"Education, Faculty of"@en . "Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Borchardt, Wallace James"@en . "2010-02-19T12:04:39Z"@en . "1976"@en . "Master of Human Kinetics - MHK"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "The purpose of this study has been to make a biomechanical analysis of the dislocate as performed on the still rings.\r\nAll testing was done in the gymnasium at the University of British Columbia with each of the five subjects taking three trials. Cable tension was monitored with strain gauges attached in series withthe ring cable. Each trial was filmed, and film and force records were synchronized with a flash gun which caused a timing mark to be placed on the chart recorder paper.\r\nWhen the subject felt he was ready the first of three trials was executed. There was a two minute rest between each trial to negate any effect of fatigue. After the completion of the third and final trial the subject was asked which trial he thought was the best of the three.\r\nThe film record of the dislocate was later shown to a panel of experts who rated each dislocate. The rating by the panel of experts allowed each dislocate to be ranked in order of excellence. This rank order was the chosen criterion against which the biomechanical measurements were evaluated for the aim in coaching gymnastics is eventually to satisfy the subjective impression of the judges.\r\nThe information recorded by the film was refined with the use of the Vanguard Motion Analyzer. Obtained were the following measures.\r\na) position of the rings\r\nb) body position\r\nc) displacement of noted body landmarks\r\n\r\nThe following conclusions were drawn from this study:\r\n1. The patterns of force and body actions are similar for all subjects. Given these similarities it is difficult to identify measures which correlate highly with good performance.\r\n2. The angular velocity of the movement of the legs at the second and third peaks of force is not well correlated with either experts' ranking (r = 0.18) or maximal force (r = 0.25).\r\n3. The following are poor predictors of performance in the dislocate:\r\na) Total range of angular displacement of the ring cable.\r\nb) Time (frames) between the second and third peaks of force.\r\nc) Angular displacement of the ring cable during the second and third peaks of force.\r\nd) Kipping angle.\r\ne) Amount of preparatory vertical drop of hips in the kipping phase.\r\n4. Better performers are those who maximize the upward force during the kipping phase by accentuating the rise of the hips over that of the ankles. Consequently it is suggested that those teaching this activity concern themselves with methods of maximizing the upward thrust of the hips in the kipping phase. It is felt that this phase is the foundation block upon which the dislocate is built."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/20548?expand=metadata"@en . "c f BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISLOCATE by WALLACE JAMES BORCHARDT B.Sc, University of Wisconsin, 1972 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION i n the School of P h y s i c a l Education and Recreation We accept t h i s thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December, 1976 (d) Wallace James Borchardt, 1976 In p resent ing t h i s t h e s i s in p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f the requirements f o r an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e fo r reference and study. I f u r t h e r agree t h a t permiss ion fo r e x t e n s i v e copying of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . It i s understood that copying or p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l ga in s h a l l not be a l lowed without my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . Department of /-^^Lsl/ijs^L^ ^fiu^t^^ti / The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date Mc, 2 2 , / f 7 / 6 i ABSTRACT The purpose of th i s study has been to make a biomechanical analysis of the dislocate as performed on the s t i l l rings. A l l testing was done i n the gymnasium at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia with each of the f i v e subjects taking three t r i a l s . Cable tension was monitored with s t r a i n gauges attached i n series withthe ring cable. Each t r i a l was filmed, and f i l m and force records were synchronized with a f l a s h gun which caused a timing mark to be placed on the chart recorder paper. When the subject f e l t he was ready the f i r s t of three t r i a l s was executed. There was a two minute rest between each t r i a l to negate any effect of fatigue. After the completion of the t h i r d and f i n a l t r i a l the subject was asked which t r i a l he thought was the best of the three. The f i l m record of the dislocate was l a t e r shown to a panel of experts who rated each dislocate. The rating by the panel of experts allowed each dislocate to be ranked i n order of excellence. This rank order was the chosen c r i t e r i o n against which the biomechanical measurements were evaluated for the aim i n coaching gymnastics i s eventually to s a t i s f y the subjective impression of the judges. The information recorded by the f i l m was refined with the use of the Vanguard Motion Analyzer. Obtained were the following measures. a) position of the rings b) body position c) displacement of noted body landmarks i i The following conclusions were drawn from t h i s study: 1. The patterns of force and body actions are similar for a l l subjects. Given these s i m i l a r i t i e s i t i s d i f f i c u l t to i d e n t i f y measures which correlate highly with good performance. 2. The angular v e l o c i t y of the movement of the legs at the second and t h i r d peaks of force i s not wel l correlated with either experts' ranking (r = 0.18) or maximal force (r = 0.25). 3. The following are poor predictors of performance i n the dislocate: a) Total range of angular displacement of the ring cable. b) Time (frames) between the second and t h i r d peaks of force. c) Angular displacement of the ring cable during the second and t h i r d peaks of force. d) Kipping angle. e) Amount of preparatory v e r t i c a l drop of hips i n the kipping phase. 4. Better performers are those who maximize the upward force during the kipping phase by accentuating the r i s e of the hips over that of the ankles. Consequently i t i s suggested that those teaching this a c t i v i t y concern themselves with methods of maximizing the upward thrust of the hips i n the kipping phase. I t i s f e l t that this phase i s the foundation block upon which the dislocate i s b u i l t . i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Descript ion of the S k i l l 2 Statement of the Problem 2 Purpose 2 Hypothesis 3 Importance of the Problem 3 Assumptions and. Limita t ions 3 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5 Cinematography -> Cinematography and Dynamometry . 6 Cinematographic Analysis and Other Recording Systems . . . . 8 Cinematographic Analysis and Gymnastics 9 3. METHODS AND PROCEDURES 14 Subjects 14 Instructions to the Subjects 14 Operational Instructions 15 Instrumentation 17 Force Measurement 17 Methods of Data Analysis 18 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l . . . . 20 Body Pos i t ion at Peak Force 20 Select ion of the Best Dislocate 22 i v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23 Select ion of the Best Dislocate 23 Force P r o f i l e s 25 Kipping Force 42 Events of the Second and Third Peaks of Force 44 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable 44 Body Pos i t i on at Peak Force 53 Motions of Body Parts 55 In ter re la t ions of Measurements 69 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 73 Conclusions 75 REFERENCES 76 APPENDICES 80 A. Vanguard Data Acqu i s i t ion Program 80 B. Plot ted Paths of the Ankles and Hips 82 C. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable 102 D. Body Pos i t i on at Peak Force 121 E. Panel of Experts ' Ratings on S k i l l Performance 137 F. Measures of the Second and Third Peaks of Force 139 G. Force Recordings 142 H. Descript ion of the Kipping Phase 158 I . Highest Dis locate I 6 2 J . Rank Order Correlat ions 164 V LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Selection of the Best Dislocate by the Subjects and the Panel of Experts 24 2. Kipping Force 43 3. Total Range of Ring Cable Displacement 51 4. Cable Tension and Cable Displacement at the Kipping Phase . . . 52 5. Description of the Body Position at Peak Force 54 6. Interr e l a t i o n of the Rank Order Correlations 70 6A. Vanguard Data Acquisition Program 81 7. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject MCT1 104 8. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject MCT2, Repeat 1 105 9. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject MCT2, Repeat 2 106 10. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject MCT2, Repeat 3 107 11. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject MCT3 108 12. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject DMT1 109 13. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject DMT2 110 14. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject DMT3 I l l 15. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject JTT1 112 16. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject JTT2 113 17. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject JTT3 114 v i LIST OF TABLES Table Page 18. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject RHT1 115 19. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject RHT2 116 20. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject RHT3 117 21. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject WBT1 118 22. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject WBT2 119 23. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l -Subject WBT3 120 24. Panel of Experts' Ratings on S k i l l Performance 138 25. Events at the Second and Third Peaks of Force . . . 140 26. Angular V e l o c i t y of the Legs at Maximum Force . . . 141 27. Force Recordings - MCT1 143 28. Force Recordings - MCT2 144 29. Force Recordings - MCT3 145 30. Force Recordings - DMT1 146 31. Force Recordings - DMT2 147 32. Force Recordings - DMT3 148 33. Force Recordings - JTT1 149 34. Force Recordings - JTT2 150 35. Force Recordings - JTT3 151 36. Force Recordings - RHT1 152 37. Force Recordings - RHT2 153 v i i LIST OF TABLES Table Page 38. Force Recordings - RHT3 154 39. Force Recordings - WBT1 155 40. Force Recordings - WBT2 156 41. Force Recordings - WBT3 15 7 42. Hip Position during the Kipping Phase 159 43. Ankle Position during the Kipping Phase 160 44. Hip and Ankle Movement during the Kipping Phase 161 45. Highest Dislocate 163 46. Rank Order Correlations 165 47. Rank Order Correlations . . . . . 166 48. Rank Order Correlations 167 49. Rank Order Correlations 168 50. Rank Order Correlations 169 51. Rank Order Correlations 170 52. Rank Order Correlations 171 53. Rank Order Correlations 172 54. Rank Order Correlations 173 55. Rank Order Correlations 174 56. Rank Order Correlations 175 57. Rank Order Correlations \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 176 58. Rank Order Correlations 177 59. Rank Order Correlations 178 v i i i LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. A e r i a l View of the Filming Arrangement 16 2. Schematic Arrangement of the Apparatus 19 3. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable: Repeated Measures of Subject MCT2 21 4. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject MCT1 . 26 5. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject MCT2 27 6. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject MCT3 28 7. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject DMT1 29 8. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject DMT2 30 9. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject DMT3 31 10. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject JTT1 32 11. Cable Tension i n .One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject JTT2 33 12. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject JTT3 34 13. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject RHT1 35 14.. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject RHT2 36 15. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject RHT3 37 16. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject WBT1 38 i x LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 17. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject WBT2 39 18. Cable Tension i n One Ring Cable during the Performance of Subject WBT3 40 19. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable - Subject MC 45 20. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable - Subject DM 46 21. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable - Subject JT 47 22. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable - Subject RH 48 23. Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable - Subject WB 49 24. Oscilloscope Display of the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Ankles (ordinate) Plotted Against the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Hips (abscissa) - Subject MC 57 25. Oscilloscope Display of the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Ankles (ordinate) Plotted Against the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Hips (abscissa) - Subject DM 58 26. Oscilloscope Display of the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Ankles (ordinate) Plotted Against the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Hips (abscissa) - Subject JT 59 27. Oscilloscope Display of the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Ankles (ordinate) Plotted Against the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Hips (absciss a) - Subject RH . 60 28. Oscilloscope Display of the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Ankles (ordinate) Plotted Against the V e r t i c a l Motion of the Hips (abscissa) - Subject WB 61 29. V e r t i c a l Movement Gradients of the Ankles and Hips during the Kipping Phase - Subject MC 62 30. V e r t i c a l Movement Gradients of the Ankles and Hips during the Kipping Phase - Subject DM 63 31. V e r t i c a l Movement Gradients of the Ankles and Hips during the Kipping Phase - Subject JT 64 X LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 32. V e r t i c a l Movement Gradients of the Ankles and Hips during the Kipping Phase - Subject RH 65 33. V e r t i c a l Movement Gradients of the Ankles and Hips during the Kipping Phase - Subject WB 66 34. Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing - Subject MCT1 83 35. Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing - Subject MCT2 84 36. Ankle Joint Path Tracing - Subject MCT3 85 37. Ankle J o i n t Path Tracing - Subject DMT1 86 38. Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing - Subject DMT2 87 39. Ankle J o i n t Path Tracing - Subject DMT3 88 40. Ankle Joint Path Tracing - Subject JTT1 89 41. Ankle Joint Path Tracing - Subject JTT2 90 42. Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing - Subject JTT3 91 43. Ankle J o i n t Path Tracing - Subject RHT1 92 44. Ankle Joint Path Tracing - Subject RHT2 93 45. Ankle J o i n t Path Tracing - Subject RHT3 94 46. Ankle J o i n t Path Tracing - Subject WBT1 95 47. Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing - Subject WBT2 96 48. Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing - Subject WBT3 97 49. Hip Joi n t Path Tracing - Subject MC 98 50. Hip Joi n t Path Tracing - Subject DM 99 51. Hip Joi n t Path Tracing - Subject JT 100 52. Hip Joi n t Path Tracing - Subject RH 101 53. Hip Joi n t Path Tracing - Subject WB 102 x i LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 54. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject MCT1 122 55. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject MCT2 123 56. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject MCT3 124 57. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject DMT1 125 58. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject DMT2 . . 126 59. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject DMT3 127 60. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject JTT1 128 61. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject JTT2 129 62. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject JTT3 130 63. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject RHT1 131 64. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject RHT2 . 132 65. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject RHT3 133 66. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject WBT1 134 67. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject WBT2 135 68. Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force, Subject WBT3 136 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special gratitude i s expressed to Dr. Arthur Chapman of Simon Fraser University, without whose help the completion of this study would not have materialized. Appreciation i s also extended to P h i l Hurren of the University of B r i t i s h Columbia Mechanical Engineering Department whose help was essential i n the building of the testing apparatus. 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The d i s l o c a t e i s a basic gymnastic s k i l l performed on the s t i l l rings by both competitive and r e c r e a t i o n a l gymnasts. I t i s a t r a n s i t i o n a l move used to develop a strong forward swing which i s most common i n the d i s l o c a t e \u00E2\u0080\u0094 s h o o t to handstand. According to the standards set by the International Gymnastics Federation (F.I.G.) \"Code of Points\" the composition of a s t i l l r i n g routine i s set down in A r t i c l e 30 as follows (15:16): The exercise on the rings must involve movements al t e r n a t i n g between swing, strength and hold parts, without swinging of the rings. The exercise should have two handstands, one of which must be executed with strength and the other attained by swing from a hang, inverted hang or support. Furthermore, the exercise should contain an a d d i t i o n a l strength part wherein the d i f f i c u l t y must conform to the t o t a l d i f f i c u l t y of the exercise. In Competition 2, one of the C parts must belong to the swinging parts, and i n Competition 3, two of the C parts must belong to the swinging parts. The \"Code of Points\" more s p e c i f i c a l l y states that a r i n g routine should be comprised of 45% strength parts and at l e a s t 38% must be swing parts for a harmonious routine. In the writer's opinion current trends i n r i n g routines today point toward an increase i n the percentage of swing content. Of the many moves that are c l a s s i -f i e d as swing moves two groups can be formed: those moves that have the basic rear r i s e as i t s core and those moves that are based on the d i s l o c a t e . 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SKILL Star t ing from an inverted hanging pos i t ion with a s t ra ight body the gymnast flexes at the hips to an inverted p ike . Then he extends his body at the hips project ing the legs upward and backward which i s followed by moving the s t ra ight arms forward. The body then descends i n an extended pos i t ion with the front of the body leading the descent. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The objective of th is study was to determine biomechanical re la t ionships ( i . e . paths of j o i n t centers, pos i t ion of the r ings , force patterns and body posi t ions) which were associated with good performance among gymnasts doing a d is locate on the s t i l l r ings . Kinematic analysis was performed and force patterns were col lec ted for each of f ive subjects tested who were a l l members of the Univers i ty of B r i t i s h Columbia gymnastics team. This study coordinates movement patterns, force patterns and angular displacements of the rings and provides information on the causative factors r esu l t ing i n varying amounts of cable tension i n the d is locate on the s t i l l r ings . PURPOSE 1. To measure the resultant t ens i l e cable force throughout the execution of the dis locate swing. 2. To evaluate the resultant t ens i l e cable force p ro f i l e s of several gymnasts. 3 3. To determine which body actions ( i . e . hip extension, shoulder extension, e tc . ) are associated with impulse as shown by the t ens i le cable force p r o f i l e s . 4. To determine which parameters are consistent wi th in the performance of an i nd iv idua l gymnast but which vary between gymnasts of different a b i l i t y . HYPOTHESIS Differences i n s k i l l of performers ranging from good to excellent are associated with quant i ta t ive differences and not with qua l i t a t ive differences i n the mechanical measurements made i n this study. IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM 1. This study w i l l provide a basis for increased understanding of the d is locate on the s t i l l r ings . 2. This study may help coaches and athletes understand the s k i l l so that teaching the s k i l l w i l l be f a c i l i t a t e d . 3. This study may provide ins ight in to the factors determining performance. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS The fol lowing assumptions and l imi t a t ions must be taken into consideration: 1. The study was l imi ted to f ive subjects from the Univers i ty of B r i t i s h Columbia gymnastics team; therefore, there are l i m i t a t i o n s i n generalizing to a large population of gymnasts who can perform the dislocate. Each subject was filmed attempting three t r i a l s of a dislocate. Each t r i a l was analyzed leading to analysis of a t o t a l of f i f t e e n dislocates. Joint estimations had to be made i n the frames where the image was not clear. It was assumed that these estimations were consistent and accurate. It was assumed that each subject gave an \" a l l out\" e f f o r t on each t r i a l . In any cinematographical investigation there are basic l i m i t a t i o n s : a) perspective errors, where parts of the body are closer to or further from the lens. b) lens aberration errors, which depend on the quality of equipment. c) scaling errors, where projected images are not sharp and d i s t i n c t . 5 CHAPTER I I REVIEW OF LITERATURE As legend states, problem solving through photographic means had i t s origins among the owners of racehorses. The problem was simple: when a horse galloped, was one foot always i n contact with the ground? Muybridge (3^:59) proposed an experiment to find the answer to the problem. He had twenty-four cameras placed so that their shutters were tripped by strings which the horse broke as he galloped past. The results proved the majority wrong when the prints revealed the horse to have one unsupporting phase i n his galloping s t r i d e . Thus the photographic study of motion was born. Noss (23:81) has stated that, \" I f the value of photography as a research tool were measured i n terms of i t s frequency of application to problems i n physical education, one might overestimate i t s value as an effe c t i v e research technique.\" However, most filming i n physical education i s not destined for in-depth c r i t i c a l analysis; i t i s more for casual viewing. CINEMATOGRAPHY Cinematography i s the act of making motion pictures that provide a maximal amount of relevant and accurate information about the subject matter being studied. Stanley C. Plagenhoef states (27:81): The use of motion pictures i s probably the best single technique for obtaining k i n e t i c and kinematic data related to whole body motion. Movement can be recorded under a wide range of conditions\u00E2\u0080\u0094most notably during competition and at times when i t i s desirable to obtain material with-out the subject's immediate knowledge. 6 In i t s simplest form, cinematography i s a f i l m record which allows motion to be slowed down. In the more advanced forms of cinematographic analysis provisions are made f o r the accurate measure-ment from f i l m of the primary quantities of p o s i t i o n displacement, and time. I f displacement and time are established, v e l o c i t y and acceleration can be computed. If mass and other p h y s i c a l character-i s t i c s are known, then force, momentum, and center of gravity can be computed. A t h i r d order of methodology i s to combine cinematographical records with other recording systems, such as electromyography, electrogoniometry, dynamometry and telemetry. Unfortunately, cinema-tography has the major drawback of requiring time to process the data. Of the three most common camera sizes used for research purposes, the 16 mm. camera i s used more frequently than 35 mm. or 8 mm. The 8 mm. camera i n i t s present stage of development has a f i l m s i z e that does not produce an image sui t a b l e f o r research purposes. The 35 mm. f i l m meets the standards of s i z e and image q u a l i t y for research purposes, but i t s combined lack of a v a i l a b i l i t y and cost of equipment preclude i t s use. CINEMATOGRAPHY AND DYNAMOMETRY The use of cinematography and dynamometry, or the d i r e c t measure-ment of force to capture and measure c r i t i c a l events i s well documented. The most common method of d i r e c t force measurement i n conjunction with cinematography has been the use of some type of force platform. The 7 performance on the platform i s usually filmed with a clock positioned i n the camera f i e l d . The l a t t e r i s wired to give pulses on the force record which are used to synchronize the f i l m and force record. While the following descriptions are not p a r t i c u l a r l y concerned with gym-na s t i c a c t i v i t y they serve to i l l u s t r a t e the use of cinematography i n the analysis of human movement. Payne (24:123) combined cinematography and a force platform to investigate a number of events. Records of the components of thrust at the feet of an athlete were obtained f o r : the v e r t i c a l jump, s p r i n t s t a r t , second step of sp r i n t run, constant speed running, hurdling, shot putting and w e i g h t - l i f t i n g . Combined cinematography and dynamometry were used i n a comparison between flop and straddle high jumpers (Kuhlow, 17:403). In this study, dynamic events at take-off were registered by a force platform which worked on the p r i n c i p l e of p i e z o - e l e c t r i c c r y s t a l s . The r e s u l t s obtained i l l u s t r a t e d that performance of an a c t i v i t y was i n i t i a l l y determined by the forces applied against the ground. Consequently the source of v a r i a t i o n s i n performance must be examined with recourse to the forces producing the movement. In studying the standing broad jump of young chil d r e n , Roy (29) found only a maximum deviation of 9% between the v e r t i c a l force computed from f i l m and that d i r e c t l y measured from a force platform. His study indicates that data on the accelerations of i n d i v i d u a l body segments which were deduced from the f i l m and which combine to make up the t o t a l force can be measured reasonably accurately from the f i l m . 8 Hay (12:34) used cinematography to investigate the r e l a t i v e influence of f i v e factors on the magnitude of the pole-bend obtained i n vaulting with a f l e x i b l e pole. In his study, the mass of the subject remained constant throughout; thus the forces produced were d i r e c t l y proportional to the accelerations produced. This work i l l u s t r a t e s the p o s s i b i l i t y of examining forces producing motion i n those events where direct force measurements are not possible. CINEMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND OTHER RECORDING SYSTEMS Eckert (7:937) used cinematographic analysis i n studying the v e r t i c a l and standing broad jumps of college men and women. A comparison of range of motion of j o i n t actions and maximal angular v e l o c i t i e s for men and women indicated d i s t i n c t time-force coordinations of the various j o i n t actions i n the performance of the v e r t i c a l and standing broad jumps. Al t e r n a t i v e l y , Hebbelinck and Borms (13:324) combined cinematographic analysis and general pattern of muscle a c t i v i t y of the upper extremity during the performance of a front handspring. The greatest action potentials were recorded during the push-up phase when the hands h i t the f l o o r , followed by a reaction r a i s i n g the center of gravity and increasing the r o t a t i o n a l momentum. This work suggests that there are consistent patterns of motion and muscular a c t i v i t y i n s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s and the examination of such patterns provides a c r i t e r i o n for evaluation of quality of performance. 9 CINEMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND GYMNASTICS A number of investigators have used cinematographic analysis to describe patterns of motion i n gymnastic a c t i v i t y . A cinematographic analysis of the forward somersault on p a r a l l e l bars was done by Sullivan (33:16). Film tracings of the body position at the instant of release and regrasp were made of f i v e performances. The center of gravity at release and regrasp was estimated and path of the center of gravity during the f l i g h t was calculated. Sullivan found that at release: a) the body i s i n a stra i g h t , lay out position, b) arms strai g h t , c) angle of the arms with the perpendicular about 35\u00C2\u00B0 d) center of gravity d i r e c t l y over hand grasp and t r a v e l l i n g upward rather than upward and forward At regrasp i t was found the angle of the arms with the v e r t i c a l to be 20\u00C2\u00B0, so the center of gravity w i l l be forward of the hands. Hatano (10:27) completed a cinematographic analysis of a double somersault using two subjects. I t was found that the f i r s t somersault needs more time than the second i n both subjects and the body angle at take-off was observed to be approximately 75\u00C2\u00B0 from the horizontal. These results also agree with Lundien (20:26) who studied the single backward somersault and recommended an optimal take-off angle to be 75\u00C2\u00B0 from the horizontal. The consistency reported amongst these studies of expert performers suggests direct aims which should guide the coach of the novice gymnast to improve his a b i l i t y . Unfortunately such repeatable 10 information i s not av a i l a b l e for performers on the s t i l l rings. While most studies on the s t i l l r i n g event were concerned with the more advanced swing moves, e s p e c i a l l y giant swings, (Dusenbury (5), Peek (25), Dvorak (6),) r e l a t i v e l y few studies have investigated the dis l o c a t e i n gymnastics. Chaplan (2:22) describes the d i s l o c a t e as follows: The gymnast should f o r c e f u l l y kip at the hips with the legs projecting out at 45\u00C2\u00B0 angle. The body w i l l r i s e s l i g h t l y i f the kipping action i s strong and the arms s t r a i g h t throughout. Hinds (14) contends that the kipping phase of the d i s l o c a t e terminates i n a planche p o s i t i o n with the arms pressing out and down on the rings with the shoulders well i n front and above. From this p o s i t i o n the chest should lead the descent and the arms should move from along the sides of the body around i n an arc to the front of the body. More quantitative information on s k i l l analysis was produced by Dusenbury (5), who made an attempt to cal c u l a t e from f i l m the force generated at the bottom of the swing on the forward and backward giant swings. The r e s u l t s were s u r p r i s i n g : Maximum V e r t i c a l Force Backward Giant Subject 1 (body wt. 60 kgs.) Subject 2 (body wt. 65.5 kgs.) 545 kgs. 432 kgs. 9 times the body wt. 6 times the body wt. Forward Giant Subject 1 Subject 2 434 kgs. 380 kgs. 7 times the body wt. 5 times the body wt. 11 But the posi t ions at which these maximum forces were recorded were quite different i n the two subjects used. In subject 1, the pos i t ion of maximum v e r t i c a l force occurred when the body was hor izonta l on the downward swing, while i n subject 2, the pos i t ion of maximum force on the hands occurred jus t before the subject reached the bottom of the downward swing. A cinematographical analysis of a s t ra ight arm backward giant on the s t i l l r ing was done by Peek (25). The analysis included p lo t t i ng paths of the h ips , shoulders, ankles, and center of gravity along with an examination of the contr ibut ion of body segments to the whole move-ment. The resul ts of the analysis indicate that: 1. With reference to the suspension l i n e of the rings the center of gravity followed a more or less v e r t i c a l path, downward and upward. 2. The hip angle i s s l i g h t l y greater than 180\u00C2\u00B0 throughout the giant swing u n t i l the hips pass through the bottom of the swing. 3. The hip angle i s decreased sharply after the legs pass through the bottom pos i t i on . 4. The greatest angular ve loc i ty of the hips occurred on the downward swing between a pos i t ion 45\u00C2\u00B0 below hor izon ta l and the bottom. 5. The greatest angular ve loc i ty of the ankles occurred i n the same pos i t i on . Peek also s tated, without proof, that there was a d i rec t re la t ionship between the ve loc i ty of the body (ankles and hips) during the descent and the success of completing the s k i l l . 12 Sale (30) combined cinematography with force readings obtained from a load c e l l i n studying the shoot to handstand. Although he did not analyze the dislocate he did define i t as follows (30:5): A movement used to i n i t i a t e a forward swing on the rings. From a straight body inverted hang position, the gymnast flexes the hip j o i n t and then f o r c e f u l l y extends the hip j o i n t and displaces the rings sideward and then forward with his arms. The body i s thus positioned for a forward swing. Sale's analysis revealed the following about the shoot to handstand: 1. The common movement patterns as reflected i n common fluctuations i n ring cable tension and impulse development. 2. The ranked importance of movement patterns on the basis of magnitude of impulse produced. The maximum resultant v e r t i c a l force ranged from 350 to 410 pounds force for the four subjects used; this was revealed through the use of a load c e l l connected in series with the ring cable. The peak force occurred at the bottom of the swing; the c e l l monitored the tension on one ring cable only. Sale concluded that better performances were associated with greater impulse development during the shoulder extension-hip fl e x i o n phase through the bottom of the downswing and the hip extension phase on the upward swing. In a l l the preceding descriptions of analysis performed on s t i l l ring events, the common factor was measurement of force. I t i s evident that the dislocate should be learned as a prerequisite to the shoot to handstand and giant swings. Moreover, no attempt was made i n the previously mentioned studies to measure the forces generated throughout the dislocate. A p i l o t study was 13 undertaken by the present writer to describe the differences i n what was thought to be two different types of dislocates. The mounting dislocate of thirty-two subjects were filmed, at the 1973 National Collegiate A t h l e t i c Association Gymnastic Championships. The differences were so small between the two types of dislocates that the writer concluded that the dislocates were a l l of the same type. The measurement of v e r t i c a l cable tension i n the dislocate by several performers i s one of the themes of this study. While considerable information of a descriptive nature has been presented, there appears to be no consistent approach to the analysis of patterns of motion. The development of a technique for studying patterns of motion i s a further aim of the study. CHAPTER III METHODS AND PROCEDURES SUBJECTS The subjects used were f i v e gymnasts from the Univ e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia gymnastics team. An attempt was made to secure gymnasts of varying s k i l l l e v e l i n the execution of the d i s l o c a t e Individual height and weight f o r the subjects were as follows: Subject Height Weight MC 5 f t . 10% i n . 165 l b s . DM 5 f t . 10h i n . 158 l b s . JT 5 f t . 9k i n . 156 l b s . RH 5 f t . 8 i n . 159 l b s . WB 5 f t . 10h i n . 179 l b s . Each subject wore a swim s u i t i n order to f a c i l i t a t e the f i l m i n g the body actions. INSTRUCTIONS TO THE SUBJECTS Af t e r each subject completed h i s own personal warm-up and stretching period the subject's body was marked at the following j o i n t centers: 1. wrist - bands wrapped around the lower arm at the base of the hand ( s t y l o i d process) 2. elbow - olecranon process 3. shoulder - acromioclavicular j o i n t 4. trunk - placed on the side of the body nearest the camera at the l e v e l of L - l and T-12 5. hip - greater trochanter 6. knee - j o i n t axis from p o s i t i o n of f l e x i o n 7. ankle - l a t e r a l malleolus 15 Jo in t centers were marked by a black dot placed on a white tape that could be eas i ly seen by the camera. The shoulder j o i n t , because of i t s great range of motion, was indicated by a black mark placed on the body. After the body markings were put i n place, the subject was allowed to swing freely on the rings and perform several pract ice d i s loca tes . At th is time the subject was asked to hang motionless, with both hands f i r s t on one r ing and then on the other r i ng so that a reading for body weight c a l i b r a t i o n could be obtained on the chart recorder. When the subject f e l t he was ready the f i r s t of three t r i a l s was executed. There was a two-minute rest between each t r i a l to negate any effect of fat igue. After the completion of the th i rd and f i n a l t r i a l the subject was asked which t r i a l he thought was the best of the three. OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS The c o l l e c t i o n of data was made possible with the assistance of the technical advisors of the Engineering Department at the Univers i ty of B r i t i s h Columbia. One assistant was stationed to operate the camera and another assistant operated the chart recorder (Figure 1). Before the t r i a l was attempted the name of the subject and number of the t r i a l was recorded on the chart recorder paper. camera to subject distance 34 f t . 6 inches Figure 1 Ae r i a l View of the Filming Arrangement bridge amplifiers f l a s h chart recorder 17 The order of operational instructions was as follows: 1. Start the chart recorder 2. Start the camera 3. Fire the fla s h gun 4. Subject begins 5. Stop the camera when the performer arrives i n a support position 6. Stop the chart recorder. The synchronization of the f i l m and the chart recorder was done with an e l e c t r i c flash gun used as the timing l i g h t . As the fla s h gun was f i r e d a timing mark was placed automatically on the chart recording paper. The fla s h was recorded on the f i l m (Figure 1). INSTRUMENTATION Camera Bolex 16 mm 1.8 f stop speed 61 frames/sec Sun Cine Zoom Lens 16 mm F:18 15-60 mm Chart Recorder Make - Gulton (2 channel pen recorder) Type - TR 722 Speed - 25 mm/sec Bridge Amplifier Type - B.A.M. I Models - 6E62; 6E52 FORCE MEASUREMENT Because of the design of the testing apparatus i t i s important to understand the measurement of stress or s t r a i n through a meta l l i c object. For the present purpose, s t r a i n may be defined as the change i n length of a material. For simple t e n s i l e stress, provided the e l a s t i c l i m i t i s not exceeded the s t r a i n i s proportioned to the stress 18 load. Direct force measurement was obtained from s t r a i n gauges located a x i a l l y on the ring cables. With the use of a Wheatstone Bridge c i r c u i t combined with the s t r a i n gauge tranducers, cable tension was obtained and recorded by a two channel pen chart recorder. Force and time were expressed as a f r a c t i o n of body weight and number of frames of f i l m respectively. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS Vanguard Data Acquisition Program The f i r s t step i n converting the events recorded on f i l m to usable data was the development of a computer program that would c o l l e c t and register the position of the noted body landmarks. The Vanguard Data Acquisition Program (Appendix A) was designed to give abscissa and ordinate values to each of the body landmarks. sThis was done by setting abscissa and ordinate coordinates on each of the body points; the Vanguard Motion Analyzer (V.M.A.) automatically assigned abscissa and ordinate values to these locations. These values were then recorded and stored on computer tape for every other frame of the f i l m . This information was l a t e r used to plot paths of motion of the seven body landmarks selected (Appendix B). The path tracings of the ankle, hip and knee were selected as the most useful, because they provide the most discernable path tracings. In general the patterns of motion did not f a c i l i t a t e quantitative comparison between either individuals or t r i a l s . 19 Wires to Bridge Amplifiers Figure 2 Schematic Arrangement of the Apparatus 20 to allow plots of the v e r t i c a l motion of the ankles (ordinate) against v e r t i c a l motion of the hips (abscissa). The l a t t e r allowed investigation of the r e l a t i v e emphasis of the motion of these two parts. ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF THE RING CABLES FROM VERTICAL The angular displacement of the ring cables from v e r t i c a l was measured at every second frame (time i n t e r v a l = 0.0328 sec.) using the Vanguard Motion Analyzer. After the f i l m was properly squared i n the viewing screen of the V.M.A., the outer ring of the V.M.A. could be moved to measure the angular displacement of the ring cable from a v e r t i c a l position (Figures 19-23). The actual cable measurement may be found i n the appendix. I t should be noted that positive values indicate movement of the ring cables i n an anterior d i r e c t i o n from the v e r t i c a l position r e l a t i v e to the direc t i o n which the subject was facing. As a test of r e l i a b i l i t y the second t r i a l of subject MC was measured and recorded at three different times (Figure 3). The procedure was judged to be r e l i a b l e . BODY POSITION AT PEAK FORCE The point of maximum force was determined by the force readings taken from the s t r a i n gauges during the execution of the dislocate. The exact frame i n which the greatest force was found was determined by p l o t t i n g force versus time expressed i n the number of frames. 22 Using the abscissa and ordinate values assigned by the Vanguard Data Acquisition Program for each body landmark, the body position was then graphed and body angles measured (Table 5). A l i n e was drawn from the wrist to the shoulder and the shoulder to the hip; the shoulder angle was then measured. A l i n e was drawn from the hip to the knee; the hip angle was measured. A l i n e was drawn from the knee to the ankle; the knee angle was measured (Appendix D). Angular displacement of the ring cable at the time of peak force was also recorded. SELECTION OF THE BEST DISLOCATE A panel of experts was asked to rate the dislocates from the f i l m record. The panel consisted of a university gymnast, two coaches and a F.I.G. judge. A s i g n i f i c a n t amount of agreement was shown among the judges as indicated by a co e f f i c i e n t of concordance of 0.91 (p < .001). The rating sheet can be found i n Appendix E and the results of this ordering are shown i n Table 1. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The chief aim of this study has been to find factors which are associated with good performance of the dislocate on s t i l l rings. This approach was necessary because of the paucity of biomechanical information concerning the factors which either lead to or enhance performance of the dislocate. The measurements obtained were analyzed with respect to consistencies shown by individuals on repeated t r i a l s and differences between subjects which may shed some l i g h t on their d i f f e r i n g a b i l i t i e s . SELECTION OF THE BEST DISLOCATE Immediately after each subject completed his t h i r d t r i a l the subject was asked to indicate which t r i a l he thought to be his best. This seemed not to be an easy decision as the subjects believed the dislocates to be very sim i l a r to each other. This supposition of s i m i l a r i t y i s borne out by experimental evidence which i s described l a t e r . A panel of experts was then asked to rate the dislocate from the f i l m record. The panel consisted of a university gymnast, two coaches and a F.I.G. judge. The rating sheets can be found i n the appendix. The results of this ordering are shown i n the table (Table 1) below. 24 Table 1 Select ion of the Best Dislocate by the Subjects and the Panel of Experts Rank Order by Experts Subject 's Rank Order T r i a l Score Indicated Best 1 RHT1 30.0 2 RHT2 29.3 3 RHT3 28.7 X 4 WBT3 25.7 X 5 WBT1 25.0 6 WBT2 24.8 7 JTT3 21.8 X 8 JTT1 20.9 9 JTT2 20.4 10 DMT3 17.1 X 11 DMT1 16.5 12 DMT2 15.9 13 MCT3 14.3 14 MCT2 14.2 X 15 MCT1 12.0 25 Although the panel was instructed to rate each d i s loca te , the i r resul ts c l ea r ly ranked the subjects. This rank order was the c r i t e r i o n with which a number of other measures were correlated for the aim i n coaching gymnastics i s eventually to sa t i s fy the subjective impression of the judges. FORCE PROFILES The general features of the force p ro f i l e s from a l l subjects (Figures 4-18) demonstrated three peaks of force. The f i r s t was related to the kipping phase and the l a s t two were associated with the bottom of the swing. However subject RH produced recordings i n which peaks two and three were combined in to one peak. While the f i r s t peak was due to the kipping phase, the second peak was due to the subject r e s i s t i ng the accelerat ion due to gravity and arres t ing his v e r t i c a l momentum. Sale states (30:100) \"The magnitude of th i s impulse would be determined by the height from which the center of gravity of the body descended i n a more or less free f a l l s i t u a t i o n . \" The second force peak i n the present study was associated with the fol lowing observations: a) rings were forward of v e r t i c a l pos i t ion b) arched body c) head i n neutral pos i t ion d) shoulders ^extended e) chest near v e r t i c a l pos i t ion A wide var ie ty of posi t ions was observed during the depression between the second and th i rd force peaks. The only generally consistent observation during this phase was that the body was i n an X Body Wt. 5 h 4 3 r 2 I 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Frames Figure 4 Cable Tension i n One Ring during the Performance of Subject MCT1 X Body Wt. 5 y 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Frames Figure 8 Cable Tension i n One Ring during the Performance of Subject DMT2 X Body Wt. 5 -0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Frames Figure 10 Cable Tension i n One Ring during the Performance of Subject JTT1 X Body Wt. 140 160 Frames Figure 12 Cable Tension i n One Ring during the Performance of Subject JTT3 180 X Body Wt. I i i i i 1 1 1 1 1\u00E2\u0080\u0094 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Frames Figure 13 Cable Tension i n One Ring during the Performance of Subject RHT1 X Body Wt. 140 160 Frames Figure 17 Cable Tension i n One Ring during the Performance of Subject WBT2 X Body Wt. 6 -5 h 4 3 2 1 1 I I 1 1 . ! 1 1 i _ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Frames Figure 18 Cable Tension i n One Ring during the Performance of Subject WBT3 41 arched position and the hips were approaching the bottom of the swing. Sale (30) found a s l i g h t rearward deflection which reduced momentarily the component of the force of gravity acting i n l i n e with the ring cables. While t h i s ring movement was observed i t was not consistently shown by a l l subjects. The t h i r d force peak represented the force occurring at the bottom of the swing. The following observations were associated with this phase: a) rearward ring deflection b) shoulder f l e x i o n c) head back d) hip f l e x i o n Sale (30) further states that i t i s this phase that i s the most important impulse for accelerating the body upward i n his study of the shoot to handstand. The present observations d i f f e r only s l i g h t l y from those by Sale. At the time of the second two peaks of force, making up the force at the bottom of the swing, Sale observed the ring cable to be i n a v e r t i c a l position. During the depression occurring between the two peaks of force, Sale noted trunk f l e x i o n , and rearward deflection of the rings from v e r t i c a l . The events surrounding the second and t h i r d peaks of force w i l l be treated i n more d e t a i l l a t e r i n this chapter. KIPPING FORCE When the rank order of the f i r s t force peak during the kipping phase was correlated with the subjective rank order of dislocates by the panel of judges a c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of 0.71 was obtained. Consequently i t i s suggested that maximization of the upward force during the kipping phase i s an important precursor of the subsequent motion. The following table (Table 2) contains the force during the kipping phase expressed as a f r a c t i o n of the body weight. The table also includes the percentage the kipping force represents when compared to the peak force occurring at the bottom of the d i s l o c a t e . Table 2 Kipping Force T r i a l K i p p i n g a Force Kipping b Force % Subject's Ave. % MCT1 1.92 64.0% 55.6% MCT2 2.31 55.6 MCT3 1.88 47.9 DMT1 2.57 65.5 58.1% DMT2 2.39 56.2 DMT 3 2.40 52.5 JTT1 2.25 49.4 50.7% JTT2 2.21 49.1 JTT3 2.25 53.6 RHT1 2.95 44.5 42.0% RHT2 2.47 39.2 RHT3 2.62 42.3 WBT1 2.40 52.9 53.1% WBT2 2.44 53.0 WBT3 2.40 53.3 a Kipping force i s expressed as a f r a c t i o n of the body weight. b Kipping force % i s expressed as the percentage of the peak force. 44 EVENTS OF THE SECOND AND THIRD PEAKS OF FORCE The parameters of time (frames) and angular displacement of the r i n g cable during the second and t h i r d peaks of force were measured and can be found i n the appendix (Table 25). It was thought that the two measures could be used to separate good from poor performances. When time (frames) between the second and t h i r d peaks of force was co-related with force and the assessment by the experts' c o r r e l a t i o n s , r = -0.17 and r = -0.25 were obtained r e s p e c t i v e l y . It was judged that these two measures yielded useless information. Another attempt to explain the events of the second and t h i r d peaks of force was t r i e d using the angular v e l o c i t y of the legs. Using the abscissa and ordinate values assigned by the Vanguard Data A c q u i s i t i o n Program the shoulder, hip and ankle j o i n t s were graphed for the two peaks of force. The angular v e l o c i t y f o r each t r i a l was computed (Appendix H). The angular v e l o c i t y of the movement of the legs at both peaks of force i s not well correlated with e i t h e r experts' ranking (r = 0.18) or maximum force (r = 0.25). ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT OF THE RING CABLE The angular displacement of the r i n g cable from v e r t i c a l was measured at every second frame (time i n t e r v a l = .0328 second). The actual cable measurement may be found i n Appendix C. Figures 19-23 15 f 10 f 5 I co 2 T \"VANGUARD NOT I 0(> AKALYSER DATA AC'JISTIt iv T CC R A !\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \" , ! ! ! 21 A \"ivAh.E OF F I L N . ' A I A \" D A T E ' A t ! 21 . d b A 'MJ1-.3ER CF DATA P G ! NTS ~ KO , ! 21 . U t A \"Dt YCU U'AUT C A L IBu AT 1C |. \" IS > ! 21.12 I (0 YES - IS ) I . l a ,3 .\u00C2\u00AB/ J , 1 . 1 2 01 .12 A \" START U.G ADD!\". ESS\" AD IS A D = A E - 2 | F A M , ! ' C ; 3 2 u l . I 4 Q ca. ; I < 7 -1 CS )2 .34 ,2 .B4 ,2 .So ok .06 S \u00C2\u00A3 =F : CT C j 4 2o \u00C2\u00BB 0 6 ) \u00C2\u00AB 2 . \u00C2\u00AB 6 S 5 \u00C2\u00AB F > : C T < 3 4 2 3 .oo > ;S Y \u00C2\u00AB F ; CTC3423 ,64 > 2ii . I 2 S it =FC OR I Ali+A \u00C2\u00AB a , >' > ; S 7 * F C C n C C T <34i:3,o4 ) J t C 2 - 1 3 o ) a . I \u00C2\u00AB , 2 . I 4 , \u00C2\u00A3 . 1 2 u3.to3 S AO M i l 92 JT \" t IE A!* ITV CJ-=CK n n C G ? \u00C2\u00A3 t \" , ! ! ' . ! K J . 3 4 T > V A L U E YVA.LUS 5' D I F F YD IFF J'S Y* ' 23 . ii3 F A M ,KC 50 2 *.3.26 S S;.=FCCR CAD+C1.X i !2 > >-FCCP C \u00C2\u00A3 1 54 ) 2 3 . 2 f c S SY = FCCR C11 93 + CIC<'2 ) ) - F C C ? . Ct 1 So ) \u00C2\u00AB3.i<> s >\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 I = I S : - / U . . C - I )> 2 3 . 1 2 S Y I = ( \u00C2\u00A3 Y / C I . C - 1 ) ) 23 . 14 F A M ,I.C JD 153 .16 G 5 . 2 2 Zt.-iiZ 3 MA>=FCCr. C f c i S 2 H A \u00C2\u00AB 2 ) ;S Y CA ) =FC Cr ( f.l 93 +A <;2 ) *4 .23 I' Cij'C - (A } >4 .22 , 4 . 23 ,4 . 24 24.24 S D>.CA >-FCCP. C b 1 S2* (A '2 > *2 )-FCC\"? C bl '.-2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 CA ' 2 ) j lib S DYCA ) =F3CP. C \u00C2\u00ABj 1 i3 + CA i : a )+2 )-FCCF, C fcl 93 + CA\u00C2\u00AB2 ) ) 0 4 . 3 6 S >*S \u00C2\u00AB . \u00C2\u00AB 1 ) I 3 YE-YI)/ ,'XE CA ) , YE (A > , ! 24 . 1 fc K 24 .22 T ;\u00E2\u0080\u00A2: CA ) , YCA ) , ! 4 4 . 2 2 p. 25.22 T \" hYSTESS IS Cl-ECK PF CGP\u00C2\u00A3> \" , ! ! ! ! *5 T \" >; UP X DC'..:k Y U ? Y DCVK V-', Y * \" ,'. 2 5 . 2 5 S AD=AD+1!C*2 S5.06 F A M ,KC iD 2 03 .4 t F A M ,1.-C;D 5.12! 26.12 S WW = C I o C I2 ) - C A - l ) iS >: CWV } \u00C2\u00BBFC CR IAD **A * \u00C2\u00A3 ) \u00C2\u00BBS Y (VV ) =FC C~ C CAD + 1 ) + CA *2 ) ) \u00C2\u00BB5 .12 F A = l ,|..0 ID 6 f 5 . 1 4 G 7.22 26 .25 I CIJC-A 16 . 1 2 ,6 . 1 2 ,6 . 26 ' \" *>6.*>6 s h x i A ) = c;^ CA ) -;;CKC+A >>/?-\">\u00E2\u0080\u00A2.a 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00AB6.V\u00C2\u00BBfc S KYCA ) *< Y(A > -V(I-!C+A > > / S Y \u00C2\u00AB .8 1 <>6.l/> T >\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 CA ) , 5;CIvC+A ) , Y CA J , YCKC+A ) , hV CA ) , hY lA } , ! ^6.11 R uo.12 T XCA ) ,/. CUX; ,Y CA ) , YCW Y) , ! 06.14 R . . . . . iii.\u00C2\u00A32 T \" R E P E A T A B I L I T Y C h E C K c = CG?At-'\" , I ! ! I 87 .04 T \" 1ST X 2ND 5C 1ST Y 21JD Y y% YS\" , ! 07'.4(5 S AD=AD+IJC*2 27 .26 F A M , K 0 ID 2 27 . 3 6 F A -1 , ICC ID & \" w7.12 Q 26.22 S V = CIJC*2J+A S :.tw )=FCC\": IAD + (A*2 ) ) IS Y CW > ='C CP. C C AD + 1 ) + C A *2 ) ) a t . j 5 I ( K C - j ' O t . l c . c . l c j t . ' i l u a t . s CA ) = CMA ) - \" \u00C2\u00BB \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 ' ) ) / s ; \" . a 1 ;s > Y CA ) = c YCA J -YCV J 3 / s r * . a i 26.12 T ; CA ),;: c i :;, YC A ) , Y cu ) , s: (A ) ,P Y CA ;, i at.11 s 2L.12 T > CA ) ,/'.\u00C2\u00AB\u00E2\u0080\u00A2! ) , YCA ) , Y CV J , ! J t . I 4 R 32.Si . A l ! ? C C T A L ? i ; DE=2;F I-1,5 IS K = 5- I ID 33 . 7 2 3K. .o3 T *3 .22 , ?DEC l l-AL? |G 3\u00C2\u00AB.6\u00C2\u00ABl 32 .72 S > -F ITS ICC/12\"! ) ;S CC =CC - * I 3 \" I- ; 5 DE'DE + I -'t*r 31 . 2 1 S L' =FCC i\". C I 1 2 >j ,33 t 4 ) 31 . 2 a S i'=rCCI' Cl I J ! / , L I J ! ; V ) 2 1.23 S ? \u00C2\u00AB F C C n < 3 0 7 \u00C2\u00AB , 2 4 e \u00C2\u00AB ) 31.v>'4 ^ i:'. =FC C:'^ C3 o'l .'1 , 3 Vu ) APPENDIX B 82 83 Figure 34 Ankle Joint Path Tracing Subject MCT1 Figure 35 Ankle Joint Path Tracing Subject MCT2 Figure 36 Ankle Joint Path Tracing Subject MCT3 Figure 37 Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing Subject DMT1 Figure 38 Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing Subject DMT2 Figure 39 Ankle Joint Path Tracing Subject DMT3 Figure 40 Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing Subject JTT1 Figure 41 Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing Subject JTT2 Figure 42 Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing Subject JTT3 Figure 43 Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing Subject RHT1 Figure 44 Ankle Joint Path Tracing Subject RHT2 Figure 45 Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing Subject RHT3 Figure 46 Ankle Joint Path Tracing Subject WBT1 Figure 47 Ankle Joint Path Tracing Subject WBT2 Figure 48 Ankle Jo i n t Path Tracing Subject WBT3 98 Figure 49 Hip Joint Path Tracing Subject MC 99 Hip Joint Path Tracing Subject DM JTT2 JTT3 Figure 51 Hip Joint Path Tracing Subject JT RHT2 RHT3 Figure 52 Hip J o i n t Path Tracing Subject RH WBT2 WBT3 Figure 53 Hip Joint Path Tracing Subject WB APPENDIX C 103 104 Table 7 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: MC T r i a l 1 ame Degrees Frame Degrees Frame Degrees Frame Degrees 0 0 48 1.5 96 10.2 144 -7.0 2 0 50 1.5 98 12.0 146 -7.0 4 0 52 1.5 100 12.0 148 -6.8 6 0 54 0.5 102 12.0 150 -6.5 8 0 56 0 104 8.0 152 -5.8 10 0 58 0.5 106 6.5 154 -5.4 12 -0.2 60 0 108 4.0 156 -5.4 14 0 62 -0.5 110 4.0 158 -6.0 16 0 64 0 112 3.2 160 -5.0 18 0 66 0.5 114 0 162 -4.0 20 0 68 1.0 116 -2.0 164 -3.0 22 0 70 1.0 118 -2.5 166 -3.0 24 0 72 1.0 120 -2.5 168 -2.6 26 +0.5 74 2.2 122 -3.2 170 -2.0 28 0.8 76 3.2 124 -4.5 172 -1.5 30 1.0 78 4.2 126 -4.5 174 -1.0 32 1.2 80 7.0 128 -4.5 176 0 . 34 1.5 82 9.0 130 -6.8 178 +0.5 36 1.5 84 9.4 132 -8.0 180 1.8 38 1.5 86 10 134 -8.5 182 3.5 40 1.0 88 9.2 136 -9.0 184 2.5 42 0.5 90 9.2 138 -9.2 186 1.5 44 0.8 92 9.8 140 -7.2 188 1.5 46 1.0 94 9.8 142 -7.2 190 2.5 105 Table 8 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: MCT2 Repeat 1 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0.2 24 0.2 26 0.4 28 1.0 30 2.0 32 2.0 34 1.5 36 1.5 38 1.0 40 1.0 42 1.0 44 1.0 46 1.0 Frame Degrees 48 1.0 50 0 52 0 54 0 56 0 58 0 60 0.8 62 1.0 64 1.0 66 1.0 68 2.0 70 2.5 72 3.5 74 5.2 76 7.0 78 7.0 80 7.2 82 7.6 84 9.2 86 10.2 88 12.4 90 13.0 92 13.0 94 13.0 Frame Degrees 96 13.0 98 13.0 100 12.4 102 9.0 104 6.2 106 3.6 108 3.6 110 4.5 112 0 114 -3.0 116 -2.0 118 -2.0 120 -4.8 122 -5.2 124 -5.0 126 -4.0 128 -4.0 130 -6.0 132 -6.0 134 -5.8 136 -5.0 138 -4.8 140 -3.2 142 -3.2 Frame Degrees 144 -3.2 146 -5.4 148 -7.0 150 -7.0 152 -6.4 154 -4.0 156 -1.0 158 -1.0 160 -2.2 162 -3.2 164 -4.0 166 -3.5 168 -3.5 170 -3.0 172 -2.0 174 -0.4 176 0 178 0 180 0 182 1.0 184 1.0 186 1.6 188 1.8 190 2.0 106 Table 9 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: MCT2 Repeat 2 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0 24 0.8 26 0.8 28 0.8 30 0.8 32 0.8 34 0.8 36 0.8 38 1.2 40 1.4 42 1.4 44 1.6 46 0 Frame Degrees 48 0 50 0 52 0 54 0 56 0 58 0.4 60 0.8 62 0.8 64 0.2 66 0.4 68 2.0 70 2.0 72 5.2 74 5.2 76 6.8 78 7.4 80 7.0 82 7.8 84 8.4 86 9.4 88 11.2 90 12.8 92 13.2 94 13.2 Frame Degrees 96 13.2 98 12.6 100 11.6 102 8.2 104 5.8 106 4.8 108 3.6 110 4.4 112 0.4 114 -3.2 116 -2.0 118 -3.0 120 -4.2 122 -5.0 124 -4.6 126 -4.6 128 -6.0 130 -6.0 132 -7.0 134 -6.0 136 -5.8 138 -5.4 140 -3.6 142 . -3.6 Frame Degrees 144 -3.6 146 -5.0 148 -7.0 150 -7.6 152 -7.2 154 -3.8 156 -1.0 158 -0.8 160 -2.8 162 -3.2 164 -3.8 166 -4.0 168 -3.6 170 -3.6 172 -3.2 174 -1.6 176 -0.2 178 0.4 180 0.4 182 0.6 184 0.6 186 1.8 188 2.0 190 2.0 107 Table 10 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: MCT2 Repeat 3 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0.2 24 0 26 0 28 0.2 30 0.2 32 0.2 34 0.2 36 0.2 38 0.6 40 0.8 42 1.0 44 1.0 46 0.6 Frame Degrees 48 0.8 50 0.8 52 0.8 54 0 56 0 58 0 60 0.2 62 0.2 64 0 66 0 68 2.0 70 2.2 72 3.6 74 4.8 76 5.2 78 6.8 80 7.0 82 7.0 84 8.6 86 10.0 88 12.0 90 12.6 92 12.8 94 13.4 Frame Degrees 96 13.4 98 12.6 100 10.4 102 7.4 104 5.0 106 3.2 108 2.6 110 3.6 112 0 114 -2.0 116 -2.4 118 -2.4 120 -6.0 122 -5.8 124 -5.0 126 -4.8 128 -5.2 130 -6.2 132 -7.4 134 -6.4 136 -6.0 138 -5.0 140 -4.0 142 -4.2 Frame Degrees 144 -4.2 146 -7.0 148 -8.0 150 -8.4 152 -7.0 154 -4.6 156 -1.8 158 -1.8 160 -2.6 162 -3.2 164 -4.0 166 -4.0 168 -4.0 170 -3.6 172 -3.2 174 -1.0 176 0 178 0 180 -0.4 182 0 184 0.4 186 0.8 188 1.4 190 1.6 108 Table 11 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: MC T r i a l 3 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0.8 14 0.8 16 1.0 18 1.2 20 1.2 22 1.2 24 1.5 26 1.5 28 1.5 30 1.5 32 1.8 34 2.0 36 2.0 38 3.0 40 3.0 42 2.4 44 1.8 46 1.8 Frame Degrees 48 1.8 50 1.4 52 1.4 54 1.2 56 1.2 58 2.0 60 2.0 62 2.0 64 3.5 66 4.0 68 4.0 70 5.0 72 6.0 74 8.8 76 10.5 78 12.4 80 13.6 82 14.0 84 14.0 86 14.0 88 14.0 90 12.0 92 10.6 94 9.2 Frame Degrees 96 7.0 98 6.8 100 5.4 102 5.4 104 6.0 106 1.4 108 0 110 -1.0 112 -1.4 114 -4.5 116 -5.0 118 -4.8 120 -3.5 122 -3.5 124 -4.5 126 -7.0 128 -8.0 130 -6.0 132 -4.0 134 -4.0 136 -3.2 138 -3.0 140 -3.0 142 -4.0 Frame Degrees 144 -4.4 146 -4.4 148 -5.4 150 -4.0 152 -2.6 154 -1.4 156 -1.0 158 -1.0 160 -1.0 162 -1.0 164 0 166 1.0 168 1.0 170 1.0 172 0.8 174 0.8 176 0.8 178 3.8 180 3.4 182 3.0 184 2.0 186 2.2 188 2.2 190 2.2 109 Table 12 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: DM T r i a l 1 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0.2 16 0.2 18 .0.2 20 0.2 22 0.4 24 0.4 26 0.4 28 0.4 30 0.4 32 0.4 34 0.4 36 0.4 38 0.2 40 0.8 42 0.8 44 0.8 46 0.6 Frame Degrees 48 0 50 0 52 0 54 0 56 0 58 0.4 60 0.4 62 0.8 64 0.8 66 0.8 68 1.2 70 1.2 72 1.2 74 1.0 76 1.0 78 2.2 80 5.0 82 9.4 84 12.4 86 13.6 88 14.0 90 13.8 92 10.8 94 9.0 Frame Degrees 96 8.0 98 8.0 100 8.0 102 8.0 104 11.4 106 12.0 108 13.0 110 13.0 112 11.4 114 8.4 116 3.0 118 0.8 120 2.2 122 0.8 124 -3.0 126 -3.8 128 -4.2 130 -5.0 132 -5.0 134 -6.0 136 -6.0 138 -6.4 140 -6.4 142 -6.2 Frame Degrees 144 -5.8 146 -5.8 148 -5.8 150 -5.8 152 -6.4 154 -5.0 156 -2.0 158 0 160 1.6 162 1.6 164 1.4 166 -2.0 168 -2.0 170 -5.0 172 -5.0 174 -4.0 176 0.6 178 3.8 180 5.6 182 3.0 184 0 186 0 188 2.8 190 4.6 110 Table 13 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: DM T r i a l 2 ame Degrees Frame Degrees Frame Degrees Frame Degree! 0 0 48 0.4 96 10.0 144 -5.0 2 0 50 0.4 98 9.0 146 -5.0 4 0 52 0.2 100 8.0 148 -6.4 6 0 54 0.2 102 8.0 150 -6.4 8 0 56 0.2 104 8.4 152 -6.4 10 0 58 0.2 106 10.4 154 -6.0 12 0 60 0 108 11.6 156 -7.4 14 -0.2 62 0 110 13.0 158 -8.0 16 -0.2 64 0 112 14.0 160 -7.6 18 -0.2 66 0 114 14.0 162 -3.2 20 0 68 0 116 14.0 164 -1.4 22 0 70 0 118 13.6 166 -0.2 24 0 72 -0.4 120 9.4 168 0 26 0 74 -0.4 122 5.2. 170 0.2 28 0 76 -0.2 124 2.0 172 0.2 30 0.4 78 -0.2 126 2.0 174 0.2 32 0.4 80 -0.2 128 2.0 176 0 34 0.4 82 -0.2 130 -1.0 178 -3.0 36 0.4 84 1.0 132 -2.8 180 -4.0 38 0.4 86 3.2 134 -3.0 182 -1.6 40 0.4 88 6.0 136 -5.0 184 1.2 42 0.4 90 9.0 138 -5.6 186 3.0 44 0.4 92 10.4 140 -5.6 188 3.0 46 0.4 94 11.0 142 -5.0 190 2.0 I l l Table 14 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: DM T r i a l 3 Frame Degrees 0 0.4 2 0.4 4 0.4 6 0.4 8 0.4 10 0.4 12 0.4 14 0.4 16 1.0 18 1.2 20 1.2 22 1.2 24 1.2 26 1.2 28 1.2 30 1.4 32 1.4 34 1.4 36 1.4 38 1.4 40 1.4 42 1.4 44 1.4 46 1.6 Frame Degrees 48 1.6 50 1.2 52 0.8 54 0.4 56 0 58 -0.4 60 -0.6 62 -0.6 64 0.4 66 0 68 0.4 70 1.0 72 1.0 74 1.4 76 1.6 78 1.0 80 -0.2 82 0 84 0 86 1.4 88 5.2 90 9.4 92 11.2 94 12.4 Frame Degrees 96 11.8 98 11.0 100 10.4 102 9.2 104 9.4 106 9.2 108 9.2 110 9.4 112 11.4 114 13.0 116 14.0 118 15.2 120 14.0 122 9.4 124 3.4 126 1.0 128 1.4 130 0 132 -3.2 134 -4.8 136 -3.8 138 -5.0 140 -6.0 142 -4.6 Frame Degrees 144 -4.6 146 -7.4 148 -6.8 150 -4.6 152 -4.6 154 -4.6 156 -7.4 158 -8.0 160 -6.8 162 -4.0 164 -0.2 166 0 168 0.4 170 0.4 172 0.4 174 0.4 176 -2.0 178 -4.0 180 -5.0 182 -3.0 184 2.6 186 5.0 188 5.6 190 3.2 112 Table 15 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: JT T r i a l 1 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0 24 0 26 0 28 0 30 0 32 -0.6 34 -0.6 36 -0.2 38 -0.2 40 -0.2 42 -0.2 44 -0.2 46 -0.2 Frame Degrees 48 -0.4 50 -0.4 52 -1.0 54 -1.4 56 -1.0 58 -2.0 60 -2.4 62 -2.0 64 -1.4 66 -1.4 68 -1.0 70 -1.0 72 0 74 0 76 1.4 78 2.4 80 2.6 82 3.2 84 5.0 86 6.0 88 7.6 90 8.6 92 8.6 94 8.4 Frame Degrees 96 7.0 98 7.4 100 7.4 102 7.0 104 7.0 106 8.8 108 10.0 110 11.0 112 12.4 114 12.4 116 9.6 118 6.2 120 1.4 122 2.2 124 2.4 126 -1.0 128 -5.0 130 -3.2 132 -3.6 134 -5.0 136 -4.8 138 -5.6 140 -6.0 142 -6.0 Frame Degrees 144 -6.0 146 -5.8 148 -5.4 150 -5.4 152 -5.4 154 -5.0 156 -3.2 158 -1.4 160 -0.8 162 1.0 164 0 166 -1.6 168 -2.0 170 -1.4 172 -1.0 174 -1.0 176 -0.6 178 -0.6 180 3.2 182 184 186 188 190 113 Table 16 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: JT T r i a l 2 ame Degrees Frame Degrees Frame Degrees Frame Degrees 0 0 48 0 96 7.0 144 -5.6 2 0 50 0 98 8.0 146 -7.6 4 0 52 0 100 9.0 148 -7.2 6 0 54 -1.2 102 11.0 150 -7.2 8 0 56 -1.2 104 11.4 152 -7.0 10 0 58 -1.2 106 11.4 154 -6.0 12 0 60 -1.0 108 11.4 156 -6.0 14 0 62 -1.0 110 11.4 158 -6.0 16 0 64 -2.0 112 11.4 160 -6.8 18 0 66 -2.0 114 11.4 162 -6.2 20 0 68 -2.0 116 12.0 164 -5.0 22 0 70 -2.2 118 12.4 166 -4.2 24 0 72 -1.2 120 13.0 168 -2.0 26 0 74 -1.0 122 13.0 170 -2.0 28 0 76 -1.0 124 11.8 172 -4.0 30 0 78 -0.8 126 9.0 174 -4.0 32 0 80 -0.8 128 5.0 176 -4.0 34 0 82 0 130 2.0 178 -2.8 36 -0.4 84 2.0 132 1.4 180 -2.2 38 -0.4 86 2.2 134 0 182 -1.6 40 -0.4 88 3.0 136 -2.4 184 -1.6 42 -0.4 90 3.8 138 -5.0 186 -1.0 44 0 92 3.8 140 -2.4 188 0 46 0 94 4.2 142 -4.6 190 1.2 114 Table 17 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: JT T r i a l 3 Frame Degrees 0 0.4 2 0.4 4 0.4 6 0.4 8 0.4 10 0.4 12 0.4 14 0.4 16 0.4 18 0.4 20 0.4 22 0.8 24 0.8 26 0.8 28 0.8 30 0.8 32 0.8 34 0.8 36 0.8 38 0.8 40 0.8 42 0 44 0 46 0 Frame Degrees 48 0 50 -0.2 52 -0.4 54 -1.2 56 -1.8 58 -1.8 60 -1.8 62 -1.4 64 0 66 0.4 68 0.4 70 0.4 72 0.4 74 1.2 76 2.4 78 3.0 80 3.8 82 3.8 84 4.0 86 5.6 88 6.4 90 8.6 92 8.6 94 9.6 Frame Degrees 96 10.0 98 10.2 100 10.4 102 11.0 104 11.0 106 11.0 108 12.0 110 12.0 112 12.0 114 12.0 116 9.6 118 5.6 120 3.8 122 2.0 124 1.0 126 -1.0 128 -6.0 130 -4.0 132 -4.4 134 -5.0 136 -5.4 138 -6.0 140 -6.0 142 -6.4 Frame Degrees 144 -6.4 146 -6.4 148 -6.2 150 -6.4 152 -6.4 154 -5.2 156 -4.8 158 -3.0 160 -1.2 162 -1.0 164 -1.0 166 -1.4 168 -1.8 170 -1.8 172 -0.8 174 -0.2 176 0 178 0.4 180 3.0 Table 18 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: RH T r i a l 1 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0.2 20 0.2 22 0.4 24 0.4 26 0.6 28 0.6 30 1.0 32 1.0 34 1.0 36 1.0 38 1.0 40 1.0 42 1.0 44 1.0 46 1.0 Frame Degrees 48 1.0 50 1.0 52 1.0 54 1.2 56 0.8 58 0.8 60 0.8 62 1.2 64 1.2 66 -1.0 68 -2.6 70 -2.4 72 -1.2 74 -1.2 76 -1.0 78 0.4 80 -0.2 82 -1.0 84 -1.0 86 -1.0 88 -0.8 90 2.0 92 3.0 94 5.4 Frame Degrees 96 7.4 98 9.6 100 11.6 102 12.4 104 12.4 106 12.8 108 12.8 110 13.0 112 12.4 114 11.2 116 11.2 118 11.2 120 11.4 122 11.2 124 11.2 126 10.6 128 7.8 130 5.6 132 1.0 134 0 136 -2.6 138 -4.6 140 -5.0 142 -4.6 Frame Degrees 144 -5.6 146 -6.4 148 -8.8 150 -8.8 152 -8.8 154 -10.6 156 -10.6 158 -9.6 160 -7.0 162 -6.0 164 -6.0 166 -6.0 168 -7.0 170 -7.0 172 -6.0 174 -4.0 176 -2.8 178 -2.0 180 -2.0 182 -1.0 184 0 186 0 188 2.0 190 2.0 116 Table 19 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: RH T r i a l 2 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0.4 24 0.4 26 0.4 28 0.8 30 0.8 32 0.8 34 0.8 36 0.8 38 0.8 40 0.8 42 0.8 44 0.8 46 0.8 Frame Degrees 48 0.8 50 0.8 52 0.8 54 0.8 56 0.8 58 0.8 60 0.8 62 0.8 64 0.8 66 0.8 68 0.8 70 1.2 72 1.2 74 0 76 -0.8 78 -0.8 80 -0.8 82 -0.8 84 -2.2 86 -2.2 88 -2.0 90 -2.0 92 0 94 0.4 Frame Degrees 96 1.8 98 3.0 100 2.0 102 2.0 104 2.0 106 2.6 108 4.8 110 6.6 112 8.0 114 10.4 116 11.8 118 13.6 120 13.6 122 14.8 124 14.8 126 14.8 128 13.0 130 12.8 132 12.0 134 10.6 136 9.4 138 9.4 140 9.4 142 9.4 Frame Degrees 144 8.6 146 5.0 148 2.0 150 -0.6 152 -2.4 154 -5.0 156 -6.0 158 -4.2 160 -4.6 162 -7.0 164 -8.0 166 -9.4 168 -9.4 170 -9.4 172 -9.4 174 -8.6 176 -7.0 178 -7.0 180 -6.4 182 -6.4 184 -7.0 186 -7.6 188 -7.0 190 -6.0 117 Table 20 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: RH T r i a l 3 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0.4 24 0.4 26 0.4 28 0.4 30 0.4 32 0.4 34 0.6 36 0.6 38 0.6 40 0.2 42 0.2 44 0.4 46 0.4 Frame Degrees 48 0.4 50 0.4 52 0.4 54 0.4 56 0.4 58 0.4 60 0.4 62 0.4 64 0.4 66 0.4 68 0.4 70 0.6 72 0.6 74 0.6 76 0.6 78 0.8 80 0.8 82 0.8 84 0.6 86 0.4 88 0.4 90 -1.0 92 -1.4 94 -2.0 Frame Degrees 96 -2.6 98 -2.8 100 -1.8 102 -1.0 104 0 106 1.0 108 0.4 110 0.4 112 0.4 114 2.4 116 3.0 118 4.0 120 7.0 122 9.0 124 11.4 126 13.0 128 13.0 130 13.0 132 13.0 134 13.0 136 11.4 138 11.4 140 11.4 142 11.4 Frame Degrees 144 11.4 146 11.2 148 11.0 150 10.2 152 8.0 154 4.0 156 1.0 158 1.0 160 -3.0 162 -5.0 164 -5.0 166 -5.0 168 -5.6 170 -6.4 172 -10.0 174 -10.0 176 -10.0 178 -10.0 180 -10.6 182 -9.6 184 -9.0 186 -8.0 188 -7.0 190 -6.8 118 Table 21 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: WB T r i a l 1 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0 24 0 26 0 28 0 30 0 32 0 34 0 36 0 38 0 40 0 42 0.2 44 0.2 46 0.2 Frame Degrees 48 0.2 50 0.2 52 0.2 54 0.2 56 0.4 58 0.4 60 0.4 62 0.4 64 0.4 66 0.6 68 0.6 70 0 72 0 74 0 76 0 78 -0.4 80 -1.0 82 -1.6 84 -1.6 86 -0.4 88 2.0 90 5.0 92 7.0 94 7.2 Frame Degrees 96 8.6 98 8.6 100 8.8 102 8.6 104 8.6 106 8.6 108 8.6 110 9.4 112 11.0 114 11.0 116 12.0 118 11.6 120 10.4 122 7.0 124 5.2 126 3.4 128 1.4 130 -2.4 132 -3.0 134 -3.2 136 -6.0 138 -5.8 140 -6.0 142 -6.0 Frame Degrees 144 -6.0 146 -6.2 148 -6.4 150 -8.0 152 -7.8 154 -6.8 156 -6.8 158 -6.2 160 -6.2 162 -6.0 164 -5.8 166 -6.4 168 -7.6 170 -7.2 172 -6.2 174 -4.0 176 -2.0 178 -0.8 180 -0.2 182 -1.0 184 -1.0 186 -0.8 188 -0.8 190 +0.4 Table 22 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: WB T r i a l 2 Frame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 22 0 24 0 26 0 28 0 30 0 32 0 34 0.4 36 0.4 38 0.4 40 0.4 42 0.2 44 0.2 46 0.2 Frame Degrees 48 0.2 50 0.2 52 0.2 54 0.2 56 0.2 58 0.2 60 0 62 0 64 0.4 66 0.4 68 0 70 0 72 0 74 0 76 0 78 -2.0 80 -2.6 82 -2.4 84 0 86 0 88 2.8 90 5.4 92 8.0 94 8.4 Frame Degrees 96 8.8 98 9.0 100 9.0 102 9.0 104 9.0 106 9.0 108 9.0 110 9.0 112 10.4 114 11.0 116 11.2 118 11.2 120 10.0 122 6.4 124 4.8 126 2.0 128 0 130 -1.6 132 -2.8 134 -4.0 136 -5.0 138 -5.2 140 -5.8 142 -5.8 Frame Degrees 144 -5.8 146 -7.0 148 -7.8 150 -7.6 152 -7.0 154 -6.0 156 -6.0 158 -5.0 160 -5.0 162 -6.0 164 -6.0 166 -5.4 168 -5.4 170 -5.4 172 -5.4 174 -2.4 176 -1.4 178 -1.0 180 0 182 0 184 -0.4 186 -1.4 188 -1.4 190 0.8 120 Table 23 Angular Displacement of the Ring Cable from V e r t i c a l Subject: WB T r i a l 3 ame Degrees 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 ' 0 18 0 20 0 22 0 24 0 26 0 28 0 30 0 32 0 34 0 36 0 38 0 40 0 42 -0.2 44 -0.2 46 -0.2 Frame Degrees 48 -0.2 50 -0.2 52 -0.2 54 -0.2 56 -0.2 58 -0.2 60 -0.2 62 -0.2 64 -0.2 66 0 68 0 70 0 72 0 74 0 76 0 78 0 80 -0.2 82 0 84 0 86 -1.0 88 -2.0 90 -2.0 92 -1.0 94 1.0 Frame Degrees 96 3.0 98 6.0 100 7.2 102 8.0 104 8.8 106 8.8 108 8.8 110 8.8 112 8.0 114 8.0 116 8.0 118 9.2 120 10.6 122 11.0 124 11.0 126 11.0 128 8.6 130 5.0 132 4.0 134 2.2 136 -0.4 138 -3.0 140 -4.0 142 -5.2 Frame Degrees 144 -5.0 146 -6.0 148 -6.0 150 -6.0 152 -6.0 154 -7.0 156 -7.4 158 -7.6 160 -7.2 162 -6 .-6 164 -6.0 166 -6.0 168 -6.0 170 -7.2 172 -7.0 174 -7.0 176 -7.0 178 -6.6 180 -6.4 182 -4.0 184 -2.0 186 -1.0 188 -0.8 190 -0.8 APPENDIX D 121 Figure 54 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force Subject: MCT1 123 Figure 55 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force Subject: MCT2 Figure 56 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force Subject: MCT3 Figure 5 7 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum For Subject: DMT1 Figure 58 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force Subject: DMT2 Figure 59 dy P o s i t i o n at Maximum Fo Subject: DMT3 Figure 60 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Fo Subject: JTT1 Figure 61 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force Subject: JTT2 Figure 62 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum For Subject: JTT3 Figure 63 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Fo Subject: RHT1 Figure 64 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Fo Subject: RHT2 Figure 65 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Force Subject: RHT3 Figure 66 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum Fo Subject: WBT1 Figure 6 7 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum For Subject: WBT2 Figure 68 Body P o s i t i o n at Maximum For Subject: WBT3 APPENDIX E 137 138 Table 24 The Panel of Experts' Ratings on S k i l l Performance rH CN CO >-0 >s >-> >-) >-> >n T r i a l 1 T r i a l 2 T r i a l 3 Subject MC 2 2 4.5 3.5 3 2 5.7 3.5 3.2.5 4.8 4.0 Subject DM 3 3 6 4.5 2 3 5.9 5.0 3 3 6.1 5.0 Subject JT 4 4 6.4 6.5 3 4 6.4 7.0 4 4 6.8 7 Subject RH 6 8 7.5 8.5 5 8 7.3 9 5 8 7.2 8.5 Subject WB 4 6 7 8 4 5.5 6.8 8.5 4 6 7.2 8.5 APPENDIX F 139 I 140 Table 25 Events at the Second and Third Peaks of Force ti cu cu CU J5 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rl CU T r i a l (frames) ti o CU -rl rH CO 00 CO ft cu a) rH Q CTJ +J O cd cu rH 00 33 CU cu cn rH cl U CN cu rH 00 33 CU CU P-l rH cd M U CO 4J ti cu s CU CO U A ! cd cd rH CU ft P-l CO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2rl ti CU \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 & 60 4J MCT1 6 0 4.0\u00C2\u00B0 -2.0\u00C2\u00B0 6 MCT2 6 0 3.6 -2.4 6 MCT3 4 3.7\u00C2\u00B0 6.0 0 6 DMT1 4 2.2 0.8 -3.0 3.8 DMT2 No Second and Third Peak -1.0 0 DMT 3 7 1.4 1.0 -3.2 4.2 JTT1 8 2.3 1.4 -5.0 6.4 JTT2 7 1.7 7.0 -1.2 8.2 JTT3 8 1.5 4.6 -3.5 8.1 RHT1 5 3.3 6.7 -1.3 8.0 RHT2 No Second and Third Peak -3.6 0 RHT3 No Second and Third Peak -3.0 0 WBT1 5 -2.7 1.4 -3.1 4.5 WBT2 5 1.0 2.0 -2.2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 4.4 WBT3 5 -0.4 1.6 -4.0 5.6 The second column i s the time (frames) occurring between the two peaks of force. The t h i r d column i s the angle between the ring cable and v e r t i c a l occurring at the depression between the two peaks of force. Columns four and f i v e give the angle between the ring cable and v e r t i c a l occurring at the second and t h i r d peaks of force respectively. The s i x t h column i s the t o t a l angular displacement of the ring cable during the two peaks of force. Table 26 Angular Ve loc i ty of the Legs at Peak Force Peak T r i a l Degrees, Rank Experts Force Frame Order Rank Rank MCT1 4.45 11 15 15 MCT2 3.90 13 14 13 MCT3 3.33 14 13 14 DMT1 10.05 1 11 10 DMT 2 8.40 2 12 11 DMT 3 7.80 4 10 5 JTT1 6.16 5 8 6 JTT2 0.16 15 9 8 JTT3 5.00 8 7 12 RHT1 5.37 7 1 1 RHT2 6.15 6 2 2 RHT3 4.80 9 3 3 WBT1 7.87 3 5 7 WBT2 4.40 12 6 4 WBT3 4.55 10 4 8 Corre la t ion of the angular ve loc i ty of the legs with the ra t ing of the experts r = 0.18 Correla t ion of the angular ve loc i ty of the legs with peak force r = 0.25 APPENDIX G 142 143 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fraction of number of 27 performance of subject MC t r i a l 1. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 102.64 0.19 5.36 1.0 107.76 2.04 10.48 1.0 110.32 3.85 15.60 1.0 112.88 2.73 20.72 1.0 114.16 2.61 25.84 0.77 115.44 2.77 30.96 0.57 116.72 3.00 36.08 0.57 118.00 2.81 41.20 0.69 123.12 1.58 46.32 0.81 128.24 0.69 51.44 1.19 133.36 0.34 56.56 1.77 138.48 0.27 59.12 1.92 143.60 0.23 61.68 1.61 148.72 0.19 66.80 0.77 153.84 0.19 71.92 0.42 158.96 0.23 77.04 0.27 164.08 0.81 82.16 0.07 169.20 0.84 87.28 0.07 174.32 0.81 92.40 0.07 179.44 0.77 97.52 0.07 144 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fraction of number of 28 performance of subject MC t r i a l 2. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 102.64 0.76 5.36 1.0 107.76 3.54 10.48. 1.04 109.04 3.69 15.60 0.96 110.32 3.54 20.72 0.77 111.60 3.35 25.84 0.69 112.88 3.46 30.96 0. 77 114.16 4.00 36.08 1.04 115.44 4.15 41.20 1.11 118.00 2.38 46.32 1.73 123.12 1.23 48.88] 2.19 128.24 1.08 51.44 2.31 133.36 0.92 54.00 1.92 138.48 0.69 56.56 1.15 143.60 0.50 61.68 1.08 148.72 0.38 66.80 0.50 153.84 0.46 71.92 0.38 158.96 0.46 77.04 0.27 164.08 0.65 82.16 0.27 169.20 0.54 87.28 0.31 174.32 0.58 92.40 0.27 179.44 0.96 97.52 0.27 145 Table 29 Tension i n one ring cable during the performance of subject MC t r i a l 3. Force i s expressed as a fra c t i o n of the body weight and time as the number of frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 102.64 3.07 5.36 1.0 103.92 3.35 10.48 1.0 105.20 3.15 15.60 0.65 107.76 3.92 20.72 0.57 112.88 1.92 25.84 0.50 118.00 0.77 30.96 0.61 123.12 0.77 36.08 0.88 128.24 0.69 41.20 1.42 . 133.36 0.57 46.32 1.88 138.48 0.37 51.44 0.77 143.60 0.27 56.56 0.31 148.72 0.23 61.68 0.23 153.84 0.19 66.80 0.15 158.96 0.15 71.92 0.07 164.08 0.31 77.04 0.07 169.20 0.50 82.16 0.07 174.32 0.65 87.28 0.07 179.44 0.77 92.40 0.11 97.52 0.77 146 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fr a c t i o n of number of 30 performance of subject DM t r i a l 1. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 102.64 0.28 5.36 1.0 107.76 0.40 10.48 0.95 112.88 2.02 15.60 0.88 118.00 3.00 20.72 0.77 119.28 2.93 25.84 0.71 120.56 3.02 30.96 0.71 123.12 4.0 36.08 0.71 124.40 4.4 41.20 0.77 125.68 3.55 46.32 1.44 128.24 1.44 51.44 2.44 133.36 0.66 52.72 2.57 138.48 0.66 54.00 2.51 143.60 1.11 56.56 2.0 144.88 1.31 61.68 0.93 146.16 1.24 66.80 0.71 148.72 1.0 71.92 0.55 153.84 0.60 77.04 0.33 158.96 0.40 82.16 0.26 164.08 0.37 87.28 0.20 169.20 0.42 92.40 0.22 174.32 0.55 97.52 0.22 179.44 0.62 147 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fra c t i o n of number of 31 performance of subject DM t r i a l 2. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.02 97.52 0.39 5.36 1.0 102.64 0.33 10.48 0.94 107.76 0.35 15.60 0.94 112.88 0.37 20.72 0.92 118.00 1.04 25.84 0.81 123.12 2.72 30.96 0.68 124.40 2.87 36.08 0.75 125.68 2.92 41.20 0.77 126.96 2.95 46.32 0.83 128.24 3.33 51.44 1.46 130.80 4.25 56.56 2.35 133.36 2.25 5 7.84 2.39 138.48 0.66 59.12 2.31 143.60 0.56 61.68 1.66 148.72 0.89 66.84 0.98 151.28 1.25 71.92 0.73 153.84 1.06 82.16 0.44 164.08 0.42 87.28 0.35 169.20 0.37 92.40 0.35 174.32 0.35 179.44 0.52 148 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fraction of number of 32 performance of subject DM t r i a l 3. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 97.52 0.33 5.36 1.0 102.64 0.31 10.48 1.0 107.76 0.33 15.60 1.0 112.88 0.33 20.72 0.88 118.00 0.66 25.84 0.77 123.12 2.77 30.96 0.83 125.68 3.73 36.08 0.84 128.24 3.15 41.20 0.88 130.80 4.37 46.32 1.0 132.08 4.57 51.44 1.3 133.36 3.77 56.56 2.15 135.92 1.33 59.12 2.40 138.48 0.82 61.68 2.15 143.60 0.75 66.80 1.0 148.72 0.93 69.36 0.75 151.28 1.22 71.92 0.82 153.84 1.15 74.48 0.71 158.96 0.71 77.04 0.62 164.08 0.48 82.16 0.42 169.20 0.42 87.28 0.35 174.32 0.37 92.40 0.42 179.44 0.48 149 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fra c t i o n of number of 33 performance of subject JT t r i a l 1. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.05 92.40 0.17 5.36 1.07 97.52 0.125 10.48 1.17 102.64 0.15 15.60 1.0 107.76 0.22 20.72 0.92 112.88 0.45 25.84 0.85 118.00 3.0 30.96 0.85 120.56 4.0 36.08 0.77 123.12 2.95 41.20 0.75 125.68 4.0 46.32 0.87 128.24 4.55 51.44 1.07 133.36 1.05 56.56 1.65 135.92 0.92 61.68 2.2 138.46 1.1 62.96 2.25 143.60 1.0 64.24 2.17 148.72 1.0 66.80 2.07 153.84 0.7 71.92 1.0 158.96 0.37 77.04 0.45 164.08 0.45 82.16 0.27 169.20 0.52 87.28 0.17 174.32 0.5 179.44 0.55 150 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fra c t i o n of number of 34 performance of subject JT t r i a l 2. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 107.76 0.14 5.36 1.0 112.88 0.14 10.48 1.0 118.00 0.16 15.60 1.0 123.12 1.45 20.72 1.02 125.68 2.02 25.84 0.95 126.96 4.48 30.96 0.83 128.24 3.69 36.08 0.71 130.80 3.09 41.20 0.59 133.36 3.93 46.32 0.59 134.64 4.5 51.44 0.71 135.92 3.93 56.56 0.95 138.48 1.78 61.68 1.45 141.04 0.95 66.80 1.90 143.60 1.0 69.36 2.21 148.72 0.76 71.92 2.02 153.84 0.90 77.04 0.83 158.96 0.59 82.16 0.40 164.08 0.36 87.28 0.31 169.20 0.40 92.40 0.19 174.32 0.43 97.52 0.12 179.44 0.45 102.64 0.09 151 Table 35 Tension i n one ring cable during the performance of subject JT t r i a l 3. Force i s expressed as a fraction of the body weight and time as the number of frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1 112.88 0.48 5.36 1 118.00 2.88 10.23 1 119.28 4.11 15.60 1 120.56 3.80 20.72 0.93 123.12 2.95 25.84 0.91 125.68 3.57 30.96 0.66 126.96 4.20 36.08 0.45 128.24 3.90 41.20 0.54 133.26 0.89 46.32 0.82 138.48 0.84 51.44 0.95 143.60 0.93 56.56 1.52 146.16 0.93 59.12 2.25 148.72 0.79 61.68 2.20 153.84 0.50 66.80 1.72 158.96 0.32 71.92 0.57 161.52 0.27 77.04 0.54 164.08 0.43 82.16 0.27 169.20 0.57 87.28 0.18 92.40 0.09 97.52 0.16 102.64 0.20 107.76 0.20 152 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fra c t i o n of number of 36 performance of subject RH t r i a l 1. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.05 97.52 0.20 5.36 1.05 102.64 0.15 10.48 1.02 107.76 0.125 15.60 0.97 112.88 0.17 20.72 0.95 118.00 0.30 25.84 0.90 123.12 0.80 30.96 0.87 128.24 4.00 36.08 0.82 129.52 4.92 41.20 0.85 130.80 4.85 46.32 1.35 133.36 5.62 51.44 2.95 134.64 6.62 56.56 1.425 135.92 5.25 57.84 1.32 138.48 1.75 59.12 1.77 143.60 0.80 61.68 1.175 148.72 0.95 64.24 1.00 153.84 0.70 66.80 0.80 158.96 0.52 71.92 0.62 164.08 0.40 77.04 0.62 169.20 0.37 82.16 0.60 174.32 0.42 87.28 0.60 179.44 0.55 92.40 0.35 153 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fraction of number of 37 performance of subject RH t r i a l 2. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 97.52 0.57 5.36 1.0 102.64 0.55 10.48 1.0 107.76 0.50 15.60 1.0 112.88 . 0.27 20.72 0.95 118.00 0.10 25.84 0.95 123.12 0.05 30.96 0.95 133.36 0.12 36.08 0.92 138.48 0.30 41.20 0.85 143.60 1.75 46.32 0.75 148.72 5.42 51.44 0.70 151.28 6.00 56.56 0.72 152.50 6.30 61.68 1.25 152.84 4.62 66.80 2.37 158.96 1.00 68.08 2.47 161.52 0.80 69.36 2.35 164.08 0.85 71.92 1.87 169.20 0.80 77.04 1.25 174.32 0.52 82.16 0.70 179.44 0.45 87.28 0.60 92.40 0.60 154 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fraction.of number of 38 performance of subject RH t r i a l 3. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 97.52 0.62 5.36 1.0 102.64 0.60 10.48 1.0 107.76 0.57 15.60 1.05 112.88 0.57 20.72 1.05 118.00 0.38 25.84 1.05 123.12 0.19 30.96 0.95 128.24 0.14 36.08 0.90 133.36 0.14 41.20 0.88 138.48 0.16 46.32 0.88 143.60 0.26 51.44 0.93 148.72 0.81 56.56 0.88 151.28 1.55 61.68 0.86 153.84 3.28 66.80 0.93 156.40 4.81 71.92 1.43 158.96 5.71 74.48 2.36 160.24 6.19 77.04 2.62 161.52 5.48 79.60 2.14 164.08 1.66 82.16 1.43 169.20 0.88 84.72 1.36 174.32 0.90 87.28 1.19 179.44 0.66 92.40 0.82 155 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fra c t i o n of number of 39 performance of subject WB t r i a l 1. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 97.52 0.26 5.36 1.02 102.64 0.26 10.48 1.02 107.76 0.24 15.60 1.02 112.88 0.26 20. 72 0.98 118.00 0.48 25.84 0.92 123.12 1.64 30.96 0.78 125.68 3.04 36.08 0.66 128.24 4.04 41.20 0.66 130.80 4.04 46.32 0.70 133.36 4.54 51.44 1.16 135.92 2.74 56.56 1.94 138.48 1.28 61.68 2.40 143.60 0.96 66.80 1.84 148.72 1.12 71.92 0.92 151.28 1.08 74.48 1.08 153.84 0.84 77.04 0.80 158.96 0.48 82.16 0.46 164.08 0.50 87.28 0.28 169.20 0.48 92.40 0.22 174.32 0.48 179.44 0.72 156 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fraction of number of 40 performance of subject WB t r i a l 2. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 92.40 0.30 5.36 1.02 97.52 0.30 10.48 1.04 102.64 0.30 15.60 1.00 107.76 0.32 20. 72 0.96 112.88 0.38 25.84 0.90 118.00 1.08 30.96 0.76 123.12 3.00 36.08 0.62 125.68 4.26 41.20 0.70 126.96 4.26 46.32 0.80 128.24 4.36 51.44 1.48 130.80 4.60 56.56 2.24 133.36 2.40 59.12 2.40 135.92 1.20 60.40 2.44 138.48 1.00 61.68 2.40 143.60 1.02 66.80 1.48 146.16 1.12 69.36 0.96 148.72 1.12 70.64 0.90 153.84 0.64 71.92 1.00 158.96 0.60 77.04 0.60 164.08 0.54 82.16 0.40 169.20 0.58 87.28 0.30 174.32 0.60 179.44 0.84 157 Table Tension i n one ring cable during the Force i s expressed as a fra c t i o n of number of 41 performance of subject WB t r i a l 3. the body weight and time as the frames. Frame X Body Wt. Frame X Body Wt. 0 1.0 97.52 0.14 5.36 1.0 102.64 0.11 10.48 1.0 107.76 0.16 15.60 1.0 112.88 0.16 20. 72 0.96 118.00 0.18 25.84 0.94 123.12 0.36 30.96 0.86 128.24 1.30 36.08 0.70 133.36 4.14 41.20 0.56 134.64 4.28 46.32 0.52 135.92 4.14 51.44 0.58 138.48 4.30 56.56 0.86 139.76 4.50 61.68 1.62 141.04 3.80 66.80 2.36 143.60 1.50 68.08 2.40 148.72 0.90 71.92 2.14 153.84 0.96 77.04 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 0.82 156.40 1.04 78.32 0.72 158.96 1.00 79.60 0. 86 164.08 0.48 82.16 0.74 169.20 0.44 87.28 0.36 174.32 0.40 92.40 0.18 179.44 0.54 APPENDIX H 158 159 Table 42 Hip Pos i t ion During the Kipping Phase T r i a l Downstroke Upstroke s t a r t ing low = amount drop high low = amount r i s e position\u00E2\u0080\u0094 pos i t ion position\u00E2\u0080\u0094 pos i t ion MCT1 566 552 14 566 552 14 MCT2 566 546 20 578 546 32 MCT3 554 538 16 570 538 32 DMT1 556 519 37 566 519 47 DMT2 553 516 37 568 516 52 DMT3 552 514 38 566 514 52 JTT1 550 509 41 564 509 55 JTT2 549 514 35 56 7 514 53 JTT3 548 512 36 565 512 53 RHT1 552 525 27 600 525 75 RHT2 553 523 30 608 523 85 RHT3 548 522 26 600 522 78 WBT1 560 511 49 580 511 69 WBT2 552 498 54 564 498 66 WBT3 567 518 49 585 518 67 160 Table 43 Ankle Position During the Kipping Phase T r i a l Downstroke Upstroke starting low = amount drop high low = amount rise position position position position MCT1 677 539 138 642 539 103 MCT2 676 559 117 675 559 116 MCT3 663 560 103 668 560 108 DMT1 665 514 151 6 70 514 156 DMT2 662 503 159 6 72 503 169 DMT3 663 503 160 673 503 170 JTT1 650 501 149 629 501 128 JTT2 654 495 159 648 495 153 JTT3 653 497 156 648 497 151 RHT1 656 560 96 691 560 131 RHT2 661 553 108 710 553 157 RHT3 649 560 89 689 560 129 WBT1 662 532 130 651 532 119 WBT2 665 524 131 644 524 120 WBT3 669 531 138 654 531 123 161 Table 44 Hip and Ankle Movement During the Kipping Phase T r i a l Downstroke Ankle Hip drop drop \u00C2\u00A3 MCT1 138 14 152 MCT2 117 20 137 MCT3 103 16 119 DMT1 151 37 188 DMT2 159 37 196 DMT3 160 38 198 JTT1 149 41 190 JTT2 159 35 194 JTT3 156 36 192 RHT1 96 27 123 RHT2 108 30 138 RHT3 89 26 115 WBT1 130 49 179 WBT2 131 54 185 WBT3 138 49 187 Upstroke Ankle Hip ri s e r i s e E 103 14 117 116 32 148 108 32 140 156 47 203 169 52 221 170 52 222 128 55 183 153 53 206 151 53 204 131 75 206 157 85 242 129 78 207 119 69 188 120 66 186 123 67 190 Difference (rise-drop) -35 11 21 15 25 24 -7 12 12 83 104 92 9 1 3 APPENDIX I 162 Table 45 Highest Dislocate T r i a l Ankle Location Knee Location Hip Location Trunk Location Wrist Location Elbow Location Shoulder Location Total Mean Shoulder to Ankle Height Divide by Mean Height Rank Order MCT1 640 590 554 539 596 5 73 557 4049 175 23.13 9 MCT2 674 617 575 550 596 580 562 4154 175 23.74 4 MCT3 665 609 564 543 590 5 72 554 4097' 175 23.41 5 DMT1 6 70 614 565 539 582 556 543 4069 179 22.73 12 DMT2 6 74 617 5 75 550 596 580 562 4154 179 23.20 8 DMT3 673 617 566 534 576 548 536 4050 179 22.62 13 JTT1 627 589 557 532 577 547 530 3959 172 23.01 10 JTT2 647 601 563 536 5 76 550 540 4013 172 23.33 6 JTT3 645 597 560 532 578 550 534 3996 172 23.23 7 RHT1 687 638 600 570 579 \" 5 72 568 4214 173 24.36 2 RHT2 710 653 608 572 582 569 562 4256 173 24.60 1 RHT3 689 642 599 567 574 562 556 4189 173 24.21 3 WBT1 648 606 5 76 553 583 559 545 4070 180 22.61 14 WBT2 641 594 562 534 5 72 550 533 3986 180 22.14 15 WBT3 653 613 583 553 589 568 552 4111 180 22.83 11 ON APPENDIX J 164 Table 46 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l MCT1 MCT2 MCT3 DMT1 DMT2 DMT3 JTT1 JTT2 JTT3 RHT1 RHT2 RHT3 WBT1 WBT2 WBT3 Gradient Down Kip 9.86 5.85 6.44 4.08 4.30 4.21 3.63 4.54 4.33 3.55 3.60 3.42 2.65 2.43 2.82 Gradient Down Kip Rank Order 15 13 14 8 10 9 7 12 11 5 6 4 2 1 3 Experts' Rank Order 15 14 13 11 12 10 8 9 7 1 2 3 5 6 4 0 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 4 4 4 1 3 5 1 ED2 = r = Dz 0 1 1 9 4 1 1 9 16 16 16 1 9 25 1 110.0 0.8 Gradient Up Kip 7.36 3.63 3.38 3.32 3.25 3.27 2.33 2.89 2.85 1.75 1.85 1.65 1.72 1.82 1.84 Gradient Up Kip Rank Order 15 14 13 12 10 11 7 9 8 3 6 1 2 4 5 Experts Rank Order 15 14 13 11 12 10 8 9 7 1 2 3 5 6 4 D 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 4 2 3 \" 2 1 ZD2 r Dz 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 4 16 4 9 4 1 46 0.92 ON Ln Table 47 Rank Order Correlations Mean Gradient Mean Highest T r i a l Mean Gradient Kip Kip Rank Order Experts' Rank Order D D2 Gradient Rank Order Dislocate Rank Order D D2 MCT1 8.61 15 15 0 0 15 9 6 36 MCT2 4.74 13 14 1 1 13 4 9 81 MCT3 4.91 14 13 1 1 14 5 9 81 DMT1 3.70 10 11 1 1 10 12 2 4 DMT2 3.77 12 12 0 0 12 8 4 16 DMT3 3.74 11 10 1 1 11 13 2 4 JTT1 2.98 7 8 1 1 7 10 3 9 JTT2 3.71 9 9 0 0 9 6 3 9 JTT3 3.59 8 7 1 1 8 7 1 1 RHT1 2.65 5 1 4 16 5 2 3 9 RHT2 2.72 6 2 4 16 6 1 5 25 RHT3 2.53 4 3 1 1 4 3 1 1 WBT1 2.18 2 5 3 9 2 14 12 144 WBT2 2.12 1 6 5 25 1 15 14 196 WBT3 2.33 3 4 1 ZD2 1 = 74 3 11 8 ZD2 64 = 680 r = 0.87 r = -0.21 r-1 ON 167 Table 48 Rank Order Correlations Amount Rise Hips Experts' Rank Rank T r i a l Order Order MCT1 15 15 MCT2 13 14 MCT3 13.5 13 DMT1 12 11 DMT2 10.5 12 DMT3 10.5 10 JTT1 7 8 JTT2 8.5 9 JTT3 8.5 7 RHT1 3 1 RHT2 1 2 RHT3 2 3 WBT1 4 5 WBT2 6 6 WBT3 5 4 Experts' Rank D D2 Order 0 0 15 0.5 0.25 14 0.5 0.25 13 1 1 11 1.5 2.25 12 0.5 0.25 10 1 1 8 0.5 0.25 9 1.5 2.25 7 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 5 0 0 6 1 1 4 ZD2 = 15.5 r = 0.97 Kipping Angle Rank Order D D2 9.5 5.5 30.25 4 10 100 1 12 144 9.5 1.5 2.25 7 5 25 12 2 4 14 6 36 15 6 36 13 6 36 2 1 1 4 2 4 4 1 1 6 1 1 9.5 3.5 12.25 9.5 5.5 30.25 ZD2 = 463 r = 0.18 168 Table 49 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l MCT1 MCT2 MCT3 DMT1 DMT2 DMT 3 JTT1 JTT2 JTT3 RHT1 RHT2 RHT3 WBT1 WBT2 WBT3 Gradient Up Kip Rank Order 15 14 13 12 10 11 7 9 8 3 6 1 2 4 5 Gradient Down Kip Rank Order 15 13 14 8 10 9 7 12 11 5 6 4 2 1 3 D 0 1 1 4 0 2 0 3 3 2 0 3 0 3 2 D^ 0 1 1 16 0 4 0 9 9 4 0 9 0 9 4 Amount Drop Hips Rank Order 15 13 14 6.5 6.5 5 4 9 8 11 10 12 2.5 1 2.5 Amount Rise Hips Rank Order 15 13.5 13.5 12 10.5 10.5 7 8.5 8.5 3 1 2 4 6 5 D 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 8 9 10 2.5 5 2.5 Dz 0 0.25 0.25 4.5 20.25 4 16 5.5 30.25 3 9 ZD2 = 66 r = 0.88 0.25 0.25 64 81 100 6.25 25 6.25 ED2 = 359 r = 0.359 169 Table 50 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l MCT1 MCT2 MCT3 DMT1 DMT2 DMT3 JTT1 JTT2 JTT3 RHT1 RHT2 RHT3 WBT1 WBT2 WBT3 Gradient Up Kip Rank Order 15 14 13 12 10 11 7 9 8 3 6 1 2 4 5 Max. Force Rank Order 15 13 14 10 11 5 6 8 12 1 2 3 7 4 8 Amount Drop Max. Amount Hips Force Drop Rank Rank Hips Order Order D 0 1 1 4 1 36 1 1 16 4 16 4 25 0 9 ZD2 = 119 r = 0.78 14 20 16 37 37 38 41 35 36 27 30 26 49 54 49 15 13 14 6.5 6.5 5 4 9 8 11 10 12 2.5 1 2.5 15 13 14 10 11 5 6 8 12 1 2 3 7 4 8 0 0 0 3.5 4.5 0 2 1 4 10 8 9 4.5 3 5.5 Dz 0 0 0 12.25 20.25 0 4 1 16 100 64 81 20.25 9 30.25 ZD2 = 358 r = 0.361 170 Table 51 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l MCT1 MCT2 MCT3 DMT1 DMT2 DMT 3 JTT1 JTT2 JTT3 RHT1 RHT2 RHT3 WBT1 WBT2 WBT3 Gradient Down Kip 9.86 5.85 6.44 4.08 4.30 4.21 3.63 4.54 4.33 4.55 3.60 3.42 2.65 2.43 2.82 Gradient Down Kip Rank Order 15 13 14 8 10 9 7 12 11 5 6 4 2 1 3 Max. Force Rank Order 15 13 14 10 11 5 6 8 12 1 2 3 7 4 8 0 0 0 4 1 16 1 16 1 16 16 1 25 9 25 ED2 = 131 r = 0.76 Mean Max. Gradient Force Rank Rank Order Order 15 15 13 14 10 12 11 7 9 8 5 6 4 2 1 3 13 14 10 11 5 6 8 12 1 2 3 7 4 8 Dz 0 0 0 0 1 36 1 1 16 16 16 1 25 9 25 ED2 =147 r = 0.74 171 Table 52 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l MCT1 MCT2 MCT3 DMT1 DMT2 DMT 3 JTT1 JTT2 JTT3 RHT1 RHT2 RHT3 WBT1 WBT2 WBT3 Amount Rise Hips 14 32 32 47 52 52 55 53 53 75 85 78 69 66 67 Amount Rise Hips Rank Order 15 13.5 13.5 12 10.5 10.5 7 8.5 8.5 3 1 2 4 6 5 Max. Force Rank Order 15 13 14 10 11 5 6 8 12 1 2 3 7 4 8 Max. Experts' Force Rank Rank D 0 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 5.5 1 0.5 3.5 2 1 1 3 2 3 ED 2 r = Dz 0 0.25 0.25 4 0.25 30.25 1 0.25 12.25 4 1 1 9 4 9 76.5 0.86 Order 15 14 13 11 12 10 8 9 7 1 2 3 5 6 4 Order 15 13 14 10 11 5 6 8 12 1 2 3 7 4 8 D 0 1 1 1 1 5 2 1 5 0 0 0 2 2 4 Dz 0 1 1 1 1 25 4 1 25 0 0 0 4 4 16 ZD2 = 83 r = 0.85 172 Table 53 Rank Order Correlations Time between Max. Peaks Force Rank Rank T r i a l Order Order MCT1 5.5 15 MCT2 5.5 13 MCT3 12 14 DMT1 11 10 DMT2 14 11 DMT3 3.5 5 JTT1 1.5 6 JTT2 3.5 8 JTT3 1.5 12 RHT1 8.5 1 RHT2 14 2 RHT3 14 3 WBT1 8.5 7 WBT2 8.5 4 WBT3 8.5 8 Time between Peaks Rank D D2 Order 9.5 90.25 5.5 7.5 56.25 5.5 2 4 12 1 1 11 3 9 14 1.5 2.25 3.5 4.5 20.25 1.5 4.5 20.25 3.5 10.5 110.25 1.5 7.5 56.25 8.5 12 144 14 11 121 14 1.5 2.25 8.5 4.5 20.25 8.5 0.5 0.25 8.5 ZD2 = 657.5 r = -0.17 Experts' Rank Order D D2 15 9.5 90.25 14 8.5 72.25 13 1 1 11 0 0 12 2 4 10 6.5 42.25 8 6.5 42.25 9 5.5 30.25 7 5.5 30.25 1 7.5 56.25 2 12 144 3 11 121 5 3.5 12.25 6 2.5 6.25 4 4.5 20.25 ED2 = 702.75 r = -0.25 173 Table 54 Rank Order Correlations Angular Displacement between Max. Peaks Force Rank Rank T r i a l Order Order MCT1 6 15 MCT2 6 13 MCT3 6 14 DMT1 12 10 DMT2 14 11 DMT3 11 5 JTT1 4 6 JTT2 1 8 JTT3 2 12 RHT1 3 1 RHT2 14 2 RHT3 14 3 WBT1 9 7 WBT2 10 4 WBT3 8 8 D 9 7 8 2 3 6 2 7 10 2 12 11 2 6 0 Angular Displacement between Peaks Rank D2 Order 6 6 6 12 14 11 4 1 2 3 14 14 9 10 8 81 49 64 4 9 36 4 49 100 4 144 121 4 36 0 ED2 =657 r = -0.17 Experts' Rank Order 15 14 13 11 12 10 8 9 7 1 2 3 5 6 4 D Dz 9 81 8 64 7 49 1 1 2 4 1 1 4 16 8 64 5 25 2 4 12 144 11 121 4 16 4 16 4 16 ED2 = 622 r = -0.11 174 Table 55 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l MCT1 MCT2 MCT3 DMT1 DMT2 DMT3 J.TT1 JTT2 JTT3 RHT1 RHT2 RHT3 WBT1 WBT2 WBT3 Kipping Angle Rank Order 9.5 4 1 9.5 7 12 14 15 13 2 4 4 6 9.5 9.5 Max. Force Rank Order 15 13 14 10 11 5 6 8 12 1 2 3 7 D 13 0.5 4 7 8 7 1 1 2 1 1 5.5 30.25 9 81 169 0.25 16 49 64 49 1 1 4 1 1 4.0 5.5 30.25 8.0 1.5 2.25 Kipping Angle Rank Order 9.5 4 1 9.5 7 12 14 15 13 2 4 4 6 9.5 9.5 Kipping Force Rank Order 14 10 15 3 9 7 11.5 13 11.5 1 4 2 7 5 7 D 2 5 2.5 2 1.5 1 0 2 1 4.5 20.25 6 36 14 196 6.5 42.25 4 25 6.25 4 2.25 1 0 4 1 4.5 20.25 2.5 6.25 ZD2 = 499 0.11 ZD 2 _ r = 368.5 0.35 Table 56 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l Kipping Force Kipping Force Rank Order Max. Force Rank Order D MCT1 1.92 14 15 1 MCT2 2.31 10 13 3 MCT3 1.88 15 14 1 DMT1 2.57 3 10 7 DMT2 2.39 9 11 2 DMT3 2.40 7 5 2 JTT1 2.25 11.5 6 5.5 JTT2 2.21 13 9 4 JTT3 2.25 11.5 12 0.5 RHT1 2.95 1 1 0 RHT2 2.47 4 2 2 RHT3 2.62 2 3 1 WBT1 2.40 7 7 0 WBT2 2.44 5 4 1 WBT3 2.40 7 8 1 ED2 r Kipping Force Experts' Rank Rank D2 Order Order D D2 1 14 15 1 1 9 10 14 3 9 1 15 13 2 4 49 3 11 8 64 4 9 12 3 9 4 7 10 3 9 30.25 11.5 8 3.5 12.25 16 13 9 4 16 0.25 11.5 7 4.5 20.25 0 1 1 0 0 4 4 2 2 4 1 2 3 1 1 0 7 5 2 4 1 5 6 1 1 1 7 4 3 9 121.50 ED2 = 163.5 0.78 r = 0. 71 176 Table 5 7 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l MCT1 MCT2 MCT3 DMT1 DMT2 DMT 3 JTT1 JTT2 JTT3 RHT1 RHT2 RHT3 WBT1 WBT2 WBT3 Total Range Rank Order 8 7 5.5 10 5.5 4 14.5 9 14.5 2.5 1.0 2.5 11 12 13 Experts' Rank Order 15 14 13 11 12 10 8 9 7 1 2 3 5 6 4 D 7 7 7.5 1.0 6.5 6.0 6.5 0 7.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 6 6 9 ED2 = Dz 49 49 56.25 1 42.25 36 42.25 0 56.25 2.25 1 0.25 36 36 81 488.5 0.13 Total Range Rank Order 8 7 5.5 10 5 .5 4 14.5 9 14.5 2.5 1 2.5 11 12 13 Max. Force Rank Order 15 13 14 10 11 5 6 8 12 1 2 3 7 4 8 D 7 6 8.5 0 5.5 1 8.5 1 2.5 1.5 1 0.5 4 8 5 ED2 r = Dz 49 36 72.25 0 30.24 1 72.25 1 6.25 2.25 1 0.25 16 64 25 376.5 0.33 Table 58 Rank Order Correlations T r i a l Kipping Force Rank Order Gradient Down Kip Rank Order D D2 Kipping Force Rank Order Gradient Up Kip Rank Order D D2 Kipping Force Rank Order Mean Gradient Kip Rank Order D D2 MCT1 14 15 1 1 14 15 1 1 14 15 1 1 MCT2 10 13 3 9 10 14 4 16 10 13 3 9 MCT3 15 14 1 1 15 13 2 4 15 14 1 1 DMT1 3 8 5 25 3 12 9 81 3 10 7 49 DMT2 9 10 1 1 9 10 1 1 9 12 3 9 DMT 3 7 9 2 4 7 11 4 16 7 11 4 16 JTT1 11.5 7 4.5 20.25 11.5 7 4.5 20.25 11.5 7 4.5 20.25 JTT2 13 12 1 1 13 9 4 16 13 9 4 16 JTT3 11.5 11 0.5 0.25 11.5 8 3.5 12.25 11.5 8 3.5 12.25 RHT1 1 5 4 16 1 3 2 4 1 5 4 16 RHT2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 RHT3 2 4 2 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 2 4 WBT1 7 2 5 25 7 2 5 25 7 2 5 25 WBT2 5 1 4 16 5 4 1 1 5 1 4 16 WBT3 7 3 4 ED2 r 16 = 143.5 = 0.744 7 5 2 ZD2 r 4 = 206.5 = 0.635 7 3 4 ZD2 r 16 = 214.5 = 0.62 Table 59 Rank Order Correlations Amount Gradient Amount Amount Rise Up Kipping Rise Kipping Drop Hips Kip Force Hips Force Hips Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank T r i a l Order Order D D2 Order Order D D2 Order Order D . D2 MCT1 15 15 0 0 14 15 1 1 14 15 1 1 MCT2 13.5 14 0.5 0.25 10 13.5 3.5 12.25 10 13 3 9 MCT3 13.5 13 0.5 0.25 15 13.5 1.5 2.25 15 14 1 1 DMT1 12 12 0 0 3 12 9 81 3 6.5 3.5 12.25 DMT2 10.5 10 0.5 0.25 9 10.5 1.5 2.25 9 6.5 2.5 6.25 DMT3 10.5 11 0.5 0.25 7 10.5 3.5 12.25 7 5 2 4 JTT1 7 7 0 0 11.5 7 4.5 20.25 11.5 4 7.5 56.25 JTT2 8.5 9 0.5 0.25 13 8.5 5.5 30.25 13 9 4 16 JTT3 8.5 8 0.5 0.25 11.5 8.5 3.0 9 11.5 8 3.5 12.25 RHT1 3 3 0 0 1 3 2 4 1 11 10 100 RHT2 1 6 5 25 4 1 3 9 4 10 6 36 RHT3 2 1 1 1 2 2 0 0 2 12 10 100 WBT1 4 2 2 4 7 4 3 9 7 2.5 4.5 20.25 WBT2 6 4 2 4 5 6 1 1 5 1 4 16 WBT3 5 5 0 0 7 5 2 4 7 2.5 4.5 20.25 ZD2 = 35.5 ZD2 = 197.5 ZD2 = 410.5 r = .937 r = 0.648 r = 0.267 "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0077119"@en . "eng"@en . "Physical Education"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "Biomechanical analysis of the dislocate"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/20548"@en .