yesterday evening.\n288Eighteen Mile Creek.-j. e. r.\n 120\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nMONDAY [January] 2. Stormy the after part of the\nday but not cold.\nRaised camp and moved five miles down the river289\nto find better feeding for our horses, and here it is little\nbetter than where we left. Our horses are becoming\nlean since we came so close to the mountains as the grass\ntho' of a good quality so thin that they cannot fill their\nbellies during the day, and don't eat at all during the\nnight. It is apprehended that were we camped on the\nriver in the middle of the valley where there is plenty\nof long grass, and where our horses would be much\nbetter off, that the smoke of the camp would drive off\nthe buffalo to such a distance that we could not get\nthem. So that we must endeavor to kill some provisions, and then feed our horses. Several of the people\nas well as the Indians went in pursuit of buffalo but\nthe cattle being raised while the hunters were still at\ntoo great a distance, and the weather being unfavorable\nvery few were killed, either by the whites or by the\nIndians and the horses fatigued to little purpose tho'\nthey are from their poverty ill able to bear it. Some\nof the people saw a camp of Nez Perces who came\nacross the mountains from another fork of Salmon\nRiver.240 I 1 M\nTuesday [January] 3. Some light snow.\nSome of the people went in pursuit of buffalo. Four\nchiefs of the Nez Perces paid us a visit. Their camp\nof twenty-five to thirty lodges is in the opposite side of\nthe valley,\nWednesday [January] 4. Raw, cold weather part\nof the day.\n289 Canyon Creek. - j. B. R.\n240 Over the Lemhi range by the Eight Mile Trail from Pahsimaroi, a\nShoshone word meaning \"a lone cedar on the bank of a stream.\" - j. e. r.\n(Ill\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n121\nRaised camp and proceeded two hours, seven miles\nN, to a little way in a cut in the mountains to Cum-\nvarny.241 The tracks of a horse and a mule supposed to\nhave been stolen from the Americans by the Blackfeet\npassed through the defile. Some of the young Indians\nwent in pursuit, and would have come up with them\nhad the chief not directed them not to pass a certain\nplace lest they would raise the buffalo.\nThursday [January] 5. Some light snow in the\nmorning; fine weather afterwards.\nProceeded three hours, eleven miles N. up the defile\nand across the height of land to a small fork of the\nMissouri.**2 Here there is excellent feeding for the\nhorses, and very little snow, tho' in the mountains it\nwas more than two feet deep in places.\nFriday [January] 6. Mild, soft weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nfeed, of which they are in much want.\nSaturday [January] 7. Light snow the forepart\nof the day which deterred us from raising camp. The\nhorses have much need of feeding.\nSunday [January] 8. Raw, cold weather after part\nof the day.\nRaised camp and proceeded three hours, ten miles\nN. down the river, here there is good feeding for the\nhorses. Not a buffalo to be seen, though there are the\nmarks of their having been very numerous here not\nlong since. One of my best pack horses was completely disabled by cutting his foot severely with an axe.\nMonday [January] 9. Cloudy, stormy weather,\nsnow in the morning.\n241 Bannack Pass, through which the Gilmore and Pittsburgh railway\npasses. - p. c. p.\n242 Headwaters of Horse Prairie Creek. - P. c P.\n 122\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nContinued our journey two and one-half hours, seven\nmiles N. N. E. down the river to below our encampment\nof the 8 December.243 No buffalo except a few bulls\nto be seen though they have been very numerous along\nhere not long since. Some young men were ahead on\ndiscovery, and report that they saw some buffalo, and\nalso a party of Blackfeet towards the mountains.\nTUESDAY [January] 10. Cold weather in the night\nand morning and mild afterwards.\nProceeded down the river to the Rock244 where we\narrived about noon after two and one-half hours march,\nseven miles. Here some of the young men who were\nahead of the camp met a party of twenty or twenty-five\nBlackfeet. A fire was immediately opened on both\nsides, two of the F[lat] heads were wounded, one in the\nbreast and one in the thumb. On some more of our\nparty coming up, the Blackfeet fled into a thicket of\nwillows; when our people surrounded them, and kept\nup a heavy firing upon them from every side till night,\nbut as is supposed not with much effect as they acknowledge only two or three being wounded. The\npart of the willows where they are, was occupied by a\nparty of F[lat]heads last season, who similarly situated, made a number of huts to hide in. The Indians\npropose keeping a strict watch all night, and keeping\nthem from escaping so that the attack may be renewed\nin the morning. Here we had an opportunity of seeing the Indian mode of fighting.\nWednesday [January] n. Very cold in the night\nand morning.\nThe Indians neglected their watch, and the Blacks' Cumcarny, rather Cooncarny.\n24* Xo Shoshone Cove.-j. e. r.\n7'\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n123\nfeet escaped towards morning. From the tracks three\nof them are supposed to be killed or badly wounded.\nOn examining the place where they were it is a wonder\nsome of them were not killed, the willows were completely lashed with the balls. It is to be regretted the\nIndians did not keep better watch as it would not have\nbeen difficult to have stormed the place, and killed the\nwhole of them. They had some conversation with a\nwoman of their own nation who is with us, and told her\nthat the Americans have a fort at the falls of the Missouri;245 that the Blackfeet have provided themselves\nwith a great quantity of arms and ammunition, and are\nassembling in great force to come, and attack the\nF[lat] heads in the Spring.\nRaised camp, and proceeded down the river two\nhours, six miles to below our camp at the fork.246 Not\na buffalo to be seen though great numbers were here\nyesterday but were raised by the firing yesterday.\nTHURSDAY [January] 12. Stormy, cold weather.\nRaised camp, and proceeded up the main fork two\nand one-half hours, eight miles. Our object is to find\nbuffalo.247 Some bulls were seen, and the Indians report that some cows were seen ahead. We are encamped in a clump of poplar, but very indifferent feeding for the horses. The buffalo have eaten up what\nlittle grass [there] was, short way farther down the\nriver there is good grass.\nFRIDAY [January] 13. | Blew a storm in the night\nand all day.\nDid not raise camp. The unfavorable weather de-\n245 Fort Piegan at mouth of Marias River. - j. e. r.\n246 To mouth of Red Rock Creek, near Armstead. - P. c. P.\n247 Up Red Rock Creek to near Redrock, Montana. - j. e. r.\n 124\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nterred the people from going after buffalo. Some bulls\nwere killed.\nSaturday [January] 14. Stormy and very cold.\nDid not raise camp. Some Indians unknown to the\nchiefs raised the buffalo which are ahead, which will\nprobably be the cause of our returning down the river\nagain.\nSunday [January] 15. Still stormy, cold weather.\nRaised camp and moved down the river to near the\nfork.248 No buffalo to be seen, all hands, whites and\nIndians are short of food.\nMonday [January] 16. Cloudy weather milder\nthese days past.\nRaised camp and proceeded down the river two and\none-half hours, seven miles to near our encampment of\nthe [26]. Not a buffalo to be seen, but the people were\nout hunting in the mountains, and both whites and Indians killed several sheep which is a most seasonable\nsupply as several of the people are short of food.\nTUESDAY [January] 17. Cloudy, cold weather.\nContinued our route down the river, four and one-\nhalf hours, fifteen miles to near our encampment of the\ntwentieth of November.249 There are buffalo along the\nmountains on both sides of the river but at a considerable distance. Some were also seen a short way down\nthe river not so far off.\nWednesday [January] 18. Cloudy, cold weather.\nContinued our route down the river two hours, six\nmiles.250 Immediately on encamping all hands went in\npursuit of buffalo, and returned in the evening loaded\n248 Fork of Red Rock and Horse Prairie Creeks. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 p. c. P.\n249Near Dillon, Montana.-p. c P.\n250 Down to the Beaverhead below Dillon. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 p. c. p.\n\\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n12$\nwith meat, which is very acceptable. Buffalo are very\nnumerous here; they are pushing this way, and supposed to be driven by the Pd Oreilles or Blackfeet.\nOur people killed thirty-seven.\nThursday [January] 19. Mild weather.\nDid not raise camp, the most of the people both Indians and ^whites were hunting buffalo, and killed a\ngreat number. Our people killed thirty-three. A\nyoung man arrived from Pd Oreille251 camp in the\nevening; it is three short days' journey distant.\nFriday [January] 20. Raw, cold weather.\nAll hands again in pursuit of buffalo. Our people\nkilled twenty-seven. In the evening L. Randeau and\nM. Plante arrived from the Pd Oreille camp,252 and\nbrought our letters from the Fort.253\nSaturday [January] 21. Cloudy, cold weather.\nBut few of the people went in pursuit of buffalo as\nthey were too far off. A party of five Americans arrived at our camp from Salmon River, the most of them\nafoot. The Blackfeet have stolen several of their\nhorses.\nSUNDAY [January] 22. Fine, mild weather.\nThis being Sunday we did not raise camp. Some\nlodges of Indians went ahead.\nMonday [January] 23. Rained in the night, stormy\ncold weather.\nRaised camp and marched three hours, ten miles N.\n25i The Pend d'Oreille camp. Evidently in the Bitter Root valley. - p. c. p.\n252 Randeau had been left sick at Walla Walla, September 9. M. Plante\nhad deserted on October 24.-p. c. p.\n253 Probably Flathead House the post on the north bank of Clark's Fork,\nSanders County, Montana, near site of present Northern Pacific Railroad\nstation of Eddy. David Thompson's original Salish House (1809) was\nsome ten miles down river (s. w.) David Thompson, Narrative, 375, 4x8.\nRoss Cox, Columbia River, \, 231. -w. s. l.\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2>\u00E2\u0096\u00A0. f\n 126\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n'\nN.W. to the little river254 where we encamped on the\n[?]. The Indians who were encamped here are a little below us. Buffalo were very numerous here a few\ndays ago; now they are all driven off to the mountains.\nTUESDAY [January] 24. Very cold weather.\nDid not raise camp. Some buffalo in the mountains\nbut none near.\nWednesday [January] 25. Cloudy weather, some\nsnow during the day.\nDid not raise camp. Last night the Blackfeet stole\neleven horses from the Indians, six from the Americans\nwho are with us, including four of old Charley's, a colt\nbelonging to Toupe which was left out of the guard,\nand killed a poor mare which was also left out. They\nleft a gun, a robe, etc., when they took the Indians'\nhorses.\nTHURSDAY [January] 26. Fine weather.\nThe Blackfeet again visited us last night, and stole\nthree horses, belonging to our people, all very lean, one\nof them fell in the river crossing, and was drowned.\nThey also stole another horse from the Indians and one\nfrom the Americans.\nFRIDAY [January] 27. Mild weather, light snow.\nDid not raise camp, and some of the people killed a\nfew buffalo. The Americans went off. These two\ndays several lodges of Indians left us, and went to the\nPd Oreille camp. Finished some letters to send below.\nSATURDAY [January] 28. Cloudy, mild weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded three hours, ten miles\nS.S.W. to a small fork near the mountains.255 A herd\nof buffalo were driven down from the hills, and sev-\n264 Probably Birch Creek. - p. c. P.\n25eProbably Up Birch Creek.-p. c. p.\nSI\nj\t\n If\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n127\neral of them killed by the people and the Indians. Several of the Indians left us, and went to join the Pd\nOreille camp. Only twelve or fifteen lodges remain\nwith us now.\nSunday [January] 29. Cloudy, rather cold weather.\nDid not raise camp, on account of one of the women\nbeing brought to bed and another being sick. No buffalo to be seen near.\nMonday [January] 30. Cloudy, mild, but rather\ncold weather.\nAt break of day this morning we were attacked by a\nparty of at least three hundred Blackfeet, they continued the battle to noon when they retired, and were\npursued by a party of our people but were too numerous to be attacked successfully, and after some sharp\nfiring were allowed to retire [we retired]. They commenced the attack in the morning by a war yell and a\ndischarge of guns, and were promptly met by part of\nour people and the Indians who returned the fire with\neffect which made them retire a little, and take positions in the woods and on the hills overlooking the\ncamp. Some of them were wounded and several killed\nat the offset. Two of our men W. Raymond and Bt.\nGadipre were wounded, one of our Indians was killed\nand two wounded. A brisk fire was kept up on both\nsides to noon, at one time they had surrounded our\ncamp, but kept at a considerable distance. Our cannon\nburst the third discharge, one of the killed was scalped\nby our people, he is supposed to be a chief from the\nefforts they made to recover his body, four or five others\nwere killed, and several wounded, but they succeeded\nin carrying them off. Our loss is a F[lat]head killed\nIB\n w^\n' *vA\n128\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nand three wounded, two whites, W. Raymond wounded\ndangerously, Bt. Gadipre severely but not dangerously,\nand my little W[alla] W[alla] I[n]d[ian] house-keeper dangerously wounded, S. Kanato slightly wounded\nin the foot, and myself slightly in the arm. The\nF[lat]heads have six and us five horses killed and several wounded. Nearly the whole of them were armed\nwith guns, and well supplied with ammunition, as they\nwere enabled to keep up a brisk and continued fire upon\nus for upwards of five hours. The old chief25e had two\nhorses killed under him. They were however repulsed.\nTuesday [January] 31. Snowed most of the day.\nDid not raise camp owing to our wounded people\nand the bad weather. The Blackfeet after leaving us\nyesterday, fell in with four lodges of F[lat]heads coming from the Pd Oreille camp to join us. They abandoned the baggage, and escaped with the horses, the\nBlackfeet [burnt] the property. They had some conversation at a distance, the party were chiefly Blood\nIndians and Big Bellies, the one who was killed at our\ncamp was the chief, he wished the [Piegans]25r to accompany him on this expedition, but the chief refused\nand said he wished to come and make peace with the\nF[lat]heads in the summer, the other replied that he\nwould go with his own party, and wholly destroy the\nwhites and F[lat]heads, and that they would find only\nthe bones to make peace with. He has been disappointed, and his own carcass remains on the ground.\nWednesday [February] 1. Snowed the most of the\nday.\n250 The old Flathead chief, La Bunte.\n267 Bancroft MS. Piegans. - P. c. P.\n\\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n129\nDid not raise camp, owing to the F[lat]heads going\nfor their friends who were pillaged by the B [lack]feet\nyesterday. Some of the B [lack]feet stole six of our\npeople's horses last night which were allowed to pass\nthe guard by the negligence of the men who were on\nwatch. These two days some of the B[lack]feet's dogs\nhave been taken with bundles of shoes, and other articles tied upon them,258 there was some ammunition also.\nTHURSDAY [February] 2. Snowed part of the day.\nDid not raise camp, waiting for the few F[lat]heads\nwho have not yet come up. The W[alla] W[alla] Indian who was wounded died last night. He suffered\ndreadfully for a few hours previous to his decease. The\npoor fellow received the ball in the side, and it took a\ndirection towards the backbone.\nFriday [February] 3. Cloudy, cold weather.\nThe Indians for whom we were waiting arrived in\nthe night. Raised camp and proceeded down the little\nriver two hours, six miles S. E., and encamped at a good\nfeeding place for the horses.259 It was our intention to\ncut across the mountains to Cumcarny, which is the\nshortest road, but there is too much snow, and we took\nour old road. Our wounded people suffer much in\nremoval, such a misfortune situated as we are renders\nus wretched indeed.\nSaturday [February] 4. Very cold in the night,\nsome light snow during the day.\nDid not raise camp. Some of the people went after\nbuffalo, and killed two. The Indians also killed a few.\nSUNDAY [February] 5. Snowed part of the day.\nDid not raise camp. Our horses are feeding pretty\n258 Dogs were frequently made beasts of burden by the Indians.\n262 Down Birch Creek. - p. c. P.\nii\nvt'\n JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nwell here, they are in much need of it, as from the\nsevere cold weather for some time back they are falling\noff very much.\nMonday [February] 6. Snowed in the morning,\nfine weather afterwards.\nMoved camp, and marched two and one-half hours,\nseven miles S. E. to the main river a little above our\ncamp of the twenty-fourth November.2*0 Some herds\nof buffalo were seen along the mountains, the Indians\nand some of the people went in pursuit of them but\nwith little success, as it was too late in the day.\nTuesday [February] 7. Some snow in the morning, fine weather afterwards.\nDid not raise camp. Four Indians started in the\nnight to bring a large herd of buffalo from the mountains down to the level ground, and brought them part\nof the way, but the people from the camp advanced too\nsoon, and they returned to the mountain, very few were\nkilled, indeed the horses both the Ind[ians] and ours\nare living so bare that few of them can catch the buffalo. Our people killed a cow and two bulls.\nWednesday [February] 8. Very cold in the night,\nand severe squall of wind and snow past noon.\nRaised camp and proceeded up the river to above an\nencampment of the [26 November?]. Not a buffalo\nto be seen today, tho' there were several herds yesterday\nalong the mountains.\nThursday [February] 9. Stormy but not cold\nweather, snowed a good deal in the night.\nContinued our route up the river to near the fork.\nHere we expected to find buffalo, but saw none.\n261\n260To Beaverhead River near Dillon, Montana.-p. c. P.\n281 Red Rock and Horse Prairie Creeks.-P. c. P.\n if\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n131\nFriday [February] 10. Overcast weather, snow\nthawing a little.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow a little repose to\na wounded man. Our horses are also in much need of\nfeeding and resting a little. Some of them gave up on\nthe road yesterday. Some of the Indians were up the\nriver on discovery, and report that there are a good\nmany buffalo, but they are a good way off.\nSaturday [February] 11. Stormy, raw weather.\nRaised camp, and proceeded two hours, seven miles\nup the river262 to near our encampment of the [Jan.\n10]. All hands out in pursuit of buffalo. Our people\nkilled nine. Several of the horses were not able to\ncome with them, and several came home lame, it was\nbad ground where they ran them. The buffalo were\non their way descending the river. Had we remained\na day longer below, it would have been of advantage\nas the buffalo would have passed, and gone on ahead\nour road they are now driven back up the river.\nSunday [February] 12. Very cold in the night, and\ncold stormy weather with some snow during the day.\nDid not raise camp. Here we have good feeding\nfor the horses but fuel is scarce.\nMonday [February] 13. Bitter cold weather in the\nnight, and during the day.\nDid not raise camp.\nTuesday [February] 14. Very cold weather, did\nnot raise camp. This intense cold weather is very hard\nupon our horses.\nWednesday [February] 15. Bitter cold weather in\nthe night and all day.\nDid not raise camp. The poor horses ran in among\n262By Horse Prairie Creek to Shoshone Cove.-j. E. R.\nm\n 132\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nthe bushes, and would not venture out even to feed.\nOne was dead in the morning, and two died during the\nday.\nThursday [February] 16. Weather milder than\nthese days past.\nDid not raise camp. Our poor horses fed little today.\nFRIDAY [February] 17. Some snow and blowing in\nthe morning, fine weather afterwards.\nDid not raise camp. Our horses fed well today.\nSome of the people went in quest of buffalo, and killed\nthree. There are considerable numbers in the hills\nhard bye, but the snow in the ravines is very deep, and\ndifficult to cross with horses.\nSATURDAY [February] 18. Thick fog in the morning, fine weather afterwards.\nDid not raise camp. It was arraigned in the morning with the Indians that all hands were to go and surround the buffalo, but the greater part of the Indians\nafterwards raised camp, and went on a piece ahead.\nSeveral of the people went in quest of buffalo but with\nlittle success.\nSUNDAY [February] 19. Foggy in the morning,\nclear, cold weather afterwards.\nRaised camp and proceeded on to where the Indians\nare encamped where we stopped, as had we gone farther we might have raised the buffalo, and it would have\nbeen too late to run them.\nMonday [February] 20. Very cold in the night\nand all day.\nThe cold deterred us from raising camp. The poor\nhorses are freezing.\nTuesday [February] 21. Snowing, blowing, drifting, and very cold all day.\n1}\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 - \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n lalJ\nthe original manuscript journal\n133\nDid not raise camp, we are like to freeze with cold.\nWednesday [February] 22. Clear, very cold\nweather.\nRaised camp and proceeded up the river to a little\nabove our.encampment of 1 December.263 There are\nplenty of buffalo above too but it is too late to go in\nquest of them today. Good feeding for the horses but\nwood is scarce.\nTHURSDAY [February] 23. A most freezing, bitter\ncold night, the weather became overcast, and was pretty mild during the day.\nAll hands whites and Indians went in pursuit of buffalo, and killed several. The horses are so lean and\nfeeble that few of them can easily catch a buffalo. Our\npeople killed seven.\nFriday [February] 24. Cloudy, rather mild weather.\nDid not raise camp. No buffalo are to be seen now.\nSome of the young men went to drive an immense number of them that are not far off this way.\nSaturday [February] 25. Cold, raw weather.\nThe most of the young men who went to bring the\nbuffalo returned, without going the length of them.\nSunday [February] 26. Weather milder than these\ndays past.\nLarge herds of buffalo were seen coming over the\nhills towards our camp towards evening but the noise\nat the camp over the river turned them back. A. Finlay arrived in the evening, he stopped out last night,\nand killed three buffalo.\nMonday [February] 27. Fine weather, the snow\nthawed a good deal on the low ground.\nIf\nm\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 '\nm\n2\u00C2\u00AB3 Bancroft MS. reads \"10.\"\n 1^^^^\n\"- r-~-~ -t^?F\n1 n p\nh IF\u00C2\u00AB| \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 y\n||;\nilfS\nI\nIII\n134\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nSeveral of the men and Indians went after buffalo.\nThe most of our people returned late at night. They\nkilled four buffalo. The Indians, slept out, to push\nthe buffalo this way.\nTuesday [February] 28. Fine mild weather, the\nsnow on the low ground wasting fast.\nA herd of buffalo was observed close to the camp\nearly in the morning, and all hands went in pursuit of\nthem by sunrise, our people killed six, and the Indians\nseveral, a number of horses were not able to come up\nwith them. Some of our people who slept out last\nnight returned; they killed six buffalo-the Indians\nalso returned.\nWednesday [February] 29. Some light snow in\nthe morning. Fine mild weather the snow thawing\nafterwards. Some of the people went in quest of buffalo but with little success.\nThursday [March] 1. Blowing pretty fresh, the\nsnow thawing.\nRaised camp and made up the river to near an encampment of the [?]. Large herds of buffalo were\nfeeding not far from the camp, all hands went in pursuit of them, and killed several. Our people killed\ntwelve.\nFriday [March] 2. Fine weather, snow thawing.\nDid not raise camp. Some of the people went in\npursuit of buffalo, and killed five.\nSaturday [March] 3. Weather as yesterday.\nDid not raise camp. Five young men left for Salmon River. Some of our people went in pursuit of\nbuffalo, and killed three.\nSunday [March] 4. Overcast fine weather, snow\nthawing.\nlil\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0a*\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n135\nDid not raise camp. No buffalo to be seen near.\nThe young men who started for Salmon River yesterday returned, they say there is too much snow in the\nmountains.\nMonday [March] 5. Mild weather.\nRaised camp and moved up the river to near our encampment of [?]. The snow melting a good deal.\nSome of the buffalo were seen. Some of the people\nwent after them, but there was too much snow, and they\ncould not come up with them.\nTuesday [March] 6. Fine weather, snow thawing\nfast in the low ground.\nA herd of buffalo were observed descending the\nmountains. Several of the people went in pursuit of\nthem, but the snow was so deep that very few of them\ncould be killed; people killed only three bulls.\nWednesday [March] 7. Fine weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded up the river26* to near\nour encampment of [Jan. 27]. There still appears a\ngood deal of snow on the mountain but there are three\nor four roads of buffalo, so that we expect to find a track\nround.\nTHURSDAY [March] 8. Cloudy, raw weather, the\nsnow thawed fast in the middle of the day.\nDid not raise camp in order to let our weak horses\nrest before taking the mountain. Numbers of them are\nvery weak, and are giving up short as the encampment\nwas.\nFriday [March] 9. Stormy but thawing part of the\nday.\nRaised camp and crossed the height of land265 to\n264 Up Horse Prairie Creek. - p. c. P.\n265Bannack Pass. Usually mispelled Bannock.-j. e. r.\nm\nk]\n 1\n13\u00C2\u00B0\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Ii!\n1 '\nlli\n1. j m\nm&\\nnear our encampment of 4 Jan[uar]y. Found a good\ndeal of snow at the north side of the hill; it was very\nhard and fatiguing on the first horses. Afterwards we\nfound a well beaten buffalo road. The horses were\nmuch fatigued, and some of them with difficulty\nreached the encampment. This was a hard day on our\npoor wounded man.\nSaturday [March] 10. A violent storm of snow\nin the forepart of the night; fine weather during the\nday.\nRaised camp and proceeded to Salmon River a little\nabove the poplar fork.266 Here there is good feeding\nfor the horses, and no snow except what fell last night.\nSome herds of buffalo were observed towards the\nheight of land, and all hands went in pursuit of them,\nseveral of the horses were not able to catch them as they\nfled into the snow which is very hard. Our people\nkilled only five. The Indians saw some marks of\nBlackfeet in the mountains yesterday.\nSunday [March] 11. Snowed all night, about nine\ninches deep of snow fell, raw cold weather during the\nday. Some of the people went after buffalo today.\nMonday [March] 12. Fine weather, snow thawed\na little in the middle of the day.\nThe people were again in quest of buffalo but with\nlittle success, the most of the horses are now too weak.\nOur men killed four.\nTuesday [March] 13. Raw weather in the morning, snow thawed a little in the middle of the day.\nAll hands were in pursuit of buffalo, but scarcely a\n26\u00C2\u00AB Pork: Texas and Timber Creek, which last is studded with cottonwood\ntrees belonging to the populus genus. - j. e. r.\n\u00E2\u0080\u0094\n Ill\n\M\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL 137\nhorse either of ours or the Indians could come up with\nthem. Our people killed only two.\nWednesday [March] 14. Raw, cold weather, snow\nthawed very little.\nMany of the people were in quest of buffalo today,\nonly one herd was seen in the mountains. It is supposed they are driven across the height of land. Three\nIndians arrived from the N[ez] P[erce] camp at the\nfork of the river.267 The Americans are off some time\nago. No buffalo below. William Raymond, our unfortunate man who was wounded on the 30 Jan[uar]y, died\nthis afternoon. He was reduced to a mere skeleton; he\nhad taken scarcely any nourishment since he was\nwounded. The wound was mortified.\nThursday [March] 15. Cold weather, thawing a\nlittle in the middle of the day.\nDid not raise camp. A herd of buffalo passed in the\nevening, one of them was killed. Some others were\nseen coming from the mountains. It is supposed they\nwere disturbed by Blackfeet.\nFriday [March] 16. Cloudy, thawing.\nRaised camp and proceeded a few miles down the\nriver to below poplar fork, and encamped at a good\nfeeding place for the horses.\nSaturday [March] 17. Cloudy, soft weather.\nDid not raise camp. Last night a party of Blackfeet\nhorse thieves had the audacity to come into the camp,\nnotwithstanding the moon was so clear that it was nearly as clear as day, and stole four of the Indians' horses\nthat were tied at the lodges, two from each end of the\ncamp, they also took the poor horse belonging to our\n267 At Salmon City. - j. e. r.\nfcfiS\ni\nm\nAfali\nI\n1\n JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\npeople that had been turned out of the guard to feed.\nOne belonging to R. Cook [one] to P. B[irnie], and\none L. Riendeau. Two young men of the Indians\npursued them, and came up with them that were behind\nthe rest, whom they attacked and killed after a sharp\nbattle, and brought the scalps to the camp about nine\no'clock in the morning. One of them was wounded in\nthe arm by an arrow. They have found our people's\nmiserable horses, but they were so knocked up that they\ncould not bring them on, moreover they heard the war\ncry of some more of the Blackfeet in the hills, and did\nnot deem it prudent to delay. They consider the party\nof Blackfeet altogether to consist of fifty to sixty men;\nthey had two lodges in the defile.\nSUNDAY [March] 18. Fair weather in the morning,\nbut became stormy with snow and sleet afterwards.\nRaised camp and proceeded ten miles down the river,268 and encamped at a fine feeding place for the\nhorses. It was very unpleasant marching, but the bad\nweather did not set in till we were getting under way.\nMonday [March] 19. Fair weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nfeed. All the Indians but two lodges went on ahead.\nThree Indians arrived from the Pd. Oreille.\nTuesday [March] 20. Fine weather.\nContinued our route ten miles down the river to\nbelow the lower defile to Cumcarny.269 No buffalo to\nbe seen, a large herd of elk were observed on the mountains. Some of the people went in pursuit of them but\nwithout success.\nWednesday [March] 21. Fine weather.\n2\u00C2\u00AB8 Lemhi Pass. - j. E. R.\n269 Agency Creek. Defile of Cum Carney = Lemhi Pass. - P. C P.\n the original manuscript journal\n139\nContinued our journey down the river to a little\nabove the grand camp of the N[ez] P[erce] F[lat]-\nhead Indians.270 In the afternoon after encamping, a\nyouth M. Plante's brother-in-law aged sixteen or seventeen years, ate hemlock root in a mistake; was poisoned,\nand died in a short time. When he was found he was\ntoo far gone for any remedy to be applied. A child of\nJ. S. Loranger's, six weeks old271 who has been sick for\nsome time, also died.\nThursday [March] 22. Fine weather.\nMoved a few miles down the river to near the Indian\ncamp, and in a short time were visited by most of the\nIndians. Our object in coming was to obtain information relative to the route we mean to pursue.\nFriday [March] 23. Cold, stormy weather, some\nlight snow showers.\nDid not raise camp [sic]. Did not raise camp.\nSaturday [March] 24. Raw, cold weather.\nRaised camp and cut across the [part?] nine miles to\nthe principal fork near the rocks,272 and encamped at a\ngood feeding place for the horses. Several of the Indians accompanied us. We are glad to get away from\nthem for the Nez Perces are really an annoyance.\nSunday [March] 25. Did not raise camp. Four\nmen are preparing to descend the river in a canoe to\nhunt this evening to the fort,273 it is expected they will\nmake a good hunt. Several more Indians visited us.\n270 A joint \"winter camp of the Nez Perce and Flathead Indians at the\nLewis and Clark fish weirs on Lemhi River.-j. e. r.\n271 Six weeks old, born during the expedition; pregnant Indian and half-\nbreed women often accompanied their husbands on such expeditions. - w. s. L.\n272 Salmon River at commencement of the gorge six miles south of Salmon\nCity.-j. e. R.\n\u00C2\u00BB* Fort Walla Walla. - p. c. P.\nfr\n/ l<\nI\nM\n JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nMonday [March] 26. Fine weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded eight miles up the\nriver.27* Four men, L. Boisdnt, A. Dumaris, M.\nPlante, and J. Laurin left in a small skin canoe to\ndescend the river, and hunt their way down. It is expected they will make a good hunt as this part of the\nriver is not known to have ever been hunted by whites.\nLewis and Clark passed down this in canoes.275\nTuesday [March] 27. Showery weather.\nProceeded up the river ten miles.276 Some N[ez]\nP[erce] Ind[ians] joined us yesterday evening.\nWednesday [March] 28. Heavy rain the most of\nthe day.\nProceeded seven miles up the river. There are\nplenty of sheep on the mountains. The river is rising\nfast these two days.\nThursday [March] 29. Showery weather.\nContinued our journey ten miles up the river. The\nroad very hilly and fatiguing for the horses. Great\nnumbers of sheep on the hills. The people killed several of them.\nFriday [March] 30. Raw, cold weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nrepose and feed.\nSaturday [March] 31. Raw, cold weather.\nRaised camp and moved up the river eight miles to\n274 Up Salmon River.-p. c. P.\n275 In August, 1805, the Lewis and Clark party traversed much the same\nground as Work from the forks west of Gallatin up the Jefferson to what\nthey termed \"Shoshone Cove\" and across the divide by \"Lewis and Clark\npass\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Lemhi Pass \u00E2\u0080\u0094to the Salmon; thence across to the Bitter Root and\ndown to the vicinity of Missoula and Lolo Pass. See Original Lewis &\nClark Journals, Thwaites ed., vol. 2, and Atlas, map 30, plates i, ii, and iii. -\nw. 8.L.\n278Up Salmon River to near Poison Creek.-J. e. r.\n cr\n2. o\n3 \u00C2\u00B0\nro <\nsa P\np-j os\n^ CT\n>T3 ft\nP\nS 5\n=\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 3\nrc\ns\nre\nire\n3\nera\ncr\ni-j\no\nr>\nc\n\nre\nn\np\nn.\nHi\no\n>-t\n2\n1\u00E2\u0080\u00941\n\n9\nN\nC-\n*d\nP\nfb\n3\n05\no\nrt\nOS\n\u00C2\u00AB1\nn\nP\n3\n3\nO-\nP\nr+\nCO\nc\ncr\ncr\no\ncb\nOS\ncr\n\u00C2\u00BB3\no\nm.\n3\nos\nr\u00C2\u00BB\nCD\nh-1\n3\n3\nO-\nrf\nH\u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n3\nP\n3\n&\nOS\nw\nc|\nCO\n>\nf\no\n52!\na\nH\nX\nw\n>\n!>\no\n2\nW\nPS\nm\n1\n11\n ii\nMi\n Wl\nu\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\nH3\nMcKay's defile.2TT Plenty of sheep on the hills. No\nbuffalo to be seen.\nSUNDAY [April] 1. Cold weather, a heavy hail\nshower in the afternoon. Did not raise camp.\nMonday [April] 2. Fine weather, but cold.\nDid not raise camp. The people out in different directions hunting, some sheep were killed. Some buffalo were seen, but none killed.\nTuesday [April] 3. Fine weather.\nMoved up the river seven miles. Here we have\ngood feeding for the horses; the hills close to the river\nand low ground have been clear of snow for a length\nof time, and vegetation is considerable advanced; the\nyoung grass is a good length. The hills a little farther\nfrom the river are still covered with snow, and along\nthe shores of the river the ice remains a considerable\nthickness. Several of the people out with their traps.\nBut little signs of beaver.\nWednesday [April] 4. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp. Two men A. Finlay, J. Favel\nwere off since yesterday morning examining a small\nriver where it was expected some beaver would be\nfound, but there are none. Some more of the men were\noff visiting some of the small forks but without success.\nA. Longtin took one beaver.\nThursday [April] 5. Fine, warm weather.\nMoved up the river ten miles, and encamped at the\n277 So named from Charles McKay, a son, by an Indian mother, of Alexander McKay of the Astor party who met a tragic end on the destruction of\nthe Tonquin. Charles McKay had accompanied Mr. Ogden to this neighborhood in 1825-6. Washington Historical Society Quarterly, v. 189-191.-\nW.S.L.\nMr. Rees differs on this point and explains it as follows: So called because Thomas McKay wintered on this stream in 1827. Now called the\nPahsimaroi. - p. c P.\nii\n 144\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nil*\nhot spring.278 The men visited several traps which\nthey had set, but found nothing. All hands went in\npursuit of buffalo, and killed eight; they are very lean.\nFriday [April] 6. Fine weather, but cold in the\nnight and mornings-the snow still lies deep in the\nmountains, and it is not long since it went off the low\nground; there are large banks of ice along the shores\nof the river. Here we intended to take into the mountains to the plain where we expected to find some beaver, but cannot on account of the snow so that we must\ngo around.\nDid not raise camp, in order to allow the horses to\nfeed, tho the grass is but indifferent\nSaturday [April] 7. Fine weather.\nContinued our route fifteen miles up a little fork,\nand encamped at what is called the fountain.279 The\npeople went after buffalo, and killed nine; they are\nmostly very lean.\nSunday [April] 8. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nrest, and feed a little after the long day's march they\nmade yesterday. The grass here is very indifferent as\nthe snow has but shortly gone off the ground, and the\nswamp is still frozen. There appears a good deal of\nsnow in the height of land ahead of us. The people\nwent in pursuit of buffalo, and killed four.\nrv Monday [April] 9. Rather cold weather.\nProceeded across the height of land to the fountain\nin Goddin's defile.280 There is a good deal of snow on\n278 East side of Salmon River near Challis. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 j. e. r.\n279 Swamp, called Thousand Springs. See Oregon Historical Society\nQuarterly, xiii, 369.-w. 8. L.\n8*0 Big Lost River in Thousand Spring valley. - j. e. R. The Goodin's\nRiver of Alexander Ross, Fur Hunters, ii, 124-5. Discovered by Thyery\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\nH5\nthe height of land, and the snow has not been long off\nthe ground here; a few buffalo were to be seen at a distance.\nTUESDAY [April] 10. Raw, cold weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the horses to\nfeed and repose. The grass is but indifferent.\nWEDNESDAY [April] 11. Snowed in the night and\nforepart of the day.\nThe unfavorable weather deterred us from raising\ncamp. It was our intention to have struck across the\nmountains to the head of Sukly [Sickly] 281 River but\nthere is too much snow on the mountains so that we will\nbe obliged to go by other road.\nThursday [April] 12. Rather cold, but fine weather.\n(Henry) Godin in 1820, whose name appears as numbers 843, 677, and 576\nrespectively on the lists of employees of the Hudson's Bay Company in North\nAmerica for the years 1821-1824, one of the many Iroquois Indians introduced into the Rocky Mountain district by the Northwesterners and Hudson's\nBay Company traders. J. B. Godin of the line appears in the Northwest\nCompany list of 1804 as a voyageur at Rivere du Sauteux, Masson, Des\nBourgeois, i, 411. Thyery Godin was with Alexander Ross' Snake River\nexpedition in 2824. He afterwards deserted on May 24, 1825, with the\nCanadians and entered the employ of Sublette, and was later murdered on\nthe river which took his name, which he had discovered in 1820. Washington Historical Society Quarterly, xiv, 381. Godin's River rises in Custer\nCounty, Idaho, and, breaking through the mountains to the south opposite\nthe east branch of the Malades (or Little Wood River), by a defile or canyon called \"Godin's defile,\" turns to the northeast and in forty miles is lost\nby sinking in the lava flows of eastern Idaho. The river is now known\nas the Big Lost River. In Washington Irving's Captain Bonneville, chapters\nxv and xvi, mention is made of the Godin's River and defile, and in chapter\nvi, of Antoine Godin, his son, mentioned as an employee of Sublette near\nPierre's Hole. For further reference to Godin see: Victor, River of the\nWest (1870), 129-130; Townsend's Narrative (1839), 114.\u00E2\u0080\u0094 w.8.l.\n281 Sickly River:-Probably over Ryan Pass to North Fork. Sickly River,\nnow known as the Malade or Big Wood River; named the River aux\nMalades by Alexander Ross in 1824 on account of thirty-seven of his party\nbeing there made violently ill from eating \"white\" beaver, unfit for food\nhi\n 146\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nJly\nif\nRaised camp and proceeded down the river282 [ ? ]\nmiles. There were some buffalo here but they have\nfled down the river. Some of the people set a few traps.\nFriday [April] 13. Fine weather.\nContinued our route down the river ] miles.\nSome of the people who went ahead raised the buffalo\nhere, and they have fled farther down the river. Pich-\nette took two beaver. The people killed three bulls.\nSaturday [April] 14. Fine weather.\nContinued our journey down the river nine miles.\nThe most of the people set their traps. There are\nsome signs of beaver. The buffalo are still ahead.\nSunday [April] 15. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp. Fifteen beaver and one otter\nwere taken. There are plenty of buffalo a short way\nahead. The people set some more traps.\nMonday [April] 16. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp. Twelve beaver were taken; the\npeople set some more traps.\nTuesday [April] 17. Fine weather.\nMoved camp a few miles down the river to find better feeding for tjie horses. The people moved down\nthe river with the traps. Fifteen beaver were taken.\nSome of the people who went farther down the river\nsaw some tracks of Blackfeet not very old.\nWednesday [April] 18. Rained in the night, fine\nweather during the day.\nRaised camp and moved three and one-half hours,\neleven miles down the river. We had intended to\nstrike across the mountains from our last station but\nfrom feeding on poisonous plants. See Ross, Fur Hunters of the Far West,\nii, 82-3, 115. -w. S. L.\n282 Down Lost River. - H. f. h.\n 1\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\nH7\nthere is too much snow, and it would be too long to wait\ntill it be practicable. The people out with their traps;\nsix beaver taken. The people raised a large herd of\nbuffalo, and killed fourteen of them.\nThursday [April] 19. Fine warm weather.\nDid not raise camp in order to allow the people time\nto dry the meat that was killed yesterday, and to let\nthe horses feed. The people out with their traps; one\nbeaver taken. Set fire to the plain, and the smoke will\nprobably drive off all the buffalo.\nFriday [April] 20. Fine weather. 0,\nMoved down the river three hours, ten miles E. No\nbuffalo to be seen, the fire yesterday has driven them\nall off. The people out with their traps, but little or\nno appearance of beaver. Some tracks of Blackfeet\nnot very old to be seen.\nSaturday [April] 21. Fine weather.\nMarched three and three-fourths hours, twelve miles\nS. S. E., and encamped at a fine feeding place for the\nhorses. Five men went ahead to hunt a little fork.283\nSUNDAY [April] 22. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp.\nMonday [April] 23. Stormy weather in the afternoon.\nRaised camp and proceeded three and one-half hours,\ntwelve miles S.S. E. Road rocky. We intended to\nstrike across the mountains284 at our last station, but\nthere appeared too much snow, and we have to go\nround. Some Blackfoot Indians were prowling about\nour camp last night. A short way from the camp this\nmorning the tracks of twenty-five or thirty men were\n2s3 Mouth of Antelope Creek. - j. e. r.\n284 Lost River Mountains. - h. f. h.\nMm\ni i\nmm\u00E2\u0080\u0094un\n \"Wf**-\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nseen. They struck down into the rocks. Five Blackfeet were descried immediately afterwards, and pursued but the ground was so stony that they could not\nbe overtaken. They threw away their clothes in their\nhaste. They are a war party returning from the\nSnakes.\nTuesday [April] 24. Stormy weather, heavy showers of rain.\nContinued our route four and one-half hours, sixteen\nmiles S. S. E. along the foot of the mountains285 to river\na Bastin.286 The road in places stony. The men who\nleft on the 21 returned with twenty beaver. Two of\nthem, Gadipre and Rodin, were kept in a hill part of\nthe day yesterday and all night by some Blackfeet. A\nBlackfoot descended from the hills in the evening, and\nattempted to steal a horse but was discovered, unfortunately the horse keeper had not his gun with him or\nhe might have killed him.\nWednesday [April] 25. Overcast, very heavy rain\nin the greater part of the day.\nRaised camp and proceeded three hours, nine miles S.\nto a little river. I All hands proceeded up the river\nwith the traps. There are some signs of beaver but the\nwater is very high so that it is difficult to discover where\nthey are.\nThursday [April] 26. Very heavy rain in the\nnight, some light showers during the day.\nDid not raise camp. The people visited their traps,\nand set more. Five beaver were taken.\nFriday [April] 27. Cloudy, stormy weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people went to visit their\n285 Along the foot of the Lost River Mountains. - P. c. p.\n286 Stream made by high water. - j. e. r.\n m\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n149\ntraps, but one of the men, Toupe, saw the children of\nthe camp playing, and mistook them for Blackfeet, and\nwent off full speed after their men, and stated that the\ncamp was attacked, and all our horses taken. This\nmade the people return before they had visited their\ntraps. Twenty-nine beaver were taken.\nSaturday [April] 28. Stormy, cloudy weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people visited their traps,\nand reset several of them. Fourteen beaver were taken.\nThe people not having put the traps in order yesterday\nwas the cause of so few beaver being taken.\nSUNDAY [April] 29. Cloudy, stormy weather, some\nlight showers.\nDid not raise camp. Twenty-six beaver taken. The\nmen took up their traps, they thought they were too far\noff. Had they left them down another night they\nwould have caught some more beaver. A band of buffalo were seen on the hills in the evening they were\nmarching fast, and were probably raised by Blackfoot\nIndians.\nMonday [April] 30. Cloudy, showery weather,\nblowing fresh.\nRaised camp and proceeded three hours, ten miles\nS. S.W. to the Grand Masky.287 Several of the men\nproceeded ahead, and set the traps in Sulky [Sickly]\nRiver; others examined the Masky, but saw so little\nsigns of beaver that they did not set the traps.\nTuesday [May] 1. Stormy weather, hail and rain\nshowers in the morning.\nRaised camp and proceeded three hours, ten miles\nS.S.W. to Sulky [Sickly] River.288 The most of the\n287 South branch Antelope Creek. - j. e. r.\n288 East Fork little Wood River. - h. f. h.\n JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nmen proceeded, some up and some down the river, and\nset their traps. The appearance of a good many beaver.\nThe traps set yesterday only produced eleven. The\nriver has been lately very high, but the water has fallen\nconsiderably.\nWednesday [May] 2. Stormy weather, showers of\nhail and rain.\nDid not raise camp. The people out with their traps.\nThirty-six beaver taken.\nThursday [May] 3. Stormy, showery weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people visiting their traps,\nand setting more. Twenty-five beaver taken. L.\nQuintalle saw four Blackfeet ascending a hill attempting to approach him as he was setting his traps in a\nsmall fork. They are supposed to be part of a gang\nthat are lurking in the mountains, seeking an opportunity to kill and steal. The tracks of some Snakes289\nare seen about the river near our camp, but none of\nthem venture near us.\nFriday [May] 4. Still stormy, showery weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people out at their traps.\nTwenty-four beaver and two otter taken. No tracks\nof the enemy to be seen, the men keep a good lookout\nas they are afraid of being murdered while visiting\ntheir traps. The river is thickly wooded, thicketty\nand difficult to approach. F. Payette killed two bulls.\nSaturday [May] 5. Stormy and violent shower of\nrain and hail.\nThe people visited and reset their traps. Nineteen\nbeaver and one otter taken. No tracks of the enemy to\nbe seen. The men are becoming less afraid. It is\nsupposed the party in the mountains are but a few in\n289 Shoshone Indians. - j. e. r.\n the original manuscript journal\n151\nnumber probably remaining with some sick or wounded companions.\nSUNDAY [May] 6. Heavy rain and hail in the night,\nstormy, showery during the day.\nDid not raise camp. The people are out at their\ntraps. Thirty beaver taken. No tracks of Blackfeet\nto be seen.\nMonday [May] 7. Stormy, cold weather.\nMoved two miles up the river290 in order to find better feeding for the horses. The men visited their traps.\nSeventeen beaver and one otter taken.\nTuesday [May] 8. Heavy rain the greater part of\nthe day.\nI intended to raise camp and proceed up the river\nbut was deterred by the bad weather. The men out at\ntheir traps. Twelve beaver taken. A party of Nez\nPerces, nine men and two women with thirty to forty\nhorses, arrived in the evening from their own lands on\ntheir way to join some of their people at Salmon River.\nTwo of our men, G. Plante and C. Riendeau, were coming from their traps, and saw these people who they\nmistook for a party of Blackfeet, and were so frightened that they did not attend to the calls and friendly\nsignals of the Indians but fled full speed to the camp,\nand related that the Blackfeet had killed all our people\nwho were up the river with their traps, and had pursued\nthemselves for their lives. All hands were now busily\nemployed tying the horses when the Indians arrived\nand undeceived us.\nWednesday [May] 9. Cold, showery weather.\nDid not raise camp. Owing to the quantity of snow\n290 Little Wood River. Work's plans apparently were to go to the sources\nof the Wood River, then across to the east fork of the Salmon. - p. c. p.\nilfp\n 1 ;l\n152\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nwhich still appears on the mountains, it is apprehended\nwe would not be able to pass, and if we could pass that\nthe small creeks could not yet be hunted; we have therefore deferred crossing the mountains for the present,\nbut intend to proceed a little to the southward where\nwe will find good feeding for our horses, and expect to\nget a few beaver. Perhaps we may find another road\nby Read's River to cross the mountains. The head of\nRead's River291 is not known to have ever been trapped\nby whites, and is said to be rich in beaver. The people visited their traps. Forty beaver and one otter\ntaken. The most of the people up the river took up\ntheir traps.\nThursday [May] 10. Cloudy, cold weather.\n291 Read's River:-South fork of the Boise. This was a very good\nbeaver stream. It was so named after John Read, a clerk in the Pacific\n(Astor) Fur Company, who came overland in 1811, and who accompanied\nAlexander MacKenzie on his Snake River expedition of 1812-3. After the\nfailure of the Astor enterprise he was sent out from Astoria to the mountain\npasses in the Snake River country in the fall of 1813. Here his entire party\nwas murdered and their goods plundered by the Ban-at-tee Indians in the\nlate fall of 1813. Ban-at-tee was meant for the Bannocks. They were\nreally mountain Snakes, or Tuknoika, or Sheep Eaters. See Ross Cox,\nColumbia River, i, 252-7; Franchere's Narrative (1820) 214-16; Ross, Oregon\nSettlers, 276-280; Irving, Astoria (1836) ii, 254-6. These Ban-at-tee Indians were a branch of the Snake Indians, known as the \"Robber of Mountain\" Snakes. See Ross, Fur Hunters, i, 249-250, 257. At p. 278, Oregon\nSettlers, Ross dubs them the \"Dog-rib\" tribe. The stream is referred to by\nRoss as Reid's River, ibid., 91, 98. It is now known as the Boise River.\nBoth MacKenzie and Read had built houses in the vicinity in 18x2-3, Ross,\nOregon Settlers, 278.\nBoise River is called Roussie River in Minutes of Council of 1835. The\nname Boise is variously spelled in early journals and the Hudson's Bay Company fort at the mouth of the river appears as Fort Boisse, Fort Boissi, and\nFort Borssie in the Minutes of Council for 1839, 1840, and 1843. It is said\nthat the stream was given its present name by members of Captain Bonneville's expedition from the exclamations of the Canadian-French members \u00E2\u0080\u0094\nuLes bois, les boisl Voyes les bois\\" \u00E2\u0080\u0094 on account of the luxuriant growth\nof poplars along the stream-a welcome sight to the men who had struggled\nthrough dusty miles of sage brush country. - w. s. L.\nm\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n153\nDid not raise camp; waiting for four men who had\ntheir traps too far off to bring yesterday. Six beaver\ntaken. There are a good many buffalo up the river.\nFRIDAY [May] 11. Cloudy, cold weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded two and one-half hours,\neight miles S. S. w. across a point to a small creek.292\nSome of the people ahead with their traps. Four\nbeaver taken.\nSaturday [May] 12. Continued our route three\nhours, ten miles S. S. W. to another small creek.293 The\npeople visited the traps and setting more. Ten beaver\ntaken. There are a few beaver, but they are shy, and\ndifficult to take. The hunters who were ahead of the\ncamp started eight buffalo which they pursued, but\nwere only able to kill an old bull. In the evening some\nbulls were observed descending from the mountains,\nthey were immediately pursued and three of them were\nkilled. They were very lean which is rather surprising as there has been fine grass about this plain [place?]\nfor a length of time.\nSunday [May] 13. Fine, warm weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people visited their traps\nand set more. Eighteen beaver and | ] otter taken.\nMONDAY [May] 14. Fine, warm weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people visited their traps.\nSeventeen beaver taken.\nTUESDAY [May] 15. Fine, warm weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded three and one-half hours,\ntwelve miles. The people visited their traps. Twenty-nine beaver and three otters taken. The most of the\npeople who were behind took up their traps.\n292 Near Bellevue on Big Wood River. - j. e. r.\n293 Camas Creek. - j. e. r.\n#11\n n\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nWednesday [May] 16. Stormy weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people visited their traps,\nand several were out setting more. Twelve beaver\ntaken. Some of the people went ahead.\nThursday [May] 17. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people took up their traps,\nas we mean to raise camp and proceed across the mountains to Read's River tomorrow. Eleven beaver and\none otter taken, some elk and a black tail deer were\nkilled. .p\nFriday [May] 18. Fine weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded four hours, fourteen\nmiles N. N. w. across the mountains, and encamped on\na small fork which falls into Read's River.294 The road\nfor a mountain pretty good, but in places there were\nbanks of snow and thick woods which were difficult to\npass. From the height of land, the mountains towards\nthe head of Read's River appear still deeply covered\nwith snow, and the country altogether appears very\nmountainous. All hands out with the traps. Three\nbeaver taken.\nSaturday [May] 19. Fine weather, cold in the\nnight.\nContinued our route two hours, seven miles W. N. w.\nto one of the principal forks of Read's River which\nhere runs from NN. E.295 We crossed another fork of a\nsmaller size which falls in from the N. E.296 There is\nanother large fork farther down which falls in from\nthe N.W.29T Part of the way today the road was very\nbad, very stony lying through thick woods. The coun-\n2\u00C2\u00BB*Up Willow Creek*, across the mountains to Trail Creek.-j. e. r.\n295 Little Smoky. Should be s. s. E. - j. e. r.\n296 Big Smoky. - j. e. r.\n297 South fork Boise River. - j. e. r.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n155\ntry is very mountainous, in places thickly wooded, and\nin places destitute of timber. All hands visited the\ntraps. Thirty-six beaver taken besides nineteen\nbrought by seven men who have been absent a few\nnights down the river. The people complain that\nbeaver are very scarce, for a new country which this\nmay be considered to be. The trappers under Mr.\nRoss298 [were here] eight years ago but descended the\nriver immediately, and did not stop to set traps, no other\nwhites are known to have ever passed this way. The\nIndians frequently represent the head of this river as\nbeing very rich in beaver. Our object is to get to them,\nbut from the appearance of the country we will probably have much difficulty. The Indians from whom\nsome information might be obtained are so much afraid\nthat they cannot be prevailed on to approach the camp.\nOne of the men found four of them in the rocks yesterday, but they would not come to the camp. There were\nsome others seen, but they fled on approach of the people. The men are directed to use every means to dispell their apprehensions.\nSunday [May] 20. Thunder, showery weather.\nThe water in the river rising. Did not raise camp.\nSome of the people towards the mountains are desiring\nto find a road to pass. F. Payette found five Snake\nIndians in the mountains, two of whom he prevailed\nupon to accompany him to the camp. From these we\n298 Alexander Ross, a clerk of the original Pacific (Astor) Fur Company\nwho entered the employ of the Northwest and Hudson's Bay Companies, and\nthe author of Adventures of the First Settlers on the Columbia River, and\nFur Hunters of the Far West, both dealing with the early fur trading enterprises in the Columbia River basin. His trading venture into the Snake\nRiver country and western Montana in 1824 *s related in volume ii of the\nlatter book on pp. 87. See also Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, xiv,\nno. 4.-w. s. l.\n JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nlearned that the only pass in the mountains is by the\nfork to the westward. That on the other side of the\nmountain there is an extensive track of plain country\nwell-stocked with beaver. The fork on which we are\nencamped takes its waters in the mountains not far from\nhere, where it is formed by sundry branches. Nine\nbeaver taken.\nMonday [May] 21. Cloudy, fair weather.\nDid not raise camp, in order to allow the people time\nto take up their traps. Nine beaver taken. The two\nSnakes who were brought to the camp yesterday were\nkindly treated, and received little presents, with which\nthey were much pleased. They returned today accompanied by two more men and three women. These also\nreceived little presents. The account they give of the\nroad and beaver accords with that given yesterday.\nThey promise to accompany us, and point out the\npasses in the mountains. We had an alarm of Blackfeet but it turns out to be nothing.\nTuesday [May] 22. Cloudy, fine weather.\nRaised camp and marched one and one-half hours,\nfive miles W. across a point of hills to the western\nfork299 where we encamped to await the Indians who\npromised to join us here.\nWednesday [May] 23. Stormy, rather cold weath-\nDid not raise camp. The Indians not coming to join\nus as they promised I took two of the young men, and\nwent to find them, but they had fled. On returning\nfrom where they had been encamped one of the young\nmen took another road, and found two of them but\ncould not prevail upon them to accompany him, and\n299 South fork of Boise near junction of Big Smoky. - J. E. R.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n157\nhe did not like to use force. I ascended a high peak\nof the mountain to the northward to ascertain the appearance of the country behind. All in that direction\nappears a continuation of rugged mountains covered\nwith snow.300 A little to the westward the country appears lower, and not covered with snow. There appear\ntwo springs in the mountain, at the head of the river.\nTwo men, Kanota and C. Plante, ascended a high peak\nto the westward, the country behind appeared pretty\nbare but still a considerable depth of snow on it. Some\nof the men went up towards the head of the river801\nwith their traps; they found some beaver lodges but\nthey are still frozen up. In this fork and the one behind the current is so strong and the banks and bed of\nthe river so stony and gravelly that the beaver are unable to make proper dams, and lay up a sufficiency of\nprovisions for the winter. They are obliged to cut\nholes through the ice and snow three-fourths feet thick\nto cut wood to feed on in the winter. Some of those\ntaken had the skin nearly worn off their feet, and the\nfur partly worn off their backs, and were so lean from\nthe want and misery they had undergone, that there was\nscarcely a particle of flesh on their bones. Probably,\nin severe seasons the most of them die from want, hence\nbeaver never have been numerous here nor are they\nlikely to increase.\nTHURSDAY [May] 24. Fine weather. |\nDid not raise camp. Four men, A. Finlay, G. Paris,\nC. Plante, and F. Champagne, started in the morning\nto seek a defile to cross the mountains by, and ascertain\nwhat sort of a country is ahead them. They are to re-\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0soo Sawtooth Mountains. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 J. e. r.\n*01 At Ross Fork. - j. e. r.\nft\n i58\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nm\nturn tomorrow. Sent after the Indians today again in\norder to bring one of them to the camp to point out the\nroad, let him be willing or not, but they had fled from\nwhere they were yesterday, and it could not be ascertained where they had gone.\nFriday [May] 25. Showery after part of the day,\nand heavy thunder in the evening.\nThe men who went off yesterday returned, and report\nthat they found a passable road across the mountains but\nthere is still a good deal of snow. On the opposite side\nthere is a pretty extensive valley with a number of small\nrivers issuing from the mountains, which reunite and\nform a pretty large stream in the plain below.302 They\nset their traps last night, and caught each two beaver.\nSaturday [May] 26. Cloudy, cold weather.\nProceeded up the river two and one-half hours, seven miles N. N. W.303 to the entrance of the defile, the road\nrugged and hilly and mostly through thickets of woods,\nthe river is too high to cross or we would find a good\nroad on the opposite bank.\nSunday [May] 27. Heavy rain in the after part\nof the day.\nStarted a little after daylight in the morning, and\ncrossed the mountain five and one-half hours, sixteen\nmiles N. N. E. In ascending the road part of the way\nvery stony and nearly covered up with fallen wood.\nThe snow on the height of land and both sides of it\ncompose about the two-thirds of the days journey, on\ndescending we found part of the way very woody and\nmiry.30* From the badness of the road and the slipper-\n302Salmon River.\u00E2\u0080\u0094p. c. P.\n80s South fork Boise River. - j. e. r.\nso* up Vienna and down Smiley Creeks. - j. e. r.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n159\niness of the snow, and horses sinking in it frequently,\nthis was a fatiguing day both on horses and men. The\nvalley appears of considerable extent, the hills on both\nsides of it partially clothed with pine, the plain below\nis clear of wood, along the banks of the river small\nstunted willows which are of too small a size to promise\nmany beaver. All hands were out setting their traps.\nFrom traces observed it appears the Americans with\nsome F[lat]head Indians passed this way last summer.\nA Nez Perces woman who is now with us was along\nwith them. They did not find many beaver. Thus we\nfind the country which we expected to find new and\nrich is neither, and does not answer the account given\nof it by the Indians.\nMONDAY [May] 28. Heavy rain in the night, showery cold weather during the day. Did not raise camp.\nAll hands visited their traps, and some more were set.\nThirty-three beaver taken.\nTuesday [May] 29. Near a foot deep of snow fell\nduring the night, but the most of it disappeared during\nthe day.\nDid not raise camp. The people visited their traps.\nSixteen beaver and one otter taken.\nWEDNESDAY [May] 30. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp. The people out at their traps.\nSeventeen beaver taken.\nThursday [May] 31. Raw cold weather.\nRaised camp, and proceeded four hours, fifteen miles\nN. N. W. down the river.305 Four beaver and one otter\ntaken. The road good, a fine plain along the river,\nhills partially wooded on both sides.\nFriday [June] 1. Fine weather.\n805 Down Salmon River.-P. c. P.\ny\n i6o\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nlllw\nm\nContinued our route down the river two hours, seven\nmiles W. We now know where we are. It is on the\nhead of the Salmon River. Mr. Ross returned from\nhere nine years ago, and descended the river.306 Some\nof the hunters went a day or two journey farther on.\nSaturday [June] 2. Fine weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded two and three-fourths\nhours, ten miles W. up another fork.307 The valley\nswampy. The river apparently well adapted for beaver yet there is no appearance of any ever having been\nin it. The hills on both sides wooded with fir. The\nprincipal river runs to the north. Twelve men went\nahead to a fork which had some beaver in it when Mr.\nRoss passed here, they are to return tomorrow.\nSUNDAY [June] 3. Fine weather forenoon, a violent\nthunder storm, with a squall of wind and heavy rain\nafternoon.\nDid not raise camp, waiting for the men who went\nahead yesterday. They returned. The Americans\nhunted the fork they went to visit last year. A party\nof Snakes consisting of three men and three women\ncame to our camp, and traded some leather with the\npeople. These are not so frightened as the last ones\nwe saw, they have encamped along side of us, but we\nare able to obtain no satisfactory information from them\neither as to whether any beaver are to be found, or the\npasses where the mountains can be crossed.\nMonday [June] 4. Cloudy, fine weather.\nRaise camp and proceeded two hours, seven miles\n306 Alexander Ross's party, in 1824, came into the Salmon River valley\nhere from the Big Wood River, passing near Galena and descended the\nSalmon River on return home.-J. e. R.\ns\u00C2\u00B07 Up Meadow Creek. - j. e. r.\nI r\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n161\nw. N.W. to along a swamp defile across a little height\nof land to a small creek which runs to the northward.308\nThe country has an excellent appearance for beaver but\nthere are none, the little willows are too small. The\npeople out hunting killed some cariboo. Bear tracks\nare numerous, some which have been killed, as well as\ncariboo ate very lean. A chance track of elk is to be\nseen. The snow has but recently gone off the ground,\nit is boggy, and the grass is just beginning to spring up.\nTuesday [June] 5. Fine weather.\nContinued our route four and one-half hours, fifteen\nmiles W.N.W. along a narrow defile and over a mountain not very high, to Charles Fork.309 The road\nthrough thick woods, some banks of snow to pass and\nin places the ground swampy and boggy. The snow\nhas but very recently gone off the ground, the ground\nis not yet dry. The grass very short.\nWednesday [June] 6. Fine weather.\nContinued our journey three and one-half hours, ten\nmiles W. N. w. Crossed two forks of the river which is\nvery high310-lost some of our things. The road very\nbad the most of the way through thick woods and very\nboggy. Where we are camped on a little plain the\ngrass is barely beginning to spring up. Two beaver\ntaken. The Indians who promised to accompany us\nremained behind. Some of the men, ahead on discovery, fell on a river on the opposite side of the mountain\nwhich runs to the southward.\nThursday [June] 7. Fine weather.\n308 Down Trail Creek to south fork of Payette River. - j. e. r.\n309 Down south fork of Payette River; thence across hills to Warm Springs\nCreek. - j. E. R.\n310 Fivemile and Clear Creeks.-J. E. R.\n 162\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nContinued our journey three hours, nine miles W.\nalong a swamp311 and down a steep hill to a river which\nruns to the southward, it is a fork of Payette's River.312\nThe road through thick woods, and very bad. Very\nlittle grass for the horses. There have been beaver\nhere some years ago but there are now few or none.\nWent to the mountains on discovery, great deal of snow.\nFour beaver taken.\nFriday [June] 8. Fine weather.\nContinued our journey down the river three hours,\neight miles S. Road swampy, through thick woods, fallen timber. Eleven beaver taken. Found a little plain\npretty good feeding for the horses.\nSaturday [June] 9. Cloudy, very heavy rain towards evening.\nProceeded down the river one and one-half hours,\nfour miles, and encamped on a little fork with swampy\nbanks313 pretty clear of wood in order to find better\nfeeding for the horses. Four men, A. Finlay, Bt. Gad-\nipre, C. Plante, and F. Champagne, crossed the mountain to the westward to another fork31* to discover a\nroad. They found one which will be passable. Two\nbeaver taken. The people out with their traps. Beaver formerly have been numerous, but at present there\nare very few. This is a fork of Read's River.315 Some\nof our people ascended this fork a few years ago, one\nof the men, L. Riendeau, knows the place.\nSunday [June] 10. Very heavy rain in the night,\nfoggy showery weather during the day.\nan Dead wood Swamp. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 j. E. R.\n8ia Dead wood River. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 j. e. r.\n818 Ninemile Creek. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 j. e. r.\nsi* Lightning Creek. - j. e. r.\n3i\u00C2\u00AB Middle fork Payette River. - j. e. r.\n^\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n163\nThe unfavorable weather deterred us from raising\ncamp, the trees and bushes were so charged with wet\nthat our baggage would have been completely drenched\npassing through them.\nMONDAY \"June] 11. Very heavy rain in the night\nand forepart of the day.\nAs yestexday the bad weather deterred us from raising camp. Several of the people out hunting but without success except Kanota who killed an elk. Animals\nare very scarce here at present, probably owing to the\nsnow having so lately gone off the ground. From the\nappearance of the old tracks, elk and deer were very\nnumerous here in the fall.\nTuesday [June] 12. Very heavy rain and in the\nmountain snow and sleet all day.\nThe weather faired a little in the morning and we\nraised camp, and marched four and one-half hours,\ntwelve miles W. across the mountain to another small\nfork.316 The road very bad on a succession of steep\nhills thickly wooded which with the bad weather rendered this a most harassing and fatiguing day both on\npeople and horses. Vegetation is much farther advanced here than on the other side of the mountain.\nThe men who came here three days ago set their traps.\nSoteau took four large beaver.\nWednesday [June] 13. A perfect pour of rain in\nthe night and forepart of the day.\nThe bad weather deterred us from raising camp,\nbeing delayed this way is much against us as provisions\nare getting scarce with the people and no beaver.\nTHURSDAY [June] 14. A pour of rain and sleet in\nthe night and all day.\nsis Fork of Ninemile Creek. - j. e. r.\n ill\nsir\nSi\nI\na i(\n164\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nThe bad weather again deterred us from raising\ncamp, fortunately our horses have pretty good feeding.\nSome of the people out hunting but with little success.\nAnimals are very scarce.\nFriday [June] 15. Showery during the day.\nRaised camp and proceeded down the river and on\na range of hills to below where it falls into another\nlarge fork, seven hours, twenty-one miles south.317 The\nroad very bad, through thick woods and over a number\nof steep hills and deep gullies-where we encamped\nthe woods are becoming clear and the country much\nbetter in appearance. Fine feeding for our horses.\nThe river here is pretty large.\nSATURDAY [June] 16. A violent storm of thunder\nand very heavy rain in the night. Showery during the\nday, heavy rain afterwards.\nProceeded down the river two hours, eight miles S.\nS.W. to the fork.318 Here a large river falls in from\nthe eastward. Some of the men who are ahead represent the road along the river as very bad, and a large\nfork which falls in from the S. W. rolling down between\nsteep banks so rapidly and deep that our camp would\nnot be able to pass it We have therefore determined\nto return on our road, and cross the mountains to the\nwestward near our last camp. Several of the people\nout hunting, but only a cheveau killed, the country has\na fine appearance for animals but they are very scarce.\nSome of the people set a few traps for beaver.\nSunday [June] 17. Fair weather.\nCrossed the mountains ten hours, twenty-eight miles\nW. N. w. to a plain.319 We missed the road, and had a\n81T To middle fork Payette.\n318 Mouth of middle fork Payette.\n8i\u00C2\u00BB Big flat at head of Willow Creek.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n165\nmost harassing days journey on a succession of steep\nrugged hills and thick woods, and fallen timber. Some\nof the horses much jaded. Some of the people out\nhunting, but with little success. Two beaver taken.\nMONDAY [June] 18. Fair weather.\nContinued our route two and one-half hours, eight\nmiles S. across a plain and a wooded hill, to a large\nriver,320 which we had to cross on rafts which employed\nus the remainder of the day. Some of the people are\nnot yet across. This river here runs from w. to E.\nSome traps were set.\nTuesday [June] 19. A great deal of thunder and\nexcessive heavy rain in the night. Showery during the\nday.\nThe remainder of the people crossed early in the\nmorning, when we proceeded on our journey three and\none-half hours, twelve miles S.S.W. on a pretty high\nmountain but with a good road, and along a narrow,\nswampy plain. Here we found the Snake Indians321\nwith their wives they tell us we are now near the plain.\nOne of the men, Toupe, was obliged to kill a horse to\neat, and several others will soon be obliged to do the\nsame, being so long in the mountains and finding no\nbeaver, the people have eaten up all their provisions.\nThree beaver taken.\nWednesday [June] 20. A pour of rain in the night\nand all day.\nThe bad weather deterred us from raising camp.\nTHURSDAY [June] 21. Excessive heavy rain in the\nnight and rain and snow all day.\nWe could not stir today either. M. Lefort killed a\n820 Big Willow Creek below forks.\n821Wihinast Indians.-j. e. r.\nH\n 166\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nfl\nhorse to eat. Provisions are becoming very scarce.\nThe Snake chief paid us a visit.\nFriday [June] 22. Showery weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded across a part of mountain woody, and down several hills to a fork of Payette's River322 two and one-half hours, eight miles S.\nS.W. The Snakes are encamped some distance below\nus, they came to the camp and traded a few roots, and\nexchanged several horses with the people.\nSaturday [June] 23. Fine weather.\nContinued our journey four and one-half hours, fifteen miles W. N. W. up the river and across a mountain\nclear of woods to a fork of the Waser River.323 The\nmountain steep, the road in places stony, and from the\nlate rain the horses in many places sink very much.\nSunday [June] 24. Fine weather.\nContinued our route down the fork two and one-half\nhours, eight miles. We were induced to camp early\nat the request of a Snake chief who met us, to wait for\nhis people to trade, they encamped on Waser River at\nsome distance.\nMonday [June] 25. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp. A number of Snake Indians\narrived accompanied by three of the chiefs, and passed\nthe most of the day with us, and traded some forty\n822 Little Willow Creek. Payette's River named after Francis Payette.\nCalled by Alexander Ross, Payette or Middle River. Fur Hunters, ii, 98.-\nw. s. L.\n823 Cave Creek, a fork of the Weiser of today. Variously spelled in early\ndays:-The Wuser River of Alexander Ross, Fur Hunters, ii, 98-9, and of\nArrowsmeth's maps, and of Charles Wilkes' map of 1841. Wager, Wayers,\nand Wager's River of Ogden's Journal of 1827, Oregon Historical Society\nQuarterly, xi, 362, ibid., xiii, 366. The Wage River in Colonel Albert's\nmap of 1835, also spelled Wagner's River. Presumed to have been named\nfor a Jacob Wayer or Wager, a Northwestern trapper with McKenzie, who\nfirst trapped there in 1818.- w. s. L.\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n167\nbeaver, some dry salmon, and changed several horses.\nTuesday [June] 26. t\u00C2\u00A7Warm weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded six hours, twenty miles\nS. S. E.s?* The road very stony, and hilly. We are induced to take this road as being the shortest to the big\nriver.\nWEDNESDAY [June] 27. Fine weather.\nContinued our journey five and one-half hours, eighteen miles S. S. W. to the Snake River about midway\nbetween Payette's and Waser Rivers. The road hilly\nbut not so stony as yesterday. The people were set to\nwork immediately and made a skin canoe, to cross the\nriver, but it is not yet dry. The river is very high, and\nfrom the steepness of the banks it is difficult to find a\ngood landing place to cross the horses. Some of the\npeople went to a barrier of Waser River, and traded a\nfew salmon. They are very acceptable in our present\nscarcity of food.\nTHURSDAY [June] 28. Stormy part of the day.\nIt was some time in the morning before the canoe was\ndry and fit for service, it was kept busily employed all\nday afterwards, yet not more than half the people are\nacross. At the same time the horses were crossed, and\nmuch difficulty we had getting them into the water at\ndifferent times, about twenty are still to cross, all the\nefforts of the people could not get them driven into the\nwater though assisted by Snake Indians. Some of the\npeople went to the Snake camp in the morning, and\ntraded some and a few dried salmon. Several of the\nIndians came to the camp, and traded a few beaver and\nsome other articles.\nFriday [June] 29. Weather as yesterday.\n324 Should be 8. s. w. down Weiser River.\nii\nft\n i68\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\na a\nIi\nAll this day was occupied crossing the baggage.\nSome of the people are yet to cross. The remainder of\nthe horses were got across except one of the company's\nmules which was drowned in the traverse.\nSATURDAY [June] 30. Fine weather.\nThe rest of the people got across in the morning, the\nBudard's [Burdolis] family were crossing the last voyage when the canoe swamped, six people who were in it\nwith difficulty gained the shore, not withstanding the\nassistance of some of our people, some of the property\nwas recovered but a good deal lost. Sent off eight men,\nC. Plante as head of the party, F. Champagne, J. Du-\nbruill, L. Quintall, C. Riendeau, A. Masson, P. Grell,\nand J. Reyhn, to hunt up the river Mathon.325 The\nhead of the river Sylvank,326 and six forks of the river\nchutes.327 They have twenty-four days to reach the\nfort. Raised camp and proceeded down the river, two\nand one-half hours march, eight miles.\nSUNDAY [July] 1. Excessive heavy rain in the night\nand forepart of the day.\nIt was midday before we could raise camp, when we\ncontinued our route down the river and across a point\n325 xhe Malheur River in Oregon. \"The Unfortunate River\" of Ogden's\nJournal, 1S26, Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, x, 354. Mr. George H.\nHimes, secretary of the Oregon Historical Society, who camped at what is\nnow Vale, Oregon, in August, 1853, recalls an old French trapper stating\nthat the river was named \"Malheur\" on account of some early \"misfortune,\"\n\"loss of goods cached away,\" or \"bad water\" encountered by the first trappers along the stream. - w. s. L.\n326 Sylvie flows into the Deschutes. The intention was to have Plante's\nparty trap up the Malheur River and cross over to the waters of Crooked\nRiver (which flows into the Deschutes) for further trapping and then proceed directly to Fort Nez Perce in the Columbia.-t. c. e.\n327 That is, the party proceeded down Snake River along the west bank to\nthe well known place named Olds Ferry and then crossed over the hills to\nBurnt River at Huntington, Oregon. This was the regular route of the\nOregon Trail in later years. -T. c. E.\n-\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n vK-lW\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n169\nto Burnt River828 three and three-fourths hours, fourteen miles.\nMonday [July] 2. Showery weather in the night\nand morning.\nProceeded up the river three and one-half hours,\ntwelve miles. Some Indians were encamped at our\nlast station from whom we traded a few beaver.\nTuesday [July] 3. Stormy, cold, showery weather.\nContinued our route up the river to the forks.329\nWednesday [July] 4. Raw, cold weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded W. S. w. five hours, sixteen miles over a range of rugged hills, and again fell\nupon the river.880 Eight men, A. Finlay, L. Kanota,\nP. Birnie, C. Grosbin, A. Langtin, T. [. . .], J.\nToupe, the cook, and some of the families proceeded to\nhunt on the way to the fort.\nThursday [July] 5. Fine weather. 6\nContinued our route up the river three and one-half\nhours, ten miles W.S.W. Several traps were set yes-\n328 Burnt River of Oregon. So called on account of the burnt appearance\nof the lava formation along the stream. George H. Himes, who walked\nthrough the river bottom in August, 1853, with bleeding feet caused by\nstubbing his toes against the sharp lava rock, is authority for the statement\nthat the stream took its name from the burnt appearance of the lava formations along the water course. Powder River:-This stream derived its name\nfrom the powdery, sandy soil along its course, often alluded to by persons-\nIndians and others-as \"polally il lihee\" - literally, powdered soil, powdered\nground. Our authority is Mr. George H. Himes. - w. s. l.\nPolally = gunpowder = black sand. Illihee = soil, ground or country.\nChinook. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 t. c.e.\n329 Followed up Burnt River directly along the Oregon Trail to where\nDurkee, Oregon, now stands. Here the immigrant road later turned up a\ncreek and ridge to the north but the Indian trail kept westward across the\nhills to fall upon Burnt River again.-t. c. e.\n330 Here the regular Indian trail turned north to the Powder River valley\nand Grande Ronde and Walla Walla. Mr. Work's party continued up Burnt\nRiver, intending to trap the various forks of John Day's River on their\nway to Fort Nez Perce.-t. c. e.\nM\nM\n1\n JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nterday. Eight beaver taken today, and several more\ntraps set. The river has been not long since hunted by\nthe Indians, beaver are scarce, and what few are very\nlean.\nFriday [July] 6. Fine weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded up the river W. S. W.\neleven miles, three and three-fourths hours. The people out with their traps. One beaver taken.\nSaturday [July] 7. Fine weather.\nDid not raise camp on account of Payette having to\nexamine the road across the mountain to Day's River.831\nOne beaver and one otter taken, the hunters out and\nkilled three blacktail deer, there are a few animals\nalong the mountain. Gilbert's horse missing, not known\nwhether stolen or strayed.\nSunday [July] 8. Fine weather.\nRaised camp and proceeded five hours, fifteen miles\nW. S. W.382 across the mountain to a small plain on a\nsmall stream which we suppose falls into the southern\nfork of Day's River. We kept farther to the north\nthan the usual road in order to avoid a steep mountain\nwhich is difficult to pass. The road through thick\nwoods and in places hilly and through woods but not\nvery thick. One of the men, Soteaux, went to take up\nhis traps in the morning, and has not yet arrived at the\ncamp. It is conjectured he has gone ahead, and fallen\nupon the river which is supposed to be close too and set\nhis traps, or perhaps has killed some elk or deer, and\n331 John Day's River of Oregon. Day was robbed here by the Indians\nin 1811.-W. s. l.\n332 It is impossible to follow closely the road traveled among the streams\nand mountains of the three forks of John Day's River July 7-17. Their\nguide had evidently been with Peter Skene Ogden's party in the winter of\n1825-6; see Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, vol. 10. -T. c. E.\n m\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n171\nwas too late to come to the camp. J. Desland, and L.\nRiendeau each killed a horse to eat.\nMONDAY [July] 9. Showery, very heavy rain in the\nafternoon.\nRaised camp and proceeded down the little fork\nwhich is now become pretty large three and three-\nfourths hours, eleven miles W. S. W. The road through\nwoods and occcasional little plains, in places stony and\nbad upon the horses' feet. Payette, who is our guide\nsuspects we have fallen upon the head of the north\nbranch of the river. It was winter and eight years\nago when he passed, and cannot remember clearly the\nroad. We found a family of mountain Snakes, three\nmen and their wives and six children, and had a few\nfresh salmon from them and two beaver. They spear\nthe salmon along the river. Some of the men out with\nthe traps. There has been a chance of beaver but the\nIndians have traps and have been taking them. The\npeople can give us no information, we cannot understand them. No news of Soteaux yet, he probably has\nfallen on the south fork, and may perhaps be waiting\nfor us.\nTuesday [July] 10. Showery weather, very heavy\nrain in the morning.\nOwing to the bad weather it was near noon when we\nraised camp and proceeded down the river three and\none-half hours, ten miles W. The river becoming larger as we advanced, but no beaver, tho' in some places it\nappears well adapted for them. The road through\nwoods and small plains and pretty good though hilly\nand stony in places. Passed three more families of\nIndians, only the women and children were in the huts,\nml\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2i{\n 172\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nthe men were off hunting. The people traded a few\nroots from them. Soteaux has not yet come up.\nWednesday [July] 11. Showery weather.\nDid not raise camp. We are becoming alarmed for\nthe safety of Soteaux. He has time if he remained to\nhunt or missed the road to have found it, and come up\nwith us now. Sent four men, J. Faul, Gilbert Ross,\nW. Gadipre, and Pinet, to seek him. They returned\nlate in the evening, without having seen anything of\nhim. They went to our camp of the evening of the 8.\nOne of them struck across to within sight of another\nfork which we suppose to be the south branch.\nTHURSDAY [July] 12. Showery weather.\nDid not raise camp. Sent off the men, Faul, Pearce,\nand Smith, to seek after Soteaux. They are ordered\nto go on to where he was first missing, to search diligently, and see if they can find any mark of him. They\nare furnished with good horses, and will have plenty\nof time to come up with us.\nFRIDAY [July] 13. Showery, very heavy rain with\nthunder in the afternoon.\nRaised camp and proceeded down the river one and\none-half hours, five miles W.S.W., and then struck\nacross the foot of the mountains two and one-half hours,\nS. w., eight miles. The road along the river stony and\nhilly. Along the mountain the road hilly but not many\nstones.\nSaturday [July] 14. Showery during the day, very\nheavy rain in the morning.\nThe bad weather deterred from raising camp till\nnear noon, proceeded and marched four hours W., five\nmiles to a smaller river, here we found the river so\n Fnf\nTHE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n173\nstony and hilly that we had again to ascend the hill,\nthe road the most of the way very stony. The men who\nstarted on the twelfth came up with the camp, their\nhorses completely knocked up. They had no intelligence of Soteaux nor could they even follow his tracks.\nOwing to the recent heavy rain they could with difficulty follow the track of the camp over stony ground.\nSunday [July] 15. Heavy rain in the night and\nmorning.\nRaised camp and struck out from the river, and\nmarched two and one-half hours, eight miles S.W. and\nagain fell upon the river which we descended two\nhours, seven miles S. to our road of last year which\nstrikes across the mountains where we encamped, some\nof the men set a few traps. Several of our horses became lame by the stoniness of the road.\nMONDAY [July] 16. Fine warm weather, rain in\nthe night.\nDid not raise camp, in order to send five men to the\nsouthern fork, where the Snakes have a Wear, to see\nif they could get any information of Soteaux. They\nreturned in the afternoon; they found the Wear a day's\njourney nearer than it was last year. No intelligence\nwhatever of Soteaux. Two of the Indians came to the\ncamp in the evening. They are taking no salmon now.\nPichette caught two beaver.\nTuesday [July] 17. Very heavy rain, with thunder\nin the afternoon.\nRaised camp and proceeded six and one-half hours,\ntwenty miles across the mountains. The road in places\nvery stony and bad on the horses' feet.\nWednesday [July] 18. Fine weather.\nil\nn\nI\nIS\n 174\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nContinued our route out of the woods and down a\nlittle river883 in the plain four and one-half hours, fifteen miles, the road part of the way stony.\nThursday [July] 19. Fine weather.\nCame ahead of the camp with a few men and after\ntwelve hours hard riding reached the fort. Where we\nfound Mr. Parker [Pambrum].884 The men who left\nme on the 1 inst. Butte River have arrived. They\ngot no beaver. Plante has also arrived, but his party\nare yet behind. They also got no beaver worth while,\nthey turned back from the head of river Malheur, and\ndid not pass the distance they even decided. They\nwere afraid of not having time, and became discouraged not finding beaver. The report we have among\nthe Snakes regarding our men who descended Salmon\nRiver being drowned, unfortunately turns out to be too\ntrue, M. Plante and A. Dumois were drowned. L.\nBiassonette and I. J. B[apis] + [e] were walking ashore\ntheir turn, and escaped and reached the fort quite naked.\n3\u00C2\u00BB3 via Pilot Rock, Oregon, and to the Umatilla River below Pendleton,\nand from there to Fort Nez Perce by way of Helix and Vansycle.-T. c. E.\n334 Bancroft MS. reads Pambrin [Pambrum] who is evidently the person\nmeant, as Mr. Parker did not start on his trip until 1835. Mr. Pierre\nCrysologue Pambrum, a clerk and chief trader whose name appears as numbers 1178, 977, and 193 on the lists for the years 1821-4. He was a French-\nCanadian and held a commission in the Canadian forces during the War\nof 1812 and afterwards joined the Northwest Company. After the coalition\nwith the Hudson's Bay Company he came west of the mountains. He was\nstationed at Stuart's Lake in 1825; at the Babines in 1830; and came to the\nColumbia River district in 1831, in which year he was re-engaged as a clerk\nat \u00C2\u00A3100 a year. He was stationed at Fort Nez Perce, or Walla Walla in\n1831, succeeding Archibald McKinley, and continued there until his death.\nHe became a chief trader in 1840 and is frequently mentioned by the members of the Whitman Mission, established in his neighborhood. He was\nfatally injured, May ix, 1841, by being thrown from a horse Which he was\nriding with a cord, Indian fashion. The cord came out of the horse's mouth,\nand caused the accident. He was attended by Dr. Marcus Whitman at his\ndeath bed. He was buried at Fort Vancouver. - w. s. l.\n\u00C2\u00AB*&*-\u00C2\u00BB;*\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT JOURNAL\n175\nEverything they had being in the canoe was lost. The\nunfortunate accident happened when they were just getting out of the bad road. How it happened the survivors could not tell as they did not see it, but found\nthe paddles. The canoe it seems was too small to carry\nall their baggage and themselves, and they walked\nalong their turn about. They had been descending the\nriver more than thirty days and notwithstanding the\naccount we had heard of beaver they found none. Some\nNez Perces Indians whom they fell in with after the\nmisfortune, treated the survivors with the utmost kindness.\nFriday [July] 20. Fine weather.\nSome more of Planted party arrived.\nSaturday [July] 21. Fine weather.\nF. Payette and the people whom I left behind two\ndays ago arrived.\nSunday [July] 22. Fine weather. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00A7\nEmployed, settling accounts of the people's horses,\ntraps, etc., storing bye their baggage.\nMonday [July] 23. Fine weather.\nEmployed as yesterday and had the boats cleaned out\nready for gumming.\nTuesday [July] 24. Fine weather.\nFinished gumming the boats, and prepared everything to start for Vancouver tomorrow.\nWEDNESDAY [July] 25. Embarked early in the\nmorning thirty men and their boats for Vancouver, and\nencamped in the evening near Day's River.\nThursday [July] 26. Fine weather.\nContinued our course early in the morning passed\nthe Chutes and the Dalles portage, and proceeded a few\n*c\nI!\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0i il\n 176\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nmiles down the river and put ashore for supper and\nmen to drive all night.\nFriday [July] 27. Drove all night and reached the\ncascades early in the morning, and arrived at Vancouver in the afternoon.\nHorses 1832\nStarted from W. W. with\nTraded during the voyage\nLost in the Nez Perces Mountains\nGave up or died on the way in do.\n289\n40\n23\n18\n4i\n329\nStolen by Blackfeet during the voyage\nKilled do. during the voyage\nDied during the winter\nGave up or lost etc.\nExchanged two for one\nSold I\nKilled to eat\nReturned with\nNot account[ed] for\n16\n7\n18\n9\n3\n5\n8\n107\n215\n322\n7\n.1 I I 329\nKilled during the voyage three hundred and nine buffalo.\nmw t-\n \"1W\nAppendix\nLetter from John Work to John McLeod\n[Kootenay Fort Nez Perce - Columbia\nRiv. Dist.885 Country] Fort Nez Perces\nSeptember 6, 1831.\nDear Sir: It is with much pleasure I have to acknowledge the receipt of your kind favor of 30 July\n1830, which was handed me on my arrival from Snake\ncountry about a month and a half ago. I was sorry to\nhear of your ill health, but hope that ere now your\nvisit to the civilised world has completely recovered\nyou. Indeed we had the pleasure to hear from Captain\nKipling that you were well before the Ganymede sailed\nfrom London. I envy you the pleasures you have enjoyed of civilised life, which I have so long deprived\nmyself of. I fear the seclusion of our Indian life with\nits want of comfort or anything like enjoyment will be\nvery irksome to you.\nMy last campaign in the Snake country was not so\nsuccessful as I had anticipated, the returns and profits\nwere nevertheless pretty fair considering the exhausted\nstate of the country and the great severity and unusual\nlength of the winter, which was greatly against our\ntrapping operations. Moreover we met some parties\nof Americans who had hunted over portions of the\ncountry through which we meant to pass. I escaped\nwith my scalp last year. I much doubt whether I\n835 Not in Work's handwriting.\n i78\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nshall be so fortunate this trip, I am now just starting\nfor the borders of the Blackfoot and F[lat]head lands,\na much more dangerous part of the country than\nwh[ich] we passed last year, my party is too weak for\nthe undertaking, but from the sickness prevailing at\nVancouver no more men could be spared but as this\nis the only quarter now where there is a likelihood of\nmaking anything we must try. The country to the\nsouthward is ruined so much that little or nothing is to\nbe done in it-an intermittent fever was raging at Vancouver wh [en] I left. This scourge was carrying off the\nfew wretched natives who had escaped it last year, it\nhad also attacked several of the people about the establishment. My people did not escape it. Several of\nthem were taken ill, and some of them remain so badly\nthat I am obliged to leave them here, as they are not\nable to proceed, this I much regret as my numbers at\nfirst were too weak.\nBefore this reaches you, you will have had all the\nColumbia news, I need therefore not trouble you on\nthis subject.\nWishing you my every manner of happiness, I remain my dear sir, Yours sincerely and truly,\n1 John Work888\nJohn McLeod Esqr.\nA\n336 Original in Canadian Archives.\n Letter from John Work to Edward Ermatinger\nFort Vancouver, 5 August 1832\nMy DEAR Edwd. On arrival from the Snake country a few days ago I was much gratified by the receipt\nof your two most welcome, highly esteemed, and interesting letters dated 4 August and 8 December 1830.\nIt gives me particular pleasure to hear that you were\nhearty and well and had at last fairly got under way in\nbusiness with good reason to entertain hopes of succeeding well. You will no doubt my friend meet with\nsome difficulties, and experiences, some vexing and untoward occurrences at the commencement, let me entreat you not to allow these to discourage you, persevere\nand there is no doubt prudence and assiduity will\neventually command success. Heaven's grant that the\ntime may soon come that your success may equal your\nmost sanguine expectations. I am happy in being able\nto inform you that I enjoy good health, and am yet\nblessed with the possession of my scalp which is rather\nmore than I had reason to expect. This last my friend\nhas been a severe years duty on me, all my perseverence\nand fortitude were scarcely sufficient to bear up against\nthe danger, misery, and consequent anxiety to which I\nwas exposed. My difficulties commenced at the very\noffset, on leaving this place the fever attacked the people and they fell off so fast that every boat was like an\nhospital, and I really thought at one time that I would\nnot be able to reach N[ez] Perces however at last I got\n.\n \u00E2\u0084\u00A2\nill\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 K X\nm\n180\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nthat length, where I left a few of the sickest of the men\nand proceeded on my route, and after unusual difficulties in crossing the mountains by a new road we arrived\non the borders of the Blackfoot country, these barbarians immediately fell upon us and allowed us no respite\nbut kept continually hanging round us. We had different battles with them which I regret were attended\nwith bloodshed on sundry occasions but six men and an\nIndian killed, and some more wounded. On the thirtieth January we had a hard battle with a powerful\nparty of them, on this occasion I received a slight\nwound in the arm. Several of the scoundrels fell also.\nThey were so numerous I was able to make no hunt. I\nhave not had the pleasure of seeing Frank [Ermating-\ner], but had a letter from him, he had left N[ez]\nPerces a few days before I arrived, he tells me he did\nnot agree well with Mr. Hern [Francis Herron, chief\ntrader] at Colville last winter, and he had a serious\ndispute with Mr. Black during the summer. He has\ngiven me very little news from my old quarters Colville. There is a great change here since you left.\nYou would be astonished to see the quantity of ground\nunder cultivation and the immense crops which they\nhave, the season has been favourable. The vessels are\nemployed to the northward under Mr. Ogden [Peter\nSkene Ogden, Chief Factor] who is procuring a few\nbeaver skins at most exorbitant price, there is a very\nstrong opposition. Mr. [Duncan] Finlayson, now a\nC. F. came in here last fall, he is now off on a voyage\nto the islands so I have not had the pleasure of seeing\nhim. It appears our worthy chief the Dr. [John McLoughlin] leaves us in the spring, which I much regret. He continues as assiduous as ever to every\n'MIim\n APPENDIX\n181\nbranch of the business. There is an increased bustle\nabout the place. I am going to start with my ragmufHn\nfreeman to the southward towards the Spanish settlements with what success I cannot say. I am tired of\nthe cursed country, Ned, and becoming more dissatisfied every day with the measures in it; things don't go\nfair, I don't think I shall remain long, my plan is to\nhide myself in some out of the way corner, and drag\nout the remainder of my days as quietly as possible.\nSusette is well, we have now got three little girls, they\naccompanied me these last two years, but I leave them\nbehind this one, the misery is too great. I shall be very\nlonely without them, but the cursed trip exposes them\nto too much hardship. I, last year, wrote to a brother\nthat I have at a place called Monkton in New Brunswick, directing him to look out and perhaps enter into\nbusiness at the same time offering him what I could\nspare of the needful, and if prospects are fair I would\ngo and join him. What think you of the plan? You\nwill most likely see our friend [John] Todd, he has\ngone out last spring to visit the civilised world. Persevere, my friend and may God prosper you, Adieu:\nYour ever affectionate friend\nJohn Work\nMr. Edwd. Ermatinger.\nP. S. Inform me how you are getting on, what prospects a person like me would have, in different branches, particularly farming, and what capital would suffice\nin a middling and high scale, and the society, manner\nof living, and other particulars, in your quarter.\nJ.W.337\n837 Original in Provincial Library, Victoria, B. C, Canada.\nPi\n \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0a*\n Original Letters of John Work to\nEdward Ermatinger\nColville, January 2, 1828.\nColville, March 28, 1829.\nFlat Heads, March 19, 1830.\nFort Vancouver, August 5, 1832.\nFort Vancouver, February 24, 1834.\nColumbia River, December 13, 1834.\nColumbia River, January 1, 1836.\nFort Simpson, N.W. Coast, February 15,1837.\nN. West Coast, America, February 10, 1838.\nFort Simpson, September 10, 1838.\nSteamer Beunee, October 24, 1839.\nFort Colville, March 5, 1841.\nFort Simpson, October 11, 1841.\nFort Simpson, February 15, 1841.\nFort Colville, March 30, 1842.\nFort Simpson, February 6, 1844.\nVancouver, November 14, 1846.\nNisqualley, January 10, 1846.\nFort Vancouver, November 23, 1847.\nFort Victoria, November 9, 1848.\nFort Victoria, December 10, 1849.\nFort Victoria, March 14, 1853.\nVictoria, Vancouver Island, August 8, 1856.\n A Bibliography of the Fur Trade in\nthe Northwest\nAmerican Fur Company.\ni. Blotter, April i, 1817, to May 13, Montreal: June 15 to\nOctober 6, 1819, Michilimackinac.\n2. Journal, April 1, 1817, to September 20, 1834.\n3. Journal, Northern Michilimackinac April 19, 1827, Septem\nber 15, 1832.\n4. Invoices Outward, C, Northern, 1830-1834.\n5. Ledger, April 1, 1817-September 20, 1834.\n6. Ledger, Northern, 1827-1834.\nThese six volumes are now in the Canadian Archives, Ottawa, Ontario,\nand are apparently all that remain of the papers of the American Fur\nCompany under the administration of John Jacob Astor.\nAmerican Fur Company, Papers from 1834-1848.\nThis is practically a complete collection of the papers of the American\nFur Company under the administration of Ramsey Crooks. They are\nnow in boxes in the New York Historical Library.\nBancroft, Hubert Howe. History of the Northwest Coast.\n(San Francisco, 1886). 2 volumes in Works, volumes xxvii and\nxxviii.\nBancroft, Hubert Howe. History of Washington, Idaho, and\nMontana (San Francisco, 1890). In Works, volume xxxi.\nBiggar, H. P. Early Fur Trading Companies of New France. In\nUniversity of Toronto, Studies in History, 1901.\nChittenden, Hiram Martin. American Fur Trade of Far\nWest (New York, 1902). 3 volumes.\nThe standard history of the American fur trading companies operating\neast of the Rocky Mountains. It contains a vast amount of detail and is\nalmost documentary in character.\nChouteau, Auguste. Collections, in Missouri Historical Society,\nSt. Louis.\nChouteau, Pierre. Collections, in Missouri Historical Society,\nSt. Louis.\nThe Chouteau papers contain a vast quantity of material concerning the\nfur trade.\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0*'/'*,\nIf* 111\nft\n 186\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nII\nComan, Katharine. Economic Beginnings of the Far West\n( New York, 1912 ). 2 volumes.\nCoues, Elliott. (Editor). Manuscript Journals of Alexander\nHenry, Fur Trader of the Northwest Company and of David\nThompson, Official Geographer and Explorer of the same company, 1799-1814. (New Light on the Early History of the\nNorthwest, New York, 1897). 3 volumes.\nCox, Ross. Adventures on Columbia River, including narrative of\nresidence of six years on eastern side of Rocky Mountains (New\nYork, 1832).\nDale, Harrison Clifford. Ashley-Smith Explorations and the\nDiscovery of a Central Route to the Pacific (Cleveland, 1918).\nParticularly valuable for the operations of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company.\nDavidson, Gordon Charles. Northwest Company (Berkeley,\n1918). In University of California Publications in History,\nvolume vii.\nThe standard account of the Northwest Fur Company.\nDeLand, Charles E. The Verendrye Explorations and Discoveries. In South Dakota Historical Collections, volume vii.\nDodds, James. The Hudson Bay Company, Its position and prospects, Substance of address delivered to shareholders, 1866 (London, 1866).\nDouglas, David. Journal kept by David Douglas during his travels in North America, 1823-1827 (London, 1914). Published under the directions of the Royal Horticultural Society.\nDrips, Andrew. Papers. In Missouri Historical Society.\nDugas, George. The Canadian West: Its discovery by the Sieur\nde La Verendrye, its development by the fur trading companies\ndown to the year 1822 (Montreal, 1905). Translated from the\nFrench.\nDunn, John. The Oregon Territory and British North American Fur Trade (Philadelphia, 1845).\nElliott, T. C. David Thompson, Pathfinder, and the Columbia\nRiver, (Kettle Falls, Washington, 1911).\nElliott, T. C. The Fur Trade in the Columbia River Basin prior\nto 1811. In Washington Historical Society Quarterly, 1915.\nElliott, T. C. Peter Skene Ogden, Fur Trader. In Oregon\nHistorical Society Quarterly, volume xi.\n BIBLIOGRAPHY\n187\nFitzgerald, James Edward. Examination of Charter and Proceedings of Hudson's Bay Company with reference to grant of\nVancouver's Island (London, 1849).\nContains many interesting letters and statistics otherwise unavailable.\nHostile to the Hudson's Bay Company.\nFranchere, Gabriel. Narrative of Voyage to Northwest Coast\nof America, 1811-12-13-14, or the first American settlement on\nthe Pacific (New York, 1854).\nReprinted in Thwaites, Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1904), volume\nvi.\nGebhard, Elizabeth L. Life and Adventures of John Jacob\nAstor (Hudson, N. Y., 1915).\nGolder, F. Russian Expansion on the Pacific, 1641-1850. Account of the earliest and later expeditions made by Russians along\nthe Pacific coast of Asia and North America (Cleveland, 1914).\nGreat Britain: Colonial Office I: volume i, no. 2. Reports\nof Ye Contrie Sr. Humfrey Gilbert goes to discou. Copy in Canadian Archives, Ottawa, Ontario.\nGreat Britain: House of Commons. Report from the Select\nCommittee on Aborigines (British Settlements) with the minutes\nof evidence. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed\n26 June, 1837.\nGreat Britain: House of Commons. Report from the Select\nCommittee on the Hudson's Bay Company, together with the proceedings of the Committee, Ordered Printed by the House of Commons 31 July, and August, 1857.\nGreat Britain: Colonial Office. Return to an Address of the\nHonourable The House of Commons dated 26 May, 1842: for\ncopy of the Existing Charter or Grant by the Crown to the Hudson's Bay Company: together with Copies or Extracts of the Correspondence which took place at the last Renewal of the Charter\nbetween the Government and the Company, or of individuals on\nbehalf of the Company: also the Dates of all former Charters or\nGrants to that Company. London, Ordered by House of Commons to be printed, 8 August, 1842.\nHall, James. Statistics of the West at close of year 1836 (Cincinnati, 1836).\nHarmon, Daniel Williams. Voyages of a Partner in the Northwest Company, 1800-05 (Andover, 1820).\nM\n fl\n1\n188\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nHenry, Alexander. Travels and Adventures in Canada and the\n- Indian Territories, 1760 and 1776 (New York, 1809).\nHolman, Frederick V. Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of\nOregon (Cleveland, 1907).\nHudson's Bay Company. Statement of Commissioned Officers.\nIn Canadian Archives, Ottawa, Ontario, M 865.\nJames, Thomas. Three years among Indians and Mexicans, by\nGeneral Thomas James of Monroe County, Illinois: edited by\nWalter B. Douglas (St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society, 1916).\nLarocque, J. P. Journal of Larocque from the Assiniboine to the\nYellowstone, 1805 (Ottawa, 1910). Edited by L. J. Burpee in\nReport of the Canadian Archives Commission.\nLaut, Agnes Christina. Conquest of the Great Northwest (New\nYork, 1918).\nLisa, Manuel, Letter Book, in Missouri Historical Society.\nMackenzie, Alexander. Voyages from Montreal through the\ncontinent of North America to Frozen and Pacific Oceans, 1789-\n93. With account of rise, progress, and present state of fur trade\nof that country (London, 1801). Reprint 2 volumes (New\nYork, 1912).\nMcKenzie, Charles. Journal of a Second Expedition to the Mississouri [sic] 1805 in Masson Collection.\nMcLean, John. Notes of a Twenty-five Years' Service in the\nHudson's Bay Territory (London, 1849).\nMcLeod, John. Journals. In Canadian Archives, Ottawa, Ontario.\nMasson, Louis, F. R. Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-\nOuest (Quebec, 1889-1890). 2 volumes.\nMorice, Adrien Gabriel. History of Northern Interior of British Columbia (Toronto, 1904).\nOrigin and Progress of the Northwest Company, London, 1811.\nMasson Collection V.\nPamphlet.\nOgden, Peter Skene. Traits of American Indian Life and Character. By a Fur Trader (London, 1853).\nPapers re British Columbia. Copies in Canadian Archives, Ottawa, Canada.\nbi ilia\n BIBLIOGRAPHY\n189\nRoss, Alexander. Adventures of First Settlers in Oregon or Columbia River (London, 1849). Reprint in Thwaites, Early Western Travels (Cleveland, 1904). Volume vii.\nRoss, Alexander. The Fur Hunters of the Far West (London,\n1855). 2 volumes.\nSchafer, Joseph. History of the Pacific Northwest (New York,\n1918).\nSelkirk, Earl of. Sketch of British Fur Trade in North America\nwith observations relative to Northwest Company of Montreal\n(London, 1816).\nSimpson, Sir George. Letters, 1841-1843. In American Historical Review (New York, 1908). Volume xiv.\nSimpson, Sir George. Overland Journey Round the World, during years 1841 and 1842 (Philadelphia, 1847). 2 volumes.\nSkinner, Constance Lindsay. Adventures of Oregon. In Yale\nChronicles of America (New Haven, 1920). xxii.\nA well written but superficial narrative.\nSublette, William L. Papers in Missouri Historical Society.\nFour envelopes containing the papers between 1830-1850.\nThompson, David. Narratives of his explorations in Western\nAmerica, 1784-1812. Edited by J. B. Tyrell (Toronto, 1916).\nPublications of Champlain Society, volume xii.\nThwaites, Reuben Gold. Early Rocky Mountain Explorations\n(New York, 1904).\nTrexler, Harrison A. Buffalo Range of the Northwest. In\nMississippi Valley Historical Review. Volume vii, no. 4.\nUmfreville, Edward. The Present State of Hudson's Bay containing a full description of that settlement . . . and likewise of the fur trade, with hints for its improvement . . .\n(London, 1790).\nWillson, Beckles. The Great Company: being a history of the\nhonourable company of merchants - adventurers trading into Hudson's Bay (Toronto, 1899).\nWork, John. Journals. Originals in Provincial Library, Victoria, British Columbia. Copies contained in thirteen folios in\nCartons labeled H. B. C. British Columbia and Vancouver, 1823-\n1839, in Canadian Archives, Ottawa, Ontario. Cartons labeled\ni\nt\n JOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n\"Received from Mr. Gosnell, Archivist. Victoria, B. C, November 20, 1908.\nThere are also some copies in Bancroft Collections. These are not so\naccurate as Mr. Gosnell's copies.\nWyeth, John B. Oregon or a Short History of a long journey\nfrom the Atlantic to regions of the Pacific by land in Thwaites\nEarly Western Travels (Cleveland, 1905). Volume xxi.\nWyeth, Nathaniel. The Correspondence and Journals of, 1831-6.\nA record of two expeditions for the occupation of the Oregon\ncountry (ed. T. G. Young). In Sources of the History of Oregon (Eugene, Oregon, 1899). Volume i, parts 3-6.\n ^^^^^^^^ ^f i|!\n*'*'\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0080\u00A2:\n'*\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 4w 1\n#3^ 19\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2-,\n9\n1\n1\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n'\"'>\u00C2\u00AB9Cill\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0' 12 1 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\nII\n1 1\nIndex\n11\n; 1\n1\nii\ni 1\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 : f\nI\n1\n 1\nil\nIndex\nAborigines, Report from Select\nCommittee on: 43, footnote\nAgency Creek: 113, footnote, 138,\nfootnote\nAlexander, Fort: 36\nAllen, Captain: trades with Indians,\n60\nAmerican Fur Company: 36, 43, 52,\n114, footnote', founded, 33; western\ndepartment established, 34; in Yellowstone, 40; agreement with Hudson's Bay Company, 46, also footnote', letters of, 46; catalogue of,\n47, footnote; memorandum of, 48,\nfootnote, 49, also footnote; rivals\nof Rocky Mountain Fur Company,\nAmerican Fur Traders: 93, 95, 98,\n99, 100, 112, 114, 117, 119, 123,\n125, 126, 137, 159, 160, 177; westward expansion of, 41; profits of,\n52; seek to win Flathead trade,\n57; obtain Flathead furs, 58\nAnderson, A. C: 62\nAnnance, F: 57\nAntelope Creek: 147, footnote, 149,\nfootnote\nArmstead, Mont: 109, footnote\nAshley, Elizabeth: 53\nAshley, William Henry: 36, 37; first\nrendezvous of, on Green River, 38;\nprofits of, 52, also footnote\nAstor, John Jacob: 23, 30, 52; letter\nto Pierre Chouteau, 30, footnote',\nletter to A. Chouteau, 30, footnote;\nseeks to join Missouri Fur Company, 31; founds American Fur\nCompany, 33; forbids sale of rum\nto Indians, 42\nAstoria: 23, 24, 25, 41, 152, footnote;\nsee also George, Fort\nBabines: 174, footnote\nBairvent-Baisvent-Boisdant: 94, 140\nBald Mountain: 84, footnote\nBan-at-tee Indians: see Bannock Indians\nBancroft, Hubert Howe: 62, footnote, 69; quoted, 68; abstract of\nWork's Journals, 69; History of\nWashington, Idaho, and Montana,\n64, footnote; Works, 46, footnote;\nManuscripts, 46, footnote, 72, footnote, 73, footnote, 74, footnote, 75,\nfootnote, 79, footnote, 80, footnote,\n87, footnote, 93, footnote, 96, footnote, 99, footnote, 101, footnote,\n128, footnote, 133, footnote, 174,\nfootnote\nBannack Pass: 121, footnote, 135,\nfootnote\nBannock Indians: 152, footnote\nBapiste, I. J: 174\nBarnston, Mr: 75, footnote\nBarsonette, L: 63\nBastin: 148\nBeaver, Reverend: missionary to\nNorthwest, 53, footnote\nBeaver: 15, x6, also footnote, 21,\nfootnote, 59, 60; trade in Northwest declines, 29; trade in Yellowstone valley, 31, 32; trade in\nNorthwest, 47, also footnote; pelts,\nprice of, 48, also footnote, 50;\namount sent by Work to Spokane,\n56; number obtained from Flat-\nheads and Kootenais by Work, 58\nt\n 196\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nBeaverhead River: 105, footnote, 106,\nfootnote, 109, footnote, 130\nBeaverhead Rock: picture of, 103;\ndescription of, 105, also footnote;\nmentioned, 122\nBenetsee Creek: 64, footnote\nBenton, Senator Thomas: 33, 36\nBenton, Fort, on Yellowstone River:\n33, footnote\nBenton, Fort, on Missouri River:\nbuilt, 35\nBering, Vitus: 16, footnote\nBerthold, Bernard: 53\nBethume, Angus: 29, footnote\nBiassonette, L: 174\nBig Hole River: 100, footnote, 101,\nfootnote\nBig Island: 74, also footnote\nBig Camas Prairie: 82, footnote\nBig Lost River: 144, footnote, 145,\nfootnote\nBig Smoky River: 154, footnote, 156,\nfootnote\nBig Wood River: 82, footnote, 145,\nfootnote, 153, footnote, 160 footnote\nBig Willow Creek: 165, footnote\nBiggar, H. P: Early Trading Companies of Neva France, cited, 15,\nfootnote\nBighorn Mountains: 18\nBighorn River: 21, 30, 33\nBirch Creek: 102, footnote, 126, footnote, 129, footnote\nBirnie, P: 63, 138, 169\nBishop, Jean: 13, 100, footnote\nBitter Root Divide: 86, footnote\nBitter Root River: 38, 89, also footnote, 93, 140\nBitter Root Valley: 125, footnote\nBlack Hills: 18\nBlackfoot Country: 178, 180\nBlackfoot Indians: 17, 31, 40, 58, 62,\nalso footnote, 90, footnote, 91, 95,\n96, 97, 105, 106, 107, 108, no, in,\n113, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125,\n126, 127, 128, 129, 136, 137, 138,\n141, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151,\n156, 176, 180; attack Three Forks,\n32, 180; and American Fur Company, 35; annoy Work, 58; attack\nfur traders, 33; kill Cloutier, 63;\nkill Letandre, 65\nBlackfoot River: 89, footnote, 90,\nfootnote, 91, illustration\nBlalock, Dr. : 74, footnote\nBlalock's Island: 74, footnote\nBlonte, A: 63\nBlood Indians: 128\nBloody Dick Creek: in\nBoise, Fort: 65, footnote, 152, footnote\nBoise River: 82, footnote, 145, footnote, 152, 154, footnote, 156, footnote, 158, footnote\nBoisvert, Louis: 63\nBonaventura Valley: 59\nBonneville, Captain : 41, 45, 152,\nfootnote\nBorssie, Fort: 65, footnote\nBridger, James: 36, 40, 41, 53\nBridger Pass: 38\nBritish Columbia: Papers re, 29,\nfootnote, 48, footnote\nBritish Columbia Provincial Library:\n68, 69, 181\nBrosnan, C. J: 71, footnote\nBuche: 106\nBudard: see Burdod\nBuffalo: 21, footnote, 49, footnote,\n50, footnote; range in northwest,\n16; robes, 17, 49, footnote\nBurdod: 63, 168\nBurnt River: 168, footnote, 169, footnote\nBurpee, L. J: 22, footnote\nButte, Mont: 28\nButte River: 174\n INDEX\n197\nCalifornia: 17, 29, 39, 59\nCamas Creek: 153, footnote\nCamas Prairie: 79, footnote, 82,\nfootnote, 90\nCamass Plain: 81, 90, also footnote\nCampbell, Robert: 36, 53\nCanyon Creek: 120, footnote\nCape Horn: 64, footnote, 72, footnote\nCarney: 63, 96, 97, no\nCass, Fort: built, 35, 36\nCavalier: letter to A. Chouteau, 32,\nfootnote\nCelilo Falls: 72, footnote, 74, footnote\nChallis: 144, footnote\nChampagne, F: 63, 96, 97, 107, 157,\n162, 168\nChardon, Fort: built, 35\nCharles Fork: 161\nCharlie, Old Indian: 65, 89, 126\nChinook: 88, footnote\nChittenden, Hiram: History of the\nFur Trade in the Far West, cited,\n31, footnote, 34, footnote, 36, 38,\nfootnote, 39, footnote, 43, footnote,\n49, footnote, 52, footnote\nChiveraux: 88\nChouteau, Auguste: 30, also footnote,\n48, footnote, 53; and Missouri Fur\nCompany, 31\nChouteau, Pierre: 30, also footnote,\n53; Collections of, 48, footnote, 49,\nfootnote, 52; and Missouri Fur\nCompany, 31\nChouteau, Pierre Jr. and Co: 34\nChutes, The: 74, also footnote, 175\nClamorgan, Jacques: 30, footnote\nClamorgan, Louis: 53\nClantin, J: 96, footnote\nClark, William: and Missouri Fur\nCompany, 31\nClark, Fort: 49, footnote\nClark River: 114, footnote\nClark's Fork: 23, 28, 37, 56, 57, 75,\nfootnote, 76, footnote, 89, footnote,\n90, also footnote, 99, footnote, 100,\nfootnote, 125, footnote\nClear Creek: 161, footnote\nClearwater River: 78, footnote, 79,\nfootnote, 80, footnote, 82, footnote,\n86, footnote, 87, footnote, 94, footnote\nClouture, I. (also J.): 71, 96, 97\nColorado: 38\nColorado River: 114, footnote\nColville, Fort: 33, 47, footnote, 55,\n60, 68, 75, also footnote, 76, also\nfootnote, 77, 180; new Fort Colville constructed by John Work, 60\nColumbia Center, Wash: 79, footnote\nColumbia Fur Company: 34\nColumbia Fur Trade: 29, footnote,\n5*\nColumbia River: 16, also footnote,\n17, 22, 23, 29, 37, 40, 47, also\nfootnote, 48, 57, 58, 60, 71, footnote, 72, footnote, 73, footnote, 75,\nfootnote, 76, footnote, 78, footnote,\n114, footnote\nConnah, Fort: last Hudson's Bay\nPost erected in U. S., 46\nConnelly, William: on expedition\nwith Work, 56; trader along\nClark's Fork, 57\nCook, R: 63, 138\nCottonwood Creek: 94, footnote, 98,\nfootnote\nCoues, E: 22, footnote; Journals of\nAlexander Henry and David\nThompson, 76, footnote\nCovine, J: 63, 96, footnote\nCowlitz Prairie: 60\nCox, Ross: Adventures on the Columbia River, cited, 13, 23, footnote, 24, footnote, 25, footnote, 26,\nfootnote, 75, footnote, 125, footnote, 152, footnote; in Flathead\ncountry, 24; enters employ of\n) -\n 198\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nNorthwest Company, 24; at Salish\nHouse, 25\nCraig's Ferry: 78, footnote\nCrooked River: 168, footnote\nCrooks, Ramsey: 52; letters of, 46,\nfootnote, 47, footnote, 49, footnote;\nfortune of, 53\nCrow Country: 30\nCrow Indians: 17, 21, 22, 62, footnote; enemies of Blackfeet, 31\nCumcarney: in, 121, 122, footnote,\n129, 138\nCurry: 96\nCuster County, Idaho: 145, footnote\nDakotas: 18\nDale, H. C: Ashley-Smith Explorations, cited, 32, footnote, 36, footnote, 37, footnote, 38, footnote, 40,\nfootnote, 44, footnote\nDalles: 73, 175\nDalles-Celilo Canal: 73, footnote\nDalles Portage: 175\nDavidson, G. C: The Northwest\nCompany, cited, 20, footnote, 22,\nfootnote, 23, footnote, 24, footnote,\n27, footnote\nDay, John: 74, footnote\nDay's River: 74, 169, footnote, 170,\nalso footnote, 175; see also John\nDay's River\nDayton, Wash: 78, footnote\nDeadwood River: 162, footnote\nDeadwood Swamp: 162, footnote\nDease, James W: 28, 46; commands\nat Salish House, 29, also footnote\nDeep Creek: 81, footnote\nDeep Saddle: 84, footnote\nDeer Lodge Pass: 100, footnote\nDeer Lodge River: 99, footnote\nDeland, Charles E: The Verendrye\nExplorations, cited, 18, footnote\nDempsey Creek: 99, footnote\nDeschutes River: 168, footnote\nDesland, J: 63, 107, in, 171\nDillon, Mont: 105, footnote, 106,\nfootnote, 124, footnote, 130, footnote\nDivide Creek: 101, footnote\"\nDodds, James: The Hudson's Bay\nCompany, cited, 20, footnote\nDouglas, David, botanist: 57, 60, 64,\nfootnote; Journal, cited, 57, also\nfootnote; friend of J. Work, 61,\nalso footnote\nDouglas, Sir James: 27, 57; letter to\nF. Tolmie, 48, footnote; member\nboard of managers Columbia department Hudson's Bay Co., 61; on\nexpedition with Work, 56\nDubruill, J: 168\nDubruille, Bt: 63, 74, 77\nDumais, A: 63, 140, 174\nDunn, John: The Oregon Territory\nand . . . Fur Trade, cited, 42,\nfootnote, 45, footnote\nDurkee, Oregon: 169, footnote\nEddy, Mont: 125, footnote\nEdmonton, John R: 45, footnote\nEhminger, George: 49, footnote\nEight Mile Creek: 118, footnote;\ntrail, 120, footnote\nEighteen Mile Creek: 119, footnote\nElliott, T. C: 13, 26, 38, footnote, 68,\n80, footnote, 82, footnote; Columbia Fur Trade, cited, 29, footnote;\nviews regarding Work's route, 78,\nfootnote\nElmore County, Idaho: 82, footnote\nErmatinger, Edward: 28, 29, footnote, 46, 56, 60, footnote, 179, 181\nErmatinger, Francis: 28, 56, 180\nEwing, G. W: 53\nEwing, W. G: 53\nFarnham, Thomas J: in Flathead\ncountry, 24\nm\n INDEX\n199\nFaul, J: 79, 63, 172\nFavel, A: 63\nFavel, J: 143\nFinlay, Abraham: 63, 64, footnote,\n93, x33, H3, 157, 162, 169\nFinlay, Francois: 64, footnote\nFinlay, Jacco Raphael: 64, footnote\nFinlay, M: 63, 64, footnote, 93\nFinlay, O: 63, 64, footnote\nFinlay, P: 93\nFinlay son, Duncan: 180\nFinlayson, Roderick, son-in-law of\nJ. Work: 62\nFitzgerald, J. E: Examination of\nCharter . . . of Hudson's Bay\nCompany, cited, 27, footnote, 271,\nfootnote\nFitzpatrick, Thomas: 36, 40, 41; discovers South Pass, 37\nFive Mile Rapids: 73, footnote\nFivemile Creek: 161, footnote\nFlathead Country: trade in, 46\nFlathead Indians: 24, 28, 56, 58, 64,\nfootnote, 76, footnote, 88, footnote,\n91, no, 112-114, 117, 122, 123, 127-\nI29, x39\u00C2\u00BB footnote, 141, 159; trade\nwith Hudson's Bay Company, 57;\ntrade with Americans, 57, 128\nFlathead Lake: 26, 28, 33\nFlathead Post: 29, footnote, 46, footnote; moved, 46, 125, footnote\nFlathead River: 28\nFlathead trade: 75, also footnote\nFlint Creek: 99, footnote\nFoxes: 16; trade in, 49\nFraeb, Henry: 36, 40\nFranchere, Narrative: cited, 152,\nfootnote\nFraser's River: 56\nFrench and Indian War: stopped expeditions of discovery, 19, 20\nFrench Prairie: 66\nFrobisher, Thomas and Joseph: enter western fur trade, 20\nFur trade: beginnings of, 15; on Up\nper Missouri, 30; character of, 43\n44, 46, 53, footnote; French anc\nBritish rivalry for, 20; profits of,\nco. HH decline of. 3, 26,\nfootnote\nMcKenzie, Charles: 21, footnote\nMcKenzie, Donald: 75, footnote; on\nSnake River, 24; joins Northwest\nCompany, 25\nMcKenzie, Fort: built, 35\nMcKenzie, Kenneth: 48; opens trade\nwith Blackfeet, 35\nMcKenzie, Roderick: Northwest Com-'\npany, cited, 21, footnote\nMcKinley, Archibald: 174, footnote\nMcLean, Twenty-five years service\nin Hudson's Bay Company: 43,\nfootnote\nMcLeod, Alexander R: 28\nMcLeod, John: 16, footnote, 21, foot'\nnote, 29, footnote; Journals, 16,\nfootnote, 28, footnote, 45, footnote,\n47, footnote, 51, footnote, 53, footnote, 61, footnote, 177, 178; commands Interior Brigade, 56\nMcLeod, Malcolm: 26, footnote\nMcLoughlin, John: 16, footnote, 29,\nfootnote, 40, 47, footnote, 51, footnote, 53, footnote; character of,\n27; chief factor ot Hudson's Bay\nCompany, 27; aids Smith, 39; to\nCommittee of House of Commons,\n42, footnote; testimony of, 43,\nfootnote; drives out American\ncompetition, 45, footnote; method\nof trade, 45; estimates of profits\nof Hudson's Bay Company, 51\nMcMillan, James: 25; in charge of\nSpokane House, 24; in employ of\nHudson's Bay Company, 27\nMcNamaras Landing: 90, footnote,\n9i\n.Madison River: 40\n INDEX\n203\nMalade River: 82, footnote, 145,\nfootnote\nMalheur River (Mathon River): 168,\nfootnote, 174\nManuel, Fort: 31, footnote\nMandan Indians: 18, 21\nMarias River: 35, 123, footnote\nMartens: trade in Northwest, 49, 56,\n60\nMasson, A: 21, footnote, 65, 71, 77,\n96, 168\nMathon River: 168; see also Malheur River\nMayne, R. C: Four years in British\nColumbia and Vancouver Island,\ncited, 51, footnote\nMeadow Creek: 160, footnote\nMeany, E. S: 69\nMelrose: 101, footnote, 102, footnote\nMenard, Pierre: 31\nMill Creek: 78, footnote, 117, footnote\nMink: 56, 60; number taken by Hudson's Bay Company, 49\nMississippi River: 15, 17\nMississippi Valley Historical Review: 64, footnote\nMissoula, Mont: 28, 140, footnote\nMissouri Fur Co: 36, 37; expeditions\nattacked by Blackfeet, 33; incor-\nported, 31; impoverished, 32\nMissouri River: 16, 17, 18, 21, 28,\n29, 30, M 32, 34, 35, 41, 47, footnote, 49, 57, 93, 101, 105, 112, 114,\nfootnote, 121, 123\nMontana: 18, 19, footnote, 22, 23,\n41, 64, footnote, 71, footnote, 76,\nfootnote, 95, footnote, 99, footnote,\n155, footnote\nMonteur Creek: 95, footnote\nMonteur, Nicholas: 24, 95, footnote\nMorice, A. J: 42\nMontreal, Canada: 20, furs shipped\nto, 30\nMuskrats: 16, 58; amount sent by\nWork to Spokane, 56; number taken by Hudson's Bay Company, 49\nMusselshell Creek: 83, footnote\nNevada Creek: 98, footnote\nNew France: 19\nNew Orleans, La: 49, footnote\nNez Perce, Fort: 25, 58, 63, 75, footnote, 78, footnote, 168, footnote,\n169, footnote, 174, footnote, 177,\n179, 180\nNez Perce Indians: 57, 61, footnote,\n76, footnote, 78, footnote, no, 114,\n120, 137, 139, also footnote, 140,\n141, 151, 159, 175\nNez Perce River: 80, also footnote\nNine Mile Rapids: 73, footnote\nNinemile Creek: 162, footnote, 163,\nfootnote\nNisqually, Fort: 62\nNorth Camas Plains: 82, footnote\nNorthwest Fur Company: 21, 22, 23,\n25, 26, 27, 30, 37, 50, 64, footnote,\n75, footnote, 76, footnote, 145, footnote, 155, footnote, 174, footnote;\nforced Hudson's Bay Company to\nexpand westward, 21; established\non Columbia River, 23; buys merchandise from Pacific Fur Company, 24; finds position strengthened, 24; rum used by, 42; profits\nmade by, 51\nNorty: 65, 77\nOgden Hole: 29\nOgden, Peter Skene: 27, 38, 40, 55,\n58, 60, 78, footnote, 143, footnote,\n170, footnote; reports rich beaver\ncountry, 16, footnote; chief trader\nfor Hudson's Bay Company, 28;\nexpeditions of, 29; Snake River\nexpedition, 51; chief trader, 55;\nreturns from Snake River trade,\n1\n .,; - \u00E2\u0096\u00A0.\n204\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\n58, 180; Journal of 1827, 166, footnote; letter to John McLeod, 61,\nfootnote\nOgden's River: 29, 59\nOhio River: 15\nOkanagan, Fort: 23, 24, 56, 75, footnote\nOlds Ferry: 168, footnote\nOregon: 64, footnote\nOregon Historical Society Quarterly:\n*8> 58, footnote, 64, footnote, 65,\nfootnote, 66, footnote, 69, 74, footnote, 144, footnote, .155, footnote,\n170, footnote\nOregon Short Line Railroad: 100,\nfootnote\nOregon Territory and the British\nNorth American Fur Trade: cited,\n42, footnote\nOregon Trail: 41, 168, footnote\nOsie: 65, 74\nOtters: 60; numerous on upper Missouri, 16; taken by Hudson's Bay\nCompany, 49\nOvahdo: 95, footnote\nOwl Creek: 79, footnote\nPacific Fur Company: 23, 33, 41;\nsurrenders to Northwest Company,\n24, 32, 155, footnote\nPack Creek: 86, footnote\nPahsiman Creek: 37\nPahsimaroi: 120, footnote, 143, footnote\nPambrum, P. C: 174, footnote\nPangman, Mr: 21, footnote\nPapier Family: 53\nParis, G: 65, 85, 157\nParker [Pambrum]: 174\nPatit Creek: 78, footnote\nPaus, G: 65, 85\nPayette, Idaho: 6.5, footnote\nPayette, Francis: 65, also footnote,\n94, 96, 106, no, 150, 155, 166, 175,\nfootnote, 170, 171\nPayette River: 65, footnote, 161,\nfootnote, 162, also footnote, 166,\nfootnote, 164, footnote, 167\nPearee: 65, 172\nPend d'Oreille Indians: 125, also\nfootnote, 126, 127, 128, 138\nPeola, Wash: 79, footnote\nPichette: 88, no, 146, 173\nPiegan, Fort: 123, footnote; constructed, 35\nPierre, Chief: leader of Iroquois, 44\nPierre's Hole: 41\nPilcher, Joshua: in the Northwest, 33\nPillet: leads fur traders, 24\nPilot Rock, Oregon: 174, footnote\nPinet: 65, 172\nPlains, Montana: 57\nPlante, A: 93\nPlante, C: 65, 157, 162, 168\nPlante, G: 151\nPlante, M: 64, 65, also footnote, 71,\n73, 76, 77, 83, 84, 93, 125, also\nfootnote, 139, 140, 174, 175\nPlatte River: 38\nPoison Creek: 140, footnote\nPond, Peter, fur trader: 20, 21, footnote\nPortage, 72, 73\nPost Creek: 46\nPowder River: 21; trade along, 40,\n169, footnote\nPratte, Bernard: 53; head of Western Department American Fur\nCompany, 34\nPratte, Bernard and Co: 52, footnote\nPratte, Chouteau and Company: 34\nProvost, Etienne: 37; discovers Great\nSalt Lake, 38\nPryor's Fork: 21\nQuintal, L: 65, 71, 73, also footnote\n77, no, 150, 168\nMvk\n INDEX\n205\nRandeau: see Riendeau\nRayburn, J: 65, 86\nRaymond (Raymun), William: 66,\n72, 73, 127, 128, 137\nRead, John: killed in Snake River\ncountry, 25, 152, footnote\nReads River: 145, footnote, 152, 154,\n162\nRed Rock Creek: 109, footnote, 123,\nfootnote, 124, footnote, 130, footnote\nRedrock, Mont: 123, footnote\nRees, John E: 13, 79, footnote, 82,\nfootnote, 143, footnote\nRegale: 71, also footnote\nReine, Fort de la: 18\nRendezvous, The: 37, 114, footnote\nRenzer: 114, footnote\nReyhn, J: 168\nRiendeau (Rondeau), C: 66, 96, also\nfootnote, 148, 151, 168\nRiendeau (Rondeau), L: 66, 73, 77,\n125, also footnote, 138, 162, 168,\n171\nRobinson: 114, footnote\nRocky Canyon Creek: 78, footnote\nRocky Mountain Fur Company: 36,\n40, 41, 46, 57, footnote, 114, footnote; losses of, 52; holds last rendezvous, 41\nRocky Mountains: 18, 22\nRodin: trapper with Work, 66, 148\nRondeau: see Riendeau\nRosebud River: 36\nRoss, Alexander: 13, 26, 37, 37, 42,\n44, footnote, 65, footnote, 75, footnote, 114, footnote, 144, footnote,\n145, footnote, 155, also footnote,\n160, also footnote, 166, footnote; in\nemploy of Northwest Company, 25;\nintrusted with Snake River trade,\n28; in command at Salish House,\n28; criticizes Indians, 44; Fur\nHunters of the Far West, 25,\nfootnote, 90, footnote, 146, footnote\nRoss, Donald: 28\nRoss Fork: 157, footnote\nRoss, Gilbert: 66, 172\nRoss's Hole: 28, 38\nRoussie River: 152, footnote\nRupert's Land: 19\nRussell's Creek: 78, footnote\nRussians: sell no supplies to Work,\n59\nRyan Pass: 145, footnote\nSt. Ignatius, Mont: 46\nSt. Lawrence River: 15\nSt Louis, Mo: 30, 53; beaver pelts\nsold at, 52; price of furs at, 48\nSt. Louis, Mo., Intelligencer: 53, footnote\n.Salish Indians: 88, footnote\nSalish House: 23, 24, 25, 38, 40, 76,\nfootnote, 125, footnote\nSalmon River: 37, 78, footnote, 79,\nfootnote, 80, also footnote, 81, footnote, 82, footnote, no, 112, 113,\nalso footnote, 114, also footnote,\n120, 125, 134, 135, 136, 137, footnote, 139, footnote, 140, footnote,\n141, 144, footnote, 151, also footnote, 158, footnote, 159, footnote,\n160, also footnote, 174\nSaloas River: 87\nSalvos River: 93\nSandwich Islands: 64, footnote\nSanta Fe Railroad: 39\nSarpy Family: 53\nSarpy, Fort: 36\nSatakays, P: 66, 79\nSatoux: see Soteau\nSatroux: see Soteau\nSauwashen, Chief: 81\nSawtooth Mountains: 157, footnote\nScott, Lesie M: 69\nSelkirk, Lord: 52, footnote; estimates\nprofit of Northwest Company, 51\n 206\n3?\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nSheep Eaters: 152, footnote\nShoshone Cove: 109, footnote, 122,\nfootnote, 131, footnote, 140, footnote\nShoshone Indians: 141, 150, footnote\nSickly River: 145, also footnote, 149\nSickness in Work's party: 71, 72, 73,\n74, 75, 76, 80, 177, 179\nSilbert: 66\nSilver Bow Creek: 100, footnote\nSimpson, Governor George: 16, footnote, 28, footnote, 29, footnote, 42,\n51, footnote\nSimpson, Fort: 60\nSioux Indians: 16, 21; number of\nbuffalo robes collected by, 49\nSmiley Creek: 158, footnote\nSmith, Jedediah S: 33, 36, 39, also\nfootnote, 53; leads expedition to\nnorthwest, 37; gets Ogden's men to\ndesert, 38; mentioned, 39, footnote;\nleads expedition to Pacific, 39;\nabandons Snake River country, 40,\n44, footnote\nSmith, T: 66, 89, 94, 172\nSmith, Jackson, and Sublette: 38\nSnake Expedition: 71, also footnote\nSnake Indians: 62, 66, footnote, 150,\n155, 156, 160, 165, 166, 167, 171,\nx73, 174; steal from Iroquois, 44\nSnake River: 23, 25, 28, 29, 32, 37,\n4i, 58, 597 63, 65, footnote, 71,\nfootnote, 78, footnote, 79, footnote,\n80, also footnote, 114, footnote, 167,\n168, footnote\nSnake River Brigades: 37, 38, 58, 71,\nfootnote; commanded by Work,\n29; profits made by, 51; organization of, 66, 71, also footnote,\n152, footnote\nSoteaux (Satoux): 66, also footnote,\n67, footnote, 81, 83, 89, 94, 96, 102,\nno, in, 163, 170, 171, 172, 173\nSouth Dakota: 18\nSouth Dakota Historical Collections:\n18, footnote, 19, footnote\nSouth Pasjii. discovered, 37\nSowities, Chief: 81\nSpaniards: 17; opposed to* Americans, 39; influence Indians, 59\nSpokane: 28, 56\nSpokane House: 25, 55, 56, 64, footnote ; founded, 23; under command of McMillan, 24\nSpokane River: 61, footnote\nStatistics of the West at the close of\nthe year 1836: 50, footnote\nStevens, Gov. : 64, footnote\nStone and Company: 34\nStrahorn: To the Rockies and Beyond, cited, 105, footnote\nStuart, David: builds Fort Okana-\ngan, 23\nStuart, John: Journal at Rocky Mountain House, cited, 39, footnote\nStuart Lake: 174, footnote\nStuart, Mont: 100, footnote\nSublette, Milton: 36, 41; in Rocky\nMountain Fur Company, 40; and\nSublette, William, 36\nSublette, William: 36, 38, 145, footnote\nSublette, Smith & Company: 114,\nfootnote\nSukly River: see Sickly River\nSunset Hill: 93, footnote\nSylvank River: 168, also footnote\nSymons, Lieut : 78, footnote\nTacoma, Wash: 62\nTendoy, Idaho: 113, footnote\nTexas Creek: 136, footnote\nThompson, David: 26, 76, footnote,\n95, footnote, 125, footnote; explorations of, 22; builds Salish House,\n23; reaches mouth of Columbia, 23\nThompson Falls: 23, 76, footnote\nThousand Springs: 144, footnote\nS\nif\n ^1\nINDEX\n207\nThree Forks, Post: 32\nThree Tetons: 26\nThwaites, R G: 17, footnote; Original Journals of Lewis and Clark,\ncited, 17, footnote, 105, footnote;\nRocky Mountain Explorations, cited, 17, footnote\nTimber Creek: 118, footnote, 136,\nfootnote\nTodd, John: 181\nTolmie, F: 48, footnote\nTolmie, William Fraser, son-in-law\nof Work: 62\nTolmie, Mrs. William Fraser: 68\nTongue River: 36\nTouchet River: 78, footnote, 79, footnote\nToupe, J: 66, 126, 149, 165, 169\nTrexler, H. A: Buffalo Range of the\nNorthwest, cited, 16, footnote\nTrail Creek: 113, footnote, 154, footnote, 161, footnote\nTravels and Adventures in Canada\nand the Indian Territories, cited,\n20, footnote\nTreaty of 1846: 47\nTrois Tetons: 44\nUmatilla Rapids: 74, footnote\nUmatilla (Utalle) River: 14, 74,\nfootnote, 174, footnote\nUmfreville, Edward: 20, footnote\nUmpqua Indians: destroy Smith's\nparty, 39\nUmpqua Indian Country: 59\nUnion, Fort: 35, 48, 49; constructed,\n34, 112, footnote\nUnited States: forbids sale of rum\nto Indians, 43; licenses Indian\ntrade, 43\nUpper Dalles, ,The: 73, footnote\nUtalle River: see Umatilla River\nValle Family: 53\nVan Buren, Fort: 36\nVancouver: 59,. 68, 71, 73, 75, 175,\n177, 178\nVancouver, Fort: 16, footnote, 45,\nfootnote, 51, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62,\n75, footnote, 158, footnote; founded, 27-39, 71, I74, footnote; Smith\nspends winter at, 40; price of furs\nat, 48\nVancouver Island: 61\nVerendrye, Francis and Louis: discover the Rocky Mountains, 18; deprived of western grantSj 19\nVerendrye, Pierre Gaultier de la:\njourney to Mandans, 18; gains\nmonopoly of western trade, 19;\ndeath of, 19\nVerendrye plate: 19, footnote\nVictor: River of the West, 145, footnote\nVictoria, B. C: John Work died at,\n61\nVictoria Colonist: quoted, 62\nWager, Jacob: see Wayer, Jacob\nWalla Walla, Wash: 25, 74, footnote,\n125, footnote; see also Nez Perce,\nFort\nWalla Walla, Fort: 139, footnote,\n174, footnote\nWalla Walla River: 75, footnote, 78,\nalso footnote\nWalla Walla housekeeper: 66, 128,\n129\nWapshilla Creek: 80, footnote\nWar of 1812: 24, 32, 41, 75, footnote, 174, footnote; causes value\nof pelts to decrease, 48\nWarm Springs Creek: 100, footnote,\n161, footnote\nWaser River: see Weiser River\nWashington: 60\nWashington Historical Society Quarterly: 58, footnote, 61, footnote, 64,\n*f\n\\\n m\n208\nJOURNAL OF JOHN WORK\nIt\nftp\nUS-\nfootnote, 65, footnote, 68, 75, footnote, 99, footnote, 143, footnote,\n145, footnote\nWayer, Jacob: 166, footnote\nWeippe, Idaho: 79, footnote, 82, footnote, 83, footnote\nWeippe Prairie: 79, footnote\nWeiser River: 166, also footnote, 167,\nalso footnote\nWeitas Creek: 84, footnote\nWenaha River: 79, footnote, 80, footnote\nWheeler, Olin D: Trail of Lewis and\nClark, cited, 88, footnote\nWhitman, Marcus: 174, footnote\nWhitman Mission: 174, footnote\nWihinast Indians: 165, footnote\nWillamette Valley: 39\nWillow Creek: 79, footnote, 154, footnote, 164, footnote\nWillson, Beckles: The Great Company, cited, 15, footnote, 19, footnote\nWind River: 40\nWisdom River: 101, footnote\nWinnipeg: 18\nWoody, Franklin: 87, footnote\nWork, John: 13, 29, 41, 46, 62, also\nfootnote, 64, footnote, 65, also footnote, 69, 71, footnote, 72, footnote,\n75, footnote, 78, footnote, 79, footnote, 80, footnote, Si, footnote, 87,\nfootnote, 89, footnote, 94, footnote,\n99, footnote, 115, 140, footnote, 154,\nfootnote, 157, 169, footnote; sent to\nFlathead country, 29; succeeds Ogden, 29; Journal, 38, footnote, 55,\n66, 67; letters to E. Ermatinger, 46,\nfootnote, 177; life of, 55 ff; trader\nfor Hudson's Bay Company, 55;\ntrading expedition under C. F. Ogden to Columbia and Fort George,\n55, footnote; powers of observation, 56; trade with Flathead In\ndians, 56; expedition to Fraser's\nRiver, 56; trading expedition made\nby the Interior Brigade from Fort\nVancouver under command of McLeod, 56, footnote; trading expedition for Interior under command\nof Connelly, 57, footnote; becomes\nchief trader, 58; expedition to\nGreat Salt Lake, 58; hunting and\ntrading expedition down Snake\nRiver to Utah, 58, footnote; expedition to Northwest Coast, 59,\nfootnote; expedition up Umpqua\nvalley, 59; trades on northwest\ncoast, 59; expedition to Bonaventura valley by way of Ogden's\nRiver, 59, also footnote, 66, footnote; hunting expedition down\nSnake River, 59, footnote; trading\nand hunting trip to the southward\nfrom FortVancouver, 59, footnote;\nin charge of Fort Simpson, 60;\nbuilds New Fort Colville, 60; becomes chief factor, 60; surveys\nCowlitz Prairie, 60; member\nboard of managers of Columbia\ndepartment of Hudson's Bay Company, 61; member legislative council of Vancouver Island, 61; Vancouver Island, 61; death of, 61;\ndescription of, 61; daughters of,\n66; spelling of, 67, 68; letter to\nJohn McLeod, 175; last campaign\nin Snake country not successful,\n177; profits, 177; party suffered\nscourge of fever, 178; returns from\nSnake country, 179; expedition to\nBlackfoot country, 180; did not see\nFrank Ermatinger, 180; tired of\ncursed country, 181\nWork, John Jr: nephew of John\nWork, 61\nWood River: 151, footnote\nWyoming: 74, footnote\nm\nU;X,\n w,\n1\nI\nTin'\n 1\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\u00E2\u0096\u00A0if\ns\nm\n UK. f 11\ni~3\n "@en . "Number 1 in Early Western Journals. Includes index.

Other copies :http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3992044"@en . "Books"@en . "Travel literature"@en . "F5820.1.W6 L3"@en . "II-0620"@en . "10.14288/1.0230525"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Cleveland : Arthur H. Clark Company"@en . "Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy, or otherwise distribute these images please contact digital.initiatives@ubc.ca."@en . "Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. F5820.1.W6 L3"@en . "Hudson's Bay Company"@en . "Fur trade--Northwest, Pacific"@en . "Indians of North America--Northwest, Pacific"@en . "Northwest, Pacific--Description and travel"@en . "The journal of John Work, a chief-trader of the Hudson's Bay Co. during his expedition from Vancouver to the Flatheads and Blackfeet of the Pacific Northwest, edited, and with an account of the fur trade in the Northwest, and life of Work"@en . "Text"@en .