"Education, Faculty of"@en . "Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Whittaker, Sharon Anne"@en . "2011-06-15T20:13:03Z"@en . "1969"@en . "Master of Human Kinetics - MHK"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "The purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility of selected phase plane loop measurements of the brachial pulse wave for possible use in future assessment of cardiovascular condition.\r\nIt was hypothesized that any intra-individual or within subject variation would be small in relation to the inter-individual variability in the measurements of a subject on the four testing occasions.\r\nThe brachial artery pressure pulse, first derivative, and phase plane loop were projected onto the oscilloscope screen and photographs were taken. The exercise was a five minute stepping test at thirty steps per minute on a seventeen inch bench and photographs were taken of the pressure pulse, first derivative, and phase plane loop, at rest, immediate post exercise, five minutes post exercise, and ten minutes post exercise.\r\nSelected measurements on the phase plane loop photographs were PQ, \u00E1\u00B9\u0096Q, PR, \u00E1\u00B9\u0096R, \u00E1\u00B9\u0096Q/\u00E1\u00B9\u0096R, Pr/\u00E1\u00B9\u0096 r. Resting heart rate (beats/minute), first (1-1:30 minutes) recovery heart beat count, second (2-2:30 minutes) recovery heart beat count, third (3-3:30 minutes) recovery heart beat count, and total recovery heart beat count values were also recorded. An analysis of variance was performed on each of the twenty-nine measurements and reliability coefficients were calculated for each measurement.\r\nA between subjects variability F-ratio was calculated, giving an indication of true score variation or inter-individual variation. The F-ratio for between trials variation was also calculated to give an indication of any 'effect' due to trials. There was seen to be no systematic trend of the data over the four trials.\r\nThe F-ratios for between subjects variability were generally seen to be significant at the .05 level. The inter-individual differences were found to be large in comparison to intra-individual differences.\r\nThe reliability coefficients for resting heart rate (beats/minute), first recovery heart beat count, second recovery heart beat count, third recovery heart beat count, and total recovery heart beat count were all over .900, showing good reproducibility.\r\nThe reliability coefficients for measurements PQ and PR were all quite low, whereas, the reliability coefficients for measures \u00E1\u00B9\u0096Q and \u00E1\u00B9\u0096R were all quite high, indicating that these measures were reproducible. The ratios \u00E1\u00B9\u0096Q/\u00E1\u00B9\u0096R and Pr/\u00E1\u00B9\u0096r also had generally high reliability coefficients, showing good reproducibility of these measures.\r\nOf the six variables (PQ, \u00E1\u00B9\u0096Q, PR, \u00E1\u00B9\u0096R, \u00E1\u00B9\u0096Q/\u00E1\u00B9\u0096R, Pr/\u00E1\u00B9\u0096r) selected, only two (PQ and PR did not show good reproducibility."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/35462?expand=metadata"@en . "INTER-INDIVIDUAL AND INTRA-INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS OF THE PHASE PLANE MEASUREMENTS OF THE BRACHIAL PULSE WAVE by SHARON ANNE WHITTAKER B . S c , U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1962 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION i n the School of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n We accept t h i s t h e s i s as conforming t o the r e q u i r e d standard. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A p r i l , 1969 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r an a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I a g r e e t h a t t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and S t u d y . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may be g r a n t e d b y t h e Head o f my D e p a r t m e n t o r by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t c o p y i n g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s . i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . D e p a r t m e n t o f Physical Education and Recreation The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a V a n c o u v e r 8, Canada D a t e A p r i l 3, 1969 ABSTRACT T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f s e l e c t e d p h a s e p l a n e l o o p m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave f o r p o s s i b l e u s e i n f u t u r e a s s e s s -ment o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . I t was h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t any i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l o r w i t h i n s u b j e c t v a r i a t i o n w o u l d b e s m a l l i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f a s u b j e c t on t h e f o u r t e s t i n g o c c a s i o n s . T h e b r a c h i a l a r t e r y p r e s s u r e p u l s e , f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e , and p h a s e p l a n e l o o p we re p r o j e c t e d o n t o t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e s c r e e n and p h o t o g r a p h s were t a k e n . T h e e x e r c i s e was a f i v e m i n u t e s t e p p i n g t e s t a t t h i r t y s t e p s p e r m i n u t e on a s e v e n t e e n i n c h b e n c h and p h o t o g r a p h s were t a k e n o f t h e p r e s s u r e p u l s e , f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e , and p h a s e p l a n e l o o p , a t r e s t , i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e , f i v e m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and t e n m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e . S e l e c t e d m e a s u r e m e n t s on t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p p h o t o -g r a p h s w e r e p Q , p Q / P R / P R / P Q / P R * P r / P r . R e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e ( b e a t s / m i n u t e ) , f i r s t ( 1 - 1 : 3 0 m i n u t e s ) r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , s e c o n d ( 2 - 2 : 3 0 m i n u t e s ) r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , t h i r d ( 3 - 3 : 3 0 m i n u t e s ) r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , and t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t v a l u e s were a l s o r e c o r d e d . A n a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was p e r f o r m e d on e a c h o f t h e t w e n t y -n i n e m e a s u r e m e n t s and r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s we re c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h m e a s u r e m e n t . A b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o was c a l c u l a t e d , g i v i n g an i n d i c a t i o n o f t r u e s c o r e v a r i a t i o n o r i n t e r -i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n . T h e F - r a t i o f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was a l s o c a l c u l a t e d t o g i v e an i n d i c a t i o n o f any ' e f f e c t ' due t o t r i a l s . T h e r e was s e e n t o b e no s y s t e m a t i c t r e n d o f t h e d a t a o v e r t h e f o u r t r i a l s . T h e F - r a t i o s f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y we re g e n e r a l l y s e e n t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s were f o u n d t o b e l a r g e i n c o m p a r i s o n t o i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e ( b e a t s / m i n u t e ) , f i r s t r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , s e c o n d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , t h i r d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , and t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t we re a l l o v e r . 9 0 0 , s h o w i n g g o o d r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r m e a s u r e m e n t s P Q and p ' w e r e a l l q u i t e l o w , w h e r e a s , t h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r m e a s u r e s P Q and p R we re a l l q u i t e h i g h , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e s e m e a s u r e s we re r e p r o d u c i b l e . T h e r a t i o s P Q / P R and P r / P r a l s o h a d g e n e r a l l y h i g h r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s , s h o w i n g good r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e s e m e a s u r e s . O f t h e s i x v a r i a b l e s ( p Q , p Q , P R , P R , P Q / P R / P r / P r ) s e l e c t e d , o n l y two (p^ and p R d i d n o t show good r e p r o d u c i -b i l i t y . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT T h e a u t h o r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h e r g r a t e f u l t h a n k s t o D r . S . R . B r o w n w h o g a v e m a n y h o u r s o f h i s v a l u a b l e t i m e i n t h e p l a n n i n g a n d c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y , t o M i s s R o b e r t a S t a d f e l d , a n d t o M r . J o h n C a r t m e l f o r t h e i r h e l p d u r i n g t h e t e s t i n g p e r i o d a n d t o t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f h e r c o m m i t t e e f o r t h e i r h e l p f u l c r i t i c i s m . TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION . 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2I. S t a t e m e n t o f t h e P r o b l e m 1 I I . D e f i n i t i o n s o f T e r m s U s e d 5 I I I . L i m i t a t i o n s 7 I V . D e l i m i t a t i o n s . 7 V . J u s t i f i c a t i o n 8 I I . REVIEW OF THE L ITERATURE 12 I. P h y s i o l o g i c a l 12 G e n e r a l 13 C l i n i c a l 15 N o r m a l I n d i v i d u a l s 16 P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n 17 I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n 18 I I . S t a t i s t i c a l 19 I I I . METHODS AND PROCEDURE \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2 6 I. G r o u p S t u d i e d 26 I I . E q u i p m e n t U s e d 28 I I I . T e s t and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 29 I V . T h e P h a s e P l a n e L o o p 32 V . M e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e L o o p 32 V I . S t a t i s t i c a l T r e a t m e n t 35 v i i CHAPTER PAGE I V . RESULTS AND DISCUSS ION 39 I. I n t r o d u c t i o n 39 I I . P r e s e n t a t i o n o f R e s u l t s 40 I I I . Summary o f R e s u l t s and D i s c u s s i o n . . . 66 V . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY 82 APPENDICES A . S t a t i s t i c a l T r e a t m e n t 8U, B. Raw S c o r e D a t a 88 C . O p e r a t i o n a l D i r e c t i o n s 103 L I S T 'OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. I I . I I I . I V . V . V I . V I I . V I I I . I X . X . X I . X I I . X I I I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f PQ ( R e s t i n g ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f P Q ( R e s t i n g ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p_ ( R e s t i n g ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p ( R e s t i n g ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f P Q / P r ( R e s t i n g ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f P r / P r ( R e s t i n g ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p^ ( Immed ia t e P o s t E x e r c i s e ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p^ ( Immed ia t e P o s t E x e r c i s e ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p ( Immed ia t e P o s t E x e r c i s e ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p ( Immed ia t e P o s t R E x e r c i s e ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f P Q / P R ( Immed ia t e P o s t E x e r c i s e ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f P r / P r ( Immed ia t e P o s t E x e r c i s e ) A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p^ (5 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 42 42 44 44 46 46 48 48 49 49 51 51 53 TABLE PAGE X I V . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f (5 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 53 X V . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p D (5 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 55 X V I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p (5 M i n s . P o s t R. E x e r c i s e ) 55 X V I I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f PQ / P R (5 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 57 X V I I I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f P r / P r (5 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 57 X I X . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p^ (10 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 58 XX . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p Q (10 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 58 X X I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f pR- (10 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 60 X X I I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f p R (10 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 60 X X I I I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f P Q / p R (10 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 62 X X I V . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f P r / P r (10 M i n s . P o s t E x e r c i s e ) 62 . . X TABLE PAGE XXV . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f R e s t i n g H e a r t R a t e ( b e a t s / m i n u t e ) 64 X X V I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f F i r s t ( 1 - 1 : 3 0 M i n s . ) R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t . . . 64 X X V I I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f S e c o n d ( 2 - 2 : 3 0 M i n s . ) R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t 65 X X V I I I . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f T h i r d ( 3 - 3 : 3 0 M i n s . ) R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t 65 X X I X . A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f T o t a l R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t {1% M i n s . ) 67 XXX . Summary o f F - R a t i o s and R e l i a b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s o f V a r i a n c e i n t h e S e l e c t e d M e a s u r e m e n t s on t h e P h a s e P l a n e L o o p . . . 68 L I S T OF F IGURES F IGURE PAGE 1. T h e - P h a s e ' P l a n e ' L o o p M e a s u r e m e n t s 4 2. A . T h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave C o n t o u r 33 A . L o o p C o n t o u r o f t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave . . . 33 3 . B. T h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave C o n t o u r . . . . . . . . 34 B. L o o p C o n t o u r o f t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave . . . 34 4 . A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e P r e s s u r e T r a n s d u c e r and C u f f . 105 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I . STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of t h i s study was to determine the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the phase plane loop measurements of the b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave w i t h a view t o the use of the phase p l a n e i n the assessment of c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . The phase plane loop d i s p l a y of the b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave i s a c l o s e d loop c h a r a c t e r i z e d by one or two secondary loops and c r e a t e d by sim u l t a n e o u s l y p l o t t i n g the p u l s e wave on one a x i s and i t s f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e on the ot h e r . C e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave, which are apparent upon v i s u a l examination, are emphasized i n the phase plane loop and can be measured on the loop w i t h r e l a t i v e ease. The c a r o t i d p r e s s u r e p u l s e was not used i n t h i s study because of the poor r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the c a r o t i d p u l s e t r a c i n g s . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , the purpose of t h i s study t o determine whether or not the measurements made on the phase plane loop d i s p l a y are s u f f i c i e n t l y s t a b l e from t r i a l t o t r i a l t o be of any s c i e n t i f i c v a l u e . 2 The s u b j e c t s o f t h i s s t u d y were e i g h t e e n a d u l t (25 t o 40 y e a r s o f age) m a l e f a c u l t y members o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a who h a d b e e n e x e r c i s i n g v a r y i n g amounts f o r v a r y i n g l e n g t h s o f t i m e ( f o r a t l e a s t t h r e e months ) and who were a b l e t o c o m p l e t e a f i v e m i n u t e s t e p t e s t on a s e v e n t e e n i n c h b e n c h w i t h o u t b e c o m i n g e x h a u s t e d . E a c h o f t h e s e men was t o be t e s t e d o n f o u r o c c a s i o n s -e x a c t l y one week a p a r t - u n d e r c a r e f u l l y s t a n d a r d i z e d c o n d i -t i o n s . On e a c h o f t h e s e o c c a s i o n s , t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p d i s p l a y e d o n t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e s c r e e n was p h o t o g r a p h e d b e f o r e e x e r c i s e , i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r w a r d s , and a t f i v e m i n u t e and t e n m i n u t e i n t e r v a l s a f t e r e x e r c i s e . R e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e s ( b e a t s / m i n u t e ) and p o s t e x e r c i s e h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s (1-1 :30 ; 2 - 2 : 3 0 ; 3-3 :30 m i n u t e i n t e r v a l s a f t e r e x e r c i s e ) we re a d d i t i o n a l m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n and we re t o be a n a l y z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y f o r any t r e n d o f i m p r o v e m e n t i n p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n o r e f f i c i e n c y i n b e n c h s t e p p i n g ( a t l e a s t t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e s e i m p r o v e m e n t s w o u l d be r e f l e c t e d i n t h e h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s ) . F o u r m e a s u r e m e n t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p p h o t o -g r a p h s p g , p g , p R , p R , and r a t i o s Po/PRr P r / P r we re c h o s e n . T h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s we re c h o s e n f r o m among a l a r g e r number o f p o s s i b l e m e a s u r e m e n t s w h i c h c o u l d h a v e b e e n made f r o m 3 t h e p h o t o g r a p h s . T h e m a i n r e a s o n f o r t h e i r s e l e c t i o n was t h a t t h e y r e p r e s e n t e d maximum and min imum p o i n t s on t h e l o o p , and r a t i o s i n v o l v i n g t h e s e p o i n t s . I t was t h o u g h t b y o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s (1) t h a t i f t h e s e s e l e c t e d m e a s u r e s on t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p we re r e p r o d u c i b l e , t h e y m i g h t b e u s e f u l i n f u t u r e a s s e s s m e n t o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . A l l m e a s u r e m e n t s made on t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p we re b r o u g h t t o a common s c a l e o f t e n u n i t s a s i t was n e c e s s a r y t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n s i z e o f t h e p h o t o g r a p h s and a m p l i f i e r g a i n v a l u e s u s e d when t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p t r a c i n g s were o b t a i n e d . ( F i g u r e 1) T h e f o l l o w i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s we re made ( F i g u r e 1 ) : P Q = T h e x c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t o f t h e l o o p w h i c h i s t h e p o s i t i v e maximum r a t e o f c h a n g e o f p r e s s u r e . P Q = T h e y c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t o f t h e l o o p w h i c h i s t h e p o s i t i v e maximum r a t e o f c h a n g e o f p r e s s u r e . p R = T h e x c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e l o w e s t p o i n t o f t h e l o o p w h i c h i s t h e n e g a t i v e maximum r a t e o f c h a n g e o f p r e s s u r e . p R = T h e y c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e l o w e s t p o i n t o f t h e l o o p w h i c h i s t h e n e g a t i v e maximum r a t e o f c h a n g e o f p r e s s u r e . P r / P r = T h e r a t i o o f t h e r a n g e b e t w e e n maximum and min imum p r e s s u r e and b e t w e e n Q and R. P Q / P r = T h e r a t i o o f t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e o f P Q above t h e o r i g i n and t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e o f p b e l o w K. THE PHASE PLANE LOOP MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS 1. PQ 2. PQ 3. PR 4. PR 5. PQ/PR 6. Pr/Pr = 1 PQR CODE A Pr = OA = 10 (by norma-l i z a t i o n ) Q = (PQ/ PQ) R = (PR' PR) -5 the o r i g i n , i . e . the r a t i o of the maximum p o s i t i v e r a t e of change of p r e s s u r e and the maximum n e g a t i v e r a t e of change of p r e s s u r e . I t was hypo t h e s i z e d t h a t any i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l or w i t h i n s u b j e c t v a r i a t i o n would be s m a l l i n r e l a t i o n t o the i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n the measurements of a su b j e c t on the four o c c a s i o n s . I I . DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave - the changing p u l s e p r e s s u r e t r a c e made by the p u l s a t i l e flow of bloo d through the b r a c h i a l a r t e r y . P u l s e P r e s s u r e - the p r e s s u r e at any p o i n t between the s y s t o l i c and d i a s t o l i c p r e s s u r e s . Phase Plane Loop - the r e l a t i o n s h i p between the b r a c h i a l p u l s e p r e s s u r e (X) and the r a t e of change o f p r e s s u r e (Y) as shown by a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c loop d i s p l a y e d on a storage o s c i l l o s c o p e (2 ). The c l o s e d c i r c u i t loop i s formed by p l o t t i n g the p r e s s u r e on the x - a x i s and the r a t e of change of p r e s s u r e on the y - a x i s . F i r s t D e r i v a t i v e of the B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave - the r a t e of change of p r e s s u r e as i t moves from maximum p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e v a l u e s through zero along a time base. .6 R e p r o due xb i I i t y - t h e p r e d i c t a b i l i t y t h a t u p o n m e a s u r i n g t h e s u b j e c t on t h e f o u r d i f f e r e n t o c c a s i o n s i n t h e s t u d y , u s i n g t h e same m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t , s i m i l a r r e s u l t s w i l l b e o b t a i n e d . R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y i s one p h a s e o f r e l i a b i l i t y and t h e o n l y one o f c o n c e r n i n t h i s c a s e . A c c u r a c y o r s t a b i l i t y and p r e c i s i o n o f measu remen t c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d h e r e , b e c a u s e t h e r e w i l l a l w a y s b e some v a r i a b i l i t y i n any p h y s i o l o g i c a l measu remen t t a k e n . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t g i v e s an i n d i c a t i o n as t o t h e r e p r o -d u c i b i l i t y o f e a c h m e a s u r e m e n t . R e s t i n g H e a r t R a t e - t h e number o f h e a r t b e a t s p e r m i n u t e r e c o r d e d b y means o f a s t e t h o s c o p e and s t o p w a t c h b e f o r e t h e e x e r c i s e p e r i o d , when t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s i n a s u p i n e p o s i t i o n on t h e t a b l e . F i r s t R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t - t h e number o f b e a t s r e c o r d e d i n t h e i n t e r v a l 1-1 :30 m i n u t e s a f t e r c e s s a -t i o n o f e x e r c i s e . S e c o n d R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t - t h e number o f b e a t s r e c o r d e d i n t h e i n t e r v a l 2 - 2 : 3 0 m i n u t e s a f t e r c e s s a -t i o n o f e x e r c i s e . T h i r d R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t - t h e number o f 7 b e a t s r e c o r d e d i n t h e i n t e r v a l 3 - 3 : 3 0 m i n u t e s a f t e r c e s s a -t i o n o f e x e r c i s e . T o t a l R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t - t h e r e c o r d e d sum o f t h e f i r s t , s e c o n d , and t h i r d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s o v e r t h e t o t a l one and one h a l f m i n u t e p e r i o d . I I I . L IM ITAT IONS T h e r e were no s p e c i f i c l i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e d e s i g n o r e x e c u t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y o f t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave . I V . DEL IMITAT IONS T h e s t u d y was an i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s and i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s on s e l e c t e d m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p o f t h e b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave . T h e s u b j e c t s we re a d u l t (25 t o 40 y e a r s o f age) m a l e f a c u l t y members o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a who we re members o f a c o n d i t i o n i n g c l a s s . some o f t h e members o f t h e c l a s s we re n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y c o n d i t i o n e d t o c o m p l e t e a f i v e m i n u t e s t e p t e s t and some o f t hem c o u l d s t e p q u i t e e a s i l y f o r f i v e m i n u t e s a t t h e c o r r e c t p a c e . T h e o n l y r e q u i r e m e n t s i n s e l e c t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t s f o r t h i s s t u d y 8 were that they could step for f i v e minutes at a speed of t h i r t y steps per minute on a seventeen inch bench and that they agreed to p a r t i c i p a t e i n the study. V. JUSTIFICATION It i s only recently (3,4) that the oscilloscope has been used by physical educators as a means of studying cardiovascular condition of normal in d i v i d u a l s . Dr. Dower of the University of B r i t i s h Columbia was the f i r s t person to put the phase plane analysis into use and i t i s under h i s close guidance that the physical educa-t i o n studies making use of the phase plane analysis are being ca r r i e d out i n the Human Performance Laboratory of the University of B r i t i s h Columbia. Studies by Jackson (5) and Boyd (6) are the two major studies which have made use of the phase plane analysis to study cardiovascular condition of the normal i n d i v i d u a l . Boyd (7) conducted an investigation to study the r e l a t i o n s h i p of selected measurements of the phase plane loop of the br a c h i a l pulse wave to physical working capacity. Jackson used six world class oarsmen i n h i s study and, using b a s i c a l l y the same tests as i n t h i s present 9 s t u d y , e x p l o r e d t h e u s e o f t h e p r e s s u r e p u l s e , f i r s t d e r i v a -t i v e , and p h a s e p l a n e l o o p as a p o s s i b l e means o f a s s e s s i n g c h a n g e s i n t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s o v e r a s h o r t p e r i o d o f t r a i n i n g . A l l i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e l o o k e d a t t h e c o n t o u r s and m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e images as a means o f a s s e s s i n g c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n o f s u b j e c t s and h a v e c o m p a r e d p h a s e p l a n e l o o p c o n t o u r s o f one s u b j e c t w i t h t h o s e o f a n o t h e r . T h e r e h a s , h o w e v e r , b e e n no s t u d y w h i c h h a s a t t e m p t e d t o show t h a t , i f t h e s u b j e c t we re t e s t e d r e p e a t e d l y , t h e r e w o u l d b e no s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n i n m e a s u r e s o v e r t h e s e r i e s o f t r i a l s . I n t h e e v e n t o f s u c h a r e s u l t , t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e d a t a w o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , b e h i g h . T h i s s t u d y was an i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e r e p r o d u c i -b i l i t y o f t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h e i n v e s t i g a t o r l o o k e d a t t h e d a t a i n t e r m s o f v a r i a n c e . To b e r e p r o d u c i b l e , t h e v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s s h o u l d b e p r i m a r i l y i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n ( i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s - s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l ) w i t h t h e i n t r a -i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n n o t b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t ( a t t h e .05 l e v e l ) . I f t h e s e r e s u l t s we re f o u n d , i t w o u l d t h e n b e 10 possible to proceed with further studies to investigate whether or not the phase plane loops would prove to be useful i n assessing cardiovascular condition of individuals i n varying degrees of t r a i n i n g . 11 REFERENCES 1 B r o w n , S .R . e t a l . \" T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e C a r o t i d P u l s e Wave and P h a s e P l a n e A n a l y s i s o f C a r d i o v a s c u l a r C o n d i t i o n \" , U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , 1 9 6 5 . 2 B o y d , W i l l i a m R o b e r t . \" A P h a s e P l a n e A n a l y s i s o f P h y s i c a l W o r k i n g C a p a c i t y \" , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , A p r i l 1 9 6 7 . 3 B a n i s t e r , E.W. e t a l . \" A C o m p a r a t i v e S t u d y o f t h e \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave and i t s T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s among A t h l e t i c , N o r m a l and P a t h o l o g i c a l S u b j e c t s \" , J o u r n a l o f S p o r t s M e d i c i n e and P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s 6 : 9 2 - 9 9 , J une 1 9 6 6 . 4 B r o w n , l o c . c i t . 5 J a c k s o n , R o g e r C h a r l e s . \" A F i t n e s s A p p r a i s a l o f C h a m p i o n O a r s m e n , I n c l u d i n g A n a l y s i s o f Maximum O x y g e n C o n s u m p t i o n , E l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m C o m p l e x e s and t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave and I t s T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s \" , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , A p r i l 1 9 6 7 . 6 B o y d , l o c . c i t . 7 I b i d . CHAPTER I I REVIEW OF THE L ITERATURE I. PHYS IOLOGICAL T h e r e h a v e b e e n many b o o k s ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) w r i t t e n t h a t r e f e r t o t h e p u l s a t i l e f l o w o f b l o o d . Many o f t h e s t u d i e s c i t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r h a v e u s e d i n t r a - a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e r e c o r d i n g , b u t r e l a t i v e l y few i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e e x p l o r e d a p p l i c a t i o n s and s c i e n t i f i c u s e f u l n e s s o f e x t e r n a l p r e s s u r e p u l s e r e c o r d i n g . T h e m a i n c o n c e r n i n p e r i p h e r a l a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e p u l s e s i s w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e y a r e r e f l e c t i n g t h e t r u e p i c t u r e o f t h e c e n t r a l p r e s s u r e p u l s e o r o f t h e a o r t i c p r e s s u r e p u l s e . W o r k e r s i n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n r e s e a r c h mus t c o n f i n e t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on human s u b j e c t s t o t h e u s e o f e x t r a -a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e r e c o r d i n g s s i n c e t h e t a k i n g o f i n t r a -a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e r e c o r d i n g s ( c a t h e t e r i z a t i o n ) i s u s u a l l y n o t p o s s i b l e . U s e s o f ' t h e P u l s e P r e s s u r e Wave . C l i n i c a l l y , t h e p u l s e r e p r e s e n t s c h a n g e s i n d i a m e t e r o f t h e v e s s e l s 13 p r o d u c e d b y i n t e r n a l c h a n g e s i n p u l s e p r e s s u r e . T h e p u l s e t r a c e , l e n g t h o f s y s t o l e and d i a s t o l e o f t h e w h o l e c y c l e g i v e i n f o r m a t i o n on t e m p o r a l e v e n t s o f t h e c a r d i a c c y c l e as d o e s t h e m e a s u r e d e j e c t i o n t i m e t o d i a s t o l i c f i l l i n g t i m e r a t i o o f t h e p r e s s u r e p u l s e t r a c e ( 4 ) . I n t h e c l i n i c a l a r e a , i n t r a - a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e p u l s e t r a c i n g s a r e p r i m a r i l y u s e d f o r d i a g n o s i s o f h e a r t d i s e a s e as t h e e x t e r n a l p u l s e t r a c i n g s a r e more s u b j e c t t o e r r o r t h a n t h e i n t e r n a l m e a s u r e m e n t s (5) . W o r k e r s i n t h e f i e l d o f P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n make u s e o f t h e e x t e r n a l p u l s e p r e s s u r e t r a c i n g s t o : 1. P r e d i c t t h e r e l a t i v e s t a t e o f f u n c t i o n a l c a r d i o -v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n i n t h e n o r m a l p e r s o n . 2. D e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i v e s t a t e o f t r a i n i n g o f an a t h l e t e b o t h i n t r a i n i n g and o u t o f t r a i n i n g . 3. E n c o u r a g e i n t e r e s t i n c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n and t o p o s s i b l y d e t e c t an a b n o r m a l p u l s e p r e s s u r e wave w i t h t h e i m m e d i a t e r e f e r r a l o f t h e s u b j e c t t o a p h y s i c i a n . 4 . T o i l l u s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t e x e r c i s e s on t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r s y s t e m . (6) G e n e r a l C u r e t o n (7) s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e p u l s e wave c o u l d b e 14 used t o p r e d i c t \"the r e l a t i v e s t a t e of ' f u n c t i o n a l c a r d i o -v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n ' i n s u b j e c t s without h e a r t d i s e a s e \" . He ex p l a i n e d f u l l y i n subsequent pages, the s i g n i f i c a n c e of v a r i o u s measures as a determinant of ' f u n c t i o n a l c a r d i o -v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n ' . Wiggers (8) d i s c u s s e d the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the p r e s s u r e p u l s e i n t r a n s m i s s i o n away from the h e a r t . Rushmer (9) and A t t i n g e r (10) d e s c r i b e d the o r i g i n s of the p u l s a t i l e flow and e x p l a i n e d i n d e t a i l the v e n t r i -c u l a r e j e c t i o n s t h a t i n i t i a t e the p r e s s u r e p u l s e . Hyman (11) i n h i s a r t i c l e on 'What can be found i n the a r t e r i a l p u l s e wave' r e f l e c t e d upon d i f f e r e n t approaches t h a t are used t o analyze a s i n g l e p r e s s u r e p u l s e curve. He s t a t e d (12) t h a t \"a c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s of p u l s e waves i s of p a r t i c u l a r c l i n i c a l v a l u e i n d i s c o v e r i n g the presence and l o c a t i o n of o b s t r u c t i o n i n the a r t e r i a l t r e e \" . Hamilton (13), i n stu d y i n g the p a t t e r n s of the a r t e r i a l p u l s e both i n animals and i n humans, sought t o \" d e s c r i b e the manner i n which these t y p i c a l p a t t e r n s take form and to pr e s e n t a simple h y p o t h e s i s t h a t w i l l account p h y s i c a l l y f o r the v a r i a t i o n s seen i n the p r e s s u r e p u l s e s i n d i f f e r e n t a r t e r i e s and under d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s \" . He summarized from h i s study t h a t the p u l s e form c o u l d be used 15 to assess the r o l e of vasodilation in the production of hypertension. C l i n i c a l Four studies are c i t e d here r e l a t i n g to the value of the pressure pulse for diagnostic purposes. A l l studies are relat e d to the detection of a o r t i c stenosis, a o r t i c valvular disease, or muscular subaortic stenosis. In the case of ao r t i c stenosis the br a c h i a l pulse was not r e l i a b l e i n diagnosis, so the carotid pulse was used. Robinson (14) concluded that a diagnosis of ao r t i c stenosis could be made from the pulse tracings and i n a further paper (15) comparing recordings of the carotid, a o r t i c , and br a c h i a l pulses, found that the br a c h i a l artery was of less value i n diagnosis as many of the features of the c e n t r a l pulse were either l o s t or greatly changed at t h i s l e v e l . Hancock (16), on the other hand, did not completely discard the peripheral pressure pulse as a diagnostic t e s t . He said that the br a c h i a l artery may help i n the confirma-ti o n of a o r t i c stenosis. Wigle (17) found, however, that the bra c h i a l a r t e r i a l pressure pulses did serve to diagnose muscular subaortic 16 s t e n o s i s . S t u d i e s we re u n d e r t a k e n b y G l e a s o n ( 1 8 ) , Mason ( 1 9 ) , and S t a r r (20) on t h e d i a g n o s t i c v a l u e o f t h e f i r s t d e r i v a -t i v e o f t h e p r e s s u r e p u l s e . Mason c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e f i r s t and s e c o n d p u l s e d e r i v a t i v e s we re h e l p f u l i n d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f c e r t a i n a b n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s . S t a r r s t a t e d (21) t h a t t h e \" d e r i v a t i v e e m p h a s i z e s c e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l p u l s e and s u p p r e s s e s o t h e r s \" . He s a i d t h a t p h e n o m e n a , d i f f i c u l t t o r e c o g n i z e on t h e p r e s s u r e p u l s e r e c o r d i n g , become c o n s p i c u o u s i n t h e d e r i v a t i v e . S t a r r c o n c l u d e d t h a t any a b n o r m a l i t i e s o f t h e f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e i n d i c a t e d an i n c o o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e c a r d i a c c o n t r a c t i o n . N o r m a l I n d i v i d u a l s K r o e k e r (22) c o n s i d e r e d a c o m p a r i s o n o f c e n t r a l and p e r i p h e r a l a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e p u l s e r e c o r d i n g s i n n o r m a l i n d i v i d u a l s b y i n t r a - a r t e r i a l m e t h o d s and d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e m a i n s t r i k i n g c h a n g e s t h a t t h e p u l s e wave u n d e r g o e s on i t s t r a n s i t t o t h e p e r i p h e r y . D o n t a s ( 2 3 ) , i n h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e a r t e r i a l v o l u m e and p r e s s u r e p u l s e c o n t o u r s , f o u n d t h a t \" t h e d e s c r i b e d p r e s s u r e - v o l u m e r e l a t i o n s o f t h e b r a c h i a l and -femora l a r t e r i e s o f t h e y o u n g m a l e a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i r 17 n a t u r e as v i s c o - e l a s t i c t u b e s \" . I n two s t u d i e s o f comparison between i n t r a - a r t e r i a l l y and e x t r a - a r t e r i a l l y r e c o r d e d p u l s e waves, Heyman (24) and Dontas (25) b o t h found d i f f e r e n c e s between i n t r a - a r t e r i a l and e x t r a - a r t e r i a l p r e s s u r e p u l s e s b u t Dontas d i d s t a t e t h a t a t p r e s s u r e s s l i g h t l y below d i a s t o l i c p r e s s u r e l e v e l s t h e r e was a resemblance between t h e two p r e s s u r e p u l s e s . A s t u d y was done by W i l l i a m s (26) on t h e use o f t h e a r t e r i a l p u l s e wave v e l o c i t y as a p s y c h o p h y s i o l o g i c a l measure w i t h t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i t was a measure o f h i g h r e l i a -b i l i t y . P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n . B a n i s t e r e t a l . (27) compared t h e b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave and i t s t i m e d e r i v a t i v e s among a t h l e t i c , n o r m a l , and p a t h o l o g i c a l s u b j e c t s and found t h a t t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t measurements between t h e groups were i n s y s t o l i c u p s t r o k e t i m e and t h e d i a s t o l i c f i l l i n g t i m e . Brown e t a l . (28) i n t h e i r paper on t i m e d e r i v a t i v e s and phase p l a n e a n a l y s i s h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t r a t i o measure-ments o f t h e phase p l a n e l o o p d imensions c o u l d be v a l u a b l e q u a n t i t a t i v e measures o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . Boyd (29) i n v e s t i g a t e d a p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p between s e l e c t e d measurements of t h e phase p l a n e l o o p and 18 p h y s i c a l w o r k i n g c a p a c i t y and c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h e r w o r k i n g c a p a c i t i e s h a d c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t e r m s o f c h a n g i n g p u l s e p r e s s u r e s . J a c k s o n (30) i n h i s s t u d y on s i x w o r l d c l a s s o a r s m e n , e x p l o r e d t h e u s e o f t h e p r e s s u r e p u l s e , f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e , and p h a s e p l a n e a n a l y s i s as a means o f a s s e s s i n g c a r d i o -v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s . J a c k s o n r e c o r d e d p r e - and p o s t - t r a i n i n g p h a s e p l a n e l o o p s i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r , f i v e m i n u t e s , and t e n m i n u t e s a f t e r c o m p l e t i n g a f i v e m i n u t e s t e p t e s t . He o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e p o s t - t r a i n i n g l o o p s r e t u r n e d f a s t e r t o t h e r e s t i n g wave f o r m t h a n t h e p r e -t r a i n i n g w a v e s . He a l s o n o t e d t h a t PQ/P R (+P/-P) i n c r e a s e d w i t h t r a i n i n g . I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n . A r t i c l e s h a v e a l s o b e e n w r i t t e n on t h e u s e o f e l e c t r o n i c d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g d e v i c e s i n p h y s i o -l o g i c a l s t u d i e s . T a v e l (31) , B a b s k i i (32) , N o b l e (33) , and N e a l (34) a r e a l l i n a g r e e m e n t t h a t t h e c a t h o d e - r a y o s c i l l o s c o p e , w i t h an e l e c t r i c a l d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g u n i t , i s one o f t h e b e s t and mos t a c c u r a t e means o f a n a l y z i n g p h y s i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e r e c o r d e r t o g i v e i n s t a n t a n e o u s r e c o r d s o f t h e f i r s t and s e c o n d p u l s e d e r i v a -t i v e s . 19 I I . STATISTICAL The s t a t i s t i c a l concepts of prime concern i n t h i s study are r e l i a b i l i t y , analysis of variance, and measurement errors. Numerous authors have discussed these areas of s t a t i s t i c a l analysis. R e l i a b i l i t y i s usually defined as being related to error and i s the r a t i o of true score (inter-individual) variance to t o t a l variance which i s composed of i n t r a -i n d i v i d u a l (\"biological variation\") and error variance as well as the true score variance. Three authors who have discussed reliability.,,theory i n d e t a i l are Kerlinger (35), K r o l l (36), and Henry (37). I t i s now generally considered that the best method of estimating the r e l i a b i l i t y of a test i s not by the product-moment r or by variations of i t but rather by analysis of variance (and by using i n t r a c l a s s c o r r e l a t i o n methods) (38,39). R e l i a b i l i t y determination by these methods allows a breakdown of variance into components. Tot a l variance i s composed of: true score variance or i n t e r -i n d i v i d u a l variance, i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l variance, and error variance (40) . Henry (41) hypothesized that \"the v a r i a t i o n of motor 20 p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h i n i n d i v i d u a l s f r o m moment t o moment i s commonly c a l l e d e r r o r v a r i a n c e and so t r e a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y . . . t h i s v a r i a n c e i s n o t e r r o r \u00E2\u0080\u0094 r a t h e r i t i s b i o l o g i c a l v a r i a t i o n \" . H e n r y (42) a l s o s t a t e d t h a t \" t h e p r o b l e m i s n o t t o e l i m i n a t e e r r o r - r a t h e r t o a v o i d e r r o r t h a t w i l l r e s u l t i n m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f r e s u l t s \" . He c o n t i n u e d , i n t h i s a r t i c l e , t o c l a r i f y how u n n e c e s s a r y e r r o r m i g h t b e e l i m i n a t e d . H e n r y (43) and L e r s t e n (44) h a v e d e s c r i b e d t h e n a t u r e o f i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l and i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s . H e n r y commented i n h i s p a p e r s t h a t : T h e m a j o r s o u r c e o f u n r e l i a b i l i t y i s v a r i a t i o n i n t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l r a t h e r t h a n i n e r r o r o f m e a s u r e m e n t . I n d i v i d u a l s v a r y as b e t w e e n one a n o t h e r , and a l s o w i t h i n t h e m s e l v e s ; b o t h v a r i a t i o n s a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b e h a v i o r t h a t s h o u l d b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m measu remen t e r r o r , w h i c h i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e t e s t . R e l i a b i l i t y s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t i n s e v e r a l a r e a s i n p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n ( 4 5 , 4 6 ) . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f i n d i v i d u a l p e r f o r m a n c e on v a r i o u s m e a s u r e s i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i r u s e f u l n e s s i n p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n . R e l i a b i l i t y c o n c e r n s i t s e l f w i t h i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s w h i c h a r e t r u e v a r i a t i o n s b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l s o r i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e r e l i a -b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t g i v e s a r e l a t i v e m e a s u r e o f i n d i v i d u a l 21 d i f f e r e n c e s . These, however, a r e not t h e o n l y t y p e o f d i f f e r e n c e s as i n d i v i d u a l s w i l l a l s o v a r y w i t h i n t h e m s e l v e s from moment t o moment. I t i s i m p o r t a n t when c o n s i d e r i n g i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t t h e v a r i a b i l i t y between i n d i -v i d u a l s o r i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s a r e l a r g e i n c o m p a r i -son t o t h e w i t h i n i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a n c e (47). The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t measures t h i s r a t i o . S i n c e r e l i a b i l i t y i s r e l a t e d t o t r u e v a r i a n c e and t o t a l o b t a i n e d v a r i a n c e , a s t u d y o f r e l i a b i l i t y g i v e s an e s t i m a t e o f t h e t r u e s c o r e o r i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e t o t a l v a r i a t i o n w h i c h i n c l u d e s i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n and e r r o r v a r i a n c e as w e l l as t h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a n c e . A breakdown can be made o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e s c o r e s and t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r can t h e n d e t e r m i n e what p o r t i o n o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i s t r u e s c o r e v a r i a t i o n , what p o r t i o n i s due t o \" b i o l o g i c a l v a r i a t i o n \" , and what p o r t i o n i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o measurement e r r o r . 22 REFERENCES 1 Attinger, E.O., ed. P u l s a t i l e Blood Flow, (Proceedings of the F i r s t International Symposium on P u l s a t i l e Blood Flow, A p r i l 11-13, 1963). New York: McGraw-H i l l Book Company, 1964. 2 Rushmer, Robert F. Cardiovascular Dynamics. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1961. 3 Wiggers, C a r l J. C i r c u l a t o r y Dynamics. New York: Grune and stratton, 1952. 4 Rushmer, op_. c i t . 5 Banister, E.W., et a l . \"A Comparative Study of the Brachial Pulse Wave and i t s Time Derivatives among A t h l e t i c , Normal and Pathological Subjects\", Journal of sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 6: 92-99, June 1966. 6 Cureton, Thomas Kirk, J r . Physical Fitness Appraisal and Guidance. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company, .1947. 7 Ibid . , p. 232. 8 Wiggers, OJD. ext., p. 6. 9 Rushmer, loc. c i t . 10 Attinger, loc. c i t . 11 Hyman, Chester, and Winsor, Travis. \"What can be found i n A r t e r i a l Pulse Waves\", American Heart Journal 61 (No. 3): 424-426, March 1961. 12 Ibid., p. 426. 13 Hamilton, W.F. \"The Patterns of the A r t e r i a l Pressure Pulse\", American Journal of Physiology 141:235, 1944. 14 Robinson, Brian. \"The Carotid Pulse - I. Diagnosis of A o r t i c Stenosis by External Recordings\", B r i t i s h Heart Journal 25: 51-60, 1963. 23 15 R o b i n s o n , B r i a n . \" T h e C a r o t i d P u l s e - I I . R e l a t i o n o f E x t e r n a l R e c o r d i n g s t o C a r o t i d , A o r t i c , and B r a c h i a l P u l s e s \" , B r i t i s h H e a r t J o u r n a l 2 5 : 6 1 - 6 8 , 1 9 6 3 . 16 H a n c o c k , E r n e s t W . , and A b e l m a n n , W a l t e r H . \" A C l i n i c a l S t u d y o f t h e B r a c h i a l A r t e r i a l P u l s e F o r m \" , C i r c u l a t i o n 1 6 : 5 7 2 - 5 8 1 , O c t o b e r 1 9 5 7 . 17 W i g l e , E . D o u g l a s . \" T h e A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e i n M u s c u l a r S u b a o r t i c S t e n o s i s \" , B r i t i s h H e a r t J o u r n a l 2 5 : 9 7 - 1 0 5 , 1 9 6 3 . 18 G l e a s o n , W i l l i a m L . and B r a u n w a l d , E u g e n e . \" S t u d i e s on t h e F i r s t D e r i v a t i v e o f t h e V e n t r i c u l a r P r e s s u r e P u l s e i n M a n \" , J o u r n a l o f C l i n i c a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n 41 (No. 1 ) : 8 0 - 9 1 , 1 9 6 2 . 19 M a s o n , D e a n T . , B r a u n w a l d , E u g e n e , R o s s , J o h n , J r . , and M o r r o w , A n d r e w G . \" D i a g n o s t i c V a l u e o f t h e F i r s t and S e c o n d D e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e i n A o r t i c V a l v e D i s e a s e and i n H y p e r t r o p h i c S u b a o r t i c S t e n o s i s \" , C i r c u l a t i o n 3 0 : 9 0 - 9 9 , J u l y 1 9 6 4 . 20 S t a r r , I s a a c , and Ogawa, S h i g e r u . \" A C l i n i c a l S t u d y o f t h e F i r s t D e r i v a t i v e o f t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e . N o r m a l S t a n d a r d s and A b n o r m a l i t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d i n H e a r t D i s e a s e \" , A m e r i c a n H e a r t J o u r n a l 65 (No. 4 ) : 4 8 2 - 4 9 4 , A p r i l 1 9 6 3 . 21 I b i d . , p . 4 8 9 . 22 K r o e k e r , E d w i n J . , and Wood , E a r l H . \" C o m p a r i s o n o f S i m u l t a n e o u s l y R e c o r d e d C e n t r a l and P e r i p h e r a l A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e s D u r i n g R e s t , E x e r c i s e and T i l t e d P o s i t i o n i n M a n \" , C i r c u l a t i o n R e s e a r c h 3: 6 2 3 - 6 3 2 , November 1 9 5 5 . 23 D o n t a s , A . S . , and C o t t a s , C S . \" A r t e r i a l V o l u m e and P r e s s u r e P u l s e C o n t o u r s i n t h e Y o u n g Human S u b j e c t \" , A m e r i c a n H e a r t J o u r n a l 61 (No. 5 ) : 6 8 2 , May 1 9 6 1 . 24 Heyman, F . \" C o m p a r i s o n o f I n t r a - a r t e r i a l l y and E x t r a -a r t e r i a l l y R e c o r d e d P u l s e Waves i n Man and D o g \" , A c t a M e d i c a S c a n d i n a v i c a 157 (No. 6 ) : 5 0 3 - 5 1 0 , 1 9 5 7 . 24 25 D o n t a s , A . S . \" C o m p a r i s o n o f s i m u l t a n e o u s l y R e c o r d e d I n t r a - A r t e r i a l and E x t r a - A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e s i n M a n \" , A m e r i c a n H e a r t J o u r n a l 59 (No. 4 ) : 5 7 6 - 5 9 0 , A p r i l 1 9 6 0 . 26 W i l l i a m s , James G . L . , and W i l l i a m s , B a r b a r a . \" A r t e r i a l P u l s e Wave V e l o c i t y a s a P s y c h o s o m a t i c M e a s u r e \" , P s y c h o s o m a t i c M e d i c i n e 27 (No. 5 ) : 4 0 8 - 4 1 4 , 1 9 6 5 . 27 B a n i s t e r , l o c . c i t . 28 B r o w n , S . R . , e t a l . \" T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e C a r o t i d P u l s e Wave and P h a s e P l a n e A n a l y s i s o f C a r d i o -v a s c u l a r C o n d i t i o n \" , U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , 1 9 6 5 . 29 B o y d , W i l l i a m R o b e r t . \" A P h a s e P l a n e A n a l y s i s o f P h y s i c a l W o r k i n g C a p a c i t y \" , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , A p r i l 1 9 6 7 . 30 J a c k s o n , R o g e r C h a r l e s . \" A F i t n e s s A p p r a i s a l o f C h a m p i o n O a r s m e n , I n c l u d i n g A n a l y s i s o f Maximum O x y g e n C o n s u m p t i o n , E l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m C o m p l e x e s and t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave and I t s T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s \" , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , A p r i l 1 9 6 7 . 31 T a v e l , M o r t o n E . C l i n i c a l P h o n o c a r d i o g r a p h y and E x t e r n a l P u l s e R e c o r d i n g . C h i c a g o : Y e a r Book M e d i c a l P u b l i s h e r s , I n c . , 1 9 6 7 . 32 B a b s k i i , E . B . , e t a l . \" U s e o f A n E l e c t r o n i c D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g D e v i c e i n P h y s i o l o g i c a l S t u d i e s \" , B i o p h y s i c s ( U . S . S . R . ) 4 : 1 0 2 - 1 1 0 , 1 9 5 9 . 33 N o b l e , F r a n k W. E l e c t r i c a l M e t h o d s o f B l o o d - P r e s s u r e R e c o r d i n g . S p r i n g f i e l d , I l l i n o i s : C h a r l e s C . Thomas ^ P u b l i s h e r , 1 9 5 3 . 34 N e a l , J o h n J . , J r . , e t a l . \" V e l o c i t y and A c c e l e r a t i o n o f P r e s s u r e C h a n g e i n H e a r t and A r t e r i e s \" , J o u r n a l o f A p p l i e d P h y s i o l o g y 1 5 : 7 4 7 - 7 4 9 , 1 9 6 0 . 25 35 Kerlinger, Fred N. Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1966, p. 429. 36 K r o l l , Walter. \"A Note on the Co e f f i c i e n t of Intraclass Correlation as an Estimate of R e l i a b i l i t y \" , Research Quarterly 33 (No. 2): 313-315, May 1962. 37 Henry, Franklin M. \" R e l i a b i l i t y , Measurement Error and Intra-Individual Difference\", Research Quarterly 30 (No. 1) : 21-24, March 1959. 38 K r o l l , loc. c i t . 39 K r o l l , Walter. \" R e l i a b i l i t y Theory and Research Decision i n Selection of a C r i t e r i o n Score\", Research Quarterly 38 (No. 3): 412-419, October 1967. 40 Lersten, Kenneth C. \"Intra and Inter-Individual Variations During the Progress of Motor Learning\", Unpublished Paper, University of southern C a l i f o r n i a . 41 Henry, Franklin M. \"Individual Differences in Intra-Individual V a r i a b i l i t y \" , An Address presented at A.A.H.P.E.R. Research Section, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 13, 1967. 42 Henry, F.M. et a l . \"Errors i n Measurement\", i n Scott, M.G. ed. Research Methods Applied to Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1949, p. 459. 43 Henry, lo c . c i t . 44 Lersten, loc. c i t . 45 I b i d . 46 K r o l l , Walter. \" R e l i a b i l i t y Variations of strength i n Test-Retest Situations\", Research Quarterly 34 (No. 1) : 50-55, March 1963. 47 Carron, A.V. \"Individual Differences i n Performance\", Unpublished Paper, University of Saskatchewan, December 4, 1967. C H A P T E R I I I M E T H O D S A N D P R O C E D U R E T h e s t u d y w a s a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l a n d i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n o f t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e b r a c h i a l p u l s e w a v e . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n f r o m p h a s e p l a n e l o o p p h o t o g r a p h s o b t a i n e d b y p r o j e c t i n g t h e i m a g e o n t o t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e s c r e e n a n d p h o t o g r a p h i n g i t w i t h a 3 5 m m . c a m e r a a t t a c h e d t o t h e m a c h i n e . R e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e a n d r e c o v e r y h e a r t r a t e w e r e a l s o r e c o r d e d a n d t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e s t u d y w a s t o d e t e r m i n e h o w c l o s e l y t h e o b t a i n e d s c o r e s a p p r o x i m a t e d t h e t r u e s c o r e s . I t w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d b y t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r t h a t t h e r e w o u l d b e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s c o r e s b e t w e e n t r i a l s f o r a n y g i v e n s u b j e c t b u t t h e r e w o u l d b e a s i g n i f i -c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e s c o r e s b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s . I . G R O U P S T U D I E D T h e s u b j e c t s w e r e e i g h t e e n a d u l t ( 2 5 t o 4 0 y e a r s o f a g e ) m a l e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a f a c u l t y m e m b e r s c h o s e n f r o m a c o n d i t i o n i n g c l a s s o n t h e b a s i s o f w i l l i n g n e s s t o p a r t i c i p a t e a n d a b i l i t y t o c o m p l e t e a f i v e m i n u t e s t e p 27 t e s t on a seventeen i n c h bench ( p r e f e r a b l y at a speed of t h i r t y steps per minute). The s u b j e c t s were at v a r i o u s f i t n e s s l e v e l s although they had a l l p a r t i c i p a t e d i n the c o n d i t i o n i n g c l a s s f o r s e v e r a l months b e f o r e b e i n g s e l e c t e d f o r the study. They had a l l had some bench stepping p r a c t i c e as p a r t of the e x e r c i s e done d u r i n g c l a s s e s . Only two men found d i f f i c u l t y i n m a i n t a i n i n g the c o r r e c t pace -one was fou r t o e i g h t steps out at the end of the f i v e minutes st e p p i n g w h i l e the other man was g e n e r a l l y t h r e e or four steps out at the end of the f i v e minutes. Each s u b j e c t was giv e n one p r a c t i c e s e s s i o n p r i o r t o h i s f i r s t t r i a l . Four t r i a l s were administered t o each s u b j e c t by the same operator over a four week p e r i o d (one t r i a l per week). The t e s t i n g was done at approximately the same time of day and on the same day each week. The s u b j e c t s were asked t o not have any morning c o f f e e , or c i g a r e t t e s p r i o r t o the morning t e s t p e r i o d . I t was d i s c o v e r e d i n the p r a c t i c e s e s s i o n , t h a t some s u b j e c t s r e q u i r e d a l i g h t b r e a k f a s t t o be able t o perform w e l l otherwise they experienced nausea. The s u b j e c t s were allowed, t h e r e f o r e , t o have something l i g h t t o eat at b r e a k f a s t but were f o r b i d d e n t o d r i n k c o f f e e . The temperature and n o i s e f a c t o r were c o n t r o l l e d as 28 w e l l as p o s s i b l e and d i d n o t v a r y g r e a t l y b e t w e e n t r i a l s . I I . EQUIPMENT USED T h e r e c o r d i n g e q u i p m e n t u s e d i n t h e s t u d y f u n c t i o n s a s f o l l o w s : A n I n f r a t o n p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r i s u s e d t o p i c k up t h e p u l s e p r e s s u r e c h a n g e s o f t h e b r a c h i a l a r t e r y i n t h e a rm . T h e p r e s s u r e c h a n g e s a r e t h e n c o n v e r t e d i n t o e l e c t r i c a l i m p u l s e s and a r e f e d i n t o a T y p e 3C66 ( T e k t r o n i x ) a m p l i f i e r w h i c h \" f u n c t i o n s t o a m p l i f y t h e e l e c t r i c a l i m p u l s e s \" ( 1 ) . T h e a m p l i f i e r c o n v e r t s t h e weak i m p u l s e s i n t o t h e e n e r g y n e c e s s a r y t o power t h e r e c o r d i n g c o m p o n e n t s ( 2 ) . T h e i n c o m i n g e l e c t r i c a l i m p u l s e s a r e t h e n c o n v e r t e d b a c k i n t o m e c h a n i c a l o r l i g h t e n e r g y b e f o r e t h e y c a n b e r e g i s t e r e d g r a p h i c a l l y b y means o f a c a t h o d e - r a y t u b e . I n t h i s s y s t e m , t h e r e i s no f r e q u e n c y l i m i t a t i o n i n t h e f r e q u e n c y b a n d o f i n t e r e s t . P h o t o g r a p h i c r e c o r d i n g s a r e t h e n made o f t h e d i s p l a y b y means o f a r e g u l a r 35 mm. c a m e r a a t t a c h e d t o t h e a p p a r a t u s . When t h e i m p u l s e s r e a c h t h e a p p a r a t u s f r o m t h e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r , t h e y a r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d as w e l l as a m p l i f i e d (DC a m p l i f i e r ) g i v i n g t h e f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e wave f o r m as w e l l as t h e a c t u a l b r a c h i a l p r e s s u r e p u l s e on t h e s c r e e n . \"Two c h a n n e l s a r e u s e d t o o b t a i n t h e p h a s e p l a n e 29 l o o p - t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i s p l a y f o r t h e p r e s s u r e s i g n a l and t h e v e r t i c a l d i s p l a y f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l s i g n a l a f t e r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n \" ( 3 ) . T h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p i s d i s p l a y e d and s t o r e d i n a s t o r a g e o s c i l l o s c o p e (TEKTRONIX TYPE 5 6 4 ) . T h e o s c i l l o s c o p e i s c a l i b r a t e d s o an i n p u t s i n e wave s i g n a l o f 5 c p s . w i l l y i e l d a c l o s e d c i r c u l a r p h a s e p l a n e l o o p . I I I . TEST AND ADMINISTRATION T h e s u b j e c t s , u p o n e n t e r i n g t h e l a b o r a t o r y , we re i n s t r u c t e d t o l i e down and r e l a x on t h e i r b a c k s on t h e t a b l e . T h e s u b j e c t s we re p e r m i t t e d t o r e s t f o r f i v e t o t e n m i n u t e s and t h e r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e s ( b e a t s / m i n u t e ) we re o b t a i n e d b y means o f a s t e t h o s c o p e and a s t o p w a t c h . T h e I n f r a t o n p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r was p l a c e d on t h e b r a c h i a l a r t e r y j u s t p r o x i m a l t o t h e l e f t e l b o w j o i n t and was s e c u r e d b y means o f a c u f f . Once t h e b e s t p r e s s u r e t r a c e p o s s i b l e was d i s p l a y e d on t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e s c r e e n , t h e image was f r o z e n on t h e s c r e e n and a p r e - e x e r c i s e p h o t o -g r a p h t a k e n ( A p p e n d i x C ) . A s e c o n d p h o t o g r a p h o f t h e p r e -e x e r c i s e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p was a l s o t a k e n . T h e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r was t h e n f a s t e n e d i n p l a c e b y means o f a d h e s i v e t a p e and t h e c u f f was r e l a x e d s l i g h t l y t o p e r m i t c o m f o r t d u r i n g t h e e x e r c i s e p e r i o d . 3 0 T h e s u b j e c t s , w i t h t h e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r a t t a c h e d t o t h e i r a r m s , we re i n s t r u c t e d t o s t e p a t t h i r t y s t e p s p e r m i n u t e on a s e v e n t e e n i n c h b e n c h p l a c e d c l o s e t o t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e ( n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e o f t h e a t t a c h e d l e a d ) . T h e y r e c e i v e d i n s t r u c t i o n s a b o u t ' t h e s t e p p i n g p a c e and c o r r e c t manner o f s t e p p i n g . D u r i n g e x e r c i s e , t h e o p e r a t o r c o u n t e d t h e s t e p s and r h y t h m o f s t e p p i n g i n o r d e r t o k e e p t h e s u b j e c t s a t t h e c o r r e c t p a c e o f t h i r t y s t e p s p e r m i n u t e . I f t h e s u b j e c t s we re u n a b l e t o m a i n t a i n t h e p r o p e r p a c e , t h e y we re i n s t r u c t e d t o s t e p as q u i c k l y as t h e y were a b l e and t h e number o f s t e p s t h a t t h e y f e l l b e h i n d were r e c o r d e d a t t h e end o f t h e f i v e m i n u t e p e r i o d . O n l y two s u b j e c t s w e r e u n a b l e t o s t e p a t t h i r t y s t e p s p e r m i n u t e and t h e y w e r e o n l y a few s t e p s u n d e r t h e r e q u i r e d p a c e . A f t e r s t e p p i n g f o r f i v e m i n u t e s , t h e s u b j e c t s we re i n s t r u c t e d t o l i e s u p i n e on t h e t a b l e and t o r e l a x and b r e a t h e d e e p l y . T h e o p e r a t o r t i g h t e n e d t h e p r e s s u r e c u f f i m m e d i a t e l y and p r o j e c t e d t h e b r a c h i a l p r e s s u r e p u l s e and f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e o n t o t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e s c r e e n . When t h e t r a c e was g o o d - a c c o r d i n g t o t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e o p e r a t o r as e x p l a i n e d i n A p p e n d i x C - t h e image was f r o z e n on t h e s c r e e n and a p h o t o g r a p h was t a k e n . A s e c o n d p h o t o g r a p h was t h e n i m m e d i a t e l y t a k e n o f t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p . I t was 31 i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e o p e r a t o r t o work q u i c k l y a t t h i s p o i n t s i n c e t h e s e two p h o t o g r a p h s were s u p p o s e d t o r e p r e s e n t i m m e d i a t e p o s t - e x e r c i s e p r e s s u r e p u l s e s , f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e s and l o o p s . B o t h p h o t o g r a p h s m u s t , t h e r e f o r e , b e t a k e n i n t h e f i r s t s i x t y s e c o n d s a f t e r c e s s a t i o n o f t h e s t e p p i n g . T h e p h o t o g r a p h s o f t h e i m m e d i a t e p o s t - e x e r c i s e p e r i o d s were n o t t a k e n a t t h e same t i m e i n e a c h o f t h e f o u r t r i a l s b e c a u s e o f d i f f i c u l t y i n f r e e z i n g t h e i m a g e s on t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e s c r e e n . T h e same p h o t o g r a p h i c p r o c e d u r e was r e p e a t e d a t f i v e m i n u t e s and a g a i n a t t e n m i n u t e s a f t e r c e s s a t i o n o f s t e p p i n g . T h e s u b j e c t s r e m a i n e d m o t i o n l e s s on t h e i r b a c k s on t h e t a b l e d u r i n g t h i s t i m e . I t was i m p o r t a n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e t e s t i n g p e r i o d t o h a v e t h e s u b j e c t s r e l a x c o m p l e t e l y and t o r e m a i n v e r y s t i l l . I f a s u b j e c t moved h i s h a n d s o r l e g s o r t i g h t e n e d h i s m u s c l e s , t h e o p e r a t o r e x p e r i e n c e d d i f f i c u l t y i n o b t a i n i n g g o o d t r a c e s o r was u n a b l e t o o b t a i n any a t a l l . R e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s we re t a k e n b y a n o t h e r o b s e r v e r d u r i n g t h e i n t e r v a l s 1 : 0 0 - 1 : 3 0 , 2 : 0 0 - 2 : 3 0 , and 3 : 0 0 - 3 : 3 0 m i n u t e s a f t e r t h e e x e r c i s e p e r i o d . T h i s c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e o f t a k i n g t h e i m m e d i a t e p o s t - e x e r c i s e p i c t u r e s . 32 IV. THE PHASE PLANE LOOP There are two types of waves which may form the peak p u l s e , ( F i g u r e s 2 and 3). The d i f f e r e n c e s i n the two p u l s e wave contours show themselves i n the phase plane loop which, as d e f i n e d e a r l i e r , i s the r e l a t i o n s h i p between the b r a c h i a l p u l s e p r e s s u r e (X) on the h o r i z o n t a l d i s p l a y and the r a t e of change of p r e s s u r e (Y) on the v e r t i c a l d i s p l a y . One b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave loop i s d e f i n i t e l y smoother i n i t i a l l y than the other which i s deeply notched so t h a t i t almost forms two i n i t i a l p o r t i o n s . The former loop has two ne g a t i v e secondary loops and r e t u r n s t o the b a s e l i n e q u i t e q u i c k l y whereas the l a t t e r loop has o n l y one ne g a t i v e secondary loop and i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a ve r y slow r e t u r n t o the b a s e l i n e (Figures 2 and 3) . V. MEASUREMENT OF THE LOOP (Figure 1) The f o l l o w i n g measurements were made on the loop: Q(PQ\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 PQ) = T n e h i g h e s t p o i n t o f the loop which i s the p o s i t i v e maximum r a t e of change of p r e s s u r e expressed as c o o r d i n a t e s x and y. R ( p R , p R) = The lowest p o i n t of the loop which i s the ne g a t i v e maximum r a t e of change of p r e s s u r e expressed as c o o r d i n a t e s x and y. Pr = The b a s e l i n e which goes through the two extreme p r e s s u r e p o i n t s at the extreme l e f t and r i g h t s i d e s of the loop. A. THE BRACHIAL PULSE WAVE CONTOUR A. LOOP CONTOUR OF THE BRACHIAL PULSE WAVE FIGURE 2 B. THE BRACHIAL PULSE WAVE CONTOUR 35 P r = T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e two e x t r e m e r a t e s o f c h a n g e o f p r e s s u r e PQ and p R . P r / p r = T h e r a t i o o f t h e r a n g e b e t w e e n maximum and min imum p r e s s u r e s and b e t w e e n PQ and p R (4). PQ/PR = T h e r a t i o o f t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e o f PQ a b o v e t h e o r i g i n and t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e o f p b e l o w t h e o r i g i n . T h e a b s o l u t e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e l o o p s c o u l d n o t be c o m p a r e d b e c a u s e o f t h e c h a n g e s i n g a i n s e t t i n g s o f t h e o s c i l l o s c o p e i n o b t a i n i n g t h e p h o t o g r a p h s . I t was t h u s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s t o b e i n r e l a t i v e u n i t s . P r was. a r b i t r a r i l y c h o s e n t o b e e q u a l t o 10 u n i t s i n a l l p h o t o -g r a p h s and a l l o t h e r m e a s u r e m e n t s we re n o r m a l i z e d b y d i v i d i n g a l l m e a s u r e m e n t s b y P r . V I . S T A T I S T I C A L TREATMENT A n a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e one f a c t o r r e p e a t e d m e a s u r e -ment d e s i g n was u s e d ( 5 ) . T h i s d e s i g n was c h o s e n f r o m s e v e r a l p o s s i b l e d e s i g n s b e c a u s e v a r i a b i l i t y due t o i n d i -v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s was more e f f e c t i v e l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m e r r o r v a r i a n c e . A n o t h e r r e a s o n f o r u s e o f t h e r e p e a t e d measu remen t d e s i g n was b e c a u s e o f t h e l i m i t e d number o f s u b j e c t s a v a i l a b l e . M y e r s (6) s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e p e a t e d measu remen t d e s i g n was t h e n a t u r a l one t o s e l e c t when t h e c o n c e r n o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r was w i t h p e r f o r m a n c e t r e n d s 36 o v e r t i m e . I n t h i s d e s i g n , e a c h s u b j e c t ' s s c o r e a t e a c h l e v e l i s b r o k e n down i n t o f o u r c o m p o n e n t s . ^ = g r a n d mean = ~/LA^ { / \u00C2\u00B0 ^ = t h e p o p u l a t i o n mean o f a s c o r e s f o r t h e i t h s u b j e c t ) . c ^ = y M ^ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 / ^ ( / ^ , - t h e mean o f t h e s c o r e s o f an i n f i n i t e 0 p r i p u l a t i d h o f s u b j e c t s t e s t e d u n d e r A j ) . .= T h e d e v i a t i o n o f Y^ j, f r o m y t ^ w h i c h i s n o t a c c o u n t e d \"^f f o r b y t r e a t m e n t e f f e c t 'c<- o r b y i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s . 0 T h e s t u d y was d e s i g n e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e amount o f v a r i a t i o n b e t w e e n s u c c e s s i v e t r i a l s o f t h e same i n d i v i d u a l and b e t w e e n t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t h e m s e l v e s on t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h e same a n a l y s i s was c a r r i e d o u t f o r t h e r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e ( b e a t s / m i n u t e ) and f o r t h e r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s . I t was i m p o r t a n t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t y p e s o f v a r i a t i o n h e r e ( i . e . i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l o r t r u e v a r i a n c e and i n t r a -i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n p l u s e r r o r v a r i a n c e ) . T h e i n v e s t i g a t o r w a n t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s o f i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n and t h i s was b e s t c a r r i e d o u t b y an a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e . A n F - r a t i o was t h e n o b t a i n e d f o r s u b j e c t s and t r i a l s on e a c h o f t h e v a r i a b l e s (PQ ; PQ,- p R ; p R ; PQ/P r ; P r / P r ; r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e ; 1 s t , 2 n d , 3 r d , and t o t a l r e c o v e r y 37 h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s ) and t h e r e s u l t i n g v a l u e was t h e n c o n s i d e r e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t o r n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . M i s s i n g D a t a , T h e r e we re some m i s s i n g p h o t o g r a p h s and some p h o t o g r a p h s w h i c h c o u l d n o t b e m e a s u r e d . O f a l l t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d , t h e r e we re o n l y a f ew r e s t i n g v a l u e s m i s s i n g f o r some o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h e r e we re t h r e e r e s t i n g v a l u e s m i s s i n g on t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t s f o r m e a s u r e m e n t PQ,- two r e s t i n g v a l u e s m i s s i n g f o r d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t s f o r measu remen t PQ,- two r e s t i n g v a l u e s m i s s i n g f o r two d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t s f o r measu remen t p R ; t h r e e r e s t i n g v a l u e s m i s s i n g f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t s f o r measu remen t p R ; one r e s t i n g v a l u e m i s s i n g f o r one s u b j e c t f o r m e a s u r e -ment P Q / P r \" t h r e e r e s t i n g v a l u e s m i s s i n g f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t s f o r measu remen t P r / P r ; and t h r e e r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s ( b e a t s / m i n u t e ) m i s s i n g f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t s . S i n c e p r e - e x e r c i s e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h r e e o f t h e f o u r t r i a l s we re a v a i l a b l e , an e s t i m a t e was made o f t h e m i s s i n g t r i a l d a t a b y a v e r a g i n g t h e r e s t i n g v a l u e s o f t h e o t h e r t h r e e t r i a l s . 38 REFERENCES 1 T a v e l , Morton E. C l i n i c a l . P h o n o c a r d i o g r a p h y and E x t e r n a l P u l s e Recording. Chicago: Year Book M e d i c a l P u b l i s h e r s , Inc., 1967, p. 28. 2 I b i d . 3 Brown, S.R. et a l . \"Time D e r i v a t i v e s of the C a r o t i d P u l s e Wave and Phase Plane A n a l y s i s of C a r d i o v a s c u l a r C o n d i t i o n \" , Unpublished Paper, The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver, 1965. 4 I b i d . 5 Myers, Jerome L. Fundamentals of Experimental Design. Boston: A l l y n and Bacon, Inc., 1967, p. 152. 6 I b i d . , p. 153. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSS ION I. INTRODUCTION A s m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y i n C h a p t e r I I I , t h e v a r i a n c e o f e a c h s c o r e o f e a c h s u b j e c t i n a r e p e a t e d m e a s u r e m e n t s d e s i g n c a n b e p a r t i t i o n e d i n t o two i n d e p e n d e n t c o m p o n e n t s : t h e t r u e s c o r e v a r i a n c e and an e r r o r componen t t h a t i n c l u d e s i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n w h i c h c a n n o t b e s e p a r a t e d o u t f r o m t h e componen t o f measu remen t e r r o r ( 1 ) . I f t h e e r r o r componen t o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n , t h e n t h e F - r a t i o w i l l b e s i g n i f i c a n t f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s and t h e r e w i l l b e an ' e f f e c t ' o b s e r v e d o v e r t h e f o u r t r i a l s . S i m i l a r l y , i f t h e e r r o r componen t o f v a r i a b i l i t y i s s m a l l i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e v a r i a b i l i t y b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s , t h e n t h e F - r a t i o w i l l a g a i n b e s i g n i f i c a n t and t h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n w i l l , t h e r e f o r e , b e m o s t l y i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l o r t r u e v a r i a t i o n . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f a m e a s u r e i s t h a t p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e v a r i a n c e o f s c o r e s w h i c h i s t r u e v a r i a n c e ( i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y ) (2) . I n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e m o d e l , t h e mean s q u a r e e r r o r t e r m e s t i m a t e s t h e p o p u l a t i o n 40 e r r o r v a r i a n c e and no i n t e r a c t i o n i s assumed t o e x i s t i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n . A n a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e one f a c t o r r e p e a t e d m e a s u r e -ment d e s i g n was u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h i s was e m p l o y e d i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f v a r i a b i l i t y d e s c r i b e d above and t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e i n c r e a s e d p r e c i s i o n a f f o r d e d due t o i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s b e i n g more e f f e c t i v e l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m e r r o r v a r i a n c e t h a n i n o t h e r p o s s i b l e d e s i g n s . I I . PRESENTATION OF RESULTS A n a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was p e r f o r m e d on e a c h o f t w e n t y - n i n e m e a s u r e m e n t s : PQ, PQ , p R , p R / P Q / P R ' P r / P r ( r e s t i n g ) ; p Q / p Q , p R / i> R , P Q / P R ' P r / P r ( i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e ) ; p Q / P Q , p R , P R , P Q / p \u00C2\u00A3 / P r / P r (5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) ; p Q / p Q , p R , p R , P Q / P R * P r / P r (10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) ; r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e ( b e a t s / m i n u t e ) ; f i r s t r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t ; s e c o n d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t ; t h i r d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t ; and t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e s I t o XX IX ( a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e ) and i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s u n d e r h e a d i n g s i d e n t i f y i n g t h e m e a s u r e -ment and t h e t a b l e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t . E a c h s e c t i o n s t a t e s 41 t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e F - r a t i o b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s ; t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e F - r a t i o b e t w e e n t r i a l s and t h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e t a b l e . T h e F - r a t i o f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e mean s q u a r e t e r m f o r s u b j e c t s o v e r t h e e r r o r mean s q u a r e t e r m . T h e F - r a t i o f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e mean s q u a r e t e r m f o r t r i a l s o v e r t h e e r r o r mean s q u a r e t e r m . PQ ( r e s t i n g ) - T a b l e I. The F - r a t i o o f 2 . 4 0 f o r t h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e F - r a t i o o f 0 . 3 6 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . F o r t h i s m e a s u r e m e n t , t h e amount o f i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e was l a r g e i n c o m p a r i s o n t o i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s as shown b y t h e s i g n i f i c a n t b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s F - r a t i o . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r measu remen t p^ ( r e s t i n g ) was . 5 8 4 . PQ ( r e s t i n g ) - T a b l e I I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 8 . 0 4 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e F - r a t i o o f 0 . 6 9 f o r t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . I n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s were l a r g e i n c o m p a r i s o n t o i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s f o r t h i s m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e 42 TABLE I ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF p Q (RESTING) Source o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n df Sq. Sq. F Prob. SUBJECT 17 216470 12734 *2 .40 0.0082 TRIALS 3 5666.5 1888.8 0.36 0.7872 ERROR 51 270290 5299.7 TOTAL 71 492420 * S i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l TABLE I I ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE : OF p Q (RESTING) Source of Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n df Sq. Sq. F Prob. SUBJECT 17 1339500 78796 *8.04 0.0000 TRIALS 3 20206.0 6735.3 0.69 0.5677 ERROR 51 500070 9805.3 TOTAL 71 1859800 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 S i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l 4 3 r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f P Q ( r e s t i n g ) was . 8 7 6 . p R ( r e s t i n g ) \u00E2\u0080\u0094 T a b l e -III-. T h e r e we re no s i g n i f i c a n t F - r a t i o s f o r t h i s m e a s u r e . T h e F - r a t i o o f 0 . 6 4 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s was a l s o s m a l l ( 0 . 5 4 ) and was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 l e v e l . T h u s , t h e r e w e r e no i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s shown i n t h i s measu remen t and t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n p l u s t h e measu remen t e r r o r t e r m was l a r g e r t h a n t h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y and l a r g e r a l s o t h a n t h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r p D ( r e s t i n g ) was - . 5 3 0 . was 5 . 3 4 w h i c h was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 l e v e l . T h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s F - r a t i o was 1 . 0 9 w h i c h was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 l e v e l . T h e s e r e s u l t s showed t h a t t h e r e was s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r -i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y b u t l i t t l e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a -b i l i t y f o r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 8 1 3 . s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was 7 . 6 1 . a n d was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e p R ( r e s t i n g ) T a b l e I V . T h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s F - r a t i o T h e F - r a t i o f o r b e t w e e n 44 TABLE I I I ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF p R (RESTING) Source of V a r i a t i o n df Sum Sq. Mean Sq. F Prob. SUBJECT 17 205430 12084.0 0.64 0.8453 TRIALS 3 30624.0 10208.0 0.54 0.6616 ERROR 51 965910 18939.0 TOTAL 71 1202000 TABLE IV ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF p R (RESTING) Source of V a r i a t i o n df Sum Sq. Mean Sq. F Prob. SUBJECT 17 93939.0 5525.8 *5.34 0.0000 TRIALS 3 3393.0 1131.0 1.09 0.3610 ERROR 51 52755.0 1034.4 TOTAL 71 150090.0 * S i g n i f i c a n t at the . 05 l e v e l 45 .05 l e v e l . The F - r a t i o of 1.44 f o r between t r i a l s v a r i a -b i l i t y was not s i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l . There was s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n as shown by the l a r g e F - r a t i o f o r between s u b j e c t s but the i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n was v e r y s m a l l i n comparison. The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t obtained was .869. Pr/Pr ( r e s t i n g ) - Ta b l e V I . The between s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n F - r a t i o was 11.17 which was s i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l . The between t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o was 0.25 which was not s i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l . The t r u e v a r i a t i o n or i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n was thus l a r g e i n comparison w i t h the i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r -ences. The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was .911. PQ (immediate post e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e V I I . The F - r a t i o f o r the between s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was 1.90 which was not s i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l . The between t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n F - r a t i o was 0.72 which a l s o was not s i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l . The i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y was s m a l l i n r e l a t i o n t o the i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y f o r the measure PQ (immediate po s t e x e r c i s e ) as shown by the s m a l l between s u b j e c t s F - r a t i o . The obtained r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t 46 TABLE V ANALYS I S OF VARIANCE OF P n/p D (RESTING) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F P r o b . SUBJECT 17 38285000 2252100 * 7 . 6 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 1273500 424510 1 .44 0 . 2 4 2 4 ERROR 51 15087000 295830 TOTAL 71 54646000 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE V I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF P r / P r (RESTING) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F P r o b . SUBJECT 17 9729800 572340 * 1 1 . 1 7 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 3 8 4 5 8 . 0 1 2 8 1 9 . 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 8 6 1 0 ERROR 51 2614200 5 1 2 6 0 . 0 TOTAL 71 12383000 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . .05 l e v e l 47 was . 4 7 4 . PQ ( i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e V I I I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 4 . 4 1 f o r t h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 1.41 f o r t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l o r t r u e v a r i a t i o n was t h u s v e r y l a r g e i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y f o r t h i s m e a s u r e m e n t . The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 7 7 3 . p R ( i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e I X . T h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o o f 2 .30 was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 1 .74 f o r t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y o r t r u e s c o r e v a r i a t i o n was l a r g e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y as d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e s i z e o f t h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s F - r a t i o . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e m e a s u r e p D ( i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e ) was . 5 6 6 . p R ( i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - \u00E2\u0080\u00A2-- T a b l e 'X. T h e F - r a t i o o f 5 .15 f o r t h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o 48 TABLE V I I \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p n ( IMMEDIATE POST EXERCISE) S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n d f Sum S q . Mean S q . F P r o b . SUBJECT 17 120160 7 0 6 8 . 3 1 .90 0 . 0 3 9 8 TR IALS 3 8 0 2 2 . 1 2 6 7 4 . 0 0 . 7 2 0 . 5 4 8 5 ERROR 51 189670 3 7 1 9 . 0 TOTAL 71 317850 TABLE V I I I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p n ( IMMEDIATE POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n d f Sum S q . Mean S q . F P r o b . SUBJECT 17 954880 5 6 1 6 9 . 0 * 4 . 4 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 5 3 8 0 7 . 0 1 7 9 3 6 . 0 1.41 0 . 2 5 0 4 ERROR 51 649920 1 2 7 4 4 . 0 TOTAL 71 1658600 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE IX ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p R ( IMMEDIATE POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F P r o b . SUBJECT 17 388790 22870 * 2 . 3 0 0 . 0 1 1 2 TR IALS 3 51915 17305 1 .74 0 . 1 6 8 4 ERROR 51 506240 9 9 2 6 . 3 TOTAL 71 946950 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE X ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p R ( IMMEDIATE POST EXERCISE) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 114750 6 7 5 0 . 1 * 5 . 1 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 2 0 2 5 . 2 6 7 5 . 0 6 0 . 5 2 0 . 6 7 7 4 ERROR 51 66803 1 3 0 9 . 9 TOTAL 71 183580 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l 50 was 0 . 5 2 , w h i c h was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n was l a r g e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n as shown b y t h e l a r g e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s F - r a t i o . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h i s m e a s u r e m e n t was . 8 0 6 . PQ/PR ( i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e X I . T h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o was 4 . 6 2 w h i c h was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was 1 .06 w h i c h was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h u s , t h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n o r t r u e s c o r e v a r i a t i o n was l a r g e i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e m e a s u r e was . 7 8 4 . P r / P r ( i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e ) \" --i T a b l e X I I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 5 .25 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o 0 . 9 5 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n w a s , t h e r e f o r e , much l a r g e r t h a n t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 8 0 9 . 51 TABLE X I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF P Q / p R ( IMMEDIATE POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F P r o b . SUBJECT 17 98740000 5808200 * 4 . 6 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 3986200 1328700 1.06 0 . 3 7 6 2 ERROR 51 6408,'uOOO. 1256500 TOTAL 71 166810000 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE X I I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF P r / P r ( IMMEDIATE POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 2164900 127350 * 5 . 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 6 9 1 0 3 . 0 2 3 0 3 4 . 0 0 . 9 5 0 . 4 2 5 3 ERROR 51 1237200 2 4 2 5 8 . 0 TOTAL 71 3471200 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l 52 PQ (5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - - T a b l e X I T I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 2 .71 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 1 .24 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e componen t o f i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y was much l a r g e r t h a n t h e componen t o f i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a -b i l i t y f o r t h e m e a s u r e p^ (5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h i s m e a s u r e was . 6 3 1 . PQ (5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e X I V . T h e F - r a t i o o f 1 1 . 3 2 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 ' r i L e v e l ; t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l v a r i a b i l i t y h a d an F - r a t i o o f 0 . 4 0 w h i c h was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y componen t was much l a r g e r t h a n t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y componen t f o r t h i s m e a s u r e . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 9 1 4 . p R (5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e XV. T h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o was 1 .89 w h i c h was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n F - r a t i o was 0 . 4 2 w h i c h was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . 5.3 TABLE X I I I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p n (5 MINS. POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 208670 1 2 2 7 4 . 0 * 2 . 7 1 0 . 0 0 3 2 TR IALS 3 1 6 8 4 5 . 0 5 6 1 4 . 9 1 .24 0 . 3 0 5 4 ERROR 51 231300 ' 4 5 3 5 . 3 TOTAL 71 456810 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 05 l e v e l TABLE X IV ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p Q (5 MINS .POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 1459900 8 5 8 7 6 . 0 * 1 1 . 3 2 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 9 0 0 3 . 0 3 0 0 1 . 0 0 . 4 0 0 . 7 5 9 8 ERROR 51 386970 7 5 8 7 . 6 TOTAL 71 1855900 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l 5 4 F o r t h i s measu remen t b o t h t h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l and i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l c o m p o n e n t s o f v a r i a b i l i t y we re s m a l l . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 4 7 2 . p R ( 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) T a b l e X V I . The F - r a t i o o f 3 . 9 6 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 0 . 0 5 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y componen t was l a r g e c o m p a r e d t o t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y componen t f o r m e a s u r e p R ( 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h i s m e a s u r e was . 7 4 7 . P Q / P R ( 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e X V I I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 5 . 8 9 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i -f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 0 . 0 6 f o r t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 0 5 l e v e l . T h e g r e a t e s t p o r t i o n o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y was due t o i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n and i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y c o n t r i b u t e d o n l y t o a s m a l l p o r t i o n o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y f o r r a t i o P Q / P R 9 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 8 3 0 . 55 TABLE XV ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p R (5 MINS. POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f sq. S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 234790 1 3 8 1 1 . 0 1 .89 0 . 0 4 0 8 TR IALS 3 9 1 9 6 . 0 3 0 6 5 . 3 0 . 4 2 0 . 7 4 2 7 ERROR 51 372210 7 2 9 8 . 2 TOTAL 71 616200 TABLE XVI ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p p (5 MINS. POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f sq. S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 9 8 9 6 4 . 0 5 8 2 1 . 4 * 3 . 9 6 0 . 0 0 0 1 TR IALS 3 2 2 9 . 6 9 7 6 . 5 6 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 9 7 8 7 ERROR 51 7 5 0 1 7 . 0 1 4 7 0 . 9 TOTAL 71 174210 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l 56 P r / P r -(-5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e X V I T I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 1 1 . 7 8 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n F - r a t i o was 0 . 3 8 w h i c h was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y componen t was much l a r g e r t h a n t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n o f t h e measu remen t P r / P r (5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 9 1 5 . PQ (10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - - T a b l e X I X . T h e F - r a t i o o f 5 .97 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i f i -c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 2 . 9 8 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y componen t was l a r g e r t h a n t h a t o f i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n a s shown b y t h e s i g n i f i c a n t b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s F - r a t i o . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h i s m e a s u r e was . 8 3 3 . PQ (10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e X X . T h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o was 1 0 . 5 7 w h i c h was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n F - r a t i o . was 2 . 3 1 w h i c h was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y componen t was much l a r g e r t h a n t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n f o r m e a s u r e PQ 57 TABLE XV I I ANALYS I S OF VARIANCE OF P Q / P R (5 MINS. POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 92244000 5426100 * 5 . 8 9 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 153030 5 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 . 0 6 0 . 9 7 7 2 ERROR 51 46973000 921050 TOTAL 71 139370000 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l T A B L E X V I I I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF P r / P r (5 MINS. POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 4907400 288670 * 1 1 . 7 8 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 2 7 7 4 4 . 0 9 2 4 8 . 0 0 . 3 8 0 . 7 7 2 4 ERROR 51 1249500 2 4 5 0 0 . 0 TOTAL 71 , . 6184700 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE X IX ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p Q (10 MINS . POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 239260 1 4 0 7 4 . 0 * 5 . 9 7 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 2 1 0 8 5 . 0 7 0 2 8 . 4 * 2 . 9 8 0 . 0 3 9 3 ERROR 51 120240 2 3 5 7 . 6 TOTAL 71 380590 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE XX ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p Q (10 MINS. POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 1087400 6 3 9 6 3 . 0 * 1 0 . 5 7 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 4 1 9 3 2 . 0 1 3 9 7 7 . 0 2 .31 0 . 0 8 6 2 ERROR 51 308760 6 0 5 4 . 1 TOTAL 71 1438100 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l 59 (10 minutes p o s t e x e r c i s e ) and the r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h i s measure was .905. p R (10 minutes po s t e x e r c i s e ) - Ta b l e XXI. The F - r a t i o of 1.52 f o r between s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was not s i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l and the F - r a t i o of 0.49 f o r between t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was a l s o not s i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l . The i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y was s m a l l compared w i t h the i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n as shown by the s m a l l F - r a t i o f o r between s u b j e c t s . The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was .340. p R (10 minutes po s t e x e r c i s e ) - Ta b l e XXII. The F - r a t i o of 5.50 f o r between s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i f i -cant at the .05 l e v e l and the F - r a t i o o f 1.42 f o r the between t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was not s i g n i f i c a n t at the .05 l e v e l . The i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y component was l a r g e compared wi t h t h a t due t o i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s and the r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of t h i s measure was .818. pg/p R -(-10 -minutes post e x e r c i s e ) - T a b l e X X I I I . The F - r a t i o of 1.14 f o r between s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was not 60 T A B L E \" X X I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF p D (10 MINS. POST EXERCISE) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 314860 1 8 5 2 1 . 0 1 .52 0 . 1 2 6 6 TR IALS 3 1 7 9 4 4 . 0 5 9 8 1 . 3 0 . 4 9 0 . 6 9 4 9 ERROR 51 623180 1 2 2 1 9 . 0 TOTAL 71 955990 TABLE XX I I ANALYS I S OF VARIANCE OF p R (10 MINS.- POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n d f Sum S q . Mean S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 162760 9 5 7 4 . 2 * 5 . 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 7 4 3 5 . 0 2 4 7 8 . 3 1.42 0 . 2 4 6 0 ERROR 51 8 8 8 5 9 . 0 1 7 4 2 . 3 TOTAL 71 259050 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 1 .18 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n and t h e i n t e r -i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n we re n e a r l y t h e same s i z e as shown b y t h e s m a l l F - r a t i o f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h i s m e a s u r e was . 1 1 9 . P r / P r (10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ) \u00E2\u0080\u0094 T a b l e X X I V . T h e F - r a t i o o f 1 2 . 1 9 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 3 .06 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y was v e r y l a r g e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n as shown b y t h e e x t r e m e l y l a r g e F - r a t i o f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e m e a s u r e was . 9 1 8 . R e s t i n g H e a r t R a t e ( bea t s /m inu t e ) - - T a b l e XXV . T h e F - r a t i o o f 1 2 . 1 5 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i -f i c a n t a t t h e . 05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 1 .85 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n was much l a r g e r t h a n t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l p l u s e r r o r v a r i a n c e t e r m . T h e 62 TABLE X X I I I ANALYS I S OF VARIANCE OF P Q / P R (10 MINS. POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 592130000 34831000 1 .14 0 . 3 4 9 0 TR IALS 3 108680000 36226000 1 .18 0 . 3 2 6 3 ERROR 51 1564400000 30675000 TOTAL 71 2265200000 TABLE XX IV ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF P r / P r (10 MINS . POST EXERCISE ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f sq. S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 5892200 346600 * 1 2 . 1 9 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 T R I A L S 3 260570 8 6 8 5 6 . 0 * 3 . 0 6 0 . 0 3 6 1 ERROR 51 1449500 2 8 4 2 2 . 0 TOTAL 71 7602300 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 9 1 8 . F i r s t R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t - T a b l e X X V I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 2 6 . 8 3 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i -f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 3 .43 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n was v e r y l a r g e i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n p l u s e r r o r v a r i a n c e t e r m . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h i s m e a s u r e was . 9 6 3 . S e c o n d R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t - T a b l e -XXVI I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 3 6 . 9 0 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i -f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l ; t h e F - r a t i o o f 3 .85 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y was l a r g e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l p l u s e r r o r v a r i a n c e t e r m . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o b t a i n e d was . 9 7 3 . T h i r d R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t T a b l e -XXVI I I . T h e F - r a t i o o f 2 7 . 1 1 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i -f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 3 .56 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n was much l a r g e r t h a n 64 TABLE XXV ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF REST ING HEART RATE (BEATS/MINUTE) S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n d f Sum S q . Mean S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 4 4 4 2 . 6 2 6 1 . 3 3 * 1 2 . 1 5 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 1 1 9 . 1 5 3 9 . 7 1 7 1.85 0 . 1 4 9 0 ERROR 51 1 0 9 7 . 1 2 1 . 5 1 2 TOTAL 71 5 6 5 8 . 9 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE XXVI ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF RECOVERY HEART F I R S T ( 1 - 1 : BEAT COUNT 30 MINS. ) S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n d f Sum S q . Mean S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 5 4 6 5 . 5 3 2 1 . 5 0 * 2 6 . 8 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 1 2 3 . 3 3 4 1 . 1 1 1 * 3 . 4 3 0 . 0 2 3 5 ERROR 51 6 1 1 . 1 7 1 1 . 9 8 4 TOTAL 71 6 2 0 0 . 0 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l 65 TABLE XXV I I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF RECOVERY HEART SECOND (2-2 BEAT COUNT : 3 0 MINS . ) S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n d f Sum S q . Mean S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 4 4 1 0 . 9 2 5 9 . 4 6 * 3 6 . 9 0 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 8 1 . 1 5 2 2 7 . 0 5 1 * 3 . 8 5 0 . 0 1 4 7 ERROR 51 3 5 8 . 6 0 7 . 0 3 1 3 TOTAL 71 4 8 5 0 . 7 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE X X V I I I ANALYS IS OF VARIANCE OF RECOVERY HEART THIRD ( 3 - 3 : BEAT COUNT 30 MINS. ) S o u r c e o f V a r i a t i o n d f Sum S q . Mean S q . . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 3 4 0 0 . 1 2 0 0 . 0 1 * 2 7 . 1 1 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 7 8 . 7 7 9 2 6 . 2 6 0 * 3 . 5 6 0 .0203 ERROR 51 3 7 6 . 2 2 7 . 3 7 6 9 TOTAL 71 3 8 5 5 . 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l 66 t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n p l u s v a r i a t i o n due t o e r r o r . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h i s m e a s u r e was . 9 6 3 . T o t a l R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t -' T a b l e X X I X . T h e F - r a t i o o f 3 2 . 8 3 f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n was s i g n i -f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l and t h e F - r a t i o o f 3 .95 f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n was l a r g e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a b i l i t y p l u s e r r o r v a r i a n c e . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t was . 9 7 0 . I I I . SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND DISCUSS ION T a b l e XXX shows a l l F - r a t i o s f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n and b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s made on t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p . A l s o i n c l u d e d i n t h e t a b l e a r e t h e F - r a t i o s f o r r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e , and a l l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s . I t c a n b e s e e n f r o m t h e t a b l e t h a t mos t F - r a t i o s f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y we re s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l . T h e r e were o n l y f i v e F - r a t i o s w h i c h were n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e s e we re p Q (F = 1.90) i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e , p R (F = 0 . 6 4 a t r e s t , p R (F = 1.89) a t 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , p R (F = 1.52) a t 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and p n / p R (F - 1.14) a t 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e . 67 TABLE XX IX ANALYS I S OF VARIANCE OF TOTAL RECOVERY HEART BEAT COUNT (1% MINS. ) S o u r c e o f Sum Mean V a r i a t i o n d f S q . S q . F . P r o b . SUBJECT 17 38856 2 2 8 5 . 6 * 3 2 . 8 3 - 0 . 0 0 0 0 TR IALS 3 8 2 5 . 8 3 2 7 5 . 2 8 * 3 . 9 5 0 . 0 1 3 0 ERROR 51 3 5 5 0 . 4 6 9 . 6 1 6 TOTAL 71 4 3 2 3 2 . 0 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l TABLE XXX SUMMARY OF F-RATIOS AND R E L I A B I L I T Y COEFF IC I ENTS OF VARIANCE IN THE SELECTED MEASUREMENTS ON THE PHASE PLANE LOOP F-RATIO F-RATIO R E L I A B I L I T Y BETWEEN [ SUBJECTS VARIAT ION BETWEEN TR IALS VAR IAT ION COEFF IC I ENT MEASUREMENT REST I PE 5PE^ ' ~1\"0P'E' REST ' I P E 5PE 10PE REST I P E 5PE 10PE PQ * 2 . 4 0 1 .90 * 2 . 7 1 * 5 . 9 7 0 . 3 6 0 . 7 2 1 . 2 4 * 2 . 9 8 . 5 8 4 . 4 7 4 . 631 .833 PQ * 8 . 0 4 * 4 . 4 1 * 1 1 . 3 2 * 1 0 . 5 7 0 . 6 9 1.41 0 . 4 0 2 .31 . 8 7 6 -.773 . 9 1 4 .905 PR 0 . 6 4 * 2 . 3 0 1 .89 1.52 0 . 5 4 1.74 0 . 4 2 0 . 4 9 - . 5 3 0 . 5 6 6 .472 .340 PR * 5 . 3 4 * 5 . 1 5 * 3 . 9 6 * 5 . 5 0 1 .09 0 . 5 2 0 . 0 5 1.42 .813 . 8 0 6 . 747 . 8 1 8 PQ/PR * 7 . 6 1 * 4 . 6 2 * 5 . 8 9 1 .14 1 .44 1.06 0 . 0 6 1 .18 . 8 6 9 .7 84 . 8 3 0 . 1 1 9 P r / P r * 1 1 . 1 7 * 5 . 2 5 * 1 1 . 7 8 * 1 2 . 1 9 0 . 2 5 0 . 9 5 0 . 3 8 * 3 . 0 6 . 911 . 8 0 9 . 915 . 9 1 8 R e s t i n g H e a r t R a t e *12 .15 1. 85 . 9 1 8 1 s t R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t * 2 6 .83 * 3 . 43 .963 2nd R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t *36 .90 * 3 . 85 .973 3 r d R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t *27 .11 * 3 . 56 .963 T o t a l R e c o v e r y H e a r t B e a t C o u n t *32 .83 * 3 . 95 .970 * S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l CODE : I P E = I m m e d i a t e P o s t E x e r c i s e 5PE = 5 M i n u t e s P o s t E x e r c i s e 10PE = 10 M i n u t e s P o s t E x e r c i s e 69 W i t h two e x c e p t i o n s , t h e F - r a t i o s f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n we re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l ; t h e s e s m a l l F v a l u e s f o r s u b j e c t s o v e r f o u r t r i a l s showed t h a t t h e r e w a s , i n g e n e r a l , no ' e f f e c t ' due t o t r i a l s . T h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s F - r a t i o s w h i c h were s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l we re PQ (F = 2 .98 ) a t 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and P r / P r (F = 3 .06) a t 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and t h e F - r a t i o s f o r f i r s t r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t (F = 3 . 4 3 ) , s e c o n d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t (F = 3 . 8 5 ) , t h i r d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t (F = 3 . 5 6 ) , and t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t (F = 3 .95) . T h e raw d a t a ( A p p e n d i x B) f o r p Q (F = 2 .98) and f o r r a t i o P r / P r (F = 3 .06) showed no a p p a r e n t t r e n d o f t h e d a t a i n e i t h e r c a s e . T h e raw d a t a f o r r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s a l s o d i d n o t show any t r e n d s . I t d i d n o t a p p e a r , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e s e s i g n i f i c a n t b e t w e e n t r i a l s F - r a t i o s r e f l e c t e d any c h a n g e i n t h e s u b j e c t s i n d e g r e e s o f t r a i n i n g o r f i t n e s s o v e r t h e f o u r t r i a l s . I t a l s o d i d n o t a p p e a r t h a t t h e s e c h a n g e s i n m e a s u r e m e n t v a l u e s we re due t o e x p e r i e n c e o r i n c r e a s e d f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n w i t h t h e t e s t . T a b l e XXX a l s o i n c l u d e s t h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e t w e n t y - n i n e m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n . T h e s e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s we re d e t e r m i n e d f r o m mean v a l u e s o f s u b j e c t s ' 70 s c o r e s o v e r t h e s e r i e s o f f o u r t r i a l s . . M o s t o f t h e r e l i a -b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s we re above .500. T h e e x c e p t i o n s w e r e f o r m e a s u r e m e n t s p \u00E2\u0080\u009E i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e (.474) , p D 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e (.472), p R 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e (.340), PQ/P R 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e (.119), and p R a t r e s t (-.530). T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r p D ( a t r e s t ) was -.530. T h i s was t h e o n l y n e g a t i v e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o b t a i n e d and i t p r o b a b l y r e s u l t e d f r o m p o c c u r r i n g i n some R i n s t a n c e s on t h e c a t a c r o t i c s l o p e above t h e i n c i s u r a ( r e f l e c t e d wave) and i n o t h e r i n s t a n c e s b e l o w t h e i n c i s u r a , i . e . on t h e l o w e r p o r t i o n o f t h e c a t a c r o t i c s l o p e o f t h e p u l s e wave . T h e p o i n t R ( P R / P R ) m ay# t h e r e f o r e , f a l l on one o f two l ow p o i n t s b e l o w t h e x - a x i s , t h u s c r e a t i n g v a r i a -b i l i t y i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t . C h o o s i n g t h e p o i n t o f maximum n e g a t i v e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f p r e s s u r e w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o s i t e on t h e c a t a c r o t i c s l o p e o f t h e p u l s e wave seems t o b e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y a t l e a s t f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r p_, o b t a i n e d u n d e r a l l c o n d i t i o n s o f r e s t and e x e r c i s e we re r e l a t i v e l y l o w . I t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h i s measu remen t s h o u l d r e c e i v e f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o l o c a t e t h e e x a c t p o i n t s 71 o f g r e a t e s t p o s i t i v e and g r e a t e s t n e g a t i v e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f p r e s s u r e on t h e l o o p p h o t o g r a p h s . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t s Pg and p R a p p e a r l e a s t l i k e l y t o b e u s e f u l i n any f u t u r e a s s e s s m e n t o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n due t o t h e i r l ow r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s and p o s s i b l e e r r o r o f m e a s u r e m e n t . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r a r e s t i n g , i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e , 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e c o n d i t i o n s showed t h a t Pg h a s h i g h r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y as i s a l s o t r u e o f m e a s u r e s p R , P r / P r , a n d , l e s s c o n s i s -t e n t l y , o f r a t i o Pg/PR- T h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s a p p e a r t o be r e p r o d u c i b l e and t h e r e f o r e d e s e r v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n as p o t e n t i a l l y u s e f u l m e a s u r e m e n t s i n p o s s i b l e f u t u r e a t t e m p t s t o a s s e s s d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n p e r s o n s i n d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f t r a i n i n g . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e , f i r s t r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , s e c o n d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , t h i r d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , and t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t we re a l l h i g h , i . e . above . 9 0 0 . T h e e x t r e m e l y l a r g e F - r a t i o s f o r b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s v a r i a t i o n o f r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e , and f i r s t , s e c o n d , t h i r d , and t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f l a r g e amounts o f i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n ; t h e s i g n i f i c a n t F - r a t i o s f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e s e same 72 m e a s u r e s showed some ' e f f e c t ' due t o t h e t r i a l s t h e m s e l v e s . T h i s ' e f f e c t ' may h a v e b e e n c a u s e d b y r a n d o m c h a n g e s i n t h e s u b j e c t ' s e f f i c i e n c y o f s t e p p i n g , o r i n c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . C u r e t o n (3) s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e p u l s e wave c o u l d b e u s e d f o r p r e d i c t i n g \" t h e r e l a t i v e s t a t e o f ' f u n c t i o n a l c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n ' i n s u b j e c t s w i t h o u t h e a r t d i s e a s e \" . He e x p l a i n e d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f v a r i o u s m e a s u r e s as d e t e r m i n a n t s o f ' f u n c t i o n a l c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n ' . B rown e t a l . (4) h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t r a t i o m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p d i m e n s i o n s m i g h t b e v a l u a b l e q u a n t i t a -t i v e m e a s u r e s o f c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . Boyd (5) f o u n d i n h i s s t u d y t h a t s u b j e c t s w i t h h i g h e r w o r k i n g c a p a c i t i e s h a d c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n t e r m s o f c h a n g i n g p u l s e p r e s s u r e s . J a c k s o n (6) o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e p o s t - t r a i n i n g l o o p s r e t u r n e d f a s t e r t o t h e r e s t i n g wave f o r m t h a n t h e p r e - t r a i n i n g w a v e s . He a l s o n o t e d t h a t P Q / P r (+p/-p) i n c r e a s e d w i t h t r a i n i n g . A l l t h e s e s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t i t may b e p o s s i b l e t o u s e t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s o b s e r v e d i n t h e p u l s e wave and i n p a r t i c u l a r i n t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n o f an i n d i v i d u a l . A n i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n t h a t mus t b e a s k e d , h o w e v e r , i s ' a r e t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s r e p r o d u c i b l e ' ? 73 The purpose of t h i s study, as s t a t e d e a r l i e r , was t o determine the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of the phase plane loop measurements of the b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave wit h a view t o the f u t u r e assessment of c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . The r e l i a -b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s of the measurements gave an i n d i c a t i o n of t r u e v a r i a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o the t o t a l v a r i a b i l i t y of the measurements and, g e n e r a l l y , were h i g h , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t most of the s e l e c t e d measurements of the phase plane loop, were r e a s o n a b l y r e p r o d u c i b l e measures f o r the group of f a c u l t y men used i n t h i s study. 74 REFERENCES 1 M y e r s , J e rome L . F u n d a m e n t a l s o f E x p e r i m e n t a l D e s i g n . B o s t o n : A l l y n and B a c o n , I n c . , 1 9 6 7 . 2 i b i d . 3 C u r e t o n , Thomas K i r k , J r . P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s A p p r a i s a l and G u i d a n c e . S t . L o u i s : T h e C V . Mosby Company , 1 9 4 7 . 4 B rown , S . R . , e t a l . \" T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e C a r o t i d P u l s e Wave and P h a s e P l a n e A n a l y s i s o f C a r d i o v a s c u l a r C o n d i t i o n \" , U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , 1 9 6 5 . 5 B o y d , W i l l i a m R o b e r t . \" A P h a s e P l a n e A n a l y s i s o f P h y s i c a l W o r k i n g C a p a c i t y \" , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , A p r i l 1 9 6 7 . 6 J a c k s o n , R o g e r C h a r l e s . \" A F i t n e s s A p p r a i s a l o f C h a m p i o n O a r s m e n , I n c l u d i n g A n a l y s i s o f Maximum O x y g e n C o n s u m p t i o n , E l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m C o m p l e x e s and t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave and i t s T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s \" , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , A p r i l 1 9 6 7 . CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The purpose of t h i s study was t o determine the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of s e l e c t e d phase p l a n e loop measurements of the b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave f o r p o s s i b l e use i n f u t u r e assessment of c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . The group s t u d i e d were eighteen a d u l t (ages 25 to 40 years) male f a c u l t y members of a U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia c o n d i t i o n i n g c l a s s who were chosen f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y t o complete a f i v e minute step t e s t on a seventeen i n c h bench and a l s o f o r t h e i r w i l l i n g n e s s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n the study. The c o n d i t i o n s f o r t e s t i n g were st a n d a r d i z e d as c a r e f u l l y as p o s s i b l e ; each s u b j e c t was t e s t e d once a week f o r four weeks and was giv e n one p r a c t i c e t r i a l p r i o r t o the t e s t i n g p e r i o d . The apparatus used i n the t e s t i n g was a p r e s s u r e transducer attached t o an o s c i l l o s c o p e . A 35 mm. camera, attached t o the o s c i l l o s c o p e , photographed the images on the o s c i l l o s c o p e screen. The images formed on the screen were the b r a c h i a l 76 p r e s s u r e p u l s e and time d e r i v a t i v e . By p l o t t i n g the r a t e of change of p r e s s u r e along the y - a x i s and the p r e s s u r e along the x - a x i s , a c l o s e d c i r c u i t loop, c a l l e d the phase pl a n e loop, was a l s o d i s p l a y e d on the screen. The t e s t used was a f i v e minute st e p p i n g t e s t at a pace of t h i r t y steps per minute on a seventeen i n c h bench. The s u b j e c t remained i n a supine p o s i t i o n on a t a b l e except d u r i n g the e x e r c i s e p e r i o d . B r a c h i a l p u l s e p r e s s u r e wave, f i r s t d e r i v a t i v e , and phase plane loop photographs were taken f o r each s u b j e c t at r e s t , immediately upon c e s s a t i o n of e x e r c i s e , at 5 minutes p o s t e x e r c i s e , and at 10 minutes po s t e x e r c i s e on each of f o u r o c c a s i o n s . Measurements p Q , p Q , p R , p R , p Q / p R , Pr/Pr were made on r e s t i n g , immediate po s t e x e r c i s e , 5 minutes po s t e x e r c i s e , and 10 minutes p o s t e x e r c i s e loops (Figure 1 ) . These measurements were a l l normalized t o a d j u s t f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n the image due t o changes i n the g a i n s e t t i n g s of the apparatus (Figure 1) . R e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e v a l u e s as w e l l as t h r e e r e c o v e r y h e a r t beat counts ( 1 - 1 : 3 0 , 2 - 2 : 3 0 , 3-3 :30 minutes a f t e r e x e r c i s e ) were a l s o r e c o r d e d and a t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t beat count was c a l c u l a t e d . These r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e s and r e c o v e r y 77 h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s we re u s e d as c o n t r o l o r m o n i t o r i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e f i t n e s s o r u n f i t n e s s o f t h e s u b j e c t s o r o f t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e i r r e s p o n s e t o t e s t i n g o v e r t h e t i m e c o u r s e o f t h e s t u d y . S i n c e t h e p r i n c i p a l i n t e r e s t was i n l o o k i n g a t p e r f o r m a n c e t r e n d s o v e r t h e p e r i o d o f f o u r weeks and i n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s o f v a r i a b i l i t y i n t e r m s o f t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s o v e r f o u r t r i a l s , t h e d a t a was a n a l y z e d b y means o f an a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e one f a c t o r r e p e a t e d measu remen t d e s i g n . T h e d e s i g n s e l e c t e d was t h e mos t e f f e c t i v e one a v a i l a b l e f o r s e p a r a t i n g o u t t h e v a r i a b i l i t y due t o i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s . I n t h i s p r o c e s s , v a r i a t i o n due t o b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s , v a r i a t i o n due t o b e t w e e n t r i a l s , and an e r r o r v a r i a n c e t e r m we re s e p a r a t e d . Be tween s u b j e c t s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o s were c a l c u l a t e d , t h u s i n d i -c a t i n g t h e r e l a t i v e p r o p o r t i o n o f t r u e s c o r e v a r i a t i o n o r i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l v a r i a t i o n . F - r a t i o s f o r b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a t i o n we re a l s o c a l c u l a t e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e ' e f f e c t ' , i f a n y , due t o t r i a l s . An a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was p e r f o r m e d on e a c h o f t w e n t y - n i n e m e a s u r e s ( T a b l e s I t o XXIX) and r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s we re c a l c u l a t e d on t h e mean v a l u e s f o r e a c h m e a s u r e o v e r f o u r t r i a l s . T h i s r e l i a b i l i t y -c o e f f i c i e n t g a v e an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f 78 e a c h m e a s u r e ( T a b l e X X X ) . T h e F - r a t i o s f o r r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e , f i r s t r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , s e c o n d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , t h i r d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , and t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t we re a l l q u i t e l a r g e and were a l l s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e . 05 l e v e l , i n d i c a t i n g t h e p r e s e n c e o f l a r g e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e r e d i d n o t seem t o b e any t r e n d o f t h e d a t a i n t h e r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t s s o i t c o u l d n o t b e s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e was any i m p r o v e m e n t o f t h e s u b j e c t s i n d e g r e e o f t r a i n i n g o r f i t n e s s o v e r t h e f o u r t r i a l s . F o r t h e t w e n t y - n i n e m e a s u r e s , t h e b e t w e e n s u b j e c t s F - r a t i o s we re s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l e x c e p t f o r P Q (F = 1.90) i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r e x e r c i s e , p R (F = 0 .64 ) a t r e s t , p R (F = 1.89) a t 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , p_ (F = 1.52) a t 10 R m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and P Q / P R (F = 1.14) a t 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e . T h e s i g n i f i c a n t F - r a t i o s i n d i c a t e d t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e i n t e r - i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e b e t w e e n t r i a l s v a r i a b i l i t y F - r a t i o s f o r t h e t w e n t y - n i n e m e a s u r e s we re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l e x c e p t f o r P Q (F = 2 .98) a t 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and P r / P r (F = 3 .06) a t 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and t h e F - r a t i o s f o r f i r s t r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t (F = 3 . 4 3 ) , s e c o n d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t (F = 3 . 8 5 ) , t h i r d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t (F = 3 . 5 6 ) , and t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t (F = 3 . 9 5 ) . T h e s e were a l l s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l i n d i c a t i n g an ' e f f e c t ' due t o t r i a l s i n t h e s e few c a s e s . On e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e r aw d a t a f o r p^ (F = 2 .98 ) and f o r r a t i o P r / p r (F = 3 . 0 6 ) , t h e r e d i d n o t , i n e i t h e r c a s e , a p p e a r t o b e any t r e n d . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r r e s t i n g h e a r t r a t e , f i r s t r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , s e c o n d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , t h i r d r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t , , a n d t o t a l r e c o v e r y h e a r t b e a t c o u n t we re a l l o v e r . 900 t h u s s h o w i n g g o o d r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y f o r t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s . V e r y l ow r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s we re f o u n d f o r p R a t r e s t ( - . 5 3 0 ) ; p^ i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e ( . 4 7 4 ) ; p R 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ( . 4 7 2 ) ; p R 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ( . 3 4 0 ) ; and PQ / P r 10 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e ( . 1 1 9 ) . T h e o t h e r r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s i n d i c a t e d g o o d r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f - . 5 3 0 f o r p R ( a t r e s t ) was t h e o n l y n e g a t i v e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o b t a i n e d and i t seemed t o r e s u l t f r o m p R b e i n g m e a s u r e d a t one o r a n o t h e r o f two p o s s i b l e p o s i t i o n s on t h e p h a s e p l a n e l o o p o f t h e b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave . T h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r m e a s u r e m e n t s PQ and p R a t r e s t , i m m e d i a t e p o s t e x e r c i s e , 5 m i n u t e s p o s t e x e r c i s e , and 10 minutes post exercise were a l l quite low. The points Q and R were d i f f i c u l t to locate on the photograph as i t was hard to f i n d the exact greatest maximum rate of change of pressure point. The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s for measures pg and p R at r e s t , immediate post exercise, 5 minutes post exercise, and 10 minutes post exercise were a l l quite high indicating that these measures were reproducible. The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s of the r a t i o R - . / F * at vi R r e s t , immediate post exercise, 5 minutes post exercise, and 10 minutes post exercise were a l l high except for the 10 minutes post exercise value. This r a t i o P n/P D also showed y R good r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y . The r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s for the r a t i o Pr/Pr at res t , immediate post exercise, 5 minutes post exercise, and 10 minutes post exercise were a l l high i n d i c a t i n g that t h i s measure was also a reproducible measure. The success of future investigations using the phase plane loop as a possible means of distinguishing between people i n various degrees of t r a i n i n g w i l l depend upon the use of stable or reproducible measurements. Although further studies might consider the use of other measures of the phase plane loop, i t seems reasonable, i n the meantime, 81 t o proceed w i t h measurements p , p , P n/p / Pr/Pr as these Q R W R were found t o be r e p r o d u c i b l e i n t h i s study. The measures p and p\u00E2\u0080\u009E were not r e p r o d u c i b l e because of c e r t a i n d i f f i -Q R c u l t i e s i n measurement. These measurements, however, should be i n v e s t i g a t e d more c l o s e l y b e f o r e being d i s c a r d e d . The purpose of t h i s study, as s t a t e d e a r l i e r , was t o determine the r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f the phase plane loop measurements of the b r a c h i a l p u l s e wave wit h a view to the f u t u r e assessment of c a r d i o v a s c u l a r c o n d i t i o n . The r e l i a -b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s of the measurements gave an i n d i c a t i o n o f t r u e v a r i a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n to the t o t a l v a r i a b i l i t y o f the measurements and, g e n e r a l l y , were h i g h , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t most of the s e l e c t e d measurements of the phase plane loop, were reasonably r e p r o d u c i b l e measures f o r the group o f f a c u l t y men used i n t h i s study. BIBLIOGRAPHY A t t i n g e r , E . O . , e d . P u l s a t i 1P: B l o o d F l o w , ( P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Sympos ium on P u l s a t i l e B l o o d F l o w , A p r i l 1 1 - 1 3 , 1 9 6 3 ) . New Y o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l Book Company , 1 9 6 4 . B a b s k i i , E . B . , V . L . K a r p m a n , G . M . P e t r o v , and A . I . s k a c h k o v a . \" U s e o f A n E l e c t r o n i c D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g D e v i c e i n P h y s i o l o g i c a l S t u d i e s \" , B i o p h y s i c s ( U . S . S . R . ) 4 : 1 0 2 - 1 1 0 , 1 9 5 9 . B a n i s t e r , E .W . , T . K . C u r e t o n , B . C . A b b o t t , and J . W . P o l l a r d . \" A C o m p a r a t i v e S t u d y o f t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave and i t s T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s among A t h l e t i c , N o r m a l and P a t h o l o g i c a l S u b j e c t s \" , J o u r n a l o f s p o r t s M e d i c i n e and P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s 6 : 9 2 - 9 9 , J une 1 9 6 6 . B e r g e r , R i c h a r d A . , and A r t h u r B. Sweney . \" V a r i a n c e and C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s \" , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y 36 (No. 3 ) : 3 6 8 - 3 7 0 , O c t o b e r 1 9 6 5 . B o y d , W i l l i a m R o b e r t . \" A P h a s e P l a n e A n a l y s i s o f P h y s i c a l W o r k i n g C a p a c i t y \" , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , A p r i l 1 9 6 7 . B r o w n , S . R . , E.W. B a n i s t e r , and G . E . Dowe r . \" T i m e D e r i v a -t i v e s o f t h e C a r o t i d P u l s e Wave and P h a s e P l a n e A n a l y s i s o f C a r d i o v a s c u l a r C o n d i t i o n \" , U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , . V a n c o u v e r , 1 9 6 5 . C a r r o n , A . V . \" I n d i v i d u a l D i f f e r e n c e s i n P e r f o r m a n c e \" , U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r , U n i v e r s i t y o f S a s k a t c h e w a n , December 4 , 1 9 6 7 . C o n s o l a z i o , C . F r a n k , R o b e r t E . J o h n s o n , and L o u i s . J . :: P e c o r a . P h y s i o l o g i c a l M e a s u r e m e n t s o f M e t a b o l i c F u n c t i o n s i n M a n . New Y o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l Book Company , I n c . , 1 9 6 3 . C u r e t o n , Thomas K i r k , J r . P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s A p p r a i s a l and G u i d a n c e . S t . L o u i s : T h e C . V . M o s b y Company , 1 9 4 7 . 83 D o n t a s , A . S . \" C o m p a r i s o n o f S i m u l t a n e o u s l y R e c o r d e d I n t r a -A r t e r i a l and E x t r a - A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e s i n M a n \" , A m e r i c a n H e a r t J o u r n a l 59 (No. 4 ) : 5 7 6 - 5 9 0 , A p r i l 1 9 6 0 . D o n t a s , A . S . , and C S . C o t t a s . \" A r t e r i a l V o l u m e and P r e s s u r e P u l s e C o n t o u r s i n t h e Y o u n g Human S u b j e c t \" , A m e r i c a n H e a r t J o u r n a l 61 (No. 5 ) : 6 7 6 - 6 8 3 , May 1 9 6 1 . F e r g u s o n , G e o r g e A . S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s i n P s y c h o l o g y and E d u c a t i o n . New Y o r k : M c G r a w - H i l l Book Company , 1 9 6 6 . F r i e s t a d t , H a n s . \" T h e I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f L e f t A t r i a l P r e s s u r e C u r v e s i n t h e D i a g n o s i s o f M i t r a l V a l v u l a r D i s e a s e \" , U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , A p r i l 1 9 5 9 . G a r r e t t , H e n r y E . , and R . S . W o o d w o r t h . S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o l o g y and E d u c a t i o n . New Y o r k : D a v i d McKay Company , I n c . , 1 9 6 6 . G l e a s o n , W i l l i a m L . , and E u g e n e B r a u n w a l d . \" s t u d i e s on t h e F i r s t D e r i v a t i v e o f t h e V e n t r i c u l a r P r e s s u r e P u l s e i n M a n \" , J o u r n a l o f C l i n i c a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n 41 (No. 1 ) : 8 0 - 9 1 , 1 9 6 2 . H a m i l t o n , W . F . \" T h e P a t t e r n s o f t h e A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e \" , A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y 1 4 1 : 2 3 5 - 2 4 1 , 1 9 4 4 . H a n c o c k , E r n e s t W . , and W a l t e r H . A b e l m a n n . \" A C l i n i c a l . .Study o f t h e B r a c h i a l A r t e r i a l P u l s e F o r m \" , C i r c u l a t i o n 1 6 : 5 7 2 - 5 8 1 , O c t o b e r 1 9 5 7 . H a y s , W i l l i a m L . S t a t i s t i c s f o r P s y c h o l o g i s t s . New Y o r k : H o l t , R i n e h a r t and W i n s t o n , 1 9 6 3 . H e n r y , F . M . e t a l . \" E r r o r s i n M e a s u r e m e n t \" , i n S c o t t , M . G . , e d . R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s A p p l i e d t o H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C : A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n , 1 9 4 9 , p p . 4 5 9 - 4 7 7 . 84 H e n r y , F r a n k l i n M. \" R e l i a b i l i t y , M e a s u r e m e n t E r r o r and I n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l D i f f e r e n c e \" , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y 30 (No. 1) : 2 1 - 2 4 , M a r c h 1 9 5 9 . H e n r y , F r a n k l i n M. \" I n f l u e n c e o f M e a s u r e m e n t E r r o r and I n t r a - i n d i v i d u a l V a r i a t i o n on t h e R e l i a b i l i t y o f M u s c l e S t r e n g t h and V e r t i c a l Jump T e s t s \" , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y 30 (No. 2 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 9 , 1 9 5 9 . H e n r y , F r a n k l i n M. \" I n d i v i d u a l D i f f e r e n c e s i n I n t r a -i n d i v i d u a l V a r i a b i l i t y \" , A n A d d r e s s p r e s e n t e d a t A . A . H . P . E . R . R e s e a r c h S e c t i o n , L a s V e g a s , N e v a d a , M a r c h 1 3 , 1 9 6 7 . Heyman , F . \" C o m p a r i s o n o f I n t r a - a r t e r i a l l y and E x t r a -a r t e r i a l l y R e c o r d e d P u l s e Waves i n Man and D o g \" , A c t a M e d i c a S c a n d i n a v i c a 157 (No. 6 ) : 5 0 3 - 5 1 0 , 1957 Hyman, C h e s t e r , and T r a v i s W i n s o r . \"What c a n b e f o u n d i n A r t e r i a l P u l s e W a v e s \" , A m e r i c a n H e a r t J o u r n a l 61 (No. 3 ) : 4 2 4 - 4 2 6 , M a r c h 1 9 6 1 . J a c k s o n , R o g e r C h a r l e s . \" A F i t n e s s A p p r a i s a l o f C h a m p i o n O a r s m e n , I n c l u d i n g A n a l y s i s o f Maximum O x y g e n C o n s u m p t i o n , E l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a m C o m p l e x e s and t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e Wave and I t s ' T i m e D e r i v a t i v e s \" , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r 1 s T h e s i s , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , . A p r i l 1 9 6 7 . K e n y o n , G e r a l d S. \" M u l t i p l e C o m p a r i s o n s and A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e : A n E m p i r i c a l I l l u s t r a t i o n \" , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y 36 (No. 4 ) : 4 1 3 - 4 1 9 , December 1 9 6 5 . K e r l i n g e r , F r e d N . F o u n d a t i o n s o f B e h a v i o r a l R e s e a r c h . New Y o r k : H o l t , R i n e h a r t and W i n s t o n , I n c . , 1 9 6 6 . K r o e k e r , E d w i n J . , and E a r l H . Wood . \" C o m p a r i s o n o f S i m u l t a n e o u s l y R e c o r d e d C e n t r a l and P e r i p h e r a l A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e s D u r i n g R e s t , E x e r c i s e and T i l t e d P o s i t i o n i n M a n \" , C i r c u l a t i o n R e s e a r c h 3 : 6 2 3 - 6 3 2 , November 1 9 5 5 . K r o l l , W a l t e r . \" A N o t e on t h e C o e f f i c i e n t o f I n t r a c l a s s C o r r e l a t i o n as an E s t i m a t e o f R e l i a b i l i t y \" , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y 33 (No. 2 ) : 3 1 3 - 3 1 5 , May 1 9 6 2 . 85 K r o l l , W a l t e r . \" R e l i a b i l i t y V a r i a t i o n s o f S t r e n g t h i n T e s t -R e t e s t S i t u a t i o n s \" , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y 34 (No. 1 ) : 5 0 - 5 5 , M a r c h 1 9 6 3 . K r o l l > W a l t e r . \" R e l i a b i l i t y T h e o r y and R e s e a r c h D e c i s i o n i n S e l e c t i o n o f a C r i t e r i o n s c o r e \" , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y 38 (No. 3 ) : 4 1 2 - 4 1 9 , O c t o b e r 1 9 6 7 . L e r s t e n , K e n n e t h C . \" I n t r a and I n t e r - I n d i v i d u a l V a r i a t i o n s D u r i n g t h e P r o g r e s s o f M o t o r L e a r n i n g \" , U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r , U n i v e r s i t y o f s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . M a s o n , D e a n T . , E u g e n e B r a u n w a l d , J o h n R o s s J r . , and A n d r e w G . M o r r o w , \" D i a g n o s t i c V a l u e o f t h e F i r s t and S e c o n d D e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e i n A o r t i c V a l v e D i s e a s e and i n H y p e r t r o p h i c S u b a o r t i c S t e n o s i s \" C i r c u l a t i o n 3 0 : 9 0 - 9 9 , J u l y 1 9 6 4 . M o r e h o u s e , L a u r e n c e E . , and A u g u s t u s T . M i l l e r , J r . P h y s i o l o g y o f E x e r c i s e . S a i n t L o u i s : T h e C . V . M o s b y Company , 1 9 6 7 . M o s c o v i c h , M . D . \" P h a s e P l a n e S t u d i e s o f I n t r a c a r d i a c and I n t r a v a s c u l a r P r e s s u r e s \" , U n p u b l i s h e d P a p e r , T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , V a n c o u v e r , 1 9 5 9 . M y e r s , J e rome L . F u n d a m e n t a l s o f E x p e r i m e n t a l D e s i g n . B o s t o n : A l l y n and B a c o n , I n c . , 1 9 6 7 . N ' ea l , J o h n J . , J r . , W i l l i a m H a l p e r n , a n d . ' T . J . R e e v e s . \" V e l o c i t y and A c c e l e r a t i o n o f P r e s s u r e Change i n H e a r t >and A r t e r i e s \" , J o u r n a l o f A p p l i e d P h y s i o l o g y 15 7 4 7 - 7 4 9 , 1 9 6 0 . N o b l e , F r a n k W. E l e c t r i c a l M e t h o d s o f B l o o d ^ P r e s s u r e R e c o r d i n g . S p r i n g f i e l d , I l l i n o i s : C h a r l e s C . Thomas P u b l i s h e r , 1 9 5 3 . , R o b i n s o n , B r i a n . \" T h e C a r o t i d P u l s e - I. D i a g n o s i s o f A o r t i c S t e n o s i s b y E x t e r n a l R e c o r d i n g s \" , B r i t i s h H e a r t J o u r n a l 2 5 : 5 1 - 6 0 , 1 9 6 3 . R o b i n s o n , B r i a n . \" T h e C a r o t i d P u l s e - I I . R e l a t i o n o f E x t e r n a l R e c o r d i n g s t o C a r o t i d , A o r t i c , and B r a c h i a l P u l s e s \" , B r i t i s h H e a r t J o u r n a l 2 5 : 6 1 - 6 8 , 1 9 6 3 . R u s h m e r , R o b e r t F . C a r d i o v a s c u l a r D y n a m i c s . P h i l a d e l p h i a : W.B . S a u n d e r s Company , 1 9 6 1 . S t a r r , I s a a c , and S . Ogawa. \" Q u a n t i t a t i v e S t u d i e s on t h e ' Q u i c k n e s s ' o f t h e P u l s e \" , T h e A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l o f t h e M e d i c a l S c i e n c e s 2 4 3 : 3 0 9 - 3 2 1 , M a r c h 1 9 6 2 . S t a r r , I s a a c , and S h i g o r u Ogawa. \" A C l i n i c a l S t u d y o f t h e F i r s t D e r i v a t i v e o f t h e B r a c h i a l P u l s e . N o r m a l S t a n d a r d s and A b n o r m a l i t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d i n H e a r t D i s e a s e \" , A m e r i c a n H e a r t - J ou rna l 65 (No. 4 ) : 4 8 2 - 4 9 4 , A p r i l 1 9 6 3 . T a v e l , M o r t o n E . C l i n i c a l P h o n o c a r d i o g r a p h y and E x t e r n a l P u l s e R e c o r d i n g . C h i c a g o : Y e a r Book M e d i c a l P u b l i s h e r s , I n c . , 1 9 6 7 . V a n D a l e n , D . B . \" H y p o t h e s e s and D e d u c e d C o n s e q u e n c e s \" , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y 33 (No. 2 ) : 3 1 4 - 3 1 7 , May 1 9 6 2 . W i g g e r s , C a r l J . C i r c u l a t o r y D y n a m i c s . New Y o r k : G r u n e and S t r a t t o n , 1 9 5 2 . W i g l e , E . D o u g l a s . \" T h e A r t e r i a l P r e s s u r e P u l s e i n M u s c u l a r S u b a o r t i c S t e n o s i s \" , B r i t i s h H e a r t J o u r n a l 2 5 : 9 7 -1 0 5 , 1 9 6 3 . W i l l i a m s , James G . L . , and B a r b a r a W i l l i a m s . \" A r t e r i a l P u l s e Wave V e l o c i t y as a P s y c h o s o m a t i c M e a s u r e \" , P s y c h o s o -m a t i c M e d i c i n e 27 (No. 5 ) : 4 0 8 - 4 1 4 , 1 9 6 5 . . APPENDIX ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THIS REPEATED MEASUREMENT DESIGN S of V SUBJECTS (S) df -1 SS t MS EMS cr +t "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0077269"@en . "eng"@en . "Physical Education"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "Inter-individual and intra-individual variations of the phase plane measurements of the brachial pulse wave"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/35462"@en .