"Land and Food Systems, Faculty of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Crick, Dean Calvin"@en . "2010-05-11T21:49:28Z"@en . "1984"@en . "Master of Science - MSc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "The objectives o-f this research were to investigate the effects of blending Canbra or Canola oil with other oils or fats on the nutritive value and autoxidative stability of the blended oils, and to investigate the possibility of using hydrolyzed oils (free fatty acids) in the study of fatty acid balancing.\r\nCanbra oil (containing 6.1% erucic acid) was blended with sunflower oil or animal lard 1/1 (w/w). Canola oil (0.55% erucic acid) was blended with sunflower oil in the ratios 9/1, 8/2, 7/3, 6/4 and 5/5. The nutritional value was assayed using growing chicks fed lipid at 3% in a practical diet during a 4 week feeding period. Evaluation was made using body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, feed digestibility, lipid digestibility, total fatty acid digestibility, metabolizable energy and individual fatty acid digestibility.\r\nResults show that Canbra oil is equivalent to animal lard but significantly inferior to sunflower oil. Blending Canbra oil and sunflower oil or animal lard improved chick growth and fatty acid utilization over that demonstrated by the Canbra oil alone. Canola oil was equivalent to sunflower oil and soybean oil in supporting chick growth. The 7/3 and 5/5 blends showed synergistic improvement in promoting growth, fatty acid, protein and metabolizable energy utilization. It was concluded that Canola oil is nutritionally equivalent to either sunflower oil or soybean oil and that blending with sun-flower oil further improved its nutritional value. Oil blending rendered no significant detrimental effects on stability.\r\nThe fatty acids of hydrolyzed Canola and sunflower oil showed nutritive performance equivalent to that of the intact oils. The fatty acids of a hydrolyzed 5/5 blend of Canola oil and sunflower oil showed reduced absorption of some fatty acids and the fatty acids of hydrolyzed soybean oil showed reduced diet and fatty acid absorption relative to the intact oils. These results demonstrate that feeding hydrolyzed oils may be a useful method of investigating fatty acid balance but more research is required in this area."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/24599?expand=metadata"@en . "THE EFFECTS OF FATTY ACID BALANCING BY OIL BLENDING ON PERFORMANCE AND UTILIZATION BY GROWING CHICKS By DEAN CALVIN CRICK B . S c , The U n i v e r s i t y o-f B r i t i s h Columbia, 1982 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE i n THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department o-f P o u l t r y S c i e n c e ) We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as con-forming to the r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December 1934 \u00C2\u00AEDean C a l v i n C r i c k , 1984 In presenting t h i s thesis i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the Library s h a l l make i t f r e e l y available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of t h i s thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. I t i s understood that copying or publication of t h i s thesis for f i n a n c i a l gain s h a l l not be allowed without my written permission. Department of POULTRY SCIFNCF The University of B r i t i s h Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date 23/12/1984 ABSTRACT The o b j e c t i v e s o-f t h i s r e s e a r c h were t o i n v e s t i g a t e the e f f e c t s of b l e n d i n g Canbra or C a n o l a o i l w i t h o t h e r o i l s or f a t s on the n u t r i t i v e v a l u e and a u t o x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y of the blended o i l s , and t o i n v e s t i g a t e the p o s s i b i l i t y of u s i n g h y d r o l y z e d o i l s ( f r e e f a t t y a c i d s ) i n the s t u d y of f a t t y a c i d b a l a n c i n g . Canbra o i l ( c o n t a i n i n g 6.1% e r u c i c a c i d ) was blended with s u n f l o w e r o i l or animal l a r d 1/1 (w/w). C a n o l a o i l (0.55% e r u c i c a c i d ) was blended wi t h s u n f l o w e r o i l i n the r a t i o s 9/1, 8/2, 7/3, 6/4 and 5/5. The n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e was assayed u s i n g growing c h i c k s f e d l i p i d a t 3% i n a p r a c t i c a l d i e t d u r i n g a 4 week f e e d i n g p e r i o d . E v a l u a t i o n was made u s i n g body weight, weight g a i n , f e e d consumption, f e e d c o n v e r s i o n , f e e d d i g e s t i b i l i t y , l i p i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y , t o t a l f a t t y a c i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y , m e t a b o l i z a b l e energy and i n d i v i d u a l f a t t y a c i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y . R e s u l t s show t h a t Canbra o i l i s e q u i v a l e n t t o animal l a r d but s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f e r i o r t o s u n f l o w e r o i l . B l e n d i n g Canbra o i l and s u n f l o w e r o i l or animal l a r d improved c h i c k growth and f a t t y a c i d u t i l i z a t i o n over t h a t demonstrated by the Canbra o i l a l o n e . C a n o l a o i l was e q u i v a l e n t to s u n f l o w e r D i l and soybean o i l i n s u p p o r t i n g c h i c k growth. The 7/3 and 5/5 b l e n d s showed s y n e r g i s t i c improvement i n promoting growth, f a t t y a c i d , p r o t e i n and m e t a b o l i z a b l e energy u t i l i z a t i o n . I t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t C a n o l a o i l i s n u t r i t i o n a l l y e q u i v a l e n t t o e i t h e r s u n f l o w e r o i l or soybean o i l and t h a t b l e n d i n g w i t h sun-flower o i l f u r t h e r improved i t s n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e . O i l b l e n d i n g rendered no s i g n i f i c a n t d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s on s t a b i l i t y . The f a t t y a c i d s of h y d r o l y z e d C a n o l a and su n f l o w e r o i l showed n u t r i t i v e performance e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t of the i n t a c t o i l s . The f a t t y a c i d s of a h y d r o l y z e d 5/5 b l e n d of C a n o l a o i l and s u n f l o w e r o i l showed reduced a b s o r p t i o n of some f a t t y a c i d s and the f a t t y a c i d s of h y d r o l y z e d soybean o i l showed reduced d i e t and f a t t y a c i d a b s o r p t i o n r e l a t i v e t o the i n t a c t o i l s . These r e s u l t s demonstrate t h a t f e e d i n g h y d r o l y z e d o i l s may be a u s e f u l method of i n v e s t i g a t i n g f a t t y a c i d b a l a n c e but more r e s e a r c h i s r e q u i r e d i n t h i s a r e a . i i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i i LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES v i i LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES v i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v i i i i INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Fa t S u p p l e m e n t a t i o n i n P o u l t r y R a t i o n s ' 4 F a t D i g e s t i o n and A b s o r p t i o n i n P o u l t r y .6 F a t t y A c i d A b s o r p t i o n 8 E s s e n t i a l F a t t y A c i d s 10 N u t r i t i o n a l and M e t a b o l i c R e l a t i o n s h i p s Between F a t t y A c i d F a m i l i e s 11 R e l a t i v e N u t r i t i o n a l P r o p e r t i e s of Rapeseed O i l 13 Developement of Low E r u c i c A c i d Rapeseed O i l . . . 16 N u t r i t i o n a l P r o p e r t i e s of Low E r u c i c A c i d Rapeseed O i l 17 S y n e r g i s t i c E f f e c t s of B l e n d i n g O i l s 20 F r e e F a t t y A c i d s 24 P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of O i l 25 METHODS AND MATERIALS 27 E x p e r i m e n t a l Animals. 27 O i l s and B l e n d i n g 27 O i l H y d r o l y s i s 29 F e e d i n g Experiments.... 29 T r i a l 1 29 T r i a l 2 33 T r i a l 3 33 D i g e s t i b i l i t y 34 F e c a l c o l l e c t i o n 34 Dry m a tter. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 34 Apparent d i g e s t i b i l i t y c a l c u l a t i o n . . . . . 35 Metabol i z a b l e Energy 35 F a t t y A c i d A n a l y s i s 36 L i p i d e x t r a c t i o n 36 T o t a l l i p i d and f a t t y a c i d determi nat i on. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2. ....... 37 F a t t y a c i d d e r i v a t i z a t i o n 37 Gas l i q u i d chromatography... 38 F a t t y a c i d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n 39 V P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l D e t e r m i n a t i o n s 39 Oven t e s t 39 P e r o x i d e and t h i o b a r b i t u r i c a c i d v a l u e s 40 Smoke p o i n t 40 S t a t i s t i c s 41 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 42 T r i a l 1 Chick performance. . . . 42 Apparent d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s 44 Apparent i n d i v i d u a l f a t t y a c i d a b s o r p t i o n 46 T r i a l 2 C h i c k performance 49 Apparent d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s 52 Apparent m e t a b o l i z a b l e energy of the d i e t s 54 Apparent i n d i v i d u a l f a t t y a c i d a b s o r p t i o n 56 T r i a l 3 Chi c k performance .60 Apparent d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s 60 Apparent i n d i v i d u a l f a t t y a c i d a b s o r p t i o n 63 P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l A n a l y s i s O i l s t a b i l i t y 68 Smoke p o i n t s 74 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY 80 APPENDICES 92 A. T r i a l 4 93 B. D i e t a r y F a t t y A c i d C o m p o s i t i o n T a b l e s 96 C. A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e T a b l e s . . . . . . .....99 V I LIST OF TABLES T a b l e Page 1. F a t t y A c i d Composition of L i p i d s , T r i a l 1 28 2. F a t t y A c i d Composition of O i l s , T r i a l 2... 30 3. Composition of E x p e r i m e n t a l B a s a l D i e t 32 4. E f f e c t of O i l B l e n d i n g on the Growth Performance of C h i c k s at 4 Weeks, T r i a l 1 43 5. Apparent D i g e s t i b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s at 4 Weeks, T r i a l 1 45 6. Apparent I n d i v i d u a l F a t t y A c i d A b s o r p t i o n , T r i a l 1 47 7. E f f e c t s of O i l B l e n d i n g on the Growth Performance of C h i c k s a t 4 Weeks, T r i a l 2 50 8. Apparent D i g e s t i b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s at 4 Weeks, T r i a l 2 53 9. Apparent M e t a b o l i z a b l e Energy of D i e t s , T r i a l 2 55 10. Apparent I n d i v i d u a l F a t t y A c i d A b s o r p t i o n , T r i a l 2......57 11. E f f e c t of F r e e F a t t y A c i d s on the Growth Performance of C h i c k s a t 4 Weeks, T r i a l 3 61 12. Apparent D i g e s t i b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s at 4 Weeks, T r i a l 3 62 13. Apparent I n d i v i d u a l F a t t y A c i d A b s o r p t i o n , T r i a l 3 64 14. P e r o x i d e v a l u e s Under A c c e l e r a t e d S t o r a g e 69 15. T h i o b a r b i t u r i c A c i d V a l u e s Under A c c e l e r a t e d Storage....72 16. O i l Smoke P o i n t 75 LIST OF FIGURES F i g u r e Page 1. Developement D-f P e r o x i d e V a l u e s Under A c c e l e r a t e d S t o r a g e C o n d i t i o n s (70\u00C2\u00B0C) 70 2. Developement of T h i o b a r b i t u r i c A c i d V a l u e s Under A c c e l e r a t e d S t o r a g e (70\u00C2\u00B0C) 73 v i i i LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES T a b l e Page I. E f f e c t of O i l B l e n d i n g on the Growth Performance of C h i c k s at 4 Weeks, T r i a l 4 94 I I . F a t t y A c i d Composition of D i e t s , T r i a l 1 96 I I I . F a t t y A c i d Composition of D i e t s , T r i a l 2 97 IV. F a t t y A c i d Composition of D i e t s , T r i a l 3 98 V. A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of Growth Parameters, T r i a l 1 99 VI. A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of D i g e s t i b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s , T r i a l 1 100 V I I . A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of I n d i v i d u a l F a t t y A c i d A b s o r p t i o n , T r i a l 1 101 V I I I . A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of Growth Parameters and AMEn, T r i a l 2 102 IX. A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of D i g e s t i b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s , T r i a l 2. 103 X. A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e D f I n d i v i d u a l F a t t y A c i d A b s o r p t i o n , T r i a l 2 104 XI. A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of Grwoth Parameters, T r i a l 3....105 X I I . A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of D i g e s t i b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s , T r i a l 3 106 X I I I . A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of I n d i v i d u a l F a t t y A c i d A b s o r p t i o n , T r i a l 3 107 XIV. A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e of Growth Parameters, T r i a l 4....108 V I 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author i s de e p l y i n d e b t e d t o Dr. J.S. Sim -for h i s c a p a b l e guidance and a d v i c e through out the p r o g r e s s o-f t h i s t h e s i s . The d e d i c a t e d a s s i s t a n c e of the other commitee members i s a l s o g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged. The author a l s o wishes t o acknowledge the hel p and support of h i s f e l l o w s t u d e n t s and the t e c h n i c a l s t a f f (both l a b o r a t o r y and f a r m ) . Very s p e c i a l thanks must be g i v e n t o h i s w i f e , J a n i n e , f o r her p a t i e n c e and help i n the c o u r s e of t h i s study, and to h i s p a r e n t s f o r t h e i r s u p p o r t and u n d e r s t a n d i n g . F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t was p r o v i d e d by the C a n o l a C o u n c i l of Canada (CUAP g r a n t \u00C2\u00AB 33-6). 1 INTRODUCTION Two - f a m i l i e s of p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d -fatty a c i d s ( l i n o l e i c , omega-6} and l i n o l e n i c , omega-3) have long been r e c o g n i z e d as e s s e n t i a l -for animal and human growth and h e a l t h . S i n c e most p r o s t a g l a n d i n s a r e s y n t h e s i z e d from the omega-6 f a t t y a c i d s ( e s p e c i a l l y a r a c h i d o n i c a c i d ) and the omega-3 f a t t y a c i d s ( e s p e c i a l l y e i c o s a p e n t a e n o i c a c i d ) p l a y an important r o l e i n p r o s t a g l a n d i n r e g u l a t i o n i t seems t h a t t h e r e must be a q u a n t i t a t i v e l y optimum r a t i o between t h e s e two f a m i l i e s of f a t t y a c i d s which w i l l produce optimum growth and h e a l t h . In f a c t , t h e r e a r e c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i a b l e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l f a t t y a c i d s but once the s e r e q u i r e m e n t s have been met a b a l a n c e between thes e f a t t y a c i d s i s a c r i t i c a l f a c t o r t o e n a b l e c o n d i t i o n s t o be a c h i e v e d f o r c e l l u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m of p r o s t a n o i d s and membrane s t a b i l i t y (Crawford e_t al., 1982). The q u a n t i t a t i v e requirement of e s s e n t i a l f a t t y a c i d s , t h e r e f o r e , must be met w i t h an a d e q u a t e l y b a l a n c e d r a t i o of f a t t y a c i d s (Holman, 1982). Rapeseed o i l , soybean o i l and s u n f l o w e r o i l a r e the major o i l p r o d u c t s i n Canada. Rapeseed and soybean o i l s a r e r e c o g n i z e d as b e i n g amoung the few e d i b l e v e g e t a b l e o i l s o u r c e s which ar e r i c h i n both f a m i l i e s of e s s e n t i a l f a t t y a c i d s . However, i t has been w e l l documented t h a t f e e d i n g rapeseed o i l r e s u l t s i n decreased f e e d i n t a k e and growth i n s e v e r a l s p e c i e s (compared t o 2 soybean o i l ) . In the past t h i s has been a t t r i b u t e d t o the high c o n t e n t o-f e r u c i c a c i d i n rapeseed o i l s . R e c e n t l y , r a p i d developements i n p l a n t g e n e t i c s and the i n t r o d u c t i o n of new c u l t i v a r s -for p r o d u c t i o n have reduced the e r u c i c a c i d c o n t e n t o-f the Canadian rapeseed o i l s . These new c u l t i v a r s have been d e s i g n a t e d low e r u c i c a c i d rapeseed (LEAR). The f i r s t change from rapeseed o i l t o LEAR o i l reduced the e r u c i c a c i d c o n t e n t from 20-40% t o l e s s than 5.0%. These o i l s were c o m m e r c i a l l y d e s i g n a t e d as Canbra o i l s . Even more r e c e n t l y t h e r e has been another movement toward the p r o d u c t i o n ( f o r consumption) of c u l t i v a r s t h a t a r e even lower i n e r u c i c a c i d c o n t e n t ( g e n e r a l l y l e s s than 2%) and a l s o low i n g l u c o s i n o l a t e s . These c u l t i v a r s have been c o m m e r c i a l l y d e s i g n a t e d as Canola. In s p i t e of t h i s the Canbra and C a n o l a o i l s , a l t h o u g h improved, s t i l l tend t o show low performance i n promoting animal growth r e l a t i v e t o soybean o i l . T h i s low performance has been overcome by b l e n d i n g rapeseed o i l w i t h e i t h e r animal l a r d or t a l l o w . T h i s b l e n d i n g s y n e r g i s t i c a l l y improves not o n l y the consumption of f e e d but weight g a i n and f a t u t i l i z a t i o n i n e x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s . T h i s has l e d t o the s u g g e s t i o n t h a t rapeseed o i l has a f a t t y a c i d p r o f i l e t h a t i s inadequate f o r maximal f a t u t i l i z a t i o n . I t has a l s o been suggested t h a t the s y n e r g i s m between f a t s i s h i g h l y i n t e r a c t i v e and i t s e x p l a n a t i o n l i e s i n an u n d e r s t a n d i n g of d i g e s t i o n and a b s o r p t i o n (Freeman, 1983). These f a c t s combined wi t h r e p o r t s t h a t i n A l g e r i a C a n o l a o i l i s blended e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h s u n f l o w e r o i l t o produce a consumer 3 p r o d u c t (SAFIA) (Cambell, 1982) l e d t o the r e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d h e r e i n . The o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s r e s e a r c h were t o compare the n u t r i t i v e q u a l i t i e s o-f d i e t a r y s u n f l o w e r o i l , soybean o i l , Canbra o i l , C a n o l a o i l , animal l a r d , b l e n d s o-f Canbra o i l and sun-flower o i l or animal l a r d and b l e n d s of C a n o l a o i l and s u n f l o w e r o i l . The e f f e c t s of b l e n d i n g on the a u t o x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y of the b l e n d s was a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d . 4 LITERATURE REVIEW Fat S upplementation i n P o u l t r y R a t i o n s I t has long been thought t h a t due t o t h e i r h i g h energy d e n s i t y f a t s and o i l s (of both animal and v e g e t a b l e o r i g i n ) would be u s e f u l f e e d i n g r e d i e n t s . T h i s has r e s u l t e d i n numerous p u b l i c a t i o n s on the u t i l i z a t i o n of f a t and o i l by p o u l t r y over the y e a r s . I t i s g e n e r a l l y conceded t h a t indeed p o u l t r y can t o l e r a t e h i gh l e v e l s of f a t i n the d i e t i f c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s a r e met. However t h i s was not always so. Henderson and I r w i n (1940) r e p o r t e d t h a t soybean o i l was d e t r i m e n t a l t o c h i c k growth when added at l e v e l s over 10% of the d i e t . In a d d i t i o n Yacowitz (1953) r e p o r t e d t h a t s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n of 2.5 or 5.0% of c o t t o n s e e d o i l , soybean o i l or l a r d produced i n c r e a s e d growth i n b r o i l e r s but more than 10% of these f a t s i n the d i e t r e t a r d e d c h i c k growth. More r e c e n t l i t e r a t u r e sheds some l i g h t on t h e s e r e s u l t s . B l e l y and March (1954, 1957) showed t h a t d i e t a r y s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n w i t h f a t i n c r e a s e d the e f f i c i e n c y of p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n . The a d d i t i o n of f a t t o d i e t s w i t h adequate p r o t e i n improved both growth and f e e d e f f i c i e n c y , but i f the p r o t e i n l e v e l i s I D W f a t s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n w i l l r e t a r d both parameters. T h i s p o i n t e d t o the f a c t t h a t the energy t o p r o t e i n r a t i o of a d i e t i s important t o the c h i c k . These r e s u l t s were c o n f i r m e d by 5 Donaldson et, aj_ (1957), S c o t t et al_, (1955) and U a i b e l (1955,1958) f o r both c h i c k e n and t u r k e y s . I t was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t p o u l t r y c o u l d t o l e r a t e high l e v e l s of f a t p r o v i d i n g the d i e t a r y l e v e l of p r o t e i n was a l s o i n c r e a s e d . Donaldson e\u00C2\u00A3. a l . (1957) r e p o r t e d t h a t up t o 33.8% f a t can be used i n a c h i c k d i e t p r o v i d i n g an adequate e n e r g y / p r o t e i n r a t i o was m a i n t a i n e d . T h i s was c o n f i r m e d by Rand e\u00C2\u00A3. al. (1958) who r e p o r t e d t h a t the c h i c k ' s t o l e r a n c e f a r f a t , per s e . i s e s s e n t i a l l y u n l i m i t e d . S e v e r a l e x p e r i m e n t s t h a t have been undertaken t o demonstrate the e f f e c t of a d d i t i o n of f a t s t o the d i e t s on the performance of p o u l t r y have l e d t o the g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n t h a t d i e t a r y f a t improves both f e e d e f f i c i e n c y and growth ( B i e l y and March, 1954; Donaldson et a i , 1957 5 Rand et aj., 1958} Dam efc. a l . 1959; Menge and Denton, 1961; Vermeersch and Vanschoubroek, 1968; Bragg et,. aj., 1973; and Horani and S e l l , 1977). T h i s improvement i s not d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o the l e v e l of f a t added t o the d i e t and appears t o d i f f e r depending on the s o u r c e of the f a t s and o i l s (Carew e\u00C2\u00A3. al., 1964; Vermeersch and Vanschoubroek, 1968; Bragg e t aj., 1973). The i n c r e a s e d d i e t a r y e f f i c i e n c y has o f t e n been a t t r i b u t e d t o the \" e x t r a c a l o r i c e f f e c t \" of f a t . T h i s e f f e c t was c l e a r l y demonstrated i n c h i c k e n s (Rand e_t al., 1958; Menge and Denton, 1961; and Carew e\u00C2\u00A3 al., 1964). More r e c e n t l y Horani and S e l l (1977) used the term \" e x t r a m e t a b o l i c e f f e c t \" t o d e s c r i b e the change i n r a t i o n m e t a b o l i z a b 1 e energy (M.E.) caused by the a d d i t i o n of f a t . Leeson and Summers (1976)\u00E2\u0080\u00A2proposed a h y p o t h e s i s 6 which s t i p u l a t e d the e x i s t a n c e of an i n t e r a c t i o n between the f a t t y a c i d s i n h e r e n t i n r a t i o n i n g r e d i e n t s w i t h the added f a t which r e s u l t s i n i n c r e a s e d M.E. c o n t e n t of the f a t . F a t D i g e s t i o n and A b s o r p t i o n i n P o u l t r y There i s l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n the d i g e s t i o n and a b s o r p t i o n of f a t s between the a v i a n and the mammalian s p e c i e s except f o r the mucosal p r o d u c t s of a b s o r p t i o n and t h e i r r o u t e of t r a n s p o r t . T h e r e f o r e , the f o l l o w i n g b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n i s a c o m p i l a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n gleaned from Guyton (1976), G r i m i n g e r (1976) and S c o t t et a l . (1982) except where s p e c i f i c a l l y noted. By f a r the most common l i p i d c o n s t i t u e n t of a d i e t i s the t r i g l y c e r i d e p o r t i o n which makes up the m a j o r i t y of f a t s and o i l s . The f i r s t s t e p i n d i g e s t i o n of t r i g l y c e r i d e s i s the e m u l s i f i c a t i o n of the f a t by b i l e s a l t s t o p r o v i d e a l a r g e r s u r f a c e a r e a f o r the w a t e r - s o l u b l e d i g e s t i v e enzymes t o a c t upon. The c o n j u g a t e d b i l e s a l t s p o s s e s s d i s s y m e t r i c p o l a r and non-polar r e g i o n s , the p o l a r r e g i o n i s h i g h l y s o l u b l e i n water and the non-polar r e g i o n i s h i g h l y s o l u b l e i n f a t . T h e r e f o r e , b i l e s a l t s a g gregate on the s u r f a c e of f a t g l o b u l e s i n the i n t e s t i n e with the c a r b o x y l p o r t i o n of the b i l e s a l t p r o j e c t i n g outward and s o l u b l e i n the s u r r o u n d i n g f l u i d s and the s t e r o l p o r t i o n d i s s o l v e d i n the f a t . T h i s e f f e c t i v e l y d e c r e a s e s the i n t e r f a c i a l t e n s i o n of the f a t a l l o w i n g f r a g m e n t a t i o n by a g i t a t i o n and t h e r e f o r e the b i l e s a l t a c t s as a d e t e r g e n t . T h i s f r a g m e n t a t i o n r e s u l t s i n s m a l l e r emulsion g l o b u l e s . With i n c r e a s i n g s u r f a c e a r e a due t o emulsion the a c t i v i t y of 7 the p a n c r e a t i c j u i c e i s g r e a t l y a c c e l e r a t e d . The p a n c r e a t i c j u i c e c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l l i p o l y t i c enzymes and b i c a r b o n a t e . These enzymes i n c l u d e p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e , c a r b o x y l i c e s t e r h y d r o l a s e and c o - l i p a s e soybean o i l > LEAR (1.6% e r u c i c a c i d ) > LEAR (4.3% e r u c i c a c i d ) i n r a t growth promotion when f e d at 20% of t h e d i e t . T h i s was s u p p o r t e d by Kramer et a l (1981) and Farnworth and Kramer (1983) who r e p o r t e d t h a t soybean o i l promoted s i g n i f i c a n t l y more growth than LEAR (0.6% e r u c i c a c i d ) . T h i s they a t t r i b u t e t o the r e l a t i v e f a t t y a c i d p a t t e r n s of the LEAR and soybean o i l . The d a t a f o r p o u l t r y i s j u s t as c o n f l i c t i n g . Walker e\u00C2\u00A3 a l (1970) r e p o r t e d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n growth f o r c h i c k s or p o u l t s f e d d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g LEAR, c o r n o i l or o l i v e o i l , and March (1977) r e p o r t e d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o d u c t i v i t y of New Hampshire c h i c k s or White Leghorn c o c k e r e l s f e d 4% rapeseed o i l or c o r n o i l or 10% rapeseed o i l or soybean o i l . However, C l a n d i n i n e_t a l (1978) r e p o r t e d t h a t LEAR was s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f e r i o r t o s u n f l o w e r o i l i n promoting c h i c k growth and Hulan e\u00C2\u00A3. a l (1982) r e p o r t e d t h a t LEAR was i n f e r i o r t o soybean o i l i n the growth promotion of c h i c k s a t 8 and 12 weeks but not a t 4 and 16 weeks. In terms of f e e d e f f i c i e n c y , Hulan e t a l (1982) r e p o r t e d t h a t LEAR was s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f e r i o r t o soybean o i l f o r c h i c k s , w h i l e Walker et. a l (1970) r e p o r t e d t h a t LEAR was e q u i v a l e n t t o c o r n o i l and o l i v e o i l f o r c h i c k s , p o u l t s and r a t s i n terms of f e e d and energy u t i l i z a t i o n . C l a n d i n i n \u00C2\u00A7_t a l (1978) r e p o r t e d t h a t energy u t i l i z a t i o n was h i g h e r i n c h i c k s f e d s u n f l o w e r o i l than those f e d LEAR. I t i s c l e a r t h a t the g e n e t i c s e l e c t i o n which reduced the 20 e r u c i c a c i d c o n t e n t of rapeseed o i l a l s o improved i t s n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e . However, i t has not been c o n c l u s i v e l y demonstrated whether or not LEAR i s n u t r i t i o n a l l y e q u i v a l e n t to s u n f l o w e r o i l and soybean o i l a l t h o u g h i t would seem t h e r e i s p r o b a b l y l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n a b i l i t y t o promote weight g a i n . S y n e r g i s t i c E f f e c t s of B l e n d i n g O i l s In 1960, S i b b a l d and S l i n g e r r e p o r t e d \"a s y n e r g i s t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p between t a l l o w and undegummed soybean o i l \" . These r e s e a r c h e r s found t h a t a 50/50 m i x t u r e of t a l l o w and undegummed soybean o i l had a m e t a b o l i z a b l e energy of 8.41 cal/gm which was not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t of the soybean o i l a l o n e <8.46 cal/gm) but was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r than the v a l u e of 6.94 cal/gm o b t a i n e d f o r the t a l l o w a l o n e . T h i s i n d i c a t e d t h a t the M.E. v a l u e s of f a t s a r e not a d d i t i v e . The combined M.E. v a l u e was h i g h e r than would be expected from the two M.E. v a l u e s of the f a t s f e d i n d i v i d u a l l y . These r e s u l t s were, c o n f i r m e d by S i b b a l d e\u00C2\u00A3. aj_ (1961) who a t t r i b u t e d the synergism t o a f a c t o r or f a c t o r s i n the undegummed soybean o i l which a l l o w e d an i n c r e a s e d u t i l i z a t i o n of the p a l m i t i c and s t e a r i c a c i d s i n the t a l l o w . F u r t h e r work ( S i b b a l d e t al., 1962) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h i s s y n ergism was a t l e a s t p a r t i a l l y independent of the M.E. e f f e c t s and t h a t the s y nergism between f a t s a l s o e x p r e s s e d i t s e l f i n c h i c k weight g a i n s and f e e d e f f i c i e n c y . The weight g a i n s of the c h i c k s f e d f a t m i x t u r e s were g r e a t e r than expected even when a d j u s t e d f o r equal f e e d i n t a k e , c a l o r i e / p r o t e i n r a t i o and c o n s t a n t M.E. c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h i s was f u r t h e r supported by 21 Artman (1964) who a l s o r e p o r t e d s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t s of b l e n d i n g t a l l o w and soybean o i l on c h i c U energy u t i l i z a t i o n and growth. S i n c e Young and G a r r e t t (1963) had shown t h a t u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d s c o u l d i n f l u e n c e the u t i l i z a t i o n of s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d s i t was suggested t h a t the a b s o r b a b i l i t y of a f a t m i x t u r e was i n f l u e n c e d by i t s f a t t y a c i d c o n t e n t . Artman f e l t t h a t h i s r e s u l t s s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t e d t h i s as he showed t h a t the same s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t s o c c u r e d whether the r e l a t i v e l y s a t u r a t e d and u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d s were s u p p l i e d both as n e u t r a l t r i g l y c e r i d e s , both as f r e e f a t t y a c i d s or as m i x t u r e s of t r i g l y c e r i d e s and f a t t y a c i d s . I t was a l s o shown t h a t the a d d i t i o n of soybean o i l t o t a l l o w y i e l d s not o n l y t h e expected high u t i l i z a t i o n of soybean o i l but t o e q u a l l y good u t i l i z a t i o n of a p o r t i o n of the t a l l o w equal i n weight t o the weight of the soybean o i l added. T h i s i n c r e a s e d u t i l i z a t i o n was shown c l e a r l y by Lewis and Payne (1966) who r e p o r t e d t h a t a d d i n g 5% soybean o i l (as a p r o p o r t i o n of t o t a l added d i e t a r y f a t ) t o beef t a l l o w i n c r e a s e d the t o t a l apparent f a t a b s o r p t i o n from 66% ( f o r pure beef t a l l o w ) t o 30%, adding 10% soybean o i l i n c r e a s e d t o t a l apparent f a t a b s o r p t i o n t o 85% and 20% soybean o i l i n c r e a s e d a b s o r p t i o n t o 86.0%. I t was soon shown t h a t rapeseed o i l a l s o showed s y n e r g i s t i c i n t e r a c t i o n s when blended w i t h animal t a l l o w i n the d i e t s of both c h i c k e n s and r a t s . In f a c t , s y n e r g i s m was shown i n energy u t i l i z a t i o n (Walker e i . al., 1970; L a l l and S l i n g e r , 1973; S l i n g e r , 1977; Muztar f t al., 1981), f a t u t i l i z a t i o n ( L a l l and S l i n g e r , 1973; S l i n g e r , 1977), and body weight g a i n ( S l i n g e r . 22 1977J Hulan e i . aj_, 1984). Hulan e i . a l . (1984) a l s o demonstrated t h a t b l e n d i n g rapeseed o i l (LEAR) w i t h animal f a t improved monetary r e t u r n s i n the b r o i l e r i n d u s t r y . However, b l e n d i n g a l l o i l s d i d not show s i m i l a r r e s u l t s . I t was even shown t h a t not a l l animal t a l l o w s showed s y n e r g i s m when blended w i t h soybean o i l ( S i b b a l d et. aj_, 1962). There was no s y n e r g i s m i n a b s o r b a b i l i t y when beef t a l l o w and pork l a r d were blended 1/1 (Fedde e i . aj., 1960), G r i f f i t h s e i a\u00C2\u00B1 (1977) r e p o r t e d t h a t c o r n o i l and p o u l t r y g r e a s e blended (1/1) and f e d at 9% of the d i e t s i g n i f i c a n t l y depressed weight g a i n compared t o an i s o c a l o r i c o i l f r e e d i e t even though f e e d i n t a k e was s i m i l a r (each o i l f e d i n d i v i d u a l l y i n c r e a s e d body weight g a i n s ) . I t was a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t b l e n d i n g HEAR w i t h soybean o i l showed no s y n e r g i s m i n p o u l t s or c h i c k s (Salmon, 1969a, 1969b) and t h a t b l e n d i n g LEAR wit h coconut o i l or s u n f l o w e r o i l caused no s y n e r g i s m i n f a t u t i l i z a t i o n i n the r a t ( B e l l e n a n d e i . a l . 1980). I t was a l s o shown t h a t rapeseed o i l (both HEAR and LEAR) showed s y n e r g i s t i c i n t e r a c t i o n s when blended w i t h t a l l o w , as w e l l as, when blended w i t h the s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d s ( p a l m i t i c and s t e a r i c i n p a r t i c u l a r ) f o r c h i c k s (Walker e i . a l . 1970; L a l l and S l i n g e r , 1973) and r a t s (Kramer e i . a i , 1981; and Farnworth and Kramer, 1983). Farnworth and Kramer (1983) succeeded i n showing t h a t the r e s u l t i n g i n c r e a s e d weight g a i n s were due t o i n c r e a s e d body c o n t e n t of both f a t and p r o t e i n . These r e s u l t s appeared t o i n d i c a t e t h a t rapeseed o i l had a f a t t y a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n which was i n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r maximal 23 u t i l i z a t i o n , and t h a t o n l y r e l a t i v e l y s p e c i f i c f a t t y a c i d p a t t e r n s were a p p r o p r i a t e . T h i s h y p o t h e s i s has been supported by Walker et. aj. (1970), L a l l and S l i n g e r (1973), Salmon (1977), S i b b a l d and Kramer (1977), Kramer e\u00C2\u00A3. a_l_ (1981), Mateos and S e l l (1981), Farnworth and Kramer (1983) and Hulan e\u00C2\u00A3. a l (1984). There a r e 3 prominent hypotheses as t o the mechanism of t h e s e s y n e r g i s t i c i n t e r a c t i o n s . The f i r s t , proposed by Walker e\u00C2\u00A3. aj. (1970), L a i 1 and S l i n g e r (1973), Salmon (1970, 1977) and Hulan e\u00C2\u00A3. a l . (1984), s t a t e s t h a t b l e n d i n g a p p r o p r i a t e f a t s w i l l produce a f a t t y a c i d p r o f i l e which enhances f a t t y a c i d a b s o r p t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t of the lo n g c h a i n , s a t u r a t e d p a l m i t i c and s t e a r i c a c i d s . The second, proposed by Farnworth and Kramer (1983), s t a t e s t h a t as the d i e t a r y f a t t y a c i d p a t t e r n i s a l t e r e d t o resemble t h a t of the a d i p o s e t i s s u e , improved growth w i l l r e s u l t due t o reduced m e t a b o l i c load i n v o l v e d i n c o n v e r t i n g absorbed f a t t y a c i d s t o those a p p r o p r i a t e f o r i n c l u s i o n i n a d i p o s e t i s s u e . The t h i r d , proposed by S i b b a l d and Kramer (1977), Mateos and S e l l (1981), Muztar e i . a l (1981), Dale and F u l l e r (1982) and F u l l e r and Dale (1982), s t a t e s t h a t t h e f a t s and f a t t y a c i d s i n t e r a c t t o a l l o w i n c r e a s e d f a t a b s o r p t i o n and i n c r e a s e d a b s o r p t i o n of o t h e r d i e t a r y components. T h i s c o u l d p o s s i b l y be due t o i n c r e a s e d passage time thruogh the gut (Mateos and S e l l , 1981). Freeman,in h i s e x c e l l e n t review (1983),states t h a t s y nergism between f a t s i s h i g h l y i n t e r a c t i v e and i t s e x p l a i n a t i o n l i e s i n an u n d e r s t a n d i n g of d i g e s t i o n and a b s o r p t i o n . 24 F r e e F a t t y A c i d s I t has l o n g been understood t h a t a con-founding f a c t o r i n o i l n u t r i t i o n e xperiments has been the v a r i a b l e c o n t e n t of u n s a p o n i f i a b l e s , s t e r o i d s , and v i t a m i n s . In o r d e r t o d e a l with t h i s Hakkaralnen e\u00C2\u00A3. aj. (1983) suggested f e e d i n g h y d r o l y s e d soybean o i l as a f a t s o u r c e t o study v i t a m i n E d e f i c i e n t d i e t s . They observed t h a t t h i s d i e t (with added f a t s o l u b l e v i t a m i n s ) a l l o w e d normal growth and developement of White Leghorn c h i c k s . T h i s s upported the r e s u l t s of Chen (1979) who observed t h a t f r e e f a t t y a c i d s (from hydroysed soybean o i l ) c o u l d be u t i l i z e d by r a t s which were f e d l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s as the s o l e s o u r c e of f a t . Chen suggested t h a t t h i s would be u s e f u l i n s t u d y i n g i n t e s t i n a l r e - e s t e r i f i c a t i o n , f a t t y a c i d a b s o r p t i o n and l i p i d metabolism as i n f l u e n c e d by d i e t a r y f a t t y a c i d s . There may, however, be problems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s as C a r r o l l and R i c h a r d s (1938), Renner and H i l l (1961a), Swiss and B a y l e y (1976) and S k l a n (1979) r e p o r t e d t h a t f e e d i n g f r e e f a t t y a c i d s (FFA) reduced a b s o r p t i o n of f a t t y a c i d s and t o t a l l i p i d . T h i s i s not i n agreement wit h Young (1961), Young and Artman (1961) and Artman (1964) who r e p o r t e d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n weight g a i n s , f e e d c o n v e r s i o n or f a t or energy u t i l i z a t i o n i n c h i c k s f e d h y d r o l y z e d o i l s w i t h p r a c t i c a l d i e t s . I t was a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t a b s o r p t i o n of FFA was i n c r e a s e d by f e e d i n g i n m i x t u r e s r a t h e r than f e e d i n g s i n g l e FFAs (Young and Q a r r e t t , 1963). F e e d i n g s e m i - p u r i f i e d d i e t s as Renner and H i l l (1961b) and C a r r o l l and R i c h a r d s (1938) d i d reduces f a t t y a c i d a b s o r p t i o n 25 compared t o p r a c t i c a l d i e t s (Young et. al_, 1963). These mixed r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t i t would be worth r e - i n v e s t i g a t i n g the v a l u e o-f -feeding FFA t o a s s e s s t h e i r use-fulness i n s t u d y i n g -fatty a c i d a b s o r p t i o n . P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o-f o i l I t i s w e l l known t h a t the p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d components o-f f a t s a r e o x i d i z e d more r a p i d l y than the mono-unsaturated and s a t u r a t e d components (Sonntag, 1979). I t i s t h e r e f o r e c u r i o u s t h a t the r e s e a r c h e r s r e f e r e n c e d e a r l i e r d i d not i n v e s t i g a t e the e f f e c t s of b l e n d i n g on the o x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y of f a t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y as some suggested t h a t i t was e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e t o b l e n d f a t s f o r animal f e e d s . T h i s i s t r a d i t i o n a l l y done by the measurement of the c o n t e n t of such o x i d a t i o n p r o d u c t s as p e r o x i d e s , m a l o n i c d i a l d e h y d e and methyl o l e a t e h y d r o p e r o x i d e by t h e use of a n a l y s e s such as the p e r o x i d e t e s t and the t h i o b a r b i t u r i c a c i d t e s t (Sonntag, 1979). These t e s t s a r e a p p l i e d t o o i l p r o d u c t s i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h an a c c e l l e r a t e d o x i d a t i o n t e s t . A s i m p l e a c c e l l e r a t e d o x i d a t i o n t e s t i s t h e oven or S c h a a l t e s t , however no s t a n d a r d s have been developed f o r t h i s t e s t , t h e r e f o r e , no comparisons can be made between l a b o r a t o r i e s (Sonntag, 1979). E s k i n and F r e n k e l (1977) used t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s t o study the d e t e r i o r a t i o n of hydrogenated soybean and rapeseed (LEAR) o i l s and c o n c l u d e d t h a t l i g h t l y hydrogenated soybean o i l was o x i d a t i v e l y more s t a b l e than rapeseed o i l . The smoke p o i n t i s the temperature a t which smoking i s f i r s t 26 d e t e c t e d i n an o i l i n a l a b o r a t o r y a p p a r a t u s p r o t e c t e d from d r a f t s and p r o v i d e d w i t h i l l u m i n a t i o n . T h i s parameter i s l i t t l e a f f e c t e d by the o i l ' s degree of s a t u r a t i o n but depends on the m o l e c u l a r weight and f r e e f a t t y a c i d c o n t e n t (Formo, 1979). The Canadian Consumer (1977) r e p o r t e d smoke p o i n t s of 241\u00C2\u00B0C f o r soybean o i l , 238\u00C2\u00B0C f o r LEAR, and 246\u00C2\u00B0C f o r s u n f l o w e r o i l . T h i s r e p o r t e d v a l u e f o r LEAR agreed w e l l w i t h the smoke p o i n t of 238\u00C2\u00B0C f o r LEAR by Ackman (1983) but was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r than the smoke p o i n t of 218\u00C2\u00B0C t h a t he r e p o r t e d f o r HEAR. However, a l l of t h e s e v a l u e s a r e w e l l above the 200\u00C2\u00B0C minimum s e t by t h e Canadian government f o r f r y i n g o i l s . 27 METHODS AND MATERIALS EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS S i n g l e Comb White Leghorn c o c k e r e l s were chosen as the ex p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s f o r the 3 f e e d i n g t r i a l s . These were conducted w i t h 3 r e p l i c a t e groups of 10 b i r d s per treatm e n t , which were kept i n P e t e r s i m e b a t t e r y b r o o d e r s and p r o v i d e d with 24-hour l i g h t . The b i r d s were o b t a i n e d as day o l d c h i c k s , weighed and randomly a s s i g n e d t o treatment and cage, where they were r a i s e d f o r a p e r i o d of 4 weeks. Food and water was p r o v i d e d ad l i b i t u m . OILS AND BLENDING The l i p i d s used were c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e f o o d grade o i l s or l a r d i n t e n d e d f o r human consumption. The Canbra o i l , soybean o i l soybean o i l > 7/3 > 3/3 > s u n f l o w e r o i l and T a b l e 15 shows t h a t the absorbance a t 16 days r e f l e c t s t h i s same p a t t e r n . At 2 days of i n c u b a t i o n the 7/3 and 5/5 b l e n d s showed a s y n e r g i s t i c i n c r e a s e i n absorbance. The i n c r e a s e was p r o b a b l y due t o the o x i d i z e d s t a t e of the s u n f l o w e r o i l , as the degree of o x i d a t i o n i n c r e a s e d with the i n c r e a s e i n amount of s u n f l o w e r o i l i n the b l e n d . S i n c e s u n f l o w e r o i l a l o n e d i d not develope t h i s l e v e l of absorbance i t may be assumed t h a t the p e r o x i d e s added t o 72 T a b l e 15. T h i o b a r b i t u r i c A c i d V a l u e s Under A c c e l e r a t e d S t o r a g e . 2 - T h i o b a r b i t u r i c A c i d V a l u e * Oi 1 Day 0 Day 2 Day 5 Day 8 Day 16 CAO\u00C2\u00BB 0.02+0.00 0.22+0.01 1.47+.0.08 1.73\u00C2\u00B10.04 1.86+0.03 SFO 0.02+0.00 0.05+0.00 0.08\u00C2\u00B10.01 0.13\u00C2\u00B10.01 0.49+0.01 5/5\" 0.02+0.00 0.37+0.01 0.74+0.03 0.92+0.00 0.99+0.04 7/3 0.02+0.00 0.28+0.00 0.84+0.06 1.10+0.01 1.21+0.01 SBO 0.02+0.00 0.68\u00C2\u00B10.01 1.15+0.01 1.31+0.01 1.20\u00C2\u00B10.01 x A b s o r b a n c e at 530 nm <+_ s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n ) . aCAO = C a n o l a o i l , SFO = Sunflower o i l , SBO = Soybean o i l . ' I n d i c a t e s C a n o l a and su n f l o w e r o i l blended 5/5 ( w e i g h t / w e i g h t ) . 74 the b l e n d by the sun-flower o i l hastened the d e t e r i o r a t i o n of the l i n o l e n i c a c i d i n the b l e n d . T h i s hastened d e t e r i o r a t i o n was a l s o r e f l e c t e d i n the reduced i n d u c t i o n p e r i o d s of the b l e n d s as shown i n F i g u r e 2. D e s p i t e t h i s s y n e r g i s m t h e i n d u c t i o n p e r i o d of the b l e n d s was s t i l l g r e a t e r than t h a t shown by the soybean o i l and the t o t a l absorbance a t t a i n e d i n t h e b l e n d s was e q u i v a l e n t t o or l e s s than t h a t of the soybean o i l . The absorbances a t 16 days f o r the C a n o l a and soybean o i l s were c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r than t h o s e r e p o r t e d by E s k i n and F r e n k e l (1977), t h i s p r o b a b l y r e f l e c t s the d i f f e r e n c e s i n temperature at which the oven t e s t was conducted and the h y d r o g e n a t i o n of the soybean o i l used by those r e s e a r c h e r s . I t was c o n c l u d e d t h a t b l e n d i n g d i d not s e r i o u s l y a l t e r the p a t t e r n s of p e r o x i d e v a l u e o r t h i o b a r b i t u r i c a c i d v a l u e developement and, t h e r e f o r e , d i d not s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduce the o x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y of the o i l s i n v o l v e d . Smoke p o i n t s T a b l e 16 shows t h a t a l l of the o i l s were w e l l above the Canadian government s t a n d a r d of 200\u00C2\u00B0C f o r f r y i n g o i l s . The v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r the Canbra, s u n f l o w e r and soybean o i l s compare w e l l w i t h those p u b l i s h e d i n Canadian Consumer (1977), a l t h o u g h they a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6\u00C2\u00B0C h i g h e r than the r e p o r t e d v a l u e s . I t can be seen t h a t the b l e n d i n g of s u n f l o w e r and C a n o l a o i l i n 5/5 and 7/3 p r o p o r t i o n s d i d not s y n e r g i s t i c a l l y change the smoke p o i n t s . T h i s was t o be expected as the smoke p o i n t i s a measure of m o l e c u l a r weight and f r e e f a t t y a c i d c o n t e n t of an o i l . There was no e v i d e n c e t h a t b l e n d i n g a l t e r s t h e s e parameters. T a b l e 16. O i l Smoke P o i n t . O i l Type Smoke P o i n t 1 \u00C2\u00B1 SD* Canbra 244 +_ 1.53 Ca n o l a 247 +_ 1. 15 Sunt lower 252 +_ 0.38 Soybean 246 +_ 1.00 5/5\" 249 +_ 0.58 7/3 246 +_ 0.58 'Degrees C e l s i u s . \" S tandard d e v i a t i o n (n = 3 ) . \" I n d i c a t e s C a n o l a and Sunflower o i l blended 5/5 (we i g h t / w e i g h t ) . 76 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The e f f e c t s of b a l a n c i n g the f a t t y a c i d p r o f i l e s of Canbra (6.1% e r u c i c a c i d ) and C a n o l a (0.55% e r u c i c a c i d ) o i l s by b l e n d i n g with o t h e r f a t s or o i l s on c h i c k performance and f a t t y a c i d a b s o r p t i o n , as w e l l as, the a u t o x i d a t i v e s t a b i l i t y and smoke p o i n t of the o i l were i n v e s t i g a t e d . In a d d i t i o n , t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of f e e d i n g f r e e f a t t y a c i d s ( h y d r o l y z e d o i l s ) t o study the e f f e c t s of f a t t y a c i d b a l a n c i n g was examined. Canbra o i l was blended w i t h e i t h e r s u n f l o w e r o i l or animal l a r d 1/1 (w/w). The C a n o l a o i l was blended w i t h s u n f l o w e r o i l i n the r a t i o s 9/1, 8/2, 7/3, 6/4 and 5/5. The n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e of the o i l s was assayed u s i n g growing c h i c k s f e d l i p i d at 8% i n a p r a c t i c a l d i e t over a 4 week f e e d i n g p e r i o d . The c r i t e r i a used f o r e v a l u a t i o n were body weight, weight g a i n , f e e d consumption, f e e d c o n v e r s i o n , f e e d d i g e s t i b i l i t y , d i e t m e t a b o l i z a b l e energy, l i p i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y , t o t a l f a t t y a c i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y and i n d i v i d u a l f a t t y a c i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y . The e f f e c t s of d i e t a r y a d d i t i o n s of Canbra o i l , animal l a r d , s u n f l o w e r o i l , b l e n d s of Canbra o i l w i t h animal l a r d or s u n f l o w e r o i l , C a n o l a o i l , soybean o i l , and b l e n d s of C a n o l a o i l and s u n f l o w e r o i l on c h i c k performance and u t i l i z a t i o n were compared and d i s c u s s e d . Under the c o n d i t i o n s of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i t was observed t h a t Canbra o i l was e q u i v a l e n t t o animal l a r d and s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P < 0.05) i n f e r i o r t o s u n f l o w e r o i l i n the promotion of growth 77 and -feed consumption. The b l e n d s o-f Canbra o i l and animal l a r d or sun-flower o i l showed i n c r e a s e d weight g a i n and consumption over the Canbra o i l -fed a l o n e . In the case of the Canbra o i l / a n i m a l l a r d b l e n d t h i s i n c r e a s e was s y n e r g i s t i c . There were no d i f f e r e n c e s i n f e e d c o n v e r s i o n , f e e d d i g e s t i b i l i t y or t o t a l f a t t y a c i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y between thes e t r e a t m e n t s . Canbra o i l was s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P < 0.0S) i n f e r i o r t o the o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s i n l i p i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t both b l e n d s e x i b i t e d a s y n e r g i s t i c i n c r e a s e i n l i p i d d i g e s t i b i l i t y . The i n d i v i d u a l f a t t y a c i d s of the Canbra o i l and animal l a r d g e n e r a l l y were l e s s a b s o r b a b l e than those of the s u n f l o w e r o i l . B l e n d i n g Canbra o i l w i t h e i t h e r animal l a r d or s u n f l o w e r o i l caused s y n e r g i s t i c i n c r e a s e s i n the a b s o r b a b i l i t y of the m a j o r i t y of the i n d i v i d u a l f a t t y a c i d s . C a n o l a o i l , s u n f l o w e r o i l and soybean o i l were determined t o be e q u i v a l e n t i n the promotion of weight g a i n and f e e d consumption. A l l of the b l e n d s of C a n o l a and s u n f l o w e r o i l except the 8/2 and 6/4 b l e n d s showed s y n e r g i s t i c i n c r e a s e s i n body weight. The l a r g e s t weight g a i n was demonstrated by the 7/3 b l e n d and t h i s was s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P < 0.03) g r e a t e r than the weight g a i n s promoted by e i t h e r the sun f l o w e r o i l or the soybean o i l . The f e e d d i g e s t i b i l i t y of the soybean o i l treatment was s i g n i f i c a n t l y

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E f f e c t of d i e t a r y p r o t e i n l e v e l and added t a l l o w on growth and c a r c a s s c o m p o s i t i o n of c h i c k s ( a b s t r . ) P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , 34:1226. 91 Waibel, P.E., 1958. E f f e c t i v e n e s s of unknown growth f a c t o r s , a n t i b i o t i c s and animal f a t i n t u r k e y p o u l t r y r a t i o n s . P o u l t r y S c i e n c e , 37:1144-1149. Walker, B.L., S.P. L a l l , S.J. S l i n g e r and H.S. B a y l e y , 1970. N u t r i t i o n a l a s p e c t s of rapeseed o i l : d i g e s t i b i l i t y , p r o c e s s i n g and i n f l u e n c e Df e r u c i c a c i d on t i s s u e l i p i d s . P r o c e e d i n g s of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on the S c i e n c e , Technology and M a r k e t i n g of Rapeseed and Rapeseed P r o d u c t s . S t e . A dele, Quebec, Canada. Pp. 377-404. Ward, T.A. and R.R. Marquardt, 1983. 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B i b l i o t h e c a N u t r i o e t D i e t a , 25:134-157. 92 APPENDIX 93 TRIAL 4 Methods and m a t e r i a l s T h i s experiment was desi g n e d t o check the poor performance of the 8/2 b l e n d of C a n o l a and s u n f l o w e r o i l used i n T r i a l 2 and t o d i r e c t l y compare the Canbra and C a n o l a o i l . F i v e e x p e r i m e n t a l d i e t s were f o r m u l a t e d t o i n c o r p o r a t e e i t h e r Canbra o i l <6.1% e r u c i c a c i d ) , C a n o l a o i l (0.55% e r u c i c a c i d ) , s u n f l o w e r o i l or b l e n d s of C a n o l a and s u n f l o w e r o i l a t the r a t i o s 8/2 and 7/3 (w/w) i n t o a b a s a l d i e t ( T a b l e 3 ) . Ex p e r i m e n t a l d i e t s a s s i g n e d at random i n t r i p l i c a t e t o 15 c h i c k groups over a 4 week f e e d i n g p e r i o d as d e s c r i b e d i n T r i a l s 1 and 2. In t h i s experiment o n l y body weight, weight g a i n , f e e d consumption and f e e d c o n v e r s i o n were measured. P r i o r t o s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s the d a t a was combined wit h t h a t of the c o r r e s p o n d i n g t r e a t m e n t s i n T r i a l s .1 and 2, t h i s r e s u l t e d i n 6 r e p l i c a t e s per treatment and an i n c r e a s e i n s t a t i s t i c a l p r e c 1 s i o n . R e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n I t can be seen t h a t C a n o l a o i l i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P <0.05) s u p e r i o r t o both Canbra o i l and su n f l o w e r o i l i n promoting weight g a i n ( T a b l e I ) . The d a t a a l s o shows t h a t t h e r e i s a marked In c r e a s e i n the f i n a l body weight and weight g a i n of the 8/2 bl e n d over those r e p o r t e d i n T r i a l 2. There i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between the 8/2 bl e n d and the C a n o l a o i l i n promotion of weight g a i n . The 7/3 bl e n d i s s u p e r i o r t o the o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s i n t h i s r e s p e c t , a l t h o u g h i t i s not s i g n i f i c a n t l y 94 T a b l e I. E f f e c t of O i l B l e n d i n g on the Growth Performance of C h i c k s at 4 Weeks, T r i a l 4. D i e t a r y C h i c k Performance* O i l Body weight Weight g a i n Feed Consumed Feed C o n v e r s i o n 1%, d a t a was t r e a t e d w i t h a r c s i n e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s . 108 T a b l e . A n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e f o r growth parameters, T r i a l 4. Parameter Treatment df E r r o r df Treatment MS E r r o r MS F X Body weight 4 25 1131.34 159.49 7. 09*~ Weight g a i n 4 25 1055.73 167.58 6. 30*\" Feed consumption 4 25 2761.31 704.18 3. 92~ Feed c o n v e r s i o n 4 25 0.0040 0.0018 2. 27 'L e v e l of s i g n i f i c a n c e * i . 5 % , "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0096055"@en . "eng"@en . "Animal Science"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "The effects of fatty acid balancing by oil blending on performance and utilization by growing chicks"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24599"@en .