"Land and Food Systems, Faculty of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Lawrence, Dorothy W."@en . "2011-11-15T20:07:24Z"@en . "1942"@en . "Master of Science - MSc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "[No abstract submitted]"@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/38972?expand=metadata"@en . "THE NUTRITIVE YALUE OF WHEAT IN THE RATIONS OS1 YOUNG CHICKS by Dorothy W, Lawrence \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 i . | A Thesis submitted' i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l m e n t of I, The Requirements f o r the Degree o f h \ MASTER OS1 SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia Ootoher, 1?42 0 The w r i t e r wishes to express a p p r e c i a t i o n and g ra t i t ude to M r , Jacob B i e l y , of the Deparlment of P o u l t r y Husbandry s f o r h i s k i n d l y guidance i n the conduct of t h i s s tudy. Thanks, are a l so due to Professor E.A.Xiloyd, Head o f the Dapartoient of P o u l t r y Husbandry, for h i s cons t ruc t ive c r i t i c i s m i n the p repara t ion of the manuscr ipt ; and to Dr . V. 0 . B r i n k , o f the Department o f Agronomy, and M r . R. P . fforshaw, of A g r i c u l t u r a l Trade R e l a t i o n s (Canada) L i m i t e d , f o r d i r e c t i o n i n connect ion w i t h the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of the, experimental d a t a . Table of Contents A . INT RO -DO\" 02)1 ON . . ' \u00C2\u00BB * t * . . \u00C2\u00BB * * . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB h i * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB . * \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB . . \u00C2\u00BB . . . B . REVIEW OP LITERATURE 1. Wheat (aj S t ruc ture of Wheat . . . . . (h) Composit ion of Whole Wheat and Wheat By-Produets . . . . . . . . . . . . . k . . . . . . . \u00E2\u0080\u009E 2 . Wheat as Compared With Other Grains 5. P h y s i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t of feed ing Wheat IT Q,\"fc *b\u00C2\u00A9n in^jj \u00C2\u00AB * \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (c) Egg P roduc t ion 0 , EXPERIMENTAL . ^ t 6 * (a) M a t e r i a l s and Methods (b) Exper imenta l La t a . . . Se r i e s 1 Exp\u00C2\u00A9 rime n't X \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB * * \u00C2\u00BB # f r e \u00C2\u00AB 6 \u00C2\u00BB * \u00C2\u00BB . R\u00C2\u00A9su i t s \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB * \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Experimsnt 2 \u00C2\u00A9 0 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00C2\u00BB a R\u00C2\u00A9s~u.ILuS \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 #\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 + \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Exp\u00C2\u00A9rim\u00C2\u00A9 nt 3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 # \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 > \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB Resul t s D i s c u s s i o n Se r i e s 2 . . , Experiment 1 Exper imenta l Data DISCUSSION . , , ^ (cont inued next page) SUMMARY 1 1 -Page . 42 REFERENCES 43 TABLES 1 t o 4 (Se r i e s .1) \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 49-55 5 to 9 (Experiment 1) 56-59 10 to 14 (Experiment 2) 60-64 15 to 17 (Experiment 3) 65-67 18 to 19 (Ash Analyses) 68-69 \u00C2\u00A31 to 25(Ser ies \u00C2\u00A3 \u00C2\u00A34 to 26(Experiment l a ) * 76-78 \u00C2\u00A37 to 29 (Experiment l b ) 79-81 3?XiA.ClTIiiS 1 \"fco \u00C2\u00AB3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB o \u00C2\u00AB s \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB t t e \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00AB o 0 * \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00BB * * B \u00C2\u00AB 82\"*84: GRAPH . 85 APPENDICES ' r THE MJTRITI m YALUE OF IEEE AT I I THE RATIOHS . .. Off' YOUNG CHICKS . A . IHTRO' DUCTI Gra in and g r a i n b y - p r o d u c t s cons t i t u t e the g rea te r par t of p o u l t r y r a t i ons^ At the b e g i n n i n g o f the twent ie th century and u n t i l t h i r t y years ago, compara t ive ly simple feeding mixtures were fed to p o u l t r y . The f a v o r i t e g r a i n o f the p o u l t r y m a n was w h e a t , a n d the M a s h e s t h a t were used c o n s i s t e d c h i e f l y o f w h e a t m i l l feeds . U n t i l the advent of the F i r s t World War, wheat was ve ry wide ly used i n the feeding of p o u l t r y j and i t was h i g h l y p r i z e d f o r t h i s purpose * Dur ing the war, however, s ince wheat had t o be used more e x t e n s i v e l y as food f o r humans, i t became r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n p r i c e . This economic s i t u a t i o n was responsible, for the ademption o f the grea ter use o f corn and the; coarser g r a in s i n the feed ing of p o u l t r y . L a t e r a g rea t change and expansion i n the wheat-growing c o u n t r i e s b u i l t up a su rp lus of wheat* As a r e s u l t , e f f o r t s were made to t r y to balance the shortage of corn and the over - supp ly of wheat. In the Uni ted S t a t e s , f o r example, the Fede ra l Farm Board o f Washington, D . G . , p u b l i s h e d a b u l l e t i n (1930) on \" P r a c t i c a l Exper iences i n Feeding Wheat\" , demonstrat ing the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of i n c o r p o r a t i n g more wheat i n the r a t i o n s of l i v e s t o c k . More r e c e n t l y (14 ) , the Uni ted States .Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e (1942) has been u r g i n g feed manufacturers to inc lude more, wheat i n t h e i r feed m i x t u r e s , besides asking fanners to feed more wheat. I n many cases i t has been sa id that heavier wheat mixtures can r e s u l t i n even b e t t e r q u a l i t y commercial feeds at no increase i n p r i c e * In Canada, s ince Canada i s a wheat-growing c o u n t r y w h e a t i s one of the cheapest f eeds tu f f s a v a i l a b l e . Hence under normal c o n d i t i o n s i t i s n a t u r a l l y the bas i c g r a i n i n Canadian pou l t ry r a t i o n s * One o f the most important phases of p o u l t r y product ion i s the feeding o f young c h i c k s . I n r e a l i z a t i o n of t h i s f a c t , a study was undertaken to f i n d the maximum amount of wheat that may be i nc luded i n the r a t i o n s of growing c h i c k s . 3 . REVIEW OF LITERATURE' 1. Wh\u00C2\u00AEat (a) S t ruc tu re o f Wheat The kerne l of wheat i s a seed which i n s t ruc tu re resembles a nu t . I t i s b o t a n i c a l l y a ca ryops i s compris ing per icarp and seed proper ( 6 ) , The pe r i ca rp c o n s i s t s of four l a y e r s \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ep ioa rp , me so ca rp , endocarp, and inne r ep idermis . These make up A% of the e n t i r e k e r n e l . The seed proper c o n s i s t s of, f i r s t l y , the seed coa t , which i s composed of three separate l a y e r s - - the t e s t a and h y a l i n e layers(2,5% of the en t i r e k e r n e l ) , and the aleurone l a y e r ( 6 * 7 % of the en t i r e k e r n e l ) . Secondly , there i s the: germ o r embryo, compris ing 2,5% of the en t i r e k e r n e l , The t h i r d par t i s the endosperm, which comprises 8.5-90% of the kerne l* Wheat b ran , accord ing to G i r a r d ( 1 6 ) , \" i s 14.35$ of the wheat k e r n e l , of which 4.4.5% i s taken from the pe r i ca rp , 1 1,1% from the t e s t a , and 8 , 8 % from the h y a l i n e and aleurone l aye r s* (b) Composit ion of Whole Wheat and Wheat By-Products I n common w i t h p l a n t products g e n e r a l l y , wheat shows a considerable range i n compos i t ion according to v a r i e t y , c l ima te , and c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s . Most important commercial ly are. the v a r i a t i o n s i n quant i ty and q u a l i t y o f the endosperm p r o t e i n s . The average percentage composit ion o f wheat and wheat by-products used f o r p o u l t r y i s as f o l l o w s : ( 2 6 ) - 4 -ro ON CD CD m P< fl> CD P> H\" \u00C2\u00A3S 0<3 o c+ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o 4 to O P H H P ES P \u00C2\u00AB 0 S CD p. p. 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NO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB 4^ CO NO ft ON NO NO ft ft H ON NO 4^ ro on \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Vn ON-O o Vn VnVn VnVn Vn 4^Vn VnVn Vn ON COVJI ON~J \u00E2\u0080\u00943 CO NO 4* 4=\u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H roxo NO\u00E2\u0080\u00943 CO NO 4s\" NO Vn ro Vn Vn Vn m Vn 4* o ro o Hvo \u00C2\u00ABro CJNO w \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ^ cf Hs rf-4 4 4 P CD O O CD 0\u00C2\u00BB3 rf- CD l 4^Vn \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB ON O 4=> -f^ \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB O0O5 4^ 4> 03 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 HVn \u00E2\u0080\u0094J 01 Vn \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 4^-a ON ft o CT\ ON ft ft 4*\u00C2\u00BB O ON ro H ro \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ,. o HNQ O Below I s g iven the approximate c o e f f i c i e n t s of d i g e s t i b i l i t y of wheat feeds by p o u l t r y (15): Feed ing-Stuf f P r o t e i n Oarb ohydrate s Fat Wheat midd l ings Wheat midd l ings ( 8 . 5 % Y/heat Whe at bran . . \u00C2\u00BB Wheat shorts . 7 4 . 0 5 9 . 9 6 9 . 2 ^ 0 . 0 88*9 ^ 4 . 1 7 1 . 0 4 9 . 7 4 7 . 1 5 0 . 0 8^.2 ^ 2 . 6 7 6 . 2 5 9 . 6 5 2 . 6 Wheat i s f ed to p o u l t r y m a i n l y to provide the bu lk of the carbohydrate i n the r a t i o n . The n i t rogen- f ree ex t r ac t content of wheat^ according to M o r r i s o n , i s 7 0 \u00C2\u00B0 / , , and according to the; Texas i n v e s t i g a t o r s (15) i t i s 8 8 , 9 % d i g e s t i b l e . n u t r i e n t s as c o r n . Accord ing to M o r r i s o n ( 2 6 ) the p r o t e i n equ iva len t of wheat i s h igher than t h a t o f c o r n , r ang ing from 7 , 5 % i n l o w - p r o t e i n wheats to 18% i n h i g h - p r o t e i n wheats. I n a more recent survey of the p r o t e i n contents of the wheats i n B r i t i s h Columbia, Moe ( 2 5 ) descr ibes wheat w i t h a p r o t e i n content as high, as 2 2 % , The average p r o t e i n content of the wheat u s u a l l y i n c l u d e d i n p o u l t r y r a t i o n s runs about 13 .2%, Shrunken or s h r i v e l l e d wheat i s h ighe r than plump wheat i n percentage p r o t e i n . Boas F i x s e n a t a l . ( 5 ) concluded that the chemical f i g u r e s f o r p r o t e i n content of wheats d i d not give a complete p i c t u r e o f t h e i r r e l a t i v e values i n n u t r i t i o n . Wheat conta ins almost as much t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e That the outer p o r t i o n s of the wheat ke rne l are much h i g h e r , i n p r o t e i n content has been shown i n the preceding t a b u l a t i o n . Chick and Work (10) and many other i n v e s t i g a t o r s have demonstrated the f ac t tha t the b i o l o g i c a l value of whole-wheat p r o t e i n i s h igher i n both p r o t e i n spar ing a c t i o n and growth promotion than i s the p r o t e i n of wheat f l o u r . In s tudying the p ro te ins o f the wheat k e r n e l , Osborne and Mendel (2 9) found that the g rea te r p o r t i o n o f the p r o t e i n i s s tored i n the wheat endosperm. Of t h i s , about 80% c o n s i s t s o f two k inds o f p r o t e i n , namely, g l i a d i n and g l u t e n i n . These p r o t e i n s u n i t e to form the g lu t en c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of wheat, which i s p h y s i c a l l y and c h e m i c a l l y unlike- any p r o t e i n product obtainable from o ther seeds. G l i a d i n i s an incomplete p r o t e i n , l a c k i n g q u a n t i t a t i v e l y i n the amino a c i d , l y s i n e . However, a l l o f the amino a c i d d e f i c i e n c i e s of g l i a d i n are to some extent o f f se t by the amino ac ids contained i n g l u t e n i n . Wheat g l u t e n i n , t hen , a f fords a mixture o f p r o t e i n s on which young animals grow f a i r l y w e l l . Bes ides g l i a d i n and g l u t e n i n , which are found main ly i n the endosperm o f the k e r n e l , l e u c o s i n , g l o b u l i n and proteoses are found i n the wheat germ, wh i l e p r o l a m i n , g l o b u l i n and albumin are found i n the wheat b r an . I t i s w e l l known tha t wheat i s not p a r t i c u l a r l y r i c h i n any of the mine ra l elements known or suspected to be - 7 -of importance to p o u l t r y n u t r i t i o n . Wheat i s shown to be p a r t i c u l a r l y low i n ca lc ium content (6 ) : T o t a l Ca T o t a l P P h y t i n P P h y t i n P as (Mg, par (Mg.per (Mg. per % of T o t a l 100 gm.) 100 gm*) ,100 gm.) ,, P Mixed Wheat 38.4 .324*5 233.1 71*8 Bran 90*4 1 , 3 5 8 . 0 1,200.0 88.4 Germ * 46.7 1 , 2 . 0 1 . 0 573 .1 47.7 White F l o u r 1 5 . 9 The v i t a m i n content o f wheat and wheat products has r e c e n t l y r ece ived considerable a t t e n t i o n . Th i s has been l a r g e l y conf ined to the B group of v i t a m i n s . Wheat i s e n t i r e l y l a c k i n g i n v i t a m i n D, and normal ly e-ontains no 0 (al though t h i s v i t amin i s produced when wheat i s germinated) , and no apprec iable amount o f v i t a m i n A* U n t i l r e c e n t l y the carotene pigment f a i r l y even ly d i s t r i b u t e d throughout the whole wheat g r a i n (and l a r g e l y destroyed i n f l o u r b leach ing) was thought to be a v i t a m i n A p r e c u r s o r . Zechmeaster and Cholonsky (43) have summarized the most up- to-date in fo rmat ion on the matter and have added the evidence of chromatographic a n a l y s i s , a l l of which p o i n t s to the f a c t tha t t h i s pigment i s f o r the most part x a n t h o p h y l l and that the v i t a m i n A value of wheat i s n e g l i g i b l e . Wheat g e m i s a r i c h source of v i t a m i n E (tocopherol).v c o n t a i n i n g 0,2 to 0*4 micrograms per gram, and i s a l so r i o h i n t h i a m i n (28 ) . I t i s moderately potent i n r i b o f l a v i n , and r i o h i n pantothenic and n i c o t i n i c a c i d s ( 3 $ ) , - 8 -The average v i t a m i n contents of wheat and i t s by-products are as f o l l o w s : ^ITAffiTIS PRODUCT A D 3^28) E \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 R i b o - Panto- N i c o - P y r i -f l av in thenic t i n i c doxine Acid (39) Acid(39) (39) Micrograms per pound Whole Wheat 140 6 5 O ++ 400 6 0 3 8 2 6 7 8 6 2 0 8 8 Wheat Bran 1 ^ 0 1440 ++ 1 0 0 0 1 1 7 6 8 -Wheat Shorts 1 2 0 2 7 0 0 +++ 9 0 0 6 1 7 4 -Feed Middlings 1 0 0 - 2 2 0 0 -f-f+ 700 6 1 7 4 - -Wheat Germ 1900 3300 ++++ 1 8 0 0 6 9 4 6 15436 4 3 5 8 F i r s t Patent F l o u r - 8 0 - - 4540 -Low-Grade F l o u r 6 0 800 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 4 5 0 - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2 5 7 7 8 -2 . Wheat as Compared With Other Gra ins The C a l i f o r n i a i n v e s t i g a t o r s ( 2 ) have c a l c u l a t e d , as an a i d to the s e l e c t i o n o f the common gra ins fo r p o u l t r y f eed ing , the d i g e s t i b l e energy va lues ( t o t a l d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t s ) from recent d i g e s t i b i l i t y r e s u l t s ob ta ined w i t h the chicken by improved methods. Both Mor i r i son r s T o t a l D i g e s t i b l e N u t r i e n t s ( 2 6 ) and K e l l n a r ' s S ta rch E q u i v a l e n t Values were a r r i v e d at through work w i t h othe;r an ima l s . On the b a s i s of such c a l c u l a t i o n s , 1 0 0 pounds o f - 9 -ye l low corn i s found to con ta in d i g e s t i b l e n u t r i e n t s equ iva len t i n energy-paroducing value to 75.5 pounds of s t a r c h . Wheat has a corresponding value of 7 2 . 1 ; b a r l e y , 6 6 . 1 ; oa t s , 6 3 . 6 . Thus from the energy standpoint i t may be computed that 10^ pounds of wheat, 114 pounds of b a r l e y , and 1 1 9 pounds of oats are each equal to 100 pounds o f co rn . To express t h i s comparison i n another way, wheat has 9 5 . 5 % , b a r l e y , 8 7 . 5 % , and oats , 8 4 . 3 % of the d i g e s t i b l e energy value; of c o r n . Accord ing to the C a l i f o r n i a i n v e s t i g a t o r s ( 2 ) the comparative equ iva len t p r i c e s per 100 pounds o f good grades of g ra ins based on the D i g e s t i b l e Energy Yalues o f the g r a i n s f o r p o u l t r y are: Corn Wheat B a r l e y Oats \u00C2\u00A7 1 . 2 0 $ 1 . 1 5 | 1 , 0 5 $ 1 . 0 1 1*25 . 1 . 1 9 1 .08 I . 0 5 1.30 1.24 1*14 1 . 0 9 1*35 1 . 2 9 1.18 1.14 1.40 1*34 1 . 2 2 1*18 . 1*45 1 . 3 8 1 . 2 7 1 . 2 2 1 . 5 0 1*43 / 1.31 1*26 1 . 5 5 1 . 4 8 1 . 3 7 1.30 1 . 6 0 1*^3 1,40 1 . 3 5 1 . 6 5 1 . 5 7 1 . 4 4 1 . 3 9 1 . 7 0 1 . 6 2 I . 4 9 1 . 4 3 1*75 1 . 6 7 1 . 5 3 1 . 4 7 1 . 8 0 1 . 7 2 1 . 5 7 1.51 I . 8 5 1 . 7 7 1 . 6 2 I . 5 7 1 . 9 0 1*81 1 . 6 6 1 . 6 0 1 . 9 5 1 . 8 6 1 . 7 1 1 . 6 4 2 . 0 0 1 , 9 1 I . 7 5 1 . 6 8 2 . 0 5 I . 9 6 1 . 7 9 1 . 7 2 2 . 1 0 2 . 0 0 1 . 8 4 I . 7 7 2 . 1 5 2 . 0 5 1 . 8 8 1.81 2 . 2 0 2 . 1 0 1 . 9 2 I . 8 5 2 . 2 5 2 . I 5 I . 9 7 1 , 8 9 - 10 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2--Bar l ey I s taken as the standard i n the Scandinavian Feed U n i t ( 3 ) . Under t h i s s tandard, one feed u n i t f o r pou l t ry i s considered as one k i logram o f normal b a r l e y or the quan t i ty o f any o ther f eeds tu f f which i s c a l c u l a t e d to g ive 2 , 7 1 2 c a l o r i e s of me t a b o l l z a b l e energy. One k i logram o f b a r l e y y i e l d s 2 , 7 1 2 c a l o r i e s ; o f wheats 2,904 c a l o r i e s ; o f oa t s , 2,303 c a l o r i e s ; and o f c o r n , 3,086 c a l o r i e s o f metabo l izab le energy. The c e r e a l s are a l l g-ood sources of v i t a m i n B and of v i t a m i n E , but con t a in l i t t l e v i t a m i n 0 and p r a c t i c a l l y none of v i t amins A and D, except ye l low c o r n , which i s r i c h i n v i t a m i n A , The average v i t a m i n content o f the g r a i n s used i n feeding p o u l t r y i s as f o l l o w s (20) : Gra in V i t amin Yi t amin Vitamin Vi t amin Vi tamin Panto-A B D E G thenic per l b , per l b . per l b , ' p e r l b . per l b . A c i d ( U n i t s ) ( U n i t s ) (A.0 ,A;C ( M i c r o - ( U n i t s ) U n i t s ) . . grams) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Ye l low Corn 3 , 1 8 0 2 7 0 4 5 0 . 7 White Corn 2 70 , ++ 4 5 0 . . 7 Wheat . 140 340 . +\u00E2\u0080\u00A2+ 400 . 7 Oats 80 270 , ++ 400 . 7 B a r l e y 400 2 5 0 ++ 400 . 7 3. P h y s i o l o g i c a l E f f e c t of Feeding Wheat (a) Growth Most o f the p ioneer work on the n u t r i t i v e value of wheat has been c a r r i e d out wi th r a t s r a the r than w i t h - 11 -c h i c k s . The work: of Osborne and Mendel ( 2 9 ) shows that wheat p r o t e i n ranks w e l l toward the top of o e r e a l products i n b i o l o g i c a l va lue , Accord ing to Murphy and Jones ( 2 7 ) , wheat-bran p ro t e ins are p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h i n the n u t r i t i o n a l l y e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s \u00E2\u0080\u0094 a r g i n i n e , l y s i n e , t ryptophane, t y ros ine and c y s t i n e . .. Po l ey (31) found that wheat appeared super io r to corn i n s t i m u l a t i n g growth of ch icks dur ing the f i r s t e i g h t weeks. This was subs tan t i a ted by the work o f Wilcke and Hammond (42 ) , who repor ted t ha t the feed consumption was low and the rate, of growth on the corn- fed c h i c k s cor responding ly s low. These i n v e s t i g a t o r s concluded t ha t a l though the r a t i o n con ta in ing corn as the sole g r a i n had l a r g e r q u a n t i t i e s o f v i t amins A and G complex than the other r a t i o n s , the? one w i t h oats as the so le g r a i n produced the most r a p i d ga in s of any of the r a t i o n s con t a in ing s ing le g r a i n s . However, t h i s was not i n agreement w i t h B i e l y ( 4 ) , who found that c h i c k s which were fed wheat or corn as the sole g r a i n i n t h e i r r a t i o n s grew at the same r a t e and a t t a i n e d p r a c t i c a l l y the. same average ra te at e igh t weeks of age. Moreover , he found that t i i a c h i c k s which were f e d r a t i o n s tha t conta ined the ground oats grew at a somewhat slower r a t e and averaged s l i g h t l y l e s s i n weight . This s l i g h t l y lower rate of growth o f the oat l o t was perhaps p a r t i a l l y exp la ined by the fac t t ha t the ch i cks had some d i f f i c u l t y i n e a t i n g the coa r se ly ground oats dur ing - 12 -the f i r s t two weeks of brooding* WileJce et a l . (42) also^ found that the a d d i t i o n of 20% of ground oat h u l l s or ground whole oats to the wheat r a t i o n g r e a t l y improved the ra te of growth. This would seem to i nd i ca t e that the a d d i t i o n o f the f i b r e to the r a t i o n was of considerable value to the c h i c k . The in f luence of whole wheat, wheat bran and shor ts on body weight and feather growth i n c h i c k s was s tudied at the Nebraska A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n ( l ) . I t was found that the p ro te ins of the e n t i r e wheat ke rne l and of the bran and shor ts were apparent ly u t i l i z e d w i t h equa l e f f i c i e n c y by growing c h i c k s when combined w i t h a good basa l r a t i o n . Several i n v e s t i g a t o r s have repor ted tha t there i s a good concent ra t ion of a \" feather growth f a c t o r \" i n wheat bran. The Nebraska experiments Ind i ca t e tha t as much as 40% of bran can be used i n c h i c k r a t i o n s w i t h good r e s u l t s * Taylor and Lerner (58 ) , s tudying the e f f ec t s of va r ious l e v e l s of wheat bran on the age of p u l l e t s at sexual m a t u r i t y , found that the i n c l u s i o n o f e i t h e r 15% or 25% l e v e l s of bran r e s u l t e d i n more r a p i d growth \u00C2\u00A9f the c h i c k s and e a r l i e r sexual ma tu r i ty o f the p u l l e t s . However, Po l ey (51) d i d not f i n d any apprec iab le increase i n the ra te of ga in i n weight when 10% to 25% of ground wheat was rep laced w i t h wheat b r a n . Po l ey also found the same t o be t rue when 10% each o f bran and midd l ings were used to replace an equa l amount of ground - 13 -wheat. He d i d observe, however^ tha t the c h i c k s which r e -ce ived both, bran and midd l ings had normal plumage s t r u c t u r e , a l though more than ^0% showed defec t ive b a r r i n g (the work was c a r r i e d out w i t h Barred Plymouth Rock c h i c k s ) . Th i s would i n d i c a t e that n u t r i t i o n a l f a c t o r s that are e s s e n t i a l for growth, proper feather s t ruc ture and uniform b a r r i n g are not n e c e s s a r i l y i d e n t i c a l . Poley (51) found that wi th a basa l r a t i o n con-s i s t i n g of 67fo wheat, the a d d i t i o n of 3% of good q u a l i t y a l f a l f a meal provided s u f f i c i e n t v i t a m i n A f o r normal growth and the necessary f a c t o r s f o r normal f ea the r s t ruc tu re and c o l o r as w e l l . The h igh m o r t a l i t y found by Bran ion (8) among c h i c k s r a i s e d on wheat as the sole c e r e a l i s b a f f l i n g . On post-mortem examinat ion o f these c h i c k s i t was found that the duc t l e s s glands i n the neck \u00E2\u0080\u0094 the thymus, t h y r o i d , and pa ra thy ro id \u00E2\u0080\u0094 were markedly en la rged and i n f l a m e d . The peak of the m o r t a l i t y occurred du r ing the second and t h i r d weeks. Branion concluded tha t i t was imposs ib le to f i n d the par t of the g r a i n r e s p o n s i b l e , s ince wheat by-products showed s i m i l a r h i g h m o r t a l i t y . P o l e y (31) a l so had some t roub le w i t h m o r t a l i t y i n c h i c k s fed on a l l -whea t r a t i o n s , but d id not repor t the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e s i o n s observed by B r a n i o n . He desor ibed the t rouble as a new type of p a r a l y s i s which was cor rec ted by the a d d i t i o n of a l f a l f a mea l . P o l e y was - 14 -feeding a r a t i o n q;uite h i g h i n p r o t e i n (24.5%). However, B i e l y (4) d id not encounter any such m o r t a l i t y i n a study of c o r n , wheat and oats r e s p e c t i v e l y as the sole g r a i n s con-ta ined i n c h i c k r a t i o n s . In f a c t , there was no m o r t a l i t y i n the wheat l o t , while only two c h i c k s d i ed out o f the corn l o t and one out o f the oat l o t . Crampton (11) s ta tes tha t wheat i s much lower i n v i t a m i n A than i s ye l l ow co rn , and t h i s d e f i c i e n c y must he cor rec ted i f young b i r d s are to be kept a l i v e * Th i s confirms the f i n d i n g s of Har t e t a l . ( 1 5 ) , P o l e y (31.) found that 3% of good grade a l f a l f a meal was s u f f i c i e n t to supplement the v i t amin A d e f i c i e n c y of a b a s a l r a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g of ground wheat and meat sc rap . Crampton (11 ) , a f t e r s t a t i n g that m o r t a l i t y o f c h i c k s on wheat r a t i o n s may be h i g h , / w i t h n e c r o s i s of the beak as the major cause, added that some of t h i s m o r t a l i t y could doubt less be e l i m i n a t e d by coarse r g r i n d i n g . I t i s a well-known f a c t t h a t the g lu t en o f the wheat k e r n e l , when i t i s ground too f i n e l y , may s t i c k to the beaks of the c h i c k s , causing n e c r o s i s , a pressure compaction o f the beak, as descr ibed by C o n k l i n and Maw ( 1 2 ) . Bran ion (8) a lso e v i d e n t l y kad some t roub le wi th m o r t a l i t y from n e c r o s i s . P o l e y , i n studying the e f f ec t on c h i c k s of the f ineness of ground wheat, found that w i th the wheat compris ing 75% of the. r a t i o n , when medium or c o a r s e l y ground wheat was fed - 15 -there, was no appreciable d i f fe rence i n the growth, r a t e or feed consumption per u n i t of ga in t o e i g h t weeks of age. However, when very f i n e l y ground wheat was f e d , 75$ of the ch icks developed nec ros i s w i t h i n three weeks r time , due to the s t i c k y feed adhering t o the mouth p a r t s of the c h i c k s . (b) F a t t e n i n g Maw et a l , (22) found that y e l l o w corn , wheat, oats or b a r l e y i n ground f o r m s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h p r o t e i n and s a l t , were e q u a l l y good f o r f a t t en ing Leghorn b r o i l e r s f o r short pe r iods (14 days) . Such f a c t o r s as the age of the s tock being fed and the length o f t ime of the feeding per iod seemed to have a bear ing on the r e s u l t s ob ta ined . With mature roas t e r s tock , wheat and corn were found to be super io r to oats i n a 21-day f eed ing p e r i o d , al though i n a 7-&ay p e r i o d wheat and oats were o f equa l v a l u e , w i t h wheat super io r to ba r l ey or c o m . The s ing l e ce r ea l s were equal t o the best combinations o f two or three c e r e a l s . Gorn was s u p e r i o r to a l l o ther s i ng l e or combined ce r ea l s i n producing f a t s . The corn r a t i o n produced more fa t i n the f l e s h and l e s s f a t i n the s k i n and abdominal r e g i o n s . The wheat r a t i o n tended to show the opposite e f f e c t - tha t i s , producing more f a t i n the s k i n and abdominal r eg ions and l e s s i n the f l e s h . This was not i n complete agreement w i t h Gut ter idge ( 1 9 ) , who found that the f a t was d i s t r i b u t e d i n d e f i n i t e and s i m i l a r r a t i o i n the depot areas regard less o f the feed g i v e n . The charac ter of body - 16 -f a t s was found to d i f f e r w i d e l y , the corn producing a s o f t e r , y e l l o w f a t , and the wheat producing a f i r m e r , white f a t . Po l ey e t a l . (53) r epor ted tha t when judged \"by the amount o f feed r equ i red to produce a u n i t of g a i n i n body weight o f f r ye r s dur ing the growing p e r i o d , wheat was most e f f i c i e n t , f o l l o w e d by b a r l e y and then by c o r n . I n f i n i s h i n g r a t i o n s tes ted by these i n v e s t i g a t o r s , co rn , wheat, b a r l e y was the rank i n o rder of e f f i c i e n c y . The corn-and wheat-fed f r y e r s and r o a s t e r s had s i g n i f i c a n t l y more t o t a l ed ib l e meat on the carcasses than the b i r d s r e c e i v i n g b a r l e y . The wheat- and b a r l e y - f e d f r y e r s and roas t e r s had a somewhat h igher percentage of l i g h t meat i n the t o t a l e d i b l e meat than those r e c e i v i n g co rn . Th i s cou ld be due to the f a c t that the corn group had the h ighes t percentage of abdominal f a t t y t i s sue i n the e d i b l e meat. There was a somewhat h ighe r moisture content found i n the co rn -fed, and a lower mois ture content i n the wheat-fed b i r d s . These same i n v e s t i g a t o r s (34) l a t e r repor ted tha t there was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rence between the d r e s s ing and cooking percentages o f the f r y e r s or r o a s t e r s r e c e i v i n g e i t h e r wheat or b a r l e y as the p r i n c i p a l c o n s t i t u e n t of the f a t t en ing r a t i o n , and those r e c e i v i n g co rn . Fur the rm ore , no appreciable d i f f e rences i n aroma, f l a v o r ^ j u i c i n e s s or tenderness of e i t h e r the l i g h t or the dark meat could be de tec ted . - 17 -(c) Egg Produc t ion Extens ive s t u d i e s , i n v o l v i n g 30 t r i a l s , 99 l o t s , and a t o t a l of 5 , 2 6 9 ch ickens , were c a r r i e d out over a pe r iod of four years at South Dakota (32) w i t h growing c h i c k s , l a y i n g stock amd breeders . They showed that l ow- t e s t wheat (ave . 4 8 . 8 pounds per bushel) was e q u a l l y as e f f i c i e n t as h i g h - t e s t (j>8 pounds per bushel) , as judged by the, ra te of growth of the young c h i c k s , egg p r o d u c t i o n , and h a t c h a b i l i t y . This i s i n complete agreement w i th Goodearl ( 1 8 ) , who found that shrunken wheat w i t h a t e s t weight of 40 pounds to the bushel was not i n f e r i o r to plump wheat w i t h a t e s t weight of 60 pounds to the bushe l , when each was used i n equal amounts by weight i n a r a t i o n f o r l a y i n g hens. Goodearl a lso found that the m o r t a l i t y was s l i g h t l y l e s s among b i r d s fed shrunken wheat, and that feed consumption was a l i t t l e l e s s ; consequently hens fed shrunken wheat r equ i r ed l e s s feed oyer ' a . three-year per iod to produce a dozen eggs than hens fed plump wheat. That i s , the feed cost per dozen eggs was d e f i n i t e l y lower among b i r d s fed the r a t i o n con t a in ing the shrunken wheat. E q u a l l y good r e -s u l t s i n i n c u b a t i o n were secured. Crampton ( 1 1 ) r epo r t s that when wheat i s p r o p e r l y supplemented i t i s about equal to e i t h e r ye l l ow c o m or white corn f o r egg p roduc t i on , main-tenance of body weight , and feed requirements per 100 eggs. - 18 -G . BXPERIMErai , -Wheat and wheat by-products have been, and are s t i l l , e x t e n s i v e l y used i n p o u l t r y r a t i o n s , The wheat k e r n e l as a whole, according to McGollum (21) conta ins s u f f i c i e n t water-soluble v i t a m i n s , as w e l l as p r o t e i n su i t ab l e to promote normal growth i n r a t s j p rov ided tha t the g r a i n i s supplemented wi th adequate s a l t s and f a t - s o l u b l e v i t a m i n s , Osborne and Mendel (2 9.) found that the p r o t e i n of whole wheat i s adequate for normal growth i n r a t s i f i t i s eaten i n s u f f i c i e n t amounts (92% wheat supply ing 10% wheat p r o t e i n ) . F u r t h e r i they con-c e d e d that for maintenance the p r o t e i n s of wheat are n e a r l y as good as those of c a s e i n . Hart et a l . (lj>) demonstrated a v i t amin A d e f i c i e n c y when c h i c k s were fed r a t i o n s composed l a r g e l y o f wheat. Wheat was u s u a l l y spoken o f as the best o f the g ra in s f o r pou l t ry feed ing p r i o r to 1918-1919, when i t s h i g h cos t , due to the heavy demand f o r f l o u r - m a k i n g , fo rced poultrymen to con-s ide r tha t wheat was not i n d i s p e n s a b l e . Louring t h i s p e r i o d such t i t l e s as \"Wheatless Mashes f o r Feeding P o u l t r y \" were f requen t ly found i n the l i t e r a t u r e , Notwi ths tanding the common use of wheat and i t s p roduc t s , r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e research work has been done on t h e i r b i o l o g i c a l value i n p o u l t r y r a t i o n s . At the present time i t seems i n e v i t a b l e tha t there w i l l be a swing back t o the p o p u l a r i t y of wheat as a feed f o r p o u l t r y , f o r economical i f not f o r n u t r i t i o n a l r easons . - 19 -Since there was exper imental evidence a v a i l a b l e to i n d i c a t e that i t i s not advisable t o feed wheat alone to p o u l t r y ( 7 , 8, 1 1 ) , al though e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s have been obtained from the feeding of wheat to r a t s , i t seemed expedient to determine the maximum amount of wheat that could be fed wi th safe ty to growing c h i c k s . Thus t h i s study was conducted i n order to estimate the n u t r i t i v e value of wheat as a feed f o r growing ch icks from hatching time to e i g h t weeks of age, and to de te r -mine the minimum p r o t e i n , m ine ra l and v i t a m i n supplements necessary t o balance the r a t i o n when wheat i s used as the only g r a i n . (a) M a t e r i a l s and Methods i!'or the purpose o f these experiments , r a t i o n s were formulated to i n c l u d e as much wheat as p o s s i b l e , a f t e r a l l o f the known neoessary m i n e r a l and v i t a m i n requirements were s u p p l i e d . The wheat used i n both s e r i e s of the exper imental work was a Manitoba 4 Nor thern wheat, qui te common i n commercial pou l t ry feeds . In Se r i e s 1 the wheat analysed 13.7\u00C2\u00B0/, p r o t e i n , and i n Se r i e s 2 i t analysed 14.0% p r o t e i n . Both l o t s of wheat were ground to a medium coarse cons i s t ency . In t h i s connect ion i t might be s ta ted that one l o t of wheat was r e j e c t e d because i t had been ground too f i n e l y . - 20 -The source of the animal p r o t e i n used i n these ex-periments was a H e r r i n g F i s h Meal of h i g h q u a l i t y . This feed was a l so ra ther coa r se ly ground. The f i s h meal used i n Se r i e s 1 was analysed as having 61*77\u00C2\u00B0 p r o t e i n , and that used i n Ser ies 2 was analysed as having 73 .6% p r o t e i n . The same mine ra l supplement was used i n a l l the experimental r a t i o n s , and cons i s t ed o f 1% of i o d i z e d s a l t and 2% of l imes tone . Manganese sulphate was added at the rate of four ounces to each t o n of mash. Vitamin A and v i t a m i n D r e -quirements were supp l i ed by the a d d i t i o n of 1% of 100-D and 1000-A f i s h o i l . In s e t t i n g up the r a t i o n s , the p r o t e i n content of each r a t i o n was s tandard ized to 19%, and the quan t i ty o f a d d i t i o n a l supplement that was added rep laced an equa l quan t i ty of wheat. The m i n e r a l - v i t a m i n supplement was constant throughout \u00E2\u0080\u0094 that i s , 4% of the r a t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g supplements were used i n both s e r i e s : (1) Dr i ed skim mi lk* (2) Dehydrated g r a s s , of good q u a l i t y . (3) Wheat b r an . (4) B-Y Feed. The l a s t supplement mentioned, the B-Y Feed, i s a new product obtained from the fermenta t ion o f molasses . The B-Y Feed i n Se r i e s 1 contained 60 micrograms of r i b o f l a v i n per gram, whi le tha t used i n Se r i e s 2 conta ined 240 micrograms of r i b o f l a v i n per gram. B-Y Feed i s a patent feed manufactured by - 21 -Commercial Solvents Corpora t ion o f Chicago. The ch i cks i n each s e r i e s of the experiment ( t o t a l of 1 ,32\u00C2\u00B0 ch icks ) were obtained from the same source and from the same breeding s tock, The s t r a i n was known to have been of h i g h q u a l i t y and to have been f e d a standard r a t i o n . At the beginning of each experiment the c h i c k s were weighed i n d i v i d u a l l y and s e l e c t e d at random i n t o l o t s , which were p laced i n separate compartments of standard f o u r - t i e r e l e c t r i c b a t t e r y brooders i n the P o u l t r y N u t r i t i o n l a b o r a t o r y at The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, The brooder b u i l d i n g was w e l l i n s u l a t e d , a l l o w i n g the room t o he kept at a f a i r l y uniform temperature. The, humidi ty was mainta ined i n the room by mois ten ing the f l o o r r e g u l a r l y . An e l e c t r i c f an was used to a i d i n v e n t i l a t i n g the room. L i g h t s were used f o r twelve hours of each day and were c o n t r o l l e d by an automatic e l e c t r i c s w i t c h . As f a r as poss ib le , each group was kept under i d e n t i c a l environmental c o n d i t i o n s . To encourage maximum consumption, an adequate supply of feed was kept i n the troughs before the c h i c k s at a l l t imes , as the r a t i o n s were fed ad l i b i t u m . The b a t t e r y brooders used i n these experiments were so cons t ruc ted that i t was impossible to keep an accurate r eco rd of the net feed consumption. F resh water was a v a i l a b l e at a l l t imes . - 22 -The dura t ion o f the experimental work was largely-determined by, the f o l l o w i n g f a c t s . F i r s t l y , ch icks make such r a p i d growth du r ing the f i r s t e i g h t weeks that they are extremely s e n s i t i v e t o any d e f i c i e n c y which might occur i n a r a t i o n du r ing t h i s p e r i o d . Secondly, there are data a v a i l a b l e to i n d i c a t e that there i s p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between the growth a t t a i ned by ch icks dur ing the f i r s t four to s i x weeks of age and subsequent development a f t e r e igh t weeks. T h i r d l y , ch icks are u s u a l l y l e t out on green range at t h i s age, and consequently any pos s ib l e d e f i c i e n c y i n a r a t i o n would be c o r r e c t e d . F o u r t h l y , b r o i l e r s u s u a l l y a t t a i n a marketable weight at e igh t weeks of age. In g e n e r a l , t hen , the i n t e r v a l from ha tch ing time to e i g h t weeks of age seemed to be s u f f i c i e n t f o r most of the experiments, s ince the r a t i o n s were designed p r i m a r i l y as s t a r t i n g r a t i o n s * (b) Exper imenta l Data The c r i t e r i o n fo l l owed i n i n t e r p r e t i n g r e s u l t s of each I n d i v i d u a l experiment could be d i v i d e d in to three genera l headings: (1) The general c o n d i t i o n and appearance of the c h i c k s . (2) The r a t e o f m o r t a l i t y . (3) The r a t e of g a i n i n w e i g h t . A l l data were analysed s t a t i s t i c a l l y I n o rder to evaluate the r e s u l t s s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Minimum s i g n i f i c a n t - 25 -d i f fe rences between means were c a l c u l a t e d from the a n a l y s i s of var iance as o u t l i n e d by Snedecor (57 ) . The square root of the var iance f o r e r r o r i s equal to the standard d e v i a t i o n , viLich i s a c t u a l l y the Standard E r r o r of a s ing le de te rmina t ion : SE s SB SB mean, of n s SE Di f fe rence between 2 means(e.g. Ea t ions 1 and 2) ( S E J 2 +\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (SB J 2 The necessary d i f fe rence between two l o t s i s : SE. Di f fe rence between tv/o means X t S E R I E S I - 24 -i\ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Se r i e s I f i >>:\ The r a t i o n s fo r the f i r s t s e r i e s of these experiments j'i were composed ma in ly of wheat, f i s h m e a l , a m i n e r a l - v i t a m i n supplement ( 4 f o ) . and one or two supplementary p roduc t s . The i composition of the r a t i o n s w i l l be found i n Table 5 . I t w i l l | be noted tha t there was more than 75$ of wheat i n a l l the j r a t i o n s , and that i n Ra t ion 2 , which, contained only wheat and 11 -jj f i s h meal bes ides the m i n e r a l - v i t a m i n supplement, there was | i 8 3 . 7 5 $ of wheat. R a t i o n 1 cons i s t ed of 8 2 . 5 $ of wheat, f i s h I- meal , and 2 .5% of d r i e d skim m i l k . Ra t ion 5 was supplemented i. w i th 3$ of dehydrated g ra s s . In t h i s connect ion i t might be || s ta ted that Po ley (31) concluded that at l e a s t 3% of a good H Ij grade of a l f a l f a meal was necessary to supplement the v i t a m i n 'j A d e f i c i e n c y o f a b a s a l r a t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 67$ of ground wheat, supplemented wi th meat and bone scrap and d r i e d skim m i l k . I t w i l l be observed that Ra t i on 3 conta ined 80% of ground wheat, i Ra t ion 4 was supplemented w i t h 5% of wheat b r a n , and Ra t i on 5 j w i t h 3 $ of dehydrated grass p lu s jj$ of wheat b r an . R a t i o n 6 was made up on ly o f the wheat, f i s h mea l , and B - Y Feed . Ra t ion 7 was made up of a v a r i e t y o f the common g r a i n s and was designed to resemble a t y p i c a l commercial c h i c k s t a r t e r . Three hundred pounds of each r a t i o n were mixed at the beginning of the experimental work, thus ensur ing u n i f o r m i t y of the feed throughout . i - 25 -I I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note that the r a t i o n s were qui te I d i s t i n c t i n t h e i r appearance. Moreover , the o v e r - a l l texture j was good, i n that the coa r se ly ground f i s h meal was comple-mentary to the wheat, which i n t u r n was of a moderately coarse g r i n d . The whole made a r a the r open mixture of s u b s t a n t i a l weight. The c o l o r i n g of each r a t i on was a f fec ted by the presence or absence of dehydrated grass ; at the same t i m e , the bran tended to make the mixture l o o s e r and l i g h t e r , as w e l l as to increase the volume. Since R a t i o n 7 was ground to a much f i n e r cons i s t ency , i t was fo>und t o d i f f e r cons ide rab ly i n appearance from any o f the other s i x r a t i o n s . Experiment 1 The f i r s t experiment i n Se r i e s 1 was s t a r t e d on May 29th , w i th 420 day-o ld cockere l c h i c k s . They were d iv ided i n t o seven l o t s of 30 ch icks each, and each l o t was d u p l i c a t e d , making a t o t a l of 60 c h i c k s on each o f the exper imental r a t i o n s . The c h i c k s were i n d i v i d u a l l y weighed and p laced at random i n t h e i r r e spec t ive compartments. Thereaf ter they were weighed i n d i v i d u a l l y a t the end of each week. The average weekly weights are g iven i n Table 5 . Oare was taken t o make obse rva t ion of any abnorma l i t i e s dur ing each time o f weighing and throughout the whole p e r i o d of the experiment . A weekly summary o f the m o r t a l i t y w i l l be - 26 -shown i n Table 6. So that the cause of the m o r t a l i t y cou ld be determined, post-mortem examinations of the ch i cks were made promptly. I t may be of i n t e r e s t to note tha t at no time dur ing the course .of the experiment was there a s i n g l e ins tance of n e c r o s i s , that i s , of the wheat meal s t i c k i n g to the beaks of the ch icks and causing compaction of the beak as descr ibed by Conk l in and Maw (11) , Bran ion ( 7 ) , and Poley (51 ) . The fea the r ing appeared to be normal i n a l l l o t s , and at no time during the course o f the experiment was there any t roub le w i th cann iba l i sm, f e a t h e r - p u l l i n g or t o e - p i c k i n g . However, the c h i c k s , e v i d e n t l y i n order to c l ean t h e i r beaks, were observed to wipe them qui te f r equen t ly through the feathers o f other c h i c k s . This h a b i t should not be confused or a s soc i a t ed w i t h ordinary f e a t h e r - p i c k i n g , which g e n e r a l l y l eads to canniba l i sm and m o r t a l i t y . I t i s a l so of cons iderable i n t e r e s t to note tha t there was not a s i n g l e case o f p o r o s i s . There was a complete absence of c u r l e d - t o e p a r a l y s i s , i n d i c a t i n g an adequate supply of r i b o f l a v i n i n the r a t i o n s . Moreover j t ha t the supply o f v i t amin D was s u f f i c i e n t to ensure proper bone composi t ion was shown by the. ash a n a l y s i s r epor ted i n Table 1 9 . That an adequate supply o f v i t a m i n A was p rov ided through the f i s h o i l i n r a t i o n s 1 , 2 , 4 and 6 was i n d i c a t e d by the f a c t t ha t there was no evidence of a v i t a m i n o s i s A . There were, however, a few ,:! oases of defec t ive k idneys found, but these were so few that ,'j they could be expla ined as i n a b i l i t y on the part o f the i n d i v i d u a l c h i c k to a s s imi l a t e p r o p e r l y , and as such cases were found e q u a l l y i n the l o t s con ta in ing dehydrated g ras s , they i could not be diagnosed as a v i t amin A d e f i c i e n c y . I There was a decided d i f fe rence i n the c o l o r o f the s k i n , il shanks and beaks of those l o t s r e c e i v i n g dehydrated grass from 1-1 that o f those l o t s r e c e i v i n g no g ras s . Thus the l o t s fed |J Rat ions 1, 2 , 4 , and 6 had extremely pale to almost white s k i n , ii shanks and beaks, but appeared jus t as h e a l t h y as the l o t s f ed Rat ions 3 , 5- and 7, which had deep yel low- sk in* shanks and beaks. R e s u l t s With the excep t ion o f s k i n , shank and beak c o l o r , there were no no t i c eab l e d i f f e rences between -'the l o t s * M o r t a l i t y , however, was a problem, and at l e a s t f i f t y per cent of the m o r t a l i t y was found i n the ch icks f ed the f i r s t three r a t ions* Post-mortem examinations revea led unabsorbed y o l k s as the cause of death i n the m a j o r i t y o f the cases; otherwise there seemed to be noth ing the mat ter w i t h the chicks* I t would seem tha t these ch i cks had been c h i l l e d or otherwise set back du r ing t h e i r f i r s t few days o f l i f e . As regards the ga ins i n weight as shown i n Table 5 , i t may be of i n t e r e s t to note tha t the f i n a l weights a t t a i ned i n the va r ious l o t s are comparable to those repor ted by other - 28 -i n v e s t i g a t o r s ( 7 , 31 , 40 ) . Appendix A g ives the f i n a l weights at e igh t weeks of age of each i n d i v i d u a l c h i c k i n each l o t . Fran an examination o f Table j> i t w i l l be observed that the add i t i on of 2 .^7\u00C2\u00B0 0 : f clr ied skim m i l k d id , not increase the average weight of the c h i c k s fed R a t i o n 1 over the average weight of the c h i c k s fed R a t i o n 2 . I t w i l l be r e c a l l e d from Table 3 that Ra t ion 2 contained wheat, f i s h m e a l , and the m i n e r a l - v i t a m i n supplement. The a d d i t i o n of 3% of dehydrated grass as fed i n R a t i o n 3 , however, was respons ib le f o r a marked increase i n the average weight of the c h i c k s , much more marked, i n f a c t , than t ha t brought about by the i n c l u s i o n of j?% of bran i n Ra t ion 4. The c h i c k s on R a t i o n 5 , which i nc luded both the 5% dehydrated grass and the 5% of wheat b ran , ?;ere deoidedly heavier i n t h e i r average weight . The average weight of the ch i cks fed on Ra t i on \u00C2\u00A3>, which was the same as R a t i o n 2 except that i t i nc luded 3\u00C2\u00B0/, of B-Y Feed, was cons ide rab ly g r e a t e r than that of those f ed on Ra t i on J?. This weight was equal to tha t of the ch i cks fed on Ra t i on 7 , the commercial c h i c k s t a r t e r . (See Graph I . ) A s t a t i s t i c a l summary of the data i s shown i n Tables 7 , 8 and 9 , An i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f these t a b l e s w i l l be found i n the d i s c u s s i o n of the three experiments i n Se r i e s 1. Experiment 2 The r e s u l t s o f the f i r s t experiment l e d to an i n q u i r y i n t o the response o f ch i cks of the heav ie r breeds . With t h i s object In mind, on June 1 0 t h I 5 9 New Hampshire p u l l e t c h i c k s were i n d i v i d u a l l y weighed and p laced at random i n t h e i r r e spec t ive compartments. There were 6 l o t s o f 23 c h i c k s each, whi le a seventh l o t contained only 21 c h i c k s and these d i d not appear quite so l i v e l y as the c h i c k s i n the other l o t s . This e x p e r i -ment was kept under the same c o n d i t i o n s as the. p rev ious one, and the c h i c k s were fed the same r a t i o n s (see Table 3 ) . Re s u i t s The Hew Hampshire p u l l e t c h i c k s grew ve ry w e l l , and during the course of the experiment fo l lowed the same genera l t rend as d id the ch i cks i n the f i r s t experiment. A summary o f the weekly m o r t a l i t y i s g i v e n i n Table 1 1 . Since c h i c k s of the heavy breeds are extremely suscep t ib le to. p o r o s i s , i t was i n t e r e s t i n g t o note that there was no inc idence of t h i s o c c u r r i n g i n the New Hampshire p u l l e t c h i c k s . Furthermore , there were no s i g n s of avi taminoses A , D, o r G . Since heav ie r breeds fea ther out more s l owly than do the l i g h t e r breeds, c a r e f u l observat ions were made as to the ra te of fea ther growth and extent of f e a t h e r i n g . I t i s a matter of i n t e r e s t to note that the New Hampshires as a breed have been se lec ted fo r t h e i r r a p i d f ea the r i ng c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The r a t i o n s fed seemed to help t h i s breed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , as f ea the r ing was e x c e l l e n t i n a l l l o t s . In f a c t , except f o r the marked d i f fe rence i n the c o l o r i n g of the s k i n , shanks, and beaks of those chicles fed on r a t i o n s w i th and without dehydrated grass , there was no d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e d i f fe rence i n - 30 -the appearance of any one c h i c k from one l o t from that of any one c h i c k from any other l o t . Since they had some d i f f i c u l t y i n g e t t i n g t h e i r heads through the wires i n order to eat comfortably , the Few Hampshire p u l l e t s d i d not g a i n as much as they p o s s i b l y cou ld have gained dur ing the seventh week. The experiment was therefore terminated at the end. of the seventh week r a t h e r than a t the end of the e igh th week as i n the case of the S ing le Comb White Leghorn c h i c k s . The average weekly weights are g iven i n Table 10 . The i n d i v i d u a l weight fo r each c h i c k f o r each l o t i s shown i n Appendix \u00C2\u00A3 , from which the s t a t i s t i c a l analyses i n Tables 1 2 , 13 , and 14 were worked o u t . Experiment 5 The excessive m o r t a l i t y encountered i n Experiment 1 made i t important to decide whether the r a t i o n s were the cause of such m o r t a l i t y or whether i t was due to other f a c t o r s . Thus on June 30th , 210 c a r e f u l l y s e l ec t ed S ing l e Comb White Leghorn cocke re l ch icks were s t a r t e d on the seven r a t i o n s (Table 3 ) . Re s u i t s The general appearance and c o n d i t i o n of the ch i cks i n t h i s experiment were good, and again there was no p o r o s i s , n e c r o s i s , av i t aminos i s A , o r cu r l ed - toe p a r a l y s i s . i-.-j \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - 31 -j At the end of the t h i r d week., four c h i c k s were taken from M each l o t , at random, f o r the purpose of determining the ash ;j a n a l y s i s . The r e s u l t s are given i n Table 1 8 , j This experiment , as i t had qui te d e f i n i t e l y shown t h a t the r a t i o n s were not respons ib le fo r the excessive m o r t a l i t y j encountered i n the f i r s t experiment, was terminated at the end I of the f o u r t h week, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2I ] \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ' \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ' ' ' ' j \" ' j The average weekly weight of the ch icks to the f o u r t h [ week i s g iven i n Table 1 ^ . A summary o f the weekly m o r t a l i t y , i n c l u d i n g the fou r c h i c k s taken from each l o t f o r the purpose of ash a n a l y s i s , i s shown i n Table 1 6 . Disouss i on As a r e s u l t of the three experiments i n Se r i e s 1 , i t has been sh.own that wheat, i f p r o p e r l y supplemented, can be fed as the only g r a i n i n c h i c k r a t i o n s u n t i l e igh t weeks of age, even when i t composes from 75% to 83\u00C2\u00BBj>$ of the r a t i o n . The supplement i n the main cons i s t ed of f i s h mea l , which served i c h i e f l y as a source of p r o t e i n , and a m i n e r a l - v i t a m i n mixture c o n s i s t i n g of 1% of i o d i z e d s a l t , 2% of l imes tone , and 1% o f f i s h o i l , wi th manganese sulphate added to the r a t i o n a t the r a te of 4 ounces per t o n . Other supplements used i n the r a t i o n s were m i l k , grass , b r an , and B - Y Feed. Of these, B - Y Feed proved to be the most s a t i s f a c t o r y . - 32 -I t w i l l he r e c a l l e d that B-Y Feed i s an except ional ly-good source of r i b o f l a v i n and pantothenic a c i d . The former v i t amin p lays an important r o l e i n promoting the normal growth of c h i c k s (50) as w e l l as the. maximum u t i l i z a t i o n of feed . The. feed mixture used i n these experiments was apparent ly h i g h i n r i b o f l a v i n con ten t , as evidenced by the f ac t that no cases of cu r l ed - toe p a r a l y s i s occurred i n any o f the l o t s . However, the f i s h meal d i d not provide s u f f i c i e n t r i b o f l a v i n t\u00C2\u00A9 promote optimum growth, as B-Y Feed (a r i c h source of r i b o f l a v i n as w e l l as of pantothenic ac id ) cons ide rab ly enhanced the rata* o f growth i n each o f the three experiments of the s e r i e s . The r e s u l t s obtained i n t h i s s e r i e s are i n accord w i t h those of McOollum and Davis (21 ) , who found that to ob ta in normal growth w i t h r a t s the wheat ke rne l r e q u i r e d p r o t e i n , mineral, and v i t amin supplements* Sherman (56) found tha t a mixture of f i v e - s i x t h s ground whole wheat and one - s ix th d r i e d whole m i l k , w i t h t ab l e s a l t , and d i s t i l l e d water , was adequate, i n tha t i t supported normal growth and hea l th w i t h successfu l r ep roduc t ion and r e a r i n g o f young genera t ion a f t e r gene ra t ion . A l l the exper imental r a t i o n s appeared to be qui te pa la tab le t o the c h i c k s , as judged by the r e l a t i v e ra te o f consumption and eagerness wi th which they were ea ten . The - 53 -d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f the r a t i ons was presumably good, as two very h i g h l y d i g e s t i b l e products - namely, wheat and f i s h , meal - were used to make up the g rea te r pa r t o f the r a t i o n s . Dae; t o the coarse g r i n d of the wheat and of the f i s h meal , the texture of a l l the r a t i o n s was good, but was p o s s i b l y improved by the i n c l u s i o n o f the 3% dehydrated grass or of the 5% of wheat b r a n . However, the tex ture was much d i f f e r e n t from the f l o u r - l i k e cons i s tency of Ra t ion 7 , the commercial c h i c k s t a r t e r . As p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , I t i s a well-known f a c t tha t the g lu t en found i n wheat, p a r t i c u l a r l y i f the wheat i s ground very f i n e , w i l l s t i c k t o the beaks of ch ickens , caus ing the c o n d i t i o n known as \"compaction of the beak\", or n e c r o s i s , as desc r ibed by Oonkl in and Maw ( 1 2 ) and other i n v e s t i g a t o r s ( 7 , 31) . However, due to the coarse g r i n d of the wheat, i n t h i s se r ies o f experiments no n e c r o s i s was encountered. From obse rva t ion of Table 3 i t w i l l be n o t i c e d tha t Ra t ion 1 conta ined only 2 . 5 % of d r i e d skim m i l k besides the wheat and f i s h meal con ta ined i n Ra t i on 2 . The average weekly weights po in t out (Table 5 ) that although, the ra te of growth of the ch i cks was good on both r a t i o n s there was no advantage i n the f eed ing of the 2 %$% of d r i e d skim m i l k . Apparent ly the f i s h meal provided s u f f i c i e n t r i b o f l a v i n f o r normal growth , thus de t rac t ing from the supplementary e f f ec t of the m i l k . As judged by the average, weights of the eh icks - 34 -fed on these r a t i o n s , the 3% of dehydrated grass that was added to R a t i o n 3 made a great improvement over Rat ions 1 and 2, which were apparent ly adequate f o r normal growth, hut not opt i m a l . When 5% of wheat hran was added to R a t i o n 1 the average r e s u l t s were s l i g h t l y B e t t e r , but c e r t a i n l y not so good as when the grass was added. Th i s would seem t o i n d i c a t e tha t the improvement was due to the p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f ec t s of the wheat b ran , r a the r than to n u t r i t i o n a l a f f e c t s . That wheat bran i s one of our best p o u l t r y feeds i s subs tan t i a ted by Almquist et a l . ( 2 ) , who demonstrated the n u t r i t i o n a l value of pentoses and pentosans (bran i s 20% pentosans) f o r the ch i ck ; and by Taylor and Lerne r (38 ) , who concluded that e i t h e r 1$% or 2jT/o l e v e l s o f wheat bran r e s u l t e d i n more r a p i d growth o f the c h i c k s . Experiments at Nebraska ( l ) i n d i c a t e d that as much as 40% of bran can be used i n c h i c k r a t i o n s w i th good r e s u l t s . Accord ing to Grirard (16) , 14.35% of the wheat k e r n e l i s composed of b r an . A t the bottom of Table 3 w i l l be found the c a l c u l a t e d percentage of bran i n each o f the exper imenta l r a t i o n s . Thus i t i s shown tha t each r a t i o n a c t u a l l y con ta ins w e l l over the 10% of wheat bran recommended by L l o y d and B i e l y ( 2 0 ) . That bran ac t s as a l a x a t i v e i n a quan t i t a t i ve f a s h i o n , and that i n c r e a s i n g amounts of bran produce i n c r e a s i n g - 35 -weights of feces was demonstrated when Ra t i on 4, which con-ta ined a t o t a l of 1 6 . 1 2 % of b ran , was compared w i t h Ra t ions 1 and 2 , which con ta ined minimum amounts (11% and 12% r e s p e c t i v e l y ) o f b r an . Ra t ion j?, which contained both the 3% of grass and the _5% of b ran , had a much h ighe r average than d i d the r a t i o n con ta in ing the grass alone , which was o b v i o u s l y open t o f u r the r impr 0 vem emt. Rat ion 6 , which was composed only of wheat, f i s h meal and B-Y Feed, was equal to the standard commercial R a t i o n 7 . I t i s obvious , t h e n , t ha t although the wheat and f i s h meal were adequate i n t h a t they, supported normal growth and h e a l t h , more of some f a c t o r s \u00E2\u0080\u0094 probably r i b o f l a v i n and pantothenic a c i d , which are found i n grass but e s p e c i a l l y i n B-Y Feed \u00E2\u0080\u0094 i s necessary to support optimum growth.. From an examinat ion of Table 4 i t w i l l be noted that the Ca:P r a t i o i s good i n every i n s t a n c e . Since there was not a single, case o f pertosis encountered, i t i s b e l i e v e d that s u f f i c i e n t manganese was added t o the r a t i o n s , t ha t the phosphorus was i n a h i g h l y usable form:, and that ( s ince choline he lps to prevent po ros i s ) there must have been suf-f i c i e n t chol ine i n the r a t i o n s . In agreement w i t h Bran ion at a l . (8) and Wilcfce ( 4 2 ) , there were no symptoms of r i c k e t s observed, as i s shown by - 36 -the Tables 18 and 19 , on ash a n a l y s i s of the c h i c k s at three weeks and again a t e igh t weeks of age. There was no a v i t a m i n o s i s A or G. Thus the f i s h o i l must have provided a s u f f i c i e n t amount of v i t amin A , as w e l l as of v i t a m i n D. The f i s h meal used was h igh i n r i b o f l a v i n , e v i d e n t l y s u f f i c i e n t l y so to ma in ta in normal growth, but not to ob t a in the optimum growth which was a t t a i n e d by the use of B-Y Feed and the standard commercial R a t i o n 7, and p a r t i a l l y a t t a i n e d by the. i n c l u s i o n of 3% of good q u a l i t y dehydrated g r a s s . Such, r e s u l t s would obv ious ly not have been exper ienced had meat scrap been used as the source of p r o t e i n . The m o r t a l i t y i n Experiments 2 and 3 was almost n e g l i g i b l e , so the excess ive m o r t a l i t y i n Experiment 1 must be a t t r i b u t e d to undetermined f a c t o r s . - 37 -Se r i e s 2 The f i r s t s e r i e s of feeding t e s t s demonstrated that wheat oould he used as the only g r a i n i n r a t i o n s of growing c h i c k s u n t i l t hey were e igh t weeks of age, provided that i t was supplemented w i t h the e s s e n t i a l p r o t e i n and m i n e r a l -v i t a m i n concent ra tes . Since B-Y Peed gave such e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s when supplementing wheat and f i s h mea l , a second s e r i e s of experiments was undertaken to d i scove r i f the a d d i t i o n of wheat \"bran, o f deihydrated g r a s s , of B-Y Feed, or of d r i e d skim m i l k would improve the r e s u l t s ob ta ined . These feeds are the common sources of minera l and v i t a m i n supplements r e q u i r e d by p o u l t r y . Experiment 1 In the second s e r i e s of feeding t r i a l s the p r o t e i n content of the exper imenta l r a t i o n s was r a i s e d to 20%. The f i s h meal used i n t h i s s e r i e s was shown to c o n t a i n 73.6% p r o t e i n . The purpose of t h i s experiment was to compare the e f f i c i e n c y of the above-mentioned supplements, s epa ra t e ly or i n combinat ion* Table 21 represen t s the chemical compos i t ion o f the feeds used i n the exper imental r a t i o n s ; Table 22 gives the composi t ion of the exper imental r a t i o n s ; Table 23 r epor t s the c a l c u l a t e d minera l and v i t a m i n content o f the - 38 -exper imenta l r a t i o n s . From Table 22 i t w i l l be observed tha t each o f the e igh t r a t i o n s was composed of more than 74 pounds of wheat. The same m i n e r a l - v i t a m i n supplement, c o n s i s t i n g of r/; 10Q-L, 1000-A f i s h o i l , 1% i o d i z e d s a l t , and 2% l imes tone , was used as i n Se r i e s 1, Besides t h i s m i n e r a l - v i t a m i n supplement, Ra t i on 1 con-s i s t e d only of wheat and f i s h mea l , the wheat compris ing 83.570 of the t o t a l m ix tu re . A l l o f the other r a t i o n s except R a t i o n 6 conta ined 57, of wheat b r a n . Ra t ions 3 , 5 , 7 and 8 conta ined 37\u00C2\u00B0 of dehydrated g r a s s . Rat ions 4, 5 , 6 and 7 were each supplemented w i t h 1% of B - Y Feed , whi le on ly Rat ions 7 and 8 were supplemented wi th 2 .jT/, of d r i e d skim m i l k . On J u l y 14th 240 Single Comb White Leghorn p u l l e t ch i cks Vi/ere i n d i v i d u a l l y weighed and leg-banded, and placed at random i n t h e i r r e spec t ive compartments. On the same day, 200 Single Comb White Leghorn c o c k e r e l c h i c k s were i n d i v i d u a l -l y weighed, banded, s e l e c t e d at random and d i v i d e d in to e igh t l o t s to be f ed the same exper imenta l r a t i o n s as those r ece ived by the p u l l e t s . These ch icks were i n d i v i d u a l l y weighed at two weeks of age, at four weeks,, and every week the rea f t e r u n t i l the experiment was terminated at the end of the seventh week. The texture o f these eight r a t i o n s was s i m i l a r to tha t of the r a t i o n s of the f i r s t s e r i e s . 1 1 . . - 3 ? -Expe rimant a l Data ! * ) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - ' ' I Since the p r o t e i n content of the exper imental r a t i o n s I \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 j i n the second s e r i e s was s l i g h t l y h igher than that of the | r a t i o n s i n the f i r s t s e r i e s , the ch icks grew at a somewhat more r a p i d rate* However, the f i s h meal used i n t h i s s e r i e s was e v i d e n t l y more complete i n the, \"growth-promoting food f a c t o r s \" , s ince the a d d i t i o n o f supplements d id not increase the average weight of the c h i c k s , e i t h e r i n the p u l l e t or i n the cocke re l l o t s . Th i s sample of f i s h meal showed an a n a l y s i s o f 7 3 . 6 0 / o p r o t e i n . Since the a d d i t i o n of 3 % of dehydrated grass , which had increased the average weight o f the ch i cks i n the. p rev ious experimental work, had no e x t r a b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s above that of the unsupplemented r a t i o n of f i s h meal and wheat, i t was assumed that there was suf-f i c i e n t r i b o f l a v i n and other growth-promoting f a c t o r s \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 provided by the f i s h m e a l . This assumption was confirmed by \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 I the f a c t that the r a t i o n s which were supplemented by 1% of B-Y Feed d i d not increase the average weights o f the ch icks to which they were f e d . I t w i l l a l s o be observed that the feeding of e i t h e r the bran or the m i l k d i d not r e s u l t i n any increase i n the average weight of the c h i c k s . A summary of the average weekly weights w i l l be found i n Table 2 6 , and the a n a l y s i s of var iance i n Table 2 7 , w i t h a summary of the s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i n Table 2 8 . - .4-0 -D i s c u s s ! on No d i f fe rences i n the outward appearance of the c h i c k s could be detec ted , except that the ch i cks fed on r a t i o n s con-t a i n i n g dehydrated grasses had very y e l l o w s k i n , shanks and beaks, while those fed on r a t i o n s con ta in ing no grass had white s k i n , shanks and beaks (P la t e 1 ) , To conf i rm the apparent h e a l t h y c o n d i t i o n o f the c h i c k s , i t seemed of i n t e r e s t to make, observat ions on the i n t e r n a l organs. A c c o r d i n g l y , three c h i c k s were se l ec t ed at random from Experiment l j Se r i e s 1 , at e i gh t weeks of age. Weight and volume measure-ments were made on the d i f f e r e n t organs, as i s shown i n Table 1 7 . While no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e rences were observed i n the d i f f e r e n t organs, i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note that the i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t s o f the b i r d s fed on R a t i o n l o . 7 , tfoQ commercial c h i c k s t a r t e r , were cons ide rab ly g rea te r both i n weight and volume. Ra t ion 7 was a much b u l k i e r feed than the s i x a l l -whea t r a t i o n s , and the i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t s of the c h i c k s fed on R a t i o n 7 had e v i d e n t l y adjus ted themselves to take care of the l a r g e amount o f f i b r e . The ash ana lyses of the t i b i a of the above c h i c k s , as shown i n P l a t e 2 and Tables 18 and 1 9 , i n d i c a t e tha t the v i t a m i n D supp l i e d was s u f f i c i e n t f o r normal c a l c i f i c a t i o n . - 41 -Wheat as a food i s d e f i n i t e l y l a c k i n g i n v i t a m i n A , \u00E2\u0080\u00A2In the r a t i o n s used i n the experiment t h i s d e f i c i e n c y was co r rec ted by the a d d i t i o n of If of 1QQ0-A f i s h o i l . Wheat i s low i n c a l c i u m . Th i s d e f i c i e n c y was s u p p l i e d by the a d d i t i o n of 2% l i m e s t o n e . Al though wheat i s a f a i r l y good souroe of manganese, i t does not con ta in qu i t e enough f o r normal development of the c h i c k e n . The manganese content of the r a t i o n s was therefore r a i s e d by the a d d i t i o n of four ounces of manganese sulphate to every t o n of mash used . Wheat i s known to be q u a n t i t a t i v e l y d e f i c i e n t i n the p r o t e i n s necessary f o r the promotion of normal growth. This d e f i c i e n c y was co r rec t ed through the a d d i t i o n of animal pro-t e i n - namely, f i s h mea l . When a l l of these d e f i c i e n c i e s were co r r ec t ed , wheat gave jus t as good r e s u l t s as a v a r i e t y o f g r a i n s . This seems to i n d i c a t e that v a r i e t y i s not. an important f a c to r i n the c o m p i l a t i o n of pou l t ry r a t i o n s . - 42 -ST3MABY Studies i n v o l v i n g two s e r i e s of experiments, 44 d i f f e r -ent l o t s , and a t o t a l of 1,529 o h i c k s , were c a r r i e d out to determine the n u t r i t i v e value of wheat. The r a t i o n s were made up of a m i n e r a l - v i t a m i n m i x t u r e , an animal p r o t e i n , and wheat as the so le source of Hi t rogen-Jree E x t r a c t . The r e s u l t s of the study show tha t wheat alone can be used as a base i n making up balanced p o u l t r y r a t i o n s . In the use of wheat, however, i t i s important to have a thorough knowledge of the va r ious n u t r i e n t s which i t con ta ins , as w e l l as of those i n which i t i s d e f i c i e n t or l a c k i n g . Through the j u d i c i o u s use o f the var ious m i n e r a l , v i t a m i n , and p r o t e i n supplements, i t i s p o s s i b l e to inc lude as much as 83.5$ of wheat i n the r a t i o n of young ch i cks from hatching time t o e ight weeks of age, w i t h s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s . - 43 -REFERENCES (1) Ackerson , C.W. , M . J . B l i s h , and I . E . Musseh l . 1940. The Inf luence of Whole. Wheat Bran and Shorts on Body-Weight and Feather Growth i n C h i c k s . P o u l t . S c i . 1 9 : 1-11. (2) A l m g u i s t , H , J , , T . H . Jukes, and W.E. Newlan. 1940. Feeding Chickens . ' C a l i f . Agr . 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The Vi tamin B^ Requirements of the C h i c k . P o u l t . S c i . 21: 4-379. (10) C h i c k , H . and G . E . Work. 1941. The N u t r i t i v e Value of the Combined P r o t e i n s o f Wheat F l o u r s of D i f f e r e n t Degrees of E x t r a c t i o n o f the Wh\u00C2\u00A9at G r a i n . Ohem. and Ind . v o l . 6 0 : 723. (11) Crampton, E a r l e W. I 9 3 6 . The Comparative Feeding Values f o r P o u l t r y of B a r l e y , Oats, Wheat, Rye and Corn . Report No, 2 9 , N a t i o n a l Res. C o u n c i l , Dominion Dept. o f A g r . , Canada. G o n k l i n , R . L . and, W.A. Haw. 1950. Pressure Nec ros i s of the Beak. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Mee t ing , P o u l t . S c i . A s s n . , Macdonald Co l l ege , Que. , Canada, F r a p s , G . S . 1928* D i g e s t i b i l i t y and Produc t ion Co-e f f i c i e n t s of P o u l t r y Feeds* Tex. A g r . E x p t , S t a . B u i . 5 7 2 : 5-24 Feeding S t u f f s . Aug. 1 5 , 1942. H a r t , E . B , , J . A . H a l p i n and H . Steenbock. 1917, The;. Behavior of Chickens R e s t r i c t e d to the Wheat and Maize K e r n e l , Jour . B i o l , Chem, 51: 415-420. G i r a r d , A , and 1 . L i n d e t . 1905* \"La Froment et La M o i s t u r e \" , P a r i s , Greaves, J . E , 1940. The M i n e r a l s of Wheat and The i r R e l a t i o n s h i p to Human and Animal N u t r i t i o n . C i r . 115, Utah State A g r i c , C o l l e g e , Logan, Utah . Goodear l , G. P* 1941. Shrunken Wheat f o r Laying Hens. B u i , 2 9 7 , Nor th Dakota A g r i c . E x p . S t a . , Largo , Nor th Dakota. Gut te r idge , H . S . 1957. Methods and Rat ions f o r F a t t e n i n g P o u l t r y , S o l . A g r i c . 1 7 : 540-5^8. L l o y d , E . A , and J . B i e l y . 1941.,- P r a c t i c a l P o u l t r y Feed ing . B u i . 1 0 7 , Dept . of A g r . , V i c t o r i a , B . C . McOollum, E . V . and M . Daves. 1914. Jour , of B i o l , Chem. 1 9 : 245. Maw, W,A. I 9 5 9 , Cerea ls i n the Fa t t en ing R a t i o n , P r o c . Seventh World* s P o u l t r y Congress. Maw, W*A. , A . J . A . Maw and R. Holcomb. 1939. Cereals i n the F a t t e n i n g R a t i o n . 1, The Comparative E f f e c t upon Gains and Composit ion o f the Carcasses w i t h Mature Roas t e r s . S c i . A g r i c . 1 9 : 9 . Maw, W.A, and A * J * A . Maw* 193 9. The Cereals i n the F a t t e n i n g R a t i o n . I I . The i r Comparative Values fo r F a t t e n i n g Leghorn B r o i l e r s . S c i . A g r i c . 1 9 : 9. Moe, G.G* 1942* Wheat S tud ies i n B r i t i s h Columbia. Dept. of Agronomy, The U n i v e r s i t y of B . C . , Vancouver, B . C. - -45 -(26) M o r r i s o n , F . B . 1938. Feeds and Feeding. 20th e d i t i o n . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 -. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 M o r r i s o n P u b l i s h i n g C o . , Hew Y o r k . (27) Murphy, J . C . and A . B . Jones. 1934. The N u t r i t i v e P r o p e r t i e s of the P r o t e i n s of Wheat Bran . Jour . B i o l . Chem. 69: 85-99. (28) Newman, H . L . 1942. The P roduc t ion of V i t amin B White F l o u r . Food i n Canada, V o l . 2, No. 1. (29) .Osborne, T . B . and L . B . Mendel . 1919. The N u t r i t i v e Value of the Wheat .Kernel and I t s M i l l i n g Products . Jour . B i o l . Chem. 37: 557-601. (30) P r a t t , J . M . 1942. A B i o l o g i c a l Study of the P r o t e i n and R i b o f l a v i n Content of B r i t i s h Columbia Fishmeals . Thes i s , The U n i v e r s i t y of B . C . , Vancouver, B . C . (31) P o l e y , W.E. 1938. The U t i l i z a t i o n of Wheat and Wheat By-Products i n Feeding Young Chickens . 1. The E f f e c t of the Fineness of Gr ind ing Wheat. 2. A l f a l f a l e a f Meal as> a V i t a m i n A Supplement for Ground Wheat. 3. Ground Wheat,. Bran and M i d d l i n g s as Sources of the A n t i n e u r i t i c V i t amin B . 4 . Ground Wheat as a Source of V i t amin G Growth Fac to r , Unknown Factors which Af fec t Plumage, Co lo r and S t r u c t u r e . 5. P r o t e i n Supplements for Ground Wheat. P o u l . S c i . 17: 331-338, 390-399. (32) P o l e y , W.E. and W.O. W i l s o n , 1941. Feeding Values of High and Low-Test Weight Grains f o r Chickens . A g r . Exp . S t a . B u i . 353, South Dakota State Col lege Brook ings , S .D. (33) P o l e y , W . E . , A . L . Moxon, W.O. Wi l son and R . I . Dolecek. 1940. E f f e c t of Corn , Wheat, and Bar ley i n the D i e t on the F l a v o r of F r i e d and Roasted Chickens . Jour , of A g r . Res. 61, 3 : 179. (34) P o l e y , W . E . , A . Rosenquist and A . L . Moxon. 1940. E f f e c t of Corn and Wheat and Bar ley i n the Die t on the f l a v o r of F r i e d and Roasted Ch ickens . Jour, of A g r . Res. 61, 3 . (35) Record, P . R . and R . M . Bethke. 1942. Fur ther Observations on Chol ine and Yeast i n Chick N u t r i t i o n . P o u l . S e i . 21, 3: 271-276. - 46 -(36) Sherman, H . C . 1936. N u t r i t i o n a l Improvement i n Heal th and l o n g e v i t y . S c l e n t i f i e Monthly , 43: 97-107. (37) Snedecor, G.W. 1940. S t a t i s t i c a l Methods. Iowa State Co l l ege P re s s , Ames, Iowa. (38) T a y l o r , L .W. and I . M . ' L e r n e r . 1939. E f f e c t of Varying l e v e l s of Wheat Bran on Age at Sexual M a t u r i t y . P o u l . S c i . 18, 4: 323. (39) Tepley, L . J . , F . M . S t rang , and C . A . Elvehjem. 1942. N i c o t i n i c A c i d , Pantothenic A c i d and Pyr idox ine i n Wheat and Wheat Produc ts . J o u r . N u t r i t i o n , 24: 167. (40) T i t u s , H.W. 1939. P r a c t i c a l N u t r i t i v e Requirements of P o u l t r y . Yearbook of A g r i c u l t u r e , U . S . D . A . (41) T i t u s , H.W. 1942. E f f e c t of War on P o u l t r y Feeds. U . S . Egg & P o u l t r y Magazine, 48, 9: 512. (42) W i l c k e , H.I , , and J . C . Hammond. 1940. Fea the r ing , Growth, Feed Consumption and Rachi togenes is i n Chicks as In f luenced by the K i n d of Gra in i n the D i e t . Jour. Of A g r . Res . 61, 5: 369. (43) Zechmeis ter , L . and E . D . Escue. 1941. The P rov i t amin A Content of American Whole Wheat F lou r and Whole Wheat Bread . P r o c . Nat . Acad . Sc ience , 27: 528-532. References Not S p e c i f i c a l l y C i t e d Bethke, R . M . and P . R . Record . 1942. The R e l a t i o n of R i b o f l a v i n t o Growth and Curled-Toe P a r a l y s i s i n C h i c k s . P o u l . S c i . 21: 147-154. Bennet, M . K . 1941. Wheat i n N a t i o n a l D i e t s . Wheat Studies., 18: 37-76. Bauerhfe ind , J . C , I f .P . H o r r i s and G . F . Heuser. 1942. Pantothenic A c i d Requirements of C h i c k s . P o u l . S c i . 16, 2 : 142-146. B r a n i o n , H . D . 1933. The Inf luence of C e r e a l Grains on Bone Format ion. P o u l . S c i . 1 2 : 335. C u l t on-, T . A . and H .R . B i r d . 1941.\" E f f e c t of C e r t a i n P r o t e i n Supplements i n I n h i b i t i n g Pigment Depos i t i on i n Growing C h i c k s . P o u l . S c i . 20: 432-6 . Had l ing ton , B . 1936. Wheatmeal Feeding Experiments . P o u l t r y Notes , Dept . A g r . , New South Wales. Hainan, E . T . 1926. The D i g e s t i b i l i t y of E n g l i s h Wheat. Jour . A g r . S c i . 16: 451-458. 1 - 4 7 -Hammond, J . C . and H . R . B i r d . 1942. E f f e c t s of N u t r i t i o n on V a r i a b i l i t y i n the Growth of Chickens . P o u l t r y S c i . Y o l . X X I , No. 3. Hammond, J . C . and H . R . B i r d . 1942. Size of Thymus and Bursa F a b r i c i u s i n R e l a t i o n to Rate o f Growth i n C h i c k s . P o u l t r y S c i . V o l . 2 1 ; No. 2 . Hanke , A . R . and A . T . P e r k i n s . 1942. Carotene and \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 R i b o f l a v i n i n A l f a l f a . P o u l t r y S c i . V o l . X V I , No. 3 : 1 9 5 - 1 ? ? . Heiman, V . , J , S , Carver , and J.W. Cook. 1939. A Method f o r Determining the Gross Value of P r o t e i n Concentrates . P o u l t r y S c i . V o l . X V I I I , No. 6. Holme Si A . D . 1 9 1 9 , Experiments on the D i g e s t i b i l i t y o f Yi/heat Bran i n a D ie t Without Wheat F l o u r . U . S J 3 . A . B u i . No. 7 5 1 : 1 - 2 0 . Jasny, N . 1 9 4 0 . Competi t ion Among G r a i n s . Food Research I n s t i t u t e , Stanford U n i v e r s i t y , C a l i f . F r aps , G . S . and E. .C. C a r l y l e . I 9 3 9 . The U t i l i z a t i o n of the Energy o f .Feed by Growing Chickens . P o u l t r y S c i . 1 8 , 3 : 1 - 4 4 . Jackson, S . H . and A . G . O . Whi tes ide . 1942. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on the Thiamin Content o f Canadian Wheat and F l o u r . S c i e n t i f i c A g r i c . 2 2 : 6. Jones, J . H . 1939. A Comparison o f Cereal and Non-Cereal D i a t s i n the P roduc t ion o f R i c k e t s . J . N u t r i t i o n , V o l . 18: 5 0 7 . Payne, L . F . 1934. The Comparative N u t r i t i v e Value o f Sorghum G r a i n , Corn , and Wheat as P o u l t r y Feeds, P o u l t r y S c i . , v o l . 13: 1 - 3 2 . Pengu i t e , R . , R . B . Thompson and H . R . N a y l o r . 1924, The Value of C e r t a i n Scra tch Gra ins i n P o u l t r y R a t i o n s , B u i . I 0 6 , Oklahoma A g r i c . E x p . S t a . , S t i l l w a t e r , O k l a . P o l e y , W.E. and W.O. W i l s o n . 1939. Cerea l Grains i n Turkey R a t i o n s . B u i . 350, South Dakota A g r . Exp . S t a . Sheehy, E . J . I 9 3 9 . E f f e c t of F i b e r and Bulk i n the D i e t of Chickens on The i r Growth and on the P reven t ion of Feather P i c k i n g and Canniba l i sm. P r o c . Seventh-Wor ld ' s P o u l t r y Congress: 2 0 5 - 2 0 9 . it - 48 -Sharwood, R . M . and J . R . Couch. 1936. Wheat Gray Shorts fo r the P reven t ion o f S l i p p e d Tendons i n Ba t t e ry Brooder C h i c k s . P o u l t r y S c i . , v o l . lj?: 1-2J5. T u l l y , W.C. 1934. Wheat and Wheat By-Products f o r Laying Hens. P o u l t r y S c i * , v o l , 13: 1-18. Tan der Hoorn, R . , H . D . B r a n i o n , and W.R. Graham. 1938. Studies i n the H u t r i t i o n o f the C h i c k . I I I . A Maintenance f a c t o r Present i n Wheat Germ, e t c . P o u l t r y S c i . 17: 1 8 5 . ^ Wheat-Feeding. 1930. P r a c t i c a l Exper iences i n Feeding Wheat. Fede ra l l a m Board , Washington, D . C . , B u i , Ho. 2 . - 49 -Table 1 Chemical Composition of Feeds Used i n Exper imenta l Rat ions (Se r i e s 1) Feeds tuf f P r o -t e i n Fa t F i b r e H i t r o -:gen-f ree E x t r a c t M i n -e r a l M a t t e r Ca P Mn (p.P.m.) Whs at 13.7? 1.7 3 . 0 7 0 . 0 2.0 .04 .39 39 M e a t Bran. 1 5 . 8 0 5 . 0 ; 9 . 5 , 5 ? . 8 12 . 2 1 . 9 2 .22 30 \" M i d d l i n g s 1 7 . 0 0 4>? 4.4 ' ' 59 .9 3.4 . 0 7 . 6 9 113 Oats 9.30 5 . 4 11*Q, 6 2 . 2 3.6 .10 .36 34 Corn 10.00 4.4 3 . 0 7 0 . 1 1.7 .01 . 2 9 5 F i s h Meal 6 1 , 7 0 6,8 0.7 3.6 14.7 9 .09 4.7-0 40 Meat Scrap 5 5 . 0 0 10.7 2 .2 1.2 24.6 8 . 2 5 4.00 18 D r i e d Skim M i l k 34.80 0 . 9 - 5 0 . 1 8.0 1.27 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 96.; 0.6 Dehydrated Grass 21.10 2 . 8 16.1 3 9 . 8 12.2 1.92 . 2 2 30 2 5 . 0 0 - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - . 6o*0 1 1 . 0 - - --F i s h O i l 100 - - - - ' . 2 -Limestone - - - - 39.20 - 200 Iod ized S a l t - - -> - - - -Mangane se Sulphate - - - - _ - - 36.3% - 50 -Table 2 The Es t imated Vi t amin Content of Feeds Used i n Exper imenta l Ra t ions Feeds tu f f Vi t amin A Vi t amin R i b o -f l a v i n (miargrams) T h i -amin Panto-thenic A c i d Wheat 140 ' _ 400 340 .7 Wheat- Bran 1^0 - 1,000 4 5 0 1.8 Wheat M i d d l i n g s 100 - 700 800 .7 Oats : 80 - 400 270 .7 Corn 5 , 1 8 0 45O 270 .7 F i s h Meal ' 4 , 5 0 0 - .2 Meat Scrap - - 2,200 - .2 Dr i ed Skim M i l k 130 - 9 , 5 0 0 400 3.0 Dehydrated Grass 95 ,000 8,000 400 2.5 B-Y - 27,240 6,810 136,200 F i s h O i l 454 ,000 45 ,400 - -Limestone - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - - - -I o d i z e d S a l t - - - -Manganese Sulphate \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2j jl - 5 1 -Table 5 . . Composit ion of Exper imenta l Rat ions ( In Pounds) Feedstuff\" .1 2 3 4 ' 5 6 7 F i s h O i l 1.00 1*00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 . 0 0 Limestone 2 .00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2 . 0 0 Iod i zed S a l t 1.00 1,00 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 1 . 0 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 . 0 0 Wheat ( g r . ) 82 .50 83.75 ,80.-00 77 .50 7 5 . 0 0 81.00 3 5 . 5 0 F i s h Meal 11.00 12 . 2 5 10 .50 11.00 1 0 . 5 0 12,00 8 . 0 0 Dr ied Skim . M i l k 2 . 5 0 2 . 5 0 2-* 5.0 ' 2 * 5 0 - 2 . 5 0 Dehydrated \u00E2\u0080\u00A2Grass \u00E2\u0080\u0094 - 3.0 _ 5.0 - 5 . 0 0 Wheat Bran \ - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - - 5.00 5 . 0 0 - 1 0 . 0 0 B-Y - _ - - 5.00 -Meat Scrap - - - - - 5 . 0 0 Oats ( g r . ) - - - . - 1 0 , 0 0 Corn ( g r . ) - - - - - 1 0 . 0 0 Whe at M i d d l i n g s - - - - - 1 0 . 0 0 MnSo4 added at the ra te of 4 oz . per t on . o l FH 8 P-jO Calculated 19.034 1 9 . 0 9 7 19 .015 19 .154 19 .115 19 .234 19.716 A n a l y s i s 18 .56 I 8 . 8 9 18.79 18.57 I 8 . 6 9 18.86 18 .90 Calculated 1 1 . 8 4 12 .02 11,48 16 .12 1 5 . 7 6 11 .62 1 5 . 0 5 ...,o,.. H CQ a o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri 03 K o -P o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P Pi CD O O Pi \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri 43 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri 1> a> Pi \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rl aj 43 a5 H ri o H a3 o a> .4 o a -P -H o o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P e o ri H Rl W cvl OD t-i H NO O rri INO IA CM NO CO CO. CM \u00C2\u00AB NO CO co CM ^1 CM INO NO Nf o O ON CM OJ e-l o o o to ON ON J r-i O o o o CM o M EH H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri o CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri -P rri 03 CO CD N O CD ti O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P CQ 4-3 CD 03 S \u00C2\u00A9 1^ CQ ri ^ -ri Cij H & ^ 0J +9 O EH CD CJ B CD 02 'H O vH s ft \u00C2\u00AB CO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H 03 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H U \u00C2\u00AB * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ,M -p to a? H U 03 -P B o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H,p on 1 1 O O O O LAO LAO I CM CM H O e \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 st CMNQ ON LA O O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H c-t ! o o o o O O LAO I O ur\c\u00E2\u0080\u0094O H ONCO LA tO st CM O O O st LA st ( I O LA co H 1AO CM LAI to C-LA CM ON 4 st O . o st LA st . 1119 8 I CM CO O O CM O tO VO ) OvJD OvD to tO O O O O O IAO O H CO tOvO 8 N0 tO tO Q O C-~0 vO O O O O O o o o o O O O LAO LAO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 # \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 >\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H H CM C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 H CM LA N\u00C2\u00A3>v o LAI CM ON o H LA !co o st Lf\| O ! CM CM o LA J CM ON si' s?' to o o H st-H O o O 4^ 0 rH * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 +\u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 A CO C0 H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2a o3 O H P 03 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H o CD co pq H O CD -p 03 N 02 -P P CD o3 1^ O 03 O a CD \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H CD\" EH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H H (4 ft R g -53 CD tlQ M CD P CD g -P P o o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P ri o o C0 S3 EH O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri ri \u00C2\u00A9 w \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P iH O O -\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P \u00C2\u00ABj \u00C2\u00B13 \u00C2\u00A7 PH CQ 3 -P rO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri -ri H !|o (4 -P v_^> CD \u00C2\u00A3 01 CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Pi += rQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri -ri r-l \u00C2\u00A7 io h \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri QJ i CQ O O CD OOOOOOOO o o a o ir\ur\o o r-i r-i CM lAO CM tO IA LA \u00E2\u0080\u00A2A NO \u00C2\u00A9 r-i \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ON IA IA O IA IA \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00ABt tr-NO O o Lf\ NO H o A -p \u00C2\u00A35 H O a3 (\u00E2\u0080\u00941 CQ CD EH H ri \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri fri G O CD -P CQ CD CQ -d s \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri H (53 ca M to H 03 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri FH 3 CS S nrf \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri CD ro ,M +s FH a3 cq ,\u00C2\u00A9 CO N FH h> a3 CQ -ri &0 c3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H \u00C2\u00A9 ri \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 C!) O o o st st ir~o o o o ON LT\0 CO CO si- H H - I i H to LC\0 CM O . to O R ' m p -p 6 P \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P w \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rH o o st I ! st I I I I I I I I t m 02 P O fH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P o PM jp stoooooooo CO H 0NV\u00C2\u00A3) ONVO O tO H i tOcMVOtOcMC-OOH H HO O O tO CM O O I \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H o H 03 o O cM O O O O cMLr\ir\Lf\ OstHC-Oi-HC-cMtOND JNDHHOHOCMHOON C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 O O O O O C- st O O -P<\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0080\u00A2> p 03 O \u00C2\u00A31 OOOOOOOOOOOO O O O LT\0 O O O O o u\o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 9 \u00C2\u00AB * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 9 9 9 O t> 9 HH CM lf\OOOOCOLC\(MlA tO H H rH H \u00C2\u00ABH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P ro CD \u00C2\u00A9 ft o M LrH -P \u00C2\u00AB3 ca H O C0 N (P T-j 03 'O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H O ft H O -P \u00C2\u00A9 o3 S CD \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H ,p P \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rH fH \u00C2\u00ABH -p -p o3 03 tn CD CD -P H 03 CD 02 M ra H a3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H fH 03 H fH O CO CO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P CD 03 -H CD \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P oj fH ,P Xj^a30'HCDfHC\u00C2\u00BB H a3 43 o EH - 56 -Table 5 . Average Weekly Weights of Cockerel Chicks - May 2 8 - J u l y 23,1942 0 1' 2 3 4 5 7** ft No. Jhicks Wt. i n Gms, No. Chicles Wt. i n Gms. NO; Chicks \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2wt.. i n Gms. No. Chicks i t , i n Gms. No. ChiclrB W t . . i n . Gms, wo. Chicks Wt. i n .Gms,, i l o . Chicks .Vi/t.. i n Gms. No.. OhMrs Wt. i n Gms. No. Chicks w t . m Gms. 1 a b 30 30 3 6 . 0 0 3 5 . 8 5 25 30 67.OO 6 9 . 6 6 25 29 104.26 1 1 2 . 2 7 18 28 157 .77 1 6 7 . 9 6 17 27 2 2 8 . 6 5 .238.48 1 7 -26 501.29 325.00 H 26 375 ,86 410.42 60 35 .92 55 6 8 . 4 5 52 108 .73 46 .163.98 44 234,68 4 3 515.63 41 5 9 2 . 0 5 39 486.89 35 604.77 2 a b 30 30 3 6 . 3 5 5 6 . 0 5 26 28 7 0 . 9 6 6 9 . 8 5 21 23 I I I . 5 2 I O 9 . 5 2 16-20 146.81 1 6 2 . 1 5 15 20 211 .86 2 2 7 . 8 5 15 19 2 8 7 . 7 I 520.11 15 19 3 6 4 . 5 3 417 .63 60 36.18 54 7 0 . 5 8 44 HO; . 48 36 1 5 5 . 3 5 35 . 221 .00 54 50 6.. 56 34 ' 3 9 4 . 2 0 29 4 9 1 . 9 6 28 614.14 3 a b: 30 30 3 6 . 4 6 3 5 . 8 0 28 24 7 5 . 8 2 6 9 . 8 7 26 22 118 .00 1 1 6 . 2 5 : 24 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 20 175.12 1 7 8 . 4 0 24 20 2 35.95 2 5 2 . 5 O 24. 20 3 2 5 . 6 7 .549.40 20 20 445 .95 459 .55 6 0 ; 56 .13 52 7 2 . 0 0 48 1 1 7 . 2 2 . 4 4 1 7 5 . 5 2 44 2 4 3 . 4 7 4 4 3 5 4 . 1 8 40 4 5 2 . 7 5 40 555.5^ 57 667.46 4 a b 30 30 3 6 . 5 6 5 6 . 1 7 27 28 7 2 . 7 4 77.61 26 28 1 2 0 . 0 0 1 1 9 . 6 4 25 28 179.00 1 7 1 . 5 7 25 26 249.24 2 4 7 . 2 6 25 26 5 4 6 , 8 8 3 2 9 . 9 6 25 25 434 .68 4 3 3 . 3 4 60 56 .20 55 7 5 . 2 2 5 4 1 1 9 . 8 1 5 3 I 7 5 . O 7 5 1 248,25 5 1 5 5 8 . 2 5 50 4 3 4 . 0 2 50 532.92 50 6 5 8 . 9 4 5 a b 30 30 56.25\" 55 .90 29 28 76 .14 7 1 . 3 4 29 27 124,45 113 ,11 28 27 1 9 1 , 7 1 1 7 7 . 1 5 28 26 268.52 2 5 4 . O 8 28 24 365.OO 3 5 4 . 2 9 27 25 4 8 4 . 5 5 457 ,04 60 3 6 . 0 7 51 73 .79 ' 5 6 I I 8 . 9 8 55 1 8 4 . 5 6 54 2 6 1 . 4 6 52 3 6 0 , 0 5 50 4 7 I . 9 O 48 5 7 1 . 4 7 48 694 .19 6 a \ . 30 50 3 6 . 2 0 3 5 . 6 0 26 2.8 7 3 . 0 0 6 9 . 6 1 24 25 1 2 1 , 1 7 1 1 5 . 6 4 24 24 187 ,00 181.92 24 23 260 .42 2 6 8 . I 7 25 22 3 7 4 , 0 0 375,95 24 20 481,00 5 0 5 . 5 0 60 3 5 , 9 0 5 4 71 .24 48 118 .35 48 184.46 47 2 6 4 . 2 1 45 573.97 44 4 9 1 . 9 3 44 6 I O . 5 4 4 3 ' 733.86 7 a b 30 50 5 6 . 0 5 5 4 . 9 5 29 28 7 0 . 7 6 6 7 . 5 4 28 28 1 1 7 . 5 2 1 0 9 . 5 0 26 28 1 8 9 . 1 5 177.86 26 27 2 6 5 . 7 6 2 7 1 . 2 2 26 2 7 . 381.31 391.41 25 26 4 9 7 . 7 2 5 1 0 . 6 9 60 35.48 6 9 . 1 7 5> 113.41 54 185.30 5 3 263.57 5 3 386 .43 5 1 5 0 4 . 3 3 50 - \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 619.62 50 ' 735.82 *j?or composi t ion o f r a t i o n s , see Table 5. **Lots a and b combined at end of s i x t h week. ***Averages based on t o t a l weight of t o t a l number of c h i c k s . -57 -Table 6 W e e k l y - M o r t a l i t y of Chicks \u00E2\u0080\u00A2(Experiment 1, Se r ies 1) Ra t ions : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 No. of Obioks S t a r t e d : 6o 6o 6o 6o 60 60 6o ieees 1 5 6 8 5 3 6 3 2 5 10 4 1 1 5 1 . 3 6 8 4 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 - . 2 1 ' 1 1 ... ^ 1 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - ;\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2 2 -2 . . - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 4 1 2 1 2. 7 2 - - 2 - 1 8 4 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ' 1 3 - - 1 No. of Chicks F i n i s h e d : 55 28 37 5 0 48 4 3 50 - 58 -Table 8 A n a l y s i s of Variance (Se r i e s 1) V a r i a t i o n Due to Degree s - o f Sreedom. Sum of Squares Variance Standard D e v i a t i o n Rat ions or Treatments 6 ' 6 3 7 , 9 7 3 E r r o r 284 3 , 1 4 8 , 0 0 7 1,10.8.45 33 .29 TOTAL . . . 290 3 9 7 8 5 - 8 9 8 0 - 59 -Table 9 S t a t i s t i c a l Summary A n a l y s i s of S i g n i f i c a n c e of Di f fe rences (Experiment 1, Se r i e s 1) RATION 1 2 3 4 . .5 6 :-\. -7 1 _ s s s s s 2 1 - s s s s 3 . .$ s s s s 4 S s H \u00E2\u0084\u00A2 s s ' s 5 s S S _ s s 6 S s s . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2. s s - \"S 7 s s s . s s -S - S i g n i f i c a n t U - F o n - s i g n i f i c a n t ~ 60 -Table 10 Average Weekly Weights of New Hampshire P u l l e t Chicks June 1 0 - J u l y 5 , 1942 (Experiment 2 1 Se r ies l ) RAT3QI* \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o ; ' ' 2. 5 4 7 ' \u00E2\u0080\u00A2. No. Chicks I t . I n Gms, No. Ch icks W t . i n ...Gms. Chi cks \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 W t . - i n Gms.. ' No , ' ' Ghi cks Wt 0 i n &ms. :\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Ho,.-; Ch icks Wt. i n Gm s , \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2No.;, Chicks :Wt. i n .Gms. : No. Chicks Wt. i n Gms. No. Chicks I t . i n Gms. 1 25 3 6 . 5 2 2 1 6 0 . 7 1 1 7 1 0 2 . 6 4 17 1 5 5 . 5 9 17 2 51 .00 17 313,12 15 455 . 20 15 691.80 2 25 , 35 .13 2 1 6 0 . 7 0 2 1 95*24 18 145.50 17 223.18 17 524,94 17 459.55 16 '\" 6 8 6 . 5 0 5 23 35 , 4 8 23 5 7 * 1 S 23 1 0 0 . 3 2 23 I 5 8 . 8 6 25 242.50 23 541.18 25 464.47 22 699.04 4 23 3 6 . 5 2 . 22 '\": 6 0 . 5 ? \" 22 1 0 5 . 3 2 22 1 6 5 . 7 7 22 2 5 0 . 6 8 22 540,41 22 475 .04 x 9 7 2 6 . 1 0 5 25 36,69 23 6 1 . 5 2 23 1 0 5 . 9 1 23 174,04 21 2 6 6 . 3 5 21 5 6 2 , 2 8 20 490.00 20 7 0 9 , 7 0 6 23/. 54.61 22 6 1 . 6 4 2 1 1 0 6 . 1 9 21 ; 1 7 2 . 3 3 21 263.57 21 557.66 20 4 7 4 . 5 5 19 7 2 4 . 4 7 7 21 54 .00 18 5 5 . 9 4 18 9 5 . 0 5 18 164.44 18 2 5 8 . 0 0 18 5 6 2 . 0 0 18 469.44 18 7 2 2 . 7 8 * JTor composi t ion o f r a t i o n s , see Table 5. - 61 -lab l\u00C2\u00A9 11 Weekly M o r t a l i t y o f New Hanpshire P u l l e t Chicks (Experiment 2 , Se r i e s l ) Ra t i ons : ' 1 ' 2 3 ; ' 4 . 5 6 7 No. of Chicks S t a r t e d : ' 23' '; 23 25 23 23 23 21 WEEKS ' 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2 2 - 1 - 1 3 2 4 - - - _ 1 _ 3 - 4 - - - ; -4 - - - - ; 2 -- - - - - - -2 - - 1 1 -7 - 1 1 2 1 -Ho. o f Ch icks F i n i s h e d : 15 16 22 19 20 1 9 18 - 63 -Table 13 A n a l y s i s of Variance V a r i a t i o n Dae to Degrees - of Freedom Sum of Squares ( s x 2 ) Variance Standard D e v i a t i on Ra t ions or Treatments 1 , 4 6 2 , 0 0 8 . 1 0 E r r o r 122 218,704.95 1 ,792.67 42.54 TOTAL . . . 128 1 , 6 8 0 , 7 1 4 . 0 5 - 64 -Table 14 S t a t i s t i c a l Summary A n a l y s i s of S i g n i f i c a n c e of Di f fe rences Hew Hampshire P u l l e t Ch icks (Experiment 2 , Se r i e s 1) RATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 V 7 1- - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 S s s 2 E - H s S \u00E2\u0080\u00A2s-; . s 5 TS N - A s 4 S S .. A . - H i N S s S \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H N H 6 S s .\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 s . I \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . . , H - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H 7 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2' s s s ; N \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H S -\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 S i g n i f i c a n t ST - N o n - s i g n i f i c a n t A a Approaching S i g n i f i c a n c e 02 \u00C2\u00A9 O rH CD fn CD \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ,\u00C2\u00B14 CM b st O ON O rH O ON CM rH 03 -P >s \u00C2\u00A9 >P rH rH M p rQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H 1-3 03 ,\u00C2\u00A9 I EH Is: o to H CD (isj p CD l~3 \u00C2\u00A9 a \u00C2\u00A9 CQ \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 CO to \"P d \u00C2\u00A9 s \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rH fH \u00C2\u00A9 M st CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a if \u00C2\u00AB5 CVJ to \u00C2\u00BB rH st CVJ st rH \u00C2\u00BB ^t to CM co CO 9 o NO OJ NO LIN, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 to CM CM LTN st \u00C2\u00AB Lf\ LT\ CM st o \u00C2\u00AB st NO OJ st LC> 9 ON c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 OJ CQ o o rP o LT\ OJ CM CM LT\ OJ to CM CM CM LT\ CM st CM CQ o o rP o to p \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 CQ -P C5 is C~ O \u00C2\u00AB vJO C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 rH CM CO 9 to NO 1\u00E2\u0080\u0094i c-LC\ \u00C2\u00AB NO co H to ON e CM c~ rH to CO 9 st c-: H O OO A CM CO H CM ON * CM ON rH CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2M o rj 123 -H ,P O O tO CO CM o to oo CM NO CM o to CO OJ CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2M o rj 123 -H ,P O OJ P \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri \u00C2\u00BB m \u00E2\u0080\u00A2p cjj to NO 9 NO - o H tr\u00E2\u0080\u0094 rH CM O H c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 NO * CM rH rH ON to 9 NO o H st Lf\ e C-o H o o ' rH rH H CM 9 o CM H 03 O fj r-i ; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o to CO CM O to CO CM NO CM O to CO CM rH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00B0; rH P \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H \u00C2\u00AB 02 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Ej P C5 is - H , NO 9 c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 : tr-H H c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 to 9 CO CO rH NO c-CM st 9 LT\ C- \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 : 'c\u00E2\u0080\u0094-st st C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 LT\ st \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 st c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 03 ei4 O Cj .P O rH o to o to co '/ CM , NO CM O to ON CM P \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H 03 -PCS to CO 9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 st to CM - tO-o Lf\ tO o CO * NO to to 9 st to to CO 0 l.f\ to to ' ON ..,-9 to to o 9 ' . NO to -CQ o o rP O H to H to o to o (O o to GJ to o to RATION* rH CM to st NO c~ - 66 -Table 16 Weekly M o r t a l i t y (Experiment 3, Se r i e s l ) Ra t i ons : 1 2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 5 4 5 6 7 No. o f Ch icks S t a r t e d : 51 31 50 50 30 50 50 WEEKS 1 - .\ 1 - 2 4 - 1 2 ; 1 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - -4 \" 1 2 - 1 2 5 - - - 1 - 1 1 No. of Chicks F i n i s h e d : 25 22 25 25 22 24 25 *Four chicks taken from each l o t fo r a n a l y s i s at end o f t h i r d week. - 67 ~ Table 17 Average Weight o f P a r t s of Representa t ive Chicks from Experiment 1 , at E i g h t Weeks ( J u l y 2 8 , 1 9 4 2 ) RATIOS'\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 HQ. CHICK BAUD HO. H E I G H T OF C H I OK WEIGHT IH GRAMS OJT VOLUME IH C . C . OF Te ste s Spleen Heart L i v e r Bursa . F a b r i c l u s G izza rd G i z z a r d P r o v e n t r i c u i u s In tes t ine 1 Ave . 112 1 2 1 1 8 0 780 9 1 ? 815 838 . 7 0 1 . 0 0 2 , 4 0 1 . 3 6 2 . 0 0 1 . 5 0 1 . 6 0 1 . 7 0 4 , 9 0 5 , 4 3 5 . 2 3 2 1 . 8 2 2 . 0 2 1 . 5 2 1 . 7 2 . 9 0 5 . 4 0 3 . 4 0 2 2 . 6 9 2 9 . 4 0 2 1 . 2 0 2 4 . 4 3 2 0 . 0 0 2 5 . 2 0 2 2 . 5 0 2 2 , 5 7 6 . 5 0 6 . 6 0 5 . 1 0 6 . 0 7 5 8 . 0 6 0 . 0 6 1 . 0 5 9 . 6 2 ' \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Ave . 278 272 2 9 4 822 5 8 9 670 1 . 1 0 . 2 0 .4.8 . 5 9 1 . 9 0 1 . 6 0 2 . 6 0 \"*2 . 0 3 4 . 8 0 4 . 3 0 4 . 9 0 4 . 6 7 28 . 0 1 7 . 3 1 7 . 1 2 0 . 8 3 . 2 0 1 . 3 0 -*19 1 . 6 9 2 5 . 0 5 2 1 . 1 0 2 0 . 4 9 2 2 . 3 6 2 4 , 6 0 2 0 . 0 0 2J3.1Q 2 1 . 5 6 ' 6 . 4 0 4 . 9 0 4 . 7 0 5 . 3 0 5 3 . 0 - 5 8 . 0 5 1 . 0 5 4 . 0 3 A v e . . 325 : 3 0 2 535 885 935 817 8 7 9 . 8 0 . 6 0 . 8 0 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 7 3 2 . 1 0 2 . 9 0 2 . 4 0 2 . 8 0 4 . 7 0 5 o 8 9 5_^00 5 . 1 ? 2 5 . 0 2 4 . 0 2 3 . 5 2 4 . 2 . 8 0 I . 9 0 . .4,50 2 . 5 0 2 1 , 5 0 2 3 . 2 0 2 4 . 9 0 2-3.20 2 0 . 5 0 2 2 . 3 0 2 4 . 8 0 2 2 . 5 0 4 . 4 0 4 . 6 0 4 , 7 0 7 4 . 0 6 8 . 0 7 0 . 0 7 0 . 6 4 A v e . 4 0 0 408 4 5 3 ; 724 718 897 7 7 9 . 6 . 7 0 . 6 5 . 9 0 2 . 0 0 1 . 7 0 2 . 7 0 2 . 1 0 4 . 8 0 4 . 8 0 6 . 1 0 5 . 2 0 2 1 . 8 2 0 . 7 2 3 , 1 3 . 3 0 2 . 8 0 3 . 2 0 2 3 . 5 0 2 2 . 2 0 2 7 . 4 0 2 3 . 2 0 2 0 . 5 0 2 6 . 2 0 5 . 4 0 5 . 1 0 7 . 3 0 6 0 . 0 6 5 . O 6 4 . 0 . 7 3 2 1 , 8 5 .10 . 2 1 . 3 0 2 3 . 3 0 5 . 9 0 6 3 , 0 5 Ave . 5 2 0 5 6 1 5 7 0 970 835 m 859 1 . 5 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 7 3 2 . 2 0 1 . 5 0 1 . 7 0 1 . 8 0 6 . 6 0 6 . 8 0 4 . 3 0 5 . 9 0 2 5 . 6 2 1 . 8 2 4 . 4 2 3 . 9 2 . 7 0 2 . 5 0 1 . 9 0 2 . 5 0 2 7 . 2 0 2 4 . 7 0 . 2 5 . \u00C2\u00A7 2 2 5 . 7 6 2 6 . 2 0 2 0 . 0 0 2 5 . 0 0 2 3 , 6 0 6 . 0 0 4 . 6 0 5 . 1 0 5 . 2 0 7 3 . 0 6 9 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 1 . 0 6 Ave 4 6 0 4 622 6 9 0 794 862 M . 6 . 7 5 . 6 0 . 9 0 2 . 5 0 2 . 9 0 2 . 5 0 2 9 6 o 5 . 5 0 5 . 8 0 6 . 3 0 5 * 8 0 : 19.0? 24.5 2 5 . 1 ,22*89 5 . 1 0 4 . 2 0 4 . 3 0 . 4 . 5 O 2 0 . 9 0 2 4 . 3 0 2 6 . 4 0 2 3 , 8 0 2 0 , 0 0 2 4 . 2 0 2 5 . 6 0 2 5 , 2 0 5 . 6 0 5 . 7 0 5 .60 5 . 6 0 5 4 . 0 6 2 . 0 6 3 . 0 5 9 . 6 7 A v e . 704 777 786 919 610 8 3 6 , 7 8 8 . 6 4 . 4 0 . 2 0 ' 1 * 7 0 2 , .10 1 . 6 0 1 . 4 5 1 . 6 0 1 . 5 5 5 . 6 0 4 . 1 0 4 . 2 0 4 . 6 0 2 2 . 2 1 8 . 0 . 2 3 . 4 2 1 . 2 5 . 7 0 . 6 0 4 , 5 0 2 . 8 0 2 6 . 4 0 3 0 . 8 0 2 6 . 2 9 2 7 . 8 3 2 4 . 1 0 2 9 . 4 0 2 4 . 7 0 2 6 . 6 0 5 . 6 0 5 . 4 0 6 . 4 0 5 . 8 Q 7 8 . 0 7 3 . 0 7 9 . 0 7 6 . 6 - 68 -Table 18 Ash. A n a l y s i s of Chicks Taken a t Three Weeks of Age from Experiment 5, Se r ies 1 Ra t ion Chick Band Weight i n Bone Asit . Per Cent Ho. .Ho-. Grams Ash 228 145 254 I 8 9 1 235 155 3^8405 1 . 7 5 2 0 4 5 . 6 1 240 205 243 135 265 172 2 280 162 5 , 1 ? 9 5 1.4930 4 6 . 6 6 461 124 293 194 . 504 I 8 5 5 506 I 5 4 5 . 3 5 5 2 I . 5 7 7 4 4 7 . 0 1 501 118 517 \" 145 529 46.34 4 : 552 172 5.3533 1.5542 541 1 5 9 385 157 407 149 5 408 120 3 . 0 6 8 7 ; 1.4340 46 .72 411 150 549 184 556 184 3 . 6 5 2 4 6 571 149 1 . 7 2 6 2 47 .52 379 178 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 423 173 436 1 7 2 7 438 187 3 . 9 5 4 6 I . 8 6 5 8 '. 47.42 4 7 3 181 Table 19 Ash A n a l y s i s of Chicks Taken a t .Eight Weeks of Age from Experiment 1, Se r i e s 1. Ra t ion Ho. Chick Band H o . We igh t i n ...... OramS; . Bone Ash Bar Cent Ash I A v e . . 112 121 180 780 919 815 838. '\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 3 .1778 3 , 8 1 9 7 5 . 1 1 9 5 1.5572 I . 9 8 2 5 1 .5588 49.0024 ' 5 1 . 9 0 1 9 49 .9695 5 0 . 2 9 1 2 2 Ave & 278 272 2 9 4 822 5 8 9 670 3 . 2 3 5 5 ' 3.3472 2.3120 1.5552 1 .7566 1.1145 47 .3897 ' 5 1 . 8 8 2 1 48.2050 4 9 . 1 5 8 9 3 Ave. 325' ' 302 355 885 ' 935 811 8 7 ? 3.5110 5.8618 2,4794 1 .6662 1*9765 1 .2407 50.32 31 51.1808 50.0405 5 0 . 5 1 4 7 4 Ave \ 400 408 4 5 3 ' 7 2 4 718 897 779.6 '2.8304 2.8491 ; 5.4073 1.5395 1.4405 1 .6875 47*5184 5 0 . 5 5 9 8 4 9 . 5 2 6 0 49.1547 5 Ave . 5 2 0 5 6 1 5 7 0 970 835 772 859 3^5673 2.8Q40J 2 . 7 9 7 9 1 .7582 1.5898 1 .4397 49 .2866 4 9 . 5 6 4 9 51.4564 5 0 . 1 0 2 6 6 Ave, \". '\" ' 6 6 4 ' ' 622 69O 794 862 949 868.6 ; 2 . 8 8 2 2 ' 3 . 6 4 7 5 3 . 8 8 6 6 1 .4527 1 .9012 1 . 8 9 1 1 50.4025 52.1254 4 8 . 6 5 6 9 50.5616 7 Ave. 704 ' 777 786 919 610 836 '. 788.6 3.7315 2 . 1 7 7 2 3.5552 1 ,8635 1.0838 1 .6106 49.9424 49.7795 48.5199 49.3472 - 70 Table 21 . Chemical Composition of Feeds Used i n Exper imental Rat ions (Ser ies 2 ) ' Feeds tu f f P r o -t e i n Fat F i b r e :JTitro-gen-free Extract M i n -e r a l Ma t t e r Ca P Mix (p.pjn.) Wheat \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 i4 , , o: 1 .7 3,0; 7 0 . 0 0 ' 2 . 0 .04 .39 39 F i s h Meal 7 1 . 5 4.8; 0.7 - _. 14 .7 9.09 4 . 7 0 40 ' Wheat Bran 1^.8 5 . 0 : 9 . 5 5 .43 6.0 ,11 1.21 119 Dehydrates, . Cereal Grass 21 .1 2 , 8 16.1 39.80 2.2 1 . 9 2 .22 30 Dr i ed M i l k -Powder 34.8 . 9 - 5 0 , 1 0 8,0 1.27 . 9 6 .6 Limestone - - - - - 39.20 - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 200 F i s h O i l - 100 - - - -\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 -S a l t - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - - - -B - Y 2 5 . 0 60 .00 11.0 - - -B - Y : 240 micrograms of v i t a m i n G per gram = 1 0 8 , 9 6 0 micrograms per pound. Table 22 Gompositi on of Exper imenta l Rat ions ( In Pounds) . * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (Se r i e s 2 ) : 'Feeds tuf f 1 : 2 : ' 3 4 5 6 7 8 : F i s h G i l 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 , 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 Limestone 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 I o d i z e d S a l t 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 Wheat 8 3 . 5 0 7 8 . 7 5 76.OO 7 8 . 0 0 7 5 . 5 0 8 3 . 0 0 7 4 . 0 0 7 4 . 5 0 . F i s h Hea l 1 2 . ^ 0 1 2 . 2 5 : i 2 . 0 0 1 2 . 0 0 1 1 * 5 0 12 . 0 0 1 0 . 5 0 1 1 . 0 0 Wheat Bran - 5 . 0 0 5 . 0 0 5 . 0 0 5 . 0 0 - 5 . 0 0 5 . 0 0 Dehydrated Grass - - 5 . 0 a. . - 3 . 0 0 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 B - Y - - - 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 1 . 0 0 _ Dr ied M i l k Powder - - - _ - 2 . 5 0 2 . 5 0 MnSG4 added at the r a t e of 4 o z . per t o n . u 6 P^o Calculated 20.627 2 0 , 5 7 2 0 . 6 4 2 0 . 5 1 2 0 . 4 3 20.42 2 0 . 3 8 2 0 . 5 9 S+3 c3 cj M S W - f \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 O . . t Calculated 1 1 . 9 9 1 6 . 3 0 15 . 9 0 1 6 . 1 9 15 .83 1 1 . 9 1 1 5 . 6 1 1 5 . 6 9 to CM CD rH fi> 03 Pi. O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H 43 c3 ffi , CD 43 CH O 43 \u00C2\u00A7 p Pi O O Pi -P CM CO CD >H !H CD p| ra a \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H CD o rH o CD Si EH o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rl . CD Si o o -P +3 -=rj -H cs3 p PH Pi ra, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H a d^rH \u00C2\u00A35 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2Pi rQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rH 03 H \u00C2\u00A33 ^ p ^ \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H P G Pi I 03 O Si PH ,d \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H O ti o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P 03 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 ft ! I O O 00 o st LC\ 0 \u00C2\u00A9 CO CM I g o o O Lf\ st CM tO NX) tO tr\ O CO ON; o NO o NO V OS CO ON o NO o '\u00C2\u00AB NO ON co o o o I H H O Lf\ LT\ C-LT\ e NO NO LC\ CM LfN * H ON o O st I I I I I LT\ St NO CO o ! CO HNO tO ONO tO st O ONO Lf\0 O tO ONO I NO CM rH O c-~o r-o o o O LT\ LC\O OOO C\u00E2\u0080\u0094CM O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB O ft \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 rH rH CM CO CM LT\ C-rH Lf\ LTN NO st O O st St H O O LT\ NO NO NO Lf\ CM * ONI Lf\ NO St O CO o o o o o o CM o l-l EH * \u00C2\u00AB -p rH c3 Pi CO \u00C2\u00A9 tig H Pi tig rH 03 O \u00C2\u00A9 -P -P N 03 4\u00C2\u00BB O ,cj \u00C2\u00ABH \u00C2\u00A9 crj EH 03 rH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rl 03 H +> ,ri & O O o o O -sj- LT\0 o NO c~-d: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ii \u00E2\u0080\u00A2> i O LA LA r-l CO *tf CM o ON to o LA r\u00E2\u0080\u0094 ON \u00C2\u00AB to o LA er-o o o O OJ Lf\ O ON c~-* 1 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * 1 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2=3- O A r-i St O tr-NO LA NO \u00C2\u00AB* C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 9 NO LA NO R ri ra ,a \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H -P H I ri rJ -p p \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2p\" o o 1 1 1 1 1 1 o o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2* A st LT\ o o 1 1 I 1 1 1 LA \u00E2\u0080\u00A2y ' o o. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2Nf '.LA \u00E2\u0080\u00A2NJ-LA -d-1 CO CO ri o m ,ri o P4 ,ri a COVO OND 1 1 1 N.O H NO NO CM ONMD O to to o o 4> \u00C2\u00A9 9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o H ON C\u00E2\u0080\u0094' \" '9 ON c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 o o \" 9 1 1 1 IAHNO 1 tO ON\\u00C2\u00A3> to to o 9 0 9 O . to ON c-9-ON tr-O O \u00C2\u00AB 'ri O r-i a o OCO o o o o CM NO NO c-I 1 NO CM ONO U\ C\u00E2\u0080\u0094ONO O O 9 9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 9 CO r-l \u00E2\u0080\u00A2* LA r-i CM :\u00C2\u00AB=t LA rri O \u00C2\u00AB O o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB 9 9 9 9 9 r-i H OJ vO CM Lr\tO tr-H O o - '9 o o r-l O o \u00E2\u0080\u00A29 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2r-i d o o o o c> o o o o o o o o : * -\u00C2\u00AB -9 -9 *\u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 9 H Hi OJ CO OJ LA H O O .9 o o rri O O 9 H -p CQ \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 ft o CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 CQ 9 03 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 to u \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P CiJ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A3q H O 03 ri *& M CO \u00C2\u00A9 H 03 \u00C2\u00A9 EH H ri CO FH -P i\u00E2\u0080\u00941 \u00C2\u00ABaj \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H'd O \u00C2\u00A9 pq CO 03 w o \u00C2\u00A9 += a r-t N CQ +* +3 O ^^\u00C2\u00A9CS.riKj^LH . . CO as \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ON 9 NO 9 c3 f-i ,a o o o o o o c-o o o O rH c3 f-i ,a 1 ! 1 O Lrs,o ONO ON ON II 1 O ONO vO NO ^ s, o g fH OJ c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 o o ON c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 rH OJ O ON !\u00E2\u0080\u0094i CiN ^ s, o g fH 1 ffv 4. 4. 4, **. *> |Q \u00C2\u00BBrH CD O rH Lf\st CO ON CM to stco NO H fcO LT\ OJ O H to LT\O ON H rH OJ H H CM o OJ fi CQ o o o o O to o o O .; NO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H P H O C~ LA.O Cvl o O CM OJ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Lf\ \u00C2\u00A3! vH O LT\ C\u00E2\u0080\u0094O to LC\ O vO NO NO rod fH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2II \u00E2\u0080\u00A2> 1 - 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2> I 1 ' * 1 I P p3 o st o Lr\ O st H LA sr \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rH N-^ Qj 1 LA H CO LA LA H NO sr St OJ tr-* st st \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Pi CQ & o o st o O st \u00E2\u0080\u00A2r-i +3 rH o O . LC\ o O LA st 1 I.I I II I st st st 1 1 1 1 1 si-st 3^ fH **. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00ABv st *p \u00C2\u00A9 LA LA LA LA \u00E2\u0080\u00A2Hw p. st st st st 1 CQ , \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 CQ pi J. NO O O io' OJ ONVO LA LA O Pi 1 1 t Si\" C\u00E2\u0080\u0094V.O NO 1 St. c-~ 1 1 1 NO rH 1 co tr-rd O OJ C\"~vX) o C-o LT\ON st o PH ,d nnoo c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 o to to o & 4 9 9 9 e * .9 9 \u00C2\u00BB e g. to H r-' ONO O O O NO rH O ONO ON CO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H o oj C~-NO tr~ rH LA O stNO O st O 1 1 NO OJ vD O Lf\ I rH H 8 1 NO CM ON I co rH H C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 O vO o o LA. o C\u00E2\u0080\u0094ON0 st o c3 0 \u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB ' 0 \u00C2\u00AE * 0 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 t. o H rH oooooooo O o o o o o oo O O O O O Lf\ LC\0 O O o o O O O O O O O o P1 CQ 9 9 9 0 9 9 \u00C2\u00BB 9 . \u00C2\u00AB 9 .\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 9 9 9 4 9 0,0 rH HI OJ UAH U\tO H a rH r-i rH CM tO OJ Ht CJ rH C-rH o CO H O rH r-i \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB. CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 0 CQ 9 4 \u00C2\u00ABH 03 4 e \u00C2\u00ABH LA, fH 9 NO '\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00AB.. P* 6 . 43 rH a \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 &i rH 9 . 43 rH \u00C2\u00AB. CO o a3 d Tj 9 O 03 \u00C2\u00AB l-H CO \u00C2\u00A9 H c3 \u00C2\u00A9 tH CO \u00C2\u00A9 H \u00C2\u00A9 EH rH d 03 fH -P rH EH rH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB ^ H \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2Hti O CD PQ OS c3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H Tj O \u00C2\u00A9 C3 W O \u00C2\u00A9 += g Pi N CQ 4s P r d -H Q) ffl rd \"3 t>s p PH. OOP ^3 +3 O \u00C2\u00A9 += g Pi N CQ 4s P r d -H Q) ffl rd \"3 t>s o N CQ -P o O \u00C2\u00A9 += g Pi N CQ 4s P r d -H Q) ffl rd \"3 t>s EH . rt \u00C2\u00ABH \u00C2\u00A9 c3 ,r4 E-l CQrcfgcDCQ\u00C2\u00A9^)^ CQ rd S \u00C2\u00A9 ffl {H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H O -H jCj -H XI \u00C2\u00A9 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H O -H -H i H (-q g fii PH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H O -H -H i H (-q g fii PH - 75 -o .ri o \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H O CO IPM \u00C2\u00A3 OOOOOO O O O 0 ir\ LA CO rl O O H H o o \u00C2\u00AB \u00C2\u00AB * \u00C2\u00AB I H CM ONONNO O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2A ON CM CO NO OOOOO O O O O tA Lf\CM OOH * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB \u00C2\u00BB I CM CM ON ONNO LA S CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri ^ co \u00C2\u00AB CO in ,\u00C2\u00A33 o In o IP* u CD OOOOOO O UNO O LT\NO t I I NO CM O O C~- ON ft- *\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ft. \u00C2\u00AB ONtr\u00E2\u0080\u0094 ir\^ to co CM *4- CM CM O H O. NO LA co to CM NO * LA 00 to CM I ! OOOOO O O O O IA I co iAO o tr-\u00C2\u00BB *\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00BB e>\u00C2\u00AB e\ ON ON LA-^- tO CM CM CM ri CQ \u00C2\u00BBa: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri -P 1\u00E2\u0080\u0094! S -H , co U \u00E2\u0080\u00A2p p CD 0 O O O LT\ LA 0 NO LAO CM to 0 to t\u00E2\u0080\u0094a to \u00E2\u0080\u00A2> 1 1 * 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00BB 1 0 LA O \"A H CO CM tA to O o o o to \u00C2\u00AB=t * 1 1 * s o O O LA LAO CM -O to LA 00 CM IP. \u00C2\u00AB ri CQ & \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri H S 'ri . a d h [ 43 P CD. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rfv^ Q$ O O <\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 1 I LA -Nt I I I I I I O I st O J tA ft^j. j ^J. LA sr O O LA .-=t I I I I I I I I CQ CQ ri O I 1 CM st ONO O I CO StNONO tO H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2SJ-NO O O to to o O O CM CO to CO to tr-o 1 I I tO CO ONO O OOvflvOtfl CM NO NO O O to tO O O O o r-i CO o Q CM O O O LA O CM ONNO-OtO I! NO CM O O LAO ! IT- O NO O O O LA LA st H O O LAO O O LA O JO CO NO C~,tO I NO CM tO O IAO C\u00E2\u0080\u0094OND O O O -P O 000000000 OOOO LAO O LAO * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 6 '\u00C2\u00A9 e c \"*\u00C2\u00AB e Hrlftl^O LA tO CM r-i C-H OOOOOOOO OOO LAO O O LA \"* \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB '\u00C2\u00A9 e \u00C2\u00A9 0 r4 r-l CM (H LA tO CM C-HI V -p CQ \u00C2\u00A9 0 ft 1=4 o H EH 1\u00E2\u0080\u00941 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri o r-i CO CO \u00C2\u00A9 ^ r! CQ rd \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rl O ft H \u00C2\u00A9 ri o -p CQ 4-3 \u00C2\u00A9 CO a \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rl ,ri 1-1 is CQ CQ M CO r-l f-C -ri ri -d a H CO \u00C2\u00A9 3 \u00C2\u00A9 CQ CD r cj -H >H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri ,ri \u00C2\u00A9 rH I ft R R pq H CO o EH 00 o r-l EH CQ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00AB XQM 0 CO H * H -ri * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2p a ^ \u00C2\u00AB l\u00E2\u0080\u0094i 6 CO ri a '\u00C2\u00AB CO 0 a \u00C2\u00A9 -ri H ri CO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2p ,y H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri >d O \u00C2\u00A9 pq CO CO CO O 0 -P u M CQ +3 -p 3 \u00C2\u00A9 EH CQ nd g \u00C2\u00A9 CQ \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri -ri \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri O 'ri \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri rri ft M (-4 ft R R to M o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H Xj O 43 03 rH O m 3 nH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 OJ OJ sj- CO ON 0 rH \"H . - u ED \u00C2\u00A9 W * \u00C2\u00A9 P=9 \u00C2\u00A9 CO I st H \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2P d \u00C2\u00A9 a H \u00C2\u00A9 >^> M a : \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 CO 'S gg . *\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 OJ OJ NO St , ON 0 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 rH NO st 0 0 st H O ON 9 ON St LC\ CM LT\ \u00C2\u00AB st to tA OJ st 0 to LT\ rH CM \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ON to tA 00 to 9 0 st tA CO 0 0 IS! *H rP O to OJ rH OJ to OJ H CM Lf\ OJ ON \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H st CM NO CM CO 0 0 IS! *H rP O d ON O to H CO * c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 st : to to CM \u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 O LA to H OJ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . st ; to to CM rH & CO to to to CM 9 ON to to LO CO ,0 0 rd P OJ H OJ to CM H CM ;\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 NO CM ON H st CM NO CM CO ,0 0 rd P st d *H \u00C2\u00AB CO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 to \u00C2\u00AB OJ LT\ OJ CO tA \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ON OJ OJ st CO 9 , to OJ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 rH CO 0 c~ NO CM H CM 9 CM C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 OJ O rH \u00C2\u00BB LA. tA CM to to 9-ON tA CM ON \u00C2\u00AB ON st CM st CO \u00C2\u00BBM 0 \u00C2\u00A9 rd O .c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 OJ NO OJ tf\ OJ rH CM c-OJ ON rH st CM NO CM CM d \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H \u00C2\u00BB ra \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a += ts c-9 Lf\ H fH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H H * O H -rH ON \u00C2\u00BB ICS 0 H NO OJ 9 CM CM rH \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 H.L st 9 NO rH : H tA CM 9 CO rH rH CM 9 C~ H * H \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 O O 9 ON O H CM CO O O XI 0 CO OJ CO OJ c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 CM to CM c~ CM st CM CM c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 CM d \u00E2\u0080\u00A2H * CO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a c-~ NO CO to 0 ON 4 NO to \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 O ' NO 9 '05; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2A 9-to '\u00E2\u0080\u00A2' O LA 9 C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 to \u00C2\u00A9 tA 9 ON to O ON 9 CO to O CO \u00C2\u00AB to CO 0 0 Xi O CO OJ CO OJ CO CM . ' CO CM CO CM CO CM CO CM CO CM O M EH <4 Pd rH CM to st LT\ NO CO - 77 -Table 2.5 S t a t i s t i c a l Summary A n a l y s i s of S i g n i f i c a n c e of Dif ferences (Experiment 1 , Se r ies 2 ) BAIIOJT ' 2 \" 3 4 5 6 \u00E2\u0080\u00A27 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . .. 8 1 - s S H s s A H 2 \" s - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ' S S s s : s s s s s s 4 ~ 2sr s \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2' - s s s s 3 s s ' s S - H 6 . s s s - If 7 s S ; s : s 33\" 1 -8 s s s S I JY -S = S i g n i f i c a n t U = N o n - s i g n i f i c a n t A m Approaching S i g n i f i c a n c e . - 78 -Table 26 A n a l y s i s of Variance - F i n a l Weights of P u l l e t Chioks (Se r i e s 2 ) Y a r i a t i on-Due to Degrees of Freedom Sum of Squares Tarxahce ; Standard D e v i a t i o n Ra t ions o r Treatments 7 7 1 , 2 4 5 . 7 E r r o r 1 7 4 3 8 4 , 0 3 0 . 2 2 , 2 0 7 . 0 6 4 9 . 0 5 TOTAL . . . l 8 l 1 . 1 5 5 , 2 7 5 . 9 CQ a \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri o rri \u00C2\u00A9 CD M O \u00C2\u00A9 O O C- \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 OJ CQ \u00C2\u00A9 ,3 r-l 50 J3 -ri CO \u00C2\u00A9 E-l is si \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00C2\u00A9 CO r-l \u00C2\u00A9 OJ C\J st ON co r-i \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri \" H H \u00C2\u00A9 tO CO >3 -rri OJ ra 43 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2I* \u00C2\u00AB *t \u00C2\u00A9 H a *r~. >S rl t-l \u00C2\u00A9 ri DJ ^ H ri o to st o to to CO o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2ri \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 CO OO to CO H o CQ ft e 9 9 9 \u00C2\u00AB o * \u00C2\u00A7 CM to rri c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 CO H H ON c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 NO ON CO LT\ to NO LC\ ix\ cr\ CTN NO CO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2p CO CM CO \u00C2\u00A9 *ri \u00C2\u00A9 CO CM t3 CO O O O ONCO O st Lf\Lr\CMCO l-r\H OCOH ^0*=trltnHH ONCO CM O f\u00E2\u0080\u0094 CM H tO O NO st NO try-O UNNO u\ u\ ^ ir\ r\u00E2\u0080\u0094 st -st lAlAOCOOif\Lr\Hri(AOKlOO UNCO CO O ON. U\CO O\D>*0iA COtOOIXJNOJvDCOOJst IT-CO t~ UN C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 CM COCO o vO NO ND st UNC-NO st CM O O UNH OOOtOOOtOr-JO UNst O O H H O H O NO UNUNC\u00E2\u0080\u0094tr-O st H UNCO HCOOO UNC-tO S}-NO O tr-O C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 si- to sf LTSNO LT\ st st NO NO UNNO NO UN tT\ tT\ sf st LT\ UN sf' st LT\ UNN0 sf tr- O O co c\u00E2\u0080\u0094co u\ocoHOsfooo OsttOHsfsttr\u00E2\u0080\u0094ONCMOtOtO ONND CO NO NO LT\NO si- sf st -^f cr- U\NO NO st st NO NO O tO tO CM ON UNO r-i O O U\0 OrlCOOBOrl CMOONUNtONQtr-OCM UNC\u00E2\u0080\u0094NO O ON ON st CT-NO o tr\ UN st st cr\,sf LT\ u\ u\ IC\NO UNNO UN sf st NO U\ UN s UNT o UNO r-i tO O ONO LT\0 ONH LC\ONCO UN U\UN U\ONC\u00E2\u0080\u0094 tO O O sf C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 H OJ U\ ON st O tO CO vO U\sf CM U\ ON O CO ONOOtT-O NO NO ET-NO NO St U~\NO CT\ U\NO UNNO C~ LT\ SJ- NO si' st LT\ Lf\ LT\NO sf O -si- ONQO tO H ON. ONO r-i sf tO H O O Lf\tO ON ON LT\st U\HNO NO O UN st NO st i\u00E2\u0080\u0094I CO st ON ur\NO IA tO NO NO CM r-i st tr- CO CM CM ON tO LC\ UN UN UN st NO st U\U\st LT\ st NO U\ LT\st NO sf UNst UNNO UNst UN UNO O U\CM OOOO LT\0 OOOO ON Lr\Q O tOco O H tQ H \"r-i.r\Lr\tr\c- IAH CM ONSJ- UN ON c-- st ND UN, LT\NO NONONONDNONO sf-NO sf NQ t~- UN UN US, UN U\ V C-OH UNH O O OCO U\H UNCO CD ifi O CD LT\ONOO O U\H NO tO NO C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 st ONCO NOCOOsl-cOCMHCMsfsfH UN UNNO U\ U\ Lf\ U\NO UN sf si\" U\stCr-U>st C\u00E2\u0080\u0094NO St St UN to HOOOOr-JOOOOCOCO ONCO r-i CD r-i CD O O ' ONO NO CM CO CM C\u00E2\u0080\u0094H CM l.f\Lrs st tQ r-i r-i H C~ UNC-uNstststst-tOststNONOONu-^ UNNO rr~ to co co o c\u00E2\u0080\u0094 UN u\co oco CM o u\o oco ON si* ON H ON CM U\C0 ONOO C\J O ONCM H U\0Ntr~Lr\0NCM CMNO u\ u\ tO st UNUNst UN si- si- UN u\ st ND u\tO UNsi-NO st UNNQ tO CM O O UNO O UNO UNH st- U\CM UNO O CM UNO H O CO NO ONvO. r-i NO H LCN ON tO ON sa\" st UN tr- UN. NONO tO Cr-st SS-OONONONO UNUNUNLCNSJ- tr-tO sf UNCO ouNOONoooouNOOtr-cMOsf-ooooo CMOOcOOst-CMr-IONtr-ONst tO ONcO st CM ON CM tO C\u00E2\u0080\u0094 sf- UN UN UN si- UN, tO tO UNNO st st UNCM st tO tO st UNst sf OOtOcMtOcMCMOstONOCM UNs[- tO O ON UN O UN t-i CM NO UN UNCO tr\HcO ONO UNON,-! C\u00E2\u0080\u0094COND CM NO ON NO C\u00E2\u0080\u0094tr-NO sf- tO NO NO UNC\u00E2\u0080\u0094NO C-NOVO tO UNst st StNO OtOst-COstHOOO UNst tO UNH ON-^-HIONCMOOOtOON NOHCM UNONHCOOONtr-UNCMstHsl-NOOtOcOOONOH NO UN tr\ UN st sf- UN UN UNs|- UNvO NO st UNst NO U\ LT\ r\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Lr\ UN UN "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0105649"@en . "eng"@en . "Agricultural Economics"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "The nutritive value of wheat in the rations of young chicks"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38972"@en .