"Arts, Faculty of"@en . "English, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "McCullagh, Leota Joan"@en . "2011-03-30T20:12:59Z"@en . "1973"@en . "Master of Arts - MA"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "The development of modern poetry in Canada is presented by the critics in essentially a straight line progression beginning with the Montreal Group in the twenties and culminating in the 'Renaissance' of the forties which was fostered largely by the Montreal little magazines Preview and First Statement. This presentation is distorted in several ways. It suggests that modernism was established in Canada in the twenties and gives a disproportionate amount of credit and influence to the Montreal Group; it neglects the confused and uncertain period of the thirties; and it almost entirely ignores the important contribution made to the establishment and development of modernism in Canada by Alan Crawley and his west coast magazine Contemporary Verse.\r\nThe work of the Montreal Group was extremely important to the development of modern poetry in Canada. It was through their efforts that the influences of Yeats and Eliot were introduced to Canada, and these influences provided an exhilarating antidote to the excesses of the nineteenth-century genteel romanticism that dominated Canadian poetry at the time. But it is a mistake to think that the ideas and techniques of the .Montreal Group became current in the twenties or the thirties. A review of poetry published before the forties indicates indisputably that nineteenth-century styles and attitudes were dominant and that modernism came in a very weak second. The kind of poetry that was fashioned after Eliot and Yeats seemed too intellectual, too abstract to be relevant to a people in the midst of a major social dislocation\u00E2\u0080\u0094the Depression.\r\nIt was not until the forties under the stimulus and direction of the social realism poetry of Auden and his group that modernism really became established in Canada, Preview was an important part of this development because it made Auden's ideas and techniques current. First Statement helped to temper this new poetry by focusing on its imported, derivative quality. But it was Alan Crawley's Contemporary Verse which began it all in.1941. This thesis will make the contents of Contemporary Verse more accessible and better known by means of an index; and will explore the contribution that Alan Crawley made to the development of modern poetry in Canada by editing, of Contemporary (1941-1952), by criticizing and counselling poets, and by generally fostering an interest in poetry through lectures, radio talks, and poetry reading tours. As much as possible Crawley and his contemporaries will speak for themselves through their letters. Chapter I will lay the ground work by exploring the development of modern poetry in the pre-forties period as it is presented in the literature; Chapter II will discuss the beginning of Contemporary Verse; Chapter III the magazine and Alan Crawley's allied activities during the war years; Chapter IV the post-war years; and Chapter V will offer concluding remarks on the significance of Alan Crawley's work to the development of poetry in the forties."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/33081?expand=metadata"@en . "ALAN CRAWLEY, CONTEMPORARY VERSE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN POETRY IN THE FORTIES by LEOTA JOAN McCULLAGH B.S.N,, University of British Columbia, 1956 B.A., University of Victoria, 1967 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF\"ARTS in the Department of ' English We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1973 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make i t freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada ABSTRACT The development of modern poetry in Canada is presented by the c r i t i c s in essentially a straight line progression beginning with the Montreal Group in the twenties and culminating in the 'Renaissance' of the forties which was fostered largely by the Montreal l i t t l e magazines Preview and First Statement. This presentation is distorted in several ways. It suggests that modernism was established in Canada in the twenties and gives a disproportionate amount of credit and influence to.the Montreal Group; i t neglects the confused and uncertain period of the t h i r t i e s ; and i t almost entirely ignores the important contribution made to the establishment and development of modernism in.Canada by Alan Crawley and his west coast magazine Contemporary Verse. The work of the Montreal Group was extremely important to the development of modern poetry in Canada. It was through their efforts that the influences of Yeats and Eliot were introduced to Canada, and these influences provided an exhilarating antidote to the excesses of the nineteenth-century genteel.romanticism that dominated Canadian poetry at the time. But i t is a mistake to think that the ideas and techniques of the .Montreal Group became current in the twenties or the t h i r t i e s . A review of poetry published before the forties indicates indisputably that nineteenth-century styles and attitudes were dominant and.that modernism came in a very weak second. The kind of poetry that was fashioned after Eliot and Yeats seemed too intellectual, too abstract to be relevant to a people in the midst of a major social d i s l o c a t i o n \u00E2\u0080\u0094 i i i the Depression. It was not until the forties under the stimulus and direction of the social realism poetry of Auden and his group that modernism really became established in Canada, Preview was an important part of this development because i t made Auden's ideas and techniques current. First Statement helped to temper this new poetry by focusing on its imported, derivative quality, But i t was Alan Crawley's Contemporary Verse which began i t a l l in.1941. This thesis will make the contents of Contemporary Verse more accessible and better known by means of an index; and will explore the.contribution that Alan Crawley made to the development of modern poetry in Canada by editing, of Contemporary (1941-1952), by criticizing and counselling poets, and by generally fostering an interest in.poetry through lectures, radio talks, and poetry reading tours. As much as possible Crawley and his contemporaries will speak for themselves through their.letters, Chapter I will lay the ground work by exploring the development of modern poetry in the pre-forties period as i t is presented in the literature; Chapter II will discuss the beginning of Contemporary Verse; Chapter III the magazine and Alan Crawley's allied activities during the war years; Chapter IV the post-war years; and Chapter V will offer concluding remarks on the significance of Alan Crawley's work to the development of poetry in the forties. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V MODERN POETRY BEFORE THE FORTIES CONTEMPORARY VERSE; BEGINNINGS MODERNISM NATURALIZED: CONTEMPORARY VERSE 1941-1946 NEW DEPARTURES: CONTEMPORARY VERSE 1947-1952 vi 1 4 22 50 80 ALAN CRAWLEY, CONTEMPORARY VERSE, AND THE RENAISSANCE OF THE FORTIES I H INDEX TO CONTEMPORARY VERSE 1941-1952 130 BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I was greatly assisted in the preparation of this thesis by Alan Crawley who freely shared his time, his interest, and his extensive knowledge with me, The large f i l e of personal correspondence which he opened to me immeasurably enriched this thesis. Floris Clark McLaren, P. K. Page, and Dorothy Livesay also generously shared thsLar experience and understanding of the forties with me and kindly lent me material from their personal libraries, The patience and understanding of these people supported me through many delays and discouragements, and I am grateful for their help. My family endured the writing of this thesis for an unconscionably long time and I thank,them for their patience. ABBREVIATIONS Personal correspondence is following abbreviations are used Holder of the l e t t e r \u00E2\u0080\u0094 used extensively in this thesis, The in referring to this correspondence: AC Alan Crawley JMcC Joan McCullagh FMcL Floris Clark McLaren JM Jay Macpherson UT University of Toronto (Since this thesis was written some of the correspondence held by Alan Crawley has been transferred to Queen's University.) Date of l e t t e r \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Jan, January Feb. February Aug. August Sept, September Oct. October Nov, November Dec, December nd no date (March, April, May, June, and July are not abbreviated.) INTRODUCTION Not many people know Alan Crawley's l i t t l e west coast magazine Contemporary Verse. Even serious students of Canadian literature may not know i t , although itiran for more than eleven years and spanned the period of the 'renaissance' of the forties. Alan Crawley and Contemporary Verse have not been entirely ignored. There are polite, usually respectful references to them in the literature, generally just preceding the meaty discussions of the magazines that most people do know\u00E2\u0080\u0094Preview and First Statement. Desmond Pacey was complimentary in Creative Writing in Canada; \"Alan Crawley founded Contemporary Verse in 1941 with the specific object of encouraging the new poetry in Canada, and showed almost impeccable taste in the choice of good poetry and in providing sympathetic and perceptive reviews of the current output of verse\"-'- (Pacey worried that Crawley might miss the tribute and wrote to him June 25, 1952 \"I hope you noticed the brief and inadequate but very sincere tribute I paid you and your magazine?\") Munroe Beattie was more generous, devoting a f u l l paragraph to Crawley and his magazine in the Literary History of Canada. He called Crawley a \"gifted editor\", and said \"To read throughithe files of this small, neat magazine, is to feel sustained respect for Mr. Crawley's judgment and catholicity, and astonishment at the number of good Canadian poets who sent him their poems.Contemporary Verse fared less well in Dudek and Gnarowski's highly regarded The Making of Modern Poetry in Canada. Raymond Souster 2 is quoted as saying to Dudek \"I think you're probably as fed up: with Contemporary Verse and Northern Review as I am, and I know there are plenty of others who feel the same way;\"^ and in their discussion of l i t t l e magazines, the authors relegate Contemporary Verse to the \"largest category\" of l i t t l e magazines\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"the uncommitted or eclectic magazines\". \"Good Literature\" is their \"pious hope\" and Alan Crawley's Contemporary Verse is a \"notable example\" of this type of magazine.5 Dudek was more specific in his article \"The Role of Little Magazines in Canada,\" but the deprecatory tone is s t i l l . present. Crawley was \"handicapped by blindness and cornered in the far west,\" Dudek said; and he condemned Contemporary Verse for not being a fighting magazine with a policy:\" It was concerned only with publishing 'good poetry' \u00E2\u0080\u0094 which, in itself, can embody an affirmation\u00E2\u0080\u0094but i t did not in addition work out any program of ideas which this poetry could fire. It lasted for ten years, however, carrying sparks from any source which might show a flicker in that period.6 When i t comes to a consideration of the development of modern poetry in Canada, Contemporary Verse and Alan Crawley have had a bad press. There is Floris McLaren's very good article, \"Contemporary Verse: A Canadian Quarterly\" in Tamarack Review, but few people know i t . ^ Canadian Literature has tried to rectify the situation with two articles avowing the importance of Crawley and his magazine to modern poetry\u00E2\u0080\u0094Ethel Wilsonis \"Of Alan Crawley\" in 1964 and George Robertson's \"Alan Crawley and Contemporary Verse\" in 1969.^ These articles madeAlan Crawley a l i t t l e better known, but they did not explore or establish the significant contribution Contemporary Verse made to poetry during the forties. They are basically 3 testimonials, impressive but lacking the detailed evidence that literary history thrives on. In spite of the fact that Alan Crawley edited the first modern poetry magazine in Canada and continued i t throughout the decade of the forties (probably the most exciting period for poetry in Canada), set and maintained the high standards essential for the growth of new poetry, and was influentially involved with a number of major poets of the period\u00E2\u0080\u0094he and Contemporary Verse have been largely ignored by the critics. With Contemporary Verse not a factor to be considered, the development of modern poetry in Canada is presented in the literature as an Eastern and, even more specifically, a Montreal accomplishment. Modernism in poetry began in the twenties in Montreal with the \"Montreal Group\" critics states developed steadily to become \"the dominant mood of Canadian poetry\" by 1936 with the publication of New Provinces,-*-^ and was finally tempered by the conflict between the two Montreal l i t t l e magazines Preview and First Statement in the early forties. It is the purpose of this thesis first to make the contents of Contemporary Verse more accessible and betterrknown by means of an index; and second to explore the contribution that Alan Crawley made to the development of modern poetry in Canada by editing of Contemporary Verse (1941-1952), by criticizing and counselling poets, and by generally fostering an interest in poetry through lectures, radio talks, and poetry reading tours. As much as possible Crawley and his contemporaries will speak for themselves through their letters. CHAPTER I MODERN POETRY BEFORE THE FORTIES \"It a l l began in 1925 in the environs of McGill University\", wrote Louis Dudek and Michael Gnarowski in their influential The Making of Modern Poetry in Canada.^ \"Montreal poets include the key figures in the development of modern poetry as a definite tradition in Canada\", Dudek went on in \"The Montreal Poets:\" \"To the envy of less happy cities\u00E2\u0080\u0094Toronto, Halifax, Victoria\u00E2\u0080\u0094one of the p particularities in the development of English poetry in Canada over the past thirty years has been the dominant role of Montreal as a center of activity and a source of new poetry.\"^ In \"Patterns of Recent Canadian Poetry\", Dudek took a wider look but arrived at the same conclusion: \"From 1927 (Scott's and Smith's beginning) to 1949 (the date of Reaney's 'The Red Heart'), the modern movement was almost entirely centered in Montreal.\" \"There may be no 'school' in Montreal; but the poets of Montreal seem to share a few principals on the social direction and on the experimental direction\u00E2\u0080\u0094toward natural speech\u00E2\u0080\u0094of modern poetry; and in this they must inevitably provide the central drive to the national literature in i t s movement away from nineteenth century modes.\" Munro Beattie agreed with Dudek and Gnarowski in the definitive Literary History of Canada. \"In the history of twentieth-century Canadian poetry two Montreal publications (the McGill Fortnightly Review and Canadian Mercury) are documents of peculiar importance.\" \"The aims 5 of the young editors and contributors were both c r i t i c a l and creative... They would be, these young c r i t i c s and poets of Montreal, the importers of new influences, and they would demonstrate in their own writings how the new influences might reinvigorate Canadian poetry.14. Later on, discussing the 'renaissance' of the forties and the l i t t l e magazines Preview and First Statement, Beattie refered to Montreal as \" s t i l l headquarters for the modern movement in Canadian poetry.15 Desmond Pacey was a l i t t l e less categorical in Creative Writing in Canada. In his chapter \"Modern Canadian Poetry 1920-1950\" he mentioned other poets from other places\u00E2\u0080\u0094Dorothy Livesay, Earle Birney, W. W. E. Ross, Raymond Knister\u00E2\u0080\u0094and worried that \"the actual creative performance of the whole group of Montreal poets has been less than might have been expected.\"16 S t i l l , his summation follows the general trend: The thirty years from 1920 to 1950, then, saw much activity in Canadian poetry. The emergence of E. J. Pratt and of the Montreal School in the twenties marked the beginning of the modernist movement; in the thirties there was a slackening caused largely by the depression and the d i f f i c u l t y . of finding publication; but in; the forties Pratt and the. Montrealers were joined by a whole host of new poets. Never before had there been so many interesting poets writing in Canada at a time.17 Peter Stevens' The McGill Movement is further evidence of the dominant role assigned to the Montreal Guoup in the development of modern poetry in Canada. No one would seriously argue with the important part Eastern writers and publications have played in naturalizing modernism to Canada. One agrees when Earle Birney writes of the McGili Fortnightly Review that \"Short-lived, i t yet existed long enough to launch some 6 of the best poets to write in Canada in this century, and eventually to influence, by stimulus or reaction, most of what poetry has succeeded i t in the country; or when Wynne Francis suggests of Preview and First Statement that \"The tension set up between the two magazines generated much of the poetic activity that went on in Montreal and made the 'Forties Canada's most exciting literary 19 decade.\" The danger, however, is that this kind.of categorical approach oversimplifies the developmental course of modern poetry in Canada and ignores the important part played by writers and publications from places other than Montreal (and, Toronto). Earle Birney added to his above statement about the McGill,Fortnightly that i t s \"effects were by no means immediate. It is a measure of the isolation between east and west i n Canada in the twenties that we at U. B. C. were unaware of the existence of the 'Fortnightly 90 Review', until we were graduated and i t was defunct.\" And in the forties the best poetry being written was consistently recognized and published, not by Preview.and First Statement i n the east; but by Contemporary Verse in the west\u00E2\u0080\u0094and what better 'generator of poetic^, activity' is there than being published in a quality magazine? Modern poetry did not develop i n quite the smooth, straight line that criticism has suggested from the \"Initiators\" in Montreal in 1926 to the Preview-First Statement \"Renaissance\" in the forties. The strength of modernism in Canadian poetry in the thirties and 21 beginning forties has not been established, i t has been assumed; and the exclusion of Alan Crawley's Contemporary Verse from serious study has resulted in a distortion of the development of Canadian poetry during the forties. What then really happened to.modernism i n 7 Canadian poetry during the thirties? In The Making of Modern Poetry.in Canada, Dudek and Gnarowski divide the development of modernism into three stages\u00E2\u0080\u0094Beginnings, The Early Forties, and Resurgence. . After a quarter century of 'Beginnings' (\"Precursors\" 1910-1925 and \"Initiators\" 1925-1236), there is a leap to 'The Early Forties' where \"the development of modernism in Canada had reached the point of 'cell division', showing a conflict of generations within the modern movement and a 22' clearly marked diversification of trends.\" Writings from the thirties. when, presumably,, the newly begun poetry would have become firmly established preparatory to i t s forties 'cell, devision', are conspicuously absent; yet c r i t i c s are unanimous that.modern poetry was firmly established by the mid-thirties. Munro Beattie wrote-in the Literary History of. Canada \"By the mid-thirties the new poetry was well established in Canada.\" Gnarowski agreed\u00E2\u0080\u0094with the publication of New Provinces in 1936 he sajfd , \"It was evident that modernism had become the dominant mood of Canadian poetry:\" Following the death of. The. Canadian Mercury in 1929, there was. a period roughly of ten years when l i t t l e magazine, publishing.seems to have temporarily lost i t s impetus..... Creative energies, however, had suffered no relapse, and there was no.real l u l l in.the actual writing of poetry. In 1936 a l l the activity which may be said to have begun with The McGill Fortnightly Review was brought into focus in an anthology entitled New Provinces.24 New Provinces, the thin anthology of modern work planned for publication in the twenties but not brought out until .1936 (and then only by a private printing of about 100 copies), seems to be the foundation on which the c r i t i c s base their conclusions about modern poetry in the thi r t i e s . W. E. Collin's perspicacious 1936 study 8 The White Savannahs is usually brought in as support (he read the New Provinces poets in manuscript). If modernism was the 'dominant mood' and was'well established' during the th i r t i e s , then modern poetry might well have been ripe for ' c e l l division' by the early forties (Preview and First Statement both fostering and being the result of this division). But there is scant evidence to support this conclusion. E. J. Pratt was unhappily aware that (in Gnarowski's terms) \"Creative energies...had suffered no relapse, and there was no real l u l l i n the actual writing of poetry\" in the thir t i e s . In 1938 when he wrote \"Canadian Poetry-Past and Present,\" Pratt estimated that there were at least \"ten million versifiers\" in the Dominion; but they were not writing modern poetry. \"Nine and a large fraction out of every ten in the astronomical total belong to the sentimental type, uttering l i t t l e stomach cries, toying with fragile i l l u s i o n s , or whispering the consolation wafted into their souls by the zephyrs. Most of this kind of verse did not get published; but a surprising amount ( i t is a shock to realize how much) of romantic nature poetry of the Carman-Roberts variety did get published, contrary to the popular belief that publishing came almost to a standstill during the depression except for tracts on social problems. Dozens of books of poetry (as devoid of social concerns as daisies in the f i e l d or ambrosial nectar) were published. Audrey Alexandra Brown, Mary E. Colman, Charles G. D. Roberts, Carol Coates, A. M. Stephen, Edna Jaques, Gordon Le Clair, Watson Kirkconnell, Robert Service, Arthur S. Bourinot, A. G. Bailey, Charles Bruce, Kenneth Leslie, Wilson MacDonald, Duncan Campbell Scott, 9 Floris Clark McLaren, Leo Cox, Alan Creighton and Brian Gustafson (this l i s t i s not complete) a l l had at least one volume of poetry published and several had more than one. In addition, annual yearbooks of poetry from various branches of the Canadian Authors' Association continued through the depression with discouraging regularity; and a number of very traditional anthologies appeared to supplement W. Garvin's. 1926 Canadian Poets and A. M. Stephen's Golden Treasurey of Canadian Verse of 1928. There was Nathanial A. Benson's Modern Canadian Poetry (it was not \"modern\") of 1930, Bliss Carman and Lome Pierce's revised edition of. Our Canadian Literature: Representative Verse, English.and French in 1935, Bertram Brooker's Yearbook of the Arts in Canada in 1936, and, in 193.8 Alan Creighton and Hilda M. Ridley's New Canadian Anthology and Ethel Hume Bennett's New Harvesting. E. K. Brown praised Bennett's collection as \"the best anthology of recent Canadian verse.\" By contrast, l i t t l e modern poetry was published during the t h i r t i e s \u00E2\u0080\u0094 c e r t a i n l y not enough to support the claim that modernism was the 'dominant mood' at that time. There was New Provinces (the only anthology of modern Canadian poetry before the forties), three collections from E. J. Pratt (which are more 'individualistic Pratt' than modern), Dorothy Livesay's slim Signpost (1932), W. W. E. Ross's l i t t l e known Laconics (1930) and Sonnets (1932)., Leo Kennedy's The Shrouding (1933), L. A. MacKay's Viper Bugloss (1938), and Anne Marriott's chapbook The Wind Our Enemy (1939). In most of these collections the.modernism is tentative and uncertain. New Provinces is by far the most accomplished and even here in the work of the Montreal Group vestiges of Canada's particular brand of late 10 romanticism s t i l l l i n ger\u00E2\u0080\u0094particularly in diction and tone. There is a self-consciousness about many of the poems\u00E2\u0080\u0094a 'see how different I am' tone\u00E2\u0080\u0094and the language is too adjectival, sometimes lacks cla r i t y , and frequently f a i l s to capture a natural Canadian idiom; fo example Robert Finch's \"Window-Piece:\" Old willows in spun copper periwigs, and many-fingered f i r s smoothing.white stoles beside the drained rococo l i l y - p o o l whose shuddering cherub wrings an i c i c l e from the bronze gullet of his frozen swan.28 A. J. M..Smith's opening lines in \"Shadows There Are\" are as vague an abstract as,the usual Canadian Poetry Magazine offerings: Shadows there are, but shadows such as these are shadows only in the mortal mind, Blown by the s p i r i t or the sp i r i t ' s wind.29 Scott's \"Surfaces\" suffers from tired language and imagery, and from abstractions: This rock-borne river, ever flowing Obedient to the ineluctable laws, Brings a reminder from the. barren north, Of the eternal l i f e l e s s processes.30 Periodicals, generally a more sensitive indicator of new trends than other forms of publication, were remarkably unadventurous in the thirties and early forties. After the two early, short-lived periodicals which were directly involved with.the beginnings of the Montreal movement (the McGill Fortnightly Review November 1925-April 1927, and Canadian Mercury 1928-1929) no other journal favoured the work of moderns unt i l the equally short-lived New Frontier of 1936-1937 which was primarily interested in left-wing social realism poetry. Canadian Forum maintained a l i b e r a l policy toward modern poetry, but i t s contribution to the development of modern poetry has 11 been overestimated. The Forum was not primarily a poetry magazine and in spite of i t s willingness to print modern poetry, traditional poetry preponderates in most issues. In 1935, for example, the Forum printed 28 poems in i t s 279 pages, averaging less than half a page of poetry per issue. The March number carried a f u l l page of F. R. Scott's poems and his \"Canadian Authors Meet\" is in the December issue; otherwise the poems in this volume are unimaginative space f i l l e r s . Only Scott, Pratt, and Kennedy are modern in their approach, although the other 21 poets represented avoid the worst of the romantic excesses. Five years later in January, 1940 the poets featured in the Forum were Amelia Wensley,, Donald Stevenson, Alan Creighton, V. House, L. Joselyn, and Alan G. Brown\u00E2\u0080\u0094hardly evidence of a viable modernism. After i t s promising beginning in 19 36 (Dorothy Livesay's \"Day and Night\" was featured, and F. R. Scott, Finch, Kennedy and Anne Marriott were represented) Canadian Poetry Magazine quickly settled into mediocrity as the o f f i c i a l organ of the Canadian Authors' Association. Looking retrospectively at the period of the twenties and thirties in Canada, i t is apparent that the 'McGill Movement' was a twenties movement, revolutionary but not particularly accomplished. The brand of modernism produced by the Montreal group was largely derivative of Yeats and E l i o t \u00E2\u0080\u0094 a n exciting antidote to the excesses and irrelevancies of romanticism in the twenties; but quickly rendered obsolete by cultural changes and new trends in British and American poetry in the thir t i e s . When i t was published in 1936, New Provinces was not the manifestation of a viable modern poetry movement as the Montreal group realized. It was very much an after-the-fact publication, 12 intended more as a memento of a poetic breakthrough in technique: rather than the:chronicle-of a movement, and more for the personal interest of.the poets involved than for public consideration..; F. R.. Scott wrote, almost apologetically in the Preface that \"New Provinces contains work.which had had .significance for the authors in. the evolution of their own understanding;\" and that the poems in the collection \"were written for the most part when new techniques were on t r i a l , and when the need for a new direction was more apparent than the knowledge of what that direction would be.\" Scott described--. the achievement of the '.new poetry' as \"a development of new techniques and widening of poetic interest beyond the narrow range of the late Romantic and early Georgian poets:\" Equipped with a freer diction and more elastic forms, .the modernists sought a content which would.more . vividly express -the world about them. This search for new content was less successful. . than had been the search for new- techniques and by .the end of the last decade the modernist movement 0-1 was frustrated for want of direction. A. J. M. Smith (whose energetic work as c r i t i c and anthologist., has been largely responsible for securing the position of eminence accorded to the Montreal group) admited in his emphatic \"A Rejected Preface\" to New Provinces that \"a large number of the verses in this book were written at a time when the contributors were inclined to dwell too exclusively on the fact that the chief thing wrong with Canadian poetry was i t s conventional and insensitive technique. Consequently, we sometimes thought we had produced a good poem when a l l we had done in reality was not produce.a conventional one.\"^ Smith agreed with Scott that new directions must be found for poetry in Canada in 1936. Detachment and self-absorption are becoming impossible,;, Smith wrote; \"the a r t i s t who is concerned with the most intense of 13 experiences must be concerned with the world situation.\" The poet \"must try to perfect a technique that w i l l combine power with simplicity and sympathy with intelligence so that, he may play his part in developing mental, and emotional attitudes that, w i l l f a c i l i t a t e the creation of a more practical social system.\" But in 19 36 there 33 is in Canada \"only the faintest foreshadowing\" of poetry such as this. In his unpublished dissertation \"The Development of Canadian Poetry Between the Wars and Its Reflection of Social Awareness,\" Peter Stevens commented that \"Canadian poets of the 1930's were faced with two almost insuperable problems: f i r s t l y , there was no real audience for modern poetry; secondly, there was no cohesive intellectual core of p o l i t i c a l thinking.\"-^ Add to this the lack of direction Scott and Smith's confessions in. their New Provinces Prefaces and you have the mood of modern poetry i n the thirties.. It must, then, have seemed an almost new. low. for modernism in 1936 when Canadian Poetry Magazine began\u00E2\u0080\u0094it had the distinction of.being Canada's only poetry magazine and i t was controlled by the bastion of traditionalism.(and of mediocrity), the Canadian Authors' Association. \"We believe,\" editor,E. J.. Pratt wrote in the second number, \"that the long-established modes are far from their point of exhaustion and are everywhere giving evidence of fresh' vision and v i t a l i t y . \" The combination of the retrospective New Provinces collection and the beginning of Canadian Poetry Magazine was too much for Leo Kennedy. The June 19 36 issue of New Frontier carried his frustrated outburst \"Direction for Canadian Poets.\" Turning his back on his own \"Shrouding\" poetry along with that of the rest of the Montreal group, Kennedy insisted that \"We need poetry that reflects the lives of our people, 14 working, loving, fighting, groping for clarity. We need s a t i r e \u00E2\u0080\u0094 f i e r c e , scorching, aimed at the abuses which are destroying our culture and which threaten l i f e i t s e l f . \" 3 6 \"There is a placid flatness to the run of Canadian poetry whether of 1882 or 1936 which invokes a smile of tolerance from the uninvolved observer, and makes the concerned participant\u00E2\u0080\u0094who looks for the work of adult minds\u00E2\u0080\u0094to squirm and suffer at so much documented obeisance to the namby-pamby,\" Kennedy went on. Neo-metaphysical verse \"is s t i l l being ardently re-written\" by A. J. M. Smith and others, \"Though classicist Eliot, has retired into Anglo-Catholicism, and his leadership has been generally renounced.\" Robert Finch's poetry reflects that of Edith Sitwell, \"delicate, graceful as a glass crocus, and just about as useful for the task now confronting Canadian poets;\" and Klein, \"doughty Zionist, is most praised for those poems in which he displays his considerable B i b l i c a l knowledge, and which re-create the ghetto history of European Jewry:\" Changes have taken place in modern English poetry; the United States has experienced a sequence of upheavals since the f i r s t crusading days of Harriet Monroe. In England and in the States those younger poets with anything to say have forced their way out of the back-water of the '20's. They have analysed the forces making for social disintegration, and have a l l i e d themselves with the progressive movement that offers freedom of function and hope of l i f e . Reading Canadian poetry, you would hardly suspect this.37 Scott had hoped, i n his New Provinces Preface^ that.the depression might give some guidance to poets: In confronting the world with the need to restore order out of social chaos,, the economic depression has released human energies by giving, them positive direction. The poet today shares in this release, and contemporary English and American verse as a consequence shows signs 15 of regaining the v i t a l i t y i t had lost.38 But i t had not. Knister was dead, but even before his death had turned most of his energies to prose; and W. W. E. Ross did not noticeably alter his imagist. verse as a result of the depression. The poetic output of A. J. M. Smith, Robert Finch, and Leo Kennedy sharply declined during the thirties and a l l of these poets left,Canada. Scott s a t i r i c jabs at the faults and weaknesses of society began before the depression and remained his most characteristic voice during this period. Pratt continued to develop his own individual primarily religious and narrative poetry apart from the mainstream of Canadian poetry. Even in his shorter poems, where he explores social themes, Pratt's orientation is essentially religious\u00E2\u0080\u0094seeing man's suffering in terms of his own sin .or fault\u00E2\u0080\u0094rather than p o l i t i c a l or economic. Dorothy Livesay and A. M. Klein did change direction, as a result of the social situation of the thirties.; although with Klein, whose chi impetus and sustaining v i t a l i t y came from the Jewish tradition, i t was more of an enrichment\u00E2\u0080\u0094a new theme to explore\u00E2\u0080\u0094rather than an actual redirection. Livesay gave up writing poetry entirely for a time after her. 19 32 Signpost collection; then reappeared in new proletarian dress in the mid-thirties with such poems as \"Day and Night\" and \"The Outrider\". She wrote more personal., l y r i c poems of social realism too, obviously influenced by the work of Auden and his group; but her total poetic output during the thirties was small. Earle Birney had been on the literary scene in Canada since the mid-t h i r t i e s \u00E2\u0080\u0094 h e was an editor of Canadian Forum from 1936-1940\u00E2\u0080\u0094but he did not write.poetry in any amount until the forties. Modern poetry had the techniques, the idiom, and the desire to 16 reflect and to interpret man's situation in the contemporary world; but the right combination of these elements for Canada was slow in evolving. Neo-metaphysical poetry, which had been so influential in the twenties with the Montreal group, did not have the same relevance to the thirties and forties. Neither Eliot's early 'wasteland' despair nor his later advocacy of authoritarian creeds provided direction for Canadian poets at this time. The complexity and the intellectual quality of neo-metaphysical verse which had seemed such an exhilarating antidote to the excesses of romanticism in the twenties, now seemed too cerebral and d i f f i c u l t , too aloof and cold. W. E. Collin recognized this in 1936.in The. White Savannahs when he wrote: \"Although the newer poets were brought up under E l i o t , he can no longer lead them. The economic, and social realities of l i f e have hounded them, driven them to bay and they have had to face them.\"^ Imagisf poetry which probed'with such, cla r i t y , simplicity, and precision into the 'thingness' of things was limited by i t s very aims; i t did not interpret, i t did not comment, i t did not inspire men to action. It simply did not say enough to a people struggling to cope with massive social disorder. Conversely, proletarian poetry\u00E2\u0080\u0094 such as Livesay's \"Day and Night\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094spoke too obviously and too didactically. Inspired by Marxist and humanitarian ideals and anxious to.right the injustices.of an unjust society,.this poetry too often lapsed into overt moralizing, exhortation, and propaganda. Auden, Spender, MacNeice, and (to a lesser extent) Dylan Thomas were revitalizing poetry in England and the United States during the thirties. Their influences did not f i l t e r through to Canada really until the forties. 17 Except for a few of Dorothy Livesay's poems, some of the Montreal group's, the work of W. W. E. Ross, and the original voice of E. J. Pratt, Canadian poetry before the second World War was essentially derivative. In a long letter to the Editors of New Frontier in October 1936, Alan Calmer (an American c r i t i c ) confrontedCanadian poets with this fact: I get the feeling from New Provinces and The White Savannahs that you have been largely content to take over these transformations in American and English verse at their face value, without rooting them very deeply in your own native patterns. It seems to me that you have not dug into the varied meanings and shades of meanings which, these new tendencies must have for Canadian poetry alone, or the particular relevance which Canadian poetry must have to these new ways of writing. My impression is that you have welcomed these new attitudes in an altogether uncritical fashion, that you . have been inflexible and unthinking,.and even smug, towards them\u00E2\u0080\u0094that you have not hammered away at them, gripping them with a l l your might, squeezing out of them the sustenance which.your poetic growth requires. I feel that you have adopted the new modes of literary expression almost- as meekly, and, blindly as your predecessors imitated the tones and moods of English Romantic poetry.^0 Nothing has changed at the end of the decade. Both E. J. Pratt and A. J. M. Smith assessed the situation of Canadian poetry for the University of Toronto Quarterly and neither have anything new to say. Pratt tried to keep on the good side of both traditionalists and modernists with his middle-of-the-road a r t i c l e \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \" T r a d i t i o n and revolt are inevitable compliments like rain and sun: the f i r s t by i t s e l f mildews; the second burns or explodes.\" \"Excellent work is done by writers following the l i b e r a l tradition,\" Pratt wrote; and \"a group of young writers relatively small in numbers, but compensating by their intensity of conviction and by their study of experimental forms, are infusing new energy into our l i t e r a t u r e . \" ^ In his discussion Smith 18 is s t i l l touting as \"our best poetry\" the early thirties poetry of Kennedy, Livesay, Ross and Pratt supplemented by \"careful craftsman, such as F. 0. Call, Leo Cox, Arthur S. Bourinot, and A. M. Stephen\" and poems \"here.and there in the f i l e s of the Canadian Forum. In 1941, E. K. Brown was invited to edit a special Canadian number for Poetry (Chicago) and prepare.a c r i t i c a l and historical summary to accompany his selection of poems. The thirty poems that Brown chose as the best current Canadian work are from the New Province writers, Dorothy Livesay, D. C. Scott, Floris Clark McLaren, Mary Elizabeth Colman, L. 'A. Mackay,. Louise Morey Bowman, .and Anne Marriott. He concluded his analysis (\"The Development of Poetry i n Canada, 1880-1940\") stating that the-\"more conservative strains have been abundantly represented in the poetry of the past twenty years: a glance through the'best anthology of recent Canadian verse, Mrs. Ethel Hume Bennett's New Harvesting (1939), w i l l show that the majority of competent verse-writers in Canada have been l i t t l e affected by the movement which began with the McGill Fortnightly. This, then, was the situation of poetry in Canada in the early forties when Alan Crawley started Contemporary Verse. Modernism had been introduced to Canada in the twenties but i t was essentially grafted stock that bore l i t t l e f r u i t in the thirties when the whole cultural climate changed. New roots were needed, new shoots that could produce a tough, socially relevant indigenous poetry. The f i r s t sign of this new growth in Canadian poetry was the appearance of Alan Crawley's l i t t l e magazine in the f a l l of 1941. For the next decade Crawley and Contemporary Verse were significantly involved with the development of modern poetry in Canada. FOOTNOTES INTRODUCTION AND CHAPTER I 12nd ed. , rev. (1961'; rpt. Toronto, 1967), p. 154. 2 A l l further citations of letters w i l l be included.in the body of the text immediately following the quotation. . The following information w i l l be given: i n i t i a l s of the holder of the letter, the writer and receiver of the letter, and date of the letter. When part or a l l of the preceding information is included i n the text i t w i l l be excluded from the citation. 3Carl F. Klinck, ed. (Toronto, 1965), p. 766. ^Louis Dudek and Michael Gnarowski, eds. (19.47; rpt. Toronto, 19.70). p. H3. ^Dudek and Gnarowski, p. 204. Canadian Forum (July, 1958), rpt. in Making of Modern Poetry, p. 208. 7No. 3 (Spring 1957), pp. 55-63. ^No. 19 (Winter 1964), pp. 33-42. 9No. 41 (Summer 1969), pp. 89-96. \"^ M. Gnarowski, \"The Role of L i t t l e Magazines in the Development of Poetry in English Montreal,\" rpt. in Making of Modern Poetry, p. 222. i : LP. 24. 1 2Culture, 18 (1957), rpt. i n The McGill Movement (Toronto, 1969), p. 6. 13 *Pp. 730, 731 Culture, 19 (1958), rpt. in Making of Modern Poetry, pp. 276, 278. 14T 1 5P. 766. 1 6P. 142. 1 7P. 154. 18\"AJMS,\" Canadian Literature, No. 15 (Winter 1963), p. 4. 20 19 \"The Montreal Poets,\" Canadian Literature, No. 14 (Autumn 1962), p. 23. 20\"AJMS,\" p. 4. Peter Stevens unpublished dissertation \"The Development of Canadian Poetry Between the Wars and Its Reflection of Social Awareness\" (University of Saskatchewan, 1968) explores modernism in the thirties period in a careful, factual way and should.be better known. 2 2P. 45. 23 P. 751. A few pages later (p. 754) Beattie refers to the thirties as \"the most barren period in the history of modern Canadian poetry.\" \"The Role of L i t t l e Magazines,\" rpt. in Making of-Modern Poetry, pp. 220, 219. 2 5University of Toronto Quarterly, 8, No. 1 (October 1938), p. 5. 76 See, for example, Desmond Pacey in Literary History, pp. 485-86. 2 7\"The Development of Poetry in Canada 1880-1940,\" Poetry (Chicago), (April 1941), p. 47. 28 (Toronto, 1936), p. 4. 2 9P. 65. 3 0P. 53. 31p. v. 3 2Canadian Literature, No. 24 (Spring 1965), p. 8. 33smith, Canadian Literature, p. 9. -^University of Saskatchewan 1968, p. 165. 3 5 T , No. 2 (April 1936), p. 6. 3 t?.l, No. 3 (June 1936), p. 24. 37Kennedy, \"Direction,\" pp. 21, 22-23. 3%ew Provinces, p. v. 3 9(Toronto, 1936), p. 158. 4\u00C2\u00B0\"A Hope for Canadian Poetry,\" I, No. 6, p. 29. 4 1\"Canadian Poetry\u00E2\u0080\u0094Past and Present,\" 8, No. 1 (October 1938), p. 8. 21 / 0 \"Canadian Poetry\u00E2\u0080\u0094A Minority Report,\" 8, No. 2 (January 1939), pp. 135-36 43 58, No. 1 (April 1941), p. 47. CHAPTER II CONTEMPORARY VERSE: BEGINNINGS A surge of poetic activity in the early forties followed the bleak thi r t i e s . \"Perhaps there never was a time i n Canada when so many poets of promise appeared simultaneously or when...there was so much creative variety, as in the early years of the forties,\" John Sutherland wrote in 1951 in \"The Past Decade.in.Canadian Poetry.\" \"The phenomenal, development of Canada during the last war...gave a marked impetus to poetry as i t did to the arts generally. There was an excitement in the air to which no one\u00E2\u0080\u0094least of a l l the poet could f a i l to respond.\"\"'\" Three l i t t l e magazines devoted exclusively to modern work; Earle Birney's David.and.Other Poems, Ralph Gustafson's Anthology of Canadian Poetry., and L i t t l e Anthology of Canadian Poets, and A. J. M.. Smith's Book of Canadian Poetry and News of the Phoenix a l l appeared within a year or two from late 1941 to 1943. Before the war ended A. M. Klein, Dorothy Livesay, F. R. Scott, Patrick Anderson, Miriam Waddington, and Irving Layton had books published, Birney had a second, Now is Time; and two more magazines Direction and Northern Review and the anthology Unit of Five had appeared. Canadian poetry had entered a new phase\u00E2\u0080\u0094the \"Renaissance of the Forties.\" It a l l began with Contemporary Verse. \"I date the beginning of this decade from the f i r s t publication of Contemporary Verse in 1941,\" John Sutherland (not a man to give up glory easily) wrote: 23 ...many of the poets who appeared during.the forties were introduced in the early issues of. that magazine. Shortly afterwards, some of the same writers came, together in Montreal and began producing, publications of their own\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Preview and First Statementjg^n.?.^--but Contemporary Verse has already stolen.part of their thunder, and i t deserves the f i r s t credit.2 The f i r s t issue of Contemporary Verse, small, thin, and unpretentious, was delivered to a handful of subscribers and a few indulgent newsstands early in October 1941. It contained fourteen lithographed pages, nine poems, and a.brief foreword, by the editor explaining i t s purpose. Alan Crawley explained: Conviction-was added, to. my belief, that beauty and truth is not a l l - t o l d ; that.there are many writers of our own times who can speak to us in words and.images and forms that interest and appeal; and that, for most of us; their writings-are too hard to.come by. A small group of readers and,writers, sharing, these feelings, send out this...first issue of CONTEMPORARY VERSE, A CANADIAN QUARTERLY, i n high hope that i t and \u00E2\u0080\u00A2succeeding numbers may play a worthy part in the building of Canadian literature. (1, 2 ) 3 The issue has a strong early forties flavour. Not a l l the poems can be termed modern, and the: majority have a. rawness about them that is characteristic of this transition period as poets worked to naturalize modernism to Canada. Social themes of war and of man's alienation in a meaningless world, predominate. There is an attempt at informal language and natural speech rhythms (derivative of Auden), and uncomplicated, r e a l i s t i c imagery; but a not yet exorcised sentimental\u00E2\u0080\u00A2traditionalism;and adolescent self-consciousness hover around the edges of.the.poems. Western writers dominate and the members of the founding committee each have a poem i n this f i r s t issue of Contemporary Verse. Earle Birney,.P. K. Page, Floris McLaren, Leo Kennedy, Dorothy Lives ay, A. J. M. Smith, Doris Feme and Anne Marriott 24 are the contributors. This regional, small group aspect of the f i r s t issue made Crawley a l i t t l e uneasy and subsequent numbers of the magazine have a broader representation. Some of the poems in the f i r s t issue are not new work\u00E2\u0080\u0094Smith's \"The Face\", Livesay's \"The Child Looks Out\" and, one suspects, Kennedy's \"Carol For. Two Swans\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094 which suggests that modern poets.had a scanty store .of poems for publication that summer of 1941. A l l of the poems attempt to deal with the real world and man's situation i n . i t , and.in this sense they are modern; but they are uneven in quality. Earle Birney's poem \"Hands\" is good and deserves i t s position of eminence as the f i r s t poem in the issue. His juxtaposition of nature and war images (a technique frequently ,used by Canadian poets at this time) startles hear the notes of a piano And into my head.drift.the words of a poem Which a while .ago... I was reading. (7,11) 61 \"Morning,\" from the same issue strives too obviously after the opposite effect and lapses into affectation: Sun-dance on a banister, Pea-shooter sun on roof, Pop-corns. exploding: at- street corners Sun-sliding,., sun, dazzle-proof ... (7,11) Two years later. Dudek wrote his energetic poem.\"Midsummer, Adirondacks,\" but i t is Dylan Thomas\u00E2\u0080\u0094not Dudek: There in the hills we kissed. In the streams, pebble-naked -your body bread-brown, then shining, shining with, drops, bewildered with water -(7,11) By.1947 when nine of his poems, appeared in the winter issue of Contemporary Verse, Dudek's.language, is both natural and effective; for example, the everyday words and subtle rhythms of \"A Rain Washes Us:\" . Swift small umbrellas of rain splash on the pavement, break breezes of spray that f a l l backward against a wall in flares of water. (23,5) Some... Contemporary.. Verse poets ..never, did succeed in working through to a -modern idiom, and because.of this remained transition poets even though they explored modern themes. .Anne Marriot's tendency to load her language with poetic phrases., abstractions, and emotional tones, is as evident,in her last poem .in the magazine\u00E2\u0080\u0094 \"Squamish, May 1951:\" So split here, tears for mother, sea, of her.own essence thickening my eyes at pain of natal cord not wholly severed, drawing taut (36,20) as i t was in her first ten years earlier\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"Prayer of the Disillusioned:\" 62 Give us a cause... Given i t , let us follow, Run, though the sand.slide under foot, slip us back, Hamper us. (1,13) While avoiding this kind of vague poetic speech, Floris McLaren s t i l l was never completely at home in the modern idiom. Her characteristic use of a slow and heavy line prevented her from capturing the colloquial nuances of contemporary speech, and she frequently used words and phrases that dated from an earlier time--\"muscular .limbs\", \"bureau,\" \"wavering pocket-torch.\" When she avoided such obvious faults and honed her language down, .her poetry was clear and moving; often capturing experiences with sensitivity and compassion as in \"Figure in Shadow:\" It was good to lie in the Cove Face down in' the sun, the warm..stones, under, our thighs. Good to close, our eyes And smell the salt on the rocks While the tide ran in with l i t t l e splashing sounds Over the shingle... (14,9) Earle Birney particularly liked this poem and commented on i t to Alan Crawley: \"I think 'Figure.in Shadow' the best thing of hers I have read; she has matured greatly in the last..few years; this poem made the issue, worthwhile for me\" (AC, 25. Nov. 1945).. In 1943, in the first edition of the Book of Canadian Poetry, A. J. M. Smith divided modern poetry into two categories\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"Modern Native\" and \"Modern Cosmopolitan.\" Smith was right to divide the poetry, but his reasons (or at least his .labels) were.wrong. .The division he made is actually between transition poetry and modem poetry (Ross, Livesay, and Birney are misclassified in this sense). The poets 63 l i s t e d under the \"Native Tradition\" have not yet acquired a modern s e n s i b i l i t y \u00E2\u0080\u0094 t h e i r work s t i l l shows the struggle-between the romantic tradition-, and the attitudes and techniques of modernism\u00E2\u0080\u0094while those grouped under the \"Cosmopolitan.Tradition\".have.achieved a. modern voice. What i r r i t a t e d John Sutherland was the drivativeness of this Cosmopolitan modernism. It was modern, yes.; but i t had been imported wholesale from England and the United States and i t hadn't: yet been naturalized. During, the years of the War. modernism went through this naturalizing process and a truly indigenous.modern poetry evolved that was Canadian \" i n the only way that is worth anything, implicitly and inevitably\" (these are Smith's words from.the 1948 edition of the Book of Canadian Poetry.).. This was the. real accomplishment of the early forties poets; and.in his' continuing work of s i f t i n g through the manuscripts that came across his desk, c r i t i c i z i n g .and sending poems back for revision, selecting and ..publishing the largest body of poetry during the forties, and reviewing most of ,the books of poetry published during the forties Alan Crawley was intimately a part of this accomplishment. Crawley's ideas about poetry and the standards he set for Contemporary Verse were significant shaping.forces on early forties poetry. Alan Crawley was not a theorizer about poetry. He responded intuitively and personally ..to a poem and, he had- the '.taste' to know i f a poem was good or bad regardless of i t s terms.of reference. Crawley liked a poem that said something and 'said' well. He liked good bones in a poem.and meat enough to chew on. He responded to energy and rhythm, and sound. He was chary and parsimonious in adding to the small store of poems that, met his exacting standards of excellence, and 64 he was quick and frank in his criticism of mediocrity and insincerity. \"Every book of poetry on my shelves must pay space rent in at least two poems, to read.again and againV\" Crawley wrote in a review of David and Other Poems (6,15). Sound in ..poetry, was (and. s t i l l is) of crucial. importance to Alan Crawley\u00E2\u0080\u0094understandable in view, of his blindness. He approached poetry in a very auditory way, listening to each new.poem several times over. Now he uses a tape.recorder, but in the forties someone\u00E2\u0080\u0094 usually, his. wife.. Jean-:-re ad. him the ..poem several times, over until he had it. memorized,, or- typed, i t in braille, for him to - 'say' to himself until he had fully apprehended i t s sound and rhythmic, pattern. With this as a basis he moved into a f u l l appreciation ,of the poem; incorporating the thought, imagery, verse form into the sound pattern. His approach was. first, sensuous., then intellectual; . A.letter to Earle Birney in early February 1943,.illustrates Crawley's concern with sound in a poem: On' the following Tuesday night I heard the Story Teller read your David and liked his reading of it...but inconsequent as i t may. seem, again as before when I had heard i t read by Jean to me, the lines .that struck and annoyed me. are those... . \"on. my ripped boots of his blood\".. .such a cavil .but when I am so dependent on my ear for a l l the poetry I. get a harsh, unpleasant line does i r r i t a t e . (UT, nd) Reviewing Now is Time in 1946, Crawley again discussed the sound in Birney's poems. \"There is a new power in Mr. Birney's writing. The late poems, show, this.-in., the..smoothness .of l i n e from which grit of hard unusual words have been cast out and in the strong noun unpropped by. adjective\" (17,18). \"Reading the poems obviously written within the last twenty years 65 I am struck by their v i t a l i t y and strength,\" Crawley wrote referring to the poetry in Gustafson's Anthology.of Canadian Poetry . (5,16). Of Patrick Anderson's A Tent for April he commented .that \"The impression that has pleased and persisted most strongly with .me is that of extreme.vitality and energy, springing and fed.from Mr. Anderson's feeling for movement, so skillfully.and sensitively, translated into words\" (13,16). Energy, intensity,, and v i t a l i t y were essential components of a poem for Crawley,.and a l l the better i f coupled with vivid fresh imagery. He liked P. K. Page's imagery, and Dudek's, and Reaney's. \"What is perhaps . the most distinctive element,\" i n Page's poetry in As Ten As Twenty\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (which Crawley judged to be \"a .remarkable f i r s t book!') ;\"is. her wealth of imagery .drawn from;wide and varied sources, sharp and startling with the force of.the.personality they reveal\" (19,18). Of Dudek Crawley wrote, \"Over and over again we find'this poet taking the raw materials of poetry and from them building a logical and ;of ten.magical. sequence,..of connected images, sensations,, and . suggestions., in organized association and musical arrangement;!' and of Reaney, \"His .poetry is sometimes derivative but i t is never conventional and always, is charged with his individual rather macabre imagination and is lovely i n the.unusual b r i l l i a n t clusters of sounds and. images.\" . (23,21-22) . Forties poetry was, primarily, l y r i c and didactic, and Alan. Crawley liked this kind of poetry. He liked to feel the poet was writing out of his own intensely f e l t experiences and had something significant to say. A poem was not for moralizing or for grinding.axes, but i t was for communication. \"No poetry can be written unless the writer has absorbed something from the world about him and from the effects 66 of this is able to say his reactions and feelings caused by this absorption and reflection in some different and lovely way\" (FMcL, 1 Feb. 1937), Crawley wrote to Floris McLaren in 1937 advising her on the selection.of poems for. Frozen Fire. He reiterated this belief ten years later,. singling out a. quotation . firom the writings of A. C. Bradley that is \"so good a. caption for this magazine or to be a framed motto on its official wall that I shall repeat i t : \" If a.poem.is to be anything like.great i t must, in one sense, be concerned.with the present. .Whatever its subject.may be,, it. must .express .something living in the mind from which, it,.comes \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 and .the:minds- to .which i t goes. Wherever its body is, its soul must be here, and now. (23,18) Crawley (like many of his contemporaries) seemed immune to the strong didactic quality, of,the. poetry of the first half of ,the forties that dates, it. (and spoils it) so immediately ...for the, reader in the seventies... In. 1942 Crawley , reviewed .David .and... Other-Poems and noted: Mr. Birney has no social problem to pose and no ethical code to expound. He is not absorbed in exploring wide., and deep, ideas. His writing is free of didacticism.... (6,14) In 1945 he described Patrick Anderson's, poems,-in. A..,Tent,. for April: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The poems, are unangered .and,.unres.entful, and glory.be to heaven, they have no whine of:persecution nor whimper of self-pity, and there is remarkable absence of propaganda,.prediction and prescription for these or future times.. . (13,16) Later on, with, the distancing, of. time and with new. trends, in poetry, Crawley became, more sensitive .to-didacticism. In ..ten years \"Earle Birney has changed his technique very l i t t l e apart from^progressive refining and developing, and a regretable .almost, complete elimination of expression of passion, or of deep, emotion',\"' Crawley;, commented, 67 reviewing:.Trial of a. City and Other Verse. \"The axe is s t i l l taken to grinding although i t is now. .more, cunningly . concealed\" (39, 24-25). But ' l y r i c ' and 'didactic' are classifications of the broadest and most general kind\u00E2\u0080\u0094they are attitudes really, more, than c l a s s i f i c a -tions\u00E2\u0080\u0094and easily contain the variety and dissimilarity.that make up Contemporary .Verse . (and.early forties.) poetry. There, was no specific genre, theme,. or . technique that..Alan Crawley specifically preferred and favoured in Contemporary Verse.. There were, however, two kinds of poetry uncongenial to Crawley-T-imagis.t, and narrative poetry\u00E2\u0080\u0094although, examples- of bo.th-..genres., can,b.e.;found:,,in the magazine. The absence of 'message.!, .and. of .personal .involvement-in imagist poems could be the reason why Crawley did. not particularly like them, although the. strong visual, component in imagis,t poems and their rhythmical, plainness, might ..also, be factors,. , \"I never cared for W. W. E. Ross's poems,\" Crawley remarked..in..a recent, interview, \"they did not say much . to me.\" Crawley, .disagreed, with \"the .Smith-Lives ay-Kennedy tributes and. estimations\".:of Raymond Knister.'s strongly imagistic work in. his review of .Knister!s. Collected .Poems.. \"Take out > of the section Men.and Animals, the,dreary genealogical cataloguing of. Rows. of.S.t alls , .and the unsuccessful.. Poisons ,. add ,to the poems l e f t After Exile\u00E2\u0080\u0094and you have the poetry.by which Raymond Knister may be remembered\" (31,22). \"I do not, as you. know like narrative verse, unless of very exceptional power .and beauty,\" Crawley reminded. Floris McLaren after he had advised her to drop \"Gene's Bride\" from.her Frozen Fire collection.(FMcL, I.Feb., 1937). When Crawley:admitted this bias to Earle Birney five years later\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"The poem [David] is a fine b i t and i n 68 spite of my dislike of narrative poetry you have done a good thing in i t and I am glad i t has got so much praise from reviewers and readers\" (UT, nd)\u00E2\u0080\u0094Birney rapped his editorial knuckles sharply: Am amazed that you should admit to a 'dislike' of narrative poetry. If that is really so, you are ruled out from enjoying most of the great poetic literature\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Homer, the Aeneid, Chaucer, Dante, most of Milton, Goethe, Byron, Shelley, Keats, and a good deal of Wordsworth, The form has admittedly been unfashionable of late, but what have we to do.with fashions? Leave them to the IODE and CAA, The most promising poetry editor in Canada should be above prejudices which relate to a whole form. It is like a great horticulturist saying that he won't grow peaches because he doesn't like their fuzz, or that he is only interested in apples under 5 ounces,.. (AC, 20 Feb. 1943) In spite of these biases (little imagist or narrative poetry was being written), Alan Crawley was the most eclectic poetry editor in Canada during the forties. By the end of 1946 when Contemporary Verse was at its mid point, Crawley had published almost three hundred poems by seventy poets\u00E2\u0080\u0094the largest, most impressive, and most representative collection of early forties work in Canada, In the same period First Statement (and later Northern Review) published about one hundred and fifty poems, the work of some thirty five poets; and Preview substantially fewer, perhaps one hundred ..poems, almost exclusively the work of the Preview group,^ Louis Dudek, Irving Layton, and Raymond Souster were the major contributors to First Statement after 1943; with Miriam Waddington, Kay Smith, Audrey Aikman, and some members of the Preview group also having work published in the magazine. By far the bulk of Contemporary Verse pages is given over to poetry; but beginning with the fifth issue in September 1942, Crawley 69 included a l i t t l e review section that discussed a l l of the important books of poetry that were published during the li f e of the magazine.' Next to the annual \"Letters in Canada\" in the University of Toronto Quarterly, the Contemporary Verse reviews constitute the most compre-hensive assessment of forties poetry to come out of the period, Crawley did most of the reviewing, Dorothy Livesay did some, and occasionally ,L, A, MacKay and Floris McLaren.help out, Crawley's reviews are brief, impressionistic, and refreshingly free from literary and academic jargon. Lister Sinclair referred to them as \"tiny critical notes...worth their weight in gold\" on Critically Speaking in 1950. Crawley's aim in reviewing was to highlight.the main, characteristics and provide a general assessment, of the poetry, and to entice the reader into his own exploration of.the.book, He was impatient with the close textual analysis pioneered by the 'new criticism' (John Sutherland loved i t ) , and he did not use a .book review as a springboard to express his own ideas and theories about poetry and poets. \"I have seen NR and the review of Counterpoint, much of which I like and agree with,\" Crawley wrote to Anne Wilkinson, \"but why a l l this bother and pretence of great foresight, insight, and the unimportant trimmings which are considered necessary for every book, review?\" (UT., 8 Nov, 1951). From the mid-forties on, Crawley was a regular reviewer on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation program Critically Speaking. In his broadcasts he combined his brief criticisms.with a reading of a selection of the poet's work. Crawley did a program on A. M. Klein in 194.7 and Klein wrote to thank him, saying \"It was most gratifying for me to know that the poems which you were reading were being heard across Canada:\" 70 I think too that you are to be congratulated upon the very impressive delivery which yqu gave to these verses, and I particularly was.touched by the poems that you chose. Concluding your reading with \"Jerusalem Next Year, Next Year Jerusalem\" was to my mind a particularly effective gesture. (AC, 16 May 1947) Livesay's reviews.are not impartial like Crawley's. She liked causes and she liked a fight. In the June 19.43. issue of:. Contemporary Verse she lumps four.chapbooks together\u00E2\u0080\u0094M. Eugenie Perry, Hearing a Far Call; Mary Elizabeth Colman, For. This Freedom Too;.,Evelyn Eaton, Birds Before Dawn; and Anne, Marriott, Salt., Marsh--and, dismissed them in one paragraph: * Ten years ago we spat-at sentimental lyricism, bedecked with nature's more.obvious outer.garments; and we cried out for ideas, and.a genuine.interpretation . of the Canadian.people in. poetry. .The result, i f judged by these:four, booklets, i s disastrous. (8,13) These were exciting and^preductive, but, not easy years, for Alan Crawley and Contemporary, Verse. The. magazine had.its ups and downs. There was seldom enough good poetry that,met. Crawley's, rating standards to f i l l sixteen pages, quarterly (occasionally in .these years Contemporary. Verse .was eighteen.or, twenty pages),.. Crawley wrote to poets for manuscripts, reminded., encouraged, and cajoled; and then often had.to send submissions back, for revisions.. Subscriptions and finances never reached a comfortable state;,and wartime restrictions on paper and printing, were, a troublesome; bother;, .causing frustrating and' embarrassing delays,, in publication., \"The quarterly has had more than i t s share of trouble this summer, running into, snags in paper shortage and Government, p r i o r i ties and restrictions, and so there has been a t e r r i f i c delay in getting out the June issue,\" Crawley wrote to 71 A. J..M.. Smith, in October 1943. (UT, 22.Oct. 1943). Sometimes i t seemed impossible to Crawley that even the combined.efforts of himself, Floris McLaren, and the publishing committee.could keep the magazine going. . He worried about i t to Earle.Birney. who wrote back: I do hope Contemporary.Verse can continue... It deserves to, more, than any other publication, of its, kind in Canada right now. I'm afraid I don't like the Montreal people in general; they seem to be,such .little poseurs, full of bastard surrealism\u00E2\u0080\u0094nothing, original except a few images\u00E2\u0080\u0094nothing they want to say\u00E2\u0080\u0094and, i f they had anything to say, too damned highbrow.to condescend to say i t . . (AC, 20. Feb. 1943) \"Once again. .CONTEMEORARY;..VERSE.is,..long .overdue,\" Crawley .wrote to the readers in.the July 1944 issue. \"The causes for \"delay, are so common to most magazines that excuses would be tiresome and. explanations are, I hope, unnecessary\" (11,2). There was another long delay after this, issue (the October number had to. be. oomitted) < and. Crawley apologized, in .January.... . !'The, staff. hope. to. .overcome, .publishing, difficulties and return to the scheduled four issues in. 1945\" (12,2.).; . Subscribers were frequently reminded to pay up for \"every reader and every dollar is precious,\" and letters were sent out to drum up subscriptions similar to this one of April 1945: CONTEMPORARY VERSE.; f i l l s a, particular niche in Canadian poetry. The editor, is ready to continue with., the work of selecting and preparing,, the committee is willing to aid him in every way possible.;, but the.urgent necessity is to have, on hand the.modest, finances requisite for production. (AC) The eastern l i t t l e magazines, were riot fairing .any. better. . Preview had dropped much of its.esotericism. by. late .1943.and was inviting contributions ..both of manuscripts and money.. \"PREVIEW, welcomes outside contributors\" the October 1943. issue stated, and. the following number 72 announced 'The Preview Fund.' \"We need money. Not a great deal. But some. We need your nickles for our gold, upon your quarters and dollars our irridiscence depends.\" Quite a change, from the third number.of June 1942 which reminded its readers..that \"PREVIEW is a private 'Literary Letter', distributed to about a .hundred subscribers or potential subscribers, and that i t . i s in no sense :a.'magazine' on sale to the general public.\"^ Of. course, First Statement had started the 'First Statement Fund' early in 1943 to expand and print the magazine; and had reduced the frequency of. publication from every two weeks, to monthly, then bi-monthly.. Crawley discussed'the two magazines, in the summer of 1945 with Earle Birney: Preview went through, a.:shaking,.up.in,:the last few months with ,Patrick .Anderson.;forsaking, it;.to.'take over En Masse mainly .political.: and Pat Page,, now,, in Victoria. I gather that Page did most, of the stenographic work in the past and was one. of. the, chief stays in management. There was. a rumour that P.review was to combine with, First. Statement but.with-the..last issue .of...the. former, shows ..a.new . lease .o,f..,life with Klein and Neufville...Shaw editing. First Statement is now coming out every.two months\"and.is doing some .good work. (UT, IS! June 1945) In the winter of 1945 Preview .and. First Statement merged into Northern Review with John Sutherland as; editor.. It was less of a merger, really, than a closing down of Preview., and the end of a distinct.phase, in. the development, of- Canadian poetry. The work of Preview was finished. It. had been, a place where; a. small group of writers tried out new work of a particular style and .political, orientation. With the end.of the war, other publishing outlets, new poetic interests and,the dispersal of. the group.; the need for the. special coterie support of Preview disappeared.. A.,M. Klein kept, the magazine going for a time but was likely grateful for a graceful exit into 73 Northern Review. The new name for the magazine saved face for the Preview poets who otherwise might have felt a l i t t l e diffident at joining the First Statement 'enemy camp.' With the withdrawal of the Preview writers after Sutherland's highly critical review of Robert Finch's.Poems (in the sixth'number) Northern Review seemed, more than ever, First Statement newly named. Raymond Souster has suggested that the animosity between Preview and First Statement was the basis of the creativity of this period: , While the two magazines s t i l l continued, (in the late 1944) hostilities were over. And soon i t was open to question just how much of an integral part of this literary movement had nourished itself on what was essentially a meaningless feud, because the last issue of 'Preview' appeared not long after, and I could almost read then the first signs of disintegration.6 Sutherland's opening editorial in Northern Review seems a l i t t l e tired, an echo from those exciting early forties years more than a statement for the present: \"We shall try to f u l f i l l the classic function of the ' l i t t l e magazine'\u00E2\u0080\u0094to afford a means of expression for the serious writer who., without a reputation and without the advantages of commercial publicity, is nevertheless determined to make no concessions to the slick, the theatrical, and the popular. Northern Review appeared irregularly, was well printed, broadly oriented to the arts, and carried some interesting critical discussion g (especially those of Sutherland). The poetry was of mixed quality and disappointingly small in volume\u00E2\u0080\u0094about twenty pages of poetry per year, Alan Crawley wrote to Earle Birney that he was disappointed in the first issue of the magazine. \"The good features of First Statement and Preview are not too apparent and nothing in i t was startling or 74 very remarkable\" (UT, Spr. 1946). For a time i t seemed as i f a new Toronto magazine Reading might .act as a competitive impetus for Northern Review (John Sutherland, was always at his best when there were opposing ..forces), but. Reading. ceased\u00E2\u0080\u009Epubli.cation in 1946 after a few issues. . Raymond. Souster.-closed..down Direction . too in 1946 after ten sporadic issues. Souster's magazine had been.more of a wartime newsletter than a l i t t l e magazine and had.run from November 1943 to February 1946. It did seem in. this, immediate post-War period that the l i t t l e magazine movement.was losing impetus. : With, the October.. 1946 number,,.: Contemporary Verse, completed \"five years of hazardous progress\" (19,16). It had outlived .and (in the matter of attracting,and publishing good poetry) outperformed both of the eastern lit t l e , magazines .Preview and. Eirs.t. Statement,, in spite of the. 'isolation', of the, wes.t and. .Crawley' s 'handicap.' But five years of 'hazardous progress'-.maintaining.the high, standard that was the trademark of Contemporary .Verse takes.a t o l l ; and in 1946 Crawley considered merging with:Canadian. Poetry Magazine when.Earle Birney took over ..as editor, in the. fall.. There, would be advantages . With the financial, backing of the Canadian Author's Association.,'\".Contemporary Verse could be expanded and printed (Crawley's one great regret regarding Contemporary Verse was that he never,managed to.get the magazine printed\u00E2\u0080\u0094in this he envied. Firs.t; Statement and Northern Review) . Crawley, would be relieved of some of the editorial, responsibilities and he and Birney were compatible and would likely make a good team. On the other hand, Contemporary Verse was well established as a quality modern poetry. magazine and Crawley, as. an astute, and honest critic. The traditionalism and.medio-crity of the. Canadian Author's 75 Association might destroy this hard .won reputation, and.with i t the usefulness, of, the magazine. Crawley tried the. idea of a merger out on a number of Contemporary Verse, poets and P. K. Page's adamant letter is typical of their responses... . Page firmly supported Birney: \"If Birney.does take this on I will back him.because I feel i f the CA.A. has enough wits to appoint him. editor, they deserve whatsoever help we can give;\" but felt Birney should.take-over Canadian Poetry Magazine on his own.and not jeopardize. Contemporary, Verse. \"Also,\" Page., concluded, \"I personally like to feel CV is there\u00E2\u0080\u0094small and compact, reflecting you\" (AC, nd)... F.. ,R. Scott agreed: How.are you .making,out with Barney and his schemes? No- idea of dropping CV I trust.. You have, your own supporters and your own place among the poetry magazines and i t would be a pity.to cease publishing now.\" (AC, 16 Feb. 1947) Crawley decided,against,the merger, and Earle Birney took,over Canadian Poetry Magazine,on his own. . Now.with the.Montreal coterie magazines defunct and three liberal magazines active (and spread across Canada in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal), eclecticism.was the dominant 9 mood in Canada. Earle..Birney: commanding, the Canadian Authors:'.. Association garrison was an astonishing, happening for modern poetry in Canada. Just as astonishing was Alan Crawley's . eross.-Canada poetry 'saying' tour in the late f a l l of 1946. , It was an enormous boost for Crawley and for modern poetry. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 In ten weeks Crawley spoke to more than fifty large and enth.usias.tic, audiences.;.f.rom Vancouver, to; Montreal. Not since Bliss Carman's triumphal reading tours of the 1920's had Canadian audiences had a chance to hear live presentations of contemporary poetry. 76 Crawley had an excellent voice for saying poetry--clear and capable of a great range of nuances.and moods\u00E2\u0080\u0094and an excellent repetoire of contemporary work\", alive and ready in his memory... The pace of the tour was hectic. Crawley wrote to Birney that he had \"demanded a day and anight for ourselves\" in each of Ottawa and Montreal following \"the three weeks of one night stands, five,days a week in. -'Ontario\" (UT, nd) . He used basically the same, format for, these. 'sayings ' that . he had ..worked, out,, the ^ preceding spring, for. a series..*of. poetry talks for local and university audiences in. Vancouver. He challenged his hearers with the statement: \"I.have to understand the poems to say them and i f they,make sense to. me they will to you\" (19,19); then proceeded with his.sayings interspersed with, down-to-earth comment on the poems . and. sometimes a bit. of biographical.iinf ormatlon about the poet^if i t seemed relevant.to.the poem. He described an early talk to. Earle Birney: . . . Started to talk at eight twenty and .said, the last telling words at ten to ten so they .had a,belly f u l l . It. really, went well and I was for a wonder a bit pleased... . there, was. great attention,.and. I, felt the audience of some eighty or;so.was.thoroughly interested and taking i.t a l l in. Dorothy , [Livesay] and Pat Page said i t went well and even my. critical Jean was pleased. (UT, nd) Birney was excited and positive about Crawley',s talks. \"The big and positive audiences you.got, in spite.of hellish, weather, proves that, people will listen , to. poetry...if. only the poets, will write in a way that. can.be listened., to and.will get out.on a stage or in front of a mike and .yell, a little., and give, support to people like yourself, who read i t in. public as.it should; be read\" .(AC,, 4 April 1946). It is impossible to assess the impact. Crawley's saying tour had on the general public\u00E2\u0080\u0094Crawley had jokingly written, to Birney \"Tell me i f there is any jump in your sales, or god.help, me, any falling off\" (UT, nd)\u00E2\u0080\u0094but i t was a great help to Crawley and Contemporary Verse. The tour gave Crawley a chance to meet and talk to most of the poets and people connected with writing.and,publishing, across Canada. .Crawley, knew many of. these people through their.letters, but i t was. not-the same, as, meeting..and talking..to ..them face-to-face. He came back.to Vancouver stimulated by the exchange, of news and ideas, even more enthusiastic about poetry, andibolstered by the promise of manuscripts, from a number, of poets,. .. He approached the editing of Contemporary Verse with.renewed .vigour, in 1947. , Stimulated, by.'the vitality of, this , period .and ~ s t i l l , chafing at A. J.. M. Smith's classification of, modern, Canadian, poetry into the \"native\" or the \"cosmopolitan\" stream in the ..Book of. ..Canadian Poetry, John: Sutherland prepared his own., antho lo.gy,--0 th er.. Canadi ans : An Anthology of. the New Poetry, in,: C an ada 19 40-19 46-r-with its argumentative, irritating, perspicacious- introduction,, and.unimaginative selection of poems. A. M. Klein.was indignant at Sutherland's anthology and complained about i t to Crawley: I do not think much of Sutherland's book. That the volume, contains: some.:good^ poems. is ,, of course, not , his fault. . They were.written by; others. But the literary standards, the lack, of, logic.and the sheer malice which characterizes :the ..introduction, makes one rage :where i t does, not make, one laugh. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ... \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (AC, 5 Sept. 1947) Crawley was . more tolerant, of Other Canadians., in. his,: review of i t in the Summer 1947 .issue. of.. Contemporary. Verse., ..He recognized the inadequacies of the selection of verse (including the fact that a l l eighteen poets represented lived east of Manitoba), but felt the 78 Introduction was important.and stated why: These important things are: his clever analysis of 'national' and 'colonial' influences on Canadian poetry;.his estimation of the condition of our poetry, past, present, and future.; the timely and deserved appraisal of the poetry of Louis Dudek and Raymond Souster and. the repeated evidence of Mr. Sutherland's sensitive feeling.and enthusiasm for.contemporary poetry. (21,18) Sutherland was grateful for Crawley's reasoned, assessment and wrote \"I liked the review:.of. Other. Canadians,. which, seemed to .me very fair as well, as penetrating. It.was by a l l odds, the most. Intelligent comment of any reviewer on, the: quality of the introduction\" (AC, 4 April 1948). Sutherland had expected Other .Canadians to be. a corrective to the Book of Canadian Poetry, and perhaps to the course of- modern poetry in Canada;: instead it. was. a postscript to, a period.. Canadian poetry was moving into a new phase. ,. < FOOTNOTES CHAPTER III x2nd ed. (Toronto, 1948), p. 32. 2 Smith, p. 32. 3 Birney wrote back that \"the line you find harsh, was. more or less,, intended to beso, i.e. the inversion, throwing the emphasis on 'blood', is deliberate.. I wanted the words to. cause a small shock, at the moment. I can see that the inversion.may be too ugly, however\" (AC,'20.Feb. 1943). 4 Patrick .Anderson.,.; P... K.. Page.,.. F. .R... Scott, Bruch Ruddick, Neufville Shaw,, and. later A. ,M.. Klein. 5No.-16 (October 1943), p. 10; No. 17 (December 1943), p. 1; No. 3 (June 1943), p. 1. . 6\"Poetry Canada, 1940-1945.,\" Impression, 1,- No. 4 . (Spring 1952), p. 69. 71, No. 1 (December---January 1945-46), p. 2. a There were three .issues, of-.Northern..Review ..in. 1946, four in 1947, two in 1948. 9 Fiddlehead. from New,Brunswick, was s t i l l strongly, oriented to keeping the Carman-Roberts, tradition alive. CHAPTER IV NEW DEPARTURES: CONTEMPORARY, VERSE 1947-1952 How suddenly It a l l changed! The First Statement Press had no sooner.published.Other Canadians, An Anthology of. the ..New. Poetry in Canada, 1940-1946, which I. furnished with a bristling, ..defiant .introduction, than the whole purpose, and driving spirit of the 'new movement' were in a state :of decay. We had barely rushed to the side of this challenger of tradition, holding up his- right\u00E2\u0080\u0094or rather his l e f t \u00E2\u0080\u0094 hand in the stance of victory, when the challenger laid his head upon the. block . and willingly submitted to having i t removed.^ The.war was over and li f e .settled.into, a, comfortable mediocrity. There was disillusionment-; what had seemed like major victories shrunk into small gains in face of the cold wax.' The rebuilding of Europe was slow, undramatic. and far-away. Canadians returned gratefully to middle-class values of materialism, social prestige, and. security\u00E2\u0080\u0094rintensity . and. commitment:have..never been dominant values in Canada. It left the poets who rode.the crest of the. war beached and silent. Earle Birney wrote to Alan Crawley early in 1946: I really mean i t about future verse-writing. The new mag., 'Reading', has two of mine in. i t s . f i r s t issue but. they are ones you already, saw; I have written no more. .If.ever.I get out of the CBC.and back into the li f e of the semi-rleisured, classes, I will try prose; but, to produce anything else in this Philistine paradise is a.waste of spirit and expense of shame. . (AC, 20 Feb.) The eastern writers felt discouraged too. From Frank Scott: Your visit {while Crawley was on tour] was the last time we had so many, of the local writers . . together. Even, our.Northern.Review, meetings these days are getting scrappy\u00E2\u0080\u0094and so perhaps is N.R. 81 The core seems to have gone. Perhaps Patrick Anderson was i t , and. he lives out of town. (AC, 16 Feb. 1947) But in the west coast office of.Contemporary Verse there was new enthusiasm and v i t a l i t y in, the spring.of.1947. There was,fresh and promising work from.new poets and. sharp.finished poetry, from, the seasoned writers i n the magazine. The contacts Crawley made during his saying tour in 1946 resulted in a rich assortment of manuscripts i n 1947. The spring issue carried .James Reaney.'s excellent \"School Globe\" and Livesay's very good .\"Page .One\". . It .was . Reaney.'s second appearance i n ' Contemporary; Verse and .he was.an exciting..find.. The next few issues brought more of Reaney, a f i r s t meeting with Anne.Wilkinson, a rare glimpse, of Malcolm, Lowry, and sound wo.rk from P. K. Page (including \"Puppets\" and \"The Permanent TouristsV) and. A. M.. Klein (\"0 God! 0 Montreal.\" and \"Monsieur Gaston\".)..' Scott, Smith,, Souster, Dudek, Birney^ Roy. .Daniells. and .L. . A. ?MacKay... co.ntrib.uted. too. There, was no slump here. ; Floris McLaren had. a new bolder, cover designed for the magazine; and Crawley increased the number of .pages\u00E2\u0080\u0094first to twenty, then twenty four, and occasionally an issue.was made up with twenty eight pages. The.publishing .houses, (notably.Ryerson, Macmillan, and McClelland .&: Stewart) regularly bought advertising which covered the cost of printing the covers; and the.circulation of .Contemporary Verse increased to a. comfortable three hundred.. The flavour of. Contemporary Verse is. different .after, the war. The. \"common.;at.tit.ude\" .that Smith, talked, .abo.ut,.in.'th'e,.'Bo'ok of Canadian Poetry \"which unites a l l the very different individual poets into a single recognizable school\" is gone, and. so is the bulk of didactic 2 social realism poetry. The war, of course, is gone too.. There is 82 more variety and gaity, and more love poems. There is fantasy, symbol, and myth; and poems about moths, words, hats, eating lunch in Rockcliff park, a school teacher in November, and Bartok and a geranium. It. is not. that the,poems are not serious\u00E2\u0080\u0094most of them are\u00E2\u0080\u0094but there .is ..a saner, broader, less simplistic response to l i f e in these later poems. The intricacies of. life.are not. avoided and neither are the joys. The reader of post-war forties poetry is less likely\u00E2\u0080\u00A2to be instructed and more likely to be stimulated and entertained than, the earlier,.reader. . Seventy-seven poets,.published.three hundred and. ten: poems ..in Contemporary.. Verse., during .the years ,1947 through 1952. The transition poets.have left the magazine except for an occasional appearance.. Floris McLaren's honest, poem. \"Mountaineer,\" in the summer. 1948 issue ..makes a moving epitaph..for those poets who seemed, permanently, caught,.between the romantic. and--modern tradition: He reaches each lookout.just as the.others leave Accepts the view with no discoverer's eye Conscientiously reading the locked sky, The rivers, looped in Sanskrit; But is imoved to solitary tenderness By hair-stemmed twinflower, The minutely separate lacquer cups.of moss. (25,6) The. poets of the social-realism school \u00E2\u0080\u00A2(Desmond>P.acey.'s term) became more\"^individualistic .and. personal,,.but few. of them did outstand-ing work in. the post war years.. Their poetry is competent and interesting and provides stability for the more brilliant but sometimes ephemeral offerings of>the.new,poets,in Contemporary Verse\u00E2\u0080\u0094the mythopoeic. writers, who. quite,:suddenly appeared and quickly gained prominence.Anne. Wilkinson, James,. Reaney, and.P.. K., Page have the most poems in Contemporary Verse during this .period; followed closely by 83 Louis Dudek, Jay Macpherson, and Raymond Souster; and distantly by Colleen Thibaudeau, Miriam Waddington, F. R. Scott, and Kay Smith. Dorothy Livesay and Earle Birney command substantial space with fewer but with long poems\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"Call My People Home\" and.selections from \"Damnation of Vancouver.\" Alan Crawley's ability to attract and recognize, new talent was amazing, especially in this second half of the forties, when poetry moved in new directions and poets became more individualistic. James Reaney had his first poetry published, in. Contemporary Verse, and so did Jay Macpherson .and Daryl. Hine. Others\u00E2\u0080\u0094Anne Wilkinson, Margaret Avison, Phyllis Webb, J. K. Heath (a promising, poet,. killed in the Korean War), Elizabeth Brewster, and Marya Fiamengo--were. recognized early in their poetic careers and published.and encouraged by Crawley. \"I envy you your knack of catching a l l the promising younger, poets before the rest of us know they ,exis.t\", (AC), John Sutherland wrote to Crawley in June 1949. Sutherland had just read the Spring issue of Contemporary Verse which featured six of Jay Macpherson's poems. It was her first work and she was seventeen. James Reaney burst upon the Canadian poetry scene in 1946 like a rocket\u00E2\u0080\u0094brilliant, dazzling, .and erratic. Reaney took the entire literary tradition and the Canadian experience as his canvas; and i f his poems are sometimes derivative and contrived, they are never dull. John Sutherland saw Reaney as a.corrective for Canadian poetry. \"What we can do to combat the indifference with which C.V. and Northern Review s t i l l meet, I do not know, unless James Reaney sets us the example\", Sutherland said in a letter to Crawley early in 1948: 84 I have been delighted to see him trundling along at the heels of Canadian, poetry, coloured like a zebra escaped from a circus, and uttering that amazing horse-laugh of his. There is something really appropriate about that laughter, as i f he had taken in the whole cavalcade ahead of him at one glance, and that is why his horse-laugh is really horse-sense. I find that reading Reaney is a good way of warning offNorthern Review. (AC, nd) Evocations of childhood experiences, neither contrived nor sentimental, dominate Reaney's early poems, as in \"Childhood Musette.\" When his mother is away at. the \"Institute Meeting\" and his father has ridden \"over to Travistock\" the farm becomes fantastical, a haunted and deserted place for the child \"sitting among the feather-ticks and old trunks\" in the room where he was born., .Then he weaves fairy-tale dreams around a \"dim engraving\" and hears The sound of the blue plums Falling straight through the gold air Like dead stars -in the Bering Sea. (23,12) As with the poetry of P. K. Page, the safe recognizable reality seems veneer, thin in some of Reaney's poems; a pastiche pasted over things terrible and macabre. In the cardboard and paper world of \"The Katzenjammer Kids\" The thin sun is yellow and flat. It wears a collar of black spikes and spines To t e l l the innocent heart that i t shines Warming, the face of the fat idiot Who calved the dwarf imps with porcupine locks. (23,13) Reaney nonchalantly combines the exotic, the literary, and the everyday.with a savoir faire. uncommon.in.Canadian poetry. His poetry (unlike most of the early.forties and much of the post-war poetry) is un-selfconscious, and even when nostalgic or macabre contains an 85 eagerness and zest for l i f e . He happily clusters the incompatible\u00E2\u0080\u0094 \"intestinal paths\" and a \"vicious fox\" with a face \"like a bicycle seat\" in the lush \"The Rape of the Somnambulist:\" Into a thicket where tumble And noctambulate Luna-moths whose eyes resemble Tears in a sunset In a thicket of Jack-in-the-pulpit, Each green preacher a hypocrite, She softly descends... (23,10) But Reaney can speak'plainly too, as he does in \"Miss Newport's Letters:\" Miss Newport is moving, In her garden she burns All her correspondence.. . (18,11) James Reaney was a twenty year old student at the University of Toronto when he submitted his poems.to.Contemporary Verse. \"They're rather unfinished and awful, but I am so anxious that you should see my work\" (AC, 27 Sept. 19A6). Reaney asked for a chance to meet Crawley when he was in Toronto, on his saying tour to further discuss his poetry. Later after The Red Heart had been published, Reaney thanked Crawley \"for a l l the encouragement and .assistance I've got from you and.C.V.\"; and commented.\"I can s t i l l remember how ecstatic I was when you first accepted a poem of mine.; and .the ecstasy s t i l l has not died out\" (AC, 10 Dec. 1949). Another new poet, Anne Wilkinson, made her.debut in Contemporary Verse at the same time as Reaney. Considerably older than Reaney\u00E2\u0080\u0094 Anne Wilkinson was thirty-six in 1946\u00E2\u0080\u0094she had only recently begun writing poetry seriously, and had had l i t t l e published. In a way Wilkinson and Reaney were opposites in poetic development at.this time. 86 Reaney had considerable technical virtuosity.and he approached the craft of poetry with verve and imagination. His sensibility was s t i l l essentially unformed, but there is youth and innocence and sensitivity and Intelligence in his poems. On the other hand, Anne Wilkinson brought a mature sensibility to even her earliest poems; but she lacked craftmanship. She had not yet found the way to translate her particular vision of li f e into satisfying poetry. Much of .the poetry that Wilkinson submitted to Contemporary Verse was sent back for revision or. for complete, rewriting. The Crawley-Wilkinson correspondence during the years 1946-1951 shows the kind of careful supportive.criticism that Crawley gave to writers during his years of editing .Contemporary Verse, that: was .so important to; their development. Alan Crawley- met Anne Wilkinson in Toronto when he was on tour. Wilkinson came to hear him and later they.had a chance ..to talk. She was writing poetry (a few had been published in Reading), but was uncertain of their quality and. hesitated to submit them to editors. Crawley offered to read them and late in December 1946.a whole book of Wilkinson manuscripts arrived. Crawley was ecstatic: Last night for the first time I opened the book of your poems and you can have no idea of.the delight and exhilaration I had in reading the MSS. It is such a rare thing for me to find such freshness and vitality and originality of expression and I do thank you very deeply for letting me have the reading. There are so many of the poems I would like to have \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 for CV. that. I would be a glutton, the l i s t mounts as I go over them a second time. (UT) Crawley chose two poems for Contemporary Verse 18., eight for the next number (these issues appeared much later than their stated dates of 87 July and October 1946), and six for number 22 including \"Theme and Variationsjj;1 \"Momismf\" and \"Pastoral.\" A. J. M. Smith was particularly impressed.with Contemporary Verse 22 and wrote: \"The new CV has just come i n \u00E2\u0080\u0094 a swell number made so by Klein and Wilkinson\" (AC, 7 Jan. 1948). \"Pastoral,\" which Wilkinson left out of Counterpoint to Sleep but added to The. Hangman Ties the Holly, evolved after extensive reworking. Crawley was \"very struck\" with \"Pastoral\" at first reading, but felt that the poem at that point was really three separate poems. He suggested, separating them and.dropping part three which was \"too loose and does not quite come off:\" I have felt in the few of your longer poems. I have seen that you are apt to.lose the thread of the thought and do not keep strictly to this, a l l through the poem. This of course is a very common tendency and particu-larly among the younger writers. When i t is overcome and the main idea is the sole theme the poem becomes forceful and memorable and i t .is much easier for the writer to control form. (AC, 5 Sept. 1947) Wilkinson agreed, with Crawley \"on every point re Pastoral.\" \"Your letter was the greatest stimulant, imaginable. I am starved for criticism. I never see anyone who reads my poetry and you can have no idea of the value your letter has for me,\" she wrote. \"When I put the three under one title I had my doubts at the time\u00E2\u0080\u0094it was more because I wrote them simultaneously than for any logical reason that I felt they were one poem:\" It was the last thing I. had. written when I sent i t off and my usual practice is to consider nothing finished until I have buried i t for three months, dug i t up and revised i t . As long as I am writing something I'm in love with i t and the judgement only comes after the burial when the corpse is brought back.to daylight and seen with the indifferent eyes of an ex lover. (AC, 15 Oct. 1947) 88 \"Pastoral\" is typical in many ways of Anne Wilkinson's work. It is a sensuous poem, inviting the reader, to \"Let the world go limp, put it.to rest,\" and while i t sleeps plunge intimately into nature. \"Drench the flesh in foetal memory:\" Wake i t with your eyes Paint i t bright with pigment from your lens Splash on the red, Be prodigal with tears; green for a leaf, For wheat be blinded by the dazzle on your lids (22,10) The Wilkinson visual light/green.imagery is there and seeing is central to the poem. But seeing is supplemented, complemented by the other senses\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"Touched a drenched leaf,\" \"nurse the noise of solitude,\" \"smell the salt drugged steaming of the sea.\" The.poem culminates in a reaffirmation of godly man: Ape, your image, man, Hold his mirror, strain to reflect his God. (22,10) \"I am writing a longish poem .called \"After reading Kafka's The Trail\" but I am afraid to show i t to anyone,\" Wilkinson wrote to Crawley November 30, 1947 (AC). Crawley replied:, \"please believe that I would like to see any MSS i f you think there is a chance I might be able to help you with i t in any way, even i f you do not want to let me have i t for CV.\" (UT, nd). The manuscript arrived with Wilkinson's letter of December 9, 1947: I think i t is bad (the poem not the book!)> perhaps excruciatingly bad but until someone tells me so, bluntly, I ' l l go on trying to make something of i t instead of turning to new work. I not only esteem your criticism but act on i t and i f you say 'forget Kafka', I ' l l at least forget this particular effort without too much sorrow. (AC) . 89 Crawley liked the poem \"the deeper I go into i t . \" \"There is a great deal of thought packed into its good images and lines but i t could be better...it seems to me incomplete and needs some further fashioning on the wheel.\" He worked through the poem concentrating mainly on fuzzy syntax and on individual.lines that needed.clarifying or strengthening. \"Do not lay this, away,\" he encouraged, \"It. is too good to be left\" (UT, 7 Feb. 1948). Wilkinson's letter of March 10, 1948 brought word that she was working on the poem again:\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"Everything you told me about i t has helped enormously\" (AC)--and the revised poem was in Crawley's hands by May. S t i l l i t did not.suit him and he returned i t with suggestions for. further revision; i t was \"greatly improved and strengthened,\" but.not yet. finished.(UT, nd). When i t came back, reworked and with a new title \"After.Reading Kafka,\" Crawley was satisfied and published. the poem in,the summer 1948 issue of Contemporary Verse. Crawley was a generous editor.. He always put a writer's personal development ahead of his own need to gather up enough copy to make an issue of Contemporary Verse. He advised Anne. Wilkinson to submit a group of her poems to Poetry (Chicago)\u00E2\u0080\u0094including the Kafka poem that he had worked so hard on\u00E2\u0080\u0094to. get her work better known; \"Not that I think poetry is always all-hell in.its grandeur but i t has come to represent some desired achievement\" (UT, 29 Oct. 1948). She was at a loss, to know which poems to select and how to group them most effectively, so Crawley did i t for her and submitted the manuscripts as well. Poetry sent them back, but Here and Now and Canadian Forum accepted some. Anne Wilkinson's ability to know when a. poem.was finished and i f 90 i t was good was slow in developing. The quality of her manuscripts was as mixed and her letters, almost as uncertain in 1950's as they had been five years earlier. The group of three poems in the Summer 1950 issue of Contemporary Verse-\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"Summer Acres,\" \"Winter Sketch,\" and \"Folk Tale: With a Warning to Lovers\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094were part of a large batch of poems Wilkinson submitted to Crawley in the Spring. Crawley thought these three showed \"a great deal of progress in your work, in construction, development, imagery, and in adherence to your thought and scheme.\" \"Winter Sketch\" and,\"Summer Acres\" \"are the best and most complete work you.have done,\".Crawley wrote; and \"Folk Tale\" did amuse me and gave me a good deal of pleasure.\" The others were mediocre. \"None of them moved me emotionally or to thought, speculation or remembering;\" they were bits.and pieces, \"more cerebral than vigorous and affecting\" (UT, nd). A year later Crawley returned a batch of poems that.lacked.tension, point, and vitality. He advised Wilkinson-to \"attack and use more variety, in poetic form, taking a hurl at traditional patterns and mastering their rigidity.\" You have the talent and ability, Crawley scolded, \" i t now requires that application.and.discipline and hard work without which.the napkin can never be completely withdrawn\" (UT, nd). He felt that Wilkinson's heavy schedule of reading\u00E2\u0080\u0094she had. written recently that, she was writing l i t t l e but reading voraciously and \"studying Greek and ful l of excitement about i t \" (AC, 12 Nov. 1950)\u00E2\u0080\u0094was taking her away from her native poetic roots. Your recent poems \"are in many parts genuine Anne Wilkinson,\" Crawley wrote; but \"they are less important to Canadian writing than are those poems which have essential \"Canadian ingredients:\" 91 You know that I am not a bigotted booster for national or regional writing yet I do feel that i t is helpful i f writers who have a wide knowledge and close and deep intimacy with Canadian l i f e and surroundings make use of this as much as possible for the good of their writing and of our creative l i f e . (UT, nd) In August. 195.2, Wilkinson submitted her long poem \"Letter to Hy Children\" to Contemporary.Verse which Crawley.accepted with alacrity, relieved that her slump was over: I like the long poem, i t is real AW work in every way and much better than the others, you sent me some months ago. Of course I.want it.but I think you should first.send i t to Poetry Chicago. It might be what they would take yet i f they do not some comments from them might be helpful.and you must keep on. trying... .. If they don't take.it, and golly I hope they do for you should, be in that magazine, . do not dare to.let, John have i t but send i t back to me for the next CV at the end of the year. (UT, 16 Aug. 1952) The range and variety of Wilkinson's poems, is. impressive; yet, as A. J. M.. Smith noted in his 1968 \"Reading of Anne Wilkinson,\" her work as a whole has unity. She uses a great deal of light and eye imagery, and her poems are infused with greenness. Green is important to Wilkinson. It represents growing things and freshness and. coolness; and the pulsating drive of l i f e . . Smith talked of the \"green, light-riddled poetry of Anne Wilkinson.\" \"Light is everywhere here a symbol of truth, reality, and, above a l l , l i f e . Green signifies Nature, sensation, happiness, grace, and again l i f e . \" Wilkinson's poems are sensuously, personal\u00E2\u0080\u0094not personal in the sense of exploring herself, but in the sense of using herself.as an. instrument to experience, and-to understand l i f e . She is a f i l t e r , sensitive and refined, distilling and concentrating perceptions, ideas and happenings 92 into poetry. Like Dorothy Livesay in her personal lyrics (including her recent The Unquiet Bed); Wilkinson is intensely, sensuously aware of and part of nature. \"She never knew the tragedy of not living in a sensual world,\" Smith wrote, \"It is a sensuousness of the eye that most vividly brings her, world, to l i f e , but the aether through which this.light vibrates is a tremor of the mind and the vision of her green world is made fruitful by love.\" 4 Like Reaney, Wilkinson is completely un-self-conscious, in her poetry; her work raises Canadian poetry a level in directness and sophistication. Alan Crawley had been corresponding with Jay Macpherson for almost two years before her first appearance In Contemporary Verse. Every letter is laced with encouragement, aimed at bolstering this very young poet's self-esteem and commitment to writing (Macpherson was fifteen when the correspondence began): I am certain I shall have.considerable.exhilaration in keeping up with your work. (JM, 21 May 1947) You have packed, most .expertly and finely a great deal into a few lines in each. poem. That is. poetic s k i l l . (JM, 8 Feb. 1949) When work which shows such promise and talent as yours comes unexpectedly, there is exhilaration and compensation that is unbelievable unless i t is experienced.. (JM, 16 March 1949) Crawley told Anne Wilkinson that \"Jay Macpherson is rather an amazing and a bit frightening young woman:\" She is not yet eighteen and at college.in Ottawa and for some time has been sending me.MSS. strictly marked not to be published and including some poems written in English, French and German and translations that is translations of poems written originally in either of those back and forth into and from one of the others.... 93 I believe that i f she is able to hold her balance and to find something that she really wants to say and can say i t she will do something worthwhile. (UT, nd) By the spring of 1949, Jay Macpherson felt ready.to appear before a larger audience. Six.of her poems are in the twenty-seventh issue of Contemporary Verse and they show Macpherson at this early.stage\u00E2\u0080\u0094even before her association with Northrop Frye-^already a symbolic, mythopoeic poet; and already exploring the themes that have become central to her work. \"Ordinary People in the-Last Days\" introduces the unicorn symbol which figured prominently in The Boatman collection: The unicorn yielded to. my sweetheart. She was giggling with some girls When the unicorn.walked carefully up to her And laid his head in her lap. (27,7) Several of the poems use water/sea imagery and symbolism,including \"Seasons\" with its sinuous intertwining of 's' and 'e' sounds and half rhymes. It is a more directly personal poem than most of Macpherson's: No. You. are left with only this release: To drop in dreams, to underwater seasons, Deadrocked face upward under dapple-green Until the dear tide cast you up again. (27,10) \"Seascape,\" with its beautiful modulation of sound and rhythm, introduces the religious theme central to Macpherson's work\u00E2\u0080\u0094the struggle for grace--a theme picked, up and explored in the 'poor child' image and myth of \"Objective Correlative: Poor Child.\" The 'poor child', image informs several later poems in. Contemporary Verse (\"The Comforter,\" \"The Comforted,\" and. \" I l l Wind\"); and Macpherson uses i t as the controlling idea in the first section of The Boatman. \"The 94 111 Wind\" closes: 'Is there room for one only under your cloak, Mother, may I creep inside and see? Did you not know my wicked will When you summoned me?' (38,17) Jay Macpherson's entry into Canadian poetry created quite a stir. Alan Crawley felt her six poems in Contemporary Verse 27 was a significant happening in Canadian literature. He soon had other opinions to back him up. Dorothy. Livesay wrote: CV spring number was a.grand surprise.. What a fine haul you made with the poems by.Jay, Macpherson. I was greatly excited with them. Who is he? (JM,. 27 May 1949) Anne Wilkinson hurried off a note: C.V.. arrived this. morning. , On.a rapid first reading I find the poems .by:Jay Macpherson remarkably exciting, - particularly .the f i r s t . - but more about C.V. after a careful reading. .(AC, 25 May 1949) Ira Dilworth (then head of the Canadian, Broadcasting Corporation International. Service) sent a letter:. My copy of. Contemporary. Verse has. just come.... The poems of Jay ..Macpherson are most interesting. If Contemporary.Verse published nothing else than these I should be quite.satisfied with my. subscription. (JM, 27, May 1949) \"I have not had before so many references to any contributors work in so short a time since publication and I feel very,pleased and proud and rather possessive,\" Crawley confided to Macphers'on (JM, 27 May 1949)-. . He later wrote that ,\"No. 27 will be a collectors piece, already we have few of i t left for complete files\" (JM, 14 July 1949). In her allusiveness and use of (often literary) myth and symbol; Macpherson is similar to,Reaney. Desmond.Pacey remarked on their 95 similarities in his \"Literature of the Fifties\", addition to Creative Writing in Canada. He assigned them to his 'mythopoeic school' (Wilkinson is there too) and noted Macpherson's resemblance to Reaney.\"in wit, allusiveness and intricacy of technique;\" but finds Macpherson amore elegant and reserved poet.\"-' Macpherson worried about the allusive quality of her poems\u00E2\u0080\u0094-allusiveness had never been a dominant characteristic of Canadian poetry; would readers understand and accept it?\u00E2\u0080\u0094but Crawley reassured her: Referring to one of your questions about allusions in your poetry, which might escape the; reader...I do not\"find your poems obscure, rather stimulating and evocative.\" You u s e f e w private or obscure images and so though your writing is not direct, i t is not intentionally obscure. (JM, 16 March 1949) Allusive, symbolic, mythological; the multileveled richness of Anne Wilkinson's., Jay Macpherson's and James Reaney's, poetry signalled a new departure for Contemporary Verse and for Canadian.poetry in the years 1947 to 1952. But there was good, solid work from the established poets too. P. K. Page's poetry stands out in brilliance and.finish from the rest of her early forties contemporaries. Alan Crawley had thought Page's 1946 Collection.As Ten As Twenty was chiefly important as a demonstration \"that Miss Page has the equipment of a poet and the ability to use this;\" but \"It is not so evident .that she has yet found the theme or absorbing interest which will enable her to make fullest use of that endowment\" (19,17). P. K. Page was never, comfortable with the strong political orientation of the other Preview, writers; and this particular Preview influence was not.a happy one.for her. Post war, essentially on her own with her poetry; Page quickly perfected the 96 precise, intense, introspective poetry that has become her trademark\u00E2\u0080\u0094 \"The Permanent Tourists,\" \"Photographs:of a Salt Mine,\" \"Puppets,\" \"Portraits of Marina.\" Anne Wilkinson's poems celebrated sensuousness and warmth; in^Page's the constraint and isolation is. so severe that people are forever immobilized in photographs.and portraits, not real people but puppets and permanent tourists in l i f e . Page built her poems with brilliant images of light, mirrors, lenses, sharp hard things, and dazzling (and sometimes .terrifying).snow; and with statements of great precision, too..brittle .to be. musical\u00E2\u0080\u0094as in \"Portrait of Marina:\" She walked, forever antlered,with migraines, her pain forever putting for,th new shoots until her strange, unlovely head became . a kind of candelabra \u00E2\u0080\u0094 . delicate \u00E2\u0080\u0094 where a l l her tears. were, perilously hung and caught the light as waves that catch the sun. (35,12) Page continued to be fascinated by the inconsistency of surface everydayness.or beauty, and underlying pain and.suffering. The lives of the miners.in \"Photographs of a Salt Mine\" look \"innocent\" and \"like a.child's\" against the snow-like salt where they could \"make angels in its drifts:\" Lie down and leave imprinted where they lay a feathered creature, holier than they. (35,10) But another .photograph, shows . them in a .pl.t, \"figures, the size of pins .... strangely. l i t \" who \"might be dancing, but you know they're not*.\" Like Dante's vision of the nether hell men struggle with the bright cold fires of salt locked in the black inferno, of the rock. (35,11) Technically Page's poems in the .post war.Contemporary Verse (most of them were collected.in The. Metal.and.the Flower) show a marked increase 97 in s k i l l over her earlier poems. She has mastered tone and subiety, her diction is more exact and more vivid, and her ability to create a controlling image then modulate i t into new. shapes and nuances is superb. In \"Photographs.of a Salt Mine\" the poem moves in a series.of photographs from salt-snow whiteness and purity to the black inferno of guilt. Curiously, Page.was uncertain of the quality of these very accomplished poems: I am very self-conscious about a l l the stuff I've written in the last year 11950-1951J and quite honestly cannot te l l whether i t should, a l l be burned or not. Perhaps i t should and my feelings will not be hurt i f you say so. But I would like some idea of the stuff. (AC, nd) Crawley was satisfied that they were good Page poems; but Irving Layton did not agree.. Renewing.his subscription to .Contemporary Verse (\"as an act of faith and optimism\") he commented on number 35: Page's poems are sloppy and. disappointing in the extreme.. Now that there seems to be no concern with technique, only the feverishness remains. In the entire issue there is not a line or a phrase that is recallable; everything, is blurred,, misty, f u l l of damp crawling things. (FMcL, nd) The poetry of Louis Dudek. and Raymond Souster continued in essentially the same lyric vein post-war, as in, the war years in Contemporary Verse. They each had a large,group of.poems in the twenty-third issue which seem a l l the more personal and lyric in company, with James Reaney's mythopoeic group. They write of love and lovers (mostly) ,. and of rain, and.winter, and the moon.. Dudek's explanatory letter to Crawley is as pertinent.to Souster's selection as to his own: Your selection pleases me because i t is in the direction which I like at present. It is the kind of.lyric which 98 is most characteristic of my work. I am trying to give as purely as possible the experience which is pure and isolated in my mind, and which is the imaginative image of the poem. (23,21) Dudek contributed regularly to Contemporary Verse and i t is not until his final selection in the Summer 1952 issue of the magazine that there is any indication that his poetry is moving in new directions. In that issue, two of his poems \"Words, Words, Words\" and \"The Function of Criticism (in Our Time)\" are concerned with the nature of poetry itself; and are uncharacteristically turgid. Of Gerard Manley. Hopkins he.says in \"Words, Words, Words:\" what show can your light but self absorption, a burning, a.blazing battlement, and pillared final concretion, the silent node of the never-unravelled .face,,, of arrested immolation? (38,11) Souster is less.regularly seen in Contemporary Verse, and he has no poetry at a l l in the magazine from early 1948 through 1951. He submitted poetry regularly but. Crawley, did not feel i t was up to standard.and rejected i t . (Souster.could not get his work accepted by Northern Review either; and likely this, double rejection prompted Contact.) Souster's five poems in the Winter-Spring. 1952 issue are obvious and shopworn; but they were better, than some, of the stuff Souster had submitted and Crawley was having difficulty f i l l i n g Contemporary Verse with really good work. Souster had written to Crawley a year earlier about his .poetry and he sounded exasperated: \"I am in a stage of transition right now in my poetry, and have not yet found the road which I want to travel ahead on. It is easy for the critic to expect the poet to develop much harder, for.the poet to carry out the idea.\" (AC, 31 March 1950). 99 Dorothy Livesay and Earle Birney experimented with new verse forms in the late forties and early fifties\u00E2\u0080\u0094Livesay with more success than Birney. Dorothy Livesay's documentary poem \"Call My People Home\" is aligned to her thirties poems \"Day and Night\" and. \"The Outrider;\" but is longer, more ambitious, and has an added dramatic dimension being, written for broadcast. It is more lyric than the earlier documentary poems, subtler and more controlled. The poem is openly emotional without being sentimental: As we set sail at midnight, now a.thousand boats Chained to the naval escort, steadily south Into familiar waters.where .the forests cooled their feet At rocks end, mountains swam in mist -\u00E2\u0080\u0094 As we set sail for home, the young ones, born here, swore Not softly, into the hissing, night. The ,old men wept. (28,7) Earle Birney's verse drama \"Damnation of Vancouver\" is a more ambitious undertaking, and more. literary and scholarly. But Bimey fails to universalize the experience of.the.poem (in.spite.of the everyman - morality aspects) and it. drags along, an uneasy alliance of a slangy contemporary city life,, native lore, and medieval English history. In \"Damnation of Vancouver,\" Birney attempts to do in large what he did so brilliantly on a small scale in \"Anglosaxon Street.\" Livesay's other poetry in Contemporary Verse shows a sure increase in lyric power and intensity\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"Ancestral Theme,\" \"Page One,\" \"Bartok and the Geranium\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094while Birney's shows a definite decline. \"I am in many minds about E.B. and his late work which seems to me often marred and sullied by a strange new quirk though he does have a fine architectural sense and some good lines,\" Crawley worried to A. J. M. Smith (UT, 10 January 1948). 100 The poetry of the second phase of the forties movement is more competent but less urgent than early forties poetry. Late forties poetry (including the first year or two of the fifties) is cooler and more personal; the anger, indignation and .political panaceas of the earlier poetry is gone, and so (largely) is the gaucheness. The emphasis on specifics and the here-and-now of the.\"aggressively realistic poetry of early modernism\"^ has given way to .more universal concerns\u00E2\u0080\u0094the search for.enduring patterns of myth, religion, the cycles of nature\u00E2\u0080\u0094to give coherence and meaning, to l i f e . But the search was a comfortable one. Poets, like most other Canadians, were enjoying the general prosperity, of the country; innocent s t i l l of the problems that affluence would bring. In this mood L.. A. MacKay wrote to Crawley: I wish I could offer effective support in some more literate fashion.than a.cheque, .but the vein seems to:have pinched off. . Perhaps poetry is..necessarily the by-product of. maladjustment., in some way or another, and I am just too content to write, too much at ease in Zion. (AC, 2 Aug. 1951) Dudek saw this move away from aggressive realism as a sell-out. He argued the.point with Crawley as he commented on Raymond Souster1s retrospective article for Impression on the early forties movement: I agree with him that our l i t t l e boon was. a late echo of the Auden-Spender line. And after? We need to .realize just how much of a sense of hopeless crisis there how is... . and .how much, of a retreat into the internal world, safe, corners, logorhoea,. romanticism (none of these acceptable, to. us) has taken place in the face of this hopelessness. And refuse to lie down and die. (AC, 23 Feb. 1952) For Alan Crawley, and Contemporary Verse, 1946 and 1947 were peak years. The magazine had already won its reputation as,, the. best poetry 101 magazine in Canada and Crawley as the most discriminative editor; now there was exciting new work.from young writers, a comfortable margin of subscribers, and Crawley's public lectures, informal talks, and radio broadcasts on poetry. It was satisfying,but exhausting; and in the late f a l l Crawley confessed to Anne Wilkinson that \"This year after the forty or so talks on the Canadian Club tour and some additional lectures on poetry here early in the year I have gone 'stale! on poetry and could not work up,any enthusiasm over a fresh project and this state of mind is discouraging and unhealthy\" (UT, nd). During, the summer of 1947, the, slump that F. R. Scott had talked about in his February letter had spread west. The summer \"has,been desperately barren of new work\" and \"the standard has been so low, in what I have had sent me-, Crawley continued in , the, same .letter, that Contemporary Verse has had to sit idly waiting., \"This dry condition has affected a l l the publications using poetry here in Canada and so far the f a l l has not done much to remedy.\" The 'dry condition' worsened in'1948. Crawley was hard pressed to scrape enough material together to warrant.publishing/Contemporary Verse\u00E2\u0080\u0094and i t shows in. the magazine. Issue,.twenty-four is particularly uncharacteristic with its mixed-bag of single poems instead of the usual satisfying groups,of poems., \"It must be, quite. a battle to keep CV going,\" F. R. Scott wrote, \"but I.hope.you w i l l never be too discouraged:\" . This apathy you speak of is all.over this country, thick and heavy like a sheet of glue. What makes.it? No pep anywhere, hence.little art. Or is i t no art,, hence l i t t l e pep? Anyway you are doing a fine.job,in. maintaining a plot of ground on which the spirit may walk freely, and breathe the upper air. (AC, 23 Oct. 1948) 102 A. J. M. Scott's revised Book of Canadian Poetry brought a l i t t l e stir of activity to 1948. Smith wrote to Crawley in early January asking for \"comments and advice\" on his proposed changes; and Crawley, in general, concurred with them. But Crawley thought that Kay Smith should not be included\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"she has done some good things but too few and so many of. them are messy and the promise she gave.seems failing and she does not write, after a l l i t is a poets business to be a.poet\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094and that Anne Wilkinson.and.James Reaney. should. Reaney, Crawley wrote, \"is doing a lot of,work and is a worker and his stuff is completely different from that of any other contemporary\" (UT, 10 Jan. 1948).. Posterity has proved Crawley's, judgement right. Smith corrected his error of dividing the modern writers in the revised edition and thus ended the native-cosmopolitan controversy. He grouped the moderns together and commented: The five years that have elapsed.since the publication of the first edition of this book have been unusually rich in the production of modern Canadian verse by a talented group of writers,,who seem to have escaped from the limitations, of provincialism into a cosmopolitanism that does not reject native sources of strength but draws nourishment from them....7 In 1949 the Massey Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences sparked a l i t t l e interest in literature and Crawley presented a brief to i t , hoping for.more substantial returns than 'interest'. Crawley felt that the best way to encourage writers was to provide adequate publication outlets.and to pay them for their work. It was a sore point with Crawley that, throughout the twelve years of Contemporary Verse he was never able to pay contributors \u00E2\u0080\u0094not even the token amount that Sutherland managed with First Statement and Northern Review\u00E2\u0080\u0094nor enlarge and print the magazine. 103 Poets gave their full support to Crawley and Contemporary Verse; but, as with most Royal Commissions., there were no immediate benefits. What writers said about. Contemporary Verse shows how important the magazine was to them and to Canadian.poetry during the forties. Jay Macpherson wrote that \"I know very well that I...should never have ventured into print last spring i f it. had not been for your continual encouragement\" (AC, Sept. 1949). \"Take Contemporary Verse out of the Canadian literary scene and you have nothing left west of Longitude 85'\" (AC, 1 Sept. 1949), said James Reaney.. Anne. Wilkinson wrote simply \"I for one am continuing to write poetry because there is a Contemporary Verse.... The United States has a hundred good outlets for the poet; Canada has one. Contemporary Verse holds together Canadian poetry\" (AC, Sept. 1949). Roy Daniells thought that Contemporary Verse, \"has consistently attracted the best of the established, poets and at. the same time, given space to promising unknown writers\u00E2\u0080\u0094no mean feat. Its. standards of admission have been high, and what is equally important, they have been, consistent. The ups and downs of other periodicals.are in. striking contrast\" (AC, 5 Sept. 1949). And from Earle Birney: In my opinion Alan Crawley's Contemporary Verse has given .the most valuable service to poetry of any Canadian publication in the last, decade. It is the only Canadian verse magazine which has consistently maintained high editorial standards... It has introduced a number .of important younger,,Canadian writers, to,the public and encouraged them.to continue writing.. What space i t has been able to give, to criticism has. been-intelligently used. The whole tone of the magazine has been literary, responsible, and stimulating. (AC, Sept. 1949) In 1950 Alan Crawley tried to interest Canadian poets in an anthology of. new (unpublished)work. \"I have roughly thought of a book 104 somewhat the form of Unit of 5 which would give each writer 78 - 81 lines, a single poem of 24 lines to a page. This is of course an elastic estimate and allotment\" (UT, nd), he explained to Earle Birney. Poets were interested in the idea of an anthology, but few had the new work to submit. Some, like P. K. Page, were reluctant to tie that amount of work in publisher's copyrights. In view of the fact that on the whole Canadian writers are not overly prolific such a stipulation (all new work) might leave you with a much poorer, selection than you think. Also I think, speaking for myself, the idea of having. 84 lines tied up for so long a time \u00E2\u0080\u0094 for book publication is slow \u00E2\u0080\u0094 is rather depressing. (AC, 28 Nov) In spite of her objections, Page was willing to support the project with \"the best I have to offer.... Certainly. CV should have some kind of a between hard covers aspect to i t \u00E2\u0080\u0094 f o r i t has maintained a consistently high standard now.for an astonishingly long time\" (AC, 28 Nov.). But Crawley had to abandon the idea. He wrote to Birney that \"there was a lot of encouraging approval of the plan and of my trying i t , but far too many of the writers I must have wrote that they had no unpublished work.and so. that is that\" (UT, nd). It was 1941 a l l over again; an.editor asking, poets for work and poets coming up empty handed. In 1952.Crawley tried once more to edit an anthology\u00E2\u0080\u0094this time of significant and representative work from Contemporary Verse\u00E2\u0080\u0094but publishing difficulties scotched the plan. Crawley was disappointed. There, was definitely a need for an up-to-day modern anthology of Canadian poetry and the work was there in Contemporary Verse, just waiting to be collected. Instead of Crawley's anthology, Canadian readers had to make do with Dudek and Layton's 105 Canadian Poems 1850-1952 and Earle. Birney's Twentieth Century Canadian Poetry, neither of them showing' the kind, of editorial astuteness that was Alan Crawley's trademark.in Contemporary Verse. In 1949 and. 1950 Contemporary Verse brightened up again. The pattern of groups of poems is back; and.newcomers George Woodcock, Wilfred Watson, Norman Newton, and J..K. Heath make an interesting contrast to the regular contributors. Some of the older poets reappear (for some i t is a first appearance)---F. R. Scott, Roy Daniells, A. M. Klein, Alfred G. Bailey\u00E2\u0080\u0094seeming .very substantial beside the unknowns who disappear after one or two contributions. Several issues stand out\u00E2\u0080\u0094number 28 for Dorothy Livesay's,\"Call.My People Home\" and Crawley's \"Notes on A.iM.. Klein;\" number 29 for John Sutherland's l i t t l e known analysis of Northrop Frye's \"Canada and its Poetry;\" number 32 for Dudek's article \"A Visit to. Ezra,Pound\" and for good poetry by Wilkinson, Kleinj Scott, .and Bailey. In the f a l l of. 1951 Contemporary. Verse completed ten years of publication.... Alan Crawley, reassembled, the original, contributors (supplemented by E. J. Pratt,. F. R. Scott, L. A. MacKay, Anne Wilkinson and J. K. Heath) for the anniversary issue. It's a nostalgic issue.. The members of the: founding committee\u00E2\u0080\u0094Doris Feme and Anne Marriott\u00E2\u0080\u0094and business manager Floris McLaren had been absent from the magazine (except.for one or two poems) since the war years; and Leo Kennedy and L. A. MacKay had left Canada and had given up writing. Their offerings here are acts of friendship more than of creativity. The presence of Canada's three senior poets adds weight and solemnity. Pratt's contribution \"Cycles\" (a religious poem prophesying, redemption through Christianity) is unexpected\u00E2\u0080\u0094it 106 Is Pratt's only appearance in Contemporary Verse. Smith seldom published during this period and his poem \"Narcissus\" shows why. Scott's excellent.\"Last Rites\" takes the honours for. the issue. Birney's and Page's poems.are not. of their best work. Crawley wrote a foreword\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"C.V. 1941-1951\"\u00E2\u0080\u0094which he intended to be a retrospective glance at .a decade of publishing and editing but which turned out to be an expression of his own doubt and uncertainty; about.the future of the magazine: During, this. summer ..and: up. to.^ a, few weeks ago. I have been wavering and distrustful.of my. decisions; even though the hundreds of manuscripts which have been sent to me for approval for publication and the many letters which have come to Floris McLaren-and to me convince me that CV has given needed help and encouragementyto many young writers., that there, is. s t i l l a. need for this work to go on, andthat much, of., what,, we, hoped, would, and could be done by CV has,been accomplished. (36,4) His concluding statement that Contemporary. Verse will continue\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"the place occupied by Contemporary Verse has not yet above-it a sign TO LET\"--is not entirely, convincing.. \"There, is.:,.a; job. for. CV.in presenting the best of Canadian poetry written ;in the 1950Vs.. as it. has presented that, of the last ten-years,\" Crawley wrote, \"If such poetry is written, then so long as i t is possible, Floris McLaren and I will get out CV in very irregular order and with,as great interest and pride in what we are .doing, as .we ..have done. for. 36. times\" (36,4). Crawley's uncertainty reflected a general lack of direction in .Canadian poetry in,the.early fifties, as Robert Weaver noted in his Critic review of Contemporary Verse, and its decade of publishing: \"When Mr. Crawley feels uncertain of himself, and. of the function of his magazine at the present time, i t seems,to me.that, he is simply 107 reflecting the uncertainties of. Canadian.poetry during; a period of change.\" , Certainly.,, magazine ..publication had..been erratic during the late forties .and.things seemed to be worse in .the early fifties. There simply was not. the creative impetus to' keep magazines going. Earle Birney, resigned from Canadian .Poetry Magazine., in June 1948, discouraged, at the .lack, of good poetry . available, and, disgusted at the narrowness. and mediocrity of..the Canadian Authors'. Association; and Here and Now, the most impressive,magazine in format that Canadians had seen, came and went, in. only, .four issues. . Several other li t t l e , magazines, made, brief appearancesr--P.M (f rom;.Vancouver) , Impression (from- Winnipeg).,..Protocol, (from Newfoundland.)r^but. did..not last long . enough, to .make~,an impression In spite ,of. John Sutherland!s herculean efforts, Northern Review was never on firm ground,.poetically or financially. Sutherland, got; out. two, iss.ues . in 1948<, . f our in 1949, six (which.,is...what,hcwas, aiming,.for).,in.,19.50...and\u00E2\u0080\u009Ein ,1951, .but only three, in - 1952. .His growing ..conservatism,^alienatedDudek, Lay ton, and Souster who had.been his main support since the Preview poets left the magazine .in 1947. Crawley commented on:the precarious position of Northern. Review, and. on Sutherland's ,changed..edi,to.rial policy in his June 2.7, 1950 letter, to Anne Wilkinson: , , .I hear from, many quarters that John Sutherland is predicting, a wind up. of Northern; Review ,if he cannot get together a.sum sufficient,to.carry, on for another year.. I am sorry, to hear this, as he has done a good work, though the. magazine since, last.summer has, i t - seems, to. me, got into a. less. interesting. and less important .manner .and,J:.Sappears,<\"t o;.be stressing patriotism,and regionalism, a bit- too.* far... I, can never \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 get ..wildly excited, at an urging to..praise Canadian products, of any kind just because. they come.from Canada. In spite of this I. admit'John and his. amazing energy and doggedness, RSW^. 108 The. discouragement,that Crawley expressed in his foreword to the. anniversary issue.of Contemporary,Verse, roused.an, immediate response in, Canadian poets.... If. Contemporary Verse closed down, the ailing Northern Review would be the only. periodical left to support poetry writing. The Montreal poets were so alarmed;they sent a Q telegram to.Crawley: Montreal poets meeting.,-tonight, are, convinced survival Contemporary Verse essential to Canadian literature stop Your ten years prove value of l i t t l e magazine encouraging .new . and established .writers to publishing .best work stop You must present the fifties as you have, presented..the forties. (AC, 15 Oct. 1951) And soon., after came, an .enthusiastic, rallying, letter, from Dudek: Impossible to thinki of - the . literary scene ..and Contemporary Verse not there. I.would .not believe i t . . . That telegram from F.R.. Scott's house came with, or. went, with a true concern for CV and a desire to make you realize how .. important we . think, i t is.., : A few.hundred..readers? Say it.were ten. . Ten:,may. be, the,.node i.of-life in the mids . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 of an organism,, one.of the small life.cells. Enough! Literature is that important. . . . (AC,.13 Nov. 1951) Literature is the \"one outpost holding out\" in \"this disease of modern l i f e , \" Dudek said, and \"one has no right to give up.\" \"Who knows i f we won't have better poetry in. the .fifties than ..(even), the forties. Let's, all. be. around for the.birth: pangs.\" (AC , 13,Nov. 1951) . L. A. MacKay said simply that \"the. disappearance of CV would, leave a horrid gap in Canadian letters.. I have no confidence, that a new team would take over; the country, would probably be leff. to the glories of CPM, except for the very.mixed fare of the.CF, seldom very, tasty, and the-scant commons of NR\" (AC, 2 Aug. 1951). The praise encouraged Crawley: but a magazine cannot.run on praise. He hoped poets would support their well-wishes with manuscripts, and 109 some did but not enough.. Crawley got number 3? out (late) by doubling up winter and spring into one:issue. The Summer 1952 issue of Contemporary Verse (also late) would have been pretty thin without Birney's eight pages of selections .from \"Damnation of Vancouver.\" In July Crawley wrote to Jay Macpherson who was then in:England: All writing in Canada .this year dreadfully dull and depressing, lifeless, and grinding out old stuff or new work no value. .... CV in a. pretty deplorable state . at the moment, a better bank, showing than ever before and with not enough MSS. to. make another,.issue. No one is writing PK, ;Reaney., .Thibeaudeau,, \"'Avis on doing no poetry or prose or hack, work..; . 1.7am'.very, disheartened and think seriously that CV has no further work to do,.certainly, not for. the present. .If.a need comes again there will.be someone and some magazine to f i l l i t . (JM, 5 July 1952) The f a l l .number ;.of\";-Contempo.raryi. Verse, was .delayed,, then delayed again into . the winter.' of .1953. as. Crawley .waited:..for good material to come in. Abruptly., in February 1953, Crawley ..gathered, up the material he had, assembled i t with.the notice that the magazine was closing, and sent out number 39--the final. iss.ue.. of. Contemporary. Verse. The decision to. close down the magazine,was: .neither \"sudden\" .nor \"capricious.,\"- Crawley, wrote.; it., was made \"after much, consideration and is weighted, with regret at the. termination of eleven, years of an absorbing, job.\" \"We have.a strong belief that the work of a l i t t l e magazine under .the same editor's direction,.declines, in-,.time from its peak, of usefulness.... In this conviction ,we,.close.\u00E2\u0080\u009Eour. files and write the abruptand final statement. that, this is. the last issue, of CV\" (39,1). Dorothy. Livesay., close to Alan Crawley, and Contemporary Verse from the beginning (fittingly her fine lyric. \"Bartok and the Geranium\" was the lead poem in. the. final, issue, of, the, magazine.)., agreed.with\u00E2\u0080\u0094but 110 rued\u00E2\u0080\u0094Crawley's belief that he was. no longer doing a good job (or as good a job) as editor. Her letter of February 16, 1953 reacting to the close of Contemporary Verse is.angry, honest, and supportive. \"I had sort, of thought, having.been so. definitely..a midwife., I might have been called.in., at the. death,!.' she began: I am sad, but not to cry. Where, there is. .no .enthusiasm, poetry perishes. And I have felt strongly, this past year, that you have lost the fiery interest.you.once had. For this we are a l l probably to blame--we writers, that is. We move on and where, we move does not: perhaps interest you. I mean j you have. .to. think.of ..the publication and how i t stands up.;,we. think, only.'of. bur own, development; \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 we have to have .faith .in ourselves- and.our, direction. .And your frequently expressed sense*of disappointment\u00E2\u0080\u0094 because work,is not the same : as,, i t ,was\u00E2\u0080\u0094does . incline one to question: why should i t be?,. How could, it. be? No:, i f you were to carry.,.on you. would: have, to depend not on the older generation who started the. works, but .on young men like Daryl; and i f there.were enough of them around I would urge you :to continue. But I suppose there aren't! \"In any case,\" she.closed,, \"nothing .has been lost:: a l l the effort was to the good and terribly worthwhile;, and. the start you gave so many will; always.: be ..bearing ..fruit\u00E2\u0080\u0094even ,.if...from:,trees...that-will not nourish you! Others will be nourished\" (AC) . FOOTNOTES CHAPTER IV \"'\u00E2\u0080\u00A2John Sutherland, \"The Past Decade in Canadian Poetry,\" Northern Review, 4, No. 2 (December-January 1950-51), rpt. .in Making of Modern Poetry, p. 119. 22nd ed. (Toronto, 1948), p. 32. 3 Ed., Collected Poems, of.. Anne. Wilkinson .(Toronto, 1968),,. pp. xx, xiv. 4 Smith, p. xiv. ^Creative Writing in Canada (Toronto, 1961), p. 238. 6Dudek and Gnarowski, Making of.Modern Poetry, p. 114. 7\"Preface,r'.; (Toronto, 1948), p.. v i i . 8\"BooksJ\"; 2, No. 2- (February, 1952) , p.. 6., . Q JIt was signed.by: A.M.. Klein,.poetry.;was:.moving, off in a new direction and he felt out of step with-it.. If he could not, be sensitive to and supportive of new moods in poetry:, i f he could not accept, the new poetry on its own terms of reference,.and.began instead to arbitrate what poetry should be rather than .respond to what.it was; then he was no longer useful\" as. an editor......These.'were, his.;feelings,when he wrote to Anne Wilkins.on November 4, 1952: I feel very strongly, .that a l i t t l e magazine,has its place and its.work but that both are ended when .the cycle of its - immediate, usefulness...appears ,to have ,run its course and this feeling is one. that has come to all who have started.and carried, on: and ended..:one, of those magazines. . The work.done, in Canada and. published in the last two or.-three years, has not. been.up. to. the. standard of that done in the late forties, and I am not relying only on what has come..to me,in. MSS but on that and what I have seen in other. magazines.. Also. I feel that perhaps I have stayed behind:in. criticism.and.appreciation of . what the young-.writers,are.,now, trying to. do and so am not able. to give ..as much, help and useful, criticism as I was able.to give twelve years ago. 114 Probably i t was Souster's new l i t t l e magazine Contact that caused Alan Crawley to question himself as editor of the magazine that prided itself on recognizing and publishing the best contemporary verse abailable. By 1951 Souster.was disgruntled enough with Northern Review and Contemporary Verse to start a new magazine~----one that would be international in flavour and open to what Souster. felt were vital influences from the United States. He was aided. (not.- altogether wholeheartedly, at first) by Dudek who wrote to Crawley November 13, 1951: Souster will crank, out. Contact soon a new mimeo magazine. No matter how many. copies will come out, it.wi l l be a welcome noise they'11, make. Souster has the'kind of. irrascibilrty that one..expects from an -.honest mind, in these .times.. yr The Apollonian will come to-him late,.if ever.' (AC) Crawley felt bad that Souster had not told him of his plans\u00E2\u0080\u0094he wrote to Wilkinson \"I had a letter from Souster less than,three weeks ago in which he did not mention, the plan and I feel a bit hurt that after many years of letters between us and what I thought was; some sort of friendship that he had not told me. of what .he was. up. to'V-but wished him well: I really feel that i t is a good sign that there is some feeling among the younger writers that they want their own publications, just as there was in the early forties1, that these, no matter how long they last, are enlivening and a good;thing and do something to.awaken interest-in. reading and stimulate writers. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (UT, nd) The first issue of Contact appeared,.in January 1952, introducing Canadians to the work of Ci.d Corman, Charles Olsen, and.Robert Creeley. It was the beginning of a new period for Canadian poetry. Canadian poets, on the-whole, were pretty critical of Souster's 115 new magazine. Jay Macpherson, for example, condemned i t on aesthetic grounds in her November 18 letter to Crawley. She commented on the translations of Gottfried Benn (\"apparently quite unauthorized\") which \"are bad: he really is a decent poet, though one would hardly have guessed i t , \" then went on: Mother feels it's a pity the feeling aroused in Mr. Layton by 'the Girls of his Graduating Class' couldn't be brought to the attention of the Quebec Home and School Ass'n. And as for Mr. Dudek, who appears to think that every minute during which young ladies are not sleeping with young gentlemen is wasted, even at high noon\u00E2\u0080\u0094no comment. However, compared to some of their authors, the restraint of these two seems commendable. \u00E2\u0080\u0094My objection isn't that the stuff isn't decent, it's that it's not poetry: anything's decent i f handled with sufficient love, intelligence, sensitivity, and discipline. (AC, 1952) Anne Wilkinson wrote to Crawley that \"I am not sorry that I withdrew\" from Contact (AC, 20 March 1952). John Sutherland frankly disliked the magazine from the start. Souster \"is lacking in any sense of critical values, as he is in a sense of editorial responsibility, and I think i f the magazine had much currency\u00E2\u0080\u0094which, fortunately, i t won't\u00E2\u0080\u0094it would be a real setback to a l l our efforts to develop a more intelligent attitude in Canada towards the writing of poetry\" (AC, 12 March 1952). Dudek sounded a bit defensive about Contact in his February 23, 1952 letter to Crawley: I think Souster's CONTACT should do some good as i t gets going and makes its critical point clear. So far people... students etc...have asked 'What's the idea? What i t is supposed to be trying to do?' It's the kind of noise that's very necessary in the very correct drawing room atmosphere of Canadian poetry at the moment. (AC) Crawley was undecided about Contact. He did not really like the magazine, 116 but i t had a certain energy that made i t seem worth reading. In March 1952, Crawley wrote to Wilkinson that \"I have seen the two numbers of Contact and am not very excited over them, the introduction by Dudek has not so far been fulfilled by what has been printed.... Whether Souster can improve and discipline his critical ability remains to be seen, he is s t i l l gripped by the enthusiasms and crusades of adolescence\" CUT). In June he discussed the magazine with Wilkinson again. \"What to think of Contact fuddles me and I hold off. Messers Dudek, Souster and Layton may set some broth boiling in their combined efforts promised by Contact Press.\" It could be that Contact might act as a catalyst to start new activity in poetry^-\"most of what I get lately does l i t t l e to start me crowing but there may be new l i f e ready to spring up somewhere\" CUT, 4 June 1952). Alan Crawley was a forties man. He grew up Cpoetically) on modern poetry from England and the United States and was on hand, an enthusiastic welcomer and supporter, when modernism settled in Canada in the forties and took over Canadian poetry. Crawley was one of the main sponsors of this new poetry through his magazine Contemporary Verse, and no one worked harder than he to help get i t naturalized in Canada. But just as he was sensitive to the beginning of forties poetry in 1941, Crawley recognized its ending in the early years of the fifties and chose to close down his magazine with the close of this distinctive period in Canadian poetry. He believed, as he wrote in the final number of Contemporary Verse, \"that the work of a l i t t l e magazine under the same editor's direction declines in time from its peak of usefulness\" C 3 9 , l ) . In the fifties, there was need for new directions, new vigour, and new editors. \"I do not read a great deal 117 of contemporary poetry,\" Crawley said in 1969, \"I find that...I don't get as much satisfaction or pleasure out of i t as I do out of reading the poems that I knew or by writers that I have known some years ago.\"\"'\" The emerging and influential Black Mountain movement was uncongenial to Crawley in 1952, yet neither could he support retrenchment and traditionalism as John Sutherland was doing. It took courage and a firm hand to close Contemporary Verse; twelve years earlier i t had taken the same kind of courage and firmness to begin i t . By any aesthetic standard romantic-nature poetry was dead at the beginning of the forties when Alan Crawley started Contemporary Verse; i t had been dead, in fact, for at least two decades. Yet this anachronistic nineteenth century poetry\u00E2\u0080\u0094which was seldom better than mediocre in Canada even in its heyday\u00E2\u0080\u0094had a hundred times more followers in 19.40 than the superior modern poetry. Modernism started bravely in the twenties but lost impetus and direction in the thirties and had to wait for the forties to become established in Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0094a good twenty years behind England and the United States. Modern poetry in Canada was derivative until well into the forties, but i t was s t i l l much better poetry than the (also derivative) romantic-nature genre and far more relevant to twentieth century l i f e . Why were Canadians so reluctant to accept it? The nature of Canadian culture, the literary tradition in Canada, and confusion about the real nature of modernism, a l l were causal factors. Canadian culture before the second World War was pioneering, agrarian, and puritan. The end of the homestead era and beginning shift to the cities (which roughly coincided in Canada) had happened too recently to permit a new set of values to evolve more applicable to 118 collective l i f e in the cities. Canadians were pragmatic, materialistic, and anti-intellectual. They valued hard work, responsibility, self-control (especially in sexual matters), and puritan morals. They were flat, angular, reserved people who judged a man by what he could do (and i t had to be something utilitarian) and his ability to pay cash. Poetry did not 'do' anything and consequently i t had l i t t l e prestige. It was relegated to the limbo of 'Culture'\u00E2\u0080\u0094far enough away from the mainstream of Canadian li f e to avoid any contact with reality\u00E2\u0080\u0094where i t was vaguely thought 'to be a good thing,' a suitable afternoon pastime for idle ladies who had nothing better to do; but not acceptable for able-bodied men. This kind of a culture fosters gentility in literature, and Canadian literature had been markedly genteel since the days of John Gibson's Literary Garland (1838-1851). It is unfortunate that Canadian poetry had its real beginning when full-blown genteel sentimenta-lity was the order of the day. The poets born in the sixties in Canada infused this last gasp of English nineteenth-century romanticism (A. J. M. Smith heads this section in his Book of Canadian Poetry \"Varieties of Romantic Sensibility\") with new vigour in the 1890's using youthful enthusiasm, Canadian landscape, and a smattering of Indian lore and names. Only Lampman made any real attempt to move into poetry more realistically in tune with the times (\"City of the End of Things\"), but his early death (1899) ended this promising development. The pity is that Carman and Roberts were so successful and lived so long. Their success was not so much based on merit as on nationalism and novelty; like Mark Twain's dog, the wonder was not that these Canadians sang well, but that they sang at a l l . After Carman's 119 triumphant reading tours of the 1920's\u00E2\u0080\u0094to womens' groups, normal schools and a few universities\u00E2\u0080\u0094his style of poetry was firmly entrenched as epitome of Canadian art (although Carman had not lived in Canada for more than twenty years), and was ardently emulated until well into the forties. Fiddlehead, for example, was established in 1945 in New Brunswick to keep the Carman-Roberts literary tradition alive. And even later, in 1954, Ryerson brought out an up-dated version of Bliss Carman and Lome Pierce's 1935 Our Canadian Literature (the new edition is called Canadian Poetry in English) which carried V. B. Rhodenizer's reactionary Introduction: Had a l l of Canada's potential poets who have begun to publish since the First World War adopted the same sane attitude [i.e. as Pratt] toward what is unchangeable in poetic tradition, i t would have been much better for Canadian poetry. And such would probably have been the case had Canadian poetry been left to continue Its natural course of development without the introduction of new or revived poetic techniques from abroad.-2 Carman was the only Canadian poet who had achieved recognition outside of Canada and Canadians were reluctant to turn their backs on that kind of success (even in 1940), especially when they did not really understand the nature of the alternative\u00E2\u0080\u0094modernism. The militancy and anger of the traditional-modern controversy in the thirties and forties is surprising. Canadians are usually not so emotional or so involved. Dudek and Gnarowski include three sensible, reasoned discussions on the nature and merits of modernism in The Making of Modem Poetry in Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0094they were written in 1914, 1919, and 1920. By the thirties the controversy had reached endemic proportions, and the disinterested, 'men-of-gobd-will' tone of Arthur Stringer, John Murray Gibbon, and F. 0. Call is gone. \"There are no examples of wildly 120 'modern' free verse to be found lurching through these pages;\" and no trace of \"bizzare and grotesque affectations and practice of the ultra modern 'isms', a present-day mask and mockery worn by psuedo-poetry,\" Nathaniel Benson proclaimed in his inappropriately named 1930 anthology Modem Canadian Poetry.^ A. J. M. Smith countered that \"Th Canadian poet is a half-baked, hypersensitive, poorly adjusted, and frequently neurotic individual that no one in his senses would trust to drive a car or light a furnace:\" He is the victim of his feelings and fancies, or of what he fancies his feelings ought to be, and his emotional aberrations are out of a l l proportion to the experience that brings them into being. He has a soft heart and a soft soul; and a soft head.4 Modern poetry was condemned as deliberately obscure and/or too prosaic pessimistic, and lacking spirituality and enlightenment. The crux of the matter was the function of poetry and of the poet. A. J. M. Smith (who almost single-handedly fought the battle of modernism after Leo Kennedy left Canada) said that \"The poet is not a dreamer, but a man of sense:\" ...the artist who is concerned with the most intense of experiences must be concerned with the world situation .... For the moment at least he has something more important to do than to record his private., emotions. He must try to perfect a technique that will combine power with simplicity and sympathy with intelligence so that he may play his part in developing...a more practical social system.-* Clara Bernhardt, a traditionalist, is representative of the opposing view. A poet, she said in 1939, \"is a man who sees beyond the present who \"should be vitally awake to the contemporary scene, yet able to take the longer view and transcend its tragedy. By a bitter yet steadily ascending path, he learns to mould the ideal from the real... 121 The clarity of his vision should be so pronounced that he can... become 'a maker of spiritual forces, a leader of men's imaginations.'\"6 Readers and writers took sides in the controversy, but often did not really know what the fight was a l l about. Alan Creighton thought he was in tune with modernism in the anthology he co-edited with Hilda M. Ridley in 1938. He talked about the \"feeble imitativeness\" and evasion of Canadian poetry which had resulted in Canada appearing \"a scene of nature rather than of humanity;\" and implied that the poetry iii New Canadian Anthology was squarely in and of the real world: \"in political and economic l i f e there is a sharper sense of unrest, with an ever-present threat of war. Such changes in the environment have their effect upon the poet, shaping his mood and form of expression even though he does not consciously indicate i t . \" 7 The poetry in the collection is traditional, romantic and incredibly mundane; less modern even than Benson's unashamedly romantic selection of 1930. Pratt is the only 'modern' poet of the ninety-nine represented, yet Creighton wrote that \"Something of this change is apparent in most of the follow-Q ing poems, apparent either in theme or in treatment.\" Alan Crawley was in tune with modernism in 1941 when he agreed to edit Contemporary Verse and he knew there was not much modern poetry being written in Canada. He was an avid reader of English thirties poetry and sensed that this was the 'new direction' that modernism needed to really take hold in Canada. Dorothy Livesay agreed\u00E2\u0080\u0094she had been trying to incorporate the ideas and techniques of Auden-Spender-MacNeice into her own poetry since the mid-thirties\u00E2\u0080\u0094and there were indications now and then in the poetry in Canadian Forum that other poets 122 were experimenting with these new approaches too. The problem with this tentative new poetry was that i t was derivative; and because i t was realistic, socially relevant poetry, this derivativeness made i t seem un-Canadian. The job for writers and editors in the early forties was to develop a truly indigenous modern poetry in Canada, and Crawley and Contemporary Verse figured significantly in this development. \"First Statement in the Forties had naturalized the modern styles to Canada,\" Dudek wrote in 1958 in \"Patterns of Recent Canadian Poetry.\"9 Dudek was right about modern styles being naturalized to Canada in the forties, but First Statement did not manage the transformation quite hy itself, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Militant manifestoes, and calls to arms, and polemic criticism which First:Statement Cand Preview) provided raise blood pressures and interest and get people moving; but in the long run change comes about through the slow and steady process of growth and maturation. The first requirement is a place to grow and Contemporary Verse provided that. It was the first of the forties l i t t l e magazines (and that itself was an accomplishment), i t lasted the longest, and i t consistently maintained the highest standards. Preview promoted the ideas and techniques of Auden (especially), Spender, and Dylan Thomas; and this was important because i t encouraged Canadian poets (although not many of them were eligible to appear in the magazine) to move toward a realistic socially relevant poetry. First Statement made its contribution to the development of poetry by pointing out that the 'new poetry' of Preview was derivative\u00E2\u0080\u0094it was interesting, i t was technically competent, i t had potential; but i t was essentially imitative. First Statement writers tried to write more naturally out of their own Canadian experience and be 'modern' in the manner of Auden and company 123 as well. In the small literary community of war time Montreal this mini-feud started poets thinking and experimenting and writing. It was a l l to the good, but without the unbiassed, eclectic, quality orientation of Contemporary Verse as a back-up the new poetry might have fizzled out with the feud in 1945 or become entrenched and narrow in two militant camps. \"It was the function,..of Little Mags like Contemporary Verse, Preview, First Statement and Direction to subvert the prevailing literary values of a lingering genteel Romanticism and to establish Modern poetry in Canada,\" Wynne Francis wrote in her article on l i t t l e magazines in Canada.^ The policy making and proselytizing of Preview and First Statement were essential to the establishment of modernism in Canada; just as essential were the high standards and eclecticism of Contemporary Verse which encouraged a poet to do his best (it was a test of merit to be published in the magazine) and to realize his own individuality, Dudek criticized Contemporary Verse in 1958 for not being a \"fighting magazine with policy;\"H but in a recent letter he has changed his mind and sees the value of the magazine's eclecticism as a necessary balance to the cliques and partisanship which dominated early forties poetry. \"Alan Crawley stood in a sense above the battle, outside the partisanship of Preview and First Statement, and outside political partisanship. His magazine was a cool place and we were all able to appear in i t together\" (JMcC, 7 July 1970). By 1946, as John Sutherland ruefully noted in \"The Past Decade in Canadian Poetry,\" \"the whole purpose and driving spirit of the 'new 12 movement' were in a state of decay.\" In the period and process of the war, Canada achieved nationhood and Canadian poets evolved an indigenous 124 social realism poetry only to discover\u00E2\u0080\u0094after the flush of victory had subsided\u00E2\u0080\u0094that both were obsolete. Technological advances had turned the world into a global village where nationalism was a threat; and by the time the Canadian contingent had arrived at Auden's party of involved activists (some wearing Dylan Thomas buttons) everyone had gone home. Raymond Souster talked about this,in his Impression article \"Poetry Canada, 1940-45:\" ...the Canadian movement of the Forties was a delayed-action adoption of the Spender-Auden-Day Lewis 'social' poetry, which from an almost meteoric beginning in 1933, revolutionized English poetry until 1939, when the war wrote finis to what was already beginning to wobble very noticeably. In this Canada was merely acknowledging the cultural time-, lag that s t i l l exists between us, the United States, and Europe, So i t can easily be seen that this 'renaissance' of ours was doomed from the very first to a dim actuarial future, and did well to survive as long as i t managed to do. 1 3 Sutherland saw the collapse of the 'new movement' as a defeat, but i t really was a victory. The early forties movement naturalized modernism to Canada, now poetry was ready to move on to new interests and concerns. Preview closed down because i t was so entirely part of the first phase of forties modernism; its work was done. First Statement continued-under its new name Northern Review, but the enthusiasm and vitality of the early years were not much in evidence,. Sutherland never did get as involved in the second phase of the forties movement as he was in the first\u00E2\u0080\u0094perhaps because poets became more individualistic and there were fewer large battles to fight. But Crawley was interested in good poetry regardless of its perspective, and so the move away from social realist poetry in the mid-forties did not disturb him, He was excited and enthusiastic about the new mythopoeic writers (whom he almost single handedly presented to the Canadian public) and supported the older writers 125 as they began to explore more individualistic and personal concerns after the war, Contemporary Verse is easily the liveliest, and consistently published the best poetry, of any of the Canadian magazines in the second phase of the forties (1947-1951). If Alan Crawley is known at a l l i t is through Contemporary Verse and, perhaps, through his radio discussions and public poetry 'sayings'. His extensive work as critic, advisor and confidant of many of the major poets of the forties is seldom discussed, Crawley likely prefers i t that way because he is a quiet and unassuming man, his satis-faction came from doing the work not from.seeing his accomplishments chronicled in literary history, But this extra editorial work that Crawley did had a significant impact (it is impossible to assess how much) on individual poets and on the development of poetry during the forties, \"No one knowing you through the magazine alone could ever guess at the giant behind the scenes job you do,\" P, K, Page said.in a letter to Crawley in 1951. \"I feel sorry that you have to suffer for your virtues\u00E2\u0080\u0094 but this faculty you have which is that of the good psychiatrist! is to make your 'patient' feel he can show you anything he has written. It is more important to the writer than CV is even, and that, heaven knows is important enough\" (AC, nd). Crawley had a rare ability to see the way a poet was going and help him move in that direction without imposing his own views and preferences on him, Crawley's interest and letters bridged the isolation many poets felt who were writing alone (and most poets in Canada in the forties were, except for the Preview group). He was the best possible audience\u00E2\u0080\u0094sensitive, enthusiastic, honest, and he had very high standards. Without Crawley's guidance and encouragement, i t is unlikely that Anne 126 Wilkinson would have progressed far beyond occasional magazine publication, \"I've had this material ready to send you for some time but have been so preoccupied with domestic affairs that I had almost forgotten that I used to try and write verse,\" Wilkinson wrote in May 1949, I'm enclosing a new version of Morning Song with the old one so that you can compare them. I wrote the revised verses immediately on receiving your stimulating words of criticism. I'd write more i f I lived in the atmosphere of interest and criticism that you create, so miraculously, in your letters. (AC) P. K. Page, Floris McLaren, Earle Birney, Anne Marriott, Dorothy Livesay, James Reaney, Jay Macpherson\u00E2\u0080\u0094all of these poets counted on Crawley's creative criticism and support, So did Souster\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"Thanks for the criticism you have given me, straight from the shoulder. Some of i t has been a l i t t l e hard to take, but I believe it. has done me good\" (AC, 31 March 1950)--and Dudek, who said in a recent letter (unfortunately the early Dudek-Crawley. correspondence was lost) : Contemporary Verse' meant a great deal to me in my New York years (I lived there from 1944 to 1950, unless Mike Gnarowski corrects the dates).,.. I wrote to Alan, as I remember, as to a kind of father-confessor; you must remember that in those days magazines were fewer\u00E2\u0080\u0094I myself was a beginning writer\u00E2\u0080\u0094and we were grateful for any editor's attention and a chance of publication, Dudek is unusual in that he did feel that Crawley tried to shape his poetry in a way that impeded his development as a poet,. \"I think I sent him some bad poetry and maybe he published some of i t , \" he reminisced in the same letter, \"As I recall, he wanted me to write lovely innocent lyrics of the sort I wrote at the very beginning. But I felt I was going toward something more real and more complex, and that i t was a mistake to try to recall a writer to his past\" (JMcC, 7 July 1970). A very young Daryl Hine phoned Crawley one day and asked to 127 come and talk about poetry\u00E2\u0080\u0094\"He was just about 15 and he had a sheaf of manuscript in his hand; we went down to my room and he read to me for about two hours, most remarkable writing for a boy of that age,\"\"'\"4 Later on Hine submitted some work to.Contemporary Verse; Crawley suggested some changes and Hine replied\u00E2\u0080\u0094respectful but hurt and possess-ive: I was interested to hear that you wished to discuss the Dedicated Poem further, with me, I. am curious about what particular points in the poem you feel need revision, I hope that faults which detract from what I feel to be the basically sound construction of that particular poem may be remedied. (AC, 11 March 1952) Five years later, with his first collection of poems ready for the press, Daryl Hine sent Crawley a warmly grateful letter: I don't believe that I ever told you how much your encouragement meant to me five years ago, when I first visited you in West Vancouver, I had been writing then for about two or three years, but I doubt that I should have persevered through the vicissitudes of adolescence had you not been so kind and so perceptive, Certainly I left you that day resolved.at any rate to continue my attempts for another few years to prove whether or not I was, in reality, a poet, (AC, 20 Dec, 1956) It is the kind of letter that makes an enormous amount of work worth-while. Crawley received many like i t . The Montreal Group \"looms very large\" in any consideration of the development of modern poetry in Canada, They have had a very good press, as Dudek has pointed out: \"W.E. Collin wrote a volume of criticism about Scott, Klein and Smith before any one of them had published a single book; and E,K. Brown followed with a second critical study very soon after. Desmond Pacey's Ten Canadian Poets is the third book-length of these poets, Scott and Smith, who have each of them hardly produced enough to f i l l one thin book of original poetry in a lifetime 128 of fame.\"\"'\"\"' A, J, M. Smith's indefatigable efforts, both as critic and anthologist, from the twenties right up to the present have heightened what was already a disproportionate amount of fame for this early generation of modern poets, The work the Montreal Group did in bringing modernism to Canada was important\u00E2\u0080\u0094they were the explorers (there were others-\u00E2\u0080\u0094Arthur Stringer, Murray Gibbon, F. 0. Call, Raymond Knister, W. W.E. Ross) who brought the new ideas to Canada, Most of them stayed as pioneer homesteaders (Kennedy didn't and Smith operated from afar) and tried to make the new poetry, grow in Canada, But the Canadian terrain was dry and resistant in the thirties and the kind of poetic plants that the Montreal Group.imported did not do well. In the ..forties modernism truly became established in Canada. The creative impetus came at first from outside of Canada\u00E2\u0080\u0094mainly from the social realist poetry of Auden\u00E2\u0080\u0094but by the mid-forties there was an indigenous modern poetry in Canada that provided its own creative stimulus. Montreal and the l i t t l e magazines Preview and First Statement were an important part of this naturalizing process. So was Contemporary Verse. The Montreal magazines were fighting and partisan and died when the fight to establish modernism was over. Contemporary Verse was quality and liberal and supported forties poetry into its second more accomplished phase. In the last issue of his magazine, Crawley wrote: \"The story of CV through its more than a decade of publication is already written in the 39 issues since Sept, 1941. Once again, reading these issues, I am proud of the overall excellence of the poetry published there which has made, for CV and for the writers, an assured and high place in the history of Canadian writing\" (39,27). It is a fitting epitaph for the magazine that was so large a part of and presents so graphically the 'renaissance' of the forties. /z? FOOTNOTES CHAPTER V \u00E2\u0080\u00A2'-Robertson, ed,, \"Alan Crawley\", Canadian Literature, No. 41 (Summer 1969), p. 94. 2 Rpt, in Making Modern Poetry in Canada, p. 126. 3(Ottawa, 1930), p. 10. 4\"A Rejected Preface\", Canadian.Literature, No. 24 (Spring 1965), p. 7. 5Smith, \"A Rejected Preface,\" p, 9, 6\"The Poet's Function\",. Canadian Poetry Magazine, 4, No. 3 (December 1939), p, 8. 7\"Foreword,\" (Toronto, 1938), pp, 1-2. 8\"Foreword,\",p, 2, 9Culture 19 (Winter 1958) p. 409, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2'-'-'\"Literary Underground: . Little Magazines in Canada,\" Canadian Literature, No. 34 (August 1967), p. 68. -'-\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2'-\"Role of Little Magazines in Canada\", Canadian. Forum (July 1958), rpt, in Making of Modern Poetry, p. 208. 1 7 Northern Review (December-January 1950-51), rpt. in Making of Modern Poetry, p. 119. 1 31, No. 4 (Spring 1952), p. 68. -V \u00E2\u0080\u00A2^Robertson, \"Crawley,\" Canadian Literature, No, 41, p.,94, 1 5Patterns of Recent Canadian Poetry,\" Culture, No. 19 (Winter 1958), p. 408. CONTEMPORARY VERSE 1941 - 1952 INDEX CHRONOLOGY 131 ISSUE DESIGNATION ISSUE DATE INDEX DESCRIPTION Vol.1, No.l September 1941 KSept 41) Vol.1, No.2 December 1941 2(Dec 41) Vol.1, No.3 March 1942 3(Mar 42) Vol.1, No.4 June 1942 4(June 42) Volume Two, Number Five September 1942 5(Sept 42) Number Six December 1942 6(Dec 42) Number Seven March 1943 7(Mar 43) Number Eight June-September 1943 8(June-Sept 43) Number Nine January 1944 9(Jan 44) Number Ten April 1944 10(Apr 44) Number Eleven July 1944 11(July 44) Number Twelve January 1945 12(Jan 45) Number Thirteen April 1945 13(Apr 45) Number Fourteen July 1945 14(July 45) Number Fifteen October 1945 15(Oct 45) Number Sixteen January 1946 16(Jan 46) Number Seventeen April 1946 17(Apr 46) Number Eighteen July 1946 18(July 46) Number Nineteen October 1946 19(Oct 46) Number Twenty Spring 1947 20(Spr 47) Number Twenty-one Summer 1947 21(Sum 47) Number Twenty-two Fall 1947 22(Fall 47) Number Twenty-three Winter 1947-48 '23(Wtr 47-48) Number 24 Spring 1948 24(Spr 48) Number 25 Summer 1948 25(Sum 48) Number 26 Fall 1948 26(Fall 48) Number 27 Winter-Spring 1948-1949 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49) Number 28 Summer 1949 28(Sum 49) Number 29 Fall 1949 29(Fall 49) Number 30 Winter 1949-1950 30(Wtr 49-50) Number 31 Spring 1950 31(Spr 50) Number 32 Summer 1950 32(Sum 50) Number 33 Fall-Winter 1950 33(Fall-Wtr 50) Number 34 Spring 1951 34(Spr 51) Number 35 Summer 1951 35(Sum 51) Number 36 Fall 1951 36(Fall 51) Number 37 Winter-Spring 1951-1952 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52) Number 38 Summer 1952 38(Sum 52) Number 39 Fall-Winter 1952 39(Fall-Wtr 52) DIRECTIONS FOR USE The Index has been arranged in one alphabet to include a l l author entries, title entries, and such subject headings as have been considered necessary. In reference to an individual entry, the number of the issue is given first, the date of the issue follows in parenthesis, and the page or pages of the entry are given last. 132 Titles of poems and articles are capitalized in a standard manner without quotation marks. If no title is given to a poem, the first line (or portion thereof) is quoted with the first word capitalized and without quotation marks. Titles of books and periodicals are capitalized in a standard manner and underlined. Author entries and subject headings are given in ful l upper case. ABBREVIATIONS Apr April rev.ed. revised edition Dec December Sept September ed(s). editor(s) Spr Spring Jan January Sum Summer Mar March tr. translated(or) Oct October wtr Winter SAMPLE ENTRIES - WITH EXPLANATIONS Inscriptions; poem. Louis Dudek. 34(Spr 51)11 A poem entitled \"Inscriptions;\" written by Louis Dudek; to be found in Contemporary Verse Number 34, the Spring 1951 issue, on page 11. As Ten As Twenty (P.K. Page); review. Alan Crawley. 19(0ct 46)17-18 A book review of P.K. Page's As Ten As Twenty by Alan Crawley; to be found in Contemporary Verse Number 19, the October 1946 issue, on pages 17 and 18. 133 A About 'Call My People Home'; critical note. Alan Crawley. Adagio; poem. Miriam Waddington. Adam and God: Through.the Looking-Glass; poem. Anne Wilkinson. ADAMS, J.R.G. biographical note. Sailor's Siren; poem. ADAMS, RITA biographical note. Exotique; poem. Spring Comes to the City; poem Admonishment; poem. George Walton. After Bataan; poem. Ruby Nichols. After Reading Kafka; poem. Anne Wilkinson. Afternoon by the Oose; poem. Raymond Souster. Against This Time; poem. Patrick Waddington. ALLEN, CHARLES The Little Magazine (with Frederick Hoffman and Caroline Ulrich, eds.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. Amphibian Shores; poem. Anne Wilkinson. Anacreon's Answer; poem. L.A. Mackay. Ancestral Theme; poem. Dorothy Livesay. And l i f e goes on; poem. Dorothy Livesay. ANDERSON, PATRICK Poem on Canada; poem; critical mention. Alan Crawley. A Tent For April; review. Alan Crawley. The White Centre; review. Dorothy Livesay. An announcement; ed. note. Alan Crawley. Another Christmas; poem. Margaret Avison. Anthology of Canadian Poetry (Ralph Gustafson, ed.); review. Alan Crawley. Aphrodite; poem. J.K. Heath. Apple; poem. Murray Bonnycastle. April Ending; poem. Geoffrey Drayton. Arena; periodical; review mention. Aristide Bruant Au Honey Dew; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. As Regards Detonating; poem. James McDermott. As Ten As Twenty (P.K. Page); review. Alan Crawley. August Afternoon; poem. Gersha Gowing. Autumn Events at the Chateau; poem. Geoffrey Vivien. Autumn in Wales; poem. Dorothy Livesay. Average; poem. P.K. Page. 28(Sum 49)23-24 15(Oct 45)14 27(wtr-Spr 48-49)13-14 24(Spr 48)23 24(Spr 48)16-20 4(June 42)16 3(Mar 42)16 10(Apr 44)12-13 39(Fall-Wtr 52)11 21(Sum 47)14 25(Sum 48)18-20 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)3 7(Mar 43)15 22(Fall 47)15 22(Fall 47)11-12 20 (Spr 47)9 36(Fall 51)13-15 2 (Dec 41)8 11(July 44)15-16 13(Apr 45)15-16 20(Spr 47)15-17 35 (Sum 51)1 26(Fall 48)5 5(Sept 42)15-16 29(Fall 49)8 10 (Apr 44)6 30(Wtr 49-50)16-17 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)28 35(Sum 51)16-17 9(Jan 44)11 19(Oct 46)17-18 19(Oct 46)15 25(Sum 48)15-16 20(Spr 47)6-8 10(Apr 44)12 134 AVISON, MARGARET Another Christmas; poem. 26(Fall 48)5 biographical note. 26(Fall 48)23 Christmas; poem, 26(Fall 48)3 The Road; poem. 26(Fall 48)4 Song of the Flaming .Sword; poem, 35(Sum 51)16 AWARD ANNOUNCEMENTS.: Bertram Warr Memorial Award; notification of. 15(0ct 45)1 Bertram Warr Memorial. Award.; winners, 20(Spr 47)18 Cities (Anne'Marriott and Barbara Pentland); song. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 24(Spr 48)24 Contemporary Verse Award; notification of,' 23(Wtr 47-48)1 24(Sum 48)1 Contemporary Verse Award; winners, 28(Sum 49)2 Governor General's Medal (1947); winner, 24(Spr 48)24 Ground Crew (Vic Hopwood); poem. 14(July 45)2 Housewife (David Brock); poem. 14(July 45)2 A New Project: California Poetry Awards; notification of. 25(Sum 48)23 B BAILEY, ARTHUR G. biographical note. Border River; review. Alan Crawley. The Pale Jesus of the Intellectual Shroud and the Four Age Places; poem. BAKER, EDWIN D, biographical note. Could I Drown in the Paint Jar; poem. Krakota; poem. New Tie; poem. She Laughed; poem. When Going Back to Past Places; poem. Ballade of Boats Forgotten in a Bad Word; poem, Julian Kelland, Ballade of Vagrants and Anarchy; poem, Julian Kelland. The Balsam Tree; poem. Gerald Scott. Bar, Harlem; poem. Raymond. Souster, Bare of All Beauty; poem. Doris Feme. The Barge 'Nadine'; poem. Harry Roskolenko, Bartok and the Geranium; poem. Dorothy Livesay. BATES'G.N. biographical note. Horloque; poem. Prelude; I The Birth of the Warrior, II The Road of Trials; poem, \u00E2\u0080\u00A232(Sum 50)24 39(Fall-Wtr 52)25-26 32(Sum 50)13-14 26(Fall 26(Fall 26(Fall 26(Fall 26(Fall 26(Fall 48)23 48)12 48)12 48)13 48)11 48)11 33(Fall-Wtr 50)8 33(Fall-Wtr 50)9 32(Sum 50)16 19(0ct 46)7 24(Spr 48)10 3(Mar 42)14 39(Fall-Wtr 52)3 34(Spr 51)24 34(Spr 51)23 34(Spr 51)6-7 135 Beatings's Out of Fashion; poem, Raymond Hull, BEAUDOIN, KENNETH \" biographical note. Just as the last street rat; poem. Bee Balm; poem. Geoffrey Drayton La Belle Dame Sans Dormi;.poem. Anne Wilkinson. The Beloit Poetry Journal; periodical, Announcement of. Bertram Warr; critical article, Alan Crawley, Bertram Warr Memorial Award; notification of, Bertram Warr Memorial Award; winners. The Beseiged; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. Birds Before Dawn (Evelyn Eaton); review mention. Dorothy Livesay. BIRNEY, EARLE biographical note. Book of Gaspe; poem. Bushed; poem. Climbers; poem. Creston Valley Fall; poem, Damnation of Vancouver (Selections); verse drama. David and Other Poems; review, Alan Crawley, For Steve; poem, critical mention. Alan Crawley. Hands; poem. Introvert; poem. Laurentian Shield; poem. Letter Home; poem. Lines for a Peace; poem. New Brunswick (from TransCanada); poem. Nocturne; poem. Now is Time; review. Alan Crawley. St. Valentine is Past; poem, Skeleton in the Grass; poem. The Strait of Anian; review, Alan Crawley. Time-Bomb; poem. Trial of a City and Other Verse; review. Alan Crawley. Ulysses; poem. War Winter; poem. Within These Caverned Days; poem. World Conference; poem, Young Veterans; poem. Black Horse; poem. Charles B. Timmer. Black Reverie; poem. Carol Coates Cassidy. 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)17-18 4(June 42)16 3(Mar 42)15-16 30(Wtr 49-50)17-18 18(July 46)8 34(Spr 51)20 15(Oct 45)16-19 15(0ct 45)1 20(Spr 47)18 24(Spr 48)15 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 4(June 42)16 14(July 45)16 15(0ct 45)19 21(Sum 47)20 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)20-21 29(Fall 49)24 36(Fall 51)24 31(Spr 50)8-9 36(Fall 51)5 29(Fall 49)11 31(Spr 50)9 38(Sum 52)3-10 6(Dec 42)14-15 ll(July 44)15-16 l(Sept 41)3-4 15(0ct 45)8 22(Fall 47)6-7 12(Jan 45)3 14(July 45)6 21(Sum 47)6 4(June 42)14 17(Apr 46)17-18 36(Fall 51)6-7 14(July 45)5-6 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)19-21 15(Oct 45)7 39(Fall-Wtr 52)24-25 21(Sum 47)7 4(June 42)14 14(July 45)5 15(Oct '45)7 15(0ct 45)6 29(Fall 49)16 12(Jan 45)7-8 136 Blackout; poem, P.K. Page. Blue and Yellow Boy; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. The Bond; poem, Miriam D. Waddington. BONNYCASTLE, MURRAY Apple; poem, Demand; poem. The Book of Canadian Poetry (A.J.M. Smith, ed.); review. Alan Crawley. The Book of Canadian Poetry, rev. ed, (A.J.M. Smith, ed.); review. Alan Crawley. Book of Gaspe*; poem. Earle Birney. BOOK REVIEWS see REVIEWS Border River (A.G. Bailey); review. Alan Crawley, BOURINOT, ARTHUR S. The Treasures of the Snow; review mention, Anne Marriott, BRANDT, G.W. biographical note. Dear Friend of Mine; poem, BREWSTER, ELIZABETH biographical note. Coach Class; poem, Paper Flowers; poem, A Brief History of Existentialist Literature; poem, David Stacton. Brigadier (A Chanson of Old Quebec); poem, A.J.M. Smith, Broadcast from a War; poem. Raymond Souster. BROCK, DAVID Housewife; poem. Housewife; poem; award announcement BROWN, AUDREY ALEXANDRA biographical note, The Phoenix; poem. BROWN, E.K. (ed.) Selected Poems of Duncan Campbell Scott, With a Memoir; review mention, Floris Clark McLaren. BRUCE, CHARLES biographical note. Question for a Woodsman; poem. Burdens; poem, J.K, Heath, Bushed; poem. Earle Birney. But One Tall Gable; poem. Doris Feme. But S t i l l The Heart is Threatened; poem, Floris Clark McLaren. 2(Dec 41)16 29(Fall 49)14 .3 (Mar 42)10-11 10(Apr 44)6 10(Apr 44)6 9(Jan 44)15-16 25(Sum 48)21-23 31(Spr 50)8-9 39(Fall-Wtr 52)25-*26 34(Spr 51)18 19(Oct 46)19 19(0ct 46)8 34(Spr 51)24 34(Spr 51)12-13 34(Spr 51)12 38(Sum 52)22 24(Spr 48)8-9 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)5 14(July 45)3 14(July 45)2 4(June 42)16 2(Dec 41)3-5 35(Sum 51)23 18(July 46)16 18(July 46)13 35(Sum 51)8 36(Fall 51)5 l(Sept 41)12 17(Apr 46)4-5 C California Poetry Awards Project; notification of. 25(Sum 48)23 137 CALL, FRANK OLIVER Sonnets For Youth; review mention. Alan Crawley. Call My People Home; documentary poem, Dorothy Livesay. Call My People Home; CBC broadcast, review mention, Alan Crawley. Call My People Home (Dorothy Livesay); review. Anne Marriott. CAMPBELL, AUSTIN They Shall Build Anew; review mention. Alan Crawley. Canada and Its Poetry (Northrop Frye); review. John Sutherland. Canadian Accent (Ralph Gustafson, ed.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. Canadian Poems 1850-1952 (Louis Dudek and Irving Layton, eds.); review. Alan Crawley, Canine Critic; poem. George Walton, CARMAN, BLISS Pipes of Pan; review, L.A. Mackay. Carnival; poem. Dorothy Livesay. Carol for Two Swans; poem, Leo Kennedy. CASSIDY, CAROL COATES biographical note Black Reverie; poem, Child; poem. Preference: A Sequence of Unrelated Thoughts; poem. Catalpa; poem. Miriam Waddington. Changeling; poem. Hermia Harris Fraser. Charivari; poem, Gordon LeClaire. Child; poem. Carol Coates Cassidy. The Child Looks Out; poem. Dorothy Livesay, The Child on the Bridge; poem. Kay Smith, Childhood Musette; poem, James Reaney, Childhood Sunday; poem. James Reaney. Child's Poem; poem. Kay Smith. Christmas; poem. Margaret Avison. Chung Yung; poem. Phyllis Webb. Circles; poem. Miriam Waddington. Cities (Anne Marriott and Barbara Pentland); song. Award announcement, CLARK, IAN biographical note. March; poem. Climbers; poem. Earle Birney. Coach Class; poem, Elizabeth Brewster, COATES, CAROL see CASSIDY, CAROL COATES COGSWELL, FRED biographical note. The Giant Mushroom; poem. I could not tear down the walls; poem, ll(July 44)15 28(Sum 49)3-19 28(Sum 49)23-24 34(Spr 51)18-20 ll(July 44)15 29(Fall 49)17-23 22(Fall 47)15 39(Fall-Wtr 52)23-24 39(Fall-Wtr 52)11 6(Dec 42)13-14 18(July 46)3-6 l(Sept 41)8-9 4(June 12(Jan 10(Apr 2 (Dec 37(Wtr-11(July 3 (Mar 10(Apr l(Sept 24(Spr 23(Wtr 18(July 24(Spr 26(Fall 37(Wtr-12(Jan 42)16 45)7-8 44)9 41) 15 Spr 51-52)9-10 44)7 42) 9-10 44) 9 41)10 48)11-12 47-48)12 46)9-10 48)10-11 48)3 Spr 51-52)14 45) 13 24(Spr 48)24 38(Sum 52)24 38(Sum 52)14 29(Fall 49)11 34 (Spr 51)12-13 30(Wtr.49-50)23 39(Fall-Wtr 52)19-20 30(Wint 49-50)15 138 Coker Conversation; poem. James Wreford. COLE, THOMAS biographical note. Each Oyster is a Citadel for Grief; poem. For This Beautiful World of Ours; poem. The Collected Poems of W.B.Yeats; review. Floris Clark McLaren. COLMAN, MARY ELIZABETH-For This Freedom Too; review mention. Dorothy Livesay. COLOMBSON, J. (Pseudonym) biographical note. Plummet; poem. Sky Writer; poem. This too is Thou. Neither is This Thou; poem, The Comforted; poem. Jay Macpherson. The Comforter; poem. Jay Macpherson.. . Command of Air; poem. F.R, Scott. Comments to the Editor; editorial note. Communication to a Friend; poem. Anne Marriott. A Complaint of Time; poem. James Wreford. Comrades as We Rest Within; poem. Ronald Hambleton, Concert; poem. Jay Macpherson, Contact; periodical, Review mention. ' Contemporary; poem. Miriam Waddington. Contemporary Verse; critical article (Robert Weaver); . review mention. Continuous Performance; poem. Leo Kennedy Conversion; poem. Kay Smith. Cornice; poem. Margaret R. Gould. Could I Drown in the Paint Jar; poem. Edwin D. Baker. Counterbalance; poem. J.K. Heath. Counterpoint To Sleep- (Anne Wilkinson); review. Dorothy Livesay. Crabbing; poem. Norman Levine. CRAWLEY, ALAN Bertram Warr; critical article. CBC talk on Alan Crawley (Dorothy Livesay); notification of. CBC talks on poetry; notification of. Canadian speaking tour; review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. Editorial Note -on aims of CV. -to subscribers. -on progress of CV. -on comments to Editor, -on progress of CV. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 -on progress of CV. -on progress of CV. _CV 1941 - 1951. -announcing close of CV. -End Paper. The League for Sanity in Poetry; review mention. 11(July 44)8-14 34(Spr 51)24 34(Spr 51)14 34(Spr 51)14-15 33(Fall-Wtr 50)22 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)24 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)18 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)18 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)16-17 33(Fall-Wtr 50)15 33(Fall-Wtr 50)15 26(Fall 48)8 8(June-Sept 43)14-15 20(Spr 47)14 13(Apr 45)14 2 (Dec 41)13-14 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)8 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)28 5 (Sept 42)13 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 36(Fall 51)15 7(Mar 43)4-5 21(Sum 47)13 26(Fall 48)12 29(Fall 49)10 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)23-26 38(Sum 52)13-14. 15(Oct 45)16-19 32(Sum 50)23 20(Spr 47)19 18(July 46)16 19(0ct 46)19-20 KSept 41)2 4(June 42)2 4(June 42)3-4 8(June-Sept 43)15-16 15(0ct 45)20 19(0ct 46)16 35(Sum 51)1 36(Fall 51)3-4 39(Fall-Wtr 52)1 39(Fall-Wtr 52)27 ll(July 44)16 139 Notes and Observations: Reaney, Dudek and Souster; critical article. REVIEWS Anthology of Canadian Poetry (Ralph Gustafson, ed.). As Ten As Twenty (P.K. Page). The Book of Canadian Poetry (A.J.M. Smith, ed.). The Book of Canadian Poetry, rev. ed. (A.J.M. Smith, Border River (A.G. Bailey). Call My People Home (Dorothy Livesay); review mention. Canadian Poems 1850-1952 (Louis Dudek and Irving Layton, eds.). David and Other Poems (Earle Birney). Deeper Into The Forest (Roy Daniells). For Steve (Earle Birney); review mention. Green World (Miriam Waddington). Here and Now; periodical. Review mention. I, Jones, Soldier (Joseph Schull). Review mention. New Writing in Europe (John Lehmann). Now Is Time (Earle Birney). Other Canadians (John Sutherland, ed.). Paschal Lamb and Other Poems (Doris Feme) . Poem on Canada (Patrick Anderson); review mention. Poems For People (Dorothy Livesay). Poetry and the Modern World (David Daiches). Poetry Commonwealth; periodical. Review Mention. . Raymond Knister: Collected Poems With a Memoir (Dorothy Livesay, ed.). The Red Heart (James Reaney). Rhythm Poems (Sister Maura). Review mention. The Rocking Chair and Other Poems (A.M. Klein). Songs of the Western Islands (Hermia Harris Fraser). Review mention. Sonnets For Youth (Frank Oliver Call). Review mention. The Strait of Anian (Earle Birney). A Tent For April (Patrick Anderson). They Shall Build Anew (Austin Campbell). Review mention. . Trial of a City and Other Poems (Earle Birney). Unit of Five (Ronald Hambleton, ed.). Voices; periodical. Review mention. When We Are Young (Raymond Souster). The Creator; poem. A.E. Johnson. Creston Valley Fall; poem. Earle Birney. Cripple Creek; poem. Anne Marriott. CRONYN, TERENCE biographical note. The Memorial Hall, Ridley College, December 1950; poem. CROSLAND, MARGARET biographical note. December 1942; poem. 23(Wtr 47-48)18-22 5(Sept 42)15-16 19(Oct 46)17-18 9(Jan 44)15-16 25(Sum 48)21-23 39(Fall-Wtr 52)25-26 28(Sum 49)23-24 39(Fall-Wtr 52)23-24 6(Dec 42)14-15 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)21-23 11(July 44)15-16 17(Apr 46)18-19 23(Wtr 47-48)23 11(July 44)15 5 (Sept 42)15-16 17(Apr 46)17-18 21(Sum 47)18-19 20(Spr 47)17 11(July 44)15-16 21(Sum 47)15-17 5(Sept 42)15-16 23(Wtr 47-48)23 31(Spr 50)20-22 31(Spr 50)22-25 11(July 44)15 28(Sum 49)20-23 13(Apr 45)15 11(July 44)15 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)19-21 13(Apr 45)15-16 11(July 44)15 39(Fall-Wtr 52)24-25 12(Jan 45)14-16 24(Spr 48)23 17(Apr 46)19 38(Sum 52)16 31(Spr.50)9 4(June 42)9 34(Spr 51)24 34(Spr 51)11 15(0ct 45)19 15(0ct 45)10 140 The Long Quiet Days; poem. 15(Oct 45)9 Pilgrimage; poem. 15(Oct 45)9 Poem for an Echo; poem. 15(Oct 45)11 The crow; poem. P.K. Page. l(Sept 41)14 Cruise; poem. Daryl Duke. 34(Spr 51)17 The Cruising Auk; poem. George Johnston. 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)7 Cycles; poem. E. J. Pratt. 36(Fall 51)8-9 D DAICHES, DAVID Poetry and the Modern World; review. Alan Crawley. Damnation of Vancouver (Selections); verse drama. Earle Birney. The Dancer; poem, Raymond Souster. DANIELLS, ROY biographical note Da Vinci's Story; poem. Deeper Into the Forest; review. Alan Crawley. 0 he has left this century far behind; poem. Danse Macabre of the Canadian Spring; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau, Dark Departure; .poem. Floris Clark McLaren. Dark Eyes; poem. Michael Fitzgeorge Lermontov; tr. by Alexander Welkotny and E.E. L'Ami. Darling, let the darkening air; poem. James Wreford. DARROCH, LOIS biographical note. The Lonesome Loon; poem. David and Other Poems (Earle Birney); review. Alan Crawley. Da Vinci's Story; poem. Roy Daniells. DAY, A.' GROVE The Sky Clears: Poetry of the American Indians; review. Floris Clark McLaren. Day and Night (Dorothy Livesay); review. L.A. Mackay. Dead Gopher; poem. Helen Geddes. Dear Friend, of Mine; poem. G.W. Brandt. Death of an Elephant; poem. Bertram Warr. The Death of the Poet; poem. James Reaney. Death (Turn, Pot!); poem. Carol Ely Harper. December 1942; poem. Margaret Crosland. Dedication to Ezra Pound; poem, Charles B. Timmer. Deep-Sea Diver; poem. Kay Smith. Deeper Into the Forest (Roy Daniells); review. Alan Crawley. Demand; poem. Murray Bonnycastle. DE PLEDGE, ORIAN biographical note. The Winter Edge of Rain; poem, The deserted Bay; poem. Geoffrey Vivien. 5(Sept 42)15-16; 38(Sum 52)3-10 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)4 24(Spr 48)22 24(Spr 48)3-4 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)21-23 30(Wtr 49-50)11 24(Spr 48)15-16 6(Dec 42)5 22(Fall 47)13 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)4 13(Apr 45)16 13(Apr 45)11 6(Dec 42)14-15 24(Spr 48)3-4 35(Sum 10(Apr 3 (Mar 19(Oct 15(Oct 21(Sum 17(Apr 15(Oct 29(Fall 16(Jan 51)22-23 44) 15-16 42)7 46) 8 45) 4 47) 10-11 46) 13 45) 10 49)15 46) 9-11 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)21-23 10(Apr 44)6 16(Jan 46)16 16(Jan 46)8 25(Sum 48)16 141 Desideratum; poem. A.M. Klein. The Destroyers; poem. Patrick Waddington.. DE VICK, LOUISE biographical note. Upright; poem. DOUGLAS, GILEAN biographical note. Musa Dagh; poem. The Pattern Set; poem. True Love Song; poem. DRAYTON, GEOFFREY April Ending; poem. Bee Balm; poem, biographical note. March Catalogue; poem. Three Meridians; review mention. Anne Marriott. Dress Manufacturer: Fisherman; poem. A.M. Klein. Drowning; poem. John Sutherland. DUDEK, LOUIS biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. , Canadian Poems 1850-1952 (with Irving Layton, eds.); review. Alan Crawley. Feeling Sure; poem. Flower Bulbs; poem. The Function of Criticism (in Our Time); poem. God; poem. I Fear Love; poem. Inscriptions; poem. Late Winter; poem. Love Sleeping; poem. The Lovers; poem. Lulabi; poem. Machine; poem. Mad Moon; poem. The Meeting of the Waters; poem. Midsummer, Adirondacks; poem. Morning; poem. Night; poem. Night Scene; poem. Notes and Observations: Reaney, Dudek and Souster; critical article. Alan Crawley. A Packet of Poems; poem. A Rain Washes Us; poem. A Separation; poem. A Visit to Ezra Pound; critical article. Words, Words, Words; poem. Wotai Bee; poem. Your Hair My Fingers Touched; poem. DUKE, DARYL biographical note. Cruise; poem. September at English Bay; poem. 8(June-Sept 43)3 7(Mar 43)15 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)19 8(June-Sept 43)16 16(Jan 46)7-8 8(June-Sept 43)11 8(June-Sept 43)11 30(Wtr 49-50)16-17 30(Wtr 49-50)17-18 30(Wtr 49-50)23 30(Wtr 49-50)16 34(Spr 51)18 22(Fall 47)3-4 25(Sum 48)8 7(Mar 43)16 34(Spr 51)24 38(Sum 52)24 39(Fall-Wtr 52)23-24 38(Sum 52)12 34(Spr 51)9-10 38(Sum 52)12 23(Wtr 47-48)6 10(Apr 44)14 34(Spr 51)11 23(Wtr 47-48)5 23(Wtr 47-48)3 23(Wtr 47-48)4 23(Wtr 47-48)7 7(Mar 43)9 23(Wtr 47-48)6 23(Wtr 47-48)4 14(July 45)11 7(Mar 43)11 7(Mar 43)10 7(Mar 43)11 23(Wtr 47-48)20-22 34(Spr 51)9 23(Wtr 47-48)5 34(Spr 51)10 32(Sum 50)20-23 38(Sum 52)11 23(Wtr 47-48)7-8 7(Mar 43)10 34(Spr 51)24 34(Spr 51)17 34(Spr 51)16-17 142 Dust Into Dust; poem. Phyllis Webb. 39(Fall-Wtr 52)19 Dylan Thomas in Vancouver; notification of, Floris Clark McLaren. 31(Spr 50)26-27). Each Oyster is a Citadel for Grief; poem, Thomas Cole. Early I lifted the oars; poem, Dorothy Livesay, Early Willows; poem. James Wreford. East End; poem. Raymond Souster. Easter; poem. Dorothy Livesay. EATON, EVELYN Birds Before Dawn; review mention. Dorothy Livesay. Ecce Homo; poem, P.K. Page. Eden; poem. F.R. Scott. Editor's Notes; see CRAWLEY, ALAN. Elegy; poem. L.A. Mackay. Elegy; poem. P.K. Page. Elegy on the Death of Virginia Woolf; poem. Ronald Hambleton, Emily Carr; poem. Wilfred Watson. Encounter on Armistice Day; poem, Charles B. Timmer. End Voyage; poem. Harry Roskolenko. Envy; poem, Raymond Souster. Epitaph; poem. Anne Wilkinson. Erotiqua Antiqua; poem. L.A. Mackay. Escapade; poem. Douglas Lochhead. The Event; poem. P.K. Page. Evocation; poem. Marya F.iamengo. An Examination of Ezra Pound (Peter Russell, ed.); review mention. Exotique; poem. Rita Adams. 34(Spr 51)14 5(Sept 42)6-7 4(June 42)5-6 13(Apr 45)8 20(Spr 47)5 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 KSept 41)5-6 26(Fall 48)7-8 18(July 46)9 39(Fall-Wtr 52)12 2(Dec 41)12-13 35(Sum 51)5 29(Fall 49)15-16 13(Apr 45)12 15(0ct 45)12 18(July 46)8 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)11-12 31(Spr 50)12 39(Fall-Wtr 52)14-15 39(Fall-Wtr 52)16-17 34(Spr 51)24 3(Mar 42)16 The Face; poem. A.J.M,\" Smith. l(Sept 41)11 FARLEY, TOM biographical note. 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 Mi Darling Has' Snowflaek; poem. ' 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)11 The Farmer in the Dell; poem. Lettie Ann H i l l , 21(Sum 47)12 Feeling Sure; poem. Louis Dudek. 38(Sum 52)12 FERNE, DORIS Bare of All Beauty; poem. 24(Spr 48)10 biographical note. 4(June 42)16 But One Tall Gable; poem. l(Sept 41)12 Inn Keepers; poem. 36(Fall 51)18 On Some Canadian Verse; poem. 4(June 42)15 143 Paschal Lamb and Other Poems; review. Alan Crawley. Paschal Lamb; poem. Scorched Earth; poem. FIAMENGO, MARYA biographical note. Evocation; poem. In the Absence of Children; poem. Three Stanzas for Two Poets; poem. Figure in Shadow; poem. Floris Clark McLaren Fin de Travail; poem. Nathan Ralph. FINCH, ROBERT biographical note. Pleasure and Memory Compared with Hope; poem. Firelight; poem. Clara'E. H i l l . First Park Poem; poem.\" Paul Hailey. Flight Into Darkness (Ralph Gustafson); review. Dorothy Livesay. Flower. A Vase; poem. Carol Ely Harper. Flower Bulbs; poem. Louis Dudek. The Flute and Other Poems (Katherine Hale); review mention. Anne Marriott. A Folk Tale: With a, Warning to Lovers; poem. Anne Wilkinson. Footnote To The Lord's Prayer (Kay Smith); review. Dorothy Livesay. For My Teacher; pQem. Miriam Waddington. For Steve (Earle Birney); review mention. Alan Crawley. For This Beautiful World of Ours; poem. Thomas Cole. For This Freedom Too (Mary Elizabeth Colman); review mention. Dorothy Livesay. For William Carlos Williams; poem. Ralph Gustafson. FORD, R.A.D. biographical note. biographical note. The Hands of My Love Preserved; poem. Osprey; poem. The red landscape enfolds us; poem. Revenge of the Hunted; poem. A Rumour; poem. The sanctity of man; poem. Unheeding in despair; poem. Wild Horses; poem. Forever remain now; poem. James Wreford. Fragment; poem. W. Porritt. Fragments from Autobiography; poem. Miriam Waddington. FRASER, HERMIA HARRIS Changeling; poem. 20(Spr 47)17 10(Apr 44)3-5 9(Jan 44)14 39(Fall-Wtr 52)28 39(Fall-Wtr 52)16-17 39(Fall-Wtr 52)16 39(Fall-Wtr 52)17-18 14(July 45)7-10 4(June 42)11-12 4(June 42)16 3 (Mar 42)5 16 (Jan 46)14 8(June-Sept 43)6 14(July 45)15-16 17(Apr 46)12-13 34(Spr 51)9-10 34(Spr 51)18 32(Sum 50)6-8 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)23-26 17(Apr 46)6-7 11 (July 44<)'15-16 34(Spr 51)14-15 8 (June-Sept 43)13-14 29(Fall 49)5 14(July 45)16 25(Sum 48)24 25(Sum 48)4 12(Jan 45)10-11 25(Sum 48)3 14(July 45)12-13 12(Jan 45)11 25(Sum 48)3-4 25(Sum 48)5 14(July 45)12 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)5 6(Dec 42)12 10(Apr 44)10 11(July 44)7 144 Songs Of The Western Islands; review mention. Alan Crawley. The frog-loud fields; poem. James Wreford. FRYE, NORTHROP Canada and Its Poetry; review. John Sutherland. Fun Fair; poem. J.K. Heath. The Function of Criticism (in Our Time); poem. Louis Dudek. Futility; poem. Helen Geddes.' 13(Apr 45)15 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)5-6 29(Fall 49)17-23 31(Spr 50)10-11 38(Sum 52)12 3 (Mar' 42)7 GALLOWAY, MYRON' biographical note. Let us weave wreaths; poem. Night hides, beneath itS:skies; poem. Now, in the revolution of the mind; poem. The Garret; poem. Raymond Souster. 'gather ye'; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. GEDDES, HELEN biographical note. Dead Gopher; poem. Futility; poem. The Sky But Not the Heart; ,poem. A generation ago; poem. Daryl. Hine. The Giant Mushroom; poem. Fred Cogswell. Girl's Lament for a Dead Pilot; poem. Marcia Harris. The Glaucous. Winged Gull; poem. Malcolm Lowry. The Goats of Juan Fernandez: A Note on Survival; poem..Coleman Rosenberger. God; poem. Louis Dudek. God Has a Spoiled Child\u00E2\u0080\u0094Fate; poem. Raymond Hull. GOULD, MARGARET R. . biographical note. Cornice; poem. Lines; poem. Resurrection; poem. GOWING, GIRSHA August Afternoon; poem. biographical note. In the Hospital Corridor; poem. Indian Pipes; poem. The Nesting Bird; poem. Rehabilitation; poem. Sea Things; poem. 13(Apr 45)16 .13(Apr 45)10 13(Apr 45)11 13(Apr 45)10 15(Oct 45)12 24 (Spr 48)14 4 (June 42)16 3(Mar 42)7 3 (Mar 42)7 3 (Mar 42)7 39(Fall-Wtr 52)15 39(Fall-Wtr 52)19-20 10(Apr 44)13 21(Sum 47)4 17(Apr 46)5 23(Wtr 47-48)6 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)18 21(Sum 47)20 21(Sum 47)13 22(Fall 47)12 21(Sum 47)12 19(Oct 46)15 17(Apr 46)20 17(Apr 46)16 31(Spr 50)14 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)14 17(Apr.46)15-16 35(Sum 51)18 145 GREEN, H.A.V. biographical note. Trying to Forget the War; poem. Green World (Miriam Waddington); review. Alan Crawley. Ground Crew. poem. Vic :Hopwood. Ground Crew (Vic Hopwood); award announcement. Gunpowder Plot; poem. James Reaney. GUSTAFSON, RALPH Anthology of Canadian Poetry (ed.); review. Alan Crawley. biographical note. biographical note. Canadian Accent (ed.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. Flight Into Darkness; review. Dorothy Livesay. For William Carlos Williams; poem. Idyll for a Fool; poem. The Juggler; poem. 0 beat my heart of love; poem. Poem for the Times; poem. Portrait; poem. Prelude: for T.R.; poem. 4(June 42)16 2 (Dec 41)9-11 17(Apr 46)18-19 14(July 45)4 14(July 45)2 35(Sum 51)17 5(Sept 42)15-16 4(June 42)16 29(Fall 49)24 22(Fall 14(July 29(Fall 5(Sept 29(Fall 2 (Dec 47)15 45)15-16. 49)5 42)10-11 49)4 41)7 29 (Fall 49)3 29(Fall 49)5 2(Dec 41)6 H HALE, KATHERINE The Flute and Other Poems; review mention. Anne Marriott. HALLEY, PAUL biographical note. First Park Poem; poem. Look Forward, Soldier; poem. Meditation Upon Blackstone; poem. HAMBLETON, RONALD biographical note. Comrades As We Rest Within; poem. Elegy on the Death of Virginia Woolf; poem. Sonnet on an Indian Dance; poem. Unit of Five (ed.); review. Alan Crawley. Hands; poem. Earle Birney. The Hands of My Love Preserved; poem. R.A.D. Ford. The Hangers; poem. Raymond Souster, Hangman, Hard and Clear; poem. Daryl Hine, HARPER, CAROL ELY . Death (Turn, Pot!); poem. Flower. A Vase; poem. To Maurice, Leaving for Pasco; poem. 34(Spr 51)18 8(June-Sept 8(June-Sept 8(June-Sept 8(June-Sept 43)16 43)6 43)5 43)6-7 4 (June 42)16 2 (Dec 42)13-14 2(Dec 41)12-13 5(Sept 42)9 12(Jan 45)14-16 l(Sept 41)3-4 25(Sum 48)4 18(July 46)15 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)15 17(Apr 46)13 17(Apr 46)12-13 17(Apr 46)12 146 HARRIS, MARCIA biographical note. Girl's Lament for a Dead Pilot; poem. No Fathoming; poem. Hats; poem. Raymond Souster. The Heads and Tails of Love; poem. James Wreford. Hearing a Far Call (M. Eugenie Perry); review mention. Dorothy Livesay. The Heart and the Sun; poem. James Reaney. Heart Cast Out; poem. Miriam Waddington. The Heart to Carry On; poem. Bertram Warr. HEATH, J.K. Aphrodite; poem. biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. . Burdens; poem. Counterbalance; poem. Fun Fair; poem. Matin in the Modern Mode; poem. Northern Spring; poem. Razor-Edge; poem. Winter Solstice; poem. HENDERSON, CAROLINE D'AGUILER . biographical note. No Man Liveth To.Himself;. poem. Here and Now; periodical; review mention. Alan Crawley. Here and Now; periodical; review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. Here on this weedy shelf; poem. L.A. Mackay. The Hero; poem. George Woodcock. HERSH, JACOB biographical note. Thoughts in a Library; poem. The Valley of Weeping; poem. HILL, CLARA biographical note. Firelight; poem. HILL, LETTIE ANN biographical note. The Farmer in the Dell; poem. HINE, DARYL biographical note. A generation ago; poem. Hangman, Hard and Clear; poem. A Spanish Assassination; poem. Winter and the River; poem. His Dream; poem. P.K. Page. 17(Apr 46)20 10 (Apr 44)13 17(Apr 46)14 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)5-6 6(Dec 42)11 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 23(Wtr 47-48)11-12 15(Oct 45)13 15(Oct 45)4 29(Fall 49)18 29(Fall 49)24 35 (Sum 51)24 36(Fall 51)26 35 (Sum 51)8 29(Fall 49)10 31(Spr 50)10-11 29(Fall 49)9 29(Fall 49)10 36(Fall 51)23 31(Spr 50)11 21(Sum 47)20 21(Sum 47)14 23(Wtr 47-48)23 22(Fall 47)15 15(Oct 45)15 30(Wtr 49-50)8 16(Jan 46)16 16(Jan 46)13-14 16 (Jan 46)12 16(Jan 46)16 16(Jan 46)14 21(Sum 47)20 21(Sum 47)12 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 39(Fall-Wtr 52)15 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)15 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)16 37(Wtr-Apr 51-52)15-16 31(Spr 50)5 147 HOFFMAN, FREDERICK The Little Magazine (with Charles Allen and Caroline Olrich, eds.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. Holiday Journal; poem. Anne Marriott. Home Front; poem. Raymond Souster. Hometown Revisited; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. HOPPER, CLARA biographical note. Unto the Hills; poem. HOPWOOD, VIC biographical note. Ground Crew; poem. Ground Crew; poem; award announcement. To You, Dear Love; poem. Horlogue; poem. G.N. Bates. HORTON, MARY , biographical note. The Poet\u00E2\u0080\u0094A Character Sketch; poem. HORWOOD, HAROLD ' biographical note. Songs of Enlightenment; poem. Tree at St. Anne de la Pocatiere; poem. The House; poem. Floris Clark McLaren, Housewife; poem. David Brock, Housewife; poem; award announcement. How can one careless check not hours; poem, Anne Marriott. How Can Words; poem. Anne Wilkinson. HULL, RAYMOND Beating's Out of Fashion; poem. biographical note. God Has a Spoiled Child\u00E2\u0080\u0094Fate; poem. Hy'a Pal; poem. Nathan Ralph. Hymn to Man; poem. Dorothy Livesay. I I Am a Voice, Alone; poem. A.M. Stephen. I'm stiff with sleep; poem. Anne Wilkinson. I and the image have the same centre; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. I could not tear down the walls; poem, Fred Cogswell. I do not want only; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. I Fear Love; poem. Louis Dudek. I've Come to Say Au'Voir; poem. Anne Wilkinson, I, Jones, Soldier (Joseph Schull); review mention. Alan Crawley. 22(Fall 47)15 33(Fall-Wtr 50)16-20 3(Mar 42)13 20(Spr 47)11 13(Apr 45)16 13(Apr 45)13 19(Oct 46)19 14(July 45)4 14(July 45)2 19(Oct 46)15 34(Spr 51)8 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)19 33(Fall-Wtr 50)23 38(Sum 52)19-22 33 (Fall-Wtr 50)10 20tSpr 47)10-11 14(July 45)3 14(July 45)2 12(Jan 45)9-10 19(0ct 46)13 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)17-18 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)18 4(June 42)11 36(Fall 51)12-13 3(Mar 42)6 19(Oct 46)10 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)16 30(Wtr 49-50)15 29(Fall 49)12 10(Apr 44)14 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)12 11(July 44)15 148 I live in only one of inn timer able rooms; poem. Anne Wilkinson. I Love My Love With an S...; poem. Miriam Waddington. I sense a shrinking motion; poem. Doris Strachan. I stand at the frontier; poem. .James..Wreford. Identity; poem. James. Wreford. Idyll for a Fool; poem. Ralph Gustafson. If His Dark Eye; poem. Kay Smith. If I Could Stop the Clock; poem. Anne Wilkinson. If It Were You; poem.. P.K.. Page. The Ill-Tempered Lover (L.A. Mackay); review. Dorothy Livesay. The 111 Wind; poem. Jay Macpherson.. Immigrant, Second Generation; poem. Miriam Waddington. Immortality; poem. Stephen Mallory. In the Absence of Children; poem. Marya Fiamengo.. In the dream was- no kiss; poem. . Dorothy Livesay. In the Hospital Corridor; poem. Girsha Gowing. In the Park; poem. Miriam Waddington. In-Break; poem. Patrick Waddington. Incantation; poem. David Stacton. Incident; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. . Incubus; poem. P.K.. Page... Indian Pipes; poem. Girsha Gowing.. Inn Keepers; poem. Doris Feme. Inscriptions; poem. Louis Dudek. Introduction to an Arthurian Epic; poem. Norman Newton. Introvert; poem. . Earle Birney. Invasion Spring;-poem. Anne Wilkinson.. Item from Childhood; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. 35(Sum 51)18-20 7(Mar 43)8 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)20 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)3 8(June-Sept 43)8-9 5(Sept 42)10-11 2(Dec 41)14-15 19(Oct 46)12 16(Jan 46)3-5 24(Spr 48)21-22 38(Sum 52)17 3 (Mar 42)12 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)6 39(Fall-Wtr 52)16 5(Sept 42)5-6 17(Apr 46)16 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)9 18(July 46)6-7 30(Wtr 49-50)13 12(Jan 45)5 39(Fall-Wtr 52)13-14 31(Spr 50)14 36(Fall 51)18 34(Spr 51)11 30(Wtr 49-50)15 15 (Oct 45)8 19(Oct 46)12 6(Dec 42)4-5 JANES, PERCY biographical note. . . 22(Fall-47)16 Soliloquy of an Invalid; poem. 22(Fall 47)14 Thomas Wolfe; poem. 22(Fall 47)14 JOHNSON, A.E. biographical note. 38(Sum 52)24 The Creator; poem. 38(Sum 52)16 Modem Man; poem. 38(Sum 52)16 149 JOHNSTON, GEORGE biographical note. The Cruising Auk; poem. A Mystic of the Air Age; poem.. Poems About, an Alderman; poem. Journal of the Canadian Association for Adult Education; periodical; review mention. The Juggler; poem. Ralph Gustafson. Just as the last street rat; poem.. Kenneth Lawrence Beaudoin. 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)7 39(Fall-Wtr 52)20 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)7-8 31(Spr 50)25 29(Fall 49)4 3(Mar 42)15-16 K The Katzenjammer Kids; poem. James Reaney. KELLAND, JULIAN Ballade of Boats Forgotten in a Bad World;: poem. Ballade of Vagrants and Anarchy.; poem. biographical note. KENNEDY, LEO biographical note. biographical note. Carol for Two Swans; poem. Continuous Performance; poem. Poison Pen Points; poem. The Killers; poem. James McDermott. The King's Grave; poem. George Woodcock. Kirkland Lake; poem. James Wreford. KLEIN, A.M. biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. Desideratum; poem. Dress Manuf acturer,.-: Fisherman.;, poem. . Meditation Upon Survival; poem. Monsieur Gaston; poem. Not All the Perfumes of Arabia; poem. 0 God! 0 Montreal; poem. The Rocking Chair and Other Poems.; review. Alan Crawley. KNIGHT, DAVID biographical note. To Corinna: the Bomb Having Fallen; poem. KNISTER, RAYMOND Raymond Knister: Collected Poems With a Memoir (Dorothy Livesay, ed.); review. Alan Crawley. Krakota; poem. Edwin D. Baker. 23(Wtr 47-48)13 33(Fall-Wtr 50)8 33(Fall-Wtr 50)9 33(Fall-Wtr 50)23 4 (June 42)17 36(Fall 51)24-25 1-CSept 41)8-9 36(Fall 51)15 2(Dec 41)18-19 7(Mar 43)12 30(Wtr 49-50)7-8 4(June 42)6-7 8(June-Sept 43)16 22(Fall 47)16 32(Sum 50)23-24 8(June-Sept 43)3 22(Fall 47)3-4 32(Sum 50)9-10 22(Fall 47)5 8(June-Sept 43)4-5 22(Fall 47)4 28(Sum 49)20-23 34(Spr 51)24 34(Spr 51)13-14 31(Spr 50)20-22 26(Fall 48)12 150 Ladies; poem. Miriam. Waddington. Lake Ontario; poem. James Reaney. L' AMI, CE. and ALEXANDER. WELKOTNY. biographical note. Dark Eyes (Michael Fitzgeorge Lermontov); poem; tr. Stanzas (Michael Fitzgeorge Lermontov); poem; tr. Last Rites; poem. F.R. Scott. Last Song; poem. W. Porritt. Late Winter; poem. Louis Dudek. Laurentian Shield; poem. Earle Birney. LAYTON, IRVING biographical note. Canadian Poems 1850-1952 (with Louis Dudek, eds.); review. Alan Crawley. North Country; poem. Queer Poem; poem. Schoolteacher in Late.November;.poem.. Lazarus... After; poem. Donald Stewart.. The League for Sanity in Poetry; review mention. Alan Crawley. LE CLAIRE, GORDON biographical note. Charivari; poem. Woodcut in Colour; poem. LEHMANN, JOHN New Writing in Europe; review. Alan Crawley. LERMONTOV, MICHAEL FITZGEORGE Dark Eyes; poem; tr. by Alexander Welkotny and CE. L'Ami; . Stanzas; poem;, tr. by Alexander Welkotny and CE. L'Ami. LESLIE, KENNETH Romance is a Rock; poem. Let Us Mourn This Man; poem. Kay Smith. Let us weave wreaths;. poem.. Myron. Galloway. Letter En Route; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. Letter from England; poem. Norman Levine. Letter Home; poem. Earle Birney. Letter to My Children; poem. Anne Wilkinson. LEVINE, NORMAN biographical note. Crabbing; poem. Letter from England; poem. Twenty-seven Lullabies Needed for One Sleep; poem. The Lighthouse: a Memory; poem. Gerald Scott. Lines; poem. Margaret R. Gould. . Lines for a Healthy Despair; poem. James McDermott. 3(Mar 42)12 26(Fall 48)10 22(Fall 47)16 22(Fall 47)13 22(Fall 47)13 36(Fall 51)10-11 6(Dec 42)12 23(Wtr 47-48)5 ' 22(Fall 47)6-7 24(.Spr 48)22 39(Fall-Wtr 52)23-24 24(Spr 48)6 24(Spr 48)7 24(Spr 48)7 8(June-Sept.43)12 ll(July 44)16 . 4(June 42)17 3(Mar 42)9-10 3(Mar 42)8 5(Sept 42)15-16 22(Fall 47)13 22(Fall 47)13 11(July 44)6 31(Spr 50)13-14 13(Apr 45)10 -17(Apr 46)3 33(Fall-Wtr 50)12-14 12(Jan 45)3 39(Fall-Wtr 52)4-9 33(Fall-Wtr 50)23 38(Sum 52)13-14 33(Fall-Wtr 50)12-14 33(Fall-Wtr 50)14 32(Sum 50)15 22 (Fall 47)12. 7CMar 43)13-14 151 Lines for a Peace; poem. Earle Birney. Litter; poem. Wilfred Watson. Litter of the Last Rose;, poem.. Raymond Souster. The Little Magazine (Frederick Hoffman, Charles Allen and Caroline Ulrich, eds.) review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. LIVESAY, DOROTHY Ancestral Theme; poem. And l i f e goes on; poem. Autumn in Wales; poem. Bartok and the Geranium; poem. biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. Call My People Home;.documentary poem. Call My People Home; review. Anne Marriott. . Call My People Home; CBC production;; review, mention. Alan. Crawley.. CBC talk on Alan Crawley; notification of. Carnival; poem. The Child Looks Out; poem. Day and Night; review. L.A. Mackay. Early I lifted the oars; poem. Easter; poem. Hymn to Man; poem. In the dream was no kiss; poem. Night's soft armour weIds.me; poem. Page One; poem. Poems For People; award announcement. Poems For People; review. Alan Crawley. The Poetry of Dorothy Livesay; critical article^ Robert Weaver. Raymond Knister: Collected Poems With a Memoir (ed.); review. Alan Crawley. REVIEWS Birds Before Dawn (Evelyn Eaton); review mention. Counterpoint To Sleep (Anne Wilkinson)... Flight Into Darkness (Ralph Gustafson). Footnote To.The Lord's Prayer (Kay Smith). For This Freedom Too (Mary Elizabeth Colinan) ; review mention. Hearing a Far Call (M.. Eugenie Perry); review mention. The Ill-Tempered Lover (L.A. Mackay). Of Time and the Lover (James Wreford). Salt Marsh (Anne.Marriott).. The White Centre (Patrick Anderson). Sea Sequence; poem. Serenade for Strings; poem. Terrible to be a child; poem. Two Letters; poem. Vancouver; poem. l4(July 45)6 35(Sum 51)6 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)4 22(Fall 47)15 36(Fall 51)13-15 2 (Dec 41)8 20(Spr 47)6-8-39(Fall-Wtr.52)3 4(June 42)17 18(July 46)16 28 (Sum 49)24 28(Sum 49)3-19 34(Spr 51)18-20 28(Sum 49)23-24 32(Sum 50)23 18(July 46)3-6 l(Sept 41)10 10(Apr 44)15-16 5(Sept 42)6-7 20(Spr 47)5 36(Fall 51)12-13 5(Sept 42)5-6 5(Sept 42)7-8 20(Spr 47)3-5 24(Spr 48)24 21(Sum 47)15-17 26(Fall 48)18-22 31(Spr 50)20-22 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)23-26 14(July 45)15-16 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)23-26 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 24(Spr 48)21-22 34(Spr 51)21-24 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 20(Spr 47)15-17 25(Sum 48)9-10 5(Sept 42)3-5 2(Dec 42)8 11(July 44)3-4 31(Spr 50)15-16 152 V-J Day; poem. West Coast; poem. When the house snaps out its lights; poem. Your face is new; poem. Your words beat out in space; poem. LOCHHEAD, DOUGLAS Escapade; poem. The Lonesome Loon; poem. Lois Darroch. The Long Quiet Days; poem. Margaret Crosland. Longing for that lying together; poem. James Wreford. Look Forward, Soldier...; poem. Paul Hailey. Look, look, he took me straight; poem. P.K. Page. Love Has a Way; poem. James Wreford.. Love Sleeping; poem. Louis Dudek. The Lovers; poem. Louis Dudek. LOWRY, MALCOLM biographical note.. biographical note. The Glaucous Winged.Gull; poem. The poignance of a quarrel; poem. Salmon Drowns. Eagle; poem.. .. Stoker Tom's .Ukelele;. poem.. These animals that follow us in dream; poem. This evening Venus sings alone; poem. Lulabi; poem. Louis Dudek. Lunch-Hour'in Rockcliffe Park; poem. Geoffrey Vivien. 20(Spr 47)6 9(Jan 44)3-10 2(Dec 41)8 5(Sept 42)6 5(Sept 42)8 31(Spr 50)12 13(Apr 45)11 15(Oct 45)9 27(Wtr-Spr-48-49)4 8(June-Sept 43)5 26 (Jail 51)7 6(Dec 42)10 23(Wtr 47-48)3 23(Wtr 47-48)4 21(Sum 47)20 24(Spr 48)23 21(Sum 47)4 21(Sum 47)5 21(Sum 47)3 21(Sum 47)4 24(Spr 48)6 21(Sum 47)5 23(Wtr 47-48)7 25(Sum 48)17 M McDERMOTT, JAMES As Regards Detonating; poem. 9(Jan 44)11 biographical note.. 7(Mar 43)16 The K i l l e r s ; poem. 7(Mar 43)12 Lines for a Healthy Despair; poem. 7 (Mar 43)13-14 Plaza Piece; poem. 9(Jan 44)11-12 Perspective; poem. 7(Mar 43)12-13 Rage's Transportation; poem. 9(Jan 44)12 MACKAY, L.A. Anacreon's Answer; poem.. 20(Spr 47)9 biographical note. . 8(June-Sept 43)16 biographical note. 15(Oct 45)19 biographical note. 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)24 Elegy; poem. 18(July 46)9 153 Erotica Antiqua; poem. Here on this weedy shelf; poem. The Ill-Tempered Lover; review. Dorothy Livesay. Men Over Forty; poem. Moment of Truth; poem. Portrait; poem. Rend Your Heart and not Your Garments; poem. REVIEWS Day and Night (Dorothy Livesay). Pipes of Pan (Bliss Carman). Sophocles on the Ranch; poem. The sun is sinking, pale and slow; poem. Sursum Corda; poem. Thunderstorm; poem. Untimely Tract for an Intractable Time; poem. The Wings of a Dove; poem. Yet you were never kind; poem. MCLAREN, FLORIS CLARK biographical note, biographical note. But S t i l l the Heart is Threatened; poem. Dark Departure; poem. Dylan Thomas in Vancouver; notification of. Figure in Shadow; poem. Hometown Revisited; poem. The House; poem. Incident; poem. Item from Childhood; poem. Letter en Route; poem. Mountaineer; poem. Never the Easy Answer; poem. Nocturne for a Boy; poem. No Lock, No Light; poem. No More the Slow Stream; poem. Note for the New Year; poem. Pacific Afternoon; poem. The pity of war; poem. . Poem; poem. REVIEWS Canadian Accent (Ralph Gustafson, ed.); review mention. The Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats. Here and Now; periodical.; review mention... The Little Magazine (Frederick Hoffmann, Charles Allen and Caroline Ulrich, eds.); review mention. Selected Poems of Duncan Campbell Scott, With a Memoir (E.K. Brown, ed.); review mention.. The Sky Clears: Poetry..'of the American , Indians (A. Grove Day, ed.). 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)11-12 15(0ct 45)15 24(Spr 48)21-22 20(Spr 47)9 36(Fall 51)19 38(Sum 52)15 8(June-Sept 43)10 10(Apr 44)15-16 6(Dec 42)13-14 38(Sum 52)16. 15(Oct 45)15 38(Sum 52)15 6(Dec 42)6 11(July 44)15. 36 (Fall 51)19 15(Oct 45)14-15 4(June 42)17 36(Fall 51)24 17(Apr 46)4-5 6(Dec 42)5 31(Spr 50)26-27 14(July 45)7-10 20(Spr 47)11 20(Spr 47)10-11 12(Jan 45)5 6(Dec 42)4-5 17(Apr 46)3 25 (Sum 48)6 11(July 44)5 17(Apr 46)3 l(Sept 41)7 2(Dec 41)17 12(Jan 45)5 36(Fall 51)17-18 . 6(Dec 42)3-4 12 (Jan 45)4 22(Fall 47)15 33(Fall-Wtr 50)22 22(Fall 47)15 22(Fall 47)15 35(Sum 51)23: 35(Sum 51)22-23 153a. The Sea Serpent; poem. Speaking Tour (Alan Crawley); review mention. Speaking Tour (Alan Crawley); review mention. A Special Notice; editorial note with Alan Crawley. The Stone; poem. Theae are the Boys; poem. Waken to Snowlight; poem. MACPHERSON, JAY Award announcement. biographical note. biographical note. The Comforted; poem. The Comforter; poem. Concert; poem. The 111 Wind; poem. Met amorphosis; poem. Objective Correlative: Poor Child; poem. The Oracular Head;.poem. Ordinary People in the Last Days; poem. Seascape; poem. Seasons; poem. A Sentimental Journey;, poem. The Third Eye; poem. Machine; poem. Louis Dudek. Mad Moon; poem. Louis. Dudek. Madame Moth; poem. James Reaney. Magician; poem. Mario Prizek. MALLORY, STEPHEN biographical note. Immortality; poem. The Map; poem. P.K.. Page. March; poem. Ian Clark.. March, April, June; poem. Anne Wilkinson. March Catalogue; poem. Geoffrey Drayton. MARRIOTT, ANNE biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. Cities (with Barbara. Pentland) ; song;. award announcement. Communication to a Friend; poem. Cripple Creek; poem. Holiday Journal;.poem. How can one careless check not hours; poem. Meeting; poem. Portrait; poem. 36(Fall 51)16-17 18(July 46)16 19(Oct 46)19-20 39(Fall-Wtr 52)1 29(Fall 49)6-7 11(July 44)4 20(Spr 47)10 28(Sum 49)2 27 (Wtr-Spr- 48-49)24 38(Sum 52)24 33(.Fall-Wtr.50) 15 33(Fall-Wtr 50)15 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)8 38(Sum 52)17 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)22 27(.Wtr-Spr 48-49)8 38(Sum 52)17 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)7 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)10 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)10 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)9 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)22 7(Mar 43)9 23(Wtr 47-48)6 26(Fall 48)9-10 33(Fall-Wtr 50)11 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)24 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)6 31(Spr 50)7-8 38(Sum 52)14 36(Fall 51)9 30(Wtr 49-50)16 4(June 42)17 7(Mar 43)16 20(Spr 47)19 24(Spr 48)22 33(Fall-Wtr 50)23 24(Spr 48)24 20(Spr 47)14 4(June 42)9 33(Fall-Wtr 50)16-21 12(Jan 45)9-10 7(Mar 43)14 12(Jan 45)9 154 Prayer of the Disillusioned; poem. Prince George, Janurary 1951; poem. Old Maid; poem. Ottawa Payday, 1945; poem. Rest Room; poem. REVIEWS Call My People Home (Dorothy Livesay). The Flute and Other Poems (Katherine Hale); review-mention. The Treasures of the Snow (Arthur S. Bourinto);.review mention.. Salt Marsh; review. Dorothy Livesay. Sandstone; poem. Squamish, May 1951; poem. The Waiting Room: Spring;-poem.. Matin in the Modern Mode; poem. J.K. Heath MAURA, SISTER Rhythm Poems; review mention. Alan Crawley. Meditation Upon Blackstone; poem. Paul Halley. Meditation Upon Survival; poem. A.M. Klein. Meeting; poem. Anne Marriott. Meeting; poem. P.K. Page. The Meeting of the Waters; poem. Louis Dudek. The Memorial Hall, Ridley College, December 1950; poem. Terence Cronyn. Men Over Forty; poem. L.A. Mackay. Messianic; poem. Phyllis Webb. Metamorphis; poem. Jay Macpherson. Mi Darling Has Snowflaek; poem. Tom Farley. Midsummer, Adirondacks; poem. Louis Dudek. Migration; poem. P.K. Page. Minor Mode; poem. Florence Westacott. Miss Newport's Letters; poem. James Reaney. Modern Man; poem. A.E... Johnson. Momism (After the ballad, Lord-Randall, My Son); poem. Anne Wilkinson. Monsieur Gaston; poem. A.M. Klein. Morning; poem. Louis Dudek. Morning, Noon and Night; poem. P,K. Page. Morning of the Crucifixion April 23 1943; poem. Donald Stewart. Morning of the Resurrection; poem. Donald Stewart. l(Sept 41)13 36(Fall 51)20 24(Spr 48)5 24(Spr 48)5 4(June 42)10 34(Spr 51)18-20 . 34(Spr 51)18 34(Spr 51)18 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 4(June 42)8-9 36(Fall 51)20 24(Spr 48)4 29(Fall 49)9 11(July 44)15 8(June-Sept 43)6-7 32(Sum 50)9-10 7(Mar 43)14 25(Sum 48)12 23(Wtr 47-48)4 34(Spr 51)11 20 (Spr 47)9 29(Fall-Wtr 52)18-19 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)22 . 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)11 14(July 45)11 35(Sum 51)9 18(July 46)13 18(July 46)11-12 38(Sum 52)16 22(Fall 47)9-10 22(Fall 47)5 7 (Mar 43)11 19(Oct 46)3 8(June-Sept 43)12 16 (Jan 46)15 155 Mt. Hotham Chalet: Australian Alps; poem. Harry Roskolenko. 13(Apr 45)12 Mountaineer; poem..Floris Clark McLaren. 25(Sum48)6 Musa Dagh; poem. Gilean Douglas. 16(Jan 46)7-8 The Muses Gallery; poem. David Stacton. 38(Sum 52)22 The Mutability of Taste; poem. David Stacton.. 38(Sum 52)22 My Probable Craft; poem. Leon Thurston Smith. . 39(Fall-Wtr 52)20-21 A Mystic of the. Air Age; poem. George Johnston. 39(Fall-Wtr 52)20 Mystics; poem. P.K. Page. 25(Sum 48)11-12 N Narcissus; poem. A.J.M. Smith. Narcissus Speaks with Himself Firmly; poem. David. Stacton.. . _ . The Nesting Bird; poem. Girsha Gowing. Never the Easy Answer;, poem. Floris Clark McLaren. Never will I possess; poem. Patrick Waddington. New British Poets (Kenneth Rexroth,ed.); review. George Woodcock. New Brunswick (from TransCanada); poem. Earle Birney. New Snow; poem. Phyllis Webb. New Tie; poem.. Edwin.-.D....Baker. . New Writing in Europe (John Lehman) ;. review. Alan Crawley. NEWTON, NORMAN biographical note. Introduction to an Arthurian Epic; poem. On Hearing a Saraband of Corelli; poem. The Puzzle; poem. Sestina: the Cave; poem. NICHOLS, RUBY After Bataan; poem. : . biographical.note. Night; poem. Louis Dudek. Night hides, beneath its skies; poem. Myron Galloway. Night Scene; poem. Louis Dudek.. Night's soft armour welds me; poem. Dorothy Livesay. Nightshade; poem. David Stacton. Nightwatch; poem. Nathan Ralph. . . No Fathoming; poem. Marcia Harris No Lock*, No Light; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. 36(Fall 51)21-22 30(Wtr 49-50)12 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)14 11(July 44)5 18(July 46)7 30(Wtr 49-50)19-22 21(Sum 47)6 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)12-13 26(Fall 48)13 5(Sept 42)15-16 30(Wtr 49-5.0)23 30(Wtr 49-50)15 30(Wtr 49-50)14 30(Wtr 49-50)14 35 (Sum 51)14-15 21(Sum 47)14 21(Sum 47)20 7 (Mar 43)10 13(Apr 45)11 7(Mar 43)11 5(Sept 42)7-8 30(Wtr 49-50)11 14(July 45)14 17(Apr 46)14 l(Sept 41)7 156 No Man Liveth to Himself; poem. Caroline D'Aguilar Henderson. . No More the Slow Stream; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. NOBLE, WILLIAM biographical note. Song of the Vertical Men; poem. ... . Nocturne; poem. .Earle Birney. Nocturne for a Boy; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. North Country; poem. Irving Layton. Northern Review; periodical; review mention. Northern Spring; poem. J.K. Heath. Not a l l the Perfumes of Arabia; poem. A.M. Klein. Not to be Broken by Pity; poem. Kay Smith. Note for the New Year; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. Notes on Contributors: see individual authors 'biographical note.' Now, in the revolution of.. the. mind; poem. Myron Galloway.. Now Is Time (Earle Birney);.review. Alan Crawley. 0 0 beat my heart of. love;, poem. Ralph Gustafson. 0 God! 0 Montreal; poem. A.M. Klein. 0 he has left this century far behind; poem. Roy Daniells. Objective Correlative; Poor Child; poem. Jay Macpherson. Of Time And The Lover (James Wreford); review. Dorothy Livesay. Old Dog Trait An Extended. Analysis;, review article (of Northop Frye's . . Canada and Its Poetry). John Sutherland. Old Maid; poem. Anne Marriott. On Hearing a Saraband of Corelli; poem. Norman Newton. On Some Canadian Verse; poem. Doris Feme. On the Death of Ghandi; poem. F.R. Scott. Or Hold Your Peace;.poem. Anne Wilkinson. The Oracular Head; poem. Jay Macpherson. The Oracular Portcullis; poem. James Reaney. 21(Sum 47)14 2 (Dec 41)17 33(Fall-Wtr 50)23 33(Fall-Wtr 50)3-7 4(June 42)14 17(Apr 46)3 24(Spr 48)6 30(Wtr 49-50)24 29(Fall 49)10 8(June-Sept 43)4-5 7(Mar 43)5-6 12(Jan 45)5 13(Apr 45)10 17(Apr 46)17-18 2(Dec 41)7 22(Fall 47)4 30(Wtr 49-50)11 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)8 34(Spr 51)21-24 29(Fall 49)17-23 24(Spr 48)5 30(Wtr 49-50)14 4(June 42)15 36(Fall 51)10 35(Sum 51)20-21 38(Sum 52)17 18(July 46)11 157 Orchids; poem. Anne Wilkinson. 22(Fall 47)10 Ordinary people.in the.Last Days; poem. Jay Macpherson. 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)7 The Orphan Animals; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)22 Orpheus and Eurydice; poem. Wilfred Watson. 35(Sum 51)5 Osprey; poem. R.A.D. Ford. l2(Jan 45)10-11 Other Canadians (John Sutherland); review. Alan Crawley. 21(Sum 47)18-19 Ottawa Payday, 1945; poem. Anne Wilkinson. 24(Spr 48)5 Outcasts; poem. P.K.. Page. 16(Jan 46)6-7 Outside and In; poem. Patrick Waddington.. 9(Jan 44)10 The Owl; poem. Amelia Wensley. 3(Mar 42)4-5 Pacific Afternoon; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. 36(Fall 51)17-18 A Packet of Poems; poem. Louis Dudek. 34(Spr 51)9 Page One; poem.. Dorothy Livesay. 20(Spr 47)3-5 PAGE, P.K. As Ten As Twenty; review. Alan Crawley. 19(Oct 46)17-18 Average; poem. 10(Apr 44)12 Bertram Warr Memorial Award; winner. 20(Spr 47)18 biographical note. 4(June 42)17 biographical note. 13(Apr 45)16 biographical note. 16(Jan 46)16'. biographical note.. 36(Fall 51)2'4 Blackout; poem. 2(Dec 41)16 The Crow; poem. l(Sept 41)14 Ecce Homo; poem. l(Sept 41)5-6 Elegy; poem. 39(Fall-Wtr 52)12 The Event; poem. 39(Fall-Wtr 52)14-15 His Dream; poem. 31(Spr 50)5 If It Were You; poem. 16(Jan 46)3-5 Incubus; poem. 39(Fall-Wtr 52)13-14 Look, look, he took me straight; poem. 36(Fall 51)7 The Map; poem. 31(Spr 50)7-8 Meeting; poem. 25(Sum 48)12 Migration; poem. 35(Sum 51)9. Morning, Noon and Night;, poem. 19(0ct 46)3 Mystics; poem. 25(Sum 48)11-12 Outcasts; poem. 16(Jan 46)6-7 . The Permanent Tourists; poem. 25(Sum 48)10-11 The Photograph; poem. 35(Sum 51)13-14, Photographs of a Salt-Mine; poem. . ,. . 35 (Sum 51)9-11 Piece for a Formal Garden; poem.. 19(0ct 46)5 Portrait of Marina; poem. 35(Sum 51)11-13 -Probationer; poem. 31(Spr 50)6-7 158 Puppets; poem. Round Trip; poem. Sailor; poem. Schizophrenic; poem. Squatters, 1946; poem. Summer; poem. The Traveller;, poem. The Verandah; poem.. Virgin; poem. The Pale Jesus of the Intellectual Shroud and the Four Age Places; poem. Alfred G. Bailey. Paper Flowers; poem. Elizabeth.Brewster. Paschal Lamb ; _poem.., Doris :;Eerrie...... Paschal Lamb and Other Poems (Doris. Feme) ; review. Alan Crawley. Pastoral; poem. Anne Wilkinson. Pastoral; poem. James Wreford. The Pattern Set; poem. Gilean Douglas. PENTLAND, BARBARA Cities (with Anne Marriott) ; song; award announcement... . The Permanent Tourists; poem..P.K. Page. PERRY, M. EUGENIE Hearing a Far Call; review mention. Dorothy Livesay. Tanager; poem. Personal Landscape...TKeeLabyrinth; poem. Mario Prizek.. - -Personal Landscape - The Sickness; poem. Mario Prizeki Personal Landscape...The Suicide; poem. Mario Prizek. Perspective; poem. James McD.ermo.tt.. The Phoenix; poem..Audrey Alexandra Brown. The Potograph; poem. P.K. Page Photographs of a Salt Mine; poem. P.K. Page. Picture in Life; poem. F.R. Scott. Piece for a Formal Garden;. poem.. P.K..Page. Pilgrimage; poem. Margaret Crosland. Pink and White-Hollyhocks.; poem. James Reaney.. Pipes of Pan (Bliss Carman); review. L.A. Mackay The pity of war; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. Pity the Moth; poem. William Porritt. Platonic Love; poem. James Reaney. Plaza Piece; poem. James McDermo.tt. . . . Pleasure and Memory. Compared With Hope; poem. Robert Finch. 21(Sum 47)8-9 13(Apr 45)3-7 19(Oct 46)4 10(Apr 44)11 19(Oct 46)6 31(Spr 50)3 6 (Dec 42)7-9 31(Spr 50)4-5 19(Oct 46)5 32(Sum 50)13-14 34(Spr 51)12.. . 10 (Apr 44)3.-5 20(Spr 47)17 22(Fall 47)10-11 17(Apr 46)9-11 8(June-Sept 43)11 24(Spr 48)24 25(Sum 48)10-11 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 12(Jan 45)6 35(Sum 51)7 33(Fall-Wtr 50)11-12 35(Sum 51)7-8 7(Mar 43)12-13 . 2 (Dec 41)3-5 35(Sum 41)13-14 35(Sum 51)9-11 32(Sum 50) 10 19(Oct 46)5 15(Oct 45)9 21 (Sum 47)10 6(Dec 42)13-14 6(Dec 42)3-4 13(Apr 45)14 30(Wtr 49-50)5-6 9 (Jan 44)11-12 . 3(Mar 42)5 159 Ploughing Pastures; poem. George Woodcock. Plummet; poem. J. Colombson. PM; periodical; review mention. Poem for an Echo; poem. Margaret Crosland. A Poem for My Professor; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. Poem for My Twenty-ninth Year; poem. Raymond Souster. Poem; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. Poem for the Times;'poem. Ralph Gustafson. Poem on Canada (Patrick Anderson); review mention. Alan Crawley Poem: To M.E.; poem. Patrick Waddington. Poems about an Alderman; poem. George Johnston. Poems For People (Dorothy Livesay; award announcement.. Poems For People (Dorothy Livesay); review. Alan Crawley. Poet; poem. Phyllis Webb. The Poet\u00E2\u0080\u0094a Character Sketch; poem. Mary Horton. The Poet Speaks His Song; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. A Poet-is-Eye View; poem. Anne Wilkinson. Poetry And The Modern World (David Daiches); review. Alan Crawley. Poetry Awards, 1950; review mention. Poetry Commonwealth; periodical; review mention. Alan Crawley. The Poetry of Dorothy Livesay; critical article. Robert Weaver. The poignance of a quarrel; poem. Malcolm Lowry. Poison Pen Points; poem. Leo Kennedy. POLSON, PHILIPPA biographical note. What's Evolution Coming To!; poem. PORRITT, WILLIAM biographical note. Fragment; poem. Last Song; poem. Pity the Moth; poem. Portrait; poem. Anne Marriott. Portrait; poem. L.A. Mackay. Portrait; poem. Ralph Gustafson. Portrait of Marina; poem. P.K. Page. POUND, EZRA An Examination of Ezra Pound (Peter Russell,ed.); review mention. A Visit to Ezra Pound; critical article; Louis Dudek. 30(Wtr 49-50)9-10 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)18 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)28 15(Oct 45)11 29(Fall 49)13-14 32(Sum 50)16-19 12(Jan 45)4 29 (Fall 49)3 11(July 44)15-16 12(Jan 45)6 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)7-8 24(Spr 48)24 21(Sum 47)15-17 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)13 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)19 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)15 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)13-14 5(Sept 42)15-16 33(Fall-Wtr 50)24 23(Wtr 47-48)23 26(Fall 48)18-22 21(Sum 47)5 2(Dec 41)18-19 39(Fall-Wtr 52)28 39(Fall-Wtr 52)22 13(Apr 45)16 6(Dec 42)12 6(Dec 42)12 13(Apr 45)14 12(Jan 45)9 38(Sum 52)15 29(Fall 49)5 35(Sum 51)11-13 34(Spr 51)24 32(Sum 50)20-23 160 Prairie; poem. Miriam Waddington. PRATT, E.J. biographical note. Cycles; poem. Prayer of the Disillusioned; poem. Anne Marriott. Preference: a sequence of Unrelated Thoughts; poem. Carol Cassidy. Prelude; poem. G.N. Bates. Prelude; poem. Ralph Gustafson. Prince George, January 1951; poem. Anne Marriott. PRIZEK, MARIO biographical note. Magician; poem. Personal Landscape...The Labyrinth; poem. Personal Landscape - The Sickness; poem. Personal Landscape...The Suicide; poem. Probationer; poem. P.K. Page. Problems; poem. Miriam Waddington. Proposal for Integration toward a Common End; poem. Miriam Waddington. Puppets; poem. P.K. Page. The Puritan; poem. Anne Wilkinson. The Puzzle; poem. Norman Newton. 10(Apr 44)9-10 36(Fall 51)25 36(Fall 51)8-9 l(Sept 41)13 2 (Dec 41)15 34(Spr 51)6-7 2 (Dec 41)6 36(Fall 51)20 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 33(Fall-Wtr 50)23 33(Fall-Wtr 50)11 35(Sum 51)7 33(Fall-Wtr 50)11-12 35 (Sum 51)7-8 31(Spr 50)6-7 12 (Jan 45)12 7(Mar 43)8-9 21(Sum 47)8-9 19(Oct 46)13-14 30(Wtr 49-50)14 The Queen of Tarts; poem.. Wilfred Watson. Queer Poem; poem. Irving Layton. Question for a Woodsman; poem. Charles Bruce. 38(Sum 52)18-19 24(Spr 48)7 18(july 46)13 R Rage's Transporation; poem. James McDermott. A Rain Washes Us; poem. Louis Dudek. RALPH, NATHAN biographical note. Fin de Travail; poem. Hy'a Pal; poem. Nightwatch; poem. The Six O'clock Car; poem. You Were Not Meant for War; poem. A Wintry Afternoon; poem. The Rape of the Somnambulist; poem. James Reaney. Raymond Knister: Collected Poems With a Memoir (Dorothy Livesay, ed.); review. Alan Crawley, 9(Jan 44)12 23(Wtr 47-48)5 4(June 4(June 4(June 14(July 4(June 14(July 4(June 42)17 42)11-12 42)11 45)14 42)12-13 45)13-14 42)13 23(Wtr 47-48)9-10 31(Spr 50)20-22 161 Razor-Edge; poem. J.K. Heath. REANEY, JAMES Award announcement. biographical note. biographical note Childhood Musette; poem. Childhood Sunday; poem. The Death of the Poet; poem. Gunpowder Plot; poem. The Heart and the Sun; poem. The KKSGzenjammer Kids; poem. Lake Ontario; poem. Madame Moth; poem. Miss Newport's Letters; poem. Notes and Observations: Reaney, Dudek and Souster; critical article. Alan Crawley. The Oracular Portcullis; poem. Pink and White Hollyhocks; poem. Platonic Love; poem. The Rape of the Somnambulist; poem. The Red Heart; review. Alan Crawley. The School-Globe; poem. A Song for the Suns; poem. Wicked Streets; poem. Winter's Tales; poem. The Red Heart (James Reaney); review. Alan Crawley. The red landscape enfolds us; poem. R.A.D. Ford. Rehabilitation; poem. Girsha Gowing. Rend Your Heart and not Your Garments; poem. L.A. Mackay. Rest Room; poem. Anne Marriott. Restricted; poem. Miriam Waddington. Resurrection; poem. Margaret R. Gould. Return; poem. Margaret Sullivan. Revenge of the Hunted; poem. R.A.D. Ford. REVIEWS Anthology of Canadian Poetry (Ralph Gustafson,ed.). Alan Crawley. Arena; periodical; review mention. As Ten As Twenty (P.K. Page). Alan Crawley. Birds Before Dawn (Evelyn Eaton); review mention. Dorothy Livesay. The Book of Canadian Poetry (A.J.M. Smith,ed.). Alan Crawley The Book of Canadian Poetry; rev. ed. (A.J.M. Smith,ed.). Alan Crawley. Border River (A.G. Bailey). Alan Crawley. Call My People Home (Dorothy Livesay). Anne Marriott. 36(Fall 51)23 28(Sum 49)2 18(july 46)16 30(Wtr 49-50)23 23(Wtr 47-48)12 18(July 46)9-10 21(Sum 47)10-11 35(Sum 51)17 23(Wtr 47-48)11-12 23(Wtr 47-48)13 26(Fall 48)10 26(Fall 48)9-10 18(July 46)11-12 23(Wtr 47-48)18-22 18(July 46)11 21(Sum 47)10 30(Wtr 49-50)5-6 23(Wtr 47-48)9-10 31(Spr 50)22-25 20(Spr 47)13 26(Fall 48)9 18(July 46)12 30(Wtr 49-50)3-5 31(Spr 50)22-25 25(Sum 48)3 17(Apr 46)15-16 8(June-Sept 43)10 4(June 42)10 37 (Wtr-Spr 51-52)10-11 21(Sum 47)12 5(Sept 42)14 14(July 45)12-13 5(Sept 42)15-16 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)28 19(Oct 46)17-18 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 9(Jan 44)15-16 25(Sum 48)21-23 39(Fall-Wtr 52)25-26 34(Spr 51)18-20 162 Call My People Home (Dorothy Livesay); CBC production; review mention. Alan Crawley. Canada and Its Poetry (Northrop Frye). John Sutherland. Canadian Accent (Ralph Gustafson,ed.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. Canadian Poems 1850-1952 (Louis Dudek and Irving Lay ton, eds .).. Alan Crawley. The Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats. Floris Clark McLaren. Contact; periodical; review.mention. Counterpoint To Sleep (Anne Wilkinson). Dorothy Livesay. David and Other Poems (Earle Birney). Alan Crawley. Day and Night (Dorothy Livesay). L.A. Mackay. Deeper Into the Forest (Roy Daniells). Alan Crawley. An Examination of Ezra Pound (Peter Russell,ed.); review mention. Flight Into Darkness (Ralph Gustafson). Dorothy Livesay. The Flute and Other Poems (Katherine Hale); review mention. Anne Marriott. Footnote To the Lord's Prayer (Kay Smith). Dorothy Livesay. For This Freedom Too (Mary Elizabeth Colman); review mention. Dorothy Livesay. Green World (Miriam-Waddington). Alan Crawley. Hearing a Far Call (M. Eugenie Perry); review mention. Dorothy Livesay. Here and Now; periodical; review mention. Alan Crawley. . Here and Now; periodical; review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. I, .Jones, Soldier (Joseph Schull); review mention. Alan Crawley. The Ill-Tempered Lover (L.A. Mackay). Dorothy Livesay. Journal of the Canadian Association for Adult Education; periodical;, review mention. The Little Magazine (Frederick Hoffman, Charles Allen and Caroline Ulrich,eds.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. New British Poets (Kenneth Rexroth,ed.). George Woodcock. 28(Sum 49)23-24 29(Fall 49)17-23 22(Fall 47)15 39(Fall-Wtr 52)23-24 33(Fall-Wtr 50)22 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)28 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)23-26 6(Dec 42)14-15 10(Apr 44)15-16 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)21-23 34(Spr 51)24 14(July 45)15-16 34(Spr 51)18 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)23-26 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 17(Apr 46)18-19 8(june-Sept 43)13-14 23(Wtr 47-48)23 22(Fall 47)15 11(July 44)15 24(Spr 48)21-22 31(Spr 50)25 22(Fall 47)15 30(Wtr 49-50)19-22 163 New Writing In Europe (John Lehmann). Alan Crawley. Northern Review; periodical; review mention. Now Is Time (Earle Birney). Alan Crawley. Of Time and the Lover (James Wreford). Dorothy Livesay.. Other Canadians (John Sutherland,ed.). Alan Crawley. Paschal Lamb and Other Poems (Doris Feme) . Alan Crawley. Pipes of Pan (Bliss Carman). L.A. Mackay. PM; periodical; review mention. Poems for People (Dorothy Livesay). Alan Crawley. Poetry and the Modem World (David Daiches) . Alan Crawley. Poetry Awards, 1950; review mention. Poetry Commonwealth; periodical; review mention. Alan Crawley. Raymond Knister: Collected Poems With a Memoir (Dorothy LLivesay,ed.). Alan Crawley. The Red Heart (James Reaney). Alan Crawley. Rhythm Poems (Sister Maura); review mention. Alan Crawley. The Rocking Chair and Other Poems (A.M. Klein). Alan Crawley. Salt Marsh (Anne Marriott). Dorothy. Livesay. . Selected Poems of Duncan, Campbell Scott, With a Memoir (E.K. Brown); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. / The Sky Clears: Poetry of the American Indians (A. Grove Day,ed.). Floris Clark McLaren. Songs of the Western Islands (Hermia Harris Fraser); review mention. Alan Crawley. Sonnets for Youth (Frank Oliver Call); review mention. Alan. Crawley. The Strait of Anian (Earle Birney) . Alan Crawley. A Tent for April (Patrick Anderson). Alan Crawley. They Shall Build Anew (Austin Campbell); review mention. Alan Crawley. Three Meridians (Geoffrey Drayton); review mention. Anne Marriott. The Treasures of the Snow (Arthur S. Bourinot); review mention. Anne Marriott. 5(Sept 42)15-16 30(Wtr 40-50)24 17(Apr 46)17-18 34(Spr 51)21-24 21(Sum 47)18-19 20(Spr 47)17 6(Dec 42)13-14 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)28 21(Sum 47)15-17 5(Sept 42)15-16 33(Fall-Wtr 50)24 23(Wtr 47-48)23 31(Spr 50)20-22 31(Spr 50)22-25 ll(July 44)15 28(Sum 49)20-23 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 35(Sum 51)23 35(Sum 51)22-23 13(Apr 45)15 11(July 44)15 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)19-21 13(Apr 45)15-16 ll(July 44)15 34(Spr 51)18 34(Spr 51)18 164 Trial of a City and Other Verse (Earle Birney). Alan Crawley. Unit of Five (Ronald Hambleton,ed.). Alan Crawley. Voices; periodical; review mention. Alan Crawley. When We Are Young (Raymond Souster). Alan Crawley. The White Centre (Patrick Anderson). Dorothy Livesay. REXROTH, KENNETH New British Poets (ed.); review. George Woodcock. Rhythm Poems (Sister Maura) ; review siention. Alan Crawley. The River's Daughter; poem. George Woodcock. The Road; poem..Margaret Avison... The Rocking Chair and Other Poems (A.M. Klein); review. Alan Crawley. Romance is a Rock; poem. Kenneth Leslie Roots; poem. Raymond. Souster. ROSENBERGER, COLEMAN biographical note. The Goats of Juan Fernandez: Survival; poem. ROSKOLENKO, HARRY The Barge 'Nadine' biographical note, biographical note. End Voyage; poem. Mt. Hotham Chalet: Solid Figures; poem. To Henry Treece, R..-A.F. Round Trip; poem. P.K. Page. Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences; brief presented; notification of. A Rumour; poem. R.A.D. Ford. RUSSELL, PETER An Examination of Ezra Pound; review mention. a Note on poem. Australian Alps; poem. Wales; poem. 39(Fall-Wtr 52)24-25 12(Jan 45)14-16 24(Spr 48)23 17(Apr 46)19 20(Spr 47)15-17 30(Wtr 49550)19-22 ll(July 44)15 30(Wtr 49-50)10 26 (Fall 48)4 28(Sum 49)20-23 ll(July 44)6 15(Oct 45)11 17(Apr 46)20 17(Apr 46)5 3(Mar 42)14 4 (June 42)17 13(Apr 45)16 13(Apr 45)12 13(Apr 45)12 3(Mar 42)13 5(Sept 42)14-15 13(Apr 45)3-7 30(Wtr 49-50)22 12 (Jan 45)11 34(Spr 51)24 Sailor; poem. P.K. Page. Sailor's Siren; poem. J.R.G. Adams. Salmon Drowns Eagle; poem. Malcolm Lowry. Salt Marsh (Anne Marriott); review. Dorothy Livesay. The sanctity of man; poem. R.A.D. Ford, Sandstone; poem. Anne Marriott. 19(Oct 46)4 24(Spr 48)16-20 21(Sum 47)3 8(June-Sept 43)13-14 25(Sum 48)3-4 4(June 42)8-9 165 Schizophrenic; poem. P.K. Page. School of Hygiene; poem. Anne Wilkinson. The School-Globe; poem. James Reaney. Schoolteacher in Late November; poem. Irving Layton. SCHULL, JOSEPH I, Jones, Soldier; review mention. Alan Crawley. Scorched Earth; poem. Doris Feme SCOTT, DUNCAN CAMPBELL Selected Poems of DuncanCCampbell Scott, With a Memoir (E.K. Brown,ed.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. Tribute to. SCOTT, F.R. biographical note. biographical note. Command of Air; poem. Eden; poem. Last Rites; poem. On the Death of Ghandi; poem. Picture in Life; poem. Signature; poem. Three Deaths; poem. Will to Win; poem. SCOTT, GERALD The Balsam Tree; poem. biographical note. The Lighthouse: a Memory; poem. Song; poem. Sea Sequence; poem. Dorothy Livesay. The Sea Serpent; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. Sea Things; poem. Girsha Gowing. Seascape; poem. Jay Macpherson. Season Piece; poem. Clinton Williams. Seasons; poem. Jay Macpherson. Seek and Find; poem. Kay Smith. Selected Poems of Duncan Campbell Scott, With a Memoir (E.K. Brown,ed.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. A Sentimental Journey; poem. Jay Macpherson. A Separation; poem. Louis Dudek. September at English Bay; poem. Daryl Duke Sequence; poem. Lois Stockley. Sequence; poem. Raymond Souster. Serenade for Strings; poem. Dorothy Livesay. Sestina: the Cave; poem. Norman Newton. She Laughed; poem. Edwin D. Baker. Show Me a Lover and I Will Show; poem. James Wreford. 10(Apr 44)11 19(0ct 46)11 20(Spr 47)13 24(Spr 48)7 ll(July 44)15 9 (Jan 44)14 35(Sum 51)23 23(Wtr 47-48)24 26(Fall 48)23 32(Sum 50)23 26(Fall 48)8 26(Fall 48)7-8 36(Fall 51)10-11 36 (Fall 51)10 32(Sum 50)10 26(Fall 48)6 32(Sum 50)11-12 26(Fall 48)6 32(Sum 50)16 32(Sum 50)24 32(Sum 50)15 32(Sum 50)14 25(Sum 48)9-10 36(Fall 51)16-17 35(Sum 51)18 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)10 19(Oct 46)8-9 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)1 34(Spr 51)3-5 35(Sum 51)23 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)9 34(Spr 51)10 34(Spr 51)16-17 25(Sum 48)13-14 23(Wtr 47-48)14-17 5(Sept 42)3-5 35(Sum 51)14-15 26(Fall 48)11 8(june-Sept 43)7-8 166 Shutters; poem. Miriam Waddington. Signature; poem. F.R. Scott. The Six O'clock Car; poem. Nathan Ralph. Six-Day Bike Race; poem. Raymond Souster. Skeleton in the Grass; poem. Earle Birney. The Sky but not the Heart; poem. Helen Geddes. The Sky Clears: Poetry of the American Indians (A. Grove Day,ed.); review. Floris Clark McLaren. Sky Writer; poem. J. Colombson. SMITH, A.J.M. biographical note. biographical note. The Book of Canadian Poetry (ed.); review. Alan Crawley. The Book of Canadian Poetry; rev.ed.(ed.); review. Alan Crawley. Brigadier (a Chanson of Old Quebec); poem. The Face; poem. Narcissus; poem. SMITH, KAY biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. The Child on the Bridge; poem. Child's Poem. poem. Conversion; poem. Deep-Sea Diver; poem. Footnote to the Lord's Prayer; review. Dorothy Livesay. If His Dark Eye; poem. Let Us Mourn This Man; poem. Not to be Broken by Pity; poem. Seek and Find; poem. The Statue Moves; poem. Suddenly Sun; poem. This is the Time to Know; poem. To Be as Gods; poem. What the Madman Sees Looking j.n the Window; poem. When a Girl Looks Down; poem. When al l the Trees; poem. Winter Storm; poem. SMITH, LEON THURSTON biographical note. My Probable Craft; poem. Youth and Life; poem. Softly as the First Leaves Fall; poem. Raymond Souster. Solid Figures; poem. Harry Roskolenko. 5(Sept 42)12-13 26(Fall 48)6 4(June 42)12-13 13(Apr 45)8-9 14(July 45)5-6 3(Mar 42)7 35(Sum 51)22-23 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)18 4(June 42)17 36(Fall 51)25 9(Jan 44)15-16 25(Sum 48)21-23 24(Spr 48)8-9 KSept 41)11 36(Fall 51)21-22 4(June 42)17 7(Mar 43)16 34(Spr 51)24 24(Spr 48)11-12 24(Spr 48)10-11 7(Mar 43)4-5 16(Jan 46)9-11 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)23-26 2(Dec 41)14-15 31(Spr 50)13-14 7(Mar 43)5-6 34(Spr 51)3-5 34(Spr 51)5-6 39(Fall-Wtr 52)10 24(Spr 48)12-14 16(Jan 46)11-12 7(Mar 43)6-8 31(Spr 50)13 7(Mar 43)3-4 39(Fall-Wtr 52)9 39(Fall-Wtr 52)28 39(Fall-Wtr 52)20-21 39(Fall-Wtr 52)21-22 8(June-Sept 43)9 3(Mar 42)13 167 Soliloquy; poem. Donald Stewart. Soliloquy of an Invalid; poem. Percy Janes Song; poem. Gerald Scott. A Song for the Suns; poem. James Reaney. Song of the Flaming Sword; poem. Margaret Avison. Song of the Vertical Men; poem. William Noble. Songs of Enlightenment; poem. Harold Horwood,. Songs of the Western Islands (Hermia Harris Fraser); review mention. Alan Crawley. Sonnet; poem. Lois Stockley. Sonnet on an Indian Dance; poem. Ronald Hambleton. Sonnets for Youth (Frank. Oliver Call); review mention. Alan Crawley. Sophocles on the Ranch; poem. L.A. Mackay. Sorrow; poem. Miriam Waddington. SOUSTER, RAYMOND Afternoon by the Oose; poem. Bar, Harlem; poem. biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. Broadcast from a War; poem. The Dancer; poem. East End; poem. Envy; poem. The Garret; poem. The Hangers; poem. Hats; poem. Home Front; poem. Litter of the Last Rose; poem. Notes and Observations: Reaney, Dudek and Souster; critical article. Alan Crawley. Poem for My Twenty-ninth Year; poem. Roots; poem. Sequence; poem. Six-Day Bike Race; poem. Softly as the First Leaves Fall; poem. Speakers, Columbus Circle; poem. The University; poem. We had only just stepped off.the ferry; poem. When We Are Young; review. Alan Crawley. A Spanish Assassination; poem. Daryl Hine. 16(Jan 46)15 22(Fall 47)14 32(Sum 50)14 26(Fall 48)9 35(Sum 51)16 33(Fall-Wtr 50)3-7 38(Sum 52)19-22 13(Apr 45)15 25(Sum 48)14 5(Sept 42)9 11(July 44)15 38(Sum 52)16 5(Sept 42)12 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)3 19 (Oct 46)7 4(June 42)17 13(Apr 45)16 18(July 46)16 32(Sum 52)24 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)5 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)4 13(Apr 45)8 15(0ct 45)12 15(0ct 45)12 18(July 46)15 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)5-6 3(Mar 42)13 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)4 23(Wtr 47-48)18-22 32(Sum 50)16-19 15(0ct 45)11 23(Wtr 47-48)14-17 13(Apr 45)8-9 8(June-Sept 43)9 19 (Oct 46)7 18(July 46)14 13(Apr 45)9 17(Apr 46)19 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)16 168 Speakers, Columbus Circle; poem. Raymond Souster. Spring Comes to the City; poem. Rita Adams. Squamish, May 1951; poem. Anne Marriott. Squatters, 1946; poem. P.K. Page. STACTON, DAVID biographical note. biographical note. A Brief Histo-ry of Existentialist Literature; poem. Incantation; poem. The Muses Gallery; poem. The Mutability of Taste; poem. Narcissus Speaks with Himself Firmly; poem. Nightshade; poem. St. Antoine Street; poem. Miriam Waddington. St. Valentine is Past; poem. Earle Birney. Stanzas; poem. Michael Fitzgeorge Lermontov; tr. by Alexander Welkotny and C.E. L1Ami. The Statue Moves; poem. Kay Smith. STEPHEN, A.M. biographical note. I am a Voice, Alone; poem. Stepney 1941; poem. Bertram Warr. STEWART, DONALD biographical note. Lazarus...After; poem. Morning of the Crucifixion. April 23, 1943; poem. Morning of the Resurrection; poem. Soliloquy; poem. The Stopped Clock; poem. S t i l l Life; poem. Anne Wilkinson. Stillness; poem. Miriam Waddington. STOCKEY, LOIS biographicalanote. Sequence; poem. Sonnet;: poem. Stoker Tom's Ukelele; poem. Malcolm Lowry. The Stone; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. The Stooker; poem. Alvin Thiessen. The Stopped Clock; poem. Donald Stewart. STRACHAN, DORIS biographical note. I sense a shrinking motion;\" poem. The Strait of Anian (Earle Birney); review. Alan Crawley. Suddenly Sun; poem. Kay Smith. 19(Oct 46)7 10(Apr 44)12-13 36(Fall 51)20 19(Oct 46)6 30(Wtr 49-50)23 38(Sum 52)24 38(Sum 52)22 30(Wtr 49-50)13 38(Sum 52)22 38(Sum 52)22 30(Wtr 49-50)12 30(Wtr 49-50)11 31(Spr 50)17-19 36(Fall 51)6-7 22(Fall 47)13 34(Spr 51)5-6 4(June 42)17 3(Mar 42)6 15(0ct 45)5 8(June-Sept 43)16 8(June-Sept 43)12 8(June-Sept 43)12 16(Jan 46)15 16(Jan 46)15 ll(July 44)6-7 19(Oct 46)10-11 17(Apr 46)7-8 25(Sum 48)24 25(Sum 48)13-14 25(Sum 48)14 21(Sum 47)4 29(Fall 49)6-7 3(Mar 42)3 11(July 44)6-7 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)20 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)19-21 39(Fall-Wtr 52)10 169 SULLIVAN, MARGARET Return; poem. 5(Sept 42)14 Summer; poem. P.K. Page. 31(Spr 50)3 Summer Acres; poem. Anne Wilkinson. 32(Sum 50)3-4 The sun is sinking, pale and slow; poem. L.A.Mackay. 15(Oct 45)15 Sursum Corda; poem. L.A. Mackay. 38(Sum 52)15 SUTHERLAND, JOHN biographical note. 25(Sum 48)24 Canada and Its Poetry (Northrop Frye); review article. 29(Fall 49)17-23 Drowning; poem. 25(Sum 48)8 Other Canadians; review. Alan Crawley. 21(Sum 47)18-19 The Ventriloquist; poem. 25(Sum 48)7 Tanager; poem. M. Eugenie Perry. A Tent for April (Patrick Anderson); review. Alan Crawley. Terrible to be a child; poem. Dorothy Livesay. Theme and Variation II; poem.. Anne Wilkinson. Theme and Variations; poem. Anne Wilkinson. These animals that follow us in dream; poem. Malcolm Lowry. These are the Boys; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. They Shall Build Anew (Austin Campbell); review mention. Alan Crawley. THIBAUDEAU, COLLEEN Aristide Bruant au Honey Dew; poem. The Beseiged; poem. biographical note. biographical note. Blue and Yellow Boy; poem. Danse Macabre of the Canadian Spring; poem, 'gather ye'; poem. I and the image have the same centre; poem. I do not want only; poem. The Orphan Animals ; poem.-A Poem for My Professor; poem. The Poet Speaks His Song; poem. Two Contestants for One Bush; poem. THIESSEN, ALVIN biographical note. The Stooker; poem. Zones of Silence; poem. The Third Eye; poem. Jay Macpherson. 12(Jan 45)6 13(Apr 45)15-16 2(Dec 41)8 22(Fall 47)9 22(Fall 47)8 24(Spr 48)6 11(July 44)4 ll(July 44)15 35(Sum 51)16-17 24(Spr 48)15 24(Spr 48)23 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 29(Fall 49)14 24(Spr 48)15-16 24(Spr 48)14 27(Wtr-Spr 48-29)16 29(Fall 49)12 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)22 29(Fall 49)13-14 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)15 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)21 4(June 42)18 3(Mar 42)3 3(Mar 42)3 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)22 170 This evening Venus sings alone; poem. Malcolm Lowry. This Is the Time to Know; poem. Kay Smith. This Too is Thou. Neither is This Thou; poem. J. Colombson. THOMAS, DYLAN Dyland Thomas in Vancouver; report of. Floris Clark McLaren. Thomas Wolfe; poem. Percy Janes. Though Time Has Got Its Darlings; poem. James Wreford. Thoughts in a Library; poem. Jacob Hersh. Three Deaths; poem. F.R. Scott. Three Meridians (Geoffrey Drayton); review mention..Anne Marriott. Three Poems about Relationship; poem. Miriam Waddington. Three Riddles for Gillian Espinassei;:: poem. Wilfred Watson. Three Stanzas for Two Poets; poem. Marya Fiamengo. Thunderstorm; poem. L.A. Mackay. Time-Bomb; poem. Earle Birney. Time's Large Ocean; poem. Miriam Waddington. TIMMER, CHARLES.B. biographical note. Black Horse; poem. Dedication to Ezra Pound; poem. Encounter on' Armistice Day; poem. To A\u00E2\u0080\u0094, Who Brought .Tulips; poem. Wilfred Watson. To be as Gods; poem. Kay Smith. To Corinna; the Bomb Having Fallen; poem. David Knight. To Henry Treece, R.A.F.,Wales; poem. Harry Roskolenko. To Maurice, Leaving for Pasco; poem. Carol Ely Harper. To Shadbolt, with Six Quinces from Duncan; poem. Wilfred Watson To the Earth Returning; poem. James Wreford. To You, Dear Love; poem. Vic Hopwood. Totem Press, England; notification of. TRACY, NEIL What the Vinters Buy; poem. The Traveller; poem. P.K. Page. The Treasures of the Snow (Arthur S. Bourinot); review mention. Anne Marriott. 21(Sum 47)5 24(Spr 48)12-14 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)16-17 31(Spr 50)26-27 22(Fall 47)14 4(June 42)7-8 16(Jan 46)13-14 32(Sum 50)11-12 34(Spr 51)18 26(Fall 48)14-17 35(Sum 51)3-4 39(Fall-Wtr 52)17-18 6(Dec 42)6 15(0ct 45)7 17(Apr 46)8-9 29(Fall 49)24 29(Fall 49)16 29(Fall 49)15 29(Fall 49)15-16 35(Sum 51)3 16(Jan 46)11-12 34(Spr 51)13-14 5(Sept 42)14-15 17(Apr 46)12 35(Sum 51)6 10(Apr 44)7 19'(0ct 46)15 33(Fall-Wtr 50)24 9 (Jan 44)13 6(Dec 42)7-9 34(Spr 51)18 171 Tree at St. Anee de'la Pocatlere; poem. Harold Horw.ood. Trial of a City and Other Poems (Earle Birney); review. Alan Crawley. True Love Song; poem. Gilean Douglas. Trying to Forget the War; poem. H.A.V. Green. Twenty-seven Lullabies Needed for One Sleep; poem. Norman Levine. Two Contestants for One Bush; poem. Colleen Thibaudeau. Two Letters; poem. Dorothy Livesay. Two Songs for Departure; poem. James Wreford. 33(Fall-Wtr 50)10 39(Fall-Wtr 52)24-25 8(June-Sept 43)11 2(Dec 41)9-11 33(Fall-Wtr 50)14 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)21 11(July 44)3-4 10(Apr 44)8 U ULRICH, CAROLINE The Little Magazine (with Ferderick Hoffman and Charles Allen,eds.); review mention. Floris Clark McLaren. 22(Fall 47)15 Ulysses; poem. Earle Birney. 21(Sum 47)7 Unheeding in despair; poem. R.A.D. Ford. 25(Sum 48)5 Unit of Five (Ronald Hambleton,ed.); review. Alan Crawley. 12(Jan 45)14-16 The University; poem. Raymond Souster. 18(July 46)14 Untimely Tract for an Intractable Time; poem. L.A. Mackay. 11(July 44)15 Unto the Hills; poem. Clara Hopper. 13(Apr 45)13 Upright; poem. Louise DeVick. 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)19 V V-J Day; poem. Dorothy Livesay. 20(Spr 47)6 The Valley of Weeping; poem. Jacob Hersh. 16(Jan 46)12 Vancouver; poem. Dorothy Livesay. 31(Spr 50)15-16 The Ventriloquist; poem. John Sutherland. 25(Sum 48)7 The Verandah; poem. P.K. Page. 31(Spr 50)4-5 Virgin; poem. P.K. Page. 19(Oct 46)5 A Visit to Ezra Pound; critical article. Louis Dudek. 32(Sum 50)20-23 VIVIEN, GEOFFREY Autumn Events at the Chateau; poem. 25(Sum 48)15-16 biographical note. 25(Sum 48)21 The Deserted Bay; poem. 25(Sum 48)16 Lunch-Hour in Rockcliffe Park; poem. 25(Sum 48)17 Voices; periodical; review mention. Alan Crawley. 24(Spr 48)23 W WADDINGTON, MIRIAM Adagio; poem. 15(Oct 45)14 172 biographical note, biographical note. The Bond; poem. Catalpa; poem. Circles; poem. Contemporary; poem. For My Teacher; poem. Fragments from Autobiography; poem. GreGr.ee'nrWdrld; review. Alan Crawley. Heart Cast Out; poem. I Love My Love with an S...; poem. Immigrant, Second Generation; poem. In the Park; poem. Ladies; poem. Prairie; poem. Problems; poem. Proposal for Integration toward a Common End; poem. Restricted; poem. St. Antoine Street; poem. Shutters; poem. Sorrow; poem. Stillness; poem. Three Poems about Relationship; poem. Time's Large Ocean; poem. Where; poem. Worlds; poem. WADDINGTON, PATRICK Against this Time; poem. biographical note. biographical note. The Destroyers; poem. In-Break; poem. Never will I possess; poem. Outside and In; poem. Poem; to M.E.; poem. The Waiting Room; poem. Anne Marriott. The Waitress; poem. F. Zieman. Waken to Snowlight; poem. Floris Clark McLaren. WALTON, GEORGE Admonishment; poem. biographical note. Canine Critic; poem. War Winter; poem. Earle Birney. WARR, BERTRAM Bertram Warr; critical article. Alan Crawley. Bertram Warr Memorial Award; notification of. Bertram Warr Memorial Award; winners. Death of an Elephant; poem. The Heart to Carry On; poem. Stepney 1941; poem. Winter Stalks; poem. 4(June 42)18 15(0ct 45)19 3(Mar 42)10-11 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)9-13 12(Jan 45)13 5(Sept 42)13 17(Apr 46)6-7 10(Apr 44)10 17(Apr 46)18-19 15(Oct 45)13 7(Mar 43)8 3(Mar 42)12 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)9 3(Mar 42)12 10(Apr 44)9-10 12(Jan 45)12 7(Mar 43)8-9 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)10-11 31(Spr 50)17-19 5(Sept 42)12-13 5(Sept 42)12 17(Apr 46)7-8 26(Fall 48)14-17 17(Apr 46)8-9 12(Jan 45)12 31(Spr 50)16-17 7(Mar 43)15 7(Mar 43)16 18(July 46)16 7(Mar 43)15 18(July 46)6-7 18(July 46)7 9(Jan 44)10 12(Jan 45)6 24(Spr 48)4 20(Spr 47)12 29(Spr 47)10 39(Fall-Wtr 52)11 39(Fall-Wtr 52)28 39(Fall-Wtr 52)11 4(June 42)14 15(0ct 45)16-19 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 15(0ct 45)1 20(Spr 47)18 15(0ct 45)4 15(0ct 45)4 15(0ct 45)5 15(0ct 45)3 173 WATSON, WILFRED biographical note. Emily Carr; poem. Litter; poem. Orpheus and Eurydice; poem. The Queen of Tarts; poem. Three Riddles for Gillian Espinasses; poem. To A\u00E2\u0080\u0094, Who Brought Tulips; poem. To Shadbolt, with Six Quinces from Duncan; poem. We had only just stepped off the ferry; poem. Raymond Souster. WEAVER, ROBERT biographical note. Contemporary Verse; critical article; review mention. The Poetry of Dorothy Livesay; critical article. WEBB, PHYLLIS biographical note. Chung Yung; poem. Dust into Dust; poem. Messianic; poem. New Snow; poem. Poet; poem. WELKOTNY,'ALEXANDER and CE. L'AMI Dark Eyes (Michael Fitzgeorge Lermontov); poem; tr. Stanzas (Michael Fitzgeorge Lermontov); poem; tr. WENSLEY, AMELIA biographical note. The Owl; poem. Woman Knitting; poem. West Coast; poem. Dorothy Livesay. WESTACOTT, FLORENCE biographical note. Minor Mode; poem. What the Madman Sees Lookingin the Window; poem. Kay Smith. What the Vinters Buy; poem. Neil Tracy. What's Evolution Coming to!; poem. Philippa Poison. When a Girl Looks Down; poem. Kay Smith. When al l the Trees; poem. Kay Smith. When Going Back to Past Places; poem. Edwin D. Baker. When the house snaps out its lights; poem. Dorothy Livesay. When We Are Young (Raymond Souster); review. Alan Crawley. Where; poem. Miriam Waddington. 35 (Sum 51)24 35 (Sum 51)5 35(Sum 51)6 35(Sum 51)5 38 (Sum 52)18-19 35(Sum 51)3-4 35(Sum 51)3 35(Sum 51)6 13(Apr 45)9 26(Fall 48)23 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 26(Fall 48)18-22 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)27 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)14 39(Fall-Wtr 52)19 39(Fall-Wtr 52)18-19 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)12-13 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)13 22(Fall 47)13 22(Fall 47)13 4(June 42)18 3(Mar 42)4-5 3(Mar 42)4 9 (Jan 44)3-10 18(July 46)16 18(July 46)13 7(Mar 43)6-8 9(Jan 44)13 39(Fall-Wtr 52)22 31(Spr 50)13 7(Mar 43)3-4 26(Fall 48)11 2(Dec 41)8 17(Apr 46)19 12(Jan 45)12 174 The White Centre (Patrick Anderson); review. Dorothy Livesay. Wicked Streets; poem. Wild Horses; poem. R.A.D. Ford. WILKINSON, ANNE Adam and God: Through the Looking-Glass ; poem. After Reading Kafka; poem. Amphibian Shores ; poem. La Belle Dame Sans Dormi; poem, biographical note, biographical note, biographical note. Counterpoint to Sleep; review. Dorothy Livesay. Epitaph; poem. A Folk Tale: With a Warning to Lovers; poem. How Can Words; poem. I'm stiff with sleep; poem. I've Come to Say Au'voir; poem. I live in only one of innumerable rooms; poem. If I could cut out hate; poem. If I Could Stop the Clock; poem. Invasion Spring; poem. Letter to My Children; poem. March, April, June; poem. Momism (After the Ballad, Lord Randal, My Son); poem. Or Hold Your Peace; poem. Orchids, poem. Pastoral; poem. A Poet's-Eye View; poem. The Puritan; poem. School of Hygiene; poem. S t i l l Life; poem. Summer Acres; poem. Theme and Variation II; poem. Theme and Variations; poem. Winter Sketch, Rockcliffe, Ottawa; poem. Will to Win; poem. F.R. Scott. WILLIAMS, CLINTON biographical note. Season Piece; poem. The Wings of a Dove; poem. L.A. Mackay. Winter and the River; poem. Daryl Hine. The Winter Edge of Rain; poem. Orian DePledge. Winter Sketch, Rockcliffe, Ottawa; poem. Anne Wilkinson. Winter Solstice; poem. J.K. Heath. Winter Stalks; poem. Bertram Warr. Winter Storm; poem. Kay Smith. 20(Spr 47)15-17 18(July 46)12 14(July 45)12 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)13 25(Sum 48)18-20 22(Fall 47)11-12 18(July 46)8 18(July 46)16 35(Sum 51)24 36(Fall 51)25-26 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)23-26 18(July 46)8 32(Sum 50)6-8 19(Oct 46)13 19 (Oct 46)10 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)12 35(Sum 51)18-20 19(Oct 46)11 19(Oct 46)12 19(Oct 46)12 39 (Fall-Wtr 52)4-9 36(Fall 51)9 22(Fall 47)9-10 35(Sum 51)20-21 22(Fall 47)10 22(Fall 47)10-11 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)13-14 19(Oct 46)13-14 19(Oct 46)11 19(0ct 46)10-11 32(Sum 50)3-4 22(Fall 47)9 22(Fall 47)8 32(Sum 50)4-5 26(Fall 48)6 19(Oct 46)19 19(Oct 46)8-9 36(Fall 51)19 37(Wtr-Spr 51-52)15-16 16 (Jan 46)8 32(Sum 50)4-5 31(Spr 50)11 15 (Oct 45)3 39(Fall-Wtr 52)9 175 Winter's Tales; poem. James Reaney. A Wintry Afternoon; poem. Nathan Ralph. Within these Caverned Days; poem. Earle Birney. Woman Knitting; poem. Amelia Wensley. WOODCOCK, GEORGE biographical note. The Hero; poem. The King's Grave; poem. Ploughing Pastures; poem. New British Poets (Kenneth Rexroth,ed.); review. The River's Daughter; poem. Woodcut in Colour; poem. Gordon LeClaire; Words, Words, Words; poem. Louis Dudek. World Conference; poem. Earle Birney. Worlds; poem. Miriam Waddington. Wotai Bee; poem. Louis Dudek. WREFORD, JAMES biographical note. biographical note. biographical note. Coker Conversation; poem. A Complaint of Time; poem. Darling, let the darkening air; poem. Early Willows; poem. Forever remain now; poem. The frog-loud fields; poem. The Heads and Tails of Love; poem. I stand at the frontier; poem. Identity; poem. Kirkland Lake; poem. Longing for the lying together; poem. Love Has a Way; poem. Of Time and the Lover; review. Dorothy Lives ay. Pastoral; poem. Show Me a Lover and I Will Show; poem. Though Time Has Got Its Darlings ; poem. To the Earth Returning; poem. Two Songs for Departure; poem. 30(Wtr 49-50)3-5 4(June 42)13 14(July 45)5 3(Mar 42)4 30(Wtr 30(Wtr 30(Wtr 30(Wtr 30(Wtr 30(Wtr 3 (Mar 38(Sum 15(Oct 31(Spr 23(Wtr 49-50)23 49-50)8 49-50)7-8 49-50)9-10 49-50)19-22 49-50)10 42)8 52)11 45)7 50)16-17 47-48)7-8 4(June 42)18 8(June-Sept 43)16 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)24 11(July 44)8-14 13(Apr 45)14 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)4 4(June 42)5-6 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)5 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)5-6 6(Dec 42)11 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)3 8(June-Sept 43)8-9 4(June 42)6-7 27(Wtr-Spr 48-49)4 6(Dec 42)10 34(Spr 51)21-24 17(Apr 46)9-11 8(June-Sept 43)7-8 4(June 42)7-8 10(Apr 44)7 10(Apr 44)8 Y YEATS, W.B. The Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats; review. Floris Clark McLaren. 33(Fall-Wtr 50)22 Yet you were never kind; poem. L.A. Mackay. 15(0ct 45)14-15 You Were not Meant for War; poem. Nathan Ralph. 14(July 45)13-14 Young Veterans; poem. Earle Birney. 15(0ct 45)6 176 Your face is new; poem. Dorothy Livesay. 5(Sept 42)6 Your Hair My Fingers Touched; poem. Louis Dudek. 7(Mar 43)10 Your words beat out in space; poem. Dorothy Livesay. 5(Sept 42)8 Youth and Life; poem. Leon Thurston Smith. 39(Fall-Wtr 52)21-ZIEMAN, F. biographical note. 20(Spr 47)19 The Waitress; poem. 20(Spr 47)12 Zones of Silence; poem. Alvin Thiessen. 3(Mar 42)3 i n BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES PERIODICALS The following periodicals were consulted in issues published during the period studied in the thesis. Canadian Forum Canadian Literature Canadian Poetry Magazine Contemporary Verse Culture Dalhousie Review Direction First Statement Here and Now Impression New Frontier Northern Review Preview Queen's Quarterly Tamarack Review University of Toronto Quarterly LETTERS Alan Crawley (holder): letters written by Margaret Avison, A.G. Bailey, Earle Birney, Roy Daniells, Louis Dudek, John Gray, Daryl Hine, A.E. Johnson, George Johnston, A.M. Klein, Dorothy Livesay, Malcolm Lowry, J.G. McClelland, L.A. Mackay, Jay Macpherson, P.K. Page, Lome Pierce, E.J. Pratt, James Reaney, W.W.E. Ross, Duncan C. Scott, F.R. Scott, A.J.M..Smith, Raymond Souster, John Sutherland, Wilfred Watson, Phyllis Webb, Anne Wilkinson to Alan Crawley. Joan McCullagh (holder): letters written by Louis Dudek, Daryl Hine, Irving Layton, L.A. Mackay, Jay Macpherson, James Reaney, Mary E. Ross, F.R. Scott, A.J.M. Smith, Raymond Souster, Lionel Stevenson, A.G. Wilkinson to Joan McCullagh. Floris McLaren (holder): letters written by Alan Crawley, Irving Layton, Lionel Stevenson, Robert Weaver to Floris McLaren. Jay Macpherson (holder): letters written by Alan Crawley to Jay Macpherson. University of Toronto (holder): letters written by. Alan Crawley to Earle Birney, A.J.M. Smith, Anne Wilkinson; 178 ANTHOLOGIES AND INDIVIDUAL COLLECTIONS OF POETRY Bennett, Ethel Hume, ed. New Harvesting. Toronto, 1938. Benson, Nathaniel A., ed. Modern. Canadian Poetry. Ottawa,-1930. Creighton, Alan and Hilda.M. Ridley, eds. A New Canadian Anthology. Toronto, 1938. Gustafson, Ralph, ed. Anthology of Canadian Poetry.. Harmondsworth, 1942. Hambleton, Ronald, ed. Unit-of.Five. Toronto, 1944. Kennedy, Leo. The Shrouding. Toronto, 1933. .. Knister, Raymond.. The Collected. Poems, of Raymond. Kriister:. With a Memoir, ed. Dorothy Livesay, Toronto, 1949. Livesay, Dorothy. Green Pitcher. Toronto, 1928. . Signpost. Toronto, .1932. Mackay, L.A. Viper's Bugloss.. Toronto,.1938. McLaren, Floris Clark. Frozen-Fire. . Toronto, 1937. Marriott, Anne.. The Wind Our Enemy. Toronto, 1939. New Provinces: Poems By Several Authors. Toronto, 1936. Pratt, E.J. Collected Poems. Toronto, 1962. . Many Moods. Toronto,-1932. . The Witches Brew. London, 1925. . Rhodenizer, U.B., ed. Canadian-Poetry in English. Toronto, 1954. Ross, W.W.E. Shapes and Sounds: Poems by W.W.E. Ross, eds. Raymond Souster and John Robert Colombo, Toronto, 1968. Smith, A.J.M., ed. The Book of Canadian Poetry. Toronto, 1943; and rev. ed. Toronto, 1948. , ed. Collected Poems of Arine Wilkinson. Toronto, 1968. Sutherland, John, ed. Other Canadians: An Anthology of the New Poetry in Canada, 1940-rl946. Montreal, 1947. Wilson, Milton, ed. Poetry of MidCentury 1940-1960.. Toronto, 1964. SECONDARY SOURCES Bernhardt, Clara. \"The Poet's Function.\" Canadian Poetry, 4, No. 3 (December 1939), pp. 5-10. Birney, Earle. \"A.J.M.S.\" . Canadian. Literature, 15 (Winter 1963), pp. 4-6.. Boylan, Charles Robert. \"The. Social and. Lyric Voices of Dorothy Livesay.\" MA Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1969. Brown, E.K. \"The Development.of Poetry,in Canada, 1880-1940.\" Poetry (Chicago), 58, No. 1 (April 1944), pp. 34-47... Collin, W.E. The White Savannahs.-. Toronto, ,1936. . Cramer, Alan. \"A Hope For. Canadian, Poetry.\". New Frontier, 1, No. 6 (October 1936), p. 29. Dehler, Charles Ronald.. \"Canada's English Poetry Since Thirty-Nine.\" Culture, No. 14 (Summer 1953), pp. 247-55. Djwa, Sandra.Ann* \"Metaphor, World View and,the Continuity of. Canadian Poetry:. A. Study.of the: Major English Canadian. Poets With a Computer Concordance to Metaphor.\" Ph.D. Diss., University of British Columbia, 1968. Dudek, Louis and Michael Gnarowski, eds. The Making.:of Modern Poetry in Canada: Essential Articles in Contemporary Canadian Poetry. Toronto,, 1970. Dudek, Louis. \"The Montreal Poets.\" Culture (1957); rpt. ih The McGill Movement, ed. Peter Stevens, Toronto, 1969, pp. 6-11. . \"Ou Sont Les Jeunes?\" Contact , (1952); rpt.:. in The Making of Modern Poetry, edsLouis. Dudek and Michael Gnarowski, Toronto, 1970, pp. 142-44. . \"Patterns of Recent Canadian. Poetry.\" Culture, No. 19 (Winter 1958), pp. 399-445. . \"The Role of Little, Magazines in Canada.\" ^Canadian Forum (1958) ; rpt. in The. Making;.of.' Modern Poetry,, eds. .'Louis Dudek and Michael iGnarowski, Toronto, 1970, pp. 205-12\". Francis, Wynne. \"Literary Underground: Little Magazines in Canada.\" Canadian Literature, No. 34 (Autumn 1967), pp. 63-70;. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . \"The Montreal Poets.\" Canadian Literature, No. 14 (Autumn,. 1962), pp..21-34. Gnarowski, Michael. Contact 1952-1945: Notes oil the History and Background of the Periodical and ari Index. Montreal, 1966. \u00E2\u0080\u0094 . \"The Role of 'Little Magazines' in the Development of.. Poetry in English in Montreal.\".. Culture. (1963);. rpt. in.The Making of Modern Poetry, eds. Louis Dudek and Michael Gnarowski, Toronto,, 1970, pp. 212-22. Harder, Helga Irene. \"English-Canadian Poetry 1935-1955.: A Thematic Study.\" MA Thesis, University of British.Columbia,.1965. Kennedy, Leo. \"A Direction For..Canadian. Poets.,\" New Frontier, . 1, No. 3 . (June . 1936) , pp. 21-24. '\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 -. \"The Future of, Canadian Literature.\" . Canadian Mercury (1928); rpt. in The Making of Modern Poetry, eds..Louis. Dudek and Michael Gnarowski, Toronto, 1970, pp. 34-37. Klinck, Carl F. , ed. Literary. History of. Canada: Canadian Literature in English. Toronto, 1965. McLaren, Floris Clark., ,.'\"Contemporary Verse: A Canadian Quarterly.\" Tamarack Review, No.:3. (Spring:1957), pp. 55-63. McNair, Dorothy Livesay.; \"Rhythm and. Sound in Contemporary Canadian . Poetry.\" MEd Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1966. -Mandel, E l i . Contexts of Canadian Criticism. Toronto, 1971. Meis, Joanne Elizabeth. \"Little Magazines, and Canadian War Poetry 1939-1945; With. Some Reference to Poetry ,of. the First World,War.\" MA Thesis, Dhiversity of British ..Columbia,, 1971.. Pacey, Desmond. Creative. Writing:in.Canada., Rev. ed. Toronto, 1967. __. \"English-Canadian Poetry, 1944-1954.\" Culture (1954); rpt. iii The Making of Modern Poetry, eds. Louis Dudek and Michael Gnarowski, Toronto,. 1970, pp. 160-69. . -. Essays in Canadian Criticism 1938-1968. Toronto,. 1969.... . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . 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Louis Dudek and Michael Gnarowski, Toronto, 1970, pp. 116-22. Weaver, Robert. \"Books.\" Critic, 2, No. 2 (February 1952), pp. 5-6. Wilson, Ethel. \"Of Alan Crawley.\": Canadian Literature, No. 19 (Winter 1964), pp. 33-42. Wilson, Milton. \"'Other Canadians' and After.\" in. Masks of Poetry, ed. A.J.M. Smith, Toronto, 1962, pp. 123-38. "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0101503"@en . "eng"@en . "English"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "Alan Crawley, contemporary verse and the development of modern poetry in the forties"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33081"@en .