"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Hebel, Manfred U."@en . "2009-06-16T00:00:00"@en . "1999"@en . "Master of Science - MSc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "The Hope Bay greenstone belt (HBGB) is one of several Late Archean greenstone belts\r\nrecognised within the Slave Structural Province (SSP) in the Northwest Territories, Canada.\r\nUnlike most other major greenstone belts in the SSP relatively little is known about the age and\r\nevolution of the HBGB. The main goal of this study was to construct a detailed\r\nchronostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic framework for the belt that would constrain the\r\ntemporal and tectonic evolution and thus permit the HBGB to be placed in the regional\r\ngeological context of the Slave Structural Province.\r\nA regional geochronological and lithogeochemical program was carried out in\r\nconjunction with geological mapping by BHP Minerals Canada Ltd. personnel. A total of 21 UPb\r\nage determinations, 174 major and trace element analyses, and 19 rare earth element analyses\r\nresulted from the study. U-Pb geochronology was selected as the critical tool for constraining\r\nthe stratigraphic and temporal evolution of the belt because of its high blocking temperature and\r\nthe precise ages that can be obtained using this method. Major, trace, and rare earth element\r\ndata were employed to characterise the geochemistry of various igneous units and investigate\r\nthe possible paleotectonic settings in which individual units were generated.\r\nThe HBGB is characterised by a basal series of mafic dominated tholeiitic volcanic\r\nflows (Young Group), overlain by a sequence of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (Westerberg\r\nGroup), that are in turn overlain by sedimentary rocks of the Tweedy and Farrar group. These\r\nsequences were deposited over a period of at least 116 m.y. from ca. 2716 to ca. 2600 Ma.\r\nChemical compositions of volcanic rocks are typified by low abundance of HFSE and\r\ndepletions in Nb, Ti, Eu, and P relative to REE. The striking similarity between the overall\r\nlithologic assemblage and the geochemical signature of volcanic rocks in the HBGB with modern arc and back-arc systems (e.g. Mariana and Tonga-Kermadec regions) suggest the\r\nHBGB evolved in an arc-backarc geodynamic setting."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/9233?expand=metadata"@en . "16182058 bytes"@en . "application/pdf"@en . "U-PB GEOCHRONOLOGY AND LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY OF THE HOPE BAY GREENSTONE BELT, SLAVE STRUCTURAL PROVINCE, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, CANADA by MANFRED U. HEBEL B.Sc, Concordia University, 1995 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences) We accept this thesis as conforming -to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1999 \u00C2\u00A9 Manfred U. Hebel, 1999 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. 1 further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date %\\e | ^ DE-6 (2788) Abstract The Hope Bay greenstone belt (HBGB) is one of several Late Archean greenstone belts recognised within the Slave Structural Province (SSP) in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Unlike most other major greenstone belts in the SSP relatively little is known about the age and evolution of the HBGB. The main goal of this study was to construct a detailed chronostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic framework for the belt that would constrain the temporal and tectonic evolution and thus permit the HBGB to be placed in the regional geological context of the Slave Structural Province. A regional geochronological and lithogeochemical program was carried out in conjunction with geological mapping by BHP Minerals Canada Ltd. personnel. A total of 21 U-Pb age determinations, 174 major and trace element analyses, and 19 rare earth element analyses resulted from the study. U-Pb geochronology was selected as the critical tool for constraining the stratigraphic and temporal evolution of the belt because of its high blocking temperature and the precise ages that can be obtained using this method. Major, trace, and rare earth element data were employed to characterise the geochemistry of various igneous units and investigate the possible paleotectonic settings in which individual units were generated. The HBGB is characterised by a basal series of mafic dominated tholeiitic volcanic flows (Young Group), overlain by a sequence of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (Westerberg Group), that are in turn overlain by sedimentary rocks of the Tweedy and Farrar group. These sequences were deposited over a period of at least 116 m.y. from ca. 2716 to ca. 2600 Ma. Chemical compositions of volcanic rocks are typified by low abundance of HFSE and depletions in Nb, Ti, Eu, and P relative to REE. The striking similarity between the overall lithologic assemblage and the geochemical signature of volcanic rocks in the HBGB with ii modern arc and back-arc systems (e.g. Mariana and Tonga-Kermadec regions) suggest the HBGB evolved in an arc-backarc geodynamic setting. iii Table of Contents Abstract i i Table of Contents iv List of Tables v i List of Figures v i i Acknowledgements v i i i Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Introduction 1 Methods 1 Presentation 3 References 4 Chapter 2: U-Pb Geochronology of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt, Slave 5 Structural Province, Northwest Territories, Canada Introduction 5 Regional Geology of the Slave Structural Province 5 Geology of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt 9 Previous Geochronology Studies 13 Analytical Methods 13 Geochronology of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt 18 Stratigraphic Reconstruction of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt 35 Evolution of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt 42 Conclusions 44 References 46 Chapter 3: Regional lithogeochemistry of Archean volcanic successions in 50 the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt, Slave Structural Province, N.W.T., Canada iv Introduction 50 Regional Geology 50 Geology of the Hope Bay Greenstone belt 53 Geochemistry 58 Lithogeochemistry 75 Discussion and Conclusions 85 References 88 Chapter 4: Conclusions 92 Conclusions 92 Appendix I 94 Analytical Precision 94 X R F 94 I C P - M S 94 v List of Tables Table 2.1 U-Pb analytical data 14 Table 2.2 Regression parameters 17 Table 3.1 Major and trace element data 60 Table 3.2 Rare earth element data 67 Table 3.3 High field strength element ratios 78 Table 5.1 X R F precision 95 Table 5.2 ICP-MS precision 96 vi List of Figures Figure 1.1 Geology of the Slave Structural Province 2 Figure 2.1 Geology of the Slave Structural Province 6 Figure 2.2 Geology of the Hope Bay greenstone belt 10 Figure 2.3 Age determinations for the Hope Bay greenstone belt 19 Figure 2.4 U-Pb Concordia diagrams 21 Figure 2.5 Temporal evolution diagram 36 Figure 2.6 Chronostratigraphy of the Hope Bay greenstone belt 37 Figure 3.1 Geology of the Slave Structural Province 51 Figure 3.2 Geology of the Hope Bay greenstone belt 54 Figure 3.3 Stratigraphy of the Hope Bay greenstone belt 57 Figure 3.4 Binary element ratio diagrams 70 Figure 3.5 Winchester Floyd diagram 73 Figure 3.6 Magmatic affinity plot 74 Figure 3.7 Plot of TiC\u00C2\u00BB2 vs. Zr for the Hayden formation 76 Figure 3.8 REE diagram for the Hayden formation 77 Figure 3.9 REE diagram for the Son Volt formation 81 Figure 3.10 REE diagram for felsic volcanic of the Hope Bay formation 83 vii Acknowledgments This body of work has benefited from the assistance of numerous individuals. First and foremost, I wish to thank my supervisor Jim Mortensen whose guidance in the field and laboratory allowed this effort to come to fruition. A huge debt of gratitude is owed to Richard Friedman whose endless patience and steady hand spared the author much grief in the U-Pb chemistry lab. James Gebert is thanked for sharing his wealth of knowledge on the Hope Bay greenstone belt and who's wry wit provided endless hours of amusement. This work would not be possible without the generous funding provided by BHP Minerals Canada Ltd. Thanks to Greg MacMaster of BHP Minerals Canada Ltd. for his ideas and insights into this project and the mining industry. Thanks are extended to Anna, Darren, Jamie, Tod, Dinger, Scotty, Rob, Terri, Chris, and Steve and all the geologists I've worked and played with. Chris, thanks for allowing me to tap into that huge database of knowledge you possess. Steve thanks for shedding a ray of light into the black box of lithogeochemistry. A special debt of gratitude is extended to Dr. Evil whose perceptions of life and answer to the \"meaning of life the universe and everything\" proved the Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy wrong. Finally, My family: Mom, Dad, Erica, Andrea, Oma, and Opa are thanked for their unwavering support throughout my life. Thanks for the emails Kidz! To my close friends, Dave and George, thanks for everything! Last but not least, thanks A.H! There are no words to describe the amount of support and inspiration you've provided over the years, except, what took you so long? viii Chapter 1 Introduction The Hope Bay greenstone belt ( H B G B ) lies in the northern portion of the Bathhurst Block in the northeastern part of the Slave Structural Province (Figure 1.1). A regional geochronological and lithogeochemical program was undertaken in conjunction with regional geological mapping of the H B G B in June 1996. The program is entirely funded by B H P Minerals Canada Ltd. and resulted in 21 U-Pb age determinations, 174 major and trace element analyses, and 19 rare earth element analyses. The main thrust of the study was to construct a detailed chronostratigraphic framework for the belt that would constrain its temporal evolution and thus permit the H B G B to be placed in the regional geological context of the SSP. In light of the resulting temporal framework, lithogeochemical results were used to investigate rock compositions and tectonomagmatic affinity of the igneous rock units in the H B G B within this chronostratigraphy. Methods U-Pb geochronology U-Pb geochronology was selected as the main dating tool for this study. High precision age determinations were achieved primarily on zircon (ZrSi02) and to a lesser extent on titanite (CaTiOSiOs) crystals. The robust nature of this method coupled with high blocking temperatures (~ 900\u00C2\u00B0C) of zircon crystals (Lee et al., 1991) results in a powerful method for testing stratigraphic relationships throughout the H B G B . Analyses were carried out by the author at the Geochronology Laboratory of the University of British Columbia. 1 Figure 1.1. Location of the Hope Bay greenstone belt within the Slave Structural Province (modified from Fyson 1997-13). 2 Lithogeochemistry Major and trace element geochemistry were determined for volcanic and plutonic rocks of the H B G B using X-ray fluorescence at Chemex Labs in North Vancouver, British Columbia, using glass beads for majors and pressed pellets for trace elements. A subset of samples were selected for rare earth element analyses using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry at Activation Laboratories in Ancaster, Ontario. Resulting data are integrated into the chronostratigraphy, derived from isotopic dating, and used to establish the chemostratigraphy and possible tectonomagmatic affinity of the supracrustal sequences within the H B G B . Presentation This thesis is presented as two research papers (Chapter 2 and 3), to be submitted for publication in refereed journals. These are preceded by introductory comments (Chapter 1) and followed by concluding remarks (Chapter 4). Some care was taken to eliminate redundancies in such topics as regional geology and introductory comments. However, to benefit readers' clarity and continuity a certain amount of repetition is unavoidable. Chapter 2 discusses the geology and U-Pb geochronology of the H B G B . Twenty-one age determinations provide a temporal framework for the evolution of supracrustal secessions. Chapter 3 explores the lithogeochemistry and possible tectonomagmatic setting of igneous units in the H B G B within the chronostratigraphy established in chapter two. Immobile-incompatible trace element ratios are used to characterise individual igneous rock suites and rare earth element abundances are used to suggest potential geodynamic settings. 3 . References Lee, J .W., Will iams, I.S., and El l is , D.J . (1997). Pb, U , and Th diffusion in natural zircon. Nature, v. 390 p 159-162. 4 Chapter 2 U-Pb geochronology of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt, Slave Structural Province, Northwest Territories, Canada Introduction The Hope Bay greenstone belt (HBGB) lies in the northeastern portion of the Slave Structural Province'(SSP) (Figure 2.1). This mafic dominated greenstone belt is one of several Archean volcanic successions belonging to the Yellowknife Supergroup (YkSG) (Henderson, 1970). The use of high precision U-Pb geochronology in conjunction with geological mapping has provided a temporal framework for the evolution of the YkSG and surrounding plutonic suites (Mortensen et al., 1988; Isachsen et al., 1991. van Breemen et al., 1992). Age determinations indicate the YkSG was deposited between 2715-2655 Ma. However, the preponderance of this data is from the western and central greenstone belts with scant ages from belts in the east. Despite this bias, all dates fall within the temporal framework established from the type section at Yellowknife. The work on the Yellowknife greenstone belt (YkGB) (Mortensen et al, 1988; Isachsen et al, 1991) serves as an excellent example of the level of geochronology needed to unravel the complex history of Archean volcanic successions in the SSP. In an effort to address the dearth of data from eastern belts a detailed geochronolocal study of the H B G B was initiated. The main thrust of this work is to constrain the evolutionary history of supracrustal rocks within the H B G B and in turn place the findings in context of the Yellowknife Supergroup and overall evolution of the SSP. Regional Geology of the Slave Structural Province 5 116 112\u00C2\u00B0 108\u00C2\u00B0 1 ' Figure 2.1. Generalized geology of the Slave Structural Province (modified from Fyson 1997 -13). The following geological overview is drawn largely from prior excellent synopses by: Padgham (1985, 1991), Fyson and Helmstaedt (1988), Hoffman (1989), Padgham and Fyson (1992), Isachsen and Bowering (1994), and King and Helmstaedt (1997). The Slave Structural Province (SSP) located in the northwestern Canadian Shield (Figure 2.1) is a well exposed (= 210 000 km2), dominantly -2715-2655 Ma granite-greenstone-turbidite terrane with subordinate inliers of -4030-2900 Ma gneiss-granite basement rocks, >2800 Ma continental shelf sedimentary rocks, and <2605 Ma polymictic conglomerate-sandstone rocks. The craton is bounded to the west by the -1910-1800 Ma Wopmay orogen and to the east by the -2020-1910 Ma Thelon orogen. To the south, southwest, and northeast the SSP is onlapped by Proterozoic strata. Henderson (1970) initially assigned all supracrustal rocks within the SSP to the Yellowknife Supergroup (YkSG). Workers have since resolved the YkSG into three sequences 1) pre-YkSG: a basal orthoquartzite assemblage, 2) the main greenstone supracrustal sequence (metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks) and 3) post-YkSG: an upper polymictic conglomerate assemblage. Basement rocks have thus far only been recognised in the western part of the SSP and include a heterogeneous assemblage of orthogneiss, migmatitic gneiss, tonalite, and granodiorite. These rocks are typically strongly metamorphosed, deformed and intruded by amphibolite dykes. The apparent restriction of basement rocks to the western SSP is supported by isotopic boundaries established from sulphide Pb isotopic compositions and whole rock Nd analyses (Thorpe et al.. 1992; Davis and Hegnar 1992; Yamashita et al.. 1995). These data are interpreted to reflect the presence of old sialic basement in the west and an absence of such basement in the east. Pre-YkSG supracrustal rocks are also apparently restricted to the western SSP, where they form a thin discontinuous veneer over crystalline basement rocks. The pre-YKSG units are 7 commonly deformed and comprise mature orthoquartzite with local quartz pebble conglomerate, rhyolitic volcanic rock, chert-magnetite iron formation, siltstone, and calc-silicate rocks locally intruded by ultramafic sills and dykes. Approximately 26 separate granite-greenstone belts are included within the YkSG. These greenstone belts have been further subdivided into mafic-dominated \"Yellowknife-type\" and a felsic-dominated \"Hackett River-type\" (Padgham, 1985). Yellowknife-type belts are typically comprised of voluminous massive to pillowed tholeiitic basalt flows (locally variolitic), interleaved with calc-alkaline felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, turbidites, and local synvolcanic conglomerate and carbonate units. Hackett River-type belts are comprised of calc-alkaline felsic and intermediate rocks intercalated with turbidites in the upper portions of the section. Geochronological age determinations bracket YkSG volcanism between 2715 Ma and 2655 Ma (Mortensen et al., 1988; Isachsen et al., 1991). Volcanic belts are typically isoclinally folded, well-foliated, and cut by belt-parallel shear zones. Metamorphism within the SSP is predominately at greenschist facies although, it locally reaches lower to middle amphibolite facies. A late (<2.6 Ga) sedimentary assemblage consisting of conglomerate and sandstone unconformably overlies the main greenstone sequence. Polymictic conglomerates within this package are typically clast supported, include many lithologies from the volcanic hinterland, and bear a striking similarity with the Timiskaming Group found in the Superior Province (Fyson and Helmstaedt, 1988). Late Archean plutonic rocks in the SSP were intruded between 2.70 and 2.58 Ga (van Breemen et al., 1992; Villeneuve et al., 1997). Villeneuve et al. (1997) further subdivide the intrusive rocks into 2.70-2.64 Ga predeformational tonalite and diorite, 2.62-2.59 Ga K-feldspar megacrystic granite, and postdeformational 2.60-2.58 Ga two-mica granite. Plutonic age determinations thus far indicate a magmatic hiatus from 2.640-2.625 Ga. 8 The SSP shows evidence of three distinct episodes of deformation: 1) >2.8 Ga structures are recorded within the Acasta terrain in the western Slave, but are poorly understood; 2) a pan-SSP deformational event is recorded between 2.7 and 2.6 Ga and characterised by regional compression, local plutonic deformation, and late extension (ca. <2.583 Ga); and 3) 1.84-1.74 Ga brittle to ductile faulting related to the Wopmay and Thelon orogenic belts affect the eastern and western SSP. Geology of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt The Hope Bay greenstone belt (HBGB) lies in the northern portion of the Bathhurst Block in the northeastern part of the SSP (Figure 2.1). Fraser (1964) first mapped the belt as an Archean volcanic terrane belonging to the YkSG. Gibbons (1986) and Gebert (1990, 1993) classified the supracrustal sequence as a Yellowknife-type belt containing a series of north-south trending linear fractures. The belt is composed primarily of mafic and felsic metavolcanic and subvolcanic rocks, local ultramafic sills and with subordinate metasedimentary rocks. The volcanic belt is surrounded by synvolcanic to postvolcanic granitoid rocks. Metamorphic grade within the HBGB ranges from predominately lower greenschist to amphibolite facies near belt margins. The entire HBGB has been remapped from 1996-1997 by the geological staff of BHP Minerals Canada Ltd. (primarily J. S. Gebert and M.U. Hebel) (Figure 2.2). The revised geological interpretation of supracrustal sequences within the HBGB based on this mapping form the stratigraphic and structural framework for the present study. Informal formation and group names have been assigned by the author to supracrustal rocks within the HBGB to facilitate clarity and continuity for the reader. 9 N W 68\"15'H s Legend Lakes Diabase (f~jj) Goulburn Supergroup Hope Ba> formation Granite C^2^ Gneiss C ~} Gabbro Ultramafic Sill Diorite Wilco formation Clover Lake formation Diorite Cf\" ~^ ) Koignuk River formation Windy Lake formation C^3_J) Square Lake formation Wolverine Lake formation 0^^^ Son Volt formation CZZ--\"1 Flake Lake formation C^f^) Hayden formation WL- Windy Lake PL- Patch Lake L L - Lynx Lake SL- Square Lake SpL- Spyder Lake Fl- Flake Lake CL- Clover Lake Scale 1:200 000 J L 8km Figure 2.2a. Generalised geology for the northern portion of the HBGB. 10 106\u00C2\u00B045' Legend Lakes Diabase C^fy Goulburn Supergroup \u00E2\u0080\u00A2j/^^i Hope Bay formation Granite ^) Gneiss Gabbro Ultramafic Sill - \"Zj\u00C2\u00A7^ Diorite ^) Wilco formation C^^ ) Clover Lake formation ^ j^^ 1 Diorite CZ )^ Koignuk River formation Windy Lake formation J) Square Lake formation Wolverine Lake formation Son Volt formation CZZ-) Flake Lake formation Hayden formation WL- Windy Lake PL- Patch Lake L L - Lynx Lake SL- Square Lake SpL- Spyder Lake Fl- Flake Lake CL- Clover Lake Scale 1: 200 000 106\u00C2\u00B030' 106\"15' Figure 2.2b. Generalised geology for the southern portion of the HBGB. i l Mafic rocks are collectively assigned to the Hayden formation (Figure 2.2) and consist of massive and pillowed metabasalt flows and metagabbros. Pillows are commonly variolitic and elongate with length to width ratios ranging from 2:1 up to 10-15:1. Geochemically most mafic rocks are typical Archean tholeiitic basalts although minor magnesium-rich basaltic komatiites have recently been recognised (Lindsey, 1998). Gabbro sills with pod-like geometry are ubiquitous throughout the volcanic sequences, with larger coarse-grained bodies up to 100 metres restricted to the northern portion of the belt. Thick sills commonly grade into more leucocratic differentiates. Ultramafic sills are also found throughout the belt. These sills typically form thin discontinuous intrusive bodies but can reach thicknesses of up to 200 metres in the northern portion of the belt. The HBGB is a mafic dominated volcanic sequence and thus is an exception to the typical felsic dominated greenstone belts found in the eastern SSP. Unlike many Archean greenstone belts, the HBGB also contains a significant component of intermediate rocks. Intermediate units are assigned to the Son Volt formation (Figure 2.2) and were erupted primarily as fragmental rocks although flows occur locally. Felsic volcanic rocks (Flake Lake, Wolverine Lake, Square Lake, Windy Lake, Koignuk River, and Clover Lake formations; Figure 2.2) are dominantly composed of dacitic feldspar-phyric ash and lapilli tuffs with subordinate rhyolitic compositions. Many felsic rocks exhibit volcaniclastic textures suggesting they have been reworked by sedimentary processes. Volcaniclastic rocks are intercalated with flows and felsic epiclastic rocks with rapid facies changes common. Metasedimentary rocks (Wilco and Hope Bay formations; Figure 2.2), including sandstone, siltstone, greywacke, shale, and conglomerate units are interleaved with both mafic and felsic volcanic rocks. 12 Previous Geochronology Studies Bevier and Gebert (1991) reported five U-Pb age determinations from the HBGB prior to this study. These data indicated a minimum age range for felsic volcanism within the belt of 8 (\u00C2\u00B15) million years (2685 ^ Ma to 2677^ Ma). Synvolcanic and postvolcanic plutons were dated at 2672 Ma and 2608 Ma respectively. The 2608 Ma zircon age was derived from a granite pluton that contained a foliated mafic xenolith; thus providing a minimum age for regional metamorphism. Analytical Methods All U-Pb age determinations reported here were derived from zircons with the exception of a single sample for which an age was obtained from titanite. Most zircon and titanite concentrates were extracted from 20-25 kg samples. Mineral extraction and U-Pb analytical procedures are similar to those described by Mortensen et al. (1995). In order to minimise the effects of surface-correlated Pb loss, all zircon and titanite fractions were strongly abraded prior to analysis (Krogh 1982). Both multigrain and single grain analyses were done. Procedural blanks were 2 to 10 picograms for Pb and 1 to 2 picograms for U. Errors for individual analyses were calculated using the error propagation method of Roddick (1987). The decay constants recommended by Steiger and Jager (1977) were used in age calculations and initial common Pb compositions were estimated using the model of Cumming and Richards (1975). Concordia intercept ages were calculated using either the regression models of Davis (1982) or York (1969) and the algorithm of Ludwig (1980). All age errors are expressed at the 2a level. U-Pb analytical data is given in Table 2.1, and regression parameters are listed in Table 2.2. 1 3 Table 2.1. U-Pb analytical data for the HBGB. Fraction1 Wt U 2 Pb 3 206p(j4 Pb 5 208 p b6 Isotopic ratios (la,%) 7 207 P b / 206 P b Ug ppm ppm 204pb Pg % 206pb/238TJ 207p b / 23 5 u 207p b /206p b age7 Sample 1 (97PGMC101, Flake Lake rhyolite, 67\u00C2\u00B046.3'N, 106\u00C2\u00B016.3'W) A f,Nl,st,3 5 17 10 793 3 13.1 0.5168 (0.17) 13.310(0.23) 0.18679 (0.17) 2714.1 (5.6) B f,Nl,st,3 7 17 10 1861 2 12.8 0.5083 (0.16) 13.078 (0.21) 0.18661 (0.12) 2712.5 (3.8) C f,Nl,st,2 2 11 7 487 2 17.0 0.5217 (0.40) 13.607 (0.45) 0.18916(0.17) 2734.8 (5.6) D f,N 1,81,4 10 56 34 1416 12 13.3 0.5038 (0.08) 12.940 (0.16) 0.18626(0.09) 2709.4 (3.1) E f,Nl,st,4 9 12 7 674 5 13.7 0.5112(0.20) 13.160 (0.28) 0.18672 (0.17) 2713.5(5.6) F f,Nl,st,4 11 41 25 6226 2 13.3 0.5232 (0.12) 13.490 (0.17) 0.18698 (0.08) 2715.8(2.8) Sample 2 (96PTMC119, Wolverine Lake quartz feldspar porphyry, 68\u00C2\u00B000.7'N, 106\u00C2\u00B033.7'W) A c,N2,p,i 5 123 70 2148 9 7.2 0.5140 (0.11) 13.075 (0.17) 0.18447(0.09) 2693.5 (3.0) B c,N2,e,p,l 5 61 35 1422 7 8.5 0.5071 (0.21) 13.009 (0.25) 0.18604 (0.10) 2707.5 (3.4) C c,N2,p,l 3 72 41 1642 4 8.3 0.5125 (0.12) 13.096 (0.17) 0.18535 (0.12) 2701.3 (3.8) D m,N2,p,l 18 131 73 7235 10 6.6 0.5124 (0.09) 13.026 (0.15) 0.18435 (0.07) 2692.4 (2.4) E c,N2,p,l 9 83 46 1976 11 6.8 0.5097 (0.12) 12.980 (0.18) 0.18468 (0.09) 2695.3 (2.9) F c,N2,p,t,l 7 93 52 1067 18 7.0 0.5154 (0.09) 13.127 (0.17) 0.18472 (0.10) 2695.7 (3.5) G m,N2,p,t,l 6 123 69 2218 10 8.0 0.5099 (0.11) 12.948 (0.17) 0.18418 (0.08) 2690.9 (2.7) H c,N2,p,l 5 124 70 1117 16 6.9 0.5114(0.10) 13.029 (0.18) 0.18476(0.10) 2696.1 (3.3) I c,N2,p,l 7 129 75 8817 3 10.9 0.5100 (0.09) 12.940 (0.15) 0.18403 (0.07) 2689.6 (2.4) J c,N2,p,l 9 91 51 2621 10 7.0 0.5079 (0.09) 12.913 (0.16) 0.18438 (0.08) 2692.7 (2.7) K c,N2,p,l 6 89 50 3463 5 7.8 0.5047 (0.11) 12.781 (0.17) 0.18366(0.08) 2686.2 (2.6) Sample 3 (96PQMC113, Square Lake tuff, 67\u00C2\u00B054.1'N, 106\u00C2\u00B042.1'W) A m,Nl,st,5 23 34 20 2541 10 12.5 0.5037 (0.09) 12.783 (0.16) 0.18405 (0.09) 2689.7 (2.8) B m,Nl,st,5 45 46 28 7379 9 12.7 0.5112(0.10) 12.981 (0.16) 0.18416(0.08) 2690.7 (2.5) C m,Nl,st,3 7 25 15 1842 3 14.9 0.5067 (0.09) 12.860 (0.11) 0.18408 (0.06) 2690.0 (2.0) D f,Nl,e,p,3 5 24 15 1274 3 14.4 0.5026 (0.14) 12.735 (0.22) 0.18378(0.14) 2687.3 (4.6) E f,Nl,e,p,3 7 38 23 4424 2 13.7 0.5148 (0.16) 13.063 (0.19) 0.18403 (0.11) 2689.6 (3.8) F f,Nl,e,p,3 7 37 22 1826 4 13.6 0.5107(0.11) 12.946 (0.18) 0.18385 (0.09) 2687.9 (3.1) Sample 4 (97PQMC109, Square Lake flow, 67 57.2'N, 106\u00C2\u00B041.6'W) A m,Nl,p,3 8 75 46 2975 6 14.7 0.5089 (0.12) 12.913 (0.18) 0.18403 (0.08) 2689.6 (2.7) B m,Nl,p,4 8 53 32 3633 4 15.1 0.5075 (0.09) 12.869 (0.16) 0.18391 (0.08) 2688.5 (2.6) C m,Nl,p,3 5 51 31 3455 2 14.2 0.5177 (0.14) 13.140 (0.19) 0.18408(0.09) 2690.0 (2.8) D m,Nl,p,2 6 86 53 6375 3 14.7 0.5153 (0.11) 13.075 (0.17) 0.18402 (0.08) 2689.5 (2.6) E m,Nl,p,4 10 44 26 4407 3 14.6 0.4976 (0.11) 12.611 (0.17) 0.18381 (0.09) 2687.6 (2.9) Sample 5 (97PBMC104, Windy Lake tuff, 67\u00C2\u00B039.7'N, 106\u00C2\u00B020.5'W) A c,Nl,e,t,5 39 367 195 390 968 10.3 0.4681 (0.15) 11.781 (0.32) 0.18252(0.22) 2675.9 (7.3) B m,Nl,e,t,3 4 227 134 691 37 11.7 0.5098 (0.12) 12.899 (0.22) 0.18353 (0.14) 2685.0 (4.6) C m,Nl,e,t,3 12 352 179 397 267 10.9 0.4465 (0.12) 11.267 (0.29) 0.18300 (0.22) 2680.2 (7.1) D m,Nl,e,t,3 7 232 128 357 123 12.5 0.4742 (0.12) 11.940 (0.32) 0.18261 (0.24) 2676.7 (7.8) E m,Nl,e,t,3 7 190 100 413 8 13.9 0.4436(0.19) 11.175 (0.31) 0.18272 (0.21) 2677.7 (6.9) F m,Nl,e,t,3 6 150 87 919 28 10.8 0.5066 (0.10) 12.818(0.19) 0.18350(0.12) 2684.7 (3.9) Sample 6 (96PTMC123, Windy Lake lapilli, 68\u00C2\u00B006.3'N, 106\u00C2\u00B039.3W) A c,N2,e,t,l 23 82 45 8177 7 9.4 0.4956 (0.09) 12.535 (0.15) 0.18345 (0.08) 2684.3 (2.6) B c,N2,e,t,l 8 34 22 2046 4 18.0 0.5143 (0.10) 13.132 (0.17) 0.18520 (0.09) 2700.0 (2.8) C c,N2,e,t,l 4 58 34 1653 4 12.0 0.5124 (0.11) 12.969 (0.17) 0.18357 (0.10) 2685.4 (3.2) D c,N2,e,t,l 7 73 42 3437 4 11.2 0.5090 (0.10) 12.890 (0.16) 0.18366 (0.08) 2686.2 (2.7) E c,N2,e,t,l 11 74 43 1030 23 10.9 0.5076 (0.10) 12.832 (0.18) 0.18334(0.10) 2683.3 (3.4) Sample 7 (97PAMC106, Son Volt lapilli, 67\u00C2\u00B054.1'N, 106\u00C2\u00B032.9'W) A m,N2,st,p,l 7 73 42 3939 4 14.9 0.4865 (0.10) 12.301 (0.16) 0.18338 (0.08) 2683.7 (2.6) B m,N2,st,p,l 4 42 25 3112 2 11.7 0.5160(0.12) 13.059 (0.18) 0.18357 (0.08) 2685.4 (2.8) C m,N2,st,p,l 5 139 85 9531 2 14.1 0.5159 (0.09) 13.062 (0.15) 0.18362 (0.07) 2685.8 (2.5) Sample 8 (97PTMC111, Windy Lake quartz-feldspar porphyry, 68\u00C2\u00B009.5'N, 106\u00C2\u00B039.4'W) A c,Nl,st,p,3 16 86 49 18512 2 9.9 0.5072 (0.25) 12.812 (0.28) 0.18322 (0.07) 2682.2 (2.4) B c,Nl,st,p,3 27 71 41 15741 4 9.9 0.5126 (0.15) 12.958 (0.19) 0.18334(0.07) 2683.3 (2.4) C c,Nl,st,p,3 20 71 41 19679 2 10.0 0.5161 (0.10) 13.061 (0.15) 0.18355 (0.07) 2685.2 (2.3) Sample 9 (96PCMC108, Koignuk River quartz-feldspar porphyry, 67\u00C2\u00B034.5'N, 106\u00C2\u00B035.0'W) A c,N2,e,t,2 18 37 22 2910 7 10.3 0.5089 (0.10) 12.850 (0.16) 0.18314(0.09) 2681.5 (2.9) B c,N2,e,t,l 9 52 30 1374 10 9.4 0.5115(0.11) 12.885 (0.18) 0.18269 (0.10) 2677.5 (3.3) Table2.1 (continued) U-Pb analytical data for the HBGB. Fraction1 Wt U 2 Pb 3 206p|j4 Pb 5 208p[j6 Isotopic ratios ( la,%) 7 207p b /206p b Mg ppm ppm 204pb Pg % 2 0 6 P b / 2 3 8 U 2 0 7 P b / 2 3 5 U 207p b /206p b age7 C c,N2,e,t,l 9 50 29 773 17 10.2 0.5111 (0.12) 12.910(0.20) 0.18321 (0.12) 2682.1 (4.0) D c,N2,e,t,2 16 43. 25 2106 10 11.5 0.5105 (0.08) 12.856(0.16) 0.18265 (0.08) 2677.1 (2.7) E c,N2,e,t,l 10 54 32 1466 11 III 0.5138 (0.09) 12.940 (0.17) 0.18266 (0.09) 2677.1 (3.1) F c,N2,e,t,2 12 71 41 5836 5 11.0 0.5093 (0.09) 12.832 (0.15) 0.18275 (0.08) 2678.0 (2.6) G c,N2,e,t,2 11 43 25 2851 5 10.7 0.5088 (0.10) 12.802 (0.16) 0.18250(0.09) 2675.8 (2.8) H c,N2,e,t,4 11 26 15 3357 3 10.9 0.5085 (0.14) 12.799 (0.19) 0.18255 (0.08) 2676.2 (2.7) Sample 10 (96PTMC118, Koignuk River flow, 68\u00C2\u00B001.3'N, 106\u00C2\u00B041.3'W) A c,Nl,e,p,3 18 54 32 13147 2 12.6 0.5139 (0.10) 12.949 (0.15) 0.18274 (0.08) 2677.9 (2.7) B c,Nl,e,p,3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 35 52 31 7525 8 12.7 0.5087 (0.11) 12.804 (0.16) 0.18256(0.08) 2676.3 (2.5) C c,Nl,e,p,3 30 48 28 21174 2 11.7 0.5141 (0.09) 12.946 (0.15) 0.18263 (0.08) 2676.9 (2.5) D m,Nl,e,p,2 6 29 17 1758 3 11.6 0.5041 (0.15) 12.684 (0.20) 0.18248 (0.10) 2675.6 (3.3) E m,Nl,e,p,2 7 16 10 1293 3 11.4 0.5153 (0.12) 12.979(0.19) 0.18266 (0.11) 2677.2 (3.5) Sample 11 (96PCMC107, Koignuk River flow, 67\u00C2\u00B034.8'N 106\u00C2\u00B034.7W) A c,N2,e,t,l 13 57 32 1950 12 10.4 0.4980 (0.10) 12.532 (0.17) 0.18252 (0.09) 2675.9 (2.8) B f,N2,e,t,3 50 39 23 4317 14 11.7 0.5025 (0.08) 12.638 (0.15) 0.18241 (0.08) 2674.9 (2.5) C f,N2,e,t,3 50 40 24 4628 13 11.6 0.5078 (0.10) 12.789 (0.16) 0.18266(0.08) 2677.2 (2.5) D c,N2,e,t,l 14 42 24 4422 9 11.1 0.5002 (0.11) 12.602 (0.17) 0.18273 (0.08) 2677.8 (2.6) E f,N2,e,t,4 28 38 22 3300 10 11.0 0.5098 (0.12) 12.839 (0.18) 0.18265 (0.08) 2677.1 (2.7) F f,N2,e,t,l 9 30 18 1232 7 11.9 0.5064 (0.10) 12.815 (0.12) 0.18353 (0.07) 2685.0 (2.4) G f,N2,e,t,l 5 567 328 1405 57 11.0 0.5062 (0.08) 12.742 (0.12) 0.18255 (0.09) 2676.2 (2.9) 1 f,N2,e,t,l 4 54 32 808 8 12.4 0.5039 (0.13) 12.687 (0.16) 0.18262 (0.10) 2676.9 (3.2) J f,N2,e,t,l 3 52 30 1040 5 10.5 0.5028 (0.12) 12.702 (0.14) 0.18323 (0.10) 2682.3 (3.2) H f,N2,e,t,l 4 59 35 1076 7 12.2 0.5145 (0.21) 12.955 (0.22) 0.18264 (0.12) 2677.0 (3.9) Sample 12 (96PBMC104, Koignuk River tuff, 67\u00C2\u00B032.4'N, 106\u00C2\u00B015.0'W) A c,N2,e,p,l 5 111 65 2813 6 11.5 0.5089 (0.09) 12.828 (0.15) 0.18284 (0.08) 2678.8 (2.6) B m,N2,e,p,l 3 68 39 538 11 10.9 0.5101 (0.11) 12.833 (0.22) 0.18246 (0.15) 2675.4 (4.9) C m,N2,e,p,l 3 62 36 1143 5 11.1 0.5110(0.12) 12.842 (0.20) 0.18226 (0.12) 2673.5 (3.8) D m,N2,e,p,l 5 63 37 3012 3 11.6 0.5120 (0.17) 12.892 (0.20) 0.18262 (0.13) 2676.9 (4.3) E m,N2,e,p,l 5 33 19 770 7 11.6 0.5016(0.17) 12.664 (0.24) 0.18313 (0.15) 2681.4 (5.0) F c,N2,e,p,l 7 90 52 6103 3 12.5 0.5006 (0.10) 12.616(0.16) 0.18277 (0.08) 2678.2 (2.6) Sample 13 (97PBMC103, Clover Lake rhyolite, 67\u00C2\u00B040.1'N, 106\u00C2\u00B027.5'W) A f,N2,e,p,3 20 469 271 625 418 12.0 0.5003 (0.10) 12.473 (0.22) 0.18081 (0.15) 2660.3 (5.1) B f,N2,e,p,l 5 140 66 2054 8 15.9 0.3913 (0.09) 9.640(0.16) 0.17866 (0.09) 2640.5 (3.1) C f,N2,e,s,l 6 307 181 626 81 15.3 0.4908 (0.10) 12.237 (0.22) 0.18082 (0.15) 2660.5 (5.0) D f,N2,e,p,3 12 97 47 1816 14 17.8 0.3943 (0.11) 9.667 (0.18) 0.17784 (0.09) 2632.8 (3.1) E f,N2,e,p,5 22 263 159 1985 82 14.4 0.5093 (0.09) 12.715 (0.17) 0.18106 (0.09) 2662.6 (2.9) Sample 14 (97PTMC108, Sandusky diorite, 67\u00C2\u00B059.9'N, 106\u00C2\u00B036.2'W) A f,N2,e,7 32 423 258 14262 26 19.2 0.4839(0.12) 12.033 (0.17) 0.18035 (0.08) 2656.1 (2.6) B f,N2,e,8 40 374 229 11235 36 19.3 0.4862 (0.15) 12.107 (0.19) 0.18060 (0.09) 2658.4 (2.8) C f,N2,e,5 20 425 254 10449 21 18.9 0.4783 (0.10) 11.891 (0.16) 0.18033 (0.07) 2655.9 (2.4) Sample 15 (96PUMC101, Sandusky diorite, 67\u00C2\u00B054.5'N, 106\u00C2\u00B031.7'W) A f,N2,e,5 11 350 196 7813 13 14.1 0.4745 (0.09) 11.812 (0.15) 0.18056(0.07) 2658.1 (2.5) B f,N2,e,9 18 246 133 6334 19 11.8 0.4688 (0.08) 11.660 (0.15) 0.18040 (0.07) 2656.6 (2.4) C f,N2,e,14 22 160 85 7416 13 11.1 0.4661 (0.08) 11.586 (0.15) 0.18030 (0.07) 2655.6 (2.4) D f,N2,e,10 25 314 184 2443 84 18.4 0.4715 (0.08) 11.741 (0.16) 0.18062 (0.08) 2658.5 (2.7) E f,N2,e,5 16 430 246 7253 25 17.2 0.4667 (0.11) 11.623 (0.16) 0.18063 (0.07) 2658.7 (2.4) F f,N2,e,6 18 585 343 6038 46 18.7 0.4689 (0.13) 11.681 (0.18) 0.18066 (0.08) 2659.0 (2.5) Sample 16 (T961-43b, foliated g ranite, 67\u00C2\u00B038.0'N, 106-13.5'W) A cc,N2,e,l 22 50 28 5650 6 7.3 0.5058 (0.10) 12.511 (0.16) 0.17939(0.08) 2647.2 (2.5) B m,N2,e,p,l 5 124 68 3128 6 7.8 0.5020 (0.09) 12.416(0.16) 0.17937 (0.08) 2647.1 (2.6) C m,N2,e,p,l 4 111 66 799 15 15.5 0.4936 (0.28) 12.147 (0.33) 0.17847(0.13) 2638.7 (4.3) D cc,N2,e,p,l 7 500 256 2552 38 3.4 0.4878 (0.14) 12.003 (0.19) 0.17847 (0.10) 2638.7 (3.3) E c,N2,e,p,l 7 328 171 8260 8 6.2 0.4835 (0.08) 1 1.867 (0.15) 0.17799 (0.07) 2634.2 (2.5) F c,N2,e,p,l 7 349 185 11778 6 6.0 0.4904 (0.08) 12.156 (0.15) 0.17979 (0.07) 2651.0(2.4) G ti,m,M20,10 36 124 65 2168 57 5.0 0.4938 (0.11) 11.801 (0.17) 0.17332 (0.09) 2589.9 (2.8) H ti,m,M20,10 81 159 88 1524 231 10.3 0.4940 (0.17) 11.796 (0.22) 0.17317(0.11) 2588.5 (3.6) Sample 17 (96PDMC126, Hope Bay Conglomerate granitoid clast, 68\u00C2\u00B009.2'N, 106\u00C2\u00B044.0'W) A m,st,eq,5 13 60 36 8489 3 14.2 0.4980(0.09) 12.656 (0.15) 0.18432 (0.08) 2692.1(2.5) 15 Table2.1 (concluded) U-Pb analytical data for the HBGB. Fraction' Wt U 2 Pb 3 206p| 54 Pb 5 208p b 6 Isotopic ratios (lrj,%) 7 2 0 7 p b / 2 0 6 p b Mg ppm ppm 2 0 4 p b Pg % 206p b / 238TJ 207p b / 235TJ 2 0 7 p b / 2 0 6 p b age7 B m,st,eq,3 9 64 37 8877 2 13.7 0.4899 (0.14) 12.440(0.18) 0.18416(0.09) 2690.7 (3.0) C m,e,p,4 7 18 11 1489 3 17.3 0.5169 (0.24) 13.201 (0.27) 0.18524 (0.10) 2700.3 (3.5) Sample 18 (96PDMC125, Hope Bay conj domerate granitoid clast, 68\u00C2\u00B009.2'N, 106\u00C2\u00B044.0'W) A f,N5,eq,l 9 16 9 1049 4 9.9 0.5140 (0.13) 13.007 (0.20) 0.18352 (0.12) 2684.9 (3.9) B f,N5,eq,l 6 33 19 1404 4 11.6 0.4976 (0.11) 12.656 (0.18) 0.18444 (0.10) 2693.2(3.1) C f,N5,eq,l 4 48 29 889 7 12.6 0.5123 (0.14) 13.001 (0.21) 0.18408 (0.12) 2689.9 (3.9) D f,N5,eq,l 7 87 50 3628 5 11.1 0.5042 (0.09) 12.729 (0.15) 0.18310(0.08) 2681.2 (2.5) E f,N5,eq,l 8 108 57 5293 4 12.1 0.4604 (0.09) 11.515 (0.15) 0.18140 (0.07) 2665.7 (2.5) F f,N5,eq,l 7 65 38 1571 9 14.8 0.4979 (0.09) 12.569 (0.17) 0.18308(0.09) 2680.9 (3.0) Sample 19 (96PDMC128, Hope Bay Conglomerate sandstone, 68\u00C2\u00B009.2'N, 106\u00C2\u00B044.0'W) A f,Nl,st,e,l 5 183 103 2777 6 8.5 0.5060 (0.11) 12.514(0.17) 0.17939(0.08) 2647.2 (2.8) B f,Nl,st,e,l 5 112 67 406 9 12.5 0.5152 (0.13) 12.980 (0.28) 0.18273 (0.20) 2677.8 (6.5) C mNl,st,e, 1 26 71 40 5126 11 10.7 0.4912(0.13) 12.289 (0.18) 0.18144 (0.08) 2666.0 (2.5) D c,Nl,st,p,l 20 139 76 6294 13 8.1 0.4978 (0.09) 12.335 (0.15) 0.17972 (0.07) 2650.3 (2.5) E c,Nl,st,e,l 10 187 100 12066 5 6.6 0.4919(0.08) 12.245 (0.15) 0.18055 (0.07) 2657.9 (2.4) F f,Nl,st,e,l 8 199 109 10004 5 7.3 0.4990 (0.08) 12.487 (0.14) 0.18150(0.07) 2666.6 (2.4) G F,Nl,st,e,l 7 96 55 3839 5 11.3 0.4969 (0.10) 12.474 (0.16) 0.18207(0.08) 2671.8 (2.6) Sample 20 (96PK.MC121, Wilco sediments, 67\u00C2\u00B057.5'N, 106\u00C2\u00B035.6'W) A c,N2,t,p,l 4 135 88 2072 8 14.1 0.5417(0.10) 14.739 (0.17) 0.19733 (0.08) 2804.3 (2.6) B m,N2,t,l 14 50 30 1265 16 10.7 0.5150 (0.09) 13.328 (0.17) 0.18768(0.09) 2722.0(3.1) C m,N2,e,t,l 8 77 63 2603 9 12.1 0.6553 (0.12) 24.013 (0.17) 0.26577 (0.08) 3281.3 (2.6) D m,N2,e,t,l 8 66 40 1622 10 14.7 0.5114(0.12) 12.864 (0.18) 0.18243 (0.09) 2675.1 (3.0) E m,N2,st,e,l 10 58 34 1939 9 10.8 0.5136(0.09) 13.034 (0.16) 0.18408 (0.09) 2689.9 (2.9) Notes: Analytical techniques are listed in Mortensen et al. (1995). ' Upper case letter = fraction identifier; All fractions air abraded; Grain size, intermediate dimension: cc=>180p.m, c= <180|am to >134p:m, m=<134p.m and >104p.m, f=<104p.m; Magnetic codes:Franz magnetic separator sideslope at which grains are nonmagnetic (N) or Magnetic (M); e.g., Nl=nonmagnetic at 1\u00C2\u00B0; Field strength for all fractions =1.8A; Front slope for all fractions=20\u00C2\u00B0; Grain character codes: ti=titanite, e=elongate, eq=equant, p=prismatic, st=stubby, t=tabular, ;Numeral=number of grains analysed. ^ U blank correction of l-3pg \u00C2\u00B1 20%; U fractionation corrections were measured for each run with a double 233TJ_ 235,j spike (about 0.005/amu). ^Radiogenic Pb ^Measured ratio corrected for spike and Pb fractionation of 0.0043/amu \u00C2\u00B1 20% (Daly collector) and 0.0012/amu \u00C2\u00B1 7% and laboratory blank Pb of lOpg \u00C2\u00B1 20%. Laboratory blank Pb concentrations and isotopic compositions based on total procedural blanks analysed throughout the duration of this study. ^Total common Pb in analysis based on blank isotopic composition ^Radiogenic Pb ^Corrected for blank Pb, U, and common Pb. Common Pb corrections based on Cumming and Richards (1975) at the age of the rock or the 2 0 7Pb/ 2 0 6Pb age of the fraction (errors are 2a in Ma) 16 Table 2.2. Regression parameters. Sample No. Fractions Upper Intercept (Ma) Lower Intercept (Ma) Probability of fit (% or MSWD) Regression method 1 (97PGMC101) A,B,D,E,F 2716.3 ! 2 g 38l!f 2 7 91 Davis 2(96PTMC119) A,D,F,G,I,K 2698.7 ^'7 909^4 96 Davis 3 (96PQMC113) A,B,C,D,E,F,G 2690.2 70 Davis 4 (97PQMC109) A,B,C,D,E 2690.0 ^'5 166 ! 2^2 96 Davis 5 (97PBMC104) A,B,C,D,E,F 2685.2 1 3 3 ^ 56 Davis 6-(96PTMC123) A,C,D,E 2685.8!, .5 101+ 2 4 3 -258 44 Davis 7-(97PAMC106) A,B,C 2685.6 !j ' 6 8 \u00E2\u0080\u009E,+122 85-126 82 Davis 8 (97PTMC111) A,B,C 2685.1 ^ 397+soo J Y ' -426 65 Davis 9(96PCMC108) B,D,E,F,G,H 2677.9 ^;48 9,\u00E2\u0080\u009E+796 260 _ 9 2 0 83 Davis 10(96PTMC118) A,B,C,D,E 2677.4 +_[95 -,,,+388 2 2 6-373 97 Davis 11 (96PCMC107) A,B,C,D,E,G,H,I 2677.2!\" 01 +253 8 1 -269 81 Davis 12(97PBMC103) A,C,E 2662.7 ! 3 2 g 1 {,1 + 3 3 2 1 6 7-359 67 Davis 14(97PTMC108) A,B,C 2663.2 !}Q'J 269 + M 1 ZOY-136 0.96 Modified York II 15 (96PUMC101) A,B,C,D,E,F 2662.4 +_\u00E2\u0084\u00A2 135 + 4 1 3 -419 1.39 Modified York II 16(T961-43B) A,B,C,D,E 2649.5 ! 2 2 5 6 5 1-132 49 Davis 17(96PDMC126) A,B,C 2701.1 ^ 438 + 1 7 9 41 Davis 18-(96PDMC125) A,D,E,F 2685.9 ! 2 3 3 \u00E2\u0080\u009E 7 +65 J Y L -65 68 Davis 17 Geochronology of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt U-Pb analytical data are presented for 20 samples from the HBGB. Sample locations with age determinations are shown in Figure 2.3. Zircon morphologies are generally similar in all dated samples and range from equant grains to slender acicular grains with length to width (l:w) ratio of 5:1. Short stubby prisms were the dominant morphology observed. Low U (<100 ppm) content zircons were the norm with few elevated U levels encountered (100-567 ppm). Volcanic and hvpabyssal rocks Sample 1 (97PGMC101, Flake Lake fm) - quartz-eye rhyolite A massive quartz-eye rhyolite flow cross cut by gabbroic dykes, bounded by gabbro on the west, basalt on the south, and granite on the north and eastern flank was sampled from a glacially striated outcrop on the eastern shore of Flake Lake in the southern portion of the HBGB (Figure 2.3b). Zircons separated from this sample are relatively non-magnetic and form a homogeneous population consisting of colourless, pale pink, subhedral, stubby grains, 80-120 microns in length with a length to width ratio of -2:1. Most zircon grains were broken, probably during the mineral separation process. There were no visible cores or igneous zoning and rare bubble-shaped inclusions were present. Measured U concentrations were low (<57 ppm, Table 2.1). Five strongly abraded multigrain fractions range from 0.1 to 3.6 % discordant and define a chord with upper and lower concordia intercepts of 2716.3*26 Ma and 381 Ma (Figure 2.4a) respectively. The upper intercept is interpreted as the crystallisation age of the rhyolite with the relatively young lower intercept indicating a recent Pb loss event. Fraction C lies to the right of the discordia curve with a 207Pb/206Pb age of 2734.8 \u00C2\u00B15.6 Ma and is 18 N 106\u00C2\u00B045' I 106\"30' s Legend C_ ^) Lakes ^Hfc Diabase Goulburn Supergroup Hope Bay formation Granite ( ^ ^ ) Gneiss CZff) Gabbro ^ ^ f e Ultramafic Sill Diorite Wilco formation C J) Clover Lake formation Diorite Koignuk River formation ~y Windy Lake formation Cffff) Square Lake formation Wolverine Lake formation Son Volt formation Flake Lake formation C_ ^) Hayden formation WL- Windy Lake PL- Patch Lake L L - Lynx Lake SL- Square Lake SpL- Spyder Lake FI- Flake Lake CL- Clover Lake Scale 1:200 000 2 4 6 8km 106\u00C2\u00B030' I Figure 2.3a. Age determinations for the Northern portion of the HBGB. Al l ages derived from zircon crystals. 19 Scale 1: 200 000 Legend (^fff) Lakes Diabase Goulburn Supergroup Hope Bay formation C^~\) Granite C^ff) Gneiss Gabbro Ultramafic Sill ) Diorite C~^) Wilco formation C^ff) Clover Lake formation Diorite (ff^) Koignuk River formation Windy Lake formation Square Lake formation Wolverine Lake formation Son Volt formation ^ Flake Lake formation CZZ^ 1 Hayden formation WL- Windy Lake PL- Patch Lake L L - Lynx Lake SL- Square Lake SpL- Spyder Lake FI- Flake Lake CL- Clover Lake 8km J 6/30' 106\"30' I 10615' Figure 2.3b. Age determinations for the Southern portion of the HBGB. All ages derived from zircon crystals with the exception of one age derived from titanite (t). 20 0.52 (a) Sample 1 (Flake Lake fm. Rhyolite) 2716.3+3.1/-2.6 Ma 275.0/ X PL, 207Pb/235U 0.531 15.0 0.50 0.46 (c) Sample 3 (Square Lake fin. Tuff) 2690.2+3.6A2.8 Ma ,7Pb/235U 12.0 13.0 14.0 0.50 0.42 (e) Sample 5 (Windy Lake fin. Ttuff) 2685.2 +2.97-2.5 Ma 2700 P / F . % 2600/-PL, > ^ \u00C2\u00A7 2550 > ^ / 207Pb/235U 10.5 12.5 0.51 0.491 (b) Sample 2 (Wolverine Lake fm. Dome) / 2698.7 +6.1/-3.7 Ma S \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A3 00 2700 / ^ A 2650/p 1^ /A / V $7 B 207Pb/235U 12.0 13.0 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 (d) Sample 4 (Square Lake fin. Flow) 2690.0+2.0/-1.5 Ma 12.0 13.0 0.52 0.50 0.48 14.0 14.0 (f) Sample 6 (Windy Lake fm. Lapilli) 2720/^ 2685.8 +2.97-2.5 Ma / P 2680X^ X PL, s 2640/ X / A / / \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 !/k 207Pb/235U 12.0 12.8 13.6 Figure 2.4. U-Pb concordia plots for rocks of the HBGB (samples 1-6). 21 Figure 2.4. (continued) U-Pb concordia plots for rock of the HBGB (samples 7-12). 0.54 0.46 0.38 (m) Sample 13 (Clover Lake fm. Rhyolite) 2662.7 +3.47-2.8 Ma \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A3 CO g 2 5 0 0 / o 2600 ^ / E \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2 4 0 0 / ^ /B \u00C2\u00A3 - 1 1 207Pb/235U 9.0 11.0 13.0 (o) Sample 15 (Diorite) 268( 2662.4 +18.7/-13.1 Ma 2640 0.48 0.50 0.46 (q) Sample 17 (Hope Bay fm. Clast) / 2701.1 H6/-3.8 Ma S P 2700/ OH / O \ / /ft / 2600/ / / / A f / / V/ 2716 Ma) Figure 2.6. Generalized stratigraphic column for the HBGB. 37 small to preclude essentially continuous magmatism over the 53 million years in the HBGB. If the ages of the sedimentary units are considered, the temporal framework of the HBGB supracrustal sequences span a period of at least 69 m.y. (>2716 Ma to < 2647 Ma). Although the exact number of mafic cycles in the HBGB remains uncertain (Chapter 3), mafic volcanics within the HBGB have been collectively assigned to the Hayden formation. Directly determining the age of mafic volcanics is difficult. Lack of suitable material to date within sequences requires the use of indirect age information to constrain the depositional age of these units. However, two age determinations provide some preliminary temporal constraints for this formation. To the southwest of Patch Lake (Figure 2.3a), the 2699 Ma Wolverine Lake formation clearly crosscuts mafic volcanic rocks and west of Flake Lake (Figure 2.3b) pillow tops face toward the 2716 Ma Flake Lake formation suggesting the bulk of the Hayden formation is pre-2716 Ma. The oldest felsic unit discovered thus far, the 2716 Ma Flake Lake formation is a poorly exposed rock suite spatially restricted to an area around Flake Lake (Figure 2.3b). The stratigraphic position of the formation within the upper portion of the Hayden formation suggests it was deposited during the waning stages of mafic volcanism, and possibly represents the differentiated product of a high level Hayden formation mafic magma or the partial melting of mafic or felsic rocks. This age is similar to other units across the SSP that define the onset of volcanism in the YkSG. The chemical signature (Chapter 3) of the suite may be of economic significance, as it is known to host VMS occurrences in the Superior Structural Province (Barrie et al. 1993;Thurston 1981; Lesher et al. 1986). The Hayden and Flake formations together comprise the Young Group, which is analogous to the Kam Group in the Yellowknife greenstone belt. 38 The Son Volt formation, a thick unit of intermediate volcanic rocks outcrops southwest of Spyder Lake (Figure 2.3b) with thin discontinuous lenses extending north up to the central portion of the belt. The precise age of this formation is uncertain as geochronological sampling of intermediate rocks failed to yield zircons. However, the Son Volt formation appears to lie stratigraphically above the mafic volcanic rocks and locally contains rare flows of variolitic pillow basalt. This relationship suggests that the Son Volt formation was erupted at the end of the main period of mafic volcanism ca. 2.7 Ga. Deposition of the Son Volt formation was followed by an apparent period of magmatic quiescence which lasted ~ 17 m.y. and culminated in the emplacement of the 2699 Ma Wolverine Lake formation, a series of quartz- and plagioclase-phyric high level intrusions and domes. This formation appears to be spatially restricted to an area along the south western flank of Patch Lake (Figure 2.3a). However, zircon xenocrysts found in the younger Windy Lake formation north of Windy Lake (Table 2.1, Sample 6,) and on the eastern shore of Spyder Lake (Bevier and Gebert, 1991) yield 207Pb/206Pb ages of 2700 and 2701 Ma, respectively, suggesting that rocks comparable in age to the Wolverine Lake formation may be present along the length of the HBGB. Another apparent period of magmatic quiescence which lasted ~9 m.y followed emplacement of the Wolverine formation. This was in turn followed deposition of the aerially restricted Square Lake formation at 2690 Ma in west-central HBGB (Figure 2.3a). The Square Lake formation is intruded to the west by granites, to the northeast by gabbro, and fault bounded by mafics along its northeastern flank. A further apparent volcanic hiatus (~5 m.y.) was followed by deposition of the 2685 Ma Windy Lake formation, one of two dominant felsic suites found throughout the eastern HBGB. The formation is bordered by turbidites on the west, by west facing mafic volcanic rocks along the northeastern flank, and east facing mafics along the southeastern flank. The 2685 Ma volcanic event was followed by another short apparent hiatus (~7 m.y.) in magmatism, which culminated in deposition of the other regionally extensive 39 felsic suite, the 2677 Ma Koignik River Formation found throughout the western HBGB. The unit locally (at sample site 10) crosscuts west facing mafic pillow volcanic flows and is intruded by local gabbro bodies. A final apparent hiatus (14 m.y.) between felsic volcanism events culminated in the extrusion of the Clover Lake formation at 2663 Ma, bordered on either side by turbidites. The Son Volt, Wolverine Lake, Square Lake, Windy Lake, and Koignuk River comprise the Westerberg group, which is correlative to the Banting formation of the YkGB. Typical SSP turbidites (greywacke-mudstone units) are found throughout the HBGB and commonly underlie lakes and valleys due to the recessive weathering of these units. Sedimentary rocks interpreted to be turbidites are collectively assigned to the Wilco formation. Detrital U-Pb work on a sample of turbidite from the central HBGB resulted in a span of 2 0 7 p b / 2 0 6 p b a g e g o f . 3 2 8 1 M a ^ 2 8 Q 4 M a ^ 2 ? 2 2 M a ^ 2 6 9 Q M a ^ a n d 2 6 ? 5 M a T h e g e d a t e g p r o v i d e a maximum depositional age of 2675 Ma for this unit. More interesting are two pre-YkSG ages (2804 and 3281 Ma) derived from single zircon grains that showed no morphological evidence of prolonged transport (i.e. rounding or frosting). These ages are, however, common in other parts of the SSP. Although current models of the SSP suggest rocks of this age are restricted to the western SSP, old zircons within the Hope Bay turbidites could have been derived from a source that lay further east or these zircons may also suggest a more proximal source concealed somewhere within the Bathurst Block. Further support for the presence of basement within the Bathurst block comes from the geochemical signatures of selected Hayden formation mafics (chapter 3). Rare earth element depletions (Nb, P, and Ti) on a primitive mantle normalised diagram indicate these melts may have assimilated sialic crust (Chapter 3) (Kerrich and Wyman, 1997; Barley, 1986). A more refined age constraint for the Wilco formation may be provided by the 2663 Ma Clover Lake formation. The position of this suite, which is bounded by turbidites on either side, suggests it was erupted shortly before or possibly during the deposition of the sedimentary 40 rocks. The age of this unit indicates the depositional age of the Wilco formation may be ca. 2660 Ma, which is very similar to the 2661 Ma for the Burwash Formation (Bleeker and Villeneuve, 1995) of the YkSG. The Wilco and Clover Lake formations together comprise the Tweedy group. The upper sequence in the HBGB also contains a variety of coarse-grained clastic rocks collectively assigned to the Hope Bay formation. A polymictic conglomeratic unit located in the northern portion of the HBGB (Figure 2.3a) unconformably overlies the greenstone belt and is considered to be the youngest member of the supracrustal package. Prior workers (Padgham, 1996) dated a single clast from this unit and reported an age of 2715 Ma for the cobble. Two granitic cobbles extracted from this unit and dated in this study yield ages of 2701 Ma and 2686 Ma, respectively. The 2686 Ma age suggests plutonism was occurring at the same time as volcanism during the deposition of the Windy Lake Formation. Detrital U-Pb work from a sandstone interbed found within this unit suggest a maximum age of deposition for this unit was 2647 Ma. However, this conglomerate texturally resembles the <2.6 Ga \"Jackson Lake\" type conglomerate, and therefore may be of similar age. Despite the homogenous age for this formation, units comprising this formation demonstrate dramatic internal facies changes along strike and it is uncertain whether this represents facies variations of a single unit or if they represent separate units of different ages. Relatively few U-Pb age determinations for plutonic rocks are available from the Bathurst block of the SSP. U-Pb dates for three plutonic rocks in the HBGB reported in this study, together with two prior age determinations (Bevier and Gebert, 1991) indicate that most and perhaps all of the plutonic rocks within the Bathurst Block are either coeval with or younger than the supracrustal rocks of the HBGB. Age data for plutonic rocks within the Bathurst Block is still too limited to preclude the possibility of older crystalline basement in this region. The few dates have shown the existence of synvolcanic (2672 Ma, ca 2663 Ma, and 2650 Ma) and 41 sydeformational (2608 Ma) plutonism. In addition, if granitic cobbles hosted within the Hope Bay formation are locally derived then synvolcanic plutonism extends from 2701-2650 Ma. A foliated orthogneiss unit borders the southeastern contact of the belt. Titanite interpreted to be metamorphic in origin was extracted from this unit, and dated at 2589 Ma. This is believed to represent the time of peak of regional metamorphism in this area. However, a granite intrusion dated on the northwest side of the HBGB which contains foliated mafic xenoliths suggests the lower age limit for the peak of regional metamorphism and deformation of the HBGB is 2608 (Bevier and Gebert, 1993). A similar paradox is observed by Villeneuve et al. (1997) with the relatively undeformed 2602 Ma Chin Lake stock of the Anialik River greenstone belt and the nearby <2600 Ma String Lake conglomerate which displays a strong penetrative foliation. Villeneuve et al. (1997) suggest this apparent contradiction may result from differing local strain rates within the regional deformation events or suggests the terminal deformation event was episodic. Evolution of the HBGB Archean greenstone belts have commonly been considered to contain numerous volcanic cycles, exhibiting a regular progression from mafic to felsic compositions. Cyclical volcanism is repeated to produce stacked sequences commonly in excess of ten kilometres in thickness. This process was believed to occur over a relatively short timeframe and in close proximity to the present distribution of the volcanic sequences. The volcanic successions are thought to result from three main processes: 1) tapping and differentiating from subvolcanic magma chambers, 2) interleaving of distal deposits of one volcano with the proximal deposits of another volcano, and 3) tectonic thrusting and interleaving of volcanic strata (Sylvester et al., 1997). 42 The HBGB appears to be typical of such sequences; geochronological, geochemical (Chapter 3), and structural data suggest mafic-felsic sequences likely resulted from all three mechanisms. The HBGB appears to contain a simple stratigraphy (Figure 2.2 and 2.6) with an older unit of dominantly mafic volcanic rocks (Young group), a middle unit of dominantly felsic rocks (Westerberg group) of various ages, and a younger unit of sedimentary rocks (Tweedy and Farrar group) derived from the erosion of mafic, felsic and plutonic rocks. However, age determinations in concert with local younging directions suggest structural complexity. Within the HBGB there are several areas where older units overly younger lithologies: 1) In the northern HBGB, west younging mafics are bordered to the east by younger turbidites underlying Windy Lake (Figure 2.2a) and in the southern portion of the belt turbidites underlying and along strike of Spyder Lake may define a major thrust fault spanning the entire length of the belt. 2) On the northeast side of Spyder Lake a thrust fault appears to have placed older mafic volcanic rocks upon 2685 Ma felsic volcanic rocks (Figure 2.2b), 3) Mafic volcanics are also suspected to be thrusted upon turbidites to the west of Clover Lake (Figure 2.2b). Hence, the occurrence of turbidites within the HBGB may be used to infer the top of the volcanic pile. Volcanism within the HBGB spanned a period in excess of 53 m.y. and if the Hope Bay formation is synchronous to the Jackson Lake Formation of the YkSG then the age framework for supracrustal rocks of the HBGB exceeds 100 m.y. In light of the complex structural relationships present and protracted evolutionary history for the belt, assigning a definitive depositional history for the belt is fraught with numerous pitfalls. Despite the complexities, the prolonged temporal framework, evidence of thrust faults, and contrasting geochemical sugnatures of the mafic (MORB and ocean island signatures) and felsic volcanic rocks (arc signature) can be reconciled in an island arc/back-arc geodynamic setting. With the tholeiitic Hayden and Flake Lake formations deposited in a back-arc basin, respectively preceding the deposition of the overlying Son Volt and calc-alkaline Wolverine Lake, Square Lake, Windy 43 Lake, Koignuk River, and Clover Lake formations were deposited in the fore-arc (chapter 3). The overlying sedimentary successions were then deposited after the mafic and felsic rocks were brought together during formation of the SSP. The back-arc/island arc system proposed for the HBGB is consistent with the one proposed for the YkGB by Helmstaedt and Padgham (1986) and given our present level of knowledge of these granite-volcanic-turbidite terranes appears to best explain the formation of the main phase of the YkSG in the SSP. Placing the findings of this study into the context of the overall evolution of the SSP is a precarious task. At our present level of understanding; with key elements necessary to formulate a tectonic model likely removed during the Thelon and Wopmay orogens and dubious lithological relationship, models explaining the evolution of the SSP fall tentatively under two main doctrines: collisional and extension tectonics. However, proponents of any one model are hard pressed to reconcile the protracted history of the SSP (4.0-2.6 Ga) coupled with the inherent diversity of rocks that comprise the SSP. Hence, workers are increasingly gravitating to a multi-stage tectonic model invoking a hybrid of the two end member beliefs (Isachsen and Bowering, 1994; Bleeker et al., 1997; Bleeker and Ketchum; 1998). Conclusions Twenty-one U-Pb age determinations for rocks of the HBGB help constrain volcanism, plutonism, sedimentation, and deformation within the belt. Volcanism occurred over an interval of at least 53 million years, beginning with the deposition of mafic rocks, the bulk of which are thought to have been deposited in a back-arc basin prior to circa 2716 Ma. Calc-alkaline felsic volcanism deposited in an island arc setting occurred from 2716 Ma to 2663 Ma and is separated by suspected volcanic hiatuses. Sedimentation of turbidites ensued volcanic activity at ca. 2663 44 Ma and was in turn followed by a protracted depositional hiatus of ca 60 m.y. culminating with the deposition of the Hope Bay formation at ca. 2600 Ma thus marking the top of the supracrustal sequence. Plutonic activity is marked by synvolcanic (2699 Ma, 2672 Ma, 2663 Ma, and 2650 Ma) and syndeformation (2608 Ma) intrusive rocks. Titanite cooling ages from a gneiss bordering the southeastern margin of the HBGB suggest the peak of regional metamorphism occurred at ca. 2589 Ma. The temporal framework for the HBGB is strikingly similar to the YkGB, as both supracrustal sequences appear to have been deposited from >2716 Ma to <2600 Ma. This serves to reinforce the dominance of the YkSG throughout the entire SSP as originally proposed by Henderson (1970). 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U-Pb zircon ages for felsic volcanism in the Slave, N.W.T. Radiogenic Ages and Isotopic Studies: Report 2, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-2 p 85-95. Mortensen, J.K., Ghosh, D.K., and Ferri, F. (1995). U-Pb geochronology of intrusive rocks associated with copper-gold porphyry deposits in the Canadian cordillera. In Porphyry deposits in the Northwestern Cordillera of North America. Edited by T.G. Schroter, G-2, p 491-531. Padgham, W.A. (1985). Observations and speculations on supracrustal successions in the Slave Structural Province. In L.D. Ayres, P.C Thurston, K.D. Card, and W. Weber (eds), Evolution of Archaean Sequences. Geological Association of Canada. Special Paper 28, p 133-151. Padgham, W.A. (1991). The Slave Province, an overview; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2168, p 1-40. Padgham, W.A., and Fyson, W.K. (1992). The Slave Province: a distinct Archean craton. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v.29, p 2072-2086. Padgham, W.A. (1996). Slave conglomerate dating. 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In Project summaries: Canada-Northwest Territories Mineral Development Subsidiary Agreement Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2484, p 179-164. 48 Thurston, P.C. (1981). Economic evaluation of Archean felsic volcanic rocks using REE geochemistry. In Archean geology (ed J.E Glover and D.I. Groves), Special publication No.7, Geological Society of Australia, p 439^ 450. van Breemen, O., Davis, W.J., and King, J.E. (1992). Temporal distribution of granitoid plutonic rocks in the Slave Province, Northwest Canadian Shield, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v.29, p 2186-2199. Villeneuve, M.E., Henderson, J.R., Hrabi, R.B., Jackson, V.A., and Relf, C , (1997). 2.70-2.58 Ga plutonism and volcanism in the Slave Province, District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories: in Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies: Report 10; Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 1997-F, p 37-60. Yamashita, K., Jensen, J.E., Creaser, R.A., and Gebert, J.S. (1995). Geology, geochemistry, and Nd isotopic study of the Hanikahimajuk Lake area (NTS 86 1/2, 86 H/14,15), northern Point lake belt, Slave Stuctural Province, NWT; Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts, v.20, p A-l 12. York, D. (1969). Least squares fitting of a straight line with correlated errors; Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 5, p 320-324. 49 Chapter 3 Regional lithogeochemistry of Archean volcanic successions in the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt, Slave Structural Province, N.W.T., Canada Introduction The Hope Bay greenstone belt (HBGB) is one of several Late Archean greenstone belts recognised within the Slave Structural Province (SSP) (Figure 3.1). Unlike most other major greenstone belts in the SSP relatively little is known about the age and evolution of the HBGB. The preponderance of data from these granite-turbidite-volcanic sequences come from studies focussing on belts from the western and central portion of the SSP. However, in light of recent research, the nature and character of the HBGB is rapidly developing. Geological mapping (Gebert, 1993) and high precision U-Pb geochronology (Chapter 2) provided key constraints and allowed supracrustal sequences to be placed into a preliminary stratigraphic sequence. This paper examines the lithogeochemical evolution of the HBGB in the context of the chronostratigraphy established in Chapter 2. Major, trace, and rare earth element data are employed to characterise the geochemistry of various igneous units and explore the possible paleotectonic settings in which individual units were generated. Regional Geology of the SSP The Slave Structural Province (SSP) in the northwestern Canadian Shield (Figure 3.1) has a long and complex history, and contains rocks that record approximately half the history of 50 Figure 3.1. Generalized geology of the Slave Structural Province (modified from Fyson 1997-13). 51 the Earth (King and Helmstaedt, 1997). Henderson (1970) originally assigned all supracrustal rocks of the SSP to the Yellowknife Supergroup (YkSG). Recent geochronology studies have shown the YkSG can be further sub-divided (i.e., pre and post-YkSG), although the stratigraphy has not yet been formally revised (King and Helmstaedt, 1997). The oldest rocks in the SSP (4.0-2.8 Ga) are gneisses, granitoids and minor supracrustal rocks (pre-YkSG) that are recognised thus far only in the western half of the province (Padgham, 1985, 1991). These rocks are thought to represent an older cratonic basement which is referred to as the Acasta terrane after the 4.02 Ga Acasta gneiss (Bowering et al., 1990; Stern and Bleeker, 1997). Younger granitoid intrusions in the western SSP have Sm-Nd-Pb isotopic signatures that indicate they were contaminated by this older terrane (Thorpe et al., 1992; Davis and Hegner 1992; Yamashita et al., 1995). In contrast, younger granitoids of the eastern SSP have isotopic signatures that indicate they have not interacted with older basement rocks. This observation is generally interpreted to indicate that older basement rocks are absent from the eastern SSP. With minor exceptions, the bulk of the volcanic rocks of the SSP were deposited in a 60 m.y. period between 2715 and 2655 Ma (YkSG) (Isachsen and Bowering, 1994; Mortensen et al., 1992). Greenstone belts have been subdivided into mafic-dominated Yellowknife-type belts, and intermediate to felsic dominated Hackett River-type belts (Padgham, 1985, 1991). Some belts also contain minor synvolcanic conglomerate and carbonate units (e.g., Lambert et al., 1990). Voluminous turbidites were deposited throughout the SSP at the end of volcanism. In many greenstone belts turbidite deposition began during the waning stages of volcanism, and felsic volcanic rocks interfinger with the turbidites. Geochemical studies of the turbidites suggest they were derived from both felsic volcanic rocks and continental crust of granodioritic composition (McLennan and Taylor, 1.984). This indicates that early synvolcanic intrusions and pre-existing basement rocks were uplifted and eroded to provide detritus. 52 After cessation of volcanism and deposition of the turbidites, the craton experienced a period of apparent magmatic quiescence (2640 to 2625 Ma) (van Breemen et al., 1992). Magmatic activity resumed at approximately 2625 Ma and continued until the peak of regional metamorphism and deformation at ca. 2590 Ma. A series of young conglomerates (\"Jackson Lake-type\") containing abundant granitoid clasts was deposited after ca. 2600 Ma. These young conglomerates record late uplift along reactivated faults and are similar to the Timiskaming Group of the Superior Province. Geology of the Hope Bay Greenstone belt The Late Archean HBGB (Figure 3.1) lies entirely within the fault-bounded Bathurst Block that forms the northeast portion of the SSP. The HBGB comprises a north-trending supracrustal package approximately 90 kilometres long and 15 to 20 kilometres wide. Fraser (1964) first mapped the belt in a 1:506,880 project known as Operation Bathurst. Gibbins (1987) mapped the northern portion of the HBGB (NTS 77 A/3, 6) and a team led by Gebert (1993) mapped the remainder of the belt (NTS 76 0/8, 10, 15, 16 and 77 A/2, 3, 6, 7, 10). Reconnaissance U-Pb geochronology studies by Bevier and Gebert (1991) constrained the timing of felsic volcanism between 2685-2677 Ma and plutonism from 2672-2608 Ma. The entire HBGB has been remapped from 1996-1997 by the geological staff of BHP Minerals Canada Ltd. (primarily J. S. Gebert and M.U. Hebel) (Figure 3.2). The revised geological interpretation of supracrustal sequences within the HBGB based on this mapping form the stratigraphic and structural framework for the present study. Informal formation and group names, assigned by the author, have been assigned to supracrustal rock in the HBGB (Chapter 2) to facilitate clarity and continuity for the reader. 53 N C D C D s Legend C_ ~y Lakes ^ ^ ^ ^ Diabase Goulburn Supergroup Hope Bay formation Granite Gneiss Gabbro Ultramafic Sill Diorite Wilco formation Clover Lake formation Diorite CD5 Koignuk River formation CD) Windy Lake formation Square Lake formation ^ ^ ^ ^ Wolverine Lake formation Son Volt formation CD Flake Lake formation Hayden formation WL- Windy Lake PL- Patch Lake LL- Lynx Lake SL- Square Lake SpL- Spyder Lake FI- Flake Lake CL- Clover Lake Scale 1:200 000 2 4 6 8km 106 45' I Figure 3.2a. Generalised geology for the northern portion of the HBGB. 54 106\u00C2\u00B030' Legend CZZ^ Lakes >^Hfe Diabase Scale 1:200 000 Goulburn Supergroup Hope Bay formation Granite )^ Gneiss (ZZ) Gabbro Ultramafic Sill ' j Diorite CZZ^ 1 Wilco formation C^ Z^ Clover Lake formation l^^fc Diorite C_Z) Koignuk River formation -^y 1 Qoy Windy Lake formation Square Lake formation ^^J> Wolverine Lake formation Son Volt formation C_Z) F'ake Lake formation CZZ) Hayden formation WL- Windy Lake PL- Patch Lake LL- Lynx Lake SL- Square Lake SpL- Spyder Lake Fl- Flake Lake CL- Clover Lake 8km J Figure 3.2b. Generalised geology for the southern portion of the HBGB. 55 The stratigraphy of the HBGB (Figure 3.3) is composed of the basal mafic dominated Young group, comprised of the Hayden and Flake Lake formations, respectively. Felsic volcanic and hypabyssal rocks of the Westerberg group overlie the Young group, which is in turn overlain by sedimentary rocks of the Wilco and Tweedy groups, respectively. Deposition of supracrustal sequences (Figure 3.2 and 3.3) within the HBGB appears to have occurred over a period in excess of 100 m.y. (>2716 - <2600 Ma) (Chapter 2). Volcanism spanned an interval of at least 53 million years, beginning with the deposition of the mafic Hayden formation, the bulk of which was likely deposited prior to ca. 2716 Ma. Mafic volcanic rocks are commonly pillowed and are interlayered with massive flows and associated gabbroic sills. Variolitic textures are common in pillowed flows of the northern portion of the belt. Most mafic rocks are typical Archean tholeiitic basalts although magnesium-rich basaltic komatiites have recently been recognised (Lindsey, 1998). The Hayden formation is cut by ultramafic intrusions that form sills up to 200 metres in thickness. The 2716 Ma Flake Lake formation, dominantly consisting of rhyolitic volcanic flows occurs near the top of the Hayden mafic pile. Unlike many Archean greenstone belts, the HBGB also contains a significant component of intermediate rocks. Intermediate units, collectively assigned to the Son Volt formation, were erupted primarily as fragmental rocks (tuff and lapilli tuff) although rare flows occur locally. Felsic volcanism (Flake Lake, Wolverine Lake, Square Lake, Windy Lake, Koignuk River, and Clover Lake formations; Figure 3.2 and 3.3), separated by several volcanic hiatuses, occurred from 2716 Ma to 2663 Ma. Ash and lapilli tuffs of dacitic and rhyolitic composition make up the majority of the felsic volcanic rocks. Many felsic rocks exhibit volcaniclastic textures suggesting they have been reworked by sedimentary processes. Sedimentation of turbidites (Wilco formation) followed volcanic activity at ca. 2663 Ma and was followed by a protracted depositional hiatus of ca. 60 m.y., culminating with the deposition of the fluvial sediments (Hope Bay formation) at ca. 2600 Ma. Sedimentary rocks 56 o H u 2716Ma) Figure 3.3. Generalized stratigraphic column for the HBGB. 57 are poorly exposed and underlie many of the valleys within the belt. The upper stratigraphy of the HBGB includes a series of conglomeratic units, some of which are suspected to record late uplift and erosion of the belt along fault scarps. Geochronological constraints locally demonstrate older over younger relationships and indicate supracrustal successions in the HBGB are complicated by thrust faults (Chapter 2). The HBGB is bordered on the east by plutonic rocks, which include granodiorite, tonalite and gabbro. A granodiorite to the northeast of the HBGB has given a U-Pb zircon age of 2672 +4/-1 Ma (Bevier and Gebert, 1991), indicating these rocks are part of an early, synvolcanic intrusive suite (van Breemen et al., 1992), possibly analogous to tonalite-trondjhemite-granodiorite (TTG) suite in the Superior Province. The southeastern contact of the belt is bordered by a heterogeneous gneiss terrane that includes both migmatised turbidites and numerous granitoid intrusions. Zircons from a granitic orthogneiss within this unit yield a U-Pb age of 2649.5 +2.5A2.5 Ma and a U-Pb titanite age (thought to record the age of metamorphism and deformation of this unit) of 2589.4 +2.2/-2.2 Ma (Chapter 2). As in other areas of the Slave, it therefore appears that the peak of regional metamorphism was approximately 2.6 Ga. The HBGB is bordered to the west by plutonic rocks of granodioritic to granitic composition. A granite to the northwest of the HBGB yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 2608 +/- 5 Ma (Bevier and Gebert, 1991), suggesting it correlates with the syn-D2 suite of SSP granitoids (van Breemen et al., 1992). Geochemistry Introduction Samples analysed in this study are dominantly of lower greenschist facies assemblages with rare exceptions that experienced upper greenschist grade metamorphism. Areas of high 58 strain and alteration (predominantly carbonate) were avoided if possible when sampling. Although an attempt was made to sample only primary felsic strata (flows and pyroclastic deposits), a small proportion of epiclastic samples was included. However, epiclastic units invariably contained suspected primary volcanic clasts and where possible the clasts from the epiclastic units were selectively sampled. Most felsic flows and pyroclastic rock samples were feldspar- +\- quartz-phyric. Sampling of the mafic lithologies proved far less problematic with sampling of the pillowed flows restricted to the cores of pillows to minimise the effects of spilitisation. Representative samples collected at surface exposures were in excess of one kilogram for fine-grained rocks and two kilograms for coarse grained or porphyritic rocks. All weathered surfaces were removed prior to processing. One hundred and seventy-eight samples from the HBGB were analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for ten major and six trace elements (Table 3.1) at Chemex Labs Ltd. in Vancouver, British Columbia. Major elements were determined on fusion discs and trace elements on pressed powder pellets. Nineteen samples from the data set were further analysed for rare earth elements (REE) (Table 3.2) using inductively coupled plasma emission mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at Activation Laboratories Ltd. in Ancaster, Ontario. Quality control consisted of blind duplicates and in-house standards and documented excellent reproducibility for analyses of major and trace elements when analytical levels were well above the detection limits (Appendix 1). However, the reproducibility of Nb near detection limits (mainly with the XRF data) in two cases was poor, therefore limiting its usefulness for low Nb concentration samples. 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CQ a-5 3 T t o o N T T c N T r - - . i n r n f ^ T r o f ^ O N r ^ N O I > T T ' rn O ,\u00E2\u0080\u0094; NO T t NO ~ \u00E2\u0080\u009E o m O cn O N CN O N \u00C2\u00ABsS o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 I-0 0 i r i o o r ^ r j - m r ^ o o t N O N m s D r N v o i n o o ^ - o o O N O N co oo -\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u0094< m m cn ( N ( N o * n m T j - m N O M D ^ T T d C N d \u00E2\u0080\u0094: \"TJ r- \u00E2\u0080\u0094 oo \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00941 O N rn un Tt CN CN \u00E2\u0080\u0094 O O cn O co m 2 oONOincoroONco \u00E2\u0080\u0094 (\"\"'\u00E2\u0080\u00A2-c-jroroNO \u00E2\u0080\u0094 C N r~- C N M D m cn O N cn N O \u00E2\u0080\u0094 d d ~ o o o o c o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r^ONr^ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 C N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ' T f C N Q C N t ^ Tt CN \u00C2\u00ABn 2 r^ minTtinNO \u00E2\u0080\u0094 o N d d ~ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 C j d * ^ T t r ^ M D o o c n o o T t \u00E2\u0080\u0094 O N oo N O oo ^ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 O \u00E2\u0080\u0094 i n M D c n r ^ - O r N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 d - d d P o S - d o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 o 0 T t T r O T t ^ o r ^ c N c n r n r ^ r N M D i n i n T t o ^ - i n r N co _^ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 co cn C N o ~ fN Tt cncncnTtminrnTtTtr^-cocnNONo O N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 m c n o c N _ j c n \u00E2\u0080\u0094 : c n _\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 oo M D cn cn \u00E2\u0080\u0094 C N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00C2\u00A9 o o o CQ a-l o cd, r^o incNoooo inONcNMDcNCNMDcncn \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 T t \u00C2\u00AB o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r^ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 u n ^ ^ ^ ^ , - ; Tt MD MD 0 0 cn ^ d d 2 r- Tt r- Tt 5^ m \u00E2\u0080\u0094 m - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u0094' Tt m O N C N cn m o Tt C N Tt C N m cn C N oo \u00E2\u0080\u0094 oo ^ C N d C N d \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \"~J ~- Tt C N NO O N Tt C N cn d d (NOTtMDMDinMDON \u00E2\u0080\u0094 MD \u00E2\u0080\u0094 m cn \u00E2\u0080\u0094 CN CN rn \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ^ O N in ONNOcnm \u00E2\u0080\u0094 m m c N \u00C2\u00ABn fN o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 o o o o y -T -; CO O N >n CN Lu \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ~ CN O f\"> Tt O co Tt r> CN , i _i T t T t T t \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r ^ o o i n c n T t i n c n m \u00E2\u0080\u0094 cn C N Tt \u00E2\u0080\u0094 C N m O N N O m Tt C N cn \u00E2\u0080\u0094 M D \u00E2\u0080\u0094 o m o O o. o ^ E E E E E o. o. a. a. a. a. a. o. o. a. \u00C2\u00A3 E a. o. E \u00C2\u00A3 \u00C2\u00A3 - _ -cx a. n. a. a. a. a a a a a a g; E\"g \"p E E \u00E2\u0080\u00A2? \u00C2\u00A3 \"? E a. a. I E \u00C2\u00A3 \u00C2\u00A3 a. \u00C2\u00A3 \u00C2\u00A3 S ft a a a ft a & > U O Z O N O O c < o o > ' N Z 2 o o o o O c a j O c u Z r > o W O H Q a : E tP a is * CQ H D 67 2 ca ft \u00C2\u00A3 \u00C2\u00A3 ^ \" ~' in ^ ' M M ^ M 6 M d N d ^ d d m r o Os r o CN ( N C 7 \ h f N \u00E2\u0080\u009E S O T f cs T f d \u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00C2\u00AB' S O \u00E2\u0080\u0094 0 0 T f c o ^ c o t** i n i n CN i n o s s o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r s o o T f ^ ' 1 . \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ~ , ^ ^ ^ \u00C2\u00A9 od \u00E2\u0080\u0094 c d T f \"! c o \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 s o p o s m c s _j \u00E2\u0080\u0094 m o d O ( N 0 0 0 s o 0 s C 0 t N S 0 C 0 \ O l O l n \u00E2\u0080\u0094 m S O l O T f r ^ - r s o m r s - \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r ^ r s c s _ i ^ CN \u00E2\u0080\u0094 _' r o c s \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r s \u00E2\u0080\u0094 t\u00E2\u0080\u00945 ^-J IT - >o - in d r o ^ r s r s s o J\u00C2\u00A3J i n \u00C2\u00A9 ^ w o d T f SO m \u00E2\u0080\u0094' od \u00E2\u0080\u009E P o s _; o , . ^ r s ^ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 rs, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 C N - 0 ^ O d \" ' O ' ' o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 l N . \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 o o r o o o m C N m t n r o s o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 s o O r o O O _ ; O s o O ^ ; - ^ r - . r N - r o L - 0 i O L O O O S ^ S C N ^ 0 n d ( N t r s t d ^ d o d d C N 0 0 s o oo C N r s ^ o s o T f T f ^ o r o r ^ r o u o ^ . \u00E2\u0080\u0094 a s r o c o f N s o i n ' O r ^ ' O 1 r o \u00E2\u0084\u00A2 SO CN \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ( N i n CN O O r o S O \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r o ^ r o T f r o \u00E2\u0080\u0094 i n t n T f m \u00E2\u0080\u0094 _! T f O f ^ c S T f \u00E2\u0084\u00A2 \u00E2\u0084\u00A2 ^ ^ ^ r ^ u n r N i n o s o o r o c s r ^ i n i n r o ^ o s ^ ^ c N ^ ^ ^ l > O O ^ d ^ O s \" \" ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ r o ^ 0 d ^ S r d ^ d P d ^. O \u00E2\u0080\u0094 T f * . \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r o . r o o O < N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 . O O C S O T f \u00E2\u0080\u0094 O 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00941 \u00C2\u00BBn oo T f 8 - = \u00C2\u00AB NO M r*j \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 _^ r t t n o v i \ t ^ ^ ^ m \ t n - N O .\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 O d r i d - -oo m cK CN \" ! CN CN c i m cN Nt \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r i <^ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 d m o ^ oo ^ r f \u00E2\u0080\u009E ; CN O CN r f d d \u00E2\u0080\u0094' 'p \u00C2\u00A3 s \u00C2\u00A3 ft \u00C2\u00B0. > o o . . E E ft a a E E E E E E E ft a a a a CL ft D . ft a. E E a l ft g- & ft a. o. g. ft a ft \u00C2\u00B0\" ft ^ ^ 1 1 ? CL, ft ft ft ft ft \u00E2\u0080\u00A2- 3 c ca y - c ^ ^ T T - S ^ C X f> CO CO CJ Z \"2 g 3 T J X ^ o Z U N O G c \u00C2\u00AB ^ > - N Z 2 w c y } O c a j U f t Z w W O H O E ft a. CL E r? E E E E E ft a. a. ft a. ft ft a. ft a. E ' a. B H D | Oi 68 Major and Trace Elements Uncertainties about the nature of plate tectonic and petrochemical processes that operated in the Late Archean hinder detailed interpretation of the lithogeochemistry of greenstone belts. Many workers believe the Archean mantle may have been significantly different from the Phanerozoic and Proterozoic mantle, precluding direct comparison of major and trace element characteristics of Archean rocks with those from various modern tectonic settings. This qualification should be kept in mind for the following discussion, in which geochemical signatures established from the recent rock record will be used to suggest possible paleotectonic settings for rocks from the HBGB. Rocks in ancient greenstone belts have experienced alteration and metasomatism of variable intensity that may modify primary igneous chemical compositions. Therefore, caution must be exercised attempting to interpret first order geochemical characteristics. Large ion lithophile elements (LILE), K, Na, Rb, Sr, and Ba may all be mobile during low-grade metamorphism, therefore little reliance can be placed on them. However, many workers are in general agreement that high field strength elements (HFSE), Al, Y, P, MREE, and HREE are relatively insensitive to the secondary alteration processes in greenstone belts (e.g. Rollinson, 1993; Kerrich and Wyman, 1997). Thus, greater reliance will be placed on the HFSE, Ti, Zr, Y, Al, Nb, and the REE. Although, greenschist facies metamorphic conditions affected the entire HBGB, primary igneous textures such as pillows and flow banding are commonly well preserved, therefore the prefix \"meta\" has been abandoned and igneous nomenclature is used to describe the HBGB volcanic rocks. Variation diagrams were constructed (Figure 3.4) to test the relative mobility and incompatibility of AI2O3, TiCh, P2O5, and assess the utility of the HFSE as discriminants in identifying and characterising magmatic suites within the HBGB. The near constant ratios of 69 180 140 1 | ioo H 60 { o o 20 1 0 o \u00C2\u00A3 200 400 Zr (ppm) 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 | 1-50 i 1.00 0.50 0.00 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Clover L fin \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Koignuk R. fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Windy L. fin \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Square L. fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Wolverine L fm A Son Volt fm o Flake L fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Hayden fm 600 200 400 600 Zr (ppm) 3.50 i 3.00 2.50 H I 2.00 | 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 4 50 100 Y(ppm) 150 3.50 i i on -J.UU 2.50 -Co I 2.00 -6 P 1.50 -1.00 -0.50 -0.00 -200 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 AlA(wt%) 20.00 25.00 Figure 3.3a. Inter-element variation plots. Element pairs exhibiting strong linear relationships are thought to be incompatible in melts and immobile during metasomatism. 70 3.50 3.00 2.50 f 2.00 9 1.50 H 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 P 2O s (wt %) 0.60 0.50 0.40 \u00C2\u00AB 0.30 b\" 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.60 50 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Clover L fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Koignuk R. fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Windy L. fin \u00C2\u00BB Square L. fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Wolverine L fm A Son Volt fm o Flake L fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Hayden fin 100 Y(ppm) 150 200 25.00 20.00 -? 15.00 | o\" \u00C2\u00A7f 10.00 5.00-0.00 -50 o o 100 Y(ppm) 150 0.60 0.50 0.40 1. 0.30 j 6 eC* 0.20 i 0.10 \u00E2\u0080\u0094' 0.00 200 OJ 00 5.00 10.00 15.00 AlA(wt%) 20.00 25.00 Figure 3.3b. Inter-element variation plots. Element pairs exhibiting strong linear relationships are thought to be incompatible in melts and immobile during metasomatism. 71 Ti02, Zr, and Y suggest these elements behaved incompatibly and hence, did not partition into the phenocryst phases in rocks of all compositions. In addition, P2O5 and AI2O3 appear to behave incompatibly in rocks of mafic compositions. It should be noted that non-linear scatter within some element pairs is not only caused by mobility and compatibility but may also arise from: 1) the presence of mixed rock suites, 2) difficulty in sampling true liquid compositions (particularly problematical with calc-alkaline felsic rocks), 3) variable fractionating assemblages during fractional crystallisation, 4) sampling bias and 5) a combination of the above (Rollison, 1993). In the following discussion less reliance will be placed on elements which display random scatter. Chemical classification of rocks from the HBGB Rocks within the HBGB data set span basalt to rhyolite compositions based on a Si02 versus Zr/Ti02 plot (3.5a) after Winchester and Floyd (1977). A Si n 2 frequency diagram (Figure 3.5b) indicates a tri-modal rock distribution for the HBGB corresponding to peaks between 48-54 %, 66-70 % and 74-78 % weight percent Si0 2 Magmatic affinities for supracrustal rocks within the HBGB was determined through immobile and incompatible elements Zr and Y (Figure 3.6) using the guidelines of MacLean and Barret (1993). Mafic (Hayden formation) and intermediate composition rocks (Son Volt formation) are dominantly of tholeiitic and transitional affinities, respectively, with calc-alkaline rocks dominating the main felsic successions in the HBGB (Wolverine Lake, Square Lake, Windy Lake, Koignuk River, and Clover Lake formations). However, a rare spatially- restricted tholeiitic rhyolite unit (Flake Lake formation) is an exception to the felsic trend. 72 a) 4 0 1 .\u00E2\u0080\u0094 .\u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u0094 ,\u00E2\u0080\u0094 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Z r / T i 0 2 35 T 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 SiQ2 (wt %) Figure 3.5. a) Si02 (wt %) versus Zr/Ti02 discrimination plot after Winchester and Floyd (1977). The plot illustrates the compositional range of the data set from the HBGB. b) Histogram of Si02 frequency distribution for rocks of the HBGB. 73 180 -i 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Zr (ppm) Figure 3.6. Y-Zr magmatic affinity plot after Barrett and MacLean (1993). Zr/Y values of 2-4.5, 4.5-7, and >7 correspond to tholeiitic, transitional, and calc-alkaline affinities, respectively. 74 Lithogeochemistry Mafic rocks : Mafic rocks are the most abundant preserved volcanic lithology in the HBGB. All mafic volcanic rocks within the HBGB are collectively grouped together, forming the Hayden formation (Figure 3.2 and 3.3). Based on HFS inter-element ratios, primarily Ti02/Zr (Figure 3.7) and REE patterns (Figure 3.8) (Table 3.3) the Hayden formation may contain up to three distinct mafic suites: BG-1, BG-2, and BG-3. The regionally extensive BG-1 suite forms the dominant lithology in the HBGB. BG-1 flows are tholeiites characterised by mean HFSE ratios: TiCVZr = 161, Zr/Y = 3, Ti02/Y = 53, Al 20 3/Ti0 2 = 14, P205/Zr = 15, P205/Y = 50, Ti02/ P205 = 11, and Mg# of 49. On a chondrite normalised diagram (Figure 3.8) selected (n=3) BG-1 rocks plot as a relatively flat coherent group at around 10 times chondrite with [La/Yb]N = 0.8-1.0, [La/Sm]N = 0.9, [Gd/Yb]N = 0.9-1.0, with a slight negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.9). Primitive mantle normalised REE (Figure 3.8) are relatively flat with marked troughs in Nb and P, likely resulting from the presence of titanite and apatite, respectively or alternately the troughs suggests a sialic contribution (Barley, 1986) to this suite. The low abundances of elements with high ionic potential (Nb, Zr, Y, Ti) and REE profiles on chondrite and primitive mantled normalised plots are consistent with a MORB, island arc or back-arc setting. The low Zr/Nb ratio (19.5-20.7), relatively flat REE profile, and lack of strongly depleted LREE is more typical of basalts erupted in a back-arc basin setting (Wilson, 1989, Kerrich and Wyman, 1997). Dominantly situated in the northern HBGB in the upper portion of the Hayden formation mafic pile, a rare commonly pillowed mafic suite of tholeiitic to transitional basaltic andesite composition comprises BG-2 rocks. This suite is characterised by relatively higher abundances of HFSE and REE with mean HFSE inter-element ratios of Ti02/Zr = 98, Ti02/Y = 75 3.50 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 BG-l o 3.00 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 BG-2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 BG-3 o 2.50 -2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0 O N O 100 200 300 Zr (ppm) 400 Figure 3.7. Binary immobile element plot of Ti02 vs. Zr suggesting the presence of three distinct mafic magmatic suites. a) 100 CD 1 O JS u CJ 10 100 \u00C2\u00A7 CL) > 10 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 BG-1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 BG-2 n BG-3 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 $ t t * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o 8 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Element \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o g 8 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 o X f 1 I * \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 t : i * Th Nb La Ce P Nd Hf Zr Sm Ti Y Yb Lu Element Figure 3.8. a) Chondrite normalised rare earth element plot for mafic rocks of the Hay den formation. Normalising values from Boynton (1984). b) Primitive mantle normalised rare earth element plot for mafic rocks from the Hayden formation. Normalising values from Sun and McDonough(1989). 77 8Z. O r r ^ g ^ p o p ic is oo 3 I O U J to O to 0 NO U J 1 I I \u00E2\u0080\u0094! M \u00C2\u00AB Ui j Ui J> O to U J b\ ~j r* !*\" 9s 1 ui \u00C2\u00AB ^ m P r r- 1 NO 00 NO t\u00C2\u00B0 3 W W p y U J ui o O K'N I i to 3 U J J > U J \"|| 4 ^ O O N N J i i i O O N> \u00E2\u0080\u0094 i\u00E2\u0080\u0094 J > \u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 a to P I K'N O N N-> to UJ H. \u00C2\u00B0 H ~ J H O N O H -H > ^ ^ 5 \" \u00C2\u00B0 2 S 5 o P ^ N 5 o TO O ^ N uO ^ ^ N J> J>- UJ O N NOtOOOUiUiUJoui NO NJ ~ j t o o N < j J j > K - o o o J > J> NO tO \u00E2\u0080\u0094 CO NO oouiooouimoooo NJJ O O N O M W V I A - U U OS to J> to UJ .\u00E2\u0080\u0094' \u00E2\u0080\u0094 NO J> 4 ^ t O O J t O U J U ) O N O \u00E2\u0080\u0094 to to so J > U J to J> \u00E2\u0080\u0094 -o J > N O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u0094 to u, C N I Ul O J> to -O ^ 4 U J O N I - 4 J ^ O S I -O U J Ui J > . >\u00E2\u0080\u0094. Ul i M H ( J N O U i O to ~J O t> W O N w J> o so \u00E2\u0080\u0094 to UJ Ul v] H U M 1^ w i NJ o OS ~J \u00E2\u0080\u0094 J > Ui \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 O N O I C\ J > u * N H Ui -O H - UJ SO UJ to H - Ul to to o\ Ul H - to OS. 00 UJ os SO UJ o NO UJ to J> oo so \u00E2\u0080\u0094 to _ i\u00E2\u0080\u0094 to to J> i N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 O N \u00E2\u0080\u0094 UJ UJ ~j J> tO H - to 00 to Ui O N I \u00E2\u0080\u0094 I \u00E2\u0080\u0094 S O O O S J> UJ 00 I I I I I I I I 3 CO II o ui T -O CO O \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 to 03 II o to 00 O a 3 I to ^1 et 3 Ii o 3 \u00C2\u00A3 1 r II g> 3 3 f J?1 r ?rii (Tl K> 2. o fro 3 3 Q <1V o 1 a < 3 oi &. r \u00C2\u00A7 R-49, Zr/Y = 5, Al 20 3/Ti0 2 =13, P205/Zr = 20, P205/Y =101, Ti02/ P 20 5 = 5 and a Mg# = 48 (Table 3.3). REE patterns (Figure 3.8) for BG-2 are typified by fractionated LREE and HREE over relatively flat MREE ([La/Yb]N = 2.3-5.0, [La/Sm]N = 0.9-1.4, [Gd/Yb]N = 1.9-2.5) and a slight negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.9). Primitive mantle normalised REE patterns (Figure 3.8) are variably spiked with deep troughs at Th, Nb, P, and Ti and peaks at Ce, Nd, and Sm. REE patterns and trace element signatures are suggestive of an ocean island, E-MORB, or back-arc basin setting for this rock suite (Wilson, 1989, Kerrich and Wyman, 1997). As with the previous rock suite, basalts of BG-3 rarely crop out within the HBGB and could not be distinguished from BG-1 in the field. This Fe-tholeiitic suite is represented by 5 samples and is characterised by HFSE ratios of Ti02/Zr = 249, Zr/Y = 3, Ti02/Y = 69, Al 20 3/Ti0 2 - 12, P205/Zr = 12, P205/Y = 34, Ti02/ P205 = 20, and a Mg# = 44 (Table 3.3). The REE pattern (Figure 3.8) for a sole representative of this suite displays slight fractionation of the LREE ([La/Yb]N =1.4), and relatively flat MREE and HREE ([La/SmN = 1.1 and [Gd/Yb]N) at approximately 10 times chondrite with a negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.9). On a primitive mantle normalised (Figure 3.8) REE diagram BG-3 is characterised by a relatively flat profile with major troughs at Nb and P. The trace element and REE geochemistry is consistent with either an E-MORB, back-arc, or island arc setting. The low Zr/Nb ratio (15.7) and slight LREE enrichment are consistent with either a back-arc basin or an E-MORB setting. The similar REE patterns (Figure 3.8), slight overlap of most HFSE ratios (Table 3.3) with BG-1 rocks and the random distribution of this suite among BG-1 flows suggest that this unit is comprised of metasomatized BG-1 rocks rather than a distinct rock suite. Intermediate rocks Although normally considered rare in greenstone belts, andesitic flows and associated pyroclastic units comprise a significant proportion (~ 10-15 %) of exposed supracrustal rocks in 79 the HBGB. All intermediate extrusive and hypabyssal rocks within the HBGB are assigned to the Son Volt formation (Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3). Son Volt lithologies are dominantly comprised of epiclastic rocks, although massive and pillowed units occur locally. Plagioclase occurs as the primary phenocryst phase with rare subordinate hornblende phenocrysts present. The formation is characterised by mean HFSE ratios of Ti02/Zr = 68, Zr/Y = 7, Ti02/Y = 45, P205/Zr = 14, P205/Y = 90, Ti02/ P205 = 5 (Table 3.3) and is of transitional magmatic affinity. A subset of samples, including an intrusive phase thought to be a subvolcanic feeder to the volcanic suite, display similar REE patterns (Figure 3.9). LREE are enriched over the MREE and HREE, resulting with moderate [La/Yb]N = 4.7-6.7, [La/SmN = 2.6-3.2, and [Gd/Yb]N = 1.3-1.5 ratios. The Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.9-1.1) when it occurs is minor and varies from positive to negative in the suite. Primitive mantle normalised REE patterns display pronounced troughs at Nb, P, and Ti and peaks at Th, La-Ce, and Nd-Sm. The deep troughs indicate this suite has experienced crustal contamination (Kerrich and Wyman. 1997; Poliat et al., 1998). The fractionated REE patterns and marked troughs at Th, Nb and Ti are consistent with a magmatic arc setting for this suite (Poliat et al., 1998, Wilson, 1989). Felsic Rocks Felsic volcanic and associated reworked pyroclastic rocks comprise approximately 30 % of the exposed supracrustal rocks in the HBGB. These rocks are divided into six formations (Flake Lake, Wolverine Lake, Square Lake, Windy Lake, Koignuk River, and Clover Lake formations; Figure 3.2 and 3.3) based on field relationships and age constraints. Structural data (pillow tops) suggest the Flake Lake formation locally overlies the volumous mafic pile northwest of Spyder Lake (Figure 3.2b) and age constraints (Chapter 2) indicate that it is the oldest felsic volcanic package in the HBGB. Rocks of this formation occur as massive quartz-eye rhyolitic volcanic flows of tholeiitic affinity characterised by mean HFSE 80 Th Nb La Ce P Nd Hf Zr Sm Ti Y Yb Lu Element Figure 3.9. a) Chondrite normalised rare earth element plot for intermediate rocks from the Son Volt formation. Normalising values from Boynton (1984). b) Primitive mantle normalised rare earth element plot for intermediate rocks from the Son Volt formation. Normalising values from Sun and McDonough (1989). 81 ratios of: Ti02/Zr = 5, Ti02/Y = 2, and Zr/Y = 4, P205/Zr - 1, P205/Y = 3, and Ti02/ P 20 5 = 7 (Table 3.3). Chondrite normalised REE patterns (Figure 3.10) are mildly fractionated ([La/Yb]N =1.9) at around 100 times chondrite, LREE enriched ([La/Gd]N = 1.8), with relatively flat HREE's ([Gd/Yb]N = 0.9 and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* =0.7) consistent with a highly evolved melt. Primitive mantle normalised REE patterns (Figure 3.10) are nearly flat with pronounced troughs at P and Ti and a minor trough at Nb. This type of felsic rock has not previously been recognised in the SSP and is absent in most Archean cratons except in the Superior Province (Thurston and Fryer 1983; Lesher et al., 1986; Barrie et al., 1993; Jackson et al., 1994), where it commonly forms the major host for volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits (Barrie et al., 1993;Thurston 1981; Lesher et al, 1986). The REE patterns, high abundance of HFSE, and inter-element ratios are suggestive of a back-arc basin or MORB setting for this suite (Pearce et al., 1984; Lentz, 1998; Barrie et al., 1993). The Wolverine formation, comprising a series of hypabyssal rhyodacite intrusions, crops out in the northern portion of the HBGB southwest of Patch Lake (Figure 3.2a). This formation is represented by a single sample of calc-alkaline affinity with inter-element ratios of Ti02/Zr = 35, Zr/Y = 22, Ti02/Y = 42, P205/Zr = 9, P205/Y = 200, Ti02/ P 20 5 = 3.81 (Table 3.3). Chondrite normalised REE pattern's (Figure 3.10) are moderately fractionated ([La/Yb] = 20.0, [La/Sm] = 3.5, and [Gd/Yb] = 3.3) with distinct troughs at Nb and P on a primitive mantle normalised REE plot (Figure 3.10). Spatially restricted highly fragmental calc-alkaline felsic suites located in the west central HBGB comprise the Square Lake formation (Figure 3.2). Rocks of this formation are characterised by variable inter-element ratios (Table 3.3) with moderately fractionated chondrite normalised REE patterns ([La/Yb] = 23.5-23.6, [La/Sm] = 3.4-4.0, and [Gd/Yb] = 3.0-3.4; Figure 3.10) and troughs at Nb, P, and Ti on a primitive mantle normalised plot (Figure 3.10). 82 a) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2c -a a o 0 o O 1000 100 i A Clover Lake fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Koignuk River fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Windy Lake fm O Square Lake fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Wolverine Lake fm \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Flake Lake fm 10 1 * 1 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 : \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 A A o.i La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Element Figure 3.10. a) Chondrite normalised rare earth element plot for felsic rock formations from the HBGB. Normalising values from Boynton (1984). b) Primitive mantle normalised rare earth element plot for felsic rock formations from the HBGB. Normalising values from Sun and McDonough(1989). 83 Felsic volcanic and associated volcaniclastic rocks of the Windy Lake formation span the length of the HBGB (Figure 3.2), and form one of two regionally extensive felsic formations. Element ratios (Table 3.3) suggest this formation is comprised of at least two distinct calc-alkaline magma suites. FG-1 (Table 3.3) rocks are distinguished from FG-2 rocks by mean HFSE ratios of Ti02/Zr = 35 and P205/Zr =15. REE patterns (Figure 3.10) for this suite are strongly fractionated ([La/Yb]N = 71.2) with LREE and HREE enrichment ([La/Sm]N =6.0, and [Gd/Yb]N = 5.0) and a minor negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.9). Primitive mantle normalised REE patterns display marked embayments at Nb, Ti, and P (Figure 3.10). A strongly altered, spatially restricted pyroclastic unit characterised by constant Ti02/Zr =12 and P205/Zr = 4 comprise FG-2 rocks (Table 3.3). The regionally extensive Koignuk formation includes a series of calc-alkaline felsic units that crop out along the western margin of the HBGB (Figure 3.2). REE patterns (Figure 3.10) are characterised by shallow sloping fractionated REE patterns ([La/YbJN = 10.6-13.9) with LREE enrichment ([La/Sm]N =4.2) and relatively flat HREE ([Gd/Yb]N = 1.7-2.1) and a minor negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* =0.9) on a chondrite normalised plot. Primitive mantle normalised REE patterns (Figure 3.10) display marked troughs at Nb, Ti, and P. Inter-element ratios (Table 3.3) are fairly uniform given the porphyritic nature typical of calc-alkaline rocks and are characterised by mean values of Ti02/Zr = 33, Zr/Y = 12, Al203/Ti02 = 31, P2Os/Zr = 8, Ti02/ P205 = 4. Rocks comprising the Clover Lake formation crop out as a massive quartz-poor calc-alkaline rhyolite flow. The unit is thus far spatially restricted to a sole occurrence in the southern portion of the HBGB (Figure 3.2b). HFSE ratios (Ti02/Zr = 18, Zr/Y = 14, Ti02/Y = 16, P205/Zr = 20, P205/Y = 289, Ti02/ P205 = 1; Table 3.3), highly fractionated REE patterns ([La/Yb]N = 217.1, [La/Sm]N =3.9, and [Gd/Yb]N = 30.0; Figure 3.10), and pronounced negative Eu and Yb distinguish the suite from other felsic suites in the HBGB. A significant negative Eu 84 anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.4) is present as well as is a strongly pronounced negative Yb anomaly. The Eu anomaly is believed to result from the weak alteration of feldspars or the result of the magmatic fractionation of plagioclase while the Yb anomaly likely reflects analytical measurement difficulties. Primitive mantle normalised REE patterns (Figure 3.10) demonstrate pronounced troughs at Nb, P, Ti, and Yb. Primitive mantle normalised REE patterns (Figure 3.10) for all calc-alkaline formations are typified by deep embayments at Nb, P, and Ti consistent with melts that have experience crustal contamination. Inter-element ratio's and fractionated REE patterns coupled with Nb, P, and Ti depletions suggest a magmatic arc setting for calc-alkaline rocks in the HBGB (Wilson, 1989, Pearce and Peate, 1995; McCulloch and Gamble, 1991). Discussion and Conclusions Determining an evolutionary model for the HBGB is fraught with difficulties ranging from our poor understanding of Archean systems to the \"grungy\" and often poorly preserved rock record in the HBGB and other Archean greenstone belts. Any one model must explain the tholeiitic to calc-alkaline progression of the volcanic pile and the presence of two geochemically distinct.mafic suites (BG-1 and BG-2) within the Hayden formation documented in this study. Given the protracted evolution of the HBGB (>116 m.y.) and diverse geochemical signatures of the volcanic sequences, the present stratigraphy of the HBGB is thought to reflect episodic magmatism formed in an arc/back-arc geodynamic setting analogous to the present Mariana or the Tonga-Kermadec arc. The evolution of the HBGB began with the deposition of the >2716 Ma Hayden formation, comprised of the dominant BG-1 suite and the subordinate BG-2 suite. However, BG-1 and BG-2 rocks appear to have evolved in different geodynamic settings. HFSE ratios, flat REE patterns and a lack of strongly depleted LREE patterns for BG-1 rocks is consistent 85 with deposition in a back-arc basin, whereas the enriched LREE patterns of the subordinate BG-2 suite suggest this suite is likely to of evolved in an ocean island or enriched MORB settings. However, geochemical diversity of basalts in a back-arc settings is seen in the Mariana and Lau Basins (Stern et al., 1990; Ewart et al., 1998; and Gribble et al., 1998) where basalts of MORB and ocean island affinities coexist. Often the MORB basalts grade into ocean island basalts if slab roll back has occurred allowing OIB enriched melts to enter the back-arc source region. This appears to be the case with the Hayden formation. BG-2 rocks are crudely restricted to the upper mafic pile of the Hayden formation above the ubiquitous BG-1 suite. Given the position of the BG-2 rocks at the top of the mafic pile below the transitional and calc-alkaline rock formations coupled with the low Nb values for this suite it is likely this suite was also deposited in a back-arc setting. During the waning stages of mafic volcanism the deposition of the tholeiitic 2716 Ma Flake Lake formation occurred. The flat REE pattern, the HFSE abundances, and position near the top of the Hayden formation are consistent with this unit forming in the same back-arc basin as the mafic rocks (BG-1 and BG-2) of the Hayden formation. The Flake formation possibly representing the differentiated product of a high level Hayden mafic magma or the partial melting of mafic or felsic rocks (Barrie et al., 1993). Overlying the Hayden and Flake Lake formation, are intermediate rocks of the Son Volt formation. Fractionated REE patterns and marked Nb, P, and Ti depletions signify an evolution from back-arc spreading to an arc building phase, for the HBGB. This formation is in turn overlaid by a series of temporally distinct felsic formations (2690 Ma Square Lake, 2685 Ma Windy Lake, and 2677 Ma Koignuk River formations). The calc-alkaline affinities of these rocks and similar trace element depletions as rocks from the Son Volt formation are typical of modern arc rocks and signify intense arc development. In addition the temporal distribution of these formations indicates arc magmatism occurred episodically. Finally, the Wilco and Hope 86 Bay formation are thought to record the uplift and erosion of the HBGB and mark the cessation of evolution for the HBGB. 87 References Barley, M.E. (1986). Incompatible-element enrichment in Archean basalts: A consequence of contamination by older sialic crust rather than mantle heterogeneity. Geology v. 14, p 947-950. Barrie, C.T., Ludden, J.N., and Green, T.H. (1993). Geochemistry of volcanic rocks associated with Cu-Zn and Ni-Cu deposits in the Abitibi subprovince. Economic Geology v.88, p 1341-1358. Bevier, M.L., and Gebert, J.S. (1991) U-Pb geochronology of the Hope Bay-Elu Inlet area, Bathurst Block, Northeastern Slave Structural Province, N.W.T. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v 28, p 1925-1930. Bowring, S.A., Housh, T.B., and Isachsen, CR. (1990). The Acasta Gneisses: Remnant of the Earth's early crust. In H.Newsom and J.Jones (eds), Origin of the Earth. Oxford University Press, p. 319-343). Boynton, W.V. (1984). Geochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In Henderson P. (ed.), Rare earth element geochemistry. Elsevier, p 63-114. Davis, W.J., and Hegner, E. (1992). Neodymium isotopic evidence for the tectonic assembly of Late Archean crust in the Slave Province, Northwest Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 111: p 493-504. Ewart, A, Collerson, K.D., Regelous, M, Wendt, J.L, and Niu, Y. (1998). Geochemical evolution within the Tonga-Kermadec-Lau Arc-back-arc systems; the role of varying mantle wedge composition in space and time. Journal of Petrology, v 39, p 331-368. Fraser, J.A. (1964). Geological notes on the northeastern District of Mackenzie, Nortwest Territories; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 63-40 (Map 45-1963, Scale 1:506 800) p20. Fyson, W.K. (1997). Chronological charts and Archean Stratigraphy of the Slave Province. 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Current Research, Part C, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 90-1C, p 151-165. Lesher, CM., Goodwin, A.M., Campbell, I.H., and Gorton M.P. (1986). Trace element geochemistry of ore-associated and barren, felsic metavolcanic rocks in the Superior Province, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 23, 222-237. Lentz, D.R. (1998). Petrogenic evolution of felsic volcanic sequences associated with Phanerozoic volcanic-hosted massive sulphide systems: the role of extensional geodynamics. Lindsey, D. (1998) Geochemical and Petrographic Study of the Mafic-Ultramafic Suite in the Hope Bay Volcanic Belt, Slave Structural Province, NWT. B.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia 55 p MacLean, W.H. and Barrett, T.J. (1993). Lithogeochemical techniques using immobile elements. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 48, p 109-133. McCulloch, M.T., and Gamble, J.A. (1991). Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 102, p 358-374. McLennan, S.M. and Taylor, S.R.(1984). Archean sedimentary rocks and their to the composition of the Archean continental crust. In A. Kroner, G. Hanson, and A. Goodwin (eds), Archean Geochemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 47-72. Mortensen., J.K., Relf, C, Davis, W.J., and King, J.E. (1992). U-Pb zircon ages from the Shallow Bay volcaniclastic belt, Contwoyto Lake area, NWT: Age constraints for Lupin-type iron formation. Radiogenic Age and Isotope Studies: Report 5, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 91-2, p 9-15. 89 Padgham, W.A. (1985). Observations and speculations on supracrustal successions in the Slave Structural Province. In L.D. Ayres, P.C Thurston, K.D. Card, and W. Weber (eds), Evolution of Archaean Sequences. Geological Association of Canada. Special Paper 28, p 133-151. Padgham, W.A. (1991). The Slave Province, an overview; Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2168, pp. 1-40. Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G. (1984). Trace element discrimination diagrams for tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p 956-983. Pearce, J.A., and Peate, D.W. (1995). Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 23, p 251-285. Poliat, A., Kerrich, R., and Wyman, D.A. (1998). The late Archean Schreiber-Hemlo and White River-Dayohessarah greenstone belts, Superior Province: collages of ocean plateaus, oceanic arcs, and subduction accretion complexes. Tectonphysics, v 289, p 295-326. Rollison, H. (1993). Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman, Harlow, p 352. Stern, R.J., Lin, P.N., Morris, J.D., Jackson, M.C., Fryer, F., Bloomer, S.H., and Ito, E. (1990). Enriched back-arc basin basalts from the northern Mariana Trough: implications for the magmatic evolution of back-arc basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v 100, p 210-225. Stern, R. and Bleeker, W. (1997). Geology and SHRIMP zircon geochronology of the Acasta gneisses; initial results. Geological Survey of Canada, Program with Abstracts, p 4. Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts; implications for mantle composition and processes. In Saunders A.D. and Norry M.J. (eds.), Magmatism in Ocean basins. Geolical Society of London, Special Publication, v 42, p313-345. Thorpe, R.I., Cumming, G.I., and Mortensen, J.K. (1992). A significant Pb isotope boundary in the Slave Province and its probable relation to ancient basement in the western Slave Province. In Project summaries: Canada-Northwest Territories Mineral Development Subsidiary Agreement Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2484, p 179-164. Thurston, P.C. (1981). Economic evaluation of Archean felsic volcanic rocks using REE geochemistry. In Archean geology (ed J.E Glover and D.I. Groves), Special publication No.7, geological Society of Australia, p 439-450. Thurston, P.C. and Fryer, B.J. (1983). The geochemistry of repetitive cyclical volcanism from basalt through rhyolite in the Uchi-Confederation greenstone belt, Canada. Contribut. Mineral. Petrol. 83, 204-226. 90 van Breemen, O., Davis, W.J., and King, J.E. (1992). Temporal distribution of granitoid plutonic rocks in the Slave Province, Northwest Canadian Shield, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences v.29, p 2186-2199. Wilson, M. (1989). Igneous Petrogenesis: A global tectonic approach. Chapman and Hall, New York, 466p. Winchester, J.A. and Floyd, P.A. (1977). Geochemical discriminants of different magma series and their differentiation producsts using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, v. 20, p 325-343. Yamashita, K , Jensen, J.E., Creaser, R.A., and Gebert, J.S. (1995). Geology, geochemistry, and Nd isotopic study of the Hanikahimajuk Lake area (NTS 86 1/2, 86 H/14,15), northern Point lake belt, Slave Stuctural Province, NWT; Geological Association of Canada, Program with Abstracts, v.20, p A-l 12. 91 Chapter 4 Conclusion Twenty-one U-Pb zircon and titanite ages, one hundred and seventy four major and trace element analyses, and nineteen rare earth element analyses were produced in this study. The U-Pb geochronology together with the lithogeochemistry and geological mapping provides a relatively detailed tectonic evolutionary framework for the formation of supracrustal successions within the Late Archean HBGB. The HBGB is characterised by a basal series of mafic dominated tholeiitic volcanic flows (Young Group) overlain by a sequence of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (Westerberg Group) that are in turn overlain by sedimentary rocks of the Tweedy and Farrar group. These successions were deposited over a period in excess of 116 m.y. from ca. 2716 to ca. 2600 Ma. Chemical compositions of volcanic rocks are typified by low abundances of HFSE and depletions in Nb, Ti, Eu, and P relative to REE. The striking similarity between the overall lithologic assemblages and the geochemical signature of volcanic rocks in the HBGB with modern arc and back-arc systems (e.g. Mariana and Tonga-Kermadec regions) suggest the HBGB evolved in an arc geodynamic setting. The Young Group, a series of primarily mafic flows, was deposited in a back-arc basin, the bulk of which was deposited before ca. 2716 Ma. Detrital zircon ages (ca. 3.3 and 2.8 Ga) from a turbidite within the HBGB may provide evidence for the existence of ancient crystalline basement in the vicinity. This was followed by deposition of the Westerberg Group, which comprises arc magmatism that occurred between ca. 2699-ca. 2677 Ma. Age constraints suggest that this arc magmatism was episodic. Following the main stage of arc formation the deposition of ca. 2663 Ma Tweedy and ca. 2600 Ma Farrar Group, thought to record the erosion and 92 subsequent uplift of the HBGB, respectively, mark the end of the depositional history of the HBGB. Results from this study raise several questions. The most pressing questions are: 1) Although, the bulk of mafic volcanism in the HBGB is assumed to have occurred prior to ca. 2716 Ma, minor basalt flows are distributed sporadically throughout the stratigraphy. Are there any younger mafic flows, or is the distribution of mafic rocks throughout the stratigraphy a function of structural repetition? Did mafic volcanism occur contemporaneously with arc magmatism? 2) Chronological constraints suggest the presence of thrust faults within the HBGB. Are they Archean structures or the result of the Proterozoic Thelon and/or Wopmay orogen? 3) What age is the Son Volt formation? It is at present loosely bracketed between 2716 Ma (age of the Flake Lake formation) and 2699 Ma (age of the overlying Wolverine Lake formation). The Son Volt formation represents the earliest phase of arc magmatism within the HBGB and an age for this unit would better constrain the total evolution of arc activity in the HBGB. 4) Does crystalline basement exist within the eastern SSP? No basement has been documented in the eastern SSP thus far. However, detrital zircon ages (ca. 2.8 and 3.3 Ga) with little evidence of prolonged transport indicate an ancient basement source. Did these zircon crystals originate from the western SSP where basement is known to exist or were they derived from a basement block within the Bathurst Block or just east, outboard of the present eastern boundary of the SSP? 93 Appendix 1 Analytical Precision Three duplicate Mineral Deposit Research Unit in-house standards and seven field duplicate sample pairs were submitted with batches of samples analysed, to examine the precision of the data (XRF and TCP-MS). XRF Analytical errors (Table 5.1) for major element data were often better than 5 % with rare exceptions exceeding this value. Trace elements exhibited a larger range of values, typical relative errors were below 10 % in most cases except for Nb which displayed larger errors likely in response to values in close proximity to the detection limit. ICP-MS Analytical errors (Table 5.2) for rare earth and transition element data rarely exceed 10 %. Errors associated with the rare earth elements and high field strength elements most commonly used in this study, rarely exceeded 5 %. 94 CQ < CQ II o CL IN CO Q. cn 3 CL CO cn t-C L CO cn 2 Q CL ror CO CO Tf 00 rf CO cn rf CM o o LO CO o o CO CO 00 o LO CO o o O O o o CD IN % Er d d d d CM d d d d rf rf d d CM d rf an o CM CD IN CN CO cp CO 00 CO 00 rf O CM IN- cn CM CD O O o O o q o o o o 00 o Me, LO LO cb d d CM d LO d d LO rf CN CO CN CM o i*-CD ro co CO ror 00 O CN CM CO LO 00 LO O CN o o CO 00 o r\u00C2\u00BB cn cn IN O O f-LO O O o o CO o HI d d d d d d d d CM d CO rf d d CM d CO '['; > i \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 an CM CM CM IN 00 o LO CN rf LO CP CN CM cn LO O , d'. o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2o o o o o o o LO Me; CO CD rf rf CN d rf d d d ' CO CD if) CN rf o I--LO CD CN CD ror CM CD CM CO 00 CO 00 00 IN IN CD O CD CO rf O r-co o o O O o rf LO o o % Er d d d d d d CO d CN CM d d d oi d an rr CO CN rf CD O ) LO cn rf oo o O O rf CM ro rf O LO o o O q o o o LO o o Me; IN LO IN CO CO rf ^ d LO d d 1-^ l>-CD rf CO CN CO rf CM IN ro cd ror CM CO CO LO CO LO IN ro CN CO CD "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "1999-05"@en . "10.14288/1.0088974"@en . "eng"@en . "Geological Sciences"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "U-pb geochronology and lithogeochemistry of the Hope Bay greenstone belt, Slave structural province, Northwest Territories, Canada"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9233"@en .