"d5a6bddc-9f2c-47bf-b831-8b7c921a7ead"@en . "CONTENTdm"@en . "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=2741500"@en . "British Columbia Historical Books Collection"@en . "Fernon, Thomas S. (Thomas Sargeant), 1818-1896"@en . "2016-05-05"@en . "1878"@en . "\"Mentions British Columbia's natural affinity with the Pacific states.\" -- Lowther, B. J., & Laing, M. (1968). A bibliography of British Columbia: laying the foundations, 1849-1899. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 61."@en . ""@en . "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0221796/source.json"@en . "88 pages : tables ; 25 cm"@en . "application/pdf"@en . " \nNo Dynasty in North America. \nTHE WEST BETWEEN SALT WATERS.\nHUDSON BAY A FREE BASIN LIKE THE GULF OF MEXICO.\nHUDSON STRAIT A FREE GATE LIKE THE\nSTRAIT OF FLORIDA.\nf MANITOBA LIKE LOUISIANA A MARITIME STATE.\nNORTH AMERICA FOR CITIZENS, NOT FOR SUBJECTS.\nTHE WEST AND ITS WAYS OUT TO THE COAST\nAND IN FROM THE OCEAN.\nMISCELLANY.\nBY\n1 t *SK IN? \\nTHOMAS S. FEElSTOlN\".\n;T.\nFOR SALE AT\nBRENTANO'S LITERARY EMPORIUM,\n39 Union Square, New York.\nPEICE, FIFTY CENTS. No Dynasty in North America.\nTHE WEST BETWEEN SALT WATERS.\nHUDSON BAY A FREE BASIN LIKE THE GULF OF MEXICO.\nHUDSON STRAIT A FREE GATE LIKE THE\nSTRAIT OF FLORIDA.\nMANITOBA LIKE LOUISIANA A MARITIME STATE.\nNORTH AMERICA FOR CITIZENS, NOT FOR SUBJECTS,\nTHE WEST AND ITS WAYS OUT TO THE COAST\nAND IN FROM THE OCEAN.\nMISCELLANY.\nBY\nTHOMAS S. FEESTOK\nPHILADELPHIA:\nPRESS OF HENRY B. ASHMEAD,\nNos. 1102 and 1104 Sansom Street.\n1878. \nEntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by\nTHOMAS S. FERNON,\nIn the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 1\nNO DYNASTY IN NORTH AMERICA.\nO\nH\nCHAPTUR I.\nThe atlas of the world contains no political outline so \" ragged\nedged\" as the Dominion of Canada, made up of misallied provinces\nin single file like Indians on a trail, nowhere two abreast; and of which\nit may be said, could the autonomic wonder be described, that Manitoba is its chest, with one lung thawed in the grain-growing summer\nsolstice, the other lung blockaded with ice throughout the year: its\nwaist the wasp girth of ground between Lake Superior and James\nBay; Nova Scotia its heel; and Newfoundland the big toe of its\n\"best foot put foremost\" among the fishes.\nThe Dominion of Canada was organized contemporaneously with\nthe military adventure of Napoleon the Third in Mexico, during the\nrebellion of the Potomac Rio-Grande States, 1861-65, in expectation\nthat secession would succeed and the American Union be dissolved.\nTo profit from this * disaster France and Great Britain made mutual\npreparations. But the \"wayward sisters\" that loved secession \"not\nwisely but too well,\" when they went out at the side doors open\nsouth, are reinstalled in their old places and duties under the invincible Constitution, which, to preserve liberty in the Republic and union\namong the States, can take shape to meet necessities, can carry guns\nlike a ship and be reefed and unfurled like a sail, to suit the weather\nof the times; and the prodigal sons of secession) willing to serve the\ncountry, break bread in Washington and divide appropriations in\nCongress with representatives of the States that continued steadfast;\nand so the four quarters of the country, named after the cardinal\npoints, are all cemented in the joints dovetailed in the Union shield,\nand every State is a standard star on the national flag.\nThe American citizen is always and everywhere gladdened by the\nensign of his nationality ; and the subject in political fetters is cheered,\nby the stars and stripes, radiant in the ports of the world penetrated\nby American ships, with colors at the mast-head, free in the wind and\nbright against the heavens, the banner an inspiration, the background\nthe resting place for hope. What a contrast between freedom and\n<*\n\\n1*\n1 despotism ! What a transition from bondage of the mind to liberty\nof speech and action ! Through its flag the American Union is visible,\nas through the firmament the universe is comprehensible; and the\nharmony among the States that move in the Union is identical with\nthe harmony among the orbs that move in space. Lift up your\nthoughts, oh ye politicians in Congress, and look over North America,\nye rulers in Washington !\nBeyond the Rio Grande neighbor Mexico is an independent Republic ; whereas the Dominion north of a boundary line of many crooks\nand few tangents, though cradled in \"great expectations,\" an empire\nin embryo, for a Prince of the House of Hanover, or some one of its\nchoosing, is uncultivable for cereal and fibrous crops in two-thirds or\nmore of its superficial square miles.\n\" Only partially thawed in summer,\" says the geographical chart,\non the polar side of a climate line through the British Possessions;\nand white-bear, reindeer, and walrus, says the same chart, above a\nclimate line described as the \"northern limit of barley and trees,\"\nwhich crosses Slave Lake and intersects Hudson Bay near the mouth\nof Nelson River.\nThe arctic highlands and islands and the icy seas and sounds\nbetween Alaska and Baffin Bay, and from the sixtieth parallel to the\npole, may be considered British territory to expand the circumference\nof empire, and perhaps commend the Dominion to adventurous trappers, sanguine fur traders, and rash navigators in search of the\nmagnetic point and the northwest passage; but for governmental\npurposes these considerations are of minimum account, even though\nthe Esquimaux be assessed as tributers for mining for fishes in fissures\nin the ice.\nAnd Europeans, when they compare localities in high latitudes in\nNorth America with localities on corresponding lines in their own\ncountry, ought always credit their milder home climate to the Gulf\nStream which passes.a tepid river between banks of colder water from\nthe Florida Strait to the British islands, and via the North Sea to\nNorway; whilst the arctic current, with Greenland's icebergs adrift\nin its waters, cold almost to the freezing point, prolongs the embargo\nof winter in the St. Lawrence, and defers the opening of navigation\nto Quebec and Montreal till more than half the season of spring,\nalways a busy time, is past and gone.\nMoreover, it is wicked, because it is deception, to inscribe on a map\nof the Dominion of Canada \"latitude of London 50\u00C2\u00B0 30'\" athwart\nLake Winnipeg, where in midwinter the mercury sinks to fifty decrees\nbelow zero, and has been cast into balls in bullet moulds, for ocular\ndemonstration/ 1\nTrue, there are prairie bottoms, upland terraces, and littre and large\noases in the Winnipeg basin, between the international boundary fence\nand the isothermal limit to agriculture. And the Dominion govern\"\nment, with the proceeds of loans negotiated in the \"mother country,\"\nis traversing Dominion territory with the Canada Pacific Railway\nthrough twenty-seven hundred (2700) miles of wilderness, from Montreal via Ottawa, Serlick, and Yellow Head Pass, to the Pacific waters.\nBut it is, nevertheless, a fact disparaging to the Dominion that, of\nthe Europeans who first land in Canada, many soon push on through\nit into the States ; so an emigrant via the Dominion is an immigrant\nin the Union, and hence, notwithstanding that Quebec was founded\nin 1608, and is older than New York city, and Serlick in Manitoba\nwas settled fifty years before Minnesota, New York city to-day contains as many inhabitants as twenty Quebecs, whereas the white\npopulation in Minnesota is more than thirty-six times the white and\nhalf-breed population of Manitoba. New York State contains a larger\npopulation than the whole Dominion of Canada, although Jacques\nCartier, a French navigator, sailed up the St. Lawrence in 1535, and\nit was not till 1609 that Hendrick Hudson, in the Dutch service,\nentered the waters of New York Bay.\nIn British Columbia gold was discovered in 1858, twenty years\nago; but Washington Territory, on the Union side of the temporary\nboundary fence, and which never allured gold-hunters, contains more\nthan twice the population of its British neighbor. Why ? Because\none is part of the American Republic, the other is a dependency of\na foreign kingdom. In one place the man is a citizen, where partent-\nrights are restricted to discoveries and inventions in the sciences and\narts; the other is a subject who owes allegiance to a far-away dynasty,\nwhere titles are inheritable and society is portioned into castes, as\nrailway freight is portioned into classes. Witness :\nWashington Territory\nSquare Miles.\nCensus.\nWhite Population\n69,994\n187,0\n22,195\n213,000\n1871\n10,586\nBritish Columbia,\n)\nThe Hudson Bay Company's charter, dated May 2, 1670, expired \u00C2\u00A3a PJajnh\nin 1859. Lord Serlick, obtained a grant of land on Red River in\n1811, and in 1816 he arrived at his colony with a military escort.\nIn 1816 the site of Chicago was in the Northwest Territory, and\nthe Missouri Territory west of the Mississippi River was bounded on\nthe south by the State of Louisiana, and on the north by British\nAmerica. Indiana was the frontier State, admitted into the Union\nDecember 11, 1816. When, therefore, Lord Serlick visited his settlement on Red River, in 1816. via Hudson Bay and the portages 6\nbetween \".York Factory\" and Serlick, Union domain was wilderness\nwest of Lake Michigan ; for Minnesota was not organized as a Territory till March 3, 1849, and was not admitted as a State till\nFebruary 26, 1857.\nComparison.\nMinnesota,\nManitoba,\nsqua\nMiles\n83,531\n2,891,734\nCensus.\n1870\n1871\nPopulation.\n438,257\n11,963\nThe population at the settlements on Red River and the Assini-\nboin in 1843 was 5143.\nIn Minnesota the whites only are counted; in Manitoba, census of\n1871, the half-breeds are included with the whites.\nAt the time of Lord Serlick's visit to Red River in 1816, there\nwere only eighteen States in the Union, all east of Lake Michigan\nand the main Mississippi River, except Louisiana;. whereas now\nthere are in the Union thirty-eight States, and eleven Territories,\ncontaining more than eleven embryo States.\nThere will be sixty millions of inhabitants in the Union before\nthere will be five millions of inhabitants in the Dominion; for, in the\nten years ending 1871, the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Bruns-\nwick, and Nova Scotia increased only 395,265, whereas, in the ten\nyears ending in 1870, the State of Pennsylvania increased 595,941,\nand the Union, notwithstanding four years of sanguinary civil war,\nincreased 7,075,877, which is more than twice the total of Dominion\npopulation.\nHere is what Minnesota, Manitoba's neighbor, has done in the way\nof growth and increase:\nPopulation,\nMinnesota,\n1840.\n0\n1850.\n6,077\n1860.\n172,0^3\n1870.\n438,257\nManitoba, in 1871, contained of whites and half-breeds 11,963.\nThis, indeed, is a contrast in increase, in considering which it is\nwell to remember that the French fur traders had penetrated into the\nRed River region from Hudson Bay, and also from Lake Superior,\nmore than a hundred years anterior to Lord Serlick's visit in 1816.\nFort Bourbon, now York Fort, was built by the French, who held it\nfrom 1697 to 1714, when possession was surrendered to the English.\nManitoba, therefore, cannot urge insulation as a cause of its small\npopulation, because its two routes with portages gave it as good\ncommunications to the seaboard as were available across the Allegheny\nMountain to the Ohio River, prior to the opening of the Baltimore\nand Ohiu Railroad to Wheeling, 11th January, 1853, and the Pennsylvania Railroad to Pittsburgh, 14th February, 1854. Ohio con- tained over two millions of population before a railway track crossed\nits boundary line. \"The star of empire westward took its way\" at\na very early day across Pennsylvania and Yirginia, and the frontier\n\u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00AB/ ft/ fc ^3 /\nState was on the west bank of the Mississippi River, opposite the\nmouth of the Ohio River, before the railway was in public use even\nin England, the land of its invention and first construction. No, no,\nit is as a State that Manitoba may more reasonably expect to attract\nimmigration, for the stranger from afar would then find within it the\n\"liberty, equality, and fraternity\" which he crossed the ocean to\nenjoy, in personal experiences and domestic comforts.\nThere are no flanged family shoes worn in the Union to keep the\nson on the father's track, like a car with flanged wheels coupled to a\ncar ahead, for here man is free to make a self-propelling motor of his\nbrain power; whereas to move a train, or even a car, a steam engine\nis a necessity. Self-reliance in mundane matters is the American\nmental characteristic, and the observant alien plants his boy in American ground to grow an American citizen and enjoy freedom in manhood. The scion is not expected to trudge behind his sire, who\nsucceeded his grandsire, but, on the contrary, to strike out for himself,\nwhen moved by inward capacity for advancement.\nWhere there are privileged orders to be fed and kept fat for society\nshow-beef and birds, and honors, commissions, and offices are dispensed by royal favor, or by royal proxies, the wheel of fortune is\nturned by hand, clean or dirty as the case may be, like the wheel of\na lottery containing a few prize numbers and many blanks; but where\nthe goddess Fortune is neither fettered nor blindfolded, and there is\nfree admission to the industries and the professions, and all the human\npursuits which employ civilized society are open opportunities to\nnecessity and ambition, fortune has nothing to do with the choice of\nservice, but only with the delivery of the compensations and prizes in\ndollars and distinctions. And hence we see in the high places in\nWashington and in the States, and at the head of the industries and\nthe professions, men moved by mental power and moral worth from the\nranks of the honest poor to the foremost and uppermost positions.\nAll men work up or down, for no sane man is content to stand still\non the same step in a flight of stairs between two floors ; and to move\nforward is to go up and to go backward is to go down. Fame must be\nwon else it cannot be worn ; fame must be built of deeds substantial\nas monumental stones, or it cannot be perpetuated, for fame is the\nevidence of things seen with the eye of the understanding; but\nwealth amassed by a hoarder of dollars, like a hay-stack after a\nmower has pitched to its top his last forkfull of grass, is apt to\ndiminish, for farm stock must have fodder, and heirs have voracity the same as rats; expansion and contraction are parts of one law, as\nthe up and down ends of a seesaw are parts of one board.\nThere is a standard measure and rule and a true balance; and\npersons and things measured and weighed are sometimes short, sometimes light; but despite the imperfections and inequalities in human\nnature, there has been nO recent reaction in the progress of the world,\nfor Christian peoples now girth the globe, and new ideas grow among\nthe old traditions. Public opinion is a pervading power, tending\nmore and more to a prevailing influence in cabinet, council, and camp.\nTrust in God and His purposes, and meantime rely on yourself,\nand in honest ways strive for honorable ends. And this is true of\nnations as of individuals; for a nation in its governing force is one\nman multiplied by many, as, indeed, is the population of the earth the\nposterity of one mated pair\u00E2\u0080\u0094Adam and Eve. For evidence of the\npast look to the books, which, however imperfect, are the only witnesses that survive for history except ruins.\nBefore attempting to forecast probabilities, watch current events,\nand weigh the men in high places, as weather doctors consult the\nbarometer, to ascertain the pressure of the atmosphere, and the thermometer, which tells the degree of temperature.\nThus the weather-vane and mercury-tube do much for man; and\nthe equivalent of whatsoever has been accomplished is possible of\nrepetition ; and where the people are intelligent, and incumbents of\noffice are patriotic to country and true to duty, the ends attained\ntend to the common good of mankind; for developments due to mental and moral causes dispel superstition and illuminate darkness.\nFrance is a flame in a lighthouse lantern on a coast strewn with\nwrecks, and Paris is an illuminated clock to the capitals of Europe,\nwhere chronometers are not corrected to the sun on the meridian, but\nare regulated to the phases of affairs, on different faces for separated\nplaces, like a time-piece with dials showing the hour and minute in all\nthe principal cities around the globe.\nThere are other eruptions besides volcanoes which bury cities, and\nthere are subterranean fires other than those in the bowels of the\nearth, which make its surface tremble and its crust crack ; for public\nopinion aroused in anger can pour out a wrath as sure to overwhelm\nas lava poured from a crater is certain to harden in a winding-sheet.\nUnder the Republic, since February, 1871, France has achieved\nmore than appeared possible in so few years. Hence France is an\nexemplar for other nations, and the United States of Europe is a consummation possible to the masses, in whom there is a latent fire\nlike electricity, which, though invisible in the atmosphere, is irresistible in the thunderbolt. And, as a storm with lightning purifies the n\n9\nsummer air which human beings breathe into their lungs, so revolu- *\nO O 7\ntion, with its elements in anger, is a sanitary agent where dynastic\nabuses offend the sense of practical economy and deteriorate the public\nmorals and political health. A dynasty is a piece of ground watered\nby irrigation like a cranberry patch or a rice plantation, and produces\nresults according as it is fed with the rainfall of other land, through\nthe works of other hands. A republic of free states is an orchard of\nfruit-trees; it blossoms and bears.\nA plough turns a furrow and breaks the ground for a new crop.\nAnd revolution turns the subsoil uppermost to bury the weeds turned\ndown, and give the corn planted room to grow and ripen into golden\nears. Without revolution the \" Dark Ages,\" which cover with night\nmore than half the Christian era, would have been prolonged through\nmore centuries. To revolution humanity is indebted for the American\nUnion, the climax of free government, at the date of the Declaration\nof Independence, and also at its centennial celebration. Revolution\nis public opinion expressed successfully; and no government can defy\nor ignore public opinion with impunity, for it is everywhere the supreme\npower, when it approximates unanimity in judgment and action. How\ncareful and prompt are the ambassadors and ministers of kings and\nqueens on the chess-board of Europe, to make a case or an excuse for\na transaction or a treaty ! How anxious they are to make sharp practice pass for fair play ! as, for instance, when Austria was told to carve\ntwo bones off Turkey, through muscles and sinews, the Berlin Con-\n*/ 7 O\ngress gave the appropriation the appearance of an European mandate\nrouged in the interest of peace; but Bosnia and Herzegovina were not\nto be assigned without protest with weapons, and the Berlin pretext\ndeceived nobody, for nowadays important facts are communicated simultaneously to all men who read newspapers and draw conclusions.\nThe telegram travels faster in wire to circulate the news, than the\nearth turns on its axis to greet the sun; steamships straight-line the\noceans, and locomotive engines race-course the continents.\nThe Congress of Berlin, called to consider the treaty of San Ste-\nfano, determined fewer issues than it deferred; and hence the uncertainty which prevailed before it met has not been diminished since it\nadjourned. International questions put off to sleep are in a condition\nof quiet which may be broken at any time, and the recuperated party\nroused refreshed for another strife. What Russia needs to satisfy its\nnecessities\u00E2\u0080\u0094national and international\u00E2\u0080\u0094is forecasted and understood;\nbut how many months or how many years Russia may have to wait,\nand how and where Russia may have to venture and strike, to reach\nits goal is, of course, problematical.\nThe cause of Russia can have but one finality; its course is to a\nft/ / 10\ndestination not in doubt, for it is the most conspicuous objective point\nin the Eastern Hemisphere, by reason of its ancient time and modern\n-date antecedents and the jealousies and cross purposes which perplex\nthe European situation.\nUnquestionably the war indemnity mentioned in the San Stefano\ntreaty, in a clause which the Berlin Congress did not supplement, is\nan ember in hot ashes, where a little stirring will make a smoke and\nstart a fire. And before the Russians recross the Balkans, homeward\nbound, and evacuate Varna, and leave Bulgaria among the buzzards,\nthere are sundry settlements to be made, in which the army of occupation can cooperate with St. Petersburg like a fleet with London.\nAnti-Russian diplomacy exceeds equivocation when it professes to\nbelieve that the Russian people will rest on any treaty as final and\nconclusive which does not assure to Russia military and naval facilities to keep the straits open to Russian ships. Nothing short of such\nsecurity will satisfy Russia or make peace permanent.\nAnd as the map of the American Union will not be finished till its\nnorthern boundary, where it is a tangent fence be taken down, and\nsunk out of sight where it is a water-course, neither will the map of\nRussia be finished till more acquisitions in Europe and in Tartary are\nincluded in its consolidated empire; for the Black Sea is in verity a\nbottle, of which Constantinople is the cork; the cities in the basin of\nthe Oxus\u00E2\u0080\u0094the theatre of momentous events in past times\u00E2\u0080\u0094are, in\nthese latter days, only way stations. The mountain water-shed be-\ntween the Oxus, which flows north, and the Indus, which flows south,\nis the main divide between India, under the rule of a foreign country\non an ocean island far away, and Khanates which are dovetailed\nparts of the Russian Empire, with commercial interests in common\nwith Orenburg and Astrakhan: because it is the policy of Russia to\nseek and strive to Russianize wheresoever it reaches and holds fast;\nwhereas, Great Britain has, in no sense, Anglicized India, which it\nmanipulates as if 1,558,254 square miles of territory were a plantation, and 240,000,000 inhabitants were so many chattels, utilized\nfor the profit of absentees, less the cost of administration.\nCHAPTER II.\nThe 1814-15 Congress of Vienna could not be repeated; nor can\nany one read the proceedings of that body in Thiers' \"Napoleon\"\nwithout indignation that Austria, which merited so little from Napoleon's overthrow, was allotted so many spoils, largely at the expense\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00BB 1 O \u00C2\u00BB/ ST 11\nof France. But, since 1815, Germany has been organized and Italy\nunited; Rome is restored to the ruler of Italy, and Berlin is the court\nof a great power. Russia, like the United States, has a mission to\nprosecute and frontiers to rectify; neither of the two, however, has\ndreams for trans-ocean empire. England's policy has made \"the rich\nricher and the poor poorer,\" till now the poor of the British Isles are\nthe poorest among the peoples of Europe; and that British exaction\nin India makes human food for famine in that naturally bountiful\nland, official records abundantly prove and demonstrate. In \"The\nNineteenth Century,\" a London monthly review, dated August, 1878,\nMiss Florence Nightingale, in an article which is an indictment of\nGreat Britain for wholesale murder, says: \" In Southern India, that\nis, in Mysore, Bombay and Madras, our loss in one year's famine has\nnot been far short of six million souls!\" Austria is held together, not\nby a fusion of particles, like a car-wheel cast in a mould on a foundry\nfloor, but like a wheel consisting of a hub, spokes and fellies, made by\na worker in wood, and held together by an iron tire, put on by a\nblacksmith. Turkey made conquest in Europe with the sword, and\nthreatened to extirpate Christian civilization. And when, finally, its\nreverses checked its progress, its conquests were still large, for the\nBlack Sea was a Turkish lake, entirely surrounded with Turkish territory, till 1774, when Russia made its frontier on the Black Sea, west\nof the Crimea, and, in 1783, added the Crimea to its acquisitions.\nThrough subsequent wars between Russia and Turkey, Russia\nacquired more and more Black Sea border from Turkey; and so\nRussia obtained territory on its south side in the Black Sea basin by\nconquest, as the American Union obtained territory on its south side\nin the Mississippi basin, by purchase. And Europe and America are\nboth bettered thereby.\nWhat Louisiana was that Manitoba is, and what Louisiana is\u00E2\u0080\u0094a\nState in the Union, abutting on the Gulf of Mexico\u00E2\u0080\u0094Manitoba will\nbe\u00E2\u0080\u0094a State of the Union abutting on Hudson Bay. Then the Union\nwill have the sea on all sides, east, west, north and south; for its\nshores will be washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the\nGulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay ; and its structural anatomy will be\ncomplete with the body of the continent divided into free states, united\nfor national objects, into a Union which has withstood the trial of\nforeign wars and the severer test of civil strife. There is no line for\nthe partition of the North American Union, nor for the permanent\npartition of the North American Continent. The West, the core of\nthe country, will have at command and in use facilities for communication with Lake Winnipeg via Pembina, as it now has with Lake\nMichigan, via Peoria, by river and canal; and with Hudson Bay, by\nJ 12\nrail, as it now has with the Gulf coast and the Atlantic coast, by rail,\nto all the seaports from Texas to Maine.\nTo be sure, there will be detractors who will disparage Hudson\nBay, depreciate its navigation facilities and exaggerate its obstructions-\nfrom ice; but it cannot be gainsaid that it has a summer season of\nopen and safe navigation, and that the Hudson Bay Company did\nutilize it throughout its long and eventful history.\nIn sooth, in Smollett's \" History of England,\" on the reign of\nGeorge the Second (time 1748), a hundred and thirty years ago, it is\nmentioned that Parliament was petitioned \"that the trade of Hudson\nBay might be laid open;\" but the Company, having an exclusive\npatent, resisted the proposition, which was given the go-by, on the\nground that it would entail \"public expense,\" the aim being then, as\nsince, to make the St. Lawrence the commercial base of operations\nacross the continent, on British territory. But the St Lawrence\nroute is an open navigation for only half of the year, and its outlet\nis high up in the north, compared with the Erie-Canal-Hudson-River\nroute. Hence, for Dominion interests to demur to the use of Hudson\nBay for a tide-water terminus for overland rail and inland water-line\ntraffic, will be regarded by the West, when the subject attracts its\nserious attention, about as if Buffalo were to protest that western\ntraffic ought not be forwarded east from the Mississippi River, via\nFlorida Strait.\nPrecisely as the western part of Pennsylvania\u00E2\u0080\u0094an eastern State\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nis in the Mississippi basin, and Pittsburgh has its main market in the\nWest, so the northern parts of Minnesota and Dakota\u00E2\u0080\u0094a western\nState and a western Territory\u00E2\u0080\u0094are in the Winnipeg basin ; and Lake\nWinnipeg will be put in artificial water-line communication with the\nMississippi River system of boat navigation, via the Red River of the\nNorth, to the Upper Missouri and the Upper Mississippi, exactly as\nLake Michigan is connected with the Mississippi River system by canal\nfrom Chicago to the Illinois River.\nThere is no international line between New York and San Francisco, and the international line between NeAV Orleans and Winnipeg\nwill be obliterated; for the water-shed between Hudson Bay and the\nGulf of Mexico is a roof with little inclination and a low apex, and\nwhich sends the drainage of its north side down the Nelson River\nspout, and from its south side down the Mississippi River channel to a\ncommon level in seas which commingle their waters in the Atlantic\nOcean, via Hudson Strait and the Strait of Florida.\nThe French Republic, first established in 1792, was usurped by\nNapoleon, who was declared First Consul in 1799, and was proclaimed\nEmperor and crowned by the Pope in-1804. The second Republic 13\nwas organized in 1848, and Louis Napoleon was elected President;\nhe destroyed it by the coup d'etat December 2, 1851; was declared\nEmperor December 2, 1852. Coveting the Rhine Provinces, war on\nGermany was declared July 15, 1870; on the 2d August he telegraphed to the Empress that at the storming of the heights of Saar-\nbruck the Prince Imperial \"Louis has received his baptism of fire.\"\nThirty days thereafter, September 1, he surrendered with MacMahon's\narmy at Sedan, and on the 4th September the Empire succumbed to\nthe popular indignation, and the Republic was proclaimed, in the Hotel\nde Ville. And the third Republic is a field oak with roots and\nbranches, bearing seed acorns for other soils and leaves for wreaths\non decoration days.\nBy peace, patience and perseverance the third Republic in seven\nyears made France prosperous and potential; and the third Republic\nis built to stay and stand, for it is the choice of France, over and over\nagain confirmed, as a necessity to its harmony and happiness, against\nthe remnants and shreds of dynastic factions made up of Bourbons,\nOrleanists and Buorapartists, some of whom would exterminate where\nnot permitted to reconstruct, with old material found in ruins; the\nthird Republic, however, is approved, vindicated and justified, as the\nelections continuously attest; and thus the third Republic, as developed under the quickening power of Thiers, and Gambetta, and a host\nof steadfast men wise in experience and keen in forecast, is a covenant of promise against a background of despotism, conspicuous in\nits colors as a rainbow against a cloud after a storm.\nThe eight provinces which (including Newfoundland) make up the\nDominion of Canada are hitched together behind a pilot motor called\na Governor-General, appointed by the occupant of the British throne,\nas cars are coupled in a train behind a steam engine called a locomotive, and do not constitute a congruous governmental machine,\nsymmetrical and homogeneous in its political parts; whereas the\nUnion may be likened to a political planetarium, in which the States\nmove in orbits with the harmony of the heavenly bodies, and where\nthe Constitution, effulgent as the sun, is a source of light to the nation\nand a beacon of hope to man, under clouded skies, in other lands.\nNor can the Dominion machine move without friction, because it is\nengineered in London, through submarine wire-shafting, otherwise\nknown as the Atlantic cable, liable to abrasion on the ridges in the\n\u00C2\u00A9\nocean's floor and accident from other causes.\nThe States of the Union, moreover, are the offspring of a co-operative compact which has a seat of reason, inductive and deductive, in\nuniversal education in public schools of grades that rise like pyramidal\nsteps from a base in the alphabet to a summit in the sciences, and 14\na nervous system sensitive to right and wrong, and quick to respond\nto whatever concerns the common country; for no matter where menaced or by whom assailed, order must be maintained in society and\nunity preserved in the government; because the Union is a political\nbody permeated and pervaded with the influences and laws of attraction, cohesion and gravitation, which jointly fit it for its mission among\nthe nations, as the earth is adjusted and charged for perpetual motion\nin the universe.\nThe Dominion, in contradistinction to the Union, is a new evolution from an old idea conceived in Europe, and, though sent hither to\nhatch mischief, is impotent to realize expectations either in practice\nor prospect, as where a reptile hatched out of a snake's egg, put into\na hen's nest to scatter a brood of chickens, was scotched before it had\nfangs to bite.\nTrue, the Dominion is susceptible of congelation into a solid mass\nby the agency of cold in winter, when it is cemented with ice and\nasleep under the snow. In midsummer, however, when the Winnipeg\nbasin is in its beauty, there is a-partial thaw in the walrus region, and\nice-cakes, frozen in the wind from the north pole, drift out through the\nsounds and channels into Baffin Bay and Davis Strait, and float down\nthe coast in the arctic current, making the air thick with fog and the\nprovincial nose \" blue \" as the sky overhead, when the weather is\nexceptionally clear.\nAnd if the Dominion, in a political thaw, were to break into pieces\nlike the principal staple of its walrus region, British Columbia would\ndrift into the Union via Puget Sound, Manitoba'would tie fast to\nMinnesota, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick would enter through\n7 O\nopen doors into the sisterhood of New England States, for political\nworship at a common national shrine.\nHalifax would then in verity be the east portal open to Europe, as\nSan Francisco is the west portal of America open to Asia. And as\nHalifax is on and of the seaboard, not in nor of the St. Lawrence, it\nought to aspire to be the front door of the Union rather than the side\ndoor of the Dominion, for alternative use in winter time, when the\nSt. Lawrence, its main artery, is closed with ice against Quebec and\n* ft/ * o ^*\nMontreal.\nHalifax, notwithstanding that it was founded in 1749, a hundred\nand twenty-nine years ago, is to-day surpassed in population by more\nthan thirty cities in the United States, and by three cities in the\nDominion (Quebec, Montreal and Toronto), one on Lake Ontario, two\non the St. Lawrence, all rival and antagonistic to Halifax, when not\nunder embargo from ice. Contrast Halifax, as the Atlantic end of an\noverland railway route through the Union to the Pacific in California, 15\nwith the projected overland railway route through the Dominion to\nthe Pacific in British Columbia. Consider Halifax as a winter harbor\nfor its three Dominion rivals, that evade it when navigation is open,\nwith Halifax in the \"mind's eye\" as a naval station, commercial\ndock and warehouse in the Union, at the shortest ferry across the\nocean that divides the new world from the old. Halifax in the Dominion is out of its legitimate sphere, like a ship caught in ice and\nborne away from its true destination.\nBut reaction is not uncommon, in subject populations, where the\nyoke galls man, wisely made less patient than the ox, so that he may\nemancipate himself out of servitude to mortals of kindred clay, mould\nand manufacture, for sometimes the loftiest in the sight of the world\nare the lowliest seen from heaven. The words devil and tyrant are\nsynonymous, because both typify the spirit of evil; and as it is meritorious to cast out a devil, so is it meritorious to overthrow a tyrant\nor a despotism. Therefore, where there is oppression, revolution is a\nrighteous remedy; and forced provincial allegiance is oppression,\nbecause the provincial condition differs from the national condition as\napprenticeship differs from journeymanship, with the option of mastership open with conditions common to all. In the Union a citizen\nmay be content to vote, or he may aspire to candidateship, as an\napprentice, after having served out his time, may be content to work\nfor an employer or aspire to mastership in his calling or art; and\nNova Scotia, having first refused to enter the Dominion, subsequently\nconsented to be counted in with Quebec and Ontario, with which\nprovinces it has little affiliation and not much intertrade. Indeed,\nin the company of the cities of Quebec and Montreal at Ottawa, Halifax is not unlike a third person present where there are two friends\nmutually anxious for a private conversation.\nNew Brunswick and Maine abut against each other, divided by a\ntreaty fence, the first a province with a population of 285,594 in\n1871, the latter a State with a population of 626,915 in 1870. New\nBrunswick was settled by the French in 1639. Maine was admitted\ninto the Union in 1820.\nNova Scotia was visited by Europeans in 1497 and colonized in\n1604, sixteen years before the first settlement in Massachusetts was\nmade by the Puritans at Plymouth Rock. Nova Scotia, too, has\ndeveloped coal deposits, Massachusetts has none; and yet in 1870\nMassachusetts contained 1,457,351 of population on 7800 square\nmiles of territory, against 387,800 of population in Nova Scotia on\n18,600 square miles of territory. Boston, the principal city of Massachusetts, has New York and the Hudson River between it and the\nWest, its main market, and back of Boston is Montreal, with commu- 16\nnications west into the interior and east to the seacoast. Contrast\nMassachusetts with Nova Scotia, Boston with Halifax, and credit the\ndifference in favor of the American citizen over the British subject,\nto the political circumstance that Massachusetts is a sovereign State\nloyal to free institutions, Nova Scotia a subject colony allegiant to a\nforeign kingdom twenty-five hundred miles away.\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 j j\nThe \"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\" contains\nBritons in England, Scotland and Wales, and Irishmen in Ireland.\no 7 *\nBut a Nova Scotian in the Dominion of Canada is a provincialist, and\nthe Dominion is a colonial dependence, not an independent nation.\nIn 1283 Wales was finally subdued by England and annexed by\nconquest; and yet there are at this day thousands in Wales who use\nthe ancestral tongue and do not understand the English language.\nThe Scotchman is never an Englishman, though he may be more pronouncedly British than English or Welsh Britons.\nIn the Union the native-born and the adopted from abroad bear\none common name\u00E2\u0080\u0094American citizen. The American race, made up\nof many breeds and crosses bv immigration and intermarriage (but\nJ V \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 V\nnot by invasion like that of William the Norman, who stayed where\nhe conquered), dominates North America with free institutions, alongside of which the European transplant will fail of propagation and die\nof frost in the bud.\nHudson Bay is to the hydrographic basin of Lake Winnipeg, which\ndischarges its waters down the Nelson River, precisely whfat the Gulf\nof Mexico is to the basin bounded on the east and west by the Rocky\nand Allegheny Mountains, which sends its waters down the Mississippi River.\nAnd Hudson Strait is the Seagate of the Saskatchewan Valley via\nLake Winnipeg, as Florida Strait is the Seagate of the Mississippi\nValley via the Gulf of Mexico.\n\u00C2\u00AB/\nThe St. Lawrence is a narrow basin, and the group of connected\nlakes which empty into it, albeit they are inland seas in a fresh-water\nnavigation sense, drains but an inconsiderable area of Dominion territory, compared with the area of Manitoba territory in the basin of\nLake Winnipeg.\nMoreover, Lake Erie, which is the distributing pool of the three\nlakes west and northwest of it, is connected with the Hudson River\nby the famous Erie Canal\u00E2\u0080\u0094an artificial work equivalent to a river in\ncapacity and importance; and exactly as Lake Erie is connected with\nthe Hudson River by a water-line of cheap and easy navigation, so\nmay Lake Winnipeg be connected with the Mississippi River system\nof boat navigation via the Red River of the North, and, it may be,\nLake Traverse and the Minnesota River Valley. From Lake Tra- 17\nverse, considered as a summit reservoir, the descent north to Lake\nWinnipeg is only 366 feet, and the descent south to the Mississippi\nRiver at the mouth of Minnesota River is only 299 feet. The moderate altitude of the Lake Traverse summit-level establishes the practicality of artificial navigation between the Minnesota River and the\nRed River of the North; but as the paramount consideration is a\nboat communication between the Mississippi River and Lake Winnipeg, the best route is a question which only intelligent engineering\nand summit-level water supply can decide.\nHere are the elevations above sea-level:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nFeet.\nLake Traverse, at head-waters of Minnesota River and the Red\nRiver of the North, 994\nLake Winnipeg, into which Red River empties, . . . 628\nDifference of elevation in about 650 miles distance,\nLake Traverse, as before, ....\nMississippi River, at mouth of Minnesota River,\nDifference of elevation in 256 miles,\nRed River, low-water mark, at Moorhead, where Northern Pacific\nRailroad crosses it, .\nLake Winnipeg, as before, ....\nRed River, at Moorhead, above Lake Winnipeg,\nLake Traverse, as before, ....\nRed River, at Moorhead, as before,\n366\n994\n695\n299\n. 875\n. 628\n. 247\n. 994\n. 875\nElevation of Lake Traverse above Red River, at Moorhead, . 119\nMoorhead is the head of steamboat navigation and Breckenridge\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nthe head of boat navigation on the Red River of the North.\nCanal excavation in the prairie bottom into which the Red River\nof the North cut its channel would be easy work, and would shorten\ndistance south of Moorhead.\nIndeed, by a bold cut, like the one through the peninsula summit\non the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, a great saving of distance\nmay be accomplished between the Red River of the North and the\nMississippi and Missouri Rivers, or either of them. Canals that connect navigable waters have lost none of their consequence, but, on the\ncontrary, annually acquire additional importance, as witness the Delaware and Raritan Canal between Philadelphia and New York, the\nChesapeake and Delaware Canal, the Erie Canal, the Welland Canal,\nand the Illinois and Lake Michigan Canal. 18\nThe Welland Canal, a Dominion work which connects Lake Ontario\nwith Lake Erie, has 330 feet of lockage in 27 miles of distance ; and\nso there are 31 more feet of elevation between Lakes Ontario and Erie\nthan there are between the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Minnesota River and Traverse Lake, in a distance of 256 miles, and 211\nmore feet of elevation between Lakes Ontario and Erie than between\nTraverse Lake and Red River at Moorhead.\nThe Red River of the North has an average descent of less than\nseven inches in the mile ; is navigable for steamboats 275 miles, and\navailable for small boats and barges a longer distance. The Red\nRiver of the North can be utilized for the joint accommodation and\nmutual interest of Winnipeg, Pembina and St. Paul, and other centres\nof inland intertrade. Railroad bridges across it, but a few feet above\nhigh-water mark, can be elevated or provided with draws as on other\nrivers.\nThe Northwest had a very small population when the Erie Canal\nwas opened in 1\u00C2\u00A725, but look now at its tonnage and consider its importance as an artery of trade*. And from Albany and Buffalo turn\nto St. Paul and Winnipeg; cast the horoscope of Minnesota, and discern first a million, next two millions, and after that more millions of\npopulation,-with St. Paul expanded into an emporium of trade correspondingly conspicuous, boats plying the navigable water route and\ncars speeding the railway track between St. Paul and Winnipeg;\nManitoba a State of the Union, and the population of the Mississippi\nValley counted by more millions than are at this time in North\nAmerica, north of Mexico; not crowded as in China proper, however,\nwhere in an area of 1,534,953 square miles there are 405,213,152\nhuman beings, the territory occupied being less than half the size\nof the United States; and where, in the province of Ganhwuy, on\n58,468 square miles, there were years ago 36,596,858 inhabitants;\nas close together and densely packed almost as honey bees in a hive,\nand not unlike the honey-bee-housekeepers in industry to provide and\neconomy to save; but in the ratio of Europe west of the longitude of\nBelgrade and Warsaw, comprising Germany, Italy, France, Spain,\nBelgium, Holland, and Great Britain.\nNor is there fancy or exaggeration in this prospect; for already\nin matters appertaining to middle North America the word West\u00E2\u0080\u0094a\nterm of magnitude like the term East in Europe applied to Asia\u00E2\u0080\u0094has\nabsorbed the far west, southwest and northwest, and, along with the\nbasin of the Mississippi River, includes the basins of the lakes west\nof Niagara Falls, and all the region between salt water in the Gulf of\nMexico and Hudson Bay.\nFrom Washington, New Mexico and Montana, and all between, are 19\nin the West; as from London, Hindostan and Siberia, and all between\nand beyond, are in the East.\nThe imagination is not chargeable with extravagance where prediction has been surpassed by performance and dreams have been realized in persons and things substantial.\nConsider: A zone checkered with States across the continent where\nit is three thousand miles across, between the Atlantic and Pacific\noceans; an interior basin, with thirty-six degrees of longitude between\nits rim in the Alleghany Mountain in Pennsylvania and the Rocky\nMountains in Montana; its diameter one-tenth the circumference of the\nglobe } its area ten times the size of Great Britain and Ireland, and\nsix times the size of France; and which interior basin between mountain watersheds, if peopled in the ratio per square mile of France in\n1872, would contain 216,000,000 of inhabitants; a basin dotted with\ncities from Pittsburgh to Denver, from New Orleans to St. Paul, into\nO ' 7\nwhich cities are gathered for market the plenteous harvests from\nprairies and plains, from valleys with rivers in their laps, and from\ntable lands among the mountains; a belt of earth made luxuriant and\nbountiful by nature, containing millions of acres under tillage, producing crops not equalled in other climes, and millions of acres open\nfor settlement and cultivation to immigrants from foreign lands, and\nto native citizens prone to withdraw from large towns and small\nfarms, to enjoy a preferred life on the frontier, remote from neighborhood and noise.\nCHAPTER III.\nAt the beginning of the present century there was no State west\nof Pennsylvania, north of the Ohio River. Since January 1, 1802,\ntwenty-two new States have been admitted into the Union\u00E2\u0080\u0094one for\nevery three years. At the date mentioned, Pennsylvania was the\nfrontier State on the fortieth parallel of north latitude ; but there are\nnow on that geographical line, west of the \" Keystone\" of the original\nthirteen States that won independence and framed the Constitution\u00E2\u0080\u0094\ntwin achievements and a double fame\u00E2\u0080\u0094eight States and one Territory,\nadmitted at these dates, to wit:\nOhio,\n1802\nMissouri,\n1821\nNevada,\n1864\nIndiana,\n1816\nKansas,\n1861\nCalifornia,\n1850\nIllinois,\n1818\nColorado,\n1876\nUtah, Ter.,\n1850 tl\n20\nNorth of the fortieth parallel, since 1800, there have been six\nStates and six Territories admitted, at these dates, to wit:\nMichigan*,\n1837\nWisconsin, 1847\nMinnesota, 1857\nIowa. 1845\nNebraska, 1867\nOregon, 1859\nDakota, Ter., 1861\nMontana, Ter., 1864\nIdaho, Ter., 1863\nWashington, Ter., 1853\nWyoming, Ter., 1868\nAlaska, Ter., 1868\n318,572 square miles.\nu\nArea of the thirteen original States,\nArea of the thirty-eight States and eleven\nTerritories, . ..... 3,580,238\nIn 1800 there were sixteen States in the Union, and the\npopulation was ....... 5,308,483\nIn 1870 there were thirty-seven States and twelve Terri-\nt/\ntories in the Union, and the population was . . 38,558,371\nIn 1878 there are thirty-eight States and eleven Territories in the Union, and the estimated population is 47,000,000\nMinnesota State and Dakota Territory both abut on Manitoba;\nand how rapidly the public lands in Minnesota and Dakota are being\ndisposed of by the United States appears in the following comparative statement for the fiscal years ended June 30,1877, and June 30,\n1878, the same price per acre prevailing in both years:\nTotal, 1878.\nMinnesota, $1,041,203 12\nDakota, 1,461,801 73\nTotal, 1877.\n^279,847 02\n218,378 20\nIncrease.\n$761,356 10\n1,243,423 53\nTotal,\n$2,503,004 85\n$498,225 22 $2,004,779 63\nIncrease in one year, four hundred and two (402) per cent.\nIn British America a very large percentage of the territory is un-\ncultivable; and north of the sixtieth parallel of latitude the population will always be exceedingly sparse, if human beings only be\nenumerated, and migratory fauna, fish and fowl not counted.\nSouth of Texas the coast lines converge to the Isthmus of Tehuan-\ntepec, and at the Isthmus of Panama they are but a span apart.\nIn the manifested destiny of nations North America is reserved for\nfree institutions, for within it monarchy has perished in ignominy each\ntime that it was tried ; and the principal success in North America is\nthe Republic of the United States, which comprises its best parts, and\nwill include more and more of it, from time to time, howsoever British\ndiplomacy may plot to prevent. For no dynasty can be exalted in\nAmerica, where the supreme power is in the people, who put lunatics\nin infirmaries, and disbelieve in thrones and titles, and where kings\nI 21\nand princes are tolerated only in mimic parts in theatrical amusements.\nAged penitents who were peculators and speculators before fortune\nmade them conservativeSj sycophants destitute of manhood pride, and\ntitle-worshipping snobs and obsequious flunkeys may pretend otherwise, and ask for more license from London; but the precedents furnished by Mexico are fitted for Canada.\nPersonally, Maximilian was unexceptionable; but politically, he\nwas intolerable, and in the order of events fell a victim to one of the\nmessengers of death imported in his behalf to make Mexicans his subjects by force of arms. Subjects in America, forsooth ! The word may\nbe blotted out of the politics of Europe, for the citizen may succeed the\nsubject in Europe, as well outside as inside of France, where all forms\nof government have had trial in peace and in war, and where the Republic, which, in 1870, succeeded the empire, is a pronounced success,\nwith a record that is a marvel among the nations.\nMexico, as a Republic, has a mission in America, where the two\nRepublics do not jostle each other, for there is room for two, side by\nside. The city of Mexico is well situated for communication with the\ninterior country and the sea coasts; whereas, Ottawa, the capital of\nthe temporary Dominion of Canada, distant only fifty-five miles from\nJT \u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00BB/ \u00C2\u00AB/\nOgdensburg, in the State of New York, will be twenty-six hundred\nmiles distant from the Pacific waters, by the Canada Pacific Railway,\nwhen built, from Ottawa to Port Moody, in British Columbia ! The\nrailways of the Dominion, financially considered, may have had blossoms in prospectuses, but have not had fruits in profits; but, bad as\nthe fiscal showing is in the official reports of roads years in use, there\nwill be still less comfort derived from the earnings of the Canada\nPacific Railway, to offset its prodigious cost; for its route, like much\nof the route of the Inter-Colonial Railway, is through a region of\nminimum local resources; and what its through traffic is to consist of,\nand whence it is to come, is an inquiry adjourned till after it shall\nhave been inaugurated, and then\u00E2\u0080\u0094what? Why, then, the farce\nannually repeated at the Canada Grand Trunk Railway meeting will\nbe played simultaneously on two stages, where pay-roll officials are\nthe actors and investors make up the audience of dupes.\nA railway from Frazer River southward to a connection with a line\nto San Francisco would be worth more to British Columbia than the\nCanada Pacific Railway can be, east of Manitoba; and the same is\ntrue of Manitoba and the railway via Winnipeg and Pembina, against\nthe Canada Pacific Railway extended east of the Red River of the\nNorth to Ottawa.\nContemplate the intertrade of the Atlantic States, and think of\nBritish Columbia along with Washington Territory and the States of\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 j 22\nOregon and California. Think of the intertrade between Ohio river\ntowns and New Orleans and throughout the Mississippi basin, from\nPittsburgh to Denver, and consider Manitoba as a State in sympathy\nwith Minnesota and in cooperation with other States, down to the Gulf\nof Mexico. From Manitoba the outlook is south, not east, and the\ninterest of Manitoba is\u00E2\u0080\u0094and its aspirations ought to be\u00E2\u0080\u0094to advance\nfrom an inland province into a maritime State like Louisiana.\nIndeed, it is a hypothesis founded on ancient watermarks and topographical indications that time was when the surface of Lake Winnipeg was higher than its present level, the prairie bottom of Manitoba\nunder water, and the outflow to the sea via Traverse Lake and down\nthe Minnesota valley into the Mississippi River, till a break was made\nthrough the ridge which walled in the great reservoir on its north\nside, and the channel in which flows Nelson River was opened to Hudson Bay, now Middle Sea.\nChautauqua Lake, in the southwest corner of New York, is 1306\nfeet above the level of the sea and 738 feet above the level of Lake\nErie, from which it is only seven miles distant; but Chautauqua Lake\ndischarges its waters not into Lake Erie, seven miles distant, but into\nthe Gulf of Mexico, twenty-four hundred miles away, via the Allegheny, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.\nBut, whether the waters of Lake Winnipeg priorily flowed south,\ndown a gentle incline, or escaped north, down falls and rapids, the\nsubstantial fact remains, that Manitoba may be put in navigable communication with the Mississippi River, so that boats may be passed\nfrom Winnipeg to St. Paul, and even from Hudson Bay to the Gulf\nof Mexico; as boats can now navigate a continuous water-route between\nNew Orleans and Quebec, via the Illinois River and the canal thence\nto Chicago, whence the way is open to the lower St. Lawrence.\nLake Winnipeg may be made a commercial dock or pool like Lake\nErie, if its navigation be connected by canal with the river navigation\nof the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, as Lake Erie is connected with\ntide-water in the St. Lawrence, via the Welland Canal, and with the\nHudson River by the Erie Canal, a work to which New York State is\nindebted for its \"empire\" rank, and New York cityfor its commercial\nsupremacy.\nThe Saskatchewan and the Missouri are kindred rivers, whose\nsources are near together in the Rocky Mountains, and the communities along the sister river banks will develop affinities for intertrade\nthat will promote commercial intercourse and political co-partnership;\nfor the Frazer River and the Columbia River, the Missouri River and\nthe Saskatchewan River, like the rivers which flow from fountains\namong the peaks of the Allegheny Mountain, down both its' sides, 23\nall drain parts of one country, pervaded by a common sympathy, which\nan artificial line cannot dissever nor distract.\nSt. Paul is an important steamboat terminus and ^a conspicuous\ncentre of railway traffic. From St. Paul there are 1940 miles of\nsteamboat navigation southward to New Orleans, and 1913 miles of\nsteamboat navigation eastward to Pittsburgh. On the Mississippi\nriver and its principal tributaries there are 16,674 miles of river navigation. Verily, the Mississippi River system is an inland wonder.\nSurely to Manitoba it is of paramount importance that from Lake\nWinnipeg there should be a boat navigation to the Mississippi River,\nas there is from Lake Michigan a boat navigation to the Mississippi\nRiver. The level of Traverse Lake is only 299 feet above the Mississippi River at St. Paul, and 366 feet above Lake Winnipeg; but\nonly 119 feet, or thirty-three per cent, of the latter difference would\nhave to be overcome bv lockage, because to Moorhead the Red River\nof the North is a steamboat navigation, and at Moorhead. the surface of Red River is 247 feet above its surface at its mouth in Lake\nWinnipeg.\nBetween Buffalo and Albany, on the famous Erie Canal, there are\n642 feet of lockage, and from Lake Erie to Montreal there are 568\nfeet of lockage.\nBetween the head of steamboat navigation at Moorhead, on the\nRed River of the North, and the head of navigation on the Mississippi\nRiver at the mouth of the Minnesota River, the lockage would be only\n418 feet, 150 feet less than the lockage between the Lake Erie head\nof the Welland Canal and Montreal on the St. Lawrence.\nNo one can examine the question of the basin of the Mississippi\nmain river and its tributaries and not be convinced that the Red\nRiver of the North, which is divided from the affluents of the Mississippi River and the Missouri River by a phenomenally low prairie\ndivide with innumerable lakes, will be connected by canal with the\nnavigable streams so very near it on both sides, east and west.\nBetween Fort Garry, on Red River, and Lake Superior, the Dominion government has in operation a route consisting of 140 miles\nof road, 8' miles of portages and 304 miles of water navigation; total\nlength 452 miles. The summit-level swamp on this route, distant 74\nmiles from Prince Arthur Landing, Lake Superior, is 1483 feet above\nthe level of the sea, and 489 feet higher than Lake Traverse above\nthe sea; so that from the swamp summit to Lake Superior, which\nlatter is 600 feet above the sea, there is a descent of 883 feet, against\n299 feet from Lake Traverse summit to the Mississippi River.\nDuring the year ended June 30, 1876, there were carried over the\nDominion summer route, between Lake Superior and Fort Garry, 24\n2172 passengers, a small number, considering- the force employed on\nthe Canada Pacific Railway, additional to resident population, emigrants going out and immigrants coming in.\nDuring the year ended June 30, 1876, the Northern Pacific Railroad carried 3645 passengers to and 6951 passengers from Moorhead\non Red River.\nBy the Canada Pacific Railway route the distance from Fort Garry\non Red River to Lake Superior at Fort William is 410 miles. From\nFort Garry the air-line distance is 50 miles less to Duluth in Minnesota than to Fort William in Ontario.\nFrom Fort Garry the railroad distances south and east are: To\nthe Minnesota line, by the Pembina branch, 85 miles; to Brecken-\n/ft/ j\nridge on Red River, 287 miles; to St. Paul on the Mississippi River,\n504 miles; from St. Paul to Chicago, 409 miles; Fort Garry via\nBreckenridge and St. Paul to Chicago, 913 miles. The distance by\nrail between Chicago and Fort Garry can be shortened a hundred\nmiles via Milwaukee and Thomson.\nFrom Chicago to New York by shortest route via Pittsburgh and\nPhiladelphia, operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, the\ndistance is 913 miles, precisely the same as the distance from Chicago\nvia St. Paul and Breckenridge to lower Fort Garry, where the Canada\"\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00BB/ '\nPacific Railway crosses Red River. Total distance from Fort Garry\nthrough Breckenridge, St. Paul, Chicago and Philadelphia, to New\nYork city, 1826 miles. From Fort Garry to Halifax by Canada\nPacific and Intercolonial Railways via Ottawa, Montreal and Quebec,\nthe distance is 2308 miles, all on Dominion territory.\nAs, however, the St. Lawrence is ice-bound for half the year, comprising a part of autumn, the whole of winter, and more than two-\nthirds of spring, the ports of Montreal and Quebec are of course\nclosed to navigation all that time; and as Halifax is 482 miles farther\ndistant than New York city from Fort Garry, the foreign trade of\nManitoba, if allowed to choose its own channel, will be across Minnesota and through Union seaports to Europe.\nThe ambition to have a through route on Dominion territory is,\nO \u00C2\u00AB/ 7\ntherefore, beset with drawbacks to realization insurmountable in practice. The untrammelled intertrade between the States of the Union\nwill not be overlooked by Manitoba, which will hardly consent to be\n\"bottled\" for political reasons formulated at Ottawa, by a propaganda\nthat would transplant to the new world the political society shams of\nthe old world, outside of Switzerland and France.\nWhy should England endure a titled aristocracy that withholds\nfrom cultivation millions of acres in a country that imports much of\nits breadstuff's, pays but little tax on landed estate, arrogates social\nV 25\nsuperiority, enjoys the highest office honors, and revels in fashionable\ndissipation, with wealth to command the luxuries of life, where comforts are so scarce among the masses ?\nIn the Union only commodities are classified, and all honors and\nopportunities are open to free competition. In Great Britain title\nand position are inherited and transmitted, and there the ballot can do\nbut little good until the laws of primogeniture and entail be repealed.\nUnder a dynasty, man-power, horse-power, and steam-power are all\nalike considered available for utilization in the economy of government. And thus man, \" immortal man, made in the image of his\nMaker,\" is degraded to a brute and equated to a machine. His\nnatural rights are restricted beyond the necessities of a legal code\nessential for order and administration, and his privileges are circumscribed to a minimum radius of option; for he is the subject of the\ncrown, and is told to be thankful for the royal condescension that\nmakes life bearable, under conditions which provide palaces and parks\nfor inheritors of ancestral distinctions, life tenures, and entailed\nestates, and reduce the millions to an existence beset with more\npenalties than compensations, often clouded by day, seldom bright by\nnight; a purgatorial life between a worse condition under barbarism\nand a better condition under uniform rights.\n\u00C2\u00A9\nIn a republic birthright is equality under the law, and free competition for the public offices and honors and in the professions and\npursuits.\nIn a monarchy titles and honors are reserved out of the common\nif\nstock of the state, which in a republic comprises the whole people,\nwhereas in a'monarchy the state is an establishment administered and\nenjoyed by a law-favored class; an aristocracy not of mind or superiority of brain capacity, but of birth under a dynastic code wherein\nprerogatives are perpetuated, contrary to the republican practice and\nthe wise course of nature which with impartial hand scatters its gifts in\nthe soils and rocks, where they reward the finder according as he\nearns success by his own industry and effort.\nThe seasons come and go, and after every departure there is a\nreturn in the circle run, for nature has fixed laws which survive vicissitudes in the weather; the day runs its rounds to true time, and only\nthe air is fickle in its temperature.\nHuman government is comparative, and at best imperfect, because\nambitious man is prone to discontent, and from a step mounted strives\nto climb a step higher and is overturned; for a ladder must have two\nrests, one on the ground, the other against an object to prop its\nelevated end; and if a pit under it be opened or its support be removed, its own gravity will cause it to fall; so government must be founded in impartial justice, and be supported by public opinion, else\nit will incline from the upright, and in its tumble down take with it\nto the ground those who made of it a ladder for selfish exaltation, in\nforgetfulness of the special providence that its top round was below\nthe lookout summit where public opinion, in a republic, is a law of\ngravitation to bad men who aspire to leadership among the people.\nIn a dynasty there is a standing army of bayonets; in a republic the\nadult population is armed with the ballot, which at the poll is the\nequivalent of a ball in battle.\nLouisiana is a conspicuous State in the Union by reason of its\nsugar and cotton plantations, and because it abuts on the Gulf of\nMexico and contains the focus of Mississippi River and seaboard and\ntrans-Atlantic trade in the city of New Orleans, which occupies one\nof the most commanding sites on the world's waters, for domestic\nand foreign trade, having thousands of miles of steamboat naviga-\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\ntion on the fresh-water rivers in its rear, and tens of thousands of\nmiles of steamship navigation in the ocean currents on its front and\nflanks.\nAs a State in the Union, Manitoba would attract observation and\nacquire distinction, because it abuts on Hudson Bay or Middle Sea,\nwhich is a summer-door to the ocean from Minnesota and the West,\nbut which, notwithstanding British professions of free trade when an\nEnglishman opens his mouth in Washington, is shut and barred to\nforce tralfle down the St. Lawrence. Consider the geographical situation of Hudson Bay, which continues the sea into the West more than\nhalf way across the Canada main, between the Atlantic and Pacific\nOceans. With Hudson Bay declared a free and open sea, Manitoba\nas a maritime State would profit from a back-door on the north open\nto Europe, as Louisiana profits from a front-door on the south open\nto the West Indies and all the Atlantic coasts.\nManitoba, as one of six States across the Union, where its axle\nwould then turn on six wheels, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa,\nMinnesota, and Manitoba, between two seas, one called a bay, the\nother a gulf, would have communication in all directions between the\nhaunts of Newfoundland whales and Aleutian seals, tropical alligators\nand polar bears.\nTrue, Nelson River has rapids and falls, and so has the St. Law-\nrence and other lake and river routes, rapids and falls; but these\nnatural obstructions to navigation have been overcome by the judicious\nexpenditure of money in works engineered with skill; and thus\nthrough ways of art, works of nature are utilized. And compared\nwith what has been expended, and wisely expended, on artificial aids\nto navigation between Lake Superior and tidewater in the St. Law-\nHi 27\nrence, the sum needed would be small, to provide artificial aids to\nnavigation from Lake Winnipeg to Hudson Bay.\nIt is but a short distance from Lake Winnipeg to Hudson Bay,\nfrom Lake Superior to James Bay. And if the Canada Pacific Railway be located on the north side of Lake Nipigon, a short branch\nroad would suffice to reach a harbor on James Bay.\nApart from British considerations, which in the Dominion run\ncounter to the logic of American events, it is its commercial merit as\na portage railway between the Gulf of Georgia and Hudson Bay,\nthrough British Columbia and Manitoba, that gives the Canada Pacific\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nRailway much of the interest it awakens. And as it is certain that\nMontreal will advocate branches from the Canada Pacific main line to\nports on near-by tidewaters, Montreal cannot demur if Manitoba insist\non a branch road to a terminus on the James Bay arm of the ocean,\nso very much nearer than tidewater in the St. Lawrence.\nThe railway from Fort Garry to a junction with a Minnesota road\nfrom St. Paul to St. Vincent, opposite Pembina, will, at the boundary\nline, put Manitoba in railway communication with Minnesota, Winnipeg with St. Paul, and the railway network of the Mississippi States\u00E2\u0080\u0094\na consideration which a Manitoban will not overlook, but which he\nwill be careful to weigh and turn to account.\nA link of road from the junction of the Northern Pacific with the\nDuluth and St. Paul line at Thomson, to the Canada Pacific Railway\non high ground west of Fort William, where it deflects northward\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 '\nand possibly will pass around Lake Nipigon, would make a seaport on\nJames Bay, to be called Middlesea, the northern terminus of the\nMississippi railway system, which now has its northernmost station at\nDuluth, Lake Superior, a fresh-water reservoir, not a part of the\nsalt-water sea like James Bay.\nUndoubtedly Middlesea will be a grain port\u00E2\u0080\u0094a sort of Odessa\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nmeasured by its bushels, on James Bay, whence Hudson Strait opens\na way to Europe, on the old track of the Hudson Bay Company's\nships, where the season of navigation has. not been shortened.\nThe incorporation of British Columbia and Manitoba with Ontario,\nQuebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward's Island,\nwas a political misalliance that will make incompatibility manifest in\ndomestic discord; for whilst Manitoba will have warm fellowship with\nMinnesota, it will have only cold acquaintance with lower Ontario and\nQuebec; and whilst British Columbia will cultivate intimate relations\nwith the Pacific States, and especially with the city of San Francisco,\nthe Atlantic provinces of the Dominion will remain strangers to it,\nfor Halifax is farther from it than is New York city. And the\nCanada Pacific Railway, failing to cause an exodus into the wilderness\nJ 28\nof rigors, but serving as well to carry dissatisfied emigrants thence as\n\u00C2\u00A9 ' \u00C2\u00A9 J \u00C2\u00A9\ndeceived immigrants thither, will disappoint the sanguine temperaments of London, where\n\" 'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view,\"\nAnd gilds the iceberg with the guinea's hue.\nBetween Lake Superior and James Bay a temporary boundary,\nbeyond which the Dominion may not go, is indicated in probabilities\n*/ \u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00A9 j \u00C2\u00B1\nwhich are as blossoms of future fruits, depending for maturity on\nseason, circumstance and time.\nA subject is not a citizen; a subject is required to be allegiant to\na dynasty to which are mortgaged the natural rights of his posterity,\nft/*/ \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 X^ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ 7\nfrom generation to generation ; a citizen, on the contrary, is loyal to\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 7 \u00C2\u00BB/ J \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/\nhis government, of which he is a vital part, and which he operates\nthrough proxies appointed by the ballot that thinks and counts, and\ntherein differs from the bavonet, which is only a tool; and as the\nft/ ? \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ '\njudicious citizen is careful of his own body, to preserve his health and\nprolong his life, so is he also watchful of the republic, especially when\ndanger lowers and a crisis impends, ready and anxious with the remedy\n\u00C2\u00A9 J. */ */\nwhich the ballot contains, to cure abuses that degrade localities and\ndeteriorate the civil service.\nSince the first pair were cast out of Eden, and Adam was told \"to\ntill the ground from whence he was taken,\" there has been no paradise\non the earth. But a republic approximates paradise, compared with\nother governments, as Christian piety approximates perfection, compared with Turkish brutality and Mahometan absolutism.\nPersonal government is despotism, illustrated in the First and the\nThird\u00E2\u0080\u0094the big and the little Napoleon\u00E2\u0080\u0094who both waged war for\naggression, and both caused the temporary prostration of France at\nenormous cost in treasure and life. And for what ? Vain glory!\nAnd so-called responsible government, where there is a crown or\nlife tenure, with a right of succession, and an aristocracy with personal\nprerogatives and class privileges, is a \" counterfeit presentment\" of\nconstitutional power, because it represents only a portion of the people\nruled, and where all are not represented the rights of the unrepresented are usurped.\nIn Europe, France and Switzerland excepted, the masses, deprived\nof the exercise of rights essential to free and equal government, are\ngraduated in the scale of life farther below their oppressors, who rule\nover them, than they are marked above the flocks and herds, notwithstanding that, in the order of nature, the prince and the peasant\ndie by the same process\u00E2\u0080\u0094dissolve into common dust\u00E2\u0080\u0094and go to iudg-\nment together on their merits. 29\nThe American citizen, from the political level on which the people\nstand, may mount the winding stair of promotion to its topmost step,\nand there elevated wield the presidency of the United States; but at\nthe end of his term he descends from his high office of human greatness, and, having witnessed the inauguration of his legal successor,\nquietly resumes his citizenship, without a pension or other reward\nthan the affections of a constituency faithfully served, and which he\nreciprocates and is grateful for.\nIn a province where the subject owes allegiance to a foreign power,\nthere is a condition of dependence not congenial to manhood aspirations for distinction and progress. And it is called \"recruiting the\naristocracy from the ranks,\" when a commoner, no matter for what\nreason, is given a title to distinguish him from his fellows. But pre-\nfixion and suffixion are dropped from the immortal names best known\nthroughout the world, as, for instance, \" George Washington,\" who was\ncommander-in-chief of the armies during the revolution, and the first\nPresident of the United States. The world identifies indelible names\nwith indelible deeds, and does not cite titles when it quotes heroes and\nbenefactors. Why, then, are titles made inheritances in kingdoms ?\nBecause they represent civil prerogatives and social distinctions, reserved from the people despoiled of their rights ! The unrest of the\npeople makes the dynasties of the Old World shake like a cradle on\nrockers. And for a cause of the prevailing unrest look at the inequalities in the condition of the masses, oppressed ^ith national debts,\nstanding armies, heavy taxes and poor pay for hard work. Intellectual superiority, where not bound or bottled, will assert itself, compel\nrecognition, and command acceptation and admiration, too, if its tendencies be sympathetic and patriotic. Cavour, Thiers and Bismarck\nare three illustrious examples of individual influence in national councils in recent times.\nReigning houses in Europe do not abound in ideas, and their cost\nas establishments is not alone in disproportion to their availability to\nthe state, but is equally in disproportion to the capacity of the people\nto pay. Retrenchment which begins by reducing the compensation\nof the lowliest, whose per diem is least, is false economy ; for as prices\ngo down, the purchasing power of the dollar goes up. Hence, those\nwho escape reduction of salary by the year are benefited by the misfortunes of those who suffer reduction of compensation per day and\nhour.\nContrast the revenues of the royal family of Great Britain from the\nnational treasury and other sources, with the pay-roll of all the operatives in the \" black country\" of Lancashire, and the cost of royalty,\nwith its immunities and impunities,twould be apparent.\nJ In the United States abuses crop out in the newspapers, and the\ndelinquent is discussed and retired on the black list.\nIn Great Britain the consequences of abuses are visited on the\nstruggling workingman, who is the bottom rock in a social system\n\u00C2\u00A9O \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 7 *>\nwhich has more degrees and gradations than there are formations in\no \u00C2\u00A9\nthe stratification exposed in a shaft, from the surface of the ground to\nthe bottom of a deep mine.\nIn the United States the avenues of preferment are as numerous\nand as open as the public roads, to the honors of station and the prizes\nof fortune. And herein America is utterly unlike Great Britain,\nwhere there are laws of primogeniture and entail, and a nobility titled\nby patent right, like devices in the mechanic arts. Hence, subjects in\nthe over-peopled countries of Europe (particularly parents of children), who look abroad oven the earth in search of fields wrherein\nopportunities invite enterprise and industry, are fortunate if they\nelect to train for citizenship of the United States, where the Celtic\nand Teutonic branches of the Caucasian race are conglomerated in a\nnew type of advanced humanity, builders of States in a cemented Union\nwhich has a base broad as the continent and a roof higher than the\nclouds.\nInto this Union, Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, acquired from\nRussia in 1867\u00E2\u0080\u0094an acquisition geographically strategic and politically\nsignificant\u00E2\u0080\u0094was the admission of latest date.\n\u00C2\u00A9\nThe admission of Manitoba and British Columbia will follow, because in the Dominion they insulate Alaska from its sisters, and are\nin political association\u00E2\u0080\u0094not with neighbors next door, with whom\nalliance would be the result of natural laws\u00E2\u0080\u0094but with distant relations, through unhappy contract into which they were inveigled when\ntoo weak to resist persuasion.\nThe retrocession of the territory ceded to Great Britain by the\ntreaty of June 15, 1846, prior to which it had been avowed by the-\nPolk administration that the title of the United States to the Russian\nline at 54\u00C2\u00B0 40' was \"clear and unquestionable,\" \"will quicken a Pacific\ncoast province into a Pacific coast State, and give the Strait of Juan\nde Fuca rank and consequence with the Golden Gate of San Francisco.\nAnd Manitoba, separated from the province of Ontario by a temporary boundary line from the north side of Minnesota to the-south\nend of James Bay, will no longer be in solitude, cold as its ice and\ncheerless as its north wind, for annexation will do for Manitoba what\nannexation did for Texas-, as witness: 31\nPopulation of Texas, census of 1870, . . 818,579\nStates of Mexico on the Rio Grande river:\nPopulation of Tamaulipas, . . . 108,514\nPopulation of Coahuila, . . . 67,691\nPopulation of Chihuahua, . . . 179,971\nTotal as per report of commission from\nMexico to Philadelphia Centennial\nExhibition, .... 356,176\nTexas in excess of three Mexican border states, 462,403\nAs a state of Mexico, Texas would have remained undeveloped,\nexactly as Manitoba has remained undeveloped under British jurisdiction, notwithstanding the attempts made to colonize it; for Texas,\nwas discovered by La Salle in 1580, and Manitoba, too, is venerable,\nthe Hudson Bay Company's' charter bearing date 1670\u00E2\u0080\u0094eleven years\nbefore Penn founded Pennsylvania\u00E2\u0080\u0094and the Serlick settlement on\nthe Red River of the North was visited by Lord Serlick with a military escort in 1816, at which time Indiana was a border State and\nIllinois a Territory.\nMineral discovery, agricultural development, material progress,\nand widespread prosperity, have added State after State to the American Union in rapid succession, meanwhile that British territory north\nof the forty-ninth parallel, and Mexican territory south of the Rio\nGrande river, is still most of it wilderness, though explored before\nthe thirteen British colonies became the thirteen original American\nStates of the Union since made continental, and which now contains\nthirty-eight States and eleven Territories.\nTruly this grand result is a glowing credit to free institutions,\nwhich tolerate no patent political classes, but treat all citizens politically alike; nowhere else are opportunities so abundant, nor is success so frequently attained by individuals endowed with mental gifts\nand moral worth, and who study for success with honest zeal and\nmanly purpose, never wavering in fidelity to the Testament, the Constitution, or the common weal. The political creed of the American\ncitizen is: Allegiance to God, the sole sovereign in nature, and of\nwhom an earthly sovereign is a poor counterfeit, a mite in matter;\nfaith in Christ, but not in crowns; duty to self with minimum selfishness ; fidelity to the Republic, which is a panoply over North America studded with States that glow in the political firmament like stars\nin the azure arch beneath the spirit world of heaven overhead. 32\nCHAPTER IV.\nThe basin of Lake Winnipeg is drained by rivers which flow down\nfrom the west, south and east, including the Red River of the North,\nthat spreads its sources and affluents over large portions of Minnesota\nand Dakota, there interlocking on low water-sheds with tributaries of\nthe Missouri and the Mississippi; and also including the Saskatchewan, whose headwaters are among the fountains of the Columbia River\nin the Rocky Mountains.\nThe area of Lake Winnipeg basin is 360,000 square miles, eight\ntimes the size of the State of New York, and seventy per cent, larger\nthan the basin of the Ohio River from its source in Pennsylvania to\nwhere it disembogues in the Mississippi River at Cairo in Illinois, a\ndistance of 1265 miles.\nLake Winnipeg basin, moreover, contains the cultivable British\nterritory, available for agriculture, between the watershed near Lake\nSuperior and the Rocky Mountains. To be sure, the fur-trader may\npenetrate farther north into the walrus region\u00E2\u0080\u0094which ought to be\nr \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\ncalled the province of Walrusia, or reindeer reservation\u00E2\u0080\u0094but the\nfarmer will not accompany him with his plough, for frozen ground is\nnot arable where the sun in summer only thaws the surface of the\nearth and Flora pays short visits to her wild flowers.\nIn the early days of American discovery, France colonized a strip\nof territory from the mouth of the St. Lawrence via the lakes and\nthe Ohio to the mouth of the Mississippi. And France first established forts on the inland sea afterwards called Hudson Bay ; but the\nfortune of war deprived France of Canada, and subsequently France\nsold Louisiana to the United States, thereby preventing its possible\nconquest and occupation by a rival European power, and assuring to\nits inhabitants a destiny identical with the Mississippi valley States.\nIn this transaction, which occurred in 1803, Napoleon, then Consul\nfor life, exhibited both foresight and wisdom; for, had France been\ndispossessed of Louisiana by the conqueror of Canada, the trespass\nwould have irritated the American people and provoked a war, because\nself-preservation, to say nothing of \"manifest destiny,\" made it clear\nthat the whole of the Mississippi basin should be in and of the Union.\nThe battle of New Orleans, fought by General Andrew Jackson, January 8, 1815, is a record of what the West will do to keep the Mississippi basin intact and tight, to hold together the States within it for\nmutual protection and a common aim, these love-bound States meantime serving as political models for imitation by colonies subjected to\nforeign jurisdiction and slower growth. 33\nThe American citizen is a new graft on the Caucasian tree; the\nBritish subject is a transplant that will not bear British fruit in\nAmerican soil, for nativity in the Republic is nationality, whereas\nthe colonial condition is political bondage; nor can an intelligent,\nfree-will native of France, Ireland, Germany, Holland, Italy, Belgium, Russia, Austria, Sweden, Denmark or Spain stay in a Canadian province and owe allegiance to England afar off, when he can\nX \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nmove into a near-by State and become a citizen of the American\nRepublic, where political equality dwells, and immigrants can thrive\nand be happy in their own homesteads.\nIn Manitoba no man can shut his optic nor his mental eye to the\nfact that the outlook south down the Mississippi is brighter and\nwarmer and more genial than east down the St. Lawrence, to where\n\u00C2\u00A9 7\nicebergs float in fleets, fog-banks envelop the coasts, and the inhabitants, in compliment to the climate, are called \"blue-noses.\"\nManitoba, therefore, will evolve out of a province into a State, as\nTexas did, and so illustrate the doctrine of evolution applied to political institutions, and as demonstrated in Louisiana in 1803, Florida\nin 1819, Texas in 1846, California in 1848, and Alaska in 1867, all\nacquisitions surpassing assessment or valuation, all evolutions since\nthe revolution of the thirteen colonies into thirteen States, the fatherland of the twenty-five additional States admitted into the Union,\neast of the Hudson River and west of the Allegheny Mountain.\nAs a maritime State on the Hudson Bay (Middle Sea), Manitoba\nwill not be unlike the maritime State of Louisiana on the Gulf of\nMexico; for as New Orleans has communication with Europe via\nFlorida Strait, so will the principal city of Manitoba, through a seaport in Manitoba on Hudson Bay, or in Ontario on James Bay, have\ncommunication with Europe via Hudson Strait, when open to navigation the same as the St. Lawrence, after the annual thaw which ends\nthe embargo of inevitable ice.\n\u00C2\u00A9\nIn the organization of the Dominion of Canada, the province of\nOntario in 1867 had assigned to it that portion of Canada included\nprior thereto in the province of Upper Canada. And Upper Canada\nended on the west where the Hudson Bay Company's territory commenced on the east, to wit, at the Kaministiqua River, at the mouth\nof which is Fort William, Thunder Bay, Lake Superior. The Hudson Bay Company, whose charter, granted in 1670, expired in 1859,\nwas bought out and succeeded by the Dominion of Canada. But\nOntario claimed that its territory extended to the Rocky Mountains,\nif not to the Pacific Ocean, and a boundary commission was appointed\nto arbitrate between the Dominion of Canada and the Province of\nOntario. The award of the arbitrators is dated August 3, 1878.\n3 1\n34\nThe new boundary established by the commission leaves James Bay\nat the mouth of the Albany River, thence up the said river and via\nLake St. Joseph, thence to the headwaters of the English River, and\nthence westerly to a meridional line drawn from the most northwesterly\nangle of the Lake of the Woods, and thence south to the national\nboundary. This decision cuts into Manitoba and extends Ontario\nabout two hundred miles west of its original limitation. What use\nOntario will make of its acquisition time will unfold. . Manitoba,\nhowever, will very soon enjoy unbroken rail communication between\nWinnipeg and St. Paul via St. Vincent, opposite Pembina. And the\nexclusion of Manitoba from its frontage on Lake Superior at Thunder\nBay, and thence to Pigeon River at the Minnesota line, will tend to\nidentify Manitoba more and more with Minnesota and the Mississippi\nvalley. Not an inch of Manitoba territory is left in the basin of\nLake Superior; but, on the contrary, Ontario's new boundary line\nruns along the west side of the watershed between Lake Superior and\nWinnipeg, completely insulating Manitoba from Lake Superior.\n. The State of Pennsylvania was not content to continue insulated\nfrom Lake Erie, and purchased territory on Lake Erie whereby it\nacquired a lake harbor at Erie City. Manitoba had territory and\nJL \u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00BB/\nharbors on Lake Superior, but Manitoba has been this present year\ndeprived of its Lake Superior frontier, to aggrandize Ontario ! True,\nManitoba still has Duluth in Minnesota for an objective point on Lake\nSuperior, instead of a landing place on Thunder Bay in Ontario.\nNevertheless, it was unkind to drive Manitoba out of the St. Lawrence basin, which includes Lake Superior and its affluents, to extend\nOntario into the Winnipeg basin, even to the \" most northwesterly\nangle of the Lake of the Woods,\" covering-a large area of land, and\nCD 7 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nlakes, and rivers, which constitute portions of the Winnipeg system of\nwater navigation. In this diplomatic adjustment of boundary line\nManitoba is the sufferer; and if Manitoba was previously distrusted\nat Ottawa, and therefore in precaution against possible future movements in the West, which returns its rainfall to the sea through the\n7 \u00C2\u00A9\nMississippi and Nelson Rivers, the Province of Ontario was extended\nover portages, rivers and lakes to the Winnipeg River, the loyalty of\nManitoba to Ottawa and royalty will hardly be increased by its sever-\n** V V ft/\nance and expulsion from the St. Lawrence basin, between Pigeon\nRiver and Thunder Bay; for now Manitoba, cut off from Lake\nSuperior by the new frontier of Ontario, is in complete identification\nwith Minnesota, which has a Mississippi River harbor at St. Paul,\na Lake Superior harbor at Duluth, and railways in all directions.\nMichigan and Wisconsin as well as Minnesota may look to James\nBay for an additional outlet to the ocean; and if Ontario demur to\n1 35\nright of way from the north shore of Lake Superior to James Bay,\nOntario cannot expect to enjoy unlimited facilities in Michigan, to\nreach Chicago. Are not Dominion interests promoted by the ferry\nacross Lake Michigan, between Milwaukee and Grand Haven, by the\nferry across Detroit River, between Detroit and Windsor, and by the\nferry across the Strait of St. Clair, between Port Huron and Sarnia?\nAnd when necessity or convenience shall require ferry accommodations between the south shore of Lake Superior, occupied jointly by\nMichigan and Wisconsin, and the north shore, all in Ontario, to\nfacilitate communication with James Bay, and with Europe via\nHudson Strait, will Ontario or the Dominion grant the necessary\nlegislation for a lake ferry and a portage railway, or venture to withhold it?\nGreat Britain is not satisfied with the open sea route to India via\nthe Cape of Good Hope, but fusses and blusters about the Suez\nCanal, as if anybody intended to shut it; and about the Euphrates\nvalley, as if anybody not British intended to build a railroad in it,\nwhen there is better ground for a shorter route to India, from Paris,\nBerlin, and St. Petersburg, north of the Black Sea!\nThe West, which comprises the basin of the Mississippi River and\nthe basins of the lakes west of Niagara Falls, will also comprise the\nbasin of Nelson River; and then the West will cover and include all\nthe territory between the salt waters in the Gulf of Mexico and Hud-\nft/\nson Bay, and from the Allegheny Mountain, where the Atlantic\nslope ends, to the Rocky Mountains, where the Pacific slope begins.\nThere is only one West in North America, and that has mountain\nwatersheds on the east and west parallel with the two oceans, and\nreservoirs of seawater on the north and south.\nHudson Bay will be made available for a distributing basin in\n*/ \u00C2\u00A9\nsummer time. Compared with Hudson Strait the St. Lawrence route\nthrough Quebec and Ontario is a sinuous way to the sea, from the\nwheat belt in the West, to which England is indebted for much of its\nbread, as it is likewise indebted to the Union for meat to eat and\ncotton to wear. Great Britain, with its entailed estates and areas of\ncultivable land reserved from cultivation, and its titled aristocracy to\nsupport in luxury, is a' heavy buyer of breadstuffs.\nAmong the nations where government is wise and domestic policy\nis far-sighted, it is the aim of each to manipulate its own ores and\nfibrous productions into manufactures for consumption and exportation, a discriminating practice which will tend to modify foreign com-\n7 D JT \u00C2\u00AB/ O\nmerce into intertrade in surplus commodities; for a nation will not\ncontinue to pay out for labor, in another land, money which may be\ndistributed for labor at home. The machine-man is on his travels, 36\nI\nbusy at every World's Fair, and the distribution of labor on a new\nbasis, not British, is his grand mission.\nThe original thirteen States which cut the colonial knot to terminate\nallegiance to Great Britain, and which, after winning with the sword\nthe title of \" free and independent States,\" established the Union\nunder a Constitution framed with rare wisdom and prophetic adaptation to human wants, were all in a row along the Atlantic coast, east\n7 O J\nof Florida, afterwards acquired from Spain. Now, the Union has an\nocean boundary west as well as east, and a gulf border on its south\n*/ \u00C2\u00A9\nside; but the Union also needs Hudson Bay, i. e., Middle Sea, for an\nAtlantic dock, to facilitate and cheapen intercourse and intertrade\nbetween Europe and the Mississippi, the Rocky Mountains and the\nPacific States, Manitoba and British Columbia, as States of the Union,\nlikewise inclusive. Then, the Union will have two seas for boundary\ndocks, and axis ends midway between its two ocean shores; and frpm\nits two principal inland cities, Chicago and St. Louis, marts of rapid\nand vigorous growth, straight lines drawn to the four cardinal points\nwill all intersect tidewaters, open to free navigation around the world.\nWhen head winds delayed the mariner, and blew his ship off its\ncourse, long voyages, as living persons can testify, were tedious undertakings ; but, nowadays, the steamship runs to schedule time, on paths\nacross the waters, as the locomotive engine runs to schedule on rail-\n7 O\nways overland, whereby the time-table and the time-piece regulate the\naffairs of foreign trade conducted under treaties; and so, in a practical dollar sense, apart from the more elevating intellectualities and\nsublimer divinities of the theme, the intertrade movement is but an\ninternational show held in a single spot, as in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, in 1876, magnified and expanded to the true areas of the\nnations and the true quantities and values of the import and export\ntrade over the whole earth.\nAnd the nations that were separated by distances in miles, beset\nwith difficulties which delayed transportation and increased its cost,\ncan, in these times, advanced into the interior of civilization, deliver\nthe commodities of intertrade by sure, swift and cheap conveyance,\non contracts and messages passed through submarine cables and overland wires that \" put a girdle round about the earth\" in considerably\nless than Puck's minimum of \"forty minutes.\"\nAlthough the fortune of war deprived Great Britain of thirteen\ncolonies, which became thirteen States, containing 318,572 square\nmiles of -surface, since expanded into thirty-eight States and eleven\nTerritories, Great Britain plans and builds railways to keep the provinces of the Dominion together with iron bands, as the staves of a\nbarrel are held together with iron hoops; and to make a spread of\nI 37\nempire on paper, Great Britain claims jurisdiction underneath the\nAurora Borealis even to the North Pole, not yet visited.\nWell, as France still retains St. Pierre and Miquelon Islands, near\nNewfoundland, notwithstanding that Canada was confirmed to Great\nBritain by treaty, signed in 1763, so Great Britain might retain the\nQueen Charlotte Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, north of Vancouver\nIsland, after the temporary boundary fence from Lake Superior to\nthe Pacific Ocean, and from 54\u00C2\u00B040/ to Demarkation Point in Beaufort\nBay, shall have been modified into a partition with communicating\ndoors between compartments, for Alaska the Russian-born Territory,\nand its neighbors also adopted into the Union family.\nAs Eastern Texas has prospered on cotton, so may Southern Manitoba prosper on wheat; but the development of Texas succeeded its\nadmission into the Union, and Manitoba must ask to come in, and get\nin like Texas did, before it can attract immigration as Minnesota and\n\u00C2\u00A9\nDakota do, alongside Manitoba, but inside the Union.\nSerlick, on Red River, where the Canada Pacific Railway crosses\nand the Pembina branch begins, Moorhead, on Red River, where the\nNorthern Pacific Railroad crosses, Omaha, on the Missouri River,\nwhere the Union Pacific Railroad technically ends, and Galveston, the\nprincipal seaport of Texas, distinguished for its export of cotton bales,\nare all on or near the same degree of longitude. Omaha, too, is mid-\n\u00C2\u00A9 . \u00C2\u00A9 *\nway between the mouth of Nelson River, in Hudson Bay, and the\nmouth of the Rio Grande, in the Gulf of Mexico. And the distance\nfrom Omaha to San Francisco is shorter than the distance from\nOmaha to Halifax.\nFrom Port Moody, the terminus of the Canada Pacific Railway, on\nBurrard Inlet, mouth of Frazer River, to Port Nelson, Hudson Bay,\nthe distance is shorter than from Port Nelson to Halifax. And as a\nharbor can be provided on a river emptying into Hudson Bay, if not\non the Nelson, certainly on the Churchill River, then the trunk-line\nportage railway between the Pacific waters in or near Frazer River\nand a river port west of and accessible from Hudson Bay will, of\ncourse, be shortened correspondingly.\nConsider a route from Europe to San Francisco, the Pacific States,\nand Asia, via Hudson Strait and Juan de Fuca Strait, with a portage\nrailway between Frazer River and Hudson Bay, versus the Canada\nPacific Railway via Ottawa to sea water and winter ice in the St.\nLawrence.\nThe Hudson Bay Company throughout its long career sent its ships\ninto Hudson Bay, and established numerous forts and fur factories on\nits shores. As to falls and cataracts in Manitoba, recall the condition\nof the St. Lawrence route between Port Colbourne and Montreal before 38\nthe Welland arjd St. Lawrence Canals provided artificial navigation\nfrom Lake Erie and Lake Ontario to tidewater in Canada.\nBut whatever artificial works may be needed ought to be provided,\nto improve a river emptying into Hudson Bay, to facilitate the transhipment of commodities to and from Hudson Bay, which, in verity,\nis a sea, and the Pacific coast and intermediate points; and also to\nimprove a river emptying into James Bay, or a harbor on James Bay,\nto facilitate the transhipment of commodities carried to and from the\nsea in James Bay and the Mississippi valley States; for where freight\nis bulky and weighty it is a consideration to shorten overland distance\nto tidewater navigation, because once on tidewater the way is open to\ndestinations along the coast and across the ocean, by the cheapest\nknown mode of transportation.\nMeditate the tonnage between Chicago, Milwaukee and other lake\nports and New York city, via the Erie Canal and the Hudson River\ntideway. Then count the meshes and the miles in the network of iron\ntrack from the Atlantic and Gulf ports from Galveston to Portland,\ninland and over the interior to cities on the lakes, from Oswego to\n7 O\nDuluth. Lastly, extend this connected network, most of it of the\nstandard 4 feet 8A inches gauge, northward to James Bay and Hud-\n-. O O 7 ft/\nson Bay, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. Assuredly from Manitoba the outlook is broader and brighter southward and westward,\n\u00C2\u00A9 7\nthan eastward via the Canada Pacific Railway, considered as a route\nto Montreal in summer, and to Halifax in winter, not to be intersected in Manitoba by cross-cut railway portages to Hudson Sea and\nJames Bay !\nThe Canada Grand Trunk Railway, a rate-cutting competitor for\nBoston and Chicago traffic, in 1877 received per ton per mile, for\nfreight carried, the average of only eight mills, or eight-tenths of one\ncent; and the travel over the Canada Grand Trunk, in 1877, averaged\nonly fifty-eight passengers per train. Why ? Because its revenue\n(profit unconsidered) would be still less than it is if its operations were\nrestricted to the Dominion and Maine, and it had no ally in Vermont\nand Massachusetts.\nAnd so, Manitoba, to prosper, must intertrade south as well as\nwest; for with the eastern provinces of the Dominion it will have\nless intercourse and lighter intertrade than with the Western States\nof the Union, when its near-by bays, on which it abuts, shall have\nbeen made available for communication, via salt water, with the commercial world, in summer time. 39\nCHAPTER V.\nThe treaty with Great Britain, signed at Washington May 8,1871,\nfor arbitration of the Alabama Claims, Fishery Question, the San\nJuan boundary, &c, a treaty in the negotiation of which Hamilton\nFish, Secretary of State, was weighed, measured, and outwitted by\nhis diplomatic adversary, and out of which grave mistake of President\nGrant's administration in forfeiting a \"golden opportunity\" has\ngrown a grievance on the Fishery Question to be redressed hereafter,\nprovides that:\n\" The navigation of the rivers Yukon, Porcupine, and Stikine,\nfrom, to and into the sea, shall forever remain free and open for the\npurposes of commerce, to the subjects of her Britannic Majesty and\nto the citizens of the United States.\"\nThe Porcupine River is a branch of the Yukon River, which\nempties into the Behring Sea north of the Aleutian peninsula, and\nthe Stikine River empties into the Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of\nSitka.\nWhen Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State, in 1871, made the rivers\nof Alaska \" free and open\" to British subjects, why did he not stipulate that Frazer River in British Columbia, and the Red River of the\nNorth, and Lake Winnipeg and the rivers to it from the west, and the\nriver from it to Hudson Bay, should be \"free and open\" to citizens\nof the United States ?\nThe omission of the Red River of the North, which is four parts\nin Minnesota to one part in Manitoba, is extraordinary; and to suppose a blunder equivalent to it, one must imagine Austria, which pours\nits waters into the Danube, far above its mouths, omitted from treaties\nregulating its navigation to the Black Sea!\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nHudson Bay is Middle Sea, and Minnesota and Dakota stand to it,\nvia the Red River of the North, which enipties into it under another\nname that does not change its nature or its course, as Austria and\nO 7\nServia stand to the Black Sea via the Danube, which has different\nnames for its several mouths.\nPresident Grant's administration had a national grievance proved\nagainst Great Britain, and reparation or war was the alternative; and\nyet Secretary Fish, in a negotiation to prescribe the measure and\nmethod of satisfaction\u00E2\u0080\u0094keep this in mind\u00E2\u0080\u0094permitted the insidious\nand ever-scheming enemy of his country (that aided rebellion in underhand ways and promoted piracy with English-built Alabamas, till\nAmerican ships were almost swept from the seas and Great Britain\nbecame the monopolist of the ocean-carrying trade) to arbitrate, that\nis, to liquidate an injury to the United States which continues to inure 40\nto the advantage of Great Britain through its ocean ships, with a\nmoney consideration to be ascertained by a throw of dice or shuffle of\ncards\u00E2\u0080\u0094for what is arbitration but a game of chance, especially where\na majority of the commissioners owe their nomination to foreign\npowers ?\nTrue, the San Juan Island arbitration resulted in favor of the\nUnited States by the decision of Frederick William I., Emperor of\nGermany, October 21, 1872. But the British claim to the island of\nSan Juan under a forced interpretation of the treaty of June 15, 1846,\nwas an act of British finesse and attempted bluff, to which the fitting\nanswer would have been a notice that, after a date given, joint military occupation should cease, and that thereafter the army of the\nUnited States would occupy San Juan Island.\nHow the British intrigued at Berlin in 1872, and how Emperor\nWilliam was beset to decide in favor of Great Britain, is matter of\nhistory. And it is to the impartiality of Emperor William of Germany, not to the diplomacy of Hamilton Fish, that the people of the\nUnited States are indebted for the possession of the strategic island\nof San Juan, acquired by treaty dated June 15, 1846, imperilled by\narbitration authorized by treaty dated May 8, 1871.\nThe Halifax Fishery award, however, of $5,500,000, made November 22, 1877, by Maurice Delfosse, Belgian Minister at Washington,\nand Alexander T. Gait, appointee of her Britannic Majesty, for fishing privileges only worth a license to fish, not a ransom for fish caught\nin the saltwater highway\u00E2\u0080\u0094as brigands ransom tourists captured on\nthe stage-travelled highways in Italy and Greece\u00E2\u0080\u0094will doubtless put a\nquietus on the international arbitration humbug, as between America\nand Europe. Ensign H. Kellogg was Commissioner for the United\nJT \u00C2\u00A9 - \u00C2\u00A9\u00C2\u00A9\nStates, outvoted at Halifax.\nThe Congress of Vienna, 1814-15, distributed European territory\nand population, and exercised other powers, with as little remorse.and\nnot more penitence than a banditti distributes its spoils, made up of\nthe proceeds of rapine on the highway and hearthstone.\nFrance was prostrated and exhausted, a Bourbon was on its throne,\nand Napoleon had met his fate at Waterloo; so there was no military\nSatan abroad to make Europe afraid; but that very fact, for which\ndiplomacy should have been thankful, made dynastic parties greedy,\ncovetous and cruel. The Vienna Congress served the devil best, and\nset portions of Europe back (not including Austria and England) a\nperiod of time equivalent to two generations of men. And diplomacy\ndid that fell work when war was at an end.\nTurn, too, to the 1878 Congress of Berlin. The infidel Turk invaded Christian Europe and captured Adrianople in 1361, Constanti- 41\nnople in 1453. Turkish rule in Europe has been an outrage on\nhumanity, christianized, through centuries of time ; at irregular intervals the barbarities inflicted on the Christian subjects of the Porte\nhave made their fellow-Christians shudder in all lands. And whatever was done to make Turkey relax her grasp on the Christian's\nj or\nrights in Europe, is mainly due to Russia. But for Russia the alternative would have been Islamism or massacre long ago.\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nAfter such atrocities as had never been surpassed anywhere (not\neven by the British in India, when, on the suppression of the mutiny\nof 1857, human bodies were discharged from the cannon's mouth),\nRussia, the chief champion of the Christian populations in the Provinces of Turkey, declared war against Turkey on the 24th of April,\n1877. This war England could have averted by cooperation with the\nO */ 1\nother signatory powers to the Paris treaty of March 30, 1856, but\nO */ x \u00C2\u00AB/ 7 J\nEngland, \"perfidious Albion,\" refused. The treaty of San Stefano,\ndated February 19, 1878, inside of ten months from the declaration\nof war, attests the triumph of the Russian arms, for the Russian\nforces fought their wav across the Balkans through the rigors of\n\u00C2\u00A9 c \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nwinter, occupied Adrianople, and at San Stefano were at the very\ngates of Constantinople.\nAnd then it was, after the Turk has been whipped, that British\nbluster broke out; the British fleet of iron-clads, in violation of the\ntreaty of Paris, and against the remonstrance of Turkey, steamed up\nthe Dardanelles ; the Parliament of Great Britain voted money, osten-\n7 ft/ 7\nsibly for military and naval preparations, with a percentage for subsidy understood ; for official servitors of impecunious dynasties include\ncheap human chattels, and as a little fuel will raise steam to blow a\nwhistle, so will a few dollars raise wind to make a noise.\nA scrap-book made up of official British correspondence and cuttings from the London newspapers, beginning with the Berlin Memorandum dated May, 1876, which Great Britain refused to sign, and\n*/ ' * \u00C2\u00A9 7\nwhich would have averted the war so disastrous to Turkey, by con-\n*/ 7 U\nstraining that doomed despotism to grant the concessions asked for\nby the continental powers, would illustrate hpw the British lion was\nmade rampant with imitation anger, till it swallowed an island belonging to its ally, and so with Cyprus appeased its hunger; for when\nBritish hunger is appeased, British pride is satisfied.\nOn the 13th June, 1878, a Congress of seven powers\u00E2\u0080\u0094Russia,\nTurkey, Italy, France, Austria, Germany and Great Britain\u00E2\u0080\u0094met at\nBerlin to discuss the treaty of San Stefano and preserve the peace\nwith diplomatic chess; for secret societies and attempted assassinations had begotten a common dread that a general war might develop\na new danger in social and political elements, antagonistic to the t\n42\nruling powers represented by the Berlin plenipotentiaries, and which\nmight in some places profit by war to. promote revolution; since,\nhowever powerful a potentate may seem, he must have his people on\nhis side, and must conform to public opinion in his action, to assure\nstability and justify succession in his line. Moral responsibility is\ninherited at every birth and pervades every life; and possession and\npower are identical only where the ruler and the ruled are cordial in\ncooperation. Hence ministers are slow to abet war where the people\nare not in accord with the aims of the administration in office, whether\nits chief wears a crown or holds a certificate of election ; unless,\nindeed, where a man commands confidence from belief in his patriotism and greatness, and even then if he fall short he will fall far, for\nthe nation is paramount and the individual must succumb.\nOn the loth July, 1878, after a session of one month, the Berlin\nCongress signed a treaty and adiourned. If it did much, it left more\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 j j\nundone, for its articles are only temporary trestles where arches of\nenduring masonry are necessary in a permanent way over a crisis\nwhich will periodically reappear, till the Turk return to Asia, whence\nhe came to curse Europe with his false religion and his beastly vices.\nIT \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00BB/\nIn the Congress of Berlin the course of the ambassador of France\n\u00C2\u00A9\nis incomprehensible, save on the hypothesis that, because France\nunder the first Napoleon sought to embarrass and thwart Alexander\nthe First, till Moscow consumed his ambitious hopes of colossal empire\nin its ashes, and made him a fugitive from Russia, where his army\nleft its bones in evidence of its destruction, therefore: France, wrong\n7 \u00C2\u00A9\nafter the interview of 25th June, 1807, on the raft in the Niemen at\nTilsit and the occult treaty of Tilsit of 8th July, 1807, wrong in the\nI/ ft/ j 7 o\nCrimean war of 1854\u00E2\u0080\u009456, which was conceived and waged to make\nRussia a Baltic state like Sweden, must, to be true to its Russo-\nphobic wrong-doing, commit a final blunder at Berlin in 1878; where,\nafter having voted against Russia and with England, it was made\nO O \u00C2\u00A9\nwise, when too late, with the information that meantime Great Britain\nwas pettifogging and shystering for the Turk at Berlin, to play its\nhigh moral part in the European drama, it had negotiated a secret\ntreaty with Turkey for its own aggrandizement in the Mediterranean,\nJ *J \u00C2\u00A9\u00C2\u00A9\ngeographically in Asia, it is true, but politically and commercially,\nand in a naval and military sense, in Europe; in a place, too, where\nCyprus under the British flag is a defiance to France, to say nothing\nof Italy and Spain.\nIn its foreign diplomacy, in which France was preeminent before\nthe Buonapartes, France, since its seduction by Great Britain, has\nobviously declined; and among Britons and pro-Britons it is an opinion expressed with satisfaction that France has culminated in Euro- 1\n43\npean politics, which is understood to imply that France is in its decadence ; an erroneous opinion, which the Republic, when it ceases to\nrepeat old history, and makes new history for Europe and mankind,\nwill take care to eradicate.\nGreat Britain distrusts both France and Germany, because Great\nBritain knows and foresees that Belgium and Holland would be val-\nuable acquisitions to France and Germany, inasmuch as they contain\navailable harbors on the English Channel and North Sea, which in\n\u00C2\u00A9 7\nFrench and German ownership, by partition, would give prestige to\nFrench and German commerce in the waters of the world.\nAs to the morale of European politics\u00E2\u0080\u0094not as professed and propagated in debates and newspapers in Great Britain, but as practiced\nby Great Britain in its foreign affairs\u00E2\u0080\u0094it will suffice here to quote\nthe reported words of Lord Derby in the House of Lords on the 18th\nJuly, 1878, after Lord Beaconsfield, on his first appearance fresh from\nthe Berlin Congress adjourned, had made his statement:\n\" Lord Derby generally approved of what had been done in Europe,\n\" but he questioned the value of Cyprus, and declared that he quitted\n\"the cabinet because he dissented from the decision to seize a naval\n\" station in the eastern Mediterranean, consisting of Cyprus and a\n\" point on the main land, by a secret expedition from India, without\n\"the consent of the Sultan.\"\nGreat Britain's role, as the ally of Turkey, was to cooperate with\nTurkey against mutual enemies, and to cheat Turkey for British private account. But the official Turk, first soundly thrashed by the\nRussian, and secondly bribed or biased by the Briton, was too thoroughly demoralized to stand on the San Stefano treaty, in which he\nwas one of two negotiating parties, or to say \" no\" to an ally which\nbears and wears the prefix \"perfidious\" to its \"Albion.\"\nEvery impartial observer the world over can foresee that the great\npower of the north, giant Russia, will never cease its efforts till the\nBosphorus and the Dardanelles are so held and controlled that Russia shall have free and unrestricted passage for its commerce through\nthe straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, as Great\nBritain has for its commerce through the Strait of Gibraltar between\nthe Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.\nThe Mediterranean Sea is to Russia precisely what the Gulf of\nMexico is to the Mississippi valley. The Baltic Sea is closed by ice\nto navigation in winter, like the American lakes and the Hudson and\n\u00C2\u00A9 7\nSt. Lawrence Rivers; but the straits to the Mediterranean are open\nthroughout the year, like the Mississippi to the Gulf. And as the\nfirst Napoleon through his Moscow campaign, and the third Napoleon\nthrough his Crimean campaign, both failed to drive Russia back from 44\n1\nthe Black Sea towards the Baltic, the \"manifest destiny\" of Russia,\nin the providence of nations, should have made France in 1878 wise\nto prefer the Russians on the Bosphorus and in Constantinople, to\nincrease of British jurisdiction in the Mediterranean basin.\nSpain, France, Italy, Austria and Russia are the five principal\npowers which have common interests in Mediterranean navigation,\nwhereas Great Britain's interests are mainly in India, and her ambition is to dominate the Mediterranean to protect her preferred route\nto the East. France built the Suez Canal across Egypt against the\nopposition and misrepresentation of Great Britain, but subsequently\nFrance allowed England to acquire part ownership of the Suez Canal.\nAnd this present year France, in shortsightedness akin to blindness,\nand as if in remembrance of Moscow and forgetfulness of Waterloo,\ncooperated against Russia in a way that aggrandized Austria and\nGreat Britain, the two powers which in the Congress of Vienna,\ntwenty-four years ago, impoverished and humiliated France to ag-\nft/ ft/ O 7 |7 O\ngrandize and exalt themselves.\nBut the Berlin Congress is over, and to the shame of France, which\nreturned home from the Congress of Berlin empty-handed, if not a dupe,\nGreat Britain has added Cyprus to its Malta and Gibraltar fortifications for its army and navy in the Mediterranean (a Berlin Congress\nmade British Lake), where France, Italy, and Spain ought to be\nabsolute, but are not; and where, too, had France and Italy at\nBerlin been wise, they might always have Russia for a safe and sure\n*/ \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0/\nally, which Great Britain never is, by reason of its shifting policy of\nexpediency and interest; because the Black Sea is no more than an\naffluent of the Mediterranean Sea, whence the Atlantic Ocean is\nreached, as Lake Superior is but an affluent of Lake Erie, whence\nthe Atlantic Ocean is reached; and because, also, Russia at Constantinople could protect the waterway to the ocean-world.\nThe Black Sea and its tributary rivers, which pass their waters\nthrough the straits via Constantinople, are all within the hydro-\ngraphic basin of the Mediterranean Sea, as the Ohio and Missouri\nValleys are within the hydrographic basin of the Mississippi River;\nand Constantinople is to Odessa what New Orleans is to St. Louis;\nfor St. Louis can only reach the ocean by natural waterway via New\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ \u00E2\u0096\u00A0/ ft/\nOrleans, and Odessa can only reach the ocean by natural waterway\nvia Constantinople. And Russia at Constantinople would be no more\na menace to the Mediterranean powers than is the American Union\non the Gulf of Mexico a menace to the West India Islands. The\nRussian programme, which Great Britain has magnified into a pandora box to poison the Mediterranean air with suspicions, in truth\nmakes Russia not the threatening enemy but the natural ally of the 45\nMediterranean powers, comprising France, Italy, Spain, and Greece;\nGreat Britain, the task-master of India, not included.\nTo regain Gibraltar is a legitimate aspiration in a heroic Spaniard,\nand Spain has a history to beget patriotism and arouse ambition. And\nwhat better political purpose Spain can urge than the retrocession of\nGibraltar, is past our comprehension.\nTo guardian the Suez Canal is a legitimate French ambition, for\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nFrance promoted the Suez Canal when Great Britain underrated it,\nand disparaged and opposed it. Over Egypt, too, France should have\nretained the control it had when the Suez Canal was opened, under its\nauspices and through its material aid, and when Great Britain was in\nthe background, wondering if the prodigal Khedive would soon sell\n\u00C2\u00A9 7 Q JT \u00C2\u00A9\nor hypothecate his Suez Canal shares. In truth, France, had it been\nless jealous of Russia and more suspicious of Great Britain, might\nhave sustained its appropriate role as the chief Mediterranean power,\ninstead of surrendering to Great Britain that proud distinction,\nwrested from France by diplomacy that overreaches and by intrigue\nthat undermines.\nBut the friends of the Republic of France need not despair nor\ndespond, for its diplomacy may be revived and its prestige restored,\nunder a progressive President elected by popular vote or its equivalent,\nas in the United States.\nPossibly Great Britain may strive to anticipate France and make\nitself the ally of Russia, for Great Britain is a money power and its\n\"interests\" are chameleon in colors. But Russia has aims in Asia,\nand can there cause Great Britain tribulation, and so France and\nItaly may vet with Russia consult the \"sick man\" on his straits.\nWhat Russia proposed to Great Britain anterior to the Crimean\nwar is of record in official correspondence; and the acquisition of\nCyprus Island by Great Britain is a testimony of the foresight of the\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ JT \u00C2\u00AB/ v. \u00C2\u00A9\nEmperor Nicholas, as the fate of the first Napoleon is an evidence\nthat the alliance proffered to France by Alexander the First would\nhave spared France disaster in the field and loss in treasure and life.\nBut the ways of diplomacy are \" past finding out\" in advance, though\nafter events bear the marks of its visitation in scars impossible of\nmisinterpretation. For is not the bomb of celestial fire a convincing\nproof when it explodes that electricity is a force in nature ?\nIs not Turkey shattered where riven by the Russian bolts of war\nin European Turkey and Asia Minor ? Is not Turkey shorn of the\nisland of Cyprus by its defensive treaty with Great Britain, signed\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ JT \u00C2\u00BB/ t/ 7 Q\nJune 4, 1878, whereby the latter stipulates to assist Turkey \" if any\nattempt shall be made in future time by Russia to take possession of\nany further territories of his Imperial Majesty the Sultan, in Asia \"\u00E2\u0080\u0094 iT\n46\nnot in Europe, be it noted and observed? And is not Turkey also\nshorn of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the treaty of Berlin, signed\nJuly 13, 1878, which prescribed that the two provinces named shall\nbe occupied and administered by Austria? Is not the evidence conclusive that Great Britain and Austria cooperated against Russia,\nafter its victories in war and its San Stefano peace treaty, to aggran-\nJr \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ 7 o\u00C2\u00A9\ndize themselves at the expense of Turkey ? An orchardist anxious\nto save a tree stripped of some of its branches by a storm in an\nangry wind, does not cut off its remaining sound limbs. And yet,\nAustria and Great Britain, after the tree of Turkey had been trimmed\nwith Russia's sword, from its top limbs to the ground, lopped off\nBosnia, Herzegovina, and Cyprus, leaving the tree of Turkey like a\nweeping willow, with branches broken off by a tempest and limbs cut\naway with the axe\u00E2\u0080\u0094the first a consequence of war in the field, the\nlatter of craft in the council.\nDynasties are not governments, crowned heads are not nationalities.\nPublic opinion, founded not in prejudice or passion, but in conclusions\nbaised on reason, is the paramount power. And a dynasty that forfeits the confidence of the people it reigns over may be cast overboard\nwithout injury to the state, as a dead marine may be cast overboard\nby an admiral without inmry to his fleet. Is not the Queen of Eng-\nland an ornamental feather in the scales that weigh political power in\nGreat Britain ? Did not the people of France, through their deputies in the Assembly, make it palpable to an equivocal Republican\nPresident and to Buonapartists in 1877 that the coup d'etat of December 2, 1851, is not possible a seeond time ? And if in past time the\nvoice of the people was smothered in superstition and ignorance by\ncraft and chicanery, in present time \" the voice of the people is the\nvoice of God,\" in verity and earthly power.\nThe people of France and the people of Italy know and realize that\ntheir ambassadors to the Berlin Congress of 1878 were as clay in the\nhands of the potters who manipulated that, conclave of jugglers, who\nadjourned grave questions and settled only minor matters.\nIn the Congress of Berlin the British ambassador, a lord by patent,\nsat with a secret treaty with Turkey in his pocket. In a congress of\nboys, a boy ambassador detected with a secret treaty in his pocket\nunder similar circumstances would have been evicted for turpitude\nand disgraced among boys. But the Russian-Turkish war of 1877\u00E2\u0080\u009478\nis of record, and the San Stefano treaty is a historical milestone in\nthe road from Moscow to Constantinople, Russia's ultimate destination, to which she directed her aims when the Black Sea was a Turkish\nlake, and the Crimea Turkish territory, as the American Republic\nlooked hopefully and expectantly down the Mississippi River to the CHAPTER VI.\nIn the Berlin Congress, which met June 13th, and adjourned\nJuly 13, 1878\u00E2\u0080\u0094a Congress wherein Italy and France fell short of\nthe opportunity and the occasion\u00E2\u0080\u0094Russia did not have the hearty\ncooperation of a single power to assist it to maintain the concessions\nto the Christians it had won in war and secured by treaty. On the\ncontrary, the powers present appeared to make common cause to\nharass Russia to the limit imposed by that victor on its capacity for\nendurance, to preserve the peace of Europe; for a war that, at its\noutbreak, would include Russia, Turkey, Great Britain, Austria, Ser-\nvia, Montenegro and Roumania, would soon involve Italy and Greece\n7 \u00C2\u00A9 7 ft/\nand Germany and France, and so become general throughout Europe,\n47\nGulf of Mexico, when Louisiana belonged to France and Florida to .\n7 O\nSpain. Happily for the United States only one foreign power, Great\nBritain, was jealous of its acquisitions. But unhappily for Russia,\nwhich is a creditor nation by great odds in its account with other\nnations of help rendered and received, it has enemies and jealous\nneighbors who begrudge it what it wins, and plot to withhold from it\nwhat it deserves and will work on to achieve, for the betterment of\nChristian Europe.\nNotwithstanding the jealousy of its enemies and neighbors, however,\nRussia, by the San Stefano treaty of 1878, even as modified by the\nBerlin Congress, changed the map of Europe; for it made Servia,\nMontenegro, and Roumania independent nationalities. True, Roumania showed its unworthiness of independence by its baseness to its\nbenefactor; but nevertheless, Roumania is wrested finally from Turkey,\nand if portioned away hereafter so much the better, for on its inhabitants is imposed an imported prince impotent to prevent the retrocession of Bessarabia to Russia, or block the Russian's way to Constantinople. Servia is a national nut which diplomacy cannot crack to\ndivide its kernel; and Montenegro is a star state, not a mould candle\nto be extinguished with Austrian or British snuffers. In a word,\nO 7\nthere are Christian fruits of wars past and germinating seeds of wars\nto come, on the Black, the iEgean, the Adriatic, and the Mediterranean Seas, which will restore to Christian rule its ancient sites, and\nmake the Mediterranean a distributing basin under rights common to\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nall the nations that have possessions within it, from Gibraltar to\nOdessa and the forks of the Danube.\nI\ni w\n48\nwhere the embers of revolution were aglow, ready to blaze, in the\nsummer of 1878. And against oppressed peoples roused to arms, the\nnetwork of dynastic government is but as a spider-web. Peoples in\nanger are forces in nature, resistless as lightning, hurricane and flood.\nNor was Great Britain, with all its diplomatic brag and newspaper\nbluster, its parliamentary buncombe and its noisy preparation for war,\nincluding its dramatic transport of troops from India to Malta\u00E2\u0080\u0094a\nmovement which included a hint to Italy and France\u00E2\u0080\u0094anxious for\n. actual hostilities; because British ships in the carrying trade around the\nworld would have afforded fat prizes to fast-going Alabamas incorporated\ninto the Russian navy; for, clear as blue sky at noon-time, in sunshine, is the fact that, in a war between Russia and Great Britain,\nRussian ships of the Alabama style will scour the seas and make\nprizes of merchant ships. Great Britain breaks-treaties and ignores\ntreaties; and, as \" curses come home to roost,\" Great Britain will\nsuffer the consequence of her own practice, when she plotted the\ndestruction of American commerce, with English-built Alabamas,\nmanned with English crews, to prey on the commerce of the United\nStates. England's aim was to sever the American Union, make a\n\u00C2\u00A9 7\ncommercial ally of the cotton Confederacy, and strip the North of its\nships on the seas, so that England could command the ocean-carrying\ntrade of both sections. In the war of the Rebellion, England\u00E2\u0080\u0094abolition England\u00E2\u0080\u0094cared as little for the fact that human slaverv, against\n\u00C2\u00A9 ^ 7 O\nwhich it had long kept up a loud outcry, was the basis of the Southern\nConfederacy it gave aid to in every conceivable surreptitious way, as\nEngland, in the war between Russia and Turkey, cared for the fact\n\u00C2\u00A97 ft/ 7\nthat the issue involved Christian emancipation from Mahometan servitude. At Berlin, Great Britain intrigued to divide the Bulgaria\n7 \u00C2\u00A9 ^ \u00C2\u00A9\ncreated by the treaty of San Stefano, so that Turkey might receive\nback Christian subjects released from its rule by Russia, and thereby\nprolong its stay in Europe, where it is a trespasser.\nGreat Britain has party cries, but no political principles. In its\ncooperative sympathy with the Southern Confederacy it forswore its\nmoral convictions against human slavery and belied its loud-mouthed\n\u00C2\u00A9 *7\nprofessions of philanthropy for the African in bondage. In its zeal\nfor Turkey, so that for service in Bulgaria it might take pay in Cyprus,\nGreat Britain, at Berlin, plotted and intrigued against the followers\nof Christ, in Bulgaria, to delay their deliverance from the followers\n7 \u00C2\u00A9 7 \u00C2\u00BB/\nof Mahomet, in Constantinople !\nOn the stage an actor can change his part according as he may be\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 r/ \u00C2\u00A9 J\ncast\u00E2\u0080\u0094in one play a patriot, in another play an apostate\u00E2\u0080\u0094because it\nis his profession to \" hold the mirror up to nature\" in his imitations\nof the characters in his text, from night to night. But nations are\n7 O O 49\naggregations of individuals, and character does not consist of words\nspoken of a man, for that is reputation\u00E2\u0080\u0094a thing of newspaper manufacture\u00E2\u0080\u0094but is the product of a life, public and private. Character\nis pure metal, whereas reputation may be made up of alloys that swell\nsize, but do not augment value. Thus, when, for illustration, the\nLondon Times says so and so of a British politician, its praise exalts\nand its censure depreciates reputation; but it does not affect character, for that is made up not of words, which are wind, but of deeds,\nwhich are weights and measures. Hence, Great Britain, long ago\ncalled \"Perfidious Albion,\" is perfidious still, because, whilst it professes moral principles, it plays unworthy tricks for shop-keeper and\nmoney-lender ends. In the drama of progress, in the interest of\ncivilization, in the last hundred years, Great Britain is immeasurably\nbehind Russia; for Russia is not a rover, seizing here and there, but\na progressionist, that pushes out its frontiers in the domains of anti-\nChrist, to spread civilization and develop the industries and the arts.\nHence, Russia is a growing power, with a destiny to fulfill, whereas\nGreat Britain is a moneyed power that makes the credit side of its\nprofit and loss account paramount to its moral principles and religious\nprofessions. Russia abolished serfage, and will make other reforms as\nbold, after it secures peace on lasting terms.\nGreat Britain had opportunity to succor Turkey as an ally and\nco-belligerent, when Plevna surrendered and before the Russians had\ncrossed the Balkans; and prior to the Russian occupation of Sophia\nand Adrianople, British and Austrian cooperation might have checked\nthe progress of Russia, and so preserved Turkey nominally intact in\nEurope, leaving it to make concessions only to public opinion in\nmatters of administration, without surrender of territory ; for, rather\nthan see the Christian Greek Church re-established in Constantinople,\nCatholic Austria and Protestant England would plot against Russia,\nand repeat the treachery of Judas to Jesus Christ. The over-fed\npriest-politician and the over-paid rector-politician are unworthy followers of the Saviour and His apostles; for, with the politician in\nrobes it is self, self, self, whereas with the apostles it was everything\nfor the cause of the Son of God on the earth, in a kingdom founded\nin unselfish sacrifice for the common good of mankind.\nBut Great Britain, the miscellaneous money-lender, whether for\n7 v '\naccount of heaven or hell, and the promiscuous dealer in the necessaries of life and the poisons of illicit commerce, let perish the opportunity which tarried at Plevna and invited interference; and, in\nselfishness, looked on the sanguinary strife till Turkey was crushed\nand the San Stefano treaty had made peace between the belligerents.\nAnd by the San Stefano treaty between Russia and Turkey, the inde-\n4\ni 50\npendence of Servia (God bless Servia !) and Montenegro (God bless\nMontenegro!), and Roumania the treacherous, was secured; and these\nthree new independent nationalities were, by the Russian-Turkey\ntreaty of San Stefano, added to the European powers. Bulgaria, too,\nafter long suffering in servitude, was made an embryo nationality,\nwith enlarged boundaries and a comprehensive programme.\nThe Berlin Congress, however, was called, and by that wire-worked\nconclave of wizards and dupes, the San Stefano treaty was revised, in\ncommon jealousy of Russia and in the special interest of Austria and\nEngland, because the ambassadors of Italy and France were unfit for\n\u00C2\u00A9 J\ntheir momentous missions\u00E2\u0080\u0094a fact which all intelligent and impartial\nItalian and French republicans feel and realize; and Austria, in\nexultation over Italy and France, occupies Bosnia and Herzegovina,\nand Great Britain, by a secret treaty, is in possession of the island\nof Cyprus, whereby its Mediterranean possessions are enlarged, and\nItaly and France are correspondingly belittled as Mediterranean\n\u00C2\u00AB/ 1 O \u00C2\u00BB7\npowers. And thus meantime that the Turk\u00E2\u0080\u0094cruel to the Christians\nand treacherous to the Russians\u00E2\u0080\u0094was mulcted by the Austrians and\nBritons, Italy and France were treated as gulls, and appeased with\nwords. Woe to the Berlin ambassadors of Italy and France!\nWhat next may transpire in European Turkey is in the future,\nsealed from the knowledge of man. But that the Berlin treaty which\nignored Italy and France as Mediterranean powers, aggrandized Austria and inflated Great Britain with bluster, is merely a postponement\nof a final settlement which the powers did not then dare to make, in\nthe face of the socialistic and other agitations antagonistic to dynastic\nshams, frauds and pensions, is patent to every unofficial subject in\nEurope. Servia and Montenegro, however, both now independent\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nfor the Berlin Congress did not venture to ignore the Servia and\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nMontenegro provisions of the San Stefano treaty\u00E2\u0080\u0094occupy positions\nwhich justify expectations of aggrandizement. In truth, the theme\nof European Turkey bristles with possibilities which change shape\naccording to circumstances, as sea waves take form and derive their\nforce from the prevailing wind.\nRussia and Turkey, as the two principals in the war, did their best,\nand Turkey made peace to keep the Russians out of Constantinople;\nfor if the Porte had crossed the Bosphorus and fixed its head-quarters\nin Asia Minor, and a war of the powers had ensued, it is safe to\npredict that Turkish reign in European Turkey would have ended;\nthough how the spoils might have been divided it is useless to consider.\nHowever, with Turkey razeed into disproportion to Russia as a\nmilitary power, Russia can contemplate the stay of the Turks in Constantinople as citizens of the United States contemplate the Spaniards 51\nin the island of Cuba. As a Spanish possession Cuba is not a menace;\nbut the United States would not tolerate the transfer of Cuba to\nGreat Britain, Germany or France. The Americans do not covet\nCuba nor want it annexed to the Union, but the Americans would\ninterpose to prevent the transfer of Cuba from the possession of Spain\nto a power rival or competitor to the United States; for with Spain\nthe United States can cultivate reciprocal commercial relations, without danger of serious misunderstanding. And so, in like manner and\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nfrom corresponding cause, Russia could contemplate Turkey, as left\nby the treaty of San Stefano, in possession of Constantinople, because\nRussia and Turkey could themselves carry out their own treaty and\njointly regulate the navigation of the straits from the Black Sea to\nthe Mediterranean. This reasoning, clear when the treaty of San\nStefano was signed in February, 1878, is conclusive since the Berlin\ntreaty of July, 1878.\n,/ \u00C2\u00BB/ 7\nTrue, the British, who have money to bribe corrupt men in office,\nand who wear brass to hide blushing, say that it is Russia which has\nbeen deprived of the fruits of conquest, waged for the deliverance of\nChristian populations from oppressions that darken' history through\ngenerations of time; but the truth is, Turkey has been surgeoned\nwhere previously it had not been even singed; and to appease British\nlust, Christian emancipation has been indefinitely postponed, though\nTurkey is weaker if not smaller than it was left by the treaty of San\nStefano ; whereas Russia, with Bessarabia regained to the Danube\nand Pruth, and Batoum and Kars and about nine thousand square\nmiles of contiguous territory annexed in Asia Minor, can recuperate\nin patience for another struggle when a propitious opportunity recurs;\nfor Russia, vast and powerful as it is, cannot stay its march nor stop\nits wars whilst the Turk as an enemy patrols the Straits and lingers\nin Europe, a scandal to the Christian Church and a reproach to civilized mankind.\nAnd perchance, whilst dynasties and churches plot and counterplot,\nthe masses may exercise the inherent right of revolution, and make\nthe crowned heads of Europe bend and bow down in the popular blast\nagainst tyranny and titles, like reeds and willows in a storm.\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ */ 7\nRussia Russianizes where it overruns, and the United States\nAmericanize where they annex. France contains nothing but Frenchmen in a national sense, and all Germany is fatherland to Germans.\nItaly, too, is .homogeneous, and Spain is a unit. But Austria is a\ncabinet-piece, stuck together with diplomatic glue, not a fusion of\naffiliating metals cast in a mould, as bronze is a fusion of copper and\ntin fluxed with zinc and lead to make it a limpid fluid for a casting\nsatisfactory to the artist's eye and cohesive to withstand the weather. 52\nHungary is a seed-garden of discontent; and when the hydro-\ngraphic basin of the Elbe shall have been made the model of a political potter's crock, Bohemia will be in Germany.\nLord Beaconsfield is Colonel Mulberry Sellers developed into Macbeth the ambitious, with his witches, only that his Duncan is in Con-\n7 ' ft/\nstantinople and his witches are in India.\nIf a Cromwell were to rise in England, a Wallace in Scotland, and\nan Emmet in Ireland, and the labor organizations in Great Britain\nwould simultaneously proclaim a Republic, the Houses of Lords and\nCommons would become the Senate and Assembly of a new Republic,\nand the British Islands would be United States, with a neighbor\nRepublic in France, across the English Channel, and a sympathetic\nRepublic in America, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.\nThe case of R. A. Ammon, the brakeman, who successfully operated a railroad during the Pittsburgh riots in July, 1877, when mob\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 J 7\nrule prevailed in that city, where destruction was rampant from\nSaturday night to Sunday eve, under circumstances indelibly disgraceful to its military and police authorities and civic population, is\nan illustration of-how an improvised administration, intuitively organized, might succeed in revolution organized out of riot, without dis-\n7 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 7\norder in civil administration. The people have only to organize their\npower with wisdom and apply it without rashness, to make revolution\nout of bondage into freedom a success in permanent reform.\nAnd if this be deemed too hopeful a view of American adaptability\nor human intuition under free institutions which germinate ideas and\n\u00C2\u00A9\nexpedients for exigencies unexpected and surprising, the example of\nGeneral U. S. Grant should give peace to the doubting mind.\nIn May, 1861, U. S. Grant, a private citizen of Galena, Illinois,\nraised a company of volunteers in his own neighborhood, marched\nwith it to Springfield, the capital of Illinois, and tendered his services\nto Governor Yates, who turned his constituent's experience to practical account in organizing the State troops; for U. S. Grant had\nserved in the Mexican war, and was, moreover, a graduate of West\nPoint, the national military school. Here, then, was material for a\nmilitary schoolmaster, in a soldier trained and tried.\nIn time of peace he had retired to private life; but when secession\nappealed to the sword, he reappeared in behalf and defence of the\nI Union; and how persistently and successfully he waged war and won\nbattle is accepted truth in the familiar history of a pure patriot and\ngreat commander.\nThe unexampled cosmopolitan attentions paid U. S. Grant in foreign lands attest to a worldwide appreciation of his conspicuous mer- 53\nits, effulgent in fidelity and heroism to cause and country in civil war,\n7 O \u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00AB/ 7\nand afterwards in good intentions in trying times.\nFrom a private citizen U. S. Grant ascended step by step to the\ntop-landing of commander-in-chief of all the armies of the United\nStates; after a civil war of four years he was twice elected President\nof the United States; and on the expiration of his second term as\nChief Magistrate, March 3, 1877, he again returned to private citizenship.\nHonors are not titles, nor are titles merits. Deeds are finally only\nrepresented by names, and hence in after time, and to posterity, the\nname expresses all, is the symbol of everything. Wherefore Ulysses\nSimpson Grant, or otherwise and popularly and significantly United\nStates Grant, stands for the whole subject full and complete, without\nabbreviation, reservation or contraction.\nAnd when the European subject looks on the American citizen\nU. S. Grant, and sees in him an unassuming man without pretension\nand without title, surely the sight must suggest to his sober reflection\nthe vanity of hereditary titles and the costliness of royal perquisites\nand pensions paid to the progeny of dynastic wedlock.\nGrant rose out of the people, one of themselves, and, after public\nservice in war and in peace, returned back to the people, one of themselves ; and his example will be illustrious forever in a name aflame\nwith patriotic fame; for in him is represented and embodied the trinity of duties only possible in a republic\u00E2\u0080\u0094private citizen, commander-\nin-chief, chief magistrate.\nThose who advocate a third-term President would mar the finished\npicture of the man, for the third-term thought implies more than it\nexpresses, and is not consonant with the precedent set by Washington\nand since observed as a law of sacred import, which cannot be misin- '\nterpreted to the American people.\nWhen France welcomed liberty back to Paris, and drove the red-\nt/ 7\nhanded and incendiary torch-bearing communists from her temple\ndesecrated by their diabolism, and for the third time consecrated the\nsacred edifice whose altar-fires had been twice before extinguished,\nFrance achieved a grand glory for army-ridden Europe.\nTo liberty in its dwelling-place in a republic a mob is a foe as dangerous and destitute of reason as a dog with the hydrophobia; for\nintelligent human beings prefer any and every form of government to\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 J. \u00C2\u00BB/ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ O\nanarchy; and as the bayonet as an instrument of order is the basis\nJ 7 J\nof despotism, as the ballot as an expression of power is the basis of\nrepublicanism, the enemies of order in free government are more than\ndisturbers of the peace, and are to be treated, after notice reasonable\nto all not demons, like animals inoculated with the saliva of madness ; 54\nI;\n' because between anarchy and order in a republic the law must prevail or liberty succumb to anarchy, the precursor to despotism; for\ntrust breakers in office and charter-clad offenders who betray investors and wrong employe's and transporters would barter away a state\nto a central authority for protection, and sell liberty to enjoy spoils;\nbut where intelligent use is made of the ballot at the polls, abuses in\nthe public service, in corporation practice, courts of law and elsewhere, can be reached and abated, and remedies provided for all evils\ncurable by pure legislation and honest administration, from the chief\njustice to the street-sweeper. For as \" the last shall be first and the\nfirst shall be last,\" so in a republic the bootblack-boy may rise above\nthe chief justiceship to the presidency of the United States, and the\nborn heir to fortune may die a beggar. The few make the noise, the\nmany do the honest work of life; the tribunals try but a small percentage of the population for offences, and the jails are few and far\napart, showing that fidelity to law and duty to society is the rule, disobedience to law and dishonesty to fellow man the exception; where\nthere is ventilation in the newspapers, a foul transaction smells farther than an orchard in blossom, yet the fruit ripens in its season, by\nwhich time the rotten aspirant is in disgrace; modest merit survives\nin exquisite memories in the affections and in the books, but corrupt\nselfishness, like an ignis fatuus in foul air over decaying matter in a\nmorass, is a luminous exhalation that misleads and disappoints; the\nbad man is on a trap-door with a possible rope overhead, sure oblivion\nbeneath his feet, except as he may serve for an admonition in the sermons of prison chaplains and moral instructors of youth. Apathy,\ntoo, is sometimes deadly to liberty, as sleep is sometimes death in a\ndisguise that disarms suspicion. In a republic inanition in a citizen\nis a crime against society, which can protect itself from a lunatic by\nconfining him in an infirmary, whereas the citizen who omits to dis-\nc \u00C2\u00AB/ '\ncharge his moral responsibility under the civil code is protected\nagainst incarceration, because to personal freedom he has a natural\nright not forfeited to the statute; for, though mentally defunct to\npolitical duty, he is physically alive in the social condition; information and experience are knowledge and wisdom, and government is\nexalted and pure in proportion as the governed participate in public\naffairs and adjust official conduct to a standard that will bear scrutiny, satisfy conscience and command respect. The individual must\nbe a creditor in his account with the community in which he is an\natom, possibly a light; and in proportion as he shows a balance to\nhis credit large or small will he be esteemed much or little in the circumference of the circle rippled by his proceedings; for status is a\nvaluation put not on promise but on performance; and herein is a 55\nreason why a man in conspicuous office or position who misdirects its\ninfluences and misapplies its patronage and powers, out of office sinks\nout of sight, and after burial in the earth is lost in oblivion deep as\na thousand years ; having strayed into forbidden ways and practiced\nunworthy arts, his name is cast out of the vocabulary of his cotem-\nporaries, his coadjutors reproach him to excuse themselves, and the\npublic know him no more; and as a luminary falls, so will its satellite disappear out of the firmament of preferment, where its borrowed\nlight is shed in baleful beams. A community of stockholders has\ntwice as many eves and ears as tongues, and sees and hears more\n%7 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ \u00C2\u00A9 7\nthan it says. The wicked vanity that underrates the constituency it\nabuses, and trusts fortune to prevent its conviction in the courts, is\nhelpless and without defence in the tribunal of the people, where lawyers' words are vapors, and lies, like damp rockets, will not coruscate.\nThe Philadelphia soldiers of the Pennsylvania National Guard who\nwere abandoned to the mob and multitude at Pittsburgh, Saturday\nnight, July 21, 1877, under circumstances indescribably disgraceful\n\u00C2\u00A9 7 ft/ \u00C2\u00BB/ O\nto the local military and police authorities, and who, having successfully defended themselves throughout the night, in a Round House,\nwhither they had been improperly ordered by Major General A. L.\nPearson, of Pittsburgh, marched out of that city Sunday, July 22,\n1877 (pursued by a mob of baser beasts than bulls in a herd, which\nmob fired all its shots from the rear, and so did deeds of murder on\nthe holy day), afterwards returned to Pittsburgh with recruits arrived\n*i J J7 \u00C2\u00A9\nout from home and fellow-soldiers from the interior and border\ncounties, and reoccupied the scene of riot; in order that Pittsburgh\nshould see and know, and to make Pittsburgh feel and realize in the\n7 \u00C2\u00A9\nspectacle of its submission, that the law is paramount and the State\nsupreme in every part of Pennsylvania.\nWhere the law is defied free government does not discuss the cause\nof outbreak against order, life or property. It restores peace, makes\narrests, assesses damages, and considers a remedy for prevention.\nAnd the Union is so extensive, and its spread-out population of readers\nand thinkers is so well informed on events past and preseut, that a\nlocal demonstration, whether aggravated for political party purposes\nor for arson, pillage, and murder, is followed by instant preparation\nto occupy the scene of riot; yes, that is the word\u00E2\u0080\u0094riot\u00E2\u0080\u0094for insurrec-\n1 V * ft/ )\ntion is farther from the intentions of a Pennsylvanian than is a vigilance committee in time of disorder for redressment. And the arson\nand pillage-approving population of Pittsburgh, quiescent where the\nSunday mob in the public streets assassinated four strangers of the\nPennsylvania National Guard, sent to Pittsburgh from Philadelphia\nby the State officers in authority at Harrisburg, was meek and quiet 56\nI\n(and contrite concerning damages), whilst the military possessed Pittsburgh and forced it to eat \"humble pie,\" meantime. that railway\ntraffic was resumed and trains departed and arrived on schedule time.\nWhen Governor J. F. Hartranft arrived out at Pittsburgh with\nPennsylvania troops, R. A. Ammon, the brevetted brakeman, resigned;\n\u00C2\u00BB/ IT 7 7 O *\nand then Pittsburgh had opportunity in leisure to meditate the consequences of its mob sympathies, its Saturday night treacheries, and\nits Sabbath-day depot fires and highway murder of strangers under\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2/IT O *7 O\norders, in the service of the Commonwealth.\nThe crater of a volcano in eruption is an insecure place against the\nlava, cinder and muddy matter cast up out of a \"bottomless pit;\"\nbut the place of torment for sinners doomed, with its mayor in a\nparoxysm, its police in a frenzy, its mob cantankerous and contentious, and its stokers overhot from overwork at its fires, as described\nby painters in colors and poets in words, is a place of mercy compared with pandemonium Pittsburgh on that saturnalian Sunday,\nJuly 22, 1877.\nDyeing certain colors is a lost art; and lying, notwithstanding the\nantiquity .of the practice, is still an imperfect disguise and a poor\nsubstitute, else the efforts of the willing wills and weak minds that\n\u00C2\u00A9\nattempted to mitigate the guilt of Pittsburgh by the manufacture of\nimitation truth in crooked afterthoughts would have had a less mor-\n\u00C2\u00A9\ntifying termination ; but the charcoal in the pyres along the railway\ntracks Was too black, and the blood of the soldiers shot from behind\nwas too red on the stones, and the crime of Pittsburgh was too fully\nrecorded in its own and other newspapers of the day and in after\ndocuments and reports, for lie distilled from fiction to wash out its\nstains. And so Pittsburgh, over its dress suit of smoke, has a sur-\ntout of bills for Allegheny County to pay. The \"insurrection \" plea\nwas a false key to open the Sinking Fund of Pennsylvania, which\ncontains assets coveted for damages payable for the property destroyed\nduring the Pittsburgh riot in July, 1877, due not from the State but\nO \u00C2\u00A9 ft/ 7\nfrom Allegheny County. The Governor of Pennsylvania, however,\nis a vigilance committee of one, with the veto; and in 1870 Governor\nGeary, with a veto that exploded like a bombshell, saved the Sinking\nFund of Pennsylvania from robbery. The people of Pennsylvania\nall know who is Governor, and hold that functionary responsible for\nall legislation, except bills passed over his veto. Deriving the veto\npower from the Constitution, he is expected to use it for cause, or\npass out of office and disappear from political life. To assent that a\nriot was an \" insurrection,\" to substitute the State for Allegheny\n7 ^J t/\nCounty in the matter of damages, would sink the Governor out of\nsight. But before it can reach the Governor a bill must be passed by\ni 57\nboth branches of the Legislature. Allegheny County is liable, and\nits resources are ample, and that is enough for justice.\nAnd thus will it be again, if that European transplant called\n\" socialism \" and \" communism,\" both parasites in a republic, should\nrise in arms against the authorities in any city in the United States.\no \u00C2\u00BB/ t/\nWhen peace is disturbed the law is not palaver but process with force,\nand order is to be maintained at whatsoever cost to its enemies ; application for military aid is a dernier resort, but where invoked for\nv 7\nsufficient cause it ought to be used with discretion and made effective\nagainst disorder. Especially is the American Union the wrong field\nO X tf \u00C2\u00A9\nfor the agrarian from abroad, because his certificate of naturalization,\n\u00C2\u00A9 7\nwhich is proof of his promotion to citizenship, is not a license to sow\ntreason, seize property, or overturn the social system which is the product of civilization since the deluge. In a republic the state is the\naggregate of all the people in it, held together by its laws, enacted\nby representatives chosen by ballot at the polls. The minority cannot\nenact new laws, but by discussion and appeal may make proselytes to\nits opinions, till it reverses positions with the opposition and becomes\nin turn the majority party; whereupon it may graft its measures on\nthe statutes. Violence or intimidation, however, is not only not\n7 * */\nallowable but is punishable, and as law-breakers, life-takers, and\nproperty-wreckers incur punishment, so their abettors, for head and\nheart guiltiness, deserve more than reprobation. If a discontented\nadult could on option turn political surgeon and butcher the law,\naccording to his interest or his hate, the hand that would smite\n\u00C2\u00A9 7\nthe state would be lifted against life, and society would retro-\nO 7 ft/\ngrade. And this consideration makes the demagogue an outlaw in\nmanhood, for he knows the end to which his arts tend; but the\ndomestic and imported mischief-makers are few, and mob outbreak\nlike yellow fever is only an occasional visitation in malarious spots,\nhere and there,. in the Union ; an uprising of wicked malcontents\nwould provoke a concentration and explosion of opposition force that\nwould disperse them to the four winds, as a dynamite blast scatters\nquarry stones in atoms through the air.\nThe world craves not a new religion, nor will it abandon itself to the\nmoral darkness of irreligion. Christianity has done for mankind more\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00AB/\nthan all other religions summed together; and if the Turk reign at\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 ' \u00C2\u00A9\nPhilippi where Paul preached, that is because in 1878 England had\nfor its idol of popular worship the boastful \"Disraeli,\" the Queen of\nEngland being \"Empress of India,\" where there are 240,000,000 of\nHindoos and Mahometans, against 31,857,338 Christian subjects in\nGreat Britain and Ireland. England's temple is the shop and workshop, and England's God is the \"almighty dollar,\" to which her\n< 58\nhomage is loyal, if selfish; England's religion is not Christ crucified,\n\u00C2\u00A9 *7 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nbut interest money accrued and to accrue. On \" British interests,\"\nexpressed and reserved, hang all the Acts of Parliament, all the\nProclamations of the Queen. For the world, England, through half\na century, has been commercial broker and commission agent. But\nJ 7 \u00C2\u00A9\nthis business is now open to competition, and in commercial supremacy\nGreat Britain is each year less absolute. Of course, as she \" weakens\nin the knees,\" she becomes lustier in the lungs, to frighten capital\n7 \u00C2\u00A9 7 \u00C2\u00A9 C\nwhere she cannot harm it. England is overpeopled and London is\novergrown, considering its proximity to the land's end in England,\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 XT \u00C2\u00BB/ \u00C2\u00A9\nWales, and Scotland, which have these areas and populations, to wit:\ni:\nEngland,\nWales, ....\nScotland,\nTotal, Great Britain,\nIreland, ....\nIsle of Man and Channel Islands,\nArmy, Navy, Merchant Seamen,\nGreat Britain and Ireland,\nNew York, ....\nConnecticut, ....\nNew York and Connecticut,\nSquare Miles.\nCensus.\nPopulation.\n50,922\n1871\n21,495,131\n7,397\n1871\n1,217,135\n31,324\n1871\n3,360,018\n89,643\n26,072,284\n32,481\n1871\n5,411,416\n394\n1871\n144,638\n1871\n229,000\n122,518\n47,156\n4,674\n51,830\n1870\n1870\nOi OCT OOO\nol,oof ,ooo\n4,357,647\n537,454\n4,895,101\nNew York and Connecticut, which in joint area are larger than\nEngland, jointly contain but 22 per cent, of the population of England ; so that England contains more than four times the joint population of New York and Connecticut, notwithstanding that New York\n7 ^3\nState contains New York City, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Albany, Rochester,\nindeed eight of the fifty principal cities in the United States; and\nConnecticut contains New Haven and Hartford, two of the fifty principal cities in the United States.\n1841. 1851. 1861. 1871.\nPopulation of Ireland, 8,175,124 6,515,794 5,764,543 5,411,416\nThe famine in Ireland, in 1847, caused by the failure of the crops\nof that year, particularly its food staple, the potato, is not an explanation of the steady decrease in population in each decade since 1841.\nGreat Britain imports more than half the wheat consumed by its population ; and, as the palmy days of its foreign trade are past, emigration 59\nfrom Great Britain will unquestionably increase and resident population diminish in England as in Ireland. Foreign trade is uncertain ;\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nand as Great Britain loses its industrial prestige and customers for\nits manufactures in foreign markets, will not London, which by the\n\u00C2\u00A9 3 7 ft/\ncensus of 1871 contained 3,251,804 of population, decline like other\ncommercial centres that preceded it in Europe? London is too large\nto subsist on the home trade of an island in the ocean, not twice the\nsize of Newfoundland. From London to Liverpool, by railway across\nEngland, the distance is 201 miles. From New York to San Fran-\n\u00C2\u00A9 7\ncisco, across the United States, by railway, the distance is 3321 miles.\nBetween the Atlantic and the Pacific seaports of the American Union\nthere are three thousand miles of prolific interior country, sure to\ncontain, in time not distant, two hundred millions of inhabitants.\nHere is a prospect for a home trade very different from, the outlook\nfrom London and Liverpool. Venice and Genoa had a distant trade,\nand lost it. The glory of foreign empire has departed from Rome,\nyet Rome is the capital of Italy nationalized, and is grand in its\nancient ruins. And although the glory of commercial dominion over\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 j\na vast area will leave London, yet London will still be the capital of\nthe island of Great Britain; and Macaulay's New Zealander, who\nwill inevitably appear, may contemplate its ruins, and contrast its\nvastness in desolation with its illustrious predecessors that flourished,\neach a cynosure for a time, and then declined towards oblivion, but\nnot into it; because the historical inventory of the ruins of cities\nabandoned to decay is a perennial entertainment to the antiquarian\nand the student, which latter comprises all the ages of man ; for the\nwise are seldom young, and the cultivated man at three-score years is\nas zealous a student as the better boy at school. The male animal\nthat is a baby, boy, and man, in succession, if endowed with more\nft/ / ft/ / j /\nthan average intellect, is a thinking and remembering machine, from\n\u00C2\u00A9 7 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nthe time he can con the alphabet till reason leaves his head or life\nabandons his body.\n\"The Mutual Admiration Society,\" made up of rich and prosperous\nAmericans and titled and snobby Englishers, which was in full blast\nJ \u00C2\u00A9 7\npreparatory to the negotiation of the Washington treaty of May 8,1871,\nthat was to do much for mankind, and elevate human nature to a\nhigher standard in this world, preliminary to a still higher one in the\n\u00C2\u00A9 7 1 ft/ O\nnext, seems to have moved the unbelief of one observer of men and\nmatters, who wrote the following letter, copied from a newspaper of\nNovember 15, 1876. Its date, April 10, 1871, it will be seen, is\nanterior to the Washington treaty, signed May 8, 1871; and its publication, November 15, 1876, it will also be noticed, is prior to the\nHalifax Fishery award, made November 23, 1877.\n< 60\n\"English Tactics in America.\n\" Gen. IT. S. Grant,\n\" President of the United States.\nApril 10, 1871.\n\" Honored Sir :\u00E2\u0080\u0094Distinguished men in distinguishing office are\n\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nbeset with too many flatterers and hear too few truth-tellers. And\nyet, to rulers of men, facts are as indispensable as food.\n\"Your answer to General Buckner, in 1862, drew my attention\nto you, and enlisted my confidence and good wishes. Your military\n\u00C2\u00AB/ 7 ft/ O */\ncase, however, as you know, is made up in the record of the rise and\nfall of an unholy rebellion. And now, in the high office which is the\n\u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00A9\npeople's reward for services rendered them in the field, in a crisis\nwhich put in jeopardy the aspirations of mankind, you are again on\ntrial, this time- as Civil Magistrate, charged with the administration\nof the affairs of a great nation.\n\u00C2\u00A9\n\"And now to the purpose of this letter, which is, to caution you\nto beware of British diplomacy, which, like all European diplomacy,\nliterally translated, is simply lying according to law I\n\" The Dominion of Canada was conceived in hostility to the United\nStates; and American statesmen owe it to their posterity to sunder\nthe zone of British territory which flanks the Republic on the north,\nand has its termini in the far apart islands of Newfoundland and\nVancouver.\n\" The treaty of the 15th June, 1846, between the United States\nand Great BritaiD, which surrendered an opportunity to abut our\nboundary against Russia, at 54\u00C2\u00B040' to which line Polk and Buchanan\n*/ \u00C2\u00A9 '- 7\navowed that our title was ' clear and unquestionable,' is a standing\nshame to American statesmanship. And the interpretation subsequently given to that treaty, by Great Britain, to cover the island\nof San Juan, is a lesson which should not be forgotten at this time.\n7 \u00C2\u00A9\n\" I have been in England, and do not much wonder at the temper\nof its waning ruling class towards the United States. Jealousy, envy,\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ ft/ 7\ncovetousness are feelings difficult of eradication. The United States\nare overshadowing the British Isles. England's power is faded on the\ncontinent, and she is in dread lest her hoarded wealth be molested.\n\" But instead of looking to Africa, Australia, etc., for new fields\nand new markets, she continually aims to clog and thwart what, to a\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A27 \u00C2\u00A9\ncomprehensive vision, is the \u00E2\u0096\u00A0 manifest destiny' of these States.\n\" If Great Britain were driven out of American waters, the two\nnations could, thereafter, be brought into relations of genuine fraternity. And until that event takes place, or British rule be limited to\nterritory east of Lake Superior, the American heart which may yearn 61\nto find in Great Britain a Mother Country, will continue to find instead\na step-mother country given to officious intermeddling.\nJT ft/ \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\n\" British territory cannot be Americanized under British rule, as\nwitness the animus of the indwellers of that strip of land between\nNiagara and Detroit Rivers, across which railroad companies send\nfreights and passengers to and from New York and Michigan.\n\" The valleys of the Saskatchewan and Red Rivers will never be\nAmericanized whilst under the jurisdiction of the Dominion, or any\nother British authority, even though, of necessity (not choice), the\nrailroads which may traverse them be connected with the railroads of\nMinnesota.\n\" British jurisdiction fosters opposition to the United States, exactly\nas a long British border tempts and promotes smuggling into the\nUnited States.\n\" Diplomacy and policy, more than arms, made the greatness of\nBritain. By diplomacy and policy she will make a bad neighbor of\nthe Dominion of Canada, even as she makes corrupt tools in the\nWashington lobby.\n\" Do not mistake me. I am not an enemy to Great Britain. On\nthe contrary, I appreciate the bulwark she made herself against the\nreactionary revolutions and usurpations of the continent. Nevertheless, Great Britain must be made to ' accept the situation' in the\nNew World, and to back out of the way of American expansion and\nprogress.\n\" You, yourself, know full well that what Great Britain did during\n7 |/ 7 <0\nthe rebellion, prolonged the rebellion; that her acts, alike of omission\nas of commission, disclosed an impatience to see the Union dissevered;\nthat she did cause the disappearance of American shipping from the\nocean carrying trade between American and foreign ports'. You\nft/ O <-7 X\nknow, too, that, before the American public, Great Britain is under\nindictment. And now, finally, what the American people have a\nright to expect is, that British diplomatists shall not once more humbug American politicians !\n\"Seward's Alaska purchase and diplomatic expulsion of the French\nfrom Mexico will jointly perpetuate his statesmanship.\n\"What page in American history is more important than Jefferson's acquisition of Louisiana ?\n\" Polk's administration acquired California\u00E2\u0080\u0094a most potential and\nmomentous acquisition; but the treaty of the 15th June, 1846, with\nGreat Britain, was the mill-stone which sunk into oblivion the good\ndeeds of Polk's reign.\n\" Under the indictment found against Great Britain, in the early\ndocuments of your administration, newspaper opinions, in England, 62\nwere expressed in deeper contrition than at present time. Then it\nwas even suggested, here and there, in some of the newspapers, that\nin settlement of the Alabama claims British territory might be ceded\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ \u00C2\u00A9\nto the United States.\n\" Latterly, however, expounders of English public opinion have\ngrown less penitent; and in lieu of willingness to eat l humble pie,'\nthe British lion is pricked into effort to imitate the ominous growl of\nyore, when it roamed the iungle in India, and before it was made a\n*/ ' ml O *\nmeek denizen of the zoological garden in London.\"\nAs in present time the administration of Thomas Jefferson is universally commended throughout the Union for the acquisition of\nLouisiana, and the administration of James K. Polk is credited without stint for the annexation of Texas and the acquisition of California,\nso hereafter and in full measure of thankfulness will the administration of Andrew Johnson (W. H. Seward, Secretary of State) be\npraised for the acquisition of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands;\nwhereby Russia and the United States clasped hands across Behring\nStrait, and the rover of the seas and squatter on islands where the\nowner is in poverty or the natives are defenceless is shut out from\nfortifying a Malta in the North Pacific Ocean.\nThe precedent furnished by Great Britain in the ruthless extinction\nof the Transvaal Republic in 1877, and the annexation of its territory\nto her possessions in Africa, would justify the United States, as\nagainst Great Britain, in converting the provinces of British Columbia and Manitoba into Territories and embryo States of the Union.\nft/\nAnd why should not Great Britain have the \"ingredients\" of her\nft/ \u00C2\u00A9\ndrugged \" chalice\" \" commended to her own lips \"?\n\u00C2\u00A9\u00C2\u00A9 1\nCHAPTER VII.\nSince the 4th July, 1776, when the thirteen colonies, all on Atlantic tidewater (New Hampshire the northernmost, Georgia the\nsouthernmost, Pennsylvania the \"keystone\"), resolved themselves-\ninto \" free and independent States,\" marvellous events have transpired, tending to overturn dynasties, expose the sham of kingcraft,\nand ameliorate the condition of mankind, under ratified treaties and\nwritten constitutions.\nThe fiction of \"the divine right of kings\" has perished from the\nearth; hereditary subjects have wrung concessions from hereditary 63\nrulers; Europe has been rectified in places, remodelled in parts;\nRussia, developed into a colossal civilizing power, grows and spreads ;\nGermany is moulded into a homogeneous empire; Italy is a compact\nand intact nationality. And France, the fore-front of the world's\nstage when.nations were in the cast of actors, in the seven years\nsince the German war, has shown wise humility in calm self-restraint;\nhas elevated still higher than before the arts of peace; and meanwhile\nhas evinced a trust in her own capabilities and resources, under cir \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\ncumstances and in ways that vindicate the Republic, raised up out of\nthe ruins of the empire and the ashes of the commune, as the form\nof government best fitted for the French people, in this third generation of political revolution, furnace ordeal and fiery trial. The third\nRepublic, which demolished the empire and destroyed the commune,\nits two enemies and adversaries, one on either side, now stands \" a\npillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night;\" and no despot\ncan make it vanish nor demagogue make it dark. \u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 _\nTrue, the face of Europe is still freckled with Heligoland, Malta\nand Gibraltar, and with spot powers in court-plaster patches between\nSkager Rack and Dover Strait, and between the river Pruth and the\nStrait of Otranto. But considering how much has been compassed\nin the rectification of European boundaries in the last twenty years,\nthe prospect is cheering that the time is not distant when Europe will\nbe apportioned among less than half a score of nationalities all Christian, the Turk retired ; and that then the nations of Europe will at\nlast be wise enough to live in peace with each other, content to allow\ndistant peoples to govern themselves, and leave intercontinental intertrade to regulations prescribed in treaties.\nThe time will soon have gone by for partitioning off the earth among\n\u00C2\u00A9 J x O \u00C2\u00A9\ndynasties supported sumptuously for breeding stock through royal\nmarriages for diplomatic ends; in Europe nowadays nationalities command paramount consideration, and the reigning houses rule not by\n\" divine right,\" but as the constituted and installed heads of the gov-\n\u00C2\u00A9 7 \u00C2\u00A9\nernments; for, after all, an empire is but another name for a state,\nand from an autocracy to a democracy the distance is but a bridge of\nspans on different plans, whatever may be said about constitutional\nmonarchy, with a pensioned household and a class made noble by\npatent, as if a patent of nobility were a gauge of merit, when it is\nonly evidence of a machine-made honor or a prize-ticket gift; for a\npatent cannot ennoble a name or make a name great, because true\ngreatness is the homage paid by mankind to public benefactors for\nunselfish service; and it is with men as with books and battles, only\none here and there serving to make a fame or mark an epoch or era\nin the chronology of time. 64\nGreat events in America, due to patriotic effort and self-denial,\nhave wrought out grand results to universal man in a new*nation and\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nin the old world. The government of the United States has withstood\nattack from without and also from within, has had foreign wars and a\ncivil war, and was strong enough to triumph in both ordeals. Slavery,\nthe graft of Great Britain, has been extirpated, and now there is not\na seed of poison in the Constitution to germinate a parasite or justify\na reproach. And the corrupt lobbyist, bribe-taker and trust-betrayer,\nthe corporation anaconda and the ring boa-constrictor, would fain rehabilitate as conservatives good as Tweed and his coadjutors, who,\nhaving amassed millions contrary to honesty and duty, if let alone\nand not molested or exposed, would advocate low taxes, civil service\nreform, economy in corporation practice, and dividends to stockholders. But the sword of justice is unsheathed, and offenders fear\nlest where it may not smite with its edge it may smack with its flat\nside. The uneasy sinner is the dishonest man found out. And for\nthe hypocrite who delivers himself of his moral lecture from the chimney-top, and descends thence by the flue to emerge sooted from the\ncellar, or makes the editorial column or the official corporation report\na vehicle for deceptive untruth, exposure is sure disgrace as contempt\nis sore punishment; because the offender who may indurate his face\nand banish the blush from his cheek cannot deaden the sensitive\nnerves between his five senses and his mental reflections.\nFor bankrupts in reputation look not alone among delinquent\ndebtors in ordinary and unofficial transactions, but also to those who\nbetrayed official trust, and after investigation or trial were hurled\ndown from the pinnacle of high esteem into the dusty way where the\ntramp travels.\nAs a political coupling the Constitution is potential to hold together\nthe train of States from Maine to California; and all the mending\n7 O\nthe Constitution needs is to make the presidential term six years instead of four, render the incumbent ineligible for re-election, and\nguard the franchise and the electoral return against fraud.\nAll attempts to found royalty in North America have failed, tragi-\nX v \u00C2\u00AB/ 7 O\ncally and ignominiously. Mexico has had two emperors, Iturbide.\nand Maximilian, whose short reigns are bloody chapters in its eventful history; the first-named was shot after a trial in 1824, the last-\nnamed was shot after a trial in 1867; and these two tearful lessons\nwill not be lost on diplomatists, adventurers and demagogues.\nThe progress of population in the nation of the United States is\nwithout precedent, as will be seen in what follows.\nThe estimated number of inhabitants in the colonies represented in\nthe Congress at Philadelphia in 1775 was 3,000,000. 5\nAt that time the colonies ranked in population Virginia first, Massachusetts second, Pennsylvania third, Maryland fourth. New York\nwas equalled by Connecticut, North Carolina and South Carolina.\nMaryland contained 62,035 more of population than New York, and\n62,034 less than Pennsylvania. The original colonies all abutted on\ntidewater, and among the three millions of population are included\nTories who were averse to independence and non-combatants in love\nwith peace.\nThe first census of the nation of the United States was taken in\n1790, so that in all there have been nine decennial censuses, beginning\nwith 1790 and including 1870. And here is the record made of the\naggregate population at each census :\n1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870.\n3,929,214 5,308,483 7,239,881 9,633,822 12,866,020 17,069,453 23,191,876 31,443,321 38,558,371\nAccording to the ninth census of the United States, taken in 1870,\n\u00C2\u00A9 7 7\nthere were of native-born inhabitants 32,901,142.\nForeign-born inhabitants 5,657,229.\nThe population of the United States, consequently, in 1870 comprised eighty-five per cent, of native-born and fifteen per cent, of\nforeign-born population.\nUnfortunately America is a misnomer, as to call England Anglo-\nj \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nSaxon is a misnomer; for Christopher Columbus, not Americus\nVespueius, discovered America, and England is Saxon-Norman, and\nAmerica is Celtic-Teutonic. In proof of this, attention is invited to\nthe nationalities of the foreign-born population of the United States\nin 1870.\nIreland, . . 1,855,S27\nAll Germany, . 1,690,533\nEngland, . . 550,924\nAll British America, 493,464\nScotland, . . 140,835\nPrance, . . 116,402\nNorway,\nSweden,\nSwitzerland,\nAll Austria,\nWales,\nChina,\n114,246\nMexico, .\n97,332\nDenmark,\n75,153\nItaly, .\n74,534\nBelgium,\n74,533\nWest Indies\n42,435\n30,107\n17,157\n12,553\n11,570\n4,644\n63,042 .| Russia, .\nThe first battle of the revolution was fought at Lexington, Massa-\nchusetts, April 19, 1775. On the 19th October, 1781, Lord\nCornwallis with his army surrendered to General Washington, at\nYorktown, Virginia. Provisional Articles of Peace were signed\nNovember 30, 1782. An agreement that all hostilities should cease\nwas signed January 20, 1783. On the 19th of April, 1783, exactly\neight years after the battle at Lexington, which opened the war, a\nproclamation of peace was issued by Washington.\nFrom the achievement of Independence the American Republic has\nbeen an attraction to immigrants, particularly from Ireland and\nGermany; and from these Celtic and Teutonic sources the Union has\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ 7\n5 m\nderived the bulk of its foreign, the basis of its native population.\nAnd as the issue of foreign parents are native Americans, and the\nprocess of fusion has been in operation since Europe peopled\nAmerica's shores, the American race is a Celtic-Teutonic, not an\nAnglo-Saxon type of the human species. It was the Norman graft\nthat made Britain great. And where the Normans grafted there they\ngrew.\nWhat happened to Adam and his posterity may be left to historians, prophets, and preachers to descant, for an initial in Noah and\nthe ark-load which he landed on Ararat; since this brings us down to\n7 \u00C2\u00A9\na period relatively modern, and gives the human family a new departure from Armenia, not far from Eden and all in Asia.\nThe Dominion of Canada, organized as a propaganda, cannot crown\na ruler, install a dynasty, nor manufacture an aristocracy by patent-\nright; for exotic shoots from royal roots, or suckers from noble stumps,\n\u00C2\u00A9 7 ft/ I /\ndo not sprout after transplant to North America, where old States\nsow pioneers and new States grow from home increase and European\noverflow.\nThe Union is the product not of birthright but of honest industry,\nChristian toleration and educated self-reliance. The people reign\nand the people rule; and incumbents of conspicuous office, not conspicuous for merit, may flash in the political sky like a rocket in the\nnight air, but are sure to disappear from public office, public consideration, and public sight. True, parasites abound in political life as in\nanimal and vegetable life; but dishonesty begets opprobrium, and the\nunfaithful public servant sinks into obscurity and is heard of no more,\nsave to \"point a moral and adorn a tale.\" To be sure money will\nbuy praise, but the promiscuous flatterer is like the fly which leaves a\nspeck of dirt where it finds a grain of sugar.\nThe robust man is not always healthy in all his vital organs, but\nthe tendency of nature is to health, and unless the wrong medieine is\nadministered he soon recovers.\nSo the political body may not be perfect in all its parts, yet it may\nbe complete in most of its functions, and only need repair where there\nis discovered imperfection. The duration of office is limited, and constitutions and laws are open to amendment. The bullet is the\nunthinking instrument of force, used against the subject if he claim\nthe rights which it is the duty of the citizen to exercise. Man can\nnowhere be free but in a republic. And if the subject boast of the\npure blood of his prince, the citizen can cite the purer blood of the\nrace-horse, which receives a physical training superior to a prince\nin paternal antecedents and safeguards against indulgences and indis-\nX o o o\ncretions. 67\nAs a large percentage of the patent medicines sold in the shops are\nquack nostrums, so a large percentage of patent title-bearers are spurious compounds, labelled to circulate at a social price above intrinsic\nvalue. And the divorce courts of Europe attest that tempted virtue\nis sometimes weak to resist vice as well where rank is acquired by\ninheritance in circles professedly exclusive as among less pretentious\npeople.\nEngland produced Shakspeare, America produced Washington.\nNeither of these men inherited a title, yet each left a fame that time\nbrightens, as royalty dims, in the shadows of \" coming events.\"\n\u00C2\u00A9 . 7 J J 7 \u00C2\u00A9\nA living body, the planetary system, the universe of God, are all\nmachines in motion, operating to the schedule of the Supreme intelligence, the Creator of the earth and of Adam in Eden, and all things\nbetween and beyond the outermost orbs in space, visible through the\nmagnifying aids to science and research.\nThe astronomer contemplates the heavens and is filled with adoration of the Maker of the firmament. The statesman with his finger\n\u00C2\u00A9\nrevolves a ball mapped with the nations of the world, and, contrasting the imperfect machinery of human government with the order in\nnature, applies himself to the improvement and aggrandizement of\nhis country.\nThe nations of Europe, though the issue of a new departure out of\nNoah's ark in Armenia, after the deluge, are nevertheless a spread-\nout of patches cut with swords and held together with treaty tape;\nand in this patchwork of centuries every rent makes two \" ragged\ni \u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00A9O\nedges,\" one of which is pieced out, the other cut away, as when Savoy\nand Nice were scissored from Italy and fitted to France, and Alsace\nand Lorraine were sworded from France and sewed to Germany.\nOr later, as when the Berlin Congress in 1878 donated to Austria,\nfor reasons not founded in truth nor of a justifying nature, the\nTurkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, for Austria did nothing\nwhilst Russia and Turkey were at war, but chorus with Great Britain\nin bluster and preparation, not however, as the sequel shows, to fight\nRussia and risk an European conflagration, but to steal from Turkey\nin its extremity; because it was - clear that Russia would not vacate\nBessarabia, Batoum or Kars, having vanquished Turkey in war ended\nby the treaty of San Stefano between the two belligerents. And\ntherefore, Great Britain and Austria negotiated and threatened in the\ninterest of Turkey, against Russia and the San Stefano treaty, till\nv 7 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00AB/ '\nthe map of Turkey was-rectified by the Berlin Congress, which portioned off Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria, and Great Britain\nobtained Cyprus Island through a secret treaty.\nTurkey's volunteer attorneys divided part of their client's assets 68\nbetween themselves, and then conciliated their phindered dupe with\nthe excuse, that it had better part with Bosnia and Herzegovina to\nAustria and Cyprus Island to Great Britain, than carry out with\nRussia the provisions of the San Stefano treaty. And when the\nBerlin Congress prescribed for Austria's aggrandizement, its \"mandate\" was equivalent in dishonesty to a military order to billet troops\nin a bank to manipulate its affairs, lest thieves might break into its\nvaults and steal its deposits. It is because the diplomacy of Europe\nis operated in the interest of dynasties, sometimes in disregard of the\npopulations governed, that extreme opinions are promulgated through\nsecret societies, and imperial rulers live in political twilight and intellectual unrest.\nIn horse-power times gone by, the weight of a four-footed animal\non a treadmill which turned under its feet propelled a boat across a\nferry, and caused light machinery to move in a mill; but nowadays\nft/ 7 Q \u00C2\u00BB/ / \u00E2\u0080\u00A2*\nthe steam-engine hauls trains of cars over mountains, propels ships\nacross seas, and drives looms in factories. And as the steam-engine\nis a motor in machinery, so is the ballot a motor in government. The\nJ 7 O\nsceptre is no longer a magic wand; aud the one-man power in a crown\nis falling into disuse after the one-horse power on the treadmill; for\nthis is a practical age, and a wooden figure-head is an abomination in\nX \u00C2\u00A97 O\nthe sight of thinking man, who associates the idea with a vessel in\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nwater, where a figure-head does not interfere with the bowsprit nor\n7 O X\nimpair the discipline of the crew on board.\nInstitutions influence the minds of men as climate affects crops in\nthe ground. There must be an even start or there can be no fair race.\n\u00C2\u00A9\nTo be born free and equal in the law is a stimulus to effort, and hence\nin a republic the honest, earnest man moves on even in the front, incurring risks and enioying rewards.\no \u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00AB/ \nclosure, sale and reorganization, and bankruptcy is a sponge that\nobliterates book accounts.\nGreat Britain, too, has a foreign trade which diminishes in profit;\nand so from its foreign investments and its foreign trade British in-\n\u00C2\u00A9 O\ncome is reduced. Thus Great Britain is menaced with loss in its\ncapital and in its trade.\nThe exceptionally favorable condition of the foreign trade of the\nUnited States in recent years will appear in the following exhibit of\nthe imports and exports for the last four official years, compiled\nfrom reports of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics:\nDomestic Exports\u00E2\u0080\u0094Merchandise\nreduced to gold values, . . .\n1875.\n$499,284,100\n83,857,129\n1876.\n$525,582,247\n50,038,691\n1877.\n$589,670,224\n43,134,738\n1878.\n$680,683,798\n27,054,985\nTotal Domestic Exports, . . .\n$583,141,229\n$575,620,938\n$632,804,962\n$707,738,783\nForeign Exports\u00E2\u0080\u0094Merchandise,.\n\" \" Specie, . . .\n$14,158,611\n8,275,013\n$14,802,424\n.6,467,611\n$12,804,996\n13,027,499\n$14,200,402\n6,678,240\nTotal Foreign Exports, ....\n22,433,624\n21,270,035\n25,832,495\n20,878,642\n$605,574,853\n$596,890,973\n$658,637,457\n$728,617,425\nImports\u00E2\u0080\u0094Merchandise,....\nImports\u00E2\u0080\u0094Specie,\t\n533,005,436\n20,900,717\n460,741,190\n15,936,681\n451,315,992\n40,774,414\n437,097,237\n29,821,313\nSummary.\nExports from the United States,\nImports into the United States, .\n$553,906,153\n1875.\n$605,574,853\n553,906,153\n$476,677,871\n1876.\n$596,890,973\n476,677,871\n$492,090,406\n1877.\n$658,637,457\n492,090,406\n$466,918,550\n1878.\n$728,617,425\n466,918,550\nExcess of Exports over Imports,\n$51,668,700\n$120,213,102\n$166,547,051\n$261,698,875\nHere, in verity, is a progress to be proud of, for no other nation\ncan approximate these relative proportions in export and import trade.\nThe summarized result given demonstrates conclusively that the\nAmerican Republic exports largely more than it imports; that the\nAmericans sell to foreigners much more than they buy from foreigners ; and that the Americans are a creditor people in account eurrent\nwith the intertrading nations of the earth. This, truly, is the acme\nof commercial superiority and independence.\n< 72\nThe American Union is the largest producer of the precious metals,\nwherefore gold and silver must be added to its breadstuff's, cotton, oil,\ntobacco, provisions and manufactured articles, the miscellany being\ndistinguished as well for its variety as for its value.\nSince the rebellion against the Union, which was suppressed in\n1865, after four years of civil war, the nation of the United States has\nmore than doubled its exports of domestic merchandise to foreign\ncountries; and since 1873, when inflation collapsed after six years of\nrampant speculation caused not by the war whereby the rebellion was\nsuppressed, as erroneously alleged by quack political economists and\nartfully charged by charter-clad banditti, but by the Union Pacific\nRailroad Company's Credit Mobilier contract of 1867; Northern\nPacific and Texas Pacific, and scores of other railway swindles on\ninvestors of small savings; the incorporation of roving contract and\nimprovement companies by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, particularly in 1869\u00E2\u0080\u009470-71; and kindred false pretences contrived to cheat\nthe people with counterfeit tokens in the similitude of negotiable\nbonds. Never was history more cunningly perverted than when it is\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A27 O v X\nmade to charge to the war of 1861\u00E2\u0080\u009465 the lottery-policy railway\nbond and bonus railway share speculations of 1867\u00E2\u0080\u009473. And high-\n%f x O\nwaymen and brigands, who incur personal hazard in their out-door\ndepredations, are heroic thieves contrasted with an equal number of\nofficial sneaks clad in charters granted for public objects, but perverted in practice to promote private ends in dishonest ways.\nThe government of the United States had resources in custom\nduties, taxes, etc.. to pay interest on its indebtedness; but corporations,\nfirms, and individuals as debtors had to pay interest out of principal\nborrowed, where the profits earned were insufficient, or fail. And as\nmoney borrowed was soon expended or divided, and the profits were\nless than the interest payable, disaster was the inevitable conclusion\nunder the circumstances.\nThe outlays charged to construction and collateral purposes by\ncorporations of all kinds, managed by bonus financiers and by sanguine men, and by firms and individuals for new establishments\ndevoted to the industries and manufactures, and for alterations and\nadditions made to enlarge capacity and facilitate production, during\nthe six consecutive years from 1867 to 1873, amounted to a\nprodigious aggregate of liabilities, bearing interest at a rate extraordinary in some cases and high on the average; whereas those who\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 7\nbought United States bonds during the war invested their own money,\nand consequently did not incur debt in the transaction. The war\nabsorbed capital in United States bonds for investment, and to its\ncreditors the government has been faithful in the payment of interest\n^2 X %f\n1 73\naccrued; but in the six years of speculation (commencing two years\nafter the war had ended, and after the government had not only\nceased to borrow but had decreased the national debt and the annual\ninterest payable by the United States), many more millions of indebtedness was rashly and recklessly incurred than the total interest-\nbearing debt of the United States, which, at its maximum, August\n31, 1865, amounted to $2,381,530,294.\nThis is a large sum, it is true, charged against the United States ;\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nnevertheless it is not near so large as the charged increase in the\nliabilities of the railroad companies in the United States, from the\nend of 1867 to the end of 1873, as witness:\n1873. 1867. Increase.\nMiles of Railroad\nreported on, 66,237 30,000 36,237\nCapital Stock, $1,947,638,584 $756,223,000 $1,191,415,584\nFunded Debt, 1,836,904,450 416,658,000 1,420,246,450\nTotal liabilities, $3,784,543,034 $1,172,881,000 $2,611,662,034\nIf the entire railroad mileage in the United States had been reported\non, and all the floating indebtedness included, the increase in the\nliabilities of the railroad companies for 1873 over 1867 would be\nabout $3,000,000,000 !\nAt the end of 1873 there were in operation in the United States,\nof railroad, 70,857 miles. Railroad constructed in six years ending\nDecember 31, 1873, in the United States, 31,508 miles, exceeding\nthe total railroad mileage in the United States at the outbreak of the\nrebellion in 1861. Thus there were more miles of railroad built in\nthe United States in the six years subsequent to 1867 than in the\nthirty-five years prior to 1862 !\nFrance prospered after the disastrous war of 1870\u00E2\u0080\u009471, otherwise it\ncould not have so promptly paid its enormous indemnity to Germany.\nGreat Britain has had no costly war for a long time, but Great\nBritain is depressed to extremity in its trade and industries, notwithstanding it has enjoyed a long peace.\nEight years elapsed between the end of civil war in the United\nStates and the financial crisis in 1873. In a diagnosis of the United\nStates the war which ended in the spring of 1865 is not the cause of\nthe depression since the summer of 1873; on the contrary, the collapse of credit in 1873 was caused by speculation and expansion\ncommenced in the summer of 1867, prior to wljich date Tweed's\nTammany Ring, the Union Pacific Railroad Company's Credit Mobi-\nHer contract which surpassed Aladdin's magic lamp, the Southern\nRailway Security rover, the Northern Pacific Railroad bond bubble,\ny 14\nthe California and Texas Construction Company's Texas and Pacific\nRailway juggle, and kindred inventions of bonus financiers, were not\nin existence.\nThe capital of a nation is its principal in excess of its debts, and a\nnation is rich when its income from investments and its profits from\nits trade jointly exceed its interest payments and all outgoes chargeable to expenses. Where there is a balance to the credit of a year,\nthe surplus of income over outgo is capital accumulated. But where\na nation expends more than its receipts, it diminishes its capital or\nincurs debt. And as Great Britain in recent years has imported\nmany millions more in money value than it has exported, and has\ncollected a diminished sum from its foreign investments, the conclu-\nsion is that in recent years Great Britain \u00C2\u00ABhas been living in part on\nits principal accumulated in prior years; for as a creditor Great\nBritain has incurred immense losses in foreign countries and corporations.\nCHAPTER VIII.\nIn the spread of commerce nations achieved greatness and cities\namassed wealth, which, however, neither could hold, and consequently,\nthe commercial centre of the world, moved from place to place around\nthe Mediterranean shore, and thence to the Netherlands, at last was\nshifted to the Thames, and London was developed into a vast city. But\nLondon cannot go on growing forever, and as its income, commissions\nand profits are now greatly reduced, compared with years gone by,\nLondon may at any time suffer from panic and from shrinkage in value\nof real estate. And as the exodus of skilled workmen from Great\nBritain is certain to continue, London will ere long feel and show the\n7 \u00C2\u00A9\neffect of decadence in principal invested and income collectable. The\nvolume of business may be large, the measure of profit may be small;\nmachinery superseded, property depreciated, markets divided, competition aggressive; these are the tendencies of the times in Great\nBritain, and these are the considerations that determine intelligent\nBritons to seek the United States, where, if the shops are full at\npresent, there are cheap lands open to settlement. Interesting,\ninstructive and consolatory is the migration to the agricultural lands\nwest of the Mississippi River, already penetrated with railways and\nprovided with transportation.\nThe Eastern States are all importers of agricultural products from\nthe West; and, meanwhile, as the East grows in population, consumption will increase; and so the West, itself a large consumer of its own 75\nproducts, has a customer in the East, and beyond the Eastern States\nis Europe. For surplus populations accumulated in particular branches\nof industry, as labor is divided at present time, there is no such corrector and regulator as agriculture. In a short time, therefore, with\no \u00C2\u00A9\nproper duties on the products of foreign labor at starvation prices,\nthe internal affairs of the United States will adjust themselves to a\nnew distribution of domestic employment, and \" all things will work\ntogether for the common good,\" like trains on a railroad, to a new\ntime-table.\nChicago, a marvel of rapid growth, will continue to develop and increase in population, in manufactures and in trade; St. Louis likewise\nis sure of long continued commercial expansion and industrial accumulation ; New Orleans will be the entrepot of prodigious totals of cosmopolitan commerce ; and St. Paul will be conspicuous and important.\nLike the Yang-tse-kiang, in China, the Mississippi River will have\non its banks great centres of interior trade; and the Mississippi States,\nwhich are like unto nations in size and resources, will add millions on\nmillions to prosperous population, where no foreign enemy can invade,\nwhere no domestic traitor can distract, and where political union is\npolitical life everlasting. There will be more millions of inhabitants\nin the Mississippi basin than any nation of the earth now contains,\nnot between the Indus River and the Yellow Sea.\nAmong genuine political economists, the housewife, who, with a\nfew dollars a week, received out of her husband's earnings, keeps her\nhousehold together, everything neat and \idj in appearance, and sends\nher children to school week-day and Sunday, is supreme over speculators in theories, inflationists who collapse credit, and jugglers who\nabuse charters.\nIf Stephen Girard and the founder of the Astors could take a\n\"bird's-eye\" view of New York and Philadelphia, what estimate\nwould they put on the bonus element in railway finance ?\nThe oak develops from an acorn through a^centuty of time, whereas,\nafter a shower, a mushroom matures in a night; the charter-clad juggler can chloroform his conscience and magnetize his finger nerves;\nb.ut, though guano will quicken the ground, it will not serve for sunshine to ripen grain fit for harvest; and however fiction may entertain\nJr \u00C2\u00A9 f. *7\nits readers, it is base and dishonest to substitute it for truth in book\naccounts, official reports, or anywhere else.\nA province in America is not a political body in embryo, with a\nhead crowned in prospective. The royal toy brought disaster to its\ntwo temporary wearers south of Texas; and in the history which\nrepeated itself in Mexico is a lesson not to be left out of the calculations of any royal sprig or sprout ambitious to wear a crown and\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 1\n76\nfound a dynasty in North America; for the new world is insulated\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2from the old by three thousand miles of Atlantic Ocean, which is a\nferry for immigration and intertrade, and likewise a barrier to mar-\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A27 \u00C2\u00A9\nplots with political plans and enemies with deadly weapons. The\nimmigrant and tourist are welcomed over its waves, and for the premeditated destroyer of libertv there are greedy monsters in its depths.\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ *- \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0096\u00A0/ x\nAs the branches of a tree converge in its trunks so the branches of\nthe Caucasian race, from the continent and islands of Europe, come\ntogether in wedlock in the American Union, where those who followed\nsince Columbus discovered have peopled a new country and established a new power between two seas, with a dozen doors open to\nEurope for immigration and exportation, and a \" golden gate\" open\nto Asia for intertrade in commodities of commerce. And if Great\nBritain, as a nation in Europe, would be entente cordiale with the\nUnited States, it only need first and primarily to leave the Dominion\nof Canada to the option of its indwellers, each province to determine\nits own future transition to a State of the Union.\nWhilst Great Britain is on this side of the Atlantic, in provinces\nacross the American main and islands on its coasts, the United States\nmust construe its asseverations of distinguished consideration, and all\nthat, with a mental reservation, and not cease to remember that the\nEnglish dictionary is prolific of words which supply diplomacy with a\nvocabulary, and which, in the statutes, are made to mean what the\njudge on the bench says they express, in his opinion.\nTowards the United States, Russia, on the other hand, has never\nshown equivocal friendship, nor been guilty of collusion with an enemy\nin time of war, civil or foreign. And, as a logical sequence, behold\nO \u00C2\u00A9 1\nwith what reciprocity and cordiality the United States and Russia\nclasp and shake hands across Behring Strait, from the shores of\nKamtschatka and Alaska!\nIn the suppression of the mutiny and attempted revolution in India\nin 1857, a movement inspired by love of country, Great Britain\ntransported the King of Delhi to where he soon died, and killed his\nson and grandson, and so extinguished the royal line of legitimate\nsuccessors of the great Moguls; for the King of Delhi was the head\nof the Mogul empire and a potentate of ancient lineage and illustrious\nrank among Hindoos and Mussulmans. But in British eyes it was a\ncrime ter be a native legitimist in Hindostan ; and because the King\nof Delhi was the descendant of the Mogul emperors who had ruled\nover a vast empire before India was distracted into petty sovereignties,\ntherefore the King of Delhi was considered dangerous to British\nsupremacy in India, and so the King of Delhi was doomed to transportation and inevitable death, and his son and grandson were deprived 77\nof life in opposition to a divine commandment -and in mockery of\nmanhood justice; and this satanic cruelty was practiced so that there\nshould be no legal representative alive in Hindostan to reign over the .\n\u00C2\u00A9 x \u00C2\u00A9\nMogul empire revived, in case the natives of India should unite in\nan effort to expel their foreign oppressors and reestablish home rule.\nIn other words, the royal line of Delhi was exterminated to prevent\nthe restoration of a time-honored Mogul regime in India, adverse to\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9\nBritish rule. And Rajahs, Khans, and other native dignitaries were\nhanged in 1857, for political reasons, by the British in India, where\nthe \" king of beasts \" is considerate and merciful to other animals of\n\u00C2\u00A9\ninferior capabilities for defence, contrasted with the satraps of the\n'nation that carries the lion on its coat of arms, and makes \" British\ninterests \" a justification of conquest for trade and a plea for acquisition of territory for colonial empire around the globe; especially in\nplaces where subjugation is practicable through diplomacy and subsidy,\nwhere spoliation is profitable, and uncivilized population is defenceless\nagainst treaty translations and modern guns.\nIn antiquity of civilization Hindostan long antedates Great Britain ;\nand the old plea of the Christianity of Great Britain is no longer\navailable, since its intrigue against the San Stefano treaty to prolong\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 */ Jr \u00C2\u00A9\nthe stay of the Turk in Europe, and its acceptance of Cyprus Island\nas subsidy for a defensive alliance with the Mahometan power that\ncenturies ago crossed over from Asia to Europe and waged war against\n\u00C2\u00A9 to\u00C2\u00A9\nthe Christian nations to exterminate the Christian religion. Except\nfor the interference of Great Britain, the Turk would have been\nscourged out of Europe, for Austria, without British cooperation,\nwas impotent to act against Russia. And so Austria and Great\nBritain, both jealous of Russia, and both greedy for spoils, conspired\nagainst the Christians in European Turkey, for their own mutual\naggrandizement. And now, with the San Stefano treaty between\nDO \u00C2\u00AB/\nRussia and Turkey, the Berlin Congress of the seven powers, and the\ndefensive alliance between Great Britain and Turkey, known to mankind of all religions, the hypocrisy and selfishness of Great Britain\nare of record in evidence that will endure in history to confront professions contrary to acts. Review Lord Beaconsfield, the British\nhero in these diplomatic exploits, and wherein is there proof of\nsincerity, truthfulness, or statesmanship, that will stand the test of\nhonest criticism, in his sharp practice, which must not be confounded\nwith policy farsighted?\nConsidered as a finality for Europe, in the interests of peace, the\nBerlin Congress was a failure, because it settled only a few of the\nminor and adjourned most of the main issues of the questions it was\ncalled together to discuss, arbitrate and solve, for a time to be measured\n' 78\nnot by days but by years. But before the ambassadors had been\na/ a/ */ \u00C2\u00BB/\nabsent a month from Berlin, behold Austria meeting with resistance,\nand made to pay with the blood of its soldiery for its trespass in\nBosnia and Herzegovina.\nThe Berlin Congress partitioned two provinces of Turkey to Austria,\nanon-combatant in the war between Russia and Turkey; but when\nAustria marched into the territory allotted to it as its prize for cooperation with Great Britain, first against Russia in the Bulgaria of\nthe San Stefano treaty, and last against Turkey in Bosnia and Her-\nJ 7 o J\nzegovina, then the people portioned off made defensive war against\ninvasion, and Austrian prestige lost the shine put on it at Berlin\nwith a British brush. Austria can only rule where she can conquer.\nFor preserving it from dismemberment in 1849, Austria in 1878\nrepaid Russia with ingratitude. But Servia is an independent nation,\nand Hungary may yet regain its independence of Austria. There\nO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ */ *- o xr\nremains much for diplomacy and the sword to do in the basin of the\nDanube River and south of the Balkan Mountains.\nSince Russia obtained a frontier on the Black Sea at the Knieper\nin 1774, that power, previously bounded by the Caspian and the\nBaltic, has made one acquisition after another along the Black Sea\nshores in Europe and Asia, till now its entire northern and eastern\ncoasts and parts of its western and southern coasts belong to Russia,\nwhich has regained Bessarabia and added Batoum to its harbors and\nKars to its strongholds. Nor can nor will Russia cease to acquire territory or influence on the Black Sea, till it shall have acquired ground\n+7 * X O\nessential for the protection of its commerce in the free navigation of\nthe Bosphorus and the Dardanelles to the iEgean Sea via Constantinople, as the United States enjoy between the Mississippi River\nsystem and the Gulf of Mexico via New Orleans. True, wars have\nprocrastinated Russia's progress, but meanwhile Russia has expanded\nand developed into a colossal power that will not be content nor satisfied until the straits between Europe and Asia, which the Turks have\ntoo long straddled, are open to its ships, and it can protect its commerce to the Mediterranean Sea.\nIt would not be tolerated in Denmark to blockade or embargo the\nsound or belt to the Baltic; nor in Great Britain to blockade or embargo the Strait of Gibraltar nor the English Channel. And a\nfrontage on the straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean\nis as essential to Russia as Florida to the United States, Dover to\nEngland, Calais to France.\nEngland covets Egypt and the Euphrates valley, because they\ncontain routes to India from the Mediterranean, and acquired Cyprus\nIsland because of its strategic significance as a naval station, with 79\nreference to the Suez Canal and Euphrates railway routes to India;\nand at the same time and with the same breath cants about Russian\naggression, and strives to keep that power out of Constantinople.\nThe words \"British interests\" would serve the devil for a short\nmotto in pandemonium, as it does for politicians in London, who barter\naway the Christian Church in Turkey to save the British dollar in\nIndia and elsewhere. Great is the dollar in Britain.\nFor whatever the United States may deem necessary of enactment\nand execution to prevent the establishment of dynastic government in\nCanada, it has the supreme and all-sufficient law of self-preservation,\nadditional to precedents in the practice of Great Britain where it\nconsidered its interests prospectively involved. And if British fleets\nin past times had terrors to nations with small navies and imperfect\ndefences, in present time the British iron-clad is impotent to bulldoze\nthe torpedo, which is as destructive to an iron-clad ship of war as to\na wooden \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 target. In the account between the Russian torpedo and\nthe Turkish iron-clad the credit balance is largely in favor of the torpedo. The role of the iron-clad is rather to menace with demonstrations than attack with projectiles; for the torpedo charged to explode\nis more to be dreaded than a floating battery in an iron-clad ship,\nwhich is vulnerable in the same proportion that it was claimed to be\ninvulnerable. A weather vane is put up to point to the wind and\nturn when the wind ehanges ; and public opinion weighs with weights\nin a true balance and turns on a pivot in gravity's centre. Hence,\non examination it is easy to ascertain which way the wind blows, and\nin what direction public opinion tends. Concealment of the truth is\nimpossible where discussion winnows assertions from facts. That the\niron-clad has disappointed expectation in Europe is a truth patent to\neverybody and a special grief to Englishmen, because there can be no\nnaval supremacy whilst the torpedo, if-not paramount in the waters, is\na terror to iron-clads. And to show how the British navy chicaned\nat Copenhagen in 1801, at Algiers in 1816, and at Acre in 1840, the\nfollowing extract is copied from page 271 of Col. J. P. Chesney's\n\" Russo-Turkish campaigns of 1828 and 1829,\" published in 1854,\nin the beginning of the war against Russia by France, Great Britain,\nand Sardinia, as allies of Turkey, four powers against one; a war in\nwhich the British, after more than one trial, did not take the Redan,\nthough the French did take the Malakhoff; whereupon the Russians\nretired to the north forts of Sebas'topol and were not driven thence\nby the besieging allies.\nCol. Chesney, R. A., D. C. L., F. R. S., says:\n\"It is true that three remarkable instances have occurred in modern\ntimes, which may seem to favor the superiority of ships over stone 80\nwalls. These are Copenhagen, Algiers and Acre. In the first case,\nit is understood that Nelson was only relieved from a critical situation\nby sending a letter on shore, which caused the batteries of Copenhagen\n%7 \u00C2\u00A9 x O\nto cease firing against the fleet.\n\" In the second instance, the attack on Algiers was\" made during\na state of peace. We know that after our fleet had entered the harbor, not in line of battle, but almost ship by ship, and, consequently,\ngreatly exposed to the garrison, the Queen Charlotte, by the advice\nof an engineer officer, Sir William Ried, K. C. B., now the distin-\nguished Governor of Malta, was placed with her broadside on the\nflank of the grand or mole battery. The rest of the fleet had also\ntaken up advantageous positions without a shot being fired by the\ngarrison, until Lord Exmouth waved his hat as the. signal for the\nfleet to open its fire simultaneously.\n\" In the third case, that of Acre, the fleet was also allowed to take\nup positions which had been previously arranged, without any opposition. Buoys had even been placed beforehand, and what had been\na state of peace up to that moment was only broken by the opening\nof a terrific fire of shells and shot, when everything was ready;\u00E2\u0080\u0094at\nleast on our side.\"\nBritish duplicity, however, practiced in its naval tactics at Copenhagen, Algiers and Acre, us described by a competent British military\nauthority, a colonel in the Royal Artillery, did not avail at Sebas-\na/ j a/ \u00C2\u00BB/\ntopol, the siege of which was commenced by a joint attack of the\nallied fleets and forces. October 17, 1854, which was unsuccessful;\nnor was the Malakhoff taken by the French till September 8, 1855,\nwhen the allies entered that portion of Sebastopol left in ruins by\nthe retiring Russians. Neither did the Baltic fleet, under Sir C.\n\u00C2\u00A9\nNapier, venture to attack Cronstadt, which defends St. Petersburg,\nin the Russo-Turkish-French-British-Sardinian war of 1853-1856,\na war which was waged to wrest from Russia the Crimea and other\n\u00C2\u00A9\nground, but which ended leaving Russia intact, save that its Bessara-\nbian corner was cut off, till it was retroceded by the San Stefano\ntreaty, a retrocession which the Congress of Berlin confirmed. The\nCrimean war added no prestige to Russia's allied enemies. To Great\nBritain it was a loss of prestige. The war of 1877\u00E2\u0080\u00941878, ended by\nthe treaty of San Stefano, between Russia and Turkey, conferred a\nlustre on Russia's arms which the Congress of Berlin did not dim nor\n\u00C2\u00A9\neclipse with its own performances. 81\nCHAPTER IX.\nOn the 29th July, 1878, it was officially announced, in London,\nthat the Marquis of Lome, son-in-law of Queen Victoria, had been\nappointed Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada, successor to\nLord Dufferin. The Marquis of Lome, husband of the Princess Louise,\nis the eldest son of the Duke of Argyll. He was born August 6,1845,\n\u00C2\u00A9t/ \u00C2\u00A9\nand was married March 21, 1871. The Princess Louise, the sixth of\nthe nine children of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, was born\nMarch 18, 1848. The Marquis of Lome, whose mission it is to vivisect the Dominion of Canada with royal blood, and attempt the task\nof founding a dynasty in the shadow of the tree of liberty, in soil\nnear its roots, which are sound like its branches, is a member of Parliament from the county of Argyll, Scotland. The county of Argyll\nis positively liberal in its politics, and the Marquis of Lome, who\ncomes to America probably to propagate royalty in disguise, perchance\nin expectation of a propitious season to declare a kingdom, professed\nliberal sentiments when he was elected to Parliament; but after his\nmarriage to a daughter of the Queen, whereby the subject was flattered\nwith a condescension singular in the sovereign, he acted with the\nTories as unconditionally as if he had never given a pledge to his\nLiberal constituency in Argyll. The Marquis, therefore, is a British\ndiplomatist, who, when he says one thing, perhaps means another.\nBut, in America, the art of government is open to universal study;\nand the intelligent elector who knows how to wield the ballot and to\n\u00C2\u00A9\nstrike with it, contemplates a royalist with as little awe as a learned\nphysician looks on the medicine man of an Indian tribe.. In republican eyes king-craft is a transparent sham, and a royal court is but\na \heatre with a stage and a stock company. For star actors in political parts do we not search among distinguished ministers who served\ncrowned heads ? Is not Shakspeare immortal in the realm of mind\nbeyond the royal characters depicted in his plays ? Does not revolution uproot a dynasty as a tornado uproots a tree ? And where the\ntree stood before the storm destroyed it, does not the ploughman make\na furrow and plant seed to utilize the ground, and so turn a visitation\nin wind to advantage in agriculture ? Is not a fire in a city a blessing in flame when a site is cleared for needed improvements not\n\u00C2\u00A9 x\notherwise attainable, because of opposition against tearing down old\nstructures, superseded and depreciated ? Forces in nature are no\ndiminished because now and then a storm- makes a commotion in the\nair, and there is destruction on land and sea. After a thunder-storm\nthe atmosphere is more exhilarating; and after a plot against nation-\n6\ni> 82\nality and free government is exploded, the political sky of a progressive people resumes its normal azure hue. The sky of Mexico was\ntwice overcast with cloud, but it is a third time cerulean, if not serene.\nThe Republic in France was twice supplanted, but now France is a\nRepublic for the third time, watchful and determined not to be again\nbetrayed in the interest of legitimacy, dynasty or empire, three forms\nof personal government antagonistic to republicanism, because birthright succession to a sceptre is contrary to the right of the governed\nto choose the chief of the government.\nThe masses, in America, understand their interests, political, educational, religious and pecuniary, too well, and comprehend the situation\nand its surroundings too clearly, to tolerate a kingdom or an empire\nin North America, or permit a plotting power in Europe to intrigue\nagainst the annexation of free States to the American Union; a century plant, which, on its hundredth anniversary, in 1876, blossomed in\nFairmount Park, Philadelphia, with thirty-eight States, and bore eleven\nterritorial buds on its branches. Royalty is a vine which exhales a\npoison, deadly where it causes sleep, shelters parasites where it creeps\nand covers, and kills the tree it girdles and overgrows, as the stumps\nof punk fungus, only fit for tinder, in the genealogical park testify.\nIn truth, it was an error to import the English sparrow into the\nUnited States, where it is out of place among singing birds, that\nmake the country and the town vocal with native songs. The British\ntramp, with wings, has a voracity in disproportion to its size. And\namong more musical American birds in prettier plumage, the sparrow\nis the equivalent of the communist in the French republic, and is an\nimportation to the United States \"not fit to be made.\"\nAmerican citizens who study the political weather and consult probabilities in British politics, will not fraternize with title bearers imported into Canada to act automatic parts in a game of dynastic chess\nplayed in London against free institutions in America. Let exhibitions of loyalty to royalty come from the St. George societies, whose\nmembers are imbued with British ideas in fast colors, visible through\n7 \u00C2\u00A9\nthe ink of a naturalization certificate!\nThe worthy Princess Louise, now the Marchioness of Lome, is not\nmore worthy than Nellie Grant, now Mrs. Sartoris. And did not\nHarriet Lane, now Mrs. Johnson, do the honors of the White House,\nin Washington, with as much grace and dignity as any princess in her\nappropriate part in Windsor Castle? The law of quality which pervades American oysters and eggs, and causes their classification into\n\"good\" and \"bad,\" also pervades the titled and untitled ranks in\nEurope, where those who pass for \"commons\" show as large a percentage of \"good\" as the so-called nobility.\no O ft/ 83\nIs a princess lovelier than another lady in a bathing-suit, in the\n*\u00E2\u0096\u00A0 %f \u00C2\u00A9 7\nbreakers at Cape May and Rockaway ? And as from the time of\nEve's first pregnancy nature has used but one common mould for the\nreproduction of the human species, it follows that the process of maternity is the same everywhere, and that the assumptions of superiority\nin birth\u00E2\u0080\u0094and a birth is the delivery of a life to the world by a\nmatrix of single standard established by nature in universal law\u00E2\u0080\u0094\nare unfounded in physiology and false in everything; also, that distinctions and discriminations made to the advantage of titled and the\n\u00C2\u00A9\ndisadvantage of untitled persons are abuses in human government\nwhich will not be permitted in North America, where there is no road\nopen for royalty to travel in safety to a throne; and where, moreover,\ntwo royal roads commenced in Mexico both led to places of execution.\n\"The Bourbons learn nothing and forget nothing.\" Are all\ndynastic families like the Bourbons ? And is not a minister of state\nwho cannot discern that dynastic government is destined to perish\nlike other impostures of the past based on superstition, which is\neverywhere disappearing from political horizons, unfit for office in\nthese latter advanced days ? Animal nature, nowhere perfect, may be\n1/ ' X 7 ft/\nfound as near perfection where all are citizens as where titles and\nhonors are hereditary and succession is independent of merit. No,\nno; human nature is not compounded like bronze preparatory to\ncasting a statue in a mould, nor like metal in a bell, impregnated\nwith silver to soften its sound. Greater monsters or worse men\nnever lived on the earth than some of the occupants of the throne of\nEngland. And criminal calendars show that a prince can be as\nwicked as a peasant. Away then with the arrogance that hereditary\noffice exalts human nature, which, where it attains to highest exaltation in public and private life, is always founded on manhood and\nwomanhood, worth and virtue. The citizen reserves his veneration\nand his adoration for the one universal God, and makes allotment of\nhis respect and admiration according to his understanding, experience\nand observation, with mental impartiality and without preference,\nprejudice, or bias.\nThe British political system, which perpetuates power in a privileged class, and tolerates the laws of primogeniture and entail, positive drawbacks to reform, has made London a mammoth and mastodon city, has made the dozen millionaires and the million companions\nof poverty \"acquainted with grief.\"\nThe spectacle of honor in plumes and ribbons and decorations on\nbreasts and* shoulders ennobled by partial law, not by impartial justice and honest effort, does not fill the requirements of manhood nor\nsatisfy the educated mind, quick to discern and able to weigh, measure and appreciate. The smell of food flavored for the palace does\nI\n1 84\nnot appease the hunger of the multitude in hovels, for the stomach is\nsensitive and the body must have nourishment. To provide things\nto eat and to wear is a common duty, for food and clothing are common necessaries; and hence opportunities for sustentation and betterment ought to be open to everybody.\nWide, indeed, is the difference between a citizen and a subject, a\nrepublic in the hands of republican citizens and a monarchy administered by a dynasty, with an army to enforce its decrees; particularly to the masses who work with brain and muscle, operate with\nmind on matter, and among whom are a considerable proportion who\nhave ideas to embody in practical use and aspirations to realize, through\nrewards in sight of manly ambition and within reach of honest effort.\nThe annual grants received by the Queeji of Great Britain and\nIreland and the members of her family amount to a very large sum,\nabout three million dollars, for the royal household of Great Britain\nis a numerous family, which derives its main consideration not from\nservices rendered to the kingdom since the House of Hanover ob-\n\u00C2\u00A9\ntained the succession through George I., but from the circumstance\nthat it supplies the sovereign on the throne and reigns by authority\nof law, without contest\u00E2\u0080\u0094a great matter\u00E2\u0080\u0094and with the sanction of\nParliament, the Lords and Commons.\nThe House of Hanover began its reign with George I., 1714, when\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 ' '\nthe American colonies were in the infancy of development; but neither\nof the four Georges, who reigned jointly one hundred and six years,\nnor William IV., who died June 20,1837, was more than an ordinary\nmortal, considered apart from the crown, which invests its wearer\nwith official patronage and royal prerogatives and rights.\nQueen Victoria, distinguished for her domestic virtues and motherly\nmerits, and for the higher standard established in her court, and who\npersonally commands the respect and the affectionate good-will of the\npeople of the United States, was crowned at Westminster June 28,\n1838. Queen Victoria, only daughter of the Duke of Kent, was\n** /ft/ O\nborn May 24, 1819; was married to her cousin, Prince Albert of\nSaxe-Coburg, February 10, 1840; Prince Albert died December 14,\n1861, lamented and mourned. As the issue of woman born into the\nworld with life is nowhere exempted from death, the common penalty\nimposed by nature, there is a democratic condition in the child born\nnaked into the world, in helplessness and dependence, and a democratic condition in the hereditary potentate when death levels him\ndown on his back to die like his subject, and mingle his dust with\nuniversal humanity in common mother earth. All men, therefore,\nare bora democrats and die democrats, wherefore democracy, primitive\nand pure in nature, where party name cannot corrupt, is the normal\ncondition of the beginning and ending of man's soiourn in the society\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 O %) ft/ 85\nto which he owes service, in the years of his responsibility between\nyouth and age, when the vigor of manhood, which includes all of life\n\u00C2\u00AB/ \u00C2\u00A9 / \u00C2\u00A9 *\nbut its ends, fits him for duty. The superiority claimed for royalty is\na mockery of spirituality with materialism. Did not the Son of God\nsay, \" My kingdom is not of this world\" ? It was the mission of Jesus\nChrist to redeem the world from the penalty of its sin and assure to\nmankind a possible higher life in a spiritual sphere, where material\nmatters cannot be perverted to confound the masses by arch diplomatists, lawyers, and mercenaries ; such as abound in the old world\nat this present juncture of abrasion among the branches of the race\nfounded by Adam, saved from drowning by Noah, and made progressive by the inspired words of the Saviour, who was crucified because\nhe preached against temporal kingdom. Love of splendor was the\nruin of the Jews, who loved glitter better than God. And wherein is\nLondon better than Jerusalem, for does not London covet empire and\nlust for conquest ?\nIn proportion as intelligence is spread among the people, crowns\nwill be shorn of their prerogatives, which in most cases are usurpations, and written constitutions will restrict incumbents of office within\nlimits. Contrast the caskets which contain the dust of departed kings\nwho reigned by dynastic birthright, with the slab that covers the grave\n\u00C2\u00A9 J %j \u00C2\u00A9 / \u00C2\u00A9\nof a patriot, author, discoverer, or inventor, conspicuous in human annals.\nGo into Westminster Abbey, and observe how visitors search in the\nPoet's Corner for names perennial in the reader's mind and immortal\nin the world of letters. Is not England more indebted to ministers\nof state than to its kings and queens ? Is it not notorious that her\nMajesty's ministers managed'the Crown, manipulated the Porte, and\nignored the Houses of Parliament (albeit the Commons ought and\nmight exercise a controlling influence in the realm), in the negotiation\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 '/ \u00C2\u00A9\nand ratification of the Treaty of Defensive Alliance with Turkey,\nsigned June 4,1878, and amended July 1, twenty-six days thereafter ?\nWhy, then, as the Crown of England is cast in a subordinate part in\nthe practice of England, where the ministry usurps the functions of\ngovernment in making treaties with foreign powers, wherein prospective\nwar is made probable, are the princes and princesses of the House of\nHanover, a German graft, exalted in official and social honors over\nthe sons and daughters of Englishmen, distinguished for service to\n\u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 ' O\ntheir country ?\n\u00C2\u00AB/\nContemplate the Commonwealth under Cromwell, as a power among\nnations, with the monarchy under Charles II. and his successors !\nPrinces and princesses are men and women born in lawful wedlock,\nlike citizens and subjects, nothing more. Nor does their so-called\nroyal birth entitle them to consideration, social or political, over the\nsons and daughters of the President or Presidentess in Washington.\no \u00C2\u00A9\ni\n1 86\nIn the United States the President relapses into the citizen, and his\nchildren blend in the society of the common country, as raindrops\ndisappear in a river. And so with prince and princess, husband and\nwife, who come over from Europe to .hold office in Canada. The\nGovernor-General and his wife are official characters, entitled to the\nconsideration awarded to unexceptionable persons in distinguishing\noffice. And if the Duke of Argyll so administers his office as to win\nadmiration of his modesty and respect for his talents, he will earn a\nname that will emit a lustre which cannot be borrowed from a title.\nThe American Union has developed very many distinguished men,\nwho exalted the official rank in which they served frheir country, and\nwhose names fill the offices they held with honorable associations.\nBut because an American citizen is made a president, a general,\nsenator, or ambassador, to perform a duty for a compensation, with\nopportunity to stimulate the official to win fame and deserve gratitude,\nsuccess under such circumstances is not a reason for a grant or inheritance to his children; for the citizen is under obligation to discharge\n7 O \u00C2\u00A9\nhis duty, and for simply doing his duty no one is entitled to extra\n\u00C2\u00AB/ / 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2/ O *\u00C2\u00BB\npraise; although for service measured by merit, the American people are\nprone and prompt to award praise, in ways more substantial than words.\nThe moon has no atmosphere, and consequently shines without aN\nmist. The American citizen has no title, and is judged on his character and record. A title is a veil and so is a cloud; but a veil like a\ncloud is only a temporary obscuration, for a cloud will pass away on\nthe wind and a veil is a penetrable disguise to penetrating eyes. Hence\nthe title-wearer, like the weather overhead, must withstand observation and criticism. Like the stars in space, officials in titles must\nundergo scrutiny through the telescope, for the constituent is an\nastronomer given to exact calculation.\nAn envelope is not a letter. In a republic a title is no more than\na counterfeit bank note. And if Great Britain would capitalize its\naristocracy at the par of its self-estimated value and then appraise it\nat what it is worth to the realm, in the opinion of experts appointed\nto detect and expose fraud, it would be shown that the Turkish loan\nis not the largest nominal asset of Great Britain.\nThe Marquis of Lome, the husband of the Princess Louise and\nson-in-law of the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress\nof India, as supplemented by Lord Beaconsfield, is Governor-General\nof the Dominion of Canada, in the service of a foreign country with\nwhich the nation of the United States has great and grave reasons\nfor dissatisfaction and displeasure; nor will these reasons cease to\nacquire force from current facts, till the British government discontinues its plots in America, where its designs are as intelligible as if\nprinted in its London programme. INDEX.\nAcre, British Fleet at.\nAlaska, .....\nAlgiers, British Fleet at,\nAmerica, no Dynasty in,\nAmnion, R. A., Brakeman at Pittsburgh-,\nArea of the American Union,\nAustria, ....\nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad,\nBerlin, Congress of,\nBlack Sea once a Turkish Lake,\nBoundary Line, ....\nBritish Columbia,\nBritish Navy at Copenhagen, Algiers and Ac\nBuffalo, City of,\nCanada, Dominion of,\nCanada, Governor-General of,\nCanada Grand Trunk Railway,\nCanada Pacific Railway,\nCartier, Jacques, .\nChicago,\nCitizens and Subjects,\nDelhi Dynasty exterminated,\nDivine Right of Kings, Fiction of,\nDynasty, not in North America,\nEngland, ....\nEnglish Tactics in America, .\nErie Canal, ...\nFiction of Divine Right of-Kings,\nFlorida, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\nForeign Trade of the United States,\nFort Bourbon, afterwards York Fort,\nFrance,\nGermany, ....\nGrant, General U. S., .\nGreat Britain,\nGulf of Mexico,\nHalifax Fishery Award,\nHouse of Hanover,\nHudson Bay,\nHudson Bay Company,\nIndelible Names, .\nIndia, Suppression of Mutiny in,\nIreland, population of,\nItaly, ....\nP\n\GfO\n80\n30,\n33,\n39,\n62,\n76\n80\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n21,\n64,\n75\n52\n20\n9, 11, 44, 46, 51, 67, 77\n6\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 9j\n40,\n47,\n50,\n11,\n10,\n67, 77\n46, 78\n33, 37\n.\n5,\n14,\n21, 27\n.\n. 79\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n12, 23\n3,6,\n13,\n23-,\n27,\n33, 66\n81\n.\n.\n. 38\n.\n5>\n24,\n27, 37\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n24,\n5\n38, 75\n7, 15,\n28,\n62,\n66,\n70, 82\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\?J<\n76\n. 62\n7,21,25,\n28,\n46,\n63,\n66, 75\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n48,\n67,\n69, 78\n60\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n16, 23\n62\n*\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n. 33\n71, 72\n6\n8, 12, 32,\n37,\n42\n46\n50, 53\n;, '-\u00E2\u0080\u00A2'':\n11,\n51,\n63, 65\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n.\n39, 52\n16,\n35,\n39,\n41,\n48, 58\n\u00C2\u00A3.\u00C2\u00BB*i\u00C2\u00BB:\nill\n43\n'&\u00E2\u0096\u00A0\n. 40\n.\n.\n.\n84\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n.\n5,\n12,\n35, 39\n12, 37\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n53, 67\n41, 76\n. 58\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n.\n11\n, 44, 50\ni 88\nLake Erie, .....\nLake Superior, ....\nLake Traverse, .....\nLake Winnipeg, ....\nLondon, .....\nLouisiana, ....\nMaine, ......\nMalakhoff and Redan at Sebastopol,\nManitoba, .....\nMexico, .....\nMiddle Sea, .....\nMinnesota, ....\nMinnesota River Yalley,\nMississippi, Basin of the,\nMutiny in India, ....\nNelson River, ....\nNew Boundary between Manitoba and Ontario,\nNew Brunswick and Maine,\nNew York City, ....\nNova Scotia and Massachusetts,\nOntario, Province of, .\nOriginal Thirteen States, .\nPennsylvania Railroad,\nPhiladelphia, ....\nPhiladelphia Soldiers at Pittsburgh, .\nPittsburgh, ....\nPopulation, .....\nPopulation, Nativities of, .\nPublic Opinion the paramount power,\nRailroad Distances,\nRailway Expansion in six years,\nRed River of the North,\nRepublic of France, ....\nRevulsion of 1873, some of the Causes of,\nRiot not Insurrection, ....\nRussia, .....\nSaint Paul, .....\nSan Juan Island Arbitration,\nSerlick Settlement, .\nShoes not flanged in America,\nSpain, ......\nSt. Lawrence River,\nSt. Louis, .....\nTexas, .....\nThirteen Original States,\nTrade of the United States,\nTransvaal Republic, ....\nTraverse Lake Summit,\nTurkey, .....\nUnited States, ....\nVienna, Congress of, .\nWashington Territory, ....\nWashington Treaty of 1871, .\nWest, the, bound by Hudson Bay and Gulf of Mexico,\nWestern States, when admitted into the Union,\nWestern Territories, when organized,\nPage\n16, 22\n6,\n23, 34\n4,\n1*1\n22\n32, 39\n13,\n59, 74\n11,\n26,\n32, 62\n15\n,\n. 80\n6,\n26,\n33, 68\n4,\n21,\n64, 75\n27,\n36, 39\n6,\n20, 22\n17, 22\n19, 69\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n76\n. 26\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n33\n. 15\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n59, 69\n. 15\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n33\n36, 62\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n6\n. 69\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n55\n55\n6,\n58, 64\n. 65\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n25\n. 24\nm\n73\n17,\n23, 39\n8,\n1 o\n45,\n53, 63\n. 72\n56\n9,\n42,\n47,\n50, 78\n. 18,\n5,\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 44,\n14, 24,\n\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\n20,\n. 36,\n71,\n9, 45, 50, 67,\n10, 13, 19, 39, 51, 65,\n. 10,\n5,\n. 39,\n18,\n23\n40\n37\n7\n51\n43\n44\n31\n62\n72\n62\n17\n78\n86\n40\n21\n59\n35\n19\n20 "@en . "Includes index.

Other Copies: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14220614"@en . "Books"@en . "spam3757"@en . "I-0537"@en . "10.14288/1.0221796"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "Philadelphia : Henry B. Ashmead"@en . "Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy, or otherwise distribute these images please contact digital.initiatives@ubc.ca."@en . "Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. spam3757"@en . "Canada--Annexation"@en . "Europe--Politics and government--1871-1918"@en . "No dynasty in North America. The West between salt waters. Hudson Bay a free basin like the Gulf of Mexico. Hudson Strait a free gate like the Strait of Florida. Manitoba like Louisiana a maritime state. North America for citizens, not for subjects. The West and its ways out to the coast and in from the ocean. Miscellany"@en . "Text"@en .