"Arts, Faculty of"@en . "Social Work, School of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Bartlett, Emerald Dorothy"@en . "2011-09-27T18:51:29Z"@en . "1964"@en . "Master of Social Work - MSW"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "British Columbia is a large and complicated province and because of the differences in topography and settlement, it can best be analyzed on a regional basis. This study of social welfare measurements in Metropolitan Vancouver, is the third in a series of regional assessments. The two regions so far examined are the agricultural area of the Fraser Valley, and one of the \"Frontier\" areas of the North. The Metropolis, obviously, has very different characteristics from both of them and is the most complex region of all. It has been undergoing a period of rapid population growth, and the development of suburban communities. At the present time, approximately one-half of the population of British Columbia lives in Metropolitan Vancouver.\r\nMetropolitan Vancouver is included in Region II of the Department of Social Welfare. However, some areas of Region II such as Powell River, which are not in the metropolitan context have been largely excluded from this analysis. Other areas, such as the Municipality of Surrey and the City of White Rock, have been included as they are populated by those for whom the urban centre has a large measure of social and economic significance. This \"Region\" of Metropolitan Vancouver coincides with sub-divisions C and D of Census Division 4, and thus obviates one of the major difficulties in undertaking a regional study: that census material boundaries and welfare regional boundaries do not coincide.\r\nBasic statistical data was compiled and computed from the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Extensive use was made of 1961 data, and selective reference was made to 1951 data. Information was available for Metropolitan Vancouver in the detailed Census Tract Bulletin now prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for all major cities. To simplify analysis, these tracts have been summarized into \"sectors\". A series of indices was also worked out to reflect social and economic conditions which may have welfare implications.\r\nThe welfare statistics were compiled primarily from the monthly reports of the Provincial Department of Social Welfare, for the years 1951 and 1961. However, in Metropolitan Vancouver there are also numerous private social agencies and a few major ones serving the family, and children have been chosen to examine more fully, the welfare services. \r\nCorrelation of social and economic factors with the welfare pattern in the metropolitan area has been undertaken. \"Sector\" analysis, initiated in this study, has revealed differential welfare requirements. All districts use welfare services: the most prosperous, in which there are marginal income enclaves; and others, demonstrating the complex of social problems inherent in unplanned urban expansion. \r\nDifficulties encountered in this regional study highlight the need for standardization of Welfare Region and Census Division boundaries. Most essential for productive analysis of welfare statistics is the formulation of standard, operationally-defined categories of service for both public and private agencies; one critical distinction might be made between income-maintenance programmes and personal services. \r\nThis is an initial exploratory study of Metropolitan Vancouver as a \"Welfare Region\". Even as this report is prepared the characteristics of the metropolitan area are changing. With one-half of the provincial population living in this \"Region\" further studies will be needed to provide adequate information for comprehensive, enduring planning for the welfare needs of the people who live in Metropolitan Vancouver."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/37646?expand=metadata"@en . "A REGIONAL STUDY OF SOCIAL WELFARE MEASUREMENTS (No. 3: The Metropolitan Area) An exploration of the regional assessment of demographic and s o c i a l welfare s t a t i s t i c s for B r i t i s h Columbia, 1951-1961 by EMERALD DOROTHY BARTLETT HILDRED NOREEN BLIGH GUISEPPE ALFREDO BOMBARDIERI GERALDINE RUTH NOAK ARTHUR GERHARD SPECKEN Thesis submitted i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK i n the School ci of Soc i a l Work. Accepted as confirming to the standard required for the degree;, of Master of Social Work. School of Soc i a l Work. 19 64 The University of B r i t i s h Columbia In presenting this thesis in part ial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Br i t ish Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make i t freely available for reference and study. I further for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for f inancial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. School of Social Work The University of Br i t ish Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis In presenting this thesis in part ial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Br i t ish Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make i t freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for f inancial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. School of Social Work The University of Br i t ish Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. In presenting this thesis in part ial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Br i t ish Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make i t freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of t h i s thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for f inancial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. School of Social Work The University of Br i t ish Columbia, Vancouver 8, Qafnada. Da /2L ~7 In presenting this thesis in part ial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Br i t ish Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make i t freely available for reference and study.. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for f inancial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. School of Social Work The University of Br i t ish Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make i t freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. School of Social Work The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. Date MAY 13,1961; i i ABSTRACT. B r i t i sh Columbia is a large and complicated province and because of the differences in topography and settlement,it oan best be analyzed on a regional basis . This study of -social welfare measurements in Metropolitan Vancouver, i s the third in a series of regional assessments. The two regions so far examined are the agricultural area of the Fraser Valley, and one of the \"Frontier\" areas of the North. The Metropolis, obviously, has very different characteristics from both of them and is the most complex region of a l l . It has been undergoing a period of rapid population growth, and the development of suburban communities. At the present time, approximately one-half of the population of B r i t i sh Columbia l ives in Metropolitan Vancouver. Metropolitan Vancouver is included in Region II of the Department of Social Welfare. However, some areas of Region II such as Powell River, which are not in the metropolitan obntext have been largely excluded from this analysis. Other areas, suoh as the Municipality of Surrey and the City of White Rock, have been included as they are populated by those for whom, the urban centre has a large measure of social and economic signif icance. This \"Region\" of Metropolitan Vancouver coincides with,sub-divisions G and D of Census Division 4, and thus obviates one of the major d i f f i cu l t i e s in undertaking a regional study: that census material boundaries and welfare regional boundaries do riot oqinci.de. Basic s ta t i s t i ca l data was compiled and computed from the Dominion Bureau of S ta t is t i cs . Extensive use was made of 1961 data,and selective reference was made to 1951 data. Infor-mation was available for Metropolitan Vancouver in the detailed Census Traot Bul let in now prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Stat ist ics for a l l major c i t ies . ; To simplify analysis, these tracts have been summarized into \"seo,tors\". A series of indices was also worked out to ref lect social\" and eoonomic conditions which may have welfare implications. The welfare s tat is t ics were compiled primarily from the monthly reports of the Provincial Department of Social Welfare, for the yearsi1951; and 1961. However, in Metropolitan Vancouver there are also numerous private social agencies and a few major ones serving the family, and children have been chosen to examine more fu l l y , the welfare services. - i i i -Correlation of social and economic factors with the welfare pattern in the metropolitan area has been undertaken. \"Sector\" analysis, initiated in this study, has revealed differential welfare requirements. A l l districts use welfare services: the most prosperous, in which there are marginal income enolaves; and others, demonstrating the complex of social problems inherent in unplanned urban expansion. Difficulties encountered in this regional study highlight the need for standardization of Welfare Region and Census Division boundaries. Most essential for productive analysis of welfare statistics is the formulation of standard, operationally-defined categories of servioe for both publio and private agencies; one crit ical distinction might be made between income-maintenance programmes and personal services. This is an in i t ia l exploratory study of Metropolitan Vancouver as a \"Welfare Region\". Even as this report is prepared the characteristics of the metropolitan area are changing. With one-half of the provincial population living in this \"Region\" further studies wil l be needed to provide adequate information for comprehensive, enduring planning for the welfare needs of the people who live in Metropolitan Vancouver. iv A C K N 0 L i B O B ' M I ! B fe wish te acknowledge our indebtedness to Sr. Leonard Marsh for his direction and encouragement* Be supervised the planning, and kept an eye on All the details from start to finish. Special thanks go to Miss Bessie Snider, Research Consultant in the provincial Depart-ment of vfelfsre, for unfailing cooperation in helping as te obtain the welfare statistics which nor\u00C2\u00A9 essential for the study* For auxiliary information w are also indebted to Mr. E, Coughlin, Administrator, Burnaby Social Welfare \"\"tepGrtaentj and to Rev. J. 15. Reiter, (Children's Aid Society of tho Catholic ArcJidiocese of Vancouver), Mr. S.H, Pinkerton, (Children's Aid Society of Vancouver), Mr. D. Thompson, (Family Service Agency of Greater Vancouver), Miss M. M. Wright (Catholic Fasdly Services), Miss Beverley Ayres, Director of Research, and Mrs. M. Marshall, Secretary of the Renearch Department, CoraEiunity Chest and Councils of the Greater Vancouver area* Abe Doainion Bureau of Statistics, both in Ottawa and in the regional office for British Columbia, provided us with a wealth of invaluable data. The cooperation and Interest of a l l these persons node the thesis possible. -v-c TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract i i Acknowledgements i v Tables and Charts v i i PART I. NATURE OF THE STUDY Chapter 1. Introductory. 1 Rationale for the Study. Previously Completed Studies. Types of Data Available! 1 Provisional Limitations. The Regional Bases. Maps. Defining the Boundaries. Chapter 2. General Significance of Vancouver as 15 B r i t i s h Columbia's Metropolitan Centre. History. Geography and Topography. Industries. Urban Growth. Population. Industry and Employment: The Metropolitan Share. 33 PART I I . SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS Chapter 3. Growth of the Metropolis. Introduction. Questions. The Dynamics of Metropolitan Growth. Components of Pppulation. Types of Suburbs. Chapter 4. Family Patterns. 65 Families and Households. Size of Families and Households, Age of Family Head. Dis-advantaged Families. Wage-earner Families and-Their Incomes, c D i f ferenc.es of .Socio-economic Status. Chapter 5. Age Composition and Its Social Implications. 88 Basic Components. The Infants. The School Population. Adolescents and Young Adults. The Elderl y . The \"Middle\", the \"Manure\", or \"Working\" Population. Some Comparative Areas. - VI- 'Page Chapter 6. Indices of S t a b i l i t y and Vul n e r a b i l i t y : 104 Some A u x i l i a r y Social Measurements. C r i t e r i a of S t a b i l i t y and Vu l n e r a b i l i t y . Indications of S t a b i l i t y . Indications of V u l n e r a b i l i t y . Minority Indications. Chapter 7. Housing and L i v i n g Conditions 131 Urban, Suburban, and Rural Differences i n the Size of Households. Housing Conditions. PART I I I . WELFARE SERVICES. Chapter 8. Caseloads, Categories and Trends 161 Personnel and Caseloads. Average Case-load: Some Comparisons. Chapter 9 Sub-District D i f f e r e n t i a l s 171 The C i t y and Its Sectors. Burnaby and New Westminster C i t y . . North Vancouver. West Vancouver. Outer D i s t r i c t s Served from the Vancouver O f f i c e . The Eastern and Southern Suburbs. Chapter 10. Interpreting Welfare S t a t i s t i c s . 186 Private Agencies. Regional Issues: Land Use: Welfare Services. Appendices: A. A u x i l i a r y S t a t i s t i c a l Tables. B. Biblibgraphyy - v i i -TABLES AND CHARTS IN THE TEXT (a) Tables Table No 1. Population D i s t r i b u t i o n 19 51 - 1961 2. Measurements of Population Change 19 51 - 19 61 3(a) Selected Indices of Family D i f f e r e n t i a l s : Sample Sectors. 3(b) Selected Indices of Family D i f f e r e n t i a l s : Sample Sectors. 4. Major Facts of Family Composition. 5. Patterns and Trends i n Marital and Family Composition. 6. D i s t r i b u t i o n of Households by Size 7(a) M a r i t a l Status of Heads of Households 7(b) Marital Status of Heads of Households 8 Family Composition (a) by age 9 Family Composition (b) by household composition 10 Family Composition (c) by size 11 Family Composition (d) by marital status 12 Family Composition among Wage-earners 13 D i s t r i b u t i o n of S i g n i f i c a n t Age-Groups 14 Comparative Summary of S i g n i f i c a n t Agegroups 15(a). Age-Groups of Head of Households - Male 15(b) Age-Groups of Heads of Households - Female 16 Children and Youth as Percentages of Total Population 17 Young adults and the Aged as Percentages of Total \ > Population 18 Main Ethnic Stocks: D i s t r i b u t i o n 19 Main Religious A f f i l i a t i o n s : D i s t r i b u t i o n 20 O f f i c i a l Language: D i s t r i b u t i o n - v i i i -21 Indications of Mob i l i t y . 22 Indications of Minority Groups. 23 Indices of S t a b i l i t y and V u l n e r a b i l i t y . 24 Comparative Housing Patterns. 25 Comparative Housing Conditions. 26 Indices of Housing Conditions: P r i n c i p a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 27 Indices of Housing Conditions: Q u a l i t y and Conditions of Housing. 28 Indices of Housing Conditions: Economic Indications. 29(a) Income D i s t r i b u t i o n and Age-Groups: Male -Metropolitan Vancouver. 29(b) Income D i s t r i b u t i o n and Age-Groups: Male -B r i t i s h Columbia. 30(a) Income D i s t r i b u t i o n and Age-Groups: Female -Metropolitan Vancouver. 30(b) Income D i s t r i b u t i o n and Age-Groups: Female -B r i t i s h Columbia. 31 Population and Caseload Comparison: Region II and Surrey. 32 Numerical and Percentage Increase Comparison Major Categories: Region I I . 33 Proportionate D i s t r i b u t i o n of Caseloads by Major Categories i n Region I I . 34(a) Percentage Increase'of Cases and Workers. 34(b) Number of Workers, Caseload, and Average Caseload. 35. Number of Workers, Caseloads, and Milegge. 36. Some Measurements of Service: Family Service Agency. - i x -37 Some Measurements of Service: Children's A i d Society. 38 Some Measurements of Service: Catholic Children's A i d Society. 39. Some Basic S t a t i s t i c s of Private Agency Service, /Vancouver 40 Components of a Caseload. (b) Charts Fig. 1 Component Areas of Metropolitan Vancouver. Part I. Nature of the Study. Chapter 1. Introduction > Rationale for the Study This i s an age of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , urbanization, the development of suburban communities, technological change and automation, and a highly mobile population. A l l of these have been associated with increased economic pro-d u c t i v i t y , but s o c i a l forces are at work also, notably the lengthening of l i f e and s h i f t s i n the size and structure of the family. Thus 'the c i t y ' i s not what i t used to be - i t i s under the stress of new problems i n economic behavior, s o c i a l organization, and human r e l a t i o n s . B r i t i s h Columbia has f e l t the impact of these changes and i t s rapid population growth has been associated intimately with both i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and urbanization. This i s a large and complicated province, and offers an i n t e r e s t i n g study of geographical contrasts. The rough, mountain t e r r a i n has greatly influenced the location and nature of the primary industries as well as the d i s t r i b u -tion of the population. Since over 90 per cent of the province i s too high, too steep or too rocky for farming or close settlement, approximately three-quarters of B r i t i s h Columbia* s population l i v e i n a few l e v e l sections i n the south west portion which comprises about 5 per cent of the t o t a l area of the province. As one geographer puts i t . \"In essence, topography i s the basis of regional _2-d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n the province.\" (1) Because of the differences i n topography and settlement alon\u00C2\u00ABa, i f there were not other important reasons, B r i t i s h Columbia can best be analyzed on a regional basis. A s i g n i f i c a n t s o c i a l measurement i s the urban population index. B r i t i s h Columbians general f r o n t i e r nature has encouraged migration to the province from other areas. Further, the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the population within the province i s r e f l e c t i v e of the general trend of societi e s i n North America. That i s , each year sees an increased proportionate growth and development of urban populations r e l a t i v e to r u r a l populations. At the present time, approximately one-half of the population of B r i t i s h Columbia l i v e s i n Metropolitan Vancouver, The two regions that have so far been examined i n comparable studies to the present one are the a g r i c u l t u r a l area of the Fraser Valley, and one of the \" f r o n t i e r \" areas of the North. The metropolis obviously has very d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s from both of these. A \"fcegion\" usually has d e f i n i t e topographical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which di s -tinguish i t from other regions. These may or may not agree with p o l i t i c a l l y defined boundaries, and with s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , but some degree of coincidence i s usually present. I t may be advantageous or even necessary to 1. Pufcnaw, Donald F.(Editor) Canadian Regions, J.M.Dent and Sons (Canada) Limited Toronto 1954 Page 419 separate out some divisions within the regions, character-i z e d by s i g n i f i c a n t or homogeneous c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . But th i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y true of the metropolitan \"region\", not only because of size but because of i t s ups and downs of growth over a substantial period. I f some manageable \"sectors\" of the region can be brought to l i g h t , a mean-i n g f u l evaluation of s o c i a l welfare measurements becomes possible. Previously Completed Studies A few studies have now been completed i n which the importance of regional measurements has been stressed, as well as the contributions from welfare research. In the f i r s t exploratory study by W. J. Koch, Measuring the Incidence of Welfare Problems, which was completed i n 1960, i t was suggested that, \"Welfare, today, i s more important that evefc, and so i s welfare research that provides the base for the improvement of e x i s t i n g services and creation of new ones, through broad s t a t i -s t i c a l measurements as well as special counts and studies. \" 2. A year l a t e r (1961), Michael Wheeler i n A Report on Needed Research i n B r i t i s h Columbia, conducted under Vancouver Community Chest auspices, set out four possible results from the analysis of s t a t i s t i c a l material. Im-proved s t a t i s t i c a l resources, he suggested, 2'. Koch, W.J. Measuring the Incidence of Welfare Problems, Master of S o c i a l Work Thesis, University of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1960, v i . -4 are needed (a) as aids i n the d e f i n i t i o n of welfare problems ( b) to determine the nature and d i s t r i b u t i o n of welfare needs, (c) for evaluating the appropriateness and effectiveness of ex i s t i n g welfare services and (d) to add to the knowledge needed for sound formulation of s o c i a l p o l i c y . \" 3. In 1963 some regional studies of s o c i a l welfare measurements were inaugurated. The f i r s t , made by Vivian Harbord, was of a f r o n t i e r area i n the north. , Region V.4. The Bledsoe-Stolar thesis assessed Region VI i n the Fraser Valley, and at the end of t h e i r exploration, i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note that the authors suggest, \"To get a comprehensive and better d i f f e r -entiated view of the entire province, each Welfare Region requires a si m i l a r study. In such a diverse province i t i s necessary to know the special features of each area,because although there are some basic s i m i l a r i t i e s , there are many differences i n the needs of the people i n the various areas. I t i s perhaps not yet recognized how each region can p r o f i t from the study of every other region. To be valuable, research needs to be comprehensive, continuous and comparative. \" 5. 3. Wheeler, Michael, A Report on Needed Research i n Welfare i n B r i t i s h Columbia, Community Chest and Councils of the Greater Vancouver Area, Vancouver 19 61, p.56. 4. This has been larg e l y completed (as a Master of Soc i a l Work Thesis) but not yet submitted, and i s therefore,not yet i n the University of B r i t i s h Columbia Library. 5. Bledsoe, M.Y. and Stolar, G.A. A Regional Study of Soci a l Welfare Measurements (No. 2: The Fraser Valley) Master of Social Work Thesis, University of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1963, p.90. -5-This review of the most complex \"region\" of a l l , the metropolitan aggregate of Vancouver, now brought into the series here, has already been able to p r o f i t from the studies so far completed. Types of Data Available. Basic s t a t i s t i c a l data was c o l l e c t e d and computed pri m a r i l y from two major sources: the census data from the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s , and the annual welfare s t a t i s t i c s of the p r o v i n c i a l Department of Social Welfare. Some supplementary s t a t i s t i c s were supplied by the Community Chest and Council, Vancouver Childrens A i d Society, Catholic Childrens A i d Society, Vancouver Family Service Agency, and the Catholic Family Service Agency. C o l l e c t i o n of the census data f o r . the province of B r i t i s h Columbia i s handled through ten Census Divisions. The D i v i s i o n which includes Vancouver (and was administered from Vancouver) i s Census Di v i s i o n 4. This i s much larger than Metropolitan Van-couver i n size, though not greatly i n population. For-tunately, however, this area i s divided further, and sub-divisions C and D, as defined by the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s so as to be coincident with the boundaries for the Metropolitan Vancouver area, were chosen for analysis. For a few measurements Di v i s i o n 4, though not r e a l l y a region, has to be u t i l i z e d . In selected instances,properly -6-defined, the Vancouver figures are measured against figures for B r i t i s h Columbia and for Canada to give perspective. TKe'raiost extensive use i s na t u r a l l y made of 1961 data, the census year being an \"anchor 7 year\", with sel e c t i v e ref-erence to 1951 data. The ten year span i s u t i l i z e d for both s o c i a l and welfare s t a t i s t i c s . Obviously other figures can and should be used i n a more extensive study; but l i m i t a t i o n s of time dictate this selective approach. Information was available for Metropolitan Van-couver i n the detailed census-tract b u l l e t i n now prepared by the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s for a l l major c i t i e s . As the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s defines them, census tracts are \"designed to be r e l a t i v e l y uniform i n area and population and such that each i s f a i r l y homogeneous with respect to economic states and l i v i n g conditions. They are established i n cooperation with l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s . \" There are now as many as 120 census tracts for the c i t y and a l l the suburban areas. From the numerous census tr a c t s , combinations have been devised with the purpose of summarizing the tracts into \"sectors\", yet s t i l l showing the major parts of the metropolitan area. With-out t h i s the d e t a i l would have been overelaborate, over-whelming to analyze, and unsuited to the welfare s t a t i s t i c s which have very l i t t l e d i s t r i c t d e t a i l . -7-Also, a series of indices was worked out, to i l l u s t r a t e s o c i a l l y i n d i c a t i v e data. Without this s e l e c t i v i t y , the census material would have been insur-mountable for one study. This material i s grouped for presentation p r i m a r i l y i n Part I I . Provisional Limitations. One of the bedrock d i f f i c u l t i e s i n undertaking a regional study i s that census material boundaries and so c i a l welfare regional boundaries do not coincide. There are, i n fact, no standard boundaries for the whole province, not only between census and welfare regions but between many other government departments. The departments recog-nize the existence of these discrepancies, and the necessity of designing uniform boundaries; but no common set has yet been agreed upon. The Department of Soc i a l Welfare i s among those that have t r i e d to work this out. Reference has been made to the boundary issues i n other studies. In the metropolitan context, Surrey i s now an outstanding example. I t i s included i n Metropolitan Van-couver i n the census, and should be judged by i t s recent \"urbanization\", but i s considered as part of the Fraser Valley i n the welfare Region. This was reasonable enough twenty years ago, and some of i t i s s t i l l r u r a l ; but that i t has become within the metropolitan sway seems undeniable -8-even though this means more problems than advantages. The compromise of dividing i t purely s t a t i s t i c a l l y i s not feasible, nor would this be welcomed by the municipality. Even for the years 19 51 and 19 61 as \"bench marks\", and c e r t a i n l y for many intermediate years, s t a t i s t i c s are not always comparable because of the changes i n the d i s t r i c t o f f i c e s and th e i r scope. During this ten-year period there have been several changes i n the categories of Social Assistance, and also i n some other categories. These w i l l be referred to elsewhere i n this study. For Metropolitan Vancouver, the p r o v i n c i a l welfare s t a t i s t i c s do not cover a l l the welfare services as there are also numerous private s o c i a l agencies. Since they are large, this i s another major d i f f i c u l t y for the metropol-i t a n \"region\". From the private agencies a few major ones serving the family, and children, have been chosen to examine some of the problems of measurement. There are, of course, many other welfare services i n Vancouver -enough indeed, to warrant a further separate study. A f u l l section on employment, occupation and the labour force was planned, but i s not included here as a member of the research team, Miss Beverley Broadbent,was compelled to withdraw from her graduate work at the School of S o c i a l Work on account of i l l n e s s . A few key tables -9- f only, from her work, are referred to here because of t h e i r essential character. I t i s hoped that this section may be completed at a l a t e r date. A complete account of the s o c i a l measurements available from census and related sources would require more attention to the s t a t i s t i c s r e l a t i v e to income; which are, of course, a basic economic index. A compromise had to be effected on t h i s . A few of the more relevant figures on incomes, and several tables computed for the Appendix, are referred to at various points. However, a major section on income could not be planned. I f the section on Employment referred to previously could be completed l a t e r , i t might prove feasible to give more attention to economic data along with t h i s . Defining the Boundaries. The welfare region boundaries have presently been drawn according to geographical and administrative conven-ience. This thesis contends that the establishment of these boundaries should not only be influenced, but governed as well, by the kind and nature of the population included therein. Determination of the kind and nature of this population i s f a c i l i t a t e d and made possible by s o c i a l analysis. I t i s both b e n e f i c i a l and p r o f i t a b l e to u t i l i z e census data i f an adequate and meaningful s o c i a l 0 t. \" .1 West Vancouver JJla .Northern Suburbs-I *N.Vanc.i North Vancouver HE b \"-it. -A * \u00C2\u00A3 2 1 E T Vancouver Ft F 3 Burnaby 8Wy 3 Port ; / ^ Moody .\u00C2\u00BB J ~ \u00C2\u00AB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 * ^ I fo\u00C2\u00B0) , J Port -rrr / Coquitlam \u00E2\u0080\u00A24 Ri chmond 3> (R \u00C2\u00B0 4 St Delta Pit t Meadows*-' Langley City Maple Ridge . . . i i i i u l i u i . , . V f . I Langley Matsqui FIGURE COMPONENT AREAS of METROPOLITAN VANCOUVER Metropolitan Vancouver I J I V B B H I V H B Welfare Region II xxxxxxxxxxx Municipalities and C i t i e s . . . \u00E2\u0080\u0094 - - \u00E2\u0080\u0094 - - \u00E2\u0080\u0094 -Sectors '\u00E2\u0080\u00A2. -10-analysis i s to be effected. Thus i t i s imperative that mutual populations and corresponding areas of residence exist between Census Divisions and Welfare Regions. The area contained within the boundaries of Metro-p o l i t a n Vancouver was selected to be the most represent-ative and f i t t i n g of both Welfare Region II and Census D i v i s i o n #4. Nearly 90 per cent of the population of Census D i v i s i o n #4 i s located within Subdivisions C and D, which i s the metropolitan area, and i s approximately h a l f the population of B r i t i s h Columbia. Metropolitan Vancouver includes nine m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and f i v e c i t i e s . The m u n i c i p a l i t i e s are West Vancouver, North Vancouver, University Endowment Area, Fraser M i l l s , Coquitlam,Burnaby, Richmond, Delta and Surrey. The C i t i e s are North Van-couver, Vancouver, New Westminster, Port Moody, and Port Coquitlam. At the time of the 19 61 census, more than 790,000 people resided i n t h i s area. In order to f a c i l i t a t e a more det a i l e d study and analysis of this population, and as a means of summarizing the census t r a c t material, the census tracts of 19 61 for the t o t a l metropolitan area were worked out into \"sectors\" by Dr. L. C. Marsh. The break-down of the metropolitan area, or the grouping of c e r t a i n census tr a c t s , was based -11 -on an empirical study of some of the most i n d i c a t i v e s t a t i s t i c s suggesting homogeneity, including income, and along with knowledge of the general \" r e s i d e n t i a l q u a l i t y \" of the d i s t r i c t s . More d e t a i l i s required i n Vancouver C i t y because there i s a higher density of population, and considerable more variety i n housing and the residents. The suburbs are treated more broadly because t h e i r charac-ter i s often not yet s e t t l e d . They are large i n area, but s t i l l r e l a t i v e l y low-density judged by r e s i d e n t i a l coverage. The metropolitan area i s bounded i n the west by the waters of the S t r a i t o f Georgia; by the northern bound-aries of West Vancouver, North Vancouver, and Coquitlam m u n i c i p a l i t i e s ; i n the south by Boundary Bay and the International Border; and f i n a l l y , by the e a s t e r n bound-aries of Coquitlam and Surrey m u n i c i p a l i t i e s . Since the growth and spread of the population i s stopped by the west coast and hindered by the mountains i n theTioyth, the over-flow i s east i n t o Coquitlam, P i t t Meadows, Maple Ridge, etc., but mostly south i n t o Richmond, Delta, and Surrey m u n i c i p a l i t i e s . The areas absorbing t h i s overflow from the heart of the Tftetropolis have been c a l l e d the ;\"Eastern and Southern Suburbs\" i n this comparative s o c i a l analysis. These areas to the east and the south are r a p i d l y developing -12-with many housing subdivisions springing up i n numerous places within them. In 19 56 the Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board stated that there were indications that probable urban development fori? two m i l l i o n population would occur i n the Lower Mainland region. Geographically, the metropolitan area i s divided into four sections by waterways. The north shore i s separated from the C i t y of Vancouver, Burnaby and Coquitlam by the Burrard I n l e t , whereas Richmond, Delta and Surrey i n the south are separated by the Fraser River. There i s a further distineton, inasmuch as Richmond i s comprised of two islands, Sea Island and Lulu Island, situated i n the mouth of the Fraser. The North Arm of the Fraser flows between Richmond and Vancouver, Burnaby, and the South Arm separates i t from Delta municipality. Only a small part of Lulu Island - the eastern t i p - i s included within the New Westminster C i t y l i m i t s . Two bridges connect Vanc-couver, Burnaby to the. North Shore--Lions Gate Bridge at the F i r s t Narrows and the Second Narrows Bridge further east. The Oak Street, Fraser and Queensborough bridges allow wheel t r a f f i c between Richmond (Lulu Island) and the urban centre, while the Deas Island Tunnel permits and f a c i l i t a t e s transportation to Delta and parts south. The Patuilo Bridge between Surrey and New Westminster w i l l soon be r e l i e v e d of the heavy load of t r a f f i c when the near completed Port Mann Bridge i s opened for public use. With-out doubt, the opening of this bridge and free-way w i l l enhance the growth and further the development of Surrey and Langley m u n i c i p a l i t i e s . Even with the ex i s t i n g highways and bridges, many people commute from towns t h i r t y - f i v e miles distant from Vancouver to work. I t i s noted with i n t e r e s t , the mun i c i p a l i t i e s which comprise what i s termed the Eastern and Southern Suburbs i n thi s study, have unique c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which dis t i n g u i s h them, one from the other, Coquitlam, suburban i n composition, has some ranches and dairy farms but not nearly as extensive and developed as those found i n Delta. One dairy herd which has national renown for i t s pure-bred holsteins and milk producers i s that at the P r o v i n c i a l Mental Hospital farm at Essondale. However, what farms there are i n this municipality are small and the s o i l i s poorer compared to the r i c h Delta lands. By reason of this r i c h , productive s o i l and the need to preserve a g r i c u l -t u r a l land close to the densely populated urban centre, landowners have not been permitted to subdivide for purposes of r a i s i n g r e s i d e n t i a l subdivisions. In the main, the Delta f l a t s support large dairy herds rather than beef c a t t l e , but some potatoes and vegetables are also produced there. Richmond and Surrey, on the other hand, have -14-absorbed more of the overflow of the population from the metropolitan core, Vancouver C i t y . However, many acres i n Richmond s t i l l are covered with patches of blueberries, straw-berries, beansi, raspberries, etc. In some parts, peat moss i s twenty or more feet deep, but i n Surrey the land i s , by and large, higher and d r i e r . The farms are getting smaller and v e s t i g i a l as r e s i d e n t i a l developments grow. Some land has bee.n set aside for i n d u s t r i a l development, e s p e c i a l l y along the railways. The most densely populated areas are Whalley, Newton, Cloverdale and s t r i p s along the Trans-Canada and King George Highways. The reason for urban q u a l i t y and growth of Surrey has been i t s proximity and a c c e s s i b i l i t y to Vancouver, which was p a r t l y implemented by the completion of Deas Tunnel i n 19 59 and w i l l be more accessible with the completion of the Port Mann Freeway. Although Surrey i s ac t u a l l y a part of Welfare Region VI i t has been included i n this study since i t i s within the confines of the metro-p o l i t a n area and from a s o c i o l o g i c a l point of view belongs there. I t i s d e f i n i t e l y more urban-metropolitan than r u r a l . -15-Chapter 2. General Significance of Vancouver as Br i t i sh Columbia's Metropolitan Centre. Vancouver i s the metropolis of Br i t i sh Columbia: a l -most half of the population of the province l ives within a twenty-five mile radius. With an accelerating pace over a century, people and products from a l l Western Canada have gravitated to Vancouver as a business, marketing, shopping and social centre. It i s one of the few great seaports on the Pacif ic Coast, a major railway termingsj a depot for transportation of f ish, furs, metals and minerals. The early explorers of the West Coast were Spanish, Russian, and B r i t i s h , but i n the early days the voyagers were only interested in the fur trade. A disagreement between the Spanish and the Br i t i sh led to a treaty that brought Captain George Vancouver to the Northwest in 1790, and while making an accurate survey of the area, he was the f i r s t to enter Burrard Inlet in 1792. There followed a long quiescent period; i t was not unt i l seventy years later that settlers arrived for a \"Gold Rush\" equalling that of Cal i fornia of the 50's, when gold was discovered in the Cariboo. For years the metrppolis in\"thi.s part of the world was Barkerville - pfroudly describing i t s e l f as the second largest town after San Francisco. The f i r s t residential settlement proper in. the Peninsula area was incorporated not in Vancouver, which hardly existed as a town at that time, but at \"The Royal C i ty , New Westminster, i n 1860. Even when six years later, the two colonies of Vancouver Island and the Mainland united, -16-V i c t o r i a was more important than Vancouver. In 1871,when B r i t i s h Columbia joined the rest of Canada, the future of Vancouver was r e a l l y determined. The Confederation contract was dependent upon the building of a trans-canada railway within ten years. Even for this the terminus at f i r s t was Port Moody, about 10 miles from the present-day Vancouver Harbour. In the meantime, only a handful of s e t t l e r s had moved closer to the coast and a l i t t l e c l u s t e r of houses, described as nothing better than \"Gastown\", was b u i l t on the Burrard I n l e t . I t was a fortunate decision indeed to christen the new c i t y Vancouver a f t e r the great sea-captain. The two transcontinentals, the Canadian P a c i f i c Railway and the Canadian National Railway, established i t at l a s t as the terminal c i t y . ( E a r l i e r , the Grand Trunk had proposed Prince Rupert, miles farther up the coast, as i t s terminal city?\".). The C i t y of Vancouver was incorporated i n 1886*, the great C. P. R. l i n k did not come u n t i l a year or two l a t e r . Vancouver began to grow as a great seaport a f t e r 1891 when the famous Empress ships of the C.P.R. arri v e d i n the port and inaugurated t r a n s - p a c i f i c shipping. The next boom i n the h i s t o r y of Vancouver's port was a new gold rush-the Klondyke. In 189 7 men and women from a l l parts of the world flocked to the harbour to j o i n vessels s a i l i n g north. Wheat came i n 1916: during the f i r s t World War grain elevators were b u i l t and went into operation and the f i r s t - 1 7 -grain shipment l e f t for Europe v i a the newly opened Panama C anal. In the subsequent eighty years, Vancouver has grown from a small m i l l town to a world centre. With i t s large and growing hinterland to draw from, i t s i d e a l surroundings as a natural harbour, i t s network of trans-portation f a c i l i t i e s , and more recently, i t s growing industries, Vancouver i s today one of the p r i n c i p a l urban centres i n Canada. Geography and Topography. Vancouver must always be related to the unique topography of B r i t i s h Columbia, and p a r t i c u l a r l y the area-the Fraser Valley - i n which Metropolitan Vancouver i s located. B r i t i s h Columbia i s a vast, mountainous, often inaccessible t e r r a i n with a wide range of climate and vegetation. This has given unique c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s to the location of primary industries, and the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the population. A g r i c u l t u r a l land i s scarce by compar-ison with any other province except Newfoundland. With the exception of the great Okanagan area and the Fraser Valley, i t i s confined to the valleys between the great mountain chains. The 'regions' which can be distinguished i n the vast t e r r i t o r y (bigger than Texas) each has i t s degree of i s o l a t i o n . Transportation i s confined to -18-c e r t a i n major breaks i n the mountains. P o p u l a t i o n can never be dense i n the g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h i s enormous l a n d expanse. The m a j o r i t y o f the people l i v e i n the l e v e l s e c t i o n s c o n f i n e d to the southwest p a r t o f the P r o v i n c e , being the F r a s e r V a l l e y i n p a r t i c u l a r , a narrow r o l l i n g lowland f r i n g i n g the c o a s t and v i r t u a l l y e n c l o s e d by mountain ranges. (A small p a r t o f t h i s g r e a t v a l l e y i s i n the U n i t e d S t a t e s , cut across by the i n t e r n a t i o n a l boundary.) The C i t y o f Vancouver i s s i t u a t e d i n the \"Lower mainland\", a long s p r a w l i n g p e n i n s u l a . I t i s bounded on the west by the S t r a i t s of Georgia, on the n o r t h by B u r r a r d I n l e t , and on the south by the F r a s e r R i v e r . The g r e a t r i v e r has formed an enormous p l a i n and d e l t a i n i t s flow to the sea. The \" V a l l e y \" though s u b j e c t to f l o o d i n g ( i t has been l a r g e l y dyked) , i s r i c h i n f e r t i l e s o i l i n g r e d i e n t s , and i s a h i g h l y v a l u a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l area f o r the whole P r o v i n c e . The c o a s t to the n o r t h i s too rugged f o r wide-spread settlement, so the l o c a t i o n o f the m e t r o p o l i t a n p o r t c i t y was predetermined. Vancouver has one of the world's l a r g e s t n a t u r a l harbours, comprising n e a r l y f i f t y square m i l e s . The harbour, l o c a t e d i n B u r r a r d I n l e t , i s l a n d - l o c k e d , i c e -f r e e , and s h e l t e r e d . I t i s a terminus f o r t r a i n s from the e a s t and has easy access to the P a c i f i c Ocean through the -19-S t r a i t s o f G e o r g i a . The p o r t i s w e l l equipped to handle a wide v a r i e t y o f exports and imports. I t has ample deep-water berths w i t h modern t r a n s i t sheds f o r g e n e r a l cargo and adequate g r a i n e l e v a t o r s . M o d e r n i z a t i o n of some of i t s f a c i l i t i e s i s c o n s t a n t l y being urged and there i s need f o r r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n and r e p l a n n i n g o f the mosaic o f f a c i l i t i e s which have grown around the harbour; but there i s no doubt about the g r e a t volume of t r a f f i c and tonnage which i t handles. C l i m a t i c a l l y , Vancouver i s i n the temperate zone and the f o r t u n a t e i n f l u e n c e of the Japanese C u r r e n t m o d i f i e s both summer and w i n t e r extremes of temperature. Cloudy, r a i n y weather p r e v a i l s d u r i n g the f a l l and w i n t e r months; the heavy p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s compensated by the g r e a t f o r e s t stands and by the ease of farm and garden c u l t i v a t i o n . The h i n t e r l a n d of the c i t y has p r o v i d e d ample s i t e s f o r hydro-e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n and a g r e a t network of power l i n e s has been s t e a d i l y expanded. I n d u s t r i e s : I n d u s t r y i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n area began s u i t a b l y i n one o f the primary r e s o u r c e s . The e a r l y c i t y was adjacent to H a s t i n g s M i l l ( p a r t of which, as a museum, has been moved to B o i n t Grey). F i s h i n g c e n t r e s were e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d at S t e v e s t o n on L u l u I s l a n d , the North Shore, and a t CoalHarbour. During the f i r s t World War, s h i p - b u i l d i n g was undertaken i n -20-North Vancouver across the i n l e t from the grain elevators which were part of the waterfront scene i n East Vancouver by t h i s time. Depression, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n logging and wood pulp, heavily blighted Vancouver u n t i l the 19 40's. In the l a s t twenty years, a number of small modern manu-facturing plants have replaced what were o r i g i n a l l y Chinese truck gardens on the banks of the Fraser River south of the c i t y . Another i n d u s t r i a l s i t e has been developed by the c i t y at a point:on the New Lougheed Highway.: Wood processing plants have grown along the Fraser River, some of them being subsidiaries of the large pulp m i l l s on Vancouver Island and along the coast of the main-land. Chemical plants to supply the pulp industry were b u i l t on the North Shore. The o i l industry had an e a r l i e r beginning with the ref i n e r y on the North Shore at loco i n the f i r s t quarter of the century; i n the 1940's o i l r e f i n -eries and a tank farm were b u i l t i n Northern Burnaby. The Hudsons Bay Company, with i t s great h i s t o r y of P a c i f i c and northern fur industry, survives i n Vancouver as a modern department store. I t has been located i n the centre of town at the corner of Georgia and G r a n v i l l e Streets for over h a l f a century. Early mercantile establishments were Woodwards, and Spencers which served the area u n t i l the 1940's when i t became the T. Eaton Store. The large -21-Eastern department and mail order stores of Eatons and Simpsons established themselves during the past twenty-five years. These large stores now r e f l e c t the suburban growth everywhere with t h e i r branches i n several of the large neighbourhood shopping centres. Urban Growth. Earl y Vancouver as a r e s i d e n t i a l area clustered around Coal Harbour and Burrard I n l e t near the foot of Gr a n v i l l e Street. Residential building began i n 1900 i n the \"West End\", the peninsula between the downtown area and Stanley Park. \"Fairview\" and \"Mount Pleasant\" to the east and south of False Creek, were more modest r e s i d e n t i a l areas often with small l o t s , spreading up to the Vancouver General Hospital, the o r i g i n a l Vancouver High School (Now King i Edward) , and the old Normal School complex which preceded the C i t y H a l l centre. In the 19 20's, \"Shaughnessy\" , a new and a t t r a c t i v e s i t e owned by the C.P.R., was l a i d out as an ample, landscaped area for Vancouver's wealthier c i t i z e n s . The c i t y boundaries were, at this time, 25th Avenue to the south, the I n l e t to the north, the eastern boundary of Point Grey i n the west and Boundary Road to the east. A few suburbs were begun and languished during the f i r s t World War but grew again i n the 19 20's. These were Kerrisdale, West Point Grey, and South Vancouver on the mainland; North -22-and West Vancouver across the Burrard I n l e t , served only by f e r r i e s at that time. The University of B r i t i s h Columbia was not established on i t s present s i t e u n t i l 19 25 and a very few houses were b u i l t on the Endowment Lands. During the 19 30's, expansion slowed to a stop: houses stood empty or act u a l l y h a l f finished. Everything languished u n t i l suddenly i n the 1940's, with the economic impetus of war, a l l of the housing was occupied. A f t e r World War II newcomers arri v e d i n the c i t y again as a real estate boom took shape, slowly at f i r s t , then with accelerating pace. The vacant land i n the old suburbs, now within the c i t y l i m i t s , was taken up with new housing. Building; was started on the farm lands of Surrey, Lulu Island, Delta, Burnaby and Coquitlam, assisted by improved transportation f a c i l i t i e s and automobile ownership. These areas now had become the new suburbs of Vancouver C i t y . The suburbs on the North Shore of Burrard I n l e t have greatly increased i n population, and West Vancouver has p a r t i c u l a r l y changed character since the completion of the F i r s t Narrows Bridge i n 19 39. New Westminster, a c i t y since the days of early settlement, had once hoped to be the p r o v i n c i a l c a p i t a l . I t has now been surrounded by the out-growth of i t s early r i v a l and has become part of the metropolitan complex. -23-Population. Population s t a t i s t i c s regularly compiled i n successive censuses ,bybJ:he Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s , could, of course, be u t i l i z e d over a long period (since Confederation), but even this ten-year span of the present study i l l u s t r a t e s c l e a r l y the growth and development of Metropolitan Vancouver. Population i n Per cent Thousands Increase Area 195T 19 61 19 51-1961 Metropolitan Vancouver 562,000 790,000 40.6 Vancouver C i t y 344,800 384,600 11.5 B r i t i s h Columbia 1,165 , 200 1,629 , 000 39 .8 Canada 18,009,400 18,238,200 30.2 Between the years 19 51 and 19 61, the Canadian popu-l a t i o n increased 30 per cent. During the same period B r i t i s h Columbia's population increased nearly 40 per cent, and Metropolitan Vancouver expanded s l i g h t l y more. Metropolitan Vancouver has 48.5 per cent of the Province population within i t s bounds. In the Metropolitan area, nearly one h a l f of the population are located i n the \"core\" c i t y . During the period 19 51 to 19 61, however, the C i t y population increased by only 11 per cent, while the Metrppolitan population i n -creased by 40 per cent. These figures indicate the s i g n i f i -cant differences i n population trends as there i s a mass -24-movement to the suburbs. This can be i l l u s t r a t e d by the population change i n the \"False Creek\" section of Vancouver C i t y , and i n the suburb of Surrey. In \"False Creek\", the v population decreased 17 per cent between 19 51 and.r19 61. During the same decade, the population of Surrey increased over 110 per cent. This movement from urban to suburban l i v i n g i s due to such things as 'the automobile, the car pool, the express-way, improved public transportation, the large scale assembly and development of land by private enterprise and mass pro-duction and \"packaging\" of housing.\" (6) Industry and Employment: The Metropolitan Share ( 7) The t o t a l number of persons i n the labour-force of Metropolitan Vancouver i s now around 300,000 (294,759 were recorded i n the census i n 19 61). This represents a l i t t l e more than h a l f of the p r o v i n c i a l t o t a l : or, i n other words, at least one of every two of the province workers are i n the metropolitan \"region\", There are many measures of the impor-tance of large c i t i e s , but none i s of greater significance than (6) Canadian Association for Adult Education. Pamphlet No.3, A p r i l 19 63, P.5. (7) In the o r i g i n a l plan for this study, a section on Employment and Labour Force measurements was to have been undertaken by one of the s i x members of the research team (Miss Beverley Broadbent). Unfortunately, Miss Broadbent had to withdraw from the course, on account of i l l n e s s , before her work was completed. To f i l l what would otherwise be a c r u c i a l gap, the following section, with i t s summary tables, has been written by the director of the project (Dr. Marsh) . -25-t h i s . I t can of course be interpreted two ways. One way i s to say that to ignore one i n d u s t r i a l \" c a p i t a l \" i n discussing the employment-potential of the province i s to deal with only h a l f of the pic t u r e . The other i s to say that the p r o v i n c i a l \" hinterland\" i s so important to the commercial centre that i t represents h a l f of the jobs. Both have a measure of correct-ness: unfortunately, each i s unfamiliar, and the dimensions are not kept i n view when \"employment\", \"industry\" and \"jobs\" and \"the economy\" are being discussed. I t i s f a i r l y well known, of course, that B r i t i s h Columbia depends heavily on a few major in d u s t r i e s , and i f those industries are depressed there w i l l be serious effects i n Vancouver: i t i s doubtful i f the importance of the metropolitan labour market, and the special weight of greater Vancouver i n matters of unemployment, depend-ency, vocational t r a i n i n g , etc., i s f u l l y r e a l i z e d . I t i s not possible i n the present study to follow out a l l the ramifications of thi s subject (even i f a \" f u l l e r \" section on the more immediate data had been given): but at least some of the main features can be sketched. I t may be noted, f i r s t , that a l i t t l e over 30 per cent of the working force i s comprised of women. I t i s now well established that women have been entering the labour market i n increasing numbers i n the postwar decades; but there i s s t i l l a r e l a t i v e l y high percentage and i n fact i s very much a \" c i t y figure\". Not only are there more jobs which women can f i n d i n large metropolitan centres (notably sales g i r l s i n stores, -26-c l e r i c a l workers, and some of the professions); but i t i s easier for women, young g i r l s and elder women a l i k e , to carry out such jobs and s t i l l maintain contact with t h e i r families or to f i n d places to l i v e i f they are on t h e i r own. Jobs for women are harder to f i n d i n suburbs, and i n small towns: much depends on the location of industry as this matters i f factory work i s i n question, and on the character of the operation (seasonal, harvesting and canning being special examples of t h i s ) . I t i s for such reasons that the o v e r - a l l p r o v i n c i a l proportion of women's employment (about 27 per cent) shows us as lower, meaning that i n many areas outside the metropolis i t i s more l i k e 20 - 25 per cent; 27 happens to be the o v e r a l l Canadian percentage,(8) The r e l a t i o n between the t o t a l working force and the number of \"breadwinners\" or family heads, i s indicated - though only p a r t i a l l y - by the fact that the number of g a i n f u l l y occupied men who are also heads of families i s only about 153,000 (compared with 204,000 male workers of a l l ages,married and s i n g l e ) . The 'weights' as between greater Vancouver and the province as a whole are s t i l l s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i m i l a r , though measured by male heads of families somewhat more than h a l f (51 per cent) are outside the metropolitan area. A detailed l i s t i n g of the industries which are the \"economic base\" of the c i t y as well as i t s hinterland would be (8) for reasons indicated i n the f i r s t footnote above, many of the tables prepared for this part of the present study are not included i n the report. -27-the best way of dealing with this s i g n i f i c a n t information; but i t would be too large a task for present purposes. Some carefully-chosen summaries w i l l perhaps accomplish the essent-i a l s . To begin with, the figures (drawn form the 1961 census, l i k e the rest of the major data i n Part II of thi s report) meas-ure not the output, wage-rolls, c a p i t a l i z a t i o n , exports or other aspects of industry which are important for the economist, but the number of persons employed. S t r i c t l y speaking, this i s the number of persons who have been employed at one time or another, or regard themselves as attached to the industry, for i n the way the census i s recorded, i t includes some unemployed. In other words, these are not s t r i c t l y p a y - r o l l s t a t i s t i c s ; but there i s no question that they serve very e f f e c t i v e l y to show the r e l a -t i v e weight and importance of the main sources of employment i n the area - s t i l l more so when the same \"weights\" are compared for the province as a whole (Table B) . Table A. Comparative Weights of the Major Areas of Employment, Vancouver,B.C. and Canada,1961. Metropolitan B r i t i s h Economic Level Vancouver Columbia Canada Primary^ 3.3 9 .9 14.0 Secondary 37.9 36.8 37.6 A. ( a u x i l i a r y ) 17.9 17.2 16.0 B. ( manu fac turing) 20.0 19 .6 21.6 T e r t i a r y 58.3 48.6 46.0 A (Trade & Finance) 28.4 23.0 20.6 B.(Professional,govern-mental) 16.9 16.1 17.0 C.(recreational,commer- 10.3 9.5 8.4 c i a l ,domestic.services) Total ( a) 1 100 100 100 (a) Excluding workers whose industry was unspecified or undefined i n Census returns,approximately thepsame per-centage i n each of the three groups above. -28-I t i s h e l p f u l to st a r t with an even more compressed summary, for Metropolitan Vancouver compared with both B r i t i s h Columbia generally and the whole of Canada (Table A) . I t i s now f a i r l y standard pr a c t i c e , and c e r t a i n l y enlightening, to c l a s s i f y employments as primary, secondary and t e r t i a r y . As between c i t y and the rest of the province t h i s i s immediately relevant because \"primary\" includes a l l the \"extractive\" pur -suers of which agriculture ( o r farming) i s usually by far most important, but which i n B r i t i s h Columbia i s followed c l o s e l y by forestry; f i s h i n g and mining are of course also extremely important. The numbers engaged i n ( o r considering themselves attached to) these industries i n Vancouver i s larger than might be supposed; but there i s no doubt that they are pre-dominantly sources of employment outside the metropolitan centre (10 per cent of a l l employment, and three or four times as important outside the c i t y ) , the much higher figure for Canada i s attri b u t a b l e to agriculture; the comparative figures are a reminder that agriculture i n B r i t i s h Columbia i s r e l a t i v e l y speaking very r e s t r i c t e d . \"Secondary i n d u s t r i e s \" are not a l l manufacturing, but do enable us to see the extent to which plants and fac-t o r i e s provide jobs In the c i t y . Filire other areas, which can be inspected i n d e t a i l i n Table B, are summarized here as \"a u x i l i a r y \" . I t i s remarkable that the weights are clo s e r for these groups i n the metropolis, the province, and the nation than any other (around 37 per cent, of which manu--29-facturing account for more than h a l f , or 20 per cent of the work force t o t a l ) . That manufacturing properly so described accounts for one i n fi v e of a l l jobs i s s t i l l a substantial amount; but i t i s much less than the weight usually ascribed to i t - p a r t l y because \"industry\" and \"manufacturing\" are terms used as i f they were synonymous. Balance ( o r lack of balance) i s almost as important as numbers i n appraising the s i g n i f i -cance of the i n d u s t r i a l pattern. > Table B. Comparative I n d u s t r i a l Pattern of Employment i n the Metropolitan Area, 19 61. In d u s t r i a l Areas, by Economic Level Total Persons Employed Male Ratio ( Vancouver) Metropolitan Vancouver B r i t i s h Columbia I. Primary Agriculture Forestry Fishing, Etc. Mining, Etc. 3,806 2,518 1,836 1,581 23,290 21,068 8,179 4,478 86.5 94.0 97.2 91.0 I I . Secondary Group A: Wood Industries PUlp,paper and a l l i e Furniture,Fixtures Food and Beverages Primary Metals Metal Fabrication Machinery,electric and transport equip-ment CheTn'iCals, Minerals O i l P r i n t i n g and a l l i e d A l l other Manufact-ures Group B: Transportation Communication Group B: /. . . 14,422 d 3,727 2,050 11,461 1,707 5,182 5,869 3,576 4,691 4,800 22,539 7,413 40,842 11,545 2,326 18,226 8,062 6,129 8,06.9 5,484 7,020 5,316 41,739 12,536 92.8 75.7 82.1 94.2 91.4 89 .4 88.0 78.6 54.1 90.2 68.0 -30-Table B. Continued Total Persons Employed In d u s t r i a l Areas, Metropolitan B r i t i s h Male Ratio fry Economic Level Vancouver Columbia (Vancouver) II Secondary Group B: Construction 19,89 7 36,338 96.6 U t i l i t i e s 3,179 6,287 82.1 Storage 1,803 2,244 89 .1 I I I . T e r t i a r y Group Al Re t a i l Trade 37,142 67,204 57. 8 Wholesale Trade 22,757 32,074 77. 2 Insurance, Real Estate 8,775 11,935 58. 3 Finance 7,103 10,707 46. 0 Business Service 7,898 10,939 67. 5 Group B: Health and Welfare 18,828 31,776 28. 8 Education and Related 12,113 24,044 47. 1 Religious Organizations 1,168 2,455 64. 7 Federal Administrations and Defence Services 8,213 27,409 76. 8 Local Administrations 7,428 11,409 86. 6 P r o v i n c i a l Adminis-trations 2,299 6,652 65. 5 Group C: Hotels,Restaurants, Taverns 11,050 23,186 49. 5 Recreation Services (Including Films) 2,573 4,103 68. 6 Laundries, Cleaning 2,276 3,873 41. 9 Domestic Service 4,339 7,817 12. 3 A l l other Services 8,068 12,225 53. 6 Unspecified or Undefined 8,50.2 16,767 71. 7 294,759 5 77 , 648 69.3 A l l Employments The \" a u x i l i a r y \" group, i n which transportation and con-str u c t i o n are p a r t i c u l a r l y heavy employers, accounts for almost as many jobs as a l l the manufacturing industries. Con--31-s t r u c t i o n , i t w i l l be noted, i s more important i n the p r o v i n c e at l a r g e , than i n the c i t y , though even here i t accounts f o r n e a r l y 20,000 j o b s . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n (which i n c l u d e s among others bus d r i v e r s , t r u c k d r i v e r s and t a x i s , as w e l l as r a i l w a y s , a i r -c r a f t , etc.,) i s r e a l l y a d i v e r s e form o f employment, but taken t o g e t h e r c o n s t i t u t e s the mos.t s i z e a b l e o f a l l groups, and are, which i s more important, i n the m e t r o p o l i s than o u t s i d e o f i t . In manufacturing, balance ( o r l a c k o f i t ) i s almost as important as numbers i n a p p r a i s i n g the s i g n i f i c a n c e of the i n d u s t r i a l p a t t e r n . Both i n B.C. and i n the m e t r o p o l i s , manu-f a c t u r i n g now made more d i v e r s e i n i t s c o n s t i t u e n t s than a g e n e r a t i o n ago, 1% f a r from balanced, n e v e r t h e l e s s . The p r e -dominating importance of the manufacturing i n d u s t r i e s which d e r i v e d i r e c t l y from the f o r e s t s of the p r o v i n c e i s immediately apparent ( T a b l e B.). Sawmilling i s the l a r g e s t c o n s t i t u e n t o f t h i s wood-using i n d u s t r i e s : taken along w i t h pulp and paper, and a few other c l o s e l y r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s , n e a r l y o n e - t h i r d of Vancouver's manufacturing employment i s accounted f o r . The d i s p r o p o r t i o n i s even g r e a t e r - more l i k e 45 p e r cent - i n the p r o v i n c e as a whole: Comparable f i g u r e s f o r Canada would show a much s m a l l e r weight than t h i s . The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f these f a c t s f o r the l a b o u r market ( e s p e c i a l l y when added to the weight o f l o g g i n g i n the \"Primary\" sector) needs no f u r t h e r emphasis. I t may be noted, however, how predominantly these i n d u s t r i e s are employers of men. (Paper f a b r i c a t i n g -32-i n d u s t r i e s are the e x c e p t i o n , u s i n g some female o p e r a t o r s ; c l e r i c a l workers account mostly f o r the r e s t ) . I n the other \" h e a v i e r \" manufacturers, ( m e t a l s , machinery, chemicals, t r a n s -p o r t equipment - which i n c l u d e s automobiles) Vancouver i s at p r e s e n t not very s t r o n g l y represented, though l i g h t manufactures are growing s t e a d i l y . B r o a d l y speaking, i t i s these l a t t e r which o f f e r more jobs f o r women. The major c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f the b i g c i t y iia i t s l a r g e quota o f t e r t i a r y employments. The g r e a t v a r i e t y of these i s apparent, even i n the items o f T a b l e B, where they are s t i l l h e a v i l y summarized. The t h r e e f o l d grouping of T a b l e C f a c i l i -t a t e s t h e i r comprehension, though a number of p o i n t s of i n t e r -p r e t a t i o n are needed to a v o i d some misunderstandings. The enormous item \" r e t a i l t r a d e \" f o r example, i n c l u d e s s a l e s c l e r k s , of a l l k i n d s , but a l s o the p r o p r i e t o r s o f small s t o r e s , as w e l l as some salesmen. Many other salesmen are i n wholesale t r a d e . \" F e d e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n \" i n c l u d e s a l l the defence s e r v i c e s -army, a i r f o r c e , navy - so t h a t i t i s not a good index of the s i z e o f the \" c i v i l s e r v i c e \" i n i t s most used sense. The pro-f e s s i o n s ( i n c l u d i n g d o c t o r s , nurses, t e a c h i n g , s o c i a l workers, etc.) are i n H e a l t h and Welfare and E d u c a t i o n . I n o t h e r words these are i n d u s t r i a l , not o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s ( s ee below). Nurses and s o c i a l workers account f o r the low \"male-worker r a t i o \" i n h e a l t h and w e l f a r e ; e d u c a t i o n shares w i t h the r e s t a u r a n t business are of the more even r a t i o s o f male and -33-female employment. In g e n e r a l , the s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s (a. very wide range, w i t h major d i f f e r e n c e s between, e;g.; women and domestic servants) are the g r e a t f i e l d s f o r women*s jo b s ; the low m a l e - r a t i o f o r f i n a n c e represents or.' r e f l e c t s the c l e r i c a l s t a f f s , not an i n v a s i o n o f women bakers, i n s u r -ance agents and st o c k b r o k e r s . Domestic s e r v i c e stands out as the most c h a r a c t e r i s t i c female employment, and e q u a l l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y i t i s a low-wage area. There i s much other m a t e r i a l f o r study here; but a main p o i n t i s th a t these are major areas o f employment; trade i s , most n o t a b l y o f a l l , more c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the m e t r o p o l i s than anywhere e l s e i n the p r o v i n c e . ( T a b l e A . ) . -33-PART II Socio-Economic Factors. Chapter 3, Growth of the Metropolis. Introduction: The urban complex i s the most recent product of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , though i t s growth i s also influenced by \u00E2\u0080\u00A2- ..r modern transportation and the ease of building on new land. Where once c i t i e s were compact urban e n t i t i e s , and towns were \" i s l e t s i n a setting of f i e l d and forest\", (9) now increased population, a r t e r i a l roads and t r a f f i c - f a c i l i -tating devices (bridges, tunnels and c l o v e r l e a f s ) , and diverse i n d u s t r i a l establishments radiating from urban centres push the r e a l boundaries outward beyond the formal l i m i t s u n t i l numbers of once-separate nearby towns are included i n a vast metropolitan aggregate. Vancouver, with i t s neigh-bours, New Westminster, Burnaby and other adjacent popula-ti o n centres, has followed t h i s continent-wide pattern. Though we s h a l l refer to th i s aggregate as .^'Metropolitan Vancouver\", the \"metropolitan area\" , \"Greater Vancouver\" etc., this i s for e d i t o r i a l convenience and not out of (9) Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board, The Urban Frontier. Supplementary Study #4,' Land for L i v i n g , October, 19 63. -34-d i s r e g a r d f o r the p a r t which each i n c l u d e d area has p l a y e d i n t h i s development; custom and geography suggest the s e l e c t i o n of \"Vancouver.\" Though t h i s p a t t e r n o f growth has an o v e r a l l \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 s i m i l a r i t y to t h a t o f other North American c i t i e s , i t has some f e a t u r e s of i t s own d e r i v e d from geography, i t s s p e c i a l topography, and f r o n t i e r a t t i t u d e s toward \"de-velopment\" and \"expansion\" which p e r s i s t i n t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y g u i s e . S i t u a t e d on the seaward f r i n g e o f the g r e a t wedge o f f l a t l a n d which i s the Lower F r a s e r V a l l e y , the c i t y has e n l a r g e d i t s boundaries i n two major waves of suburban growth. Beginning as the p o i n t o f c r y s t a l -l i z a t i o n o f s h i p p i n g , trade and s a w m i l l i n g , and known as Gastown on the south shore o f B u r r a r d I n l e t i n the 1880 \"s the e a r l y s ettlement took form as a business d i s t r i c t c l o s e to the w a t e r f r o n t . R e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s , now known as the West End, Mount P l e a s a n t and a wide b e l t around F a l s e Creek and along the harbour shore added housing, s t r e e t s and commercial -35-establishments. By the end of the f i r s t decade of this century, the f i r s t suburbs were building and by the end of the 1920's, they were well established - Kerrisdale,Dunbar and South Van-couver to the south, extending almost to the northern bank of the Fraser River; West Point Grey and the sparsely-settled University area to the west; and coastline settlement i n North and West Vancouver. New Westminster, the \"Royal C i t y \" , older than Vancouver, maintained slower growth as a shipping centre and \"situated a few miles inland on the Fraser River. Port Coquitlam and Port Moody continued to be hamlets despite early preparatory surveys a n t i c i p a t i n g growth as yet unrealized. Burnaby remained an independent zone between Vancouver and New Westminster. In the south-eastern suburbs there were v e s t i g i a l farms as l a t e as the 19 20's and i n a l l suburbs vacant l o t s and areas of bushland well on into the 1940's. By the end of the fourth decade the c i t y l i m i t s had been extended to include the area from Burrard I n l e t to the Fraser River, and from the Border of the University Endowment Lands to Boundary Road. Af t e r 1946, rapid population increase and i n d u s t r i a l growth brought the second great wave of suburban development. Much of the vacant land within the older suburbs was b u i l t on, the old settlements along the North Shore underwent a marked degree of socio-economic change and acquired large mountain-side subdivisions. F i n a l l y the delta land to the south and the farmland of the southeast was \"subdivided\" and b u i l t on -36-u n t i l new suburbs appeared-- Richmond, Surrey and most recently Delta. On the east, Burnaby with much open space remaining, took on new industry and more residents, as houses were b u i l t . Port Coquitlam and the eastern part of Vancouver began to co-alesce into a continuous s t r i n g of development along main a r t e r i e s . F i f t e e n to twenty years of this unchecked develop-ment has produced a complicated pattern i n which neighbor-hood boundaries, i f they ever existed i n the f i r s t place, are very hard to di s t i n g u i s h . This development, i n North America, generally arises from a r a d i c a l change i n society. Increased prosperity of most classes, except the most deprived, accelerated car-owner-ship, modern t r a f f i c ways, reaLj^state and government p o l i c i e s (10) favouring home-ownership and the single-family home, have more and more expanded the area of suburban l i v i n g . Only very recently, the building of high-rise and \"garden\" apartments within the older part of the c i t y may herald a new d i r e c t i o n i n population trends. Unfortunately much of the suburban fringe of Vancouver has followed the pattern of other unregu-la t e d c i t i e s , creating a patchwork of widely separate subdiv-i s i o n s on poorer farmland, e s p e c i a l l y i n mu n i c i p a l i t i e s which did not impose r e s t r i c t i o n s on r e s i d e n t i a l areas or require developers to meet ce r t a i n standards or did not have the revenue necessary for urban services. As a consequence,much (10) The National Housing Act, p r i m a r i l y - the Home-owner Grant i n B r i t i s h Columbia. -37-of the new housing i s poorly served with l i g h t i n g , roads and sidewalks, sewers or public transportation. Much of i t i s at an inconvenient distance from schools, commercial, recrea-t i o n a l and medical-dental centres. These disadvantages are most obvious i n developments where land was \"cheap\" and pur-chase prices attracted families of r e l a t i v e l y low income (11). The shortage of good rental housing i n the central c i t y added to this movement. The Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board of B r i t i s h Columbia, which consists of representatives of the m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and the unorganized areas of the Lower Fraser Valley-- from Vancouver to Hope, i n an endeavor to assess the e f f e c t of the outflow of population and dwellings on this area of b u i l t up land, have conducted surveys i n regard to land for parks, industry, farming and r e s i d e n t i a l development. Reports from these surveys include three on r e s i d e n t i a l development and p o t e n t i a l , published between May and October 19 63: Land for Liv i n g , The Urban Frontier (parts 1 and 2) . These reports re-f l e c t experiences of a sample of those who have p a r t i c i p a t e d i n suburban fringe l i v i n g . SummariEed, the reports say, of l i v i n g conditions i n these peripheral areas: \" the outer fringes i n p a r t i c u l a r play a special role i n the metropolis-- they help to provide low-cost housing. They o f f e r a combination of the lowest land values, minimum services, maximum inconvenience and, usually house standards minimal i n space and (11) The Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board, Land for L i v i n g , 1963. -38-q u a l i t y . I t i s a potent brew o f crowded housing, h i g h maintenance c o s t s , dubious investment value and c o n s i d e r a b l e inconvenience, evidenced by h i g h r a t e s o f vacancy, turnover, and f o r e c l o s u r e . Yet i t can p r o v i d e a new house which i s , i n the eyes o f many, p r e f e r a b l e to what they c o u l d get f o r the same money i n an o l d and rundown p a r t o f the c i t y . \" There are s e v e r a l reasons which have l e d today's young f a m i l i e s to favour \"outward m i g r a t i o n \" o f t h i s k i n d . To begin w i t h , they have m a r r i e d e a r l i e r and have more c h i l d r e n than t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s o f a g e n e r a t i o n ago; some of the o l d houses o f e a r l i e r f a m i l i e s are too b i g or too expensive; some of those i n the cheaper b u i l t areas of the p a s t are too small or i n unfavoured d i s t r i c t s . Changes i n a r c h i t e c t u r e have been r a d i c a l and there has been much advertisement o f modern de-s i g n s , so t h a t the o l d house seems d u l l and u n i m a g i n a t i v e . The new p r o s p e c t of r ^ i r a l space, the q u i e t o f the open country-s i d e , a l a r g e r house f o r l e s s money and a t lower taxes, even when balanced a g a i n s t the d i s t a n c e from the c i t y , seem d i s t i n c t g a i n s . I n some i n s t a n c e s l o c a t i o n o f new i n d u s t r y has made the move to an adjacent suburb an advantage i n shortened t r a v e l time as w e l l ; but o f t e n commuting has been undertaken without too c a r e f u l r e g a r d to i t s time and c o s t . The l o c a t i o n o f l a r g e numbers of young f a m i l i e s with s e v e r a l c h i l d r e n i n each, has p l a c e d a burden on l o c a l m u n i c i -p a l i t i e s to p r o v i d e b a s i c s e r v i c e s ( l i g h t i n g , water, sewers, p u b l i c transportation, s c h o o l s ) . In the f a r t h e r suburbs t h i s means t h a t farmer and suburbanite are both p a y i n g more i n taxes -39-to support s e r v i c e s which, mainly, the l a t t e r r e q u i r e s . For many of the new f a m i l i e s such i n c r e a s e d c o s t s , taken together w i t h the expanding c l a i m s on the budget, of c h i l d r e n as they grow up, and hazards o f unemployment which are commoner among those o f marg i n a l i n c o m e , e s p e c i a l l y i f they are not h i g h l y s k i l l e d , may be c r u c i a l . The c l o s i n g o f an i n d u s t r y , extended automation, the l o s s o f the breadwinner, the needs of a l a r g e teen-age p o p u l a t i o n i n the near f u t u r e - - a l l these have w e l f a r e i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r some of the new d i s t r i c t s which now house a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f m e t r o p o l i t a n f a m i l i e s . There are ex c e p t i o n s , o f course. A few suburbs o r s e c t i o n s are d i s t i n c t l y high-income. The number o f suburban areas which are r e l a t i v e l y low-income, or areas where there are h i g h p r e s s u r e s on middle incomes are not given, however the prominence they deserve when 'suburbia* i s p o r t r a y e d i n newspaper a r t i c l e s and magazines. Q u e s t i o n s . When and how d i d the new suburbs s t a r t ? Changes i n su b u r b i a date from the e a r l y and l a t e E o r t i e s , When p o p u l a t i o n a t f i r s t i n c r e a s e d i n B.C. a t t r a c t e d by war-time i n d u s t r y , h o u s e - b u i l d i n g was s e v e r e l y c u r t a i l e d . For some years, c h o i c e o f neighbourhood and c h o i c e o f housing were both l i m i t e d . The c i t y core and the o l d suburbs accomo-dated the o l d and the young, the m a r r i e d and s i n g l e , middle and working c l a s s , the s t a b l e and the t r a n s i e n t . L a t e r , when b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s and l a b o u r were f r e e d from war demands -40-the new suburbs began to take shape and real estate projects started farther and farther a f i e l d . Who l i v e s i n the c i t y core? With more choices of house-type and d i s t r i c t , r e s i d -ents began to sort themselves out on the basis of social^ c u l t u r a l , and economic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as well as those of age or stages i n l i f e - c y c l e . I t has been suggested by some so c i o l o g i s t s that areas of high-density, heterogeneous population are favoured by fiv e p r i n c i p a l groups; the 'cosmopolite', the unmarried or c h i l d -l e s s , the 'new ethnic group', the 'deprived' and the 'trapped' . (12) The f i r s t two l i v e i n the c i t y from choice. The cosmo-p o l i t e s include the a r t i s t , writer, musician, i n t e l l e c t u a l s , professionals and others who want to be near the ' c u l t u r a l ' f a c i l i t i e s of the metropolitan centre. The unmarried and the c h i l d l e s s tend to be transient, choosing c i t y l i v i n g during the l i f e - c y c l e stage which begins with r e s i d e n t i a l separation from family of o r i g i n and extends to the time of marriage or eyep u n t i l a f t e r the b i r t h of one or two children. The other three groups remain i n the c i t y more from necessity than preference. The\"new-ethnic\" member may fee l more at home i n the urban core i f i t i s reminiscent of his t r a d i t i o n a l home surroundings. New post-war examples i n Van-couver are the \" I t a l i a n \" areas near Commercial Drive and:the \"German*areas on Robson Street. Economic barriers are primary i n the case of the deprived and the trapped. The trapped are (12) Gans, Herbert J., \"Urbanism and Suburbanism as Ways of L i f e : Re-evaluation of D e f i n i t i o n s . \" i n Rose, Arnold M., Human Behavior and Social Processes. Boston, 1962. -41-the people of various kinds who remain behind when r e s i d e n t i a l neighbourhoods are invaded by commercial establishments and lower-status newcomers. They are quite often property holders, i n stores as well as houses, who have not been able to leave foreeconomic or other reasons. Many of the elde r l y , l i v i n g out th e i r days are on small pensions. The deprived are the f a m i l i a r residents of what used to be c a l l e d \"the slums\"; workers with low incomes because they lack education or adequate job-training, those who are emotion-a l l y or p h y s i c a l l y handicapped, the r a c i a l minorities, the broken families. These people are relegated to delapidated housing i n blighted areas. They supply the c i t y ' s need for low-wage workers. Some ethnic groups, notaMy negroes, r e f l e c t both patterns and they may be confined because of discrimination against them i n other d i s t r i c t s . Vancouver has had a s i g n i f i -cant Chinese population since the end of the l a s t century. This now shows two groups; the old, concentrated near \"China-town\" and the new, scattered over the c i t y . There i s less discrimination against Chinese than against negroes. Who moves out? Vancouver s t i l l has many \"older suburbs\" not so far from the c i t y centre, but the tendency i s for the younger gener-ation %q move out to the newer suburbs as soon as they can afford to do so, to a single-family house, i n neighbourhoods of low-density population, and of considerable age and class homogeneity. Among these, d i s t i n c t i o n s should be made on the basis of the reasons for which they chose suburban l i v i n g . -42-The survey (13) r e v e a l s t h a t over h a l f o f those i n t e r -viewed gave f i n a n c i a l circumstances as a primary f a c t o r i n t h e i r c h o i c e , showing a lower i n c i d e n c e among those i n h i g h e r value p r o p e r t i e s and 75 p e r cent o f those answering i n lower value areas. Over 80 per).cent o f the l a t t e r group s a i d t h a t they d i d not p a r t i c u l a r l y want to l i v e i n the suburbs. From the r e s u l t s o f the survey, i t appears t h a t t h i s group w i l l have a h i g h r a t e o f inconvenience and a c o r r e s p o n d i n g l e v e l o f d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n . The more advantaged group, i n terms of a b i l i t y to pay and q u a l i t y o f purchase, whether they value the r u r a l atmosphere per se, or not, show a h i g h e r l e v e l o f a l l - r b u n d s a t i s f a c t i o n . Those who make the c h o i c e , knowledgeably, from p r e f e r e n c e f o r \"the c o u n t r y \" are somewhat more w i l l i n g to accept a h i g h e r l e v e l o f m a t e r i a l inconvenience. What do most of these people expect to f i n d i n the outer areas? A c c o r d i n g to the Lower Mainland Regional P l a n n i n g Board survey, wanted or expected was: \"...open surroundings, f r e s h a i r , peace and q u i e t , uncrowded spacious c o n d i t i o n s , l e s s t r a f f i c , and a slower pace; . . . . i t would be \" b e t t e r f o r the c h i l d r e n \" . . . . n e i g h b o u r l i n e s s , a f r i e n d l i e r atmosphere, and community l i f e ; a c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r number.... convenient to work or s c h o o l . . . f i n a n c i a l advantages, lower taxes, and cheaper l i v i n g ; .... other advantages.\" How r e a l i s t i c were these e x p e c t a t i o n s and how enduring are the gains i f r e a l i z e d ? Open surroundings, f i e l d and f o r e s t , recede as (13) Lower Mainland Regional P l a n n i n g Board, Land f o r L i v i n g . -43-s e t t l e m e n t p r o g r e s s e s . The suburb^...are sometimes e x t r a o r d i n -a r i l y t r e e l e s s ; sometimes because of d e l t a l a n d , sometimes be-cause o f the b u l l d o z e r . Quietness d i m i n i s h e s , so does c h i l d -s a f e t y i n freedom from t r a f f i c hazards. C l e a n l i n e s s of a i r i s bought at the p r i c e of road dust and mud. The m a j o r i t y of suburban f a m i l i e s are not, and cannot be, the s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t p i o n e e r s o f e a r l i e r days. Many, the survey r e v e a l e d , d i d not r e a l i z e the l a c k o f necessary s e r v i c e s , or d i d not r e a l i z e t h e i r own r e l i a n c e on urban f a c i l i t i e s , and f i n d t h e i r absence a source o f grave d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n . D i s t a n c e to s c h o o l s , Sunday Schools, l i b r a r i e s , are c o n s i d e r e d disadvantages to the c h i l d r e n , w h i l e open d i t c h e s and house excavations may be a p o s i t i v e danger to them. Are the suburbs more f r i e n d l y ? T h i s , too, depends on f a c t o r s o f s i m i l a r i t y . \"...on blocks where people are homogeneous they s o c i a l i z e , where they are heterogeneous they do l i t t l e more than exchange p o l i t e g r e e t -i n g s . (14) There may be a c t u a l i s o l a t i o n , or l o n e l i n e s s f o r the housewife. C o f f e e hours may not mean much, shared w i t h neighbours w i t h whom they have l i t t l e i n common except \"suburban s e p a r a t i o n \" . Some o f t h i s i s not c o n f i n e d to the low-income areas. As s e r v i c e s are e s t a b l i s h e d taxes r i s e , but the c o s t s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to work, to s c h o o l , to shopping, (1 4 ) . Gans, H e r b e r t J . \"Urbanism and Suburbanis^as Ways o f L i f e : R e - e v a l u a t i o n of D e f i n i t i o n s . \" i n Rose,Arnold M. , Human Behavior and S o c i a l P r o c e s s e s . -44-entertainment, and c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s centred i n the c i t y , do not decrease. Among the more affluent a second car i s seen as a \"necessity\" i f family a c t i v i t i e s i n the community and i n the now-distant c i t y are to be continued. ; 6ut t h i s means that the anticipated savings of suburban l i v i n g decrease as urban amenities, never w i l l i n g l y relinquished, are regained. According to the survey (15)\".... Taxes were con-sidered reasonable by 132 per cent of the f r o n t i e r respond-dents, but a substantial majority - 58 per cent -- found them too high for the services received despite the general f e e l i n g i n the f r o n t i e r that taxes were too high, 40 per cent said they would be w i l l i n g to pay more i f they received better services....\" The question remains whether they could r e a l l y a fford to do so. In a comparison of s a t i s f a c t i o n s and d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n s The Urban Frontier (16) summarizes the factors most prevalent i n the background of these attitudes. I f finances are a prime reason for moving; i f a more urban location i s preferred; i f the area has poorer housing and offers minimal services, there i s greater d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n . Greater s a t i s f a c t i o n i s found where the location i s among higher value properties providing more adequate services; i s close to friends; and i s occupied (15) Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board, The Urban Frontier Part 2, Page 28. (16) Ibid. P. 34 -45-and i s occupied by those with a preference for outer suburban l i v i n g . For, though population means housing, \" . . . . r e s i d e n t i a l development i s more than an administrative or business operat-ion. I t must be regarded as community building the creation of an environment i n which hundreds of thousands of, people w i l l spend most of t h e i r non-working hours (and t h e i r families, most of t h e i r waking hours E.B.) and i n which many of them w i l l invest energy and l o y a l t y as w e l l . . . \" (17) The Dynamics of Metropolitan Growth. Suburban development can, and should, be measured i n several ways. Consideration should be given, not only to the absolute numbers of people involved, but to the proportion of this aggregate included i n the outward movement - the change which i s taking place i n the r a t i o of the population between the urban core and the surrounding areas. The increase i n the number of dwellings as evidenced by the proportion of houses b u i l t before or a f t e r a p a r t i c u l a r date, the d i s t r i b u -t i o n of these i n the urban-suburban complex; and the amount of land involved are a l l important indices of s i z e . The r e l a t i o n of the land already i n use and l i k e l y to be needed, (assuming that present trends continue) to the land available i s essen-t i a l to an o v e r a l l perspective. This i s well known to town and regional planning but there are also a host of s o c i a l dimensions including family l i v i n g and the nature of commun-i t i e s which are important to the s o c i a l worker. (17) Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board, Land for L i v i n g . -46-Looking at this development between the benchmarks of 19 51 and 19 61, population i n the t o t a l Metropolitan Van-couver area increased by over 228,000. Of t h i s , less than 40,000 was i n Vancouver C i t y . From a predominance of over 60 per cent i n 19 51, the c i t y dropped to 48 per cent of the area population t o t a l i n 1961, despite a gain i n every component sector within the c i t y boundaries except that of \"False Creek\" where there was an actual decline r e l a t i n g , i t seems to an increase i n i n d u s t r i a l occupation i n t h i s area. During t h i s same period the new sub-urbs of Delta, Surrey and West Richmond showed a r i s e of 100 per cent to 200 per cent and one of the \" o l d \" suburbs, North Vancouver d i s t r i c t , because of great new building projects,came close to t r e b l i n g i t s residents, a gain of 279 per cent. The amount of new housing constructed can only be measured by other s t a t i s t i c s which have not been incorporated i n the present study, but there are many indications from census t r a c t figures. For t h i s study, Dr. Leonard Marsh has permitted us to use h i s scheme of s e c t o r i a l d i v i s i o n of the metropolitan area. This permits consideration dfi sectors which are i n t e r n a l l y f a i r l y homogeneous i n regard to socio-economic and other re-la t e d factors and which f a l l i nto acceptable physical boundaries--i n some cases (such as the areas considered here) recognized e n t i t i e s , but for the C i t y of Vancouver some new and useful e n t i t i e s have been worked out. In t h i s part of the Metropol-i t a n study the sectors of Delta,Surrey South,West Vancouver, and Burnaby TABLE 1. Distribution of the Population in the Metro-politan Region, Central and Suburban Components 1961, and Relative Weight of \"Sectors\",1951 and 1961 Population Distribution of Population Seotors 1961 1951 1961 I. V a n c o u v e r .C i t y 384,522 61.31 48.66 A.University-Pt.Grey 18,926 3.09 2.40 B.Kerrisdale-Dunbar 21,847 3.69 2.70 G.Shaughnessy 52,383 7.72 6.63 D.West End 25,359 4.25 3.21 E.North Central 1,\"E. Kits i lano\" 36,171 6.31 4.58 2.\"False Creek\" 27,404 5,87 3.47 3.\"Main-Victoria\" 36,870 6.34 4.67 F.East Vancouver 1.\"N.E.Vancouver\" 47,000 7.41 5.95 2.\"E. Central\" 71,707 10.$7 9.07 3.\"Fraserview\" 50,929 6.19 6.45 II.Burnaby-New Wegt'r. A.Burnaby 1 37,363 3.98 4.73 B.Burnaby,.2\u00C2\u00A7 36,581 3.42 4.63 C.Burnaby 3 27,663 3.25 3.50 D.New Westminster (a) 27,670 4.18 3.50 00: 5,984 0.92 0.76 III. North Shore A.West Vancouver 25,454 2.49 3.22 B.N.Vancouver Dis t r ic t (a) 12,648 1.34 1.60 (b) 26,323 1.23 3.33 C.N.Vancouver (City) 23,656 2.79 2.99 TV. \"Eastern Suburbs\" A. Coquitlam-Fraser Mi l l s 42', 688 3.92 5.40 B. Surrey N. 40,755 2.75 5.16 C. Surrey S. 36,536 3.24 4.62 V. \"Southern Suburbs\" A, Richmond W. 35,578 2.07 4.50 B. Richmond S.E. 7,745 1.34 .98 C. Delta 14,597 1.19 1.85 Metropolitan Vancouver 790,165 100 100 TABLE 2. Some Indicative Measurements of Population Change in the!Metropolitan Area, 1951-1961 Sector Per Cent Growth 1951-1961 Relative Importance 1961 Metropolitan Vanoouyer 40.6 , 100 Vancouver City; 11.5 48.7 Burnaby=New Westminster , 52.9 17.1 North Shore 99.6 11.2 Eastern;Suburbs 115.4 15.2 Southern Suburbs 123.7 7.3 Sectors with Largest Growth Per Cent Growth Relative Importance. I.F3 Vancouver City, North Central arid Fraserview IIo A. Burnaby 1 B. Burnaby22...\u00E2\u0080\u009E\u00E2\u0080\u009E.._.\u00E2\u0080\u009E,\u00E2\u0080\u009E.__ Co Burnaby 3 III. A.West Vancouver B. N.Vancouver (Distr ict ) (a) \" ( b ) C. N.Vancouver (City) IV. A. Coquitlam-Fraser Mi l ls B. Surrey N. C. Surrey S. 46.4 66.9 . 90.4 51,6 81.9 68,1 279.4 50.8 93.8 163.7 100.5 6.5 4.7 4.6 3.5 3.2 1.6 3.3 3.0 5.4 5.2 4.6 V.A.Richmond West B. Delta 205.9 117.8 4.5 1.9 -4.7 -are correlated with Metropolitan Vancouver i n regard to a wide range of factors which have s i g n i f i c a n t implications for s o c i a l welfare. Metropolitan Vancouver, of course,represents the aggregate of a l l factors and the median figure for the entire area. In contrast, the i n d i v i d u a l sectors chosen for analysis here, present the variations which, from d i s t r i c t to d i s t r i c t , make the metropolitan pattern. Burnaby, for example, i s an \"old\" suburb (18) having developed over f i f t y years i n a r e l a t i v e l y gradual manner. West Vancouver too, was a small area of settlement : during the same period, but with the construction of the F i r s t Narrows Bridge i n the late 19 30\"s and building a high-income subdivision on the mountainside above the o r i g i n a l settlement, began a new era of development of character quite d i f f e r e n t to that of the o r i g i n a l coastline hamlet. In this sense i t i s i n r e a l i t y a new suburb. Surrey South i s more representative of the new phase of development; the move outward onto farmland. This, and i t s rapid growth i n a short period of time taken with i t s other c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of r e s i d e n t i a l development, demography, economics and socio-culture, make i t a paradigm of recent land development i n the Lower Fraser Valley, Delta, whose r e s i d e n t i a l use i s more recent, i s following a b a s i c a l l y s i m i l a r pattern. The intention here i s to examine these d i f f e r e n t areas with a view to discerning the pattern of suburban growth. ^ (18) Though Burnaby i s a separate c i v i c entity, to the extent that i t s borders are contiguous with those of Vancouver and that i t shares i n the flow of people, goods and services of the area, i t i s , i n r e a l i t y , a suburb. -48-To arrive at proportionate figures for each sector under study, i n d i v i d u a l t r a c t figures for s p e c i f i c indices have been taken from census t r a c t data, t o t a l l e d for the i n d i v i d u a l sector, and percentages calculated from these against sector totals and the metropolitan t o t a l , for the p a r t i c u l a r index. For example, i n the housing figures which follow, for Delta, census tracts provided the number of households i n this area, t r a c t by t r a c t , the number of houses b u i l t before 19 20, and of occupancy of less than one year. By c a l c u l a t i n g from sub-totals so derived, i t was possible to show the percentage of houses i n each pertinent category, which was included i n the t o t a l number of Delta households. Absolute numbers, the proportion b u i l t before some date (selected r e l a t i v e to t o t a l age, and to d i f f e r e n t phases of growth within that period) the proportion recently occu-pied, give some useful indications of population trends. The amount of new housing, for example, constructed between our anchor dates, 19 51 - 1961, can only be measured by s t a t i s t i c s which have not been incorporated i n the present study but there are many s i g n i f i c a n t indications available from census tr a c t figures. JLrea Total Number of Percentage con- Percentage Households structed before Occupied for 19 20 less than 1 year Metropolitan Vancouver 228,598 16.15 17.33 Burnaby 1 10,114 5.2 14.4 West Vancouver 7,378 3.1 14.3 Surrey South 11,072 5.0 16.4 Delta 3,938 7.3 15.8 -49> Thus i t appears that i n Metropolitan Vancouver approximately 85 per cent of houses have been b u i l t since 19 20 but even i n the old suburb of Burnaby, 9 5 per cent of houses f a l l into this category. In the new suburbs, West Vancouver has acquired 9 7 per cent of i t s housing since 19 20; Surrey South and Delta though very new, as r e s i d e n t i a l areas, show a lower proportion of recent houses than West Vancouver. Surrey South has the same proportion of older houses as \"old\" Burnaby, and Delta, the newest suburb has a substantial 2 per cent more than Surrey South or Burnaby. This core of older housing i n these two new r e s i d e n t i a l areas suggests the s i g n i f i c a n t numbers of t r a d i t i o n a l farm-houses represented i n the o v e r a l l t o t a l . The percentage of houses occupied for less than one year, i n these d i s t r i c t s , shows considerably less v a r i a t i o n . B r i e f occupancy can be as much an index of transiency as of new settlement, but when the character of the populations served by the core and by the outer suburbs i s considered, i t seems more l i k e l y that a higher figure for the metropolitan area would have a higher incidence of transiency within i t than that coh^: tained by a s i m i l a r figure for an area of single-family dwell-ings such as we f i n d i n the suburbs. Considering the inevi t a b l e population mobility produced by factors p e c u l i a r to the urban centre, and the greater o v e r a l l s t a b i l i t y of population to be expected i n single-family owner-occupied suburbs, the proportion of recent occupancy i n Surrey South and Delta, almost as high as the average for the metropolitan zone as a whole, suggests a high -50 -proportion of new homes. This proportion for Burnaby , and for the urban core as represented i n the metropolitan figure, i s not immediately v i s i b l e , for considerable f i l l i n g - i n of vacant land has taken place and new high-density apartments have been b u i l t . There i s both mobility and \"newness\" here and only further reduction of the data would reveal t h e i r r e l a t i v e im-portance i n the c i t y and i n Burnaby. According to the i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board, the population of the entire region (Lower Mainland) w i l l reach one m i l l i o n within the next three or four years, doubling i n twenty-five years and reaching two and one-quarter m i l l i o n by the year 2000. The trend of r e s i -dential building seen i n metropolitan growth i s outward;1 and i t i s predicted that i n the future, unless planning controls i n t e r -vene, more and more of the adjacent valley land w i l l be used up for urban purposes. The present r a t i o of population stands at 80 per cent for the present metropolitan area to 20 per cent i n the remainder of the Lower Fraser Valley. By the end of the century, this trend continuing, the r a t i o w i l l be 55 to 45 with the valley s t e a d i l y gaining i n proportionate population. This population increase could occupy 100 square miles i n the Fraser Valley and 31.square miles i n the urban area--out of a t o t a l 230 square miles, suitable and available, i n the valley and 38 square miles which could be developed within the Metropolitan core (19); But, with the diffuse nature of present (19) Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board, The Urban Frontier. -51-r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t a l l o f t h i s a v a i l a b l e l a n d ( t h e b e s t o f t h e f a r m l a n d e x c e p t e d ) w i l l be u s e d up i n u r b a n s p r a w l . T h i s d e v e l o p m e n t , i f u n c h e c k e d , w i l l p o s e a p p a l l i n g p r o b l e m s i n r e s p e c t t o s e r v i c e s , t h e e c o n o m i c b a l a n c e , a n d , i n f u n d a m e n t a l w a y s , t o t h e v e r y \" w a y o f l i f e \" o f f u t u r e V a n c o u v e r r e s i d e n t s . T h i s i s \" w e l f a r e \" i n t h e w i d e s t p o s s i b l e s e n s e ; b u t w e l f a r e i t u n d o u b t e d l y i s , a n d i t i s o f p r o v i n c e - w i d e a n d n a t i o n a l i m p o r t a n c e , b e c a u s e V a n c o u v e r i s t h e P a c i f i c m e t r o p o l -i t a n c e n t r e o f C a n a d a . C o m p o n e n t s o f P o p u l a t i o n . I n a n e a r l i e r d e s c r i p t i o n o f p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p s who f o r m a c o n s t a n t a n d s i g n i f i c a n t f e a t u r e o f t h e u r b a n c o r e , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o o u t l i n e s e v e r a l d i s t i n c t s e t s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e i n n e r s u b u r b s t e n d t o be l e s s h e t e r o g e n e o u s ; n e v e r t h e l e s s t h e y h a v e a r e l a t i v e l y w i d e age a n d l i f e - c y c l e r a n g e . I n t h e D u n b a r d i s t r i c t o f V a n c o u v e r , one o f t h e o l d s u b u r b s , t h e o r i g i n a l r e s i d e n t s a r e now i n t h e a g e - r a n g e 50 t o 70 y e a r s . When t h e s e p e o p l e l e a v e t h e d i s t r i c t , t h e y a r e r e p l a c e d b y y o u n g f a m i l i e s w h o , p r e d o m i n a n t l y , w i s h t o l i v e c l o s e r t o t h e c i t y a n d c a n f i n d a h o u s e w h i c h s u i t s t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s . Some d i s t r i c t s ( o f w h i c h D u n b a r a n d K e r r i s d a l e a r e g o o d e x a m p l e s ) c h a n g e o n l y v e r y s l o w l y ; b u t t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e s e i n n e r s u b u r b s , c e r t a i n l y o v e r f o r t y y e a r s , w i l l s h o w a c y c l e o f y o u t h - t o - a g e , w i t h one o r o t h e r g r o u p d o m i n a n t n u m e r i c a l l y , a t v a r i o u s p o i n t s i n t h e c y c l e . O n c e t h e c y c l e i s w e l l s t a r t e d h o w e v e r , a s i g n i f i c a n t r e p r e s e n t --52 -ation of d i f f e r e n t age and l i f e - s t a g e groups appears at a l l times. S o c i a l factors tend to be b a s i c a l l y homogeneous, with an economic range related to age and l i f e - c y c l e stage* So far, description of the population of the outer suburbs i s r e l a t i v e l y simple. B a s i c a l l y , these are young families with a larger number of children than those i n the inner suburban areas. Surrey South and Delta have over twice the incidence of families with f i v e or more children, compared with Vancouver C i t y . (Table - Family Composition). The bread-winner l i v e s i n or near the urban core, commuting f a i r l y long distances to do so. Most commonly, they are i n c l e r i c a l work or s k i l l e d trades with a few executive-professionals at the top, and a few u n s k i l l e d trades at the bottom. Results of the survey (20) (taken of a sample of the population) show \"The average family size was 4.0...=. the median age of family heads.. was thirty-three years....Children formed almost one-half of the f r o n t i e r population, and h a l f of them... were under s i x years... s k i l l e d trades and c l e r i c a l - w h i t e collar...dominated the f r o n t i e r pattern...,\" Our results from census tr a c t calculations suggest that for the entire population average family size i s more l i k e 3.5 to 3.8 i n the new suburbs. Largely these families who have moved to the area i n recent years have undertaken home ownership not necessarily because they prefer this to renting, but because housing was not available at comparable prices closer to the c i t y . Low land prices and taxes a t t r a c t (20) Ibid. 53-many. They f i n d both s a t i s f a c t i o n s and d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n s i n the new subdivisions. Some of the d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n s are related to the i l l u s o r y nature of the expectations, others to the f a i l u r e to r e a l i z e that (a) urban f a c i l i t i e s would not be supplied or (b) how dependent normal family l i v i n g i s on these urban standards of service. In the outer areas there were comparatively few e l d e r l y families. In the metropolitan area these make up a proportion of f i f t e e n per cent, and generally, i n the suburbs 10 to 13 per cent. However, i n Surrey South they form a sur-p r i s i n g 25 per cent of the population, due to the presence of a large number of r e t i r e d people i n one or two sections of this d i s t r i c t . Figures for widowed and divorced persons are close to the metropolitan average i n Surrey South and i n West Vancouver, due possibly to the a v a i l a b i l i t y of desirable and suitable features of l i v i n g for such families i n these areas. Burnaby, lacking a beach colony, and Delta with a new population i n high value residence, have not attracted the r e t i r e d or the one-parent family to the same extent. ^ Types of Suburbs. The North American pattern of urban growth has very c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y shown three major growth \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rings' i n the mature c i t y - - the central \"core\", surrounded by two successive bands of newer building. These are the old or inner suburbs and the new or outer suburbs. With the passage of time and increases i n population, the 'new' suburbs become part of the complex of -34-of ''old\" suburbs and are succeeded by another band of new sub-urbs. The timing has, of course, varied i n d i f f e r e n t cities*, i n Vancouver the t h i r d phase has been very recent. The \"inner' suburbs\", as i t i s proposed to c a l l them here, are areas of urban development which lay outside the c i t y l i m i t s of the 19 20's, but with contiguous boundaries they are thought of as suburbs by some c i t y residents; and h i s t o r i c a l l y , possibly when the c i t y was very much smaller i n both area and i n population, this i s what they were. These were l i m i t e d on the south by the Fraser River, on the north by the lower slopes of the North Shore mountains, and on the east by the rather uniquely located areas of Burnaby-New Westminster-Port Moody. (They are unique because New Westminster was created f i r s t , before Vancouver, and Burnaby grew up as the \"area between\" the older and the newer major c i t i e s ) . The outer suburbs began to grow soon a f t e r the mid-nineteen f o r t i e s , with the post-war building boom. They include land well south of the Fraser, the higher slopes on the North Shore mountains, some western development, and extend to Port Coquitlam on the east. Styles of architecture are clues to the era of major settlement and these newly b u i l t areas are dis-tinguishable by t h e i r p r e v a i l i n g 'ranch' s t y l e , i n contrast to the more formal, often less functional and less a t t r a c t i v e , ..\"bungalows\" of the 19 20 - 1940 period and before. However, matured landscaping, services of urban standard and proximity -55-to the metropolitan centre make the inner areas desireable places to l i v e . Higher taxes, and property values related to the l i m i t e d amount of such r e s i d e n t i a l land, have much increased t h e i r cost on the market i n the l a s t two decades. Except i n more expensive subdivisions, the outer areas o f f e r l e s s -f i n i s h e d surroundings, servicescwellbglow: city-standard; and i n a l l cases, longer distances to urban f a c i l i t i e s , o f f s e t f or some time at least, by lower property values and taxes. The new suburbs are more homogeneous demographically than the older suburbs. But this i s , according to Herbert J. Gans (21), because new r e s i d e n t i a l areas have not had time to experience resident turnover (which we have described i n the inner suburbs). Internally, homogeneity i s not exclusive to the new area. Both old and new show a s i m i l a r i t y of house type c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ~bf t h e i r eras. In Vancouver, unlike some of the older and larger c i t i e s on th i s continent, both sets of suburbs feature single-family dwellings. Only very recently have s i g n i f i c a n t numbers of multiple-household buildings appeared i n some of the inner suburbs. This was preceded by some apartment building i n Burnaby, formerly developed i n in d i v i d u a l houses. Other d i s t r i c t s of the same era remain almost exclusively single-family. Externally, both o l d and new areas show enough (21) Rose, Arnold M., \"Urbanism and Subufbanism as Ways of L i f e \" Studies i n Soc i a l Process, Boston, 1962. -56 -divisions along socio-economic l i n e s to permit t h e i r description as high, middle, and low-income suburbs. This i s at variance with some North American accounts; e.g. The Urban Frontier declares: \"Only a few decades ago the word 'suburb' was almost synonymous with the prosperous middle c l a s s \" . Such a general-i z a t i o n seems to leave out of account out-of-town developments based on cheap land, semi-rural services and sometimes do-it-yourself construction. A l l North American c i t i e s have had some share of t h i s ; c e r t a i n l y i t has always been very c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of Vancouver, e s p e c i a l l y to the north and east. The same study (22) refers to- the work of Professor S. D. Clark i n e l i c i t i n g the concept of the \"mass suburb\" as important quantatively i n i t s s o c i a l s ignificance and i t s im-p l i c a t i o n s for public p o l i c y . Professor Clark has done some-thing to correct the former fal s e emphasis with h i s studies of the new suburbia around greater Toronto; and another recent work by Bennet M. Benger (23), dealing with a suburb populated l a r g e l y by automobile plant workers, refutes completely the notion that the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y suburban pattern of l i v i n g i s associated only with middle or upper class values. Perhaps the values may be aspired to i n the affluent society; but the socio-economic facts are of wage-earner and c l e r i c a l character. Among the old suburbs which, except for Burnaby, are not shown on the following table, socio-economic d i v i s i o n fc22) The Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board, The Urban Frontier. (23) Ibid. -57-placed such western d i s t r i c t s as University-Point Grey, Kerrisdale-Dunbar as high income, North Shore d i s t r i c t s as middle, and the south eastern areas, e.g. Main-Victoria (South Vancouver) as low. Outer Shaughnessy and the University area might be placed i n the upper range of the high group but i n the period 19 20-40 were sparsely s e t t l e d , though within the area of the old suburbs. Area Percentages of Families with Wage-earner Head Average Income per family Percentage Males $100 to $2000 Percentage of Men looking for Work. Metropolitan 69.18 $4,637 13.00 5.67 Vancouver Burnaby 1 74.34 $5,49 7 10.71 4.54 West Vancouver 62.50 $7,985 9.73 2.40 Surrey South 52.12 $4,543 13.73 5.91 Delta 65.53 $5,489 10.80 3.56 As the income figures reveal, the new suburbs show a consistent pattern which places West Vancouver i n the higher range of income, with very l i g h t incidence of low-income workers and unemployment. Delta occupies the middle range i n a l l three indices, with Surrey South having the lowest average income, the highest proportion of low income workers, and the highest rate of unemployment. The educational l e v e l s i n these dis-t r i c t s follow a s i m i l a r pattern; West V ncouver has the lowest proportion of adults with Grade 8 education, Delta almost three times as many, and Surrey South three times as many. -58-Metro Burnaby West Surrey Delta p o l i t a n Vancouver South Vancouver Elementary Education Only 19.5 17.9 6.7 21.0 18.3 (Does not include children s t i l l attending school). Conclusion of \"Types of Suburbs\". The figures for the three occupations chosen for t h e i r customary c o r r e l a t i o n with education and income, i n the follow-ing table, locate the three new suburbs i n the same range and r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n as the other measurements c i t e d . I t i s i n t e r -esting that Burnaby has a much higher proportion of craftsmen than any other d i s t r i c t , though followed f a i r l y c l o s e l y by Surrey South; and that Delta has considerably fewer than any other region except West Vancouver. The fact that Delta has many prosperous farms with clusters of new \"Dormitory\" r e s i d e n t i a l areas of higher value homes, which tend to correlate with \"white c o l l a r \" occupations, probably accounts for t h i s . Per Cent Per Cent Pro- Per Cent S k i l l e d fessional and Labourers. Area Workers Technical Metropolitan Vancouver 30.85 9.42 5.43 Burnaby 1 37.63 \o6.\u00C2\u00A33 4.41 West Vancouver 10.79 21.05 2.26 Surrey South 32.51 5.65 7.08 Delta 26.97 6.90 4.53 Clues to s o c i a l and economic elements i n a neighbor-hood can be deduced to at least a f i r s t approximation from the proportion of the population which has come to the country f a i r l y recently, which ( i n Canada) i s of o r i g i n and language neither B r i t i s h nor French, and from that found to belong to the smaller r e l i g i o u s denominations. Suggestions from such evidence,however, remain most tentative because of the varied reasons for which immigration was undertaken, d i s p a r i t i e s i n culture between Canada and the countries of o r i g i n , and the context within which a f f i l -i a t i o n with a small, rather than one of the major r e l i g i o u s groups, was taken. Thus i f an immigrant population i s from a culture b a s i c a l l y more si m i l a r to, than d i f f e r e n t from, the l o c a l one; i f the indivi d u a l s are professional or s k i l l e d workers and have f a c i l i t y with the l o c a l language i n addition to t h e i r mother tongue,--their s o c i a l and economic d i f f i c u l t i e s are l i k e l y to be less than those of an immigrant group who come, less from knowledgeable choice, than from dissidence or des-paration toward t h e i r mother country, which may imply a con-comitant lack of preparation to meet new challenges i n a stable fashion. I f the educational l e v e l and general language s k i l l of the new immigrant i s low, he i s l i k e l y to encounter a greater degree of both s o c i a l and economic d i f f i c u l t y . The following are some figures on ethnic and r e l i g i o u s composition which i l l u s t r a t e d i s t r i c t difference:(24). Recent Immi- Not of B r i t i s h Mother Tongue In Smaller grants(19 46- or French Origin Neither Eng- r e l i g i o u s 1961. l i s h nor Fre- denomina-Area nch. tions Metropolitan 1273 3\"4\"70 lTCT 3076' Vancouver Burnaby 1 8.6 31.9 .28 28.5 West Vanc'r 13.6 15.7 .14 20.6 Surrey South 8.2 31.9 .33 29.9 Delta 10.7 33.9 .76 29.6 (24) Where these indices, taken from census material for Canada use the q u a l i f i c a t i o n \"neither B r i t i s h nor French\" or s i m i l a r c o r r e l a -t i o n of B r i t i s h and French,this p r i m a r i l y means B r i t i s h i n B. C. -60.-Though West Vancouver shows a h i g h e r r a t e of immigration than the average f o r the m e t r o p o l i s , when t h i s i s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h the f i g u r e f o r o r i g i n and mother tongue i t appears t h a t t h i s may r e f l e c t the appearance of a p a r t i c u l a r type of immigrant-p o s s i b l y American. Surrey South and Burnaby have much h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f people who have been i n Canada f o r over f i f t e e n years, i n c l u d i n g Canadian-born. D e l t a , w h i l e c l a i m i n g fewer \u00E2\u0080\u00A2of such r e s i d e n t s , i s w e l l above the m e t r o p o l i t a n average. D e l t a has a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n i n a l l f o u r i n d i c e s than the o t h e r suburbs examined here, which suggests t h a t there may be enclaves of r e c e n t immigrants, p o s s i b l y because o f the a g r i c u l t u r a l base o f t h i s area. Membership i n m i n o r i t y r e l i g i o u s groups may, i n d i -c a t e e i t h e r of two p o l e s of a t t i t u d e ; e i t h e r a more p a r o c h i a l , or at the o t h e r extreme, a more g e n e r a l i z e d and i n t e l l e c t u a l -i z e d approach to r e l i g i o u s m a t t e r s . N e i t h e r view i s charac-t e r i s t i c o f the h i g h or middle income suburb. Such r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n i s f a i r l y h i g h i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver - over 30 p e r cent and i n Burnaby, Surrey South and D e l t a almost as h i g h ; but i n West Vancouver 10 per cent l e s s , i m p l y i n g perhaps more c o n v e n t i p n a l t i e s . A p a r t from these r a t h e r small i n d i v -i d u a l v a r i a t i o n s there i s i n these i n d i c e s f a i r c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h others seen so f a r , i n r e l a t i v e p l a c i n g o f these suburbs. A f i n a l dimension, and one o f h i g h v i s i b i l i t y , and a f a i r l y r e l i a b l e index o f economic s t a t u s , i s the q u a l i t y o f housing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a d i s t r i c t . I f most houses are spacious, i n good r e p a i r , of h i g h value or r e n t , i t i s reasonable to assume - 6 i -that they are occupied by a high-income population. Conversely, i f a large proportion of houses are crowded; i n poor condition; and rent or s e l l for r e l a t i v e l y lower amounts, the area i s l i k e l y to be less a f f l u e n t . Though a mortgage may be an index of some degree of v u l n e r a b i l i t y , i n the twentieth Century i t can only be considered so i f other factors of v u l n e r a b i l i t y occur simultaneously - (uncertainty of income, incompatibility between income and mortgage) . More usually a mortgage indicates expectation of a f a i r degree of s t a b i l i t y of income and r e s i -dence; and the average size of mortgages may further define the economic l e v e l of the neighbourhood. Average Owner Median Crowded Need of Rent Occupied Malue Major Monthly with Repair Area Mortgage Metropolitan $75 50.9 $13,900 8.30 3.72 Vancouver Burnaby 1 $71 60.1 14,600 9.4 1.2 West Vancouver $107 63.4 23,500 * 2.8 Surrey South $51 36.1 11,000 10.1 3.7 Delta $62 53.9 13,300 11.9 * * not available. These figures indicate that West Vancouver has by far the most co s t l y housing, pays rents over 40 per cent higher than the metropolitan average. There are over twice as many houses i n need of repair as there are i n Burnaby, but the index i s well below the figure for the c i t y aggregate. Burnaby's very high r a t i o of houses i n good condition i s i n t e r e s t i n g - -perhaps related to the high proportion of craftsmen i n this area, combined with the high middle income. Rents are some--62-what lower and house values h i g h e r i n t h i s area than average but both are c o n s i d e r a b l y more than i n Surrey South and D e l t a . Crowding i s g r e a t e r i n a l l suburban d i s t r i c t s r e p o r t e d than f o r the m e t r o p o l i s . T h i s may, to some extent, be due to the method of c o l l e c t i n g the o r i g i n a l f i g u r e s . I f \"crowding\" means \"space per p e r s o n \" these s i n g l e - f a m i l y houses wi t h s e v e r a l c h i l d r e n may be r a t e d as \"crowded\" but t h i s does not mean the same q u a l i t y of crowding found i n a c i t y rooming-house. T h i s examination of M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and f o u r o f i t s component s e c t o r s has shown a f a i r l y c o n s i s t e n t c l u s t e r i n g of i n d i c e s f o r each \"suburb on sample\". T h i s p l a c e s the three new d i s t r i c t s o f West Vancouver, D e l t a and Surrey South as h i g h , middle and low-income areas, r e s p e c t i v e l y , s u p p o r t i n g the suggestion t h a t , i n a d d i t i o n to d e l i n e a t i n g \" i n n e r \" and \" o u t e r \" suburbs, f u r t h e r d i s t i n c t i o n s can be made on a socio-economic b a s i s . W r i t i n g about North America g e n e r a l l y , P e t e r s o n and Z o l l s c h a n speak of t h i s s t r a t i f i c a t i o n . T y p i c a l l y , they say, middle and upper c l a s s e s are \" more concerned w i t h e f f i c i e n t t r a f f i c w a y s good p o l i c e p r o t e c t i o n and a t t r a c t i n g i n d u s t r y . The lower c l a s s e s show more concern about h e a l t h and w e l f a r e needs of the i n d i g e n t The r e a l i t i e s of s o c i a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n at any g i v e n time are asso-c i a t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t i a l needs and d i f f e r e n t i a l d e f i n i t i o n s of need on the p a r t o f i n t e r e s t groups arid o p i n i o n l e a d e r s r e p r e s e n t i n g d i f f e r e n t segments of the p o p u l a t i o n . \" (25) ( 2 5 ) P e t e r s o n , Warren A., and Z o l l s c h a n , George K. \" S o c i a l pro- cesses i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n Community.\" Rose, A r n o l d . S t u d i e s i n S o c i a l Process. -63-I t may w e l l be t h a t t h i s divergence of i n t e r e s t i s p r e s e n t i n the suburban areas o f Vancouver, but, s p e c i f i c s t u d i e s would be needed to e s t a b l i s h t h i s . There i s c e r t a i n l y concern f o r schools f o r the c h i l d r e n ; perhaps more w i t h b u i l d i n g s and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n po o r e r areas, and more wit h c u r r i c u l a and r e l a t e d matters i n h i g h e r income suburbs. There i s widespread i n t e r e s t i n t r a f f i c - w a y s as means of access, but p r o b a b l y not enough i n the p o s s i b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f an e f f i c i e n t p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. (Automobiles l e a d to a l a c k of balance i n many ways.) Whether m e t r o p o l i t a n growth w i l l c o ntinue to f o l l o w the p r e s e n t p a t t e r n unchecked i s a matter of s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r -a t i o n f o r Vancouver. Much depends on how f a r these trends are regarded as \" n a t u r a l f o r c e s \" : how f a r s u b j e c t to human c o n t r o l and governmental arrangements. In North America and Europe, a new t r e n d i s appearing; a r e t u r n to c i t y l i v i n g by a segment o f the p o p u l a t i o n which i n c l u d e s young f a m i l i e s . T h i s new movement i s to h i g h - r i s e and garden apartments, and to r e c l a i m e d and r e f u r b i s h e d l a r g e >..old houses. A c c o r d i n g to H e r b e r t Gans: (26) \"Changes i n n a t i o n a l economy and i n government housing p o l i c y can a f f e c t many of the v a r i a b l e s t h a t make up housing supply and demand. For ex-ample, urban sprawl may o u t d i s t a n c e the a b i l i t y o f p r e s e n t and proposed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems to move workers i n t o the c i t y ; f u r t h e r i n d u s t r i a l d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n can f o r e s t a l l i t and a l t e r the e n t i r e r e l a t i o n s h i p between work and r e s i d e n c e . . . \" (26) Gans, H e r b e r t J . , \"Urbanism and Suburbanism as ways of L i f e : R e - e v a l u a t i o n o f D e f i n i t i o n s \" - 6 4 -Such changes can a f f e c t a l l the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the society involved--family si z e , educational l e v e l and other re-lated aspects of class and l i f e - c y c l e stage. These changes w i l l , i n turn, stimulate changes i n demands and choices. Much of this i s \"welfare\" i n the widest sense -- a f f e c t i n g every c i t i z e n ; some of i t , at more vulnerable l e v e l s , finds families which are \"welfare\" i n the more r e s t r i c t e d sense-- of people i n need of assistance ( i . e . income maintenance and services.) -65-Chapter 4 - Family P a t t e r n s . The f a m i l y i s , o f course a b a s i c s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n . I t p r o v i d e s f o r the c o n t i n u i t y o f s o c i a l l i f e , b i o l o g i c a l l y , c u l t u r a l l y , and ec o n o m i c a l l y . The f a m i l y i s important i n i t s i n f l u e n c e on i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n a l i t y , and i t i s w i t h i n the f a m i l y group t h a t c h i l d r e n begin to l e a r n \" s o c i a l i z a t i o n \" and to acq u i r e a personal.V^tl.enjt^ty. v f l j i e f^gmiflylit&sb^enj 0&lgd:;&he \"backbone\" o f s o c i e t y , and i s u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s t a b i l i t y . P e o p l e , g e n e r a l l y , want to c o n s i d e r themselves as belo n g i n g to a f a m i l y , whether or not they l i v e i n the home; But there are many kinds o f f a m i l i e s and new f a m i l y p a t t e r n s are emerging everywhere i n contemporary s o c i e t y . I t i s one of the values of a r e g i o n a l o r \" t r a c t \" study t h a t i t b r i n g s t h i s out. The most p o p u l a r concept o f the f a m i l y i s t h a t o f the n a t u r a l f a m i l y o f f a t h e r , mother and c h i l d r e n . However, there are many other combinations o f people grouped together to form a f a m i l y . The s m a l l e s t f a m i l y u n i t i s comprised o f two people, which may be a husband and w i f e without c h i l d r e n . As w e l l as the couples who w i l l never have c h i l d r e n , t h i s group i n c l u d e s the young f a m i l i e s who w i l l have c h i l d r e n i n the f u t u r e , and the e l d e r l y f a m i l i e s whose c h i l d r e n have grown up and l e f t home. Small f a m i l i e s may a l s o c o n s i s t o f onl y one parent and one c h i l d . I n any case, these f a m i l i e s u s u a l l y belong to a l a r g e r extended f a m i l y , h a ving r e l a t i v e s i n other p a r t s o f t h e i r community or even i n other p a r t s o f the world c o n s i d e r i n g the m o b i l i t y o f the p r e s e n t day p o p u l a t i o n . -66-The l a r g e f a m i l i e s are c o n s i d e r e d to be those which have f i v e or more c h i l d r e n , and they may a l s o have other r e l a -t i v e s l i v i n g w i t h them. However, the \" k i n s h i p \" f a m i l i e s have d e c l i n e d i n recent years, and i t i s becoming customary f o r the grandparents and other r e l a t i v e s to have t h e i r own homes r a t h e r than r e s i d i n g w i t h the \" n u c l e a r \" f a m i l y . As the k i n s h i p f a m i l y group seems to have d e c l i n e d , there has been a.1 t r a n s f e r o f a v a r i e t y o f f u n c t i o n s from the n u c l e a r f a m i l y to other s t r u c t u r e s o f s o c i e t y . For example, work, educat i o n , r e l i g i o n , r e c r e a t i o n , and the n u r s i n g o f the s i c k , have been taken out o f the home. A l s o , s o c i a l agencies r a t h e r than r e l a t i v e s o f f e r help i n times of t r o u b l e . Some of the trends i n modern l i f e t h a t hava a f f e c t e d f a m i l y l i v i n g are u r b a n i z a t i o n , the m o b i l i t y o f the p o p u l a t i o n , and the entrance o f women, i n c l u d i n g mothers, i n t o the la b o u r market. Although the one-family home i s the p r e f e r r e d r e s i -d e n t i a l p a t t e r n , and i s indeed c o n s i d e r e d as an i n d i c a t i o n o f s t a b i l i t y , there are i n s t a n c e s o f two or more r e l a t e d f a m i l i e s l i v i n g t o g e t h e r . T h i s i s an uncommon l i v i n g arrangement, and i f i t i s on a permanent b a s i s , i t may be because of f i n a n c i a l n e c e s s i t y , i l l n e s s , o r i t m a y i n d i c a t e some breakdown i n f a m i l y f u n c t i o n i n g . The l o d g i n g f a m i l y , l i v i n g w i t h u n r e l a t e d persons, i s another example o f an unconventional f a m i l y l i v i n g s i t u a t i o n and c a r r i e s w i t h i t i m p l i c a t i o n s perhaps of i n s t a b i l i p y - , at : l e a s t o f impermanence. -67-I'amily d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n may be caused by many f a c t o r s , i n c l u d i n g death, d i v o r c e , d e s e r t i o n , s e p a r a t i o n , p h y s i c a l or mental i l l n e s s , unemployment, p o v e r t y . F a m i l i e s may be d i v i d e d t e m p o r a r i l y or permanently. Because the f a m i l y i s a source of s a t i s f a c t i o n f o r p e r s o n a l and s o c i a l needs, and there i s a mutual interdependence among i t s members, there i s the p o s s i -b i l i t y o f a breakdown i n f a m i l y f u n c t i o n i n g d u r i n g p e r i o d s of s t r e s s . The one-parent f a m i l i e s are i n a p a r t i c u l a r l y v u l n e r a b l e p o s i t i o n . Whether i t i s the f a t h e r or the mother who i s l e f t alone w i t h the c h i l d r e n , a d d i t i o n a l s t r a i n s are e x p e r i e n c e d by the remaining p a r e n t . Readjustments have to be made i n the performance o f f a m i l i a l r o l e s . S p e c i a l h a r d s h i p s are caused s o c i a l l y and economically, and the s i n g l e parent has to meet the emotional needs o f the f a m i l y as w e l l as being the breadwinner, and c a r r y out a l l o f the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t h a t are n o r m a l l y assumed by two p a r e n t s . The disadvantaged f a m i l i e s are not n e c e s s a r i l y the broken families', they may be two-parent f a m i l i e s i n p a r t i c u l a r circumstances. For example, the f a m i l y may be so liarge t h a t the income i s not s u f f i c i e n t to cover the f a m i l y needs, or the breadwinner may be d i s a b l e d or v o c a t i o n a l l y i n a d -equate so t h a t he i s unable to p r o v i d e f o r h i s f a m i l y i n a s a t i s f a c t o r y or c o n s i s t e n t manner. I t i s c u s t o m a r i l y from the d i s o r g a n i z e d f a m i l i e s t h a t the s o c i a l agencies are asked f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n c a r i n g f o r c h i l d r e n . I t may be a matter of p r o t e c t i o n , when the p arents are abusive or i n some manner n e g l e c t i n g the c h i l d r e n . : But -68-there are o t h e r s o c i a l and economic reasons f o r parents being i n c a p a b l e o f c a r i n g f o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n i n t h e i r own homes, and so they are dependent upon s o c i e t y to p r o v i d e t h i s c a r e . There-f o r e , some f a m i l i e s who are of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t - and v a l -uable a s s i s t a n c e - to w e l f a r e agencies are those who are w i l l i n g t o e n l a r g e t h e i r f a m i l i e s and care f o r other people's c h i l d r e n . These i n c l u d e the f o s t e r f a m i l i e s who care Jor c h i l -dren on a more or l e s s temporary b a s i s , and the adoptive f a m i l i e s who p r o v i d e a permanent hone f o r c h i l d r e n . Besides the i n d i v i d u a l s who are f a m i l y members, there are other i n d i v i d u a l s who are l i v i n g alone and comprise the \"non-family\" p o p u l a t i o n . There are people w i t h no f a m i l y t i e s who l i v e alone from n e c e s s i t y , but there are many who are p a r t o f an extended f a m i l y and l i v e alone by c h o i c e . There are dependent groups i n the \"non-family\" p o p u l a t i o n , such as e l d e r l y people l i v i n g alone w i t h a pension as t h e i r o n l y means of support. However, i t does not n e c e s s a r i l y imply dependency or i n s t a b i l i t y , as t h i s c a t e g o r y i n c l u d e s the s i n g l e working men and women as w e l l as some w i t h a s u b s t a n t i a l and independ-ent income., The f a m i l y i n s t i t u t i o n i s p a r t o f a l a r g e r s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e i n v o l v i n g other i n s t i t u t i o n s which r e g u l a t e v a r i e d aspects o f s o c i a l l i f e . With t h i s i n mind s o c i a l work p r a c -t i c e today i s emphasizing the i n d i v i d u a l as a f a m i l y member, the treatment o f the f a m i l y as a whole, and the f a m i l y ' s r e -- 6 9 -l a t i o n s h i p w i t h other systems i n the t o t a l t r a n s a c t i o n a l f i e l d . There i s a l s o a g r e a t deal o f l e g i s l a t i o n today t h a t i s de-si g n e d to m a i n t a i n the f a m i l y u n i t t h a t i s threatened w i t h d i s r u p t i o n s . For the purposes of t h i s study, the census d e f i n i -t i o n s o f \" f a m i l y \" and \"household\" are followed, f o r they are p r a c t i c a l and r e a d i l y l e a d to u n i f o r m i t y and c o n s i s t e n c y i n the a n a l y s i s o f data. The f a m i l y may c o n s i s t o f a husband and w i f e , w i t h or without c h i l d r e n , who are l i v i n g t o g e t h e r . Or, the f a m i l y may be composed of o n l y one parent who i s l i v i n g w i t h a c h i l d or c h i l d r e n . A household c o n s i s t s o f a person or group o f persons occupying one d w e l l i n g . Although the one-f a m i l y household i s the expected household u n i t , there are va r i o u s other k i n d s such as a group o f u n r e l a t e d persons l i v i n g t ogether, two or more f a m i l i e s s h a r i n g a d w e l l i n g , o r one person l i v i n g alone. The data on f a m i l y composition was chosen from the p o p u l a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s and census t r a c t s w i t h the o b j e c t i v e o f throwing l i g h t on the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of f a m i l i e s i n the v a r i o u s d i s t r i c t s o f the M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver area, and a f u r t h e r purpose was to examine t h i s data f o r f a c t o r s i n d i c a t i n g areas o f s t a b i l i t y and v u l n e r a b i l i t y a l l o f which w i l l have i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s , when r e g i o n a l and l o c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and i n t e r c onnections can be e s t a b l i s h e d by repeated measurements. TABLE 3a. Some Selected Indices of Family Differentials: Sample Sectors of Metropolitan Vancouver,1961. Index Vancouver City Metro-politan Vancouver Delta Burnaby lest Van-es cjuver Surrey South Young Families (Head under 25)p.C. 3.60 3\u00C2\u00BB75 4,71 4,29 1.17 3.75 Large Families P.O. (5 or more Children) 2.43 3,17 5C13 2,86 2*26 5.33 No. of Children per Family 1.20 1.40 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.60 Widowed Persons P.C. 7.34 5.77 3.37 3.99 5.51 5.58 Elderly Families P.C, (Head 65 or more) 17.61 14.90 11.78 10.60 13.15 25.83 TABLE 3b. Some Selected Indices of Fam Sample Sectors of Metropolit i ly Differentials an Vancouver,1961 No.of Lodging Families per 1000 Population 30.9 20.6 2.5 28.0 6.5 7.60 Families with Lodgers P. C. 10.26 7.68 3.63 7.40 4.09 4.06 Large Households E.C. (6 or more Persons) 9.33 10.75 14.93 12.32 9.82 11.55 Recent Occupancy P.C. (Less than 1 Year) 18.0 17.30 15,80 14.40 14.30 16.40 Residents in Units Built Before 1920P.C. 23.5 16.20 7.30 5.20 3.10 6.70 -70-Families and Households. One c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i t u a t i o n i n the t o t a l population i s that approximately one-half are married (Table 5) . There are only s l i g h t differences i n the comparative areas outlined for t h i s study. In Vancouver C i t y the married population i s 48.9 per cent, %n Metropolitan Vancouver i t i s 48.7 per cent, \ and i n B r i t i s h Columbia i t i s 47-V-5iper cent. The widowed and divorced persons represent a small proportion of the population, with 8.6 per cent i n Vancouver C i t y , 6.7 per cent i n Metropol-i t a n Vancouver, and 5.8 per cent i n B r i t i s h Columbia. The single people are divided into two groups. The f i r s t group con-s i s t s of the children under 15 years of age, and i n Metropolitan Vancouver they represent 28.7 per cent of the population. The proportion of children i s lower (23.2 per cent) i n Vancouver C i t y , and higher (31.3 per cent)in the province. In B r i t i s h Columbia the increase i n the b i r t h rate i s evident, as there are now 10 per cent more children under the age of 15 years than there were 20 years ago. In 1941 the younger children represented 22 per cent of the population, and are now nearly one-third. This increase i s not only i n d i c a t i v e of the r i s e i n the number of births during the post war years, but also of the i n f l u x of young families to the province. The second group-J of single persons are the unmarried people over 15 years; they comprise 15.9 per cent of the Metropolitan Vancouver population, and;athe p r o v i n c i a l figures are comparable to t h i s . However, ;the proportion i s higher (19.3 per cent) i n Vancouver C i t y , no doubt because of the preference of unattached people to be i n the c i t y where there are more a c t i v i t i e s and f a c i l i t i e s than i n other places, and maybe because cheap accomodation i s easier to find. In a l l areas there i s a s i g n i f i c a n t l y larger proportion of single men that* single women, which i s probably due to the fr o n t i e r backgroundsof the Vest and the immigration of the men. In Vancouver C i t y the single men comprise 10.8 per cent of the population, and the single women comprise 8.5 per cent. The metropolitan s i t u a t i o n i s comparable \u00C2\u00A3Q that of the province generally. In B r i t i s h Columbia the percentage of single men i s 9.4, and the percentage of single women i s 6.0. This i s a de-cided decrease from 19 41 when single men comprised 15.5 per cent, and single women 9.6 per cent. However, 19 41 was one of the war years, and ju s t out of the depression, and both of these factors had an influence upon s o c i a l and economic l i f e . The family i s of such v i t a l concern to s o c i a l welfare, ,that i t i s important to know the extent to which there i s a family population and to examine the family and non-family areas. In Metropolitan Vancouver, there are 228,598 house-holds and 196,300 families. Of the t o t a l families, 181,740 l i v e i n one-family dwellings. The population, then,is b a s i c a l l y a family one, with approximately 79 per cent of a l l the house-holds being the t r a d i t i o n a l one-family households. But 21 per cent, on the other hand, may s i g n i f y many welfare problems. Besides the conventional families of husband and wife TABLE 4. Some Major Factors of Family Composition Metropolitan Vancouver and Comparative Areas,1961 Britis Columb h ia Division .4 Metropolit Vanoouver an Items No. y' P 0 C 0 No. P.C. No. P.C. Total Families 394,023 100 224,491 100 196,300 100 Families not Main-taining their own Household (a) Lodging Families 16,427 5,973 4.17 1.52 10,479 4,203 4.67 1.87 9,763 4,044 4.97 2.06 Age of Family Head Under 25 years 25 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2- -44 years 45 - 64 years 65 years and Over 16,706 182,380 137,451 57,486 4.24 46.29 34.88 14.59 8,489 103,096 78,786 34,120 3.78 45.92 35.10 15.20 7,363 90,911 68,769 29.257 3.75 46.32 35.03 14.90 Size of Families 0 Children 1 or 2 children 3 or 4 children 5 Plus Children 130,455 165,180 79,363 19,025 33.11 41,92 20.14 4.83 78,538 95,453 42,198 8,302 34.98 42.52 18.80 3.70 69,327 84,780 35,953 6,240 35.32 43.18 18.32 3.18 Average Persons Per Family Average Children Per Family -3.6 1.6 -3.4 1.5 \ \ 1 3.4 1.4 Ages of Children at Home Under 6 years 6 - 14 years 15-24 years at sohool 15 -24 years not at Sohool 220,347 281,698 80,060 45,293 35.12 44.90 12.76 7.22 113,919 148,973 44,996 24,882 34.23 44.77 13.52) ) 7.48) 97,438 125,956 59,843 34.40 44.47 21.13 Total Children 627,398 100 332,770 100 2B3,237 100 (a) Except for some minor variations, families \"Not Maintaining their own Household\" who are not lodging families are families related to the head or member of the man* s family. or parents and children, l i v i n g together i n one dwelling, there are other kinds such as the families who are ranot maintaining t h e i r own household\". These families may be related to the families with whom they l i v e or they may be unrelated \"lodging families\". In Metropolitan Vancouver the families who are not maintaining t h e i r own household comprise a l i t t l e under 5 per cent of the t o t a l families. This includes unrelated lodging families of 2.06 per cent, which i s higher than the p r o v i n c i a l average of 1.52 per c ent (Table 4). In the metropolitan area the lodging families are located p r i m a r i l y i n the West End and i n the ''North Central\" sector of the c i t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y the d i s -t r i c t s which have been named \"False Creek\" and \"Main-Victoria\" i n this study. New Westminster i s above the average (3.97 per cent). The outlying sectors of the North Shore, the Eastern Suburbs, and the Southern Suburbs are consistent i n having very few lodging families. Those areas i n which the lodging families are concentrated, also have the large numbers of households with lodgers. There are 17,567 households with lodgers i n the metro-p o l i t a n area, and 12,155 of these are i n Vancouver C i t y . The \"non-family\" population consists of people who are l i v i n g alone; either lodging or maintaining t h e i r own household. I t also includes groups of unrelated people l i v i n g together i n one dwelling, or people who are related but do not represent a family as i t i s defined by the census. A special compilation well i l l u s t r a t e s the areas of concentration of the non-family -73-population i n the metropolitan region: Sector One-Person Households Per Cent Non-Family Households Per Cent West End 4,257 38.4 5,749 53.2 East K i t s i l a n o 3,102 23.7 4,287 32.9 False Creek 3,221 33.5 4,228 48.9 Main-Victoria 2,286 22.1 2,986 28.8 New-Westminster 1,346 14.6 1,770 19 .2 Vancouver C i t y 20,342 Metropolitan Vancouver 30,080 17.2 13.2 27,955 40,484 23.6 17.1 The \"non-family population\" i s located predominantly i n the c i t y rather than i n the suburbs. Although the non-family household i s not the conventional r e s i d e n t i a l pattern, i t does not necessarily represent i n s t a b i l i t y or s o c i a l disorganization. For example, i n a l l of Metropolitan Vancouver, the West End has the highest proportion of single people l i v i n g alone as well as households that do not represent families. There are transients and e l d e r l y r e t i r e d people i n t h i s section; but there are also many working people who want to be near t h e i r jobs i n down-town section of the c i t y . In fact, the West End has been c a l l e d a \" d i s t r i c t of o f f i c e dwellers\". For a non-family area to be considered either stable or unstable, other factors would have to be taken i n t o consideration such as housing conditions, and the employment and income of the population i n that area. Only detailed study w i l l c l a r i f y the mixed and rapidly changing pattern i n the \"West End\" of today. Size of Families and Households. Over recent years there have been changes i n family TABLE 5. Comparative Patterns and Trends in the Marital and Family Composition of the Population. Metropolitan Vanoouver and Br i t i sh Columbia. Marital and Family Status Vance uver(l96l) Br i t ish Columbia City Metropolitan Area 1941 1961 Married Widowed Divorced Single, 15 and Over Single, under 15 24.6 1.6 0.5 10.8 . 11.8 24.4 1 6 3 0.4 9.1 14.6 25.0 1.7 0.2 15.5 10.8 23.9 1.3 0.3 9.4 16.0 Total Males 49.3 49.8 53.2 50.9 Married Widowed Divorced Single, 15 and Over Single, under 15 24.3 5.7 0.8 8.5 11.4 24.3 4.5 0.5 6.8 14.1 22.8 3.6 0.2 9.6 10.6 23.6 3.8 0.4 6.0 15.3 Total Females 50.7 50.2 46.8 49.1 Total Population 100 100 100 100 TABLE 6. Comparative Distribution of Households by Sizes City of Vancouver, Metropolitan Vancouver, Census Division #4, B r i t i sh Columbia and Canada, 1961. Item City of Vancouver Metropolitan Vancouver Census Divison #4 Br i t i sh Columbia Canada Total Popu-< lat ion Number of Households 384,522 118,404 790,165 228,598 907k531 261,582 1,629,082 ?*59,532 18,238,247 4,554,493 I Household | Size- (ioco : (100) (100) (100) (100) 1 Person 2 - 3 Persons 4 - 5 Persons 6 Plus Persons 17.2 47.9 25.6 9.3 13.2 45.1 31.0 10.7 13.2 44.7 30.8 11.3 13.5 43.2 30.8 12,5 9.3 40.0 31.6 19.1 Crowded House-holds 7.2 8.3 9.1 12.1 patterns, influenced both by i n d u s t r i a l trends and the forces of urbanization. Families have decreased i n size , and the f a m i l i a l groups has become a small primary group r e l a t i v e l y independent of kinship t i e s . Because of thi s there has come about a decline i n the size of households, and the grandparents and other r e l a t i v e s customarily l i v e on t h e i r own rather than with the nuclear family. The emphasis i s now on conjugal, rather than kinship, families. The large families are considered to be those con-s i s t i n g of 5 or more children. In Metropolitan Vancouver,the large families comprise 3.2 per cent of the t o t a l families, which i s less than the p r o v i n c i a l average (4.8), but higher than the c i t y average (2.4). In the study of Metropolitan Vancouver, the core areas have very few large families, as i s evidenced i n the West End (0.3. per cent) , i n East K i t s i l a n o (1.4 per cent) , and i n False Creek (1.4 per cent) . The inner suburbs have more large families than the core areas, but the greatest proportion of large families i s consistently i n the outer suburbs. There are larger families i n the areas of the Pro-vince, other than Vancouver. In Vancouver C i t y there are 1.2 children per family, i n Metropolitan Vancouver there are 1.4; this compares with 1.6 for B r i t i s h Columbia as a whole, i n d i -cating that the central c i t y i s decidedly the \"small family area\". Within the metropolitan area the number of children -75-per family corresponds c l o s e l y to the pattern shown by the large families; there erne very few children i n the core areas, but s i g n i f i c a n t l y more children per family i n the outer suburbs. Approximately one-third of the families, i n both Metropolitan Vancouver and B r i t i s h Columbia, have no children. Unfortunately, this i s a mixed group, including the families who w i l l not have children, the young families who have not had time to have children, and the e l d e r l y families whose children have c grojm up. I t would be preferable for this to be divided into three groups, i n order to have more complete data on the number of families with children. However, since most of the heads of families are between the ages of 25 and 64 years, i t i s possible that a portion of this group have had children, or w i l l have them i n the future. The largest proportion of families have one or two children; the figure?vstands at 43.2 per cent for Metropolitan Vancouver. This i s s l i g h t l y higher than the p r o v i n c i a l average (41.9 per cent). There i s evidence,nonetheless, that families with three or more children are more common outside of Vancouver. A \"large household\" i s taken here to be a household of 6 or more persons. I t may be a large family, but i t may also be a small family with other persons l i v i n g i n the home, or i t may be a group of unrelated people l i v i n g together i n one dwelling. The word \"household\" here i s the key word. In Metro-p o l i t a n Vancouver the large households represent 10.8 per cent pf the t o t a l households, appreciably more than for the c i t y (9.3 per cent). This category of large households can be mis--76-leading unless i t i s compared, by sectors, to other categories such as large families and households with lodgers. Within the G i t y of Vancouver, the large households tend to be those with lodgers, rather than those with many children. Exceptions to this are the sectors i n the core area such as the West End, East K i t s i l a n o , and False Creek, which have few large house-holds and r e l a t i v e l y few children, but have a high proportion of households with lodgers. However, i n the Eastern Suburbs and the Southern Suburbs there are consistently large house-holds, large families, more children per family and few households with lodgers. Age of Family Head. Heads of families have been reviewed by reference to four age groups (Table 4) to simplify analysis of the s t a t i s t i c s and to examine the possible areas of v u l n e r a b i l i t y . Age i s obviously of considerable significance i n regard to s o c i a l , parental, vocational, and economic functioning. The \"young fa m i l i e s \" are considered to be those where the family head i s under 25 years, and the \" e l d e r l y f a m i l i e s \" are thosef.-where the head of the family i s 65 years of age or over. The large pro-portion of family heads are between the ages of 25 and 44 years. The metropolitan s i t u a t i o n on t h i s matter i s remarkably compar.--able to that i n the province generally, with 46 per cent of family heads i n t h i s age group. The young families comprise 3.8 per cent of the t o t a l -77-families i n Metropolitan Vancouver. The metropolitan area i n this respect i s , s u r p r i s i n g l y , not representative; for the average i n B r i t i s h Columbia i s 4.2 per cent. Outside of Vancouver, i n other words, there are s t i l l more young families today. The proportion i n the c i t y (3.6), i s comparable to that i n the metropolitan area. Within Vancouver C i t y the greatest proportion of young families are clustered i n the North Central sector, which includes some of the oldest r e s i -d e n tial areas. Young families are scattered consistently throughout the East K i t s i l a n o , False Creek, and Main-Victoria sections, a l l of which have approximately 5 per cent. In the outlying Suburbs, the areas with a high proportion of young families are North Vancouver C i t y (5.2), North Surrey (4.9), Delta (4.7), and Coquitlam-Fraser M i l l s (4.7). Burnaby-New Westminster i s higher than the metropolitan average. The sectors with the lowest percentages of young families are out-standing: West Vancouver (1.2), Kerrisdale-Dunbar (1.3), North Vancouver D i s t r i c t (1.9), and Shaughnessy (2.1). In Metropolitan Vancouver, the e l d e r l y families comprise 14.9 per cent of the t o t a l families, and this i s com-parable to the p r o v i n c i a l average (14.6). However, i n Van-couver C i t y , the proportion of e l d e r l y families i s considerably higher (17.6) than i t i s for the other areas. In the o v e r a l l picture of the metropolitan region, i t i s evident that the e l d e r l y families generally prefer to l i v e within the c i t y rather -73-i n the suburbs. The h i g h e s t p r o p o r t i o n (28.3) are i n the West End, which was u n t i l r e c e n t l y the most developed apartment area i n the c i t y . There are a l s o h i g h p r o p o r t i o n s of e l d e r l y f a m i l i e s i n the o l d e r r e s i d e n t i a l areas of U n i v e r s i t y - P o i n t Grey, Shaughnessy, K e r r i s d a l e - D u n b a r , E a s t K i t s i l a n o , and F a l s e Creek. Becausec o f the d e n s i t y of the p o p u l a t i o n i n the E a s t Vancouver s e c t o r , the a b s o l u t e number (6,568) of e l d e r l y f a m i l i e s i s s i g n i f i c a n t here. The o n l y s e c t o r i n the metro-p o l i t a n area, o u t s i d e of the c i t y , w i t h a h i g h percentage (25.3) of e l d e r l y f a m i l i e s i s South Surrey. T h i s s e c t o r i n c l u d e s White Roc^j which has a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n of r e t i r e d people; approximately o n e - h a l f o f the f a m i l y heads here are over 65 years o f age. There are no s e c t o r s w i t h i n the c i t y w i t h a r e a l l y low p r o p o r t i o n o f e l d e r l y f a m i l i e s , but there are s e v e r a l i n the o u t l y i n g suburbs and these i n c l u d e Richmond West (7.2) the D i s t r i c t o f North Vancouver (8.1), and C o q u i t l a m - F r a s e r M i l l s (8.5) . The \"heads o f households\" i n c l u d e the s i n g l e people l i v i n g alone, as w e l l as the f a m i l y heads ( T a b l e s 7 and 15). I n both M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and B r i t i s h Columbia, a l i t t l e over 90 er cent o f the male heads of households are m a r r i e d , and almost 60 p e r cent are aged between 35 and 64 y e a r s . Of the male unmarried heads, approximately 44 p e r cent are aged between 35 and 64. The male heads under 25 years r e p r e s e n t 3.3 per cent of t o t a l heads o f households i n M e t r o p o l i t a n TABLE 7. Marital Status of Heads of Households, Distinguished by Age-Group, Metropolitan Vancouver and British Columbia,1961. a. Male Heads of Households 1 Age of Heads of Households Under 25 25 - 34 35 - 64 65 and Total Marital Status years years years Over Metropolitan Vancouver Married 88,4 94.7 95.0 81.7 175,629 Widowed V*. 0.1 1.1 12.1 4,976 Divorced 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.5 1,256 Unmarried 11.5 4.9 3.1 5.7 7,943 Total 100 100 100 100 189,804 British Columbia Married 87.1 94.5 94.2 79.2 358,721 Widowed * 0.1 1.2 12 .6 11,058 Divorced 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.5 2,396 Unmarried 12.8 5.2 3.8 7.7 20,024 Total 100 100 100 100 392,144 * Less than one-tenth of one per cent. b. Female Heads of Households fAge of Heads of Households Under 25 25 - 34 35 - 64 65 and Total Marital Status years years years Over Metropolitan Vancouver Married 20.8 31.1 22.8 5.7 6,456 Widowed 1.0 7.2 44.9 85.1 21,760 Divorced 2.5 12.6 11.3 1.1 2,742 Unmarried 75.7 49.1 21.0 8.1 7,836 Total 100 100 100 100 38,794 British Columbia Married 22.4 35.4 23.8 5.8 11,598 Widowed 1.9 9.4 48.4 85.2 39,624 Divorced 2.6 11.7 9.7 0.9 4,040 Unmarried 73.1 43.5 18.1 8.1 12,0/3 i ffotal 100 100 100 100 67,335 -79-Vancouver, and the p r o p o r t i o n i s s l i g h t l y h i g h e r (3.9) i n the p r o v i n c e . I n t h i s young group i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n area, approx-i m a t e l y 88 p er cent are m a r r i e d and almost 12 p e r cent are s i n g l e . The male heads who are over 65 years are comparable f o r both areas, approximately 16 p e r cent. Among the female heads o f households i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver and i n B r i t i s h Columbia, almost o n e - h a l f are aged between 35 and 64 years. The young women with f a m i l i e s r e p r e s e n t 3.5 p e r cent i n the comparable areas. The heads of households who are women cc over 65, r e p r e s e n t approximately 40 p er cent o f the heads o f households i n both the m e t r o p o l i t a n area and the p r o v i n c e . Disadvantaged F a m i l i e s The groups i n the p o p u l a t i o n who r e p r e s e n t the most p r e s s i n g concerns f o r w e l f a r e are those who are e x p e r i e n c i n g some form o f s o c i a l or economic d i f f i c u l t y . The p a r t i c u l a r l y v u l n e r a b l e groups are the very young, the e l d e r l y , the one-pare n t f a m i l i e s , and those s u f f e r i n g from some degree o f p h y s i c a l mental o r v o c a t i o n a l d i s a b i l i t y . Any d i s r u p t i o n i n normal f u n c t i o n i n g can have a profound e f f e c t upon f a m i l y l i f e . Viewed i n p e r s p e c t i v e , d i v o r c e d persons r e p r e s e n t a very small percentage o f the t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . As they are counted i n the census, they are simply people whose m a r i t a l s t a t u s was d i v o r c e d at the time o f the census and they do not n e c e s s a r i l y i n d i c a t e the \" d i v o r c e r a t e \" . I f they remarry, they -80-appear as married. Separated persons also appear as married, and so these figures are not a simple index as to the number of broken homes; but, of course, they have some signi f i c a n c e . Of ; the t o t a l of 38,794 female heads of households i n Metropolitan Vancouver, 2742 are divorced. The widowed population can be of concern for welfare. When a man or woman, either young or old, i s l e f t alone or l e f t with children, this can have s o c i a l and f i n a n c i a l implications. The proportion of widowed persons i n Metrpolitan Vancouver i s 5.8 per cent, and i n B r i t i s h Columbia i t i s 5.1. The percent-age of widowed persons i s higher (7.3), i n Vancouver C i t y . The widowed men represent 1.3 per cent of the population i n both the metropolitan region and the province, and the proportion i s higher i n the c i t y (1.7). The widowed women consist of 4.5 per cent of the population i n the metropolitan area, which i s higher than the p r o v i n c i a l average (3.8). The proportion of widows i n the c i t y i s 5.7 per cent, and i s considerably higher than the average of the other areas. In Metropolitan Vancouver, the largest proportion of widowed persons i s i n the core areas of the West End and North Central Vancouver, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n East K i t s i l a n o and False Creek. The number (9,275) of widowed persons i n the East Vancouver sector i s s i g n i f i c a n t because of the density of the population there. The proportion of widowed persons i s considerably less i n the outlying suburbs than i t i s i n the centre of the c i t y , with a very low propor-ti o n i n the Southern Suburbs. -81-Among the female heads of households i n Metropolitan Vancouver 56.1 per cent are widowed, and t h i s i s s l i g h t l y lower than the p r o v i n c i a l average (58.8). In absolute numbers, there are 21,760 widows who are heads of households i n the metropolitan area, and 39,624 i n the province. There are 6,456 married women who are heads of households i n Vancouver, and 11,595 i n B r i t i s h Columbia. In both areas almost one-half of the female household heads are aged between 35 and 64 years, and approx-imately 40 per cent are over 65 years (Table 7.) Because of the p o s s i b i l i t y of the decline i n physical or vocational powers of the breadwinner as he grows older, the e l d e r l y families may have sig n i f i c a n c e for s o c i a l welfare. In the metropolitan context, the e l d e r l y families are predominantly i n the central part of the c i t y , and they are fewer i n numbers i n the suburbs. Wage-Earner Families and Their Incomes. The \"families with wage-earner heads\" as described i n the census, are those where the head of the family i s em-ployed, whether for wages or a salary. This does not, i n other words, include the people who are self-employed, who are employers, or who are l i v i n g on retirement incomes. Also, this category includes only the family heads, and not the house-hold heads. -82-In Metropolitan Vancouver there are 135,818 families with wage-earner heads out of a t o t a l of 196,300 families, which i s a percentage of 69.2., The average wage and salary income of the head of the family i s $4,6,87, and the average wage and salary income for the family i s $5,489. Because of the facts already mentioned, i t i s cl e a r that this must be taken only as a p a r t i a l index of income patterns. The average also obscures the highest and lowest incomes, the l a t t e r being p a r t i c u l a r l y s i g n i f i c a n t for welfare. In Van-couver C i t y there are 64,159 families with wage-earner heads, which represents 67 per cent of the t o t a l families i n the C i t y . Two out of every three families, i n other words, are of wage or salary earner status. The average wage and salary income of the head of the family i s $4,408, and the average wage and salary income of the family i s $5,366. Women earners are probably the chief reason for the differences nowadays. In considering the proportion of families with wage-earner heads, i t i s necessary to remember the d i f f e r i n g \"Emp-loyee proportions\" i n d i f f e r e n t areas. For example, within Vancouver C i t y , both Shaughnessy and the West End are consider-ably/below the c i t y average but for d i f f e r e n t reasons. In Shaughnessy 58.4 per cent of the families have wage-earner heads and thi s i s because of the s i g n i f i c a n t number who are self-employed. The West End, on the other hand, i s a d i s t r i c t which has long been favoured by older and r e t i r e d people, and although the income of the family head i s low, i t i s supplemented TABLE 8. Family Composition; The Pattern in Metropolitan Vancouver y 1961, a. Young Families and Elderly Families Total Young Families Elderly ] families Sector -Families No. P.C. No. P.C. I, Vancouver City A.TJniversity-Pt.GrJsy 4,824 109 2.25 895 18.55 B.Kerrisdale-Dunbar 5,796 73 1.25 1,174 20.25 C.Shaughnessy 13,454 278 2.06 2,621 19.48 D.West End 5,543 187 3.37 1,569 28.30 EoNorth Central 1. EoKitsilano 9,224 474 5.13 1,778 19.27 2. False Creek 4', 900 258 5.26 1,024 20.89 3. Main-Victoria 8,323 424 5.10 1,286 15.45 F.East Vanoouver l .N .E . Vanoouver 10,035 379 3.77 1,550 15.44 2.E. Central 21,360 851 3.98 3,277 15.34 3.Fraserview 13,088 450 3.43 1,741 13.30 I I . Burnapy New-Westminster' A. Burnaby 1 9,695 416 4.29 1,028 10.60 B. Burnaby 2 9,005 323 3.58 1,049 11.64 Co Burnaby\"3 7,285 320 4.39 1,034 14.19 Do New Westminster 7,900 353 4.46 1,264 16.00 I I I . North Shore A. West Vancouver 6,612 78 1.17 870 13.15 B. N. Vanoouver (District) 9,835 187 1.90 794 8.07 C. N. Vancouver (City) 6,114 318 5.20 784 12.82 IV. Eastern Suburbs A.Coquitlam-Fraser Mills 9,521 447 4.69 811 8.51 B.Surrey N. 9,987 490 4.90 1,001 10.02 G.Surrey S. 9,393 353 3.75 . 2,427 25.83 V. Southern Suburbs A. Richmond W. 8,803 346 3.93 637 7.23 B. Richmond S.E. 1,833 64 3.49 197 10.74 , C. Delta 3,563 168 4.71 420 11.78 Metropolitan Vanoouver 196,300 7,363 3.75 29,257 14.90 Vancouver City 95,740 3,448 3,60 16,867 17.61 TABLE 9. Family Composition: The Pattern in Metropolitan Vancouver, 1961. b. Large Households and Households with Lodgers. Total Large Households with Households Househqlds Lodgers. Sector No. P. C. No. P. C. I. Vancouver:City A.TJniversity-Pt.Grey 5,451 595 10.91 500 9.17 B.Kerrisdale-Dunbar .6,349 559 8.80 484 7.60 C.Shaughnessy 15,803 1,470 9.30 1,110 7.02 D.West End 10,816 474 4.38 1,310 12.11 E.North Central 1. E . Kitsilano 13,042 809 6.20 1,724 13.21 2. False Creek 8,642 518 5.99 1,256 14.53 3. Main=Viotoria 10,359 1,053 10.16 1,598 15.42 F.East Vancouver 1. N.E.Vancouver 11,004 1,262 11,46 987 8.96 2. E . Central 23,627 2,511 10.62 2,194 9.28 3. Fraserview 14,187 1,753 12.35 1,035 7.29 II. Burnaby-New West'r. A. Burnaby 1 10,114 1,247 12.32 749 7.40 B. Burnaby 2 9,730 1,088 11.18 450 4.62 C. Burnaby 3 8,042 806 10.02 $82 4.75 D. New Westminster 9,218 1,063 11.53 i,66o 10.84 III* North Shore A. West Vancouver 7,378 725. 9.82 302 4.09 B.'N. Vancouver (District) 10,433 1,188 11.38 344 3.29 n vr TT t P J x. \ RIO Q A R oa JSI. Vancouver \\"ityj .. f 9\Jo I ale. _ y \u00E2\u0080\u00A2*ko ooc o. i\u00C2\u00B1 IV. Eastern Suburbs A.Coquitlam-Fraser Mills 10,183 1,514 14.86 374 3.67 B. Surrey North 10,830 1,556 14.36 372 3.43 C. Surrey South 11,072 1,279 11.55 450 4.06 V. Southern Suburbs A. Richmond W. 9,136 1,280 14.01 327 3.57 B. Richmond S.E. 1,998 361 18.06 99 4.95 C. Delta 3,938 588 14.93 143 3.63 Metropolitan Vancouver 228,598 24,594 10.75 17,567 7.68 Vanoouver City __ __ 118,405 11,055 9.33 12,155 10.26 TABLE 10. Family Composition: The Pat tern i n Metropo l i tan Vanoouver - 1961. Oo Lodging F a m i l i e s , L a r g e Fami l i e s and C h i l d r e n per Fami ly . Lodging Fami l i e s Large F ami l ies C h i l d r e n per Sector No. P . C . No. P . C . Family I . .Vancouver C i t y A . University-Point Grey 92 1.9 127 2.6 1.4 B . Kerr i sdale -Dunbar 101 1.7 105 1.8 1.3 C . Shaughnessy 176 1.3 295 2.2 1.3 Do West End 389 7.0 19 0.3 0.4 E . North Centra l I, E . K i t s i l a n o 336 3.6 126 1.4 1.2 2. Fa lse Creek 356 7.3 67 1.4 0 08 3. M a i n - V i c t o r i a 574 6.9 246 3.0 1.3 F . East Vanoouver 1. N . E . Vancouver 242 2.4 300 3.0 1.3 2. E . C e n t r a l 498 2 o3 603 2.8 1.4 3. Fraserview 199 1.5 460 3 o 5 1.5 I I . Burnaby New West' r . A . Burnaby 1 272 2.8 278 2.9 1.6 B . Burnaby 2 115 1.3 274 3.0 1.6 C . Burnaby 3 52 0.7 185 2.5 1.4 D. New Westminster 314 4.0 270 3.4 1.3 I I I . North Shore A . West Vanoouver 43 0.7 150 2.3 1.5 B . N . Vancouver ( D i s t r i c t ) 40 0.4 297 3.0 1.7 C. N . Vancouver ( C i t y ) 51 0.8 185 3.0 1.5 IV. Eas tern Suburbs A . Coquitlam -4 Fraser 1 M i l l s 27 0.3 506 5.3 1.8 B . Surrey North 45 0.5 550 5.5 1.8 C . Surrey South i - 72 0.8 501 5.3 1.6 V . Southern Suburbs : -A . Richmond W. 35 0.4 349 4.0 1.8 B . Richmond S . E . ! 4 0.2 107 5.8 1.8 C . De l ta 1 ' 9 0.2 183 5.1 1.8 Metropo l i tan Vancouver 4,044 2.1 6,240 3.2 IU Vancouver C i t y 2,957 3.1 2,330 2.4 1.2 TABLE 11. Family Composition: The Pattern in Metropolitan Vancouver - 1961. d. Widowed Persons Widowed Persons i Sector No. P.C. I. Vancouver City A. Uhiversity-Pt. Grey 1,241 6.6 B. Kerrisdale-Dunbar 1,443 6.8 C. Shaughnessy 4,093 7.8 D. West End 3,212 12.7 E . North Central 1. E , Kitsilano 3,661 10.1 2. False Creek 3,106 11.3 3. Main-Victoria 2,357 6.4 F. East Vanoouver 1. N.E. Vanoouver 2,168 5.7 2. E . Central 4,531 5.6 3. Fraserview 2,576 5.1 II. Burnaby-New Westminster A. Burnaby 1 1,492 4.0 B. Burnaby 2 1,682 4.6 G. Burnaby 3 1,421 5.1 D. New Westminster 2,198 6.5 III. .North Shore A. West Vanoouver 1,405 5.5 B. N. Vancouver (District) 1,174 3.0 C. N. Vancouver (City) 1,353 5.7 IV. Eastern Suburbs A. Coquitlam-Fraser Mills 1,632 , 3.8 B. Surrey North 1,111 2.7 C. Surrey South 2,041 5.6 V. Southern Suburbs A. Riohmond W. 929 2.9 B. Riohmond S.E. 240 3.1 C. Delta 492 . 3,4 , Metropolitan Vancouver 45,602 5.8 Vancouver City 28,244 7.3 TABLE 12. Family Composition Among Wage Earners. The Pattern in Metropolitan Vanoouver - 1 9 6 1 . < Families with Wage-Earner Heads Average Wage and | Salary Income Sector No. P. C. Family Head j Family I. Vancouver City A. University-Pt.Grey B i Kerrisdale-Dunbar C. Shaughnessy D. West End E. North Central ! 1. E . Kitsilano ! 2. False Creek 3. Main-Victoria F. East Vanoouver 1. N.E. Vanoouver 2. E . Central 3. Fraserview 3,004 3,760 7,857 3,257 6,121 3,051 5,528 7,091 15,293 9,719 62.3 64.9 58.4 58.7 66.4 62.3 66,4 70.7 71.6 74.3 $6,448 5,697 6,886 3,911 3,974 3,329 3,035 3,833 4,042 4,347 $7,349 6,656 7,825 5,178 5,069 4,323 3,752 4,734 4,928 5,279 II. Burnaby-New West' r . A. Burnaby 1 B. Burnaby 2 C. Burnaby 3 D. New Westminster . 7,208 6,731 5,339 5,504 74.3 74.7 73.3 68.7 4,688 4,803 4,486 4*163 5,497 5,626 5,390 5,194 III. North Shore A. West Vancouver B. N.Vanoouver (District) C. N. Vancouver (City) 4,133 7,524 4,447 62.5 76.5 72.7 7,215 5,709 4,632 7,985 6,395 5,503 IV. Eastern Suburbs A. Coquitlam-Fraser Mills B. Surrey North C. Surrey South 7,418 7,272 4,896 77.9 72.8 52.1 4,865 4,126 4,024 5,522 4,681 4,543 V. Southern Suburbs A. Richmond W. B. Richmond S.E. C. Delta 7,132 1,103 2,335 81.0 60.2 65.5 4,646 3,904 4,537 5,414 j 4,636 ! 5,186 | Metropolitan Vanoouver 135,818 69*2 4,637 5,489 Vanoouver City 64,159 67.0 4,408 5,366 N.B. \"Wage Earners\" include salary relate to a l l employees earners, so that these tables in effect -83-by the employment of other family members. The North Central sector of the c i t y shows a low index throughout i n the proportion of wage-earner heads, but there are several tracts i n t h i s area which have high proportions of e l d e r l y families and widowed persons and i t i s possible that many of them are r e t i r e d . The inner suburbs are consistently above the c i t y average of families with employee heads, and the income i s also i n the average range. The one exception to this i s West Van-couver; incomes of employees are higher than the c i t y average; and i n addition there are a substantial number of self-employed people. An inconsistent pattern shows i n the outer suburbs i n the proportion of families with wage-earner heads. This ranges from a low i n South Surrey (52.1) where there are a con-siderable number of r e t i r e d people, to a high of 81 per cent i n Richmond West. Differences of Socio-Economic Status (27) There i s no more s i g n i f i c a n t basic dimension than that of occupational- s t r a t i f i c a t i b n ; f o r i t i s a key to income dis-t r i b u t i o n , educational l e v e l s , and many of the factors associated with s o c i a l class. Occupational groupings f a l l far short of our exactness i n measuring s o c i a l c l a s s , unless much careful sub-division of some categories i s undertaken. There are some (27) Along with the section on Industry and Employment i n Part I, these paragraphs are added by the director of the study, i n view of the omission of a major section contribution on the Labour Force i n the Metropolitan Region, which would have included dis-cussions of the occupational structure i n d e t a i l . -84-major d i f f e r e n t i a l s between professions and technicians, for example; and not a l l professions are of equal stature, notably i n census counts which have to comprise many quasi-professions. Managers, equally, i s e a s i l y a misleading categoruif i t were assumed that a l l managers are of the executive l e v e l . The l a t t e r are a c t u a l l y a small minority of the t o t a l : i n numbers the owners and operators of small stores, sales managers, and many other kinds of intermediate jobs which are termed \"managers\" and small-scale owners who are proprietors are included, sales s t a f f s , again, are a very diverse group, and some are decidedly low-income workers: Services are even more diverse, and d i f f i c u l t to assign, though with professions excluded, lower-income occupations tend to predominate. Table C. Occupational Levels: Male Heads of Families. Metropolitan Vancouver and B r i t i s h Columbia,1961. Numbers Per Cent Occupational B r i t i s h B r i t i s h Level Vancouver Columbia Vancouver Columbia A. Professional and Technical 16,020 27,742 10.5 8.9 B. Managerial and Proprietary 25,253 45,527 16.5 14.6 C. C l e r i c a l 10,164 16,100 6.6 6.2 D. Sales 12,257 18,670 8.0 6.0 E. Transport and Communications 13,571 27,052 8.9 8 6 F. Artisans,Craftsmen 50,037 102,967 32.7 32.9 G. Service (non-professional) 13,396 27,970 8.8 8.9 H. Primary 5,842 30,878 3.8 9.9 I. Labourers 6,662 15,633 4.2 5.0 Total 153,002 312,539 100 100 -85-It is a very approximate measure to take the f i r s t four categories in Table C. (A to E) as middle class and \"white collar\"; the next three groups as \"blue col lar\" manual or artisan class (\"Working class\" is not a favored North American term, though i t exists in plentitude, especially i f the lower-paid manual and service workers are included) . With the q u a l i f i -cations already suggested, there is broad indication that some-thing l ike 42 per cent, and not much more than 45 per cent, of families are middle class in the metropolis, at least 45 to 50 per cent working class, with the lat ter group div is ib le into \"upper\" and \"lower\" i f enough supplementary data (not u t i l i z e d here) were analyzed. The proportions for the province are smaller for upper-income and white' co l lar , perhaps 35 and not more than about 40 per cent, the manual and lower-income groups bulking larger at least 50 per cent and perhaps 60 per cent. This is judging i t w i l l be noted (Table C) fotfr men who are heads of families only; this is the most representative group, though not enough of a real ly detailed picture of income and status levels were needed. Such a detailed picture is relevant, par-t i cu lar ly for welfare purposes: families in which a woman is the parent, the most commonly in mind when \"broken\" families are referred to, being especially l iable to dependency, and to child-rearing problems; and single men and single women, especially the aged, being another obvious group of potential welfare concern. -86-The rough guide provided by these figures must nevertheless be given consideration. For wide misunderstandings are current on the subject. One of the most c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s that \"everybody i s middle class nowadays.\" This may possibly be true of aspirations though the few intensive studies which include manual workers do not substantiate i t : the facts of income, housing, educational l e v e l , opportunities for promotion, and above a l l the educational and vocational r e a l i t i e s for \"working c l a s s \" children, do not support i t at a l l . I t must not be forgotten that u n s k i l l e d work i s the most subject to un-employment, i r r e g u l a r i t y , displacement by automation, increase of debt; that the \"lower classes\", no matter how unfavoured the term, include many deprived or disadvantaged group, includ-ing some LwrtiLgrants, Indians, and other ethnic m i n o r i t i e s , some pensioners, some widows, several \"stranded\" groups, whether geographically or s o c i a l l y . The location of them i s one of the p r i o r i t y tasks of the welfare services. Like the rest of the material i n Part,iII of t h i s study, however, these are only \"perspective\"measurements. There are more families of professional and technical l e v e l and more of managerial and proprietary status (proport-ionately speakingiV i n the metropolitan area than elsewhere. As might be expected also, the metropolis i s the great \"white-c o l l a r area\". How far this i s now divided i n turn between suburbs and central c i t y i s indicated i n other parts of th i s report. The great block of manual wage-earners i\u00C2\u00A3 the out--87-standing feature, however, and i t i s to be noted how metropolitan percentages i n thi s respect p a r a l l e l the p r o v i n c i a l ones. By-contrast, families of primary workers and u n s k i l l e d labourers between them represent nearly 15 per cent i n the province, 8 per cent i n the c i t y . The 8 per cent i s not small i n any absolute sensej12,300 families i s a large number, e a s i l y representative of 30,000 to 50,000 persons. I t should be kept i n mind when welfare s t a t i s t i c s , p a r t i c u l a r l y those of s o c i a l assistance, are being reviewed. A large proportion of these people may be subject to unemployment, and a large number of the children may suffer from the educational disadvantages of low-income or i n -security; how many of them appear on the s o c i a l assistance r o l l s , or are reached by other welfare services? Chapter 5. Age Composition and I t s Social Implications Basic Components. To analyze the patterns of the metropolitan area, extensive use was made of the s o c i a l s t a t i s t i c s compiled from the national census and issued i n a large series of b u l l e t i n s by the Dominion Bureau of S t a t i s t i c s . As i n the preceding study of Social Welfare Region VI, the census years of 19 51 and 1961 are used as \"bench; marks\" with p a r t i c u l a r emphasis on 1961 as a s t i l l - r e c e n t base year. For t h i s l a t t e r date, a multi-dimen-sional picture can be drawn of the metropolitan centre of B r i t i s h Columbia; indeed, only part of the material was u t i l i z e d i n the indices and tabulations selected for the present \"Demonstration\" study. The age-distribution d e t a i l of the census tracts i s now available i n f i f t e e n or more \"steps\" of fiv e years. Only the l a s t \"step\" i s larger, covering from 70 years plus to 9 5 years plus. Although each of these \" s t e p s \" may y i e l d i n t e r e s t i n g i n -formation about the population, for purposes of analysis i t i s possible to combine them into groups which are more immediately definable i n terms of s o c i a l and welfare s i g n i f i c a n c e . There are many such combinations possible and the following selections are not considered to be exhaustive, although they do meet the primary purposes of the present study. The f i r s t s e l e ction of s i g n i f i c a n t groups i s three-fold: (1) the bulk of infants and pre-schoolers (0 to 4), (2) the majority of school-aged children (5 to 14$ , (3) the older adolescents and young adults, some of whom may s t i l l be -89-attending educational or t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s or who are i n jobs for the f i r s t time; i t includes also the young married families (15 to 24). There are several possible choices i n dealing with the \"middle\" or \"mature\" or \"working\" sectors of the population, approximately 20 to 60 (discussed l a t e r ) . F i n a l l y , there i s the now f a m i l i a r group of e l d e r l y persons (65 and over), most of whom, though not a l l , are r e t i r e d and nowadays a l l are i n receipt of one pension or another by ttje age of 70; others have pensions or allowances e a r l i e r . I n . a l l ofc these groups separate figures are available for males and.XC females, and there are obviously important differences to be taken into account here. (Tables 16 and 17) . * For comparison with previous studies, another s e l -ection includes four sigtuficiant groups: - children (0 to 14) ; Teenagers (15 to 19); young adults (20 to 44) and the middle-aged or \"working-ages\" (45 to 64). These groups, together with the e l d e r l y (65 and over) are compiled for some major areas (Tables 13 a, b.) A further adaptation of age-groupings i s used i n a c r o s s - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n with the marital status of the male population because of the welfare importance of men who are mostly heads of families. The age-groups are as follows: under 15; 15 to 19; 20 to 24; 25 to 44; 45 to 64 and 65 and over. As mentioned e a r l i e r , detailed figures of the metro-p o l i t a n area are available for 120 census t r a c t s . I t i s possible and desirable, as explained i n Chapter 1. to group these tracts i n t o more manageable unit areas which' have been subsequently-* f P l e a s e note that the percentages' compile^ re f e r to the populations within the \"sectors\" or larger'areas., TABLE 13. Distribution.of the Significant Age-Groupss Metropolitan;V|&o euver'and &ther Areas,1961. a.. Males Vancouver Metropolitan Division British Age Groups City Vancouver 4 Columbia Canada \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 0 - 1 4 24.2 29.4 30.0 31.4 34.4 ! 15-19 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.9 20 - 40 32.8 33.1 32.5 32.4 32.9 45 - 60 23.1 20.2 19.9 19.1 17.5 65 - Oyer .. 13.7 10.9 10.9 10.1 7.3 ! Totals 100 loo 100 100 100 1 Summary Young Section 30.4 35.8 36.7 38.3 42.2 1 Middle Section 55.9 53.2 52.4 51.5 50.5 |. Old Section 13.7 10.9 10.9 10.2 7.3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 b. Females Vancouver Metropolitan Division British Age Groups City Vano ouver 4 \ > Columbia Canada 0 - 1 4 22.6 28.0 28.7 \"i'. 31.2 33.5 .. 15 - 19 6.4 ,,.\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 6.5 6.6 . :.::V.:.,:::i6v9.:-\".' 7.8 20 - 44 33.8 34.4 33.9 33.1 33.5 45 -\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 64 23.2 19.8 19.7 - 18.7 17.2 65 - Over 14.0 11.3 11.1 10.2 8.0 totals 100 100 100 100 100 Summary Young Seotion 29.0 34.4 35.4 38.0 41.4 Middle Section 57.0 54.2 53.5 51.8 50.7 Old Section \ 14.0 11.4 11.1 10.2 7.9 \"1 TABLE 14. Comparative Summary Figures for Metropolitan Vanoouver and Other Areas. Significant Age-Groups,1961 Item Vanoouver City Vanoouver Metropolis British Columbia Canada 1. Infants in Male Population (Ages 0-4) P.C. 8.5 10.8 11.5 12.5 2. Infants in Female Population (Ages 0-4) P.C. 8.0 10.2 11.4 12.2 3. School-age Boys (5 - 14) P.C. 15.7 18.6 19.9 21.8 4. School-age Girls (5 - 14) P.C. 14.6 17.8 19.7 21.3 5. Adolescents and Young Adults (men) * P.C. 12.1 11.8 12.7 14.3 6. Adolescents and Young Adults (Women) * P.C. 13.1 12.5 12.8 14.4 7.-Elderly (65 and over) in Male Population P.C. 13.7 10.9 10.2 7.3 8. Elderly (65 and Over) in Female Population P.C. 14.0 11.3 10.2 5.7 * Ages 15 - 24. -90-christened \"sectors\". With th i s major breakdown, i t i s then possible to describe more c l e a r l y the patters of the metropol-i t a n area. (Tables 16 & 17)*. I t only remains, then to pick out those \"areas of concentration\" r e l a t i v e to the summary \"average\" of Vancouver C i t y and thereby h i g h l i g h t the pattern of the metropolitan region with respect to i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n of age-groups. These \"areas of concentration\" are obtained by s e l e c t i n g those sectors whose proportions vary s i g n i f i c a n t l y from the proportions of Vancouver C i t y and arranging them i n a descending order of \"density\". This use of the C i t y mean figures, rather than the metropolitan average, not only points up the variable pattern of the region but also relates this pattern to the central C i t y . The d i s t r i c t of \"East Vancouver C i t y \" (IF) i s i n -cluded i n a l l of these tables because i t represents a large section of the metropolitan and C i t y population - 21.6 per cent and 44 per cent respectively. Further, i t i s i n i t s e l f an im-portant s o c i a l welfare \"gauge\" because these three sectors of the \"East End\" have a very numerous, homogeneous, rather high density bloc of moderate wage-earners. The Infants (0 - 4 years) Children under the age of f i v e years are p r i m a r i l y the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e i r parents. However, they also have considerable s o c i a l and welfare sig n i f i c a n c e . They require, among other things, nursery schools and day care services for working mothers. The three and four year old children are 1 beginning to play with other children and need safe,adequate and appropriate play areas and recreational f a c i l i t i e s . Safe, healthy, adequate and appropriate housing i s also a c r i t i c a l need. How t h i s affects the d i s t r i b u t i o n of children throughout the region can be seen by comparing two areas; the West End and Richmond West. The West End i s an older d i s t r i c t i n the central C i t y which has now had a large number of i t s r e s i d e n t i a l homes torn down and replaced by large apartment buildings. Many of these apartment blocks, whether with legal sanction or not, nevertheless exclude families with children. Most of them are \u00E2\u0080\u009E so designed, moreover, that 'even without s p e c i f i c r e s t r i c t i o n s -they exclude consideration for families with children for they are either too small or too expensive to rent, or both. Thus, as could be expected, the number of infants i n the West End i s very low, only 676 or less than 3 per cent of the 19 61 population of t h i s area (\u00C2\u00A35,359) . Richmond West, a r e l a t i v e l y \"new\" r e s i d e n t i a l zone had, at the time of the 19 61 census, no apartment blocks a l -thpugh \"garden apartments\" designed for families with young children are now being b u i l t here as they are being b u i l t else-where i n the suburbs. In the main, however, most of the buildings i n Richmond and other suburbs are r e l a t i v e l y new homes b u i l t on \" v i r g i n \" s o i l . I t i s no surprise then that i n 1961, out of a population of 35,578 persons, more than: 16 per cent, or 5,765 are infants and pre-school children under the age of 5 years. Although the general d i s t r i b u t i o n pattern is. s i m i l a r for both male and female infants, there are more males than females i n a l l sectors and this i s particularly noticeable i n the areas of concentration. Figures for both male and female infant show areas of high density i n the suburbs and low density i n the older d i s t r i c t s of the central C i t y as follows: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Infants i n the Population I l l u s t r a t i v e D i s t r i c t s a. Males Aj*eas of Concentration Number Per Cent Richmond W. 2,992 16.5 Surrey North 3,376 16.3 Delta 1,090 14.6 N.Vancouver D i s t r i c t 2,827 14.'5: Coquitlam-Fraser M i l l s 3,123 14.4 Shaughnessy 1,826 7.4 False Creek 610 4.2 West End 355 3.1 Vancouver C i t y 16,19 2 8.5 E. Vancouver (City) 8,791 10.5 Richmond W. Surrey North N. Vancouver D i s t r i c t Coquitlam-Fraser M i l l s Delta Shaughnessy False Creek West End Vancouver C i t y E. Vancouver (City) b. Females 2,773 3,114 2,765 2,923 986 1,645 604 321 15,523 8,445 15.9 15.6 14.2 13.9 13.8 5.9 4.8 2.3 8.0 9 .9 For both the male and female infants, E. Vancouver shows a highe proportion than the rest of the C i t y , but i t i s s t i l l less than the average for the metropolitan region. The School Population (5 to 14 years)< The students and p o t e n t i a l students i n any community are of i n t e r e s t to a l l those concerned with the provision of -9 3-educational, t r a i n i n g and recreational services and facilitfees. In a society which stresses the value of increased education, and makes r e - t r a i n i n g almost a cer t a i n t y for tomorrow's employees through increased technological advances, an education of even twelve years cannot be considered a luxury, but i s rapidly be-coming a basic necessity. The location, size and cost of such f a c i l i t i e s i s p a r t l y determined by the number of students ex-pected to use them. Thus, the d i s t r i b u t i o n pattern of th i s age-group., i s of p a r t i c u l a r significance i n planning such f a c i l i t i e s . Projections based on the younger infant population are also of concern to such planning. In the Metropolitan region, the d i s t r i b u t i o n of this., student body follows much the same pattern as does the infant group. The suburban sectors have a r e l a t i v e l y high proportion of t h e i r population i n this group, while the older sections of the central C i t y have a low proportion, as follows: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The School Population I l l u s t r a t i v e D i s t r i c t s . h, Males. Areas of Concentration Number Per Cent N. Vancouver D i s t r i c t Surrey North Burnaby 1 Richmond W. Delta Shaughnessy Main-Victoria False Creek West End 4,666 4,877 4,236 4,046 1,674 4,303 2,531 23.9 23.5 22.8 22.4 22.4 17.4 12.2 6.0 3.8 875 430 Vancouver C i t y E. Vancouver (City) 29 ,692 16,180 15.7 19 .3 The School Population - continued. b. Females. Areas of Concentration Number Per Cent Delta 1,729 24.3 Surrey North 4,715 23.6 Richmond S.E. 869 23.2 N. Vancouver D i s t r i c t 4,396 22.6 Richmond W. 3,871 22.1 Shaughnessy 4,312 15.6 Main-Victoria 2,300 14.3 E. K i t s i l a n o 1,911 9.7 False Creek 888 7.0 West End 467 3.4 Vancouver C i t y 28,462 14.6 E. Vancouver (City) 15,467 18.1 There are some differences i n the proportions and absolute numbers of boys and g i r l s i n any one d i s t r i c t . This i s p a r t l y a r e f l e c t i o n of the larger number of boys than g i r l s i n the metropolitan region (73,274 boys as opposed to 70,533 g i r l s ) . Adolescents and Young Adults (15 to 24). Most of the adolescent group are s t i l l i n attendance^ at educational and t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , and as a r e s u l t of s o c i a l pressures, they continue t h e i r education to an older age than did t h e i r parents and grandparents. Thus, t h e i r s i g n i f i -cance to educators i s increasing as e f f o r t s to provide s u f f i c i e n t and adequate f a c i l i t i e s s t r i v e to keep up with the increasing demands. The development and location of i n s t i t u t i o n s of higher learning i s s i m i l a r l y affected by the size of this group. School \"dropouts\", untrained and \"looking for work\" i n a society already troubled by a high rate of unemployment, add to the increasing number of high school graduates also l o o k i n g f o r employment. Some o f these young a d u l t s are m a r r i e d and form the \"young f a m i l i e s \" o f s o c i a l and w e l f a r e s i g n i f i c a n c e . As c o u l d be expected, t h i s group,when employed i s f r e q u e n t l y i n r e c e i p t o f low incomes r e l a t i v e to the average wage. The adol e s c e n t p r e s e n t s a c o n t i n u i n g concern as w e l l to law e n f o r c e -ment,\" c h i l d r e n s 1 a i d and oth e r w e l f a r e agencies, not o n l y from a c o r r e c t i v e and treatment p e r s p e c t i v e but i n attempts t o cre a t e ; p r e v e n t a t i v e -developmental programs. much d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n than those o f i n f a n t s and st u d e n t s . I t i s n ot n e a r l y so sweeping i n terms o f urban and suburban d i s -t i n c t i o n s . I n the m e t r o p o l i t a n r e g i o n there are 40,610 young women, 46,623 young men, a d i f f e r e n c e o f almost 3,000 more women. T h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s r e f l e c t e d g e n e r a l l y w i t h a few ex-c e p t i o n s . For example, the U n i v e r s i t y - P o i n t Grey s e c t o r has 69 more young men than women, wh i l e areas l i k e E a s t K i t s i l a n o , the West End and F a l s e Creek have many more women t h a t men, 563, 828 and 962 r e s p e c t i v e l y . Other areas of n o t a b l e d e n s i t y are as f o l l o w s : The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f young men and women follows a Ad o l e s c e n t and Young A d u l t P o p u l a t i o n I l l u s t r a t i v e D i s t r i c t s . a. Males Areas o f C o n c e n t r a t i o n Number Per Cent New Westminster U n i v e r s i t y - P o i n t Grey Shaughnessy E. K i t s i l a n o Richmond S. E. West End 2,605 1,345 3,413 2,192 528 1,047 15.5 14.8 13.8 13.4 13.2 9.2 -9 6-Adolescent and Young Adult Population . - continued. Number Per: Cent Areas of Concentration North Vancouver D i s t r i c t 1,745 8.9 False Creek 1,279 8.6 Vancouver C i t y 22,993 12.1 E. Vancouver (City) 10,527 12.6 b. Females. Areas of Concentration Number Per Cent New Westminster 2,981 17.7 False Creek 2,132 16.8 E. K i t s i l a n o 2,755 13.9 Main-Victoria 2,204 13.7 West End 1,875 13.5 University-Point Grey 1,276 13.0 Delta 782 11.0 Surrey South 1,992 11.0 W. Vancouver ^ 1,294 9.8 N. Vancouver D i s t r i c t 1,744 9.0 Vancouver C i t y 25,457 13.1 E. Vancouver (City) 10,754 12.6 The E l d e r l y . (65 and Over) The d i s t r i b u t i o n of the e l d e r l y population i s p a r t i c u -l a r l y s i g n i f i c a n t for welfare considerations, notably: pensions, housing, the service or location of Neighbourhood Houses, chronic care hospi t a l s , nursing and boarding homes, etc. The Metropolitan Vancouver area has a p a r t i c u l a r l y high proportion of the e l d e r l y from almost any comparative viewpoint. For example, i n 1961 the percentage of older people l i v i n g i n the metropolitan area i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher than the percentage of e l d e r l y persons i n B r i t i s h Columbia or Canada as follows: Vancouver B r i t i s h C i t y Metro Columbia Canada Percentage of e l d e r l y i n the male population 13.7 10.9 10.2 7.3 Percentage of e l d e r l y i n the female population 14.0 11.3 10.2 5.7 No doubt a l o t of people r e t i r e to the milder climate of Vancouver coming not only from other parts of B r i t i s h Columbia but also from the East and the P r a i r i e Pro-vinces. Moreover, B r i t i s h Columbia has been a f r o n t i e r area which has attracted large immigrant groups during the l a s t part of the 19th century and again during t h i s century. A l -though many immigrants were i n family groups, many more, such as the Chinese who were brought over to b u i l d the rai l r o a d s , were single or l e f t t h e i r families behind. Although some of these immigrants may have returned to t h e i r native lands, most of them stayed here to l i v e out t h e i r l i v e s . With re-spect to the e l d e r l y Chinese,it i s s i g n i f i c a n t that i n that area known as \"Chinatown\" there were!\" 1,599 men over the age of 65 and only 232 women. As percentages of t h e i r respective male and female'populations this represents 29 per cent and 7.8 per cent respectively. This i s a special example of age and sex factors i n common with considerable welfare s i g n i f i -cance. I t i s also an example of what happens when an age group \"bulge\" moves up over the years; for these old men were the young coolie workers of f i f t y years ago. In the Metropolitan area, the e l d e r l y c l e a r l y favour oe r t aim res Ment iai:.: rdistr 1E*S; ; and: p'aui: sr id:\u00C2\u00A3i the i suburb an coute r areas. The E l d e r l y Population I l l u s t r a t i v e D i s t r i c t s . a. Males Areas of Concentration Number Per Cent. White Rock False Creek West End Main-Victoria Surrey South * Surrey North N. Vancouver D i s t r i c t Richmond W. 1,146 3,538 2,552 3,955 3,214 1,349 1,027 830 37.4 24.1 22.3 19 .0 17.4 * 6.5 5.3 4.6 Vancouver C i t y 25,947 13.7 E. Vancouver ( C i t y 7,993 9.5 b. Females Areas of Concentration Number Pgr Cent White Rock 1,115 32.9 West End 3,440 24.7 False Creek 2,352 18.5 E. K i t s i l a n o 3,589 18.1 Shaughnessy 4,237 15.3 Surrey South * 2,699 14.9 * N. Vancouver D i s t r i c t 1,161 6.0 Surrey North 1,158 5.8 Richmond S. E. 201 5.4 Richmond W. 822 4.7 Vancouver C i t y 27,295 14.0 E. Vancouver (City) 9,349 10.9 I t i s e a s i l y seen that, except for White Rock, the e l d e r l y people have located l a r g e l y i n the central area of Vancouver, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the West End and North Central sectors. This shows up both i n number and i n proportions. Older people move to the suburbs less r e a d i l y than t h e i r younger neighbours. * Includes White Rock. -99-They also n a t u r a l l y stay i n houses they own or have l i v e d i n a long time. Most of these were b u i l t i n the central areas. There are more e l d e r l y women than e l d e r l y men, and there i s some i n d i -cation that aged widows have a proportion bpolitan ouver British Columbia Number P.C. P.C. Native Indians (a) r 2,337 .3 2.4 British Origins French Origins 491,084 30, 507 62.1 3.9 59.4 4.1 \"Canadian Stooks\" 521,591 66.0 63.5 German!o and Scandinavian Northwest European (b) Slavic and European (o) j Other European (d) 96,196 23,946 40,897 63,690 12.2 3.0 5.2 8.1 12.1 3.7 6.4 7.6 \"Continental European\" 224,529 28.5 29.8 Orientals Others and Unstated 25,729 15,989 3.2 2.0 2.5 1.8 Totals 790,165 100 100 (a) Includes a small number of Eskimos (b) Includes Dutch (o) Includes Polish,Russians and Ukranians. (d) Inoludes Italians, Jewish^ and \"Other European\" origins from Census Tract, -108-I t can a l s o p r o v i d e a group w i t h d i f f e r e n c e s which are bases f o r i n t o l e r a n c e and d i s c r i m i n a t i o n by o t h e r s . The percentages of the p o p u l a t i o n belonging to the l e s s e r r e l i g i o u s denomina-t i o n s are shown i n T a b l e 22. I t should, of course, be remembered here t h a t the census r e c o r d i n g may be s u p e r f i c i a l ; i t does not separate a c t i v e r e l i g i o u s p r a c t i t i o n e r s from those who use e n t e r a \" c o n v e n t i o n a l \" r e l i g i o n . Another index used i n an attempt to measure the degree of s t a b i l i t y and v u l n e r a b i l i t y i n the v a r i o u s metropol-i t a n s e c t o r s i s the l e v e l of e d u c a t i o n a l attainment. The census r e c o r d e d the h i g h e s t g r a t e attended f o r the p o p u l a t i o n over f o u r years of age a t t e n d i n g and not a t t e n d i n g s c h o o l . The index i n d i c a t i n g the number of persons w i t h o n l y elementary educa t i o n , who are not a t t e n d i n g s c h o o l , was s e l e c t e d f o r the study. I t would be unwise to draw too many c o n c l u s i o n s from the e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l r ecorded f o r everybody through the census, but a l e v e l which i n d i c a t e s o n l y elementary educ a t i o n , cannot be denied s i g n i f i c a n c e . E d u c a t i o n i n f l u e n c e s a l l aspects of l i v i n g , and p l a y s a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n income, o c c u p a t i o n a l , and community s t a b i l i t y . The percentage o f the p o p u l a t i o n w i t h elementary edu c a t i o n i s r e c o r d e d i n Table 23. T h i s index was s e l e c t e d because the person who has o n l y f i n i s h e d \"grade s c h o o l \" , or has not had more than a few years o f elementary ed u c a t i o n , i s handicapped i n the modern world. T h i s i s par-t i c u l a r l y t r ue i n the iaJaour market as i n c r e a s i n g automation takes over the tasks f o r m e r l y done by u n s k i l l e d or s e m i - s k i l l e d TABLE 19. Main Religious Afffiliations. Comparative DistributioninMetropolitan Vancouver and British Columbia, 1961 Metropolitan Vancouver British Columbia Religious Group Number P.C. P.C. Roman Catholic 129,120 16.3 17.5 Churoh of England 177,251 22.4 22 \u00C2\u00A9 5 United Churoh 242,010 30.7 31.0 Other Denominations 241,784 30.6 30.Q j Total Population 790,165 100 100 TABLE 20. Official Languages Comparative Distribution in Metropolitan Vancouver and British Columbia, 1961, Metropolitan Vancouver British Columbia Official Language Number P.C. Po C \u00C2\u00A9 English Only 750,086 94.9 95.3 French Only 1,254 .2 .2 English and French 30,870 3.9 3.5 Neither English nor Frenoh 7,955 1.0 .1.0 Total Population 790,165 100 100 -109-people. This index w i l l l i k e l y correlate with u n s k i l l e d labour-ers and some immigrant groups from countries lacking comprehen-sive education. Indications of S t a b i l i t y . Residential mobility i s obviously related to the de-gree of s t a b i l i t y i n any s p e c i f i c d i s t r i c t , whether urban, suburban^ or r u r a l . This relationship between r e s i d e n t i a l mo-b i l i t y and s t a b i l i t y i s evidenced i n the various concentrations of owner-occupied dwellings, whereas the reverse i s true for most rental housing. In the Kerrisdale-Dunbar sector an un-usually high proportion (92.9 per cent) of the families reside i n homes they themselves own (or are s t i l l purchasing on mort-gage) , r e f l e c t i n g a high degree of s t a b i l i t y . Only 448 (7.1 per cent) of the homes i n this d i s t r i c t are tenant-occupied, which i s considerably less than the corresponding figure i n Vancouver C i t y (39.2 per cent). Other stable r e s i d e n t i a l areas are University-Point Grey, and Shaughnessy, where nearly 80 per cent of the homes are owner-occupied; but the same percentage i s also true of East Vancouver, even though these are much more modest and often small houses. In the suburban sectors of the metropolitan area, r e s i d e n t i a l m obility generally appears to be r e l a t i v e l y low. This pattern i s not surprising considering that people frequently move to the suburbs to buy a house. Low down-payments and long-term mortgages make this goal f e a s i b l e ' f o r many families, plus the fact that housing i s often hard to f i n d i n the older areas. TABLE 21. Some Indications of Mobility: Main Urban and Suburban Sectors, Metropolitan Vancouver,1961. Recent Recent Tenant- Older Oooupanoy Immigrants Occupied Residences Sector (a) (b) Dwelling (o) I. Vanoouver City 18.0 15.3 39.2 23.5 A. University-Pt.Grey 12.2 13.1 22.2 5.6 B. Kerrisdale-Dunbar 6.7 9.8 . 7.1 -C. Shaughnessy 12.6 10.0 23.8 8.8 D. West End 32.7 20.8 88.5 29.2 EV North Central 26.4 20.5 64.6 44.8 I. East Kitsilano 26.0 19.2 58.8 28.7 2. False Creek 31.0 16.3 83.2 48.7 3o Main-Victoria 23.3 25.0 56.4 61.7 F. East Vanoouver 12.7 14.0 22.1 16.2 I. North East 13.3 17.2 20.8 17.8 2. East Central 12.7 13.6 22.4 20.0 3. Fraserview 11.7 12.3 22.5 8,6 IIo Burnaby New West'r. A 0 Burnaby 1 14.4 8.6 16.1 5,2 B. Burnaby^. 16.4 8.6 22.6 5.6 Go Burnaby 3. 11,0 8.3 20.9 4.1 Do New Westminster 18.7 9.1 37.4 28.1 III. North Shore Ao West Vanoouver 14.1 13.6 14.1 3.1 B. NoVancouver (District) 14.7 11.6 13.4 3.3 C. N.Vancouver (City) 20.3 12.9 35.3 16.1 IV.-Eastern Suburbs \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2AV Goquitlam-Fra ser-\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Mi 11 s 18.6 7.4 16.3 5.8 B. Surrey North 18.6 8.8 18.3 -G. Surrey South 16.4 8.2 16.1 5.0 Y. Southern Suburbs A. Richmond West 17.7 12.8 18.1 1.4 B. Richmond S.E. 10.3 12.9 26.9 -C. Delta 15.8 10.7 20.2 7.3 Metropolitan Vanoouver 17.3 12.5 30.3 16.2 (a) Dwellings occupied less than one year by the residents. (b) Immigrants to Canada from 1946 to 1961 (o) Residenoes built before 1920 ( i .e . at least forty years old). -110-West Vancouver and North Vancouver, as might be expected, are home-purchase areas, with less than 15 per cent of t h e i r dwell-ings occupied by tenants. North Vancouver C i t y , which i s much older as a r e s i d e n t i a l area than the now outlying d i s t r i c t , i s quite d i f f e r e n t from i t s neighbours, the amount of rental housing being much higher. Burnaby has a high proportion of home-owner residents: nearly f o u r - f i f t h s of the houses are owner-occupied. Another older suburb, New Westminster, has 37 per cent of i t s dwellings tenant-occupied: t h i s i s considerably higher than i t s adjacent municipality, Burnaby, where much new building has occurred i n recent years. (New building i n New Westminster i s something of a r a r i t y because i t i s a small and compact munici-p a l i t y , with few vacant s i t e s ) . The Burnaby figure i s below the Vancouver C i t y percentage but above that for Metropolitan Vancouver where 30 per cent of a l l dwellings are rented. The newer suburbs, located to the east and south, a l l have r e l a t i v e s t a b i l i t y with respect to t h i s p a r t i c u l a r m obility index. The homes i n these suburbs are of a lower value than those i n the two North Shore sectors which show low r e s i d e n t i a l mobility. This feature i s c e r t a i n l y associated with other d i f f e r i n g economic and s o c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the population of the areas. Sectors with homes of high value contain families with r e l a t i v e economic security, as income determines what a family can afford to pay for accomodation. The proportion of owned homes as a s t a b i l i t y factor becomes more meaningful :Le ... -111-when combined with the value of these residences. The median value of dwellings for a l l Vancouver C i t y (1961) i s $13,800. University-Point Grey has the highest median value above t h i s , as high as $31,500 (which of course permits very much higher value of t h i s i n the brackets above the median). The University-Point Grey average i s however, well above^ the next ranking sector, which i s West Vancouver. This l a t t e r area has dwellings with a median value of $23,000, and i s followed c l o s e l y by Shaughnessy. The next i n order, somewhat su r p r i s i n g l y , con-sidering i t s high proportion of old p r o p e r t i e s , i s the West End. Kerrisdale-Dunbar, with t h e i r high proportion of owner-occupied dewellings valued at $16,000, probably has a less extensive range above and below the median: i t can c e r t a i n l y be des-cribed as s u b s t a n t i a l l y a middle-class d i s t r i c t . North Vancouver D i s t r i c t has dwellings of much the same value as Kerrisdale-Dunbar but i n North Vancouver D i s t r i c t 40 per cent more o\u00C2\u00ABf.:the owners report holding a mortgage. Kerrisdale-Dunbar has been b u i l t up for many more years than the l a t t e r . In the Northern and Central areas of Burnaby, the median \u00E2\u0080\u00A2sralues of the dwell-ings are s l i g h t l y higher than the average for Vane oiver C i t y . The C i t y average i s weighted somewhat downward by i t s large numbers of small and somewhat old houses. Burnaby has more new ones. Income i s a determining factor i n the ind i v i d u a l ' s choice of neighbourhood. Stable communities evidently contain families with f i n a n c i a l and occupational security. The average -112-income of wage-earner families, and the percentage of the male labour force who are unemployed are two indices denoting this type of security. I t must be noted that the average wage i n -come excluded people owning t h e i r own business (inclu d i n g small shop proprietors) and persons who are self-employed ( i n c l u d i n g many professions). The North Shore suburb, West Vancouver, i s outstanding as high middle-class, executive and professional, with the highest wage income ($7985) i n the metropolitan area. Total incomes, of course, may be much higher, I t i s followed c l o s e l y by Shaughnessy and University-Point Grey with average wage incomes of $7825 and $7349, respectively: here again these are p a r t i a l indexes only. These sectors, however, are well above the C i t y of Vancouver mean of $5366. Kerrisdale-Dunbar show up as economically stable communities, with average wage income at $6656. North Vancouver D i s t r i c t and North Vancouver C i t y , neighbouring sectors, d i f f e r consider-ably. The wage-earner families i n North Vancouver D i s t r i c t have an income of $639 5, while those i n the C i t y earn only an average wage of $5503. This l a t t e r figure i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the incomes i n Burnaby, Coquitlam-Fraser M i l l s , and Richmond West, i n d i c a t i n g upper brackets of wage-earners and some \"white-c o l l a r \" . Less than 2 per cent of the male population of Shaughnessy, as a proportion of the labour force, are \"looking for work\". Some - perhaps almost a l l - of these are young men and women seeking,' t h e i r f i r s t jobs. The C i t y average i s over -113-7 per cent which means 11,590 men without jobs. Some proportion of these, of course may be i r r e g u l a r l y and seasonally unemployed men; the figure does not necessarily measure long-term or perm-anent unemployment. I t seems high, nevertheless, and locations of the major unemployed groups are probably s i g n i f i c a n t . I t i s he l p f u l to s t a r t f i r s t with t h i s figure (where low), as a nega-t i v e i ndicator. University-Point Grey, and Kerrisdale-Dunbar have a very high r a t i o of employed family-heads: they contribute very few to the l i s t of the 1 'unemployed\"bin themetropolitan area. Two other sectors within the c i t y f a l l well below this average; Fraserview (south eastern part of the C i t y ) , and the West End. Both of these areas have j u s t over 3 per cent of t h e i r male population unemployed. \"East C e n t r a l \" and \"East K i t -s i l a n o \" are only s l i g h t l y below the c i t y average: iSach of these has a large number of r e t i r e d persons, whether compulsor-i l y or v o l u n t a r i l y , no longer \"looking for work\". West Vancouver has only 2.4 per cent of i t s male labour force returned as unemployed i n this sense, c l o s e l y followed by North Vancouver D i s t r i c t : there are many older r e t i r e d persons i n these areas also. Economic security and the s t a b i l i t y of an area should c e r t a i n l y be examined i n r e l a t i o n to the l e v e l of education achieved by i t s population. Education and technical t r a i n i n g are becoming,as never before,importantin t h i s age of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . Vocational t r a i n i n g i n more and more f i e l d s requires at le a s t some high-school education as a prerequisite. Individuals with -114-only elementary education are therefore not only l i m i t e d with respect to employment opportunities but also l i m i t e d with re-spect to learning a s k i l l valuable i n modern industry. Over o n e - f i f t h of the population i n Vancouver C i t y are seemingly l i m i t e d for employment i n today's labour market by an inadequate amount of schooling. They are almost c e r t a i n l y among the older section of the working force (not necessarily the elderly) :but t h i s i s a high figure, and the location i s revealing. Starting with the negative index f i r s t , there are few adults i n the sectors of West Vancouver, and University-Point Grey with educational handicaps. West Vancouver shows 6.7 per cent of i t s population with only elementary education; University-Point Grey has only 7.3 per cent. Kerrisdale-Dunbar and Shaughnessy are also communities with an above-average number of better-educated residents. \"East K i t s i l a n o \" and \"Fraserview\" contain s l i g h t l y lower proportions of elementary-educated c i t i z e n s than the C i t y of Vancouver: but the actual number of these people (47,900)in the two d i s t r i c t s i s s t i l l considerable. On the whole, the suburban dwellers have more edu-cation than the c i t y residents taken as a benchmark. North Vancouver D i s t r i c t ranks close to the previously mentioned West Vancouver figure. Burnaby, North Vancouver C i t y , Coquitlam-Fraser M i l l s , North Surrey, and Delta a l l r e f l e c t s i m i l a r i t i e s with the C i t y i n this factor, with a l i t t l e less than o n e - f i f t h of t h e i r adult population at elementary- education l e v e l s . The -115-western sector of Richmond, newer and younger, has only 12 per cent of i t s population i n t h i s category. Education dictates employment opportunities and the s t a b i l i t y of employment. This shows most c l e a r l y i n the areas containing few i n d i v i d u a l s with only elementary education, which also have a low proportion of labourers. \"Labourers\" include men i n u n s k i l l e d work but are a p a r t i a l index since they exclude primary occupations such as loggers. University-Point Grey, Kerrisdale-Dunbar, and Shaughnessy show minimal indices, as do West Vancouver and North Vancouver D i s t r i c t . The West End, Burnaby, Richmond West, and Delta show small figures also. This section of the study has outlined the sectors of Metropolitan Vancouver which may be described as stable. Indices r e f l e c t i n g , h i g h economic security point to University-Point Grey, Shaughnessy, and Kerrisdaler-Dunbar as the out-standing d i s t r i c t s . The North Shore suburbs also rank high. Burnaby on the whole i s closer to the Vancouver C i t y averages which are weighted by the large proportions of lower and middle wage-earners i n the eastern sectors. Indications of V u l n e r a b i l i t y . Vulnerable sectors i n the metropolitan area are of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to several professions, p a r t i c u l a r l y s o c i a l workers and community planners. Indices representing the pro-portion of a sector's population who are highly mobile and the proportion having a low degree of economic security were chosen -116 -to i l l u s t r a t e v u l n e r a b i l i t y . The rationale for the indices selected has been previously set out. Vancouver's West End has many persons who have resided i n the area for less than one year. The newcomers are as much as 32.7 per cent of the t o t a l population and this represents over 3500 persons. I t does not follow that a l l recent residents are i n need, of course, but the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c generally has some signi f i c a n c e for the types of s o c i a l work service required when other factors are present. For example, Gordon Neighbourhood House serves to bring people together i n a great variety of group a c t i v i t i e s : some of the c l i e n t e l e are \"unattached\" persons, recent a r r i v a l s , etc. The West End i s unique i n many ways and i t s high rate of r e s i d e n t i a l m obility i s a notable c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . This area was formerly one of Vancouver's f i n e s t r e s i d e n t i a l areas, but deteriorated, causing many owners to subdivide the homes into suites or to s e l l to builders and real estate firms who erected apartments. Within the past decade, construction of high-rise apartments has added to the d i v e r s i t y of accomodation available i n t h i s c e n t r a l l y - l o c a t e d sector. I t i s fundamentally a tenant area now, even more than before the war: over 83 per cent of the of the units are tenant-occupied. Before the West End can be c a l l e d a vulnerable area, however, i t must be recognized iihht there are many kinds of mobility. The s h i f t l e s s , rootless trans-i e n t i s a very d i f f e r e n t character from the i n d i v i d u a l who i s mobile because of h i s occupation, or because of h i s youthful s t r i d i n g for independence. Most of the types of rebuilding i n the West End i s directed towards the middle and upper income groups -117-to the exclusion of many of the poor and unstable. Its central location and i t s proximity to a t t r a c t i v e beaches makes the West End a popular area for residence. Residential mobility i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a l l three sub-sectors of North Central Vancouver. \"False Creek\" i s an area with old d e t e r i o r i a t e d housing; nearly h a l f the homes were b u i l t before 19 20, with l i t t l e renovation. Low rents, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of this type of dwelling, a t t r a c t people with low incomes. This type of transient area usually absorbs a high proportion of the c i t y ' s wel-fare services and i s of concern to s o c i a l workers. Approximately one quarter of the population of \"East K i t s i l a n o \" and \"Main-Victoria\" has resided i n t h e i r present addresses for less than one year. This high rate of mobility has disentegrating effects on a community and l i m i t s the i n t e r a c t i o n between i t s members. Both these sectors have a high proportion of older homes and there has been l i t t l e re-building or renewal u n t i l recently. Vancouver has i t s f i r s t \"Com-prehensive Redevelopment Project\" i n the Strathcona area near Hastings and Main (known as McLean Park, now the s i t e of a s i z e -able housing project.) New Westminster has the highest proportion (18.7. per cent) of recently-established residents compared to the other suburban sectors; i t also has a substantial proportion of i t s dwellings older than forty years but this i s not surprising, considering i t was the f i r s t settlement i n this area. Coquitlam and North Surrey have approximately the same proportion of recently-occupied dwel-li n g s (18.6 per cent), and the combined t o t a l of the homes i s greater than 3,900. ' T h i s r e f l e c t s the -118-suburban development taking place i n the metropolitan area as new subdivisions are opened up. V u l n e r a b i l i t y i s more evident when the mobility indices are combined with the ecpnomiccpattern i n a par-t i c u l a r area. The \"False Creek\" and \"Main-Victoria\" d i s t r i c t s have low average family income besides having a transient population. 'Main-Victoria\" has an average family wage income of $3752 which i s at l e a s t $1500 less than the average wage for Vancouver C i t y . The rent-paying capacity of people i n this minimal income bracket i s low and they are confined to l i v i n g i n very small houses, or even substandard and crowded conditions. There are close to 40,000 reported to be l i v i n g i n the small central \"Main-Victoria\" sector. , The West End i s an area of lower-than-average wage-income ($5069) which could indicate a degree of economic i n s t a -b i l i t y , though i t i s influenced by the number of young workers, and female workers. I t i s $200 less than the C i t y of Vancouver average wage. The seriousness of this factor depends l a r g e l y upon the permanency of this low income. An area with a high proportion of young people would have a lower income average as they are \"beginners\" i n the employment market. The West End i s an area a t t r a c t i v e to young people. I t also contains older homes, converted into suites, and the moderate rents attracts these young people as well as low income families. I\u00C2\u00A3. the accelerating growth of new apartments crowds out these houses, these people w i l l be forced to move elsewhere. -119-The sector of East Vancouver contains many families earning below the c i t y average wage. The housing here i s less expensive and therefore within the budget for u n s k i l l e d or manual workers who have lower incomes. New Westminster and Surrey are .well below the average wage incomee per family for the metropolitan area. The suburban areas a l l have a higher average income than the C i t y of Vancouver with the exception of the above-mentioned two and Richmond South East. New West-minster and Surrey have more manual wage earners, because of the nearby wood-working in d u s t r i e s . Richmond South East (Steveston) has an average family income of $4636 ($800 less than the Metropolitan Vancouver average) . Many of the people i n t h i s area are involved i n the f i s h i n g industry, either as fishermen or as cannery workers. This seasonal employment i s common, es p e c i a l l y among women, and this could help to account for the lower average. Another index selected to denote v u l n e r a b i l i t y i s the percentage of the male labour force who are unemployed. As previously noted, over 11,590 men i n Vancouver C i t y are i n this category and c e r t a i n sectors show s i g n i f i c a n t concentra-tions. \"Main-Victoria\" has 11.6 per cent of i t s employable male population without work. This represents 1152 men. Part of t h i s sector i s the \"Skidrow\" of Vancouver whdre i s character-i s t i c a l l y found men without roots, or with some problem such as alcoholism. The area has poor housing conditions rooms and cabins, has low rents, many oldsters, and others who are unable tp move to better accomodation -elsewhere. -120-Unemployment i n the suburban sectors do not reach the proportions found i n some of the urban sectors. In Surrey approximately 6 per cent of i t s male population recorded on the census they were \"looking for work\", Some of these of course,. 1: may be the younger entrants into the labour market. The index measuring the number of people i n the various sectors with only elementary education correlates with the indices measuring lowt average incomes and considerable unemployment. With l i m i t e d education, an i n d i v i d u a l i s only e l i g i b l e for u n s k i l l e d or manual labour and i s almost c e r t a i n i to have only low remuneration. These people are aleo suscep-t i b l e to unemployment because of the short-term nature and lack of r e g u l a r i t y of u n s k i l l e d work. Their chances for finding new openings are li m i t e d . \"Main-Victoria\" has a very high proportion (37.1 per cent) of i t s population with this l i m i t e d schooling. This figure represents 13,686 persons and almost one t h i r d of them are located i n the \"Chinatown\" di s -t r i c t . Many of the Chinese were brought to Canada to labour on the railway. They were an uneducated group and t h e i r minimal occupational and income l e v e l l i m i t e d the opportunities for improvement. \"False Creek\" has a high proportion of in d i v i d u a l s with only elementary education: one t h i r d of i t s population. That i t should show one of the lowest of average family incomes i s hardly surprising. East Vancouver also has a substantial number of poorly-educated residents. The people who have recently moved to the suburbs -121-g e n e r a l l y i n c l u d e many white c o l l a r groups and the M e t r o p o l i t a n Varc ouver p r o p o r t i o n o f persons w i t h o n l y elementary e d u c a t i o n i s 3 p e r cent l e s s than the C i t y of Vancouver percentage. New Westminster has the g r e a t e s t p r o p o r t i o n ofjj. people w i t h t h i s l i m i t e d : , e d u c a t i o n i n t h i s p a r t o f suburban s e c t o r s . These people f i n d employment, however, i n the m i l l s and i n d u s t r i e s l o c a t e d i n the s e c t o r , and the p r o p o r t i o n of unemployed males i s low. Surrey, p a r t i c u l a r l y the south p o r t i o n , a l s o has a c o n s i d e r a b l e number of persons w i t h l i m i t e d e d u c a t i o n . R i c h -mond South E a s t has a h i g h percentage o f persons w i t h l i t t l e e d u c a t i o n but here again the unemployment f i g u r e i s not out-st a n d i n g . The f i s h i n g i n d u s t r y l o c a t e d i n the area i s such that employment does not r e q u i r e much formal e d u c a t i o n . I n t h i s area there i s a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Japanese people. The o l d e r members o f t h i s r a c i a l group were born i n Japan where o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r ed u c a t i o n were l i m i t e d . Many who were Canadian-born a l s o had a l i m i t e d o p p o r t u n i t y f o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n due to internment d u r i n g the Second World War. The Japanese were sent to i s o l a t e d areas where f r e q u e n t l y there were no secondary s c h o o l s . The s e c t o r s i n which there i s a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f g a i n f u l l y employed men who are l a b o u r e r s corresjphnd c l o s e l y to those s e c t o r s r e c o r d i n g a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n of people w i t h o n l y elementary e d u c a t i o n . O p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r l e a r n i n g a skill ' ' \u00E2\u0080\u00A2*c i i v\u00C2\u00BBtrade i s d i f f i c u l t w i t h l i m i t e d e d u c a t i o n as f o r most programs, the p r e r e q u i s i t e i s grade nine or ten. A l s o -122-a physical disabil ity! or an i l lness w i l l remove them from the labour force to which they may have d i f f i cu l ty returning, par-t i cu lar ly after the age of forty. \"Main-Victoria 1 1 , \"False Creek\", and the northern portion of East Vancouver house many labourers and their families. Nearly 10 p l r cent of the employed males in ; 1 Main - Viccoria 1 ' are labourers. The i n -comes of these workers are low and they must reside where the rents are reasonable. A close proximity to their places of employment also influences the choice of a neighbourhood. Another index chosen to describe vulnerabil i ty is the proportion of low wage earners (male wage earners earning under ($2000), in a part icular area. This figure must be interpreted with caution, however, unless supporting infor-mation i s available. An area could contain a number of irregular workers, such as students, who naturally earn l i t t l e with only summer employment. This fact does not make this group part icular ly vulnerable. Young people earn less also, as they are \"beginners\" in their various occupations. As this is usually of a temporary nature they are also not an unstable group. Nevertheless, an area containing many young people w i l l have a higher proportion of low wage earners. Young families are found in new suburban areas such as Surrey and this may account for the sizeable proportion (11.9 per cent) of low wage earners. Nevertheless, there are some areas where this index suggests vulnerabil i ty . \"Main-Victoria\" and \"False Creek\" have over 22 per cent of their wage-earners in this low income bracket. -123-Low income i s here related to lack of s k i l l s and both mean inadequate f i n a n c i a l resources f i r a variety of c r i s e s . Minority Indications. The rationale behind the selection of indices representing recent immigration, minority ethnic groups, minority languages, and l e s s e r r e l i g i o u s denominations has previously been discussed. The point must be made that these do not always mean v u l n e r a b i l i t y . These indices are i n t e r e s t i n g i n themselves, and some are frankly experimental: they a l l need to be tested through correlations with other figures. Before analyzing the immigrant and ethnic group pattern of the various sectors, a description of the ethnic origins of the population of \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Metropolitan Vancouver and B r i t i s h Columbia i s b e n e f i c i a l . Out of a t o t a l population i n Metropolitan Vancouver of approximately 800,000 over 65 per cent are of \"Canadian\" stocks. Of the 65 per cent, over 60 per cent are of B r i t i s h o r i g i n , and only a small minority are of French o r i g i n . The percentage of people of B r i t i s h and French o r i g i n i n the t o t a l population of Vancouver are approximately the same as i n B r i t i s h Columbia. I t i s c l e a r that over h a l f of the population of both Metropolitan Vancouver and B r i t i s h Columbia are of B r i t i s h o r i g ins, and they compose a very d e f i n i t e majority of the \"Canadian\" stock. In contrast to the high percentage of English and French, the only true native of Canada, the Indian, composes less than one per cent of the t o t a l population of Metro--124-p o l i t a n Vancouver, and only s l i g h t l y over 2 per cent of the t o t a l i n B r i t i s h Columbia. These l a t t e r two percentages i n -dicate that most of the Native Indians l i v e i n r u r a l areas, while the p r i o r figures show that those persons of the ubiquit-ous English and French origins are evenly di s t r i b u t e d . The second largest group of persons comprising the population of Metropolitan Vancouver are the Continental Euro-peans. These people are, of course, from various back-grounds: together comprise j u s t under 30 per cent of the population of Vancouver and a l i k e percentage of the population of B r i t i s h Columbia. Continental Europeans, by and large, also seem to be evenly d i s t r i b u t e d between the r u r a l and urban areas. Of the Continental Europeans, persons of German and Scandinavian origins constitute nearly h a l f of the t o t a l figure. Other Europeans of various origins, including I t a l i a n s and Jewish,make up together the second largest group followed by the Slavics and the Northwest Europeans. In Metropolitan Vancouver, the Orientals make up 3 per cent of the t o t a l population. There are r e l a t i v e l y few Orientals i n the other areas of B r i t i s h Columbia. In c e r t a i n sectors of Vancouver C i t y , as well, as s p e c i f i c suburban areas, this ethnic group has s i g n i f i c a n t c u l t u r a l influence. Recent immigrants are adjusting to a new culture and assimilation presents various problems. The North Central sector of Vancouver C i t y has a high proportion of postwar immigrants and i t has revealed some of the earmarks of a -125-vulnerable area. In the Main-Victoria, sector nearly one-quarter are recent immigrants. Main-Victoria includes the area commonly known as Chinatown; there are nearly 10,000 people of Oriental o r i g i n l i v i n g i n this d i s t r i c t . This i s an old established area with a great number of deteriorated and overcrowded dwel-l i n g s . \"Main-Victoria\", with i t s concentration of inadequately educated immigrants i s extremely vulnerable. A p o s i t i v e note would be that \"Chinatown\" provides intimate contacts for many of i t s residents with r e l a t i v e s , neighbours, and friends, suggesting the attributes of primary group l i f e and informal controls i n the centre of a large urban area. Some of t h i s may be true of other ethnic groups where they have t h e i r own clubs, churches, and associations. These facts must also be considered i n planning for redevelopment i n the near future. High proportions of recent immigrants to Canada (1946-1961) are found i n the West End, \"East K i t s i l a n o \" , \"North East\", and \"False Creek\". The West End attracts people for rental units as nearly 90 per cent of the dwellings are tenant-occupied. \"Recent immigrants\" are not necessarily \"foreigners\", Lsimce: many of the recent immigrants a r r i v i n g i n this d i s t r i c t are B r i t i s h . No less than 68 per cent of the population i n this sector have B r i t i s h I s l e s o r i g i n . This group has no language b a r r i e r which would make employment d i f f i c u l t . \"East K i t s i l a n o \" has a high proportion of recent immigrants but here too there i s a higher than average percent-age of people from the B r i t i s h I s l e s . I t would appear to be a -126-much more v u l n e r a b l e area than the West End however; the average income i s l e s s , and the percentage o f unemployment almost double. I n the F a l s e Creek \" c o l l a r \" , there i s c e r t a i n l y a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of \" v u l n e r a b i l i t y i n d i c e s \" . N e a r l y o n e - h a l f of the d w e l l i n g s are o l d e r than f o r t y years i n d i c a t i n g d e t e r i o r -a t i n g housing c o n d i t i o n s . Economic i n s t a b i l i t y i s denoted by a low average wage income, a h i g h degree o f unemployment, and many p o o r l y educated r e s i d e n t s . A h i g h p r o p o r t i o n (41 per cent) o f the p o p u l a t i o n are n o n - B r i t i s h marking t h i s as a heterogen-eous area. I t i s not unreasonable to p r e d i c t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s o c i a l problems from these s t a t i s t i c s , and a v u l n e r a b i l i t y to v a r i o u s ^ c r i s i s a l l having important i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s . Recent immigrants make up 17.2 per cent o f the popu-l a t i o n of the \"North E a s t \" s u b s e c t o r of E a s t Vancouver.. T h i s i s h i g h e r than the average f o r Vancouver C i t y (15.3 p e r c e n t ) . The census t r a c t m a t e r i a l i n d i c a t e s a wide v a r i e t y of \" m i n o r i t y \" groups or people who c o u l d have c u l t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s to overcome. The \"Canadian way of l i f e \" and sometimes even \"the urban way of l i f e \" i s o f t e n l a r g e l y uriknown to c e r t a i n groups because of b a r r i e r s such as language, u n f a m i l i a r i t y , orf.'prejudice. A s s i m i l a t i o n takes time and o f t e n i t i s the c h i l d r e n who are caught between two d i s t i n c t c u l t u r e s l e a d i n g to p o s s i b l e f a m i l y d i f f i c u l t y . The cosmopolitan nature o f t h i s s e c t o r may be -127-i l l u s t r a t e d by assembling some of the ethnic group d i s t r i b u t i o n . Out of 37,700 about 19,200, a l i t t l e more than h a l f , are from B r i t a i n . The rest include the following: Ethnic Group: Number I t a l i a n 4,831 Scandinavian 2,135 German 1,619 Ukrainian 1,214 French 1,138 Dutch 806 P o l i s h 704 Russian 436 Other Europeans number 3,117, A s i a t i c s ;jL,99 8, and others -, not stated 59 6. A major b a r r i e r recent immigrants and others face i n t h e i r attempts to adjust to a new culture i s '.frequently that created by language differences. In Metropolitan Van-couver, as i n the rest of B r i t i s h Columbia, English i s the predominant language spoken exclusively by nearly 9 5 per cent of the population. Canada i s a b i l i n g u a l country having English and French as o f f i c i a l languages. As such, and as explained e a r l i e r i n t h i s Chapter, Frenph was not included i n the compilations of minority languages. I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t , however, that within the metropolitan area almost one-half of one per cent of the people speak French only. The majority of these people constitute the \"largest pocket\" i n Coquitlam Municipality (236). This i s not representative of those having a French background as approximately 4 per cent of the population i n the metropolitan area and B r i t i s h -128-Columbia are conversant i n both English and French. An assessment of language as a b a r r i e r to c u l t u r a l assimilation involves those who speak neither English nor French. In Metropolitan Vancouver this group numbered 7,9 55 persons i n 19 61 (approximately one per cent). Certain sectors show s i g n i f i c a n t concentrationslpockets).,, of these people. Ten per .cent of the t o t a l population of \"Main-Victoria\" do not have English as t h e i r mother-tongue which represents 3617 people. These immigrant groups may e a s i l y be l i m i t e d to only c e r t a i n types of employment because of thi s b a r r i e r . Inter-action with c Q t h e r people, not from t h e i r homeland, i s l i m i t e d i f they are unable to speak English well. I t has been noted that there i s a large concentration of Chinese people i n this area and thi s does not serve to motivate or force many of the residents to learn the new language. Contacts, e s p e c i a l l y amongst the women and those i n the older age groups who are not i n the labour force, are often r e s t r i c t e d to members of th e i r own ethnic group. In Steveston, 2 per cent of the popu-l a t i o n l i s t e d t h e i r o f f i c i a l language as neither B r i t i s h nor French. Here again there i s a concentration of A s i a t i c people under many of the influences as those i n \"Main-Victoria.\" \"False Creek\" and \"North East\" Vancouver have a high proportion of people born outside of Canada and, as might be expected, there are many whose o f f i c i a l language i s not English. In these two sectors there are approximately 1560 people with language l i m i t a t i o n s . -129-The major r e l i g i o u s groups i n B r i t i s h Columbia are the United Church, the Church of England, and the Roman Catholic Church. Over 242,000 residents (30 per cent) i n Metropolitan Vancouver belong to the United Church of Canada. The United Church a f f i l i a t e s are followed c l o s e l y by the t o t a l of a l l other denominations excluding the Roman Catholics and Anglicans. In fact, the number ofcpersons a f f i l i a t e d with the other denom-inations are almost the same as those belonging to the United Church. The Church of England has a membership t o t a l l i n g 177,251 i n Metropolitan Vancouver or over 22 per cent of the population. Approximately :12,9D0: persons cin th i s area are a f f i l i a t e d with the Roman Catholic Church. However, the t o t a l of those a f f i l i a t e d with the United 5Church and other denominations i s greater than 60 per cent of the population of Metropolitan Vancouver. There i s no appreciable difference between the percentage of persons associated with these r e l i g i o u s organizations i n Metropolitan Vancouver as compared to a l l of B r i t i s h Columbia. Membership i n minority r e l i g i o u s denominations can be both an integrating and disorganizing force i n an area as indicated i n the introduction. Over 40 per cent of the population of \"False Creek\" belong to minority r e l i g i o n s and this i s evidently correlated here with other ethnic d i f f e r e n t i a l s . The only other area with so noticeably high a proportion of people who do not belong to eit h e r the Anglican Church, Roman -130 C a t h o l i c f a i t h , or the U n i t e d Church i s Richmond, South West or St e v e s t o n . T h i s i s l a r g e l y i n f l u e n c e d by the h i g h p r o p o r t i o n of Japanese Canadians who do not belong to any o f the major denominations. TABLE 22. Some Indication of Minority Groups. Metropolitan Vancouver - 1961\u00C2\u00BB Not Minority Lesser Proportion Br i t i sh Language Religious of S e c t o r or :\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (a) denomin- Labourers French ations (c) Origin (b) I. Vancouver City 37.0 1.7 33.1 5.5 AvUniversity-Pt.Grey 20.8 0.2 25.1 2.1 B.Kerrisdale-Dunibar 17.2 0.3 21.3 2 o X C.Shaughnossy 26.3 0.4 27.5 2.6 D.West End 19.2 0.5 31. i 3.6 E.North Central 45.7 4.4 33.8 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 -1. E. Kitsi lano 31.4 0.6 30.7 4.2 2. False Creek 41.2 2.2 41.1 6.9 3. Main-Victoria 62.7 9.8 31.3 9.6 F. East Vano ouver 40.6 1.3 33.8 1. North East 42.9 2.5 29 o 5 8.0 2. East Central 39.0 0.9 33.9 6.0 3. Fraserview 41.3 0.9 33>3 6.1 II. Burnaby New West1 r. A. Burnaby 1 31.9 0.3 28.5 4.4 B. Burnaby 2 32.6 0.3 29.6 4.4 C. Burnaby 3 30.0 0.5 3 X \u00C2\u00BB2 5 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 3 D.New Westminster 33.9 0.7 33.9 8.2 III. North Shore A. West Vanoouver 15.7 0.1 20.6 2.3 B. N.Vanoouver (Distr ict) 21.4 0.1 20.8 3.3 C. N.Vancouver (City) 28.4 0.5 25.8 . 5.6 TV. Eastern Suburbs A. Coquitlam-Fraser - -Mil ls 33.9 0.3 24.7 6.6 B. Surrey North 40.3 0.3 34.3 7.5 C. Surrey South 31.9 0.3 29.9 7.1 V. Southern Suburbs A. Richmond West 32.8 0.4 27.4 4.8 B. Richmond S.E. 51.6 2.3 37.9 6.3 C. Delta 33.9 0.8 29.6 4.5 Metropolitan-Yanoouve r 34.0 1.0 30.6 5.4 (a)--Persons whose mother tongue is ne .ther Engl. Lsh nor French (b) Excludes Roman Cat^olio, Churoh Of England, and United Church, (o) Men\"who returned oooupation as \"Labourer\" as proportion of tota l gainful ly employed males. TABLE 23. More Indices Indicating Stability or Vulnerability. Metropolitan Vancouver, 1961. Average Male Un- Elementary Proportion Low wage' Income employ- Education of Rented Earners Wage ment (a) Only Households (*) Earner Sector Families I. Vancouver City |5366 7.2 22.5 39.2 15.1 A.University-Pt.Grey 7349 2.7 7.3 22.3 15.3 B.Kerrisdale-Dunbar 6656 2.7 9.5 7.1 12.2 C.Shaughnessy 7825 1.9 12.2 23.8 11.9 D.West End 5178 3.5 22.0 88.5 17.4 E.North C e n t r a l 29,1 64.6 1, East Kitsilano 5069 6.7 18.3 58.8 15.1 2. False Creek 4323 7.7 32.8 83 .2 22.6 3. Main-Victoria 3752 11.6 37.1 56.4 22.4 F. East Vancouver 24.4 22.1 1. North East 4734 7.4 29.4 20.8 14.7 2. East Central 9^28 6.1 24.1 22.4 13.4 3. Fraserview 5279 3.3 21.3 22.5 11.9 II. Burnaby^ New West'r. A. Burnaby 1 5497 4.5 17.9 16.1 10.7 B. Burnaby 2 , 5626 .3.8 17.3 22.6 9.9 Co Burnaby 3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2,., 5390 4.0 18.5 20.9 11.1 D. New Westminster \u00C2\u00A7194 4,8 21.8 37.4 13.1 III. North Shore A. West Vancouver 7985 2.4 6.7 14.1 9.7 Bo N.Vancouver (District) 6395 2.8 8.1 13.4 8.6 Co N.Vanoouveir(^ity) 5503 5.5 16.9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A235.3 11.9 IV. Eastern Suburbs Ao Coquitlam-Fraser Mills 5522 3.5 19.7 16.3 9.7 B. Surrey North 4681 6.3 18.9 18.3 11.3 Go Surrey South 4543 5.9 21.0 16.1. 13.7 V. Southern Suburbs Ao Richmond W. 5414 3.3 13.8 18.1 8.9 Bo Richmond S.E. 4636 4.7 20.6 26.9 13,1 ! C. Delta 5186 3.6 18.3 20.2 10.8 iMetro. Vancouver $5489 5.7 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2vn n ~ 4-1,. 19.5 30.3 13.0 of the total male labour force. i(c) Male Wage Earners who earned under $2000.00 in 1960 - 1961. -131-Chapter 7. Housing and L i v i n g Conditions. Urban, Suburban, and Rural Differences i n the Size of Households, Approximately h a l f the population of B r i t i s h Columbia i s located i n the Metropolitan Vancouver area, and nearly h a l f of the metropolitan population i s that of the c i t y proper. A comparative study of the population figures for the C i t y of Vancouver and the metropolis reveals information about the d i s t r i b u t i o n of urban and suburban population while a study of the d i s t r i b u t i o n of household size (Table 6) indicates where the concentrations of large and small families are. The size of household that has the greatest concen-t r a t i o n i n the C i t y of Vancouver, Metropolitan Vancouver, B r i t i s h Columbia and Canada i s the \"2-3 person\" household. The proportion of this size of household for the c i t y i s 47.9, for the metropolis 45.1, for the Province 43.3 and the Dominion figure i s 40 per cent of the t o t a l number of households. As the area increases, more suburban and r u r a l areas are i n -cluded, and the concentration oft the \"1 person\" and \"2 - 3 person\" households gradually decreases. The reverse i s true of \"4-5 person\" and \"6 or more person\" households. I t appears that the larger families are concentrated i n the suburban and ru r a l areas. In Vancouver C i t y , the percentage of households with s i x or more persons i s 9.3; i n the metropolitan area the per-centage i s 10.8; while this proportion increases to 12.5 for the Province and 19.1 for the Dominion. A s i g n i f i c a n t -132-difference i n th i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c appears between Metropolitan Vancouver and B r i t i s h Columbia. One reason for this difference might be the existence of the extended family. Although there are a considerable number of extended families among the Chinese population i n \"Chinatown; among the French i n M a i l l a r d -v i l l e , and i n I t a l i a n and Japanese settlements, a l l of which are within the confines of the metropolitan area; there are also many of this type of family i n the farming and Doukabour population which i s taken into consideration i n the p r o v i n c i a l figure. The difference between the p r o v i n c i a l and dominion figures i s seen to be the substantial number of large French Canadian families located i n the eastern provinces. A p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n i s observed between large families and crowded dwellings. Census counts, of course, do not stipulate whether the crowded homes are those which are occupied by large families or not, but i t i s noted that the percentage of crowded houses increases proportionately with the percentage of large households. The proportion of crowded houses i n Vancouver C i t y i s 7.2, and 8.3 i n the metropolis. Crowding i s evidently considerably greater outside the metro-p o l i t a n area, for the ov e r a l l p r o v i n c i a l figure i s as high as 12.1. Another fact i s that the number of smaller housing units on farms i s r e l a t i v e l y large. The conclusion drawn from these observations i s that large families contribute to crowded l i v i n g conditions. Another influence i n inadequate housing i s low -133-income and low economic status. A large part of the population with meagre incomes are attracted to low rental d i s t r i c t s . The t o t a l number of households i n the C i t y of Van-couver i s approximately 52 per cent of the t o t a l i n the metro-p o l i t a n area. Two s i g n i f i c a n t differences i n the proportions for household size exist between these two areas. These d i f -ferences are; 4 per cent for the \"1 person\" households and 5.4 per cent for the \"4-5 person\" households. The former indicates that a\larger proportion of single people l i v e i n the c i t y than i n the surrounding d i s t r i c t s and suburbs. The l a t t e r figure indicates that larger concentrations of the \"4-5 person\" house-holds reside i n the suburban and r u r a l areas of the metropolitan region than within the Vancouver C i t y l i m i t s . Both these con-clusions have important s o c i a l implications for they indicate what kind of welfare services, i f any, w i l l be required or should be established. Besides crowded dwellings, seven other indices were chosen as representative of poor housing conditions. These are: houses i n need of major repair, households lacking ex-clusive use of a flush t o i l e t and/or bathing f a c i l i t i e s , houses without running water, without r e f r i g e r a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , with-out central heating, and houses with coal and wood heat. These f a c i l i t i e s and conditions are no longer considered luxuries, but necessities, i n modern American society, and i t i s there-fore surprising to f i n d that homes s t i l l lack many of these f a c i l i t i e s even within the confines of a metropolitan area. -134-The i n c i d e n c e o f the l a c k o'f e x c l u s i v e use of a f l u s h t o i l e t and_or bathing f a c i l i t i e s , l a c k o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , and the use of c o a l and wood heat i s g r e a t e r i n the C i t y o f Vancouver than i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n area. In r e -l a t i o n to the t o t a l number of households i n these areas, the d i f f e r e n c e i n the e x i s t e n c e of these c o n d i t i o n s i s s i g n i f i c a n t and i s g r e a t e r than 2 per cent f o r both the l a c k o f e x c l u s i v e [ use o f a f l u s h t o i l e t and bat h i n g f a c i l i t i e s . These l a r g e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n the C i t y o f Vancouver are a t t r i b u t e d to the g r e a t e r number o f conve r t e d revenue houses. The p r o p o r t i o n of households without e x c l u s i v e use of a bath or shower, w i t h -out e x c l u s i v e use of a f l u s h t o i l e t and u t i l i z i n g c o a l and wood heat i s g r e a t e r i n the C i t y o f Vancouver than i n Census D i v i s i o n A,as w e l l as i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n area. The pro-p o r t i o n a t e f i g u r e s f o r the Dominion and f o r the P r o v i n c e are the. l a r g e s t f o r a l l e i g h t o f these i n d i c e s r e p r e s e n t i n g poor housing c o n d i t i o n s ; the Dominion f i g u r e s are the g r e a t e s t . C o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r r e l a t e d n e s s i s observed between some o f these i n d i c e s o f housing. For i n s t a n c e , i f a house i s crowded, i t i s l i k e l y to be o l d and d e l a p i d a t e d f o r these are the houses w i t h low r e n t s . Since there are many people i n low income brackets who are a t t r a c t e d to these economical l i v i n g q u a r t e r s , the i n f l u x o f t h i s p o p u l a t i o n g i v e s r i s e to crowded c o n d i t i o n s . I f the house i s o l d and crowded, i t i s pr o b a b l y equipped w i t h o n l y one s e t o f plumbing, f o r i n a l l l i k e l i h o o d , i t i s a converted d w e l l i n g which now houses two - 1 3 5 -or more households. There i s a preponderance of t h i s type of d w e l l i n g i n the C i t y o f Vancouver. The l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n of people i n the c i t y who do not have r e f r i g e r a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s can be p a r t i a l l y accounted f o r by the f a c t t h a t they l i v e c l o s e r to shopping areas and \"around the c o r n e r \" from c o n f e c t i o n e r y s t o r e s . To these people, r e f r i g e r a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s would be c o n s i d e r e d more o f a l u x u r y than a n e c e s s i t y . However, people l i v i n g i n the suburban and more r u r a l areas, such as those i n c l u d e d i n the t o t a l metropol-i t a n r e g i o n , would view r e f r i g e r a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s to be more o f a n e c e s s i t y and an economical measure. D a i r y farmers, c h i c k e n ranchers, f r u i t growers, and market gardeners i n c l u d e c o o l e r s and r e f r i g e r a t o r s i n t h e i r overhead. These are found i n Coquitlam, D e l t a , Richmond,and Su r r e y m u n i c i p a l i t i e s . The g r e a t e s t s u r p r i s e o f a l l i s t h a t a l a r g e r pro-p o r t i o n o f the homes i n the c i t y have c o a l and wood heat than those i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n area. One would t h i n k t h a t s i n c e the r e s i d e n t s o f the c i t y f h f l v e e a s i e r access to other sources of heat, they would u t i l i z e e l e c t r i c i t y , n a t u r a l gas, o i l , e t c . to heat t h e i r houses. However, development and b u i l d i n g i n the suburban areas i s more re c e n t w h i l e i n the o l d e r p a r t s o f the c i t y , houses were b u i l t and equipped w i t h c o a l and wood stoves l o n g before e l e c t r i c i t y , o i l , a n d gas were c o n s i d e r e d p r a c t i c a l f o r h e a t i n g purposes. I n many p a r t s o f the c i t y , income from the revenue houses cannot support the c o s t o f c o n v e r t i n g to more modern h e a t i n g systems. The h i g h e s t among the i n d i c e s o f -136-old-fashioned housing conditions i n Vancouver C i t y i s the use of wood and coal heat. This proportion i s 11.0 for the c i t y and 9.8 for the metropolitan region. More than thirteen thousand homes i n Vancouver are heated by coal and wood, while less than twenty-three thousand are located within the confines of the metropolitan area. Very ifew dwellings are without running water i n either the c i t y or the metropolis, but the incidence r i s e s sharply i n the province. Nearly 5 per cent of the households i n B r i t i s h Columbia are without running water. Only 0.3 per cent i n the C i t y of Vancouver and 0.5 per cent i n the metro-p o l i t a n area are without this convenience. Within the c i t y l i m i t s , 364 households lack running water and i n the adjacent and surrounding d i s t r i c t s there are 756 more. Those that do not having running water i n the c i t y are probably not houses, but rooms i n some of the poorer rental d i s t r i c t s since \"house-hold\"for census purposes can include such a room. In addition to the indices that indicate the con-d i t i o n and qu a l i t y of housing, other indices were also selected which r e f l e c t the economic aspects of housing. The economic status of the residents i s seen to be r e f l e c t e d i n ownership, with or without mortgages, median value of homes, number of rented units, average monthly rents, and whether or not the household has a passenger automobile. Items r e l a t i n g to values and mortgages, according to explanations of census terms, apply -137-to owner-occupied single detached non-farm dwellings. Value refers to the amount expected i f the dwelling were sold to a w i l l i n g buyer. Rents apply to a l l rented non-farm dwellings regardless of type. Automobile ownership does not indicate whether the car i s owned outright or i f a large part of the cost i s being financed and therefore s t i l l outstanding. Neither do the census s t a t i s t i c s indicate whether those people who have cars are the same people who are buying or own t h e i r homes. There are proportionately fewer households i n the C i t y of Vancouver who have a passenger car than i n eit h e r the metropolitan area or i n B r i t i s h Columbia. The l a t t e r two more in c l u s i v e areas have e s s e n t i a l l y the same proportion of people who own cfars, namely, 71 per cent of the t o t a l households. On the other hand, Vancouver C i t y has only 62 per cent or a t o t a l of 74,247 households that have automobiles. Fewer people i n a large c i t y have a need for a car since transportation f a c i l i -t i e s are much better than i n the outlying d i s t r i c t s . In view of t r a f f i c congestion during the \"rush hours\" and parking d i f f i c u l t i e s during work hours, i t i s to the advantage of urban residents to use a bus to commute to and from t h e i r place of employment or business. Those who l i v e further out may f i n d i t absolutely necessary to own a car, e s p e c i a l l y i f a car-pool or a ride to work i s not available. Nowadays, many people commute as far as t h i r t y - f i v e miles to work i n Vancouver. Towns as far out as Aldergrove, Abbotsford, Mission, etc. are considered \"bedroom communities\", for many -138-people who work i n Vancouver, Burnaby, and New Westminster, sleep i n these valley towns. I t has been predicted that within ten years these towns w i l l be included i n what i s now known as Metropolitan Vancouver. Nearly 61 per cent of the homes i n Vancouver C i t y are owner-occupied. Thus only 40 per cent of the homes are rented. In Metropolitan Vancouver 30 per cent are rented and 70 per cent are owner-occupied. More households and families i n the suburban areas own the house i n which they l i v e than i n the c i t y . Houses farther out are not as easy to rent so the preponderance of converted units and apartments are found i n the c i t y sectors that are close to places of employment. The proportionate number of apartments i s greater i n Vancouver C i t y than i n the metropolis, the Province or i n Canada. Since 1961, the date of the census, the rate of apartment building has accelerated. While driving through the c i t y , one i s no longer surprised to see old houses being torn down and either two or three-story or high-rise apartments taking t h e i r place. As one might expect, the proportion of owner-occupied homes reporting a mortgage i s greater i n the metropolitan area than i n Vancouver C i t y , and correspondingly, the average value of homes i n the larger area i s s l i g h t l y more. Evidently, those people l i v i n g i n the suburbs value t h e i r homes more and there i s a growing tendency today to consider the advantages of suburban l i v i n g . Quite a few successful middle-class entrepeneurs and -139-professional people are building large expensive homes i n the peaceful countryside. New a r t e r i a l highways into the c i t y have encouraged t h i s , i n as much as they have f a c i l i t a t e d travel back and forth to o f f i c e or business. The existence of many priced homes i n the C i t y of Vancouver i s masked i n the average value of the urban homes. This i s due to the great majority of small single detached houses located i n the eastern h a l f of the c i t y . This area extends roughly east of Main Street from the south shore of Burrard I n l e t to the north bank of the North Arm of the Fraser River. The higher p r i c e d houses, with the exception of the \" c o l l a r \" around False Creek, are located west to Kerrisdale-Dunbar and north from there to Spanish Banks, with others on the North Shore. The high concentration of population, proximity to the work arena, and lack of space has necessitated the growth of apartment blocks i n Vancouver, and the number of converted dwellings. There are over thirty-seven thousand apartments i n the c i t y and more than 47,000 i n the metropolitan region. Within the c i t y l i m i t s the average rent was $77 i n May,1961,and $75 i n the metropolis. The range for the monthly rent was from $55 to $116, averaged for the various census tr a c t s . Today some monthly rents run as high as $200 and more i f a luxurious penthouse i s being l e t . A more detailed study of the various census tracts for a l l these indices w i l l follow. TABLE 24. Comparative Housing Patterns: City,of Vancouver, Metropolitan Vancouver, Census Division #4, British Columbia, and Canada* I96l. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Item . J City i of Vanoouver Metro-politan Vanoouver Census 1 Division British Columbia Canada Owner-Ocoupied Dwellings 60.8 69.7 70.4 71.0 66.0 -Owner-Occupied' -Re-porting a Mortgage 26.5 35.5 33.4 28.6 21.5 Average Value of Occupied Dwellings $13,783 $13 j 932 $13,424 $11,744 $11,021 Tenant-Occupied Dwellings 39.2 30.3 29.6 29.0 34.0 Average Contract Monthly Rent $ 77.0 $ 75,0 $ 72.0 $ 65.0 $ 65.0 Households with Automobiles 62.7 71.3 71.8 71.8 6.8.4 Apartment and Flats. 31.7 - 20.8 17.7 14.9 25.3 TABLE 25. Comparative Housing Conditions; City of Vancouver, Metropolitan Vancouver, Census Division #4, British Columbia and Canada? 1961. In need of Major i Repair 3.6 3.7 4.1 5.5 5.6 Without Running Water .3 .5 1.1 5.0 10.9 Without Exclusive Flush Toilet 10.9 8.5 13.3 13.9 21.0 Without Exclusive Bath or Shower 7.9 5.8 6.6 11.5 22.9 Without Refrigeration Facilities 4.5 3.8 4.3 7.2 8.1 Coal or Wood Heated 11.0 9.8 11.9 20.7 23.5 .Without Furnace |(Central Heating) 10.5 16.1 20.5 30.1 32.6 - 1 4 0 -Housing C o n d i t i o n s . Housing may be c o n s i d e r e d a \" g e n e r i c i n d i c a t o r \" f o r i t i s the r e q u i s i t e and common denominator of a l l f a m i l y l i f e . S t u d i e s o f housing c o n d i t i o n s p r o v i d e h e a l t h and w e l f a r e author-i t i e s w i t h many i n d i c a t i o n s about aspects t h a t are v i t a l to the h e a l t h y f u n c t i o n i n g o f the f a m i l y . Good housing c o n d i t i o n s are o f g r e a t importance to people i n a l l walks of l i f e whether m a r r i e d or s i n g l e , young or o l d , r i c h or poor, and e s p e c i a l l y to thosa whose task i t i s to r e a r the c i t i z e n s of tomorrow. These are the p a rents o f today. The k i n d and q u a l i t y of housing c o n d i t i o n s i s o f t e n determined by the amount of f a m i l y income,. When incomes are m a r g i n a l , the amount t h a t must be p a i d on r e n t w i l l determine how much the f a m i l y can spend on food and c l o t h i n g , to say n o t h i n g about f u l f i l l i n g a l l the other urgent needs., The morale of the f a m i l y u n i t and the way the f a m i l y f i t s i n t o i t s neigh-bourhood and the outer community are l a r g e l y determined by the k i n d o f house i n which the f a m i l y l i ves. I f the income o f the wage-earner head o f the household does not a l l o w f o r adequate housing, i t i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of community o r g a n i z e r s and p l a n n e r s to d e t e c t t h i s need and s e t programs i n motion t h a t w i l l a l l e v i a t e and a m e l i o r a t e t h i s problem, though i t may a l s o r e q u i r e other s o c i a l p o l i c i e s . As t h i s study w i l l i n d i c a t e , i t i s not merely the p r o v i s i o n o f a \" r o o f over one's head\" t h a t determines the degree o f f a v o u r a b l e housing c o n d i t i o n s . Many f a c t o r s are determinants o f the q u a l i t y of housing. Some of -141 these are the size of the house i n r e l a t i o n to the number of people residing therein, the exclusive use of laundry, t o i l e t , cooking, and bathing f a c i l i t i e s , the kind of public u t i l i t i e s available, the age of the structure i t s e l f , and whether or not i t has been well maintained. Although the cost of the house, the taxes, or the rent are l i m i t i n g factors i n consideration of income for many people, a v a i l a b i l i t y and a c c e s s i b i l i t y to work are also important i n f l u e n t i a l factors. Thus, there are c e r t a i n areas that are overcrowded because of t h e i r location. Location i s also interpreted i n terms of status, for some areas are more desireable than others because of the types and q u a l i t y of housing i n them. Town-planners have c l a s s i f i e d c e r t a i n sections of the c i t y and suburbs as r e s i d e n t i a l areas and others as i n -d u s t r i a l s i t e s . Some form of planning and control of the erection of homes i n r e l a t i o n to recreational, i n d u s t r i a l , and a g r i c u l t u r a l areas, i s being increasingly recognized as desireable and feasible; and this i s r e a l l y a \"welfare\" measure i n the wider sense of the word. I t i s the objective of this study to s c r u t i n i z e i n d e t a i l some indices that are representative of the q u a l i t y of housing, and sometimes the economic status of the occupants, i n the Metropolitan Vancouver region. For this purpose, eleven indices were selected, although many more might have been com-p i l e d from the 19 61 Census of Canada data. Five of these indices were computed i n such a fashion as to detect the degree of poor housing conditions and the p a r t i c u l a r area affected. I t i s not -142-contended that these are the only i n f l u e n t i a l factors i n housing, but taken together they are very i n d i c a t i v e , and begin to make the pattern of the widespread metropolitan .\"region\" more i n t e l l -i g i b l e from a welfare point of view. A f i r s t i n d i c a t i v e measurement i s the age of housing. The plan of d i v i s i o n into sectors (explained i n preceding pages) permits the pattern of the c i t y , i n t h i s respect, to be described i n broad outline. I t does not give a l l the d e t a i l , for some new houses are to be found i n almost a l l d i s t r i c t s : an \"old area\" means that i t i s predominantly made up of houses b u i l t forty years or more ago. Other measurements would be possible, but the mdice,\"built before 19 20\", has been selected as the most i n -dicative from those available i n the census compilation. More-over, there i s a difference between old houses and old residents. Ownership and tenants change; for that matter, the oldest houses are the most l i k e l y to become converted into suites, rooms, and apartments. At the other extreme, a few r e a l l y old houses may be among the f i n e s t i n the c i t y . But this i s rare; and since most houses i n Vancouver are frame or wooden structures, t h e i r l i f e i s l i m i t e d unless they have been given a good deal of main-tenance and upkeep. With these reservations, the age pattern i s one of the best preliminaries for a s o c i a l analysis of the c i t y . As might be expected, the largest proportion of these older dwellings are found i n what has been termed i n t h i s study the \"North C e n t r a l \" sector of the c i t y proper. These are con-centrated i n the \"Main-Victoria\" subsector, where 61.7 per cent of a l l the houses i n this area were b u i l t before 19 20. The next -143 most concentrated subsector of old established houses i s the \"False Creek\" area where the proportion i s 48.7. These are the areas where the c i t y f i r s t started. The West End comes t h i r d with 29.1 per cent; while another old area \"East K i t s i l a n o \" (close to False Creek), and the r e l a t i v e l y old c i t y of New Westminster are a close fourth and f i f t h with percentages of 28.7 arid 28.1 older houses, respectively. The West End would have appeared higher i n the l i s t i f i t had not been so favoured a spot for apartment building which was showing up notably by 19 61. The \"Main-Victoria\" area i s not only one of the oldest established areas i n the Greater Vancouver region but itvhas a large concentration of r e l a t i v e l y small houses. This area, com-prised of 10,359 dwellings, contains one-third of a l l the older homes i n the C i t y of Vancouver. Three areas i n the metropolitan region stand out as not having any houses b u i l t before 19 201 These are the two ad-jacent neighbourhoods of Kerrisdale and Dunbar, developed prim-a r i l y a f t e r the end of World War I; and North Surrey and South-east Richmond, which characterize the most recently developed sectors. The Kerrisdale-Dunbar sector i s a r e l a t i v e l y recent \"inner suburb;\" the \"Eastern and Southern Suburbs\" are new \"outer\" communities. There i s more than one i n d i c a t i o n that the areas that have been b u i l t up within the l a s t two decades are concen-trated l a r g e l y i n North Surrey and Richmond municipalites. The North Shore i s a special case, not only d i f f e r i n g markedly be-tween \"North Vancouver\" and \"West Vancouver\", but also including old as well as new residences. -144-In Metropolitan Vancouver, 16.2 per cent of a l l ex-i s t i n g residences - about one i n every s i x - were b u i l t forty-four or more years ago. Thirty-seven thousand homes (in c l u d i n g apartments and other dwellings) out of a t o t a l of 228,598 were b u i l t before 19 20. To t h i s t o t a l , Vancouver C i t y contributes nearly twenty-eight thousand, New Westminster 2,!>87, and North Vancouver C i t y 1,137. The rest of the older houses are found to be spread rather evenly across the d i s t r i c t s . Almost every-where i n the Lower Mainland, there are a few pioneers who s e t t l e d i n when the c i t y was young. ' The d i s t r i b u t i o n of older homes indicates areas which should be considered for slum removal and redevelopment pro-gra\tis, They do, however, cover sizeable t r a c t s . C i t y surveys by the Housing Department have now scheduled these, notably i n and around the \"False Creek C o l l a r \" but there are \"pockets\" at many other points. Through conversion, several units are created where one formerly existed. A c c e s s i b i l i t y to work and low rentals have attracted many people of low income brackets to l i v e i n these areas. The dwellings have become progressively overcrowded and i n need of major repair. I f conditions i n the \"neighbourhoods\" as well as the houses have declined through the years, these become the dependent and deprived d i s t r i c t s of p a r t i c u l a r concern to a l l health and welfare authorities known to s o c i a l agencies who plan for the future of the community. I f minimum l i v i n g conditions are to be established and main-tained, public housing projects and \"neighbourhood\" redevelopment -145-programs are e s s e n t i a l , since the meager income of the residents w i l l not allow them to move to better homes. Forty years i s not necessarily the c r i t i c a l period. Although South-east Richmond hate no., houses erected before 19 20, i t i s the area with the highest concentration of houses i n need of major repair. I t has a t o t a l of 235 houses i n this condition, and this represents 11.8 per cent of a l l the residences i n this area. The next highest concentration of rundown homes i s located i n the \"Main-Victoria\" sector, with 7.5 per cent or a t o t a l of 780. The \"Main-Victoria\" sector i s the largest contributor of this kind of house, judged by numbers rather than rate, to the Metropolitan Vancouver t o t a l of 8,510. Except for \"East Central\" Vancouver with 511 and North Surrey with 501 such dwellings,the \"Main-Victo\u00C2\u00B1 i V figure i s twice that found i n any other sector i n the whole of Greater Vancouver. Once again t h i s indicates the need for redevelopment programs to begin i n the \"Main-Victoria\" area i f the objective i s to serve the greatest number of people l i v i n g i n crowded, rundown accomodations. Nine sectors of the metropolitan area report no houses i n need of major repair according to the 1961 census. In Van-couver C i t y these sectors are the University-Point Grey, K e r r i s -dale-Dunbar, the West End, and \"Fraserview\". The 122 found i n North Burnaby represent only 1.2 per cent of a l l the houses i n th i s municipality. These are i s o l a t e d or small pockets of early buildings. By contrast, p e a r l y one-third of the houses i n New Westminster were b u i l t over forty years ago and they are i n -146-better than average condition, for only 1.5 per cent (or 140 dwellings) are detected as seriously rundown or neglected. From the census survey, New Westminster i s a compact com-munity with a system of u t i l i t i e s , sidewalks, etc. l a i d down from the beginning, and less opportunity for home-made pioneer houses than the big unregulated areas. In North Burnaby, approximately 80 per cent of the houses have been b u i l t since World War I I , but many of them are of very modest character. Lots were cheap i n those days! Central and South Burnaby re-port no houses i n need of major repair, nor do North Vancouver, Delta Municipality, and the Coquitlam-Fraser M i l l s sector. I t i s apparent that many of the houses that we re-b u i l t before 19 20 have now been repaired or remodeled. This seems p a r t i c u l a r l y evident i n those areas whence there i s a high concentration of older established homes. The \"heirarchy\" of houses b u i l t before 19 20 and houses i n need of major repair do not coincide. Some older homes, i n other words, had reached that state of depreciation i n which either they were repaired, or demolished and replaced by apartment blocks. The areas that had no houses b u i l t before 19 20 have reported a considerable number of dwellings that were seriously run-down and show one or more str u c t u r a l d e f i c i e n c i e s . I t i s evident that these homes are j u s t o ld enough to be recognized as i n need of attention. Figures for New Westminster and Burnaby i n the main suburbs and North Surreyvand South-east Richmond i n the outer areas support this assump ton. -147-As has been stated above, low income families, single men, pensioners, etc. have been attracted to the low-rent d i s -t r i c t s , and cause and e f f e c t i n t e r a c t to produce a high incidence of crowded dwellings. Crowded units are usually found i n the areas that have high concentrations of old houses and houses i n need of major repair. A dwelling i s deemed crowded i n which the number of persons l i v i n g therein exceeds the number of rooms occupied. Thus a fiv e room house i n which s i x or more people l i v e i s considered a crowded home. Rather su r p r i s i n g l y , the northern portion of North Surrey municipality has the highest percentage of crowded dwellings i n the Greater Vancouver area. The index for this northern sector of North Surrey i s 15.2 per cent but includes only 1,645 crowded houses i n the metropolitan area. The metropolitan area has a proportion of 8.3 or a t o t a l of. 18,9 77 crowded dwellings. Crowded conditions i n North Surrey evidently corres-pond with low rents i n this municipality. Census t r a c t 180, an area extending along the south bank of the Fraser River from the eastern t i p of Annacis Island to Port Mann, contains 223 crowded homes or nearly one-tenth of t o t a l crowded residences i n this municipality. The area located south and east of Port Mann (census t r a c t 183) confines 470 crowded houses or approx-imately o n e - f i f t h the municipal t o t a l . Both these areas report low monthly rents of $49 and $52, respectively, which are some of the lowest rents i n the Vancouver Metropolis. However,census -148-tr a c t 225, better known as Stevestoh, i s one area where stat-i s t i c s do not support the assumption that low rent i s a(. contrib-uting factor for crowded l i v i n g conditions. In Steveston, the average monthly rent i s $44 which i s the lowest i n the whole metropolitan region. ( I t does not, however* report any crowded dwellings i n 19 61). This i s a special community, predominantly comprised of Japanese fishermen, older than the bulk of housing now being b u i l t i n Surrey, and d i f f e r e n t i n several other respects. The region that contributes most of the crowded houses to the metropolitan t o t a l i s the \"Central\" sector of the eastern h a l f of Vancouver where there are 2,410 such houses, while the 'Main-Victoria\" sector i s second with 1,462. The former sector i s bounded by Cambie, Broadway, Boundary, and 45th Avenue. The l a t t e r sector i s the region to the north and i s contained between Main and V i c t o r i a streets from 16th Avenue to the south shore of Burrard I n l e t . In the \"Central\" section, one small area, i n par-t i c u l a r , has a high incidence of crowded houses. This area i s bordered by Boundary Road, Renfrew, 29th and Broadway Avenues. The proportion of crowded l i v i n g quarters i n this area (census tra c t 25) i s 17.9 per cent and represents 450 u n i t s . The area with the heaviest concentration i n the\"Main-Victoria\" sector i s census tr a c t 50, where the percentage i s 24.9 and comprises 435 unit s . This area i s tound i n the \"False Creek\" neighbour-hood and i s outlined by Clark Drive, Main Street, Terminal -149-Avenue and Hastings. Over h a l f the population here i s A s i a t i c and the d i s t r i c t includes what i s commonly known as \"Chinatown\". A large redevelopment program i s now under way i n this section around what was formerly McLean Park; the old park has given i t s name to the new housing project. The t o t a l population i s packed into a rather small portion of this sector. I t i s ringed by the Canadian National Railway station, railway tracks, fac-t o r i e s , warehouses, and r e t a i l stores ( p a r t i c u l a r l y along Main Street). There i s good reason why slum removal and redevelopment programs began there. By contrast, no.: crowding whatsoever i s reported i n sectors that also have the highest rents. These are University-Point Grey, Kerrisdale-Dunbar, and West Vancouver on the north shore. I t i s of i n t e r e s t to note that over two-thirds of the families l i v i n g i n these sectors are small or young families -the average i s two or less per household. In the \"Main-Victoria\" sector, and i n North Surrey, a greater number of families have f i v e or more children. Family size i s n a t u r a l l y a major contrib-uting factor to crowded l i v i n g conditions. In general, this i s evidenced i n the large areas designated here the \"Southern\" and \"Eastern\" suburbs. In the metropolitan area, 8>;5 per cent or a t o t a l of 19,353 households do not have exclusive use of a flush t o i l e t . Exclusive use means that members of one household do not have to share these f a c i l i t i e s with members of another household. Vancouver C i t y with a proportion of 10.9 - which i s a high rate for such an important f a c i l i t y - contributes 12,860 units or -150-nearly 70 per cent to the metropolitan figure. New Westminster, South-east Richmond, and the southern part of Surrey are the suburban areas whichhave percentages higher than the metro-p o l i t a n one. This i s one index of housing conditions i n which the proportionate values or percentages correspond reasonably well with absolute numbers i n ranking the areas concerned. Areas which show low percentages of households sharing t o i l e t s are Richmond, Kerrisdale-Dunbar, North Burnaby, and North Vancouver d i s t r i c t . (Respectively, these percentages are 2.7, 3.6, 3.9, and 3.9). I f only the absolute figure i s con-sidered, the area with the smallest number of households sharing t o i l e t f a c i l i t i e s i s South-east Richmond with 177, and Delta follows with 213. In view of the fact that i n these outlying areas there are fewer rooms rented out, ( f o r lodgers, single people;, u n i v e r s i t y students, etc.) i t stands to reason that sectors located i n Vancouver C i t y would have more to report. Conversions are c l o s e l y correlated with this index. The plumbing i n converted houses i n the older established sections of the c i t y has not been modified i n accordance with the greater occu-pancy. The old house has been broken down into suites or rooms, but the additional plumbing fixtures have not been i n -s t a l l e d . The heaviest concentration of t h i s condition i s end-l e s s l y experienced by the older suites i n the West End and the \"rooms\" i n North Central Vancouver. I t i s no accident that these are the same areas that report the greatest concentration of houses b u i l t before 19 20. -151-One area that has a s u r p r i s i n g l y large proportion of households sharing t o i l e t f a c i l i t i e s i s census tr a c t 53 located i n the Shaughnessy region. Over one quarter of the households or 305 families e x i s t under these conditions. No crowded dwellings, no houses i n need of major repair, no apartments or f l a t s and no tenant-occupied houses have been reported, but evidently there are \"conversion \"apartments\" there. Only 268 houses were constructed before 19 20 and none since 1945. Over h a l f of the houses have been occupied by the same household head for s i x years or more. The average value of houses i n this area i s nearly $30,000. There are only 38 lodging families and 100 households with lodgers. With the exception of 91 dwellings, a l l have a passenger automobile, although less than one quarter have home freezer u n i t s . Less than h a l f the number of families i n t h i s area are wage earners, which means that 570 families have incomes from other sources.. Out of a t o t a l of 1,070 families, 725 have two children or less; only 56 have f i v e or more. Small families are prevalent i n this area. In contrast, more households have exclusive use of bathing f a c i l i t i e s than exclusive use of a flush t o i l e t ; the former being 1,103 out of l,'il59 and the l a t t e r , 854 households. This i s probably because some suites are equipped with showers only. The lackubf exclusive use of bathing f a c i l i t e s i s i n d i c a t i v e , and i n the main, the same areas are involved. How-ever, the percentages i n nearly a l l the respective areas are lower than those r e l a t i n g to t o i l e t f a c i l i t e s . More people have exclusive use of a bath or shower than a flush t o i l e t . The -152-area with the lowest proportion and the fewest number of house-holds sharing bathing f a c i l i t i e s i s the Kerrisdale-Dunbar Sector. The older parts of town show up d i f f e r e n t l y . An additional index to the aforementioned, which may be interpreted as i n d i c a t i v e of poor housing conditions or of mobility but needs careful use, i s the index of occupancy for less than a year. People, who through necessity come to lxQ':- $10,000 each year. In these age-groups and income-brackets, the metropolitan figures are repre-sentative of the province. In both Metropolitan Vancouver and B r i t i s h Columbia, 72 per cent of a l l female employees, who are heads of households, -158-are i n the age-group 35 to 64 years, 15 per cent are 25 to 34 years old, and only 7 per cent are under 2p\ years. In the metropolis a larger proportion of female employee-heads of households average a higher annual income than i n the province. In the province across a l l age-groups 45 per cent earn $1000 to $3000 and 38.3 per cent $3,000 to $5,000. In e f f e c t , wages and s a l a r i e s for women average higher for women i n Metropolitan Van-couver than i n B r i t i s h Columbia. This i s not true for male wage-earners; i n fact i t i s reversed, for i n the province 63.4 have incomes of $5,000 or l e s s , and i n the metropolitan region only 59.2 per cent are i n this^income bracket. Men average higher s a l a r i e s outside the metropolitan area up to incomes of $10,000 but a greater proportion i s found i n the metropolis who earn more than $10,000. These are the main differences between male and female wage-earner heads of households or families i n the metropolitan and p r o v i n c i a l areas. The main concfecn, of course, for welfare o f f i c i a l s are those wage-earners whose income i s less than $1,000 and even &3,000 per annum e s p e c i a l l y i f they are the heads of large families or one parent families. By \"wage and salary income\" i s meant the t o t a l amount of money received before deductions are made for income tax, unemployment insurance, medical plans, un^bn dues, and pension or insurance plans. These must also be taken into consideration Ih the c a l c u l a t i o n of the purchasing power of the family involved. The average earnings also r e f l e c t the dependency of earning on the number of hours usually - 1 5 9 -worked per week, es p e c i a l l y i n the case of female wage-earners, for a greater proportion of females than males are engaged i n part-time work. In Metropolitan Vancouver, 19,581 male employee heads of families earn under $3,000 or less annually, and 7,847 female employees. This i s only a small minority of the male wage-earners, (15.3 per cent), but represents a considerably larger proportion of the t o t a l number of female wage-earners, namely 55.5 per cent. Out of t h i s population come the majority of s o c i a l allowance cases. Nearly one-third of the male wage-earners with incomes of $1,000 or l e s s , and incomes between $\u00C2\u00A3000 and $3000 are under 35 years old. This i s important be-cause young couples are usually s t a r t i n g t h e i r families i n these years and are heavily burdened with the high costs of housing, food, clothing, and often education. In order to meet these costs, i t i s not uncommon nowadays to hear of recently married women working even a f t e r the a r r i v a l of children. This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y true i f the husband and_or father i s furthering h i s education or they are t r y i n g to save enough for a down payment on a home. Young married people with families are often forced to buy a house because of the lack of rented suites, apartments, and houses with no discrimination against children. Many young parents cannot af f o r d the high rents so they are found i n the low-rental d i s t r i c t s , which are often i n the run-down and crowded parts of town. Another age-group with a large proportion of low income i s the 65 years and over. In the metropolitan area, 3.6 per cent -160-or a t o t a l of 4,623 male wage-earner heads'oof households are older than 65 years. Of t h i s t o t a l , nearly h a l f earn less than $3,000 and 14.6 per cent earn less than $1,000. Even though the Old Age Pension i s less than $1,000 a year, i t i s almost impossible to meet the costs of l i v i n g with t h i s income unless these people are fortunate enough to l i v e with r e l a t i v e s or friends who do not charge them for t h e i r room. The proportion of female wage-earners i n t h i s age-group i s 4.6 per cent and represents a t o t a l of 656 or about one-eighth the number of men. This group i s mainly comprised of widowed, divorced, deserted, or single women or women whose husbands are t o t a l l y dependent upon them for f i n a n c i a l support. Nearly 200 report incomes of less than $1,000 and an additional 330 report incomes between $1,000 and $3,000 a year. Some of these senior c i t i z e n s may have incomes from small pensions, superannuations, annuities, etc. but many t o t a l l y r e l y on these reported wages as t h e i r only source of income. I t would be i n t e r e s t i n g to see a further breakdown i n t o $100s of t h i s low income bracket and more i n t e r -esting s t i l l to f i n d out how many have th i s as the only source of income. Without the new S o c i a l Security Program, i t i s pre-dicted that more people may become f i n a n c i a l l y dependent at e a r l i e r ages. The cause of t h i s growing dependency i s seen to be the r e s u l t of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , urbanization, auto-mation, etc. and the age groups which appear to be hardest h i t are the older ones. TABLE 29a. Income Distribution and Age-Group. Male Employees who are Heads of Householdss Metropolitan Vanoouver, 1961. Males; Age Distribution of Each Income-Level 1961 Earnings Under 25 Years 25 - 34 35 - 64 65 and Over Total Under $1,000 8.41 21.58 53.80 16.21 100 $1000 to $3000 8.83 24.19 56.75 10.23 100 $3000 to $5000 5.85 27.53 63.80 2.82 lob $5000 to $10,000 1.42 26.42 70.77 1.39 100 $10,000 and Over .19 10.32! , 86.97 2.52 100 Total 4.44 25.89 66.06 3.61 100 , s \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Males: Inoome-Classes in Each Age-Group Under $1,000 6. IS 2.70 2.64 14.60 3.24 $1000 to $3000 23.92 11.23 10.32 34.11 12.02 $3000 to $5000 57.90 46.71 42.42 34.31 43.93 $5000 to $10,000 11.87 37.91 39.81 14.43 37.16 $10,000 arid Over .16 1.45 4.81 2.55 3.65 Total 100 100 100 100 100 TABLE 29b0 Income Distribution and Age-Group; Male Employees who are Heads of Householdss British Columbia, 1961 Males? Age Distribution of Each Income-Level 1961 Earnings Under 2E Years 25 - 34 35 - 64 65 and Over Total Under $1000 7.68 19.70 56.43 16.19 100 $1000 to $3000 9.93 23.88 57.41 8.78 100 $3000 to $5000 6.69 28.77 62.14 2.40 100 $5000 to $10,000 . 1.86 27.22 69.77 1.15 100 $10,000 and Over \"\u00E2\u0080\u00A2i .22. 10.23 87.05 2.50 100 Total 5.37 26.76 64.50 3.37 100 Males: Income-classes in Each Age-Group Under $1000 5.28 2.72 3.23 17.69 3.69 $1000 to $3000 , 25.88 12.49 12.46 36.37 14.00 $3000 to $5000 56.93 49.15 44.04 32.45 45.71 $5000 to $10,000 11.80 34.68 36.88 11.63 44.09 $10,000 and Over .10 .96 3.39 1.86 2.51 Total 100 100 100 100 100 TABLE 30a. Income Distribution and Age=6roupss Female Employees who are Heads of Households: Metropolitan Vancouver, 1961 Femaless Age Distribution of each Inoome-Level 1961 Earnings Under 25 Years 25 - 34 35 - 64 65 and Over Total ) Under $1000 . 8.22 9.36 70\u00C2\u00AB68 11.74 I 100 $1000 to $3000 9 o 99 13,68 70.98 5 \u00C2\u00A9 35 100 $3000 to $5000 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 5.73 20.49 71 i f 9- 1.99 100 $5000 to $io;ooo .47 12.30 85ol5 2.08 100 $10,000 and Over .00 3.70 85.19 11.11 100 Total 7.48 15.56 72.33 1 4.63 100 Females; Inoome~elasses in each Age~Group Under $1000 ... \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 13.04 11.59 30.03 11.86 $1000 to $3000 58 o22 38 0 35 42.79 50.30 43.60 $3000 to $5000 2B.26 48.57 36.60 15.86 36.88 $5000 to $10,000 .48 5.91 8.79 3.35 7.47 $10,000 and Over .00 .04 .46 .19 Total 100 100 100 100 100 TABLE 30b. Income Distribution and Age-Groups : Feinale Employees who are heads of Households; British Columbia, 1961. Females; Age Distribution of each Inoome=Level 1961 Earnings Under 25 Years 25 -34 35 - 64 65 and Over Total Under $1000 8.11 9.15 70.69 12.05 100 $1000 to $3000 10.21 12.68 ; 71.57 5.54 100 $3000 to $5000 ' 6.52 18.92 72.51 2.05 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 100 $5000 to $10,000 .48 11.00 85.83 2.69 100 $10,000 and Over .00 3.03 87.88 9.09 100 Total 7.94 14,13 72.87 5.06 100 Females; Inoome-classes in each Age-?Group Under $1000 14.24 9.02 13.51 33.10 13.93 $1000 to $3000 57.92 40.42 44.23 49.15 45.02 $3000 to $5000 27 .39 44.64 33.18 13.47 33.34 $5000 to $10,000 ,. .4.5 5.89 8.90 4.Q1 7.56 $10,000 and Over .00 .03 .18 .27 .15 Total 100 100 10Q 100 100 -161-Part III Welfare Services. Chapter 8. Caseloads. Categories, and Trends. The purpose, organization and administrative func-tioning of the P r o v i n c i a l Department of S o c i a l Welfare was described and discussed i n d e t a i l , i n the 1963 study of Region VI. This material, therefore, i s not repeated i n t h i s \"continuing\" report. The metropolitan area selected for detailed study i n th i s report, comprises the major section of Welfare Region I I , excluding the Powell River D i s t r i c t O f f i c e , and the other outer d i s t r i c t s served by the Vancouver P r o v i n c i a l O f f i c e . However, i t includes the Municipality of Surrey and the C i t y of White Rock, which are presently administered as a part of Welfare Region VT. The University Endowment Lands i s a special case, because although i t i s properly a part of the metropolitan region, i t i s served by the Vancouver P r o v i n c i a l O f f i c e and separate welfare figures are not available i n the P r o v i n c i a l Welfare Reports. As has been stated e a r l i e r , t h i s s e lection was made because of the b a s i c a l l y i n t e g r a l nature of Metro-p o l i t a n Vancouver. The caseload d i s t r i b u t i o n and the population dis-t r i b u t i o n of this metropolitan area are juxtaposed i n Table 3.1 The communities served by each o f f i c e are sp e c i f i e d ; the population figures are the populations which each o f f i c e has under i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n , with the exceptions of the Powell River TABLE 31. .PopulatiojL..and...Cas\u00C2\u00A3load...Coiq>arisons.: Region II Sub-Districts and Surrey 1951 and 1961 District. Popui ation_ Increase- -Caseload -Totals Increase 1951 1961 1951=61 1951 1961 .19.51-61 Vancouver-City. 342,713 381,250. 11.3 15^ 496 20,324 3.1.2. Burnaby New Westminster 59,845.. 29,639 101,607 33,654 69.8 13.5 2,970 1,448 4,114 .1,950 38.5 34.7 North Vancouver West Vancouver. 30,151 13,990 62,627 25,454 107.7 81.9 1,293 376 (a; 1,569 524. 21.3 39.4 Suburbs served.from New. Westminster Office (b) Coquitlam Surrey (d). Richmond-11,548 15,697 33,670 19,186. 27,662 .29,053 77,291 43,323.. 139.5 85.1 129.5 125.8 1,335 557(c\" 1,841 248 (e: 1,132 . 786 4,155 1,0.1.3.. =15.2 41.1 125.7 308.5 Outer Districts served from Vancouver Office.(f) Powell Jliver == 1,780 325 975. 399 =45.2. 22.8 Totals 556,439 781,921 40.5 26,488 36,941 39.5 (a) and (e) 1952 figures (b) includes,Delta, Fraser Mills , Port Coquitlam, Port Moody (c) 1953 figures (d) includes White Rock (e) includes University Endowment Lands -162-Office* and the Vancouver P r o v i n c i a l O f f i c e , for which appro-pr i a t e vdata could not be computed. In 19 51, 556,439 persons were l i v i n g i n Metropolitan Vancouver (not including the University Endowment Lands) . By 19 61 t h i s figure had ri s e n to 781,9 21; an increase of 40.5 per cent. In 19 51, the caseload t o t a l was 26,488. In 19 61, the caseload was 36,941; an increase of 39.5 per cent. At f i r s t inspection, t h i s increase seems to p a r a l l e l the corresponding increase i n the. population. However, added in s i g h t i n t o the welfare picture of the metropolitan area i s gained by an analysis of the categories of service and the changes that have occurred i n them. The categories of services provided by the P r o v i n c i a l Department of Welfare have changed over the years, to accomo-date new welfare l e g i s l a t i o n , and administrative procedures. These have been described i n considerable d e t a i l i n the pre-ceding study on Region VI and for this reason the d e t a i l s are not repeated here. These changes have been incorporated i n the monthly F i e l d Service Reports, which included twenty-two categories i n 19 51; twenty-four i n 19 52; twenty-five i n 19 53; twenty-six i n 1955, and eighteen i n 19 57. This l a t t e r , simpli-f i e d , report i s s t i l l i n .use. For the purposes of t h i s study, ten i n c l u s i v e categ-ories are used. The categories of: Social Allowance; Pensions; Family Service; Unmarried Parents, and Protection, are i d e n t i c a l with those i n the P r o v i n c i a l Reports. Adoption Services includes -163-the Report categories of Adoption Homes - Pending and Approved-; and Children i n Adoption Homes. S i m i l a r l y , Foster Home Services includes: Pending and Approved Foster Homes, and Children i n Care. The f i n a l category, Health and Welfare I n s t i t u t i o n a l , includes the remaining categories i n the Pr o v i n c i a l Reports. (Table 32.) These same i n c l u s i v e categories, with one exception are used to show the proportionate d i s t r i b u t i o n of caseloads for alternate years from 19 51 to 19 61 i n c l u s i v e . The exception i s the \"new\" category of C h i l d Welfare which comprises the categories of Protection and Unmarried Parents. (Table 33) . In 19 51, the t o t a l caseload for Region II was 24,647. In 1961, this had rise n to 32,746: an increase of 32.9 per cent. However, this o v e r - a l l increase i s not the same i n a l l of the categories. In fact, some categories are remarkably stable: Un-married Parents; Family Service, and Pensions. This l a t t e r cate-gory, Pensions, i s a special case because of the r e d i s t r i b u t i o n into two new categories, but when they are recombined they s t i l l show a marked s t a b i l i t y from 1951 to 1961. During t h i s same period, C h i l d Welfare and Social Allowance show marked increases. Foster Home Services increased by 462.3 per cent; Adoption Ser-vices by 36.6 per cent and Social Allowance by 101.1 per cent. When the changes are further analyzed for the two fiv e year periods, an i n t e r e s t i n g pattern emerges: the t o t a l Pension caseload remains constant from 19 51 - 19 56, through 19 56 - 19 61; Social Allowance shows a drop from 19 51 to 19 56 and then more than doubles during the next f i v e years. The other TABLE 32. Numerical and.Percentage Increase Comparison Major Categories. Region II 1951-Base 100 Category Total Caseload(a) Social Allowance Pensions OAA OASB Blind and Disabled Family Service Child Welfare Adoption Services Foster Home-Service Unmarried-Parents Protection Health and Welfare Institutional 1951 26,488 5,647 17,819 187 320 146 230 78 220 1956 29,574 40261-3,953 IS, 892.. 613 303. 404 511 281 67 209 36^ 941 11,353 3,402 14,785 - 1,273 194 437 821 250 26. 245 111.6 75.5 . 22.9 162.1 126.3 350.0 122.2 85.9 94.5 1951=1961 139.5 201.1 19.1 103.7 136.6 562.3 108.7 2S.6 111.4 1956-1961 124.9 266.A 86.1 93.0 207.7 64.0 108.2 160.7 89.0 33.3 117.8 (a) Surrey and White Rock figures are included only in Total Caseload and not in the categories. -164-categories tend to show increases during the f i r s t f i v e years, and then a l e v e l i n g o f f , or decrease, i n the second five years. Foster Home Services, although they show a marked o v e r - a l l i n -crease, the increase i s more noticeable i n the f i r s t f i v e year period. (Table 32) . The proportionate d i s t r i b u t i o n of caseloads by categories for alternate years from 19 51 to 1961, provides further insights into the changing character of the welfare picture. For example, Pensions which remain f a i r l y stable i n absolute numbers from year to year, shows a r i s e from 72 per cent of the t o t a l case-load i n 19 51 to a high of 77 per cent i n 19 57 and then drops o f f to a low of 59 per cent i n 19 61. This pattern i s reversed i n S ocial Allowance which f a l l s from 23 per cent i n 19 51 to a low of 15 per cent i n 19 57 and then climbs st e a d i l y to a high of 35 percent by 19 61. Each of the other categories, comprises less than 3 per cent of the t o t a l caseload during any one year, although t h i s i s not interpreted as meaning that they are i n s i g -n i f i c a n t services. In fact they require more of the personal services provided by the s o c i a l workers, and for a longer period of time. Although C h i l d Welfare Services show a constant, marked, increase during this period, and p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the f i r s t f i v e years, as a proportion of the t o t a l caseload i n any one year, i t never exceeds 3 per cent. Personnel and Caseloads. Nearly f i f t y per cent of the caseload i n B r i t i s h Columbia i s located within the confines of Welfare Region I I . -165-In this Region, the caseload of 24,647 i n 19 51 was raised to nearly forty thousand i n the following ten year span. This amounts to an o v e r - a l l increase of 8,338 cases - various i n kind and nature - whereas the increase i n s t a f f within this same period was only 11.5 workers. Thus there was an-average increase of 63.7 cases per worker. This additiudpal work for the already overloaded s t a f f reveals the dire need for the recruitment of more s o c i a l workers i f services are to be adequately provided to those i n need of them. This r e s p o n s i b i l i t y must be recognized and accepted by the d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of governments and private agencies. The t o t a l caseload i n Region II increased approx-imately nine per cent i n 19 52 and then decreased s l i g h t l y , the decrease being as much as four per cent, i n 19 57. In spite of a nine per cent increase i n cases i n 19 52, there was approx-imately a sixteen per cent drop i n the number of s o c i a l workers i n the same year. The number of workers employed did not again reach the 19 51 t o t a l u n t i l 1961. Account must be taken of the fact that from 19 57 to 1960 i n c l u s i v e , the workers i n the sections of Vancouver C i t y S o c i a l Service Department dealing with medical, intake,and unemployed employable cases were not counted. This offsets i n part the low percentage of s o c i a l workers i n those years. Taking the ten year span however, (1951-1961) there i s no evidence of an increase i n workers to keep up with the increase i n cases. The number of cases rose nearly 4:4_ per ceat over the -166-ten year span, while the number of workers increased by only 9 per cent. I f the caseloads of these s o c i a l workers have increased s u b s t a n t i a l l y , which i t appears they must have, this could a f f e c t the service received by the c l i e n t s . This be-comes an even more serious consideration when one r e a l i z e s that the average caseload s i t u a t i o n i n 19 51 was f a r from i d e a l . To produce two sets of basic index numbers such as these (Table34),it must be recognized that the s t a t i s t i c a l material i s greatly compressed. Both the \" t o t a l welfare load\" and the \" t o t a l s o c i a l work s t a f f \" are e n t i t i e s requiring much explanation. But weaknesses i n the available data also makes the proper i n t e r p r e t a t i o n somewhat hazy. For example, i n the s o c i a l allowance caseload, there i s no i n d i c a t i o n of how many among the recipients are single women, or how many are broken families. Yet both d i f f e r i n the types of service required and the amount of work demanded from the s t a f f . The s t a t i s t i c a l material on s t a f f gives no i n d i c a t i o n of t r a i n i n g , not d i s t i n g -uishing between the s k i l l e d worker and the newer s t a f f member. Such an a l l o c a t i o n would allow the well-trained worker to handle the more d i f f i c u l t caseload. Some tasks involved i n giving welfare services might best be handled by case-aides thus giving the trained-worker more time for the more d i f f i c u l t cases. This s p e c i a l i z a t i o n would seem an e f f i c i e n t way of meeting the needs of the c l i e n t s . The Department of Soc i a l Welfare has been working for some time on a point-rating system which should a i d i n the measuring of a workable caseload TABLE 3 3 . Proportionate .-Distt.ihutioA~o\u00C2\u00A3.-Ca\u00C2\u00A3eloads.~ by Major.Categories in Region I I a t Dec. 31st - alternate years 4951 - 1961 Categories. .1951 -1953, 1955 . . .1957 1959 1961 Pensions Old Age. Assistance Old Age.Security Bonus Blind and Disabled 72.30 76.18. (19.02) (56.81) ( 0.35) 74.40 (15.69) (57.79) ( 1.20) 77.31 (14.19) (59.76) ( 3.36) 68.24 (12.72) (51.88) ( 3.64) 59.43 (10.39) (45.15) ( 3.89) Social Allowance 22.91 18.00 18.31 .15.24 25.01 34.67 Family Service 0.76 1.09 1.27 1.30 0.78 0.59 Child Welfare . adoption services foster home service child welfare. 1.30 0.59 1.28. 1.45 1.27 1.10 1.38 1.86 1.48 1.91 2.26 1.28 1.69 2.50 .1.12 1.21 2.51 0.89 Health and. Institutional 0.86 .91 1.02 .0.70 0.66 0.70 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 -167-but i t has not been implemented over the p e r i o d covered by t h i s T a b l e . Average Caseload: Some Comparisons. To make comparisons only o f the percentage i n c r e a s e s o f e i t h e r c a s e l o a d or number o f workers between any two regions would n e c e s s a r i l y create a f a l s e i m pression i f , i n t a k i n g each of the 19 51 f i g u r e s as base, i t was assumed t h a t the absolute numbers were the same. I n c o n s i d e r i n g Region I I and Region VI, the f a c t s are q u i t e the c o n t r a r y . For i n s t a n c e , i n Region I I i n 19 51, there were 90 workers as compared to 18 i n Region VI. An i n c r e a s e , f o r example, o f 10 p e r cent i n each r e g i o n would mean 9 more workers i n Region I I but o n l y 1.8 workers i n Region VI. An a p p r o p r i a t e f i g u r e w i t h which to supplement the index-numbers i s the average c a s e l o a d . Except i n 19 51 and 1961, Region I I had a l a r g e r average c a s e l o a d than Region VI f o r the p e r i o d from 19 53 to 19 59 i n c l u s i v e . The average c a s e l o a d f o r workers i n Region I I i n c r e a s e d from 273.9} i n 19 51 to 322v8 i n 19 53. I t i s noted t h a t i n these same two years Region I I l o s t 8 workers which would more than account f o r the i n c r e a s e o f 49 cases p e r worker f o r there was a c t u a l l y a decrease of 179 i n t o t a l c a s e l o a d . Loss o f s t a f f p e r s i s t e d u n t i l i n 19 59 only 76 workers remained i n Region I I . By t h i s time the average c a s e l o a d was i n excess of 380. A t f i r s t g lance, i t would appear t h a t ddme improvement from t h i s s t r e s s f u l s i t u a t i o n o c c u r r e d sometime between 19 59 and 19 61, but i n the main, the i n c o r p o r a t i o n of - l o c i -workers and cases from the medical, intake and unemployed employables sections of Vancouver C i t y Social Services Depart-ment accounts for the change. I t was not indicated how many workers were included i n th i s department or what t h e i r average caseload was at the time of incorporation. In average number of cases per worker, Region II i s representative of the pro-v i n c i a l s i t u a t i o n i n 19 51 but by 19 61 the average caseload i n Region II exceeded the p r o v i n c i a l average by 40 eases. In Region VI, the average increase per worker for this ten year period was 52 cases - a high average caseload of 328.1 was reached i n 1961. This t o t a l should not be com-pared to that of Region II for two reasons: the i n c l u s i o n of workers and cases from the Vancouver C i t y Social Service De-partment i n the figure for Region II and the i n c l u s i o n of workers and cases of Old Age Assistance i n the figures for Region VI. However, i n Region VI, the number of cases served increased from 4,9 66 i n 19 51 to 11,155 i n 19 61 while the number of workers almost doubled (from 18 to 34). I t i s to be noted that the increase i n the average caseload i n Region VI was decidedly unsteady; one two-year period shows an increase while the next two-year period registers a decrease but not as much as the preceding increase. Overall, the average caseload became considerably larger. In comparing the average caseload .of one region to another, consideration must also be given to kind of cases served as well as the qu a l i t y of service given. In -169-addition to t h i s , the number of miles t r a v e l l e d by the workers i n order to provide casework and welfare services must be taken into accfount. The only mileage figures available were for the 1957 to 1962 period. During t h i s period (1957 to 1962), each worker i n Region VI t r a v e l l e d an average distance of 3.2 times that t r a v e l l e d by workers i n Region I I . Region VI i s , of course, r u r a l and f r o n t i e r , with long l i n e s of road or r a i l transpor-tation, while Region II i s far more compact and densely popu-lat e d i n urban sprawl, though scattered enough i n a metropolitan sense. In Region VI, each worker averaged 413 miles i n the provision of services, while workers i n Region II averaged only 130 miles during the same period. These averages were calcu-l a t e d from welfare measurements for the month of December for each year involved. The kind of cases served and the q u a l i t y of casework administered are problems bound i n to the inadequacy of present-day welfare measurements. These aspects of s o c i a l welfare and s o c i a l service are l o s t i n developing average caseloads i n d i f f e r e n t regions. Yet they are very important and must be considered i f a r e a l i s t i c assessment of casework i s to be achieved. For instance, there i s a world of difference i n the time consumed i n making a foster-home assessment and es t a b l i s h -ing a c l i e n t on s o c i a l assistance, d i s a b i l i t y , or old age pen-sion. There i s also a difference i n the qu a l i t y of casework TABLE 34a. Percentage Increase of Cases and Workers for Region II 1951 to 1961 ' Percentage .Change P e r c e n t a g e Change Year of Cases(1951=100) of Workers(1951=100) 1951 100 100 1952 109.0 84.4 1953 107.4 91.1 1954 105.1 86.7 1955 107.2 90.0 1956 107.5 90.0 1957 104.1 83.3 1958 113.3 83.3 1959 116.8 81.1 1960 130.4 87.8 1961 143.6 108.9 TABLE 34b. Number of Workers,. Caseload and Average Caseload; Alternate years 1951=1961 inclusive for Regions II and VI Year Region 11(b) Region VI Average Average . Workers Caseload Caseload Workers Caseload Caseload 1951 90 24,647 273.9 18 4,966 275.9 1953 82 26,468 322.8 23 6,094 265.0 1955 81 26,420 326.2 23 6,788 295.1 L957 81 26,127 322.6 28 8,160 291.4 1959 76 28,986 381.4 29 9,528 328.6 1961(a) 101.5 32,985 325.0. 34 11,155 328.1 (a) Figures for.Region II are not comparable withother years because they include workers and cases in the Single Men's Unit, Medical and Intake \"Sections\"of City Social Service Department; these \"sections\" did not exist prior to 1960. (b) Region II includes Old Age Assistance Board, workers and cases. TABLE 35. Number of Workers, Caseloads and Mileage in Regions II, VI and British Columbia, 1957 - 1962 (all figures relate to the month of December in the year stated) (a) Regions II and VI Year Region(l) Workers Caseload Mileage 1957 II 81 26,127 11,759 VI 28 8,160 10,749 1958 II 80 28,224 10,906. VI 28 8,859 13,379 1959 II 76 28,986. 10,946 VI 29 9,528 13,633 1960 11(2) 79.5 32,401. 11,742 VI 30.5.. 10.972 13.071 1961 11.(2.).. 101.5 32,985 10,329 VI 35.5 11,155 13,141 1962 II 101.5 32,808 11,579 VI 34.5 11,182 13,156 (b) British.Columbia 1957 199, 61,384 61,321 1958 198.5 67,139 60,983 1959 198.5 71,336 64,651 1960 213.5 79,074 72,640 1961 257 80,266 79,542 1962 259.5 79,632 81,085. (1) Region IIincludes Old Age Assistance-Board,workers and cases. (2) 1961 number of workers should not be.compared.withthe number of workers in 1960 for Region II since the 1960 figures do not include the medical section, intake and unemployed employables section workers at Vancouver City Social Service Department. -170-r e q u i r e d i n p r o v i d i n g each o f these s e r v i c e s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s a need f o r much more e l a b o r a t e d measurements o f w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d and implementation o f the \" p o i n t system\" i n determining workable c a s e l o a d s . -171. Chapter 9. Sub-District D i f f e r e n t i a l s . Metropolitan Vancouver can be viewed as having, four major s u b - d i s t r i c t s : the c i t y and i t s sectors; the Nort^ Shore; Burnaby and New Westminster; the \"Eastern\" and \"Southern\" sub-urbs. A comparison of the population and caseload changes be-tween 19 51 and 19 61 reveals a developing pattern of s i g n i f i c a n t s o c i a l and welfare implications. In general, the entire metro-p o l i t a n area increased both i n population and i n welfare case-loads. However, these increases were not the same i n a l l of the s u b - d i s t r i c t s . The largest increases i n population occurred i n the outer suburbs: those served by the New West-minster D i s t r i c t O f f i c e ; Surrey; Richmond: North and West Vancouver, and Coquitlam. Except for North and West Vancouver, these are the \"Eastern\" and \"Southern\" suburbs. In 19 51 there were 80,101 persons i n these \"Southern\" and \"Eastern\" suburbs. In 19 61 there were 177,329; an increase of 121.4 per cent or-j.-'three times the percentage increase of the entire metro-p o l i t a n area. During this same period, for the same sub-dis-t r i c t , the caseload increased from an ov e r - a l l 3176 to 7,086; an increase of 123.1 per cent. The other s u b - d i s t r i c t s show much smaller increases; Vancouver C i t y shows the lowest population increase - 11.3 per cent ; and a r e l a t i v e l y higher caseload increase of 31.2 per cent; New Westminster shows the next lowest population increase - 13.5 per cent - and also shows a r e l a t i v e l y higher caseload increase of 34.7 per cent. A d i f f e r e n t pattern shows up i n Burnaby, North and West Van-couver. Their populations have increased much more proportion--172 -ately than have t h e i r caseloads: Burnaby 69.8 and 38.5; North Vancouver 107.7 and 21.3; West Vancouver 81.9 and 39.4, respectively. These figures show the broad metropolitan patterns of growth and d i s t r i b u t i o n s of populations and caseloads. They also indicate the trends i n the development of the metropolitan area. Further insights into these patternrva and trends i s ob-tained from a detailed analysis of the s u b - d i s t r i c t s . The C i t y and i t s Sectors. In Vancouver C i t y , and to a c e r t a i n degree, the rest of the metropolitan region, many primary and secondary welfare services are provided by numerous voluntary agencies. Thus, i n Vancouver C i t y , the C i t y S o c i a l Service Department provides only those services included i n the S o c i a l Allowance and Pen-sions ccategories. The other services are provided for by several major, voluntary, private agencies which are treated separately i n this study. These are the two Children's Aid Soci e t i e s , and the two Family Service Agencies. T r a d i t i o n a l l y the Children's Aid Agencies have served, and do serve the entire metropolitan area, and must be considered i n any compar-ison of the welfare figures for Metropolitan Vancouver,and any other area. U n t i l 19 57, the P r o v i n c i a l Reports on Caseloads,sent i n by the C i t y Social Service Department, did not include separate figures for the sectors of the c i t y . However, for the years 19 57 through 19 61 separate figures are available for the four sectors: South; Centre; East, and West Units. -173-Between 1951 and 1961, the population i n Vancouver C i t y excluding the University Endowment Lands, increased from 342,713 to 381,250; an increase of 11.3 per cent, while the rest of the metropolitan area showed an increase i n population of 87.5 per cent. Thus the proportion of the metropolitan popu-l a t i o n l i v i n g i n Vancouver C i t y dropped from 61.6 per cent i n 1951 to 48.9 per cent i n 1961. During this same period the c i t y caseload was changing. I t increased from a t o t a l of 15 , 49 6 i n 1951 to 20,324 i n 1961; an increase of 31.2 per cent. However, these figures represent only two categories of service: Social Allowance, and Pensions. The Pension caseload i s the larger category and shows a 6.5 per cent increase during t h i s period, while the S o c i a l Allowance caseload shows an increase of 103.4 per cent (3,938 to /8,010) . These changes were not even^over this ten year period. During the f i r s t s i x years, the Pensions increased by 6.7 per cent while the Social Allowance decreased by 32.4 per cent. In the following four years, however, the Pension caseload shows v i r t u a l l y unchanged, compared with a 300.1 per cent increase i n Social Allowance. From 19 57 on, separate figures are available for the four sectors of the c i t y , and for 1961 separate figures are also available f \u00C2\u00B0 r the single unemployed men receiving a s s i s t -ance. This l a t t e r group, i s served by the Single Men's Unit, regardless of what sector they may be l i v i n g i n , and thus the -174-computations of caseload increases for Soc i a l Allowance i n each of the sectors i s somewhat less than would otherwise be expected. In 19 57; of the 3,568 cases i n the South Unit, 551 were SJocial Allowance cases. In 1961, of the 4,262 cases i n South Unit, 1,166 were Soc i a l Allowance; an; increase of 111.6 per cent. This Sector showed the highest increase, although i n absolute numbers, i t has the,fewest Social Allowance cases. Both i n 19 57 and i n 1961, the s o c i a l work s t a f f numbered ten, i n South Unit. However, by th i s time the C i t y Social Service Department had expanded to include an Intake Section comprised of four workers; the Single Men's Section made up of nine workers, and the Medical Section which had s i x workers. Between 19 57 and 19 61, the t o t a l caseload i n West Unit increased by 12.9 per cent from 5,179 to 5,847. A category analysis, however, shows that most of this change took place i n Soci a l Allowance which increased 66.1 per cent from 9 70 to 1,611. This large proportionate increase, i s masked by the much larger Pension caseload which again, shows as v i r t u a l l y unchanged. (4,209 - 4236) . East Unit shows the least change of a l l f d u r i n g this period. The t o t a l caseload increased by only 7.7 per cent; Pensions by 2.6 per cent, and Social Allowance by 16.9 per cent. Of the 3,490 cases i n 195,7, 1,160 were Social Allowance. In 19 61, 1,356 of the t o t a l caseload were Social Allowance and the other 2,404 were Pensions. -175-Centre Unit shows the largest increase i n t o t a l case-loads, of a l l the Units. It? increased from 2,756 cases i n 1957 to 3,842 cases i n 1961. This sector also shows the largest i n -crease i n Pensions: from 1,909 to 2,364; an increase of 23.8 per cent. In fact, t h i s i s the only sector to show a s i g n i f i c a n t increase i n Pensions. I t also shows the second largest increase i n S o c i a l Allowance - 74.5 per cent. These figures for Vancouver C i t y have considerable s o c i a l and welfare implication. Three of the more important facts emerging from these figures are: one, the Social Allowance caseload has increased far more rapid l y during t h i s ten year period, than has the population; two, these increases have not occurred evenly over the entire c i t y , and are most noticeable i n the West and Centre Units; and three, a heavy proportion of cases i n one category can mask the changes which might be occur-ri n g i n other categories, i f they are lumped together for pre-sentation and analysis. (Reference has been made to the o r i g i n a l returns from the c i t y and the four u n i t o f f i c e s - , but detailed tables are not reproduced i n t h i s report). Burnaby and New Westminster C i t y . Burnaby has been described ( i n the previous chapter) as a r e l a t i v e l y stable area. I t has had i t s ups and down i n the past but i s now booming. This s t a b i l i t y i s further re-f l e c t e d i n the welfare trends. In the decade between 19 51 and 19 61 the t o t a l population l i v i n g here increased nearly 70 per cent. The s o c i a l welfare caseload also increased - by 39 per -176-cent- much less than the t o t a l population. The Burnaby Social Welfare Department kept up with the caseload increase; they employed eight s o c i a l workers i n 19 51 and had a s t a f f of thirteen i n 19 61. The categories of welfare services provide an i n t e r -esting picture of the changes within the area and i n ov e r a l l welfare provisions. Burnaby follows trends which show c l e a r l y i n most of the sectors of Metropolitan Vancouver, for example, a substantial increase i n the numbers of s o c i a l allowance re c i p i e n t s . Adoption services have kept up with the population increases; the foster home program has increased no less than s i x times. I t i s not possible to determine how many of these foster homes are for out-of-Burnaby children. These two services r e f l e c t the number of young families i n the recently built-up r e s i d e n t i a l areas. Services to the aged and disabled have only ri s e n 21 per cent, a further r e f l e c t i o n of the fact that the new areas a t t r a c t p r i m a r i l y young families. In two of the social welfare categories the t o t a l number of cases decreased over the ten year span: the family service count dropped from 61 i n December 19 51 to 40'lin the same month of 19 61: the number of protection cases decreased from 24 to 7. I t seems l i k e l y that family problems are being taken to other agencies not counted i n these s t a t i s t i c s . The Mental Health Centre and the Burnaby Family Service Agency, although they serve a much wider area, are both c e n t r a l l y located i n the municipality. -177-New Westminster had a s i m i l a r increase i n the number of social welfare cases (34.4 per cent). The t o t a l population increased only 14 per cent. The preceding reviews show that New Westminster i s below the average income l e v e l per family and has a sizeable quota of labourers and u n s k i l l e d workers. The older sections, with more i n s e c u r i t y and i n s t a b i l i t y , are probably r e f l e c t e d i n the caseloads. There have been substantial increases i n the number of s o c i a l allowance cases, as much as 122 per cent, between 19 51 and 1961. Many of the residents work i n m i l l s and pro-cessing plants i n the area, and New Westminster i s a convenient place for these workers to l i v e . Older housing mean lower rents, thus low income dictates a choice of d i s t r i c t and hold some people i n the area. Another important welfare implication i s that the adoption services have been more than cut i n h a l f over the past decade, but family service has doubled i n th i s area. North Vancouver. The North Vancouver O f f i c e of Soc i a l Welfare includes both the C i t y and D i s t r i c t of North Vancouver. In the ten year period, 1951 to 19 61, there was an overall increase of 276 cases receiving welfare.services. In both years the majority of people were i n receipt of old age pensions. However, there was a decrease i n the number of persons receiving these pensions; from 1,005 to 9 24. There was also a decrease i n protection services from 21 to 2. In a l l other categories there was an increase. Social Allowance seemingly increased by 191 cases, -178-from 201 to 392; but, these figures do not give a true picture because of the changes that have taken place within the Social Allowance category. For example, the b l i n d and disabled people were formerly included i n other groups, but are now i n a separate pension category. In 19 61, there were 47 persons receiving this type of pension. Foster home services increased from 12 to 9 3; this l a t t e r figure includes 54 children i n placement, 27 foster homes pending, and 12 foster homes approved. I t i s not known whether there are now considerably more children needing t h i s type of care, or whether there are more families i n the com-munity w i l l i n g to open t h e i r homes to foster children. Adoption services increased from 8 to 24, with 16 children i n adoption homes i n 1961. During t h i s ten year period, the population of North Vancouver C i t y and D i s t r i c t more than doubled (from 30,151 to 62,627). Therefore, the welfare caseload increase of 21.3 per cent i s small, compared to the population increase of 107.7 per cent. Although the welfare measurements include North Van-couver as a whole, the s o c i a l measurements make the d i s t i n c t i o n between North Vancouver C i t y and the D i s t r i c t of North Vancouver. There are some s l i g h t differences i n the s o c i a l measurements of these two areas. For example, the c i t y has a higher proportion of young families, e l d e r l y families and widowed persons than the d i s t r i c t . On the other hand, the d i s t r i c t has more children per family, and a higher family income. The detailed census . t r a c t data i l l u s t r a t e s that ; the D i s t r i c t of North Vancouver - 1 7 9 -c o n t a i n s v e r y f ew o f t h e v u l n e r a b l e g r o u p s , a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n on f a m i l y c o m p o s i t i o n , who a r e l i k e l y t o > r e q u i r e w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s . N o r t h V a n c o u v e r i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y a f a m i l y a r e a . I n N o r t h V a n c o u v e r C i t y t h e r e a r e 5 , 8 1 6 o n e -f a m i l y h o u s e h o l d s a n d 1 ,079 n o n - f a m i l y h o u s e h o l d s o u t o f a t o t a l o f 7 , 0 3 7 h o u s e h o l d s , a n d a t o t a l o f 6 , 1 1 4 f a m i l i e s . I n t h e D i s t r i c t o f N o r t h V a n c o u v e r t h e r e a r e 9 , 5 0 2 o n e - f a m i l y h o u s e h o l d s a n d 775 n o n - f a m i l y h o u s e h o l d s o u t o f a t o t a l o f 1 0 , 4 3 3 h o u s e h o l d s , a n d 9 , 8 3 5 f a m i l i e s . On t h e N o r t h S h o r e , t h e r e h a s b e e n a g r e a t e x p a n s i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f new s u b d i v i s i o n s . T h e r e a r e , t h o u g h , p o c k e t s o f m a r g i n a l g r o u p s , m a n y o f whom a r e l o n g - t i m e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e a r e a . T h e s e i n c l u d e t h e e l d e r l y p e o p l e a n d t h e I n d i a n s who may become t h e o n e s t o e x p e r i e n c e some k i n d o f s o c i a l o r e c o n o m i c d i s a b i l i t y . I t m i g h t be v a l u a b l e t o k n o w how many o f t h e e l d e r l y a n d I n d i a n p o p u l a t i o n a r e r e c e i v i n g w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s . W e s t V a n c o u v e r . I T h e W e s t V a n c o u v e r o f f i c e o f S o c i a l W e l f a r e was o p e n e d on M a y 1 , 1 9 5 2 . T h e y e a r s t a k e n h e r e f o r t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f w e l f a r e m e a s u r e m e n t s w i l l be 19 52 a n d 19 6 1 . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d t h e r e was a n o v e r a l l c a s e l o a d i n c r e a s e o f 146 c a s e s , f r o m 378 t o 5 2 4 , a n d t h e r e was a n i n c r e a s e i n a l l c a t e g o r i e s . I n b o t h y e a r s t h e m a j o r i t y o f p e o p l e w e r e r e c e i v i n g o l d a g e p e n s i o n s a n d t h e s e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 318 t o 3 7 7 . I n 19 5 2 , t h e b l , i n d a n d d i s a b l e d p e r s o n s w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e S o c i a l A l l o w a n c e -180-category, but i n 1961 there were 18 people i n receipt of this type of pension. There appears to be an increase of 19, from 38 to 57, i n the Soc i a l Allowance category, although i t must be remembered that there have been changes i n the d e f i n i t i o n of e l i g i b i l i t y i n this category. Foster home services increased from 5 to 25, with 13 children i n foster home care i n 1961. There was no one receiving adoption service i n 19 52, but there were 7 i n the comparative year, including 6 children i n place-ment i n adoption homes. During this period the welfare services increased by 39.4 per cent, but the population increased by 81.9 per cent (from 13,990 to 25,454). The detailed census t r a c t data i l l u s -trates that West Vancouver i s e s s e n t i a l l y a family area, with the one-family dwelling as the preferred r e s i d e n t i a l pattern. Out of a t o t a l of 7,378 households and 6,612 families, there are 6,317 one-family households and 917 non-family households. West Vancouver has the highest income, for wage-earner heads of families, of a l l the sectors i n the Metropolitan Vancouver area. West Vancouver has few young families, and the el d e r l y families represent 13.2 per cent of the t o t a l families. Of the t o t a l population, 5.5 per cent are widowed. On the whole, the s o c i a l measurements indicate that this i s an area of prosperity and s t a b i l i t y . West Vancouver, l i k e North Vancouver, i s a rapidly growing and developing area. However, there are fringe areas of marginal groups such as the Indians and the el d e r l y people -181-who, i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y , comprise the major portion of the welfare caseload. Outer D i s t r i c t s Served From The Vancouver O f f i c e . The Vancouver D i s t r i c t Officeeserves unorganized areas of the University Endowment Lands, North Arm of Burrard I n l e t , Howe Sound, Cheakamus Valley, Sechelt Peninsula, Ocean F a l l s , and surrounding coast. (Because these areas are so scattered and not c l e a r l y defined, population figures were not possible to compile). In the ten-year period under study, 1951 to 1961, the caseloads of the Vancouver D i s t r i c t O f f i c e have decreased by almost one-half, from 1,780 to 975 (Table31) . However, this may be l a r g e l y accounted for by the creation of new d i s t r i c t o f f i c e s such as West Vancouver, and also the reassignment of some d i s t r i c t s to Region VII. With the exception of the University Endowment Lands, these areas are not properly regarded as part of the Metropolitan Vrncouver area and, therefore, not part of this study. Although i t i s administratively convenient to handle the outer areas from the Vancouver o f f i c e , the s t a t i s t i c s should not be included i n the regional compilation. The Eastern and Southern Suburbs. Welfare services i n the Eastern and Southern suburbs are presently administered by the P r o v i n c i a l Department of Social Welfare located i n New Westminster, an o f f i c e located i n Port Coquitlam, and the two mu n i c i p a l i t i e s of Richmond and Surrey. Formerly, the mu n i c i p a l i t i e s of Richmond and Coquitlam were under -182-the j u r i s d i c t i o n of the New Westminster P r o v i n c i a l o f f i c e but i n A p r i l 19 52, and i n September 19 53 respectively, these munici-p a l i t i e s opened o f f i c e s of t h e i r own. On these dates and i n these areas, the P r o v i n c i a l Department ceased to carry the s o c i a l work on a per capita basis. During the ten years between 19 51 and 19 61 i n the suburbs presently being served out of the New Westminster Pro-v i n c i a l o f fice,the population increased from 11,548 to 27,662 or 139.5 per cent. One might expect a corresponding increase i n the number of cases served, but examination of the s t a t i s t i c s reveals that there was a c t u a l l y a decrease of 203 (15.2 per cent) i n t o t a l caseload. However, when i t i s r e a l i z e d that Coquitlam and Richmond caseloads came out of this caseload - i n 19 53 and 19 52 respectively - this difference loses some of i t s si g n i f i c a n c e ; i n fact rather than a decrease i n the caseload for these three areas, there i s an average increase of 119*5 per cent or 1,596 cases. The municipal area of Coquitlam showed an increase i n population of 14,356 or 85.1 per cent while there was only an increase of 41.1 per cent i n caseload. On the other hand, the population i n Richmond municipality more than doubled (from 19,186 to 43,323); by 1961 t h e i r t o t a l welfare caseload was more than four times the caseload (248) cases) of 1952. Although Richmond has the largest percentage increase i n caseload, Surrey contributed more of an increase i n actual number of cases than any other area i n the Eastern and Southern Suburbs. In fact, -183-Surrey had a larger t o t a l caseload i n 1961 than the remaining t e r r i t o r y i n these suburbs. Surrey had an increase of 2,314 cases while the combined t o t a l i n the remaining mu n i c i p a l i t i e s and c i t i e s was 791 cases. The increase of population i n Surrey, for the period under consideration, was less than (nearly ten thousand) the t o t a l increase i n Richmond, Coquitlam, and the j u r i s d i c t i o n a l t e r r i t o r y of the P r o v i n c i a l O f f i c e . Based on s t a t i s t i c a l knowledge of the suburbs, i t i s concluded that a heavy grouping; and concentration of s o c i a l needs and problems are located i n Surrey municipality. Within the whole of Metro-p o l i t a n Vancouver, excepting only Vancouver C i t y , the largest r a t i o of caseloads increase to population increase i s i n Surrey, and therefore this i s an area where welfare planning and pro-gramming should be concentrated. A f a i r l y consistent ordering of welfare services i s revealed by a comparative study of welfare measurements i n the suburbs. Pensions have the largest number of cases, then Social Allowances, C h i l d Welfare, Family Service and f i n a l l y Health and I n s t i t u t i o n a l Services. This ranking holds i n a l l suburban areas for the years 19 51 and 1961 except for Pensions i n Richmond, where i n 19 52 there were only 22 cases and this category ranked f i f t h . However, by 1961 the t o t a l rose to 586 cases and once again Pensions headed the l i s t . While the t o t a l number of Pensions increased s i g n i f i c a n t l y , Family Service cases decreased as well as Health and I n s t i t u t i o n a l Services. The number of So c i a l Allowance cases more than doubled and C h i l d Welfare t r i p l e d . -184-In the Municipality of Coquitlam, the caseload con-s i s t s mainly of Pensions which numbered 375 i n 19 53 and increased to 381 by 1961, S o c i a l Allowance cases more than doubled to 256, C h i l d Welfare was t r i p l e d , but Family Service dropped from 45 to 15 cases. The t r i p l i n g of the C h i l d Welfare caseload i s of p a r t i c u l a r importance, for C h i l d Welfare services are not only time consuming i n comparison to Pensions and Social Allowance, but also require a highly competent worker to injure proper handling and assessment. Thus the r i s e from 45 C h i l d Welfare cases to 124 i s more meaningful i n terms of caseload than a s i m i l a r r i s e i n Social Allowances. In each i n d i v i d u a l category of welfare service, the Municipality of Surrey showed substantial increases i n caseload between the years of 19 51 and 1961. During t h i s same period, the C i t y of White Rock, which was being served by the Surrey Welfare Office', established i t s own welfare o f f i c e and absorbed 556 cases from the caseload i n Surrey. In view of t h i s fact, Surrey s t i l l remains an area of concentration of welfare needs and s o c i a l problems. Pensions jumped from 1,224 i n 19 51 to 1,782 i n 19 61, Social Allowances more than t r i p l e d ( 39 4: to 1360) C h i l d Welfare rose from 134 to 356, and Family Service decreased by 5 from 59 cases. There are more Pensions i n Surrey than i n the rest of the suburbs, and S o c i a l Allowances follow the same pattern. The trend i n Surrey, as well as i n the rest of the suburbs, i s an accelerated and growing need for welfare services, e s p e c i a l l y Pensions, S o c i a l Allowances, and C h i l d Welfare. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 185-Exploration of s o c i a l measurements has given some in d i c a t i o n of the development of areas, r e f l e c t i n g new subdiv-isiorisand higher incomes--individual and governmental. As we have seen there are old o r i g i n a l areas and new expanding areas. Even the most prosperous include pockets of marginal population (e.g. the e l d e r l y Indians, and various residual groups of former settlement). A l l parts of the metropolis use welfare services and evidence i s growing that these marginal enclaves contribute s i g n i f i c a n t l y to welfare caseloads. -186-Chapter 10 - Interpreting Welfare S t a t i s t i c s . Private Agencies. Concerned members of early 19th Century society who formed voluntary organizations for the r e l i e f of distress seen i n t h e i r midst did not perceive some l e v e l of distress as inev-i t a b l e i n a rapi d l y changing s o c i a l organization. They viewed t h e i r work as a temporary measure i n apasssing c r i s i s . I t was not u n t i l the vast unemployment of the 1930*8, i n North America, that there was wide public acceptance of s o c i a l welfare respon-s i b i l i t y r - - a n d a r e a l i z a t i o n that private agencies could no longer cope adequately with the welfare needs of a large and complex society. Social l e g i s l a t i o n has been enacted to meet, to some extent, recurring and predictable needs of people. Since then i t has been considered that the role of private agencies i s , large l y , i n the f i e l d of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of special needs, implementation of appropriate services of a p a r t i c u l a r nature, and continuing experimentation with advanced methods. Where once they were s o l e l y supported by private means, they are now to an increasing extent, supported by public money. Since i t was i n the aggregates of population that otherwise unmet need was most evident, and formal means devised of dealings with i t , so i t i s s t i l l i n the larger c i t i e s that we f i n d most of the private agencies, serving a wide variety of needs. Urban centres present not only concentrations of need but substantial sources of funds to support private welfare organizations. In B r i t i s h Columbia these agencies are most -187-widely represented in the Metropolitan Vancouver area to-the extent that similar needs are served in the remainder of the Province they are largely the responsibil ity of the Provincial Welfare Department. Government responsibil i ty for welfare is largely a response to the geography and scattered population of the Province. In this study, time available permits the presentation of only -./S&is&m private agencies. The work of these three is central to the fieldfcof social welfare, however, and figures (1) expressing the extent of their operation is essential for a complete examination of welfare services in the metropolitan area. In the figures for welfare caseloads for this area, grouped in several major categories Vancouver City does not report ch i ld welfare and family services because these are pro-vided by the dhildren's aid s oc i e t \u00C2\u00A3 e s - an di the f ami 1 y - S e r vi c e agenciesfoCGrfeater-Vancouver.Because these agencies are involved in such v i t a l services they are of part icular interest not only to this study, but, along with others, have been the subject of previous M. S. W. theses, whose ultimate object is to define the contribution made quantitatively and qual i tat ively , by private welfare bodies, to the overall f i e ld of welfare. Another, and continuing approach to coordination and evaluation of private welfare is the work of the Community Chest and Councils of Greater Vancouver. Similar bodies exist in most (. A l l agency figures presented in this study have been edited for i l lu s t ra t ive presentation, so that they are not necessarily in the form in which they are presented in agency reports. TABLE 36. Some Measurements of Service; Family Service Agency, Vancouver (year 1961-2) Item Amount Clients Families-receiving counselling service: representing: men women children 1,554 (1,083) (1,116) (2,700) Families receiving supervised homemaker services: representing: children 97 (367) Adolescents who received counselling, help 212 Children who received direct treatment for emotional-problems. 52 Units of Service Home visits Telephone interviews Collateral interviews -Office. interviews 1,774 4,669 423. 4,463 Case or supervisory..consultation (hours) Direct Family counselling (hours) Supervised homemaker service (hours) 1,647 14,546 15,000 Source: Adapted from 1962 Annual Report. Family Service Agency of Greater Vancouver 188-of the larger urban areas of North America, evidence of the important part played by member agencies and the cdhcern f e l t by t h e i r Boards that they should o f f e r services i n the most e f f e c t i v e way. The Vancouver Chest and Councils conducts an annual fund r a i s i n g campaign, from the proceeds of which a l l o -cation of funds i s made to member agencies i n an attempt to bring t h e i r f i n a n c i a l means within range of t h e i r objectives. The research department of the Chest not only maintains a stat-i s t i c a l record of agency services (Table ) but undertakes re-search studies of value to the community as a whole. (1). Family Service Agency \"counsels i n d i v i d u a l s and families with personal and other family relationship d i f f i c u l t i e s , o f f e r i n g casework services to children and adolescents as well as adults, j o i n t family services through neighbourhood houses, and supervised homemaker servic e . \" (2) Catholic Children's A i d Society provides casework services to Catholic children and th e i r families; protection, foster care and adoption services; and services for the unmarried mother. Children's A i d Society o f f e r s casework services to children and t h e i r families for pro-tection, adoption, foster care, and services to unmarried mothersC3) Recent figures for these agencies (Table 11-) present, i n contrast to p r o v i n c i a l reports, a wealth of information.. Family IS ervice Agency, \u00C2\u00A3 of etfamp 1 e-i, Tepoxtfcc;'in\u00C2\u00A9 t dnly; the: numbers (1) e.g. The Vancouver Community Chest P r i o r i t i e s Study--1964. (2) As described i n the Red Feather Handbook, 1962. (3) Ibid. TABLE 37.Some Measurements of Service Children's Aid Society of Vancouver,-B.C. 1957=1961 Item of Service 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1. Total.Pay Care Days 313,043 325.143 332,108 332,764 341,491 2. Total Chest Days 34,059 36,635 38,153 32,792 34,057 3. Percentage of Chest Days 10.90 11.23 11.49 9.85 9.97 4. Non=ward (Chest) Admissions ( ) ( ) 251 224 259 4. Non=Ward (Chest) Discharges ( ) ( ) 241 ,231 237 6. Total Non=wards (Chest) worked with ( ) ( ) 359 332 360 7. New Unmarried Mothers 574 591 560 598 588 8. Total Unmarried Mothers 913 974 937 984 1,000 9. New Families Referred 1,848 1,719 1,705 1,718 1,684 10. Families Accepted for Service 1,302 1,320 . 1,306. 1,338 1,321 11. Children of Above Families 2,226 .2,168 2,104 2,178 1,904 12. Total.Families worked with in Year 2,443 2,435 2,449 2,449 2,426 13. Children of Above Families 4,532 4,444 4,318 4,251 3,947 14. Children Admitted to Care 469 480 523 463 493 15. Children Discharged from Care 395 476 446 548 450 16. Children Returned to Parents 175 202 184 189 173 17. Children in Care December 31st 1,231 1,235 1,313 1,228 1,271 18. C.A.S. Adoption Placements 370 378 357 394 348 19. C.W.D.Adoption Placements 182 171 169 231 202 20. Adoption Applications 321. 287 313 263 266 21. SUMMARY Total Children in Own Homes 4,532 4,444 4,318. 4,251 3,947 Total Children in Foster Homes 1,626 1,711 1,758 1,776 .1,721 Total Children in Adoption Homes 841 846 832 851 768 Total Children in Private \ .. j . . . . Boarding Homes 242 247 232 183 142 Total Children Served 7,241 7,248 7,141 7,061 6,578 -189-. o f i n d i v i d u a l s served,but f u r t h e r d i s t i n g u i s h e s these a c c o r d i n g to sex o f a d u l t s , and some approximation of age groups ( a d u l t s , c h i l d r e n and adolescents) . They c l a s s i f y s e r v i c e s under c a t -e g o r i e s ( c o u n s e l l i n g , treatment, homemaker, etc.) These are f u r t h e r d e s c r i b e d as u n i t s o f s e r v i c e , so t h a t not onl y the numbers i n each category, but the hours i n v o l v e d are rep r e s e n t e d . ( T a b l e ) . C h i l d r e n ' s A i d S o c i e t y d e s c r i b e s i t s work under twenty \"items o f s e r v i c e \" which i n c l u d e not o n l y time i n v o l v e d , under two f i s c a l c a t e g o r i e s , but numbers of c h i l d r e n and f a m i l i e s under s e v e r a l q u a l i f y i n g items, and g i v e s summarized t o t a l s o f c h i l d r e n i n d i f f e r e n t placements. T h i s r e p o r t con-f i n e s i t s e l f more c l o s e l y to a numerical accounting than t h a t o f Family S e r v i c e Agency whose c a t e g o r i e s of s e r v i c e g i v e more i n d i c a t i o n o f the k i n d o f s e r v i c e i n v o l v e d . C a t h o l i c C h i l d r e n ' s A i d ( T a b l e ) l i s t s s e r v i c e s to c h i l d r e n and f a m i l i e s i n a manner s i m i l a r to C h i l d r e n ' s A i d but has a categor y f o r i n f a n t s - as w e l l as c h i l d r e n . There i s some e l a b o r a t i o n under \"Other Measurements of S e r v i c e \" i n re g a r d to \"medical examinations, c l i n i c s \" and \" i n t e r v i e w s and v i s i t s ' \" , l e n g t h o f c o n t a c t ( i . e . \" b r i e f \" ) c o u r t appearances, and s o c i a l work s t a f f ( n on-supervisory) . As might be expected from agencies whose prim a r y con-cern i s s e r v i c e , r a t h e r than income maintenance and s e r v i c e there i s f u l l e r r e p o r t i n g i n r e l a t i o n to s e r v i c e s . Neverthe-l e s s , i f more s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f items of s e r v i c e c o u l d be achieved and f u r t h e r c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f items such as \" f a m i l i e s TABLE 38. Some.Measurements of Service; Catholic Children's Aid Society, Vancouver, 1961 Child Care Services Family Services Infants admitted for, planning Families, served during or adoption - 134 the year: 239 Other children admitted for Continuing.cases -.. (116) planning ~or, adoption - 145 New cases - (123) Children, discharged to Children served in own parents or guardians = 118 homes = 504 Children discharged because adopted \u00E2\u0080\u0094 62 Unmarried mothers, assisted Children discharged for during the year 251 other reasons 32 Continuing - (106) Childrenplaced in adoption New = (145) homes - 69 Children served in adoption homes.- 185 Other Measurements..of .Service-Total, children in care 973 Average number of children in care 745 Children admitted, to. non-ward care 117 Medical examinations, clinics 1,714 Children admitted to hospital 157 Interviews and visits.... 14,443 Brief contacts 3,859. Court appearances (official) 451 Social work staff (excluding supervision, and administrative) 19 Number of days pay care for children 212,862 Number of non=ward days pay care (Community Chest) 11,265 TABLE 39. Some Basic Statistics of Private Agency Service, Vancouver, 1956=1961 (as compiled in Community Chest Survey,1963) Agency, and index of service 1956 1957 j 1958 1959 | 1960 1961 Family Service Agency Total cases Active caseload (a) Social workers Senior staff (b) ( ) 417 9 10 1,786 441 9fc 1,575 404 10 10 1,443 370 11 10 ^ 1,444 361 12 7 ( ) ( ) 13 9 Catholic Family Agency Active caseloads (a) Social workers Senior staff (b) 91 2 1 88 2 1 ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2 1 76 2 1 ( ) 2 1 Children's Aid Society 1 Total children served Caseload (a) Social workers Senior staff (b) ( ) ( ) 41 18 7,241 ( ) 42 19 7,248 1,236 40 20 7,141 1,313 43 20 7,061 1,228 43 20 ( ) 1,214 43 22 Catholic Children's Aid Society Caseload (c) Social workers Senior staff (b) (879) 17 5 (827)1 18 ! 6 722 18 6 731 19 6 694 19 7 737 19 7 (a) Monthly (b) Executives and supervisors ( ) not available (c) Figures for 1956-7 are children in care; for 1959-61, monthly caseloads -19.0-r e c e i v i n g s e r v i c e \" along the l i n e s of income l e v e l , geograph-i c a l l o c a t i o n , housing; and \" c h i l d r e n \" f u r t h e r d e s c r i b e d i n r e g a r d to age and f a m i l y background, some c o n s t e l l a t i o n s of f a c t o r s might be e l i c i t e d and f u r t h e r developed i n t o key items which c o o u l d then be used f o r more c e r t a i n a n a l y s i s . An anology w i t h the c o s t - o f - l i v i n g index f i g u r e s may be u s e f u l here. Every-body needs t h i s f i g u r e at i n t e r v a l s to know what i s happening to consumer p r i c e s . But we a l s o need to know the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f income, s i z e s o f f a m i l i e s , people's b u d g e t t i n g h a b i t s and p a t t e r n s , and s p e c i a l f a c t o r s l i k e mortgage payments, debts, i l l n e s s e s , e t c . I f , i n s t e a d o f t h i s breakdown, we had a jumble o f p r i c e s and one of these items, f o r example, we would not have a very c l e a r p i c t u r e o f what was happening to the economy. In w e l f a r e a n a l y s i s which i s i n t e n d e d to throw more l i g h t on what i s being done now, and what may need to be done, more d e t a i l e d r e p o r t i n g i n u n i v e r s a l terms i s e q u a l l y r e q u i r e d . A r e p o r t made p o s s i b l e through the c o o p e r a t i o n o f one o f the m e t r o p o l i t a n areas, Burnaby, permits much g r e a t e r i n s i g h t i n t o what S o c i a l Allowance means. S i x c a t e g o r i e s are d i s t i n g u i s h e d w i t h some f u r t h e r breakdown i n t o sub-groups. There i s some c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f d i s a b i l i t y ( t u b e r c u l o s i s , l i s t i n g three sub-groups; boarding homes and n u r s i n g homes, each w i t h a f u r t h e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f p a t i e n t s ) . Though t h i s i s a q u a n t i t a t i v e r e p o r t at f i r s t o b s e r v a t i o n , the number of d e s c r i p t i v e c a t e g o r i e s used g i v e s some approximation o f the s e r v i c e s which may be i n -v o l v e d i n what i s a l s o a statement o f income-maintenance. TABLE 40. Components of a Case Load;Social Assistance Cases in a Public Welfare Department (Burnaby,B.C. 1952=1962) Item 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 Total persons receiving social assistance 662 660 599 1231 2320 2302(a) Components: (social allowance) a) heads of families 100 88 92 163 275 354 b) children and other dependents(b) 215 204 185 395 632 852 c) single men 4 45 34 37 59 69 d$ single women 116 119 121 104 142 172 Components: (unemployment assistance(c)) a) heads of -families and single persons = 5 3 107 318 220 b) dependents = 15 14 249 695 436 Other special, categories Social allowance cases in boarding homes 13 14 17 12 15 36 men (5) (3) (5) (3) (4) (16) women (8) (ID (12) (9) (11) (20) Social allowance cases in nursing homes 7 6 9 10 5 6 men (4) (5) (S) (4) (3) (3) women (3) (1) (4) (6) (2) (3) Elderly, persons in boarding homes 48 55 51 45 57 65 men (22) (23) (17) ( ID (15) (14) women (26) (32) (34) (34) (42) (51) Elderly . persons in nursing homes 41 49 59 63 64 47 men (13) (16) (24) (22) (20) (12) women (28) (33) (35) (41) (44) (35) Tuberculosis cases heads of families 19 13 5 7 9 6 dependents 41 28 10 13 20 13 single men 8 11 5 3 2 2 single women 4 8 12 1 \u00C2\u00BB 1 (a) includes 8 persons, out\u00C2\u00BBof-Province cases, 1962-(b) including a few children whose relative.is.not the family head (12 in 1960, 15 in 1962) (c) unemployed persons who are employable (social assistance e l ig ibi l i ty assumes unemployability) - 1 9 / L -Given such data S o c i a l Allowance cases can become f a m i l i e s , w i t h a c e r t a i n number of p a r e n t s , and numbers of c h i l d r e n . There are a l s o s i n g l e men and s i n g l e women which has s p e c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f v u l n e r a b i l i t y : these people may not have the f a m i l y support o f an emotional and m o r a l e - b u i l d i n g nature which can help them m a i n t a i n good h e a l t h , mental and p h y s i c a l . There are \" c h i l d r e n w i t h r e l a t i v e s \" ; here, too, may be an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t more than monetary s e r v i c e may be needed at some time. R e l a t i v e s may, or may not, be as committed t o the care o f the c h i l d as i t s p a r e n t s would be. Those who are not employable are d i s t i n g u i s h e d . Such an item has a h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y o f s e r v i c e requirement. Perhaps r e f e r r a l to s u i t -a ble m e d i c a l o r mental h e a l t h agencies i s i n d i c a t e d . Perhjaps w i t h treatment and r e h a b i l i t a t i v e s e r v i c e s t h i s person might be r e s t o r e d to a more s a t i s f a c t o r y l i f e . Dependents of t h i s person may be more d e p r i v e d than the dependents l i s t e d under \" F a m i l i e s \" generally;. C h i l d r e n may be r e q u i r e d to perform n u r s i n g or other s e r v i c e s i n such a home to the detriment o f t h e i r e d u c a t i o n - - w i t h i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e i r l a t e r years. Per-haps some community s e r v i c e might be found to r e l i e v e dependents of a measure o f t h i s care so th a t they c o u l d pursue t h e i r own needs more adequately. Under the oth e r mag.or headings i n the Burnaby r e p o r t \"cases\" emerge as people w i t h needs-- the needs common to s i c k people, f a m i l i e s o f s i c k people, o l d people, s i n g l e and married , men and women: people who need boarding home care and those who -19;2-need nursing home care-- a d i s t i n c t i o n i n degree as well as, perhaps, kind of helplessness. Such a report t e l l s much that we need to know. I t i s not easy to make r e l i a b l e comparisons between' these agency figures, but i t i s evident that each serves a large number of people. In the two c h i l d welfare agencies the items \" t o t a l pay care days\" (Children's A i d Society) and \"Number of days pay care for children\"(Catholic Children's Aid) for 1961 give figures of 341,9 41 and 212,862 respectively. \"Total Eam-i l i e s Worked with i n Year\" (Children's Aid) and \"Families serv during the year\" (Catholic Children's A i d ) l i s t 2,426 and 239 for the same year. The discrepancy i n these two sets of figures however (50 per cent between\"the f i r s t two against 90 per cent between the second set) suggests that the \"family\" items are not as comparable as t h e i r t i t l e s would suggest. The Community Chest, figures for 19 60, for Family Service Agency and Catholic Family Agency report \"active caseloads\" of 361 and 76 respectively. There appears to be no other common item pro-ducing a set of figures by which to rate the foregoing set. Apart from the fact that these agencies are serving substantial numbers of people i t i s d i f f i c u l t to make a p rc.o due t i v e as s e s s - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 iaent of welfarie services. A l l these factors underline the d e s i r a b i l i t y of standardization of items, i f continued analysis i s to produce v a l i d r e s u l t s , useable i n building e f f e c t i v e welfare programs. -19 3-Is s u e s : The m e t r o p o l i s i s never a c l o s e d system. The flow o f people goods and s e r v i c e s between i t and th e l n i n t e r l a n d , and, i n t e r n a l l y between i t s p a r t s i s i n cons t a n t motion and under-going c o n s t a n t change. The p a t t e r n o f the m e t r o p o l i t a n area i s formed by t h i s motion. A t the h e a r t o f the area i s the urban core, the c e n t r a l c i t y ; s urrounding t h i s i s an i n n e r r i n g o f o l d e r suburbs, which may, i n time, encompass s u c c e s s i v e s m a l l e r r i n g s o f suburbs whose outer boundary marks the beginning o f the o u t e r r i r j g o f suburbs, the \"new\" suburbs--areas o f most r e c e n t development. As the bus i n e s s , i n d u s t r y and i n s t i t u t i o n s o f the core a t t r a c t p o p u l a t i o n , more l a n d i s needed to accomodate these people, added p o p u l a t i o n s e t s up a demand f o r more com-m e r c i a l and i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d a c t i v i t i e s ( e . g. more s t o r e s and more s c h o o l s , e t c . , ) At any p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t i n the h i s t o r y o f an area t h i s growth i s more accentuated than d u r i n g more gra d u a l development, at such times c l e a r e r l i n e s o f demarcation appear, p r o d u c i n g the three r i n g s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f the metro-p o l i s . These r i n g s mark the out e r boundaries o f c i t y c ore, the i n n e r and the outer suburbs. T h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n p a t t e r n has i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r s e r v i c e s , f b r the r e g i o n , and f o r w e l f a r e . As the c i t y d w e l l e r moves out he c r e a t e s a demand f o r urban s e r v i c e s i n h i s new home. H i s presence, and these demands, have i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r the o u t l y i n g a r e a - - i n terms of economics and l a n d use, among oth e r t h i n g s . -194-The demographic pattern of the three areas has implications for welfare; of in d i v i d u a l s , of the community, and of the region. This welfare i n i t s widest sense of those d i r e c t l y served and of the surrounding society. The rapid growth of r e s i d e n t i a l areas on the outer fringe of the metropolitan zone, taking form as clusters of urban-oriented subdivisions, sometimes i s o l a t e d , sometimes strung out i n ribbons, a l l scattered over 100 square miles of once-rural land, has serious implications for everybody who l i v e s i n the nearby metropolis. Questions of land use,economic structure, requirements for r e s i d e n t i a l s e r v i c e s - - i n an immed-ia t e sense as well as isteues for the future are being posed and, to some extent, considered. But the implications of th i s development (and of the answers to these questions) i n terms of predictable welfare needs, and services to deal with these needs, are less f a m i l i a r --yet perhaps even more f a t e f u l for the immediate present and for the future. The size of th i s problem i s impressive. The region i s now approaching a population of 1,000,000 within a few years, and i s predicted to have 2,500,000 within forty years. I t involves an estimated need for 100 square miles out of the t o t a l available, once basic regional requirements are provided for, of less than 250 square miles (1)But present modes of development w i l l , i f continued unchanged, involve twice the area c i t e d , thereby depriving the region of land for other needs. (1) Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board .Land for L i v i n g . -195-Services. The nature of development poses d i f f i c u l t i e s for even basic services. \"A subdivision of forty or f i f t y close-spaced houses, however far i t may be from the next subdivision, cannot operate successfully on septic tanks and a ru r a l water l i n e ; but because urban u t i l i t i e s cannot economically be extended throughout vast low-density area s , . i t may have to, with water short-ages and unsanitary ground conditions as a res u l t . By the same token, sprawl areas cannot possibly be provided with schools, parks, shopping and medical-dental services with the degree of convenience taken for granted i n the c i t y . \" 0 9) As young families, with r e l a t i v e l y large numbers of children mature they w i l l have a multitude of successive needs requiring the i n s t a l l a t i o n of a variety of services. Even now, school crowding i s a f a m i l i a r complaint; though, i n fairness to School. Boards, i t must be said that school f a c i l i t i e s , by and large, have been provided better than anything else i n suburbia. The lack of Sunday Schools and l i b r a r y f a c i l i t i e s are pointed out immediately by housewives when they are asked about the dis-advantages of l i v i n g \"out so f a r \" . The problem i s sometlhing more than j u s t distance: i t involves the qual i t y of such develop-ments possible for these scattered communities, even when they can be supplied. In the near future recreation centres for the pre-adolescent and the teen-ager w i l l be the crying need. For many of the older youth, vocational schools or something more up-to-date and comprehensive, within reasonable reach w i l l be-come highly desireable. These are only some of the needis which 19. The Urban Frontier (Part 1). r l 9 6 -can be p r e d i c t e d f o r communities w i t h the f a m i l y composition of these new suburbs. The Urban F r o n t i e r ( P a r t 4) quotes J . K . Galbrai thC 2 0 ) e f f e c t i v e l y , i n s t r e s s i n g t h a t \"... the housing i n d u s t r y f u n c t i o n s w e l l only i n combination w i t h a l a r g e , complex and c o s t l y a r r a y o f p u b l i c s e r v i c e s . These i n c l u d e l a n d purchase and c l e a r a n c e f o r redevelopment: good neighbourhood and c i t y p l a n n i n g , and e f f e c t i v e and w e l l e n f o r c e d z o n i n g . . . . \" While the requirements o f p u b l i c s e r v i c e s i s undoubtedly u n i v e r s a l i n modern r e s i d e n t i a l development, i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n zone adjacent to Vancouver some c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f the meaning of \" c l e a r a n c e f o r redevelopment\" and \" z o n i n g \" i s d e s i r e a b l e . C l e a r i n g o f a l l n a t u r a l f e a t u r e s has c o n t r i b u t e d to sameness and l a c k of v i s u a l s a t i s f a c t i o n i n many of our b u i l d i n g p r o j e c t s i n B r i t i s h Columbia, ( \" l e t ' s b u l l d o z e out a l l the t r e e s , l e v e l the ground, then t h i n k how to develop the area.\") . And i n the realm o f c o n f l i c t s over the use of l a n d , a s t e r e o t y p e d a p p l i c a t i o n of zoning which abrogates the long-e s t a b l i s h e d farmer's needs i n favour of the a e s t h e t i c standards o f h i s newcomer neighbours c o u l d be q u e s t i o n a b l e . P r o v i s i o n of s e r v i c e s must be f i n a n c e d out o f taxes. The low r a t e s p r e v a i l i n g at the time of s u b d i v i s i o n p r o v i d e d r u r a l s tandard of s e r v i c e s . E c o n o m i c a l l y speaking, the home-owners i n the outward borders o f these areas are the most v u l n e r a b l e ; i n c r e a s e d taxes w i l l be more d i f f i c u l t f o r them to pay than f o r those i n more expensive d i s t r i c t s . The need f o r b a s i c s e r v i c e s , and p r o b a b l y f o r succeeding s e r v i c e s , i s (20) The A f f l u e n t S o c i e t y . -19 Z-most l i k e l y to be more urgent than i n b e t t e r designed s e r v i c e s . T h i s i s r e l a t e d to both the d e f i c i e n c i e s o f the p a r t i c u l a r area dnd the l e s s e r a b i l i t y o f those l i v i n g there to a f f o r d i n d i v i d -u a l s o l u t i o n s . There i s another aspect, r e g i o n a l l y , of t a x a t i o n . Even at i n c r e a s e d r a t e s , s u b d i v i s i o n s do not pay f o r the i n -c r e a s e d c o s t s which they pose f o r the m u n i c i p a l i t y . The tax boaden must be borne p a r t l y by farming l a n d and i n d u s t r y ( i f any). That i s , farmers who have not s o l d t h e i r farms, e i t h e r out of c o n v i c t i o n s about s u i t a b l e use of l a n d , or because they were among those whose l a n d was not chosen f o r purchase, are p e n a l i z e d by h i g h e r taxes to pay f o r something they do not want, and from which they d e r i v e no apparent b e n e f i t . The Region -- Land Use. The d i s t u r b i n g aspect o f the p a t t e r n of development around the Vancouver m e t r o p o l i t a n zone i s the l a r g e amount of l a n d decimated by i s l a n d s o f s e t t l e m e n t , n e i t h e r r u r a l nor t r u l y suburban. Though houses i n these ' i s l a n d s ' may be as c l o s e l y b u i l t as i n the C i t y , the o v e r a l l d e n s i t y i s o n l y one house to every ten m i l e s o f l a n d . ( 2 1 ) , They have been d e s c r i b e d as \" l i t t l e b i t s of c i t y i n the wrong p l a c e \" . (22). T h i s wastes a r a b l e l a n d . As food needs r i s e , by v i r t u e of houses on l a n d f o r m e r l y devoted to u s i n g food, i m p o r t a t i o n w i l l become neces-s a r y w i t h i n c r e a s e d food c o s t to the p o p u l a t i o n of the e n t i r e r e g i o n . (21) The Lower Mainland,Regional P l a n n i n g Board, The Urban F r o n t i e r . P a r t : \" ' ! . 1 , . ~ * -\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \"\" \" (22) I b i d . A f t e r l a n d i s s u b d i v i d e d s p e c u l a t i v e l y , i t may l i e i d l e f o r l o n g p e r i o d s , a w a i t i n g purchase. And not o n l y i s t h i s and the a c t i v e l y developed s u b d i v i s i o n taken out of farm pro-d u c t i o n ; as the c o s t s o f r e s i d e n t i a l sprawl are passed on to the farmer, h i s o p e r a t i o n becomes l e s s p r o f i t a b l e and he i s more i n c l i n e d to l e t h i s l a n d go f o r s u b d i v i s i o n . M a r g i n a l farmers, a l r e a d y depressed, can appear as s o c i a l a s s i s t a n c e c l a i m a n t s . Moreover, others may b e l i e v e that farming has a l i m i t e d f u t u r e i n the Lower F r a s e r V a l l e y and w i l l not under-take long-range improvements and expensive i n s t a l l a t i o n s f o r mod e r n i z a t i o n . As t h i s t r e n d develops, the economic s t r u c t u r e o f the whole r e g i o n i s threatened. I t has been argued by some observers t h a t the complex of i n d u s t r i e s based on the farm economy p r o v i d e s approximately one out of f i v e j o bs i n the area. . v. ./ : P o t e n t i a l l a n d f o r i n d u s t r i a l use, f o r parks, a i r -f i e l d s , and other e s s e n t i a l s , p r e s e n t l y foreseen and others o n l y d i s c e r n a b l e i n the f u t u r e , i s at p r e s e n t being s u b d i v i d e d i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2Thef Region- - - W e l f a r e S e r v i c e s . Any r e g i o n which has a l a r g e number o f f a m i l i e s w i t h many f a m i l i e s has p r e d i c t a b l e v u l n e r a b i l i t y . When t h i s i s u n d e r l a i d w i t h the i n c i d e n c e o f u n s k i l l e d workers w i t h low incomes of the p o o r e r f r i n g e developments, w i t h mortgages on homes, aggravated by p r e s s u r e s o f r i s i n g taxes and maintenance c o s t s , u n a n t i c i p a t e d i n many cases by the t y r o homeowners, ther -199-are implications for welfare services. Many of the breadwinners i n the fringe areas are i n occupations where peak earning power i s reached at a f a i r l y early age. This means that as a family matures, and small-child needs are succeeded by those of the adolescent the family bud-get w i l l be spread more t h i n l y . I t may be d i f f i c u l t for these children to proceed to higher education but, without i t , i t may be impossible for them to be employed, as automation (already threatening some of t h e i r fathers\" jobs) increases. I f vocational s.4hoolc, or colleges are not available to provide at least some of the answers to the new technological demands on young entrants to employment, large numbers of young people, concentrated i n these neighbourhoods, may be unemployed, underemployed or emotionally and s o c i a l l y maladjusted. In other areas, t h i s rblelessness of the young has already shown up as a factor i n delinquency. Where the c i t y needs welfare services mainly for the elde r l y , the lonely, the deprived, and the unstable, these sub-urban areas need services for families and for the young. Neighbourhood houses arid community centres are needed i n such areas before s o c i a l problems appear, not only to prevent them but to prevent further and consequent problems. Such centres, and family and youth counselling services are, of course, only p a l l i a t i v e s for l o c a l symptoms which do not answer the o v e r a l l national need for posl.tiiye: planning for automation--as a benefit rather than as a problem. -200-I t i s l o g i c a l and perhaps urgently necessary to con-sider what may be the long-range consequences of this rapid and large scale development on the pattern described. What changes does i t impose on family l i v i n g , c h i l d - r e a r i n g , and day-to-day a c t i v i t i e s of a large segment of the population? Is segrega-ti o n into dormitory suburbs of one class, s o c i a l and income, age and family-stage, placing added strains on the family, and de-p r i v i n g children and adults of support once gained from i n t e r -action with a more heterogeneous group--including the extended family? And can a balanced community be developed with the horizontal character of these suburbs, rather than the i n t e r -weaving of a variety of s t r a i n s , v e r t i c a l as well as horizontal? This accidental environment, a product of a coincidence of events, p o l i t i c a l , economic, demographic, and i n d u s t r i a l , may have great significance for the future--in the kinds of people we w i l l have, t h e i r values and t h e i r way of l i v i n g . Perhaps we should try to understand what this might be. (23). More than one profession and more than one l e v e l of government w i l l be needed to deal e f f e c t i v e l y with the currently-seen problems of urban expansion. Citi z e n s (which means education), as well as regional planners, real estate developers, municipal and metropolitan councils, p r o v i n c i a l and federal government are involved. (23) The same kind of problem though i n the d i f f e r e n t contecct of publicly,-aided housing, i s being examined i n a j o i n t research study, contemporary with the present one, Families i n Public Housing, by Florence Ireland, L i a Juurup, and Sheila M i l l e r . .\u00E2\u0080\u00A2201-The Provincial Government is in a key position from which to stimulate and encourage a broad and timely approach to this area of development. Their responsibi l i t ies in relation to municipal affairs and to welfare administration as well as the increased funds which they anticipate from federal resources provide an opportune coincidence of the prerequisite .for action. I f the large amount of tax money now being devoted to welfare services, plus the federal accretion, are to be spent most pro-ductively, this must take place within a sound program, based on knowledge of actual needs, and of measures appropriate to prevention and rehabil i tat ion, as well as r e l i e f of immediate social pathology. To develop and maintain such a program at an effective leve l , preliminary and continuing research is basic. Implementation of f a c i l i t i e s for regional study and analysis seems the logical point at which to begin. One of the major implications of the present study, however, i s that metropolitan \"region\" must be studied, and as effectively as possible, administered, as a whole. It is too important a part of the province to be le f t to a score of varied authorities with differing jur isdict ions , finances, and powers. Whether or not this necessitates some form of metropolitan government there is no question that the total metropolitan area must, more and more, be the logical area for planning and review. This i s as true for welfare services as i t i s for such things as recreation, school provision,parks, and arter ia l roads. -202-Regional measurements have been e l i c i t e d from both census data and p r o v i n c i a l welfare s t a t i s t i c s for thi s study. In i n t e r p r e t i n g services currently being o f f e r e d , d i f f i c u l t i e s exist i n the p r o v i n c i a l reports because many items of service are included i n a single index and, as presented i n f i n a l form, a l l p r o v i n c i a l welfare services are covered by a paucity of categories. One such category i s \"Social Allowance\". Annual p r o v i n c i a l reports give figures for this as a single'item. Without further tabulations i t i s not even c l e a r how many per-sons are being served i n any one \"case\"., and, more importantly, what i s the d i s t r i b u t i o n of kinds of family sit u a t i o n s . To get a cl e a r picture of the character of the needs represented, and of the services given, not only for public and professional understanding, but as aids to giving better service, tof develop appropriate a l l o c a t i o n of s t a f f , and i n general to make the best use of welfare expenditures, i t i s essential to have c a r e f u l l y developed and up-to-date set of welfare figures. B a s i c a l l y , i n Social Allowance i t i s desireable to know, not only how many persons are represented i n a single case - i . e . to distinguish between family cases and single men and single women, but whether the adults are employable or unemployabletand t h e i r s o c i a l c i r -cumstances. In families i t i s essential to know how many de-pendents are included i n each case, and some in d i c a t i o n of the age-groups of these dependents. Where s o c i a l assistance i s being given to children i n the home of r e l a t i v e s , a d i s t i n c t i o n i n reporting might help i n in t e r p r e t a t i o n of the probable -2Q3-d i f f e r e n t i a l i n s e r v i c e i n s u c h a c a s e a n d one i n v o l v i n g c h i l d r e n i n t h e i r p a r e n t s ; ' h o m e . S i m i l a r b r e a k d o w n s i n o t h e r w e l f a r e cat<-g o r i e s w o u l d p r o v i d e a m u c h c l e a r e r e x p o s i t i o n o f w h a t i s b e i n g a c c o m p l i s h e d - - o r n e e d e d . On t h e w h o l e , t h e a m o u n t o f s t a t i s t i c a l m a t e r i a l a v a i l -a b l e h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r a b l e a n d i n t h i s s t u d y we h a v e b e e n a b l e t o i n d i c a t e some s o c i a l p a t t e r n s f r o m w h a t was o f f e r e d . H o w e v e r , t h i s k i n d o f m a t e r i a l , a s p r e s e n t l y a r r a n g e d p r e s e n t s d i f f i c u l t i e s f o r u s e . I n o r d e r t o w o r k o u t u n a m b i g u o u s s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t t h e f i e l d o f w e l f a r e a n d t h o s e i t s e r v e s d i r e c t l y i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , t h e r e n e e d s t o be b e t t e r o r g a n i z a t i o n o f r e g i o n a l s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a a n d s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f r e g i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s . R e g i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s s h o u l d be d r a w n i n r e l a t i o n t o p o p u l a t i o n s c o n c e r n e d , r a t h e r t h a n a c c o r d i n g t o g e o g r a p h i c a l o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n v e n -i e n c e . E x t e n d e d m e a s u r e m e n t s o f w e l f a r e c o u l d be made i f c a s e -l o a d s w e r e d e s c r i b e d u n d e r t w o m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s : i n c o m e m a i n t e n -a n c e a n d s e r v i c e s . A s e p a r a t e s t u d y o f w e l f a r e i n t h e p r o v i n c e , a l o n g t h e s e l i n e s i s r e c o m m e n d e d . INDEX OF APPENDIX TABLES Table No. 1(a). Income D i s t r i b u t i o n and Age-Groups; Male and Female -Metropolitan Vancouver. 1(b) Income D i s t r i b u t i o n and Age-Groups; Male and Female -B r i t i s h Columbia. II Comparative Housing Patterns. III Conditions and Quality of Housing. IV Indices of Housing Conditions: P r i n c i p a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . V Indices of Housing Conditions: Q u a l i t y and Condition of Housing. VI Home Ownership. VII Size of Household. VIII Family Status of Main Age-groups. IX Population Totals: Metropolitan Vancouver, 19 51 - 1961. X( a) D i s t r i b u t i o n of Main Age-Groups - Male. X(b) D i s t r i b u t i o n of Main Age-Groups - Female. TABLE I.a.Income Distribution and Age-Groups; Male and Female Employees who are Heads of Households* Metropolitan Vancouver, 1961. Maless Absolute Number in each Age Group and Income Level 1961 Earnings 1 Under 25 Years 25 - 34 35 - 64 65 and Over Total Undor $1000 350 898 2,2.39 675 4,162 $1000 to $3000 1,362 3,730 8,750 1,577 15,419 $3000 to $5000 3,297 15,515 35,956 1,586 56,354 $5000 to $10,000 676 12,593 33,736 667 47,672 $10,000and Over 9 483 4,071 118 4,681 Total 5,694 33,219 84,752 4,623 128,288 Females: Absolute.Number in each Age-Group and Income Level Under $10000 138 157 1,186 197 1,678 $1000 t o $3000 616 844 4,379 330 6,169 $3000 t o $5000 299 1,069 3,746 104 5,218 $5000 t o $10,000 . 5 130 900 . ... 22 1,057 $10,000 a n d Over 0 1 23 3 27 T o t a l 1,058 2,201 10,234 656 14,149 (TABLE I.b Income Distribution and Age-Groups: Male and Female Employees who are Heads of Households: British Columbia, 1961 Males: Absolute Number in Each Age-Group and Income Level 1961 Earnings Under 25 Years 25 - 34 35 - 64 65 and Over Total Under $1000 722 1,853 5,308 1,523 9,406 $1000 to $3000 3,539 8,514 20,469 3,131 35,653 $3000 to $5000 7,785 33,500 72,361 2,794 116,440 $5000 to $10,000 1,614 23,637 60,597 1,001 86,849 $10,000 and Over 14 \"\"\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 654 5,566 160 6,394 Total 13,674 68,158 164,301 8,609 ; 254,742 Females: Absolute Number in Each Age Group and Income Level Under $1000 250 282 2,178 371 3,081 $1000 to $3000 1,017 1,263 7,128 551 9,959 $3000 to $5000 481 1,395 5,347 151 7,374 $5000 to fc0,0Q0 8 184- 1,436 45 1,673 $10,000 and Over \u00E2\u0080\u00A2i o 1 29 3 33 Total 1,756 . 3,125 16,118 1,121 22,120 TABLE II. Comparative Patterns: City and Metropolitan Vanobuver, Census Division4, British Columbia and Canada: 1961. Item City of Vanoouver Metro-politan Vancouver Census Division : #4. British Columbia Canada Owner-Occupied Dwellings 72,029 159,414 184,129 326,090 3,005,587 Owner-Ocoupied Re-porting a Mortgage 31,412 81,188 87,246 131,321 979,966 Average Value of $13,424 Occupied Dwellings $13,783 $13,932 $11,744 $ 11,021 Tenant-Occupied Dwellings 46,375 69,182 77,453 133,442 1,548,906 Average Contract $72 $65 Monthly Rent $77 $75 $65 Apartments and Flats 37,520 47,630 48,887 68,632 1,151,098 Households with Automobile 74,247 163,073 187,908 329,738 3,114,677 TABLE III. Conditions and Quality of Housing's City and Metropolitan Vancouver, Census Division 4, British Columbia and Canada: 1961, City of Metropol- Census British Vancouver itan Division Columbia Canada Item Vancouver >#4 In Need of Major Repair 4,238 8,510 10,818 25,309 255,414 Without Running Water 364 1,120 2,956 22,809 496,180 Without Exclusive Flush Toilet , 12,859 19,353 34,827 63,740 955,025 Without Exclusive Bath or Shower 9,343 13,199 17,287 52,662 1,042,383 Without Refrigeration Facilities 5,346 8,641 11,241 33,025 366,780 Coal or Wood Heated 13,042 22,453 31,088 95,227 1,070,895 Without Furnaoe (Central Heating) 12,455 36,670 53,576 138,186 1,482,272 TABLE IV. Indices of Housing Conditions; Main Urban and Suburban Sectors, Metropolitan Vanoouver,1961. a. Some Principal Characteristics Sectors Total Number of Households Dwellings Constructed Before 1920 Less Than One Year Occupancy Tenant Occupied Dwellings I. Vanoouver City 118,405 27,868 21,331 46,375 A. University-Pt.Grey B. Kerrisdale-Dunbar C. Shaughnessy D. West End E . North Central 1. E . Kitsilano 2. False Creek 3. Main-Victoria F. East Vancouver 1. North East 2. East Central 3. Fraserview 5,451 6,349 15,803 10,818 32,043 13,042 8,642 10,359 48,819 11,004 23,627 14,188; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 306 0 1,518 3,153 14,348 3,748 4,209 6,391 7,911 1,962 4,736 1,213 .. \u00E2\u0080\u009E . . 577 427 1,998 3,537 8,471 3,387 2,675 2,406 6,194 1,462 2,991 1,741 1,213 448 3,767 9,577 20,699 7,671 7,190 5,838 10,779 2,284 5,297 3,198 II. Burnaby-New West'r. A. Burnaby 1 B. Burnaby 2 C. Burnaby 3 D. New Westminster 10,114 9,730 8,042 9,218 528 549 333 2,586 1,459 1,594 883 1,725 1,627 2,203 1,679 3,452 III. North Shore A. W. Vancouver B. N.' Vancouver (District) C. N. Vanoouver (City) 7,378 10,433 7,037 229 347 1,137 1,041 1,510 1,435 1,038 1.393 2,485 IV. Eastern!Suburbs A. Coquitlam-Fraser Mills B i Surrey North C. Surrey South 10,182 10,830 11,072 592 0 558 1,898 2,009 1,817 1,655 1,985 . 1,788 V. Southern Suburbs A. Richmond W. B. Richmond S. E . C. Delta 9,136 1,998 3,938 130 0 286 1,615 205 622 1,651 537 797 Metropolitan Vancouver 228,598 36,920 39,620 69,182 British Columbia 459,532 74,740 82,560 133,442 TABLE V, Indices of Housing Conditions? Main Urban and Suburban Sectors, Metropolitan Vanoouver,1961 b. Quality and Condition of Housing Seotors Needing Major Repair Crowded Lacking Exclusive Flush Toi let Lacking Exclusive Bath or Shower lo Vanoouver City 4,238 8,544 12-, 860 9,344 A. University-Pt.Grey B. Kerrisdale-Dupbar G. Shaughnessy Do West End Eo North Central 1. E. Kitsi lano 2. False Creek 3. Main-Victoria F 0 East Vancouver 1. North East 2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 East Central^ 3. Fraserview 0 0 102 0 1,559 353 426 780 904 393 511 o 0 0 143 345 2,290 443 385 1,462 4,961 1,140 2,410 1,411 232 230 1,266 1,424 6,402 1,727 2,138 2,537 3,328 994 1,515 819 82 34 405 1,251 5,701 1,460 1,997 2,244 1,893 620 837 436 II. Burnaby-New West'r. A. Burnaby 1. Bo Burnaby 2 C. Burnaby 3 D. New Westminster 122 0 0 140 947 646 415 727 290 522 329 863 157 156 172 711 III. North Shore A. Wo Vanoouver B. No Vanoouver (Distr ict ) C\u00C2\u00BB N. Vanoouver (City) 206 171 0 0 476 478 336 404 570 93 133 313 IV. Eastern Suburbs A. Cpquitlam-Fraser Mi l ls B. Surrey North C. Surrey South 0 501 413 1,248 1,645 1,121 528 834 1,146 322 600 756 , V. Southern Suburbs Ao Richmond W. B. Richmond S. E. C. Delta 104 235 0 795 226 469 247 213 177 115 175 94 Metropolitan Vanoouver 8,510 18,977 19,353 13,199 Br i t i sh Columbia 25,309 55,484 63,740 52,662 TABLE VI. Home Ownership! Main Urban and Suburban Sectors, Metropolitan Vanoouver: 1961. Owner Owner-Ocoupied Occupied Reporting Sectors Dwellings Mortgage I . Vancouver City 72,029 31,412 A.University-Point Grey 4,183 1,818 B.Kerrisdale-Dunbar 5,812 2,710 C.Shaughnessy 11,838 5,582 D.West End ., 813 0 E.North Central 10,991 3,011 1. East Kitsilano 5,371 1,679 2. False Creek 1,099 141 3. Main=Viqtpria 4,521 1,191 F. East Vancouver 38,040 18,203 1. North East 8,721 3,330 2. East Central 18,330 9,003 3.' Fraserview 10,989 5,870 I I . Burnaby-New Westminster A. Burnaby 1 8,490 5,105 Be Burnaby 2 7,527 4,522 C. Burnaby 3 6,363 3,424 D. New Westminster 5,766 2,076 I I I . North . Shore A. W. Vancouver 6,340 4,021 Bo No Vancouver (District) 9,113 6,918 C. N. Vanoouver (City) 4,483 2,268 IVo Eastern Suburbs A. Coquitlam-Fraser Mills 8,461 4,959 B. Surrey North 8,845 5,103 C. Surrey South 9,284 3,354 V. Southern Suburbs A. Richmond W. 7,485 5,225 B. Richmond S. E . 1,461 626 C. Delta 3,141 1,692 Metropolitan Vancouver 159,414 81,188 British Columbia 326,090 131,321 TABLE VII. Size of Householdst Vanoouver arid Comparative Areas, 1961 Item Vanoouver Metro-politan, Vancouver Census Division #4 B r i t i s h Columbia Canada Total Population Number of Households 384,622 118,404 7190,166 228,698 907,531 261,682 1,629,082 459,632 18,238,247 4,564,493 Household Slee 1 Person 2 \" 3 Persons 4 - 6 Persons 6 Plus Persons 20,iSJl2 56;716 36,293 11,056 30,080 103,103 70,821 ,24,694 34,885 117,060 80,640 29,418_ 62,079 198,755 141,334 67,364 424,728 1,821,152 1,441,097 867,816 Crowded 8,644 3,8,977 23,846 68,484 (*) * This figure was not reported for l;961 Census. TABLE VIII* Family Status of Main Age-Sroups (Males only) Metropolitan Vanoouver and Bri t i s h Columbia,1961 ; a. Metropolitan Vancouver I Ajge Group , .Married Widowed, Divorced Single Total Under 16 16 - 19 . 844 8 116,656 24,98/3 116,686 25,335 20-24 , 6,84l~ 64 14,3ti3 21,288 46 64 66 and Qv$r \"\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\" wiiw^^ 67,307 29,187 1,486 8,460 8,282 18,487 8,601 8,494 \u00C2\u00A309,082 79,258 42,833 Total Males 192,738' 18,290 187, 42* 4 393,452 b, British L Colombia Age Group Married Widowed, Ditor^ed Single Total J Under 16 IS - 19 882 18 260,063 66,876 260,063 87,726 _ 20-24 f l g -\u00E2\u0080\u00A2'\u00E2\u0080\u00A2~loi 31,940 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0084\u00A2'jftfm 26 - 44 46 \" 64 66 and Over 180,722 186,211 67^867 2,669 6,911 16j393 37,096 ' 16,670 10,730 220,477 187,692 84,388 Total Males 390,024 26,806 418,266 829,094 TABLE IX. Population Totals. Metropolitan Vancouver and Sub-Sectors, 1951 ~ 1961. Po pulation Change 1951=- 61 Proportion of Metro 1951 1961 Numbers P.C. 1951 1961 I. Vancouver City 344,833 384,522 39^689 11.51 61.36 48.66 A. University\" Point Grey B o Kerrisdale-Duipbar C. Shaughnessy D. West End Eo North Central %\u00C2\u00AB EoKitsi lano 2. False Creek 3. Main=Victbria F\u00C2\u00BB East Vancouver 1. North East 2. East Central 3. Fraserview Iio Burnaby New-Westminster A. Burnaby 1 B. Burnaby 2 Co Burnaby 3 Do New Westminster a b III. North Shore A, WoVancouver B\u00C2\u00BB N. Vancouver Dist r ic t a \" b Co N.Vanpouver(Gity) IV. Eastern Suburbs A, Coquitlam-Fraser ... Mi l l s Bo Surrey North C. Surreyj South V o S out he m Suburb's A. Richmond W. . Bo Riohmond S.E. C. DoltaJ 17,347 20,725 43,370 23,884 35,475 33,014 35,631 41,647 61,065 34,795 18,926 21,347 52,383 25,359 36,171 27,404 36,870 47,000 71,707 50,929 1,579 622 9,013 1,475 696 (-5,610) 1,239 5,353 10,642 16,134 9.10 3.00 20.78 6.18 1.96 (=16,99) 3.48 12.88 17.43 46.87 3.09 3.69 7.72 4.25 ^-32 .5.87 6.35 7.42 10.88 6.19 2.40 2.70 6.63 3.21 4.59 ?.48 4.67 5.96 9.08 6.46 22,382 19,218 18,245 23,493 5,146 37,363 36,581 27,663 27,670 5,984 14,981 17,363 9,418 4,177 838 66.93 90.35 51.62 17.78 16.28 3 \u00C2\u00A9 $9, 3.43 3.26 4.19 0.94 4.73 4.63 3.50 3o50 0.77 13,990 7,525 6,939 15,687 25,454 12,648 26,323 23,656 11,464 5,123 19,384 7,969 81.94 68.08 279.35 50.80 2.49 1.35 1.24 2.79 3.23 1.60 3.34 2.99 22,026 15,447 18,223 42,688 40,7^5 36,536 20,662 25,308 18,313 ;93.81 (163.73 lOO.49 3.93 2.75 3,25 5.40 5.16 4.62 \ 11,631 7,555 6,701 35,578 7,745 14,597 23,947 190 7,896 205.89 2.51 117.83 2.08 1.35 1.19 4.50 0.98 1.85. Metropolitan Vancouver 591,960 790,165 228,205 40.61 LOO 100 TABLE X,a Distribution of Main Age Groups of the Male Population. Comparison of Main Urban and SuburbanSectors, Metropolitan Vancouver, 1961o 65 and Areas Total 0 4 5 14 15 - 24 over I. Vanoouver City 189,504 16,192 29,692 22,993 25,947 A. University=Pt.Grey 9,093 725 1,706 1,345 1,002 B.\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Kerrisdale~Dunbar 10,214 825 1,927 1,338 1,259 C. Shaughnessy 24,720 1,826 4,303 3,413 3.431 D. West End 11,431 355 430 1,047 2,552 E . North Central 48,850 3,828 , 5,439 5, 599 9,777 I . E . Kitsilano 16,383 1,314 2,033 2,192 2,28* 2. False Creek 14,692 610 875 1,270 3,538 3. Main-Victoria 20,775 1,904 2,531 2,137 3,955 F. East Vancouver City 83,831 8,791 16,180 10,527 7,993 l o NbE. Vancouver 18,843 1,943 3,285 2,339 1,997 2. E . -Central 39,749 4,303 7,411 4,970 3,863 3. Fraserview 25,239 2, 54,5 5,484 3,218 2,133 11. Burnaby-New West'r. 1,345 A. Burnaby 1 ,18,582 2,340 4,236 2,263 B. Burnaby 2 18,647 2,185 3,705 2,261 1,520 C. Burnaby 3 13,779 1,506 2,966 1,656 1,304 D. New Westminster . 16,790 2,320 3,013 2,605 1,759 III. North Shore A. W. Vancouver 12,298 1,160 2,657 1,484 1,029 B. N. Vancouver 19\",523 2,827 4,666 1,745 1,027 District C. No Vancouver(^ity) 11,681 1,391 2,312 1, 521 982 IV. Eastern Suburbs A. Coquitlam- Fraser Mills 21,658 3,123 4, 584 2,335 1,525 B. Surrey North 20,758 3,376 4,877 2,136 1,349 G. Surrey South 18,428 2,096 3, 828 2,003 V. Southern Suburbs A. Riohmond W. 18,101 2^ 9 92 4,046 1,930 830 B. Riohmond S . E . 4,004 520 854 528 271 C. Delta 7,469 1,090 1,674 868 594 Metropolitan Vanoouver 393,452 42,382 73,274 46,623 42,833 ( TABLE X.b Distribution of Main Age Groups of the Female Population. Comparison of Main Urban and Suburban Seotorss Metropolitan Vancouver,1961. 65 and Areas Total 0 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2- 4 5 - 14 15 - 24 Over I. Vancouver City 195,018 15,523 28,462 25,457 27,295 Ao University-PtoGrey 9,833 756 1,620 1,276 1,362 B o Kerrisdale-Dunbar 11,133 . 795 1,786 1,300 1,648 C, Shaughnessy 27,663 1,645 4,312 3,443 4,237 D. West End 13,928 321 467 1,875 3,440 Eo North Central' 48,595 3,736 5,099 7,091 7,659 1. Eo Kitsilano 19,788 1,314 1,911 2,755 3,589 2. False Creek 12,712 604 888 2,132 2,352 3. Main-Victoria 16,095 1,818 2,300 2,204 1,718 | F 0 EoVancouver City 85,503 8,445 15,467 10,754 9,349 . I. NoE, Vancouver 18,903 1,860 3,169 2,442 2,083 2 0 E. Central 40,910 4,143 7,214 5,086 4,803 3. Fraserview 25,690 2,442 5,084 3,226 2,463 ;'I lo Burnaby-New West' r i Ao Burnaby 1 18,781 2,181 4,009 2,337 1,448 B. Burnaby 2 17,934 2,072 3,747 2,148 1/566 C . Burnaby 3 13,884 1,489 2,668 1,581 1,416 D. New Westminster 16,864 1,243 2,923 2,981 2,001 III. North Shore A. W. Vancouver 13,156 1,159 2,643 1,294 1,442 B.N. Vancouver(Distriot) 19,448 2,765 4,396 1,744 1,161 Co N. Vancouver (City) . 11,975 1,359 2,122 1,540 1,194 IV. Eastern Suburbs A. CoquitlamrFraser Mills 21,030 2,923 4,359 2,594 1,746 B. Surrey North 19,997 3,114 4,715 2,371 1,158 C, Surrey South 18,108 2,021 3,544 1,992 2,699 V. Southern Suburbs A. Richmond W. 17,477 2,773 3,871 2,076 822 Bo Richmond S.E. 3,741 513 869 483 201 C. Delta 7,128 986 1,729 782 508 Metropolitan Vanoouver 396,713 40,407 70,533 49,610 44,971 "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0104883"@en . "eng"@en . "Social Work"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "A regional study of social welfare measurements (No. 3: The metropolitan area) an exploration of the regional assessment of demographic and social welfare statistics for British Columbia, 1951-1961"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37646"@en .