"Applied Science, Faculty of"@en . "Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Cheung, Bing H."@en . "2009-03-07T00:00:00"@en . "1996"@en . "Master of Applied Science - MASc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Current CDMA networks do not support soft handoffs between adjacent cell-clusters\r\nserviced by different mobile switching centers (MSCs). Three novel network configurations are proposed here to overcome this limitation. To allow diversity combining of signals, configurations I and II employ cross links from boundary cells to MSCs serving opposite cell-clusters. On the other hand, configuration in direcdy connects the MSCs of adjacent cell-clusters together to accomplish this objective. A channel assignment scheme associated with configuration I is proposed to reduce the handoff blocking probability by lengthening the handoff transition time. Configuration II expands each cell-cluster by some layers of cells which overlap with adjacent cell-clusters, thus enabling the use of\r\ndifferent inter-cluster handoff regions for different handoff directions, an innovation which prevents handoff oscillations which may occur in configuration I while also reducing the necessary number of inter-cluster handoffs. Configuration in accommodates the highest number of calls of the three configurations by allowing the handoff and new calls to fully share the channels linking each cell to the respective MSC. A secondary contribution of this thesis is the development-of a mobility model which enables dimensioning of trunk groups for each configuration. In configurations I and II, the optimal partitioning of trunk\r\ngroups serving a boundary cell into direct and cross links is determined by mathematical\r\nanalysis and computer simulation. For configuration IB, the optimal number of trunks required to interconnect adjacent MSCs is investigated by computer simulation. Both vehicle and pedestrian traffic is examined and the performance in all three configurations is compared. Each configuration has its own distinct features: scheme I, configuration I is the simplest; scheme II, configuration I produces the lowest handoff blocking probability\r\nby trading off the new call blocking probability; configuration II eliminates the handoff oscillations and reduces the number of inter-cluster handoffs; configuration IE provides the best trunking efficiency to accommodate the highest number of calls."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/5714?expand=metadata"@en . "4446959 bytes"@en . "application/pdf"@en . "NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS FOR SEAMLESS SUPPORT OF CDMA SOFT HANDOFFS BETWEEN CELL-CLUSTERS by BING H. CHEUNG B.A.Sc, The University of British Columbia, 1994 A THESIS S U B M I T T E D IN P A R T I A L F U L F I L L M E N T O F T H E R E Q U I R E M E N T S F O R T H E D E G R E E O F M A S T E R O F A P P L I E D S C I E N C E in T H E F A C U L T Y O F G R A D U A T E STUDIES D E P A R T M E N T O F E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard T H E UNIVERSITY O F BRITISH C O L U M B I A December 1996 \u00C2\u00A9 Bing H . Cheung, 1996 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of BUci^gS Cr. relative to the M T ' s travelling direction iri the previous moving interval. Finally, random variable T stands for the unencumbered message duration, which is negatively exponential distributed with mean l/fi. The following equations shows the 8 probability density functions of the above random variables: / r ( r ) = ( 2 r / ( 7 i ? ) 2 , f o r 0 < r < 7 i 2 r i 0, elsewhere (1) r ( m = / 1 / 2 t , f o r O < 0 < 2 7 r \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \ 0, elsewhere / T ( t ) = ( ^ T ' for 0 < t < T m _ m a i ( 3 ) 10, elsewhere faty _ I ' i i jLa . ' f o r 0 - ' - (4) 10, elsewhere f / V ^ \u00E2\u0080\u0094 ' for 0 < u < y m a x ^ JV{v) = < v\u00E2\u0084\u00A2* (5) (0 , elsewhere. fr(t) = { ^ f O T i \" \u00C2\u00B0 (6) (0 , elsewhere. Let a, (3 and 7 be the ratios of the number of MTs which originate calls from R 500 m. In contrast, the values of a are much greater than the corresponding values of ft and 7, showing that most handoff calls originate from immediately adjacent cells. The values of 8 are the next largest values to 11 the corresponding values of a and therefore they cannot be neglected. Table 2.1 shows the 99% confidence level of the results at R - 500 m and p = 0.25 in 20 trials. Because the ranges of confidence intervals of these results are very narrow, the results for other values of R and p are also expected to be close to mean values. _ 100 = 180\u00C2\u00B0 . The range of R gives the size of a microcell in a park or a mall. Tm_max is about the time required for a pedestrian to walk the length of two blocks in a mall and Ts max is about the time interval required by a pedestrian to find a place to sit down and talk on the phone. Vmax is approximately the maximum speed of a pedestrian who is in a hurry. The value l//x for pedestrian calls is assumed to be the same as vehicle 16 calls. The chosen value (/) for pedestrians is larger than that for vehicles, showing that the movements of pedestrians are more random than those of vehicles. Figure 2.9 shows the mean channel holding time l/fj,j versus cell sizes with various pedestrian traffic conditions. The mean channel holding time for pedestrians is longer than that for vehicles since the mobility of pedestrians is slower than that of vehicles. Figure 2.10 shows handoff call ratio a versus cell size under various pedestrian traffic conditions. The values of a for pedestrians are smaller than those for vehicles, showing that most pedestrians stay in the same cell during their calls. The values of (3 and 7 are too small to have any effect on pedestrian traffic, showing that it is very rare for a pedestrian to pass through more than one cell during a call. Figure 2.11 shows the values of S in pedestrian traffic where the trend is different from the trend of vehicles because of different values of (f> chosen. 100 . 150 200 250 300 Cell radius R (m) Figure 2.9 Mean channel holding time l/fxj vs. cell size for various pedestrian traffic 17 200 Cell radius 300 R (m) Figure 2.10 Values of a vs. cell size for various pedestrian traffic 0.13 200 Cell radius R 250 (m) 300 Figure 2.11 Values of 6 vs. cell size for various pedestrian traffic 18 The value of K is chosen to be 20 for evaluation of the handoff transition time of pedestrian traffic, according to the square rule for signal propagation in smaller microcells [23, 24]. The microcells for vehicle traffic are bigger and the M T is usually out of sight of the BS; furthermore, signal strength from the BS is greatly attenuated by the surrounding buildings. On the other hand, the microcells for pedestrians traffic are smaller, and the M T tends to be in the line of sight of the BS. The value of pathloss slope K for pedestrians is therefore smaller than that for vehicles. The pathloss slope K for pedestrians is close to the pathloss slope value of free space [8]. By putting the chosen value of K into equation (7), the handoff transition region for pedestrians is about 68% of the area of the microcells, a value which is consistent with that suggested in [23] for keeping the probability of handoff termination less than 0.01. The handoff transition region for pedestrians occupies a larger percentage of the area of the microcells than that for vehicles because the cell size for pedestrians is smaller than that for vehicles. Figure 2.12 shows the mean handoff transition time 1//J,2 verses different cell sizes with various pedestrian traffic conditions. The mean handoff transition time in pedestrian traffic is longer than that in vehicle traffic because the movement of pedestrians is slower than that of vehicles. The results for R = 150 m and p = 0.25 (moderate traffic) are chosen for channel dimensions of the B S - M S C links in the network configurations, and the data are shown in Appendix B. 19 20 Chapter 3 NETWORK CONFIGURATION I This chapter describes the first proposed network configuration, the simplest of the three network configurations. The available 62 channels from each BS are partitioned into direct links and cross links for the minimum handoff blocking probability. Two channel assignment schemes are proposed, one of them lengthening the handoff transition time so as to lower the handoff blocking probability. 3.1 Description and Operation In configuration I, each pair of microcells at the edge of two adjacent cell-clusters are cross-linked with the M S C s serving the opposing cell-clusters. This linkage is illustrated in Figure 3.1, where microcells 1 and 2 are adjacent at the boundary of two neighboring cell-clusters; direct links L A I and LB2 connect M S C s A and B to microcells 1 and 2, respectively, and cross links of L A 2 and L B I interconnect microcells 2 and 1 to M S C s A and B, respectively. The addition of the cross links enables soft handoffs between the two microcells by allowing diversity combining of received signals at the M S C s and M T s during the handoff process. The soft handoff operation between microcells 1 and 2 is described below. Consider a M T moving from microcell 1 to 2. When the M T enters the handoff region, a C D M A channel is assigned in microcell 2 to enable the M T to communicate simultaneously with both BSs 1 and 2. Initially, the M T ' s call is routed through M S C A and its connections to BSs 1 and 2 via direct link L A I and cross link LA2> respectively; diversity combining occurs at M S C A for the reverse channel and at the M T for the forward channel. At the same time, network signaling is invoked, possibly through the IN, to set up a new network connection to M S C B for the handoff between the cell-clusters. When a successful connection occurs, an alternate route for the call exists, through M S C B and its connections to BSs 1 and 2 via cross link L B I and direct link 21 Handoff region Microcell o Base station Mobile switching centre Figure 3.1 Network configuration I L B 2 , respectively. At this point, the forward signal for the M T is available at M S C B from the network but is not yet forwarded to the M T over the air interface via L B I and L R 2 ; likewise, the reverse signal from the M T is available at M S C B via L B I and L B 2 but is not yet forwarded to the network. A seamless handoff between the network connections now occurs (either through the connection architecture and protocols proposed in [17], or through IN services) to switch the network connection from M S C A to M S C B. This process completes the new connection for the reverse traffic over the network and for the forward traffic over BSs 1 and 2 via L B I and L B 2 , respectively. When the new connection is in full operation, the old network connection to M S C A and the connections from M S C A to BSs 1 and 2 via L A i and L A 2 are dropped. As soon as the signal strength for the M T has fallen below a certain threshold in microcell 1, cross link L B I and the corresponding 22 C D M A channel in microcell 1 are dropped. This concludes the handoff operation: the M T now communicates exclusively through BS 2 and M S C B. In the above handoff operation, as long as the M T which has moved from microcell 1 to 2 stays in microcell 2, communications will not be disrupted regardless of any delay in completing the new handoff connection to M S C B over the network. It is therefore expected that the IN will be quite capable of handling the network portion of the handoff between M S C A and M S C B. In fact, if the completion of the handoff from M S C A to B is delayed, possible oscillations between the handoff connections due to the M T moving back and forth across the boundary of cell-clusters will be reduced. However, the delay in the handoff completion reduces the traffic capacity of each microcell while increasing the cross-link capacity required. Due to these trade-offs, a certain degree of oscillations is unavoidable. This oscillations may increase the signalling traffic in the network. However, configuration II, to be presented in the next chapter, completely prevents oscillations from occurring. 3.2 Channel Dimensions The objective is to determine the number of channels required for direct link L A I and cross link L A 2 as illustrated in Figure 3.1. By symmetry, links L B 2 and L g i require the same number of channels as links L A I and LA2> respectively. Let \ 0 be the rate at which new calls arrive in a microcell. Assume all arrival processes are Poisson. The total arrival rate at direct link L A i is (\+a+8)\0 which is contributed by originating calls, \ 0 , and handoff calls, (a+8)\0. The total arrival rate at cross link LA2.1S (2/3)(a+S)X0 which is contributed solely by handoff'calls, (a+6)\0. These handoff calls come from two sides of a six-sided hexagonal cell and these handoff calls in either directions from microcell 1 to 2 and from microcell 2 to 1 are taken into account. Therefore, there is a factor (2/3) in the arrival rate of cross link LA2- Because the values of 0 and 7 are relatively small compared to the value of (l+a+8), the factors ft and 7 are neglected. 23 For cross link L A 2 , assume the channel holding time for the MTs passing through the handoff region (the handoff transition time) is exponentially distributed with mean 1/^2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 In all the following mathematical analyses, link blocking probabilities have been taken into the account; however, for the sake of simplicity, they will not be shown in subsequent equations. For example, the arrival rate at di-rect link L A I is shown to be (l+a+)A0. More precisely, the arrival rate at direct link L A i should be { l+[(l/3)(l-PB(LB2)(l-PB(LBi))H2/3)(l-PB(L))]a + 1(\I3){\-PB(La1){1-PB(LA2))(\-PB(LB2^^ }A0, a formula which takes into the account of the fact that some calls have already been blocked in other links during call originating before they may contribute to handoff arrivals in link L A I , where PB(Lx)s are the blocking probabilities of the respective links Lx. The factor, (V3)(1-PB(LB2)(1-PB(LBI))+(2/3)(1-PB(L)), is multiplied to the value a to show that a portion of a\0 handoff calls are blocked because these handoff calls have utilized links L B 2 , L B I and other direct links before they handoff to link L A I . The new call and handoff blocking probabilities are then obtained by the equations derived with these link blocking probabilities by iteration. There are two possible channel assignment schemes, according to the-amount of channel holding time over cross links during the soft handoffs. The two assignment schemes are described as follows: 3.2.1 Channel Assignment Scheme I The first channel assignment scheme provides a simple algorithm for C D M A soft handoffs between cell-clusters in network configuration I. Its description is as follows: 3.2.1.1 Description In channel assignment scheme I, when a M T handoffs from microcell 1 to 2, the handoff is successful when a channel in direct link L B 2 is available. However, if no channel is available in direct link L B 2 , the handoff call is blocked and dropped 24 immediately. The blocking probability PB of each link is given by the Erlang B formula [26]: \u00C2\u00A3 Pnln\ n=0 where p = X/p is the Erlang load, and m is the number of channels in the corresponding link. Let PB(LAI) and PB(LB2) be the blocking probabilities of cross link L A 2 and direct link LB2 , respectively. The following equation shows the handoff blocking probability PBHII between the two cell-clusters: PBhii = PB(LA2) + [1 - PB(LA2)}PB(LB2). (9) 3.2.1.2 Results for Vehicle Traffic Subject to the constraint that the total number of channels in links L A 2 and LB2 equals 62, the cell-cluster handoff blocking probability PBMI can be minimized with respect to the channel dimensions of links L A 2 and LB2- When \ 0 = 2000/hr/cell, Figure 3.2 shows that in order to minimize PBMI-, 53 channels should be assigned to direct link LB2 and the remaining 9 channels to cross link L A 2 . Table 3.1 shows the vehicle traffic parameters for scheme I, configuration I, and the channel dimensions minimizing Pshii at 1800 < \ 0 < 2300/hr/cell. Figure 3.3 shows the blocking probability PB of direct and cross links for optimal channel dimensions at X0 - 2000/hr/cell. The blocking probability PB(LAI) of direct link L A i is more susceptible to the new call arrival rate \ 0 than that PB(LA2) of cross link L A 2 because the handoff call arrival rate for cross link L A 2 is only a small proportion of the new call arrival rate. Figure 3.4 shows the new call and handoff blocking probabilities with optimal channel dimensions at 1800 < A 0 < 2300/hr/cell. The handoff blocking probability is higher than the new call blocking probability because both direct and cross links are required for a successful handoff call. From the M T user's point of view, the termination of an ongoing call is less desirable than the blocking of a new call. Consequently, the results of the new call and handoff blocking probabilities in channel 25 assignment scheme I are not so desirable; therefore, a second channel assignment scheme is developed in Section 3.2.2 and it will lower the handoff blocking probability. Number of channels in cross link L A 2 Figure 3.2 Inter-cluster handoff blocking probability for channel assignment scheme I in configuration I, Pshii, VS. number of channels in L A 2 at X0 = 2000/hr/cell for vehicle traffic Table 3.1 Vehicle traffic parameters of channel assignment scheme I in configuration I Connecting Arrival rate Channel Channel dimensions to minimize Pghll links holding time 1800 < X0 < 2000 2100 L B 1 (2/3)(a+6)X0 VH2 9 8 26 New call arrival rate X0 (per hr per cell) Figure 3.3 Blocking probability PB of direct and cross links with optimal channel dimensions at \ 0 = 2000/hr/cell of scheme I in configuration I for vehicle traffic 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 New call arrival rate X0 (per hr per cell) Figure 3.4 New call and handoff blocking probability of scheme I in configuration I with optimal channel dimensions for vehicle traffic 27 The previous paragraph has assumed that 62 forward/reverse channels are at each BS; in fact, this number is the minimum total number of channels in the direct and cross links. The blocking probabilities can be reduced by increasing the total number of direct-link-and-cross-link channels to more than 62. Figure 3.5 shows optimal dimensions of cross links at A 0 = 2000/hr/cell, when there are more than 62 channels available for direct and cross links. This result is obtained by the Erlang B equation (8) and equation (9) with increased values of m. Figure 3.6 shows that adding extra channels to the present 62 channels significantly reduces the new call and handoff blocking probabilities. 12 i : 1 62 63 64 ' 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Sum of channels in direct and cross links Figure 3.5 Channel dimensions of scheme I in configuration I at \0 = 2000/hr/cell for vehicle traffic 28 Figure 3.6 New call and handoff blocking probability of scheme I in configuration I vs. total no. of channels in direct and cross links at X0 = 2000/hr/cell for vehicle traffic According to the mobility model in Chapter 2, different cell sizes and traffic con-ditions have different channel holding times, handoff call ratios and handoff transition times. The optimal channel dimensions to minimize handoff blocking probability, PBMU with new call blocking probability, Psn < 0.01, for different parameters in the mobility model have been investigated and the results are tabulated in Table 3.2. This table shows that more channels in cross links are required when ceils are smaller and the mobility is higher (light traffic). Figure 3.7 shows the maximum new call arrival rate X0 that scheme I, configuration I, can accommodate in these situations. As expected, the traffic capacity increases when the cell size decreases. The handoff blocking probability PBUI in the mobility model ranges from 0.011 to 0.014. 29 Table 3.2 Effects of mobility parameter and cell size on channel dimensions of. scheme I in configuration I with PBn < 0.01 for vehicle traffic L a i > L-A2 Probability of entering stopping interval p 0.0 0.25 0.5 Cell radius (m) 300 53, 9 53, 9 54, 8 R 400 53, 9 53, 9 54, 8 500 53, 9 53, 9 54, 8 600 53, 9 53, 9 54, 8 700 53, 9 54, 8 54, 8 800 53, 9 54, 8 54, 8 900 53, 9 54, 8 55, 7 1000 54, 8 54, 8 , 55, 7 300 400 500 600 700- 800 900 1000 Cell radius R (m) Figure 3.7 Max. new call arrival rate of scheme I in configuration I with Psn < 0.01 and optimal channel dimensions for vehicle traffic 3.2.1.3 RESULTS FOR PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC The performance of pedestrian traffic in scheme I, configuration I, is investigated in the same manner as the performance of vehicle traffic. The total number of channels for direct and cross links is still capped at 62. Figure 3.8 shows that 54 channels should 30 be assigned to direct link L B 2 and the remaining 8 channels to cross link LAZ so as to minimize PBMI at X0 = 1400/hr/cell. Table 3.3 shows the pedestrian traffic parameters for scheme I, configuration I, and the channel dimensions minimizing PBMI at 1200 < X0 < 1700/hr/cell. Figure 3.9 shows the blocking probability PB of the corresponding link for optimal channel dimensions at Xa = 1400/hr/cell. The blocking probability PB(LAI) of direct link L A I increases at a larger rate with respect to the new call arrival rate X0 than PB(LA2) of cross link LA2 for pedestrian traffic due to the same reason as in vehicle traffic. The new call and handoff blocking probabilities when the optimal channel dimensions are employed at 1200 < X0 < 1700/hr/cell are shown in Figure 3.10. The handoff blocking probability is higher than the new call blocking probability for pedestrian traffic due to the same reason for vehicle traffic. The relatively high handoff blocking probability can be reduced by channel assignment scheme II in Section 3.2.2. -SI >P 0.024 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2s X> o a, BO a a o o T3 u 3 0.022 h 0.02 h 0.018 0.016 0.014 \u00E2\u0080\u00A25 0.012 \u00C2\u00AB 0.01 8 9 10 Number of channels in cross link L A 2 11 Figure 3.8 Inter-cluster handoff blocking probability for channel assignment scheme I in configuration I, PBMU VS. number of channels in L A 2 at XQ - 1400/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic 31 Table 3.3 Pedestrian traffic parameters of channel assignment scheme I in configuration I Connecting links Arrival rate Channel holding time Channel dimensions to minimize 1200 < \ 0 < 1300 1400 < \ 0 < 1700 L A I , LB2 (l+a+6)X0 53 54 L-A2* L B i (2/3)(a+S)\0 l/>2 9 8 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 New call arrival rate (per hr per ceU) Figure 3.9 Blocking probability Pg of direct and cross links of scheme I in configuration I with optimal channel dimensions at \ 0 = 1400/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic 32 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 New call arrival rate \ 0 (per hr per cell) Figure 3.10 New call and handoff blocking probability of scheme I in configuration I with optimal channel dimensions for pedestrian traffic Figure 3.11 shows optimal channel dimensions of cross links at \ 0 = 2000/hr/cell when more than 62 channels are available for direct and cross links. Similar to the performance of vehicle traffic, Figure 3.12 shows that adding extra channels to the existing 62 channels for direct and cross links significantly reduces new call and handoff blocking probabilities for pedestrian traffic. 33 12 62 63 64 65 66 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Sum of channels in direct and cross links Figure 3.11 Channel dimensions of scheme I in configuration I at \ Q = 2000/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Total no. of channels in direct and cross links Figure 3.12 New call and handoff blocking probability of scheme I in configuration I vs. total no. of channels in direct and cross links at A 0 = 1400/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic 34 In regard to pedestrian mobility, the optimal channel dimensions to minimize handoff blocking probability Pshii with new call blocking probability, PBH < 0.01, have been investigated and the results are tabulated in Table 3.4. This table shows that similar to the performance of vehicle traffic, more channels in cross links are required when cells shrink and mobility increases (fight traffic) for pedestrian traffic. Figure 3.13 shows the maximum new call arrival rate A 0 that scheme I, configuration I, can accommodate under these situations. Figures 3.7 and 3.13 show the same behavior for both vehicle and pedestrian traffic: the traffic capacity in the microcell increases as the cell size decreases. The handoff blocking probability PBUI for pedestrian traffic in all these cases ranges from 0.011 to 0.014, the same range as for vehicle traffic. Table 3.4 Effect of mobility parameter and cell size on channel dimensions of scheme I in configuration I with Psn < 0.01 according to the mobility model for pedestrian traffic L a i > L A 2 Probability of entering stopping interval p 0.0 0.25 0.5 Cell radius (m) R 100 52, 10 53, 9 53, 9 150 53, 9 53, 9 54, 8 200 53, 9 54, 8 55,7 250 54, 8 54, 8 55, 7 300 54, 8 55, 7 56,6 35 1550 p = 0.5 p = 0.25 - & p = 0.0 - \u00C2\u00A9 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 1300 1250 100 150 200 250 300 Cell radius R (m) Figure 3.13 Max. new call arrival rate of scheme I in configuration I with Pgn < 0.01 and optimal channel dimensions for pedestrian traffic 3.2.2 Channel Assignment Scheme II Channel assignment scheme II is an alternative handoff procedure which lengthens the handoff transition time in cross links. The handoff blocking probability in scheme II is much lower than that in scheme I, a feature that is more desirable from the M T user's point of view. 3.2.2.1 Description In channel assignment scheme II, if no channel is available in direct link LR2 when a M T handoffs from microcell 1 to 2, the handoff call is maintained by the existing channel in cross link L A 2 until either the M T leaves microcell 2 or a channel in direct link L B 2 becomes available. The M T can still maintain the call through cross link L A 2 even if no channel is available in direct link L B 2 as long as it stays in microcell 2. If the M T moves away from microcell 2 when the call is still being handled by cross link L A 2 , the call will have to be dropped, however. This scheme helps to reduce the handoff blocking probability between cell-clusters. 36 Several schemes have been proposed to reduce the handoff blocking probability [18, 27-31]. The derivation of blocking probabilities in channel assignment scheme II is similar to the derivation of those of the priority scheme II without any guard channel in [18]. The size of queue is infinite in [18], but the size of queue is finite in this channel assignment scheme. Assume that C and Cq channels are in direct link L A 1 and cross link I_A2, respectively. By symmetry, links LB2 and L B I require the same number of channels as links L A I and L A 2 , respectively. A hew call in microcell 2 is blocked when all the C channels in direct link L B 2 are fully occupied. At this moment, if a handoff call arrives from cross link L A 2 , cross link L A 2 will try to maintain this call for as long as the M T is in microcell 2. Effectively, the handoff call is in a queue, waiting for an available channel in direct link LB2- If a channel becomes available in direct link LB2> the available channel will be assigned to the first handoff call waiting in the queue in cross link L A 2 - If more than one handoff calls are waiting in the queue in cross link L A 2 , the principle of \"first come first served\" (FCFS) applies. That is, the handoff calls in cross link L A 2 are allowed to queue with a buffer size equal to the number of channels Cq available in cross link LA2- The buffers are not real. Therefore, there are no physical limitations on buffer size except the number of channels Cq in cross links. When all the channels in direct link L B 2 are fully occupied, the waiting time for the completion of handoff calls in the channels of cross link L A 2 depends on the channel holding time of MTs in microcell 2, which is exponentially distributed with mean 1/fij, as defined in the mobility model of Chapter 2. Let X be the random variable that the time period beginning at the instant that a handoff call joins the queue in cross link L A 2 and ending at the instant that a channel in direct link LB2 is released. Because C channels serving in direct link LB2 have a service time of l/pj each, the probability density function of the random variable X is given by the following equation: Cjj,\e c ^ i ^ for t > 0 and there is a queue 0, elsewhere (10) 37 Let Ti be the time remaining for the handoff call in the ith queue position before the M T moves out of microcell 2. Given the memoryless property, the random variable T,-is same as the random variable of channel holding time with mean l/fxj, which has been defined in the mobility model of Chapter 2. Let N(t) be the state or occupancy of the queue at time t. From the description of this scheme and the independence of X, ,Tj, T2, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2, Tk, the probability that a queued handoff call will advance by one position or be lost after a time interval h is described as follows: Pr{N(t + h) = C + k - 1 | N(t) = C.+ k} = Pv{X /i}Pr{Ti >h} \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Px{Tk > h} = l - e-(c+fc)Mifc ni) Any new arrival during the time interval h does not change the above condition because only the handoff call already in the queue is considered and its position will not be changed by the new arrival. From (11), it follows the birth and death process and the resulting state transition diagram is shown in Figure 3.14. Let the state variable represent the number of calls trying to get a channel in direct link L A I - For the first C calls, they simply get a channel in direct link L A I , and the arrival rate is (l+a+8)\0 which includes the originating and handoff calls. Beyond this number of calls, only handoff calls may get a channel in direct link L A I by queueing at the Cq channels in cross link Lg2 and thus the arrival rate is (2/3)(a+8)X0. Solving the Markov chain equations [26], the state (1 + a + 5) X0 (1 + a + S) XQ (1/3) (a + 5) ^ (1/3) (a + S) Figure 3.14 State transition diagram for channel assignment scheme II in configuration I 38 probabilities Pn of direct link L b 2 can easily be found as follows: \u00C2\u00A3\u00C2\u00B1%\u00C2\u00AE\u00C2\u00B1Pn_u n = l , 2 , - - . , C &\u00C2\u00B1^Pn_u n = C + l,---,C + Cq c + c q (12) (13) ra=0 The following equations are obtained by solving (12) and (13): C r P\u00C2\u00AB = S2Z n=0 (1 + a + S)\0 Ml n = C + l L (l+tt+g)A0 (l+q+g)A0 I( a +5)A 0 (1 +'a + 6)X0' C \"i (a + \u00C2\u00A3 )A 0 \" > 1 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 > Mi Mi ra! n = 1, 2,- \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 , c -1 0 1 (14) (15) i P o , n = C + l , - - - , C + C , The following equation gives the blocking probability PB0 of an originating call blocked in direct link Lb2^ c + c q PBo = J2 Pn n=C The following equation gives the average queue length NQ for the handoff calls: c\u00E2\u0080\u009E (16) NQ = nPc+n n=0 PBo (17) By the application of Little's theorem, the average waiting time w in the queue is found by the following equation: w = NQ I (a + <*>)A0 (18) From [18], the following equations can be used to find the blocking probability of handoffs between cell-clusters in direct link Lb2- Let Pfh be the probability of a failed handoff attempt occurring after a M T has entered the queue; that is, the M T leaves 39 microcell 2 and prior to its coming into the first queue position and getting a channel. Let Pfh/k be the probability that the attempt fails given that it enters the queue in position k+l. pfh = pc+kPfh\k k=0 (19) Let P(i I i+l) represents the probability that a handoff queued in position i+l moves to position i before the corresponding M T moves away from microcell 2. Given the memoryless property, the following equation is obtained: k 1 - Pfh\k - l[P(z\i + l) .i=l Pr{get channel in first position} (20) A handoff call in position i+l will advance if the remaining time in microcell 2 of the M T exceeds either at least one of the remaining times 7y of calls queued ahead of the referenced call, j = 1, 2, . . ., i, or the minimum remaining holding time, X, of those calls in progress in microcell 2 through link Lb2- A handoff attempt in position i+l will not advance if both the above two conditions are not satisfied. Consequently, the following equation is produced: 1-P(i '|i + l) = Pr{r,-+i X} O O T 2 J J CfMie-Cllinfi1e-'tlV>dT1dT2 (23) o o C C + l From equations (19)-(23), the probability Pfh can be calculated. The following equation gives the blocking probability Ph(Lp,2) that a handoff call will be blocked in direct link L#2'-Ph{LB2) = Pfh + Pc+cq (24) The weighted blocking probability PB(LB2) of direct link L B 2 is as follows: p ( T V { [1 + \u00C2\u00A7(<\u00C2\u00BB + S)]\0}PBO + B(\u00C2\u00AB + S)\o]Ph{LB2) P b ^ = : (i + a+s)x0 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (25) The probability that cross link L A 2 will be blocked given that direct link L B 2 is not blocked is given by equation (7), with the arrival rate = (2/3)(a+f5)A0, the mean service time = l/n2 and m = Cq. The probability that cross link L A 2 will be blocked given that direct link L B 2 is blocked is given by the following equation derived from the two dimensional Markov chain [26]: VX{LB\blocked | LAI blocked} = \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 (26) c, Cq-i . j i=o j=o where the arrival rate and the mean service time for pj are (l/3)(a+$)\0 and 1///2 respectively, and the arrival rate and the mean service time for pi are (l/3)(a+f5)A0 41 and 1//J,2+W, respectively. Appendix C shows the derive of equation (26). The blocking probability PB(LA2) for cross link L A 2 is as follows: PB(LA2) =Pr{.i J42 blocked | LB2 blocked} \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 PB0+ PT{LA2 blocked | L B 2 not blocked} \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (1 - PBo) (27) Finally, the following equation gives the handoff blocking probability PBhlll between cell-clusters: PBMII = PB(LA2) + (I-PB(LA2)) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Pfh' (28) 3.2.2.2 Results for Vehicle Traffic Again, when the total number of channels in L A 2 and LR2 equals 62, the cell-cluster handoff blocking probability PBhiu can be minimized with respect to channel dimensions of links L A 2 and LR2 When A a = 2000/hr/cell, 51 channels should be assigned to direct link LR2 and the remaining 11 channels should be assigned to cross link L A 2 in order to minimize PBMU, as Figure 3.15 details. Table 3.5 shows the vehicle traffic parameters for scheme II, configuration I and the channel dimensions that minimize PBMU at 1800 < \ 0 < 2300/hr/cell. Note that PBMII in Table 3.5 is less sensitive to the channel partitioning than PBMI in Table 3.1. More channels are assigned to cross link L B I in scheme II than in scheme I because in scheme II, channels in cross link L B I having longer holding times to service the prolonged handoff calls. Figure 3.16 shows the blocking probability PB(LB2) in direct link LB2- Here, the blocking probability in direct link LB2 is taken as the new call blocking probability. The blocking probability PB(LA2) in cross link L A 2 is too low to be shown for any interest: for example, it is less than 0.0001 for \ 0 = 2000/hr/cell, one-hundredth of the blocking probability PB(LB2) of direct link LB2- Comparison of Figures 3.2 and 3.15 shows that the handoff blocking probability PBMU in scheme II is much lower than the handoff blocking probability PBMI in scheme I. The hew call 42 probability and handoff blocking probability PBHIII with optimal channel dimensions at 1800 < X0 < 2300/hr/call are shown in Figure 3.17. The handoff blocking probability is lower by at least one tenth in scheme II than that in scheme I when Figures 3.17 and 3.4 are compared. However, the new call blocking probability in scheme II is higher than that in scheme I. These results show that scheme II can accommodate more handoff calls than scheme I, but only by sacrificing its ability to accommodate some new calls. The average waiting time w in the queue of cross link L a 2 is 1.1 s. | 0.002 9 10 11 12 13 Number of channels in cross link L A 2 Figure 3.15 Inter-cluster handoff blocking probability for channel assignment scheme II in configuration I, PBhin, vs. number of channels in L a 2 at \ 0 = 2000/hr/cell for vehicle traffic 43 Table 3.5 Vehicle traffic parameters of channel assignment scheme II of configuration I Connecting links Arrival rate Channel holding time Channel dimensions to minimize PBMII 1800 < A 0 < 2300 L A I , LB2 (l+a+8)\0 Via 51' L A 2 , L B I given L B 2> L A I not blocked (2/3)(a+6)X0 11 L A 2 , L B I given (l/3)(a+6)X0 1/M2 LB2> L A I blocked (l/3)(a+6)X0 0.07 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 New call arrival rate Ao (per hr per cell) Figure 3.16 Blocking probability PB of direct link LB2 with optimal channel dimensions at \0 = 2000/hr/cell of scheme II in configuration I for vehicle traffic 44 0.07 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 New call arrival rate X0 (per hr per cell) Figure 3.17 New call and handoff blocking probability of scheme II in configuration I with optimal channel dimensions for vehicle traffic As in scheme I, more than 62 channels can be assigned to direct and cross links in scheme II so as to reduce blocking probabilities. Figure 3.18 shows optimal channel dimensions of cross links when there are more than 62 channels to be partitioned between direct and cross links. Figure 3.19 shows that when there are more than 62 channels available for direct and cross links, extra channels significantly reduce the new call blocking probability. Reduction of the handoff blocking probability is not very pronounced, as this probability is already very low. 45 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Sum of channels in direct and cross links Figure 3.18 Channel dimensions of scheme II in configuration I at \ 0 = 2000/hr/cell for vehicle traffic 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Total no. of channels in direct and cross links Figure 3.19 New call and handoff blocking probability of scheme II in configuration I vs. total no. of channels in direct and cross links at X0 = 2000/hr/cell for vehicle traffic 46 As for scheme I, this thesis investigates optimal channel dimensions for scheme II to minimize handoff blocking probability PBMU according to the mobility model of Chapter 2 with new call blocking probability, PBN < 0.01, and the results of this analysis are tabulated in Table 3.6. This table shows the same trend as Table 3.2 for scheme I: more channels are required in cross links for a larger cell size and faster mobility. Figure 3.20 shows the maximum new call arrival rate \ 0 that scheme II, configuration I, can accommodate under these situations. In comparison with the maximum attainable new call arrival rate of scheme I in Figure 3.7, the maximum attainable new call arrival rate for scheme II in Figure 3.20 is lower, as expected. The handoff blocking probability PBMU in the mobility model ranges from 0.00020 to 0.00027. This range is significantly lower than the corresponding range of PBMI of scheme I. Table 3.6 Effects of mobility parameter and cell size on channel dimensions of scheme II in configuration I with PBN < 0.01 according to the mobility model for vehicle traffic L A I , LA2 Probability of entering stopping interval p 0.0 0.25 0.5 Cell radius (m) 300 50, 12 51, 11 51, 11 R 400 . 50, 12 51, 11 51, 11 500 50,12, 51, 11 51, 11 600 51, 11 51, 11 52, 10 700 51, 11 51,11 52, 10 800 51, 11 51, 11 52, 10 900 51, 11 51, 11 52, 10 1000 51, 11 52, 10 52, 10 47 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Cell radius R (m) Figure 3.20 Max. new call arrival rate of scheme II in configuration I with PBN < 0.01 and optimal channel dimensions according to the mobility model for vehicle traffic 3.2.2.3 RESULTS FOR PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC Similar to the analysis of channel assignment scheme I, this thesis uses the mobility model in Chapter 2 to investigate pedestrian traffic for channel assignment scheme II. Again, with the constraint that the total number of channels in direct links and cross links equals 62, Figure 3.21 shows that 51 channels should be assigned to direct link L-B2 and the remaining 11 channels to cross link L A 2 in order to minimize PBMU at \ 0 = 1400/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic. Table 3.7 shows the pedestrian traffic parameters for scheme II, configuration I and the channel dimensions that would minimize PBMU at 1200 < A 0 < 1700/hr/cell. Similar to the comparison of the performance of vehicle traffic, the number of channels required in cross link L B I of scheme II is more than that required in scheme I for pedestrian traffic because scheme II assigns some channels in cross link L B I to the prolonged handoff calls. Again, the handoff blocking probability PBMU in scheme II is much lower than the handoff blocking probability PBMI in scheme I when Figures 3.8 and 3.21 are compared. Figure 3.22 shows the blocking probability PB(LB2) of direct link LB2 for optimal channel dimension at X0 = 1400/hr/cell. As expected, the blocking probability PB(LA2) of cross link LA2 is too low to be of any interest. The new call and handoff blocking probabilities with optimal channel dimensions at 1200 < X0 < 1700/hr/cell are shown in Figure 3.23. Similar to the performance of vehicle traffic, the handoff blocking probability is much lower in scheme II than in scheme I for pedestrian traffic but the new call blocking probability in scheme II is higher than that in scheme I when Figures 3.23 and 3.10 are compared. 1 0.002 9 10 11 12 13 Number of channels in cross link L A 2 Figure 3.21 Inter-cluster handoff blocking probability for channel assignment scheme II of configuration I, PshiiL vs. number of channels in L A 2 at X0 = 1400/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic 49 Table 3.7 Pedestrian traffic parameters of channel assignment scheme II of configuration I Connecting links Arrival rate Channel holding time Channel dimensions to minimize PBhlll 1200 < X0 < 1600 X0 = 1700 L A I , LB2 (l+a+S)X0 Wi 51 50 L A 2 , L B I given LB2, L A I not blocked (2/3)(a+S)X0 1/M2 11 12 L A 2 , L B I given L B 2 , L A I blocked (l/3)(a+6)X0 Wi (l/3)(a+6)X0 l/{i2+W 0.11 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 New call arrival rate X0 (per hr per cell) Figure 3.22 Blocking probability P# of direct link LB2 with optimal channel dimensions at X0 = 1400/hr/cell of scheme II in configuration I for pedestrian traffic 50 X a x o 2 o C 03 Xi \u00E2\u0080\u00A2a o 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 Handoff blocking probability (simulation) [_] Handoff blocking probability (theoretical) New call blocking probability (simulation) Ul New call blocking probability (theoretical) e\u00E2\u0080\u0094 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 New call arrival rate X0 (per hr per cell) Figure 3.23 New call and handoff blocking probability of scheme II in configuration I with optimal channel dimensions for pedestrian traffic As for scheme I, in scheme II more than 62 channels can be assigned to direct and cross links to reduce blocking probabilities for pedestrian traffic. Figure 3.24 shows optimal channel dimensions of cross links when more than 62 channels are partitioned between direct and cross links. Figure 3.25 shows that such extra channels significantly reduce new call blocking probability. The reduction in the handoff blocking probability PBMU is not very pronounced as this probability is already very low. 51 14 fc 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Sum of channels in direct and cross links Figure 3.24 Effects of mobility parameter and cell size on channel dimensions of scheme II in configuration II at A 0 = 1400/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Total no. of channels in direct and cross links Figure 3.25 New call and handoff blocking probability of scheme II in configuration II vs. total no. of channels in direct and cross links at A 0 = 1400/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic 52 Table 3.8 shows the results of an investigation of optimal channel dimensions to minimize the handoff blocking probability PBMU with new call blocking probability, PBH < 0.01, according to the mobility of pedestrians in Chapter 2. Like Table 3.4 in scheme I, Table 3.8 in scheme II shows that the number of channels in cross links increases with larger cell size and faster mobility. Figure 3.26 shows the maximum new call arrival rate X0 that scheme II, configuration I, can accommodate under these situations. Similar to the performance of vehicle traffic, the comparison between Figures 3.26 and 3.13 in pedestrian traffic shows that the maximum attainable new call arrival rate is lower for scheme II than for scheme I. The handoff blocking probability PBMU in the mobility model ranges from 0.00020 to 0.00027. These values are significantly lower than the corresponding values of PBMI in channel assignment scheme I for pedestrian traffic. Table 3.8 Channel dimensions with PBH < 0.01 of scheme II in configuration I according to the mobility model for the pedestrian traffic L A I , L A 2 Probability of entering stopping interval p 0.0 0.25 0.5 Cell radius (m) R 100 49, 13 ' 50, 12 51, 11 150 50, 12 51, 11 52, 10 200 51, 11 51, 11 52, 10 250 51, 11 52, 10 53, 9 300 52, 10 53, 9 . 53, 9 53 1450 200 Cell radius R (m) 300 Figure 3.26 Max. new call arrival rate of scheme I in configuration I with Psn < 0.01 and optimal channel dimensions for pedestrian traffic 54 Chapter 4 NETWORK CONFIGURATION II This chapter proposes a second network configuration. This network configuration is more complicated than network configuration I because it cross-links additional layers of microcells near the boundary of cell-clusters. That is, the overlap between cell-clusters is increased. Similar to the analysis of configuration I, this configuration dimensions the available 62 channels in each microcell to attain the overall minimum handoff blocking probability. 4.1 Description and Operation A Figure 4.1 Network configuration II 55 To eliminate handoff oscillations which may occur in configuration I, the inter-cluster handoff should be carried out after a M T has moved some distance into the new cell-cluster, as suggested by [15]. Configuration II, illustrated in Figure 4.1, accomplishes this objective. In addition to cross-linking the microcells at the cell-cluster boundary with the M S C s serving neighboring cell-clusters, as in the configuration I, configuration II similarly cross-links the next layer of microcells in the cluster adjacent to the boundary cells with the opposing MSCs . Figure 4.1 also shows that MTs moving from cell-cluster A to B, and those moving in the reverse direction use different inter-cluster handoff regions. For example, a M T in microcell 4 of cell-cluster A , upon moving into microcell 5 of cell-cluster B, delays the handoff from M S C A to B until it reaches the handoff region between microcells 5 and 6, after which it is considered to belong to cell-cluster B . Once the M T belongs to cell-cluster B , even if it moves from microcell 5 back to microcell 4 in cell-cluster A , M S C B still handles the handoff process in the normal manner, and the handoff between M S C s B and A is deferred until the M T crosses the handoff region between microcells 4 and 3. The use of two separate handoff regions completely eliminates the problem of oscillation. Furthermore, M T s originating calls in microcells 4 and 5 are considered to belong to cell-clusters A and B , respectively. A seamless soft handoff between different M S C s occurs exactly as in configuration I when a M T belonging to one cell-cluster enters the handoff region of the opposite cell-cluster. By increasing the complexity of the interconnection network, configuration II over-comes the problem of oscillations occurring during handoffs between cell-clusters. This approach of increasing the complexity of connections can be further extended to include additional layers of cells to be cross-linked between cell-clusters. Effectively, this con-figuration expands the size of cell-clusters as it allows them to overlap. The time it takes an M T to travel through overlapping microcells delays the more complex handoff proce-dures between the M S C s . For example, suppose a M T is moving towards cell-cluster B from A . The handoff between the respective M S C s is not necessary until the M T crosses 56 the boundary of microcells 5 and 6 (instead of the boundary of microcells 4 and 5, as in configuration I). If this delay can be lengthened sufficiendy relative to the durations of most calls, by the cross-linking of additional layers of microcells, the need for handoffs between different M S C s can be significantly reduced. The reduction of handoffs between cell-clusters due to the increase in the overlapping region of cell-cluster will be further discussed in Chapter 6. 4.2 Channel Dimensions Similar to the analysis of configuration I, the following dimensions trunk groups in the cross links and direct links to provide overall minimum handoff blocking probability for configuration II. 4.2.1 DESCRIPTION Figure 4 .1 shows that an appropriate number of channels needs to be assigned to connection links LAJC for k = 3, 4 , 5 and 6. By symmetry, links Lek require the same capacity as links LA(9_k) for k = 3, 4 , 5 and 6. The number of channels required for links L A 3 , L-A5 and L A 6 is governed by the Erlang B equation (8). Link L A 4 is utilized by the traffic with rate A 0 originating from microcell 4 , and by the traffic with rate (2/3)(a+8)X0 handing off from two surrounding microcells in two opposite directions, as well as by the traffic with rate (l/3)(/3 + j)X0 handing off from the layers of microcell 5 and 6 in one direction. As two types of traffic are involved, the number of channels required for link L A 4 is governed by the blocking probability of a two dimensional Markov chain given by equation (26). Let PB(LAIC) and Pni^Bk) be the blocking probability of link LAJC and LBJC for k = 3, 4 , 5 and 6 respectively. The following equation, which is obtained by the weighted sum of handoff blocking probabilities of each type of arrival rate of the whole 57 configuration, gives the overall handoff blocking probability PBHI'-P 5 f c 2 = l - { \u00C2\u00AB A 0 [ 1 -- W A S ) ] + | a A 0 [ l - P 5 ( L A 4 ) ] + |/?Ao[l --PB(LAA)}{1- PB(LA5)} + ^a\0[l - PB(LA5)}+ r A . [ i --PB(LA3)][1- PB(LAi)][l - PB(LA5)][1 - PB(LM)] + 0 -PB(LA3)][1- PB(LA5)][1 - PB(LM)]+ ^ A 0 [ l --PB(LA3)}[1- PB(LM)] + ^8\0[1-PB(LM)}2+ \s\0[l -PB(LA3)][1- PB(L)} + ^6\0[1 - PB(LAA)}2+ 0 | *A 0 [1 -- PB(LA4:)][1- PB(LA5)}}/ j 2a + 4 2 A 0 | Channel assignment schemes I and II can both be applied to configuration II. However, the handoffs between cell-clusters in configuration II have an arrival rate of approximately (l/3)(/?+7)A0 which is very low as shown in the mobility model of Chapter 2. The application of channel assignment scheme II cannot significantly lower the overall handoff blocking probability. Therefore, only channel assignment scheme I is considered in conjunction, with configuration II. In addition, as discussed in the mobility model of Chapter 2, the values of /? and 7, which contribute to the handoff calls between cell-clusters in configuration II, are too small to have any interest for pedestrian traffic. Therefore, configuration II is not important for pedestrian traffic and this situation will not be discussed in this thesis. 4.2.2 Results for Vehicle Traffic Subject to the constraint that the total number of channels in and Lak is 62, this thesis investigates all possible combinations of channel dimensions of L-Ak to obtain the 58 minimum value of Psh2 for k = 3, 4, 5 and 6 at \ 0 = 2200/hr/cell. Both theoretical and simulation results shown in Figure 4.2 shows that in order to obtain the minimum value of PBKI, 61 channels should be assigned to link L A 3 , 53 channels to link L A 4 , 9 channels to link LAS and 1 channel to link L A 6 - The discrepancy between theoretical and simulation values accounts for the fact that the theoretical values are only weighted sums of the handoff blocking probabilities of all types of traffic in the configuration and these values may differ from the exact overall handoff blocking probability in the simulation. Table 4.1 shows the traffic parameters of configuration II and the channel dimensions minimizing Pshi at 1800 < A 0 < 2300/hr/cell. Only one or two channels are required for the link L A 6 because the number of necessary handoffs between M S C s in configuration II is greatly reduced by expanding the overlapping layers of cell-clusters. Figure 4.3 shows the blocking probability, PB, of the direct and cross links with optimal channel dimensions at A 0 = 2200/hr/cell. There is a discrepancy between the theoretical and simulation values of the blocking probability PB(LA6) because the arrival rate at link L A 6 is too small to provide accurate simulation. The blocking probability PB(LA6) which is definitely the main factor contributing for handoffs between M S C s , happens to be the highest among the blocking probabilities of various links; however, it has very little effect on the overall handoff blocking probability PBH2- This result shows that handoffs between M S C s do not greatly contribute to handoff blocking in the configuration because most handoffs are carried out within the same M S C in configuration II as the overlapping layers of cell-clusters increase. The new call blocking probabilities in microcells 3 and 4 and the overall handoff blocking probability, PBH2> with optimal channel dimensions at 1800 < A 0 < 2300/hr/cell are shown in Figure 4.4. The new call blocking probability in cell 3 is lower than that in cell 4 because there are more channels in the direct link of cell 3. The value of handoff blocking probability is between the values of new call blocking probabilities of cell 3 and cell 4. The new call blocking probability in cell 4 is the highest because link L A 4 need to accommodate many types of 59 traffic as shown in Table 4.1 and the number of channels assigned to it is not as many as that to link L A 3 . 3 0.0085 \u00E2\u0080\u00A28 O t-i o< 00 c S 0.0065 a Link LA6: 2 channels (simulation) - - Q -Link LA6: 2 channels (theoretical) \u00E2\u0080\u0094B-Link LA6: 1 channel (simulation) --\u00C2\u00A9-Link LA6V 1 channel (theoretical) \u00E2\u0080\u0094e-9 10 Number of channels in cross link L A 5 11 Figure 4.2 Overall handoff blocking probability in configuration II, Psh2, VS. ' number of channels in cross links L A 5 and L A 6 at \ 0 = 2200/hr/cell. 03 ft, .j? 0.05 1 & 0.04 f-o o O o Q 0.03 0.02 h 0.01 1800 . - - E i -Link LA6: 1 LinkLA6: 1 Link LAS: 9 Link L A 5: 9 Link LA4: 53 Link LA4: 53 LinkLA3: 61 LinkLA3: 61 channels channels channels channels channels channels channels channels (simulation) (theoretical) (simulation) (theoretical) (simulation) (theoretical) (simulation) (theoretical) 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 New call arrival rate X0 (per hr per cell) Figure 4.3 Blocking probability PB of direct and cross links in configuration II with optimal channel dimensions at \ 0 = 2200/hr/cell 60 Table 4.1 Traffic parameters of configuration II Connecting links Arrival rate Channel holding time Channel dimensions to minimize PB/J2 1800 < A 0 < 1900 A 0 = 2000 2100 < \ 0 < 2300 L-A3, LB6 (l+a+6)\0 60 60 61 L-A4, L B 5 . ( l + ( 2 / 3 ) ( a + \u00C2\u00A3 ) ) A 0 VM 52 53 53 (l/3)( /94 7)A 0 L A 5 , L B4 (l/3)(a+/3)A0 i / w 10 9 9 L A 6 , LB3 (l/3)(/?+ 7)A 0 W2 2 2 1 0.025 0.02 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2s x> o a g 0.015 O T3 T3 Handoff blocking probability (simulation) - - B -Handoff blocking probability (theoretical) \u00E2\u0080\u0094 B -New call blocking probability in cell 4 (simulation) - -0-New call blocking probability in cell 4 (theoretical) \u00E2\u0080\u00940-New call blocking probability in cell 3 (simulation) --\u00C2\u00A9-New call blocking probability in cell 3 (theoretical) 2300 New call arrival rate X0 (per hr per cell) Figure 4.4 New call and handoff blocking probability in configuration II with optimal channel dimensions Similar to the analysis in configuration I, more than 62 channels may be assigned to direct and cross links in configuration II to reduce blocking probabilities. Figure 4.5 shows the channel dimensions of cross links when more than 62 channels are used in direct and cross links. When an extra channel is added to the configuration, it is usually added to direct link L A 4 and cross link LA6 because direct link L A 4 (LBS) greatly contributes to the overall handoff blocking probability, arid direct link L A 3 (LB6) has already attained maximum 62 channels and therefore the extra channels are assigned to 61 cross link L A 6 - Figure 4 . 6 shows the new call blocking probabilities in microcells 3 and 4 and the overall handoff blocking probability PBH2 when more than 6 2 channels exist in direct and cross links. Figure 4 . 6 also shows that adding extra channels to the total number of channels shared between direct and cross links reduces the new call blocking probability for cell 4 significantly, the handoff blocking probability to a lesser extent, and the new call blocking probability for cell 3 imperceptibly. The new call blocking probability for cell 4 is significantly reduced by adding extra channels to direct and cross links because the extra channels are usually added to link L A 4 . When the total number of channels in direct and cross links is about 6 8 , all three probabilities are approximately equalized. 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Sum of channels in direct and cross links Figure 4 . 5 Channel dimensions in configuration II for direct and cross links at X0 = 2200 /hr/cell 62 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Total no. of channels in direct and cross links Figure 4.6 New call and overall handoff blocking probability in configuration II vs. total no. of channels in direct and cross links at X0 = 2200/hr/cell Just as the traffic parameters are varied in configuration I, so the traffic parameters in configuration II can be varied according to the mobility model developed in Chapter 2. The optimal channel dimensions to minimize overall handoff blocking probability. Psh2 with different cell sizes and degrees of mobility have been investigated. Table 4.2 shows the optimal channel dimensions to minimize overall handoff blocking probability PBh2, as determined by the use of the mobility model when the new call blocking probability, PBn < 0.01. As is true in configuration I, more channels in cross links are required in configuration II when the cell size decreases and the mobility increases (fight traffic). Figure 4.7 shows the maximum new call arrival rate X0 which can be attained under these situations. In comparison with the maximum new call arrival rate in configuration I of Figures 3.7 and 3.20, configuration II can accommodate a few more new calls than scheme I, configuration I because handoff calls are handled better in configuration II than in scheme I, configuration I. Handoff calls carried out by the same M S C require two links while handoff calls carried out by different M S C s require four separate links. Because 63 some handoff calls between M S C s are replaced by handoff calls within the same M S C in configuration II; thus configuration II can handle somewhat more calls than scheme I, configuration I. The handoff blocking probability Psh2 in the mobility model ranges between 0.0063 and 0.0090 which is lower than that in scheme I, configuration I, but higher than that in scheme II, configuration I. Table 4.2 Effects of mobility parameter and cell size on channel dimensions in configuration II with Pgn < 0.01 LA3> LA4> LA5> L A 6 Probability of entering stopping interval p 0.0 0.25 0.5 Cell radius (m) 300 60, 51, 11, 2 60, 51, 11, 2 60, 53, 9, 2 R 400 60, 51, 11, 2 60, 52, 10, 2 61, 53, 9, 1 500 60, 52, 10, 2 61, 53, 9, 1 , 61, 54, 8, 1 . 600 61, 53, 9, 1 61, 53, 9, 1 61, 54, 8, 1 700 61, 53, 9, 1 61, 54, 8, 1 61, 55, 7, 1 800 61, 53, 9, 1 61, 54, 8, 1 61, 55, 7, 1 900 61, 54, 8, 1 61, 54, 8, 1 61, 55, 7, 1 1000 61, 54, 8, 1 61, 55, 7, 1 61, 56, 6, 1 64 Cell radius R (m) Figure 4.7 Max. new call arrival rate in configuration II with PBn 0.01 and optimal channel dimensions according to the mobility model 65 Chapter 5 NETWORK CONFIGURATION III This chapter proposes a third configuration, one which accommodates the highest number of calls among all three configurations. Configuration in improves on configura-tions I and II by directly connecting the M S C s of different cell-clusters. The calculation of its handoff blocking probability involves several transmission queues which interact in the sense that a traffic stream departing from one queue enters another queue. Unfor-tunately, it is impossible to carry out a precise and effective analysis of this network of queues except for MIMI1 system (Jackson's Theorem) [26]. Therefore, computer sim-ulation employing a model written in Simscript II.5 is used to investigate the handoff blocking probability. 5.1 Description and Operation In the first two configurations, four separate links are involved during soft handoffs. This involvement increases the traffic load and reduces the effective usage of channels in the network. To overcome these disadvantages by aggregating handoff traffic and improving trunking efficiency, this thesis proposes configuration in, shown in Figure 5.1. In addition to the direct links between M S C s and BSs, the M S C s of adjacent cell-clusters are directly connected by a trunk group shared by all calls engaging in soft handoffs between the two cell-clusters. Because forward and reverse signals travel between the M S C s via this trunk group, the M S C s need to be modified as shown in Figure 5.2. In comparison with the structure of a typical M S C as described in [8,. 32], signals from BSs within the same \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 cell-cluster front end switching circuit receiver circuit switching circuit for demodulated signals Modified MSC signals to/from , the front end switching circuits of other MSCs of different cell-clusters demodulated signals to other offices Figure 5.2 Block diagram of modified M S C in configuration III the modified M S C of configuration IE requires an additional switching circuit at the front end to transmit signals between adjacent modified M S C s before diversity combining of signals takes place. In configuration in, since signals from any microcell in a cell-cluster may be routed from the M S C serving that cell-cluster to the M S C serving a neighboring cell-cluster, all 67 the different inter-cluster soft handoff methods presented above for configurations I and II can be realized. As Figure 5.1 shows, the same inter-cluster handoff method applies as in configuration I, since the boundary of cells 8 and 9 serves as the inter-cluster handoff region. Cells 1 and 2 in Figure 3.1 correspond respectively to cells 8 and 9 in Figure 5.1, and cross links L A 2 and L B I are represented respectively in Figure 5.1 by links LR9 and L A 8 concatenated with the M S C - M S C link, L A B - Furthermore, the connections in Figure 5.1, L B 9 and L A 8 , replace the direct links L B 2 and L A i in Figure 3.1, respectively. Figure 5.1 also shows that Configuration in uses the inter-cluster handoff method of configuration II by positioning the handoff region from cluster A to B between cells 9 and 10 and that from cluster B to A between cells 8 and 7. The cross links shown in Figure 4.1 are likewise realized in configuration in by the sharing of the respective direct links in concatenation with the M S C - M S C link L A B in Figure 5.1. Substituting for the corresponding links, the inter-cluster soft handoff procedures described previously for configurations I and II become direcdy applicable to the respective case for configuration in. By direcdy connecting the modified M S C s of adjacent cell-clusters, the operation of the seamless soft handoff for configuration in, which is an improved configuration of I and II, is as follows. When configuration in realizes configuration I, the handoff region between cell-clusters is at the boundary of the microcell 8 and 9. When a M T enters the handoff region from microcells 8 to 9, the M T receives a C D M A channel in microcell 9 in addition to the existing channel in microcell 8. Demodulated signal with an indication of signal quality from BS 9 is then transmitted to the front end switching circuit in modified M S C B which in turns transmits this signal to the receiver circuit of modified M S C A via link L A B - The receiver circuit in modified M S C A then compares the signal from BS 8 and the front end switching circuit of modified M S C B and selects the best quality signal. It is also possible, although more complex, to transmit an undemodulated signal from BS 9 to the front end switching circuit of modified M S C B which in turn transmits 68 the signal to the receiver circuit of modified M S C A ; here, diversity combining takes place with the undemodulated signal from BS 8. As soon as the signal quality from the front end switching circuit of modified M S C B is better than that from BS 8, a seamless handoff of network connections occurs [17], and all signals previously involved are then switched to modified M S C B through the network and the link L A B - Eventually, the signal strength from the front end switching circuit of modified M S C A will drop below a certain threshold, at which time the C D M A channel in microcell 8 and the channel in link L A B c a n be dropped. The seamless soft handoff operation for configuration in as a realization of configuration I is complete. . When configuration in realizes configuration II, two inter cell-cluster handoff regions exist. One appears at the boundary of microcell 9 and 10 for the traffic going from cell-cluster A to B; one at the boundary of microcell 7 and 8 services the traffic moving from cell-cluster B to A . For instance, when a M T travelling from celLcluster A to B passes through the boundary of microcell 8 and 9, it will receive a C D M A channel in microcell 9 in addition to the existing channel it received in microcell 8. The signal from microcell 9 passes, to modified M S C A from the front end switching circuit of modified M S C B through link L A B to combine with the signal from BS 8. When the M T is inside microcell 9, the signal involved is still handled by modified M S C A via link L A B , SO the C D M A channel in microcell 8 can be dropped eventually. When the M T comes to the boundary between microcells 9 and 10, a C D M A channel is assigned from microcell 10 and an additional channel is set up through link L A B - Both signals from microcell 9 and 10 are transmitted to modified M S C A to produce a combination of signals via link L A B - When the signal from microcell 10 is stronger than that from microcell 9, a seamless handoff of network connections occurs [17] and all signals involved are switched to modified M S C B. Then the two channels in link L A B can be dropped. The seamless soft handoff operation for configuration in as a realization of configuration II is complete. In the use of configuration IH to realize the operation of configuration II, the signal 69 from the inner region of a cell-cluster is allowed to be transmitted to the modified M S C of a different cell-cluster for diversity combining. As a result, the soft handoff between cell-clusters is delayed and is carried out in the inner regions of cell-cluster, and thus it reduces the necessary number of inter-cluster handoff and prevents oscillations when MTs roam back and forth across the boundary of adjacent cell-clusters. Because configuration i n allows the 62 channels in the B S - M S C links to be fully shared by new and handoff calls at the same time as it allows the M S C - M S C links to be shared by all inter-cluster handoff calls, this configuration can accommodate more calls than either configuration I and II, and this result will be discussed in Chapter 6. 5.2 Channel Dimensions The lowest number of channels required to attain the theoretical minimum handoff blocking probability between M S C s of different cell-clusters under the constraint of 62 channels in direct links needs to be investigated. In addition, the relationship between the number of channels required in the M S C - M S C link L A B and the number of pair of microcells at the cell-cluster boundary should be examined because of the trunking efficiency in this configuration. These results have been obtained by computer simulations. 5.2.1 Description The number of channels between the modified M S C s needs to be determined. If the number of channels in link L A B is high enough, the bottleneck contributing to the handoff blocking probability will be the 62 channels in the B S - M S C direct links. Theoretically, the minimum handoff blocking probability is equal to the new call blocking probability in B S - M S C direct links: this probability is given by equation (7) with the constraint of m = 62. Using the mobility model described in Chapter 2, a computer simulation model written in Simscript II. 5 is employed to investigate the minimum number of channels 70 required in link L A B to closely approach this theoretical minimum handoff blocking probability. 5.2.2 Results for Vehicle Traffic Figure 5.3 shows the handoff blocking probability for vehicle traffic against the number of channels in link L A B when there is a single pair of microcells at the cell-cluster boundary. This situation employs the same handoff procedure as in scheme I, configuration I. It shows that 9 channels in link L A B suffice to give a handoff blocking probability fairly close to the theoretical minimum possible value achieved by the BS-M S C direct links only, as discussed above. Figure 5.4 shows the minimum number of channels required with various numbers of pairs of microcells at the cell-cluster boundary when the theoretical minimum handoff blocking probability is attained. The trunking efficiency of configuration in is evident in Figure 5.4, since the number of channels required increases 3.3 times when the number of microcells at either side of the cell-cluster boundary increases from 1 to 6. 71 0.035 No. of channels between MSCs Figure 5.3 Blocking probability between a pair of microcells at the boundary of cell-clusters vs. no. of channels between modified M S C s in configuration in at A 0 = 2300/hr/cell for vehicle traffic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. of microcells at the boundary per cell-cluster Figure 5.4 Number of channels between modified M S C s vs. number of pairs of microcells at the boundary in configuration in at \ 0 = 2300/hr/cell for vehicle traffic 72 Figure 5 .5 shows the handoff blocking probability with various numbers of channels in link L A B when four microcells at the boundary of cell-clusters are involved in inter-cluster handoffs, as in configuration II. This figure shows that in order to achieve the handoff blocking probability close to the theoretical minimum, there should be 16 channels in link L A B - The number of channels in link L A B required to realize the handoff method used in configuration II is higher than that in configuration I because extra channels are needed for handoff calls in the inner region of the cell-clusters. Comparison of the new call and handoff blocking probabilities of all three configura-tions shows that configuration i n can accommodate a new call arrival rate of 2300/hr/cell with new call probability about 0.008, which is about 5 - 1 5 % higher than the new call arrival rates in configurations I and II. Supported by concrete data, the next chapter will further compare among these three configurations. No.of channels between MSCs Figure 5 .5 New call and handoff blocking probabilities between a pair of microcells at the boundary of cell-clusters as arranged in configuration II vs. no. of channels between modified M S C s in configuration I E at \ 0 = 2300/hr/cell for vehicle traffic 73 5.2.3 Results for Pedestrian Traffic Employing the same handoff procedure as in scheme I, configuration I, Figure 5.6 shows the handoff blocking probability for pedestrian traffic against the number of channels in link L A B when a single pair of microcells at the cell-cluster boundary is considered in configuration in. It shows that through the link L A B > the same number of channels is needed for pedestrians as for vehicles in order to achieve a handoff blocking probability close to the theoretical minimum value possible. Figure 5.1 shows the minimum number of channels required with various numbers of pairs of microcells at the cell-cluster boundary when the theoretical minimum handoff blocking probability is attained. As shown in Figure 5.7, when the number of microcells at either side of the cell-cluster boundary increases from 1 to 6, configuration in shows the same trunking efficiency for pedestrian traffic as already shown in Figure 5.4 for vehicle traffic: the number of channels is increased only 3.0 times. 6 7 8 9 10 No. of channels between MSCs Figure 5.6 Blocking probability between a pair of microcells at the boundary of cell-clusters vs. no. of channels between modified M S C s in configuration in at \ 0 = 1600/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic 74 0, 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. of microcells at the boundary per cell-cluster Figure 5.7 Number of channels between modified M S C s vs. number of pairs of microcells at the boundary in configuration in at \ 0 = 2300/hr/cell for pedestrian traffic Comparison of new call and handoff blocking probabilities of all three configurations in pedestrian traffic shows that configuration in can accommodate a new call arrival rate of 1600/hr/cell when the new call probability is about 0.009; it has about a 14% higher new call arrival rate than the corresponding values for configurations I and II. The next chapter will further compare the three configurations in regard to pedestrian traffic. 75 Chapter 6 COMPARISONS AMONG THE THREE CONFIGURATIONS The three network configurations have been described in detail in the previous chapters. This chapter compares the performance of these three configurations in terms of the handoff procedures and blocking probabilities. 6.1 Comparison of Handoff Procedures The handoff procedures in the proposed configurations have been discussed in detail in the previous chapters. The comparative advantages and disadvantages of each configuration are summarized as follows: Scheme I, configuration I, is the simplest of the three configurations. However, some degree of oscillations is unavoidable in configuration I when M T s roam back and forth across the cell-cluster boundary because the same handoff region is shared by both MTs moving in one direction and those moving in the opposite direction. Oscillations are undesirable because they increase the signalling traffic in the network. In scheme I, configuration I, the handoff blocking probability is higher than the new call blocking probability as shown previously. This property is undesirable because from the M T user's point of view, forced termination of an ongoing call is clearly less desirable than the blocking of a new call attempt. As a result, scheme II, configuration I, has been proposed to lower the handoff blocking probability by lengthening the handoff transition time in cross links. However, there is a tradeoff: the new call blocking probability in scheme II is higher than that in scheme I because additional channels in the cross links need to be assigned for handoff calls. To prevent oscillations completely, configuration II increases the layers of microcells being cross-linked. MTs travelling in different directions have separate handoff regions, and therefore no handoff between cell-clusters is required after a handoff is carried out 76 even if MTs reverse direction. In addition, by increasing the overlapping region of cell-clusters, configuration II delays the complex handoff procedures between MSCs . If this delay is made long enough relative to the duration of calls, the need for the complex handoff procedures between M S C s can be significantly reduced. Figure 6.1 shows the result of the situation of vehicle traffic by computer simulation. It gives the fraction of M S C handoffs that configuration II can prevent, for two different degrees of overlapping between cell-clusters. Microcell a at the boundary of its cell-cluster is shown adjacent to various layers of microcells in the neighboring cell-clusters, which represent the overlapped regions of cell-clusters and are cross-linked to the M S C serving microcell Cel l radius R (m) Boundary of cell-clusters T w 0 adjacent overlapped cell layers Figure 6.1 Effects of degrees of cell-cluster overlapping to reduce handoffs between M S C s 77 a's cell-cluster. When a M T crosses the boundary of cell-clusters from microcell a, the handoff between M S C s is avoided until the M T moves outside these overlapped cell layers. Movements of the M T s in the simulation follow the mobility model in Chapter 2 with p = 0.25. For R = 500 m, about 80% or 94% of the potential M S C handoffs of vehicle traffic can be avoided if one or two cell layers are overlapped, respectively. In configurations I and II, soft handoffs require the use of four separate links, an arrangement which is an inefficient use of the network. To improve efficiency, configuration in connects adjacent M S C s via a trunk group, providing a better usage of channels in the network by exploiting all 62 channels in direct links for both new and handoff calls. The next section provides comparison of blocking probabilities to verify that configuration in has a higher traffic capacity than configurations I and II. 6.2 Comparisons of Blocking Probabilities The new call and handoff blocking probabilities in all three proposed configurations have been compared in between the previous chapters. Comparison of all these three configurations in terms of new call and handoff blocking probabilities are summarized as follows: Figures 6.2 and 6.3 show new call and handoff blocking probabilities of configuration I and II for vehicle and pedestrian traffic respectively. The handoff blocking probability is higher than the new call blocking probability in scheme I, configuration I, because the channels in both direct and cross links are required for a successful handoff call. In contrast, the handoff blocking probability in scheme II, configuration I, is the lowest in all the configurations because handoff calls are given priority in accessing the direct links. Scheme II, configuration I, proves to be the best iii accommodating handoff calls; however, its new call blocking probability is the highest in all three configurations since this is the necessary tradeoff to achieve the lowest handoff blocking probability. In configuration II, the new call blocking probability in cell 3 is lower than it is in cell 4 78 because more channels are available in the direct link in cell 3. Furthermore, new call and handoff blocking probabilities in configuration II are somewhat lower than they are in scheme I, configuration I, because most handoff calls in configuration II are carried out within the same M S C . 0.07 0.06 0.05 \u00E2\u0080\u00A28 o S-H a, too .3 M o o \u00C2\u00A3 0.04 h o -a o 0.03 0.02 h 0.01 h 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 New call arrival rate AQ (per hr per cell) Handoff blocking probability, Conf. II (simu. Handoff blocking probability, Conf. II (theo. New call blocking probability in cell 4, Conf. II (simu. New call blocking probability in cell 4, Conf. II (theo. New call blocking probability in cell 3, Conf. II (simu. New call blocking probability in cell 3, Conf. II (theo. Handoff blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. II (simu. Handoff blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. II (theo. Handoff blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. I (simu. Handoff blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. I (theo. New call blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. II (simu. New call blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. II (theo. New call blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. I (simu. New call blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. I (theo. - A --X \u00E2\u0080\u0094 -0--o--o-- B -- 0 --e-Figure 6.2 New call and handoff blocking probabilities in configuration I and II with optimal channel dimensions for vehicle traffic 79 0.12 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2-=1 O.n 0.1 a x> o & 0.09 .5 0.08 M o 0.07 Handoff blocking probability, Sch. II (simu.) - - X - -Handoff blocking probability, Sch. n (theo.) \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Handoff blocking probability, Sch. I (simu.) Handoff blocking probability, Sch. I (theo.) \u00E2\u0080\u00940\u00E2\u0080\u0094 New call blocking probability, Sch. II (simu.) - -New call blocking probability, Sch. II (theo.) \u00E2\u0080\u0094 B -New call blocking probability, Sch. I (simu.) --\u00C2\u00A9--New call blocking probability, Sch. I (theo.) 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 New call arrival rate Xr (per hr per cell) Figure 6.3 New call and handoff blocking probabilities in configuration I with optimal channel dimensions for pedestrian traffic Figures 6.4 and 6.5 show the new call and handoff blocking probabilities when the same number of channels exists in both configuration I and UJ for vehicle and pedestrian traffic respectively. In this case, there are total 134 channels for each network configuration. That is, in configuration in, there are two groups of 62 channels in direct links and one group of 10 channels in link L A g between modified M S C s . In configuration I, there are two groups of 58 channels in direct links and two groups of 9 channels in cross links for scheme I and there are two groups of 55 channels in direct links and two groups of 12 channels in cross links for scheme II. Though there is same number of channels in both network configurations, the new call blocking probability is the lowest in configuration in. Also, the handoff blocking probability in configuration in is lower than that in scheme I, configuration I. This result shows that configuration in makes better use of channels in the network than configuration I. In fact, with a new call blocking probability of just less than 0.01, configuration in can accommodate new arrival rate higher than 2350/hr/cell for vehicle traffic, whereas scheme 80 I, configuration I can accommodate about 2200/hr/cell and scheme II, configuration I can accommodate about 2050/hr/cell, so that configuration III has about a 7% and 15% higher arrival rate than scheme I and scheme II of configuration I, respectively. For pedestrian traffic, configuration in can accommodate about 1650/hr/cell whereas scheme I, configuration I can accommodate 1500/hr/cell and scheme II, configuration I can accommodate 1400/hr/cell, configuration IH therefore having a 10% and 18% higher arrival rate than scheme I and scheme II of configuration I respectively and yet having a new call blocking probability of just less than 0.01. 0.07 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 New call arrival rate A. 0 (per hr per cell) Figure 6.4 New call and handoff blocking probabilities in both configuration I and in with optimal channel dimensions and with same number of channels for vehicle traffic 81 0.09 S3 % 0.08 -S 0.07 h Handoff blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. II \u00E2\u0080\u0094*\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 Handoff blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. I \u00E2\u0080\u0094& New call blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch. II -fa New call blocking probability, Conf. I, Sch.y\u00E2\u0080\u0094\u00C2\u00A9-P. orj New call and handoff blocking probability, Conf., 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 New call arrival rate X0 (per hr per cell) Figure 6.5 New call and handoff blocking probabilities in both configuration I and in with optimal channel dimensions and with same number of channels for pedestrian traffic Similarly, Figure 6.6 shows new call and handoff blocking probabilities for vehicle traffic when the same number of channels exists in both configurations II and in. In this case, there are total 264 channels for each of the network configurations. That is, in configuration in, there are four groups of 62 channels in direct links and one group of 16 channels in link L A B between modified M S C s . In configuration II, there are two groups of 62 channels, two groups of 56 channels, two groups of 10 channels and two groups of 4 channels in the direct links and cross links. The new call blocking probabilities of configuration in and in cell 3 of configuration II are the same because there is same number of channels in the direct links of the cells of configuration in and in cell 3 of configuration II. However, new call and handoff blocking probabilities of configuration in are lower than both the new call blocking probability in cell 4 and the handoff blocking probability of configuration II. This result shows that configuration IH makes a better use of the channels in the network than configuration II. In fact, with new call probability of just less than 0.01, configuration in can accommodate about 2350/hr/cell whereas 82 configuration II can accommodate about 2200/hr/cell, so that configuration i n has a 7% higher traffic capacity than configuration II. Appendix B gives a table summary for comparisons of advantages, disadvantages and data results of the three configurations. 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 New call arrival rate %o (per hr per cell) Figure 6.6 New call and handoff blocking probabilities in both configuration II and III with optimal channel dimensions and with same number of channels for vehicle traffic 6.3 Effects of Handoff Transition Time and New Call Arrival Rate on Channel Dimensions Tables 6.1 and 6.2 show the results of an investigation into the effect on the number of channels in cross links by varying the handoff transition time. For both vehicle and pedestrian traffic in configurations I and II, a change in handoff transition time does not significantly change the number of channels in cross links. In addition, as previous tables showing the channel dimensions in different configurations, the number of channels in cross links does not significantly change with respect to the new call arrival rate or the traffic parameters of the mobility model. That is, both vehicle and pedestrian traffic, in scheme I, configuration I, there should be 53 channels in the direct link and 9 channels in the cross link; in scheme II, configuration I, there should be 51 channels in the direct link and 11 channels in the cross link; and in configuration II, there should be 61 channels in link L A 3 , 53 channels in link L A 4 , 9 channels in link L A 5 and 1 channel in link L A 6 , with a 1 channel variation among various new call arrival rate, handoff transition times and traffic parameters in the mobility model. This merit shows that the optimal channel dimensions in all these three configuration are quite immune to the variation of new call arrival rate, handoff transition times and traffic parameters of the mobility model. Table 6.1 Optimal channel dimensions with various handoff transition times at A 0 = 2000/hr/cell for configuration I and at A 0 = 2200/hr/cell for configuration II for vehicle traffic Handoff transition time 1//U2 (s) Configuration I, Scheme I L A I , L A 2 Configuration I, Scheme II L A i , L A 2 Configuration II LA3> L A 4 , L A 5 , L A 6 15 54, 8 52, 10 61, 53, 9, 1 16 54, 8 51,11 61, 53, 9, 1 17 54, 8 51, 11 61, 53, 9, 1 18 53, 9 51, 11 61, 53, 9, 1 19 53, 9 51, 11 61, 53, 9, 1 20 53, 9 50, 12 61, 53, 9, 1 21 53, 9 50, 12 61, 53, 9, 1 Table 6.2 Optimal channel dimensions with various handoff transition times at A 0 = 1400/hr/cell for configuration I for pedestrian traffic Handoff transition time 1/M2 (S) Configuration I, Scheme I L A I , L A 2 Configuration I, Scheme II L A I , L A 2 42 54, 8 52, 10 44 54, 8 51, 11 46 54, 8 51, 11 48 54, 8 51, 11 50 53, 9 51, 11 52 53, 9 50, 12 54 53, 9 51, 12 84 Chapter? CONCLUSIONS The interests in C D M A for cellular mobile communications are motivated by the unique feature of soft handoffs. By utilizing B S - M S C direct and cross links, this thesis attempts has proposed novel network configurations to enable soft handoffs between cell-clusters. The traffic capacities of these configurations have also been investigated. 7.1 Summary of Findings This thesis develops three novel network configurations to provide seamless service for C D M A soft handoffs between cell-clusters. Configurations I and II employ cross links to allow diversity combining of signals for soft handoffs. For configuration I, a channel assignment scheme is developed which produces the lowest handoff blocking probability of all three configurations by lengthening the handoff transition time in cross links. With a slight increase in complexity, configuration II eliminates handoff oscillations between the two clusters even a M T moves back and forth across the cluster boundary. This configuration also reduces the number of unnecessary handoffs between cell-clusters. The optimal number of channels to minimize handoff blocking probabilities at each connection link in each configuration has been determined by mathematical analysis and computer simulation. In proposed configuration in, the M S C s need to be modified so that they connect to each other via a trunk group for diversity signal combining during soft handoffs. Computer simulations have-yielded the minimum number of channels necessary between the modified M S C s to attain the theoretical minimum handoff blocking probability. A mobility model with stop-and-go traffic has been developed to study how vehicle and pedestrian traffic affects the performance in each configuration. On the whole, configuration III accommodates more calls and is thus better than configuration I and II because during soft handoffs, it utilizes its channels more effectively than the other two configurations. 85 7.2 Topics for Further Investigation The above proposed network configurations are novel, and the author welcomes further research. Future research may investigate the following topics: 1. Signaling and call flows for all three configurations A l l network requires signaling and call flows. During soft handoffs in C D M A , special signaling and call flows, such as Joint Request message [9], are required because the M S C s and M T s need to be notified when they are communicating with old and new BSs simultaneously. In addition, signaling and call flows are needed to send from the old M S C to the new M S C through the IN to initiate the connection set up with BSs. In configuration in, signaling and call flows may transmit directly through the link between the modified M S C s between cell-clusters where the backbone IN may be less involved in handoffs between cell-clusters. From above discussion, signaling and call flows in C D M A soft handoffs require critical analysis. 2. Synchronization of traffic before and after handoffs The synchronization of traffic before and after handoff is one of the major problems to provide the seamless service. Handoffs usually result in out of synchronization at destined BSs and switches. Mismatch of frame or cell transit time between old and new paths in the common switches and BSs can result in jitters and gaps. If the inaugural packet (frame) of the new paths arrives earlier than the expected time at the destination, a traffic jitter occurs. If the inaugural packet (frame) of the new path arrives later than the expected time at the destination, a traffic gap results. In order to filter the gaps, smooth the jitters and thus decreasing the mismatching of each data stream arriving at the destined base station, a buffer may be used to delay the incoming and outgoing data streams of the new paths at destined BSs. For voice message, another solution may be executing handoffs only at the silent period of time in the conversation. The human voice activity cycle is 35%. The rest of the time belongs to the listening period. This listening period of time may provide a precious period for the signal transmission so that 86 the calls may not be disrupted during handoffs. The synchronization is an old networking problem and requires much work for investigation. 3. Hystersis in handoffs Hystersis accounts for the efficiency of handoffs. In the hystersis, the signal strength should exceed a certain threshold Pr for a certain amount of time t before a handoff is carried out. The values of Pr and t need to be carefully designed for an efficiency of handoffs. Moreover, different types of handoff region, for example, on highway or at street corner, have different hystersis. A n appropriate handoff window will reduce the termination and redundance of handoffs. A n earlier handoff, a late handoff and a handoff back to the original BS are undesirable and thus hystersis needs to be carefully planned. In addition, because diversity combining of signals occurs in C D M A soft handoffs, the hystersis for C D M A soft handoffs may be different from other multiple access schemes. Hystersis becomes more and more important when the size of cell decreases. 4. The development of modified M S C in configuration IE As discussed in Chapter 5, the M S C which directly links to each other needs some modification in configuration III. Figure 5.2 has already shown that a front end switching circuit needs to be added to the modified M S C . In addition, the modified M S C is expected to have certain intelligence. It should have the following abilities: determining the time when signals need to switch from old M S C to new M S C during soft handoffs, determining the criteria for transferring data and signals from the front end switching circuit to the new M S C , distinguishing what kind of signals and data needs to transfer to the new M S C or to its own receiver circuit or to the switches in the IN. Definitely, some further work requires to develop the modified M S C in configuration III so that it can. match into the network. 87 REFERENCES [I] E . Zehavi and E . Tiedemann, \"The PCS C D M A system overview,\" Proc. 3rd IEEE Int'l Conf. on Universal Personal Communs., San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 83-88, September 1994. [2] W . C. Y . Lee, \"Overview of cellular C D M A , \" IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 40, pp. 291-302, May 1991. ^ [3] K . S. Gilhousen, I. M . Jacobs, R. Padovani, A . J. Viterbi, L . A . Weaver, Jr. and C. E . 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VTC, Denver, CO, USA, pp. 47-50, May 1992. 91 Appendix A LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND VARIABLES Here is a list of abbreviations in this thesis: ATM Asychronous Transfer Mode BISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network BS Base Station CDMA Code Division Multiple Access FEC Forward Error Correction FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access FIFO First-In-First-Out IS-95 Interim Standard 95 IN Intelligent Network MSC Mobile Switching center MT Mobile Terminal PCN Personal Communication Network PN Pseudo random Noise TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TIA Telecommunications Industry Association VCN Virtual Circuit Number Here is a list of variables in this thesis: The variables of the mobility model are as follows: p Go-and-stop probability R Radius of microcell (m) r Distance of M T from BS (m) 9 Angle of M T from BS (\u00C2\u00B0) 92 V Speed of M T (km/hr) Vmax Maximum value of V (km/hr) Angle of turning of M T (\u00C2\u00B0) Tm Duration of moving interval of M T (s) Tm max Maximum value of Tm (s) Ts Duration of stopping interval of M T (s) Ts max Maximum value of Ts (s) T Duration of unencumbered message (s) Mean value of T (s) Pr Received power at M T (dBm) Pt Transmitted power at BS (dBm) K Pathloss slope (dB/dec) l/fij Mean channel holding time (s) 1//X2 Mean handoff transition time (s) a Ratio of number of handoff calls from the circular ring of R to 3R into the center hexagonal cell to the number of new calls originating from the center hexagonal cell /3 Ratio of number of handoff calls from the circular ring of 3R to 5R into the center hexagonal cell to the number of new calls originating from the center hexagonal cell 7 Ratio of number of handoff calls from the circular ring of 5R to IR into the center hexagonal cell to the number of new calls originating from the center hexagonal cell 8 Ratio of number of handoff calls from the center hexagonal cell, going out of it and returning back into the center hexagonal cell to the number of new calls originating from the center hexagonal cell The variables in all three configurations are as follows: A c New call arrival rate (/hr/cell) 93 PB(LX) Blocking probability of link L x PBHU Handoff blocking probability of channel assignment scheme I of configuration I C Number of channels in direct link in configuration I CQ Number of channels in cross link in configuration I X The time period beginning at the instant that a handoff call joins the queue in cross link and ending at the instant that a channel in direct link is released in channel assignment scheme II in configuration I (s) Ti The time remaining for the handoff call at ith'queue position in cross link before M T moves out of the destined microcell in channel assignment scheme II in configuration I (s) N(t) The state or occupancy of the queue in cross link at time t in channel assignment scheme II in configuration I Pn The state probability of direct link of channel assignment scheme II in config-uration I PBO Blocking probability of originating call blocked in direct link in channel assign-ment scheme II in configuration I NQ Average queue length for handoff calls in cross link in channel assignment scheme II in configuration I w Average waiting time in the queue of handoff calls in cross link in channel assignment scheme II in configuration I (s) Pfh Probability of a failed attempt occurring after M T has entered the queue in cross link in channel assignment scheme II in configuration I Pfh/k Probability that the handoff attempt fails given that it enters the queue in position k+l in cross link in channel assignment scheme II in configuration I P(i I / + 1 ) Probability that a handoff queued in position i+1 moves to position i before the corresponding M T moves away the destined microcell in channel assignment scheme 94 II in configuration I PBUH Handoff blocking probability of channel assignment scheme II of configuration I Phhi Overall handoff blocking probability of configuration II Psn New call blocking probability 95 Appendix B TABLE SUMMARY Table B . l A table summary for all three configurations Configuration I (cl), Scheme I Configuration I, Scheme II Configuration II (ell) Configuration HI (cm) Advantages Simplest Providing the lowest handoff blocking probability Eliminating handoff oscillation Accomodating the highest number of calls Reducing the number of handoffs between MSCs Trunking Efficiency Disadvantages Handoff oscillation Providing the highest, new call blocking probability Complicated configuration MSCs needed to be modified to match into the network Ph > Pn Handoff oscillation Most probably channel dimensions ( L A I , L A 2 ) = (53, 9) ( L A I , L A 2 ) = (51, 11) (LA3 , L A 4 , L A 5 , L A 6 ) = (61, 53, 9, 1) L A B = 9; realized as cl L A B = 16; realized as ell Vehicle traffic for R = 500 m, p = 0.25 New call blocking probability P\u00E2\u0080\u009E at A\u00E2\u0080\u009E = 2200/hr/cell 0.011 0.022 0.0036 (cell 3) 0.0087 (cell 4) 0.0036 Handoff blocking probability Ph at X0 = 2200/hr/cell 0.014 0.00051 0.0065 0.0036 Maximum arrival rate for Pn < 0.01 (/hr/cell) 2200 2050 ~>2200 2350 Pedestrian traffic for R = 150 m, p = 0.25 New call blocking probability Pn at A 0 = 1500/hr/ceU 0.010 0.021 0.0031 Handoff blocking probability Ph at \ 0 = 1500/hr/ceU 0.012 . 0.00045 0.0031 Maximum arrival rate for P\u00E2\u0080\u009E < 0.01 (/hr/cell) 1500 1400 1650 96 Table B.2 A table summary of traffic parameters and data obtained from simulations of the mobility model Traffic parameters Vehicle traffic Pedestrian traffic Unencumbered message duration l/fi (s) 120 120 Max. speed Vmax (km/hr) 70 8. Max. moving interval Tm m a x (s) 40 60 Max. stopping interval Ts m a x (s) 40 60 Max. angle of turning \u00C2\u00B1 1 0 0 \u00C2\u00B0 + 1 8 0 \u00C2\u00B0 Pathloss slope K (dB/dec) 40 20 Handoff window size (dB) 5 5 (Handoff region) / (cell area) 44% 68% Stop-and-go probability p 0.25 0.25 Microcell radius R (m) 500 150 Channel holding time l/fxj (s) 53 89 Handoff transition time l//^2 (s) 18 48 Ratios of handoff calls a 0.330 0.157 ft 0.0148 1 0.001 8 0.074 0.061 97 Appendix C MARKOV CHAIN FOR TWO-CLASS QUEUE A mathematical model for two dimensional Markov chains is to be developed [26]. Consider a system with m servers of equal capacity. There are two types of traffic arriving with Poisson rates Ai and A2 respectively. If an arrival finds all m servers busy, it does not enter the system and is lost. The service times of these two types of traffic are exponentially distributed with means l/pi and 1/^ 2 respectively. The appropriate Markov chain model involves the two dimensional state (m, 112), where n,- is the number of servers occupied by the traffic of type i, for i = 1, 2. The transition diagram for this chain is shown in Figure C l . Let P{ri\, n-i) be the steady state probability in the Figure C l Markov chain for the two-class queue state (n\, ni) where n\ > 0, \u00C2\u00AB2 ^ 0 and ri\ + n 2 ^ m - The global balance equations are 98 derived as follows: A i P ( n i - l , n 2 ) = n1n1P(n1,n2) X2P(ni,n2 - 1) = n2p2P{n\,n2) (30) Let pi \u00E2\u0080\u0094 Xi/pi, where i = 1, 2. The following equations are obtained by solving equation (30). P(nun2) = ^jP(0,n2) P(ni,n2) = ^PinuO) n2\ P ( n i , n 2 ) = ^ - P T P ( 0 , 0 ) (31) n i ! n 2 ! The probabilities P(n\, n%) are all positive and add up to unity. That is, \u00C2\u00A3 P ( n i , n 2 ) = l (32) where S is the set of states of the system. Rewrite the above equation, m m\u00E2\u0080\u0094ni \u00C2\u00A3 . \u00C2\u00A3 P ( n 1 , n 2 ) = l (33) Solving equations (31) and (33), . P ( n 1 ; n 2 ) = \" l ! \" z ! \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 (34) {=0 j=0 As a result, the steady state blocking probability PIQ for this system is 711 ni m\u00E2\u0080\u0094ni Pi P2 n\\(m\u00E2\u0080\u0094n\)\ P 2 Q = P ( n i , n 2 ) = n ^ m _ z ; i (35) ni.+n2=m ^ ^ PiPj2 i=o i=o 99 Appendix D DESCRIPTION OF MAIN SIMULATION MODELS The mobility model in Chapter 2 is written by C programming language. The center hexagonal cell and the surrounding circular rings are specified in x and y coordinates. The originating position of the M T is recorded and then its movement is kept track. The M T exists in the simulation for an encumbered message time of exponential distribution with a fixed value of mean. If the M T is originating from the center hexagonal cell, channel holding time is recorded when it goes outside the center hexagonal cell or when the unencumbered message time is complete. Even when the M T moves outside the center hexagonal cell, it movement is still kept track to see if it will return to the center hexagonal cell for further data collection. If the M T is originating from the surrounding circular rings, the time when the M T enter the center hexagonal cell is recorded. Afterwards, the time for the M T exiting the center hexagonal cell or completing the unencumbered message time is recorded and the difference in time will account the channel holding time. Since the originating position of the M T and the moment that M T enters the center of hexagonal cell are recorded, the ratios of handoff calls can be obtained in simulation. The handoff transition time of the M T is obtained with similar simulation algorithm. After the data of the mobility model, such as mean channel holding time, handoff transition time and ratios of handoff calls, are collected, the new call and handoff blocking probabilities of all three configurations are investigated by computer simulation written in Simscript n.5. A group of servers represents the total number of channels in the direct link and another group of server represent the total number of channels in the cross link with certain arrival rate and service time. The arrival rate and the service time are assumed to be exponential distributed. Handoff calls are represented by the calls arriving the cross link and then arriving the direct link with another certain service time. Blocking probabilities before the handoff calls are also taken into the account for 100 simulation. The handoff calls are counted to be successful if the calls can go through the above two links one by one. New calls are counted to be successful if the calls can go through the direct link. The new call and handoff blocking probabilities are obtained by the ratios the number of successful new and handoff calls to the number of trials of new and handoff calls, respectively. For scheme II of configuration II, a queue is put in the cross link, so that the position of handoff calls in the cross link can be recorded. For configuration II and III, handoff calls may go through several types of servers (links) to simulate the situation that the handoff calls go through several microcells in configuration II OT\ several connection links in configuration III. 101 "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "1997-05"@en . "10.14288/1.0065192"@en . "eng"@en . "Electrical and Computer Engineering"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "Network configurations for seamless support of CDMA soft handoffs between cell-clusters"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5714"@en .