"Land and Food Systems, Faculty of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Schaedle, Michail"@en . "2012-01-17T21:25:59Z"@en . "1959"@en . "Master of Science - MSc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "The object of this work was to study the soil and nutrient requirements of Douglas fir seedlings in relation to their physiological development. For this purpose, fertilizer, irrigation, growth and nutrient uptake experiments were conducted at the Green Timbers Forest Nursery and the University of British Columbia.\r\nThe experimental sites were characterized by chemical and physical soil analysis. The N, P, K, Ca and Mg content of 0-0 and 1-0 seedlings was determined. Statistical methods of analysis were used to determine the significance of experimental results.\r\nDouglas fir seedlings during the first year in the nursery (0-0) produced little dry matter and removed small amounts of nutrients from the soil. The application of 20 to 30 lbs. per acre of nitrogen increased the growth of 0-0 seedlings in 1957 and 1958. Fertilization with potassium decreased, and with phosphorus increased, the growth of 0-0 seedlings in 1957 but had no effect in 1958. Application of compost, mushroom manure and cow manure increased the growth of 0-0 Douglas fir seedlings. The fertilization of 0-0 seedlings with mineral fertilizers had no effect on their development in the subsequent year.\r\nIn the second year of growth (1-0), the dry matter production and the removal of nutrients from the soil by Douglas fir seedlings exceeded that of many agricultural crops. During the summer, 1-0 Douglas fir seedlings passed through at least one period of temporary dormancy, but their growth was continuous throughout the summer. Nitrogen fertilization increased the length and dry weight of 1-0 seedlings. Application of 320 lb. N per acre decreased growth and resulted in damage to seedling tissues. High phosphorus application decreased the unfavourable effect of excessive nitrogen fertilization. The 1-0 seedlings did not respond to potassium fertilization. Phosphorus, however, increased the dry weight of the 1-0 seedlings when applied at a rate of 320 lb. P205 per acre. Late summer nitrogen applications resulted in very rapid seedling growth during autumn, however, dormancy was delayed and the seedlings were heavily damaged by frost. Nitrogen fertilization in September increased the frost resistance of dormant 1-0 seedlings.\r\nIrrigation increased the height and weight of 1-0 Douglas fir seedlings. Heavy irrigation decreased the winter hardiness of the seedlings.\r\nThe duration and time of the dormant period was found to be influenced by fertilization and soil moisture conditions. Each seedling, however, had individual dormancy characteristics."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/40106?expand=metadata"@en . "A STUDY OF THE GROWTH OF DOUGLAS FIR (PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII) SEEDLINGS by MICHAIL SCHAEDLE B.S.A., University of British Columbia, 1957 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE i n the Department of SOIL SCIENCE We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Ap r i l , 1 9 5 9 ABSTRACT l i The object of this work was to study the s o i l and nutrient requirements of Douglas f i r seedlings i n relation to their physiolo-gica l development. For this purpose, f e r t i l i z e r , i r r i g a t i o n , growth and nutrient uptake experiments were conducted at the Green Timbers Forest Nursery and the University of B r i t i s h Columbia. The experimental sites were characterized by chemical and physical s o i l analysis. The N, P, K, Ca and Mg content of 0-0 and 1-0 seedlings was determined. S t a t i s t i c a l methods of analysis were used to determine the significance of experimental results. Douglas f i r seedlings during the f i r s t year i n the nursery ( 0 - 0 ) produced l i t t l e dry matter and removed small amounts of nutrients from the s o i l . The application of 20 to 30 lbs. per acre of nitrogen increased the growth of 0 - 0 seedlings i n 1957 and 1\u00C2\u00B0!>8. F e r t i l i z a t i o n with potassium decreased, and with phosphorus increased, the growth of 0 - 0 seedlings i n 1957 but had no effect i n 1958. Application of compost, mushroom manure and cow manure increased the growth of 0 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings. The f e r t i l i z a t i o n of 0 - 0 seedlings with mineral f e r t i l i z e r s had no effect on their development i n the subse-quent year. In the second year of growth ( 1 - 0 ) , the dry matter production and the removal of nutrients from the s o i l by Douglas f i r seedlings exceeded that of many agricultural crops. During the summer, 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings passed through at least one period of temporary i i i dormancy, but their growth was continuous throughout the summer. Nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n increased the length and dry weight of 1-0 seedlings. Application of 320 l b . N per acre decreased growth and resulted i n damage to seedling tissues. High phosphorus ap-plication decreased the unfavourable effect of excessive nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The 1-0 seedlings did not respond to potassium f e r t i l i z a t i o n . Phosphorus, however, increased the dry weight of the 1-0 seedlings when applied at a rate of 320 l b . P20f> per acre. Late summer nitrogen applications resulted i n very rapid seedling growth during autumn, however, dormancy was delayed and the seedlings were heavily damaged by frost. Nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n i n September increased the frost resistance of dormant 1-0 seedlings. Irrigation increased the height and weight of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Heavy ir r i g a t i o n decreased the winter hardiness of the seedlings. The duration and time of the dormant period was found to be influenced by f e r t i l i z a t i o n and s o i l moisture conditions. Each seedling, however, had individual dormancy characteristics. In presenting t h i s thesis i n p a r t i a l fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the Library s h a l l make i t freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of t h i s thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It i s understood that copying or publication of this thesis for f i n a n c i a l gain s h a l l not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DJTHODUCTION 1 SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDLINGS 2 EXPERIMENTAL 5 Climate . . . . . . . . . 5\" Nursery Management Practices $ Fe r t i l i z a t i o n , Seeding and Irrigation of Experimental Plots 6 Sampling Method . . . . . . . . . . 8 S t a t i s t i c a l Analysis. 9 S o i l Analysis 10 Plant Analysis \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 11 EXPERIMENTS WITH DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS . . . . . . . 20 Part A, Experiment 1. 20 Part A, Experiment 2.1. 26 Part A, Experiment 2.2 29 Part A, Experiment 3.1 30 Part A, Experiment 3.2 33 Part A, Experiment 4 35 Part A, Experiment 5 38 Part A, Experiment 6 U2 Part A, Experiment 7. U6 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Page Part D, Experiment.8. k9 Part E, Experiment 9 J>5> Experiment 10 59 Experiment 1 1 . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 76 GENERAL DISCUSSION 83 Growth and Development of 0-0 Douglas f i r Seedlings. . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Growth and Development of 1-0 Douglas f i r Seedlings. 81* Some Differences Between 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas F i r Seedlings 86 Dormancy of Douglas F i r Seedlings . 87 SUMMARY 90 APPENDIX I 93 Tables. 93 Climatic Data lUl APPENDIX II . 1U3 Equation Used for the Calculation of the Integrated Mean S o i l Moisture Tension. . . li\u00C2\u00BB3 S t a t i s t i c a l Analysis of a Par t i a l l y Confounded 5 x 5 x 3 Factorial Experiment, Replicated Two Times ihk APPENDIX III. . 156 Plates. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 156 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHI l 6 l v i LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 1 Part A, Experiment 1: The effect of nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n on the length, dry-weight, and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings 22 TABLE 2 Part A, Experiment 1: Total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium by 1-0 (1956) Douglas f i r seedlings 23 TABLE 3a Part A, Experiment 1* The concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg i n 1-0 Douglas f i r seedling; tops 2k TABLE 3b Part A, Experiment Is The concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg i n 1-0 Douglas f i r seedling roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2ti TABLE k Part A, Experiment 2as Effect of N, P, and K on the length and dry weight of 0 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings . . . . . . . . . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 26 TABLE 5 Part A, Experiment 3as Dry weight and length of tops of 0 - 0 (1957) Douglas f i r seedlings. . . . . . . . . . . . 32 TABLE 6 Part A, Experiment 3bs The effect of f e r t i l i z e r applications to 0 - 0 seedlings on their growth i n the following year. . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 3h TABLE 7 Part A, Experiment ht Effect of the time of nitrogen application on the dry weight, length and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings 37 TABLE 8 Part A, Experiment f>: Effect of N and P on the length, dry weight and stem dia-meter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings . . . . Ul TABLE 9 Part A, Experiment 6s Effect of the time of f e r t i l i z a t i o n on the length, dry weight and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hh v i i Page TABLE 10 Part A, Experiment 7 : The effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the length and dry weight of 0 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings 48 TABLE 11 Part E, Experiment 9 s The effect of so i l moisture tension on the growth of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. . 58 TABLE 12 Part D, Experiment 8 : The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the length and dry weight of Douglas f i r seedlings 52 TABLE 13 Experiment 10s Total uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg by 0 - 0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. . . . . . 61 TABLE lh Experiment 10s Uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, by 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings during two periods in the growing season. . . . . . . 61 TABLE 15 Experiment 10s Total dry weight production of 0 - 0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings . . . 62 TABLE 16 Experiment l i s Length, diameter of stem, and dry weight of 0 - 0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings at the Green Timbers Nursery In 1957 and 1958. 77 TABLE 17 Experiment l i s The length and dry weight of Douglas f i r seedlings from three locations in British Columbia 77 TABLE 18 Experiment l i s Mineral composition of 0 - 0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedling roots in 1957 and 1958 78 TABLE 19 Experiment l i s Mineral composition of 0 - 0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedling tops in 1957 and 1958 79 TABLE 20 Experiment l i s Amount of N, P, K, Ca and Mg removed from the soil by 0 - 0 and 1-0 seedlings, (based on 50 plants per square foot) 80 TABLE 21 Experiment l i s The amount of dry matter produced by 0 - 0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings, (based on 50 plants per square foot) 80 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 i i i LIST OF FIGURES Page FIGURE 1 The height and rate of elongation of Douglas f i r seedling tops. . . . . . . . . 66 FIGURE 2 The length and rate of elongation of Douglas f i r seedling roots 67 FIGURE 3 The dry weight and rate of dry matter pro-duction of Douglas f i r seedling tops . . . 68 FIGURE k The dry weight and rate of dry matter pro-duction of Douglas f i r seedling roots. . . 69 FIGURE 5 The dry weight and rate of dry matter pro-duction of Douglas f i r seedlings 70 FIGURE 6 The rate of nitrogen uptake by Douglas f i r seedlings. . . . . . . 71 FIGURE 7 The rate of phosphorus uptake by Douglas f i r seedlings 72 FIGURE 8 The rate of potassium uptake by Douglas f i r seedlings 73 FIGURE 9 The rate of calcium uptake by Douglas f i r seedlings 7k FIGURE 10 The rate of magnesium uptake by Douglas f i r seedlings. . . . . . . 73> ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. C. A. Rowles for his guidance and direction of the study. The author i s indebted to Dr. J. S. Clark f o r the development of a c r i t i c a l s c i e n t i f i c attitude and his untiring assistance i n the study. The author wishes to thank Mr. R. H. Spilsbury, Research Division, B r i t i s h Columbia Forest Service, for his understanding and considerate organization of the project. For their help i n the s t a t i s t i c a l analysis of the experiments, the author wishes to thank Mr. J. R. H. Dempster, Dr. S. W. Nash and Dr. J. C. Sawyer. The author wishes to thank Messrs. R. Phelps, J, Hoes, N. Sprout and Dr. J. D. Beaton for their practical help, suggestions, and crit i c i s m . The author acknowledges the financial assistance of the Research Division, B r i t i s h Columbia Forest Service. INTRODUCTION During the past century, many studies have been made con-cerning the physiological characteristics and so i l requirements of forest tree species of importance in Europe and the Eastern and Southern United States. However, only limited work of this type has been done for the tree species native to the north west coast of North America* This may be attributed to the fact that forest growth is normally very rapid and abundant i n the Pacific North West and, therefore, the management practices used are usually extensive* However, forest management practices are becoming more intensive in the coastal area and the demand for more specific information is growing rapidly* An important part of intensive forest management programs is the production of nursery stock for planting* The characteristics of the nursery seedlings depend, to a large extent, on the management practice followed in the nursery. The only adequate means of evalu-ating nursery management practices is to understand the factors af-fecting the growth and development of seedlings* The object of this work was to study the soil and nutrient requirements of Douglas f i r seedlings in relation to the physio-logical development of the young trees* 2 . SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDLINGS The mineral composition, the proportion and size of organs, and the structure and physiological nature of tissues of trees changes with age (66). A tree i n the temperate and cold regions of the earth passes through an annual growth cycle, which can be divided into three parts* The growth period during the summer, the rest or dormant p e r i -od during the winter, and transition periods during f a l l and spring. The immediate characteristic of a tree i s , therefore, determined by the age of the tree and the time of observation. It has been found that every species has a characteristic pattern of summer growth ( 8 , lp., kl, U8, \u00C2\u00A3L, 52, 55). Red pine, f o r example, completes practically a l l of i t s annual growth during May and June. Balsam f i r , however, grows nearly a l l summer (I48). The annual growth pattern of a species can be modified significantly by changes i n the environment (52) within the limits of i t s hereditary potential (4). The chemical composition of trees varies with species (66, 55)> age (55> 33)> tissue sampled (55) and the time of sampling (4, 5* 55* 65). The percent of most mineral elements i n the tissue of a young tree decreases with age (3U, 109). The new growth usually has a higher mineral content than the older tissue regardless of the age of the tree (34, 55, 109). During an annual growth cycle, the mineral concentration i s usually lowest during the period of maximum 3. growth and increases again i n the f a l l , winter and spring (jj>, 55)\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 This general pattern can vary considerably with species, s o i l f e r -t i l i t y , s o i l moisture, and the temperature and light conditions. The effect of f e r t i l i z e r s on coniferous seedlings has been studied by numerous investigators. These studies were made to cor-rect nutrient deficiencies (30, 53, 100), to increase the size and winter hardiness of the seedlings (10, 2U, hh, 77, 111, 112), to study the u t i l i z a t i o n of nutrients (55> 10U), and to determine the toxic effect of excess cations and anions (71, 92, 93 )\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 A summary of this work i s found i n the World Forestry Series Bulletin No. 2 (110). It has been found that excess moisture decreases growth and may lower the winter hardiness of seedlings (11, 89). Lack of moisture on the other hand w i l l l i m i t growth (46), however, s o i l moisture deficiency i n the early f a l l induces early cessation of growth and increases winter hardiness (90) and, therefore, may be desirable. Temperature affects the chemical reactions i n the plant and i n the s o i l and has, therefore, a significant influence on the growth of young conifers. High temperatures decrease the growth of seedlings or, i n extreme cases, may k i l l the seedlings ( 9 , 42). The suscep-t i b i l i t y to heat damage i s especially high immediately after germi-nation and decreases with age (37)* Kramer (50) demonstrated that for Loblolly pine the seasonal height growth did not depend so much on the mean daily temperature as on the difference between day and night temperatures. Maximum growth was obtained with differences of 12 to 13 degrees centigrade between day and night temperatures. Light affects conifers through the process of photosyn-thesis and the phenomena of photoperiodism. Coniferous species vary in the light intensity required for maximum photosynthesis and in the efficiency of photosynthesis at different light intensities (7, 2 2 , 31, 3 2 ) . The end and beginning of the dormant period i s , to some extent, determined by the response of a tree to the length of the dark and light periods ( 2 0 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 5 2 , 6 1 , 1 0 3 ) . Because of this effect on the annual growth cycle, photoperiodism in some cases may determine the resistance of the seedlings to early f a l l frosts. From the study of the literature, i t was found that l i t t l e of the information available regarding the growth and development of trees has been obtained with Douglas f i r . Unquestionably, most of the factors considered above w i l l affect Douglas f i r in a similar manner as other tree species. Therefore, the interrelationship of so i l f e r t i l i t y , soil moisture, temperature and light must be con-sidered in the interpretation of any experiment with seedlings. EXPERIMENTAL 5. CLIMATE Climatic data for the Green Timbers Nursery and the University of British Columbia are found in the appendix I (Tables 11 and 12). With exception of the heavy precipitation in July, the year 1957 can be considered to have been normal. On the other hand, 1958 was very unusual. The precipitation from April to September was considerably less than the 10 year average. The maximum temper-ature from May to September was approximately 10 degrees Fahrenheit above the 10 year average. NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES . At the Green Timbers Nursery, the seedlings are grown in beds h feet wide and 50 feet long. Boards h to 5 inches high are erected along the beds to give support to the snow fencing used for shading In the summer and protection against frost and snow during the winter. The Douglas f i r is seeded by hand broadcast In the lat-ter part of May or the early part of June. During the f i r s t summer in the nursery, the seedlings are Irrigated to keep the soil moist and the beds are shaded in hot sunny weather. In the f a l l , the beds 6 -are covered with a rice ball mulch to a depth of 1 inch* This has been found to decrease frost heaving considerably. As an additional winter protection, the beds containing 0-0 seedlings are covered with the snow fence shades. In the following spring, the 1-0 seedlings are root pruned at a depth of 5> to 6 inches in order to obtain short bushy root systems. The 1-0 seedlings normally are not irrigated but in the summer of l\u00C2\u00B0f>8. i t was necessary to apply some water to prevent seedling mortality. FERTILIZATION, SEEDING AND IRRIGATION OF EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS Fertilizer Materials Ammonium nitrate was applied In solution. The containers for the HHUN03 were tightly stoppered and fresh solutions prepared daily to eliminate losses of ammonia by volital ization. Triple superphosphate and muriate of pot ash were applied in solid form. The commercial products were ground to a fine, rela-tively uniform, particle size and mixed with quartz sand to give sufficient material for uniform hand application* Fertilizer Application and Seeding After erection of the side boards, the seed beds were cultivated several times with a spring tooth harrow and leveled with a wooden float* The organic and mineral fertilizers were applied to the plots and worked into the 6 inches of soil with a hoe* The plots were carefully levelled with a rake and watered to decrease the pos-sib i l i t y of fertilizer injury* Shortly before seeding, the beds were compacted with a heavy roller to give a firm, fine seed bed. Seed was broadcasted by hand, rolled to press i t into the soil and covered with l/U to 1/2 inch of loamy sand* A l l 1-0 seedlings were irrigated after the application of mineral fertilizer to remove fer-t i l i z e r salts from the needles and to ensure that the fertilizer penetrated the rice hull mulch* Irrigation The experimental plots of 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings were Irrigated in the normal course of the nursery management* In 1957, the moisture supply was apparently adequate up to the middle of August and the 1-0 seedlings grew vigorously without irrigation* In 1958 however, i t was necessary to irrigate the 1-0 seedlings in June, July and August to prevent retardation of growth and loss of seedlings due to the lack of moisture* Since the water supply in the nursery was limited, the amount of water applied was governed by the amount of water available* During parts of July and August, 1958, the soil moisture supply was probably not adequate for the seedlings. 8. SAMPLING METHOD For the fertilizer experiments, the plot size was 4 by 8 feet but in the irrigation experiment, 4 by 16 feet plots were used* In a l l cases, the sampling area was 3 by 6 feet* To obtain an unbiased sample for the analysis of variance, i t was found more efficient to stratify the sample. This was done by subdividing the sample area into 18 square foot units. One or, in some experiments, two randomly selected seedlings were removed from each of the eighteen squares. To facilitate this random sampling, a 3 by 6 foot frame divided into 18 square foot units was placed over the plot leaving a margin of 0*5 foot on each side of the frame and one foot at each end* A small one foot square plastic frame divided into 1/100 square foot units was placed over a square in the large frame* A particular square in the small frame was selected with random numbers and the seedling growing closest to the centre of the small square was harvested* If no seedling was found directly below the small square, then the seedling closest to that square was lifted* The process was repeated with the 18 units In the large frame. The sampling procedure was satisfactory i f the density of the seed beds was uniform* After harvesting, the tops and roots were separated by cutting the seedlings close to the base of the stem* The length of tops was measured from the cut to the upper end of the terminal bud and the roots from the cut to the end of the longest root. The diameter of the stem was measured 1 cm. above the cut. The tops and the roots were washed thoroughly to remove a l l s o i l ; dried at 70 G for 48 hours; and then weighed to determine the dry weight. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The statistical significance of the experimental results was tested by the analysis of variance. If the F test was found to be significant for a group of treatments, the lsd (least significant dif-ference) test was applied to that group for the purpose of interpre-tation and discussion of the data. This eliminated to some extent the inaccuracy of the lsd test for the comparison of more than two means (28). The analysis of variance of a l l randcmnized complete block experiments and of the 5x5 factorial experiment was conducted as suggested by Federer (2?a). The 3x3x3 partially confounded factorial experiments were analysed by the method described by Eempthorne (40). The analysis of variance of the 5 x 5 x 3 partially con-founded greenhouse experiment was developed by Dr. S. W. Nash, Depart-ment of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, and can be found in appendix II. 10. SOIL ANALYSIS Chemical Analysis Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Cations The cation exchange capacity was determined using the ammonium acetate method (75)* The ammonium acetate extract was prepared for the analysis of Ca, Mg, and K, by the destruction of organic matter and acetate with aqua regia and subsequent dehydration of si l i c a by evaporation with HC1 (75). Calcium and potassium were determined with the flame photo-meter. The versenate titration with Erichrome Block T indicator was used for the determination of Calcium plus magnesium. Organic Matter The organic matter content was determined by the wet com-bustion method described by Peach et a l (75). pH The pH was measured with a glass electrode using a s o i l : water ratio of 1*1. Adsorbed Phosphorus Adsorbed phosphorus was extracted with 0.03 N ammonium 11. fluoride i n 0.025 N HC1 (15). The amount of phosphorus i n the extract was found by the molybdenum blue method (23). Physical Analysis The hydrometer method (lh) was used for the mechanical analysis of the s o i l samples. Organic matter was destroyed i n three hO g. samples with H202. One of the samples was used for the deter-mination of the organic matter free dry weight of the s o i l . The other two samples were dispersed with a mechanical s t i r r e r using sodium-hexametaphosphate as dispersing agent. To determine the relation between s o i l moisture tension and moisture content, for the ir r i g a t i o n experiment, s o i l core samples were obtained from two locations. In each location quintuple samples were taken from 0 to $, 5 to 10 and 10 to 15 inches. The s o i l moisture content at 1/3 atmosphere tension was determined with a pressure pot (83) and the pressure membrane (8I4.) was used f o r 1, 2, k and 6 atmospheres tension. PLANT ANALYSIS The analytical methods adopted for the analysis of Douglas f i r tissue samples had to be modified considerably to permit rapid analysis with satisfactory precision and accuracy. The methods used are therefore described i n d e t a i l . 12. The Determination of Nitrogen by the Modified Kjeldahl Method (39, 6ka 7k) Reagents 1) Concentrated H2S04 containing 33 g. of salicylic acid per l i t e r . 2) NaOH containing 120 g. of Na2S203.!>H20 per liters Dissolve 3.0 kg. of technical NaOH (76%) in 3 1. of H20j allow the impurities to settle and siphon into 1.5 1. of H20 containing 360 g. Na2S203.5H20. 3) Catalysts a) Prepare a mixture of GuSOlw5H20, HgO and K2S0U in the weight ratio 20:3sl50. b) Selenium granules k) Indicators Methyl red - Methyl blue Mix 2 parts of 0.2$ alcoholic methyl red with 1 part of 0.2% methyl blue. 5) Powdered Na2S203.5H20 6) Boric acid solutions Dissolve Uo g. of boric acid in H20 and make up to 1 l i t e r . 7) Standard 0.1 N HC1 8) Standard NHI4CI solutions Dissolve 0.382 g. NHljCl sublimed analytical grade in H20 and dilute to 100 ml. Procedure Place 1 g. of dried k0 mesh plant material in an 800 ml. 13. Kjeldahl flask; add 35 ml, of concentrated H2S0U containing s a l i -cylic acid. During the f i r s t hour, shake vigorously several times and allow to stand overnight. Add 5 g. of Na2S203.5H20 powder; heat gently for 5 minutes. Cool; add 20 g. of the catalyst mixture and 5 selenium grains. Increase the temperature until the mixture Is boiling. Rotate the flask several times during the digestion period (about 2 hours). After the solution is clear, continue heating for 30 minutes. Cool the flask and add carefully 200 ml. of H20; the water must be added before the solution in the flask solidifies. Place 50 ml. of k% boric acid into a UOO-600 ml. erlanrayer flask; add a few drops of indicator, and place the flask under the receiving tip of the distillation apparatus. To the Kjeldahl flask, add carefully 125 ml. of the concentrated NaOH mixture, pouring i t down the side of the flask so that two layers are formed and no mixing takes place* Add a few granules of mossy zinc. Connect the flask to the apparatus and swirl rapidly. D i s t i l l over about 150-200 ml. of solution. Titrate the boric acid solution with standard 0.1 N HC1. The Determination of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium and Phosphorus in Plant Materials Ashing and Preparation of Residue for Analysis Reagents 1) Lithium Chloride 1 1250 ppm Id* Dissolve 1.250 gm. of MCI in H20 and 1U. make ap to 1 l i t e r . 2) Concentrated HC1 3) Concentrated H N 0 3 k) 6 N HC IJ Dilute 500 ml. of concentrated HC1 to 1 l i t e r with H20. Procedure Place 2 g. of dried finely ground plant sample in a 50 ml. erlenmyer flask. Ash in a muffle furnace by increasing the tempera-ture slowly to 500-550 C to avoid excessive smoke. Continue heating at 500-550 C for 6-10 hours. Remove beaker from the furnace; cool; add aqua regia and evaporate to dryness. Repeat the acid evaporation twice. Add 5 ml. of 6 N HC1; evaporate to dryness and dehydrate si l i c a for h hours. Dissolve the residue in 3 ml. of 6 N HC1 using a rubber policeman to ensure the complete dissolution of the soluble material. Add H20 and f i l t e r through f i l t e r paper Into a 100 ml. volumetric flask. Add enough LiCl to produce a L i concentration of 25 ppm and make up to volume with H20 (Solution A). This solution was used for the determination of Ca, Mg, K and P. Separation of Fe, Al and P (75) Iron and aluminum were separated from an aliquot of solution A used for the flamephotometric determination of calcium and the versenate titration for Ca plus Mg. The removal of iron and aluminum prevented the fading of the Erichrome Block T indicator* It also eliminated the interference of Al i n the flamephotometric determination of Ca as shown in the table below. Effect of Fe and Al Removal on the Calcium Determination Using the Perkin Elmer Flamephotometer Ca ppm Ca ppm Plant Fart Fe and A l not Fe and Al Removed Removed Tops a 80 110 b kO 53 Roots a 25 65 b 12 kk Reagents 1) Ammonium chloride 2$%s Dissolve 250 g. of HHI4CI in H20 and make up to 1 l i t e r * 2) Ammonium hydroxide approximately 1 N: Dilute 66*6 ml* of concentrated NHUOH to 1 l i t e r with H20. 3) Methyl red k) Lithium chloride: 125 ppm L i . Dilute 100 ml. of 1250 ppm L i to 1 l i t e r with H20. 16. Procedure Place 30 ml. of solution A in a centrifuge tube marked at 60 ml. Add 3 drops of methyl red. 10 ml. of NHliCl and 5 ml. of LiCl. Titrate with NHUOH until yellow and then add k drops In excess. Make up to volume and then add 12 more drops of H20 to compensate for evaporation during centrlfuging and heating. Heat for 5 minutes at 95 C and centrifuge the hot mixture at 2500 rpm. Decant 30-40 ml. into an erlenmyer flask and stopper tightly (Solu-tion B). Determination of Ca (98) Reagents 1) Standard 2500 ppm Ca solution: Dissolve 6.250 gm. of CaC03 In 125 ml. of 3 N HC1 and dilute to 1000 ml. with H20. 2) Standard 1250 ppm LI solution 3) Methyl red Procedure Prepare 5 standard solutions containing 0, 25, 50, 75j and 100 ppm Ca, 25 ppm LI, and the same concentration of NHliCl and methyl red as used for the Al, Fe, and P precipitation. Determine Ca with the Ferkin-Elmer flame photometer using Solution B directly. 17. Determination of Hg (98, 76) Reagents 1) Concentrated HC1 2) Concentrated HN03 3) 6 N HC1: Dilute 500 ml. of concentrated HC1 to 1 l i t e r with H20. k) 0.1 N HC1: Dilute 16.6 ml. of 6 N HC1 to 1 l i t e r with H20. 5) Ammonium chloride - ammonium hydroxide buffer solution: Dissolve 67.5 g. of HH4C1 in 570 ml. of concentrated NflUOH and make to 1 l i t e r with H20. 6) Eriehrome Black T Indicator: Dissolve 0.5 g. of Eriehrome Black T in 100 ml. of 95\u00C2\u00A3 ethanol. 7) Sodium cyanide 10$: Dissolve 50 gm. of NaCN in 450 ml. of H20. 8) Versenate approximately 0.01 N: Dissolve 2 g. of disodium dihydrogen ethylenediamine tetraacetate and 0.05 gm. of MgC12 in H20 and dilute to 1 l i t e r . Standardize against standard Ca solution. 18. Procedure Place tvo 10 ml. aliquotes of Solution B in two $0 ml, erlenmyer flasks. Evaporate to dryness; add aqua regia and evaporate again. Add 6 N HC1 and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue with 1-2 ml. of 0.1 N HC1 and add 15-20 ml. of H20. Add 3 ml. of NaCN, 2 ml. of buffer and 3-5 drops of Eriehrome Bllfcck T indicator. Titrate with 0.01 N versenate. Determine the magnesium content by subtracting the amount of Ca determined with the flame photometer. Determination of K (98) Reagents 1) Standard 2500 ppm K solution: Dissolve 4 . 7 6 6 g. of KC1 i n H20 and dilute to 1 l i t e r with H20. 2) Standard 1250 ppm LI solution Procedure Prepare 6 potassium standards containing 0, 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm K, and 25 ppm L i . Determine K with the Perkin-Elmer flame photometer using Solution A. Determination of P ( 2 3 ) Reagents 1) Molybdate solution 8.1$: 19. Dissolve 1|2 gm. of ammonium molybdate ( (NHU)6MO702U.1IH20) in H20 and dilute to 500 ml. 2) Hydrochloric acid 9.8 Nt Dilute 816 ml. of concentrated HG1 to 1 l i t e r . 3) Stannous chloride (concentrated solution): Dissolve 10 g. of SnC12.2H20 in 75 ml. of concentrated HC1 and store in brown bottle. k) Standard phosphate solution 1 x 10\"^ M 5) Molybdate - HC1 mixture: Add 50 ml. of 8.1$ molybdate solution to 100 ml. 9.8 N HC1. 6) Stannous chloride (dilute solution): Add 1 ml. of concentrated SnC12 solution to 19 ml. of H20. Procedure Prepare 7 phosphorus standards, 0, k, 8, 10, 20, 30, and kO x 10\"^ M P, and develop color in the manner described below. Take two 1 ml. aliquotes of solution A and place i n two 125 ml. erlenmyer flasks. Add 7k ml. of H20, 9 ml. of molybdate-HCl mixture and 15 drops of SnC12 (dilute). Read percent transmittance on a colorimeter at 660 m j i . l minute after the addition of SnC12. EXPERIMENTS WITH DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS 20, During 1957 and 1958, a series of experiments was conducted with 0-0* and 1-0** Douglas f i r seedlings at the Green Timbers Forest Nursery and the University of British Columbia. Part A includes a l l fertilizer experiments with 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings at the Green Timbers Nursery. PART A - EXPERIMENT 1 The application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to 1-0 (1956)*** Douglas f i r seedlings. Location Field No. 2, Green Timbers Forest Nursery Experimental Design Partially confounded 3 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment. A different second order interaction was confounded In each of the U replicates. * 0-0 Less than one year old seedlings * 1-0 Seedlings 4. 2, > 1 year old * (1956) Tear of Seeding Seed Source U-22 Seed Crop: Origin: Elevation: 1956 Cumberland, 8. C. 800 Feet Age of Trees: Second Growth Date of Sowing May 30-31, 1955 Fertilization Fertilizers used: Ammonium nitrate Triple superphosphate Potassium chloride Treatments: Treatment Amount of Fertilizer No 0 lb. per acre N Nl 21 lb. per acre N N2 h3 lb. per acre N Po 0 lb. per acre P205 PI 32 lb. per acre P205 P2 97 lb. per acre P205 Kb 0 lb. per acre K20 KL 21 lb. per acre K20 K2 86 lb. per acre K20 Date of fertilization: May 15, 1958 Remarks 22. A random sample of 18 plants was taken from each plot. Results of soil analysis can be found in appendix table l c . Results The experimental measurements and the analysis of variance tables are found in appendix table l a and lb. Significant Treatments: Length of tops: Length of roots: Diameter of stem: Dry weight of tops: nitrogen 1% Dry weight of roots: nitrogen 1% Total dry weight: nitrogen 1% nitrogen 1% nitrogen-phosphorus interaction 1% nitrogen 1% Table 1 Fart A, Experiment 1: The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the length, dry weight, and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Length of Treat- Tops ment cm. It* Mlf** Average per Plant Diameter of Stem mm. It Mlf Dry Weight of Tops mg. It Mlf Dry Weight Total Dry of Roots\"* Weight mg. rag. It Mlf It Mlf No Nl N2 17.0 20.1 21.6 17.1 19.8 21.4 2.28 2.14* 2.67 2.28 2.39 2.58 732 82|2 979 1034 1294 1217 323 301 309 327 355 340 1055 1143 1288 1361 1649 1557 1% lsd ft 2.3 3.0 0.8 1.0 0.38 0.51 0.13 0.17 320 110 420 140 90 30 120 40 Individual Treatment Mean Level of Factor 350 120 460 160 23. Chemical Analysis of Seedlings For analysis of variance tables see appendix tables Id and l e . Table 2 Part A, Experiment 1: Total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium by 1-0 (1956) Douglas f i r seedlings. mg. per plant top Treatment I P K Ca NoPoKo 12.90 1.46 4.19 2.29 0.85 NoPoK2 15.73 1.85 6.17 3.03 1.19 NoP2Ko 15.39 1.83 5.25 3.15 1.17 NoP2K2 13.05 1.57 5.24 2.1J9 0.88 N2PoKo 19.70 1.71 5.90 4.00 1.24 N2PoK2 15.15 1.48 6.00 2.88 0.92 N2P2KO 18.50 2.00 6.12 3.83 1.61 N2P2K2 18.52 2.01 7.45 3.75 1.30 per plant root Treatment N P K Ca Mg NoPoKo 3.15 0.43 0.97 1.06 0.32 NoPoK2 3.12 o.Uo 0.98 0.82 0.28 NoP2Ko 2.78 o.4i 0.87 0.88 0.28 N2PoKo 3.38 o.la 0.91 0.95 0.32 24. Table 3a Part A, Experiment Is The concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in 1-0 Douglas f i r seedling tops. Treatment N mg, per g. P of plant tissue K Ca Mg NoPoKo 17,58 1.99 5.72 3.13 1.16 NoPoK2 15.94 1.87 6.24 3.07 1.20 NoP2Ko 15.69 1.76 5.35 3.21 1.19 NoP2K2 16.14 1.94 6.49 3.08 1.09 N2PoK6 15.17 1.32 4.55 3.09 0.96 N2PoK2 14.64 1.38 5.78 2.78 0.89 N2P2Ko 14.36 1.55 4.75 2.97 1.25 N2P2K2 14.38 1.55 5.78 2.91 1.01 isdg 1.10-1.03 0.36 0.27 1.12 0.82 not sig. not sig. Table 3b Part A, Experiment Is The concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in 1-0 Douglas f i r seedling roots. mg. per g. of plant tissue Treatment N P K Ca NoPoKo 9.85 1.34 2.99 3.27 0.99 NoPoK2 10.11 1.29 3.19 2.64 0.91 NoP2Ko 9.39 1.39 2.94 2.99 0.93 N2PoKo 9.50 1.14 2.55 2.67 0.91 not sig. 0.19 0.13 not sig. 0.86 0.60 not sig. Observations The needles of seedlings to which nitrogen was applied became green, compared with no nitrogen, 3 weeks after fertilization. The green color began to fade In the low nitrogen treatments on July 1, 1957 and i n the high nitrogen treatments around July 15, 1957. The appearance of seedlings f e r t i l i z e d with nitrogen was more vigorous than that of seedlings receiving no nitrogen. Discussion The application of nitrogen increased considerably the dry weight of tops and roots, the diameter of stem and the length of tops. The percent nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium i n the plants tops was decreased by nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The f e r t i l i z e d seedlings however, contained more nitrogen and potassium per plant top. The to t a l amount of phosphorus i n the plant shoots did not vary consistently with f e r t i l i z e r treatment. Potassium f e r t i l i z a t i o n increased the concentration of K i n the plant tops. The phosphorus and calcium concentration of the roots was significantly decreased by nitrogen and potassium f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The to t a l uptake of nutrients by the roots, however, was the same re-gardless of treatment. The Ca and Mg concentrations as well as the t o t a l uptake of these elements was not affected by f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The t o t a l content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg i n the roots i s only 1/3 to 1/6 of that of the tops. PARI A - EXPERIMENT 2.1 Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to 0-0 (1957) Douglas f i r seedlings. Location F i e l d No, 5, Green Timbers Forest Nursery Experimental Design Partia l l y confounded 3 x 3 x 3 f a c t o r i a l experiment, A different second order interaction was confounded i n each of the k replicates. Seed Source L-25 MacMillan Bloedel seed No history Date of Sowing June 3-5, 1957 F e r t i l i z a t i o n F e r t i l i z e r materials $ Ammonium nitrate Triple superphosphate Potassium chloride 2 7 . Treatments: Treatment Amount of F e r t i l i z e r No 0 l b . per acre N Nl 21 l b . per acre N N2 U3 l b . per acre N Po 0 l b . per acre P20J> PI 32 l b . per acre P20J> P2 97 l b . per acre P20f> Ko 0 l b . per acre K20 KL 21 l b . per acre K20 K2 86 l b . per acre K20 Date of f e r t i l i z e r application: May 2 3 , 1957 Remarks A random sample of 18 plants vas taken from each plot. Results of s o i l analysis can be found i n appendix table 2 . 1 c . Results Details of experimental measurements and the analysis of variance tables are found i n appendix table 2.1a and 2.1b. Significant treatments: Length of tops: nitrogen 1% potassium 1% phosphorus $% Dry weight of tops: nitrogen 1% phosphorus 1% potassium 1% 28. Table 4 Part A, Experiment 2a$ Effect cf N, P, and K on the length and dry weight of 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Average per Plant Treatment Length of cm. Individual Treatment Tops Mean Level of Factor Dry Weight of Tops mg. Individual Mean Level Treatment of Factor No 4.5 91.1 87.2 Nl 4.9 108.9 N2 4.8 4.8* 106.7 96.7** Po 4.5 4.6^ 91.1 98.9^ El 4.9 105.0 P2 4.5 4.9** 98.3 106.9** Ko 4.5 91.1 97.2 KL 4.7 4.7* 101.7 K2 4.2 4.6** 91.1 88.9** l s d ^ g * 0.76 0.58 0.25 0.19 19.4 14.4 6.7 5.0 Observations Plots fertilized with potassium appeared yellowish compared with a l l nitrogen fertilized plots. The application cf nitrogen in-creased slightly the incidence of frost damage. Discussion The application of 20? lb. per acre of nitrogen or of 30 lb. per acre of phosphorus (P205) increased the length of tops and the dry weight of tops. Application of 40 lb. per acre of N or of 90 lb. per acre P205 produced no additional increase over the lower rates. Eighty lb. per acre of K20 decreased the length and dry weight of tops. 29. PART A - EXPERIMENT 2.2 Effect of fertilizer applications to 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings on the growth in the second year. (Plots of experiment 2.2 were resampled in 1958). Results Details of experimental measurements and analysis of variance tables are preserved in.the appendix tables 2.2 a and b. Significant Treatments: Length of tops: nitrogen-phosphorus interaction 5% Observations A l l plots grew very poorly and did not reach the desired size for transplanting. The color of the foliage was yel-lowish throughout the year. Discussion The application of mineral fertilizers to 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings did not affect their development during the second summer in the nursery. The significant differences observed in the f i r s t year disappeared in the second summer. Mineral fertilizers appear to be leached or fixed completely in the year of application. The application of fertilizer to 1-0 seedlings appears essential for the production of suitable planting material under the present f e r t i l i t y status of the experimental area. 30. PART A - EXPERIMENT 3.1 The application of organic materials, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to 0-0 (1957) Douglas f i r seedlings. Location Field No, 5, Green Timbers Forest Nursery Experimental Design Randomnized complete block; replicated 6 times* Seed Source L-25 MacMillan Bloedel seed No history Date of Sowing June 3-5, 1957 Fertilization Fertilizers used: Ammonium nitrate Triple superphosphate Potassium chloride Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Borax Cow manure U.B.C. compost Garden peat Fir sawdust 3 1 . Treatments: Treatment Amount of Fertilizer 1 . Manure $00 cubic feet per acre 2. Compost 750 cubic feet per acre 3 . Peat &. N,P,K 2500 cubic feet per acre 270 lbs. per acre N 97 lbs. per acre P205 U3 lbs. per acre K20 k\u00C2\u00BB Sawdust & 1500 cubic feet per acre N,P,K 270 lbs. per acre N 97 lbs. per acre P205 U3 lbs. per acre K20 P, & K l i3 lbs. per acre N 97 lbs. per acre P205 U3 lbs. per acre K20 6. Control Ca + Mg + B 7. Control Ca + Mg + B Broadcast 8 . N,P,K Split Application U3 lbs. 97 lbs. 1*3 lbs. per per per acre acre acre N P205 K20 9 . Control none A l l treatments except No. 9 received: 812 lbs. per acre calcium sulphate 270 lbs. per acre magnesium sulphate 1 0 . 8 lbs. per acre borax Date of fertilization: The fertilizers were applied on May 2 3 , 1957. For treatment 8 , the fertilizer was split into two equal parts. The f i r s t fertilizer application was made May 2 3 , 1957? the second on August 1 5 , 1957. 33. Observations The seedling density of the peat and sawdust plots was low, germination was delayed and the plants appeared small and dark green. Some of the plants i n the sawdust plots showed necrotic spots on their needles. The s p l i t application of N, P, and K resulted i n serious loss of seedlings from Fusarium top w i l t . Discussion The peat and sawdust treatments decreased significantly the length and dry weight of the seedling tops. It i s f e l t that this was the result of excessive nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n . Compost increased the dry weight of tops and manure, the length of tops. The mineral f e r t i l i z e r applications produced no effect. This i s i n good agreement with the results i n Part A, Experiment 2a. It was f e l t that row seeding was not advantageous due to crowding i n the rows. Broadcast seeding resulted i n better seedling distribution and produced sturdier seedlings, PART A - EXPERIMENT 3.2 Effect of f e r t i l i z e r application to 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings on the growth i n the second year. (Plots of experiment 3a were resampled i n 1958.) Remarks As a result of poor s o i l drainage i n parts of the experi-mental area, one replicate was lost during the winter of 3 2 . Remarks A l l treatments except No. 7 were seeded in rows 4 inches apart. A random sample of 18 plants was taken from each plot. Results of soil analysis are found in the appendix table 3 . 1 b . Results\u00C2\u00AB The analysis of variance tables are found in the appendix table 3 . 1 a . Significant measurements: Length of tops Dry weight of tops Table 5 Part A, Experiment 3 a : Douglas f i r seedlings. Treatment Dry weight and length of tops of 0-0 (1957) Average per Plant Length of Dry Weight Tops of Tops cm. mg. 1 . Manure 3 . 2 * * 110.4, 2 . Compost 145.0; 3 . Peat & N,K,P 82.2^ 4. Sawdust & N,P,K 6 2 . 3 5.-M, P, & K 5.6 115.0 6 . Control, Ca + Mg + B 5.4 108.4 7. Control, Ca + Mg + B 5.7 119.5 8 . N,P,K, Split Application 5.2 108.4 9 . Control 5.4 1 0 9 . 8 0 . 6 8 0.51 i5.o 11.2 31*. 1957-1958. The experimental results represent therefore, means of 5 plots. Treatment No. 7 received 40 l b . per acre of nitrogen on June 2, 1958. Results The analysis of variance tables are found i n appendix table 3.2a. Significant measurements: Length of tops Diameter Dry weight of tops Total dry weight Table 6 Part A, Experiment 3b: The effect of f e r t i l i z e r applications to 0-0 seedlings on their growth i n the following year. Average per Plant Length of Length of Diameter Dry Weight Dry Weight Total Dry Treatment Tops Roots of Tops of Roots\" Weight cm. cm. mm. mg. mg. mg. 1 Manure 15.58* 18.89 2.5* 832* 298 1131* 2 Compost 14.84 18.95 2.4 771 239 1010 3 Peat & N,P,K 15.32 20.68 2.3 663 21*4 906 4 Sawdust & N,P,K 12.46 18.85 2.1 583 248 831 5 N,P,K llt.60 18.65 2.4 724 228 951 6 Control Ca+Mg+B 14.12 18.73 2.3 713 240 953 7 Control 2.6** 973** Ca+Mg+B 16.38 18.98 288 1261** 8 N,P,K Spit Applctn 14.26 19.ii4 2.3 788 297 1086* 9 Control 13.70 18.92 2.2 633 227 849 $% 1.77 0.31 228 ... 315 0.23 168 ... 234 35. Observations The application of nitrogen to 1-0 seedlings (treatment 7) produced the most uniform and vigorous seedlings. Plots treated with peat showed good color and vigorous growth. Seedlings f e r t i l i z e d with sawdust were yellowish and small* Discussion With exception of the manure treatment, application of organic and mineral f e r t i l i z e r s to 0-0 seedlings had no effect on the growth of the seedlings i n the second year i n the nursery. The application of nitrogen to 1-0 seedlings (treatment 7) significantly increased the length of tops, stem diameter, dry weight of tops and t o t a l dry weight. PART A - EXPERIMENT k Preliminary study of the effect of the time of f e r t i l i z e r application on the development of 1-0 (19!>6) Douglas f i r seedlings. Location F i e l d No. 2, Green Timbers Forest Nursery Experimental Design One nursery bed per treatment: no replication. 36. Seed Source U-22 Seed Crop: 1956 Origin: Cumberland, B.C. Elevation: 800 Feet Age of Trees: Second Growth Bate of Sowing May 30-31, 1955 Fertilization Fertilizers used: ammonium nitrate calcium sulfate magnesium sulfate boron Treatments: Treatments 1. Control 2. Nitrogen May 15 3. Nitrogen June 15 U. Nitrogen July 15 5. Nitrogen Aug. 15 6. Boron May 15 7. CaSOl* May 15 8. MgSOlt May 15 Amount of Fertilizer None hO lb. per acre N kO lb. per acre N kO lb. per acre N kO lb. per acre N 10 lb. per acre 750 lb. per acre 250 lb. per acre Remarks A random sample of 18 plants was taken from each plot. The standard deviation and the standard error of the mean was calculated for each measurement. 37. Results Table 7 Part A, Experiment 4* Effect of the time of nitrogen application on the dry weight, length, and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Average per Plant Length of Length of Diameter Dry Weight Dry Weight Total Dry Treatment Tops Roots of Stem of Tops of Roots Weight cm. cm. mm. mg. mg. mg. 1 Control 2 0 . 2 2 . 6 1210 388 1597 2 N May 15 26 .0* 21.7 3 . 5 * * 1 1 7 0 _ 348^ 1518 3 N June 15 2 9 . 4 * * 27 .0** 2270** 6 0 4 * 2874** 4 H July 15 26.1* 2 2 . 4 3 . 1 * 1997* 5 4 5 * 2542** 5 N Aug. 15 18.7 2 4 . 2 * * 3 . 0 * 1168 437 1604 6 B May 15 18.4 19.9 2 . 4 882 303 1186 7 CaSOl* 236 May 15 2 1 . 0 2 2 . 1 2.2 841 1077 8 MgSOU 810* 268 May 15 19.9 21 .8 2 . 3 1112 6.7 3 . 8 0 . 6 897 219 872 lsd C#* 4 . 6 2 . 6 0 . 4 627 150 600 Observations The plants in treatment 3 grew vigorously. The application of nitrogen in July induced the breaking of lateral and terminal buds. The plants did not stop growth in the f a l l and the young shoots were killed by a light frost in October. The vigorous growth of lateral shoots resulted in bushy plants. Seedlings to which nitrogen was ap-plied in August had formed buds before the fertilizer application. Nearly a l l trees remained dormant after fertilization and appeared to be more frost resistant than any other treatment. Frost damage was limited to the few plants which broke dormancy. 38. Discussion As the experimental treatments were not replicated, the results obtained must be interpreted with caution* The time of nitrogen application to 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings had a pronounced effect on the growth, dormancy, and frost resistance of the seedlings. It appears that early f a l l applications of nitrogen can increase the frost resistance of 1-0 seedlings, i f the plants remain dormant after f e r t i l i z a t i o n . Seedlings however, are easily damaged by l i g h t f a l l frost i f the late nitrogen application results i n the breaking of the buds or delays dormancy. PART A - EXPERIMENT 5 Application of nitrogen and phosphorus to 1-0 (1957) Douglas f i r seedlings. Location F i e l d No, 5, Green Timbers Forest Nursery Experimental Design Partially confounded 5x5 f a c t o r i a l experiment replicated k times. The 16 degrees of freedom f o r the N, P, interaction were subdivided into U parts each having h degrees of free-dom. Each of the k degrees of freedom was confounded i n one of the replicates. Seed Source L-25 MacMllan No history Date of Sowing June 3-5, 1957 Fertilization First year: Second year: Fertilizers Treatments: Treatment No Nl N2 N3 NU Po Pl P2 P3 PU seed 2k lb. per acre N 30 lb. per acre P205 120 lb. per acre K20 : Ammonium nitrate Triple superphosphate Potassium chloride Amount of Fertilizer 0 lb. per acre N llO lb. per acre N 80 lb. per acre N 160 lb. per acre N 320 lb. per acre N 0 lb. per acre P205 ho lb. per acre P205 80 lb. per acre P205 160 lb. per acre P205 320 lb. per acre P205 Date of fertilization: May 15, 1958 Uo. Remarks Results A random sample of 18 plants vas taken from each plot* Results of s o i l analysis can be found i n appendix table 5c\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Details of experimental measurements and the analysis of variance tables are found i n appendix tables 5a and 5b. Significant treatments: Length of tops: nitrogen 1% nitrogen-phosphorus interaction 1% Length of roots: nitrogen % Diameter of stem: nitrogen 1J6 Dry weight of tops: nitrogen 1% Dry weight of roots: nitrogen 1% phosphorus 1% nitrogen-phosphorus interaction 1% and $% Total dry weight: nitrogen 1% phosphorus $% 41. Table 8 Part A, Experiment $: Effect of N and P on the length, dry weight and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Average per Plant Dry Length of Length of Diameter Dry Weight Weight Total Dry Treat- Tops Roots of Stem of Tops of Roots Weight ment cm. cm. mm. mg. mg. mg. I t * Mlf** It Mlf It Mlf It Mlf It Mlf It Mlf No 15.0 15.7 22.1 22.7 2.4 2.6 869 991 348 370 1217 1361 N l 19.0 18.4 24.0 23.9 2.9 2.9 1347 1289 474 463 1821 17li4 N2 20.5 20.7 23.7 23.6 3.0 3.2 1459 1543 487 504 1946 2047 N3 18.4 18.8 22.1 23.2 3.0 3.1 1265 1432 483 518 1748 1954 Nil 17.4 17.6 22.3 22.3 3 .1 3.1 1329 1332 457 485 1786 1817 Po 348 450 1217 1703 P I not not not not 359 460 1295 1733 P2 s i g n i - s i g n i - s i g n i - s i g n i - 365 436 1437 1715 P3 f i c a n t f i c a n t f i c a n t f i c a n t 319 463 1223 1800 P4 457 524 1631 1972 2.3 1.0 3.4 1.5 0.5 0.2 492 220 166 52 592 261 lsdc# 1.7 0.7 2.5 1 .1 0.4 0.2 376 166 88 39 439 198 * Individual Treatment * Mean Level of Factor Observations The application of 320 l b . per acre of N damaged 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. The seedlings remained small, became dormant early and had grayish curled needles. In few instances, the needles were dropped by the seedlings. In some cases, plants from plots to which 160 l b . per acre N was applied, showed similar excess nitrogen symptoms. The unfavourable effect of the high N applications was lessened by 1*2. high phosphorus fertilization. Seedlings that received 80 lb. per acre N and 160 or 320 lb. per acre P20f> were very uniform in size and appeared to be exceptionally vigorous. The application of U0 lb. per acre N produced seedlings of good size and health. A l l seedlings which received no nitrogen remained small and yellowish. Photographs showing the nitrogen excess symptoms are found in the appendix plates 6 , 7 , and 8 . Discussion Under the particular experimental conditions, nitrogen ap-plications in excess of 80 lb. per acre did not increase the growth of seedlings but rather decreased i t . Application of hO lb. per acre N produced seedlings of \"satisfactory\" size and character for trans-planting. The dry weight of roots and the total dry weight were increased by the application of 320 lb. per acre P 2 0 5 . The nitrogen phosphorus interaction was significant for the length of tops and dry weight of roots. PART A - EXPERIMENT 6 The effect of the time of fertilizer application on the growth of 1-0 (1957) Douglas f i r seedlings. Location Field No. 5, Green Timbers Forest Nursery Experimental Design Randomnized complete block; replicated 6 times. 1*3. Seed Source L-25 MacMillan Bloedel seed No history Date of Sowing June 3-5, 1957 F e r t i l i z a t i o n F e r t i l i z e r Materials: Ammonium nitrate Triple superphosphate Potassium chloride Treatments: Treatment Amount of F e r t i l i z e r 1 N May 16 ho l b . per acre N 2 N June 1 1*0 l b . per acre N 3 N July 1 hO l b . per acre N h N August 1 o l b . per acre N $ N August 15 U0 l b . per acre N 6 N September 8 ho l b . per acre N 7 N May 16 & Sept. 1 UO l b . per acre N ho l b . per acre N 8 N May 16 & Sept. 1 80 l b . per acre N ho l b . per acre N 9 K September 1 60 l b . per acre K20 10 P September 1 80 l b . per acre P205 11 Control None 12 N May 16 & P Sept. 1 80 l b . per acre N 160 l b . per acre P205 Remarks A random sample of 18 plants was taken from each plot. Results of s o i l analysis can be found i n the appendix table 6b. Results 1*4. Analysis of variance table can be found i n the appendix table 6a. Table 9 Part A, Experiment 6: Effect of the time of f e r t i l i z a t i o n on the length, dry weight and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Treatment Length of Tops cm. Average per Plant Length of Roots cm. Diameter of Stem mm. Dry Weight of Tops mg. Dry Weight of Roots mg. Total Dry Weight mg. M May 16 N June 1 N July 1 N Aug. 1 N Aug.-15 N Sept 8 N May 16 & Sept. 1 8 N May 16 & Sept. 1 K Sept 1 P Sept 1 11 Control 12 N May 16 & P Sept 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9.10 20.25 18.64 20.58 20.45 19.32 15.11 19.24 21.39 15.41 16.15 15.95 19.46 16.86 16.90 16.84 15.99 16.57 16.58 16.00 17.68 14.18 15.67 15.45 16.43 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.4 2.7 2.8 2.7 3.5** \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H-H-1567** 1478** 1550** 1484** 991 1452* 1740** 985 1141 1026 655* 647* 590 5oo 599 514 686 770 452 538 464 a* 2222** 2125** 2140** 2083** 1505 2138** 2510** 1437 1679 1490 1693 748 21*41 l s d 52* 3.24 2.1*4 not s i g . 0.39 0.29 439 331 209 157 584 439 Observations Application of nitrogen after June 1 resulted i n vigorous growth 2 to 3 weeks after f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The needles of the growing tips became s p i r a l as can be seen i n the appendix plates 3, 4 and 5. This s p i r a l shape of the needles was found to be usually but not kS. necessarily associated with rapid growth. In December, trees i n treatments 1, 2 and 3 showed very light frost damage but seedlings i n treatment k and 5 were damaged severely. Treatments 7 and 8 produced plants that were dark green and sturdy, and had suffered the least frost damage of a l l N f e r t i l i z e d plots. The application of phosphorus i n the f a l l induced apparently bud bursting. Trees i n treatments 9, 10, 11 were small yellowish and not affected by frost. Discussion The applications of nitrogen on May 16, June 1, July 1, August 1 and August l\u00C2\u00A3, a l l increased the length of tops, the stem diameter and the dry weight of tops approximately by the same amount. Considering only the size and dry weight of the seedlings, a treatment would appear equally effective but as mentioned under observations, the August ap-plications delayed the termination of growth i n the f a l l and resulted i n heavy frost damage. It i s f e l t , therefore, that nitrogen should not be applied later than June 1. This suggestion i s supported further by the fact that only the early nitrogen applications produced a s i g -nificant increase i n root weight. A second application of nitrogen i n September apparently induced frost hardiness. This i s i n agreement with last year's findings. Late applications of nitrogen may, under certain conditions, result i n renewed growth and u n t i l the physiology of dormancy of Douglas f i r i s better understood, such a nursery practice would be dangerous. Late applications of phosphorus following spring nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n induced bud bursting. Late potassium and phos-phorus f e r t i l i z a t i o n had no effect on the size and weight and dormancy of the seedlings. PARI A - EXPERIMENT 7 The application of organic and mineral f e r t i l i z e r s to 0 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Location F i e l d No. ht Green Timbers Forest Nursery Experimental Design Randomnized complete block; replicated 6 times. Seed Source SL-181 Seed Crop: 1957 Origin: Mount Baker National Park Elevation: 2500 - 3500 Feet Date of Sowing May 29 to June 2 , 1959 F e r t i l i z a t i o n F e r t i l i z e r s used: Compost Mushroom manure Sawdust Peat Calcium sulfate Borax Ammonium nitrate Triple superphosphate Potassium chloride 1*7. Treatments: Treatment Amount of Fertilizer 1 Compost 1750 cu. f t . per acre 2 Mushroom manure 1750 cu. f t . per acre 3 Sawdust plus 1750 cu. f t . per acre 125 lb. per acre N 1*5 lb. per acre P205 1* Peat plus 1750 cu. f t . per acre 125 lb. per acre N 1*5 lb. per acre P205 5 CaSOl* 1000 lb. per acre 6 MgSOl; 1000 lb. per acre 7 Borax 10 lb. per acre 8 N P 125 lb. per acre N 1*5 lb. per acre P205 9 Peat 1750 cu. f t . per acre 10 Sawdust' 1750 cu. f t . per acre 11 Nitrogen 15 15 lb. per acre N 12 Nitrogen 30 30 lb. per acre N 13 Nitrogen 60 60 lb. per acre N H* Phosphorus 30 30 lb. per acre P205 15 Phosphorus 90 90 lb. per acre P205 16 Phosphorus 150 150 lb. per acre P205 17 Potassium 20 20 lb. per acre K20 18 Potassium 80 80 lb. per acre K20 19 Potassium 11*0 HiO lb. per acre K20 20 Control None of fertilization: May 20, 1959 Remarks A random sample of 36 plants was taken from each plot. Results of s o i l analysis can be found in the appendix table 7b. Results of chemical analysis of the organic ' fertilizers can be found in the appendix table 7a. Results Analysis of variance tables are found in the appendix 4 8 . Significant Treatments: Length of tops: 1 Compost 1% 4 Peat plus $% 10 Sawdust 5% Dry weight of tops: 1 Compost 1% 4 Peat plus 5# 7 Borax % 10 Sawdust $% 12 Nitrogen 30 $% Table 10 Part A, Experiment 7 : The effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the length and dry weight of 0 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Average per Plant Treatment Length of Tops Dry Weight of Tops cm. mg. 1 Compost 5.29** 1 1 4 . 8 * * 2 Mushroom manure 4.48 9 0 . 3 3 Sawdust plus 4.23^ 8 5 . 2 4 Peat plus 4.99* 9 9 . 3 * 5 CaSOU 4.43 84.5 6 MgSOU U.75 7 Borax 4.82 9 7 . 9 * 8 N + P 4.30 86.9 9 Peat U.6S> 9 3 . 8 10 Sawdust 3 . 5 4 * 5 7 . 9 * 11 Nitrogen 15 4.19 79.k 12 Nitrogen 30 4.76 1 0 0 . 2 *13 Nitrogen 60 U.19 8 3 . 6 lit Phosphorus 30 4 . 6 4 9 1 . 3 15 Phosphorus 90 3.91 7 3 . 1 16 Phosphorus 150 4.19 7 8 . 6 17 Potassium 20 4.24 78.5 18 Potassium 80 4.36 83.2 19 Potassium 140 4.14 81.6 20 Control 4 . 3 5 76 .7 , . 1%** lsd 0 . 8 5 0 . 6 4 26.8 2 0 . 3 1*9. Observations The experimental plots were located close to a row of large decidious trees. It was observed that plots close to the trees were poor, regardless of treatment. It is fel t that this significantly decreased the sensitivity of the experiment. Discussion With exception of the 30 lb. per acre of nitrogen and 10 lb. per acre of borax, applications, a l l mineral fertilizer treatments had no effect on the growth of 0-0 seedlings. Peat with nitrogen and phosphorus increased the dry weight and length of tops. Peat alone and nitrogen and phosphorus alone, however, had no effect on the growth of the seedlings* Sawdust decreased the size and weight of the seedlings. The negative response was not observed when nitrogen and phosphorus were added with the sawdust. Compost was the best treatment as measured by the length and dry weight of tops* PART D - EXPERIMENT 8 A greenhouse study of the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the growth and development of Douglas f i r seedlings* Location Greenhouse at the University of British Columbia Experimental Design Partially confounded 5 x \u00C2\u00A3 x 3 factorial experiment replicated 2 times. Seed Source Project 1, Experiment 1 BK - 2 - S- Shawnigan, B.C. 5631 A and 5631 B mixed Date of Sowing September 13, 1957 Fertilization Fertilizer materials: Ammonium nitrate Triple superphosphate Potassium sulfate Treatments: Treatment Amount of Fertilizer No 0 lb. per acre N Nl 1*0 lb. per acre N N2 80 lb. per acre N N3 160 lb. per acre N Nil 320 lb. per acre N Po 0 lb. per acre P205 PI 1*0 lb. per acre P205 P2 80 lb. per acre P205 P3 160 lb. per acre P205 PI* 320 lb. per acre P205 Ko 0 lb. per acre K20 KL 60 lb. per acre K20 12 120 lb. per acre K20 Si-Date of f e r t i l i z e r application: August 2 7 , 1957 Remarks The s o i l used i n the experiment was collected from the sur-face 6 inches of F i e l d No. 1 , Green Timbers Forest Nursery. The seedlings were grown i n 2 gallon glazed pots. The s o i l was steam s t e r i l i z e d * to decrease the po s s i b i l i t y of damping off . The amount of f e r t i l i z e r per pot was calculated on the assumption that the upper 6 inches of an acre contain 2 million pounds of over dry s o i l . Triple superphosphate was applied as a s o l i d and mixed thoroughly with the s o i l . Nitrogen and potassium were added i n solution to the surface of the crocks. To f a c i l i t a t e uniform distribution of the f e r t i l i z e r , each pot was watered immediatly with 1000 ml. of H20. Twelve seeds were sown i n each pot. The pots were later thinned several times to prevent overcrowding. At harvest time, each pot contained 5 plants. The temperature i n the greenhouse was maintained between 50 and 70 F during the winter months and 60-85 F during the summer. A r t i f i c i a l l i g h t was provided during the winter to extend the li g h t period to 16 hours per day. Results of s o i l analysis are found i n the appendix table 8 c . Results 52. Details of experimental measurements and the analysis of variance tables are found in appendix tables 8a and 8b. Significant treatments: Length of tops: nitrogen 1% Dry weight of tops: nitrogen 1% phosphorus $% nitrogen-phosphorus interaction 1% Dry weight of roots: nitrogen $% Total dry weight: nitrogen 1% r phosphorus $% Table 12 Part D, Experiment 8: The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus f e r t i -lization on the length and dry weight of Douglas f i r seedlings. Average per Plant Length of Dry Weight Dry Weight T o t a l Dry Treat - of Tops of Roots Weight ment cm. I t* Mlf** mg. mg, > mg. I t Mlf Mlf I t Mlf No 18.60 18.37 ll*90 lUoU 888 888 2378 2299 N l ll*.20 15.59 998 1080 71*0 831 1738 1905 N2 10.90 13.20 69I* 881 U78 690 1172 1572 N3 10.60 11.21 692 71*1 578 633 1270 1372 Nl* 8.20 9.85 1*1*0 583 31*6 1*99 786 151*1* Po 11*90 8U6 2378 1U66 P l not 1186 895 not 20i*U 1621 P2 s i g n i f i c a n t 1102 906 s i g n i f i c a n t 21*36 1598 P3 1570 992 21*36 1701* Pl* 1356 10U8 2211* 1803 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . 1% 9.20 1.78 678 136 1312 265 1058 211 ^ 5% 6.90 1.35 312 102 992 199 796 159 * Individual Treatment ** Mean Level of Factor 53. Observations Germination was uniform and very good throughout the experi-ment. During the f i r s t two months, 2 to 3 plants were lost per treat-ment as a result of damping off. It was noticed that the position of pots on the benches had a distinct effect on the growth of the seedlings. The location of the replicates and the pots within each replicate was therefore, changed each month. Two months after seeding, no differences were observed between treatments. A l l pots were thinned to 7-8 plants shortly after November 15, 1957. Host of the seedlings became dormant i n December. The high nitrogen treatments had a larger proportion of dormant seedlings. In spite of the a r t i f i c i a l l i g h t , a l l seedlings became dormant at least once during the winter. The length of the dormant period varied from 2-3 weeks to 2-3 months. The high nitrogen treatments had the longest dormant period. Seedlings In the same crock, however, varied consid-erably In the length as well as time of the dormant period, Indicating that dormancy i s an individual characteristic of a seedling. Seedlings i n a l l treatments did not appear healthy during the winter. In March practically a l l seedlings broke dormancy. The high nitrogen treatments formed large swollen buds which opened with d i f f i c u l t y and grew only for one or two weeks before becoming dormant again. Seedlings which had not received nitrogen or only UO l b . per acre, formed normal buds and grew most satisfactorily. The Incidence of Fusarlum top wilt continued but was limited mainly to high nitrogen treatments. During June and July, 1958, the general appearance of a l l seedlings improved considerably. Growth i n the unfertilized and low nitrogen treatments 5U. was, in some cases 2-3 inches in one week. A l l high nitrogen treat-ments remained small and spindly. Indeed, in some of these crocks, the plants had a reddish-pink color and could be considered a complete loss* The phenotype of seedlings grown in the greenhouse differed from nursery seedlings* The development of side buds appeared retarded giving rise to t a l l slim plants* Roots were long and uribranched. Needles were long and sparsely spaced on the branches* Photographs of some of the treatments are found i n the ap-pendix plates 9 and 10* The experiment was harvested on August 12 and 13, 1958. Discussion The application of nitrogen decreased considerably the weight, and length of the seedlings* The s o i l must, therefore contain suf-ficient nitrogen for seedling growth. In the field, however, the same soi l requires 1*0 to 80 lb. per acre of nitrogen to produce seedlings of desirable size and color. Difference in the environmental con-ditions in the nursery and in the field may account for the discrepency. In the greenhouse, the soil was maintained in a moist, warm condition throughout the year. Rapid nitrification under these conditions could account for the high available nitrogen content of the soil in the greenhouse (8?)* Steam sterilization might also have resulted in an increase in plant nutrients in the s o i l . In the field, the soil is covered with an inch layer of rice hulls and i t has been shown that mulches decrease the amount of available nitrogen in the soil (3a). The application of phosphorus increased the dry weight of the seedlings. A s i g n i f i c a n t nitrogen phosphorus i n t e r a c t i o n was found f o r the dry weight of tops. High applications of phosphorus decreased the damaging e f f e c t of high nitrogen applications. Despite of 16 hours of l i g h t per day, Douglas f i r had a dormant period during the winter, regardless of f e r t i l i z e r treatment. The dormant period was shortened or lengthened by f e r t i l i z e r ap-p l i c a t i o n s . The time of the dormant period as w e l l as the duration of the dormant period appears to be a ch a r a c t e r i s t i c of each i n d i v i -dual plant. This was shown by the f a c t that i n one treatment, the plants would become dormant at d i f f e r e n t times and would remain dormant f o r d i f f e r e n t length of time. Although modified by the i n -d i v i d u a l character of the plant, the o v e r a l l e f f e c t of a f e r t i l i z e r treatment was s i m i l a r f o r a l l the plants w i t h i n that treatment. PART E - EXPERIMENT 9 The e f f e c t of d i f f e r e n t s o i l moisture tensions on the growth of 1-0 (1957) Douglas f i r seedlings. Location F i e l d Mo. 5, Green Timbers Forest Nursery Experimental Design Randomnized complete block; replicated 6 times. Seed Source W-8 Seed Crop: Origin: Elevation: 1*56 Great Central Lake 1300 - 2100 Feet Date of Sowing May 31, 1957 Fertilization First year: 2k lb. per acre N 3 0 lb. per acre P205 120 lb. per acre K20 Second year: 80 lb. per acre N(NHUN03) Treatments: Maximum Tension 0.2 atm Maximum Tension 0.75 atm As dry as possible Remarks The irrigation system consisted of plastic pipe with Rain Bird Silver Spray half circle heads. Valves were Installed at each sprinkler head to permit individual control. The rate of water deli-very was 1.2 to 1.5 inches per hour which was slightly too high for the so i l . The uniformity of water distribution was satisfactory. Tensionmeters were used for soil moisture tension measurements in treatment 1 and 2. The tension was measured at 5, 10 and 15 inches depth three times a week. The moisture content of treatment 3 was measured gravimetrically. Duplicate moisture samples were taken weekly with a s o i l auger at a depth of 10 and 15 inches. The experiment was started on June 1 , 1958 and terminated on September 3 0 , 1958. The rate of water removal from the different depths i n -dicated that the roots did not withdraw moisture from deeper than 5 inches. The integrated mean s o i l moisture tension was calculated from 5 inch readings, using a modified form of the equation sug-gested by Taylor ( 9 5 ) * Details of the modification are found i n the appendix I I . Results of physical and chemical s o i l analysis are found i n the appendix tables 9 c , 9d and 9 e . A random sample of 36 plants was taken from each plot. Results Analysis of variance tables are found i n the appendix tables 9 a and 9 b . Significant treatments: Length of tops 1% Length of Roots % Dry weight of tops 1% Dry weight of roots $% Total dry weight 1% Table 11 Part B, Experiment 9* The effect of soil moisture tension on the growth of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Size and Weight of Seedling - Average per Plant Integrated Mean Dry Weight Dry Weight Total Dry length Length Diameter Soil Moisture of Tops of Roots'\" Weight ' of Tops of Roots of Stem Tension atm g. g. g. cm. cm. mm. 1. 0.12 1.73 0.1*7 2.20 2l*.3 26.3 3.3 2. 0.33 1.59 0.51 2.11 22.6 25.6 3.0 3. 5.9 1.11 0.1*1 1.52 16.3 21*.2 2.8 lsd g 0.1*6 0.32 0.10 0.07 0.52 0.37 5.20 3.68 2.30 1.62 Observations Seedlings in treatments 1 and 2 did not become semi-dormant during the summer but apparently grew continuously. Treatment 1 did not harden off in the f a l l and light frost damage was observed. Seedlings in treatment 3 suffered severely from lack of water. During the driest part of the summer, approximately 10% of the seedlings died in the plots. Most of the trees became dormant in July and did not commence growth again. Discussion During the summer, the moisture content of the dry plots (treatment 3) was below the wilting point for approximately one week. The development and growth of the seedlings might have been determined by this period of extremely low soil moisture tension. It is f e l t , $9. therefore, that the integrated s o i l moisture tension calculated f o r the dry plots might not be significant. Irrigation increased the size and weight of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings but did not increase the stem diameter. No significant differences i n growth were found between seedlings grown at s o i l moisture tensions of 0.12 and 0.33 atmospheres (Table 11). The ex-periment has shown that seedling growth can be inhibited at the Green Timbers Forest Nursery by lack of water i n dry summers. It was also observed that i f the s o i l moisture tension was kept below 0.12 atmos-pheres throughout the growing season, dormancy was delayed and the seedlings were damaged by f a l l frost (11). It would be desirable to investigate the time at which irrigation should be stopped i n the late summer to premit hardening off. EXPERIMENT 10 The rate of growth and uptake of nutrients by 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Introduction It i s impossible to discuss the nutrient requirements of Douglas f i r sa t i s f a c t o r i l y without information regarding the rate of nutrient uptake during the period of growth under investigation. This experiment was conducted to obtain quantitative information with regard to the rate of growth and nutrient uptake by Douglas f i r seedlings. For this purpose, a 2J>0 square foot area was seeded with Douglas f i r i n 19^ 7 on the agronomy farm of the University of B r i t i s h Columbia. 60. The plot was sampled at intervals of 6 to 3 weeks for two years. The length of tops, length of roots, dry weight of tops and the dry weight of roots of the seedlings was measured. The tops and roots were analyzed separately f o r N, P, K, Ca and Mg. location University of B r i t i s h Columbia, Agronomy plots Experimental Design For the uptake experiment, seedlings were sown i n four 64-square foot beds. To avoid extensive damage to the beds during sampling, relatively large blocks of seedlings were removed from each of the four beds. The number of seedlings i n a sample varied with age. At 6 weeks, UOO seedlings were required to provide sufficient material f o r chemical analysis. The size of the sample decreased with age of the seedlings but was never less than 25 seedlings. Seed Source Unknown Date of Sowing June k, 1957 F e r t i l i z a t i o n 1*0 l b . per acre N Date of f e r t i l i z a t i o n t July 20, 1957 61. Remarks The plots were irrigated -whenever It appeared necessary. Results of soil analysis are found in the appendix table lOd. Results For details of experimental results, see appendix tables 10a, 10b, 10c and figures 1 to 10. Table 13 Experiment 10s Total uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg by 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Based on \u00C2\u00A30 Seedlings per Square Foot N P K Ca Mg Age lb. per lb. per lb. per lb. per lb. per acre acre acre acre acre 0- 0 19 .U l.h2 h.k 3.3 0.83 1- 0 225.0 38.20 126.0 63.2 21.20 Table Hi Experiment 10s Uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg by 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings during two periods in the growing season. Based on 50 Seedlings per Square Foot S P K Ca Mg lb. % of lb. % of lb. % of lb. \u00C2\u00A3 of lb. % of Period per to- per to- per to- per to- per to-acre t a l acre t a l acre t a l acre t a l acre t a l May 6 to Aug. 30/58 138.0 6h 21.0 55 113.0 90 bh.O 70 16.8 79 Aug./58 59.5 26 8.1 21 la.U 33 Ht.5 23 5.U 25 62. Table 15 Experiment 10: Total dry weight production of 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Based on 50 Seedlings per Square Foot Total Dry Weight Dry Weight Produced Age in August, 1958 lbs. per acre lbs. per acre % o f total 0- 0 720 1- 0 17,200 5,5M> 32 Discussion Growth: The elongation of 0-0 seedlings tops was completed by Sept-ember 1, the date of the f i r s t sampling. The new top growth started in February but the rate of growth was slow until April 15. The rate of elongation increased rapidly between April 15 and May 15, remained constant for a month until June 10, and then reached a maximum between June 10 and July 1. In the late summer, the rate of height growth declined gradually and stopped in September. The root elongation of 0-0 seedlings continued through the winter, but the rate of elongation was slow. The rate of root growth of 1-0 seedlings increased considerably after April 15 and reached a maximum rate between June 10 and July 1. The rate of growth declined slightly in July but increased again in August. In September, the length growth of roots virtually stopped. The amount of dry matter produced and the total nutrient up-take were small during the f i r s t year in the nursery. The dry weight 63. increase of 2.5 tons per acre i n August, 1958, represents 32$ of the t o t a l growth of the seedlings. In the same month, the nutrient uptake of the seedlings was approximately equal to that of a grain crop. The greater part of the increase i n dry weight of 0-0 Douglas f i r seedling tops occurred between July 18 and October 15, 195?. No weight increase of the tops was observed between November 9, 1957 and February 20, 1958. The weight of seedling tops began to increase again i n early A p r i l . The rate of top dry matter production increased rapidly u n t i l June 10, then remained constant u n t i l August 2 and obtained i t s maximum value i n August. The growth rate of 1-0 seedling tops decreased sharply i n September; after October U, no further growth was observed. Between September 3, and November 3, the dry weight of 0-0 seedling roots increased considerably. No further dry weight i n -crease was found u n t i l A p r i l 9, 1958. The increase i n root weight of 1-0 seedlings was slow t i l l July 1. In July the dry matter increase of the roots became very rapid and then decreased s l i g h t l y during August and September. After October k, no further weight increase could be observed. It i s seen from figures 3, h, and 5 that the rate of t o t a l dry matter production increased uniformly from February to September. The rate of increase of top weight and root weight, however, was not uniform. The period of constant top growth coincides with the period of maximum root growth. In August, the rate of root growth decreased but top growth at the same time reached i t s maximum rate (35)* The reason f o r this inter-relation between top and root growth i s not f u l l y understood. In 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings, the periods of maximum elongation preceded maximum dry weight production. Nutrient Composition and Uptaket The nutrient content of the seedlings increased throughout the two years. The percent of N, P, K and Mg was higher i n the tops than i n the roots. The percent calcium was higher i n the roots than i n the tops. The percent Mg plus Ca was nearly the same i n the roots and tops. Nitrogen (Fig. 6)j The nitrogen concentration i n young plants was higher than i n older plants (9k) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 During the active growing season the percent nitrogen i n the plants decreased, but increased s l i g h t l y i n the f a l l . The rate of nitrogen uptake i n June, July and August, 1958, appears to be directly related to root elongation. Phosphorus (Fig. 7): The phosphorus concentration i n 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings showed the same trend as nitrogen. The rate of P uptake increased throughout the summer and reached a maximum value i n September, a month after the period of maximum growth. Potassium (Fig. 8): The potassium concentration i n the seedlings remained con-stant during the two years of sampling. The rate of uptake was 65. directly related to the amount of dry weight produced. The data also indicate that some K was lost to the s o i l by the plants i n the late f a l l . Calcium (Fig. 9): The calcium concentration i n the seedlings remained almost constant. The roots showed a small increase i n the percent Ca i n the f a l l . Calcium uptake was very rapid i n July, August and Septem-ber, the period of maximum Increase i n root weight. Magnesium (Fig. 10): The magnesium concentration i n the tops was constant. In the roots, the Mg level fluctuated markedly. As shown by the rate of uptake curves, the t o t a l uptake by the plants i n May, August and September was less than the increase i n the tops. The magnesium con-centration i n the tops must have been maintained at a constant l e v e l by translocation from the roots to the tops. The t o t a l uptake of Mg was directly related to the rate of dry weight increase of the tops. 67. 68. Yunfy 70. 72. 32.00 J L x 100 Days mg/day 2U.001 16.00L 8. (XL F I G 8 . THE RATE OF POTASSIUM UPTAKE BY DOUGIA S F I R SEEDLINGS i ROOTS TOPS . . .17H0LE . PLANT * m \u00E2\u0080\u0094 L 160 2U0 320 DAYS - : l : : : : t : I FIG. 9 . THE RATE OF CALCIUM UPTAKE; BY DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS 1 9 5 7 l I I l J J 0 N D J F M M J A S O N D 12.CM \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ROOTS 9.00 Ca Days -x 100 day 6.00 3.00 \u00E2\u0080\u009Ei.,,;l TOPS WHOLE PLANT h \" \" \" 7 1 I 1, I ^.f*-: 80 160 2 hO 320 Uoo U80 DAYS -1 - \u00E2\u0080\u0094 i i - i i - * t -t-rt-r-H+H 1111111T11111 I l l - rWt f 560 H t i i i m i i n m t r 76. EXPERIMENT 11 The growth and chemical composition of Douglas f i r seedlings from three locations i n B r i t i s h Columbia. Introduction Douglas f i r seedlings were collected i n the f a l l of 1957 and 1958 at the Green Timbers Nursery, the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, and the University of B r i t i s h Columbia Forest at Haney, B.C. The seedlings from Haney were seeded naturally and grew under the usual f i e l d conditions. Seedlings from the University of B r i t i s h Columbia were irrigated during the summer of 1957 and 1958. Douglas f i r seedlings from the Green Timbers Forest Nursery were irrigated as 0-0 seedlings i n 1957 and 1958. The 1-0 seedlings i n 1957 were not irrigated, however, i n 1958 some water had to be applied to prevent extensive seedling mortality. The seedlings f o r this experiment were harvested i n late September and October. The length of tops, length of roots, dry weight of tops, and dry weight of roots of the seedlings were determined, and the plant tissues analyzed f o r N, P, K, Ca and Mg. For the calculation of results on a per acre basis, i t was assumed that the density of the seedlings was 50 plants per square foot. Results 77, Table 16 Experiment l i t Length, diameter of stem and dry weight of 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings at the Green Timbers Nursery i n 1957 and 1958. Average per Plant F e r t i l i z e r Treatment Length of Tops cm. Diameter Dry Weight of Stem of Tops mm. mg. Dry Weight of Roots mg. Total Dry Weight mg. 17.1 2.3 842 301 1143 15.7 2.6 991 370 1361 N 21.4 2.7 1217 340 1557 N 18.4 2.9 1289 463 1744 4.6 87 4.4 not 77 not N 4.9 measured , 97 -'measured/ H 4 .8 100 1-0 SEEDLINGS 1957 No N 1958 No N 0-0 SEEDLINGS' 1957 No N 1958 No N Table 17 Experiment 11: The length and dry weight of Douglas f i r seedlings from three locations i n B r i t i s h Columbia. Average per Plant Length Length Dry ^ feight Dry Weight of Tops oi Roots of Tops of Roots\"\" Origin cm. cm. mg. mg. 0- 0 SEEDLINGS U.B.C. Forest,Haney,B.C, 1957 3.3 12.8 39 24 University of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1957 4.4 13.8 77 35 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1957 4.9 12.0 84 29 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1958 7.1 16.6 117 59 1-0 SEEDLINGS U.B.C.Forest, Haney,B.C. 1957 Green Timbers Nursery 1957 Green Timbers Nursery 1958 University of B r i t i s h Columbia 1958 7.2 13.9 223 81 27.4 19.4 1982 438 20.0 23.8 1490 550 22.6 4L.9 2610 1080 < Table 18 Experiment 11: Mineral composition of 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedling roots i n 1957 and 1958. Origin % N mg. plant l b / * acre % p mg. plant l b / * acre K mm mg. % plant l b / * acre % Ca mg. plant l b / * acre Mg mg. % plant l b / * acre 0-0 SEEDLINGS U.B.G. Forest, Baney, B.C. 1957 0.93 0.23 1.1 0.12 0.03 0.14 0.21 0.05 0.2 0.22 0.05 0.2 0.10 0.02 0.10 University of B r i t i s h Columbia 1957 1.95 0.68 3.4 0.15 0.05 0.24 0.63 0.22 1.1 0.50 0.09 0.4 0.12 0.04 0.19 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1S>57 1.85 0.54 2.6 0.10 0.03 0.14 0.29 0.08 0.4 0.36 0.11 0.5 0.13 o.o4 0.20 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1958 0.93 0.55 2.6 0.10 0.06 0.29 0.35 0.20 1.0 0.19 0.13 0.6 0.10 0.08 0.38 1-0 SEEDLINGS U.B.C. Forest, Haney, B.C. 1957 2.13 1.75 8.5 0.15 0.12 0.58 0.32 0.26 1.3 0.14 0.12 0.5 0.12 0.09 0.43 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1957 1.22 5.35 25.6 0.12 0.51 2.1*4 0.35 1.53 7.4 0.20 0.90 4.3 0.10 0.43 2.06 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1958 0.88 4.85 23.3 0.09 0.48 2.30 0.43 2.47 11.8 0.33 1.82 8.8 0.02 0.13 0.63 University of B r i t i s h 0.46 Columbia 1958 0.91 9.30 14.6 0.17 1.71 8.21 0.45 5.51 26.4 4.69 22.5 0.10 0.87 4.17 50 plants per square foot C O Table 19 Experiment 11: Mineral composition of 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedling tops i n 1957 and 1958, Origin % N mg. plant l b / * acre % p mg. plant 3 b / * acre % K mg. plant acre \u00C2\u00A9a mg. % plant l b / * acre % ] Mg mg. plant l b / acre 0-0 SEEDLINGS U.B.C. Forest, 0.04 Haney, B.C. 1957 1.29 0.5 2.4 0.14 0.06 0.3 0.53 0.2 1.0 0.21 0.08 0.4 0.11 0.2 University of B r i t i s h 0.6 0.51 0.08 Columbia 1957 2.77 2.1 10.6 0.15 0.11 o.5 0.79 2.9 0.39 1.9 0.11 0.4 Green Timbers Forest 0.04 Nursery 1957 2.01 1.7 8.4 0.10 0.08 0.4 0.74 0.6 3.0 0,41 0.35 1.7 0.05 0.2 Green Timbers Forest 0.16 0.8 Nursery 1958 1.40 1.6 7.9 0.09 0.10 0.5 0.70 0.8 4.0 0.33 0.39 1.9 0.13 1-0 SEEDLINGS \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 U.B.C. Forest, 0.58 0.08 0.18 Haney, B.C. 1957 2.17 4.9 23.4 0.17 0.37 1.8 0.70 1.6 7.6 0.26 2.8 0.9 Green Timbers Forest 5.95 28.8 1.86 Nursery 1957 1.60 31.8 153.0 0.13 2.48 11.9 0.81 16.0 76.8 0.30 0.09 9.0 Green Timbers Forest 0.46 0.06 Nursery 1958 1.62 24.3 118.0 0.10 1.48 7.1 0.63 9.4 45.4 6.90 33.1 0.91 4.4 University of B r i t i s h 98.7 8.1*2 40.5 0.15 3.72 17.8 Columbia 1958 1.40 35.5 170.0 0.24 6.22 29.9 0.81 20,6 0.33 50 plants per square foot Table 20 Experiment lit Amount of N, P, K, Ca and Mg removed from the s o i l by 0-0 and 1-0 seedlings, (based on 50 plants per square foot). Pounds per Acre Seedling Origin N P K Ca Mj\u00C2\u00BB 0- 0 SEEDLINGS U.B.C. Forest, Haney, B. C. 1957 3.50 0.1*3 1.26 0.62 0.29 University of B r i t i s h Columbia 1957 13.86 0.77 U.01* 2.31 0.57 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1957 10.97 0.52 3.1a 2.21 0.39 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1958 10.51* 0.77 1*.91 2.U3 1.05 1- 0 SEEDLINGS TJ 13 G Foz^s*t/ 'Haney, B. C. 1957 31.85 2.37 8.80 3.33 1.30 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1957 178.60 ll*.3l* 81*.l6 33.10 11.03 Green Timbers Forest Nursery 1958 11*1.30 9.1*0 57.20 1*1.86 5.02 University of B r i t i s h Columbia 1958 2U*.60 38.11 125.10 63.00 21.97 Table 21 Experiment 11; The amount of dry matter produced by 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings, (based on 50 plants per square foot). 0-0 Seedlings 1-0 Seedlings Dry Weight Dry Weight Seedling Origin lb/acre lb/acre University, of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1958 720 17,200 Green Timbers Forest Nursery, 1958 850 9,850 Green Timbers Forest Nursery, 1957 560 11,750 U.B.C. Forest, Haney, B.C., 1957 300 1,1*80 81. Discussion As can be seen from tables 17 to 20, the seedlings fram Haney were the smallest. The amount of nutrients removed per acre was also comparatively small. The length and dry weight of 0-0 seedlings from the Green Timbers Nursery and the University of B r i t i s h Columbia were similar i n 1957. In 1958, however, 0-0 seedlings from Green Timbers were considerably larger than i n 1957. The dry weight of tops and roots of 1-0 seedlings from the University of B r i t i s h Columbia i n 1958 was twice that of seedlings from Green Timbers. In 1957, seedlings from Green Timbers were t a l l e r and heavier than i n 1958 (Table 17). It might be of interest to note that seedlings grown i n the experimental plots at Green Timbers were of similar length and weight i n 1957 and 1958 (Table 16). The ex-perimental plots of 1-0 seedlings were irrigated frequently i n 1958 to avoid retarding growth due to lack of water. The small size of 1-0 seedlings at the Green Timbers Nursery i n 1958 could, therefore, have been a result of s o i l moisture deficiency. The i r r i g a t i o n experi-ment (Experiment 9), conducted i n 1958 with 1-0 seedlings, provides further evidence that the s o i l moisture conditions were not satisfactory for seedling growth i n 1958. The t o t a l dry matter production of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings varied considerably with the origin of the seedlings (Table 21). Naturally seeded plants from Haney produced only 1,1*80 l b . per acre dry matter, i n contrast to seedlings at the Univer-s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia which produced 17,200 l b . per acre. 82. The removal of nutrients from the soil was generally parallel to the dry matter production (Table 20). The chemical composition of the seedlings (Tables 18 & 19) harvested in the f a l l was similar with exception of nitrogen. The percent nitrogen in the 1-0 seedlings decreased as the dry matter production of the seedlings increased. GENERAL DISCUSSION 83 The change from a seedling to a tree involves accretion and tissue development. The rate of development of a seedling i s very rapid during the f i r s t year when the transition from a succulent to a woody plant occurs. This drastic change i n the nature of seedling tissues as well as the relatively rapid production of new tissue results i n significant changes i n seedling physiology, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF 0-0 DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS Immediately after germination, Douglas f i r seedlings are small, succulent plants with few needles and a small shallow root system. The young plants can easily be destroyed by high temperatures (1 , 37)> lack of water i n the surface s o i l (1 , 37), frost (1), and mechanical injury. At the Green Timbers Nursery and the University of B r i t i s h Columbia i t was observed that 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings had two detectable growing periods during the summer. After germination, the seedling tops elongated about 3-4 cm. and formed 1 whorl of needles. During the same time, the roots grew straight downwards for approxi-mately 10 cm. before forming l a t e r a l rootlets. The young plants then formed semi-permanent buds. It i s f e l t that, should unfavourable 8U. growing conditions prevail during this state of temporary dormancy, a seedling may become permanently dormant and not resume growth before next spring. Under the favourable growing conditions i n the Gree Timbers Nursery and at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, however, the seedling regularly resumed growth i n late July and August. During this second period of vi s i b l e growth, the 0-0 seedlings produced 1 to 5 whorls of needles depending on the growing conditions and the hereditary potential of the seedlings (1*7). Normally, the seedlings ceased to grow i n the f a l l , but under unusually favourable s o i l conditions, the seedlings continued to grow u n t i l damaged by frost i n autumn. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF 1-0 DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS The 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings started growth i n the late winter. During late spring, the seedlings formed semi-permanent buds, which were generally broken during the later part of the growing season. The length of the semi-dormant period depended on s o i l moisture, s o i l f e r t i l i t y and the origin of the seed. If the growing conditions are unfavourable due to lack of moisture or nitrogen, i t i s conceivable that plants may remain dormant t i l l the next spring. The elongation of tops and roots and the dry weight increase did not cease with the formation of semi-permanent buds. The uptake study at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia (Experiment 10) showed clearly that growth continued throughout the summer whether or not buds were present. 85. Application of nitrogen to unfertilized 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings i n July and August resulted i n very rapid growth. Before the nitrogen application, the unfertilized seedlings were small and yellowish, but nevertheless by f a l l these seedlings attained the same size and weight as seedlings f e r t i l i z e d i n May and June. This spectacular growth during the late summer could be the result of the stimulation of the second rapid growth period of Douglas f i r seedlings by nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n . From this study, i t would appear that the growth potential of a seedling could be u t i l i z e d more f u l l y by re-peated timely nitrogen and complete f e r t i l i z e r applications. Late summer nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n , however, may result i n an extension of the growing season into autumn and increases the danger of frost damage. It was found i n Part A, Experiment 1 that the percent nitrogen and phosphorus i n 1-0 seedlings was lower i n plants f e r t i -l i z e d with nitrogen, however, growth and nutrient uptake were increased by nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n . Ohemical analysis of 1-0 seedlings from different locations (Experiment 11) showed that the percent nitrogen was lower i n plants which had produced more dry matter. The nutrient composition of a tree species i s a function of t o t a l dry weight, age, available s o i l nutrients, and the time of sampling (55). The d i f f e r -ence i n mineral composition of seedlings from different sites tends to decrease i n the f a l l . The sampling of seedlings i n the f a l l f o r chemical analysis might, therefore, not be desirable i f the data w i l l be used for the comparison of site f e r t i l i t y . The concentration of 86. nutrients i n the seedling during the period of summer growth w i l l be a much more significant indicator of the f e r t i l i t y of a s o i l . SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 0-0 AND 1-0 DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS The experiments conducted i n 1957 and 1958 point up some differences between 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. The 0-0 seedlings produced 300 to 850 l b . per acre of dry matter compared with 1,1*80 to 17,200 3b. per acre f o r 1-0 seedlings (Table 21). The t o t a l nutrient uptake was directly related to the amount of dry matter produced. The 0-0 seedlings removed very l i t t l e nutrients from the s o i l . This does not mean that they would grow sati s f a c t o r i l y on soils low i n available nutrients. The small root volume of these seedlings requires that the necessary nutrients are present i n a small s o i l volume directly adjacent to the plant. In spite of the high t o t a l nutrient uptake of 1-0 seedlings (Table 20), i t i s not necessary that a nursery s o i l contain large quantities of so-called ^available\" nutrients. It has been shown that coniferous seedlings are able to u t i l i z e s o i l nutrients not available to some agricultural crops (30, 10U). For the interpretation of \"available 1* s o i l nutrient data, the relative scale applicable to conifer seedlings i s s t i l l unknown. The optimum nitrogen application f o r 0-0 seedlings was 20 to 30 l b . per acre compared with 80 l b . per acre for 1-0 seedlings. 8 7 . In Part A, Experiment 2 , f e r t i l i z a t i o n of 0-0 seedlings with K de-creased and with P increased growth. In a l l other experiments with 0-0 seedlings, f e r t i l i z a t i o n with phosphorus and potassium had no effect. The 1-0 seedlings responded favourably to high P applications but not to potassium f e r t i l i z a t i o n . It has been shown by Mitchell ( 6 6 ) that young pine seedlings are adversly affected by nitrogen con-centrations which were optimum for the growth of older seedlings. The difference i n response of 0-0 and 1-0 seedlings to mineral f e r t i -l i z a t i o n would indicate a similar physiological change with age f o r Douglas f i r . The growth of 0-0 seedlings can be decreased significantly or even stopped by excessive heat. The 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings, however, were found to be considerably more heat tolerant ( 1 , 3 7 ) . DORMANCY OF DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS Dormancy i s usually associated with the suspension of vi s i b l e growth. Two types of dormancy are generally recognized ( 8 8)j \"Temporary\" dormancy - a state from which the plant resumes vis i b l e growth i f the growing conditions become favourable} \"Permanent\" dormancy - a condition from which the plant w i l l resume growth only i f a stimulus i s provided i n addition to an im-provement i n the environmental conditions. There i s no sharp distinction between the two -types of 88. dormancy and plants pass usually through a period of temporary dormancy before entering permanent dormancy. In the state of per-manent dormancy seedlings are frost resistant (85). During the summer, 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings become temporarily dormant under normal nursery conditions. If the growing conditions were unfavourable, the seedlings entered permanent dormancy and resumed growth only i n the next spring. If, however, moisture was adequate or provided by i r r i g a t i o n , and i f nitrogen was applied V on nitrogen deficient s o i l s , growth was resumed vigorously after a very short rest period. The application of nitrogen to 1-0 seedlings up to August 15 induced breaking of the semi-dormant buds and resulted i n renewed vigorous growth. In the f a l l , the 1-0 seedlings entered a state of temporary dormancy depending on the time of nitrogen f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The l a t e r the f e r t i l i z e r application, the later was the entry into the dormant state. Once temporary dormancy was broken Douglas f i r seedlings required some undetermined amount of time before dormancy was possible again. This delay occurred even though the climatic factors, such as temperature, were unfavourable for further growth. If nitrogen f e r t i l i z e r was applied i n September, the majority of the seedlings did not break dormancy and i t can be assumed that the seedlings were i n the state of permanent dormancy. The comparison of 1957 and 1958 data shows that the pattern of dormancy was similar i n both years but that the date at which plants became permanently dormant was different (51)* In 1957, non-irrigated 1-0 seedlings entered dormancy i n the early summer and did not grow again i n 1957. Seedlings irrigated 8 9 . heavily (0.12 atm) grew vigourously nearly a l l summer but did not enter permanent dormancy early enough i n the f a l l , so that there was some frost damage to terminal shoots. The 1-0 seedlings grown at an integrated mean s o i l moisture tension of 0.33 atmosphere also grew very well but hardened off early enough to avoid frost damage. The moisture conditions under which a seedling i s grown, therefore, has considerable influence on the time at which dormancy occurs. In the greenhouse, Douglas f i r grown with a photoperiod of 16 hours entered temporary or permanent dormancy during the winter regardless of f e r t i l i z e r treatment. The length of the dormant period depended on f e r t i l i z e r treatment and some individual characteristic of the seedling. During the summer, seedlings i n the greenhouse became temporarily dormant. In f e r t i l i z e r treatment favourable for growth, the dormant period often lasted only a few days. In the unfavourable treatments, primarily those with high nitrogen applications, the dormant period lasted as long as one month. Again the elngth of the dormant period depended to some extent on the individual character-i s t i c s of the plant. 90. SUMMARY Experiments with 0-0 and 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings were conducted during 1957 and 1958. Under the experimental conditions at the Green Timbers Nursery, the optimum rates of N f e r t i l i z a t i o n for 0-0 and 1-0 seedlings were 20 and 80 l b . per acre N respectively. This indicated that 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings were able to tolerate and u t i l i z e higher N application than the younger stock. Application of 320 l b . per acre N to 1-0 seedlings resulted i n decreased growth and damage to the plant tissues. A positive response to phosphorus applications reduced the unfavourable effect of excess nitrogen. The 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings did not respond to K f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The time of nitrogen application had a considerable influence on the growth habit of 1-0 seedlings. Spring applications resulted i n rapid early growth and early dormancy i n the f a l l . Late summer ap-plications induced very rapid growth i n the early f a l l , delayed dormancy and resulted i n considerable frost damage. Nitrogen f e r t i -l i z a t i o n i n September increased frost resistance i f the seedlings remained dormant. The application of f e r t i l i z e r s to 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings gave less consistent results than the experiments with 1-0 seedlings. Nitrogen applications of 20 to 30 l b . per acre increased the length and weight of seedlings. Phosphorus application increased the size 91. of seedlings i n 1957 but had no effect i n 1958. Potassium decreased the size of seedlings i n 1957 but did not influence the growth of 0-0 seedlings i n 1958. Compost, mushroom manure and cow manure im-proved the growth of 0-0 seedlings. The weight and length of the seedlings was decreased by sawdust. F e r t i l i z a t i o n of 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings had no effect on the growth of the seedlings i n the next growing season. Irrigation increased the length and dry weight of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Excess of moisture decreased the winter hardiness of the seedlings. The 0-0 Douglas f i r seedlings produced l i t t l e dry matter and removed small amounts of nutrients from the s o i l . In the second year of growth (1-0), the dry matter production and the removal of soil, nutrients at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia and the Green Timbers Nursery exceeded that of many agricultural f i e l d crops. The seedlings produced 8-5 tons dry matter per acre and removed 200-160 l b . nitrogen per acre. The growth of Douglas f i r seedlings was continuous through-out the summer even though the seedlings passed through at least one period of temporary dormancy. The periods of rapid root or top elongation were followed by very rapid dry weight increase of the same plant part. Root and top growth appeared to be dominant at different times during the summer. The rate of nutrient uptake was generally p a r a l l e l to the rate of growth of the seedling. The percent N, P, and Ca i n 1-0 92. seedlings was lower than i n the 0-0 seedlings. The concentration of K and Mg appeared to remain constant during the two years of observ-ation. In the roots, the percent N and K also decreased with age but P, Ca and Mg remained constant. The N and P concentration i n the seedlings decreased during the periods of rapid growth and increased again during the f a l l and winter. In plants f e r t i l i z e d with nitrogen, the percent nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium i n the tops was less than i n the unfertilized plants. The f e r t i l i z e d seedlings, however, contained more nitrogen and potassium per plant top. The t o t a l amount of phosphorus i n the plant tops did not vary consistently with f e r t i -l i z e r treatments. Potassium f e r t i l i z a t i o n increased the concentra-tion of K i n the plant tops. The phosphorus and calcium concentration of the roots was significantly decreased by nitrogen and potassium f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The Ca and Mg concentration as well as the t o t a l uptake of these elements was not affected by N, P and K f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The to t a l uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg by the roots was only 1/3 to 1/6 of that of the tops. It was observed that each seedling had individual dormancy characteristics. The length and the occurrance of the dormant periods was found to be influenced by f e r t i l i z a t i o n and s o i l moisture conditions. 93. APPENDIX I TABLE l a . Eart A - Experiment 1. The effect of fertilization on the dry weight, length and diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Average per plant Treatment Length of tops cm Length of roots cm Diameter of stems mm Dry Weight of tops mg Dry Weight of roots mg Total Dry Weight mg NoPoKo 17.0 21.0 2.3 732 323 1055 NoPoKL 16.7 20.6 2.2 799 314 1113 NoPoK2 17.7 18.9 2.3 989 309 1298 NoPIKo 16.7 18.1 2.1 786 292 1078 NoPlKL 17.2 18.8 2.4 866 322 1188 NoPlK2 16.9 18.8 2.2 782 259 1041 NoP2Ko 19.5 18.5 2.4 981 295 1276 NoP2KL 16.4 17.2 2.3 793 271 1064 NoP2K2 16.3 17.7 2.3 809 298 1107 NIPoKo 20.1 18.4 2.5 979 309 1288 NIPoKl 20.3 19.2 2.5 1104 317 1421 NlPoK2 19.9 17.7 2.3 887 276 1163 NIPIKo 19.1 19.1 2.3 886 297 1183 N1P1K1 17.8 16.9 2.3 937 .323 1260 N1P1K2 20.5 17.8 2.4 1101 337 1438 NlP2Ko 20.5 18.6 2.5 1087 333 1420 N1P2KL 19.5 19.5 2.6 1108 368 1476 N1P2K2 20.7 19.2 2.5 1197 372 1569 N2PoKo 21.6 18.4 2.7 1294 355 1649 N2PoKL 20.6 18.9 2.6 1186 372 1558 N2PoK2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 21.2 18.3 2.7 1034 286 1320 N2PlKo 21.3 18.0 2.5 1076 299 1375 N2P1KL 21.2 19.1 2.6 1182 369 1551 N2P1K2 22.0 18.4 2.7 1368 394 1762 N2P2Ko 20.8 20.0 2.5 1288 364 1652 N2P2KL 21.7 19.5 2.6 1220 373 1593 N2F2K2 22.3 18.3 2.4 1285 344 1629 TABLE l b . Part A : Experiment 1. Analysis of variance tables. Source of N P K Length of tops \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r - r : \u00E2\u0080\u0094 df Sum of Squares Mean Squares Variation -\u00E2\u0080\u0094 a 3 2 2 2 333.0172 5.8405 10.0066 166.5086 ** NP NP2 2.8205 2.7266 NK NK2 6.9572 1.1772 PK PK2 V. .9372 4.6672 K P K HPK2 NP2K NP2K2 2) 2>8 2.4326 5.4826 1.6092 5.1444 Blocks Error 11 70 130.0908 185.4721 17.2817 ** 2.6436 Total 107 758.3900 9 5 TABLE lb (cont'd) Length of Roots. Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares F N 2 2 . 5 1 4 6 P 2 8 . 5 1 2 4 K 2 7 . 4 3 4 6 NP 2), 24.0813 9.44 NP2 /1 2V 13.6846 NK 2 ) , 1 . 6 5 0 2 NK2 2T . 4 0 6 8 PK 2), 1 . 5 6 8 0 PK2 2y 4 . 9 6 9 6 BPK 2 ) 7 . 0 4 2 2 NPK2 2 } Q ' 1 . 2 8 4 7 NP2K 2 ) \u00C2\u00B0 5 . 5 0 1 0 NP2K2 2 ) 3 . 7 0 6 6 Blocks 1 1 1 3 2 . 6 6 7 4 1 2 . 0 6 * * Error 7 0 2 1 1 . 9 5 9 0 3 . 0 3 Total 1 0 7 4 2 6 . 9 8 3 0 TABLE lb (cont'd) Dry weight of root3. Source of ^ S u j n Q^ S q u a r e s Mean Squares Variation \u00E2\u0080\u0094 -1 3 N 2 16.1791 8.09 ** P 2 1.9979 K 2 2.4601 NP 2), 5.1814 NP2 2)* 2.0693 NK 2), 1.5839 NK2 2y .0948 PK 2), .9480 PK2 2T 5.1911 HPK 2) 1.6463 NPK2 2)fl .6543 NP2K 2) 1.6603 NP2K2 2) .6197 Block 11 42.9936 3.91 Error 70 99.8078 1.43 \u00C2\u00BB0 Total 107 183.0880 97. TABLE lb (cont'd) Total dry weight Source of ,\u00E2\u0080\u009E . _ Variation \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Sum of Squares Mean Squares P N 2 1078.2729 539.14 ** P 2 80.1276 K 2 9.3141 NP 2), 44.3612 NP2 2V 6.5812 NK 2), 9.5137 NK2 2 ) * 4.4684 PK 2), 8.4459 PK2 2T 95.7121 NPK 2) 42.1026 NPK2 2 ) f t 55.0611 NP2K 2} 2.9090 KP2K2 2) 1.4576 Blocks 11 754.4246 68.58 ** Error 70 1397.0074 19.94 Total 107 3589.7594 TABLE lb (cont'd) Diameter of tops Source of ^ Sum of Squares Mean Squares Variatxon \u00E2\u0080\u0094 3 3 N 2 1.5958 .7979 * * P 2 .0391 K 2 .0230 NP 2), .1293 NP2 2y .3358 NK 2) .0002 NK2 2 ) * .0013 PK 2) .1013 PK2 2V .0186 NPK 2) .0089 NPK2 2) F I .0622 NP2K 2) .3025 NP2K2 2) .0536 Blocks 11 9.4611 .860 * * Error 70 5.1880 .0741 Total 107 17.3211 TABLE lb (cont'd) Dry weight of tops Source of ^ Sum of Squares Mean Squares Variation \u00E2\u0080\u0094 3 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 3 N 2 832.6 416.3 ** P 2 59.1 K 2 10.5 NP 2) .24.6 NP2 2r 7.3 NK 2). .9.1 NK2 2r 5.3 PK 2) 12.1 PK2 2JT 61.7 NPK 2) 27.7 NPK2 2) f t 30.8 NP2K 2)\u00C2\u00B0 0.2 NP2K2 2) 0.6 Blocks 11 623.6 56.69 ** Error 70 1147.1 16.38 Total 107 2852.3 100. TABLE l c Part A. Experiment 1. Chemical and physical analysis of check plot soil samples Check Plot Depth Ins. pH Organic Matter % Total N mg/g Exch. able P lb/ acre Each. CAP me/ 100g Exchangeable cations ^ lOOg Pei -cent Ca Mg K Sand Silt Clay 1 0 - 6 3.2 8 . 6 | 2 1 . 2 \" 2 1 . 8 0 . 8 1 0.12 0.31 2 n 5.2 7.7) 3 7 . 2 21.5 0 . 8 1 0.24 0.16 ) 3.11 3 tt 5.2 8 . 1 ) 4 4 . 3 ' 21.2 1.19 0.43 0 . 2 8 33.7 39.9 24.6 4 it 5.3 7.9) 56.5 2 0 . 8 1 . 1 6 0 . 1 8 0 . 2 8 TABLE Id. Part A. Experiment 1. Chemical analysis of tops; analysis of variance tables Nitrogen Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares F Treatment 7. 33.5 4.78 9.86 ** Replica 3. 5.8- 1.94 4.00 Error 21. 10.2 .49 Total 31. 49.5 Treatment 7. Phosphorous 1.7 .25 7.22 ** Replica 3. .7 .23 6.55 Error 21. .7 .03 Total 31. 3.2 101. Source of Variation Treatment Replica E rror Total TABLE 1 d (cont'd) Potassium df Stun of Squares 7. 3. 21. 31. 12.6 3.8 6.4 22.9 Mean Squares 1.80 1.27 .31 5.89 ** 4.15 Calcium Treatment Replica Error Total 7. 3. 21. 31. .5 1.4 .7 2.7 .07 .46 .03 2.15 13.41 Treatment Replica Error Total Magnesium 7. .4 3. .2 21. 1.7 31. 2.3 .06 .05 .08 .79 .67 TABLE le. Part A. Experiment 1. Chemical analysis of roots: analysis of variance tables 102. Source of Variation Treatment Replica Error Total Nitrogen df Sum of Squares Mean Squares 3. 3. 9. 15. 1.2 2.6 6.1 9.8 .40. .86 .67 F .59 1.28 Treatment 3\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Replica 3. Error 9. Total 15. Treatment 3. Replica 3. Error 9. Total 15. Treatment 3. Replica 3. Error 9. Total 15. Phosphorous .15 .09 .06 .2 Potassium .9 3.2 5.4 9.5 Calcium 1.1 2.9 1.2 5.2 .05 .03 .0066 .28 1.08 .60 .35 .98 .14 19.50 ** 11.75 .47 1.79 2.59 7.23 TABLE le (cont'd) 103. Source of Variation Treatment Replica Error r Total Magnesium df Sum of Squares Mean Squares 3. 3. 9. 15. .0 .1 .2 .4 .01 .04 .03 .23 1.39 104. TABLE 2.1a. Part A : Experiment 2,1. The effect of f e r t i l i z e r s on the dry weight and length of tops of 0 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Average per Plant. Treatment Length of Tops cm Dry Weight of Tops mg NoPoKo 4.5 90 NoPoKl 4.7 102 NoPoK2 4.2 91 : NoPIKo 4 .9 105 NoPlKl 4.5 98 NoFlK2 4 . 4 95 NoP2Ko 4.5 98 NoP2Kl 4.5 97 NoP2K2 4.7 98 NIPoKo 4.5 109 NlPoKL 4.6 97 NlPoK2 5.0 101 NIPIKo 5.1 111 N1P1K1 5.0 105 N1P1K2 4.6 98 N1P2K0 5.6 122 N1P2K1 4.9 1114 N1P2K2 4.8 107 N2PoKo 4.8 107 N2PoKL 4.5 95 N2PoK2 4.6 100 N2FlKo 5.1 118 N2P1KL 5.1 114 N2P1K2 4 .6 106 N2P2Ko 5.2 112 N2P2K1 5.4 123 N2P2K2 4.6 96 TABLE 2 . Ib. Part A : Experiment 2,1. Analysis of variance tables Length of tops Source of d f Sum of Squares Mean Squares Variation \u00E2\u0080\u0094 3 N 2 2.4679 1.2339 ** P 2 1.6990 .8495 * K 2 2.9513 1.2256 ** NP 2), .3946 NP2 2r .0802 NK 2). .0052 NK2 Zr .5690 PK 2) .1013 PK2 Zr .0985 NPK 2) .4467 NPK2 2) f i .0277 NP2K 2) .1202 NP2K2 2) .8267 Ca+Mg+B 1 7.79 7.79 ** Blocks 11 9.4185 .8562 ** Error 70 11.4184 .1631 Total 107 30.1252 TABLE 2. lb (cont'd) Dry Weight of Tops, Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares N P K 2 2 2 .7776 .4254 .5560 .3888 *.* .2127 ** .2780 ** NP NP2 Sr .1675 .0195 NK NK2 Sr .0021 .1931 .0965 PK PK2 .0137 .1384 NPK NPK2 NP2K NP2K2 2) f .0759 .0226 .0864 .1417 Ca+Mg+B 1 .8303 .8303 ** Blocks 11 1.8328 .172 ** Error 70 2.3830 .034 Total 107 6.8957 TABLE 2. Ic Part A: Experiment 2,1. Chemical and physical analysis of check plot s o i l samples Check Plot Depth Ins pH Organic Matter % Total N mg/g Exch-able & acre Exch CAP mie/ Exchangeable Cations m e/l00g 1957 100g Ca Mg K 1 0 - 8 5.3 9.4) 8.8 ) 31.3 21.8 4.66 0.25 0.26 2 it 5.2 21.2 23.8 3.79 1.06 0.24 3 tt 5.1 4.00 24.8 27.6 3.24 0.38 0.25 4 tt 5.2 9.1* 26.5 27.2 4.36 0.34 0.24 TABLE 2. H a 107. Part At Experiment 2, 2. 1 - 0 (1957). The effect of f e r t i l i z e r ap-plications to 0-0 seedlings, on their, dry weight, length and stem diameter during the next summer. Average per Plant Treatment Length of Tops cm Length of roots cm Diameter of stem Dry Weight of Tops mg Dry Weight of roots mg Total Dry Weight mg NoPIKo 13.33 20.38 2.3 696 311 1007 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 NoPoKL 14.57 20.38 2.3 736 331 1067 NoPoK2 12.62 19.01 2.2 609 256 865 NoPIKo 13.34 20.57 2.3 783 336 1119 NoPlKl 13.97 22.04 2.8 832 368 1200 NoPlK2 13.26 21.08 2.7 812 377 1189 NoP2Ko 13.74 19.99 2.2 694 307 1001 NoP2Kl 13.50 19.28 2.4 782 363 1175 NoP2K2 12.80 21.44 2.4 708 335 1043 NIPoKo 14.27 21.49 2 .5 887 408 1295 NlPoKL 12.48 22.21 2.2 753 312 IO65 NlPoK2 12.55 21.68 2 .4 737 340 1077 NIPIKo 14.65 20.36 2 .4 863 373 1236 N1P1KL \"14.37 20.79 2.1 755 348 1103 N1P1K2 13.20 19.82 2.2 777 353 1130 N1P2K\u00C2\u00A9 13.92 20.27 2 .3 873 407 1280 N1P2KL 14.00 21.57 2.3 724 313 1037 N1P2K2 14.38 22.36 2.4 901 398 1299 N2EoKo 13.56 20.60 2 .3 733 348 1081 N2PoKL 13.37 21.22 2 .4 755 309 1067 N2PoKo 14.49 22.73 2.4 897 384 1281 N2PlKo 13.50 19.25 2.3 826 367 1193 N2P1KL 13.54 20.33 2.3 722 342 1064 N2P1K2 12.72 22.52 2.3 722 354 1076 N2P2Ko 14.21 20.87 2.3 812 383 1195 N2P2K1 13.78 21.01 2 .4 918 431 1349 N2P2K2 14.02 20.00 2 .4 832 364 1196 108. TABLE 2, l i b . Part A : Experiment 2, 2. Analysis of variance tables. Length of Tops Source of Variation df Sums of Squares Mean Squares F N 2. 1.74 .87 .7 P 2. 2.21 1.11 .9 K 2. 4.92 2.46 1.9 NP 2. .73 .36 .3 NP\" 2. 8.79 4.39 3.4 NK 2. 7.68 3.84 3.0 NK\" 2. .38 .19 .1 PK 2. .84 .42 .3 PK\" 2. 1.70 .85 .7 KPK 2. 2.37 1.18 .9 NP\"K\" 2. 1.00 .50 .4 NP\"K 2. 3.78 1.89 1.5 NPK\" 2. 1.'85 .92 .7 Block 11. 80.16 7.29 5.7 Error 70. 89.95 1.28 Total 107. 208.09 109. TABLE 2 lib (cont'd) Length of roots Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares P N 2. 9.57 4.78 1.3 P 2. 2.45 1.23 .3 K 2. 11.08 5.54 1.5 NP 2. 6.96 3.48 1.0 NP\" 2. 21.76 10.88 3.0 NK 2. 1.15 .57 -.2 NK\" 2. 6.00 3.00 .8 PK 2. .00 .00 .0 PK\" 2. 3.71 1.86 . .5 NPK \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2. 4.40 2.20 -.6 NP\"K\" 2. 6.48 3.24 .9 NP\"K 2. 16.94 8.47 2.4 NPK\" 2. 2.15 1.07 .3 Block 11. 257*20 23.38 6.5 Ej,ror ?0. 250*29 3.57 Total 107. 600.12 110. TABLE 2, lib (cont'd) Diameter of Stem Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares P N 2. 2.35 1.18 .2 P '2. 3.18 1.59 .3 K 2. 1.46 .73 .1 NP 2. 17.57 8.79 1.7 NP\" 2. 17.02 8.51 1.7 NK 2. 13.46 6.73 1.3 NK\" 2. 15.02 7.51 1.5 PK 2. 1.79 .89 .2 PK\" 2. 10.35 5.18 1.0 NPK 2. 2.25 1.12 .2 NP\"K\" 2. 2.54 1.27 .3 NP\"K 2. 8.29 ' 4.14 .8 NPK\" 2. .29 .34 .0 Block 11. 433.18 39.38 7.8 Error 70. 355.54 5.08 Total 107. 884.30 111. TABLE 2, l i b (cont'd) Dry weight''of Tops Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares P N 2. 33.48 16.74 2.8 P 2. 14.57 7.28 1.2 K 2. \u00E2\u0080\u00A23.19 1.59 .3 NP 2. 23.68 11.84- 2.0 NP\" 2. 17.14 8.57- 1.5 NK 2. 34.86 17.43* 3.0 NK\" 2. 7.66 3.83 .6 PK 2. 3.68 1.84 .3 PK\" 2. 3.11 1.55 .3 NPK 2. 2.82 1.41-- .2 NP\"K\" 2. 1-1.90 5.95- 1.0 NP\"K 2. 8.57 4.28- .7 NPK\" 2. 9.32 4.66 .8 Block 11. 210.65 19.15 3.3 Error 70. 411.06 5.87-Total 107. 795.67 112. TABLE 2, l i b (cont'd) Dry Weight of Roots Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares F N 2. 7.71 3.86 2.5 P 2. 7.04 3.52 2.3 K 2. 1.09 .54 .3 NP 2. 4.78 2.39 1.6 NP\" 2. 1.01 .50 .3 NK 2. 7.50 3.75 2.5 NK\" 2. 4.41 2.21 1.4 PK 2. 1.56 .78 .5 PK\" 2. .61 .30 .2 NPK 2. .08 .04 .0 NP\"K\" 2. 1.12 156 .4 NP\"K 2. .67 .34 .2 NPK\" 2. 1.59 .79 .5 Block 11. 125.32 11.39 7.5 Error 70. 106.63 1.52 Total 107. 271.12 113. TABLE 2. l i b (cont'd) Total Dry Weight Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares P N 2. 72.02 36.01 2.9 P 2. 42.29 21.14 1.7 K 2. 7.72 3.86 .3 NP 2. 49.40 24.70 2.0 NP\" 2. 25.99 13.00 1.0 NK 2. 75.37 37.68 3.0 NK\" 2. 23.90 11.95 1.0 PK 2. 5.11 2.55 .2 PK\" 2. -5.11 2.55 .2 NPK 2. 3.77 1.89 .1 NP\"K\" 2.. 16.55 8.27 .7 NP\"K 2. 13.28 6.64 .5 NPK\" 2. 18.35 9.-18 .7 Block 11. 592.89 53.90 4.4 Error 70. 862.15 12.32 Total 107. 1813.92 114. TABLE 2. He Part A. Experiment 2, 2. Chemical and Physical analysis of check plot s o i l samples. Check Plot Depth Ins. pH Organic Matter % Total N mg/g Exch-able P Exch. CAP mie/ Exchangeable Ca-tions mfe/lOOg Percent 1958 l b / acre 100g Ca Mg K Sand S i l t e l a y 1 0 - 8 5.6 8.5) ) 9.2) ) 8. 1) ) 8.4) 29.4 4.43 0.16 0.22 2 3 tt tt 5.5 5.5 4.12 20.0 25.3 3.68 2.43 0.22 0.30 0.19 0.19 34.6 33.0 32.4 4 ti 5.6 22.6 3.24 0.09 0.24 1 1 5 . TABLE 3 . Ia Part A : Experiment 3 , 1 . Analysis of variance tables. Dry weight of tops. Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares. Treatment 9 7 . 0 4 6 . 7 8 3 * * Replica 5 0 . 1 7 2 Error 3 9 1 . 1 6 9 0 . 0 3 0 Total 5 7 8 . 3 8 7 Length of tops Treatment 9 4 5 . 4 5 0 5 . 0 5 0 * * Replica 5 0 . 0 7 5 Error 3 9 7 . 3 5 0 .188 Total 5 3 5 2 . 8 7 5 TABLE 3 . Ib Part A : Experiment 3> 1 . Chemical and physical analysis of check plot s o i l samples. Check Plot Depth Ins. pH Organic Matter Total W mg/g Exch-able Exch CAP me/ lOOg Exchangeable Cations me/lOOg 1 9 5 7 7\u00C2\u00B0 P l b / acre Ca Mg K 1 0 - 8 5 . 3 9 . 7 ) 2 1 . 2 2 5.8 3 . 7 3 0 . 1 6 0 . 2 2 2 5 . 1 1 0 . 5 ) 2 4.8 2 9 . 0 3 . 1 9 0 . 1 0 0 . 2 3 3 4 5 . 2 5 . 2 1 0 . 2 ) 9 . 4 \ 3 . 9 1 2 1 . 2 3 6 . 6 3 1 . 6 28 . 0 3 . 7 3 3 . 2 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 2 7 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 3 5 5 . 3 9 . 5 ) ,.,) 2 6 . 5 2 7 . 0 2 . 9 7 0 . 1 1 0 . 2 5 6 5 . 1 2 6 . 5 28 . 4 3.08 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 6 116. Part Source of Variation Treatment Replica Error r Total Treatment Peplica Error Total Treatment Replica Error Total TABLE 3. I l a . A : Experiment 3 } 2. Analysis of variance. Dry weight of roots df Sum of Squares Mean Squares F 8. 11.3 1.413 l . U 4. 1.7 .417 .33 32. 40.6 1.270 44. 53.6 Total dry weight 8. 254.7 31.831 2.99 * 4. 17.8 4.448 .42 32. 340.2 10.630 44. 612.6 Diameter of tops 8. 86.3 10.788 3.40 * * 4. 26.5 6.633 2.09 32. 101.5 3.170 44. 214.3 117. Source of Variation TABLE 3. Ha. (cont'd) Dry weight of tops df Sum of Squares Mean Squares P Treatment 8. 176.5 22.058 3.95 Replica 4 . 13.0 3.241 .58 Error 32. 178.9 5.591 Total 44. 368.3 Length of tops Treatment 8. 52.0 6.506 2.45 Replica 4 . 23.5 5.881 3.12 Error . 3 2 . 60.3 1.884 Total 44. 135.9 Length of roots Treatment 8. 15.6 1.954 .68 Replica 4 . 2.6 .645 .22 Error 32. 92.3 2.884 Total 44. 110.5 118. TABLE 3. l i b Part A Experiment 3, 2. Chemical and physical analysis of check plots s o i l samples. Check Plots 1958 Depth Ins. pH Organic Matter % Total N mg/ & Exch-able P l b / -acre Exch CAP me/ lOOg Exchangeable Ca-tions me/lOOg Percent Ca Mg K Sand S i l t Clay 1 0-8 5.5 9.1 26.6 3.06 0.13 0.19 2 4.8 9.8 26.6 2.56 0.18 0.24 3 5.0 9.3 28.0 3.00 0.23 0.24 35.1 33.0 31.9 4 5.3 9.1 24.0 3.24 0.34 0.19 5 5.4 8.8 24.0 2.31 0.15 0.27 6 5.4 9.5 20.0 2.25 0.24 0.22 TABLE 3. He Part A Experiment 3, 2. Analysis of organic f e r t i l i z e r s . pH Organic Matter Total N mg/g Exch-able P Exch CAP me/ lOOg Exchangeable Cations me/lOOg % l b / acre Ca Mg K Compost 6.4 9.8 6.36 373.0 25.83 14.23 8.22 1.83 Mushroom Manure 6.8 14.5 16.71 266.4 \u00C2\u00A35*09 42.43 14.57 ' 15.84 Peat 4.2 12.33 33.3 31.91 6.85 5.91 0.04 Sawdust 1 0.51 119. TABLE 5a. Part A. Experiment 5. The effect of f e r t i l i z a t i o n on the dry-weight, length and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seed-lings Average per plant Treatment Length of Tops cm Length of Roots cm Diameter of stem mm Dry Weight of tops mg Dry Weight of roots mg Total Dry Weight mg NoPo 15.03 22.11 2 .4 869 348 1217 NoPl 15.68 22.73 2 .7 936 359 1295 NoP2 16.58 23.14 2.8 1072 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 365 1437 NoP3 15.88 22.93 2.6 904 319 1223 NoP4 15.18 22.42 2.6 1174 457 1631 NlPo 18.96 23.97 2.9 1-347 474 1821 N1P1 18.85 22.63 2.9 1175 422 1597 N1P2 19.22 23.17 2.9 1313 409 1722 N 1 P 3 16.81 25.40 2.8 1158 469 1627 N1P4 19.43 24.39 3.2 1454 498 1952 N2Po 20.53 23.71 3.0 1459 487 1946 N2P1 19.79 22.69 3.3 1489 511 2000 N2P2 20.18 23.78 3.3 1538 511 2049 N2P3 20.99 24.92 3.2 1660 527 2187 N2P4 21.86 22.85 3.3 1570 485 2055 N3Po 18.43 22.08 3.0 1265 483 1748 N3P1 17.99 24.58 3.0 1440 516 1956 N3P2 17.91 22.47 3.1 1315 482 1797 N3P3 19.70 23.05 3.1 1556 568 2124 N3P4 20.05 23.68 3.3 1558 559 2147 N4Po 17.41 22.33 3.1 1329 457 1786 N4P1 17.36 22.24 3.1 1347 475 1815 N4P2 15.74 21.71 3.1 1138 432 1570 N4P3 18.01 21.93 3.1 1348 491 1839 N4P4 17.79 23.42 3.1 1504 569 2073 120. TABLE 5b. Part A : Experiment 5\u00C2\u00AB Analysis of variance tables. Length of tops Source of df Variation . \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Sum of Squares Mean Squares N P NP1 NP2 WP3 NP4 Blocks Error Total 4 4 4 4 4 4 19 56 99 279.05 12.07 8.10 10.34 13.00 29.80 215.76 72.49 627.61 69.76 3.01 2.03 2.57 3.25 7.43 11.36 1.29 54.7 2.52 5.76 ** 8.80 ** N 4 33.69 8.42 2.65 * P 4 10.03 NP1 4 1.17 NP2 4 21.94 5.49 1.7 NP3 4 9.20 NP4 4 8.09 Blocks 19 268.26 14.17 4.49 ** Error 56 177.79 3.17 Total 99 531.17 TABLE 5b (cont'd) 121. Dry Weight of Roots . df Sum of Squares Mean Square P Variation \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ~~ N 4 127.91 31.98 26.00 P 4 21.69 5.42 4.40 NP1 4 3.19 NP2 4 8.52 2.13 NP3 4 12.92 3.23 2.63 M?4 4 25.84 6.46 5.25 Blocks 19 46.15 2.45 Error 56 68.78 1.23 Total 99 315.00 Total Dry Weight N 4 1830.88 457.72 14.70 P 4 356.28 89.07 2.86 NP1 4 63.85 NP2 4 98.03 NP3 4 93.14 NP4 4 24.27 Blocks 19 1108.61 58.34 1.86 Error 56 1743.08 31.13 Total 99 5318.16 Diameter of tops N 4 4.01 1.00 13.5 P 4 0.00 NP1 4 0.02 NP2 4 0.53 NP3 4 0.22 NP4 4 0.29 Blocks 19 2.32 0.122 1.64 Error 3$ 4.16 Total 99 11.26 TABLE 5b (cont'd) 122. Dry Weight of Tops. Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Square P N 4 1113.95 278.49 12.51 P 4 176.79 44.20 2.00 NP1 4 47.32 NP2 4 39.45 -MP3 4 48.02 NP4 4 17.29 -Blocks 19 483.74 25.46 Error 56 1246.46 22.25 Total 99 3171.02 IEABLE 5c. Part A. Experiment 5. Chemical and physical analysis of check plot soil samples. Check Plot Depth Ins. pH Organic Matter % Total N mg/ gm Exch-able P lb/ acre Exch. CAP me/ 100g Exchangeable Ca-tions. me/lOOg Percent Ca Mg K Sand Silt Clay 1 0 - 6 5.4 8.3) 35.9 24.4 1.74 0.32 2 0 - 6 5.5 8.4< 3.61 57.3 23.4 2.50 0.29 0.22 3 0 - 6 5.4 9.5) 30.6 25.1 1.80 0.16 0.30 37.8 29.0 33.2 4 0 * 6 5.3 8.9) 30.6 ' 25.1 1.80 0.16 0.34 TABLE 6a. 12#. ffart A. Experiment 6. Analysis of variance tables. Total dry weight Source of Variation \u00E2\u0080\u0094 df Sum of Squares Treatment 11. 2902.8 Replica 5. 579.1 Error 55. 2576.4 Total 71. 6058.3 Mean Squares F 263.886 5.63 115.818 2.47 46.843 * Dry weight of roots Treatment 11. 243.1 22.096 Replica 5. 83.4 16.682 Error 55. 330.1 6.002 Total 71. 656.6 3.68 ** 2.78 * Dry weight of tops Treatment 11. 1582.0 143.818 Replica 5. 288.0 57.599 Error 55. 1357.5 24.682 Total 71. 3227.5 5.82 2.33 Diameter of stem Treatment . 11. 417.3 , 37.934 Replica 5. 154.9 30.988 Error 55. 357.7 6.503 Total 71. 929.9 5.83 ** 4.76 ** 124. Source of Variation Treatment Replica Error Total TABLE 6a (cont'd) Lenfeth of roots df Sum of Squares 11. 52.9 5. 27.8 55. 248.4 71. 329.1 Mean Squares 4.809 5.553 4.516 1.06 1.23 Length of tops Treatment 11. 327.8 29.803 6.66 ** Replica 5. 163.8 32.768 7.32 ** Error 55. 246.2 4.476 Total 71. 737.9 TABLE 6b. Part A. Experiment 6. Chemical and physical analysis of check plot soil samples. Check Plot Depth Ins. pH Organic Matter % Total N nig// gm Exch-able P Exch CAP me/ Exchangeable Ca tions.me/lOOg Percent lb/ acre 100g Ca Mg K Sand Silt Clay 1 0-6 5.5 8.9) 75.9 21.98 2.68 0.18 0.42 2 5.3 8.6? 79.9 23.00 2.43 0.33 0.34 3 5.6 8.2) 51.9 22.72 2.31 0.37 0.34 36.2 31.0 32.8 4 5.3 9.7 4.00 54.61 26.13 2.01 0.22 0.38 5 5.4 8.7) ,3j 58.60 23.40 2.00 0.21 0.35 6 it 5.4 49.30 25.24 2 .31 0.13 0.38 TABLE 7a. 125. Part A : Experiment 7. Analysis of variance tables. Length of tops Sum of Squares Source of Variation Treatment Replica Error Total df 19. 5. 95. 119. 17.65 5.78 29.63 51.06 Mean Squares .9289 .7561 .3119 F 2.98 ** 2.42 * Dry weight of tops Treatment 19. 21.52 Replica 5. 5.28 Error 95. 38.90 Total 119. 65.70 1.1324 1.0560 .4095 2.76 ** 2.58 * TABLE 7b. Part A. Experiment 7. Chemical and Physical analysis of check plot soil samples. Check Plot Depth Ins. pH Organic Matter % Total N mg/ Exch-able P Exch. CAP me/ Exchangeable Ca-tions. m.e/l00g Percent gm lb/ acre 100g Ca Mg K Sand Silt Clay 1 G - 6 6.0 7.4) 34.6 20.56 4.31 0.64 0.45 2 5.9 7.4J 7 . D 7 . 4 8.1) -1 36.0 20.77 4.37 O.36 0.27 3 5.9 273.4 41.3 20.32 4.00 0.51 0.32 32.3 32.0 35.7 4 5.8 48.0 21.51 3.87 0.46 0.27 5 6.0 50.6 23.26 4.56 0.54 0.26 6 5.8 36.0 21.77 4.62 0.49 0.30 TABLE 8a. 126. Part D. Experiment 8. The effect of f e r t i l i z a t i o n on dry-weight, length and stem diameter of Douglas f i r seedlings in the greenhouse. Average per plant Treatment Length of tops cm Length of roots cm Diameter of stem mm Dry Weight of tops rogm Dry Weight of roots mgm Total Dry Weight mgm NoPoK 18.60 47.3 2.9 1490 888 2378 NoPIKo 14.20 51.1 2.6 1186 858 2044 NoP2Ko 18.50 48.2 3.1 1432 1004 2436 NoP3Ko 20.00 42.3 3.2 1570 866 2436 NoP4Ko 17.20 51.7 3.3 1356 858 2214 NoPoKL 16.55 46.4 2.9 1222 736 1958 NoPlKL 20.70 51.9 3.1 1438 1082 2620 NoP2Kl 18.60 48.0 2.8 1406 1004 2410 NoP^Kl 18.50 43.4 2.9 1398 798 2196 NoP4KL 16.60 46.8 2.9 1408 892 2300 NoPoK2 22.20 a.3 3.0 1348 712 2060 NoPlK2 18.70 47.8 3.2 1383 860 2243 NoP2K2 15.70 52.5 2.8 1340 786 2126 NoP3K2 24.00 57.9 2.9 1848 1138 2986 NoP4K2 18.50 53.4 2.9 1240 832 2072 N I P 0 K 0 14.20 45.7 2.7 998 740 1738 KIPIKo 17.50 49.2 3.1 1360 942 2302 NlP2Ko 17.40 51.3 3.1 1315 962 2177 N I P 3 K 0 18.70 51.9 3.0 1378 956 2334 N I P 4 K 0 20.90 52.3 3.1 1586 920 2506 NlPoKL 12.50 4 8 . 9 2.6 766 792 1558 N1P1KL 14.60 54.0 2.9 910 804 1714 N1P2K1 12.30 42.4 2.8 824 734 1558 . N1P3K1 16.90 53.5 2.8 910 876 1786 N1P4KL 17.80 52.5 2.9 1262 914 2176 NlPoK2 11.90 45.4 2 .5 776 662 1446 N1P1K2 13.90 46.3 2 .5 866 770 I636 TABLE 8a (cont'd) 127. Treatment Length of tops cm Length of roots cm Diameter of stem mm Dry Weight of tops mgm Dry Weight of roots mgm Total Dry Weight mgm N1P2K2 14.00 52.3 2.7 942 716 1658 N1P3K2 15.20 43.0 2.7 1056 842 1898 N1F4K2 18.40 41.3 2.8 1252 840 2092 N2PoKo 10.90 46.4 2.2 694 478 1172 N2P1KO 13.80 40.7 2.5 814 714 1528 N2P2KO 12.70 39.7 2.8 846 678 1524 N2P3Ko 17.40 48.0 2.9 1214 820 2034 N2PAJCo 16.60 49.8 3.0 1228 948 2176 N2PoKl 12.50 43.5 2.9 804 656 1460 N2P1K1 16.70 40.2 2.7 980 716 I696 N2P2K1 11.50 41.9 2.6 902 554 1456 N2P3K1 12.50 45.1 2.8 912 732 1644 N2P4K1 11.00 47.4 2.6 604 508 1112 N2PoK2 11.80 40.7 2.4 740 586 1326 N2P1K2 11.00 45.1 2.5 678 582 1260 N2P2K2 12.80 42.5 3.0 828 720 1548 N2P3K2 12.80 42.3 2.7 906 740 I646 N2P4K2 13.60 52.9 2.9 1072 920 1992 N3PoKo 10.60 49.1 2.5 692 578 1270 N3PlKo 11.70 47.9 2.9 772 866 1638 N3P2Ko 10.50 42.6 2.1 628 480 1108 N3P3K0 9.65 40.8 2.3 572 498 1070 N3P4KO 14.35 a.8 2.7 1002 586 1659 N3P0KI 11.70 37.6 2.6 1020 566 1586 N3P1K1 13.10 45.3 3.0 826 758 1584 N3P2K1 9.70 49.0 2.3 608 654 1262 N3P3K1 9.90 41.3 2.5 650 508 1158 N3P4K1 12.40 44.5 2.8 794 694 1488 N3FoK2 10.40 48.0 2.2 634 464 1098 W3PP2 9.60 42.3 2.4 614 588 1200 128 TABLE 8a (cont'd) Treatment Length of tops cm Length of roots cm Diameter of stem mm Dry Weight of tops mgm Dry Weight of roots mgm Total Dry Weight mgm N3P2K2 13.30 42.4 2.6 830 796 1626 N3P3K2 10.00 44.5 2.5 662 736 1398 N3P4K2 11.30 45.6 2.7 804 728 1432 MiPoKo 8.20 38.9 2.0 440 346 786 N4P1KO 7.70 43.9 2.2 459 437 896 S4P2KO 8.90 39.0 2.1 ' 476 420 896 N4P3Ko 11.20 38.0 3.0 750 696 1046 N4P4Ko 11.60 42.1 2.7 646 544 1180 N4PoKL 8.20 43.4 2.5 450 438 880 N4P1KL 9.80 43.1 2.3 600 496 1096 N4P2KL 9.90 39.8 2.2 668 518 1186 N4P3K1 8.50 36.4 2.1 436 334 770 N4P4KL 13.20 46.8 2.5 762 588 1350 N4PoK2 10.50 42.8 2.8 642 630 1272 N4P1K2 9.90 39.8 2.3 540 456 996 N4P2K2 ' 9.40 44.3 2.4 547 450 997 N4P3K2 10.20 53.3 2.9 624 535 1159 N4P4K2 10.10 43.2 2.7 700 598 1298 TABLE 8b. 1 2 9 Part D. Experiment 8. Analysis of variance table. Source of Variation df Sum of Squares Mean Squares P Replication 1 19.66 19.66 1.73 Blocks within reps. 8 35.96 4 . 5 0 N 4 1398.11 349 .52 30.88 P 4 89.24 2 2 . 3 1 1.97 K 2 9.65 4.83 PK 8 91*65 11.46 NK \u00E2\u0080\u00A28 84.01 1 0 . 5 0 NP conf. 16 146.14 9 . 1 3 NPK \" 3 2 109.46 3.42 Error 66 747.18 11 . 3 2 Total 149 2731.06 Length of roots Reps. 1 140.55 140.6 Blocks 8 200.34 2 5.0 N 4 3.78 P 4 155 .72 : - 1 3.9 K 2 . 1 3 . 2 9 PK 8 207 . 2 3 2 5.9 NK 8 300 .13 37.5 NP(conf) 16 151.30 NPK \" 3 2 1326.70 41.4 2 4 9 9.04 Error 66 4346.2 6 5.8 Total 149 6845.2 95 TABLE 8b (cont'd) Source of Variation Diameter of tops df Sum of Squares Mean Squares F Reps. 1 .16 Blocks 8 .57 N 4 5.18 - 1.29 P 4 1.20 K 2 .07 PK 8 1.13 NK 8 1.24 NP (Conf) 16 5.70 NPK \" 32 2.47 17.72 Error 66 382.6 5.7 Total 149 400.3 Dry weight of tops Reps. 1 .2480 Blocks 8 6.1923 N 4 304.5753 76.14 46.42 P 4 19.5055 4.88 2.97 K 2 6.4805 3.24 PK 8 9.1160 NK 8 20.4286 NP(conf.) 16 190.7644 11.92 7.26 NPK \" 32 37.6843 594.9949 595.00 Error 66 108.36 1.64 Total 149 703.36 4.72 TABLE 8b (cont'd) 131. Dry Weight of roots Source of df Variation \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Sum of Squares Mean Squares P Reps Blocks N P K PK NK NP (Conf.) NPK 11 Error Total 1 8 4 4 2 8 8 16 32 66 149 .5186 1.3783 72.7607 9.0091 .5356 5.5607 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 4.2508 7.4969 22.4432 123.9539 -407.26 531.22 18.1901 2.94 6.17 Total Dry Weight Reps 1 5.6425 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 5.6425 Blocks 8 11.7917 N 4 691.8118 172.9529 P 4 47.0435 11.7608 K 2 7.3169 PK 8 26.7822 NK 8 39.5118 NP(Conf) 16 . 34.8054 NPK 11 32 117.7997 3.6849 . 982.5055 Error 66 261.0926 3.9559 Total 149 1243.5981 8.3462 43.7202 ** 2.9729 132 TABLE 8c. Part D. Experiment 8. Chemical and physical analysis of s o i l . Depth Ine. pH Organic Matter Total N mg/g Exch-able \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 P ', Exch. CAP I8& Exchangeable Ca-tions me/lOOg Percent 7\u00C2\u00B0 I V acre Ca Mg K Sand S i l t Clay 4.7 9.1 3.65 10.8 23.7 1.19 0.80 0.23 38.7 33.3 28.0 TABLE 9a 133 Part E. Experiment 9. Effect of different s o i l moisture tensions on the dry weight, length and stem diameter of 1-0 Douglas f i r seedlings. Plot No. Integrated Tension atm. Average Per Plant Dry Weight Length Diameter mm L 0.2 L 0.7 Dry Tops gr Roots gr Total gr Tops cm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2toots cm 1 0.11 1.64 0.45 2.09 24.8 28.0 3.3 4 0.12 1.69 0.56 2.25 21.9 25.3 3.0 7 0.13 1.83 0.42 2.25 26.5 28.8 3.6 10 0.11 2.29 0.60 2.89 26.0 25.5 3.5 13 0.11 1.43 0.35 1.78 25.3 24.9 3.0 16 0.14 1.53 0.42 1.95 21.3 25.3 3.1 2 0.33 1.21 0.48 1.69 18.4 25.0 2.7 5 0.32 2.19 0.65 2.84 27.3 25.4 3.3 8 0.34 1.35 0.47 1.82 19.9 24.7 2.9 11 0.31 1.93 0.67 2.60 22.3 25.2 3.3 14 0.35 1.21 0.37 1.58 25.1 25.3 2.5 17 0.32 1.69 0.47 2.16 22.7 26.9 3.5 3 4 . 4 1.23 0.40 1.63 18.0 25.0 3.1 6 4.9 1.49 0.57 2.06 14.7 24.2 2.9 9 6.3 0.96 0.34 1.30 16.7 25.5 2.8 12 3.5 1.10 0.41 1.51 17.7 23.9 3.2 15 6.5 0.67 0.27 0.54 14.4 24.1 2.3 18 3.8 1.21 0.49 1.70 16.3 22.4 2.6 TABLE 9b. Part E. Experiment 9. Analysis of variance tables. 134. Source of Variation Treatment Replica Error Total Length of tops. df Sum of Squares 2. 5. 10. 17. 213.3 7.7 80.6 301.6 Mean Squares 106.65 1.53 8.06 13.23 .19 Length of roots. Treatment Replica Error Total 2. 5. 10. 17. 13.5 7.0 15.6 36.1 6.77 1.40 1.56 4.34 .89 Diameter of stem Treatment 2. .6 .28 3.52 Replica 5. .9 .17 2.13 Error 10. .8 .08 Total 17. 2.2 135. TABLE 9b (cont'd) Source of Variation Treatment Replica Error Total Dry weight of tops df Sum of Squares 2. 5. 10. 17. 1667.9 1360.4 811.0 3839.3 Mean Squares P 833.94 10.28 272.08 3.35 81.10 Dry weight of roots Treatment 2. 41.7 20.85 Replica 5. 181.8 36.36 Error 10. 36.7 3.67 Total 17. 260.2 5.68 9.90 Total dry weight Treatment 2. 2109. Replica 5. 2523. Error 10. 1048. Total 17. 5680 1054.5 504.6 104.8 10.06 4.81 TABLE 9c 136. Part E. Experiment 9. Some physical properties of the soil used in the irrigation experiment. SITE 1. Percent moisture at different soil moisture tensions Depth Apparent Density Total Pore Space % M:acro Pore Space % Micro Pore Space % 40 cm 80 cm 1 atm 1 atm I atm 4 atm 6 atm 5 ins. 0.84 67.2 24.2 43.0 50.8 47.1 40.1 29.8 25.8 21.6 19.81 10 ins. 0.90 66.2 10.1 56.1 55.8 53.1 52.7 31.4 25.4 24.6 21.50 15 ins. 1.04 .58.8 9.6 79.2 46.9 43.2 36.2 27.6 22.8 21.6 15.41 SITE 11. 5 ins 0.90 65.6 18.8 46.8 51.2 47.4 41.5 31.5 25.1 24.3 21.2 10 ins 1.00 63.9 4.2 59.7 60.0 56.9 51.8 29.5 24.4 22.9 20.7 15 ins 1.22 41.9 5.4, 35.5 a.9 38.8 31.9 20.5 16.9 15.7 13.5 AVERAGE OP TWO SITES 5 ins 0.87 66.4 21.5 44.9 51.0 47.3 40.8 30.7 25.5 23.0 20.5 10 ins 0.95 65.1 7.2- 57.9 57.9 55.0 52.3 30.5 24.9 23.8 21.1 15 ins 1.13 50.4 7.5 42.4 44.4 41.0 33.8. 24.1 19.9 18.2 14.5 137. T A B L E 9d. Part E. Experiment 9. Chemical analysis of check plot s o i l samples. Check Depth pH Organic Matter Total N Exchr able Exch CAP Exchangeable me/LOOc Cations Plot Ins, % mg/g P l b / acre me/ lOOg Ca Mg K 1 0 - 6 4.9 8.2) ) 8.5) ) 8.6j 8.4) ) 8.0| 21.3 24.17 1.81 0.39 0.29 2 4.8 30.6 23.52 1.93 0.35 0.30 3 4 4.7 4.8 3.24 25.3 22.6 24.46 25.08 2.24 2.06 0.25 0.64 0.30 0.27 5 4.8 36.0 20.25 1.43 0.30 0.27 6 4.9 8.7) 25.3 23.00 2.31 0.32 0.32 T A B L E 9e. Part E. Experiment 9. Mechanical analysis ofl s o i l samples. Site Depth Inches Sand % S i l t % Clay % I 5 45.0 26.7 28.3 10 37.4 31.2 31.4 15 43.6 29.5 26.9 II 5 36.8 35.0 28.2 10 38.4 32.6 29.0 15 42.3 37.4 20.3 TABLE 10a. 138 Experiment 10. Dry weight and length of Douglas f i r seedlings. Average per seedling. Date of Sampling Days Since June 4 1957 Mgm Cm Wt. of tops Wt. of roots Wt. of Plants Length of tops Length of roots June 4,1957 0 0 July 18,1957 44 13 Sept.4,1957 92 52 19 ' 71 4 . 4 ' 11.4 Oct.5,1957 123 77 35 112 4.4 13.8 Nov. 9,1957 x157 86 54 140 4.2 15.4 Dec.18,1957 197 90 59 149 4.2 15.6 Feb. 18,1958 257 89 63 152 4.1 16.6 Apr. 9,1958 307 127 74 201 4.8 16.2 May. 6,1958 334 240 81 321 7.1 18.4 May 19, 1958 347 356 91 447 8.8 20.0 June 10, 1958 369 645 158 803 11.8 23.2 July 1, 1958 390 1000 220 1220 15.8 28.2 Aug. 2,1958 422 1560 570 2130 19.6 33.4 Aug. 30,1958 450 2390 790 3180 21.3 39.8 Oct. 4 , 1958 484 2610 1080 3690 22.6 41.9 Nov. 6, 1958 516 2520 1000 3520 20.7 39.3 Dec. 15, 1958 555 2550 1020 3570 22.6 40.8 139 TABLE 10 b . Experiment 10. Mineral composition of Douglas f i r seedling tops. N P K Ca Mg Date of Sampling mg/ plant mg/ planjb mg/ plant mg/ plant ng/ plant June 4,1957 - - - - - - - - -July 18, 1957 0.484 3.73 0.064 0.49 0.111 0.85 0.022 0.17 0.030 0.23 Sept. 4, 1957 1.100 2.12 0.046 0.09 0.413 0.80 0.228 0.44 0.056 0.11 Oct. 5, 1957 2.136 2.77 0.113 0.15 0.608 0.80 0.392 0.51 0.082 0.11 Nov. 9, 1957 2.590 3.01 0.148 0.17 0.611 0.71 0.485 0.56 0.110 0.13 Dec. 18, 1957 2.723 3.02 0.195 0.22 0.585 0.65 0.410 0.47 0.112 0.13 Feb. 18, 1958 2.718 3.05 0.186 0.21 0.547 0.62 0.480 0.54 0.119 0.13 Apr. 9, 1958 4.056 3.19 0.485 0.38 0.972 0.77 0.610 0.48 0.198 0.16 May, 6 1958 6.254 2.61 0.770 0.32 2.376 0.99 0.835 0.35 0.297 0.12 May 19,1958 7.230 2.03 0.925 0.26 3.916 1.10 1.025 0.29 0.477 0.13 June 10, 1958 10.48 1.63 1.316 0.20 5.579 0.87 2.218 0.34 0.877 0.14 July 1, 1958 15.69 1.57 2.040 0.20 9.400 0.54 3.300 0.33 1.220 0.12 Aug. 2,1958 19.28 1.24 2.808 0.18 14.35 0.92 4.992 0.32 2.278 0.15 Aug. 30,1958 30.83 1.29 4.302 0.18 21.98 0.92 7.170 0.30 3.489 0.15 Oct. 4, 1958 32.80 1.26 7.099 0.27 22.97 0.88 9.135 0.35 4.124 0.16 Nov. 6,1958 34.20 1.36 6.149 0.24 23.94 0.95 8.064 0.32 3.679 0.15 Dec. 15, 1958 35.47 1.39 6.222 0.24 20.55 0.81 8.415 0.33 3.723 0.15 140. TABLE 10c. Experiment 10. Mineral composition of Douglas f i r seedling roots. N I i K Ga Mg Date of Sampling mg/ Plant % Plant pfant plant % mg/. Plant % June 4, 1957 July 18, 1957 Sept. 4 , 1957 0.290 1.53 0.025 0.13 0.161 0.85 0.094 0.50 0.028 0.15 Oct. 5, 1957 0.681 1.95 0.054 0.15 0.219 0.63 0.094 0.50 0.041 0.12 Nov. 9, 1957 1.119 2.07 0.114 0.21 0.419 0.78 0.201 0.37 0.042 0.08 Dec. 18, 1957 1.315 2.23 O.C99 0.17 0.330 O.56 0.276 0.47 0.060 0.10 Feb. 18, 1950 1.589 2.52 0.146 0.23 0.393 0.63 0.260 0.41 0.052 0.08 Apr. 9, 1958 1.918 2.59 0.179 0.24 0.540 0.73 0.253 0.34 0.091 0.12 May 6, 1958 1.884 2.33 0.160 0.20 0.591 0.73 0.277 0.34 0.104 0.13 May 19, 1958 1.664 1.81 0.169 0.18 0.742 0.82 0.305 0.34 0.226 0.25 June 10, 1958 2.324 1.47 0.242 0.15 1.106 0.70 0.569 0.36 0.180 0.11 July 1, 1958 3.267 1.49 0.306 0.14 1.342 0.61 0.845 0.38 0.473 0.22 Aug. 2, 1958 5.170 0.91 0.861 0.15 3.648 0.64 2.223 0.39 0.484 0.09 Aug. 30, 1958 5.988 0.76 1.011 0.13 4.582 0.58 3.081 0.39 0.387 0.05 Oct. 4, 1958 8.564 0.79 1.630 Q.15 5.616 0.52 4.320 0.40 0.259 0.03 Nov. 6, 1958 9.680 0.97 1.860 0.19 5.400 0.54 4.200 0.42 0.490 0.05 Dec. 15, 1958 9.300 0.91 1.713 0.17 5.508 0.54 4.692 0.46 0.867 0.09 TABLE lOd. Experiment 10. Chemical and physical analysis of the s o i l Depth Ins, pH Organic Matter % Total N mg/g Exch-able P Exch CAP me/ lOOg Exchangeable Ca-tions me/lOOg Percent l b / acre Ca Mg K Sand S i l t Clay 0-8 5.9 6.1 2.49 110.6 11.05 3.68 0.25 0.19 65.3 19.1 15.6 TABLE 11. va. Monthly Precipitation and Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperatures at the Green Timbers Porest Nursery. ons inches Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr; May June J u l . Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. 1956 8.04 4.90 5.06 4.30 0.42 6.91 0.56 2.01 3.79 13.02 4.54 8.63 1957 2.97 5.88 6.49 3.90 1.59 3.69 3.29 2.09 1.42 3.29 4.61 14.93 1958 11.35 3.40 2.70 2.91 1.50 1.97 0.00 1.88 1.75 7.18 9.55 9.56 10 year Average 8.26 6.18 5.65 3.43 2.19 3.00 1.77 2.13 2.64 6.98 9.46 8.97 Maximum Temperature 1956 1957 1958 39.1 32.6 44.1 36.8 39.5 48.3 46.2 47.5 49.5 5.71 5.45 56.7 65.4 65.1 69.4 59.7 65.9 72.0 75.1 67.1 80.9 71.3 70.1 76.2 62.7 72.1 66.4 54.3 56.4 56.5 44.7 46.2 47.6 39.9 40.0 44.8 10 year Average 35.7 40.5 45.0 52.6 60.7 63.1 69.3 69.5 65.3 54.2 45.3 43.4 Minimum Temperature F 1956 1957 1958 29.7 18.7 35.1 27.1 26.9 37.1 30.5 34.1 32.0 34.9 38.2 36.1 40.7 46.5 44.0 45.7 47.4 53.3 50.7 48.5 54.9 50.5 50.4 51.5 44.6 47.5 47.3 41.3 37.8 41.6 32.1 32.5 32.6 32.6 33.9 35.1 10 year Average 24.9 29.1 30.2 34.5 40.5 45.4 48.5 48.7 44.5 39.2 33.7 34.0 142. TABLE 12. Monthly Precipitation and Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperatures at the University of Br i t i s h Columbia. Maximum Temperature. \u00C2\u00B0p . Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr; May Tune July Aug. Sept. Dot. Nov. Dec. 1957 1958 46.7 49.9 49.7 54.6 65.6 59.4 75.5 72.0 68.3 62.9 55.9 56.1 46.5 47.0 46.2 45.7 Minimum Temperature. \u00C2\u00B0P 1957 1958 39.3 41.5 38.7 41.9 51.2 57.3 60.7 57.6 54.6 52.5 44.9 46.2 38.8 37.3 37.9 38.5 Pre cipitation. inch es 1957 1958 11.75 5.77 2.86 3.04 1.72 1 . 6 1 - 1 . 8 6 1 J L 6 3.24 3.67 6.72 APPENDIX II 143. Equation used for the calculation of the \"Integrated Meam So i l Moisture Tension\". Taylor (95) proposed the following equation f o r the calculation of the mean integrated s o i l moisture tension, m 1 _ i=o j=o (di+1 - di) T i j Tpm = . m 1 ^_ (di + H - di) 1 = number of depth. m = number of times readings were taken j = single time T i j = moisture tension at time i and depth j di = day of the year observation i was made In above equation the seasonal mean value is calculated using the maximum value of the interval d i + 1 - d i . Under most practical conditions this i s not jus t i f i e d and McNab Miller (63) has proposed the use of the mean s o i l moisture tension of a measurement interval d i + 1 - di in the equation. This suggestion was adopted i n this study. m 1 \u00C2\u00A3 ^ (Tti + 1 ).i + Ti.j) Tpm = i = o J=o ( 2 ) ( di + 1 - di) m 1 (di+1 - di) 1 - o 144. S t a t i s t i c a l analysis of a p a r t i a l l y confounded 5 x 5 x 3 f a c t o r i a l experiment, replicated two times. Levels of N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 * 0, 40, 80, 160, 320 lbs/acre Levels of P 0 , 40, 80, 160, 320 lbs/acre Levels of K 0, 60, 120 lbs/acre Each replicate i s subdivided into 5 blocks. The NP and NPK effects are p a r t i a l l y confounded. Let u^ -jk^ m denote the observation i n the mth block of the 1th replication which has the i t h level of N, the j t h level of P, the kth level of K. i = 0 , 1, 2, 3, 4 1 = 1, 2 j = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 m = 0, l , 2, 3, 4 k = 0, 1, 2 Use\"T with the appropriate subscript to denote sums. The sum is over any subscript which has been replaced by a dot. 1 4 5 . Source of variation df Sum of Squares 2 Replications 1 S 2 1 Blocks within replications 8 S N 4 S' m(l) 2 i 2 P 4 S J K 2 S 2 PK ' 8 S2. Jk NK 8 S 2 lk NP (partially confounded) . 1 6 ' S. 2 NPK (partially confounded) 3 2 ' S i j k 2 Error 66 S x o Total 1 4 9 S 2 The f i r s t 7 sums of squares and the total sum of squares can be computed in the usual way as i n non confounded experiments. S 2 _ ^ \" \u00C2\u00A3 \u00C2\u00A3 - \u00C2\u00A3 2 _ _ _ 1 J _ 2 1 m ijklm 1 5 0 1 i j k 1 5 0 s2 - i \u00C2\u00A3 J . 2 i - i _ L 2 b l \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 7 5 i T \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * - L * 1 5 0 T \u00C2\u00AB S 2 = 1 ^ \u00C2\u00A3 , 2 -j m(l) 1 5 1 m T ...lm \u00C2\u00B1\u00E2\u0080\u009E -. \"f 2 i 7 P j. 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 x \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 146. i 30 1 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 150 T < s2 s 2 = I < 4.2 . _ 1 12 j 30 J * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 1 5 0 f\"\u00C2\u00AB 2 = 1 ^ 4 - 2 , k 50 k 1 , x ' 1 * ^ _ L 2 - 1 \u00C2\u00A3 j j > _ 1 ^ J - 2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2JK\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB 30 i I \u00C2\u00BBJ\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BB 50 k 1 jk = y Q j k T * J K \" 3 j I 5 1 150 1 * S 2 = 1 ^ ^ 1 2 - 1 ^ - 1 2 - 1 \u00C2\u00A3 . 1 2 ik 10 1 k T i.k.. 30 i T 1 . . . . -^Q k \"T..k.. confounded will be stated later. A sum of squares with several degrees of freedom can be broken up into component sums of squares, each with 1 degree of freedom. In our case NP has 16 degrees of freedom so that a total of 16 components exist. We shall break the NP sum of squares into 4 components each having 4 degrees of freedom i.e. consisting of 5 sums or \"levels\". The 4 components are denoted W, X, Y, Z. Wo, Wl, W2, W3, W4 are the 5 \"levels\" of W similarly Xo, XI, X2, X3, X4 are r \"levels\" of X etc., 147. The levels of W, X, Y, Z can be deriived formally by the follow-ing method. No Nl N2 N3 N4 Po (1111) (2222) (3333) (4444) (5555.). PI (2345) (3451) (4512) (5123) (1234) P2 (3524) (4135) (5421) (1352) (2413) P3 (4253) (5314) (1425) (2531) (3142) P4 (5432) (1543) (2154) (3215) (4321) W: 00+14+23+32+ 4 1 wo 01 + 10 + 24 + 33 + 42 wl 0 2 + 1 1 + 2 0 + 3 4 + 4 3 w2 03 + 12 + 21 + 30 + 44 w3 04 + 13 + 22 + 31 + 40 w4 The symbols 00 = NoPo and 14 = N1P1 etc. the order NP is always the same. In the table above the number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, refer to levels of W, X, Y, Z. In each bracket the first digit refers to W the second to X the third to Y and the fourth to Z. It is therefore possible to derive a l l levels of a l l components from the table. 148. 00 + 13 + 21 + 34 + 42 yo 02 + 10 + 23 + 31 + 44 yi 04 + 12 + 20 + 33 + 41 y2 01 + 14 + 22 + 30 + 43 y3 03 + 11 + 24 + 32 + 40 y4 00 + 12 + 24 + 31 + 43 xo 03 + 10 + 22 + 34 + 41 xi 01 + 13 + 20 + 32 + 44 x2 04 + 11 + 23 + 30 + 42 x3 02 + 14 + 21 + 33 + 40 x4 00 + 11 + 22 + 33 + 44 zo 04 + 10 + 21 + 32 + 43 z1 03 + 14 + 20 + 31 + 42 z2 02 + 13 + 24 + 30 + 41 z3 01 + 12 + 23 + 34 + 40 z4 Let denote the sum of the observations in the 1th replica-tion which have the kth level of K and one of the i j combinations of NP which oonstitute W^ . Suppose we have 5 levels of some component such as W or X. There are 4 independent contrast and a corresponding 4 degrees of freedom. 149. Let w^. stand for The contrasts are Divisor linear A, = \u00E2\u0080\u0094 2W^ - W. + W, + 2w. 10 1 o 1 3 4 quadratic = 2Wq - w^ - 2w2 - w^ + 2w^ ^ cubic A , = - W + 2w, - 2w2 + W. 10 3 o 1 3 4 quartic A^ = WQ - 4 ^ + 6w2 - 4w^ + 70 Other sets of independent contrast are possible. If we use W \u00E2\u0080\u00A2....WL1- then we would denote the contrasts by OKJ. 4KX , a 1 k l * * \" * a 4 k l ^ k a v e the same meaning as before. The corresponding contrasts for X^ be denoted by b^ , .... , b^. The 4 degrees of freedom corresponding to W are confounded with blocks in the first replication but not in the second. The 4 degrees of freedom corresponding to X are confounded with blocks in the second replication but not in the f i r s t . The 4 degrees of freedom corresponding to Y and the 4 correspond-ing to Z are not confounded at a l l . 2 One could get S.. for NP by calculating the component squares for ^- D Y and Z from both replications that for W from the second replication that for X from the f i r s t replication. One would follow such a scheme i f the confounding was balanced, but where W, X are partially confoun-ded, Y, Z, are not, i t is probably simpler to compute the NP sum of squares as i f no sub-division into block existed, subtract from i t the W and X contribution for both replications together then add the W con-150. 1 tribution from replication 2 , the X contribution from replication 1. Sum of squares for NP when blocks are disregarded. 6 * 3 T y . . . . 30 i i i . . . . Toj^.o... .^oT 2 2 2 2 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 S + S + S + S \u00E2\u0080\u0094 w.. x.. y.. z.. Sum of squares for W and X over both replications are: 2 ~~ S w.. = i l a ? + 1 4 + 1 a 2 + i 2 - ] 30 [ i o L . I i f 2 . . I o a 3 > # + 7 0 a 4 . . J 1 f7 2 c 2 ^ 2 2 ~ | = 2100 [Ia1.. + 5 a 2 . . + 7 a 3 . . + V . J 2 1 I 2 2 2 2 ~~1 Sx.. = 2100 (^1.. + *2\u00E2\u0080\u009E + 7 b 3 . . + \ . J S 2 w.2 Sum of squares of W in replication 2 is = I (1 a 2 + 1 a 2 + l a 2 + 1 2 ~| 15 l i p 1 - 2 14.2.2 10 3.2 70*4.3] 1 f~ 2 2 2 2 I = 1050 |^ 1 .a + 5 a 2 . 2 + 7 a 3 . 2 + % ^ Sum of squares for X in replication 1 is 2 x.l Then 2 2 2 2 2 2 ST . = sf_ - S - S + S* + S . i j NP w.. x.. w.2 x.1 151. Derivation of the NPK effect. The NP interaction was made up of 16 independent contrasts, 4 each for W, X, Y, Z. The K effect with 3 levels gives 2 contrasts. The 32 contrasts for the NPK interaction can be found formally by multiplying the 16 for NP by the 2 for K. The two independent contrasts for K are: linear -Ko + K2 /ii \ divisors quadratic Ko - 2K1 + K2 / 6 j The formal product linear Six linear K i s : linear Wx linear K = (-2WQ - W<| + W3 + 2W4) ( - K Q + K2) divisor 20 = -(linear W for K at o level) + (linear W for K at 2 level) = - a 1 o l + a 1 2 l When listing the 16 contrast in the interaction of K with W and X the third subscript 1 or the dot replacing i t will be omitted. There are 16 other contrasts in the interaction of K with Y and Z which are needed not needed for the particular method of analysis selected. Divisor linear Wx linear K = -a^ Q + A^ 2 quadratic Wx linear K \u00C2\u00B021 = \" a 2 0 + a 2 2 28 cubic Wx linear K C31 = -a, + 3o a 3 2 20 quartic Wx linear K C41 = -a, + 4o a 4 2 140 linear Wx quadratic K \u00C2\u00B012 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a1o - 2 a11 + a12 60 quadratic Wx quadratic K C 2 2 = a 2 o - 2 a 2 1 + a22 84 cubic Wx quadratic K \u00C2\u00B032 = a 3 o - 2 a 3 1 + a 3 2 60 quartic Wx quadratic K \u00C2\u00B042 = a 4 o \" 2 a 4 1 + a 4 2 420 152. The corresponding contrast f o r X K denoted by d can be obtained by replacing the a's by V s . Sum of squares for NPK when blocks are disregarded i s : NPK 2 1 3 k I W k . . Tg- i j l i j . . . T o i k T i . k . . 10 J k , j k.. 30 i i i . . . . 3 0 j ' . j . . . 50 kl ..k.. _ 1 2 150 2 2 wk xk + s: + s zk Sum of squares for WK and XK over both replications are: wk i (7 10 [2C \u00C2\u00B0,1 * i o . 0 ' 1 2 8 \" 2 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 + 20 31 . + f i ^ 0 ^ . 1 \u00E2\u0080\u009E2 + ^ + l c 2 + - i - c L 60 12. 84 22. XK 4200 io\u00C2\u00B032. + 4I0 4200 j _ 2 1 C 1 1 . + 1 5 \u00C2\u00B0 2 1 . + 2 1 C 3 i . + 3 C 4 1 . + 7 C 1 2 . + ^22. 3 Hi. + l 5 d 2 1 > + 2 l d 3 1 > + 3 d 4 1 . + 7 d ? 2 . + 5 d22. + 7 d32. + d42. 153. Sum of squares for WK in replication 2 i s . ST - 1 wk2 \"5 l i e2 + 1 C 2 + 1 C 2 + 1 r 2 + l r 2 | | 0 S l 2 + 28 212 20 312 ito C 4 1 2 + Zo\u00C2\u00B0^2 1 r.2 . 1 p2 + 84 222 _ 1 2100 + fo\u00C2\u00B0312 \" ^ T ^ O 0 ^ 1 5 0 ^ 2 + 2 1 0 ^ 2 + 3C^ 1 2 + 7 C 2 2 2 + C ^ 2 2 - ] + 7C 322 Sum of squares for XK iB replication 1 is Sxk1 =pTnn l2l4l1 + l54l1 + 2 l d 3 1 1 + 3 d 411 + 7 d 221 + 7 d 321 + s 2 SXK1 _2 l d?11 + 154l + 311 + 3 d 2 1 1 + 7 d | 2 1 S 2 ijk = SNPK 2 2 ^ + SWK2 + ijk = W^K2 + s 2 + XK1 2 2 SYK + SZK. Sums to calculate No. of such terms No. of items involved Sum of Squares Uijklm 150 1 i j k 1 m ijklm *f ijk.. 75 2 1 ^ < : < + 2 2 i j k T i j k . . \" t i j . . . 25 6 1 * < .2 ^ i d T i j . . . \" t i . k . . 15 10 1 \u00C2\u00A3 ^ + 2 10 i k l i . k . , 1\". j k . . 15 10 1 * \u00C2\u00A3 . 2 10 j k T . j k . . ~ f i . . . . 5 30 30 1 ' i . . . . 1 5 4 . Stuns to calculate No. of such terms No. of items involved Sum of Squares 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 5 3 0 1 \u00C2\u00A3 2 3 0 j T . j . . . \ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00BBk\u00C2\u00BB\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 3 5 0 5 0 k T..k.. \"if. . Im 1 0 1 5 1_\u00C2\u00A3 \u00C2\u00A3 . 2 1 5 1 ml..,lm 4 - i 2 7 5 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB 1 . t 1 1 5 0 hkl 3 0 5 whk. 1 5 1 0 w h . l 1 0 1 5 Wh.. 5 3 0 Similarly for x ^ , x ^ , x ^ , x ^ Prom the above w's one computes the a's. From the x's one computes the V s From the a's and b's one can then calculate the respective c's and d's In the greenhouse experiment conducted with Douglas f i r i t was as-sumed that the treatments were arranged as shown in the above table for Rep. I and Rep II. The variation i n light intensity i n the greenhouse space available made necessary a monthly rotation of treatments i n a rep-l i c a and of the complete replica. 156. Arrangement of treatments in replicates and blocks. Blocks are denoted as a, b e ; replicates as I, II VIII Rep I Rep II Level Blocks Level Blocks K l a lb Ic Id le K H a l i b He ' l i d He 0 Wo W1 W2 W3 W4 0 Xo X1 X2 X3 X4 1 W1 W2 W3 W4 Wo 1 X1 Xo X3 ' X 4 X2 2 W3 W4 #o W1 W2 2 X2 X4 X1 Xo X3 Rep III Rep IV Level Blocks Level Blocks K I l i a I l l b IIIc H i d H i e K IVa IVb IVc IVd IVe 0 Yo Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 0 Zo Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 1 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Yo 1 Z1 Zo Z3 Z4 Z2 2 Y3 Y4 Yo Y1 Y2 2 Z2 Z4 Z1 Zo Z3 Rep V Rep VI Level Blocks Level Blocks K Va Vb Vc Vd Ve K Via VIb VIc VId Vie 0 Wo W1 W2 W3 W4 0 Xo X1 X2 X3 X4 1 W1 Wo W3 W4 W2: 1 X1 X2 X3 X4 Xo 2 W2 W4 wi Wo W3 2 X3 X4 Xo XI X2 Rep VII Rep VIII Level Blocks. Level Blocks K Vita Vllb VIIc V l l d V i l e K V i l l a V l l l b VIIIc V l l l d V l l l e 0 Yo Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 0 Zo Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 1 Y1 Yo Y3 Y4 Y2 1 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Zo 2 Y2 Y4 Y1 Yo Y3 2 Z3 Z4 Zo Z1 Z2 APPENDIX III 156*. Plate 2. The appearance of the plots in plate 1 on August 2, 1957. 157 Plate 3. The appearance i n the f a l l of unfertilized 1 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings Plate 4. The appearance i n the f a l l of 1 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings f e r t i l i z e d with 40 lb per acre N on May 15, 1957. Plate 5. The appearance in the f a l l of 1 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings f e r t i l i z e d with 40 lb per acre N on August 1, 1957 Plate 6. The appearance i n the f a l l of 1 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings f e r t i l i z e d with 80 lb per acre N on May 15, 1957 Plate 7. Nitrogen damage in plots of 1 Douglas f i r seedlings f e r t i l i z e d with 160 lb N. per acre Plate 8. Nitrogen damage caused by the appli-cation of 320 lb N. per acre to 1 - 0 Douglas f i r seedlings. 160. 161. SELECTED BIELIOGRAPHT Allen, G.S. Douglas f i r : A summary of its life history. Research Note British Columbia Porest Service, No. 9, 1942. Allen, R.M. and Maki, T.E. Response of Long leaf pine seedlings for soils and fertilizers. Soil Sci. 79 : 359 - 362, 1955. Allison P.E. and Anderson M.S. The use of sawdust for mulches and soil improvement. U.S.D.A. Cir. 891, 1951. Amic, M. Rhythmus des Hohewachstums by Pflanzen verschiedener Holzarten im laufe ihrer Vegitations periode. 12th Cong. Int. Union Por, Res. Organ. Oxford, 1956. Ando, A. The seasonal variation of nutrient elements in Sugi and Hinoki. Forestry Abstracts. 14 : 265 - > 1953. Ando, A. On the effects of fertilization on the nutrient contents of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) yearling seedlings. For. Bull. Tokyo Univ. 43 : 91 - 100, 1952. Ando, A. and Hukasaku, T. The effect on the growth of Sugi one year seedlings of increasing applications of f e r t i l i z e r . For. Bull. Tokyo Univ. 44 : 15 - 22, 1953. Atkins, E.S. Light measurement in a study of White pine repro-duction. Tech. Note, For. Br. Com. 60, p.18, 1957. Baldwin, H.I. The period of height growth in some north eastern conifers. Ecol. 12 : 665 - 689, 1931. Barney, C. W. Effect of soil temperature and light intensity on the root growth of loblolly pine seedlings. Plant Physiol. 26 : 146 - 163, 1951. Bensend, D. W. Effect of nitrogen on growth and drought resistance of Jack pine seedlings. Tech. Bull. Min. Agric. Exp. Sta. 163 : 1 - 63, 1943. 162* 11. Beneze, P. The optimum amount of irrigation water for Scots pine seedlings in the growing season. Erdesz. Tud. Int. Evk. 1 : 139 - 147, 1953. 12. Bernstein, L. and Hayward, H.E. Physiology of salt tolerance. Avn. Rev. Plant Physiol. 9 : 25-46, 1958. 13. Bjorkman, E. The importance of fertilizers in forest nurseries for the early development of plants on forest sites. Norrlands Skogsv. Porb. Tidskr. 4 : 543 - 566, 1954. 14. Bouyoucos, G.J. Directions for making mechanical analysis of soils by the hydrometer method. Soil Sci. 42 : 225 - 231, 1936. 15. Bray, R.H. and Kurtz, L.T. Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 59 '\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 39 - 45, 1945. 16a. Brener, W.H. and Wilde, S.A. The effect of non-leguminous green manure upon the f e r t i l i t y of a forest nursery soil. Jour.For. 39 : 478 - 482, 1941. 16b. Buckland, D.C. Terminal shoot growth of four western conifers for a single season. Forest Chronical.32 : 397 - 399, 1956. 17. Burns, CP. Development of White pine seedlings in nursery beds. Vermont Agric. Expt. Stat. Bull. 178, 1914. 18. Clark, J. Photosynthesis of White spruce and Balsam f i r . Bi-m Progr. Rep. Dev. For. Biol. Dept. Agric. Can. 12 : 1 - 2 , 1956. 19. Davy, C.B. Sawdust composts : Their effect on plant growth. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 17 : 56 - 60, 1953. 20. Darrow, G.M. and Waldo, G.F. Photoperiodism as a cause of the rest period in strawberries. Science 77 J 353 - 354, 1933. 21. Day, G.H. and Robbins, W.R. Observations on the growth of red spruce in sand cultures. Jour. For. 48 : 689 - 692, 1950. 163. 22. Decker, P.D. Effect of temperature on photosysthesis and respira-tion in Red and Loblolly pine. Plant Physiol., 19 : 350-358, 1944. 23. Dickman, S.R. and Brag, R. H. Colorimetric determination of phos-phate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 12 : 665 - 668, 1940. 24. Diller, J. D. Survival and height of various Red spruce trans-planted stock. Jour. Por. 53 : 843 - 847, 1955. 25. Faulkner, R. Investigation into intensive methods of raising con-ifer seedlings. Emp. For. Rev. 37 : 85 - 96, 1958. 26. Faulkner, R. Notes on nursery irrigation and chemical weed con-trol practices in the United States of America and Canada. Forestry 25 : 126 - 134, 1952. 27a. Federer, W.I., 1955. Experimental Design Theory and Application. Macmillan Company, N.Y. 27b. Fielding, J. H. The seasonal and daily elongation of the shoots of Monterey pine and the daily elongation of roots. Leaflet For. Timb. Bur. Aust. No. 75, 1955. 28. Duncan, D.B. Multiple rouge and multiple F tests. Biometrics. 11 : 1 - 42, 1955. 29. Gessel, S.P. and Walker, R.B. Height growth response of Douglas f i r to nitrogen fertilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 20 : 97 - 100, 1956. 30. Gessel, S.P. et al. Preliminary report on mineral deficiencies in Douglas f i r and Western Red cedar. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 15 : 364 - 369, 1951. 31. Gevorkiontz, S.R. and Rae, E.I. Photoperiodism in forestry. Jour. Por. 33 : 599 - 602, 1935. 32. Gulisashvili, V.Z. Breaking dormancy, periodicity and rythmn of growth in some tree species by cultivation in electric light. Forestry Abstracts.10 : 322, 1948/49. 164. 33. Handbuch der Bodenlerke. 1932. Vol. 9, p. 348 - 496, Julius Springer, Berlin. 34. Heiberg, S.O. and Vftiite, D.P. Potassium deficiency of reforested pine and spruce stands in northern New York. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 15 : 369 - 379, 1950. 35. Huberman, M.A. Studies in raising Southern pine nursery seed-lings. Jour. Por. 38 : 341 - 345, 1940. 36. Huberman, M.A. Normal growth and development of Southern pine seedlings in the nursery. Ecology, 21 : 323 - 334, 1940. 37. Isaac, L.A. Factors affecting the establishment of Douglas f i r seedlings. U.S.D.A. Circ. 486, 1938. 38. Irgens-Moller, H. Ectoypic response to temperature and photoperiod in Douglas f i r . Forest Sci. 3 : 79 - 84, 1957. 39. Jackson, M.L. 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hole, N.Y. 40. Kempthorne 0 . 1952. The Design and Analysis of Experiments. Chapter 18, Wiley, N.Y. 41. Kienholz, R. Leader, needle, cambial and root growth of certain conifers and their inter-relationship. Bot. Gaz. 96 : 73 - 92, 1934. 42. Kintigh, R.G. Some effects of temperature on germination and develop-ment of Pinyon pine. Jour. For. 47 : 622 - 626, 1949. 43. Knight, H. Growth and survival of experimental plantations of Douglas f i r . Res. Note, B.C. Por. Ser. 33 : 1 - 22, 1957. 44. Kopitke, J. C. The effect of potash salts upon the hardening of coniferous seedlings. Jour. Por. 39 : 555 - 558, 1941. 45. Kozlowski, T.T. Transpiration rates of some forest tree species during the dormant season. Plant Physiol., 18 : 252 - 260, 1943. 165. 1+6. Kozlowski, T.T. Water relations and growth of trees. Jour. Por. 56 : 489 - 501, 1956. 47. Kozlowski, T.T. Tree growth, action and interaction of soil and other factors. Jour. Por. 53 : 508 - 512, 1955. 48. Kozlowski, T.T. Seasonal height growth of conifers. Porest Sci. 3 : 61 - 67, 1957. 49. Kramer, P.J. Causes of injury to plants resulting from flooding of the soil. Plant Physiol., 26 : 722 - 727, 1951. 50. Kramer, P.J. Some effects of various combinations of day and night temperature and photoperiod on the height growth of Loblolly pine. Porest Sci. 3 : 45 - 46, 1957. 51. Kramer, P.J. Amount and duration of growth of various species of tree seedlings. Plant Physiol., 18 : 239 - 251, 1943. 52. Kramer, P.J. Effect of variation in length of day on growth and dormancy of trees. Plant Physics!., 11 : 127 - 137, 1936. 53. Leyton, L. Forest fertilizing in Britain. Jour. For. 56 : 104-106, 1958. 54. Leyton, L. Aeriation and root growth of tree seedlings. 12th Con-gress of the International Union of Forest Research Organisa-tions Section. 21, 1956. 55. Leyton, L. Mineral nutrient relationships of forest trees. Forestry Abstracts. 9 : 399 - 409, 1948. 56. Leyton, L. Relationship between the growth and mineral composition of the foliage of Japanese larch. Plant and Soils. 7 : I67 -177, 1956. 57. Leyton, L. The effect of pH and form of nitrogen on the growth of Sitka spruce seedlings. Forestry 25 : 32 - 41, 1952. 58. Leyton, L. Relationship between the growth and mineral composition of the foliage of Japanese larch: evidence from manurial trails. Plant and Soils. 9 : 31 - 48, 1957. 166. 59. Linstrom, G.A. and Finn R.F. Seed source and nursery effects on yellow popular ploutations. Jour. For. 54 : 828 - 8JL, 1956. 60. Lyon, C. J. Water supply and growth rates of conifers around Boston. Ecology, 24 : 329 - 344, 1943. 61. Maksimov, N.A. and Leman, V.M. Culture of woody seedlings in elect r i c l i g h t . Forestry Abstracts. 10 : 331 - , 1949. 62. McComb, A.L. Some f e r t i l i z e r experiments with decidious forest tree seedlings on several Iowa s o i l s . Res. B u l l . Iowa, Agric. Exp. Stat. 369 : 406 - 448, 1949. 63. McNab-Miller, W. Some empirical relations of s o i l moisture tension. So i l S c i . Soc. Am. Proc. 18 : 239 - 243, 1954. 64. Metron, A. J . Methods of chemical analysis for s o i l survey samples. New Zealand Dept. of Sci e n t i f i c and Industrial Research, S o i l Bureau B u l l . 12, 1955. 65. Meyer, B.S. Seasonal variation i n the physical and chemical pro-perties of the leaves Pitch pine with especial reference to cold resistance. Am. Jour. Bot. 15 : 449 - 470, 1928. 66. Mitchell, H.L. The growth and nutrition of White pine (Pinus Strobus L. ) seedlings in cultures with varying N, P, K and Ca. Black Rock Por. B u l l . 9 : 1 - 135, 1939. 67. Mitchell, H. L. Pot culture tests of forest s o i l f e r t i l i t y with ob-servations on the effect of varied solar radiation and nutrient supply on the growth and nitrogen content of Scots and White pine seedlings. Black Rock For. Bull . 5 : 1 - 138, 1934. 68. Morris, W. G. erfc a l . Consistency of bud bursting in Douglas f i r . Jour. For. 55 : 208 - 210, 1957. 69. Msien-Fond, C. Effect of peat addition and seedling density upon development and chemical composition of Douglas f i r nursery stock. Master Thesis, University of Washington, 1956. 70. Muntz, H.H. Effect of compost, and stand density upon Long leaf and Slash pine stands. Jour. For. 42 : 114 - 118, 1944. 167. Nemec, A. Untersuchungen uber den Einfluss chlorhaltiger Kali-dungemittel auf das Wachstum und auf die Ernahrung der Pichte in Waldbaumschulen. Z. Bodenkunde Pflanzenernahrung. 13 : 35 - 72, 1939. Nielson, D.R. and Shaw, R.H. Estimation of the 15 atmosphere moisture percentage from hydrometer data. Soil Sci. 86 : 103-105, 1959. Nierop van, E.T. and White, D.P. Evolution of several organic mulching materials on a soudy loom forest nursery so i l . Jour. Por. 56 : 23 - . 2 7 , 1958. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agric- ultural Chemists. 8th Edition, 1955; Washington, D.C. Peech, M. _et a l . Methods of soil analysis for soil f e r t i l i t y in-vestigations. U.S.D.A., Cir. No. 757, 1947. Pribil, R. Complexmetric titrations V : The interferences of iron and aluminum with titrations with Eriehrome block T indicator. Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 19 : 465 - 469, 1954. Pomeroy, K.B. and Green, P.K. Importance of stock quality on sur-vival and growth of planted trees. Jour. Por. 47 : 706 - 707, 1945. Rayner, M.C. Behaviour of Corsican pine stock following different nursery treatments. Forestry 21 : 204 - 216, 1947. Rennie, P.J. Uptake of nutrients by mature forest trees. Plant and Soils. 7 : 49 - 95, 1955. Report on forest research for the year ending March 1952, Great Britain Forestry Commission, 1953* Report on forest research for the year ended March 1955, Great Britain Forestry Commission, 1956. Richards, L.A. Methods for measuring soil moisture tension. Soil Sci. 68 : 95 - 112, 1949. 168 83. Richaxds, L.A. Porous plate apparatus f o r measuring moisture re-tention and transmission i n s o i l . S o i l S c i . 66 : 105 - 110, 1948. 84. Richards, L.A. A pressure-membrane extraction apparatus fo r s o i l solutions. S o i l Sci. 51 : 377 - 385, 1941. 85. Robak, H. The relation between day length and the end of the an-nual growth period in some conifers of interest to Norwegian Poresty. Forestry Abstracts. 19 : 30 - , 1958. 86. Romaine, J.D. When f e r t i l i z i n g , consider plant-food content of crops. Better Crops with Plant Food, 1940. 87. Russel, E.J. 1950. S o i l Conditions and Plant Growth. 8th Edition p. 483, Longmans Green and Co., London. 88. Samish, R.H. Dormancy in woody plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 5 : 183 - 205, 1954. 89 Shirley, H.L. and Meuli, L.J. The influence of s o i l nutrients on drought resistance of two year old Red pine. Am. Jour. Bot. 26 : 355 - 360, 1939. 90. Stoeckeler, J. H. Proper watering in the nursery produces drought hardy Jack pine. Tech. Note Lake St. For. Exp. Stat. 348 : 1 - 7 , 1951. 91. Stone, E.C. Poor survival and the physiological condition of plant-ing stock. Forest Sci. 1 : 90 - 94, 1955. 92. Suchting, H. Untersuchungen uber die Ernahrungsverhaltnisse des Waldes X. Uber die Wirkung des loslichen Aluminiums zweier Waldboden of die Kiefer. Z. Pflanzenernahr. Dung Bodenkunde. 42: 193 - 218, 1948. 93. Suchting, H. Untersuchungen uber die Emahrungsverhaltnisse des If aides V. Vergleichende Prufung von Waldboden auf Nahrstoff lieferung durch Vegitationversuche mit Larche, Kiefer und Fifchte, sowie auf Nahrstoffloslichkeit durch chemishe Unter suchuungs-methoden. Z. Bodenkunde Pflanzenernahr. 19 : 125 - 160, 1940. 169. Switzer, G.L. and Nelson, L.F. The effect of fertilization on seedling weight and utilization of N, P and K by Loblolly pine grown in the nursery. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 20 : 404 - 408, 1956. Taylor, S.A. Estimating the integrated soil moisture tension in the root zone of growing crops. Soil Sci. 73 J 331 -339, 1952. Taylor, S.A. Use of \"Mean Soil Moisture Tension\" to.evaluate the effect of soil moisture on crop yield. Soil Sci. 74 : 217 -226, 1952. Tribunskaja, A. J. Uptake-of N and P by Scots pine on grey forest soils. Dokl. Akad Nauk. S.S.S. R. 97 : 927 - 930, 1956. United States Solinity Laboratory Staff. Diagnosis and Improve- ment of Saline and Alkaline Soils. U.S.D.A. Agricultural Handbook No. 60, 1954. Upchurch R. P. jet al. Effect of soil moisture content on the rate of photosynthesis and respiration in Ladino clover (Trifolium repense L.) Plant Physiol. 30 : 297 - 303, 1955. Venema, K.C.W. Effect of potassium deficiency in conifers. Potash Review, Subject 22, 1953. Vaartaja, 0. Mineral deficiency in a forest nursery. Bi-m Progr. Dep. Div. Por. Biol. Dep. Agric. Can. No. 10, 1954. Vaartaja, 0. Effect of soil amendments, fertilizers, and fungi-cide on growth of seedlings. Prog. Rep. Div. Por. Biol. Dep. Agric. Can. No. 11, 1955. Vaartaja 0. Photoperiodic ecotypes of trees. Can. Jour. Bot. 32 : 392 - 399, 1954. Vloamis, J. et al. Nutrient response of Ponderosa pine seedlings. Jour. Por. 55 : 25 - 28, 1957. 17D. 105. Voigt,G.K. et a l . Response of coniferous seedlings to soil ap-plications of calcium and magnesium fertilizers. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 22 ; 343 - 345, 1958. 106. Wahleriberger, W. G. Experiments in the use of fertilizers in growing forest planting materials at the Savenac nursery. U.S.D.A. Cir. 125, 1930. 107. Walker, R.B. et al. Greenhouse studies in the mineral requirements of conifers : Western Red cedar. Forest Sci. 1 : 51 - 60, 1955. 108. Wenger, K.F. Height growth of Loblolly pine seedlings in relation to seedling characteristics. Forest Sci. 1 : 158 - 164, 1955. 109. White, D.P. Variation in the nitrogen phosphorus, and potassium content of pine needles with season, crown position and sample treatment. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 18 : 326 - 330, 1954. 110. White, D.P. and Leaf, A.L. Forest Fertilization, A Bibliography. World Forestry Bull. No. 2 Syracuse, N.Y. 111. Wilde, S.A. et al. Effect of high rate fertilizer treatment on nursery stock upon its survival and growth in the field. Jour. For. 38 : 806 - 809, 1940. 112. Wilde, S.A. et al. Effect of mineral fertilizers, peat and com-post on the growth of Red pine plantations. Jour. For. 40 : 481 - 484, 1942. 113. Wilde, S.A. et. al. Ash, protein and organo solubles of Jack pine seedlings in relation to soil f e r t i l i t y . Jour. For. 46 : 829 -831, 1944. 114. Wilde, Si A. e_t al. Characteristics of nursery stock related to its resistance against adverse environmental factors. Univ. Wisconsin Tech. Note No. 47, 1952. 115. Woodhams, D.M., Kozlowski, T.T. Effect of soil moisture stress on carbohydrate, development and growth of plants. Am. Jour. Bot. U : 316 - 320, 1954. 171. 116. Woods, P.W. Some effects of site preparation on soil moisture in soud h i l l s of West Florida. Soil Sci. 85 : 148 - 155, 1958. 117. Youngberg, C.T. The uptake of nutrients by western conifers in forest nurseries. Jour. For. 56 : 337 - 340, 1958. "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0106130"@en . "eng"@en . "Soil Science"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "A study of the growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40106"@en .