"Applied Science, Faculty of"@en . "Civil Engineering, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Kadota, Paul Tamotsu"@en . "2010-09-09T23:15:09Z"@en . "1988"@en . "Master of Applied Science - MASc"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "The peripheral jet pump is examined in both theoretical and in practical applications. One-dimensional, force-momentum theory is applied in a jet pump setting for incompressible fluids. Results from a laboratory model are used for applications design. The scope of\r\npractical applications examined include:\r\n1) use as a fish pump,\r\n2) as part of a crab-sampling device,\r\n3) feasibility as a ship's bow thruster.\r\nThe laboratory tests revealed the inadequacy of the current theory for wide jet spray patterns. The benefit of wide jets on suction and non-benefit on lift performance were established. Other performance aiding factors such partial submergence, partial blockage, and having the jets located at the suction inlet are studied for one phase, two phase and three phase pumping.\r\nAlso, as a complement to the written theory, computer programs which model the theoretical performance of peripheral jet pumps are available on 5.25\" floppy disks. The programs are written for use on IBM PC and compatible computers. \r\n*IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/28390?expand=metadata"@en . "T H E P E R I P H E R A L J E T P U M P : L A B O R A T O R Y M O D E L & P R A C T I C A L A P P L I C A T I O N S F O R I N C O M P R E S S I B L E M A T E R I A L S T R A N S P O R T By Paul Tamotsu Kadota B.A.Sc. University of British Columbia, 1985 A REPORT SUBMITTED IN P A R T I A L FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF A P P L I E D SCIENCE in T H E F A C U L T Y OF GRADUATE STUDIES D E P A R T M E N T OF CIVIL ENGINEERING THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA We accept this report as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March 1988 \u00C2\u00A9Paul Tamotsu Kadota, 1988 3 : In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of C i V t L - EtJc,iidgggi/J The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date ^ R t u ^e. i.se DE-6(3/81) Abstract The peripheral jet pump is examined in both theoretical and in practical applications. One-dimensional, force-momentum theory is applied in a jet pump setting for incompressible fluids. Results from a laboratory model are used for applications design. The scope of practical applications examined include: 1) use as a fish pump, 2) as part of a crab-sampling device, 3) feasibility as a ship's bow thruster. The laboratory tests revealed the inadequacy of the current theory for wide jet spray patterns. The benefit of wide jets on suction and non-benefit on lift performance were established. Other performance aiding factors such partial submergence, partial blockage, and having the jets located at the suction inlet are studied for one phase, two phase and three phase pumping. Also, as a complement to the written theory, computer programs which model the theoretical performance of peripheral jet pumps are available on 5.25\" floppy disks. The programs are written for use on IBM PC and compatible computers. * IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines. ii \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 s \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 o -la D A + \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 I T 160 200 240 280 320 Manifold Flow, Qrn (l/min) Fig. 9: System Head Curves \u00E2\u0080\u0094 i 1 1 r 360 400 440 Note that ring #2.1 is the flattest curve, indicating the lowest flow resistance. The Hillis ring and ring #3 prove to have the highest flow resistance. Rings 1, 2 and 3.1 all lie within these two bands. Figure 9 tends to support that jet profiles having short relative lengths will have lower flow resistance. This is largely due to the increase in the effective area ratio. Counter-sinking of the jet profile seems to slightly enlarge the jet hole diameter. Therefore, the increase in the area ratio, R, effectively decreases the flow resistance. Laboratory Testing 25 Suction Tests Air & Water Pd / / if% /-/\u00E2\u0080\u0094 WQter ** a a 35 30 -25 -20 -15 10 5 -50% For 2.5\" Jet Pump, R-0.1225 Ring 2.1: Max. (-Ps) - 32 kPa [I Vacuum is not created at the suction entrance of the jet pump until it is almost fully closed. Ring 1: Max. (-Ps) - 24 kPa Ring 3: Max. (-Ps) - 14 kPa w , , 70% XCIosure of Suction Opening Fig. 11: Variation of Vacuum vs. %Closure 90% The first suction tests reveal an important factor for proper pumping of liquids. Figure 11 shows that substantial vacuum is not formed at the suction entrance until the blockage of the perforated plates was increased to 96%. This means that the jet pump will not pump liquids effectively until the suction closure is greater than this percentage. Full liquids-pumping capacity is not realized until the suction entrance is 100% closed. Therefore, to maximize liquids pumping capacity, it is important to prevent even the slightest break in the vacuum at the suction entrance. Furthermore, the tests show that jet rings with shorter relative lengths will develop higher maximum vacuums. Ring #2.1 with R.L. = 2.4, has a maximum vacuum of more \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . Laboratory Testing 27 than twice that of ring #3 with R.L. = 8.7. One possible explanation for this phenomena is that the wider spray patterns have greater shear on the surrounding water because, the distributed jet has a large surface area for the development of shear stress. Narrow spray patterns will not share their momentum so quickly or completely and therefore, will produce smaller vacuums. Air-Pumping Capability L o n g R . L S h o r t R . L N a r r o w J e t s W i d e J e t s Fig. 12: Air Gaps Between the Jets Although it was not quantified, shorter R.L. values seemed to have greater air-pumping capacity as well. Long R.L. profiles produce streamline spray patterns which leave larger spaces between the jet spray. If the gap between the jets is large, then the average air velocity passing through the gap is small. As the gap narrows, the average velocity increases. Therefore, wide jets also seem to be better than narrow jets in air-pumping capacity. This behaviour in jet pumps is somewhat analogous to mechanical slip of Laboratory Testing 28 conventional air blowers. As the impellers wear, gaps between them widen, reducing the effectiveness of the blower. Similarly, gaps between jets in jet pumps reduce the air-blowing capacity. S e c o n d S u c t i o n Tests Developed Suction vs. Manifold Pressure For 2.5\" Jet Pump, R-0.1225 \"1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O 100 200 300 400 500 Required Manifold Pressure (kPa) \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 2.1 + 3 . 1 X 3 V Hillis Fig. 13: Variation of Vacuum vs. Applied Pressure The second vacuum tests disclosed additional differences between the various jet ring configurations (see figure 13). Again, ring #2.1 with its short R.L. showed its superior vacuum-pulling ability. Rings with long R.L. require considerably more manifold pressure to obtain the same vacuum as the rings with the short R.L. For example, ring #3 needs about 270kPa to achieve 30kPa of suction, while ring #2.1 needs only about 75kPa. Laboratory Testing 29 During the vacuum tests, one common feature was observed. When the various plates were clamped over the suction entrance, the vacuum did not develop immediately. It often took a few seconds until the needle on the gauge rose to its maximum reading. It was found repeatedly, that the rise in vacuum corresponded to the \"filling-up\" of the area in the suction entrance. Once the suction entrance area was full of water, the jets sprayed into water instead of air. At this point in time, the needle on the gauge deflected to its maximum reading. It is thought that the shear on the water by the jets attributed to this behaviour. This observation shows the importance of placing the jets near the suction entry. For example, if the jets were remotely located from the entry, it would take a longer time to fill the suction area with water. This means that a good vacuum will not developed, and subsequent performance will be poor until this area is filled. Having the jets closer to the entry will shorten the time required until good performance is achieved. i Conclusions Both the system head tests and suction tests demonstrate the differences in the characteristics for the various jet profiles. Given the same area ratio, R, short relative jet lengths produce less head and greater vacuum, while long relative jet lengths produce more head and less vacuum. If vacuum is the criterion, this implies that long relative lengths are inferior to short relative lengths (ring #3 has a long R.L.). However, when the relative length becomes too short, the jet spray pattern widens. This degrades the spray sufficiently that it effectively increases the drilled hole diameter. Subsequently, the effective spray angle deviates from that of the original drilled angle. In addition, as the spray pattern widens, the momentum produced by the jet decreases. As previously stated, improvements in the one-dimensional theory by incorporating a coefficient of spray width, K^, to the jet momentum may resolve this discrepancy between experiment and theory. But until further investigation is done, existing jet profiles with excessively Laboratory Testing 30 short R.L. will be difficult to predict by the current one-dimensional theory (ring #2.1 is an example). Jet Ring Performance Summary Ring Correlation Ref. With Suction Head Overall # R.L. Theory Performance Performance Performance 2.1 2.4 4 1 .4 9 3.1 2.5 1 2 3 6 2 3.4 2 3 3 8 Hillis 3.4 2 4 2 8 1 6.9 1 5 3 9 3 8.7 3 5 1 9 Summary of the suction and head performance of the various rings are given in the table above. They are ranked in the order from best to worst, with a value of 1 for the best performance. The actual performance numbers are arbitrary, but rings having similar performance were given the same rating. For example, the best suction performance was from ring #2.1, the best head performance from ring #3, and the best overall performance from ring #3.1. Depending on whether the criterion for performance is suction, head, or a combination of both, a good design can be established using the guidelines set here. In general, for good suction capability, jets should be designed with short relative jet lengths. For good head performance, jets should have long relative jet lengths. 3.5 T E S T I N G F O R S O L I D S - H A N D L I N G C A P A B I L I T Y Laboratory Testing 31 Quantitative measurements were not taken for any of the solids-handling tests. Only qualitative observations were made. Two general tests were done using ring #3.1 and the apparatus similar to that in figure 5. P o i n t o f S o l i d s I n j e c t i o n When pumping solids through the jet pump, the location at which the solids are introduced into the system is important. In other words, the location of the jets with respect to the solids has a significant effect on how the solid passes through the system. This is true if the jet pump is submerged below the water surface, and critical if the jet pump is unsubmerged above the water surface. A small piece of wood 100mm long was used to observe the pumping action. For tests in the submerged state, the suction entrance was extended with a 300mm long hose to exaggerate the distance to the jets (see figure 14). Fig. 14: Point of Solids Injection Laboratory Testing 32 Jet Pump Submerged With the jet pump in the submerged state, the piece of wood was held and released from two locations. The first location was at the suction entrance, and the second location was right at the jet location. The entrainment of solids at the suction inlet depends on the force exerted at this section. Once the solids are entrained, they will undergo rapid acceleration when they reach the jets. The reasoning can be explain by the hydraulic force-momentum principle. For the submerged condition, if the solids are introduced prior to the jets, the momentum forced onto the solids will be pQ g V g . If the solids are introduced right at the jet location, then the momentum would be p(Qg + Qm)V\"d. In other words, the force exerted onto the solids will be much greater if the solids are introduced at the jet location. For example, assuming a flow ratio, M = 0.8, suction area, A = 0.00317m , area ratio, R = 0.1225, and a manifold flow, Q m = 300 1/min: Q s = Q m M = 240 1/min = 0.004m3/s Q d = Q s +Q m = 540 1/min = 0.009m3/s suction force = pQ s V g = 5.05N discharge force = p(Qs + Q m )V d = 25.6N The above calculation shows that the momentum exerted on the solids by the water is far greater at the jets than at the suction entrance. Jet Pump Unsubmerged For the unsubmerged case, the suction hose extension was removed before the test. As expected, the jet pump could not pick-up the piece of wood unless it was thrown into the jets. Once in contact with the jets, the wood was carried away at speeds much greater than that in the submerged state. Again, using the same example, the momentum at the jets can be estimated: Aj = AR = 3.88xl0\"4m2 Q m = 300 1/min = 0.005m3/s jet force = pQmVj = 64.4N An overwhelming 64.4N of hydraulic force is available at the jets, in the unsubmerged state. Compare this to 25.6N for the submerged state. This example shows the importance of where the solids are introduced into the system. S u b m e r g e n c e o f t h e S u c t i o n E n t r a n c e The solids-pumping ability was also dependent on the location of the suction entrance. For solids suspended in water, the jet pump could be operated in the submerged state. But for floating solids, if the inlet is tilted so that about 95% of the suction entrance area is below the water surface, then even greater solids-handling capacity was achieved. This behaviour tends to support the previous findings on developed suction and percent closure (refer to figure 11). Laboratory Testing 34 Fig. 15: Partial Submergence When operated at 95% submergence, the jet pump makes \"gurgling\" sounds as it forms and reforms vortices at the suction entrance. In conjunction with surface tension, the vortices actually help to draw the floating solids into the suction entrance. As the jet pump pulls on the surface tension, it brings with it the solids which cling to it. Conclusions When the desired goal for the jet pump is to move solids, then it must be determined where the solids are to be introduced into the system. It should also be determined if the jet pump is best suited for submerged, unsubmerged or partially submerged operation. For transporting unbreakable solids, it may be best to position the jet pump out of the water, and then mechanically feed the solids to the jets. This will ensure the application of the maximum force on the solids by the jet pump (64.4N in the example). If the solids are Laboratory Testing 35 more fragile, then the jet pump should be submerged. When the solid first reaches the jets, a momentum will be exerted on it (25.6N in the example). This will provide a more gentle handling action. For an even more gentle action, an extension suction hose can be added to the suction inlet, where the exerted force will be smallest for the entire system (only 5.05N in the example). Air and solids entraining vortices were natural occurrences when the jet pump was operated in the partially submerged state. Floating solids were entrained into the vortex and along with some drawn air, were swept away into the suction inlet. Some of the jet pump's best solids-handling abilities were observed with the jet pump in this partially submerged state. 4. APPLICATIONS IN FISH TRANSPORT Four prototypes of fish pumping systems were built during the two years after tests were completed in the laboratory. One of each of the following sizes were manufactured: 101.6mm (4inch), 152.4mm (6inch), 203.2mm (8inch) and a 254mm (lOinch). Various tests were carried out as described in the next sections, but the opportunity to test each one as thoroughly as the laboratory model was not possible. The prototypes were owned by customers who pre-paid for the manufacture of the jet pump, and they wished to have them shipped as soon as possible. Some of the findings from the laboratory model were transferred to the prototype jet pumps. For example, the jet ring profiles for all the prototypes were modeled from ring #3.1. The advantages of ring #3.1 were in its more predictable hydraulic behaviour, yet it had nearly the same vacuum-pumping capacity as ring #2.1. S K Y - H O O K ELBOW JET NOZZLE PRODUCT INLET ^ - WIRE MESH ARROWS SHOW WATER FLOW ONLY Fig. 16: A Prototype Fish Pumping System Fish Transport 37 Limited pumping of live salmon smolts were also tried with the 101.6mm prototype. With the existing design, some small percentage of the smolts were either killed or damaged. Further work would be needed to redesign and test pumps for this purpose. In chapter 2, a simple one-dimensional theory for the intrinsic operation of the jet pump was derived. The result given by equation [2.18] gives the jet pump characteristic, analogous to pump curves given by reputable pump manufacturers. But, like any exercise in pump selection, a system analysis must be done before the pump curves can be matched. A system analysis for general applications will be examined. The generalization of the system curve will make it simple to customize it for any application, whether it be for a fish pump, crab pump or a ship's bow thruster. Figure 17 shows the general set-up for the jet pumping system. For the purposes of this analysis, the suction flow, Q g, is assumed to be always positive. This will rule-out the case when the lifting height, (Zc-Z ), is too high such that back-flow occurs. Continuity and Bernoulli theorems will be used. The Head Ratio Definition (Revisited) Attempts were made to write the system curve in a non-dimensional form, using the basic definition given in equation [2.2]: 4.1 S Y S T E M A N A L Y S I S N = s [2.2] These attempts were partially successful, but result in a family of curves, each with a different manifold flow, Q m , or lifting height, (Zc~Zg). Using energy methods, the head terms can be substituted with pressure, velocity and height terms. Fish Transport 38 Water discharges into free atmosphere. Datum for static heights at free surface. Suction entrace of Jet Pump is assumed to be wholly submerged. Qd = Qs + Qm Suction Extension Qs Fig. 17: System Analysis B e r n o u l l i T h e o r e m Applying between points d & c: V ^ P H d = __\u00C2\u00A3_ + _L + zc + H i c 2g pg [4.1] Where Hj c is the sum of the head losses between d & c. Fish Transport 39 Applying between points a & s: V 2 P a + j r a + z = H + H i T n s n l s [4 2] 2g pg Applying between points m & s: V- 2 P V- 2 H m = _ i - + i l + Zs + K 2 _ L [43] 2g pg 2g L 4 , < i J Where H j s is the sum of the head losses between a & s, and K 2 is the head loss coefficient for the manifold and jets. Then substitute equations [4.1], [4.2] and [4.3] into [2.2]: \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 V 2 P V 2 P _ i + J > + Z c + H l c - J a - Z a + H l s 2 g Pg 2g pg N = [4.4] V . 2 P V- 2 V 2 P J + _1_ + Z s + K 9 J - _ V - J_a_ - Z a + H l s 2g pg 2g 2g pg Equation [4.4] defines the general system curve equation for the example shown in figure 17. From here, additional analysis must be done to express the velocity terms as functions of flow, either Qg or Q m < Individual cases for each jet pump application will help to simplify this equation. For example, in fish pump applications, the suction extension is usually not used. Therefore, in equation [4.4], V a = V P a = P g , and Z& = Z g . Additionally, by energy, o Pg/(pg) = -Vg^/(2g). The sum of the head loss between a & s, Hj g , would be reduced to an o entrance loss = K g V g /2g. Where K g is a loss coefficient, usually taken as 1. The system usually discharges into atmospheric air, thus, P c = 0. Equation [4.4] becomes: V 2 V 2 _ L + Zc + H lc ~ Zs + K s-f_ 2 g 2g N = [4.5] V- 2 V 2 VJ + K 2 _ J 2g 2g Fish Transport 40 Assuming that the discharge hose diameter is the same as that of the jet pump discharge, V c = Vj . Then using continuity, V d = (Qs + Qm)/A, Vj = Qm/(AR), V g = Qg/A. Hj c = K j c V d /(2g), assuming that all the discharge head losses can be expressed as a function of the discharge velocity, V^. Kj c is the sum of all the discharge hosing loss factors. Substituting for [4.5]: (l + K 1 J ( Q s + Q m ) + (Z c-Z g) + K s Q s 2 2gA2 2gA2 N = [4.6] O 2 (1 + K 2 )__m_ 2g(AR)2 F i s h P u m p S y s t e m C u r v e E q u a t i o n Another form of the system curve is derived if the definition of M, as given in equation [2.1] is substituted: 2, (l + K l c)(M+l) 2 + KgM 2 + 2 g A ( Z c Zs } Q m 2 N = [4.7] (1 + K2) R 2 Unfortunately, the system curve for fish pumping applications can not be made dimensionless. This is due to the hydraulic lift height term, given by (Zc~Zg). For fish pump applications not requiring lift, the system curve equation could be plotted together with the pump curve equation [2.18], on the same non-dimensional N-M graph. The intersection of [4.7] and [2.18] defines the system operating point for the jet pump. This would solve for the operating point graphically. An analytical solution is also possible. Equation [4.7] can be subtracted from equation [2.18], effectively eliminating the variable, N. If the lifting height, (Zc-Zg), is assumed to be fixed, two unknowns, M & Q m will remain. Solving for M, given Q m , or vice versa will give Fish Transport 41 one parameter of the operating point. The other parameter, N, is found by recalculating [4.6] using the new values for Q s and Q m , knowing that Q s = M Q m . 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Although time for testing the prototypes was limited, four basic tests were performed \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 - on the jet pumps. These are: 1) System Head Tests: Determines the Head & Flow characteristics. Gives indication of correct manifold & jet hole sizing. Also provides information to correctly assess the required size of the centrifugal pump. Procedure: Increase manifold pressure, P m , and record the corresponding manifold flow, Q m . Use the recorded pressure & flow to plot a system curve. The manifold flow, Qm, was measured using, a commercial velocity\u00E2\u0080\u0094 bar meter. < 0.3m The discharge hose was kept short and low in height. Depth of submergence was controlled to prevent the formation of vortices. Qs Fig. 18: System Head Test 2) Suction Head Tests: Determines the vacuum-pulling capability of the jet nozzle. Indicates whether or not the jet hole profile is correct. Affects ability to develop good intake suction. Fish Transport 42 Procedure: Clamp acrylic board over the jet pump suction entrance. Increase manifold pressure, P m , and record the developed vacuum, P . Also, record the manifold flow, Q m , for reference. A graph of vacuum vs. manifold pressure, should produce a near linear graph. Vacuum, Ps Full vacuum readings were achieved only after the area left of the Jets was filled with water. Rubberized Acr>4ic Board Fig. 19: Suction Head Test 3) Static Lift Tests: Indicates potential lifting ability. Gives total energy input into the system, via Pj measurements. Procedure: Connect a clear hose to the jet pump discharge, and hold upright as a stand pipe. Progressively increase P m , and record the Q m and static lift height. When the static height is plotted against the manifold pressure, a linear relationship results. Fish Transport 43 Fig. 20: Static Lift Test 4) Qualitative Dynamic Lift Tests: Final inspection of system to determine its ability as a.fish pumping system. Procedure: Lower discharge hose until sufficient pumping action is achieved through jet pump. Ascertain correct pumping action by inducing solid specimens through the system. Operate the pump in both the submerged and non-submerged conditions. Fish Transport 44 Fig. 21: Dynamic Lift Test Fish Transport 45 4.3 R E S U L T S S y s t e m H e a d T e s t s \u00E2\u0080\u00A2D a c I 2.5\" System Head Curves For Jet Pump Prototypes T 4.0 (Thousands) Manifold Flow, Qm (1/min) + 4\" 0 6\" A 8\" Fig. 22: System Heads T 6.0 8.0 X 10\" As expected, figure 22 shows the larger jet pumps requiring greater flow capacities. All of the prototypes were designed with similar operating heads, at about 30m. Limitations in the testing equipment restricted the measured range for the various prototype sizes as shown. The 63.5mm (2.5\") prototype is the actual data from the laboratory model with ring #3.1. Fish Transport 46 S u c t i o n H e a d T e s t s o CL JC \^ E 3 D u O > fl a o a > o Q Developed Vacuum For Jet Pump Prototypes Manifold Pressure Head (m) 2.5\" O 6\" X F\u00C2\u00A3#. 23: Suction Heads 10\" For all prototypes having area ratio, R = 0.098, the suction heads created at P g , is essentially linear with the manifold pressure. This shows the variability of the effects of scaling to the larger sizes. If the scaling were perfect for the jet pumps, then all the points for each of the jet pumps would be coincident. Only one line would emerge for all jet pumps having R = 0.098. By linear regression, the averaged relationship yields: - P s = 1.33 Pm/(pg) + 6.7 where P g is given in kPa and Pm/(pg) is given in metres. [4.8] Fish Transport 47 In theory, each line should initially be linear, passing through the origin, and coincident with the other prototypes. Eventually, as the vacuum continues to increase, the full-vacuum maximum will be approached. The line will then become non-linear, and any further increases in the manifold pressure will not increase the developed vacuum. Static Lift Tests Static Lifts For Jet Pump Prototypes 40 - i 1 0 20 40 60 80 Manifold Pressure Head (m) a 2.5\" + 4 \" O 6\" X 10\" Fig. 24: Static Lifts Figure 24 shows the variability of the static lifts for the jet pump prototypes. Again, ideally all the lines should be linear, coincident, and passing through the origin. \ . Fish Transport 48 The averaged linear regression for all the data points is: (Zc-Zg) = 0.53 Pm/(pg) [4.9] where (Zc-Zg) and Pm/(pg) is in metres. This graph shows that regardless of the jet pump size, if the area ratio, R, is fixed, then the same manifold pressures should result in similar static lifts. This makes it simple to scale static lift performance for prototypes of different size, but having the same area ratio. D y n a m i c L i f t T e s t s SUBMERGED UNSUBMERGED PARTIAL Fig. 25: Submerged, Unsubmerged & Partial Operation When the jet pump was operated in the submerged and unsubmerged condition, without solids, the flow through the system was steady. However, when the jet pump was operated in the partially submerged condition, the flow became non-uniform. The jet pump sometimes entrained more suction fluid than usual, sometimes less. This often lead to surging, or thrusting of the jet pump, since the amount of momentum transferred was not Fish Transport 49 constant. It is unlikely that any theoretical relationship can predict this non-uniform performance. When live salmon smolts were tested as specimens, some problems did arise. Loss of scales, damage to the eyes, and bleeding behind the gills, were some of the casualties the salmon suffered. It appeared that the momentum from the jets were too strong and concentrated, such that damage to the salmon was unavoidable. In future designs, distribution of the momentum through increasing the number of jet holes is recommended. Clearly, there is a need for additional research in this area. 5. A P P L I C A T I O N S I N A C R A B S A M P L I N G D E V I C E Fig. 26: Prototype Crab Sampling Device The crab sampling device has been designed to allow marine researchers to collect juvenile crabs measuring less than 50mm across its back, from a known area, under repeatable conditions and to disturb the seabed so that they cannot burrow or hide. All this was to be accomplished without having to dive for them. From an anchored vessel sitting at the surface of the water, the sampling device can be lowered into the water using mechanical hoists. The sampling hood defines a fixed sample area, sitting firmly at the bottom of the ocean. While the jets inside the sampling hood stirs the sample area, suspended objects (hopefully juvenile crabs) will be transported via hoses to the water Crab Sampling 51 surface, into a catchment cage. From there, the numbers and size of the crabs can be recorded and they can be returned, unharmed to the seabed. 5.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS The duty of the jet pump for this application is primarily for transporting the crabs from the sea floor to the water surface. It will not have to do any work in terms of lifting the crabs above the water surface, so that the jet pump can be throttled to operate at a lower pressure. A more gentle form of pumping then results. Most of the load on the jet pump will therefore, be due to frictional and hydraulic factors only. This makes the system curve rather simple. Applying Bernoulli's theorem between a & s: P V 2 a + v a - z = H + H i -7T\u00E2\u0080\u0094 a n s n l s [5.1] Pg 2g Where Hj s is the frictional head losses encountered between a & s. Next, noting that Pa/pg = - Z a and V a = 0: H s = - H l s [5.2] Similarly, between d & c: H d = A+ V __l + Zc + * l c . [5.3 ] Pg 2g Where Hj c is the head losses between d & c. Noting that P is at the free surface, P c = 0, Vc =0 and \u00C2\u00A3 = datum = 0: H d = - H l c [5.4] Substituting [5.2], [5.4] and expanding for PL^ in equation [2.2]: Hlc +fi N = [5.5] V 1 P m + r m - z + Hi m ^ n l s 2g pg Equation [5.5] can be regarded as the general system curve equation for underwater, zero-lift conditions. Additional analysis is then required to transform the relationship in Crab Sampling 52 terms of Q m and M, so that it can be combined with equation [2.18]. The operation point can then be found either graphically or analytically, similar to that for the fish pump application. 5.2 E X P E R I M E N T S & R E S U L T S During the development of the sampling hood, several different designs were tested for effectiveness. Both laboratory and field tests were conducted until a final design yielding reasonable results was found. Only some of the results from the final sampling hood design are presented here. Figure 27 shows some of the final sampling hood design details. Note the existence of an intake ventilation slot on the top perimeter of the sampling hood. This slot is beneficial to the overall smoothness of the flow, induced by the 60 jets. Reduced randomness of the flow inside the hood was observed when the slot was incorporated into the design. Crab Sampling 53 Fig. 27: Sampling Hood Details O p t i m i z i n g t h e S a m p l i n g H o o d J e t s In an effort to determine the best jet hole diameter for the sampling hood, experiments were carried-out using sea shells as models for crabs. The complete sampling system was set-up in the laboratory. A tank with a clear acrylic side permitted visual observation of the effectiveness of the sampling hood jets. The number of jet holes were varied until a suitable design at 60 holes was found. For designs less than 60 holes, the flow inside the sampling hood was too erratic. More than 60 holes required diameters which were so small, that clogging became a problem. Six different sampling hood jet diameters between 3.2mm and 6.4mm were tried. _M2 R 2 where . Kj c = (sum of the discharge K-factors), K s = (sum of the suction K-factors). Notice that this system curve is completely dimensionless, and therefore, it can be plotted on the N-M graph, along with the pump curve [2.18]. The intersection of [6.1] and [2.18] will define the operating N & M values for the system. A force-momentum analysis yields the following relationships for thrust and power: Thrust = F x = P _ [(l + 0.5K3)(Qm + Q s ) 2 - Q s 2] [6.2] A Power = Q m p g H m [6.3] where Kg = shear factor for the thruster tunnel. This value was estimated from tables of friction factors and is taken to be 0.2. Bow Thruster 59 Specific Thrust vs. Power For R\u00E2\u0080\u00940.2, 14\" Dia. Tunnel 150 -r 140 -130 -120 -110 -y\u00E2\u0080\u0094s. | 100 -z 90 -+J \u00C2\u00AB! 80 - ^^^^^ I 70 -u 60 -o o a 50 -m \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 . 0 -30 -20 -10 -0 - . \u00E2\u0080\u00A2--r \u00E2\u0080\u0094i 1 \u00E2\u0080\u0094 1 \u00E2\u0080\u0094i 0 20 40 60 80 Hydraulic Power (kW) Fig. 31: Specific Thrust The specific thrust graph of figure 31 shows the variation as the input power is increased. Assuming a 356mm (14\") diameter tunnel, the specific thrust quickly reaches its maximum of 109N/kW (191bs/HP) at 2kW, then it reduces to only 51N/kW (91bs/HP) at 75kW. Since the normal operating range for thrusters is beyond 40kW, the jet pump thruster will not normally be operating at its maximum specific thrust. Therefore, the specific thrust at normal operation will only be about 51N/kW. This is far below the 136N/kW & 119N/kW standards set by the current propeller and simple jet thrusters. The jet pump thruster fails to achieve the level of performance of existing designs, however, it may have specialized applications when performance is not the major criterion. Bow Thruster 60 Installations in ice-breakers, may be one such application. The determining factor for these vessels is the operability under adverse conditions, including ice debris. Otherwise, the jet pump is not a strong contender for thruster applications. Further studies in this application may not produce any appreciable increase in performance. 7. D I S C U S S I O N Laboratory Model Simple one-dimensional theory for the tested jet rings did not correlate closely to experimental results (refer to figure 7). Possible reasons for this may be due to reduced jet momentum for wide spraying jets and deviations in the jet geometry, such as jet hole diameter and spray angle. Small deviations between the assumed geometry and the actual geometry are inevitable, but limits on improvements for this correlation is quickly reached. The governing one-dimensional theory, however, has considerable room for improvement. Currently, the assumed jet momentum is pQmVj, and according to Westfall (14), this is an acceptable valuation for narrow spray patterns.' But for jets which have wide spray patterns, evidence presented here indicate that this estimation does not to hold. A suggested modification is, to add a spray width factor, K^, to the momentum. The jet momentum would then be K ^ Q ^ V j , where is less than unity. After further studies, empirically derived relationships between and the widening of the jet spray can be derived. Then, jet pump experiments can be remodelled to determine the validity of the modified one-dimensional theory. The importance of relative jet lengths in jet pumps has been noted. As the relative jet length, R.L., decreases, the jet spray pattern widens. With a decrease in R.L., the suction performance increases, but the lifting head performance decreases. Both of these characteristics can be explained by the following suggestions. For suction performance, the criterion is the amount of jet shear area. This is the surface area of the jets, where the actual development of shear occurs. Any other portion of the jet (the central core, for example), is not used for the development of shear stress. Wide spray patterns would then have larger jet shear area than narrow spray patterns. This accounts for the increase in suction performance as the width of the spray pattern increases. Discussion 62 Also, it was observed that maximum vacuums were not developed until the volume in the suction inlet was filled with water. This supports the jet shear concept, because shear stress between the jets and water should be greater than between the jets and air. The developed shear when the suction inlet is full of air, will be small compared to when the suction inlet is full of water. Therefore, the development of maximum vacuum will not occur until water fills the suction inlet. For lifting performance, the criterion is the amount of injected momentum in the desired direction of flow. This proposes that the jets be narrow and directed axially down the mixing chamber. With narrow jets, the momentum would be maximized, with the proposed spray width factor, = 1. Wider jets would decrease the momentum a corresponding amount, according to the value of < 1. The jet angles also affect the momentum by a factor given by co&O. For jets oriented axially, the momentum will not be reduced by this factor. However, this geometry is not possible for the current peripheral jet pump design. New geometries would be needed for the case where cosO = 1. In general, the momentum available from the jets which contribute in the desired direction is equal to: KwpQmVjCOsO. This term can replace the corresponding term as given in equation [2.7]. When pumping solids, maximum forces on the solid can be induced with the jet pump out of the water, in the unsubmerged condition. The solids must be tossed into the water jets where they can be subsequently carried away in swirling water and air. This causes large stresses on the solid, therefore, it is not the recommended mode of operation for handling fragile materials. With the jet pump submerged, a much smaller force is applied on the solid. If the solid is then introduced to the system, the surrounding water acts as a buffer to dissipate the force of the jets. The overall effect is reduced contact force on the solid. In the Discussion 63 example illustrated earlier, it was found that 64.4N of force would be applied to a solid if the jet pump was unsubmerged, and 25.6N if the jet pump was submerged. It was observed that, in the 95% submerged state, the jet pump's ability to handle solids was superior to that of the fully submerged state. The formation of vortices at the suction inlet, helped to entrain floating solids into the jet pump. Surface tension effects were also thought to provide much of the pulling action of the floating \"solids. As the jet pump drew-in the surface layer of the water, it brought with it, the solids which were held by the surface tension. This ability to simultaneously pump solids, liquids and gases is unique to jet pumps. As a Fish Pump Although some difficulties in fish damage were encountered, good potential lies in the use of the jet pump as a fish transport system. Additional research on improving the jet design to reduce the scale-loss and other fish damage will be required. More extensive laboratory testing of the jet profiles and configurations should yield a better solution to this problem. Some suggested tests are: - Vary the number of water jets (16, 18, 20 or 24 jet holes). This increases the jet shear area, which was found to have positive increases in the jet pump's vacuum performance. This will be an important factor to determine, so that better solids entrainment can be established. - Vary the number of jet perimeter locations. Rings #1 - #3.1 all had 16 jets exiting at one perimeter location. Only the Hillis had jets at two locations (8 + 8 jets, see figure 6). Other designs with two and three perimeter locations should be experimented with. For example, try 16+16 jets. This affects the distribution of the momentum over a larger volume, which decreases the momentum injected by each individual jet. The jet Discussion 64 shear area will also be increased. The results may indicate a reduction in fish damage, and a net increase in the suction performance. - Operating under partially submerged conditions at inlet seemed to improve the solids handling capability. Therefore, it may be useful to investigate the effects of deliberate air injection. Although the prototype fish pumps were made with air-injection-capability, thorough testing of its effects were not conducted. A s a C r a b S a m p l e r The jet pump performed well under this application. Unlike the fish pump, it was not required to lift the product high out of the water, therefore, the only major system load on the jet pump was friction in the hoses. All of the juvenile crabs which passed through the jet pump survived, despite the stress of the jets. The hard outer shell protected these crustaceans from injury. The basic design of the sampling hood is satisfactory, especially with the incorporation of the ventilation slot. But the design still needs further work to achieve a smoother sampling of the crabs. At present, the crabs are disturbed randomly, and collected as they are passed across the suction inlet. Given sufficiently long sampling times, eventually all of the crabs will be pushed across the suction inlet, and taken by the effects of jet pump. It must be realized that entrainment of sediment and crabs is bound to be a turbulent process, by its very nature, and this makes direct observation of the crab removal difficult. But with additional funding to research the sampling hood, a fully functional crab sampling system can be developed. It will help crustacean researchers collect specimens from the ocean floor, without having to dive to get them. Discussion 65 A s a B o w T h r u s t e r Unfortunately, the jet pump thruster fails to be competitive with existing maneuvering systems. Propeller thrusters claim specific thrusts up to 136N/kW (241bs/HP), jet thrusters claim 119N/kW (211bs/HP), while jet pump thrusters can only reach 51N/kW (91bs/HP). For an industry that is power-conscious, the kind of performance required from thrusters, will still remain dominated by propeller and jet thrusters. Ice-breaker installations, where functionality and not efficiency is the major concern, is a potential application for the jet pump thruster. Ice and other floating debris, which may damage propeller type thrusters, will not be a concern for the jet pump. It will easily produce thrust regardless of the debris in the water. Only then will the jet pump thruster show to be a worthwhile contender. 8. C O N C L U S I O N S Improvements in the one-dimensional theory are needed to better correlate with experiment for jets having wide spray patterns. The existing theory fails to accurately model the momentum injected by the jets. A correction factor, K w , for the jet momentum, pQmVj, should now be tried in both theory and experiment. Additional studies in determining appropriate values for need to be conducted. For suction performance, larger jet shear areas will yield better results. Tests showed that wide spray patterns, which have larger jet shear area than their narrow equivalents, are better equipped for this purpose. It should be noted that vacuums do not fully develop until the suction inlet is full of water, such that the jets are spraying into water instead of air. Additional studies where jet geometries are changed, should be investigated for its effect on suction performance. For maximum lifting performance, the best jet configuration is when the injected momentum is maximized. This implies narrow, stream-line jets, which are aimed directly in the direction of flow. For the peripheral jet pump geometry in this study, it is not possible to aim the jets in the direction of flow, however, this point should. be taken into consideration for future designs. The solids-pulling ability was found to be optimum when the jet pump was tilted on its side, with the front inlet about 95% submerged in the water. The 95% submergence creates a partial blockage, which has been found to be beneficial to the suction performance. While 95% of the front inlet is creating a vacuum, the other 5% is producing air-&-solids-entraining vortices. With the aid of surface tension, the vortices swirl any nearby floating solids into the inlet. Generally, the jet pump performance can be improved with the distribution of the jet momentum. Geometrically, this requires that the number of jet holes be increased. But to Conclusions 67 maintain constant area ratio, R, the individual jet diameters must be reduced accordingly. By doing this, three of the desired characteristics found from this study is satisfied. Firstly, the jet shear area will be increased, therefore, an increase in the suction performance should result. Secondly, because the relative jet length of each individual jet increases, the loss in momentum due to spreading of the jets does not occur. The proposed width correction factor, K^, can still remain at unity. This should result in better lift performance. Finally, the major effect of the distribution is the reduction of momentum per jet. This should prove to have a much more gentle action on the solids passing through the jet pump. This will be especially beneficial for pumping delicate solids such as live salmon. As a further refinement of the distribution of momentum, jets can be drilled at an oblique angle, such that a rotation is induced in the mixing chamber. This should increase the available jet shear area, since the jets will now travel a greater distance before interference from adjacent jets. The effects of oblique jet angles may be small, but this can not be known with certainty until further studies are undertaken. 9. R E F E R E N C E S For introductory reading material, two references are suggested: a) Stratton's article \"Liquid Jet Eductors...\" and b) Jumpeter's \"Jet Pumps.\" For jet pump theory based on one-dimensional flow, see papers written by, Cunningham, Henzler, Jumpeter, Kentfield et al and Westfall. For jet pump theory based on two-dimensional flow, see papers written by, Charlesworth et al, Hill and Hongji et al. For jet pump theory based on empirical formulas, see Xianghan. (1) Birkhoff, Garrett and Zarantonello, E.H. Jets, Wakes, and Cavities, (Academic Press Inc. 1957). (2) Charlesworth, A., Croft, David R. and Lilley, David G., \"Prediction of Jet Pump Performance Using a Finite-Difference Primitive Variable Technique,\" Paper presented at 3rd Nat. Comp. Physics Conf., Glasgow, UK, (August 1975), Transcripta Books, London and Hemisphere Pub. Corp., Washington, D.C., (in press 1976). (3) Cunningham, R.G., \"Liquid Jet Pump Modelling: Effects of Axial Dimensions on Theory-Experiment Agreement,\" Proc. 2nd. Symp. Jet Pump & Ejectors and Gas Lift Techniques, (BHRA Fluid Eng. 1975), pp. Fl:l-15. (4) Henzler, Hans-Jurgen, \"Design of Ejectors for Single-phase Material Systems,\" Ger. Chem. Eng., (Vol.6, 1983), pp. 292-300. (5) Herbich, John B. Ph.D., P.Eng. \"Jet Pumps in Dredging,\" Coastal and Deep Ocean Dredging, (Gulf Publishing Company, 1975), pp. 343-375. VPL 627.73 H53C (6) Hill, B.J., Journal of Hydraulic Division, ASCE, (Vol.99, 1973). (7) Hongji, Lu and Xiangjin, Zeng, \"Studies on Liquid Jet Pump,\" Scientia Sinica, (Vo}.24, April 1981), pp. 581-593. (8) Jumpeter, Alex M. \"Jet Pumps,\" Pump Handbook, (Edited by Igor J. Karassik, 1976), pp. 4:1-25. (9) Kentfield, J.A.C. Ph.D. and Barnes, R.W. \"The Prediction of the Optimum Performance of Ejectors,\" Proc Instn Mech Engrs, (Vol. 186 54/1972), pp. 671-680. TJ1 15 Vol.186 References 69 (10) \"Fishtails, Water Jets and Wheels,\" Marine Engineer's Review, (Vol.87, No.2, 1982), pp. 91-104. (11) Rajaratnam, N. \"Turbulent Jets,\" Developments in Water Science, (No. 5, 1976). (12) Schetz, Joseph A. \"Injection and Mixing in Turbulent Flow,\" Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, (No. 68, 1980). TA 357 S33 (13) Stratton, Harry, \"Liquid Jet Eductors- The Pumps With No Moving Parts,\" Plant Engineering, (April 29, 1976), pp. 215-218. (14) Westfall, Alan Patrick, \"Peripheral Jet Pump Theory and Experiment,\" Master's Thesis, The University of British Columbia, 1983. (15) Xianghan, Hu, \"Research of the Design Theory for Liquid State Jet Pumps,\" Scientia Sinica (Series A), (Vol.26, February 1983), pp. 214-224. "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "10.14288/1.0062602"@en . "eng"@en . "Civil Engineering"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "The peripheral jet pump : laboratory model & practical applications for incompressible materials transport"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28390"@en .