"Science, Faculty of"@en . "Chemistry, Department of"@en . "DSpace"@en . "UBCV"@en . "Adams, Craig S."@en . "2009-10-01T21:36:20Z"@en . "2001"@en . "Doctor of Philosophy - PhD"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "Thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH\u00E2\u0082\u0082C\u00E2\u0082\u0086H\u00E2\u0082\u0085)(CH\u00E2\u0082\u0082CMe\u00E2\u0082\u0083) (2) in various solvents generates neopentane and benzylidene Cp*W(NO)(=CHC\u00E2\u0082\u0086H\u00E2\u0082\u0085) (B) in situ. Complex B activates the C-H bonds of alkane solvents to yield alkene or allyl hydride complexes, and activates arene solvents to yield aryl or benzyl derivatives. The basic mechanistic features of the formation and reactivity of B, and the scope of B's activation chemistry are very similar to those of the previously-studied neopentylidene Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe\u00E2\u0082\u0083) (A) derived from Cp*W(NO)(CH\u00E2\u0082\u0082CMe\u00E2\u0082\u0083)\u00E2\u0082\u0082 (1). However, the product distributions derived from the activation of substituted arenes by B are more abundant in the aryl products over the benzyl products than those obtained from A (toluene, p>xylene). Likewise, the aryl regioisomer distributions obtained from B favour the meta isomer over other isomers, more so than those obtained from A (\u00CE\u00B1,\u00CE\u00B1,\u00CE\u00B1-trifluorotoluene, toluene). The mechanism of the thermal chemistry of 1 and 2 is re-examined for the possible involvement of hydrocarbon intermediates in the formation of the activation products. The observation of H/D scrambling in Cp*W(NO)(CD\u00E2\u0082\u0082CMe\u00E2\u0082\u0083)\u00E2\u0082\u0082 (1-d\u00E2\u0082\u0084) prior to neopentane elimination indicates that hydrocarbon intermediates do exist on the reaction coordinate. The near-unity values of the KIEs measured for benzene, tetramethylsilane and mesitylene indicate that the key step in the C-H activation of these substrates is coordination to the metal center, rather than substrate C-H bond scission. An in-depth experimental and theoretical investigation of the activation of toluene reveals that the aryl vs benzyl product distributions are controlled by the relative energetics of substrate coordination in two different fashions to the metal center. In contrast, the aryl regioselectivity is controlled by the relative energies of the aryl products. The product distributions obtained from the activation of other substituted arenes are controlled by these same factors, but with variations that depend on the substrate and the alkylidene complex utilized. The alkylidene systems can potentially be used to convert alkanes into homoallylic alcohols, via the allyl hydride products of C-H activation. Strategies for developing related Cp'M(NO)-based systems (Cp' = Cp or Cp*; M = Mo, W) are also described, along with preliminary investigations into the activation chemistry derived from CpMo(NO)(CD\u00E2\u0082\u0082CMe\u00E2\u0082\u0083)\u00E2\u0082\u0082 and Cp*W(NO)(CH\u00E2\u0082\u0082CMe\u00E2\u0082\u0083)(\u00CE\u00B7\u00C2\u00B3-l,l-Me\u00E2\u0082\u0082-C\u00E2\u0082\u0083H\u00E2\u0082\u0083)."@en . "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/13489?expand=metadata"@en . "20559337 bytes"@en . "application/pdf"@en . "C-H ACTIVATION OF HYDROCARBONS BY TUNGSTEN ALKYLIDENE AND RELATED COMPLEXES by CRAIG S. ADAMS B. Sc. (Hons), McMaster University, 1996 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF T H E REQUIREMENTS FOR T H E DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in T H E F A C U L T Y OF G R A D U A T E STUDIES (Department of Chemistry) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard T H E UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 2001 \u00C2\u00A9 Craig S. Adams, 2001 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Qy '&M'/Sf&/ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada J Date eocnTXem 3r^;l^Q( DE-6 (2/88) Abstract 11 Thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2CMe3) (2) in various solvents generates neopentane and benzylidene Cp*W(NO)(=CHC6H5) (B) in situ. Complex B activates the C-H bonds of alkane solvents to yield alkene or allyl hydride complexes, and activates arene solvents to yield aryl or benzyl derivatives. The basic mechanistic features of the formation and reactivity of B, and the scope of B's activation chemistry are very similar to those of the previously-studied neopentylidene Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) (A) derived from Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3) 2 (1). However, the product distributions derived from the activation of substituted arenes by B are more abundant in the aryl products over the benzyl products than those obtained from A (toluene, />xylene). Likewise, the aryl regioisomer distributions obtained from B favour the meta isomer over other isomers, more so than those obtained from A (a,oc,a-trifluorotoluene, toluene). The mechanism of the thermal chemistry of 1 and 2 is re-examined for the possible involvement of hydrocarbon intermediates in the formation of the activation products. The observation of H/D scrambling in Cp*W(NO)(CD2CMe3)2 (l-d4) prior to neopentane elimination indicates that hydrocarbon intermediates do exist on the reaction coordinate. The near-unity values of the KDEs measured for benzene, tetramethylsilane and mesitylene indicate that the key step in the C-H activation of these substrates is coordination to the metal center, rather than substrate C-H bond scission. An in-depth experimental and theoretical investigation of the activation of toluene reveals that the aryl vs benzyl product distributions are controlled by the relative energetics of substrate coordination in two different fashions to the metal center. In contrast, the aryl regioselectivity is controlled by the relative energies of the aryl products. The product distributions obtained from the activation of other substituted arenes are controlled by these same factors, but with variations that depend on the substrate and the alkylidene complex utilized. The alkylidene systems can potentially be used to convert alkanes into homoallylic alcohols, via the allyl hydride products of C-H activation. Strategies for developing related Cp'M(NO)-based systems (Cp' = Cp or Cp*; M = Mo, W) are also described, along with preliminary investigations into the activation chemistry derived from CpMo(NO)(CD 2CMe 3) 2 and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(ri3-l,l-Me2-C3H3). iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iv List of Tables xvi List of Figures xvii Abbreviations xxi Acknowledgements xxiii CHAPTER 1. Intermolecular C-H Activation of Hydrocarbons by Soluble Metal Complexes 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 An Overview of Organometallic Chemistry 2 1.1.2 An Overview of Organometallic C-H Activation of Hydrocarbons 3 1.1.3 Types of Organometallic C-H Activation Systems 4 1.1.4 Types of Organometallic Hydrocarbon C-H Activations Mediated by Soluble Metal Complexes 5 1.1.4.1 Hydrocarbon C-H Activation by Oxidative Addition to a Soluble Metal Complex 5 1.1.4.2 Hydrocarbon C-H Activation by M-C o-Bond Metathesis with a Soluble Metal Complex 7 1.1.4.3 Hydrocarbon C-H Activation by Addition to the M=NR Linkages of Soluble Metal Imido Complexes 9 1.1.5 Soluble Metal Complexes that Convert Hydrocarbons Into Functionalized Organic Chemicals 10 1.1.6 A New Mode of Organometallic Hydrocarbon C-H Bond Activation: Addition of R-H to the M=CHR Linkages of Soluble Metal Alkylidene Complexes 13 1.1.7 Alkane and Arene C-H Activation by Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) (A): The Discovery and Preliminary Investigations 15 1.1.8 Alkane and Arene C-H Activation by Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) (A): Subsequent Investigations 20 1.1.8.1 Kinetic Studies on, and The Proposed General Mechanism for, C-H Activation Derived from 1 20 1.1.8.2 Activation of Alkane Substrates 22 1.1.8.3 Activation of Methyl-Substituted Arene Substrates 22 1.2 Outline of This Thesis 25 1.3 Format of This Thesis 28 1.4 References and Notes 30 CHAPTER 2. Investigations Into The Thermal Chemistry of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2CMe3) 37 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Results and Discussion 38 2.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Complex 2 38 2.2.1.1 Synthesis of Complex 2 39 2.2.1.2 Properties of Complex 2 ^ 40 2.2.2 Thermolysis of 1 in Toluene Revisited 41 2.2.3 Thermolysis of 2 in Toluene 45 2.2.4 A Note on the Thermolyses Conditions for 1 and 2 45 2.2.5 Trapping of the Reactive Benzylidene Complex 47 2.2.6 Solid-State Molecular Structure of Complex 2.4a 48 2.2.7 Comparison of Mechanistic Features of the Neopentylidene and Benzylidene Systems: Thermolysis of Complex 2 in Benzene and Benzene-c4 50 2.2.8 Comparison of Scope of Substrate Activation Mediated by A and B: Thermolysis of 2 in Alkanes 52 2.2.8.1 Thermolysis of 2 in Tetramethylsilane and in Cyclohexane/PMe3 52 2.2.8.2 Thermolysis of 2 in Methylcyclohexane 53 2.2.8.3 Thermolysis of 1 in Methylcyclohexane Revisited 55 2.2.9 Summary of the Comparisons of the Neopentylidene and Benzylidene Systems Presented Thus Far 56 2.2.10 Thermolysis of 2 in/w-Xylene 57 2.2.11 Thermolysis of 2 in o- and /^-Xylene 59 I vii 2.2.12 The Solid-State Molecular Structure of Complex 2.12 60 2.2.13 Thermolysis of 2 in Mesitylene 62 2.2.14 Thermolysis of 2 in a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene 63 2.2.15 Thermolyses of 1 in />Xylene, Mesitylene and a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene Revisited 65 2.2.15.1 Thermolysis of 1 inp-Xylene 65 2.2.15.2 Thermolysis of 1 in Mesitylene 67 2.2.15.3 Thermolysis of 1 in a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene 67 2.2.16 Trends in the Activation of Arenes Substrates 68 2.3 Epilogue 71 2.4 Experimental Procedures 72 2.4.1 General Methods. 72 2.4.2 Reagents 74 2.4.3 NMR assignments 74 2.4.4 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C6H 5)(CH 2CMe 3) (2) 75 2.4.5 Monitoring the Thermolysis of 1 in Toluene by lH NMR spectroscopy 75 2.4.6 Preparative Thermolyses of 2 in Hydrocarbon Solvents: General Comments 76 2.4.7 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-3-Me) (2.2a), Vlll Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-4-Me) (2.2b) 77 2.4.8 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(=CHC6H5)(PMe3) (2.4a-b) 78 2.4.9 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C6H 5)(C 6H 5) (2.5) and Cp*W(NO)(CHDC6H5)(C6D5) (2.5-*) 79 2.4.10 Kinetic Studies of the Thermolysis of 1 and 2 in Benzene-fife 80 2.4.11 Thermolysis of 2 in Alkanes: General Comments 80 2.4.12 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2SiMe3) (2.6) 81 2.4.13 Preparation of 2.4a-b and Cp*W(KO)(r|2-cyclohexene)(PMe3) (1.3) 81 2.4.14 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(ri3-C7Hn)(H) (1.5 and 2.7) from 1 and 2 81 2.4.15 Thermolysis of 1 and 2 in Xylenes, Mesitylene and a,ct,a-Trifluorotoluene: General Comments 82 2.4.16 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C6H 5)(C 6H 3-3,5-Me 2) (2.8) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-3-Me) (2.9) 83 2.4.17 Independent Preparation of 2.9 via Metathesis 84 2.4.18 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-3,4-Me2) (2.10) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-2-Me) (2.11) 84 2.4.19 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)(C 6H 3-2,5-Me2) (2.12) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-4-Me) (2.13) 85 2.4.20 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H3-3,5-Me2) (2.14) 86 IX 2.4.21 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-3-CF3) (2.15a) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-4-CF3) (2.15b) 87 2.4.22 Thermolysis of 1 inp-Xylene, Mesitylene and a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene 88 2.4.23 X-ray Diffraction Analyses of 2.4a, 2.12 and 2.14 88 2.5 References and Notes 90 C H A P T E R 3. Investigations Into The Mechanism of the C - H Bond Activation Chemistry Derived from Complexes 1 and 2 96 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Results and Discussion 104 3.2.1 Known Strategies For Detecting Hydrocarbon Complexes 104 3.2.2 Thermolysis of l-d4 in Tetramethylsilane: NMR Analysis 104 3.2.3 Thermolysis of \-d4 in Benzene-tfk: NMR Analysis 106 3.2.4 Thermolysis of l-d4 in Tetramethylsilane and Benzene-dg: GC/MS Analysis 107 3.2.5 Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Thermolysis of l-d4 in Benzene 108 3.2.6 Explanation of The Results: Hydrocarbon Complexes are Intermediates on the Reaction Coordinate for Alkylidene Complex Formation 110 3.2.7 An Aside: The True Magnitude of the KIE for oc-H Neopentane Elimination for Complex 1 vs Complex l-d4 113 J X 3.2.8 Implications of the Existence of Hydrocarbon Complexes on the General Mechanism of C-H Bond Activation by A and B 114 3.2.9 Measurement of Intermolecular KIEs for Activation of Tetramethylsilane, Benzene and Mesitylene 116 3.2.10 The Questionable Intermediacy of the Alkylidene Complexes A and B 120 3.3 Epilogue 123 3.4 Experimental Procedures 124 3.4.1 General Methods 124 3.4.2 Reagents 124 3.4.3 Characterization Data for l-d4 124 3.4.4 Thermolyses of l-d4 in Tetramethylsilane, Benzene, and Benzene-af6: General Comments 124 3.4.5 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH^DCMe 3)(CH 2SiMe 3) (3.1-di) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3-dx)(CH2SiMe3) (3.1'-900 \u00C2\u00B0C are required before aliphatic C-H bonds spontaneously cleave to form radicals that can be converted into other chemicals. 2. Metal atoms and ions can readily cleave the C-H bonds of alkanes, and other hydrocarbon substrates such as arenes, to form organometallic products. These reactions usually occur under moderate to mild conditions, sometimes even at temperatures well below 0 \u00C2\u00B0C. 8 In addition, the regioselectivities of the C-H bond activations are opposite to those obtained from radical-based activation methods (i.e. the general reactivity trend is 1\u00C2\u00B0 > 2 \u00C2\u00B0 \u00C2\u00BB 3\u00C2\u00B0 sp3 C-H bonds for alkanes, and aromatic sp2 > benzylic sp3 C-H bonds for toluene).7 4 3. Hydrocarbons are the primary feedstocks of the chemical industry. However, few methods exist for the conversion of the most abundant hydrocarbons, the alkanes, into more useful organic chemicals with high chemoselectivity (i.e. only one type of product is formed).7'9'10 4. The formation of an organometallic compound via the C-H bond activation of a hydrocarbon can be viewed as the first step in the conversion of the hydrocarbon into a fiinctionalized organic molecule. Given the unique regioselectivities exhibited during the activation, metal-based systems that can selectively form an organometallic derivative by alkane C-H activation may provide new routes for the conversion of alkanes into other organic chemicals. For these reasons, the discovery and development of metal-based systems that can mediate the organometallic C-H activation of hydrocarbon substrates continue to be pursued. 1.1.3 Types of Organometallic C - H Activation Systems Several types of metal-based systems are known to effect organometallic hydrocarbon C-H activations, including those that feature metal atoms in the gas phase, those that feature metal atoms on the surfaces of solids, and those that feature metal atoms that are part of inorganic or organometallic complexes that are soluble in organic solvents including hydrocarbons. The latter type of metal-based systems is particularly amenable to detailed investigations of the activation chemistry, and consequently, a great deal has been learned about hydrocarbon C-H activations mediated by these types of complexes. In addition, certain soluble metal complexes have been developed to effect 5 the conversion of alkane substrates into other functionalized chemicals. Details of these matters are provided in the following two sections. 1.1.4 Types of Organometallic Hydrocarbon C - H Activations Mediated by Soluble Metal Complexes Soluble metal complexes typically activate hydrocarbons by one of three modes of C-H bond scission: oxidative addition, M-C a-bond metathesis orM=NR addition.7 The general characteristics of these modes are described below, along with pertinent details of the activation chemistry of representative systems within each class. 1.1.4.1 Hydrocarbon C - H Activation by Oxidative Addition to a Soluble Metal Complex Oxidative addition was the first mode of organometallic C-H activation to be identified.11 The general transformation involves the reaction of an unsaturated metal fragment (L nM) with a molecule of the hydrocarbon solvent (R-H) to generate an organometallic product in which the metal atom has been inserted into one of the C-H bonds of the substrate (eq 1.1). It is called oxidative addition due to the fact that the reaction increases the formal oxidation state at the metal center by two. The metal center in the reactive fragment must contain d-electrons, which typically means that oxidative addition is limited to low-valent mid- to -late transition metals. R L\u00E2\u0080\u009EM + R - H *- LnM (1.1) H Numerous soluble metal complexes are known to activate hydrocarbons by this mechanism, including those containing ir , 1 2 ' 1 3 - 1 4 Rh , 1 5 ' 1 6 ' 1 7 Pt, 1 0 , 1 8 Fe, 1 9 Re, 2 0 Os, 2 1 and W 2 2 ' 2 3 metal centers. The most prominent and well-studied oxidative addition systems are those containing the Cp*M(L) (Cp* = r^-CsMes; M = Ir, Rh) reactive fragment (eqs 1.2 and 1.3).12'13'15 The C - H activation chemistry was first discovered for Cp*lr complexes by Graham (L = CO) and Bergman (L = PMe3) in 1982,12 but has been expanded to include a variety of related species. (1.2) a-alkane complex (1.3) 7i-arene complex Oxidative addition C-H activation reactions are usually not direct processes, as depicted in eq 1.1. Rather, these transformations can involve intermediate hydrocarbon complexes, namely a-alkane complexes in the case of alkanes (eq 1.2), and Ti-arene complexes in the case of arenes (eq 1.3). When more than one type of C-H bond is present within a hydrocarbon substrate, the reactions typically generate the organometallic products associated with the activation of the stronger and/or most accessible bond within the molecule (i.e. 1\u00C2\u00B0 > 2 \u00C2\u00B0 \u00C2\u00BB 3\u00C2\u00B0 sp3 C-H bonds for alkane substrates; aromatic sp2 > benzylic sp3, and meta, para > ortho aromatic sp2 C - H bonds 7 for toluene). However, the relative magnitudes and the factors responsible for these product selectivities depend on the metal fragment employed and the reaction conditions. For example, the Cp*Ir(PMe3) system is less selective than the corresponding Rh system when activating the same substrate under similar conditions.17 When the Cp*Ir(PMe3) reactive fragment is generated in hydrocarbon solvents at low temperatures (i.e. < - 45 \u00C2\u00B0C) by photolysis of the dihydride precursor, the C-H activation process is effectively irreversible and the formation of the activation products is under kinetic control.11 Since the rate-determining step in the two-step activation process is the formation of the hydrocarbon complex intermediates, the relative product distribution is determined by the relative rates of substrate coordination to the metal center. In contrast, when the reactive fragment is generated thermally, or photochemically at higher temperatures, C-H activation becomes reversible and product equilibration occurs with sufficient reaction time. The observed product distribution in this case is formed under thermodynamic control and is dependent upon the relative thermodynamic energies of the organometallic products themselves. 1.1.4.2 Hydrocarbon C-H Activation by M-C a-Bond Metathesis with a Soluble Metal Complex The second type of intermolecular hydrocarbon C-H activation mediated by soluble metal complexes is known as a-bond metathesis. The reaction still results in the formation of a metal-carbon bond, but the H atom of the hydrocarbon substrate ends up on a ligand-based carbon acceptor atom rather than the metal center. One class of reagents in this category is the Cp*2M(R') complexes, such as the scandocene complex in eq 1.4. Direct attack on R-H by the complex via a four-centered transition state results 8 in \"metathesis\" of the M-C bonds. Similar reactivity has been observed for the yttrium25 and lutetium26 analogues. (1.4) + C H 4 A related set of complexes involves those that effect C - H activation by a-bond metathesis at a hydrocarbyl ligand that is attached to the metal center through more than one M - C bond, such as a metallacyclic ligand (eq 1.5)27, a benzyne ligand (eq 1.6)28, or an rj2-alkyne ligand.29 In these cases, the acceptor carbon remains within the complex once the C-H bond is cleaved. In the systems in eqs 1.4-1.6, the products generally form according to the same general trend as observed for oxidative addition reactions (eg aryl > benzyl products for 9 toluene, 1\u00C2\u00B0 > 2\u00C2\u00B0 alkyls for alkanes). Intermediate hydrocarbon complexes may be also present in some of these systems, given the changes in some product distributions on 24 28 29 longer reaction times, ' and given the results of substrate labeling experiments. However, unlike the Cp*Ir(PMe3)(H)2 oxidative addition system, the initial product distributions are controlled by rate-determining C-H bond scission. Thus, the principle factors that govern the product selectivities in these systems are the strength and/or the s-character of the C-H bonds (i.e. sp2 > sp3), and steric interactions in the four-centered metathesis transition state. 1.1.4.3 Hydrocarbon C - H Activation by Addition to the M = N R Linkages of Soluble Metal Imido Complexes Transient, thermally-generated transition-metal imido complexes are also capable of activating C-H bonds. As shown in equation 1.7, the overall reaction is similar to those in eqs 1.4-1.6, with the H atom of the hydrocarbon substrate being transfer to the a-N atom of the imido ligand. R R\" \u00E2\u0080\u0094 A I I n \" II *\u00E2\u0080\u0094 L . . M *\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 L\u00E2\u0080\u009EM = NR' V LJVI NHR' - R - H L J NHR' Specific members of this class of compounds include those derived from Cp2Zr(R)(NH tBu) (Cp = M 5 - C 5 H 5 ; R = alkyl),30 (X)2M(R)NHSi lBu3 (M = Ti, X = OSi'Bus; M = Zr, X = NHSi'Bus; R = alkyl, aryl),31 ( tBu3Si(H)N=)M(R)(NHSi tBu3)2 (M = V 3 2 , Ta 3 3), and ( tBu3Si(H)N=)2W(R)(NHSi tBu3).34 In the well-characterized Ti, Zr and Ta systems, the products again typically form according to the same general trend (e.g 10 aryl > benzyl products for toluene, 1\u00C2\u00B0 > 2\u00C2\u00B0 alkyls for alkanes). Intermediate substrate hydrocarbon complexes may or may not be present on the C-H activation reaction coordinate. Yet, as in the metathesis systems described above, these intermediates, if present, do not influence the activation chemistry since rate-determining step in substrate activation is C - H bond scission. Thus, initial product distributions are linked to the relative transition state energies for C-H bond scission, which in turn depend primarily on the ground state energies of the product complexes. Product distributions formed after equilibration via reversible C-H activation are likewise determined by the product energies. The mechanistic features of these particular systems are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3. 1.1.5 Soluble Metal Complexes that Convert Hydrocarbons Into Functionalized Organic Chemicals In addition to being amenable to detailed studies of the C-H activation process, some systems featuring reactive soluble metal complexes have been developed to activate and transform hydrocarbons, particularly alkanes, into functionalized chemicals. For example, Waltz and Hartwig have developed a series of metal boryl complexes that transforms alkanes into alkylboronate esters.35 A representative transformation employing a tungsten boryl complex is shown in eq 1.8. The key step in the process is believed to be oxidative addition of the alkane to the dicarbonyl derivative of the tungsten complex. The resulting alkyl boryl complex then undergoes reductive elimination to form the functionalized organic product, which can be converted into a variety of other organic compounds by standard synthetic methodologies. Recent advances have resulted 11 in the catalytic conversion of alkanes to alkylboronate esters using similar organometallic reagents. 36 O C - W - C O + C O \ H + o (1.8) \u00E2\u0080\u0094 O (85 %) Several other systems employing soluble metal complexes can also mediate the catalytic conversion of alkanes to functionalized organic molecules via organometallic intermediates.37 One notable example is the catalytic iridium-based alkane-to-alkene dehydrogenation system developed by Jensen, Goldman and co-workers (Scheme 1.1).38 Here, terminal alkanes are first activated by oxidative addition to form an alkyl hydride complex. Since this complex is coordinatively and electronically unsaturated,1 a second C-H activation event, namely P-H elimination, generates a dihydride alkene complex. Dissociation of the alkene from the metal center yields the desired functionalized organic moiety. A sacrificial alkene molecule such a 7-butylethylene is then used to regenerate the iridium catalyst by the reverse of the alkane functionalization process. By this so-called transfer dehydrogenation, a number of different alkanes may be efficiently converted to their terminal alkene derivatives. Scheme 1.1 Another notable example is the system being developed by Periana et al. at Catalytica Corporation for the industrial-scale direct catalytic conversion of methane to methanol (Scheme 1.2). 3 9 It is believed to involve the oxidation addition of methane to a cationic Pt(U) complex to form a platinum methyl intermediate.10 This organometallic complex is then converted by the boiling sulfuric acid solvent into methyl bisulfate, which yields methanol upon hydrolysis. If this, or a similar, process can be made to be efficient and economically viable, it would be a boon to both the chemical industry and the energy industry, since methanol is a common chemical feedstock and a better fuel source than methane, but is expensive to produce by current indirect methods.40 13 S c h e m e 1.2 + OP ;pt O P [ C H 4 | C - H ac t iva t ion N \ ^ N ... | OP O x i d a t i o n N ^ N ^ OP H U O P \":pt\"\" ^ N C H 3 O P F u n c t i o n a l i z a t i o n O P H O P N N O P ^ ^ C H 3 S 0 2 + H 2 0 S 0 3 + 2 H O P O P = H S 0 4 1.1.6 A N e w M o d e of O r g a n o m e t a l l i c H y d r o c a r b o n C - H B o n d A c t i v a t i o n : A d d i t i o n o f R - H to the M = C H R L i n k a g e s o f So lub le M e t a l A l k y l i d e n e C o m p l e x e s After over twenty years of research, it was noted in early 1995 that there was a curious absence of one particular mode of intermolecular C - H activation by soluble metal complexes, namely the addition of hydrocarbon C - H bonds to the M = C linkage of an alkylidene complex.7 In stark contrast, the microscopic reverse of this process, namely the oc-H elimination of hydrocarbon (eq 1.9) was well known,41 and that there had been 14 the activation of a methyl group of the Cp* ligand by the methylidene intermediate shown in eq 1.10. (1.9) (1.10) In the following three years, four systems were reported to effect intermolecular hydrocarbon activation by this mode of C-H bond scission. In each system, the reactive species is a neopentylidene complex generated thermally in situ from a c/\"s-bis(neopentyl) precursor by a - H elimination of neopentane (R = CMe 3 in eq 1.9). The neopentylidene complexes generated from (2,6-iPr2C6H3N)2Cr(CH2CMe3)2(eq 1.11)43 and Cp'2Ti(CH2CMe3)2 (Cp' = Cp or Cp*) 4 4 in this manner activate a C - H bond of benzene to afford the corresponding phenyl neopentyl complexes. There is also strong evidence for the activation of alkane and arene C-H bonds by a transient neopentylidene complex during the thermal decomposition of T i (CH 2 CMe3 )4 . 4 5 (1.11) 15 Finally, members of this research group reported that the thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3) 2 ( 1 ) under modest conditions (70 \u00C2\u00B0C, 40-48 h) leads to the formation of the reactive alkylidene intermediate, Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) (A), which subsequently activates the C-H bonds of both alkane and arene solvents. Details of the initial discovery of, and subsequent investigations into, this chemistry are presented in the next two sections. 1.1 .7 Alkane and Arene C-H Activation by Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) (A): The Discovery and Preliminary Investigations The discovery of the C-H activation chemistry derived from 1 occurred during the final stages of thesis work conducted by Kevin Ross of this group.46 He noted that the thermolysis of 1 in benzene for 48 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C led to the formation and isolation of the aryl neopentyl complex Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H5) (1 .1 ) . A similar experiment in benzene-ak revealed the formation of free neopentane (detected by ! H NMR spectroscopy) as well as Cp*W(NO)(CHDCMe3)(C6D5) (l.l-d6), which features exclusive deuterium incorporation at only one of the two methylene positions of the neopentyl ligand (eq 1.12). (1.12) 1.1 (X = H) l.l-d6 (X = D) 16 Incorporation of deuterium at the methylene position is only consistent with the addition of C-D across the M=C linkage of an intermediate alkylidene complex. Moreover, the stereoselective nature of the incorporation is consistent with 1,2-cis addition of C-D across the M=C linkage of only one of the two possible isomers of this neopentylidene complex. Although no experimental proof was obtained at the time, Dr. Ross suggested that the most likely reactive intermediate was the 16e neopentylidene complex, A, in which the alkylidene lBu group is \"anticlinal\" (i.e. pointing away) to the Cp* ligand, rather than \"synclinal\" (pointing towards it) (Scheme 1.3). Scheme 1.3 1 1.1-de Subsequent work on the thermal chemistry of 1 was conducted by Elizabeth Tran of this group. 4 7' 4 8' 4 9 Evidence was obtained for the formation of a transient alkylidene complex from 1 via the thermolysis of 1 in neat trimethylphosphine. Two products were observed in the final reaction mixture, namely the anti- and synclinal isomers of Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3)(PMe3) (1.2a-b) in a ~ 4:1 ratio (eq 1.13). The solid-state molecular structure of the major isomer 1.2a was established to be that of the phosphine-trapped form of the purported anticlinal neopentylidene intermediate A. 17 Shortly thereafter, a startling discovery was made when the trapping experiments were conducted with PMe3 in cyclohexane. The thermolysis of 1 in cyclohexane in the presence of a large excess of PMe3 (i.e. > 50 equiv) yields the PMe3-trapped alkylidene complexes 1.2a-b as expected. However, as the relative amount of PMe3 is decreased, a third product forms, namely Cp*W(NO)(/7 -cyclohexene)(PMe3) (1.3) (eq 1.14). Complex 1.3 is the major product formed under \"dilute\" conditions (i.e. < 12 equiv of PMe3) and, accordingly, was successfully isolated and fully characterized. The reaction shown in eq 1.14 was the first clear example of intermolecular C-H activation of an alkane substrate by a metal alkylidene complex.47 ON W-o PMe, 70 \u00C2\u00B0C, 2 d 1.2a-b + ON P M e 3 (1.14) 1.3 The purported mechanism for the formation of 1.3 involves initial C - H activation of cyclohexane mediated by A , followed by a second C-H bond activation, namely 3-H elimination of neopentane (Scheme 1.4). Notably, the reaction results in the net conversion of cyclohexane to cyclohexene by dehydrogenation, although the alkene 18 remains coordinated to the metal center. The majority of organometallic C - H activation systems do not permit such transformations of the alkyl ligands after the initial C-H activation event.7 Scheme 1.4 The initial investigation into the activation chemistry exhibited by this system included another aliphatic substrate, tetramethylsilane, and its perdeuterio analogue, tetramethylsilane-dn.47 Specifically, it was found that the thermolyses of 1 in these solvents generate the respective products of C-H and C-D activation, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(CH2SiMe3) (1.4), and Cp*W(NO)(CHDCMe3)(CD2Si(CD3)3) (1.4-rfi2), in very high yield (~ 97%) (eq 1.15). 19 SiMe4-x/2 70\u00C2\u00B0 C, 2 d (1.15) 1 1.4 (X = H ) lA-dn (X = D ) Deuterium is incorporated in l.4-di2 at only one of the two methylene positions of the neopentyl ligand. This position was identified by solution N O E NMR and solid-state X-ray crystallographic studies48 of 1.4 to be the synclinal methylene position (RSyn), rather than the anticlinal position (rL.\u00E2\u0080\u009Efi-) (Figure 1.1). The incorporation of deuterium at this position is consistent with the exclusive 1,2-cis C-H activation by the anticlinal alkylidene isomer A, as originally proposed by K. Ross. Figure 1.1. Two different views of the stereochemistry about the methylene linkages of 1.4 as determined from the conformation exhibited in its solid-state molecular structure. The syn- and anticlinal positions are defined with respect to the other W-C alkyl linkage in the molecule. 20 1.1.8 Alkane and Arene C-H Activation by Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) (A): Subsequent Investigations At the time, the C-H activation system featuring neopentylidene A was the only one of the four reported systems that could activate both arene and alkane substrates to yield isolable and well-defined organometallic products. Hence, our research group was provided with the opportunity to conduct the first in-depth investigation into the C-H activation of alkanes and arenes by a soluble metal alkylidene complex. In that regard, E. Tran subsequently conducted a kinetic study of the activation process and surveyed the C-H activation of select alkane and arene substrates. Highlights of the results of these efforts are presented below. 1.1.8.1 Kinetic Studies on, and the Proposed General Mechanism for, C-H Activation Derived from 1 The thermolysis of 1 was monitored over > 3.5 half-lives by UV-vis spectroscopy in cyclohexane solutions containing an excess of PMe3 (e.g. 300 equiv).49 The reaction exhibits first-order kinetics for the loss of 1 over the temperature range of 71 - 98 \u00C2\u00B0C (i.e. k0bs = 5.3 x 10\"5 s\"1 at 72 \u00C2\u00B0C). An Eyring plot of these data afforded the activation parameters AH* = 28(2) kcal mol\"1 and AS* = 1(3) cal mol\"1 K\"1. Other kinetic analyses in hydrocarbon solvents in the absence of PMe3 also exhibit first-order dependence on 1 with similar rate-constants.48 A comparison of the rates of the PMe3-trapping of 1 vs Cp*W(NO)(CD2CMe3)2 (l-d4) at 91 \u00C2\u00B0C by UV-visible spectroscopy yields a relative ratio of 2.4(2) in favour of l . 4 9 This was assigned as the kinetic isotope effect for direct a-elimination of neopentane. 21 Taken together, these data are consistent with the thermal decomposition of 1 by a rate-determining intramolecular a-H bond scission process. When combined with the labeling studies in benzene and tetramethylsilane, the mechanism for the activation chemistry derived from 1 has the following characteristics (1) rate-limiting intramolecular a-H elimination of neopentane to form the reactive anticlinal alkylidene complex (2) 1,2-cis addition of R-H across the W=C linkage of the alkylidene complex. Consequently, a simple two-step oc-abstraction mechanism was proposed, involving anticlinal neopentylidene intermediate A and concerted 1,2-cis C-H bond addition to the M=C linkage.50 The purported mechanism is illustrated in Scheme 1.5 for the activation of deuterated tetramethylsilane. Scheme 1.5 (Me3-d9)Si 22 1.1.8.2 Activation of Alkane Substrates Two different modes of reactivity were found for the activation of alkanes by this system. The thermolysis of 1 in a cycloalkane solvent in the presence of PMe3 was found to generate 1.2a-b and the corresponding PMe3-trapped alkene complexes,48 as observed with cyclohexane (eq 1.14). In contrast, the thermolysis of 1 in an alkyl-substituted alkane such as methylcyclohexane,49 or an acyclic alkane such as pentane,48 in the presence or absence of PMe3 was found to generate the corresponding terminal allyl hydride complexes, such as 1.5 and 1.6a-b, via an additional C-H activation event (eq 1.16). These investigations established that the transformation of alkane substrates into coordinated dehydrogenated derivatives is a general phenomenon for this system. 1.6a 1.6b 1.1.8.3 Activation of Methyl-Substituted Arene Substrates The thermolysis of 1 in methyl-substituted arenes, such as toluene,49 /?-xylene and mesitylene48 generated some unexpected results. In each case, products of the activation 23 of one and/or two substrate molecules were observed in the final product mixture. For example, the thermolysis of 1 in p-xylene leads to the formation of four products (eq 1.17). The first two complexes, 1.7 and 1.8, are the aryl and benzyl products derived from the activation of an sp2 and sp3 C-H bond of one p-xylene molecule, respectively. The other two complexes, 1.9 and 1.10, are derived from the activation of two /^ -xylene molecules. (1.17) In comparison, the thermolysis of 1 in mesitylene (eq 1.18) leads only to one product containing two C-H activated substrate molecules, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H3-3,5-Me 2) 2 (1.11). 24 (1.18) 1.11 These results suggest that the activation of the sp3 C-H bonds of methyl-substituted arenes by A leads to the formation of complexes of the general type Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)(CH 2Ar) which are thermally sensitive. These complexes then undergo a-H elimination of neopentane to generate the corresponding benzylidene analogues of A, namely Cp*W(NO)(=CHAr), that subsequently activate solvent C-H bonds. In support of this conclusion, two of the benzyl neopentyl products, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)(CH 2Ar) (Ar = C 6 H 5 (2) and Ar = CH 2C 6H4-4-Me (1.8) were prepared and thermolysed in PMe3 as well as the parent arene solvent (toluene for 2,4 9 p-xylene for 1.848). The thermolyses in PMe3 lead to the isolation of the PMe3-trapped alkylidene complexes, Cp*W(NO)(=CHAr)(PMe3), which were isolated and characterized spectroscopically. The thermolyses in the parent solvent lead to the formation of the respective aryl and benzyl activation products as predicted. The results for 1.8 are detailed in eq 1.19. 25 From these investigations, it became apparent that the chemistry effected by neopentylidene A was not unique. In fact, an entire family of benzylidene analogues of A seemed to be readily available from the thermolysis of the respective benzyl neopentyl precursor complexes. 1.2 Outline of This Thesis In light of the novelty of the activation chemistry initiated by neopentylidene A, a study of the activation chemistry of a representative benzylidene system was clearly warranted. In addition, using the research conducted on other systems as a guide, several issues regarding the activation chemistry exhibited by both types of alkylidene systems remained to be addressed. These included (1) probing the mechanism of C - H activation for the possible existence and significance of hydrocarbon intermediates in the activation of arene and alkane substrates, (2) accurately quantifying the product selectivities for substrates in which more than one type of C-H bond is present, and identifying the factors that control these selectivities, and (3) assessing the potential of these or related systems 26 for development as reagents for the conversion of hydrocarbons into functionalized organic chemicals. This Thesis describes work conducted on all four of these topics. Chapter 2 begins with the investigation of the thermal chemistry of a representative benzyl neopentyl complex and its benzylidene derivative, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2CMe3) (2) and Cp*W(NO)(=CHC 6H 5) (B). The benzylidene and neopentylidene systems are compared with respect to the basic mechanistic features of the activation process, as well as the scope and the selectivity of arene and alkane C-H activation. These investigations reveal that the kinetics of formation and the general nature of the reactive alkylidene species are very similar, and that the benzylidene system activates alkane substrates to yield the same alkene or terminal allyl hydride complexes as the neopentylidene system. However, while the activation of toluene by benzylidene B yields the same types of aryl and benzyl products as neopentylidene A, the resulting distribution of organometallic products is significantly different. Moreover, the activation of toluene is identified to be the one instance where a range of products is formed from the activation of different C-H bonds within the molecule. Consequently, the remainder of Chapter 2 concerns the activation of other substituted arenes by both systems with the goal of quantifying the respective product selectivities and identifying trends between them. This work reveals that the product distributions obtained from the benzylidene system are consistently more abundant in the aryl products than those obtained from the neopentylidene system in the same solvent (toluene, p-xylene). Likewise, in the activations of a,a,a-trifluorotoluene and toluene, the aryl regioisomer distributions obtained from 2 favour the meta isomer over the para and ortho isomers, more so than the distributions obtained from 1. Finally, for both systems, the 27 organometallic products associated with the activation of the stronger and most accessible bond within the arene molecule are generally formed preferentially, with some moderation by the steric and electronic nature of the substituent(s) in the arene substrate. A detailed understanding of the mechanism of the activation process was required to determine the origin of these trends and to identify the factors responsible for the observed product selectivities. In that regard, Chapter 3 describes the reinvestigation of the mechanism of thermal chemistry of both 1 and 2 directed at evaluating the possible involvement of hydrocarbon intermediates in the formation of the activation products. The results of this investigation indicate that hydrocarbon intermediates do exist on the reaction coordinate for C-H activation, and do influence the outcome of the activation process. In particular, the key step in the activation of benzene, tetramethylsilane and mesitylene is found to be coordination to the metal center, rather than scission of the substrate C-H bond as originally thought. With the key mechanistic features of the activation process successfully resolved, additional work could be conducted to rationalize the rest of the activation chemistry reported in Chapter 2. In that regard, Chapter 4 focuses on explaining the activation of the substituted arenes, beginning with an in-depth experimental and theoretical investigation of the activation of toluene. These investigations reveal that the aryl vs benzyl product distributions are controlled by the relative energetics of the coordination of the substrate in two different fashions to the metal center. In contrast, the aryl regioselectivity is controlled by the relative energies of the aryl products themselves. The product distributions obtained from the activation of other substituted arenes are 28 controlled by these same factors, namely substrate coordination and the energy of the activation products, but with variations that depend on the substrate and the alkylidene complex utilized. In the end, the factors that control the product distributions are found to be highly dependent on the substrate, the activated products and the alkylidene complex employed. Furthermore, the trends in the observed product selectivities do not result from a simple correlation to the relative activated product energies as in the imido systems mentioned earlier in this Chapter. The final Chapter of this Thesis is concerned with assessing the utility of the alkylidene systems as reagents for the conversion of alkanes into other functionalized chemicals. In particular, a potentially viable and novel application of the activation chemistry mediated by the neopentylidene system to the field of organic syntheses is presented. In addition, new alternative alkylidene systems related to the neopentylidene and benzylidene systems discussed in Chapter 2-4 are presented, systems that may be more amenable to the proposed alkane functionalization application. Finally, a general strategy is described for the development of other, related non-alkylidene C-H activation systems that can potentially be used to effect alkane functionalization in alternative fashions. 1.3 Format of This Thesis This Thesis is formatted with Chapters 2 through 5 possessing five major sections. If X is the chapter number, then the Sections appear as X. 1 Introduction, X.2 Results and Discussion, X.3 Epilogue, X.4 Experimental Procedures, and X.5 References and Notes. Subsections of these categories are numbered using legal outlining 29 procedures, e.g. X . l . l , X.1.2, X.l.2.1, X.1.3, etc. Compounds Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)2 (1) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(CH2C6H5) (2) and the respective alkylidene complexes Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) (A) and Cp*W(NO)(=CHC 6H 5) (B) are defined as such throughout this thesis. All other compounds discussed elsewhere in this Thesis are defined by the Chapter and sequence in which they are mentioned, e.g. in Chapter X, compounds appear as X . l , X.2 etc. and are referred to as X . l , X.2, etc. in subsequent chapters. Schemes, Tables, Figures and Equations are similarly sequenced and referenced. The standard experimental methodologies employed during the research described in this Thesis are outlined in detail in Chapter 2, Section 2.4.1 30 1.4 References and Notes (1) Crabtree, R. H. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, 3 r d ed; Wiley and Sons: Toronto, ON, 2001. (2) Also see: (a) Collman, J. P.; Hegedus, L. S.; R. Norton, JR.; Finke, R. G. Principles and Applications of Organotransition Metal Chemistry, 2 n d ed.; University Science: Mill Valley, CA, 1987. (b) Shriver, D. F.; Atkins, P.; Langford, C. H. Inorganic Chemistry, 2 n d ed.; Freeman and Co.: New York, NY, 1994; Chapters 10, 16. (c) Butler, I. S.; Harrod, J. F. Inorganic Chemistry Principles and Applications, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing: Don Mills, ON, 1989; Chapter 22. (3) For a lead reference, see: Bochmann, M . E. J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 1996, 255-270. (4) Shilov, A. E.; Shul'pin, G. B. Activation and Catalytic Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metal Complexes; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2000. (5) Activation and Functionalization of Alkanes; Hill, C. L. , Ed.; Wiley-Interscience: New York, NY, 1989. 31 It should be noted that not all hydrocarbon C-H activation reactions involving organometallic complexes directly form an organometallic complex when the C-H bond is cleaved. Rather, the C-H activation reaction can be mediated through a ligand of a metal complex, or is promoted by the complex via the formation of a non-metallic reactive species. However, these types of organometallic reactions lie outside the scope of this Thesis. For details, see reference 4. Arndtsen, B. A.; Bergman, R. G.; Mobley, T. A.; Peterson, T. H. Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 154-162. For example, C-H activation of cyclohexane can be effected at 163-193 K by photolytically-generated Cp*Rh(CO). For details, see: Schultz, R. H.; Bengali, A. A ; Tauber, M . J.; Weiller, B. H.; Wasserman, E. P.; Kyle, K. R.; Moore, C. B.; Bergman, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7369-7377. Crabtree, R. H. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 987-1007. Stahl, S. S.; Labinger, J. A ; Bercaw, J. E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2180-2192. Jones, W. D. in reference 5; Chapter 4. (a) Janowicz, A. H.; Bergman, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 3929-3939. (b) Hoyano, J. K.; Graham, W. A. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 3723-3725. 32 Peterson, T. H.; Golden, J. T.; Bergman, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 455-462, and references therein. Crabtree, R. H.; Mihelcic, J. M ; Quirk, J. M . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 107-113. (a) Ghosh, C. K.; Graham, W. A. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 4726-4727. (b) Jones, W. D.; Feher, F. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1989, 22, 91-100. (c) Jones, W. D ; Hessell, E . T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 554-562. (a) Price, R. T.; Andersen, R. A.; Muetterites, E. L. J. Organomet. Chem. 1989, 376, 407-417. (b) Wang, C.; Ziller, J. W.; Flood, T. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 1647-1648. Periana, R. A.; Bergman, R. G. Organometallics 1984, 3, 508-510. (a) Shilov, A.E. ; Shteinman, A.A. Coord. Chem. Rev, 1977, 24, 97. (b) Kushch, L. A.; Lavrushko, V. V.; Misharin, Y. S.; Moravsky, A. P.; Shilov, A. E. Nouv. J. Chem. 1983, 7, 729. Baker, M . V.; Field, L. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987,109, 2825-2826. (a) Bergman, R. G.; Seidler, P. F.; Wenzel, T. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 707, 4358-4359. (b) Jones, W. D.; Rosini, G. P.; Maguire, J. A. Organometallics 1999, 18, 1754-1760. 33 Harper, T. G. P.; Shinomoto, R. S.; Deming, M . A.; Flood, T. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7915-7916. Berry, M . ; Elmitt, K.; Green, M . L. H. J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 1979, 1950-1958. Martin, D. T. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, 1984. Thompson, M . E.; Baxter, S. M. ; Bulls, R.; Burger, B. I; Nolan, M . C ; Santarsiero, B. D.; Schaefer, W. P.; Bercaw, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987,109, 203-219. Booij, M . ; Deelman, B.-J.; Duchateau, R.; Postma, D. S.; Meetsma, A.; Teuben, J. H. Organometallics 1993, 12, 3531-3540. Watson, P. L.; Parshall, G. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 51-56. (a) Bruno, J. W.; Smith, G. M. ; Marks, T. J.; Fair, C. K.; Schultz, A. I; Williams, J. M . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 40-56. (b) Fendrick, C. M . ; Marks, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 425-437. (a) Erker, G ; J. Organomet. Chem., 1977, 134, 189-202. (b) England, A. F.; Burns, C. J.; Buchwald, S. L. Organometallics 1994, 13, 3491-3495. 34 (29) For details of this system, see Section 5.2.4 , as well as: Debad, J. D.; Legzdins, P.; Lumb, S. A.; Rettig, S. J.; Batchelor, R. J.; Einstein, F. W. B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 3414-3428. (30) (a) Walsh, P. J.; Hollander, F. J.; Bergman, R. G. Organometallics 1993, 12, 3705-3723. (b) Lee, S. Y.; Bergman, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5877-5878. (31) (a) Schaller, C. P.; Cummins, C. C ; Wolczanski, P. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 591-611. (b) Bennett, J. L.; Wolczanski, P. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997,119, 10696-10719. (32) With, J.; Horton, A. D. Angew. Chem., Intl. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 903-905. (33) Schaller, C. P.; Wolczanski, P. T. Inorg. Chem. 1993, 32, 131-144. (34) Schaefer, D. F. II; Wolczanski, P. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998,120, 4881-4882. (35) Waltz, K. M . ; Hartwig, J. F. Science 1997, 277, 211-213. (36) Chen, H.; Schlecht, S.; Semple, T. C ; Hartwig, J. F. Science 2000, 287, 1995-1998. (37) For more examples, see references 4, 7 and 10. (38) Liu, F.; Pak, E. B.; Singh, B.; Jensen, C. M . ; Goldman, A. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4086-4087. 35 Periana, R. A.; Taube, D. I; Gamble, S.; Taube, H.; Satoh, T.; Fujii, H. Science 1998, 280, 560-564. For details on the quest for efficient and direct methods of methane-to-methanol conversion, see reference 9. Schrock, R. R. Acc. Chem. Res. 1979, 12, 98-104. (a) Vilardo, J. S.; Lockwood, M . A.; Hanson, L. G.; Clark, J. R.; Parkin, B. C ; Fanwick, P. E. ; Rothwell, I. P. J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 1997, 3353-3362 and references therein, (b) McDade, C ; Green, J. C ; Bercaw, J. E . Organometallics 1982, 1, 1629-1634. (c) Bulls, A. R.; Schaefer, W. P.; Serfas, M . ; Bercaw, J. E. Organometallics 1987, 6, 1219-1226. (d) van Doom, J. A.; van der Heijden, H.; Orpen, A. G. Organometallics 1994, 13, 4271-4277. (e) Duncalf, D. J.; Harrison, R. J.; McCamley, A ; Royan, B. W. J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 1995, 2421-2422. Coles, M . P.; Gibson, V. C ; Clegg, W.; Elsegood, M . R. J.; Porrelli, P. A J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 1996, 1963-1964. van der Heijden, H.; Hessen, B. J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 1995, 145-146. Cheon, J.; Rogers, D. M. ; Girolami, G.S.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 779, 6804-6813. Ross, K. J. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, 1994. Tran, R; Legzdins, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997,119, 5071-5072. Tran, E.; Legzdins, P., unpublished observations. Adams, C. S.; Legzdins, P.; Tran, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 612-624. Tran, E. , personal communication, 2000. 37 CHAPTER 2 Investigations Into The Thermal Chemistry of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2CMe3) 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Results and Discussion 38 2.3 Epilogue 71 2.4 Experimental Procedures 72 2.5 References and Notes 90 38 2.1 Introduction The first goal of the research described in this Thesis was to study the C-H activation chemistry derived from a representative benzyl neopentyl complex, Cp*W(NO)(CH2Ar)(CH2CMe3). Several congeners could have been selected, but the complex that was ultimately chosen was the simplest member of the family, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)(CH 2CMe 3) (2). Preliminary investigations by E. Tran had already demonstrated that complex 2 is readily synthesized, is thermally unstable, and forms the corresponding benzylidene derivative, Cp*W(NO)(=CHC6H5) (B) in situ (Section 1.1.8.3). Complex B, in turn, is isolable as the base-stabilized PMe3 complex and activates the C-H bonds of toluene. This Chapter begins by expanding on these investigations to further explore the reactivity of 1 and 2 in toluene and confirm the formation of B from 2. 2.2 Results and Discussion 2.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Complex 2 The original synthesis of 2 1 was conducted using synthetic methods that are well established in our research group. However, since the preparation of 2 is representative of the preparation of related compounds in this Thesis, the details of this methodology will be reviewed briefly. In addition, complex 2 has several noteworthy characteristics that are relevant to the ensuing discussions in Chapters 2-5. 39 2.2.1.1 Synthesis of Complex 2 The general method employed for the synthesis of hydrocarbyl complexes of the type Cp'W(NO)(R)(R') (Cp* = C 5 H 5 (Cp) or Cp*; R = R' = alkyl, aryl, benzyl) is a sequential alkylation of the dichloro complex, Cp*W(NO)Cl2, using ethereal solvents and R2Mg-x(dioxane) reagents.2'3 Both Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)Cl 2 and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6Hs)Cl4 monohalide complexes can be readily synthesized, providing two possible synthetic routes to 2 (Scheme 2.1). However, the preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)Cl involves only one synthetic step, so this route to 2 has been employed. Alkylation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)Cl by (C6H5CH2)2Mg.x(dioxane) in Et 2 0 on a 0.5 to 1.5 g scale generates 2 as an orange microcrystalline powder in 70-85 % yield after recrystallization from Et20/hexanes. Scheme 2.1 Cp*W(NO)Cl 2 1. (C 6H 5CH 2) 2Mg-x(dioxane) (1 equiv R ) , T H F C p * W ( N O ) ( C H 2 C 6 H 5 ) C l 2. HC1 (1 equiv) (Me 3CCH 2) 2Mg'jc(dioxane) (1 equiv R ), T H F (Me 3 CCH 2) 2Mgx(dioxane) (1 equiv R ) , E t 2 0 Cp*W(NO)(CH 2 CMe 3 )Cl (C 6H 5CH 2) 2Mg-x(dioxane) (1 equiv R'), E t T Q C p * W ( N O ) ( C H 2 C 6 H 5 ) ( C H 2 C M e 3 ) (2) 2.2.1.2 Properties of Complex 2 The properties of 2 are consistent with those reported for other benzyl complexes of the type Cp'W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(R) (R = aryl, alkyl, benzyl)4'5 It can be handled in air for short periods of time without any visible signs of decomposition. Its IR spectrum exhibits a strong absorbance at 1538 cm\"1 attributable to the stretching frequency of a terminal NO linkage. Its *H NMR spectrum exhibits a typical A B X Y pattern of doublets attributable to the diastereotopic methylene H atoms of the two hydrocarbyl ligands. The doublets for the benzyl moiety occur at lower field (5 2.22 and 2.98) than those of the neopentyl ligand (5 -2.35 and 2.20) and have a smaller VHH coupling constant (8.5 vs 13.4 Hz). The large chemical shift difference between the resonances for the methylene protons of the neopentyl ligand and the negative resonance for the synclinal methylene proton are features typical of alkyl benzyl and mixed alkyl complexes of the Cp'M(NO) fragment.4'5'6 A notable feature of the ^ C ^ H j N M R spectrum of 2 is the chemical shift of the resonance due to the ipso carbon of the benzyl ligand (5 113) which lies well below that of most benzyl ligands (8 > 140). The low chemical shift is indicative of a bonding interaction between the ipso carbon and the major lobe of the metal-based L U M O that lies between the two hydrocarbyl ligands.7 The r|2-benzyl linkage is present in the solid-state molecular structures of numerous related benzyl congeners (vide infra).4'5 In solution, however, the r\2 interactions in these benzyl complexes are not static. In the case of 2, variable-temperature gated \" C I / H J N M R spectroscopy has revealed that the r|2-benzyl conformation is in equilibrium with another, in which there appears to be an agostic bond8 between the synclinal methylene C-H bond of the 41 neopentyl ligand and the metal-based L U M O (Figure 2.1).6 Such a-agostic interactions have been detected in several other neopentyl complexes, both in solution and in solid state, the latter having been confirmed by a neutron diffraction analysis.6 Thus, at room and higher temperatures, complex 2 is rapidly exchanging between these two conformations, with the equilibrium favouring the r|2-benzyl conformation. Figure 2.1. Qualitative diagram of the metal-based L U M O (top), and the r|2-benzyl and V-benzyl/ct-agostic conformations (bottom), of 2. Note that the complexes on the bottom are rotated about the Cp* ligand to place the NO ligand behind W, and that the NO ligand is not shown for clarity. 2.2.2 Thermolysis of 1 in Toluene Revisited According to previous observations, the thermolysis of 1 in toluene should lead to the formation of 2 via sp3 C-H bond activation of toluene by A. Moreover, 2 is thermally 42 sensitive and leads to formation of products from the net activation of two molecules of toluene, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)(R) (R = C6H4-Me or C H 2 C 6 H 5 ) . To confirm that this process is indeed occurring, the thermolysis of 1 in toluene has been conducted for several days at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C on a sufficient scale to permit monitoring the progress of the reaction by periodic sampling of the reaction mixture. The ! H NMR spectrosocopic data for the samples obtained from the first 15h of the thermolysis reveal that all four products of the C-H activation of toluene by A are formed initially. Specifically, these are the meta and para aryl neopentyl complexes Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-3-Me) (2.1a) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-4-Me) (2.1b) as major products, the ortho aryl neopentyl complex Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)(C 6H 4-2-Me) (2.1c) as a trace product, and 2. Complexes 2 .1a-c have all been characterized previously.2'9'10 As the thermolysis progresses, the signals for 2 disappear as those for three new products appear in the TT NMR spectra. The two major products are the meta and para aryl benzyl complexes, Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-3-Me) (2.2a) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-4-Me) (2.2b), while the minor product is the previously reported bis(benzyl) complex Cp*W(NO)(CH 2 C 6 H 5 ) 2 (2.3). 4 After 40 h, all Of 1 and 2 have been consumed. Integration of appropriate signals in the 40 h J H NMR spectrum reveals that the respective neopentyl and benzyl aryl products 2.1a-b and 2 .2a-b are present in a 4.3(2): 1 ratio (95% confidence limit (CI)), with meta isomers (2.1a, 2.2a) favouring the corresponding para isomers (2.2b, 2.2b) by the respective ratios of 1.45(8): 1 and 2.0(2): 1. Using these integrations as a basis, the other two products, 2.1c and 2.3, were each determined to comprise ~ 1 % of the total activated products, thus yielding the relative product distribution shown in equation 2.1. 43 2.1 c (R = -Me, ~ 6 %) Monitoring the thermolysis of 1 in toluene for an additional 24 h past the endpoint of typical thermolysis experiments (64 h total) reveals no significant changes in the ratio of the activated products. This result indicates that the product distribution is essentially fixed after 40 h, and that, once formed, the neopentyl aryl products 2.1a-c do not convert to the benzyl aryl and bis(benzyl) products 2.2a-b and 2.3 at any appreciable rate (e.g. by isomerization to 2 and the subsequent formation of B). Hence, based on the a-abstraction mechanism described in Chapter 1, it appears that the products of toluene activation are indeed formed by the process illustrated in Scheme 2.2. 44 Scheme 2.2 , N * * C M e 4 2.2a-b 2.3 B It should be noted that after the mixture was heated for an additional 24 h, product decomposition was observed, as indicated by the appearance of a small cluster ( -5-10 %) of new Cp* signals in the lH NMR spectrum. These signals gradually increase in intensity upon prolonged heating of the mixture. While several processes could cause this decomposition, it may be noted that the related neopentyl phenyl complex, Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H5) (1.1), decomposes in arene solvents at elevated temperatures through loss of neopentane (110 \u00C2\u00B0C, 6 h) . n The major products in the thermolysis mixture 2.1a-b likely undergo the same process, but more slowly under these thermal conditions. 45 2.2.3 Thermolysis of 2 in Toluene Thermolysis of independently prepared 2 in toluene for 40 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C cleanly generates the same aryl and benzyl products of toluene activation observed from the reaction of 1 in toluene, namely 2.2a-b and 2.3. The product distribution is also the same, within error, as judged by integration of signals in the *H NMR spectrum of the final reaction mixture (2.2a : 2.2b = 1.97(11): 1 and 2.2a-b: 2.3 = 18.6(1.2): 1) (eq 2.2). The product of ortho sp2 C-H bond activation, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-2-Me) (2.2c), was not observed. Complex 2.2a can be isolated as a crystalline solid from this reaction mixture in adequate yield (25%), and its spectral characteristics are indeed those of the meta isomer. Complex 2.2b can only be further characterized spectroscopically in the crude reaction mixture, but its spectral features are fully consistent with it being the para isomer. Both 2.2a and 2.2b possess r|2-benzyl ligands characterized by the ipso carbon resonances at 8 ~ 114 in their 1 3 C NMR spectra. 2 2.2a (~ 63 %) 2.3 (~ 5%) 2.2b (~ 32 %) 2.2.4 A Note on the Thermolyses Conditions for 1 and 2 Heating the thermolysis mixture generated from 2 in toluene for prolonged periods ( > 48 h), or conducting the experiment at higher temperatures ( > 75 \u00C2\u00B0C), results 46 in the partial decomposition of the C-H activation products; Similar results were obtained when conducting the thermolyses of 2 in other solvents. The decomposition could also be observed during the independent thermolysis of purified products in their parent solvent. It would appear, then, that the C-H activation products derived from 1 or 2 can exhibit some degree of thermal instability, thereby suggesting that the temperature and time of thermolysis are factors to consider when conducting these experiments. Product decomposition becomes a particularly important issue in the situations when the relative distributions of the C-H activated products need to be determined: decomposition of only some of the activated products in the final reaction mixture will skew the product yields towards the most stable products and cause any assessment of the relative yield to become inaccurate when compared to the relative yields actually obtained by the C-H bond activation event. Given this problem, the thermolysis conditions were fixed for both complexes 1 and 2 at temperature = 70 \u00C2\u00B0C, and time = 40 h. The latter condition is a convenient time period for the reaction, since the 40 h period fits well into the workweek. More importantly, nearly all thermolyses conducted under these conditions generated final reaction mixtures whose NMR spectra show < 5 % residual 1 or 2, and < 5 % decomposition products. When desired, relative product distributions could then be determined by integration of appropriate signals in the lH NMR spectrum of the product mixtures and can be considered to be accurate assessments of the actual relative yield of each product as initially formed from A or B, within the errors associated with the specific integrations. 47 2.2.5 T r a p p i n g of the Reac t i ve B e n z y l i d e n e C o m p l e x Intermediate B has previously been isolated in base-stabilized form as the PMe 3 adduct, namely Cp*W(NO)(=CHC6H5)(PMe3) (2.4a). 1 However, at that time, complex 2.4a was only characterized to confirm its formulation, and the stereochemistry as well as other structural features of the complex were not deduced. In addition, the related reaction of 1 with PMe 3 , 9 as well as that of a molybdenum analogue of 1, CpMo(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)2, 1 2 both generate two isomeric phosphine-trapped alkylidene complexes, the major isolable one with the alkylidene R substituent anticlinal to the Cp* ligand and the minor with the synclinal orientation.13 To ascertain whether 2.4a is in fact the anticlinal isomer and to determine if an isomer of 2.4a is formed, the thermolysis of 2 has been conducted in THF in the presence of excess PMe 3 (~ 130 equiv). Analysis of the final reaction mixture by N M R spectroscopy does reveal the presence of two alkylidene complexes, assigned as 2.4a and 2.4b in a ~ 5:1 ratio (eq 2.3). Complex 2.4a can be isolated as an orange crystalline solid by recrystallization of the crude reaction mixture in THF/hexanes (52% yield), and its NMR properties are consistent with the data obtained previously. Notable features are the high-field NMR resonances for the benzylidene proton (8 12.01, J JHP= 3.8 Hz) and the benzylidene carbon (8 261.2, Vcp= 9 Hz) which are diagnostic values for alkylidene linkages.14 The observation of N O E enhancements between the Cp* ring and the benzylidene H atom as detected by lH-lH. NOE difference spectroscopy suggests an anticlinal orientation of the Cp* and Ph groups in 2.4a. Complex 2.4b can be characterized spectroscopically in the final reaction mixture. It also exhibits diagnostic 48 benzylidene resonances for the benzylidene a-H (5 13.70) and a-C (8 262.5) atoms. Moreover, the ^ ^ H N O E spectroscopic features of 2.4b are consistent with it being the synclinal geometric isomer of 2.4a. Thus, the stereochemistry and relative distribution of the PMe3-trapped complexes of B are the same as those reported for 1 and the molybdenum analogue. In addition, while 2.4a-b do not interconvert at room temperature on the NMR timescale (as indicated by the lack of magnetization transfer during the N O E experiments), the complexes do interconvert upon prolonged heating at elevated temperatures. Specifically, complex 2.4a forms a mixture of 2.4a-b when heated in benzene-* (16 h, 80 \u00C2\u00B0C), as detected by J H NMR spectroscopy. The interconversion of alkylidene isomers by rotation around the M=C bond is a common phenomenon.15 2.2.6 Solid-State Molecular Structure of Complex 2.4a A single crystal of 2.4a has been subjected to an X-ray crystallographic analysis to confirm its stereochemistry, as well as to determine the metrical parameters of the benzylidene linkage.16 The resulting ORTEP diagram is shown in Figure 2.2. The overall geometry of 2.4a is best described as a three-legged piano stool and is similar to 2 2.4a (~ 83 %) 2.4b (~ 17 %) 49 C(5) Figure 2.2. ORTEP plot of the solid-state molecular structure Cp*W(NO)(=CHC6H5)(PMe3) (2.4a) with 50% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond lengths (A) and angles (\u00C2\u00B0); W(l)-C(l) = 1.975(3), N(l)-0(1) = 1.244(6), W(l)-N(l)-0(1) = 178.1(3), W(l)-C(l)-C(2)= 137.2(2), W(l)-C(l)-C(2)-C(3) = - 171.3(3), N(l)-W(l)-(Cl)-C(2) = -8.3(4). 50 that of its neopentylidene analogue. The benzylidene linkage has a short W=C bond (1.975(3) A) and an obtuse W-CH-R bond angle (137.2(2)\u00C2\u00B0), typical of tungsten alkylidene complexes in general.17 In addition, there is a nearly planar N(l)-W(l)-C(l)-C(2) grouping (- 8.3(4)\u00C2\u00B0), consistent with the maximization of the synergic 7i-bonding between the 71-donor alkylidene and 7t-acceptorNO ligands.13'18 The phenyl group of the benzylidene ligand is indeed anticlinal to the Cp* group, consistent with the preferred conformation of several other isostructural alkylidene complexes.19 Finally, a structural feature unique to benzylidene linkages is the planar alignment of the phenyl and W=C moieties (W(l)-C(l)-C(2)-C(3) = 171.3(3)\u00C2\u00B0) which is indicative of conjugation of the alkylidene and phenyl 71-systems.19 2.2.7 Comparison of Mechanistic Features of the Neopentylidene and Benzylidene Systems: Thermolysis of Complex 2 in Benzene and Benzene-* With the formation of benzylidene B from 2 firmly established, the general features of the benzylidene and neopentylidene systems can be compared. With regards to the mechanism, it has previously been determined that the activation process derived from 1 proceeds via (1) rate-limiting intramolecular a-H elimination of neopentane to form the anticlinal alkylidene complex, and (2) 1,2-cis addition of R-H across the W=C linkage of the alkylidene complex. To see if the benzylidene system is the same or different with respect to these mechanistic features, complex 2 has been thermolysed in benzene and benzene-*. In benzene, the benzyl phenyl complex Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H5) (2.5) forms via sp C - H bond activation as anticipated. Complex 2.5 exhibits two doublet resonances 51 at 6 2.14 and 3.41 in its *H NMR spectrum for the syn- and anticlinal methylene protons of the benzyl ligand respectively, as determined by NOE difference spectroscopy. Thermolysis of 2 in benzene-ak under these conditions cleanly forms Cp*W(NO)(CHDC6H5)(C6D5) (2.5-d6), in which a deuterium resonance is observed at 8 2.15 in the ^ { / H J N M R spectrum. The exclusive incorporation of the label at the synclinal position of the neopentyl ligand is consistent with the cis addition of C-H (C-D) across the M=C linkage of an anticlinal benzylidene intermediate (eq 2.4). Hence, the stereochemistries of the reactive alkylidene intermediates derived from 1 and 2 are the same. (2.4) 2 B 2.5-d6 Similarly, the side-by-side monitoring the rates of reaction of 2 and 1 in benzene-d6 over 15 h at 72.0 \u00C2\u00B0C by *H NMR spectroscopy reveals that both 1 and 2 decompose by first-order processes and eliminate neopentane, with respective rate constants of 4.6(1) x 10\"5 s\"1 for 1 (R2 =0.999) and 4.9(1) x 10'5 s\"1 for 2 (R2 = 0.999) (see Appendix B for plots of the data). The rate constants are very similar to each other (k^ki = 1.07), as well as to that of 1 in cyclohexane/PMe3 at 72 \u00C2\u00B0C (5.3 x 10\"5 s\"1). These results are fully consistent with the formation of benzylidene B from 2 by the same intramolecular a-H cleavage process that generates neopentylidene A from 1. 52 2.2.8 Comparison of Scope of Substrate Activation Mediated by A and B: Thermolysis of 2 in Alkanes In terms of the scope of the activation chemistry, the work described in Section 2.2.3 has established that benzylidene B can activate the sp2 and sp3 C-H bonds of toluene to yield the corresponding aryl and benzyl complexes. However, it has not yet been demonstrated that the activation ability of B encompasses alkane substrates as well. In the C-H activation literature, there are indeed examples of complexes that activate the C-H bonds of arenes to yield isolable products, but do not activate the aliphatic sp3 C-H bonds of alkane substrates.20 To see if benzylidene B is similarly limited in its C - H activation ability, complex 2 has been thermolysed in three representative aliphatic substrates, as described below. 2.2.8.1 Thermolysis of 2 in Tetramethylsilane and in Cyclohexane/PMe3 The thermolysis of 2 in neat tetramethylsilane (at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C for 40 h) yields the Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2SiMe3) (2.6) in ~ 95% yield as judged by ! H NMR spectroscopy (eq 2.5). Complex 2.6 is the product of C-H activation of tetramethylsilane and has been prepared previously by other means.4 Likewise, the thermolysis of 2 in cyclohexane in the presence of PMe3 (~ 20 equiv) generates Cp*W(NO)(/7 -cyclohexene)(PMe3) (1.3) via 2\u00C2\u00B0 sp3 C-H bond activation, in addition to the alkylidene complexes 2.4a-b (1.3 : 2.4a-b = 1: 10). Hence, it appears that B can activate both the 1\u00C2\u00B0 and 2\u00C2\u00B0 sp3 C-H bonds of aliphatic substrates. 53 (2.5) 1.3 2.2.8.2 Thermolysis of 2 in Methylcyclohexane Thermolysis of 2 in methylcyclohexane results in the formation of two principal activation products in a 9(1): 1 ratio. A plethora of additional, but weak, signals is also observed in the Cp* and aromatic regions of the ^ and ^ C ^ H j N M R spectra (< 10 % as judged by J H NMR) (eq 2.6). 2 1.5 (~ 90%) 2.7 (~ 10%) 54 The major product is the previously characterized allyl hydride complex, 3 3 Cp*W(NO)(77 - C 7 H 1 1 X H ) (1.5), which contains a terminal cis, endo-r\ -allyl linkage (see Section 1.1.8.2). The identity of the minor product (2.7) has been resolved by gated- 1 3 C {lH} NMR and N O E spectroscopic analyses of the reaction mixture. For comparison, 1.5 exhibits a high-field, sp3-like resonance for the exocyclic allyl carbon that is cis to the NO ligand (8 41.3 (t, VCH =155 Hz, CH 2)), and low-field, spMike resonances for the endocyclic allyl carbons (8 80.0 (d, 'JCH = 148 Hz, CH), 121.1 (s, C)). These spectral features are typical of allyl ligands attached to the Cp'M(NO)(L) (L = 2e donor) and Cp'M(NO)(X) (X = 1 e donor) fragments, since the ^-acceptor NO ligand induces a t | 3 ^ O-K distortion in which the allyl carbons trans to the NO linkage adopt spMike characteristics.18*'21 This distortion is also evident in the solid-state molecular structure of 1.5. 9 N O E difference spectroscopy on complex 1.5 reveals a cis arrangement of the hydride ligand and the allyl C H atom in solution, consistent with the structure depicted in eq 2.6. For the minor allyl hydride product 2.7, two resolvable signals can be attributed to its allyl carbons in the gated-^C^HjNMR spectrum, based on the magnitude of the coupling constants (8 49.7 (t, lJCu = 155) and 62.8 (d, V CH = 146)). The triplet and doublet resonances are only consistent with an exocyclic allyl ligand, thereby identifying 2.7 as one of three terminal allyl isomers of 1.5. By NOE difference spectroscopy, the allyl C H 2 group and the hydride ligand are cis to each other, suggesting that complex 2.7 is either the exo or endo trans-rf-a\\y\ isomer. Unfortunately, the exo or endo configuration of 2.7 could not be conclusively established by the N O E experiments, but 55 given the steric bulk of the cyclohexyl ring, 2.7 is most likely the trans, endo isomer as shown in equation 2.6. A small amount of spin-saturation transfer is observed between the allyl C H atoms of 1.5 and 2.7 in the N O E difference spectra, thus indicating that 1.5 and 2.7 interconvert on the NMR timescale at room temperature, likely by rotation around the terminal C-C bond of an unobserved r|1-allyl intermediate.22 The rapid interconversion of the allyl products in solution indicates that the product distribution is under thermodynamic control. 2.2.8.3 T h e r m o l y s i s o f 1 in M e t h y l c y c l o h e x a n e Rev is i ted Curiously, a second allyl hydride product was not reported for the original thermolysis of 1 in methylcyclohexane,1 despite the fact that 1.5 is in equilibrium with 2.7 when obtained from 2. To probe this discrepancy, complex 1 has been thermolysed again in methylcyclohexane under the same conditions as 2 (70 \u00C2\u00B0C, 40 h). Not surprisingly, the resulting *H NMR spectrum reveals the same relative distribution of allyl hydride products 1.5 and 2.7 (9(1): 1 ratio). The formation of both 1.5 and 2.7 from 1 is also consistent with the reported results of the thermolysis of 1 in other alkanes such as pentane and ethylcyclohexane for which minor allyl hydride products were noted to be present in the final product mixture.1 Notably, the spectrum obtained from 1 contains is cleaner (> 95% conversion to 1.5 and 2.7) as determined by the lack of additional peaks in the Cp* region. This result implies that the additional trace products observed from the thermolysis of 2 in this solvent result from either inefficient activation of methylcyclohexane by B , or from the subsequent inefficient dehydrogenation of the resulting cyclohexylmethyl ligand by 13-H elimination of toluene. Consequently, 56 complex 1 would appear to be the reagent of choice for conducting the activations of acyclic alkanes and alkyl-substituted cycloalkanes. 2.2.9 Summary of the Comparisons of the Neopentylidene and Benzylidene Systems Presented Thus Far Taken together, the results in Sections 2.2.2 to 2.2.8 indicate that there are few differences between the benzylidene and neopentylidene systems. There appear to be no significant differences in the basic mechanistic features of the formation and reactivity of the alkylidene intermediates A and B. Likewise, there are no discernable differences in the range of alkane and arene substrates that can be activated by A and B. The similarities in the scope of the activation chemistry of the benzylidene and neopentylidene systems is in sharp contrast to the related Cp2Ti=NR system, where the replacement of an alkyl R substituent with an aryl substituent renders the imido complex unreactive towards hydrocarbons.23 In terms of individual substrates, there appear to be no significant differences in the types of products obtained from alkane activation by B vs A, although, for reasons stated above, the novel triple C-H activation of alkane substrates such as methylcyclohexane is mediated more cleanly by the neopentylidene system. Significant differences are apparent, however, in the relative product selectivities for the activation of toluene of B vs A. In both cases, the aryl products of sp2 C-H bond activation are formed preferentially over the benzyl products of sp3 C-H bond activation, but the ratios of aryl vs benzyl products are not the same. The ratio of aryl vs benzyl products from toluene activation by A is 4.2(3): l , 2 4 which is much smaller than that obtained from toluene 57 activation by B (18.6(1.2): 1). Likewise, the distribution of aryl regioisomers derived from toluene activation by A and B both favour the meta and para isomers. Yet, the distribution obtained from A significantly favours the para isomer (meta : para = 1.45(8): 1), while the distribution obtained from B is the statistical meta: para distribution of 2:1 (1.97(11):1). Moreover, the ortho aryl complex is observed as a trace product in the activation mediated by A, but is not observed in the activation mediated by B. In addition to these differences, the activation of toluene in both cases generates different organometallic products derived from the activation of more than one type of C-H bond within the molecule. Hence, it would appear that studying the activation of substituted arenes provides a means to quantify the relative product distributions for substrates containing more than one type of C-H bond, and thus a means to identify the factors that control these distributions. To that end, both 1 and 2 have been thermolysed in other selected arene solvents, as described below. 2.2.10 Thermolysis of 2 in m-Xylene Thermolysis of 2 in w-xylene for 40 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C results in the formation of two products, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-3,5-Me2) (2.8) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-3-Me) (2.9), in > 95% overall yield as determined by ! H NMR spectroscopy (eq 2.7). Two independent thermolyses were conducted to assess the reproducibility of the experiments; the product ratios obtained (9.1(5): 1 and 9.4(5): 1 (95% CI)) are statistically the same. No signals for any additional C - H activation products were detected in the lH NMR spectrum obtained from either experiment. 58 2 2.8 (~ 90%) 2.9 (~ 10 %) The major product is the aryl benzyl complex 2.8 derived from sp2 C - H bond activation of a solvent molecule. It has been isolated by crystallization from 3:1 Et20/hexanes in sufficient yield (29 %) to permit full characterization. Its *H NMR spectrum exhibits a distinct ' H ^ H coupling pattern in the aromatic region that conclusively identifies it as the 3,5-dimethyl aryl isomer. The signal for the ortho H protons is a broad hump (21 Hz at half-height), rather than a distinct doublet, and is the farthest downfield of the aromatic signals (5 6.29). Similar features have been observed for the ortho H protons in other alkyl aryl complexes (vide infra).10 The ipso carbon resonance in its \" C l / H J N M R spectrum (5 114.8) is indicative of an r| 2- benzyl ligand. The minor product of the thermolysis, 2.9, is derived from sp3 C - H bond activation of /w-xylene, as identified by spectroscopic analysis of the final reaction mixture. It has diagnostic resonances for the A B X Y methylene doublets, plus a coupling pattern in the aryl region consistent with a (3-methyl)benzyl ligand. Complex 2.9 has also been prepared independently by metathesis from Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)Cl to confirm these assignments. The most notable spectral features of 2.9 are the two distinct ipso carbon resonances in the \" C ^ H j N M R spectrum (5 113.9 and 142.3), and the pair of methylene resonances with the lowest chemical shifts that correlate to the benzyl ligand 59 rather than the (3-methyl)benzyl ligand. These features indicate that, in solution on average, the more electron-rich substituted benzyl ligand is attached in an r\2 fashion to the metal center (vide infra).4'5 2.2.11 Thermolysis of 2 in o- and /^ -Xylene Similar results are obtained from the thermolysis of 2 in o and /^-xylene. In o-xylene, the aryl and benzyl products of o-xylene activation, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-3,4-Me2) (2.10) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-2-Me) (2.11), form in a 14.6(4): 1 ratio (eq 2.8). Inp-xylene, the aryl and benzyl activation products Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-2,5-Me2) (2.12) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-4-Me) (2.13) are detected in a 6.2(4): 1 ratio (eq 2.9). 2 2.12 (~ 86%) 2.13 (~ 14 %) 60 The minor benzyl products of solvent activation 2.11 and 2.13 are readily identified in the final reaction mixture by the A B X Y doublets from the methylene hydrogen atoms in the xii NMR spectra. The aryl products 2.10 and 2.12 can be isolated by crystallization in adequate yield (30-40 %) and have been fully characterized. The regiochemistries of the aryl ligands in 2.10 and 2.12 are readily identified by the distinct coupling patterns in the aromatic region of the respective lH NMR spectra. Both 2.10 and 2.12 have features similar to 2.8, namely r|2-benzyl ligands and broadened, downfield resonances for the ortho H atoms of the aryl ligands. Of note, complex 2.12 also exhibits a broadened signal for one of the methyl groups of the p-xy\y\ ligand, as well as a broadened signal for the synclinal methylene H atom of the benzyl ligand. The related neopentyl complex, Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H3-2,5-Me2) (1.7), exhibits even broader features for its p-xy\y\ ligand in its lH NMR spectrum.1 V T NMR analysis of 1.7 has demonstrated that the room temperature spectrum is actually a time-averaged spectrum of two interconverting isomers related by rotation about the M - C bond of the p-xy\y\ ligand. Presumably, the broadened features of 2.8, 2.10 and 2.12 are induced by a similar rapid interconversion at room temperature. 2.2.12 The Solid-State Molecular Structure of Complex 2.12 The solid-state molecular structure of 2.12 has been determined by X-ray crystallography.25 The resulting ORTEP is shown in Figure 2.3. An obvious structural feature of the three-legged piano-stool structure is the r|2-benzyl ligand, which is characterized by a short W-C,^, 0 bond distance (W(l)-C(2) = 2.554(4)) and the acute W-C-Cipjo bond angle (W(l)-C(l)-C(2) = 86.4(3)). Another interesting feature of the structure is the preferred orientation and metrical parameters of the p-xyly\ ligand. The s J 61 Figure 2.3. ORTEP plot of the solid-state molecular structure of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-2,5-Me2) (2.12) with 50% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond lengths (A) and angles (\u00C2\u00B0); W(l)-C(l) = 2.191(4), W(l)-C(2) = 2.554(4); W(l)-C(18) = 2.181(3), N(l)-0(1) = 1.224(4), W(l)-N(l)-0(1) = 169.3(3), W(l)-C(l)-C(2) = 86.4(3), C(18)-W(l)-C(2) = 124.7(1), N(l)-W(l)-C(18) = 98.6(1), W(l)-C(18)-C(19) = 128.2(2), W(l)-C(18)-C(23)= 115.5(3), N( 1)-W(1)-C(18)-C(19) = - 23.3(4), W(l)-C(18)-C(23)-C(22) = -179.0(3). 62 W-C-C bond angle to the ortho carbon is distorted from the expected bond angle of 120\u00C2\u00B0 (128.2(2)\u00C2\u00B0). This conformation places the ortho methyl group cis to the NO ligand (N(l)-W(l)-C(18)-C(19) = - 23.3(4)\u00C2\u00B0), even though the trans orientation has the largest gap between the three legs of the piano-stool molecule (C(18)-W(l)-C(2) = 124.7(1)\u00C2\u00B0 vs N(l)-W(l)-C(18) = 98.6(1)\u00C2\u00B0). The same conformation and distortions of the p-xylyl linkage are present in the solid-state molecular structure of the related neopentyl p-xy\y\ complex, 1.7.26 Similar c/'s-NO conformations and M-C bond distortions (M-C-C o r f / , 0 = ~ 130 \u00C2\u00B0) are also observed for the o-tolyl ligands in the solid-state molecular structures of the complexes CpW(NO)(C 6H4-2-Me)(C 6H4-3-Me), 2 7 Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-2-Me), 1 0 Cp*W(NO)(C6H4-2-Me)2 and Cp*Mo(NO)(C 6H4-2-Me) 2. 3 A common mode of decomposition of several of these aryl products is the formation of an aryne complex by P-H elimination.11'27 The solid-state structures of all of these complexes provide a clue as to why this is so. The obtuse angle to the ortho methyl carbon places the P-H linkage in close proximity to the metal center, even when there is an r|2-benzyl ligand interacting with the metal-centered LUMO. 2.2.13 Thermolysis of 2 in Mesitylene The thermolysis of 2 in mesitylene (70 \u00C2\u00B0C, 40h) results in the formation of only one C-H activation product, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H3-3,5-Me2) (2.14) in> 95 % yield (eq 2.10). The other possible C-H activation product, namely the aryl benzyl isomer of 2.14 derived from sp2 C-H bond activation, is not observed even at early conversions (i.e. at 15 h). 63 (2.10) 2 2.14 Complex 2.14 exhibits spectral features typical of the mixed benzyl complexes reported above. Interestingly, the lH and \" C l ' H j N M R data indicate that the bulky mesityl ligand is the ligand that is r\2 on average in solution. This observation is supported by the solid-state molecular structure of 2 .14. 2 8 The ORTEP plot of the structure (Figure 2.4) clearly shows an r|2-mesityl ligand, with a bonding contact between the ipso carbon to the metal center (W(l)-C(2) = 2.391(4) A), and an acute W-C-C^o bond angle (83.7(2)\u00C2\u00B0). From these data as well as from the data for 2.9, it appears that the methyl-substituted benzyl ligand is attached in an r\2 fashion in mixed benzyl complexes of the type Cp*W(NO)(CH2Ar)(CH2Ar-Mex), despite the increase in steric congestion at the metal center. Presumably then, the controlling factor is the increased electron-donor capability of the more electron-rich substituted phenyl ring. 2.2.14 T h e r m o l y s i s o f 2 in a , a , a - T r i f l u o r o t o l u e n e Thermolysis of 2 in a,a,a-trifluorotoluene cleanly generates two aryl products, namely the meta and para isomers Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-3-CF3) (2.15a) and 64 C22 C9 Figure 2.4. ORTEP plot of the solid-state molecular structure of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H3-3,5-Me2) (2.14) with 50% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond lengths (A) and angles (\u00C2\u00B0); W(l)-C(l) = 2.181(4), W(l)-C(2) = 2.391(4); W(l)-C(10) = 2.225(4); N(l)-0(1) = 1.231(4), C(l)-C(2) = 1.467(6), C(10)-C(ll) = 1.500(5), W(l)-N(l)-0(1) = 170.4(3), W(l)-C(10)-C(l 1) = 83.7(2), W(l)-C(10)-C(ll) = 120.1(3). 65 Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-4-CF3) (2.15b) in a 2.27(3): 1 ratio (eq 2.11). The isomers can be isolated as a crystalline mixture (39% yield) and are again readily distinguished by distinctive patterns in the aromatic region of the TT N M R spectrum. The other spectral features of 2 .15a-b are consistent with the other benzyl aryl complexes reported previously. No evidence was obtained for the formation of the ortho isomer or products from C-F activation. 2 2.15a (~ 69%) 2.15b (~ 31%) 2.2.15 T h e r m o l y s e s o f 1 in />-Xylene, Mes i ty lene a n d a , a , a - T r i f l u o r o t o l u e n e Rev is i ted For accurate comparisons of the activated product distributions derived from 1 and 2, the thermolyses of 1 in /^-xylene, mesitylene and a,a,a-trifluorotoluene were repeated under the standardized thermolysis conditions (70 \u00C2\u00B0C, 40 h). 2.2.15.1 T h e r m o l y s i s o f 1 in / J -Xylene Monitoring by X H NMR spectroscopy indicates that thermolysis of 1 in /^-xylene for 40 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C generates four products (eq 2.12). The major products are the aryl products from sp2 C - H bond activation ofp-xy\ene, namely the neopentyl aryl complex 1.7 and the benzyl aryl complex Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H4-4-Me)(C6H4-2,5-Me2) (1.9) The 66 minor products are the benzyl complexes derived from sp3 C-H bond activation of p-xylene, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(CH2C6H4-4-Me) (1.8), and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 4-4-Me) 2 (1.10). All have been previously characterized.1,4 The product ratio was estimated to be as follows: 1.7: 1.8: 1.9 : 1.10 = 1.81(9): 0.44(5): 1.0: 0.15(2). (2.12) 1.9 (-29%) 1.10 (-4%) Stopping the thermolysis after 15 h reveals that 1.8 is present in larger amounts than either 1.9 or 1.10. This observation is consistent with the chemistry reported in Section 1.1.8.3 (eq 1.17), namely that 1.9 and 1.10 form via thermal decomposition of 1.8 to the /7-xylidene complex, Cp*W(NO)(=CH2C6H4-4-Me) which then activates a second molecule of /7-xylene.1 Interestingly, the ratio of aryl vs benzyl products of p-xylene activation derived from 1.8 (1.9: 1.10 = 6.6(9): 1) is the same as that derived from 2 within error (2.12 : 2.13 = 6.2(4): 1). It thus appears that the presence of a para methyl group on the phenyl ring of the reactive alkylidene intermediate exerts little influence on 67 the outcome of the activation chemistry. This is confirmed by the independent thermolyses of 1.8 in other arene solvents, which show no significant differences in the distributions of aryl and benzyl activation products compared to 2 ; 1 , 2 9 2.2.15.2 T h e r m o l y s i s of 1 in Mes i ty lene Thermolysis of 1 in mesitylene for 40 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C results in formation of two C - H activation products, Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(CH2C6H3-3,5-Me2) (2.16) and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 3-3,5-Me 2) 2 (1.11) 1 in a 3.6(4): 1 ratio (eq 2.13). Stopping the thermolysis at 15 h shows instead a ~ 2:1 ratio in favour of 2.16, thereby indicating that 2.16 also thermally decomposes to generate 1.11. Presumably, heating for longer or at higher temperature results in complete conversion to 1.11, as originally reported (see Section 1.1.8.3, eq 1.18). There is no evidence for the formation of aryl C - H activation products in either of the lH NMR spectra. 1 2.16 (-21%) 1.11 (-79%) 2.2.15.3 T h e r m o l y s i s o f 1 in a ,a ,a -Tr i f luorotoluene Thermolysis of 1 in a,a,a-trifluorotoluene cleanly generates two products in a 1.85(5): 1 ratio (eq 2.14). The spectral properties match those of 68 Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-3-CF3) (2.17a) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-4-CF3) (2.17b) respectively.1 1 2.17a (-65%) 2.17b (-35%) 2.2.16 T r e n d s in the A c t i v a t i o n o f A r e n e s Substrates The relative product distributions obtained from the thermolysis of 1 and 2 in the selected arene solvents can be collected together in two tables, one summarizing the distributions of aryl vs benzyl C-H activation products (Table 2.1), the other summarizing the distributions of aryl regioisomers. As anticipated, both tables reveal some statistically significant differences in the product distributions obtained from 1 vs 2. First, the distributions obtained from 2 are consistently more abundant in the aryl products than those obtained from 1 in the same solvent (toluene, /?-xylene). Likewise, in the activations of a,a,a-trifluorotoluene and toluene, the aryl regioisomer distributions obtained from 2 favour the meta isomer over the para and ortho isomers, more so than the distributions obtained from 1. These results confirm that the alkylidene substituent can be an important factor in directing the C - H bond activation of substituted arenes. T a b l e 2.1. Relative Aryl vs Benzyl Product Distributions Obtained from the Thermolysis of 1 and 2 in Methyl-Substituted Arene Solvents R e a g e n t Solvent Re la t ive P r o d u c t R a t i o ( a r y l : benzyl ) 2 toluene 18.6(1.2) : 1 2 o-xylene 14.6(4) : 1 2 /w-xylene 9.3(7) : l a 2 p-xylene 6.2(4) : 1 2 mesitylene 0 : 100 1 toluene 4.2(3) : l b 1 /7-xylene 1.14(7) : l c 1 mesitylene 0 : 100 a average and uncertainty (95% CI) from two independent experiments b ratio from integrals for 2.1a-c: (2.2a-b + 2.3) 'ratio from integrals for 1.7 : (1.8 + 1.9 + 1.10) T a b l e 2.2. Relative Distributions of Meta and Para Aryl Regioisomers from the Thermolyses of 1 and 2 in Toluene and a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene R e a g e n t Solvent Re la t ive P r o d u c t R a t i o (meta : para ) 2 toluene 1.97(11):1 1 toluene 1.45(8): 1 a 2 a,a,a-trifluorotoluene 2.27(3): 1 1 a,a,a-trifluorotoluene 1.85(6): 1 a the ortho tolyl isomer is also present in ~ 1 % abundance relative to the meta and para isomers combined 70 Tables 2.1 and 2.2 also reveal several other interesting trends in the product distributions. The trends with respect to aryl vs benzyl product distributions in Table 2.1 are as follows: 1. For both 1 and 2, the aryl products are preferred over the benzyl products (toluene, xylenes), unless the aryl bonds of the substrate are flanked by two ortho methyl groups (mesitylene). 2. Increased steric shielding of the sp2 C-H bonds by ortho methyl groups correlates with subtle shifts of the product distribution toward the benzyl products (aryl vs benzyl products obtained from 2: o-xylene > w-xylene > p-xylene). The notable trends in the aryl product regioselectivities in Table 2.2 are: 3. Meta and para aryl products are formed preferentially over ortho aryl products 4. Only the least sterically-congested aryl regioisomers are formed in the activations of o-xylene and /w-xylene. 5. In the activations of a,a,a-trifluorotoluene vs toluene, both distributions exhibit a small shift towards the meta isomer upon replacement of CH3 with the C F 3 group. These data indicate that the product or product(s) associated with activation of the stronger and most accessible C-H bond within the arene molecule, is (are) formed 71 preferentially, with some moderation by the steric and electronic nature of the arene substituent(s). This characteristic is reminiscent of those found for the activation of hydrocarbons by other types of soluble metal complexes (see Section 1.1.4). 2.3 Epilogue In this Chapter, the C-H activation chemistry derived from a representative benzyl neopentyl complex 2 has been shown for the most part to be very similar to that of the bis(neopentyl) congener 1. The characteristics that are common to both systems include the rate of formation and the nature of the reactive alkylidene species, the scope of alkane and arene substrates that can be activated, and the type of products that can be formed from these substrates. The benzylidene and neopentylidene systems also exhibit the same selectivity for the products formed from alkane substrates, but exhibit markedly different product selectivities for the activation of substituted arenes. In particular, the product distributions obtained from the benzylidene system are consistently more abundant in the aryl products than those obtained from the neopentylidene system in the same solvent (toluene, /^-xylene). Likewise, in the activations of a,a,a-trifluorotoluene and toluene, the aryl regioisomer distributions obtained from 2 favour the meta isomer over the para and ortho isomers, more so than the distributions obtained from 1. The activation of these arene substrates has further revealed a general preference for formation of the product(s) associated with activation of the stronger and most accessible C - H bond within the arene molecule, with some moderation by the steric and electronic nature of the arene substituent(s). It now remains to be determined exactly how these selectivities, and 72 trends between them, arise during the activation of these substrates by the alkylidene complexes A and B. 2.4 Experimental Procedures 2.4.1 General Methods The methodologies described in this Section apply to the entire Thesis. All reactions and subsequent manipulations involving organometallic reagents were performed under anaerobic and anhydrous conditions either under high vacuum or an atmosphere of pre-purified Ar or N 2 . Purification of inert gases was achieved by passing them first through a column containing MnO and then a column of activated 4A molecular sieves. Conventional glovebox and vacuum-line Schlenk techniques were utilized throughout.30 The gloveboxes utilized were Innovative Technologies LabMaster 100 and MS-130 B G dual-station models equipped with freezers maintained at -30 to -35 \u00C2\u00B0C. Many reactions were performed in a thick-walled bomb, here defined as a glass vessel possessing a Kontes greaseless stopcock and a side-arm inlet for vacuum-line attachment. Small-scale reactions and NMR spectroscopic analyses were conducted in J. Young NMR tubes, which were also equipped with a Kontes greaseless stopcock. All solvents were dried with appropriate drying agents under N 2 or Ar atmospheres and distilled prior to use, or were directly transferred under vacuum from the appropriate drying agent. Hydrocarbon solvents, their deuterated analogues, Et 2 0 and PMe3 were dried and distilled from Na or Na/benzophenone ketyl. Tetrahydrofuran was distilled from molten potassium, dichloromethane and chloroform were distilled from calcium hydride, and a,a,a-trifluorotoluene was distilled from P2Os. 73 All IR samples were prepared as Nujol mulls sandwiched between NaCl plates and recorded on an ATI Mattson Genesis Series FT-IR spectrometer. All N M R spectra were recorded at room temperature unless otherwise noted. *H NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker AC-200 (200 MHz), Bruker AV-300 (300 MHz), Bruker AV-400 (400 MHz) or Bruker AMX-500 (500 MHz) instruments. 2H{ !H} NMR spectra were recorded on Varian XL-300 (46 MHz), Bruker AV-400 (61 MHz) or Bruker AMX-500 (77 MHz) instruments. 1 3C{ spectra were recorded on Bruker AC-200 (50 MHz), Varian XL-300 or Bruker AV-300 (75 MHz), Bruker AMX-400 or AV-400 (100 MHz), or Bruker AMX-500 (125 MHz) instruments. 3 1 P NMR spectra were recorded on the Bruker AC 200 instrument, while 1 9 F NMR were recorded on the AV-300 machine. All chemical shifts are reported in ppm and all coupling constants are reported in Hz. *H NMR spectra are referenced to the residual protio-isotopomer present in a particular solvent. ^(^HJfCeHe) NMR spectra are referenced to residual C 6 H 5 D (7.15 ppm) while 13 C NMR spectra are referenced to the natural abundance carbon signal of the solvent employed. 1 9 F and 3 1 P NMR spectra are referenced to external C F 3 C O O H (0.0 ppm) and P(OMe)3 in C 6 D 6 (141.0 ppm), respectively. Where appropriate, ^ H COSY, NOEDS, ^ - \" C HMQC, 1 3 C APT, homonuclear decoupling, and gated l3C{lH} experiments were carried out to correlate and assign ! H and 1 3 C signals. Ms. M . T. Austria, Ms. L. K. Darge and Dr. N. Burlinson of the UBC Department of Chemistry NMR facilities assisted in recording some of the spectra. Low-resolution mass spectra (EI, 70 eV) were recorded by the staff of the UBC Chemistry Mass Spectrometry Laboratory on a Kratos MS50 spectrometer utilizing the direct-insertion sample introduction method. All elemental analyses were performed by Mr. P. Borda at the 74 Department of Chemistry at UBC. X-ray crystallographic analyses were performed by Dr. B . O . Patrick of the UBC X-ray Crystallography Laboratory. 2.4.2 Reagents TheR2Mgx(dioxane) (R= CH 2 CMe 3 , C H 2 C 6 H 5 , CH 2C 6H4-3-Me) alkylating reagents3 and the complexes Cp*W(NO)(R)(X) (R = CH 2 CMe 3 , X = CI, C H 2 C M e 3 (1)) were prepared according to published procedures.2'6 Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C6H 5)Cl was prepared by the published procedure,4 except that a stoichiometric amount of 1.0 M HC1 in Et 2 0 was used to effect protonolysis rather than an atmosphere of HC1 gas. Complexes Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)(CH 2CMe 3) (2) and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2 C 6 H 5 ) (CH 2 C 6 rl4-3-Me) (2.9) were prepared in a similar fashion as 1, with pertinent synthetic and characterization details reported below. 2.4.3 N M R assignments The following format has been used to help identify peaks in the N M R spectra: xxx ppm (multiplicity, coupling constant(s), relative number of atoms, Ligand Ligand-VdXtregio/stereochemistry)- Ligands were abbreviated as follows: Npt = neopentyl, CH 2 CMe 3 ; TMS = trimethylsilyl, SiMe3; Ph = phenyl, C 6 H 5 ; Tol = tolyl, C 6 H 4 - C X 3 (X=H, F), CsFL-Me; Bzl = benzyl, C H 2 C 6 H 5 ; Xyl = dimethyl aryl, C 6 H 3 -Me 2 ; Pxl = 4-Me-benzyl, CH 2C 6H4-4-Me; Mxl = 3-Me-benzyl, CH 2C 6rL,-3-Me; Oxl = 2-Me-benzyl, C H 2 C 6 H 4 - 2 -Me; Mes = mesityl, CH 2CeH 3-2,5-Me 2; Ar = ambiguous or generic aryl ligand. Part of the ligand may be identified by italics if otherwise ambiguous (i.e. CHsyri}i). Subscripts for specific portions of a ligand are as follows: syn, anti for syn and anticlinal methylene 75 H atoms; ortho, meta, para, ipso for positions on an aryl ring; aryl if the position is not known; s for H ^ , a for Ha\u00E2\u0080\u009Ef, and c for H c in allyl complexes. 2.4.4 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2CMe3) (2) Complex 2 was prepared via the reaction of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)Cl (1.0 g, 2.2 mmol) and (C 6H 5CH 2) 2Mgx(dioxane) (0.34 g, 2.2 mmol R\") in Et 2 0 (10 mL). The crude residue was extracted with 4:1 Et20/hexanes (3x15 mL), and the mixture was filtered through Celite (1 x 0.7 cm) supported on a frit. Concentration and cooling of the mother liquor - 30 \u00C2\u00B0C over a period of several days afforded 2 in several crops (890 mg, 79 %). IR (cm\"1) 1538 (s, v N O ) . MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 511 [P+, 1 8 4 W]. *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5-2.35 (d, V H H =13.4, IH, Npt CHsynY\u00C2\u00A3), 1.16 (s, 9H, CMe 3), 1.54 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ) , 2.20 (d, V H H = 13.4, IH, Npt CHant0), 2.22 (d, V H H = 8.5, IH, Bzl CHsynK), 2.98 (d, V H H = 8.5, IH, Bzl CHantlH), 6.89 (m, 4H, Bzl Y^rtho, Hmeta), 7.31 (t, V H H = 7.3, IH, Bzl rlpara). l3C{lH} NMR (50 MHz, CDC13) 5 10.4 (CsMej), 33.8 (CM?3), 38.4 (CM*), 51.7 (CH 2), 64.0 (CH 2) 109.2 (C 5Me 5), 113.3 (Bzl Cipso), 127.3, 129.2, 131.8 (Bzl Caryl). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 2 H 3 3 N O W : C, 51.67; H, 6.50, N, 2.74. Found: C, 51.74; H, 6.50; N, 2.82. 2.4.5 Monitoring the Thermolysis of 1 in Toluene by 'H NMR spectroscopy A bomb was charged with 1 (150 mg, 0.305 mmol), toluene (10.0 mL) and a magnetic stir bar. The bomb was heated and stirred in an oil-bath set at 70(2) \u00C2\u00B0C. At select time intervals (8, 15, 40, 64 h, 80 h), the bomb was removed from the bath and a 1.0 mL aliquot was removed from the bomb. The aliquots were dried in vacuo and the 76 residue was dissolved in CtDe whereupon a lH NMR spectrum was recorded. Relative product ratios at 40 h were determined from the average of multiple (at least five) integrations of select peaks of the same type (i.e. Cp* signals, CH2 signals, etc.). The reported errors are standard errors in the mean and have been adjusted for sample size by multiplication of the appropriate Student t factor at the 95% confidence level.31 2.4.6 Preparative Thermolyses of 2 in Hydrocarbon Solvents: General Comments The preparations of new compounds via the thermolysis of 2 were conducted in the same manner: a bomb was charged with 75 -100 mg of 2, a magnetic stir-bar and 4-5 mL of solvent. The solvent was either pipetted directly into the bomb from a storage bomb in a glovebox or vacuum transferred onto the powder on a vacuum line. The sealed bomb was then heated and stirred for 40 h in an oil-bath set at 70(2) \u00C2\u00B0C. During this time, the colour of the solution remained either essentially unchanged (deep red-orange) or lightened to an orange or yellow colour, depending on the solvent employed. The bomb was removed from the bath and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The resulting residue was then dissolved in a suitable NMR solvent, and the desired NMR spectral data were obtained. The NMR solvent was then removed and the residue was redissolved in an appropriate solvent or solvent mixture for recrystallization. The solution was filtered through Celite supported on a frit, concentrated to the point of incipient crystallization, and the mixture was placed in a freezer at - 30-35 \u00C2\u00B0C. The major product(s) were isolated as crystals from the mother liquor after a suitable period of time. The reported yields are not optimized. Minor products that could not be isolated by crystallization were characterized spectroscopically from the final reaction mixture. Average product 77 ratios were obtained from multiple (at least five) integrations of like signals in the J H NMR spectrum of the final reaction mixture. The reported errors are standard errors in the mean and have been adjusted for sample size by multiplication of the appropriate 31 Student t factor at the 95% confidence level. 2.4.7 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6Hs)(C6H4-3-Me) (2.2a), Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-4-Me) (2.2b) Complexes 2.2a-b and 2.3 were prepared by thermolysis of 2 in toluene. Complex 2.2a was isolated as orange microcrystals (19 mg, 25 %) by crystallization from 4:1 Et20/hexanes. Complex 2.2b was characterized in the reaction mixture, while 2.3 was identified by comparison of its ' H NMR resonances to those previously reported.5 2.2a: IR (cm -1) 1562 (s, vNo). MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 531 [P+, 1 8 4 W], 501 [P+ - NO]. *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 1.59 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ) , 2.19 (d, 2 J H H = 5.9, IH, Bzl Ci7^\u00E2\u0080\u009EH), 2.20 (s, 3H, Tol Me), 3.46 (d, V H H = 5.9, IH, Bzl CHantiH), 6.56 (t, VHH = 7.8, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.82 (d, 3 7 H H= 7.1, IH, Tol ^ r t h o / p a r a ) , 6.89 (d, V H H = 7.4, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 6.96 (d, 3 J H H = 7.1, IH, Tol Hortho/para), 7.03 (t, V H H = 7.1, IH, Tol H m e f a ) , 7.10 (t, VHH = 7.4, IH, Bzl Hpara), 7.19 (s, IH, Tol H 0 ^ 0 ) . l3C{lB] NMR (75 MHz, CDC13) 8 10.60 (CsMes), 20.79 (Tol Me), 48.18 (Bzl CH 2 ) , 108.95 (C 5Me 5), 113.57 (Bzl Cipso), 129.11, 132.07, 135.71 (Bzl Caryi), 125.05, 126.67, 128.25, 135.37, 138.7 (Tol Caryl), 172.4 (Tol Cipso). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 4 H 2 9 N O W : C, 54.25; H, 5.50; N, 2.64. Found: C, 54.34; H, 5.65; N, 2.70 78 2.2b: ' H N M R (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 1.60 (s, 15H, C 5Me 5), 2.19 (d, 2 J H H = 5.9, IH, Bzl CHsynH), 2.23 (s, 3H, Tol Me), 3.46 (d, V H H = 5.9, IH, Bzl CHantlH), 6.58 (t, V H H = 7.8, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.90 (d, V H H = 7.4, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 6.92 (d, V H H = 7.1, 2H, Tol Hmeta/para), 7.00 (d, V H H = 7.1, 2H, Tol Umeta/para), 7.10 (t, V H H = 7.4, IH, Bzl Hpara). l3C{lH} NMR (75 MHz, CDC13) 5 10.68 (CsMe5), 21.26 (Tol Me), 48.22 (Bzl CH 2 ) , 108.95 (C 5Me 5), 113.59 (Bzl Cipso), 129.22, 132.09, 135.98 (Bzl Caryi), 128.08, 133.35, 139.2, (Tol Caryi), 168.4 (Tol Cipso). 2.4.8 Preparation of Cp* W(NO)(=CHC 6H s)(PMe 3) (2.4a-b) Complexes 2.4a-b were prepared by the thermolysis of 2 (75 mg, 0.15 mmol) in THF (4 mL) and PMe 3 (~ 20 mmol). Complex 2.4a was isolated as yellow-orange blocks (38 mg, 52% yield) by crystallization from 1:2 THF/hexanes. 2.4a: IR (cm -1) 1527 (s, vNo). MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 515 [P+, 1 8 4 W]. *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 0.94 (d, 2Jm = 9.0, 9H, PMe 3), 1.88 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 7.05 (t, V H H = 7.3, IH, Bzl Hpara), 7.37 (t, V H H = 7.6, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 8.06 (d, V H H = 7.6, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 12.01 (d, V H P = 3.8, IH, W=CH). nC{xK] NMR (75 MHz, CDC13) 6 11.2 (CiMes), 17.8 (d, VCP = 34, PMe3), 108.4 (C 5Me 5), 125.6, 128.4, 128.6 (Bzl Caryi), 153.6 (d, V C p = 3.3, Bzl Cipso), 262.5 (d, 2JC? = 9.6, W=CH). 3 1 P NMR (81 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 - 8.9 (s, ! J P W = 445 Hz). NOEDS (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 irrad. at 0.94, NOEs at 8.06, 12.01; irrad. at 1.88; NOE at 12.01. Anal. Calcd. for C 2oH 3 0NOPW: C, 46.62; H, 5.87; N, 2.72. Found: C, 46.42; H, 5.69; N, 2.95. 79 2.4b: *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 1.08 (d, V H p = 9.0, 9H, PMe3), 1.80 (s, 15H, C 5Me 5), 7.05 (t, VHH= 7.8, IH, Bzl Hpara), 7.10 (t, VHH = 7.8, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 7.20 (d, V H H = 7.8, 2H, Bzl Bortho), 13.70 (d, V H p = 4.4, IH, W=CH). \"Cf/H} NMR (75 MHz, CDC13) 8 11.0 (CsMe5), 19.4 (d, lJc? = 34, PMe3), 107.8 (C 5Me 5), 124.8, 126.7, 127.9 (Bzl Caryi), 153.5 (d, VCP = 2.5, Bz\Cipso), 259.7 (d, 2JC? = 10.1, W=CH). 31p NMR (81 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 - 7.2 (s, 1 / P W = 482 Hz). NOEDS (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 irrad. at 1.08, N O E at 13.70; irrad. at 1.80, N O E at 7.20. 2.4.9 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2 C6H 5 )(C 6 H 5 ) (2.5) and Cp*W(NO)(CHDC 6 H 5 ) (C 6 D 5 ) (2.5-*) Compounds 2.5 and 2 .5-* were prepared via the thermolysis of 2 in benzene and benzene-* respectively and were isolated as red needles by crystallization from 4:1 Et20/hexanes. 2.5: 46 mg (59 %). IR (cm\"1) 1562 (s, v N O ). MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 120 \u00C2\u00B0C) 517 [P+, 1 8 4 W], 487 [P+ - NO]. *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 1.53 (s, 15H, C 5Me 5), 2.14 (d, V H H = 6.4, IH, Bzl CHsynH), 3.41 (d, V H H = 6.4, IH, Bzl CHannYi), 6.50 (t, V H H = 7.8, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.84 (d, V H H = 7.6, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 6.9-7.3 (m, Bzl H p a r a , P h H). \"C^H} NMR (100 MHz, CDC13) 8 10.5 (CjM^), 48.0 (Bzl CH 2 ) , 108.9 (C 5Me 5), 113.2 (Bzl Cipso), 124.1, 127.0 (Ph Caryi), 129.1, 132.3, 135.7 (Bzl Caryl), 138.6 (Ph C^ z ) , 172.0 (Ph dpso). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 3 H 2 7 N O W : C, 53.40; H, 5.26; N, 2.71. Found: C, 53.10; H, 5.36; N, 2.77. NOEDS (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 irrad. at 2.14, NOEs at 3.41 (s), 6.50 (w), 6.84 (s), 7.03 (Ph Umeta, w). 2.5-d6: (39 mg, 48% yield). IR (cm -1) 1562 (s, v N O ). MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 120 \u00C2\u00B0C) 523 [P+, , 8 4 W], 493 [P+ - NO]. lH NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 1.53 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 3.39 (br s, IH, Bzl CH a\u00E2\u0080\u009E f /D), 6.50 (t, V H H = 7.8, 2H, Bzl nmeta), 6.84 (d, V H H = 7.6, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 7.31 (t, 3 J H H = 7.3, IH, Bzl Hpara). 2H{VH) NMR (46 MHz, C 6 H 6 ) 5 2.15 (br s, Bzl CHD^\u00E2\u0080\u009E), 7.1 (m, Ph D). \"Cf/H} NMR (100 MHz, CDC13) 5 10.5 (CsMe5), 47.7 (t, lJCD= 22.5 Hz, Bzl CHD), 108.9 (C 5Me 5), 113.2 (Bzl Cipso), 129.1, 132.3, 135.7 (Bzl Caryi), 171.8 (Ph Cips0). 1 3 C resonances attributable to aryl C-D of the phenyl ligand were not observed. Anal. Calcd. for C 2 3H 2 iD 6 NOW: 3 2 C, 52.80; H/D, 5.20; N, 2.67. Found: C, 52.45; H/D, 4.99; N, 2.80. 2.4.10 Kinetic Studies of the Thermolysis of 1 and 2 in Benzene-r/6 These experiments were performed using a J. Young NMR tube charged with 1 or 2 (15 mg, 30 mmol) and 1 mL of a benzene-fife solution containing hexamethyldisilane (0.5 equiv, 15 mmol) as an internal integration standard. The thermolyses were conducted side-by-side in a VWR 1160A constant-temperature bath set at 72.0 \u00C2\u00B0C, and the samples were removed at several intervals to record ! H NMR spectra. The monitoring was performed for > 3.5 half-lives (15 h) and rate constants were calculated using linear regression methods from first-order plots of the loss of starting material vs time. See Appendix B for plots of the data. 2.4.11 Thermolysis of 2 in Alkanes: General Comments These experiments were conducted in a fashion similar to the thermolysis of 2 in toluene, but on smaller scale (30-50 mg of 2) than for arenes since all of the activation 81 products, except for 2.7, have been reported previously. Also, given the limited solubility of 2 in aliphatic solvents, sufficient solvent was added to dissolve 2 at room temperature. The resulting final reaction mixtures were analyzed by *H and \" C ^ H j N M R spectroscopy and MS spectrometry. 2.4.12 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2SiMe3) (2.6) Complex 2.64 was prepared by the thermolysis of 2 (30 mg, 0.059 mmol) in tetramethylsilane (5 mL). 2.4.13 Preparation of 2.4a-b and Cp*W(NO)(772-cycIohexene)(PMe3) (1.3) Complexes 2.4a-b and 1.333 were prepared as a ~ 10:1 mixture from the thermolysis of 2 (50 mg, 0.098 mmol) in cyclohexane (5 mL) in the presence of PMe3 (~ 0.160 mmol, 20 equiv). 2.4.14 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)( 77 3-C 7H n)(H) (1.5 and 2.7) from 1 and 2 Compounds 1.5 and 2.7 were prepared from the thermolysis of 2 (50 mg, 0.098 mmol) in methylcyclohexane (10 mL), as well as from the thermolysis of 1 (60 mg, 0.122 mmol) in methylcyclohexane (5 mL). Complexes 1.5 and 2.7 were characterized as a mixture. MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 445 [P+ 1 8 4 W]. 1.59: TT NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 -0.73 (s, VHW = 123, IH, WH), 0.31 (br s, IH, allyl CHSK), 1.39 (m, IH, CbflH), 1.54 (m, IH, CJM), 1.71 (m, IH, Cb#H), 1.76 (s, 15H, C 5 M e 5 ) , 1.84 (m, IH, CJM), 2.28 (br s, IH, allyl CHC,), 2.60 (m, IH, allyl CHaH), 2.68 (m, 2H, C o f l H , Cd#H), 2.91 (q, 1H, VHH = 7.9, CcflH), 2.97 (m, IH, Cd#H). \" C ^ H } (75MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 10.7 (CsMes), 22.1 (t, ^ C H = 124, C a H 2 ) , 22.5 (t, LJCH = 126, C b H 2 ) , 28.8 (t, LJCH = 125, CJi2), 29.6 (t, VCH = 126, C d H 2 ) , 41.3 (t, V C H = 155, allyl CH 2 ) , 80.0 (d, LJCH = 148, allyl CH), 104.9 (C 5Me 5), 121.1 (s, allyl C). NOEDS (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 irrad. at -0.73, NOEs at 2.28, 2.97; irrad. at 0.31, NOEs at 2.28, 2.68; irrad. at 2.28, NOEs at -0.73, 0.31, 2.97; irrad. at 2.68, N O E at 0.31. 2.7: *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 -0.73 (s, IH, WH), 0.48 (br s, IH, allyl CHH), 1.75 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ) , 2.61 (br s, IH, allyl CH), 3.95 (m, IH, allyl CHH), other resonances obscured. \" C ^ H } (75MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 10.3 (CSMJ 3), 22.5, 23.0, 27.3, 29.6 (CH 2), 49.7 (t, 'JCH = 155, allyl CH 2 ) , 62.8 (d, 1JCH = 146, allyl CH), 104.7 (C 5Me 5). The 1 3 C resonance attributable to allyl C was not observed. NOEDS (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 8 irrad. at 3.95, NOEs at - 0.73, 0.48. 2.4.15 T h e r m o l y s i s o f 1 a n d 2 in X y l e n e s , Mes i ty lene a n d a , oc ,a -Tr i f luoroto luene: G e n e r a l C o m m e n t s For the thermolyses of 2 in these solvents, the same procedure outlined in Section 2.4.6 was used for preparation and isolation of the activated products. The thermolyses of 1 in these solvents were conducted on a much smaller scale (12-15 mg, 1.0 - 1.5 mL solvent), since, for the most part, the products have been previously characterized. For consistency, the thermolyses of 2 were repeated side-by-side with those involving 1 on the same small-scale thermolyses under identical conditions (70.0 \u00C2\u00B0C, 40 h), and the resulting ratios of activated products derived from 1 and 2 were determined from *H NMR spectra recorded on the same NMR machine. 83 2.4.16 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C6H 5)(C 6H 3-3,5-Me 2) (2.8) and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)(CH 2C6H4-3-Me)(2.9) Compounds 2.8 and 2.9 were prepared as a mixture from the thermolysis of 2 in m-xylene. Complex 2.8 was isolated as orange blocks (23 mg, 29 % yield) from 3:1 Et20/hexanes. 2.8: IR (cm -1) 1559 (s, v N O ) . MS (LREL m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 545 [P+, 1 8 4 W], 515 [P+ - NO]. *H NMR (400 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 5 1.80 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ) , 2.06 (s, 6H, Xyl Me), 2.38 (d, V H H = 6.0, IH, Bzl CHsy\u00E2\u0080\u009EH), 3.31 (d, V H H = 6.0, IH, Bzl CHant0), 6.29 (br s, 2H, Xyl Hortho), 6.44 (s, IH, Xyl Hpara), 6.80 (t, V H H = 7.9, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.93 (d, 3 J H H = 7.1, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 7.34 (t, V H H = 7.5, IH, Bzl Hpara). 1 3C{ [H} NMR (75 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 8 10.6 (CsMes), 20.7 (Xyl Me), 48.5 (Bzl CH 2 ) , 109.2 (C 5Me 5), 114.8 (Bzl CiPso), 126.5,129.4, 131.8, 135.3, 135.9, 136.7 (Ar Caryi), 173.3 (Xyl Ctpso). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 5 H 3 1 N O W : C, 55.06; H, 5.72; N, 2.57. Found: C, 55.10; H, 5.80; N, 2.64. 2.9: lH NMR (400 MHz, CD2C12) 8 -0.11 (d, VHH = 9.9, IH, Bzl CHsynH), 1.17 (d, V H H = 7.9, IH, Mxl CHsynH), 1.80 (Bzl CHantiH), 1.85 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 2.29 (s, 3H, Mxl Me), 2.66 (d, VHH = 7.9, IH, Mxl CHantlH), 6.45 (s, IH, Mxl Hortho), 6.63 (d, 3 J H H = 7.5, IH, Mxl Hortho), 6.85 (d, V H H = 7.5, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 6.95 (t, VHH = 7.5, IH, Bzl Hpara), 7.02 (t, V H H = 7.9, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 7.10 (t, V , H H = 7.5, IH, Mxl Hmeta), 7.42 (d, V H H = 7.5, IH, Mxl Hpara). 84 2.4.17 Independent Preparation of 2.9 via Metathesis. Complex 2.9 was also prepared via the reaction of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)Cl (0.100 g, 0.21 mmol) and (3-Me-C6H4CH2)2Mg-x(dioxane) (0.037 g, 0.21 mmol R\") in THF (10 mL). The crude residue was extracted with 1:1 CH2Cl2/hexanes (15 mL), and filtered through alumina (I) (1 x 0.7 cm) supported on a frit. Concentrating the solution followed by storage at - 30 \u00C2\u00B0C overnight provided 2.9 as red blocks (85 mg, 74 %). 2.9: IR (cm -1) 1554 (s, v N 0 ) . MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 545 [P+, 1 8 4 W], 515 [P+ - NO]. \"Cf/H} NMR (75 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 8 10.4 (CjAfes), 21.2 (Mxl Me), 41.1, 43.8 (CH 2), 108.2 (C 5Me 5), 113.9 (br, Mxl Cipso), 124.9, 125.1, 127.9, 129.1, 130.0, 130.9, 133.0, 138.9, (Ar Caryi), 142.3 (Bzl Cipso). NOEDS (400 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 5 irrad. at 2.66, NOEs at 1.17, 6.45, 6.63. Anal. Calcd. for C 2 5 H 3 iNOW: C, 55.06; H, 5.72; N, 2.57. Found: C, 55.03; H, 5.88; N, 2.59. 2.4.18 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-3,4-Me2) (2.10) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6Hs)(CH2C6H4-2-Me)(2.11) Complexes 2.10-2.11 were prepared by thermolysis of 2 in o-xylene. Complex 2.10 was isolated as yellow-needles (28 mg, 30%) by recrystallization using 3:1 Et20/hexanes. 2.10: IR (cm -1) 1549 (s, v N 0 ) . MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 545 [P+, 1 8 4 W], 515 [P+ - NO]. *H NMR (400 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 8 1.80 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ) , 2.02 (s, 3H, Xyl Me), 2.08 (s, 3H, Xyl Me), 2.35 (d, V H H = 6.1, IH, Bzl CHsynH), 3.31 (d, V H H = 6.1, IH, Bzl CHanttf), 6.25 (br s, IH, Xyl H ^ ) , 6.62 (m, 2H, Xyl Hortho, Xyl Hmeta), 6.80 (t, VHH= 7.6, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.92 (d, V H H = 7.6, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 7.31 (t, V H H = 7.6, IH, Bzl Hpara). UC{lH} NMR (75 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 5 10.7 (CsMe5), 18.9, 19.6 (Xyl Me), 48.6 (Bzl CH 2 ) , 109.2 (C 5Me 5), 115.0 (Bzl Cipso), 128.5, 129.4, 129.6, 131.9, 132.5, 134.6, 137.1, 139.9 (Ar Caryi), 170.3 (Xyl Cipso). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 5 H 3 i N O W : C, 55.06; H, 5.72; N, 2.57. Found: C, 54.69; H, 5.55; N, 2.74. 2.11: ! H NMR (400 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 5-0.98 (d, V H H = 11.9, 1H, Bzl CHsy\u00E2\u0080\u009EH), I. 22 (d, VHH = 11.9, IH, Bzl CHantiH), 1.70 (Oxl CHsy\u00E2\u0080\u009EH), 1.85 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 1.99 (s, 3H, Oxl Me), 3.23 (d, V H H = 6.1, IH, Oxl CHan,,H), 5.46 (d, VHH = 7.3, IH, Oxl Hortho), 6.65 (m, IH, Oxl Hmeta), 7.15 (d, V H H = 7.5, IH, Oxl Hmeta), 7.45 (d, VHH = 7.3, Bzl Hortho), 7.82 (t, VHH = 7.5, IH, Oxl Hpara), other signals for the benzyl ligand obscured. NOEDS (400 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 8 irrad. at - 0.98, NOE at 7.45. 2.4.19 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H5)(C 6H3-2,5-Me 2) (2.12) and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)(CH 2C 6H4-4-Me)(2.13) Compounds 2.12 and 2.13 were prepared from the thermolysis of 2 in/?-xylene. Complex 2.12 was subsequently crystallized from 4:1 Et20/hexanes as red needles (36 mg, 40% yield). 2.12: IR (cm -1) 1569 (s, v N 0 ) . MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 545 [P+, 1 8 4 W], 515 [P+ -NO]. *H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 8 1.81 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 1.96 (s, 3H, Xyl Me), 2.50 (br s, 3H, Xyl Me), 2.58 (br s, Bzl CHsynH), 3.35 (d, VHH = 5.6, IH, Bzl CHa\u00E2\u0080\u009EtlH), 5.34 (br s, IH, Xyl Hortho), 6.50 (d, V H H = 7.3, IH, Xyl Hmeta/para), 6.81 (t, VHH = 7.7, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.87 (d, VHH = 7.5, IH, Xyl Hmeta/para), 7.01 (t, VHH - 7.5, IH, 86 Bzl Hpara), 7.11 (d, VHH = 7.7, 2H, Bzl Hortho). 1 3C{ lH} NMR (75 MHz, CDC13) 5 10.4 (CsMe5), 19.8, 27.6 (Xyl Me), 52.2 (br, Bzl CH 2), 109.5 (C 5Me 5), 120.0 (br, Bzl Cipso), 125.8, 128.2, 128.9, 130.8, 131.6, 134.0, 134.5, 146.5 (Ar Caryi), 178.8 (Xyl Clpm). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 5 H 3 i N O W : C, 55.06; H, 5.72; N, 2.57. Found: C, 55.24; H, 5.73; N, 2.80. 2.13: *H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 0.03 (d, VHH =11.4, IH, Bzl CHsynH), 1.39 (d, VHH = 7.6, IH, Pxl CHsynH), 1.54 (d, VHH =11.4, IH, Bzl CHa\u00E2\u0080\u009EuH), 1.80 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 2.26 (s, 3H, Pxl Me), 2.86 (d, VHH = 7.6, IH, Pxl CHat,tlH), 6.69 (d, V H H = 7.9, 2H, Pxl Hortho/meta), 6.94 (d, V H H = 7.9, 2H, Pxl Hortho/meta), aromatic signals for the benzyl ligand obscured. 2.4.20 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2 C 6 H 5 ) (CH 2 C 6 H 3 -3 ,5 -Me 2 ) (2.14) Complex 2.14 was prepared as a red microcrystalline powder from the thermolysis of 2 in mesitylene. To obtain single crystals for X-ray crystallographic analysis, the residue was dissolved in 1:1 CH2Cl2/hexanes (10 mL). The mixture was filtered through Celite supported on a glass frit (1 x 0.7 cm) and concentrated in vacuo to one-third of the original volume. Cooling of the solution to - 3 0 \u00C2\u00B0 C for several days induced the crystallization of 2.14 as orange needles (22 mg, 27 % yield). IR (cm -1) 1553 (s, v N 0 ) . MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 559 [P+, 1 8 4 W], 529 [P+ - NO]. lH NMR (400 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 5 -0.62 (d, VHH =11.5, IH, Bzl CHsynH), 1.48 (d, VHH = 11.5, IH, Bzl CHantlH), 1.54 (d, VHH = 6.6, IH, Mes CHsynH), 1.82 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ) , 2.27 (s, 6H, Mes Me), 2.92 (d, VHH = 6.6, IH, Mes CHa\u00E2\u0080\u009E\u00E2\u0080\u009EK), 6.26 (s, 2H, Mes H0rtho), 6.85 (d, VHH = 7.5, 2H, Bzl Hortho), 6.89 (t, VHH = 7.3, IH, Bzl Hpara), 87 7.00 (t, V H H = 7.5, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 7.42 (s, IH, Mes Hpara). 13C{lH} NMR (75 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 8 10.6 (CSMJS), 21.0 (Mes Me), 39.3 (CH 2), 43.8 (CH 2), 108.1 (C 5Me 5), 118.9 (Mes Cipso), 123.4, 127.7, 129.8, 130.9, 132.5, 139.5 (Ar Caryi), 148.4 (Bzl Cips0). NOEDS (400 MHz, CD 2C1 2) 8 irrad. at 2.92, NOEs at 1.54, 6.26; irrad. at 6.26, NOEs at 1.54, 2.27, 2.92. Anal. Calcd. for C26H33NOW: C, 55.93; H, 5.95; N, 2.50. Found: C, 55.63; H 5.86; N.2.56. 2.4.21 Preparation ofCp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-3-CF3) (2.15a) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-4-CF3) (2.15b) Complexes 2.15a-b were prepared by the thermolysis of 2 in ct,a,a-trifluorotoluene and co-crystallized as a ~ 12 : 1 mixture from 2:1 Et20/hexanes (43 mg, 39 % yield). IR (cm -1) VNO 1595. MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 585 [P+, 1 8 4 W], 555 [P+ - NO]. *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 2.15a: 8 1.52 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ) , 2.09 (d, V H H = 5.8, IH, Bzl CHsynH), 3.32 (d, V H H = 5.8, IH, Bzl Gr7 f l\u00E2\u0080\u009E f iH), 6.52 (t, V H H = 7.9, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.76 (d, V H H = 7.3, 2H, Bzl H ^ ) , 6.92 (t, V H H = 7.6, IH, Tol Hmeta), 7.08 (t, V H H = 7.3, IH, Bzl Hpara), 7.16 (d, V H H = 7.6, IH, Tol Hpara), 8.0 (br d, IH, Tol H ^ ) , other Hortho singlet not observed. 2.15b: 8 1.51 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 2.11 (d, V H H = 5.8, IH, Bzl CHsy\u00E2\u0080\u009EH), 3.33 (d, V H H = 5.8, IH, Bzl CHantlH), 6.44 (t, V H H = 7.9, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.73 (d, VHH = 7.3, 2H, Bzl H ^ ) , 7.08 (t, VHH = 7.3, IH, Bzl Hpara); 7.21 (d, V H H = 7.6, 2H, Tol Hortho/meta), other doublet obscured. nC{lH) NMR (75 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 2.15a: 8 10.3, 10.5 (CsMes), 47.3, 47.4 (CH 2), 108.2, 108.3 (C 5Me 5), 112.7 (Bzl Cipso of 2.15a), 112.8 (Bzl Cipso of 2.15b), 124.4 (q, V C F = 38, C C F 3 of 2.15a), 118.8, 121.3, 123.1, 129.1, 88 129.8, 132.5, 132.8, 133.9, 135.6, 135.9, 139.5, 144.9 (Ar Ca^i), 168.7 (Tol Cipsoof 2.15a), 172.2 (Tol CipSo of 2.15b), other signals for aryl carbons not observed. 1 9 F NMR (188 MHz, CDC13): 5 13.98 (2.15a), 8 13.4 (2.15b). Anal. Calcd. for C24H26F3NOW: C, 49.25; H, 4.48; N, 2.39. Found: C, 48.86; H, 4.63; N, 2.38. 2.4.22 Thermolysis of 1 in /j-Xylene, Mesitylene and a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene Thermolysis of 1 in these solvents for 40 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C led to the formation of known compounds 1.7 -1.10, and 2.17a-b 1 4 except for the case of mesitylene, when an additional product, Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(CH2C6H3-3,5-Me2) (2.16), was observed. 2.16: ' H N M R (400 MHz, CDC13) 8 -2.38 (d, V H H = 13.7, IH, Npt CHsy\u00E2\u0080\u009EK), 0.77 (s, 9H, CMe 3), 1.52 (d, V H H = 13.7, IH, Npt CHantlH), 1.92 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 2.22 (7H, Mes CHsy\u00E2\u0080\u009EH, Mes Me), 3.04 (d, V H H = 7.4, IH, Mes CHa\u00E2\u0080\u009EtiH), 6.53 (s, 2H, Mes Hortho\ 7.29 (s, IH, Mes Hpara). 2.4.23 X-ray Diffraction Analyses of 2.4a, 2.12 and 2.14 Data collection and structure solutions were conducted at the University of British Columbia by Dr. B. O. Patrick. All measurements were recorded at -93(1) \u00C2\u00B0C on a Rigaku/ADSC CCD area detector using graphite-monochromated Mo K a radiation. Data sets were corrected for Lorentz and polarization effects. The solid-state structures were solved by direct methods or heavy-atom Patterson methods, expanded using Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares methods. The non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically while the hydrogen atoms were included, but not refined. All calculations were performed using the teXsan crystallographic software package of Molecular Structure Corporation.34 90 References a n d Notes Tran, E.; Legzdins, P., unpublished results. Debad, J. D.; Legzdins, P.; Rettig, S. J.; Veltheer, J. E. Organometallics 1993, 12, 2714-2725. Dryden, N. H.; Legzdins, P.; Rettig, S. J.; Veltheer, J. E. Organometallics, 1992, 11, 2583-2590. Dryden, N. H.; Legzdins; Trotter, I; Yee, V. C. Organometallics 1991, 10, 2857-2870. Legzdins, P.; Jones, R. H.; Phillips, E . C ; Yee, V. C ; Trotter, J.; Einstein, F. W. B. Organometallics 1991, 10, 986-1002. Bau, R. Mason, S. A.; Patrick, B. O.; Adams, C. S.; Sharp, W. B.; Legzdins, P. Organometallics (in press). (a) Bursten, B. E. ; Cayton, R. H. Organometallics, 1987, 6, 2004-2005. (b) Poli, R.; Smith, K. M . Organometallics, 2000, 19, 2858-2867. An agostic bond is a weak covalent interaction between the two atoms in a a-bond (i.e. a C-H bond) and a metal center. For details, see: Brookhart, M . ; Green, M . L . H.; Wong, L . - L . Prog. Inorg. Chem. 1988, 36, 1-124. 91 (9) Adams, C. S.; Legzdins, P.; Tran, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001,123, 612-624. (10) Debad, J. D.; Legzdins, P.; Batchelor, R. I; Einstein, F. W. B. Organometallics, 1993, 12, 2094-2102. (11) For details, see Section 5.2.4 as well as: Debad, J. D. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, 1994. (12) Legzdins, P.; Rettig, S. J.; Veltheer, J. E . Organometallics 1993, 12, 3575-3585. (13) Theoretical calculations have shown that the model complex CpW(NO)(PMe3)(=CH2) has syn- and anticlinal orientations of the methylidene H's about the M=C bond with respect to the Cp* ligand. For details, see: Smith, K. M . ; Poli, R.; Legzdins, P. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 1598-1608. (14) Nugent, W. A.; Mayer, J. M . Metal-LigandMultiple Bonds, Wiley: New York, 1988; Chapter 4. (15) Schofield, M . H.; Schrock, R. R.; Park, L. Y. Organometallics 1991, 10, 1844-1851. (16) Crystals of 2.4a are monoclinic of space group Pc(#7), a = 9.5066(3) k,b = 8.8989(2) A, c = 12.5831(3) A, a= 90\u00C2\u00B0, B = 104.8540(5)\u00C2\u00B0, y= 90\u00C2\u00B0. The structure was solved by heavy-atom Patterson methods. Full-matrix least-squares 92 refinement procedures lead to R l = 0.016 for 3836 observed reflections (I > 3a(I)). Full details of the crystallographic analysis are provided in Appendix A. (17) (a) Nugent, W. A.; Mayer, J. M . Metal-LigandMultiple Bonds, Wiley: New York, 1988; Chapter 3. (b) Labinger, J. A.; Winter, M . J. in. Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II, Abel, E. W.; Stone, F. G. A.; Wilkinson, G. Eds.; Elsevier Science Ltd: New York, 1995; Volume 5, Chapter 5, pp 311-315. (18) (a) Schilling, B. E. R ; Hoffman, R.; Faller, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 592-598. (b) Gibson, V. C. J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 1994, 1607-1618. (19) (a) Chan, M . C. W.; Cole, J. M ; Gibson, V. C ; Howard, J. A. K.; Lehmann, C ; Poole, A. D.; Siemeling, U. J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 1998, 103-111. (b) Mashima, K.; Tanaka, Y.; Kaidzu, M. ; Nakamura, A. Organometallics 1996, 15, 2431-2433. (c) Kiel, W. A ; Lin, G.; Constable, A G.; McCormick, F. B.; Strouse, C. E.; Eisenstein, O.; Gladysz, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982,104, 4865-4878. (20) For example, the alkylidene complex Cp2Ti(=CHCMe3), which is generated thermally by neopentane elimination from Cp2Ti(CH2CMe3)2, readily activates the C-H bonds of benzene and /^-xylene, but reacts with itself intramolecularly and/or decomposes when generated in alkane solvents. For details, see: van der Heijden, H.; Hessen, B. J. Chem, Soc, Chem. Commun. 1995, 145-146. 93 (a) Greenhough, T. J.; Legzdins, P.; Martin, D. T.; Trotter, J. Inorg. Chem. 1979, 77, 3268-3270. (b) Adams, R. D.; Chodosh, D. F.; Faller, J. W.; Rosan, A. M . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979,101, 2570-2578. (c) Faller, J. W.; Nguyen, J. T.; Ellis, W.; Mazzieri, M . R. Organometallics 1993, 12, 1434-1438. (d) Ipaktschi, J.; Mirzaei, F.; Demuth-Eberle, G ; Beck, J.; Serafin, M . Organometallics 1997, 16, 3965-3972. Crabtree, R. H. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, 3rd ed. J. Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Toronto, ON, 2001. Walsh, P. J.; Hollander, F. J.; Bergman, R. G. Organometallics 1993, 12, 3705-3723. Calculation for A: (2.1a-c) : (2.2a-b + 2.3) = 4.2(3) :1. Crystals of 2.12 are triclinic of space group PT (#2), a = 8.5023(9) A, b = 8.6298(9) A, c = 15.805(1) A , a = 74.510(2)\u00C2\u00B0, B = 79.936(2)(4)\u00C2\u00B0, y= 74.797(3)\u00C2\u00B0. The structure was solved by Patterson methods. Full-matrix least-squares refinement procedures lead to R l = 0.026 for 3801 observed reflections (I > 3a(I)). Full details of the crystallographic analysis are provided in Appendix A. Two distinct conformations are observed in the crystal lattice of 1.7. Both have the ortho methyl group cis to the NO (34.0(10) and -25.3(12)\u00C2\u00B0 dihedral angles to 94 N) as well as distorted bond angles to the ortho ring carbon (129.6(10) and 129.6(8)\u00C2\u00B0). Sharp, W. B. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, 2001. Crystals of 2.14 are monoclinic of space group P2i/a(#14), a = 8.7551(5) A, b = 27.187(1) A , c = 9.7641(5) A, a= 90\u00C2\u00B0, B= 102.254(4)\u00C2\u00B0, y = 90\u00C2\u00B0. The structure was solved by direct methods. Full-matrix least-squares refinement procedures lead to R l = 0.027 for 3870 observed reflections (I > 3a(I)). Full details of the crystallographic analysis are provided in Appendix A. Thermolysis of 1.8 in toluene under standard conditions (70 \u00C2\u00B0, 40 h) confirms the presence of three products of toluene C-H activation, namely the meta and para aryl products, Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H4-4-Me)(C6H4-3-Me) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H4-4-Me)(C6H4-4-Me), and the benzyl product Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H4-4-Me)(CH2C6H5). Integration of signals in the T T N M R spectrum yields a product ratio of 64: 32: 4, which is the same, within error, as that obtained from the thermolyses of 2 under the same conditions (63: 32: 5). Shriver, D. F.; Drezdon, M . A. The Manipulation of Air-Sensitive Compounds, 2r ed.; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1986. Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis 2 n d . Ed.; W. H. Freeman and Co.: New York, 1987, pp. 44-55. 95 (32) Since the detection method used in the elemental analysis cannot distinguish between D 2 0 and H 2 0 , H/D abundances were calculated using 1 D = 1 H (33) Tran, E.; Legzdins, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 5071-5072. (34) teXsan: Structure Analysis Package. Molecular Structure Corp.: The Woodlands, TX, 1985 and 1992. 96 CHAPTER 3 Investigations Into The Mechanism of the C-H Bond Activation Chemistry Derived from Complexes 1 and 2 3.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n 97 3.2 Resul ts a n d D i s c u s s i o n 104 3.3 E p i l o g u e 123 3.4 E x p e r i m e n t a l P r o c e d u r e s 124 3.5 References a n d Notes 129 97 3.1 Introduction In the previous Chapter, several trends were observed in the product selectivities derived from the C-H activation of substituted arenes by benzylidene B and neopentylidene A. At first glance, it would seem that identifying the factors responsible for these trends is straightforward, due to the mechanistic work conducted on both alkylidene systems and the pioneering work conducted on the selectivity of hydrocarbon activations effected by certain metal imido complexes. In detail, Wolczanski and co-workers have rigorously studied the C - H bond activation chemistry mediated by a series of reactive imido complexes derived from amido precursors, namely X 2M(R)NHR' (M = Ti, Zr; X = NHSiTius, OSiTius) 1 , 2 and (SitBu3(H)N=)Ta(R)(NHR')2 3 (R = alkyl, aryl; R' = Si4Bu3). The general mechanism is illustrated in Figure 3.1, using the M = Ti, Zr complexes as examples. 98 R'-H + R\"-H + x / X Figure 3.1. Qualitative free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram of the purported abstraction mechanism for the C-H activation chemistry derived from the amido complexes of Ti and Zr. In these systems, the factors responsible for the product distributions obtained from the activation of a substrate containing more than one type of C - H bond, such as toluene, have been found to depend on the reaction conditions. In the first scenario, conditions are such that the activation of the substrate C-H bond is a reversible process (i.e. the products can revert back to the imido intermediate after the initial C - H bond scission event). In this instance, product formation is ultimately under thermodynamic control, and the observed equilibrium product distribution depends on the relative energies of the products themselves (i.e. AAG\u00C2\u00B0 in Figure 3.2). Typically, the products of 99 activation of the stronger C-H bond are the most stable, with some moderation by steric effects. Hence, during the activation of toluene, the meta and para aryl products are formed preferentially over the ortho aryl and benzyl products. X C H 3 Figure 3.2. Qualitative depiction of the origin of product selectivity for the activation of toluene by the imido complexes of Ti and Zr under conditions of thermodynamic control. In the second scenario, reaction conditions are such that the activation of the substrate C-H bond is irreversible (i.e. the products do not revert to the imido intermediate once formed). In this instance, product formation is under kinetic control, and the product distribution is determined by the relative transition-state energies for the cleavage of each type of C-H bond (i.e. A A G 1 in Figure 3.3). Here again, the stronger C-H bonds are activated preferentially with some moderation by steric interactions in the 100 transition state. Hence, during the C-H activation of toluene under these conditions, the meta and para aryl products are again the preferred products over both ortho and benzyl derivatives. Note that the stronger bonds are broken faster due to the correlation of product energies with kinetic energy barriers, as explained by an extension of the Hammond Postulate.4 X C H 3 Figure 3.3. Qualitative depiction of the origin of product selectivity for the activation of toluene by the imido complexes of Ti and Zr under conditions of kinetic control. Intriguingly, the general mechanism for the imido-mediated activation chemistry in Figure 3.1 is very similar to the proposed mechanism for the alkylidene-mediated activation chemistry derived from 1 (and 2), as described in Section 1.1.8.1 and as illustrated in Figure 3.4. 101 R'-H + CMe4 + l(R=CMe3) 2 (R = Ph) Figure 3.4. A qualitative representation of the free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram for the proposed abstraction mechanism for substrate C-H activation derived from 1 and 2. Hence, all that would appear to be required to explain the product selectivities reported in Chapter 2 is to determine whether or not substrate C-H bond scission is irreversible or reversible under the thermolysis conditions (i.e. 40 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C). If substrate C-H bond scission is irreversible under these conditions, the formation of the products is under kinetic control and the observed product distribution is determined by the relative transition-state energies for cleavage of the various C-H bonds within the substrate. At the other extreme, if the C-H bond scission is reversible and rapid on the time-scale of the reaction (i.e. 40 h), the formation of the products is under thermodynamic control and the observed product distribution is determined by energy of the final products themselves. 102 An intermediate case is that C-H bond scission is reversible, but slow on the reaction time scale, so that the distributions observed at 40 h arise from a combination of both factors. Unfortunately, the situation is not that straightforward: The purported oc-abstraction mechanism illustrated in Figure 3.4 is not the only mechanism that fits the labeling and kinetic data reported in Section 1.1.8.1. In fact, another valid and more complicated mechanism has been deduced by Poli and Smith from theoretical DFT calculations on the transformation of the model compound CpW(NO)(CH 3) 2 to the methylidene complex CpW(NO)(=CH2) (C).5 These results indicate that the formation of the reactive alkylidene complex C does indeed begin with a metal-assisted, intramolecular a -H abstraction with a late transition state in which M=C bond formation is essentially complete. Yet, a discrete hydrocarbon complex intermediate exists on the reaction coordinate after the a-H abstraction, namely a methane r | 2 -C,H a-complex in which the methane remains coordinated to the metal center via one of its C-H bonds (Scheme 3.1).6 Scheme 3.1 | ^ H 3 C - H C E = -7.7 kcal/mol E = 0.0 kcal/mol The mechanism suggested by these calculations for 1 and 2 thus consists of rate-limiting a -H abstraction from 1 or 2, followed by neopentane elimination from a transient rj-neopentane complex to form the reactive alkylidene species A and B. By the Principle of Microscopic Reversibility,7 the subsequent activation of the hydrocarbon substrates also involves formation of the respective hydrocarbon complexes prior to C-H bond addition to the M=C linkage. The mechanism is consistent with the kinetic and labeling data since the rate-determining step in the overall process still involves cleavage of an a -H bond, and 1,2 cis addition of the substrate C-H (C-D) bond to the M=C linkage can still occur. The presence of intermediate hydrocarbon complexes could significantly alter the interpretation of the activation chemistry derived from 1 and 2. Consequently, this Chapter addresses whether or not hydrocarbon complexes exist as intermediates prior to 104 and after the formation of the reactive alkylidene species, and the role, if any, these intermediates play in the activation process. 3.2 Results and Discussion 3.2.1 K n o w n Strategies For Detecting Hydrocarbon Complexes Hydrocarbon complexes have been observed directly by several spectroscopic methods, but specific conditions and/or special equipment are usually required to detect them.6 Fortuitously, intermediate hydrocarbon complexes can also be detected indirectly via the observation of intramolecular H/D scrambling in the ligands involved in hydrocarbon elimination reactions.8'9 This H/D scrambling strategy can be utilized here, since a suitable deuterated derivative, namely the a-deuterated analog of 1, Cp*W(NO)(CD 2CMe 3) 2 (1-^4), can be synthesized.10 If intermediate hydrocarbon complexes are being formed as suggested by Poli and Smith, then H/D scrambling should be observed between the neopentyl methylene and -^butyl positions of l-d4 prior to neopentane elimination. To that end, complex l-d4 has been thermolysed in representative aliphatic and aromatic solvents, and the results have been analyzed by NMR and GC/MS spectroscopic techniques. 3.2.2 Thermolysis of l-d4 in Tetramethylsilane: N M R Analysis Thermolysis of l-d4 in tetramethylsilane at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C for 90 h generates two products, as determined by N M R analysis of the resulting solid residue. The first product is Cp*W(NO)(CH^DCMe 3)(CH 2SiMe 3) (3.1-rfi) (eq 3.1). Diagnostic features of 3.1-^ in the *H (C 6D 6) NMR and ^ {/H} (C 6 H 6 ) NMR spectra are the doublets attributable to the 105 syn- and anticlinal methylene protons of the trimethylsilylmethyl ligand, and the singlets arising from the syn- and anticlinal methylene proton and deuteron of the neopentyl ligand. Superimposed upon the spectral features of 3 . 1 - * are those of the second product, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3-*)(CH 2SiMe 3) (3. 1 ' - * , 0 < x < 4 (vide infra)).11 Diagnostic features of 3 . 1 ' - * are the two diastereotopic methylene doublets for the neopentyl ligand and a decrease in intensity of the combined 7-butyl resonances relative to the Cp* signal in the X H (CeD6) NMR spectrum. The latter feature is matched by the presence of a strong singlet in the 7-butyl region in the ^H^H} (C6FJ.6) NMR spectrum. Complex 3 . 1 - * is clearly formed via the C-H activation of tetramethylsilane by the oc-D neopentylidene complex derived from 1 - * , namely Cp*W(NO)(=CDCMe3) ( A -*). On the other hand, complex 3 . 1 ' - * is formed from substrate C - H bond activation by an a-H alkylidene complex with deuterium in the -^butyl group, namely Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe 3-*) ( A ' - * ) . Complex A ' - * , in turn, is the expected result of HZD 106 exchange in the neopentyl ligands of l-d4 prior to neopentane elimination. Integration of appropriate signals in the : H (C6D6) NMR spectrum indicates that ~ 48% of the total product is 3.l'-dx, thereby indicating that approximately half of l-d4 undergoes H/D exchange during the thermolysis to form A'-dx. Moreover, on average, slightly less than three deuterium atoms are exchanged into the -^butyl group of A'-dx and 3.1'-dx (x = 2.8 in CMe3-fi?x).12 3.2.3 Thermolysis of l-d4 in Benzene-^: N M R Analysis The thermolysis of l-d4 in benzene-fife likewise generates products consistent with C-D activation by both A-rfi and A'-dx (eq 3.2). (3.2) The ^{^(C^HO NMR spectrum of the product mixture has unique signals attributable to Ph-D and D a \u00E2\u0080\u009E t f of Cp*W(NO)(CD2CMe3)(Ph-675) (3.2-r/7) derived from A -d\. Additionally, there are overlapping resonances for Dsy\u00E2\u0080\u009E of3.2-di and Cp*W(NO)(CHDvnCMe3^x)(Ph-rf5) (3.2'-*\u00E2\u0080\u00943 D CI), _ W. ON\" w _ O N . ~ H / H CD3 ^ 2 D D H D O N ' U H - ^ CD, other isotopomers of 1-^4 and A'-rfx 111 ON D / + CMe4-d3 A-di a-D abstraction from l-d4 generates two types of a-neopentane alkylidene complexes via exchange of c-(C-H) and a-(C-D) bonds. Elimination of neopentane from either o-complex leads to A-di, while reversion of the abstraction leads to the reformation of l-d4 or to the formation of its H/D scrambled isotopomer, 112 Cp*W(NO)(CH^\u00E2\u0080\u009EDCMe3)(CH 2 CMe3-*) ( 1 ' - * ) . A second abstraction event from 1 ' - * forms either A - * or A'-* depending on which neopentyl ligand undergoes C-H bond cleavage. Thus, upon neopentane elimination, neopentane-* and - * are generated as well as the C-H activation products of A - * and A'-*. After one or more additional generations of a-neopentane complexes without neopentane elimination, other starting material isotopomers are produced from l'-d4 in which the deuterium label is scrambled into the other positions of the neopentyl ligands. Upon elimination, these isotopomers can generate neopentane-*, neopentane-*, and neopentane-*, as well as additional a-H alkylidene intermediates A ' - * A'-*, A'-* and A'-*, which contain 0, 1, 2 or 4 deuterium atoms in the /-butyl group. However, even after repeated H/D exchange events, the formation of intermediates A-* and A'-*, and to a lesser extent A'-*, remains statistically dominant. Thus, the average number of deuterium atoms incorporated into the /-butyl group remains close to three, while neopentane-* and neopentane-* are the dominant isotopomer by-products, as indeed observed experimentally. The experimental data are inconsistent with all other mechanisms for the observed H/D exchange in the neopentyl ligands that are not on the reaction coordinate for formation of the alkylidene complexes from 1 - * . For example, the lack of deuterium incorporation into the Cp* methyl groups of the starting material isotopomers rules out H/D exchange via reversible formation of tucked-in Cp* a-neopentane complexes. Likewise, H/D exchange via reversible formation of metallacyclobutane a-neopentane intermediates by y-H abstraction would generate neopentane-* and neopentane-* as the 113 principal by-products. Finally, it is unlikely but possible that the H/D exchange is a bimetallic rather than a monometallic intramolecular process.9*'16 However, the thermolysis of l-d4 in benzene-* at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C at two different concentrations (15 mM and 75 mM) does not show any significant concentration effects on the rate of H/D exchange or product formation over the course of the reaction, observations consistent with an intramolecular process. 3.2.7 A n A s i d e : T h e T r u e M a g n i t u d e of the K I E fo r a-H N e o p e n t a n e E l i m i n a t i o n f o r C o m p l e x 1 vs C o m p l e x l-d4 The thermal decomposition of l-d4 has been previously monitored by UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy and a first-order process was observed with a k0bs of 2.01(1) x 10-4 s\"1 at 91\u00C2\u00B0C (R 2= 0.9989) (see Section 1.1.8.1).17 Without evidence of the H/D exchange process from this methodology, this k0bs was equated to the rate constant for a-D elimination of neopentane (kei;m(Dsyn)) for pure l-d4, and the a-H(D) isotope effect for neopentane elimination was reported as 2.4(2) (91 \u00C2\u00B0C). In light of the results in Sections 3.2.2-3.2.5, it is now apparent that the thermal decomposition of l-d4 involves both direct elimination of neopentane from l-d4andWD exchange to H^\u00E2\u0080\u009E isotopomers that intrinsically eliminate neopentane faster than l-d4. In other words, the measured k0t,s is in fact a composite of the rate constants for direct neopentane elimination from l-d4 (ke\im(Dsyn)) as well as for elimination from its Hsyn isotopomers (k eiim(H^\u00E2\u0080\u009E)). Thus, the actual value of k eiim(D^\u00E2\u0080\u009E) from pure l-d4 is likely less 114 than 2.0 x 10~4 s\"1 at 91 \u00C2\u00B0C and the value of 2.4 is an underestimation of the true isotope effect for a-H neopentane elimination in this system. 3.2.8 Implications of the Existence of Hydrocarbon Complexes on the General Mechanism of C-H Bond Activation by A and B Given that hydrocarbon complexes do exist prior to formation of the reactive alkylidene species, then the two-step abstraction mechanism originally proposed from the initial mechanistic data cannot be valid. However, at the same time, the correlation between the C-H activation chemistry mediated by alkylidenes A and B, and Wolczanski et al.'s explanation of this chemistry may still hold, providing that the general reaction coordinate is shaped like that shown in Figure 3.6 (i.e. AGii and AG * 4 > A G ^ and A G ^ ) -Moving from left to right, a-abstraction from the starting complex 1 (or 2) is the rate-limiting step in the overall process. Dissociation of neopentane from the resulting o-neopentane complex leads to the formation of the reactive alkylidene intermediate A (or B). From this point forward, the activation of the substrate occurs, beginning with coordination of the substrate, such as an alkane, to the metal center, followed by C-H bond scission of the aliphatic bond to generate the activated products. Note that of the two steps in the activation of the substrate, C - H bond scission is the rate-limiting one (i.e. A G * 4 > A G * 3 ) . 1 8 115 I 1 [W] = Cp*W(NO) Figure 3.6. A possible qualitative free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram for the activation chemistry of 1 and 2 with C-H bond scission as the rate-limiting step, using the activation of an alkane substrate (R-H) via complex 1 as an illustrative example. Figure 3.6 fits the explanation put forth by Wolczanski et al. for conditions under which the substrate C-H bond scission step is reversible, since the product distributions will still be ultimately determined by the relative energies of the products themselves. It will also apply for conditions in which the C-H bond scission step is irreversible, since the product distribution will still be determined by the relative transition state energies for C-H bond cleavage. In fact, Wolczanski et al. acknowledge that hydrocarbon 116 intermediates may also exist in their imido systems prior to C-H bond scission, and that the true reaction coordinates may resemble that in Figure 3.6, rather than the preferred concerted a-abstraction mechanism drawn in Figure 3.I.1'2'3 Whether or not Figure 3.6 is the correct reaction coordinate for the C-H activation chemistry resulting from 1 and 2 can be ascertained experimentally by measuring the intermolecular kinetic isotope effects (KTEs) for the activation of representative arene and aliphatic substrates. 3.2.9 M e a s u r e m e n t o f In te r mo lecu la r K I E s fo r A c t i v a t i o n of T e t r a m e t h y l s i l a n e , B e n z e n e a n d Mes i ty lene The established method for measuring intermolecular KTEs involves thermolyses in 1:1 molar mixtures of a given substrate and its deuterated analog. Product ratios favouring the protio substrate will be observed if the reaction coordinate is like the one in Figure 3.6, as the distribution is controlled by the rate-determining cleavage of C - H vs C-D bonds. For example, Wolczanski et al. obtain KIE values of 9.0(6) and 29.4(35) for the activations of benzene/benzene-^ and methane/methane-), the intermolecular KIEs will be small. Similarly-shaped reaction coordinates have been presented to account for the small intermolecular KIEs in the oxidative addition of alkane and arene to the thermally-generated Cp*Ir(PMe3) fragment and a related metallated derivative.22 3.2.10 T h e Q u e s t i o n a b l e In te rmed iacy of the A l k y l i d e n e C o m p l e x e s A a n d B It is important to note that another reaction coordinate also fits the experimental data. To this point in this Thesis, it has been assumed that the alkylidene complexes A and B exist as discrete intermediates on the reaction coordinate. Indeed, A and B must be intermediates on the reaction coordinate for the proposed abstraction mechanism shown in Scheme 3.4. However, with hydrocarbon complex intermediates being present on the reaction coordinate, A and B do not have to exist as discrete entities. In fact, it is unlikely that A and B exist as discrete complexes, because there probably is not any significant barrier to solvation by the substrate, as there is depicted in Figure 3.7 (AG^) . The only instance in which a barrier to substrate solvation occurs is when A and B are internally solvated (or stabilized) by agostic interactions with either the y- or a-positions of the neopentylidene ligand, or a C-H bond of the Cp* ligand.2'23 Consequently, the reaction coordinate in Figure 3.8 is also valid. In this instance, displacement of neopentane occurs via an interchange-dissociative mechanism,24 rather than the dissociative mechanism pictured in Figure 3.7.25 Thus, the discrimination 121 A G 1 , . [W] = Cp*W(NO) Figure 3.8. The alternative qualitative free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram with interchange-dissociation of neopentane as the rate-limiting step in the substrate activation process, using the activation of an alkane substrate (R-H) via complex 1 as an illustrative example. between protio and deuterio substrates occurs via the relative transition-state energies for displacement of neopentane (i.e. AG^c-m = AG^c-D)) from the a-neopentane complexes of A and B. The coordinate step is now effectively the rate-determining step in the 122 activation of the substrate. Again, little discrimination between protio and deuterio substrates will be observed providing that the differences in the transition-state energies for o~-(C,H) vs c-(C,D) complex formation are small. In the author's opinion, Figure 3.8 is most likely the correct representation of the reaction coordinate. However, at this stage of this Thesis, redefining the reactive alkylidene species from \"intermediates A and B\" to \"the intermediate a-complexes of A and B\" creates several complications when discussing the activation chemistry derived from 1 and 2. For example, since the reactive alkylidene intermediate may be the preceding o-neopentane complex of A (o~-A), the phrase \"activation of the substrate by A and B\", as A and B are defined in Chapter 1, is no longer correct. Similarly, the phrase \"the thermolysis of 1 and 2 generates A and B\" is also no longer correct, since these species may not exist as discrete complexes. Moreover, all of the equations, schemes and figures to this point have utilized A and B as the reactive intermediates. In addition to these technical issues, the intermediacy of A and B cannot be ruled out entirely due to the remote possibility of internal stabilization of the 16e species by agostic interactions. So, for the sake of simplicity, brevity, and the avoidance of any further confusion, intermediates A and B will be assumed to be the reactive alkylidene species in the remainder of the text, unless the differences in interpretations based on A and B vs o-A and a-B need to be explicitly stated or illustrated. It should be noted that the same decision has been made by other authors when faced with the same dilemma.1'2'22 Note also, however, that in the future discussion of the chemistry derived from 1 and 2 outside of this Thesis, the following terminology should be used: (1) the 123 reactive alkylidene intermediates are complexes Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) and Cp*W(NO)(=CHC 6H 5), or Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3)(a-CMe4) and Cp*W(NO)(=CHC6H5)(a-CMe4), and (2) that substrates coordinate to the reactive fragments Cp*W(NO)(=CHCMe3) (A) and Cp*W(NO)(=CHC 6H 5) (B). The latter statement is unambiguous since the reactive fragments A and B may exist as discrete complexes or are the important part of the reactive a-neopentane complexes. 3.3 Epilogue Through labeling studies and intermolecular KJJE measurements, the general mechanism of C - H activation derived from 1 and 2 have been shown to be fundamentally different from the general mechanism that was originally proposed. In particular, hydrocarbon complexes are present on the reaction coordinate prior to formation of the reactive alkylidene species and prior to substrate C-H bond scission. Moreover, the discriminating step in the activation of benzene, tetramethylsilane and mesitylene is the coordination of the substrate to the\" metal center in either intermediates A and B, or the preceding a-neopentane complexes, rj-A and a-B, and not the subsequent addition of the substrate C - H bond to the M=C linkage. The qualitative reaction coordinate for the activation of these substrates has thus been resolved to be either that shown in Figure 3.7 or in Figure 3.8. With these mechanistic details now resolved, completing the interpretation of the activation chemistry reported in Chapter 2 is now possible. Work conducted in this regard is described in the next Chapter. 124 3.4 Experimental Procedures 3.4.1 General Methods All reactions and subsequent manipulations were performed under anaerobic and anhydrous conditions using procedures described in Section 2.4.1. GC/MS analyses were performed on a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph with a HP-5MS column (30 M x 0.25 mm x 0.25 um) and a 5973N mass selective detector. An 80-eV ionizing beam was utilized. 3.4.2 Reagents The (CD2CMe3)Mgx(dioxane) alkylating reagent and complex l-d4 were prepared according to published procedures.10 3.4.3 Characterization Data for l-d4 lH NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 1.32 (s, 9H, CMe 3), 1.47 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ) . 2K{lU} NMR (77 MHz, C 6 H 6 ) 5-1.51 (br s, Dsyn), 2.69 (br s, Dantl). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 oH 3 3D 4 NOW: C, 48.49; H / D 2 6 , 7.53; N, 2.83. Found: C, 48.80; H/D, 7.41; N, 2.85. 3.4.4 Thermolyses of l-d4 in Tetramethylsilane, Benzene, and Benzene-*: General Comments In each case, a J. Young NMR tube was charged with l-d4 (12 mg, 0.024 mmol) and the appropriate solvent (0.8 mL). Two additional thermolysis were also conducted in benzene-* at two different concentrations (6 mg and 30 mg in 0.80 mL of solvent), with hexamethyldisilane (2 mg, 0.014 mmol) added as an internal integration standard. The 125 thermolyses were conducted in a VWR 1160A constant-temperature bath set at 70.0 \u00C2\u00B0C. The tubes were periodically removed to record *H or ^ Hj1!!} NMR spectra at ambient temperature. After 90 h, the organic volatiles were separated in vacuo and were analyzed by GC/MS. The organometallic residue was analyzed further by : H or 2H{lrl} NMR spectroscopies. Products were identified by comparison of the spectral data to those for the corresponding products of C-H and C-D activation from the thermolysis of 1 in protio and perdeuterio solvent (e.g. for tetramethylsilane, the data were compared to those exhibited by authentic Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(CH2SiMe3) (1.4) and Cp*W(NO)(CH^\u00E2\u0080\u009EDCMe 3 ) (CD 2 SiMe 3 -*) (1.4-*2).17'21 3.4.5 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH^\u00E2\u0080\u009EDCMe 3)(CH 2SiMe 3) (3.1-*) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3-*)(CH2SiMe3) (3.1'-*). Complexes 3.1-* and 3.1'-* were prepared as a mixture from the thermolysis of 1-* in tetramethylsilane. *H NMR (400 MHz, CeD6) 5 - 2.16 (overlapping dd and s, Npt CHsynH and CHsynVr), -1.29 (dd, V H H = 12.0, V H H = 2.2, TMS CHsynH), 0.42 (s, SiMe3), 1.07 (d, V H H = 12.0, TMS CHant0), 1.35 (s, CMe 3), 1.53 (s, C 5 Me 5 ), 3.28 (d, 2 J H H = 12.8, Npt CHant0). 2H{lrl) NMR (61 MHz, C 6 H 6 ) 5 1.25 (br s, CMe 3 -* ) , 3.23 (br s, Npt CDanftH). 3.4.6 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CD2CMe3)(Ph-*) (3.2-*) and Cp*W(NO)(CHD^\u00E2\u0080\u009ECMe3-*)(Ph-*)(3.2'-*). Complexes 3.2-* and 3.2'-* were prepared as a mixture from the thermolysis of 1-* in benzene-*. lH NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 1.24 (s, CMe 3), 1.53 (s, C 5 Me 5 ) , 4.35 126 (br s, CHantiD). 2HCU} NMR (61 MHz, CeH;) 5 -2.01 (br s, CDsynD and CDsy\u00E2\u0080\u009EH), 1.18 (br s, CMe 3 -*) , 4.34 (br s, CD a\u00E2\u0080\u009E\u00E2\u0080\u009ED), 6.9-7.2 (Ph D). 3.4.7 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CHS J,\u00E2\u0080\u009EDCMe3)(Ph-/t5) (3.2-*) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3-*)(Ph-/i5)(3.2'-*). Complexes 3 .2 -* and 3 .2'-* were prepared as a mixture from the thermolysis of 1 - * in benzene-/26. *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 -2.06 (br s, CHsynD), 1.26 (s, CMe 3), 1.54 (s, C 5 Me 5 ), 4.49 (d, 2JHH =11.8, CHant0), 7.10 (m, Ph H), 7.70 (d, V H H = 6.0, Ph H). 2H{/H} NMR (61 MHz, CeH;) 8 1.22 (br s, CMe 3 -*) , 4.50 (br s, CBantiH). 3.4.8 GC7MS Analysis of Organic Volatiles GC/MS spectra were recorded in triplicate. Average intensities were determined for neopentane fragment peaks 57 to 61. The neopentane isotopomer composition of each sample was then deduced by matrix methods as described by Girolami and coworkers,13 using the experimental matrix coefficients for neopentane-* to neopentane-* under the assumption that all deuterium atoms reside on the same carbon. The coefficients for neopentane-* were calculated assuming that (CD 3)(CH 2D)C(CH 3) 2 was the only isotopomer present. 3.4.9 Measurement of Intermolecular KIEs: General Comments All experiments were conducted in a similar manner. A small reaction bomb was charged with 1 or 2 (12-15 mg), a stir-bar, and 3 mL of a 1.0:1.0 (v/v) mixture of benzene/benzene-* or mesitylene/mesitylene-*2, or ~ 2 mL of a 1.0:1.0 (mol/mol) ( 127 mixture of tetramethylsilane/tetramethylsilane-*2. After the stirred mixtures had been heated at 70(2) \u00C2\u00B0C for 40 h in an oil-bath, the solvent was removed in vacuo and a lH NMR (CeD6) spectrum was recorded. KIE values were determined from the lH NMR spectrum as described below. The reported errors are based on the standard errors in the mean and have been adjusted for sample size by multiplication of the appropriate Student t factor at the 95% confidence level.27 3.4.10 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the K I E s fo r 1 in B e n z e n e / B e n z e n e - * a n d Tetramethyls i lane/Tetramethyls i lane - r f i2 These KTEs are the average values obtained from multiple integrations of the fully resolved Ci / a \u00E2\u0080\u009E n H doublet and C7/ a\u00E2\u0080\u009E r,D singlets of the products Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H5) (1.1) to Cp*W(NO)(CHD^CMe 3)(C 6D 5) ( 1 . 1 - * ) , and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe3)(CH2SiMe 3) (1.4) to Cp*W(NO)(CHD^CMe 3 )(CD 2 SiMe 3 -*) ( 1 . 4 - * 2 ) . Two independent experiments were conducted for CelVCeDe, while the experiment in S iMeVSiMe^n was conducted only once. 3.4.11 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the K I E fo r 2 in B e n z e n e / B e n z e n e - * The KJE was determined as follows: integration of the combined overlapping E U , signals for the products Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H5) (2.5) and Cp*W(NO)(CHD^C6D 5)(C 6D 5) ( 2 . 5 - * ) vs the Hsyn signal for 2.5 gave a relative ratio of 1.84(7): 1 for ( 2 . 5 - * + 2.5) vs 2.5. Integration of rlsyn vs HU f , for a sample of pure 2.5 recorded under identical spectrometer conditions yielded a value of 0.99(5): 1. The ratio 2.5 to 2 . 5 - * was then calculated to be 1.17(19): 1 128 3.4.12 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the K I E for 2 in Mesi ty lene/Mesi ty lene-< / i 2 The KIE was determined in similar manner as in 3.4.11, using the relative integrations of the 5 benzyl hydrogen atoms arising from both products Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H3-3,5-Me2) (2.14) and Cp*W(NO)(CHD^\u00E2\u0080\u009EC 6 H 5 ) (CD 2 C 6 D3-3,5-Me 2 -*) (2.14-rf1 2) vs the mesityl ortho singlet for 2.14 (4.9(3), (95% CI)), compared to the same ratio obtained for 2.14 (2.52(3)) under identical experimental/spectrometer conditions. The calculated ratio was thus 1.06(15). 129 References and Notes Bennett, J. L. ; Wolczanski, P. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 779, 10696-10719. Schaller, C. P.; Cummins, C. C ; Wolczanski, P. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996,118, 591-611. Schaller, C. P.; Wolczanski, P. T. Inorg. Chem. 1993, 32, 131-144. Briefly, when the reactions of two similar substrates proceed from a common intermediate by concerted processes with similar transition states, then the relative rates of the reactions will be proportional to the relative thermodynamic energies of the products. See: Connors, K. A. Chemical Kinetics: The Study of Reaction Rates in Solution;YCU Publishers: New York, NY, 1990; Chapter 5 and pp 371-375. Also see references 1-3 for illustrations. Poli, R.; Smith, K. M . Organometallics 2000, 19, 2858-2867. Hall, C ; Perutz, R. N. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 3125-3146. The Principle of Microscopic Reversibility states that the forward and reverse reactions of a thermal process will follow the same path. Crabtree, R. H. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, 3 r d ed; Wiley and Sons: Toronto, ON, 2001; pg. 177. 130 (a) Feher, F. J.; Jones, W. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 1650-1663. (b) Jones, W. D.; Feher, F. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 4814-4819. (c) Selmeczy, A. D.; Jones, W. D.; Osman, R.; Perutz, R. N. Organometallics 1995, 14, 5677-5685. (d) Jones, W. D.; Hessel, E. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 6087-6095. (e) Wick, D. D. ; Reynolds, K. A ; Jones, W. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999,121, 3974-3983. (f) Schaefer, D. F. II; Wolczanski, P. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 4881-4882. (g) Periana, R. A.; Bergman, R. G. Bergman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 7346-7355. (h) Stoutland, P. O.; Bergman, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 5732-5744. (i) McGhee, W. D.; Bergman, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4246-4262. (j) Mobley, T. A ; Schade, C ; Bergman, R. G. Organometallics. 1998, 17, 3574-3587. (a) Bullock, R. M . ; Headford, C. E. L.; Hennessy, K. M . ; Kegley, S. E. ; Norton, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 3897-3908. (b) Parkin, G.; Bercaw, J. E . Organometallics 1989, 8, 1172-1179. (c) Gould, G. L.; Heinekey, D. M . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 5502-5504. (e) Gross, C. L.; Girolami, G. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998,120, 6605-6606. (f) Chernega, A ; Cook, J.; Green, M . L. H.; Labella, L.; Simpson, S. J.; Souter, J.; Stephens, A. H. H. J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 1997, 3225-3243. Bau, R.; Mason, S. A.; Patrick, B. O.; Adams, C. S.; Sharp, W. B.; Legzdins, P. Organometallics (in press). 131 Throughout this Chapter, a \" \" ' after a compound number is used to denote an isotopomer of the parent compound that is formed via intramolecular H/D exchange (i.e. 3.1-* and 3.1'-*). The intensity of the C7/a\u00E2\u0080\u009EhCMe3 signal of 3. 1'-* in the *H (CeD6) NMR spectrum is 48(2)% of the combined CHsynHSiMe3 doublets for 3.1-* and 3. 1'-*, while the intensity of the lBu resonance vs the Cp* resonance in the *H NMR spectrum is 85(2) % of the intensity for a fully protio lBu moiety, as in the case of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)(CH 2SiMe 3) (i.e. 0.66: 1.00 or ~ 9H : 15 H). The average number of H atoms per lBu group is thus (0.85*9 - (0.52*9))/0.48 or 6.2. Therefore x in 3. 1'-* is approximately 2.8. Cheon, J.; Rogers, D. M . ; Girolami, G. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997,119, 6804-6813. For example, if one assumes that neopentane-* has the composition (CH 3) 2C(CD 3)(CH 2D), then the expected fragmentation should be (CH 3 ) 2 C (CD 3 ) + (m/z = 60), (CH 3 ) 2 C(CH 2 D) + (m/z = 58), and (CH 3 )C(CD 3 )(CH 2 D) + (m/z = 61) in a 1: 1 : 2 ratio. Also present will be peaks corresponding to the 1 3 C satellites of each of these signals at m/z + 1 of ~ 4.4 % relative intensity of the m/z parent peak. Hence, the coefficients for m/z peaks 57-61 for pure (CH 3) 2C(CD 3)(CH 2D) areO : 48.9 : 2.15: 48.9 : 100. 132 (15) As mentioned in Section 2.2.2, the protio-phenyl neopentyl complexes such as 3 . 2 - * and 3 . 2 ' - * are sufficiently unstable towards P -H elimination of a second equivalent of neopentane under these conditions that the analysis of the neopentane isotopomer distribution from this reaction could not be included in Tables 3.1 and 3.2. (16) Booij, M . ; Deelman, B-J.; Duchateau, R.; Postma, D. S.; Meetsma, A.; Teuben, J. H. Organometallics 1993, 12, 3531-3540. (17) Adams, C. S.; Legzdins, P.; Tran, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 612-624. (18) It should be clarified that the relative displacement of the intermediates and products, as well as the relative peak heights and depth of the energy wells, in Figure 3.6 are not meant to be quantitative. True, the relative energies of the intermediates and transition states must be significantly higher than the starting material or products, given that H/D exchange in the thermolyses of 1-* is not observed until neopentane elimination is observed as well. However, the differences in the free energy barriers for C-H bond scission and neopentane dissociation, namely AG^i and A G ^ , and A G ^ and A G ^ , cannot be as large as depicted given that H/D exchange and reversion back to starting material is competitive with neopentane formation in the thermolyses of 1 - * . 133 Slaughter, L. M . ; Wolczanski, P. T.; Klinckman, T. R.; Cundari, T. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7953-7975 Arndtsen, B. A.; Bergman, R. G.; Mobley, T. A.; Peterson, T. H. Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 154-162. Tran, E.; Legzdins, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 779, 5071-5072. Peterson, T. H.; Golden, J. T.; Bergman, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 455-462. For a review of agostic interactions, see: Brookhart, M . ; Green, M . L . H.; Wong, L . - L . Prog. Inorg. Chem. 1988, 36, 1-124. For a good illustration of the differences between these mechanisms and their associative counterparts, see: Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Gaus, P. L. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 2 n d ed. Wiley and Sons Inc.: Toronto, ON: 1987; pp 176-179. Note that the other two possible mechanisms for exchange of neopentane for substrate, namely associative and interchange-associative mechanisms, can be ruled out. Both associative and intimate-associative mechanisms would require association of the substrate with the metal center prior to neopentane dissociation. However, this is not likely given the 18e nature of the a-neopentane alkylidene 134 complexes. Moreover, the rate-constants for the thermolysis of 1 and 2, as well the amounts of H/D exchange in the thermolyses of l-d.4, do not show any significant solvent effects, which would be expected if the solvent is involved in the displacement of neopentane from the metal's coordination sphere. (26) Since the detection method used in the elemental analysis cannot distinguish between D 2 0 and H 2 0 , H/D abundances were calculated using 1 D = 1 H (27) Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis 2nd. Ed.; W. H. Freeman and Co.: New York, 1987; pp. 44-55. 135 CHAPTER 4 Rationalizing the C-H Activation Chemistry Derived From Complexes 1 and 2 4.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n 136 4.2 Resul ts a n d D i s c u s s i o n 136 4.3 E p i l o g u e 174 4.4 E x p e r i m e n t a l P r o c e d u r e s 177 4.5 References a n d Notes 183 136 4.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n In the previous Chapter, it was determined that hydrocarbon complexes are intermediates on the reaction coordinate for hydrocarbon activation mediated by alkylidenes A and B , and that the formation of these intermediates is the key step in the activation of benzene, tetramethylsilane and mesitylene. However, these substrates only contain one type of C-H bond, or only yield one type of organometallic product. Thus, it remains to be determined how the product selectivities and trends arise from the activation of the other substituted arenes reported in Chapter 2. Investigations into these matters are described in this Chapter, beginning with an in-depth examination of the activation of toluene. 4.2 Resul ts a n d D i s c u s s i o n 4.2.1 C a s e 1: A c t i v a t i o n o f T o l u e n e As outlined in Sections 2.2.2, 2.2.3 and 2.2.16, the thermolysis of 1 and 2 in toluene leads to the formation of the respective aryl and benzyl products of sp2 C - H and sp3 C-H bond activation of toluene by A and B , as depicted in eq 2.1 and 2.2. These equations are reproduced below to help facilitate the ensuing discussion. Of note, the ratio of aryl vs benzyl products from toluene activation by A is 4.2(3): 1, compared to 18.6(1.2):1 by B . Also, the distribution of the aryl regioisomers obtained from activation by B is the statistical meta: para distribution of 2:1 (1.97(11): 1), whereas that obtained from activation by A is 1.45(8): 1 and the ortho aryl activated product is observed as a trace product (~ 1% overall). 137 2.2a (~ 63 %) 2.3 (~ 5%) 2.2b (~ 32 %) 4.2.1.1 T h e N a t u r e o f the P r o d u c t D is t r ibu t ions To determine the kinetic or thermodynamic nature of the toluene product distributions, three representative complexes were synthesized by metathetical methods: the o-tolyl neopentyl complex 2.1c, the o-tolyl benzyl complex Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-2-Me) (2.2c), and the bis(benzyl) complex 2.3. Each was then heated independently in toluene at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C for > 24 h. As anticipated, complex 2.3 is thermally robust and does not convert to the corresponding aryl benzyl products 2.2a-c. Likewise, the o-tolyl complex 2.1c does not convert to the benzyl complexes 2.3 or 2.2a-b by isomerization to 2, nor does 2.2c isomerize to 2.3. Thus, it would appear that the aryl and benzyl products of toluene C-H activation are formed separately and irreversibly 138 from A and B under the thermolysis conditions. In other words, the aryl vs benzyl product distributions are formed under kinetic control, and the magnitudes of these distributions reflect the intrinsic preferences for formation of the aryl products of toluene C-H activation from alkylidenes A and B, respectively. Surprisingly, when thermolysed in toluene, 2.1c does convert quantitatively to the same relative distribution of aryl isomers 2 .1a-c as observed during the thermolysis of 1 in toluene (~ 47 : 33 :1) (Scheme 4.1). Monitoring the thermolysis of 2.1c in benzene-* at 70\u00C2\u00B0 C by *H NMR spectroscopy reveals that the isomerization is a rapid intramolecular process with 2.1a and 2.1b forming concomitantly. The conversion of 2.1c to 2 .1a-b follows first-order kinetics (k o b s = 6.6(3) x 10\"4 s\"1, tm = 18 min, R 2 = 0.993) for ~ 120 min, after which time the equilibrium distribution of 2.1a-c is attained. No resonances attributable to free toluene, 2.3 or 2.2a-b are observed, even after prolonged heating for 40 h. Rather, 2.1a-c slowly decompose to release free neopentane, presumably via reaction with benzene in the same manner as 1.1 (see Section 2.2.2). 139 S c h e m e 4.1 2.2a-b + 2.3 Similar results are obtained with the o-tolyl benzyl complex 2.2c (Scheme 4.2). The thermolyses of 2.2c in toluene and benzene-* reveal a rapid and concomitant intramolecular isomerization to the 2:1 mixture of 2.2a and 2.2b observed from thermolysis of 2 in toluene (kobs = 1.9(1) x 10\"4 s\"1, tm = 61 min, R 2 = 0.999 in benzene-*) . Again, no resonances attributable to free toluene or the bis(benzyl) complex 2.3 are observed, even when 2.2c is heated in benzene-* and toluene at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C for > 40 h. Rather, as reported earlier, the complexes 2 .2a-b slowly decompose to a plethora of unidentified products (see Section 2.2.4). Scheme 4.2 These results indicate that the two sets of aryl regioisomers 2.1a-c and 2.2a-b derived from the thermolyses of 1 and 2 in toluene are formed under thermodynamic rather than kinetic control. Thus, the relative distributions of aryl regioisomers do not arise from the intrinsic selectivity for the formation of the ortho, meta and para aryl products of toluene C - H activation from A and B, but instead arise from the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the respective aryl complexes. The interrelationship of the complexes derived from the thermolysis of 1 in toluene is shown in Scheme 4.3. S c h e m e 4.3 141 2.1a [W] = Cp*W(NO) 2.1b B 2.1c 2.3 2.2a 4.2.1.2 T h e M e c h a n i s m o f A r y l P r o d u c t R e g i o i s o m e r i z a t i o n In order to isomerize as they do, the aryl products must be undergoing a rapid intramolecular H transfer process via an unobserved intermediate. An intriguing possibility based on the reaction coordinate for the activation of benzene is that the unobserved intermediate is a hydrocarbon complex formed by the coordination of toluene to A and B. In other words, the cleavage of the sp2 C-H bonds of toluene may be reversible. There are several precedents in other C-H activation systems in which the reversible formation of the hydrocarbon intermediates on the C-H activation reaction coordinate has been invoked to account for thermal rearrangements of activated products.1'2 However, in this instance, several other intermediates not related to the C-H 142 activation of toluene by A and B could conceivably be involved in the intramolecular H -atom transfer. These include tucked-in Cp*, metallacyclic, or aryne intermediates (see eqs 1.5, 1.6 and 1.10 for examples of these types of complexes). To elucidate the mechanism operative in the aryl product isomerizations, the labeled neopentyl phenyl complex Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6D5) ( 4 . 1 - * ) has been thermolysed in C 6 D 6 and CD 2 C1 2 at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C. Monitoring the thermolyses by ^ NMR spectroscopy over 5 h reveals a rapid, exclusive, and concomitant exchange of hydrogen and deuterium between the synclinal methylene position of the neopentyl ligand and all three aromatic positions of the phenyl ligand to yield Cp*W(NO)(CHD^\u00E2\u0080\u009ECMe3)(C 6D4Hi) (4.1'-rf5) (eq 4.1). The rate of conversion is independent of the solvent, and free benzene is not detected during the experiment conducted in CD2CI2. A non-linear least-square analysis of the data from the reaction in CD2CI2 (Figure 4.1) using an exponential approach to equilibrium kinetic model yields a calculated k0b sof 3.6(2) x 10\"4 s\"1. This corresponds to rate constants of 3 x 10\"4 s\"1 for H transfer to the aryl ligand (ki) and 9 x 10\"5 s\"1 for D transfer to the aryl ligand (k_i). The calculated Keq of 3.0(3) for H incorporation into the 4 . 1 * - * (4.1) 4 . 1 - * 143 aromatic ring is less than the statistical Keq of 5, a fact consistent with the preferential association of deuterium with the stronger aryl sp2 C-H/C-D bond. time (s) F i g u r e 4.1. Plot of conversion of 4 . 1 - * to 4.1'w/s versus time for the approach to equilibrium at 70\u00C2\u00B0C (\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 = 4 . 1 - * , \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 = 4.1'-rf5). The solid lines indicate a non-linear least-squares fit to an exponential decay to equilibrium. The rapid and exclusive H/D exchange between the phenyl ring and the synclinal methylene position of the neopentyl ligand, and the lack of incorporation of deuterium into any other positions of 4.1'-ds even on prolonged thermolysis (> 40 h), effectively rules out the involvement of benzyne, metallacyclic, or tucked-in Cp* intermediates. On the other hand, the experimental data are fully consistent with reversible sp2 bond C-H (C-D) cleavage to the arene alkylidene complex on the C-H activation reaction coordinate, as illustrated in Scheme 4.4. Rapid interconversion of the arene complex to a 144 different rotamer will result in aryl ligand isomerization upon re-addition of the C-H r bond across the M=C bond. S c h e m e 4.4 4.2.1.3 T h e N a t u r e of T h e A r e n e C o m p l e x in A r y l L i g a n d Isomer izat ions An unresolved issue regarding the observed aryl ligand isomerizations is the exact nature of the intermediate arene complex that is involved. Toluene can coordinate to the metal centers in A and B in one of three ways; through an sp3 C-H bond of the methyl group to form an r|2-(C,H) phenylmethane o~-complex, through an sp2 C - H bond of the phenyl ring to form an r)2-(C,H) methylbenzene a-complex (or a rj-arene complex for short), or through the 7r-system of the phenyl ring to form an 7r,-arene complex. The last two types of complexes, which are shown in Scheme 4.4, are possible intermediates for the aryl ligand isomerization since related complexes of both types are reportedly involved in similar aryl ligand isomerizations in other systems.3'4 In one particular 145 instance, the comparison of inter- and intramolecular kinetic isotope effects for benzene activation has identified which of the two possible types of intermediates is in fact present.5 In detail, the intermolecular kinetic isotope effect for activation of molar mixtures of benzene/benzene-* by Cp*Rh(PMe3) is 1.0, while the intramolecular kinetic isotope effect for thermolysis in 1,3,5-benzene-* is significantly larger at 1.4. The difference in the two KJE values indicates that hydrocarbon intermediates exist on the reaction coordinate for benzene activation, while the unity value for the intermolecular KJE suggests that the substrate C-H (C-D) bond is not involved in the substrate coordination step. Thus, these data support the formation of a 7r-arene intermediate rather than a a-arene intermediate in the Rh system. It would seem appropriate to apply a similar comparison of inter- and intramolecular KIEs to this system to determine the type of arene intermediates involved in alkylidene-mediated C-H activation. However, the usefulness of the comparison is obviated by the fact that the product ratios obtained from the thermolysis of 1 or 2 in 1,3,5-benzene-* (70 \u00C2\u00B0C, 40 h) will be thermodynamic and not kinetic in nature, due to the rapid intramolecular H/D exchange between the aryl and methylene positions of the ligands under the requisite thermolytic conditions. In other words, the measured intramolecular isotope effect is an equilibrium isotope effect, not a KIE, and as such would have no relation to ascertaining the nature of the hydrocarbon intermediate. An argument could be made that the near-unity intermolecular KIE values measured from the thermolysis of 1 and 2 in benzene/benzene-* support the formation of Ti-arene intermediates. However, the intermolecular KTE for the activation of the molar mixture of tetramethysilane-/2i2 and tetramethysilane-*2 by A is also near-unity, even though the 146 C-H (C-D) bond must be involved in the substrate coordination in this instance. Clearly, neither arene coordination mode can be ruled out and the nature of the hydrocarbon intermediate involved in the formation and isomerization of the aryl products cannot be resolved by experimental methods in this instance. 4.2.1.4 A r y l Regioisomerizations in Benzyl A r y l Complexes The cleavage of arene substrate sp2 C-H bonds also appears to be reversible in the corresponding benzyl aryl complexes. Thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6D5) (4.2-*) in C6D6 at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C results in exclusive synclinal methylene deuterium incorporation to yield Cp*W(NO)(CHDVBC6H5)(C6D4Hi) (4.2'-*) (eq 4.2).6 Quantitative analysis of the exchange process in this case was prevented by the presence of overlapping resonances from contaminants in the original sample of 4.2-* (see Section 4.4.6). However, the initial rate of the exchange of 4.2-* does appear to be qualitatively slower than that of 4.1-*, a feature also seen in the isomerization of the related benzyl o-tolyl and neopentyl o-tolyl complexes 2.2c and 2.1c. A rationale for the difference in rates can be proposed based on the mechanism in Scheme 4.4 shown above. As mentioned in Section 2.2.1, the Cp'M(NO)(R)(R') (Cp' = Cp, Cp*; M = Mo, W; R = benzyl; R' = alkyl, aryl, benzyl) complexes like 4.2-* and 2.2c possess a stabilizing r\2-4.2-* 4.2'-* 147 benzyl interaction in the ground state.7 However, the intramolecular transfer of an H atom between the benzyl and aryl ligands to reform the benzylidene linkage requires the benzyl ligand to be T I 1 . The rates of H/D exchange and aryl ligand isomerization in the benzyl complexes are thus slowed by the equilibrium between the r\2 and rj 1 benzyl conformations and/or a higher energy barrier to reformation of the n- or a-arene complex of B from the ground-state of the aryl benzyl products. 4.2.1.5 T h e N a t u r e of the A r y l vs B e n z y l P r o d u c t D i s t r i b u t i o n s R e v i s i t e d . The reversibility of sp2 C-H bond cleavage resolves another issue regarding the activation of toluene by A and B , namely the mechanism by which the aryl and benzyl C-H activation products of toluene are formed separately from one another. Given that hydrocarbon intermediates are present during the activation process, there are only two possible points at which the irreversible discrimination between aryl and benzyl products can occur: upon coordination of toluene, or upon cleavage of the sp2 and sp3 C-H bonds. The latter scenario can be ruled out. In this instance, discrimination between the aryl and benzyl products would have to arise from the relative energy barriers associated with sp2 vs sp3 C-H bond cleavage from a common hydrocarbon intermediate (eg a 7t-arene complex), or from %- and/or a- complexes that undergo rapid exchange. However, the rapid reformation of the n- or a-arene complexes that are involved in substrate sp2 C-H bond scission means that the corresponding benzyl products of 2.2c and 2.1c should be formed during the thermolyses of the o-tolyl products 2.1c and 2.2c in toluene, in addition to formation of the meta and para regioisomers. This scenario is clearly inconsistent with the observed experimental results. 148 The point of discrimination between aryl and benzyl products must therefore be the coordination of toluene to the metal center (i.e. in intermediates A or B, or in the preceding a-neopentane complexes of A or B). Moreover, two distinct types of hydrocarbon complexes must be formed for the pathways leading to aryl and benzyl products, either a 7i-arene or a a-arene for aryl product formation, and a r|2-(sp3-C,H) phenylmethane a-complex for benzyl product formation.8 In addition, these two types of hydrocarbon complexes must not interconvert once formed, either by intramolecular isomerization or dissociation of toluene. Finally, the pathway leading to the 7t-arene/a-arene complex must be kinetically preferred over that leading to the a-phenylmethane complex, while the transition state energy for sp2 C-H bond scission is small enough to permit rapid, reversible aryl ligand isomerization. Only if these four conditions are satisfied can the aryl and benzyl products form independently whilst rapid and reversible sp C-H bond scission occurs. The implied reaction coordinate for toluene activation by the reactive alkylidene complexes A and B is thus shown in Figure 4.2. Note, for simplicity, it is assumed that 7t-arene complexes are formed instead of a-arene complexes along the pathway to formation of the aryl products (vide infra). Key features of Figure 4.2 are as follows: 1. Ti-arene coordination is kinetically preferred over a-phenylmethane coordination (represented by AAG *), in keeping with the observed preference for aryl products. 2. From the 7t-arene complex, the energy barrier to sp2 C-H bond scission is smaller than both the barrier to substrate dissociation and reversion back to the free 149 alkylidene, and the barrier to exchange with the a-phenylmethane complex (represented by the dashed curve). 3. From the a-phenylmethane complex, the energy barrier to sp3 C - H bond scission is also lower than the energy barriers for dissociation and exchange. AAG\u00C2\u00B0 Figure 4.2. A qualitative depiction of the free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram for the activation of toluene, using intermediate A as the reactive alkylidene species. Note that these last two features are also in keeping with the intermolecular KJEs measured for sp2 and sp3 C-H bond activations (see Section 3.2.9), which indicate substrate C - H bond scission is faster than substrate dissociation or hydrocarbon intermediate exchange. Note also that the observed lack of conversion of the benzyl-150 activated product to its aryl isomers under thermolysis conditions may be assisted by the presence of the additional r|2-benzyl interaction that blocks access to the r\ ^ benzyl conformation required for reversion back to the a-phenylmethane intermediate. The alternative reaction coordinate for toluene activation by the a-neopentane complexes of A and B is depicted in Figure 4.3. For the most part, the reaction coordinate is similar to that in Figure 4.2, with one key difference being that neopentane dissociation is rate-limiting and effectively irreversible. Hence, exchange of the TZ- or a-arene and a-phenylmethane complexes cannot occur by reversion back to a-A or a-B. AAG\u00C2\u00B0 Figure 4.3. A qualitative depiction of the free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram for the activation of toluene, using a-A as the reactive alkylidene species. 151 4.2.1.6 T h e o r e t i c a l Invest igat ions into T o l u e n e A c t i v a t i o n by CpW(NO)(=CH2) To substantiate this interpretation of the toluene activation reaction coordinate, rudimentary theoretical DFT calculations have been conducted on the coordination and activation of toluene by an alkylidene complex. The calculations have been conducted in the manner employed by Poli and Smith, using CpW(NO)(=CH2) ( C ) as a simplified version of the alkylidene fragments A and B and the LANL2DZ basis set to minimize computational expense. Optimized geometries and the corresponding gas-phase free energies have been determined for various species involved in the activation process, as discussed below. 4.2.1.6.1 B e n z y l a n d A r y l P r o d u c t s of T o l u e n e C - H A c t i v a t i o n The optimized geometry of the benzyl product of toluene activation by C , namely CpW(NO)(CH 3)(CH 2C6H 5), is shown in Figure 4.4(a). Most notably, the benzyl ligand is coordinated in the expected r\2 fashion. The optimized geometries of the regioisomeric aryl products have also been determined, and a representative structure is shown in Figure 4.4(b) (see Appendix C for pictures of all optimized complexes). A noteworthy feature of the aryl products is the distortion of one of the methyl C-H bonds (W-C-H(*) = 103.7 \u00C2\u00B0 vs W-C-H = 113.9\u00C2\u00B0), which is indicative of an a-agostic interaction with the metal center. As mentioned in Chapter 2, such interactions have recently been detected by neutron diffraction analysis and spectroscopic methods in related Cp'M(NO)(R)(R') complexes (R = hydrocarbyl, R' = hydrocarbyl, aryl, halide).9 152 (a) W-CH 2 = 1.9705 W-CH 2 = 2.1723 W-C(*) = 2.1761 C(*)-C,pso = 2.6237 W-C,pi0 = 2.8313 C(*)-W-CH2= 121.5 W-C(*)-C,pso = 89.2 (b) W-C(*) = 2.2625 W-C(*) = 2.1069 W-CH 2 = 2.1394 W-H(*) = 2.6311 H2C-H(*) = 1.1045 HH(*)C-H= 1.0985 C(*)-W-CH2 = 108.9 W-CH2-H(*) =103.7 W-CHH(*)-H = 113.9 H(*)-CH2-W-C(*) = 33.0 Figure 4.4. Optimized geometries of (a) the benzyl product derived from sp3 C-H bond activation of toluene, and (b) the para aryl product derived from sp2 C-H bond activation of toluene. In this instance, the asterisk denotes the C atoms of the new metal-carbon bond and the C-H agostic bond in (b). 4.2.1.6.2 Intermediate Hydrocarbon Complexes The placement of toluene in various orientations near the open coordination site of C results in two distinct classes of hydrocarbon complexes. Placement of one of the methyl C-H bonds close to the metal center in several orientations results in the rj2-(C,H) 153 a-phenylmethane complex (D) upon geometry optimization (Figure 4.5(a)). Not surprisingly, the geometrical parameters of D are nearly identical to the corresponding a-methane intermediate optimized by Poli and Smith and shown in Scheme 3.1.10 Placement of toluene with the bulk of the arene ring being parallel to the NO-W=CH2 plane of C (i.e. face on) and away from the Cp* ring results in optimized structures of the type shown in Figure 4.5(b), namely E . Likewise, initial geometries with the arene ring perpendicular to the NO-W=CH2 plane (i.e. edge-on), or face on with the bulk of the arene ring close to the Cp ligand result in geometry optimizations to arene complexes of the type shown in Figure 4.5(c) (E'). Type E complexes are readily described as 7i-arene complexes given the parallel arrangement of the arene ring and the W=CH2 bond. At first glance, type E ' complexes would appear to be bound in a a-arene fashion through an sp2 C-H bond, given the obtuse angles between the arene ring and the W=CH2 bond and the close distance between the metal center and an aryl H atom. However, examination of the molecular orbitals of the para E ' congener reveals that the bonding interaction between the metal center and the arene involves the rc-orbitals of the aromatic ring and not the orbital of the closest sp2 C-H bond. Thus, despite the different geometries, it appears that type E ' complexes are also Tt-arene complexes and are interconvertible with type E complexes via simple rotation of the arene ring about the W-7t bond. It can be inferred from these results that 7t-arene complexes are the reactive intermediates in the formation of the aryl products, rather than a-arene complexes. The orientation of the methyl group in toluene has some influence on the optimized geometries of the 7t-complexes E and E' . For the most part, steric interactions 154 between the methyl group and the methylene linkage or Cp ring only induce mild geometric derivations from those shown in Figures 4.5(b) and 4.5(c). In some instances, however, these steric interactions are sufficient to prevent optimization of specific rotamers of both E and E' ^-complexes. 4.2.1.6.3 Transition States for Benzyl and A r y l C - H bond Cleavage. Transition states have been located for cleavage of both sp3 and sp2 C - H bonds (Figure 4.6). For sp3 C-H bonds, the transition state is a logical geometric successor to the a-phenylmethane complex D as the r|2-bound C-H bond of D is being cleaved (Figure 4.6(a)). It is very similar geometrically to the transition state for methane C - H bond scission shown in Scheme 3.1, and is best described as a metal-assisted 1,2-cis addition of C-H to the M=C linkage. For sp2 C-H bonds, five different transition states were located for different orientations of the methyl group with respect to the activated bond. A representative structure for para aryl C-H bond activation is shown in Figure 4.6(b). All five transition states possess very similar geometries about the atoms involved in the C-H bond addition and are geometrically quite similar to the metal-assisted early transition state for sp3 C-H bond activation. One difference between the transition states for sp2 and sp3 C-H bond activations is that the incipient W-C bond from activation is significantly shorter for aryl activation (2.267 A vs 2.396 A) . Finally, geometry optimization performed from representative sp2 C-H bond activation transition states results in optimization to the respective E ' 7t- arene complex as a local minimum. Thus, the calculated transition states and the hydrocarbon ^-complexes E and E' lie on the same reaction coordinate with no other intermediates lying between them. In other words, two 155 (a) W - C H 2 = 1.9474 W-C(*) = 2.7056 W-H(*) = 2.0645 C(*)-H(*) = 1.1420 C(*)-H= 1.0979 C(*)-W-CH 2 = 102.4 W-C(*)-CV> = 130.5 H(*)-CH 2-W-C(*) = 9.2 (b) W-C(*) = 2.8191 W - C H 2 = 1.9474 W-H(*) = 3.1862 C(*)-W-CH 2 = 80.4 W-C(*)-Cortho= 89.0 (c) W-C(*) = 2.4918 W - C H 2 = 1.9473 W-H(*) = 2.3663 CH 2-H(*) = 2.7835 C(*)-H(*)= 1.0996 C(*)-W-CH 2 = 100.4 W-C(* ) -C m e % /= 121.0 Figure 4.5. Optimized geometries and selected bond distances (A) and angles (\u00C2\u00B0) of, (a) the hydrocarbon complex D, (b) the representative (meta, anti) complex E , and (c) the para complex E ' . In (b) and (c), the asterisk denotes the H and C atoms closest to the metal center. 156 (a) W - C H 2 = 1.9705 W-C(*) = 2.3960 W-H(*) = 1.8018 C(*)-H(*)= 1.4747 H 2C-H(*)= 1.7156 C(*)-W-CH 2 = 91.8 C(*)-W-H(*) = 37.9 H 2C-W-H(*) = 53.9 W - C ( * ) - C ^ = 127.0 H(*)-CH 2-W-C(*) = -1.3 (b) W-C(*) = 2.2625 W - C H 2 = 1.9827 W-H(*)= 1.8508 CH 2 -H(* )= 1.6910 C(*)-H(*)= 1.4494 C(*)-W-CH 2 = 91.8 H(*)-W-C(*) = 52.1 H(*)-W-CH 2 = 39.7 H(*)-CH 2-W-C(*) = 3.0 Figure 4.6. Optimized geometries of the transition states for (a) sp3 C-H bond activation, and (b) para sp2 C-H bond activation. In this instance, the asterisk denotes the H and C atoms of the C-H bond being cleaved. distinct types of intermediates do indeed appear to lead to the aryl and benzyl products of toluene activation. 4.2.1.6.4 The Theoretical Reaction Coordinate For Toluene Activation The relative gas-phase free energies for the products, intermediates and transition states are collected Tables 4.1-4.3. Figure 4.7 depicts the relative displacement of these species on the reaction coordinate for toluene activation. T a b l e 4.1. Calculated Energies for the Aryl and Benzyl Products of C - H Bond Activation by C c o m p l e x or ientat ion of methy l g r o u p 3 relat ive energy ( k c a l / m o l ) b CpW(NO)(CH3)(CH2C6H5) - 3.7 CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-CH3) ortho, anti 3.6 ortho, syn 4.7 meta, syn 0.8 para 0.0 a with respect to C(*) in Figure 4.4(a) or (b) and the Cp-W bond. b with respect to para- CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-4-CH3). T a b l e 4.2. Calculated Energies for the Optimized Hydrocarbon Intermediates from Coordination of Toluene to Alkylidene Fragment C c o m p l e x or ientat ion o f methy l g r o u p 3 relat ive energy ( k c a l / m o l ) b CpW(NO)(=CH 2)(H-CH 2C 6H 5) (D) - 32.1 CpW(NO)(=CH 2)(C 6H 5CH 3) (E) meta, syn 23.6 para 22.9 meta, anti 24.2 ortho, anti 24.7 CpW(NO)eCH 2 )(C 6 H 5 CH 3 ) (E') ortho, syn 24.2 meta, syn 24.2 para 23.7 ortho, anti 24.0 a ortho, meta and para are defined with respect to C(*)-H(*) in Figure 4.5(b) and 4.5(c), while synclinal and anticlinal are defined with respect to the W=CH 2 bond with respect to para- CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-4-CH3). 158 Table 4.3. Calculated Energies for the Transition States Corresponding to Aryl and Benzyl Product Formation. complex orientation of methyl group3 relative energy (kcal/mol)b CpW(NO)(H2C\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABCH2C6H5) - 41.8 CpW(NO)(H2C\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB*\u00C2\u00ABC6H4-CH3) ortho, anti 37.3 ortho, syn 37.5 meta, syn 33.0 meta, anti 33.2 para 32.7 a defined with respect to C(*)-H(*) in Figure 4.6(b) and the Cp-W bond. b with respect to para- CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-4-CH3). Given the simplistic basis set employed in the DFT calculations, the energies in Tables 4.1-4.3 and Figure 4.7 are semi-quantitative.11 Nevertheless, the results of the calculations support the basic conclusion drawn from the experimental data: the C-H activation pathway leading to the aryl products through 7r-arene complexes is lower in energy than the pathway leading to the benzyl products via the a-phenylmethane complex. Interestingly, the calculated potential energy barrier for the regioisomerization of the methyl o-tolyl complex CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-2-Me) is 32.8-33.7 kcal/mol (298 K), which is reasonably close to the free energy for isomerization of the related neopentyl o-tolyl complex, Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-2-Me) complex (26 kcal/mol, 343 K) considering the limitations of the model system and the computational techniques employed.12 Another notable feature is that the energies of the optimizable aryl regioisomers are very similar to that of the benzyl complex. This suggests that the well-159 Figure 4.7. Free-energy profiles of the intermediates, transition states and products of toluene activation by methylidene C as determined by DFT calculations. documented stability of the formally 18e r|2- benzyl complexes Cp'M(NO)(CFf2C6H5)(R') as compared to their 16e aryl congeners13 is a kinetic rather than a thermodynamic effect. A more detailed DFT investigation of the flail reaction coordinate using more advanced theoretical methods to fully model both neopentylidene A and benzylidene B is required to confirm these observations and obtain quantitative theoretical data for the reaction coordinate.11 160 4.2.1.7 Explanation of the Product Selectivities For Benzylidene- and Neopentylidene-Mediated Activations of Toluene. Based on the experimental and theoretical data above, the reaction coordinates for toluene in Figures 4.2 and 4.3 appear to be valid qualitative depictions of the true reaction coordinates for toluene activation by alkylidene complexes A / B and cj-A/a-B, respectively. In both Figures, the general preference for the formation of the aryl products from toluene C-H activation by the reactive alkylidene species arises from the faster formation of the 7t-arene complex over the a-benzyl complex (i.e. AAG* in Figures 4.2 and 4.3). In other words, the fact that the aryl products are formed preferentially is due to the link between the kinetics of 7i-arene complex formation and sp2 C - H bond cleavage. It would appear that in these systems, the intrinsic strengths of the C - H bonds are not significant factors in governing product selectivity under kinetically-controlled conditions. The reaction coordinates in Figures 4.2 and 4.3 can also be used to explain the differences in the aryl vs benzyl product distributions obtained from the activation of toluene by A and B , respectively. For instance, the smaller ratio of aryl vs benzyl products observed for the activation mediated by A (4.2(3): 1) compared to B (18.6(1.2): 1) correlates to a smaller difference in the energy barriers for coordination of the 7t-arene and a-phenylmethane complexes to A vs B (i.e. AAG* in Figure 4.2). The smaller difference in transition state energies for A likely results from increased interactions between the methyl substituents of the incipient rc-arene complex and the bulkier t-butyl substitutent of A compared to the slimmer phenyl substituent of B. The a-phenylmethane complexes leading to benzyl product formation from A and B would not 161 likely be affected by such steric interactions with the alkylidene substituent given the structure of complex D (vide supra). In contrast, the fact that the aryl products derived from toluene activation by B (1.97(11): 1) are the statistical distribution of meta and para isomers, whereas the meta isomer is less favoured for the activations mediated by A (1.45(8): 1), can now be attributed to the differences in the thermodynamic stability of the /w-tolyl vs /?-tolyl product complexes (i.e. AG\u00C2\u00B0(meta) vs AG\u00C2\u00B0(para) in Figure 4.2). Put simply, the meta isomer of the neopentyl tolyl complex derived from activation by A is destabilized relative to the para isomer for either steric or electronic reasons. Interestingly though, the neopentyl o-tolyl product from activation by A is evidently more stable than the benzyl o-tolyl product from activation by B relative to the respective meta and para isomers since the benzyl o-tolyl product is not observed in the thermodynamic distribution. This suggests that the steric interactions between the o-, m- and /?-tolyl ligand and the alkylidene substituent are not the dominant factors in determining the overall stability of the products. 4.2.2 Case 2. C - H Activation of Xylenes Rationalizing the observed product distributions obtained from the activation of xylenes by A and B is more straight-forward than for toluene, since there is only one regioisomeric aryl product in each case. As described in Sections 2.2.10 through 2.2.12 and 2.2.15.1 and as summarized in Table 2.1, the aryl products of xylene C - H activation are always formed preferentially in the cases of m-, o- p-xylene by B, and /^-xylene by A . The shift of the methyl groups from the ortho to meta to para positions in the xylene 162 substrate does induce significant shifts of the product distribution toward the benzyl products (aryl vs benzyl products obtained from 2: o-xylene = 14.6(4) : 1) > w-xylene = 9.3(7) : 1 > /^-xylene = 6.2(4) : 1). Also, the aryl vs benzyl product distribution obtained from 2 in/?-xylene favours the aryl product significantly more than that obtained from 1 (aryl vs benzyl = 1.14(7) : 1). The relevant equations from Chapter 2 are reproduced below. 2 2 . 1 2 (~ 8 6 % ) 2 . 1 3 (~ 14 % ) 1.9 ( - 2 8 % ) 1 .10 ( - 4 % ) 4.2.2.1 T h e N a t u r e o f the P r o d u c t D is t r ibu t ions As with the case of toluene, the nature of the aryl vs benzyl product distributions needs to be determined. To that end, selected products of xylene C-H activation have been independently thermolysed in the parent solvent (i.e. m-, o- or /7-xylene) and in benzene-*. The benzyl complex derived from sp3 C-H bond activation of /w-xylene by B, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-3-Me) (2.9), is thermally robust, exhibiting no chemical transformations after 40 h of heating in either solvent. Thus, complex 2.9, like the related bis(benzyl) complex 2.3, does not undergo reversible sp3 C - H bond cleavage at any appreciable rate under thermolysis conditions. In contrast, the aryl product of sp2 C-H bond activation of/?-xylene, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-2,5-Me2) (2.12), does interconvert to the respective benzyl product of sp3 C-H bond activation, Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-4-Me) (2.13), when heated inp-xylene, albeit rather slowly. A ~ 95 : 5 ratio of 2.12 : 2.13 can be detected by ! H NMR spectroscopy of the reaction mixture obtained after heating 2.12 in p-xylene for 40 h at 70 164 \u00C2\u00B0C. Some decomposition is also observed ( ~ 10 % ) . Note that the distribution of 2.12 : 2.13 at 40 h is ~ 86 : 14, so the isomerization is not fast enough to attain equilibrium under these conditions. When the thermolysis is conducted in benzene-*, only a trace amount (< 1 %) of the product of benzene-* activation, namely Cp*W(NO)(CHDC6H5)(C6D5) (2.5-*), is observed over the same time period. Thus, nearly all, of the isomerization of 2.12 to 2.13 occurs via an w/ramolecular interconversion of the respective 7t-arene and rj-arylmethane complexes, rather than dissociation ofp-xylene (Scheme 4.5). Note that the term \"a-arylmethane complex\" will henceforth be used as a generic term for the sp3 C-H bound a-complex of substituted arenes. Scheme 4.5 2.13 165 The thermolyses of two other aryl products, the benzyl /w-xylyl complex Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-3,5-Me2) (2.8) and the neopentyl p-xy\y\ complex Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H3-2,5-Me2) (1.7), in the respective parent solvents and benzene-* also reveal a trace amount (< 2 %) of conversion to the respective benzyl products of sp3 C-H activation, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-3-Me) (2.9) and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)(CH 2C 6H4-4-Me) (1.8). Thus, it would appear that, unlike those derived from toluene, the aryl products derived from the xylenes can intramolecularly isomerize to the respective benzyl products, albeit very slowly. 4.2.2.2 In terpre ta t ion o f A r y l vs B e n z y l P r o d u c t Select ivi ty Given the similarities between toluene and the xylenes, it can be safely assumed that the reaction coordinates for toluene and xylene activation are similar. Thus, Figure 4.8 depicts the likely reaction coordinate for activation of the xylenes by A and B . Since the aryl and benzyl C-H activation products interconvert very slowly once formed, if at all, the aryl vs benzyl product distributions are mostly kinetic in origin. The magnitudes of the selectivities thus chiefly arise from the relative energies of coordination of the xylene substrate in the 7t-arene and a-arylmethane fashions (i.e. AAG* in Figure 4.8). The subtle shift from aryl products towards the benzyl products when moving from p- to m- to o-xylene for B therefore arises from a decrease in the relative difference in energy barriers to formation of the Ti-arene and rj-arylmethane complexes, likely due to increased steric interactions in the rc-arene complexes as more of the 7i-ring is shielded by the methyl substituents. The aryl to benzyl product isomerizations of 2.12 to 2 .13,1 .7 to 1.8, and 2.8 to 2.9, can be explained by an energy barrier for interconversion of the 7c-arene complex to the a-arylmethane complex (i.e. the dashed line in Figure 4.8) that is lower 166 Figure 4.8. A qualitative representation of the free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram for the activation of xylenes by A and B, using A and p-xylene as an illustrative example. than the respective barrier in the reaction coordinate for toluene activation. Note that the isomerization may also be statistically assisted by the increased number of methyl C-H bonds and corresponding o-arylmethane complexes, compared to the fixed number of possible 7r-arene complexes. On the other hand, the reverse process, namely isomerization of 2.9 to 2.8 is not observed, likely due to the higher energy barrier for 167 reversion to the rj-arylmethane complex, as well as the existence of an additional rj 2-benzyl conformation in the benzyl activation products, which have to convert to the less stable r)1 form to undergo reversible C - H bond scission. 4.2.2.3 R a t i o n a l i z i n g T h e Di f ferences between A r y l vs B e n z y l P r o d u c t D i s t r i b u t i o n s D e r i v e d F r o m A a n d B As with toluene, the fact that B leads to a higher relative amount of the aryl product in the activation of /^-xylene (6.2(4): 1) vs 1.14(7): 1 for A ) appears to be due to a greater difference in the relative transition state energies for 7t-arene vs cx-arylmethane coordination. The phenomenon is likely caused by weaker steric interactions between the phenyl substituent of B and the methyl substituents of the xylene substrate in the formation of the 7t-arene complex. 4.2.3 C a s e 3. C - H A c t i v a t i o n o f Mes i ty lene . Mesitylene is the one methyl-substituted arene that does not generate more than one type of product. The origin of this preference can now be rationalized based on the work conducted on the activations of toluene and the xylenes. As described in Sections 2.2.13 and 2.2.15.2, the benzyl product of sp3 C - H bond activation are formed exclusively over the corresponding aryl products for both A and B . Three factors may be responsible for the inversion in product selectivity. One factor is that the transition-state energies for formation of the 7c-arene complexes leading to sp2 C - H bond scission may be higher, rather than lower, in energy than those for formation of the a-aryl methane complex, due to the presence of unfavourable steric interactions (i.e. AAG* in Figure 4.9). Alternatively, the barrier for isomerization of the 7i-arene complex to the a-arylmethane ^ 168 complex may be lower than for scission of the sp2 C-H bond so that only the a-arylmethane complex leads to substrate C-H bond scission. This feature is also illustrated in Figure 4.9. Finally, the statistical dominance of sp3 C-H bonds compared to sp2 C-H bonds means that, unlike toluene and the xylenes, there is a statistical dominance of o-arylmethane complexes vs 7r-arene complexes. Either one or any combination of these factors could lead to the exclusive formation of the benzyl product of mesitylene C-H activation. Figure 4.9. A qualitative representation of the free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram for the activation of mesitylene by A and B, using A as an illustrative example. 169 4.2.4 C a s e 4. A c t i v a t i o n of a , a , a - T r i f l u o r o t o l u e n e B y A . As detailed in Section 2.1.15.3, the thermolysis of 1 in a,a,a-trifluorotoluene for 40 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C yields the meta and para aryl products Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-3-CF3) (2.17a) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-4-CF3) (2.17b) in a 1.85(6): 1 ratio. Consequently, only the relationship between the aryl regioisomers needs to be considered in this instance. 4.2.4.1.1 T h e N a t u r e o f the P r o d u c t D i s t r i b u t i o n *H NMR spectroscopic analysis of the reaction mixtures obtained from the partial thermolysis of 1 after only 15 h of heating in a,a,a-trifluorotoluene (70 \u00C2\u00B0C) reveals that the products exist in the same ratios at 15 h and 40 h. Thus, the isomers either do not interconvert (i.e. sp2 C-H bond cleavage is irreversible) or equilibrate by rapid isomerization under the thermolysis conditions (i.e. sp2 bond cleavage is reversible). Fortuitously, these options can be tested since 2.17a and 2.17b co-crystallize in a mixture that significantly favours 2.17a over 2.17b (11.5:1). Monitoring the thermolysis of this mixture in benzene-* by 1 9 F NMR spectroscopy over 6 h reveals that 2.17a does indeed isomerize to the mixture of 2 .17a-b observed in the thermolyses of 1 (eq 4.3). (4.3) 2.17a 2.17b 170 A non-linear least-squares analysis of the data from the reaction (Figure 4.10) using an exponential approach to equilibrium kinetic model yields a calculated k 0b s of 1.2(1) x 10\"4 s\"1. This corresponds to rate constants of 4.1 x 10\"5 s\"1 for the isomerization of 2.17a to 2.17b and 3.9 x 10\"5 s\"1 for the opposite reaction after statistical correction. The similarities in the rate constants are not surprising. The calculated K e q is 0.53(1), which agrees with the experimental value of 0.54. 0 \"I 1 1 1 1 r 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 time (s) Figure 4.10. Plot of conversion of 2.17a to 2.17b versus time for the approach to equilibrium at 70\u00C2\u00B0C (\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 = 2.17a, \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 = 2.17b). The solid lines indicate a non-linear least-squares fit to an exponential decay to equilibrium. 4.2.4.1.2 The Origin of Meta vs Para Aryl Product Selectivity The rapid equilibration of 2.17a-b implies that the distribution of complexes 2.17a-b is under thermodynamic control when formed from A. Thus, the product distribution arises from the relative energies of the meta and para isomers (i.e. AAG\u00C2\u00B0 in 171 Figure 4.11). Moreover, the increase in meta isomer for the distribution obtained from a,a,a-trifluorotoluene compared to that obtained from toluene (1.45(8): 1) is due to a decrease in the relative difference in the energies of the meta and para complexes as a whole. AAG\u00C2\u00B0 2.17b Figure 4.11. A qualitative representation of the free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram for the activation of a,a,a-trifluorotoluene by A. 4.2.5 Case 5: Activation of a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene By B As detailed in Section 2.1.14, the thermolysis of 2 in a,a,a-trifluorotoluene (40 h, 70 \u00C2\u00B0C) results in the formation of the meta and para aryl products 172 Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6rl4-3-CF3) (2.15a) and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C6H 5)(C 6H4-4-CF3) (2.15b) in a 2.27(3): 1 ratio. 4.2.5.1.1 N a t u r e of P r o d u c t D i s t r i b u t i o n As with 2 .17a-b, the partial thermolysis of 2 for 15 h reveals that 2 .15a-b grow in over time in the same relative distribution as at 40 h. Also, 2 .15a-b co-crystallize in a mixture enriched in 2.15a (8.3:1) thereby permitting an analysis of the nature of the distribution of 2 .15a-b. Thermolysis of the enriched mixture in benzene-*, however, yields a very different result than 2 .17a-b, namely that complex 2.15a does not isomerize at all to 2.15b even after 40 h at 70 \u00C2\u00B0C (eq 4.4). So, unlike the activation effected by A, the meta and para products are formed irreversibly from B , and the observed meta vs para regioisomer distribution is a kinetic product distribution. This result is also very different from that obtained for the meta and para aryl products derived from toluene and B , which are in thermodynamic equilibrium under the same conditions. The only logical explanation for the lack of isomerization of 2 .15a-b is that the electron-withdrawing nature of the C F 3 group of the aryl ligand stabilizes the r| 2-benzyl interaction in the products 2.15a-b so much that the r\ conformation of 2.15a is not formed in sufficient concentration to permit the reversible sp2 C-H bond activation under the thermolytic conditions (Scheme 4.6). 2.15a 2.15b (4.4) 173 S c h e m e 4.6 ri2-2.15a ^-2.15* 2.15b 4.2.5.1.2 In terpre ta t ion o f P r o d u c t Selectivity Given that 2.15a and 2.15b form under kinetically-controlled conditions, there are two possible points that could give the observed meta: para product ratio of 2.27(3): 1 during the activation of a,a,a-trifluorotoluene by B (Figure 4.12). If the 7t-arene complexes themselves are formed independently, then the discriminating point is at the formation of the 7t-arene complexes from B, and the product distribution arises from the relative rates of meta vs para TC-arene complex formation ( AAG2). Alternatively, if the respective rc-arene complexes leading to meta and para aryl products can interconvert as they form, then discriminating point is the C-H bond scission step, and the observed ratio reflects the relative energies of meta vs para C-H bond scission from the rc-arene complexes (AAGi). The latter case seems intuitively more likely, and is consistent with the fact that the C F 3 group is known to direct the electrophilic C-H activation of arenium cations to the meta position of the aromatic ring. 1 4 174 Figure 4.12. A qualitative representation of the free energy vs reaction coordinate diagram for the activation of a,a,a-trifluorotoluene by B. 4.3 Epilogue Through both experimental and theoretical work, the arene activation chemistry reported in Chapter 2 has been successfully rationalized. It is now apparent that the factors that control the product distributions can vary significantly with the particular properties of the substrate, the type of activation products and the alkylidene complex employed. In short, the observed product selectivities do not result from the simple correlation to the relative activated product energies like in the imido systems studied by Wolczanski et al. 175 Despite these complications, some general conclusions can be made regarding the activation of substituted arenes by the neopentylidene and benzylidene systems: 1. Aryl and benzyl products are mostly formed under kinetic control with a preference for the aryl products, but the aryl products can slowly isomerize to the corresponding benzyl products with increased methyl substitution and shielding of the sp2 C-H bonds, so that the aryl vs benzyl distribution shifts towards the benzyl products. 2. In the case of toluene, aryl vs benzyl product distributions are controlled by the relative energies of the 7t-arene vs a-arylmethane coordination of toluene to the metal center (in A and B , or in a-A and a -B) . In the case of xylenes and mesitylene, subtle changes in the energetics of the formation of these complexes lead to the observed shifts towards the benzyl products. 3. The rapid reversible scission of the sp2 C-H bonds of arenes appears to be a general phenomenon for aryl complexes, so that aryl regioisomer distributions formed from sp2 C-H activation by A and B are controlled by the thermodynamic stability of the respective complexes. An exception occurs for a,a,a-trifluorotoluene when activated by B , where the requisite intermediate for isomerization apparently cannot form due to the strong r)2-benzyl interactions in the product. In this instance, the regioisomer distribution is strictly controlled by the rates of formation of the respective rc-arene complexes. 176 4. The benzylidene and neopentylidene systems exhibit different product selectivities in the activation of substituted arenes, but the origin of the difference can vary with the substrate. For example, in the activation of methyl-substituted arenes, the alkylidene substituent primarily influences the aryl vs benzyl selectivity in the coordination step, while it is the alkyl ligand derived from the alkylidene linkage that influences the aryl regioisomeric distribution. In contrast, in the activation of a,a,ot-trifluorotoluene, the nature of the alkylidene substituent controls the product distribution by affecting the reversibility of the C-H bond scission step. In addition to these conclusions regarding arene activation by the benzylidene and neopentylidene systems, some additional statements can be made regarding the activation of the other substrates explored in Chapter 2. For example, the activation of benzene likely proceeds via the formation of 7t-arene complex and reversible C - H bond scission, as outlined by the lower-energy pathway for sp2 C-H bond scission in Figure 4.2. Likewise, the activation of tetramethylsilane and cyclohexane should proceed via the formation of an intermediate o-alkane complex prior to C-H bond scission, as outlined by the higher-energy pathway for benzylic sp3 C-H bond scission in Figure 4.2. Finally, in the case of the alkyl-substituted alkanes and acyclic alkanes, the exclusive formation of the terminal allyl hydride complexes, such as 1.5 and 2.7, may arise from the exclusive formation of the 1\u00C2\u00B0 rj-alkane complex over the other possible 2\u00C2\u00B0 and 3\u00C2\u00B0 c-alkane complexes during coordination of the metal center. This interpretation is consistent with those put forth for the activation of alkanes by other soluble metal complexes involving intermediate hydrocarbon complexes. It should be acknowledged, however, that it is 177 possible that the observed product distributions do not correlate with the intrinsic selectivity of A and B for 1\u00C2\u00B0 vs 2\u00C2\u00B0 a-alkane complex formation, due to the fact that terminal allyl linkages in these complexes do not have to be formed by exclusive activation at the terminal methyl group.15 Yet, as discussed in the next Chapter, how these particular products are formed is not as important compared to what we may be able to do with them once they are formed. 4.4 E x p e r i m e n t a l P r o c e d u r e s 4.4.1 G e n e r a l All reactions and subsequent manipulations were performed under anaerobic and anhydrous conditions using procedures described in Section 2.4.1. 4.4.2 Reagents The R2Mgx(dioxane) (R= C6H4-2-Me, CeD5) alkylating reagents16 and the complexes Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-2-Me) (2 .1c) , 1 7 Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-2-Me) (2.2c), Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)(C 6D 5) (4.1-*) and Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)(C 6D 5) (4.2-*) were prepared by metathetical routes from the corresponding neopentyl or benzyl chloro complex (see Section 2.4.4). Pertinent synthetic details for the new compounds are described below. Complexes Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-3,4-Me2) (2.8), Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2C6H4-3-Me) (2.9) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H3-2,5-Me2) (2.12) were prepared as described in Sections 2.4.16, 2.4.17 and 2.4.19 respectively. A crystalline mixture of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-3-CF3) (2.15a) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-4-CF3) (2.15b) was prepared as described in Section 2.4.21. A crystalline mixture of Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-3-CF3) (2.17a) and 178 Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-4-CF3) (2.17b), and complex Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H3-2,5-Me2) (1.7), were prepared and purified according to the methodology described by E. Tran. 1 8 4.4.3 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-2-Me) (2.2c) Complex 2.2c was prepared via the reaction of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)Cl (0.160 g, 0.34 mmol) and (2-Me-C6H4)2Mg-x(dioxane) (0.063 g, 0.34 mmol R\") in THF (10 mL). The crude residue was extracted with 4:1 Et20/hexanes (3x5 mL), and the mixture was filtered through Celite (1 x 0.7 cm) supported on a frit. Concentration of the solution followed by storage at - 30 \u00C2\u00B0C overnight provided 2.2c as red blocks (55 mg, 32 %). IR (cm -1) 1552 (s, VNO). MS (LREI, m/z, probe temperature 150 \u00C2\u00B0C) 531 [P+, 1 8 4 W]. *H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 1.92 (s, 15H, C 5Me 5), 2.62 (m, 4H, Tol Me, CHsynK), 3.46 (d, VHH = 6.6, 1H, CHantlH), 5.77 (br d, 1H, Tol H), 6.59 (t, VHH = 7.5, IH, Bzl Hpara), 6.79 (t, 3 J H H = 7.9, IH, Tol H), 6.90 (t, V H H = 7.9, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 7.07 (d, 3 / H H = 7.9, 1H, Tol H), 7.16 (t, VHH = 7.9, IH, Tol H), 7.21 (d, 3 J H H = 7.5, 2H, Bzl rlortho). 13C{lH} NMR (75 MHz, CDC13) 5 10.4 (CsMss), 28.5 (Tol Me), 52.8 (br s, CH 2 ) , 109.6 (C 5Me 5), 119.9 (br, Bzl Cipso), 124.0, 124.8, 128.5, 129.1, 131.2, 134.3, 149.6 (Ar Caryi), 111.1 (Tol Cipso). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 4 H 2 9 N O W : C, 54.25; H, 5.50; N, 2.64. Found: C, 54.16; H, 5.64; N, 2.74. 4.4.4 Kinetic Studies of the Isomerization of 2.1c and 2.2c Kinetic studies of the isomerization of 2.1c and 2.2c were conducted in a similar fashion. Two J. Young NMR tubes were charged with 2.1c or 2.2c (12 mg, 0.022 mmol) and 1.0 mL of benzene-*, and placed in a VWR 1160 A constant-temperature bath set a 179 70.0 \u00C2\u00B0C. The tubes were removed from the bath at selected time intervals, and lH NMR spectra were recorded. The relative conversions and rate constants were calculated using integrations of 2.1a-b product signals to the combined CMe3 signals for 2.1a-c, and integrations of 2.2c signals versus the combined Cp* signal for 2.2a-c. See Appendix B for plots of the data. 4.4.5 Preparation of Cp* W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6D5) (4.1-*). Complex 4.1-* was prepared in a manner analogous to its protio analogue ( l . l ) 1 7 via the reaction of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)Cl (0.135 g, 0.30 mmol) and (C6D5)2Mgx(dioxane) (45 mg, 0.30 mmol R\") in Et 2 0 (10 mL). The crude residue was extracted with Et 2 0 (5 mL), and the mixture was filtered through Celite (1 x 0.7 cm) rather than Florisil. The solvent was removed in vacuo to obtain an orange residue that was then recrystallized from hexanes to obtain red rosettes (68 mg, 46%). X H NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 - 2.05 (d, V H H = 11.4, IH, CHsynK), 1.26 (s, 9H, CMe 3), 1.53 (s, 15H, C 5 Me 5 ), 4.50 (d, VHH = 11.4, IH, CHantlH). 2H{lH} N M R (61 MHz, CeHe) 5 7.10 (m, Ph D), 7.70 (br s, Ph D). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 ] H 2 6 D 5 N O W : C, 50.21; H / D , 1 9 6.22; N, 2.79. Found: C, 50.24; H/D, 6.34; N, 2.87. 4.4.6 Preparation of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)(C 6D 5) (4.2-*). The reaction of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2C 6H 5)Cl (0.145 g, 0.30 mmol) and (C6D5)2Mg-x(dioxane) (45 mg, 0.30 mmol R\") in THF (10 mL) for 6 h yielded a yellow-orange solid after work-up. Repeated attempts to crystallize the resulting crude residue, including from neat Et 2 0 in the same manner as used for 2.5-*, afforded only a small 180 amount of semi-crystalline orange solid (10 mg, 7 %). The sample was determined to be ~ 85 % pure by lH NMR spectroscopy. TT NMR (400 MHz, C 6 D 6 ) 5 1.53 (s, 15H, C 5Me 5), 2.12 (d, VHH = 6.4, IH, CHsynU), 3.41 (d, VHH = 6.4, IH, CHantlH), 6.50 (t, VHH = 7.8, 2H, Bzl Hmeta), 6.84 (d, VHH = 7.6, 2H, Bzl H , ^ , 7.05 (t, V H H = 7.5, IH, Bzl Hpara). ^{/H} NMR (61 MHz, C 6 H 6 ) 8 6.9-7.2 (Ph D). 4.4.7 T h e r m o l y s i s of C o m p l e x e s 4 . 1 - * a n d 4 . 2 - * The thermolyses were conducted in a fashion similar to those used for 2.1c and 2.2c. A J. Young NMR tube was charged with 4 . 1 - * or 4 . 2 - * (12-15 mg, 0.024-0.030 mmol) and either CeD 6 or CD2CI2 (1.0 mL). The thermolyses were conducted in the constant-temperature bath set to 70.0 \u00C2\u00B0C, and the tubes were periodically removed to record lH NMR spectra at ambient temperatures. For 4 . 1 - * , the progress of the reaction was monitored for 5 h. New signals attributable to 4 . 1 ' - * were observed to grow in simultaneously for Ha\u00E2\u0080\u009Eu at 8 4.37 and Ph-H at 8 6.9-7.1 and 7.70. Average conversions of 4 . 1 - * to 4 . 1 ' - * were determined from multiple integrations of the respective Hanti signals of 4 . 1 - * and 4 . 1 ' - * at several time intervals. The observed rate constant for H/D exchange and the corresponding equilibrium constant were calculated from the experiment performed in CD2CI2 via non-linear least-squares analysis of the plot of percent conversion vs time using Origin 5.0 software and an approach-to-equilibrium kinetic model.20 After 5 h, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in CeH-6 to record a 2H{ !H} NMR spectrum which showed a new signal at - 8 1.98 corresponding to Dsyn of 4 . 1 ' - * . For 4 . 2 - * , the thermolysis was conducted under 181 the same conditions for 45 h. A new signal attributable to CHantiD of 4.2'-* was observed at 8 3.38. After 45 h, the solvent was replaced with CeH-6 in order to record a 2H{ XH} NMR spectrum. A resonance for C H D ^ of 4.2'-* was evident at 8 2.17. 4.4.8 Theoretical Calculations Using the DFT Approach. All calculations were performed on Intel PII PC computers with Gaussian 98 2 1 employing the LANL2DZ basis set and a DFT approach using the three-parameter exchange functional of Becke2 2 and the correlation functional of Lee, Yang and Parr (B3LYP). 2 3 The LANL2DZ basis set includes both Dunning and Hay's D95 sets for H, C, N and O 2 4 and the relativistic electron core potential (ECP) sets of Hay and Wadt for W . 2 5 It does not include polarization and diffuse functions on any of the atoms. The alkylidene fragment C has previously been optimized.10 Frequency calculations on optimized species established that all the transition states possessed one and only one imaginary frequency and that the products and intermediates possessed no imaginary frequencies. The reported energies are calculated gas-phase free energies at standard temperature (298.15K) and pressure (1 atm). Spatial plots of the optimized geometries and frontier orbitals were obtained from Gaussian 98 output using Molden v3.6.2 6 4.4.9 Thermolysis of Complexes 1.7, 2.8, 2.9 and 2.12 The thermolyses of these complexes in benzene-* were conducted in the same fashion as 4.1-*and 4.2-*, with hexamethyldisilane (2 mg, 0.014 mmol) added as an integration standard. Over the course of 40 h, the samples were removed periodically from the heating bath to record ! H NMR spectra. Thermolyses in the parent xylene 1 8 2 solvent were conducted on a similar scale for 40 h whereupon the solvent was removed, and a lH NMR spectrum was recorded for each sample. 4.4.10 K i n e t i c Studies of the Isomer izat iohs of 2.15a-b a n d 2.17a-b The thermolysis 2.17a-b in benzene-* and the ensuing kinetic analysis of the 1 9 F NMR spectral data were conducted in the same fashion as for 4 . 1 - * , using a non-linear least-square analysis of an approach-to-equilibrium kinetic model. The thermolysis of 2.15a-b was monitored by both lH and 1 9 F NMR spectroscopies for a total of 40 h. See Appendix B for a plot of the data for 2.17a-b. References and Notes 183 (a) Feher, F. J.; Jones, W. D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 1650-1663. (b) Chin, R. M . ; Dong, L.; Duckett, S B . ; Partridge, M . G.; Jones, W. D.; Perutz, R. N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7685-7695. (c) Sweet, J. R.; Graham, W. A. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 304-306. (a) Erker, G. J. Organomet. Chem. 1977, 134, 189-202. (b) Debad, J. D.; Legzdins, P.; Lumb, S. A.; Rettig, S. J.; Batchelor, R. J.; Einstein, F. W. B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 3414-3428. (c) Price, R. T.; Andersen, R. A.; Muetterities, E . L. J. Organmet. Chem. 1989, 376, 407-417. Jones, W. D.; Feher, F. J. Acc. Chem. Res. 1989, 22, 91-100. Thompson, M . E.; Baxter, S. M. ; Bulls, R.; Burger, B. J.; Nolan, M . C ; Santarsiero, B. D.; Schaefer, W. P.; Bercaw, J. E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 709, 203-219. Jones, W. D.; Feher, F. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986,108, 4814-4819. The corresponding incorporation of H into the phenyl ring is not detectable in the lH NMR spectra due to the masking of these signals by those for the aryl protons of the benzyl ligand. 184 (a) Legzdins, P.; Jones, R. H.; Phillips, E. C ; Yee, V. C ; Trotter, J.; Einstein, F. W. B. Organometallics 1991, 10, 986-1002. (b) Dryden, N. H.; Legzdins, P.; Trotter, J.; Yee, V. C. Organometallics 1991, 10, 2857-2870. Herein, the two types of a-complexes for toluene will be distinguished as the a-arene complex for the sp2 r|2-(C,H) coordination mode, and the c-phenylmethane complex for the sp3 r|2-(C,H) coordination mode. Bau, R.; Mason, S. A.; Patrick, B. O.; Adams, C. S.; Sharp, W. B.; Legzdins, P. Organometallics (in press). Poli, R.; Smith, K. M . Organometallics 2000, 19, 2858-2867. Levine, I. N.; Quantum Chemistry, 5th ed. Prentice-Hall: Upper Sandle River, NJ, 2000. The difference may be due in part to the difference between gas-phase and solution-phase free energies, but the formation of methylidene analogs of neopentylidene complexes has been found to be energetically less favourable in both theoretical and experimental studies. For example, see: (a) Wu, Y.-D.; Peng, Z. H.; Xue, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9772-9777. (b) Warren, T. H.; Schrock, R. R.; Davis, W. M . J. Organomet. Chem. 1998, 569, 125-137. Legzdins, P.; Veltheer, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1993, 26, 41-48. 185 March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, 4 th ed. Wiley and Sons, Inc.: Toronto, ON, 1992; Chapter 11. For example, the formation of the terminal allyl linkage may occur via initial activation at one of the other allyl positions, followed by dehydrogenation at the methyl position. Alternatively, since the C-H activation steps are all post-rate-determining, other allyl hydride isomers could be derived from activation by A at endocyclic C-H bond positions but undergo rapid isomerization (e.g. by reversible y-H activation by the metal center) to the more thermodynamically stable isomers. Dryden, N. H.; Legzdins, P.; Rettig, S. J.; Veltheer, J. E. Organometallics 1 9 9 2 , 11, 2583-2590. Debad, J. D.; Legzdins, P.; Batchelor, R. J.; Einstein, F. W. B. Organometallics 1 9 9 3 , 12, 2094-2102. Tran, E.; Legzdins, P., unpublished observations. Since the detection method used in the elemental analysis cannot distinguish between D 2 0 and H 2 0 , H/D abundances were calculated using 1 D = 1 H Origin 5.0 Microcal Software Inc., 1991-1997. Gaussian 98 (Revision A.9), Frisch, M . J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M . A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Montgomery, 186 J. A.; Stratmann, R. E.; Burant, J. C ; Dapprich, S.; Millam, J. M . ; Daniels, A. D.; Kudin, K. N.; Strain, M . C ; Farkas, O.; Tomasi, J.; Barone, V.; Cossi, M . ; Cammi, R.; Mennucci, B.; Pomelli, C ; Adamo, C ; Clifford, S.; Ochterski, J.; Petersson, G. A ; Ayala, P. Y.; Cui, Q.; Morokuma, K.; Malick, D. K.; Rabuck, A. D.; Raghavachari, K.; Foresman, J. B.; Cioslowski, J.; Ortiz, J. V.; Stefanov, B. B.; Liu, G.; Liashenko, A ; Piskorz, P.; Komaromi, I.; Gomperts, R.; Martin, R. L.; Fox, D. J.; Keith, T.; Al-Laham, M . A.; Peng, C. Y.; Nanayakkara, A.; Gonzalez, C ; Challacombe, M. ; Gill, P. M . W.; Johnson, B. G.; Chen, W.; Wong, M . W.; Andres, J. L. ; Head-Gordon, M. ; Replogle, E . S.; Pople, J. A.: Gaussian, Inc., Pittsburgh PA, 1998. Becke, A. D. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 5648-5652. (a) Lee, C ; Yang, W.; Parr, R. G. Phys. Rev. 1988, B 3 7 , 785-789. (b) Volko, S. H.; Wilk, L. ; Nusair, N. Can. J. Phys. 1980, 58, 1200-1211. Dunning, T. H., Jr.; Hay, P. J. In Modern Theoretical Chemistry; Schaefer, H. F., Ill, Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1976; pp 1-28. (a) Hay, P, J.; Wadt, W. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 82, 270-283. (b) Wadt, W. R.; Hay, P. J. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 82, 284-298. (c) Hay, P. J.; Wadt, W. R. J. Chem. Phys. 1985, 52,299-310. Schaftenaar, G.; Nordik, J. H. J. Comput.-AidedMol. Design 2000, 14, 123-134. 187 CHAPTER 5 Towards the Development of Alkylidene and Related Complexes as Reagents for The Conversion of Alkanes Into Functionalized Chemicals 5.1 In t roduc t ion 188 5.2 Resul ts a n d D i s c u s s i o n 191 5.3 E p i l o g u e 211 5.4 E x p e r i m e n t a l P r o c e d u r e s 212 5.5 References a n d Notes 218 188 5.1 Introduction With the research described in Chapters 2-4, the chemistry of the benzylidene system has successfully been compared to that of its neopentylidene analogue, and the issues regarding the mechanism of activation of both systems and the origin of the product selectivities observed for arene and alkane substrates have been addressed. The level of understanding of the activation chemistry exhibited by these prototypal alkylidene systems is now on par with the level of understanding acquired for systems that belong to the other general classes of soluble metal complexes that activate hydrocarbons by organometallic pathways. What remains to be determined is whether or not these alkylidene systems can be exploited for the net conversion of hydrocarbons into functionalized organic chemicals. As mentioned in Section 1.1.5, the formation of organometallic complexes from the C-H activation of hydrocarbon substrates is the first step in the transformation of the hydrocarbons into functionalized and more useful chemicals, such as alkenes and alcohols. To complete the transformation, the organic fragment that results from the C-H activation event needs to be functionalized and/or released from the metal's coordination sphere. Transformations of alkane substrates are of particular interest, and a few representative stoichiometric and catalytic processes that generate functionalized derivatives of alkanes via organometallic intermediates are described in Section 1.1.5. Catalytic processes are especially valuable since they may be viable for large-scale industrial use if the organic products can be produced efficiently with high selectivity. In fact, efficient and selective catalytic alkane functionalization processes are regarded as the \"Holy Grails\" of C-H activation research.1 189 Unfortunately, the majority of organometallic hydrocarbon C-H activations mediated by soluble metal complexes only provide routes to stoichiometric and \"non-spontaneous\" conversions of alkanes to functionalized organic derivatives.1 Put simply, most activations form organometallic products that either do not lend themselves to spontaneous functionalization of the activated alkyl fragment, or, if they do induce a functionalization of the alkyl fragment, do not spontaneously release the organic species from the metal's coordination sphere. The organometallic products must then be treated with other reagents to induce functionalization and/or release of the organic derivative. In addition to these limitations, the majority of alkane C-H activations yield organometallic products that can only be converted into common organic reagents, such as the example shown in Scheme 5.1. 2 Likely for this reason, very few non-spontaneous conversions of the organometallic products of alkane C-H activations into organic molecules have been reported.2'3 Scheme 5.1 > 98 % for R = neopentyl At first glance, it would appear that the synthetic utility of the alkylidene-mediated C - H activation chemistry derived from 1 and 2 is similarly limited. The net 190 transformations of any alkane substrate into an organic derivative will be non-spontaneous and stoichiometric in metal complex. Moreover, while cycloalkanes are spontaneously dehydrogenated to cycloalkenes that might be released from the metal's coordination sphere by treatment with a strong Lewis base, L (eq. 5.1), a rather common type of organic compound is produced. 1.3 However, there is one stoichiometric process involving neopentylidene A that could potentially transform alkyl-substituted cycloalkanes and acyclic alkanes into novel organic products that are suitable starting materials for organic syntheses. \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 The details of this proposed process are provided in the first part of this Chapter. The remainder of the Chapter concerns the development of other alkylidene C-H activation systems related to the neopentylidene and benzylidene systems that may be used to effect the same chemistry as A and B, and may be more suitable for the proposed alkane functionalization procedure. In addition, there are other complexes similar to 1 and 2 that are known to, or may be able to, effect alkane activation and dehydrogenations to yield organometallic products that are different from those obtained from A and B. These systems may provide a means to generate other types of functionalized organic chemicals via the activation of alkane substrates. 5.2 Results and Discussion 5.2.1 The Conversion of Allyl Ligands into Functionalized Organic Compounds Molybdenum allyl complexes of the type CpMo(NO)(X)(r|3-allyl) (X = halide) have previously been used as reagents in the syntheses of organic compounds.4'5'6 The synthetic utility of these complexes derives from the G-TI distortion of the allyl ligand that is induced by the 7t-bonding influences of the NO ligand.7 In solution, the allyl ligand can adopt a r)1 conformation with an accessible double bond (eq 5.2). (5.2) The r| -allyl complex can thus bind an aldehyde and induce a regio- and stereoselective C-C bond-forming reaction. Protonolysis of the resulting complex with methanol (~ 2 equiv) generates a free \"homoallylic\" alcohol. The specific type of alcohol product depends on the nature of the allyl ligand. When the symmetric 2-methylallyl ligand is used (e.g. F in eq 5.2), a racemic mixture of the 2-methyl \" homoallylic\" alcohol enantiomers is generated (Scheme 5.2) 4 ' 5 The conversion can be made to yield only one enantiomer either by separating the (R) and (S) isomers of the CpMo(NO)(X)(allyl) complex, or the (R) and (S) isomers of complexes featuring a more elaborate alkyl-substituted Cp derivative.5 Product yields can be quantitative with > 98% enantiomeric excess depending on the halide ligand, aldehyde, and conditions used. 192 Scheme 5.2 When an asymmetric allyl ligand is employed, enantiomeric homoallylic alcohols with two chiral centers are formed after protonation by methanol. For example, use of the 1-methylallyl ligand leads to the homoallylic alcohols shown in Scheme 5.3.6 Whether the syn or anti diastereomers are formed depends on the (\u00C2\u00A3) or (Z)-type orientation of the ri1-allyl ligand in the organometallic reagent. Scheme 5.3 7 , M o ; O H ^ R CDC13 *-x ^ H MeOH HO H ON o H ^ R CDCK O N . 7 M o : ; o W x Y H MeOH HO H H 3 C H f HO H H 3 C H syn The products in both Schemes 5.2 and 5.3 can then be converted by standard methods into complex acyclic alcohol derivatives or other organic compounds, such as 193 optically-active epoxides by the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of the double bond.8 It should be noted that although the overall reactions are stoichiometric in metal complex, a similar coupling process featuring the related CpMo(NO)(CO)+ fragment9 has been used to create a key component in the synthesis of a complex natural product with over 50 synthetic steps.10 5.2.2 P r o p o s e d M e t h o d fo r the C o n v e r s i o n of A c y c l i c A l k a n e s a n d A l k y l -Subst i tu ted C y c l o a l k a n e s Into H o m o a l l y l i c A l c o h o l s V i a A l k y l i d e n e -M e d i a t e d C - H A c t i v a t i o n Given the electronic and structural similarities between the Cp*W and CpMo fragments,11'12'13 the related Cp*W(NO)(allyl)X complexes should react with aldehydes in the same manner as their CpMo cousins. Furthermore, hydride complexes can usually be converted to the corresponding chloride or bromide complex simply by dissolution in halogenated organic solvents.14 Thus, it may be possible to effect the conversion of alkyl-substituted cycloalkanes and acyclic alkanes into homoallylic alcohols using the general process illustrated in Scheme 5.4 for methylcyclohexane. 194 Scheme 5.4 G As discussed in Section 2.2.8.3, the thermolysis of 1 in methylcyclohexane yields two allyl hydride complexes, 1.5 (major) and 2.7 (minor), which interconvert on the NMR timescale, most likely through an rj1-allyl intermediate. Based on the work of Faller et al., the V conformation should have a a-bond to the least sterically hindered terminal allyl group.6 Thus, only one type of ri'-allyl complex (G) should be present in solution. Note, however, that the r|1-allyl complex will exist in two enantiomeric forms, only one of which is shown in Scheme 5.4. The product obtained from the reaction of the halide derivative of the complex shown in the Scheme with an aldehyde in chloroform should yield, in principle, the (R),(S)-homoallylic alcohol diastereomer. The reaction of the other enantiomeric allyl complex with the aldehyde will generate the enantiomer of this diastereomer, with the opposite stereochemistries at the chiral centers. 195 With ethylcyclohexane as the substrate, the expected products are even more elaborate: the C-C coupling reaction from the two expected enantiomeric ri'-allyl halide complexes should yield the two enantiomers of the homoallylic alcohol shown in eq 5.3. 1. Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)2, 70 \u00C2\u00B0C, 40 h 2. RCHO, CHC13 3. MeOH Similar reaction sequences with acyclic alkanes should also yield homoallylic alcohols, but these reactions may be complicated by the existence of one major and several minor allyl hydride complexes15 that could lead to a variety of n,1 allyl intermediates and thus, a variety of products with different regio- and stereochemistries. Yet, if any of the above processes prove to be successful, it would be, to our knowledge, the first time that an alkane has been transformed into an elaborate organic molecule suitable for organic syntheses applications by a C-H activation route utilizing an organometallic intermediate derived from a soluble metal complex. Clearly, given the demonstrated synthetic utility of the CpMo(NO)(X)(allyl) complexes, this chemistry should be investigated immediately. 5.2.3 T h e Ut i l i za t ion of O t h e r A l k y l i d e n e C o m p l e x e s of the T y p e C p ' M ( N O ) ( = C H R ) fo r A l k a n e A c t i v a t i o n s a n d F u n c t i o n a l i z a t i o n s The alkane functionalization chemistry based on the C-H activations initiated by alkylidenes A could be enhanced by the development of other C-H activating alkylidene 196 complexes of the type Cp'M(NO)(=CHR) (Cp' = Cp, Cp*; M = Mo, W; R = alkyl, aryl). The goal of this work would be to discover alkylidene complexes that effect the same alkane activation chemistry as A, as well as permit subsequent dehydrogenation functionalizations, but do so at a lower temperature and/or shorter reaction time. To date, one possible candidate has been found, as discussed below. 5.2.3.1 The C - H Activation of Hydrocarbons by CpMo(=CHCMe 3 ) There is one Cp'M(NO)(R)(R') complex that has been previously reported by our research group to form an alkylidene intermediate and do so much more readily than 1 and 2. However, the reports describing the chemistry of this particular system are ambiguous as to whether or not the alkylidene derivative can activate hydrocarbon C-H bonds. Specifically, the CpMo analogue of 1, namely CpMo(NO)(CH 2CMe 3) 2 (5.1), cannot be isolated in the solid state because it undergoes a-H abstraction at low temperatures (> - 40 \u00C2\u00B0C) to form the respective neopentylidene fragment, CpMo(NO)(=CHCMe3) (H) . 1 6 1 7 Dichloromethane solutions of 5.1 generate the dimeric alkylidene derivative [CpMo(NO)(=CHCMe3)]2 (5.2) after 2-3 h at room temperature (eq 5.4), while solutions of 5.1 containing pyridine yield the 18e adduct of neopentylidene H , namely complex 5.3. Complex 5.3 itself is quite thermally sensitive in benzene-* and forms the dimer 5.2 over time, along with free pyridine (eq 5.5). (5.4) 5.1 H 5.2 197 ^ 2 ON Mo-py, E t 2 0 RT, 2-3 h ON / M 0 ; / / \ \" C 6 D 6 , days py 5.2 (5.5) 5.1 5.3 At the time, these observations were interpreted to mean that the pyridine adduct was a stable source of the reactive alkylidene complex H. In other words, unlike its Cp*W congener A, neopentylidene H was not evidently reactive towards the C - H bonds of benzene, but rather dimerized in benzene and dichloromethane solutions (Scheme 5.5) Scheme 5.5 Following these initial experiments, a study of the kinetics of decomposition was conducted by UV-vis spectroscopy using the more robust and isolable oc-deuterated 198 analog of 5.1, namely CpMo(NO)(CD 2CMe 3)2 (5.1-*). 1 7 The study revealed that the decomposition of 5 . 1 - * is clean and first-order in the complex in solvents such as dichloromethane, diethyl ether, hexanes, THF and mesitylene. Yet, the decomposition of 5 . 1 - * is not clean in chloroform, benzene or toluene, as indicated by the non-first order changes in the UV-vis spectra utilized to monitor these thermolyses. Because of the method employed, the chemical origin for the discrepancies between solvents could not be ascertained, so all that could be stated at the time was that a derivative of 5 .1 - * , whatever it might be, is reactive towards these solvents. One interpretation of these facts is that the reactive derivative of 5 .1-*in these three solvents is the dimeric complex 5.2, meaning that 5.2 is reactive towards benzene, toluene and chloroform, but not dicholoromethane. However, another interpretation of the kinetic data is that they reflect the formation of products of solvent C-H activation by H, at least in the case of benzene and toluene. The resulting aryl products are known to be very thermally sensitive themselves,18 and non-linear kinetics would result if these products absorb light at the wavelength used for the kinetic analyses. This interpretation is consistent with the trapping and dimerization experiments in eq 5.4 and 5.5, providing that the pyridine adduct 5.3 is not a source of free H in solution as originally assumed. Instead, the formation of the dimeric product 5.2 from 5.3 in benzene-* has to occur via an associative bimetallic pathway without forming free H (Scheme 5.6). 199 Scheme 5.6 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2\u00C2\u00BB\u00E2\u0080\u00A2 decomposition To determine if the latter interpretation is correct, the thermolysis of 5.1-* has been conducted in mesitylene and the resulting mixture has been characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Mesitylene was selected as the solvent for two reasons. First, given the exclusive formation of the benzyl products of sp3 C-H bond activation for the activation of mesitylene by the related Cp*W alkylidenes A and B , a similar preference for the benzyl product of sp3 C-H activation over the thermally-unstable aryl product of sp C-H activation should occur for H - * . Second, the related benzyl molybdenum complexes CpMo(NO)(CH2Ar)(R) (R = alkyl, aryl, benzyl) are thermally robust,19 so the benzyl product of sp3 C-H bond activation of mesitylene by should be stable and characterizable if formed. The thermolysis of 5.1-* in mesitylene for 6 h at 40 \u00C2\u00B0C generates one major product in -80% overall yield, along with several minor products as determined by X H 200 NMR spectroscopy (eq 5.6). The NMR and MS spectroscopic properties of the major product are fully consistent with those of the C-H activation product derived from H - * , namely CpMo(NO)(CHDa\u00E2\u0080\u009Ef,CMe3)(CH2C6H3-3,5-Me2) (5.4-*). Diagnostic NMR spectroscopic features of 5 .4-* are the singlet resonances for the neopentyl ligand's D a n f i and Hsy\u00E2\u0080\u009E methylene protons, and the triplet resonance (VHD =17.9 Hz) for the deuterated ct-carbon of the neopentyl ligand. It is also important to note that no signals are observed that can be attributed to the robust dimeric product 5.2. Thus, it would appear that the chemistry depicted in Scheme 5.6 is indeed the correct interpretation of the previously reported data, and that both neopentylidenes H and H - * can activate hydrocarbon C-H bonds. Interestingly, there is no spectroscopic evidence for H/D scrambling in the neopentyl ligand during the thermolysis of 5.1-* in mesitylene. This observation is in sharp contrast to the H/D scrambling observed for the related Cp*W complex 1-* (see Sections 3.2.1 to 3.2.6). It is consistent, however, with the DFT calculations conducted by Poli and Smith on the ct-abstraction of methane from CpMo(NO)Me2 vs CpW(NO)Me 2. 1 3 Unlike the tungsten congener for which the energy barriers are similar in energy, the barrier to a-C-H cleavage for CpMo(NO)Me 2 is significantly higher than that for dissociation of neopentane from the resulting a-neopentane alkylidene complex. minor products (5.6) 5.1-* 5.4-rf, 201 These results suggest that, in contrast to the substrate C-H activations mediated by the tungsten alkylidene complexes A and B , the rate-determining step in the activations mediated by H and is substrate C-H bond addition, not coordination of the substrate to the metal center. In other words, the reaction coordinate for H is fundamentally different from those for A and B. The reaction coordinate for alkane activation derived from 5.1 in which H is a discrete intermediate is shown in Figure 5.1. An interchange-dissociative version without H as a discrete intermediate is also viable. A full study of the mechanism, scope, and selectivity of the activation chemistry derived from 5.1 or 5.1-d.4 is clearly warranted to confirm, and expand upon, these initial findings. 1 1 [Mo] = CpMo(NO) Figure 5.1. A qualitative representation of the general free energy vs reaction coordinate for alkane C-H activation derived from 5.1. 202 5.2.3.2 Towards the Use of CpMo Alkylidene Complexes and Other Cp'M(NO)(=CHR) Complexes for Alkane C-H Activation and Functionalization Reactions By the Principle of Microscopic Reversibility, neopentylidenes H and H - * should activate alkane substrates. Furthermore, despite the different reaction coordinates, the thermodynamic products of alkane activation by H and H - * should be alkene or allyl complexes since the 16e alkyl and alkene organometallic products should be susceptible to P -H and y-H elimination reactions. If the desired terminal allyl hydride complexes can indeed be formed cleanly from thermolysis of 5.1 or 5.1- M=CHR). By the Principle of Microscopic Reversibility, the intermediate will activate the C - H bonds of alkanes and arenes, providing it does not react with itself first. The validity of this argument is supported by the previously reported chemistry of two other complexes, namely Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(Ph) (1.1) and Cp*W(NO)(CH2=CPh)(CH2SiMe3) (5.8). In the first example, complex 1.1 is moderately thermally sensitive and undergoes 3 - H elimination of neopentane to generate a benzyne complex, I. Complex I has been shown to activate the sp2 C - H bonds of benzene andp-xylene by rj-bond metathesis (eq 5.8).28 Note that the benzyne ligand in I contains two M - C bonds to the metal center. 206 \u00E2\u0084\u00A2 110\u00C2\u00B0C,6h (5.8) H 1.1 I Similarly, complex 5.8 eliminates tetramethylsilane under mild conditions (24 h, 45 \u00C2\u00B0C) to generate the corresponding reactive fragment, Cp*W(NO)(ri2-CH=CPh) (J), which then activates alkanes and arenes by the microscopic reverse of the process (eq 5.9).29 Note again that the derivative of the vinyl ligand in intermediate J is stabilized by bonding to the metal center. Additional support for the theory stated above lies in the thermal chemistry of the new neopentyl dimethylallyl complex, Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(ri3-l,l-Me2-C3H3) (5.9).30 Complex 5.9 readily eliminates neopentane and generates the corresponding benzene C-H activation product, Cp*W(NO)(C6H5)(ri3-l,l-]VIe2-C3H3) (5.10), in >97 % yield as judged by J H NMR spectroscopy (eq 5.10). Complex 5.10 has been isolated in crystalline form (69 % yield) and fully characterized. The solid-state molecular structure has been established by X-ray diffraction (Figure 5.2),31 and the spectroscopic data indicate that the general structure is unchanged in solutions.32 (5.9) j 5.8 207 (5.10) 5.9 5.10 Preliminary mechanistic and labeling studies indicate that the activations proceed through two distinct intermediates, namely the cz's-diene complex ( K ) and the allene complex (L ) , which are formed simultaneously from 5.9 by first-order processes (Scheme 5 . 8 ) . 3 3 Both of these intermediates again contain at least two M-C bonding interactions to the metal center from the derivative of the allyl ligand. Scheme 5.8 208 Figure 5.2. ORTEP plot of the solid-state molecular structure of Cp*W(NO)(C 6H 5)(l,l-Me2-C3H3) (5.10) with 50% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond lengths (A) and angles (\u00C2\u00B0); W(l)-C(l) = 2.186(3), W(l)-C(7) = 2.218(4); W(l)-C(8) = 2.363(4); W(l)-C(9) = 2.768(4); C(7)-C(8) = 1.439(6); C(8)-C(9) = 1.365(5); N(l)-0(1) = 1.224(4); W(l)-N(l)-0(1) = 169.5(3), N(l)-W(l)-C(7) = 92.1(2); N(l)-W(l)-C(8) = 104.6(1); N(l)-W(l)-C(9) = 86.6(1); W(l)-C(l)-C(2) = 123.0(2); W(l)-C(l)-C(6) = 121.4(2); C(7)-C(8)-C(9) = 124.8(4); C(7)-C(8)-C(9)-C(10) = 20.0(6); H(6)-C(7)-C(8)-H(8) = 157(4). F 209 5.2.5 Towards Alkane Functionalizations Using Complexes 1.1, 5.8 and 5.9 The Cp'M(NO)(R)(R') systems cited in Section 5.2.4, are either known to be, or should be, capable of activating alkanes as well as permit subsequent dehydrogenations and even further elaborations of the resulting alkyl ligands. For example, thermolysis of complex 5.8 in alkanes that have primary and secondary C H groups in sequence, such as n-pentane (R = C3H8) and n-hexane (R = C4H10), is known to produce metallacycles in moderate yields (50 -70 %) (Scheme 5.9).29 Scheme 5.9 During the activation process, the alkane substrate is transformed into an alkene fragment, first via C-H activation by J, then f3-H transfer to the regenerated vinyl ligand. However, unlike alkylidenes A and B, the resulting styrene alkene complex can undergo a C-C coupling reaction prior to elimination of either alkene ligand from the metal's coordination sphere. The net result is an elaboration of the alkane substrate into an allyl 210 metallacycle. To date, no attempts have been made to complete the functionalization process by releasing the organic fragment from the coordination sphere, but conceivably, treatment of the metallacycles with halogen sources, like Br2, could release the organic fragments as functionalized organic compounds. Attempts to active alkane substrates with benzyne I by thermolysis of 1.1 in alkane solvent have not been attempted, but should be successful based on the Principle of Microscopic Reversibility. Interestingly, the final products will likely be the same ones that are obtained from activations mediated by A and B. As shown in Scheme 5.10, the activation of alkanes with (3-Hs by I would generate an alkyl phenyl complex that should be susceptible to the elimination of benzene by p-H transfer. Given the harsher conditions required to generate I as compared to A and B, however, this chemistry is probably not worth exploring further if the same final products are indeed obtained. Scheme 5.10 211 In contrast, the activation of alkanes by K and L should also facilitate subsequent alkyl ligand dehydrogenations, but ultimately should form novel types of organometallic products (Scheme 5.11). In this case, |3-H elimination from the alkyl allyl product will generate a bis(olefin) complex that can couple much like the system based on 5.8. The resulting metallacyclopentanes might then be converted into unique organic chemicals by treatment with other reagents, such as Br2. The activation of alkanes by this system is currently being investigated by Stephen Ng of this research group. S c h e m e 5.12 5.3 E p i l o g u e Unlike the majority of soluble metal complexes that mediate the organometallic C-H activation of alkanes, neopentylidene A and benzylidene B may have some synthetic utility for the stoichiometric conversions of alkanes into novel organic products. In addition, there are several other bis(hydrocarbyl) Cp'M(NO)(R)(R') complexes that are 212 known to activate hydrocarbons via alkylidene or other intermediate complexes, and these may be employed to activate and functionalize alkanes to generate organic compounds of various types. Given the number of possible combinations of Cp', M and hydrocarbyl ligands that have not yet been explored, it is clear that the C - H activation chemistry that can be effected by Cp'M(NO)(R)(R') complexes and their derivatives has only just begun to be harvested. 5.4 Experimental Procedures 5.4.1 General Methods All reactions and subsequent manipulations were performed under anaerobic and anhydrous conditions using procedures described in Section 2.4.1. 5.4.2 Reagents The (CD2CMe3)2Mgx(dioxane) alkylating reagent17 and the complexes CpMo(NO)(CD2CMe3)2(5.1- 3o(I)). Full details of the crystallographic analysis are provided in Appendix A. The 'H, uC{lH} and 'H-^C H M Q C NMR data indicate that the allyl ligand is distorted in solution in a G-K fashion with the dimethyl portion of the allyl ligand being the ^-distorted moiety cis to the phenyl ligand. Interestingly, all of the phenyl H and C atoms have unique resonances in both spectra, thus indicating that rotation about the W-C bond of the phenyl ligand is slow on the NMR timescale, in contrast to the aryl ligands in other CpM(NO)(R)(aryl) complexes mentioned in this Thesis. Monitoring the thermolysis for 4 h in benzene-* at 50 \u00C2\u00B0C by *H NMR spectroscopy reveals that 1 equiv of neopentane is formed, and that the loss of 5.9 is first-order with a rate constant of 2.2(1) x 10\"4 s\"1 (R2 = 0.9991). Moreover, a single product is formed, and its spectroscopic properties are consistent with the general formulation Cp*W(NO)(C 6D 5)(l,l-Me 2-allyl-*) ( 5 .10 - * ) . The J H and ^ { ' H j N M R spectroscopic analyses of complex 5 . 1 0 - * indicates that one equiv of deuterium label is partitioned between three different positions in the allyl ligand: at the two methyl positions (-35 % combined), and at the central allyl position (~ 65 %). 223 ' I CH 2 X 5.9 5 . 1 0 - * X = H or D The partitioning of deuterium between these positions suggests that complex 5 . 1 0 - * is really a mixture of three different isotopomers formed by C-H activation of benzene-* by two different types of reactive intermediates, as illustrated below. In other words, complex 5.9 decomposes intramolecularly (hence first-order kinetics) by two pathways to produce 1 equiv of neopentane and two different intermediates. One intermediate is the c/s-diene complex, K , formed by y-H abstraction of a methyl H atom. Complex K then activates benzene-* by the microscopic reverse of the neopentane elimination process to generate the methyl-labeled complex, 5 . 1 0 - * ' . The isomerization of 5 . 1 0 - * ' via rotation about the 7i-bond in the rj'-allyl intermediate M , yields the other methyl-labeled complex, 5 . 1 0 - * \" . Note 5 . 1 0 - * \" is shown to be produced in this manner rather than from benzene-* activation by the trcms-diene analogue of K , since such trans-diene complexes are known to be thermally robust and unreactive towards benzene-*.34 224 5.10-4\"' 5.10-*\" The second intermediate formed from 5.9 is the allene complex, L, which arises from abstraction of the P-allyl H atom. The activation of benzene-* by L thus leads to the formation of 5 .10-*\" ' which is labeled in the P-allyl position. If the rate of formation of L is approximately twice as fast as that of K (i.e. k 2 = 2 ki) then approximately twice as much 5 .10-*\" ' will be formed as 5 .10-* ' and 5.10-*\". The combined mixture of 5.10-*' , 5 .10-*\" and 5 .10-*\" ' would exhibit the spectral features currently assigned to 5.10-*. More detailed investigations to support this interpretation of the mechanism of thermolysis of 5.9 are currently being conducted by Stephen Ng of this research group. Sharp, W. B.; Legzdins, P., unpublished observations. 225 Debad, J. D.; Legzdins, P.; Rettig, S. J.; Veltheer, J. E. Organometallics 1993, 12, 2714-2725. Legzdins, P.; Rettig, S. J.; Sanchez, L. Organometallics 1988, 7, 2394-2403. Harvey, S.; Junk, P. C ; Raston, C. L.; Salem, G. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 3134-3140. teXsan: Structure Analysis Package. Molecular Structure Corp.: The Woodlands, TX, 1985 and 1992. 226 Appendix A. Tables of Bond Distances, Angles and Fractional Atomic Coordinates for the Structurally Characterized Complexes Described in this Thesis 227 o O o o CN O CN O X o .\u00E2\u0080\u0094\ =tfc V\u00C2\u00A9' o o CN T t mo CN ON ON VO 00 00 CN o ON m 00 o ON CN ON O ON oo NO ON cn ON O ON O CO X o o CN T t T t o X o o \"jjjj CN \"c3 CN v q o on K r-o S ON ON CN CN cn cn oo' o\" vo' CN ON o cn ON O CN oo IT) ON r~ in VO v\ T t ON T t 00 00 r-o ON VO T-* O T t r4 O O o CN O T t o CJ -* no a CN s QH CN r-H i\u00E2\u0080\u0094< \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 m 00 T t VO r o r~ fN 00 > CJ o o CN O X o CN O X o T t C J QH cn ON oo' CN O NO VO O ON 00 ON 00 cn 00 o Ov ^ ON 00 \u00C2\u00A3 o T t V ) 00 T t o o ON m v o NO T t o r-' 00 o s ti tn 5 \u00C2\u00B0<; _ H - H \u00E2\u0080\u0094! M a CU CJ cd f i GO \u00E2\u0080\u00A2 i \u00C2\u00B0S \u00C2\u00B0< \u00E2\u0080\u00A2> C3 \u00C2\u00A3> CJ N a 3 @ T3 aj ~3 CJ \u00E2\u0080\u00A2a CJ Q a CJ C J o CJ \u00C2\u00AB o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2<3 & o 3 228 IT; i-H CN 08\" CN -o c 3 o I\" o O Cd Q CD 6 e CD a o GO 13 I-H 3 t3 2 +-> in -a c 03 tf CD fi CU a \u00C2\u00AB ccj Q CN 3 H o T] CN rt X \"i a I CL> I c t r t T t so CN T t \u00C2\u00A9 Tl 0 0 CO fl o \u00E2\u0080\u00A2*J & s 6 os C N C N O CO CO O T T t C N CO i n C N SO SO T t C N Ti CN o I CN CN O o II \u00C2\u00A3i r-i O Cd OS T t o 2 C N o \u00C2\u00A9 cd I SO\" I\u00E2\u0080\u0094I o \u00C2\u00A9 II fN rt o cd o I ed \u00C2\u00A9 SO o OS 0 0 fl o T t SO I T3 0 0 o ed o rt rt o o II 2 SO\" C N o o CU I o> ca ?0 CO Tl C N I CO I \"3 oo OS CN Os CN \u00C2\u00B0< 'cj _cu \"o =^ 1 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2a a. UH I W w II I o fe. w OJ o o a CJ 0 0 CS c o 229 Table A3. Bond Distances (A) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.4a atom atom distance atom atom distance atom atom distance atom atom distance W(l) P(l) 2.4249(9) W(l) N(l) 1.774(4) W(l) C(l) 1.976(3) W(l) C ( l l ) 2.437(3) W(l) C(12) 2.417(4) W(l) C(13) 2.363(3) W(l) C(14) 2.368(4) W(l) C(15) 2.420(3) C(3) C(4) 1.393(6) C(4) C(5) 1.378(8) C(5) C(6) 1.380(7) C(6) C(7) 1.391(5) C ( l l ) C(12) 1.416(6) C ( l l ) C(15) 1.432(5) P(l) C(9) 1.814(4) C(l) H(l) 0.985 C(2) C(7) 1.407(5) C(2) C(3) 1.406(5) C(l) C(2) 1.476(5) C(15) C(20) 1.490(5) C(14) C(19) 1.496(5) C(14) C(15) 1.434(6) P(l) C(10) 1.813(4) C(13) C(14) 1.435(6) C(12) C(17) 1.502(6) C(13) C(18) 1.513(5) O(l) N(l) 1.244(6) C ( l l ) C(16) 1.497(5) C(12) C(13) 1.424(5) P(l) C(8) 1.827(4) Table A4. Bond Angles (\u00C2\u00B0) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.4a atom atom atom angle atom atom atom angle atom atom atom angle P(l) W(l) N(l) 86.6(1) P(l) W(l) C(l) 91.5(1) P(l) W(l) C ( l l ) 92.15(9) P(l) W(l) C(12) 111.9(1) P(l) W(l) C(13) 146.28(9) P(l) W(l) C(14) 140.1(1) P(l) W(l) Q15) 105.53(9) N(l) W(l) C(l) 101.1(1) N(l) W(l) C ( l l ) 140.4(1) N(l) W(l) C(12) 158.5(2) N(l) W(l) C(13) 125.4(1) N(l) W(l) C(14) 100.9(2) N(l) W(l) C(15) 108.5(1) C(l) W(l) C ( l l ) 118.5(1) C(l) W(l) C(12) 89.7(1) C(l) W(l) C(13) 92.1(1) C(l) W(l) C(14) 124.5(1) C(l) W(l) C(15) 146.4(1) C ( l l ) W(l) C(12) 33.9(1) C ( l l ) W(l) C(13) 57.1(1) C ( l l ) W(l) C(14) 57.4(1) C ( l l ) W(l) C(15) 34.3(1) C(12) W(l) C(13) 34.6(1) C(12) W(l) C(14) 57.9(1) C(12) W(l) C(15) 57.3(1) P(l) C(10) H(15) 108.87 C(13) W(l) C(15) 57.9(1) C(14) W(l) C(15) 34.8(1) W(l) P(l) C(8) 118.6(1) W(l) P(l) C(9) 112.1(1) W(l) P(l) C(10) 114.6(1) C(8) P(l) C(9) 103.2(2) C(8) P(l) C(10) 103.8(2) C(9) P(l) C(10) 102.7(2) W(l) N(l) 0(1) 178.1(3) W(l) C(l) C(2) 137.2(2) C(l) C(2) C(3) 119.6(3) C(l) C(2) C(7) 122.9(3) C(3) C(2) C(7) 117.5(3) C(2) C(3) C(4) 121.0(4) C(3) C(4) C(5) 120.6(4) C(4) C(5) C(6) 119.4(4) C(5) C(6) C(7) 121.0(4) C(2) C(7) C(6) 120.6(4) W(l) C ( l l ) C(12) 72.3(2) W(l) C ( l l ) C(15) 72.2(2) W(l) C ( l l ) C(16) 130.5(2) C(12) C ( l l ) C(15) 108.9(3) C(12) C ( l l ) C(16) 126.8(3) C(15) C ( l l ) C(16) 123.3(3) W(l) C(12) C ( l l ) 73.8(2) C(2) C(l) H(l) 111.23 W(l) C(12) C(17) 125.2(3) C ( l l ) C(12) C(13) 107.8(3) C(H) C(12) C(17) 125.4(4) C(13) C(12) C(17) 126.5(4) W(l) C(13) C(12) 74.7(2) W(l) C(13) C(14) 72.5(2) W(l) C(13) C(18) 124.2(3) C(12) C(13) C(14) 108.3(3) C(12) C(13) C(18) 125.9(4) C(14) C(13) C(18) 125.4(4) W(l) C(14) C(13) 72.2(2) W(l) C(14) Q15) 74.5(2) W(l) C(14) C(19) 122.1(3) C(13) C(14) C(15) 107.6(3) C(13) C(14) C(19) 127.2(4) C(15) C(14) C(19) 125.0(4) W(l) C(15) C ( l l ) 73.5(2) W(l) C(15) C(14) 70.6(2) W(l) C(15) C(20) 128.8(3) C ( l l ) C(15) C(14) 107.3(4) C ( l l ) C(15) C(20) 125.2(3) C(14) C(15) C(20) 126.8(4) W(l) C(12) C(13) 70.6(2) C(13) W(l) C(14) 35.3(1) W(l) C(l) H(l) 111.51 1 230 Table A5. Dihedral Angles (\u00C2\u00B0) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.4a (1) (2) (3) (4) angle (1) (2) (3) (4) angle (1)(2)(3)(4) angle W(l) C(l) C(2) CQ) -171.3(3) W(l) C(l) C(2) C(7) 9.6(6) W(1)C(11)C(12)C(13) 62.8(3) W(l) C(11)C(12)C(17) -122.0(4) W(1)C(11)C(15)C(14) -62.9(2) W(1)C(11)C(15)C(20) 126.3(4) W(1)C(12)C(11)C(15) -63.3(2) W(1)C(12)C(11)C(16) 127.8(4) W(l) C(12)C(13)C(14) 65.3(3) W(l) C(12)C(13)C(18) -121.4(4) W(1)C(13)C(12)C(11) -64.9(3) W(l) C(13)C(12)C(17) 120.0(4) W(l) C(13)C(14)C(15) 66.7(2) W(l) C(13)C(14)C(19) -117.1(4) W(l) C(14)C(13)C(12) -66.7(3) W(l) C(14)C(13)C(18) 119.9(4) W(1)C(14)C(15)C(11) 64.8(2) W(l) C(14)C(15)C(20) -124.5(4) W(1)C(15)C(11)C(12) 63.4(2) W(l) C(15)C(11)C(16) -127.3(3) W(l) C(15)C(14)C(13) -65.1(2) W(l) C(15)C(14)C(19) 118.6(4) P(l) W(l) N(l) O(l) 105(8) P(l) W(l) C(l) C(2) 78.5(4) P(l) W(1)C(11)C(12) 127.8(2) P(l) W(l) C(11)C(15) -114.9(2) N(1)W(1)C(12)C(11) 89.5(4) N(l) W(l) C(12)C(13) -26.6(5) N(l) W(l) C(12)C(17) -148.2(3) N(l) W(l) C(13)C(12) 168.4(2) N(l) W(l) C(13)C(14) 53.1(3) N(l) W(l) C(13)C(18) -68.3(4) N(l) W(l) C(14)C(13) -138.4(2) N(l) W(l) C(14)C(15) 106.8(2) N(l) W(l) C(14)C(19) -15.2(4) N(1)W(1)C(15)C(11) 161.8(2) N(l) W(l) C(15)C(14) -82.5(2) N(l) W(l) C(15)C(20) 39.7(3) C(1)W(1)P(1)C(8) 61.3(2) C(1)W(1)P(1)C(9) -58.9(2) C(l) W(l) P(l) C(10) -175.5(2) C(1)W(1)C(11)C(12) 34.9(3) C(1)W(1)C(11)C(15) 152.3(2) C(1)W(1)C(11)C(16) -88.7(3) C(l) W(l) C(12)C(11) -149.8(2) C(l) W(l) C(12)C(13) 94.1(2) C(l) W(l) C(12)C(17) -27.5(4) C(l) W(l) C(13)C(12) -86.5(2) C(l) W(l) C(13)C(14) 158.2(2) C(l) W(l) C(13)C(18) 36.9(3) P(1)W(1)C(11)C(16) 4.1(3) P(l) W(1)C(12)C(11) -58.3(2) P(l) W(l) C(12)C(13) -174.5(2) P(l) W(l) C(12)C(17) 63.9(4) P(l) W(l) C(13)C(12) 9.3(3) P(l) W(l) C(13)C(14) -106.0(2) P(l) W(l) C(13)C(18) 132.6(3) P(l) W(l) C(14)C(13) 123.7(2) P(l) W(l) C(14)C(15) P(l) W(l) C(14)C(19) P(l) W(1)C(15)C(11) P(l) W(l) C(15)C(14) P(l) W(l) C(15)C(20) 0(1) N(l) W(1)C(1) 0(1) N(l) W(1)C(11) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(12) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(13) 0(1) N(l) W(1)C(14) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(15) N(1)W(1)P(1)C(8) 8.9(3) -113.1(3) 70.2(2) -174.1(2) -52.0(3) -164(8) 16(8) ^5(8) -64(8) -36(8) 0(8) 162.3(2) N(l) W(l) P(l) C(9) 42.1(2) N(l) W(l) P(l) C(10) -74.5(2) N(l) W(l) C(l) C(2) -8.3(4) N(l) W(l) C(11)C(12) -145.0(2) N(1)W(1)C(11)C(15) -27.6(3) N(1)W(1)C(11)C(16) 91.4(4) C(l) W(l) C(14)C(19) 96.5(3) C(1)W(1)C(15)C(11) -47.6(3) C(l) W(l) C(15)C(14) 68.1(3) C(l) W(l) C(15)C(20) -169.7(3) C(l) C(2) C(3) C(4) 179.2(4) C(l) C(2) C(7) C(6) -179.8(4) C(2)C(1) W(1)C(11) 171.7(3) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(12) -169.6(4) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(13) -135.0(4) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(14) -120.0(4) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(15) -160.0(3) C(2) C(3) C(4) C(5) 2.0(7) C(2) C(7) C(6) C(5) -0.9(6) C(3) C(2) C(7) C(6) 1.1(5) C(3) C(4) C(5) C(6) -1.8(7) C(4) C(3) C(2) C(7) -1.6(5) C(4) C(5) C(6) C(7) 1.2(7) C(8)P(1) W(1)C(11) -57.4(2) C(8) P(l) W(l) C(12) -29.0(2) C(8)P(1) W(1)C(13) -34.7(3) C(8) P(l) W(l) C(14) -94.7(2) C(8) P(l) W(l) C(15) -89.4(2) C(9) P(l) W(l) C ( l l ) -177.5(2) C(9) P(l) W(l) C(12) -149.1(2) C(13)C(12)W(1) C(15) -79.6(2) C(13)C(12)C(11)C(15) -0.5(4) C(13)C(12)C(11)C(16) -169.4(3) C(13)C(14)W(1) C(15) 114.8(3) C(13)C(14)C(15)C(20) 170.4(4) C(14)W(1)C(11)C(15) 37.7(2) C(14)W(1)C(11)C(16) 156.7(4) C(14)W(1) C(12)C(17) -159.7(4) C(14)W(1) C(13)C(18) -121.4(4) C(14)W(1) C(15)C(20) 122.1(4) C(14)C(13)W(1) C(15) -37.8(2) C(14)C(13)C(12)C(17) -174.8(4) C(14)C(15)C(11)C(16) 169.8(3) C(15)W(1)C(11)C(16) 119.0(4) C(15)W(1) C(12)C(17) 158.8(4) C(15)W(1) C(13)C(18) -159.1(4) C(15)W(1) C(14)C(19) -122.0(5) C(15)C(11)C(12)C(17) 174.7(4) C(15)C(14)C(13)C(18) -173.4(3) C(16)C(11)C(12)C(17) 5.8(6) C(16)C(11)C(15)C(20) -1.0(6) C(17)C(12)C(13)C(18) -1.4(6) C(18)C(13)C(14)C(19) 2.8(6) C(19)C(14)C(15)C(20) -5.9(6) C(13)C(12)W(1) Q14) -38.1(2) C(11)C(15)C(14)C(19) -176.6(4) C(13)W(1) C(15)C(20) 160.4(4) C(11)C(15)C(14)C(13) -0.2(4) C(13)W(1) C(15)C(14) 38.3(2) C(11)C(15)W(1) C(14) -115.7(3) C(13)W(1) C(14)C(19) 123.2(4) C(H)C(15)W(1)C(13) -77.4(2) C(13)W(1) C(14)C(15) -114.8(3) C(11)C(15)W(1)C(12) -36.1(2) C(13)W(1) C(12)C(17) -121.6(5) C(11)C(12)C(13)C(18) 173.7(3) C(13)W(1) C(11)C(16) -161.1(4) C(11)C(12)C(13)C(14) 0.4(4) C(13)W(1)C(11)C(15) 79.9(2) C(11)C(12)W(1)C(15) 36.5(2) C(12)C(13)C(14)C(19) 176.2(4) C(11)C(12)W(1)C(14) 78.0(3) C(12)C(13)C(14)C(15) -0.1(4) C(11)C(12)W(1)C(13) 116.1(3) C(12)C(13)W(1) C(15) 77.6(2) C(11)W(1) C(15)C(20) -122.2(4) C(12)C(13)W(1) C(14) 115.3(3) C(11)W(1)C(15)C(14) 115.7(3) C(12)C(11)C(15)C(20) -170.4(3) C(11)W(1) C(14)C(19) -159.0(4) 231 Table A5. continued C(l) W(l) C(14)C(13) -26.7(3) C(l) W(l) C(14)C(15) -141.5(2) C(9) P(l) W(l) C(15) 150.4(2) C(10)P(1)W(1)C(11) 65.9(2) C(10)P(1) W(l) C(12) 94.3(2) C(10)P(1) W(l) C(13) 88.6(2) C(10)P(1) W(l) C(14) 28.6(2) C(10)P(1) W(l) C(15) 33.8(2) C(11)W(1) C(12)C(13) -116.1(3) C(11)W(1)C(12)C(17) 122.3(5) C(9) P(l) W(l) C(13) -154.8(2) C(9) P(l) W(l) C(14) 145.1(2) C(12)W(1) C(11)C(15) 117.4(3) C(12)W(1) C(11)C(16) -123.6(4) C(12)W(1) C(13)C(14) -115.3(3) C(12)W(1)C(13)C(18) 123.3(4) C(12)W(1) C(14)C(13) 37.3(2) C(12)W(1) C(14)C(15) -77.4(2) C(12)W(1) C(14)C(19) 160.6(4) C(12)W(1) C(15)C(14) 79.6(3) C(12)C(11)C(15)C(14) 0.5(4) C(11)W(1)C(14)C(15) -37.1(2) C(12)C(11)W(1) C(15) -117.4(3) C(11)W(1)C(14)C(13) 77.7(2) C(12)C(11)W(1)C(14) -79.7(3) C(11)W(1) C(13)C(18) 160.0(4) C(12)C(11)W(1)C(13) -37.4(2) C(11)W(1)C(13)C(14) -78.7(2) C(12)W(1) C(15)C(20) -158.3(4) C(11)W(1)C(13)C(12) 36.6(2) Table A6. Fractional Atomic Coordinates in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.4a atom X y z B(eq) atom X y z B(eq) W(l) -0.0018 0.223878(9) 0.4962 1.284(3) H(l) -0.1232 0.0464 0.5999 2.0440 P(l) -0.1852(1) 0.4183(1) 0.47757(7) 1.71(2) H(2) -0.3242 -0.1100 0.5863 3.1817 0(1) -0.0652(5) 0.2274(3) 0.2486(3) 2.75(8) H(3) -0.5245 -0.2473 0.4822 3.7132 N(l) -0.0414(4) 0.2246(3) 0.3505(3) 1.56(8) H(4) -0.5752 -0.2542 0.2900 4.1976 C(l) -0.1388(4) 0.0691(4) 0.5211(3) 1.71(6) H(5) -0.4367 -0.1058 0.1985 4.0918 C(2) -0.2610(4) -0.0191(4) 0.4538(3) 2.02(7) H(7) -0.1821 0.4792 0.6595 4.2215 C(3) -0.3466(4) -0.1072(4) 0.5058(3) 2.46(7) H(8) -0.3279 0.5417 0.5775 4.2215 C(4) -0.4637(5) -0.1903(6) 0.4445(5) 3.09(9) H(9) -0.3142 0.3672 0.6095 4.2215 C(5) -0.4954(5) -0.1918(6) 0.3314(5) 3.35(9) H(10) -0.4188 0.4565 0.3647 3.4370 C(6) -0.4124(5) -0.1065(5) 0.2787(3) 3.23(8) H(ll) -0.3183 0.3779 0.2964 3.4370 C(7) -0.2957(4) -0.0216(4) 0.3382(3) 2.48(7) H(12) -0.3850 0.2804 0.3787 3.4370 C(8) -0.2613(5) 0.4567(6) 0.5942(3) 3.38(9) H(13) -0.0432 0.6343 0.4966 3.9254 H(14) -0.1081 0.5961 0.3692 3.9254 H(15) -0.2091 0.6737 0.4375 3.9254 C(9) -0.3451(4) 0.3790(5) 0.3667(3) 2.90(8) H(16) 0.2277 0.5300 0.7532 3.4598 C(10) -0.1293(5) 0.6017(4) 0.4408(4) 3.10(9) H(17) 0.0763 0.5583 0.6643 3.4598 C(ll) 0.1570(4) 0.3469(4) 0.6554(3) 1.70(7) H(18) 0.0808 0.4595 0.7714 3.4598 C(12) 0.1391(5) 0.1957(5) 0.6845(3) 1.85(7) H(19) -0.0199 0.1845 0.7667 3.1817 C(13) 0.1985(4) 0.1018(4) 0.6152(3) 1.89(7) H(20) 0.0782 0.0361 0.7815 3.1817 C(14) 0.2545(4) 0.1961(5) 0.5430(3) 1.77(7) H(21) 0.1404 0.1857 0.8475 3.1817 C(15) 0.2289(4) 0.3492(4) 0.5683(3) 1.76(7)) H(22) 0.1198 -0.1132 0.6154 3.1754 C(16) 0.1333(4) 0.4845(4) 0.7171(3) 2.75(7) H(23) 0.2606 -0.1047 0.5680 3.1754 C(17) 0.0796(4) 0.1456(5) 0.7784(3) 2.63(8) H(24) 0.2778 -0.0932 0.6977 3.1754 C(18) 0.2161(5) -0.0669(4) 0.6248(3) 2.68(8) H(25) 0.3374 0.0373 0.4589 3.5098 C(19) 0.3344(4) 0.1473(5) 0.4608(3) 2.78(8) H(26) 0.2849 0.1855 0.3878 3.5098 C(20) 0.2871(4) 0.4862(5) .5264(3) 2.84(8) H(27) 0.4337 0.1870 0.4826 3.5098 H(28) 0.3595 0.5333 0.5865 3.2878 H(29) 0.3312 0.4583^ 0.4672 3.2878 H(30) 0.2067 0.5570 0.4983 3.2878 232 Table A7. Bond Distances (A) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.12 atom atom distance atom atom distance atom atom distance atom atom distance W(l) 0(1) 2.980(3) C(4) C(6) 2.400(9) C(2) C(5) 2.804(6) C(10) C ( l l ) 1.424(6) W(l) N(l) 1.769(3) C(4) C(7) 2.785(7) C(2) C(6) 2.427(6) C(10) C(12) 2.298(6) W(l) C(l) 2.191(4) C(5) C(6) 1.36(1) C(2) C(7) 1.411(6) C(10) C(14) 2.626(6) W(l) C(2) 2.554(4) C(5) C(7) 2.396(8) C(3) C(4) 1.381(6) C(10) C(15) 1.507(6) W(l) C(8) 2.297(4) C(6) C(7) 1.388(7) C(3) C(5) 2.415(7) C(10) C(16) 2.610(6) W(l) C(9) 2.298(4) C(8) C(9) 1.435(5) C(3) C(6) 2.779(7) C(10) C(18) 2.958(5) W(l) C(10) 2.409(4) C(8) C(10) 2.310(5) C(3) C(7) 2.426(6) C ( l l ) C(12) 1.428(5) W(l) C ( l l ) 2.455(4) C(8) C ( l l ) 2.319(5) C(4) C(5) 1.409(9) C ( l l ) C(15) 2.615(6) W(l) C(12) 2.405(4) C(8) C(12) 1.426(5) C ( l l ) C(16) 1.499(6) C ( l l ) C(17) 2.607(7) W(l) C(18) 2.181(3) C(8) C(13) 1.507(5) C(12) C(13) 2.619(6) C(12) C(17) 1.504(6) 0(1) N(l) 1.224(4) C(8) C(14) 2.599(6) C(12) C(16) 2.608(6) C(18) C(19) 1.420(6) N(l) C(l) 2.819(5) C(8) C(17) 2.603(6) C(18) C(21) 2.839(5) C(18) C(23) 1.408(5) N(l) C(8) 2.974(5) C(9) C(10) 1.427(5) C(18) C(20) 2.436(5) C(18) C(24) 2.564(6) C(l) C(2) 1.455(5) C(9) C ( l l ) 2.317(5) C(18) C(22) 2.478(5) C(19) C(21) 2.442(5) C(l) C(3) 2.492(6) C(9) C(12) 2.308(6) C(19) C(20) 1.405(5) C(19) C(22) 2.830(5) C(l) C(7) 2.500(6) C(9) C(13) 2.618(6) C(19) C(23) 2.403(5) C(19) C(24) 1.493(6) C(2) C(3) 1.417(6) C(9) C(14) 1.502(5) C(20) C(21) 1.380(6) C(20) C(22) 2.403(6) C(2) C(4) 2.429(6) C(9) C(15) 2.597(6) C(20) C(23) 2.729(6) C(21) C(22) 1.398(6) C(20) C(24) 2.479(6) C(21) C(23) 2.385(6) C(21) C(25) 2.541(7) C(22) C(23) 1.390(5) C(22) C(25) 1.508(6) C(23) C(25) 2.517(5) Table A8. Bond Angles (\u00C2\u00B0) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.12 atom atom atom angle atom atom atom angle atom atom atom angle 0(1) W(l) N(l) 4.4(1) C(2) W(l) C(10) 136.6(1) N(l) W(l) C(l) 90.1(2) 0(1) W(l) C(l) 91.0(1) C(2) W(l) C ( l l ) 107.9(1) C(9) W(l) C(10) 35.2(1) 0(1) W(l) C(2) 100.2(1) C(2) W(l) C(12) 105.2(1) N(l) W(l) C(2) 97.1(1) 0(1) W(l) C(8) 88.7(1) C(2) W(l) C(18) 90.1(1) C(9) W(l) C ( l l ) 58.2(1) 0(1) W(l) C(9) 90.6(1) C(8) W(l) C(9) 36.4(1) N(l) W(l) C(8) 93.1(1) 0(1) W(l) C(10) 123.1(1) C(8) W(l) C(10) 58.7(1) C(9) W(l) C(12) 58.7(1) 0(1) W(l) C ( l l ) 145.9(1) C(8) W(l) C ( l l ) 58.3(1) N(l) W(l) C(9) 94.2(1) 0(1) W(l) C(12) 119.8(1) C(8) W(l) C(12) 35.2(1) C(9) W(l) C(18) 99.6(1) 0(1) W(l) C(18) 101.6(1) C(8) W(l) C(18) 135.4(1) C(10) W(l) C ( l l ) 34.0(1) N(l) W(l) C(10) 126.0(1) N(l) W(l) C ( l l ) 150.2(1) C(10) W(l) C(12) 57.0(1) N(l) W(l) C(12) 123.9(1) C(10) W(l) C(18) 80.1(1) C(2) W(l) C(8) 131.1(1) N(l) W(l) C(18) 98.6(1) C ( l l ) W(l) C(12) 34.2(1) 0(1) N(l) C(8) 118.9(3) C(l) W(l) C(2) 34.7(1) C ( l l ) W(l) C(18) 97.3(1) C(2) W(l) C(9) 163.8(1) C(l) W(l) C(8) 98.0(1) C(12) W(l) C(18) 131.4(1) C(l) N(l) C(8) 71.5(1) C(l) W(l) C(9) 134.3(1) W(l) O(l) N(l) 6.3(2) W(l) C(l) N(l) 38.85(9) C(l) W(l) C(10) 134.8(2) W(l) N(l) 0(1) 169.3(3) C(4) C(2) C(6) 59.2(2) C(l) W(l) C ( l l ) 101.2(1) W(l) N(l) C(l) 51.0(1) W(l) C(l) C(2) 86.4(2) C(l) W(l) C(12) 81.4(1) W(l) N(l) C(8) 50.5(1) C(4) C(2) C(7) 88.8(3) C(l) W(l) C(18) 124.7(1) 0(1) N(l) C(l) 130.3(3) W(l) C(l) C(3) 91.2(2) Table A8. continued C(5) C(2) C(6) N(l) C(l) C(2) N(l) C(l) C(3) N(l) C(l) C(7) C(2) C(l) C(3) C(2) C(l) C(7) C(3) C(l) C(7) W(l) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(2) C(3) W(l) C(2) C(4) W(l) C(2) C(5) W(l) C(2) C(6) W(l) C(2) C(7) C(3) C(2) C(5) C(3) C(2) C(6) C(3) C(2) C(7) C(4) C(2) C(5) C(3) C(4) C(7) C(5) C(4) C(6) C(5) C(4) C(7) C(6) C(4) C(7) C(2) C(5) C(3) C(2) C(5) C(4) C(2) C(5) C(6) C(2) C(5) C(7) C(2) C(6) C(3) C(2) C(6) C(4) C(2) C(6) C(5) C(2) C(6) C(7) C(3) C(6) C(4) C(3) C(6) C(5) C(3) C(6) C(7) C(4) C(6) C(5) C(4) C(6) Q7) C(5) C(6) C(7) 29.1(2) 94.9(3) 115.5(2) 72.6(2) 29.4(2) 28.8(2) 58.2(2) 58.9(2) 111.9(3) 119.6(2) 117.9(2) 109.4(2) 95.8(3) 59.5(3) 88.5(3) 118.1(4) 30.2(2) 60.6(3) 29.5(3) 59.3(3) 29.9(2) 30.4(1) 60.1(3) 59.9(3) 30.2(1) 30.7(1) 60.4(2) 91.0(4) 30.2(2) 29.8(2) 60.3(3) 60.8(3) 30.6(3) 90.6(3) 121.1(5) C(9) C(8) C(10) 36.1(2) C(9) C(8) C ( l l ) 71.9(2) C(9) C(8) C(12) 107.6(3) C(9) C(8) C(13) 125.8(4) C(9) C(8) C(14) 28.4(2) C(9) C(8) C(17) 135.2(3) C(10) C(8) C(l l) 35.8(2) C(10) C(8) C(12) 71.5(2) C(10) C(8) C(13) 161.7(3) C(10) C(8) C(14) 64.4(2) C(10) C(8) C(17) 99.3(2) C ( l l ) C(8) C(12) 35.7(2) C ( l l ) C(8) C(13) 162.2(3) C ( l l ) C(8) C(14) 100.2(2) C ( l l ) C(8) C(17) 63.7(2) W(l) C(10) C(9) 68.1(2) W(l) C(10) C(l l) 74.7(2) W(l) C(l) C(7) 80.5(2) C(6) C(2) C(7) 29.6(3) C(l) C(3) C(2) 30.3(2) C(l) C(3) C(4) 150.7(4) C(l) C(3) C(5) 120.4(3) C(l) C(3) C(6) 91.0(2) C(l) C(3) C(7) 61.1(2) C(2) C(3) C(4) 120.5(4) C(2) C(3) C(5) 90.2(3) C(2) C(3) C(6) 60.8(3) C(2) C(3) C(7) 30.9(2) C(4) C(3) C(5) 30.4(3) C(4) C(3) C(6) 59.7(3) C(2) C(4) C(6) 60.3(2) C(2) C(4) C(7) 30.4(1) C(3) C(4) C(5) 119.9(5) C(3) C(4) C(6) 90.5(3) C(l) C(7) C(4) 90.5(2) C(l) C(7) C(5) 120.8(3) C(l) C(7) C(6) 150.0(4) C(2) C(7) C(3) 31.0(2) C(2) C(7) C(4) 60.7(3) C(2) C(7) C(5) 91.1(3) C(2) C(7) C(6) 120.2(5) C(3) C(7) C(4) 29.7(2) W(l) C(8) C(9) 71.8(2) W(l) C(8) C(10) 63.1(1) W(l) C(8) C ( l l ) 64.3(1) W(l) C(8) C(12) 76.5(2) W(l) C(8) C(13) 120.3(3) W(l) C(8) C(14) 86.5(2) W(l) C(8) C(17) 92.9(2) N(l) C(8) C(9) 77.2(2) N(l) C(8) C(10) 89.0(2) N(l) C(8) C ( l l ) 100.3(2) W(l) C(9) C(14) 123.1(3) W(l) C(9) C(15) 92.8(2) C(8) C(9) C(10) 107.6(3) C(8) C(9) C ( l l ) 72.0(2) C(8) C(9) C(12) 36.1(2) C(8) C(9) C(13) 27.8(2) C(8) C(9) CX14) 124.5(4) C(8) C(9) C(15) 135.8(3) C(10) C(9) C ( l l ) 35.6(2) C(10) C(9) C(12) 71.6(2) C(10) C(9) C(13) 135.4(3) C(5) C(2) C(7) 58.7(3) C(l) C(2) C(3) 120.3(4) C(l) C(2) C(4) 149.6(3) C(4) C(3) C(7) 89.7(3) C(5) C(3) C(6) 29.4(2) C(l) C(2) C(5) 176.8(3) C(5) C(3) C(7) 59.3(2) C(l) C(2) C(6) 150.9(4) C(6) C(3) C(7) 30.0(2) C(l) C(2) C(7) 121.4(4) C(2) C(4) C(3) 30.2(2) C(3) C(2) C(4) 29.3(2) C(2) C(4) C(5) 89.8(4) C(3) C(5) C(4) 29.7(2) C(3) C(7) C(5) 60.1(2) C(3) C(5) C(6) 90.3(3) C(3) C(7) C(6) 89.2(4) C(3) C(5) C(7) 60.6(2) C(4) C(7) C(5) 30.4(2) C(4) C(5) C(6) 120.0(4) C(4) C(7) C(6) 59.5(3) C(4) C(5) C(7) 90.3(3) C(5) C(7) C(6) 29.1(3) C(6) C(5) C(7) 29.7(3) W(l) C(8) N(l) 36.43(8) N(l) C(8) C(14) 74.3(1) W(l) C(9) C(12) 62.9(1) C(l) C(7) C(3) 60.8(2) N(l) C(8) C(17) 115.0(2) W(l) C(9) C(13) 84.8(2) N(l) C(8) C(13) 87.4(2) C(l) C(7) C(2) 29.8(2) N(l) C(8) C(12) 109.1(2) C(12) C(8) C(13) 126.5(4) C ( l l ) C(9) C(14) 162.6(3) C(12) C(8) C(14) 135.8(3) C ( l l ) C(9) C(15) 64.0(2) C(12) C(8) C(17) 28.1(2) C(12) C(9) C(13) 63.9(2) C(13) C(8) C(14) 97.4(3) C(12) C(9) C(14) 160.0(3) C(13) C(8) C(17) 98.5(3) C(12) C(9) C(15) 99.8(2) C(14) C(8) C(17) 161.9(2) C(13) C(9) C(14) 96.7(3) W(l) C(9) C(8) 71.8(2) C(10) C(9) C(14) 127.5(4) C(13) C(9) C(15) 162.7(2) C(10) C(9) C(15) 28.6(2) W(l) C(9) C(10) 76.7(2) C ( l l ) C(9) C(12) 36.0(1) C ( l l ) C(9) C(13) 99.8(2) C(12) C(10) C(15) 161.6(3) C(12) C(10) C(16) 63.8(2) C(14) C(9) C(15) 98.9(3) W(l) C(9) C ( l l ) 64.3(1) W(l) C(10) C(8) 58.2(1) C ( l l ) C(10) C(12) 36.4(2) Table A8. continued W(l) C(10) C(12) 61.4(1) W(l) C(10) C(14) 83.6(2) W(l) C(10) C(15) 128.7(3) W(l) C(10) C(16) 90.5(2) W(l) C(10) C(18) 46.58(9) C(8) C(10) C(9) 36.3(2) C(8) C(10) C(ll) 72.4(2) C(8) C(10) C(12) 36.0(1) C(8) C(10) C(14) 63.2(2) C(8) C(10) C(15) 159.9(3) C(8) C(10) C(16) 99.9(2) C(8) C(10) C(18) 103.0(2) C(9) C(10) C(ll) 108.7(3) C(9) C(10) C(12) 72.3(2) C(9) C(10) C(14) 27.0(2) C(9) C(10) C(15) 124.5(4) C(9) C(10) C(16) 136.2(3) C(9) C(10) C(18) 96.2(2) C(10) C(ll) C(17) 134.8(3) C(12) C(ll) C(15) 134.5(3) C(12) C(ll) C(16) 125.9(4) C(12) C(ll) C(17) 28.0(2) C(15) C(ll) C(16) 98.9(3) C(15) C(ll) C(17) 160.1(2) C(16) C(ll) C(17) 98.0(3) W(l) C(12) C(8) 68.3(2) W(l) C(12) C(9) 58.3(1) W(l) C(12) C(10) 61.6(1) W(l) C(12) C(ll) 74.8(2) W(l) C(12) C(13) 82.7(2) W(l) C(12) C(16) 90.6(2) W(l) C(12) C(17) 129.6(3) C(9) C(12) C(10) 36.1(1) C(9) C(12) C(ll) 72.3(2) C(8) C(17) C(12) 26.5(2) C(ll) C(17) C(12) 26.5(2) W(l) C(18) C(10) 53.3(1) W(l) C(18) C(19) 128.2(3) W(l) C(18) C(24) 99.1(2) C(10) C(18) C(19) 120.0(3) C(10) C(18) C(20) 128.2(2) C(10) C(18) C(21) 125.1(2) C(10) C(18) C(22) 111.9(2) C(10) C(18) C(23) 95.3(2) C(10) C(18) C(24) 104.9(2) C(19) C(18) C(20) 30.3(2) C(19) C(18) C(21) 59.3(2) C(19) C(18) C(22) 88.8(2) C(19) C(18) C(23) 116.3(3) C(19) C(18) C(24) 29.1(2) C(20) C(18) C(21) 29.1(1) C(20) C(18) C(22) 58.6(2) C(20) C(18) C(23) 86.1(2) C(12) C(10) C(18) 104.7(2) C(14) C(10) C(15) 97.6(3) C(14) C(10) C(16) 162.6(2) C(14) C(10) C(18) 92.7(2) C(15) C(10) C(16) 98.9(3) C(15) C(10) C(18) 82.2(2) C(16) C(10) C(18) 95.0(2) W(l) C(ll) C(8) 57.5(1) W(l) C(ll) C(9) 57.5(1) W(l) C(ll) C(10) 71.2(2) W(l) C(ll) C(12) 71.0(2) W(l) C(ll) C(15) 88.9(2) W(l) C(ll) C(16) 127.1(3) W(l) C(ll) C(17) 89.3(2) C(8) C(ll) C(9) 36.1(1) C(8) C(ll) C(10) 71.7(2) C(8) C(ll) C(12) 35.6(2) C(8) C(ll) C(15) 99.1(2) C(10) C(12) C(13) 99.9(2) C(10) C(12) C(16) 63.9(2) C(10) C(12) C(17) 160.3(3) C(ll) C(12) C(13) 136.2(3) C(ll) C(12) C(16) 27.7(2) C(ll) C(12) C(17) 125.4(4) C(13) C(12) C(16) 163.7(2) C(13) C(12) C(17) 97.9(3) C(16) C(12) C(17) 97.8(3) C(8) C(13) C(9) 26.4(2) C(8) C(13) C(12) 25.9(2) C(9) C(13) C(12) 52.3(1) C(8) C(14) C(9) 27.1(2) C(8) C(14) C(10) 52.5(1) C(ll) C(16) C(12) 26.3(2) C(8) C(17) C(ll) 52.9(1) C(21) C(18) C(24) 88.4(2) C(22) C(18) C(23) 27.5(2) C(22) C(18) C(24) 117.9(2) C(23) C(18) C(24) 145.4(3) C(18) C(19) C(24) 123.3(3) C(20) C(19) C(21) 28.5(2) C(20) C(19) C(22) 58.1(2) C(20) C(19) C(23) 87.5(3) C(20) C(19) C(24) 117.5(4) C(21) C(19) C(22) 29.6(1) C(21) C(19) C(23) 59.0(2) C(21) C(19) C(24) 146.0(3) C(22) C(19) C(23) 29.4(1) C(22) C(19) C(24) 175.6(3) C(23) C(19) C(24) 155.0(3) C(18) C(20) C(19) 30.6(2) C(18) C(20) C(21) 91.9(3) C(18) C(20) C(22) 61.6(2) C(18) C(20) C(23) 31.0(1) C(8) C(ll) C(16) 161.5(3) C(ll) C(10) C(14) 135.5(3) C(8) C(ll) C(17) 63.5(2) C(9) C(ll) C(10) 35.7(2) C(ll) C(10) C(15) 126.3(4) C(ll) C(10) C(16) 27.5(2) (9) C(ll) C(12) 71.7(2) C(ll) G(10) C(18) 99.4(2) C(9) C(ll) C(15) 63.2(2) C(12) C(10) C(14) 99.1(2) C(9) C(ll) C(16) 162.1(3) C(9) C(12) C(13) 63.8(2) C(9) C(ll) C(17) 99.4(2) C(10) C(ll) C(12) 107.4(3) C(9) C(12) C(16) 100.0(2) C(10) C(ll) C(15) 27.7(2) C(9) C(12) C(17) 160.5(3) C(10) C(ll) C(16) 126.5(4) C(10) C(12) C(ll) 36.3(2) C(9) C(14) C(10) 25.6(2) C(8) C(12) C(9) 36.3(2) C(8) C(12) C(10) 72.4(2) C(9) C(15) C(10) 26.9(2) C(8) C(12) C(ll) 108.7(3) C(9) C(15) C(ll) 52.8(1) C(8) C(12) C(13) 27.5(2) C(10) C(15) C(ll) 26.0(2) C(8) C(12) C(16) 136.3(3) C(10) C(16) C(ll) 26.0(2) C(8) C(12) C(17) 125.3(4) C(10) C(16) C(12) 52.3(1) W(l) C(18) C(20) 158.4(2) C(18) C(19) C(20) 119.1(3) W(l) C(18) C(21) 172.5(2) C(18) C(19) C(21) 90.7(3) W(l) C(18) C(22) 143.0(2) C(18) C(19) C(22) 61.1(2) W(l) C(18) C(23) 115.5(3) C(18) C(19) C(23) 31.7(2) C(22) C(20) C(23) 30.6(1) C(19) C(22) C(25) 178.5(3) C(22) C(20) C(24) 124.5(2) C(20) C(22) C(21) 29.9(2) C(23) C(20) C(24) 93.9(2) C(20) C(22) C(23) 87.8(3) C(18) C(21) C(19) 30.0(1) C(20) C(22) C(25) 151.8(3) C(18) C(21) C(20) 59.1(2) C(21) C(22) C(23) 117.6(4) C(18) C(21) C(22) 60.8(2) C(21) C(22) C(25) 121.9(4) C(18) C(21) C(23) 29.7(1) C(23) C(22) C(25) 120.5(4) 235 Table A8. continued C(20) C(18) C(24) 59.4(2) C(21) C(18) C(22) 29.5(1) C(21) C(18) C(23) 57.0(2) C(19) C(20) C(23) 61.6(2) C(19) C(20) C(24) 32.3(2) C(21) C(20) C(22) 30.3(2) C(21) C(20) C(23) 60.9(2) C(21) C(20) C(24) 154.8(3) C(18) C(21) C(25) 91.0(2) C(19) C(21) C(20) 29.1(2) C(19) C(21) C(22) 90.8(2) C(19) C(21) C(23) 59.7(2) C(19) C(21) C(25) 121.0(2) C(20) C(21) C(22) 119.8(3) C(20) C(21) C(23) 88.7(3) C(20) C(21) C(25) 150.1(3) C(22) C(21) C(23) 31.1(2) C(18) C(20) C(24) 62.9(2) C(19) C(20) C(21) 122.5(4) C(19) C(20) C(22) 92.2(3) C(18) C(22) C(23) 27.9(2) C(18) C(22) C(25) 148.4(3) C(19) C(22) C(20) 29.8(1) C(19) C(22) C(21) 59.6(2) C(19) C(22) C(23) 58.0(2) C(18) C(23) C(19) 32.0(2) C(18) C(23) C(20) 62.9(2) C(18) C(23) C(21) 93.3(3) C(18) C(23) C(22) 124.6(4) C(18) C(23) C(25) 155.6(3) C(19) C(23) C(20) 31.0(1) C(19) C(23) C(21) 61.3(2) C(19) C(23) C(22) 92.6(3) C(19) C(23) C(25) 123.7(2) C(22) C(21) C(25) 30.2(2) C(20) C(23) C(21) 30.4(1) C(23) C(21) C(25) 61.3(2) C(20) C(23) C(22) 61.6(2) (18) C(22) C(19) 30.1(1) C(20) C(23) C(25) 92.7(2) C(18) C(22) C(20) 59.9(2) C(21) C(23) C(22) 31.3(2) C(18) C(22) C(21) 89.7(3) C(21) C(23) C(25) 62.4(2) C(22) C(23) C(25) 31.1(2) C(18) C(24) C(19) 27.6(2) C(18) C(24) C(20) 57.7(2) C(19) C(24) C(20) 30.2(2) C(21) C(25) C(22) 27.8(2) C(21) C(25) C(23) 56.3(2) C(22) C(25) C(23) 28.4(2) Table A9. Select Dihedral Angles (\u00C2\u00B0) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.12 (1) (2) (3) (4) angle W(l) N(l) C(l) C(2) 78.1(2) W(l) C(l) C(2) C(3) -98.7(4) W(1)C(12)C(11)C(8) -60.2(3) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(l) -101(2) N(l) C(l) C(2) C(4) -134.3(5) N(1)W(1)C(18)C(21) 154(1) N(l) W(l) C(18)C(23) 157.9(3) C(l) W(l) C(8) C(13) 62.2(3) C(l) W(l) C(18)C(19) -119.4(3) C(l) W(l) C(18)C(20) -119.2(5) C(2) W(l) C(18)C(19) -120.5(3) C(2) W(l) C(18)C(22) 59.9(3) C(2) W(l) C(18)C(23) 60.7(3) C(8) W(l) C(9) C(10) -113.9(3) C(8) C(9) C(12)C(10) 179.9(4) (1) (2) (3) (4) angle W(1)C(1)N(1)0(1) 166.3(4) W(l) C(8) N(l) 0(1) 179.3(3) W(l) C(18)C(23)C(19) 179.0(5) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(18) 133(2) N(l) W(l) C(18)C(19) -23.3(4) N(l) W(l) C(18)C(22) 157.1(3) C(l) W(l) C(8) C(9) -176.5(2) C(l) W(l) C(18)C(23) 61.7(3) C(l) C(2) C(3) C(4) 177.6(4) C(2) W(l) C(9) C(13) 70.4(5) C(2) W(l) C(10)C(8) 118.4(2) C(2) W(l) C(10)C(9) 157.8(2) C(6) C(2) C(3) C(7) -0.6(3) C(8) W(l) C(18)C(19) 80.1(4) C(18)C(19)C(20)C(21) -0.5(6) 2 3 6 Table A 1 0 . Fractional Atomic Coordinates in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.12 atom B(eq) atom B(eq) W(l) N(l) C(2) C(4) C(6) C(8) C(10) C(12) C(14) C(16) C(18) C(20) C(22) C(24) H(l) H(3) H(5) H(7) H(9) H ( l l ) H(13) H(15) H(17) H(19) H(21) 0.18170(1) 0.27926(1) 0.177641(7) 0.851(4) 0(1) 0.1930(4) 0.5879(4) 0.0383(2) 2.42(7) 0.1826(4) -0.1011(5) -0.1382(6) -0.0903(6) 0.2659(5) 0.4060(5) 0.1772(5) 0.5441(5) 0.2136(6) 0.2965(4) 0.4614(5) 0.3250(5) 0.4484(5) -0.1300 -0.1383 -0.1174 -0.0612 0.2246 0.6283 0.4995 0.6415 0.2032 0.2978 0.0665 0.4709(4) 0.3654(5) 0.2873(7) 0.5552(8) 0.1326(5) 0.0394(5) 0.0313(5) 0.2166(6) -0.1387(5) 0.3181(5) 0.4340(5) 0.2271(5) 0.5378(5) 0.4117 0.1387 0.4639 0.6035 0.1244 0.2051 0.3347 -0.0707 -0.0854 -0.2411 -0.0933 0.1013(2) 0.2603(3) 0.4207(3) 0.3469(4) 0.0697(2) 0.1930(2) 0.1369(2) 0.0518(3) 0.2984(3) 0.2811(2) 0.3486(3) 0.4413(2) 0.1872(3) 0.1276 0.3397 0.4818 0.2108 -0.0532 0.0898 0.0276 0.2209 0.3482 0.3082 0.0794 1.27(6) 1.54(8) 3.1(1) 3.6(1) 1.33(7) 1.50(8) 1.41(8) 2.24(9) 2.6(1) 1.13(7) 1.74(8) 1.48(7) 1.99(9) 1.9834 2.4920 5.0885 2.9200 2.8453 2.6796 2.6796 3.0232 3.3254 3.3254 3.2767 C(l) C(3) C(5) C(7) C(9) C ( l l ) C(13) C(15) C(17) C(19) C(21) C(23) C(25) H(2) H(4) H(6) H(8) H(10) H(12) H(14) H(16) H(18) H(20) H(22) -0.0835(5) -0.1275(5) -0.1161(6) -0.0810(5) 0.4087(5) 0.2615(5) 0.2243(6) 0.5448(6) 0.0336(6) 0.4001(5) 0.4239(5) 0.2656(5) 0.2821(6) -0.1233 -0.1631 -0.0761 0.3057 0.1151 0.5937 0.5116 0.5682 0.1081 -0.0552 -0.0061 0.3216(5) 0.2484(6) 0.4419(9) 0.5198(6) 0.1380(5) -0.0236(5) 0.2114(6) -0.0059(6) -0.0283(6) 0.4276(5) 0.3385(5) 0.2197(5) 0.1184(6) 0.1779 0.4755 0.2231 0.2065 0.6621 0.2735 0.2852 0.1632 -0.0734 0.0935 -0.1620 0.0683 -0.0949 0.1758(3) 0.3403(3) 0.4235(4) 0.2653(3) 0.1047(2) 0.2140(3) -0.0233(3) 0.2491(3) 0.1243(3) 0.2729(2) 0.4312(3) 0.3662(2) 0.5299(3) 1.9834 1.68(8) 1.97(9) 4.0(1) 2.30(9) 1.26(7) 1.49(7) 2.29(9) 2.5(1) 2.7(1) 1.41(7) 1.86(9) 1.32(7) 2.34(9) 0.3500 -0.0557 -0.0221 0.0030 0.3075 0.2568 0.2964 0.1042 0.1801 3.6347 4.2038 2.8453 2.8453 2.6796 3.0232 3.0232 3.3254 3.2767 3.2767 Table A l l . Bond Distances (A) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.14 atom atom distance atom atom distance atom atom distance atom atom distance W(l) N(l) 1.764(3) C(6) C(9) 1.525(7) C(l) C(2) 1.467(6) C(17) C(22) 1.499(6) W(l) C(l) 2.181(4) C(10) C ( l l ) 1.500(6) C(2) C(3) 1.405(6) C(18) C(19) 1.432(6) W(l) C(2) 2.491(4) C ( l l ) C(12) 1.389(6) C(2) C(7) 1.391(6) C(18) C(23) 1.494(6) W(l) C(10) 2.225(4) C ( l l ) C(16) 1.392(6) C(3) C(4) 1.394(6) C(19) C(20) 1.410(6) W(l) C(17) 2.310(4) C(12) C(13) 1.385(7) C(4) C(5) 1.398(7) C(19) C(24) 1.517(6) W(l) C(18) 2.377(4) C(13) C(14) 1.382(8) C(4) C(8) 1.505(6) C(20) C(21) 1.434(6) W(l) C(19) 2.435(4) C(14) C(15) 1.380(8) C(5) C(6) 1.390(7) C(20) C(25) 1.489(6) W(l) C(20) 2.418(4) C(15) C(16) 1.385(7) 0(1) N(l) 1.231(5) C(17) C(21) 1.426(6) W(l) C(21) 2.313(4) C(17) C(18) 1.418(6) C(6) C(7) 1.388(6) C(21) C(26) 1.508(6) 237 Table A12. Bond Angles (\u00C2\u00B0) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.14 atom atom atom angle atom atom atom angle atom atom atom angle 0 N(l) W(l) C(l) 94.0(2) N(l) W(l) C(2) 94.0(1) N(l) W(l) C(10) 94.9(2) N(l) W(l) C(19) 145.7(2) N(l) W(l) C(20) 138.1(2) C(l) W(l) C(2) 35.8(1) C(l) W(l) C(10) 124.0(1) C(l) W(l) C(17) 108.6(2) C(l) W(l) C(19) 87.5(2) C(l) W(l) C(20) 120.2(2) C(2) W(l) C(10) 88.4(1) C(2) W(l) C(17) 144.4(1) C(2) W(l) C(19) 106.5(1) C(2) W(l) C(20) 127.9(1) C(10) W(l) C(17) 126.7(1) C(10) W(l) C(18) 143.3(1) C(10) W(l) C(19) 112.5(1) C(10) W(l) C(20) 85.7(1) C(10) W(l) C(21) 92.0(1) C(2) C(7) C(6) 121.6(4) W(l) C(10) C ( l l ) 120.1(3) C(10) C ( l l ) C(12) 122.0(4) C(10) C ( l l ) C(16) 120.9(4) C(12) C ( l l ) C(16) 117.0(4) C ( l l ) C(12) C(13) 122.0(4) C(12) C(13) C(14) 119.2(4) C(13) C(14) C(15) 120.7(5) C(14) C(15) C(16) 118.9(5) C ( l l ) C(16) C(15) 122.2(4) W(l) C(17) C(18) 75.0(2) W(l) C(17) C(21) 72.1(2) C(17) W(l) C(18) 35.2(1) C(17) W(l) C(19) 57.9(1) C(17) W(l) C(20) 58.5(1) C(18) W(l) C(20) 57.6(1) C(18) W(l) C(21) 58.8(1) C(19) W(l) C(21) 57.8(1) C(20) W(l) C(21) 35.2(1) W(l) N(l) 0(1) 170.4(3) W(l) C(2) C(l) 60.5(2) W(l) C(2) C(3) 95.6(2) C(l) C(2) C(3) 119.0(4) C(l) C(2) C(7) 121.9(4) C(2) C(3) C(4) 120.8(4) C(3) C(4) C(5) 118.8(4) C(5) C(4) C(8) 120.3(4) C(4) C(5) C(6) 121.2(4) C(5) C(6) C(7) 118.9(4) C(5) C(6) C(9) 120.4(4) C(7) C(6) C(9) 120.7(4) C(18) C(19) C(24) 124.5(4) C(20) C(19) C(24) 126.6(4) W(l) C(20) C(19) 73.8(2) W(l) C(20) C(21) 68.4(2) W(l) C(20) C(25) 127.9(3) C(19) C(20) C(21) 107.7(4) C(19) C(20) C(25) 125.5(4) C(21) C(20) C(25) 126.5(4) W(l) C(21) C(17) 71.9(2) W(l) C(21) C(20) 76.4(2) W(l) C(21) C(26) 125.9(3) C(17) C(21) C(20) 107.8(4) N(l) W(l) C(17) 89.5(2) C(17) W(l) C(21) 35.9(1) N(l) W(l) C(18) 112.0(2) C(18) W(l) C(19) 34.6(1) N(l) W(l) C(21) 103.0(2) C(19) W(l) C(20) 33.8(1) C(l) W(l) C(18) 80.0(2) W(l) C(l) C(2) 83.7(2) C(l) W(l) C(21) 138.8(2) W(l) C(2) C(7) 107.1(3) C(2) W(l) C(18) 113.0(1) C(3) C(2) C(7) 118.6(4) C(2) W(l) C(21) 162.9(1) C(3) C(4) C(8) 120.8(4) C(18) C(17) C(22) 126.8(4) C(21) C(17) C(22) 124.9(4) W(l) C(18) C(17) 69.8(2) W(l) C(18) C(19) 74.9(2) W(l) C(18) C(23) 127.1(3) C(17) C(18) C(19) 107.6(4) C(19) C(18) C(23) 126.7(4) C(17) C(18) C(23) 125.2(4) W(l) C(19) C(18) 70.5(2) W(l) C(19) C(24) 126.8(3) W(l) C(19) C(20) 72.4(2) C(18) C(19) C(20) 108.7(4) C(18) C(17) C(21) 108.2(4) C(17) C(21) C(26) 124.2(4) C(20) C(21) C(26) 127.0(4) W(l) C(17) C(22) 121.3(3) Table A13. Dihedral Angles (\u00C2\u00B0) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.14 (1) (2) (3) (4) angle (1) (2) (3) (4) angle (1) (2) (3) (4) angle W(l) C(l) C(2) C(3) -79.3(3) 0(1) N(l) W(1)C(1) -110(2) N(l) W(l) C(21)C(20) 175.2(3) W(l) C(l) C(2) C(7) 92.6(4) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(2) -146(2) C(l) C(2) C(3) C(4) 173.4(4) W(l) C(2) C(3) C(4) 114.2(4) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(10) 126(2) N(l) W(l) C(21)C(26) 49.1(4) W(l) C(2) C(7) C(6) -107.4(4) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(17) -1(2) C(l) C(2) C(7) C(6) -172.9(4) W(1)C(10)C(11)C(12)-123.4(4) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(18) -29(2) C(l) W(l) C(2) C(3) 120.3(4) W(1)C(10)C(11)C(16) 60.1(5) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(19) -18(2) C(2) W(l) C(10)C(11)-142.9(3) W(l) C(17)C(18)C(19) -66.0(3) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(20) 37(2) C(l) W(l) C(2) C(7) -117.5(4) W(1)C(17)C(18)C(23) 121.9(4) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(21) 32(2) C(2) W(l) C(17)C(18) -35.3(3) W(l) C(17)C(21)C(20) 68.6(3) N(l) W(l) C(l) C(2) -91.3(3) C(l) W(l) C(10)C(11)-147.2(3) W(1)C(17)C(21)C(26)-121.5(4) N(l) W(l) C(2) C(l) 91.3(3) C(2) W(l) C(17)C(21)-150.5(3) W(1)C(18)C(17)C(21) 65.0(3) N(l) W(l) C(2) C(3) -148.4(3) C(l) W(l) C(17)C(18) -37.4(3) W(1)C(18)C(17)C(22)-118.2(4) N(l) W(l) C(2) C(7) -26.2(3) C(2) W(l) C(17)C(22) 89.0(4) 238 Table A13. continued 133.2(3) -106.6(4) 41.4(4) -72.9(3) 161.0(3) -173.9(3) -3.4(4) W(l) C(18)C(19)C(20) -62.7(3) W(l) C(18)C(19)C(24) 121.8(4) W(l) C(19)C(18)C(17) 62.6(3) W(l) C(19)C(18)C(23) -125.4(4) W(l) C(19)C(20)C(21) -60.4(3) W(l) C(19)C(20)C(25) 125.4(4) W(l) C(20)C(19)C(18) 61.5(3) W(l) C(20)C(19)C(24) -123.2(4) W(l) C(20)C(21)C(17) -65.6(3) W(l) C(20)C(21)C(26) 124.9(4) W(1)C(21)C(17)C(18) -66.9(3) W(1)C(21)C(17)C(22) 116.2(4) W(1)C(21)C(20)C(19) 63.8(3) W(l) C(21)C(20)C(25) -122.0(4) C(l) W(l) C(19)C(24) -43.1(4) C(1)W(1)C(20)C(19) 16.2(3) C(1)W(1)C(20)C(21) C(l) W(l) C(20)C(25) C(l) W(l) C(21)C(17) C(l) W(l) C(21)C(20) C(l) W(l) C(21)C(26) C(l) C(2) W(l) C(10) C(l) C(2) W(l) C(17) C(l) C(2) W(l) C(18) -24.6(3) C(l) C(2) W(l) C(19) -60.8(3) C(l) C(2) W(l) C(20) -90.5(3) C(1)C(2) W(1)C(21) -82.4(5) C(3)C(2) W(1)C(21) 37.9(6) C(3) C(2) C(7) C(6) -1.0(6) C(3) C(4) C(5) C(6) 0.5(6) C(4) C(3) C(2) C(7) C(4)C(5)C(6)C(7) C(4)C(5)C(6)C(9) C(6)C(5)C(4)C(8) C(7) C(2) W(l) C(19) -178.3(3) C(7) C(2) W(l) C(20) 152.0(3) C(10)W(1)C(17)C(18) 132.8(2) C(10)W(1) C(17)C(21) C(10)W(1) C(17)C(22) C(10)W(1) C(18)C(17) C(10)W(1) C(18)C(19) C(10)W(1) C(18)C(23) C(17)W(1) C(19)C(24) C(17)W(1) C(20)C(19) C(17)W(1) C(20)C(21) C(17)W(1)C(20)C(25) C(17)W(1)C(21)C(20) C(17)W(1) C(21)C(26) 119.6(5) C(17)C(18)W(1) C(19) -115.6(3) C(17)C(18)W(1) C(20) C(17)C(18)W(1) C(21) C(17)C(18)C(19)C(20) C(17)C(18)C(19)C(24) 1.3(6) -0.1(7) -177.4(4) 177.6(4) 17.5(3) -103.0(4) -80.3(3) 35.3(4) 160.3(3) -156.9(5) -78.2(3) 38.9(2) 159.1(5) -114.3(4) -80.0(3) -38.4(2) -0.1(5) -175.6(4) N(l) W(1)C(10)C(11) -49.1(3) N(l) W(l) C(17)C(18) -131.5(2) N(l) W(l) C(17)C(21) 113.3(3) N(l) W(l) C(17)C(22) -7.2(4) N(l) W(l) C(18)C(17) 53.9(3) N(l) W(l) C(18)C(19) 169.5(2) N(l) W(l) C(18)C(23) -65.5(4) N(l) W(l) C(19)C(18) -17.4(4) N(l) W(l) C(19)C(20) 100.5(3) N(l) W(l) C(19)C(24) -136.5(4) N(l) W(l) C(20)C(19) -124.0(3) N(l) W(l) C(20)C(21) -6.9(4) N(l) W(l) C(20)C(25) 113.3(4) N(l) W(l) C(21)C(17) -70.5(3) C(2) W(l) C(20)C(21) 175.8(2) C(2) W(l) C(20)C(25) -64.0(5) C(2) W(l) C(21)C(17) 103.0(5) C(2)W(1)C(21)C(20) -11.2(6) C(2) W(l) C(21)C(26) -137.4(5) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(10) 7.4(3) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(17) 177.9(2) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(18) 157.1(3) C(2)C(1) W(1)C(19) 123.1(3) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(20) 114.1(2) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(21) 153.7(2) C(2) C(3) C(4) C(5) -1.0(6) C(2) C(3) C(4) C(8) -178.1(4) C(10)W(1) C(21)C(20) 79.7(3) C(10)W(1) C(21)C(26) -46.4(4) C(10)C(11)C(12)C(13) -176.9(5) C(10)C(11)C(16)C(15) 177.7(4) C(11)C(10)W(1)C(17) 44.0(4) C(11)C(10)W(1)C(18) 89.1(4) C(11)C(10)W(1)C(19) 109.9(3) C(11)C(16)C(15)C(14) -0.5(8) C(12)C(11)C(16)C(15) 1.0(7) C(13)C(12)C(11)C(16) -0.3(7) C(13)C(14)C(15)C(16) -0.8(9) C(17)W(1) C(18)C(19) 115.6(3) C(17)W(1) C(18)C(23) -119.5(5) C(17)W(1) C(19)C(18) -37.9(2) C(17)W(1) C(19)C(20) 80.1(3) C(18)C(17)W(1) C(20) 77.2(3) C(18)C(17)W(1) C(21) 115.2(3) C(18)C(17)C(21)C(20) 1.7(5) C(18)C(17)C(21)C(26) 171.6(4) C(18)C(19)W(1) C(20) -118.0(4) C(18)C(19)W(1) C(21) -80.6(3) C(18)C(19)C(20)C(21) 1.1(5) C(18)C(19)C(20)C(25) -173.1(4) C(19)W(1) C(17)C(21) -78.0(3) C(19)W(1) C(17)C(22) 161.4(4) C(19)W(1) C(18)C(23) 125.0(5) C(l) W(l) C(17)C(21) -152.6(2) C(2) W(l) C(18)C(17) 158.6(2) C(l) W(l) C(17)C(22) 86.8(4) C(2) W(l) C(18)C(19) -85.9(3) C(l) W(l) C(18)C(17) 144.2(3) C(2) W(l) C(18)C(23) 39.1(4) C(l) W(l) C(18)C(19) -100.2(3) C(2) W(l) C(19)C(18) 106.7(3) C(l) W(l) C(18)C(23) 24.8(4) C(2) W(l) C(19)C(20) -135.3(2) C(l) W(l) C(19)C(18) 76.0(3) C(2) W(l) C(19)C(24) -12.4(4) C(l) W(l) C(19)C(20) -166.1(3) C(2) W(l) C(20)C(19) 58.8(3) C(2) C(7) C(6) C(5) 0.4(7) C(10)W(1) C(19)C(18) -158.0(2) C(2) C(7) C(6) C(9) 177.7(4) C(10)W(1) C(19)C(20) -40.1(3) C(3) C(2) W(l) C(10) -53.6(3) C(10)W(1) C(19)C(24) 82.9(4) C(3) C(2) W(l) Q17) 116.9(3) C(10)W(1) C(20)C(19) 143.4(3) C(3) C(2) W(l) C(18) 95.7(3) C(10)W(1) C(20)C(21) -99.5(3) C(3) C(2) W(l) C(19) 59.5(3) C(10)W(1) C(20)C(25) 20.7(4) C(3) C(2) W(l) C(20) 29.8(3) C(10)W(1) C(21)C(17) -166.0(2) C(7) C(2) W(l) C(10) 68.6(3) C(11)C(10)W(1)C(20) 88.9(3) C(11)C(10)W(1)C(21) 54.2(3) C(7) C(2) W(l) C(17) -120.9(3) C(7) C(2) W(l) C(18) -142.1(3) C(11)C(12)C(13)C(14) -0.9(9) C(7) C(2) W(l) C(21) 160.2(4) C(12)C(13)C(14)C(15) 1.5(9) C(18)W(1) C(17)C(21) -115.2(3) C(19)C(18)W(1)C(21) 77.2(3) C(18)W(1)C(17)C(22) 124.2(4) C(18)W(1) C(19)C(20) 118.0(4) C(19)C(18)C(17)C(21) -1.0(5) C(19)C(18)C(17)C(22) 175.8(4) C(18)W(1) qi9)C(24) -119.1(5) C(19)C(20)W(1) C(21) -117.1(4) C(20)C(19)W(1)C(21) 37.4(2) C(20)C(19)C(18)C(23) 171.9(4) C(20)C(21)C(17)C(22) -175.2(4) C(21)W(1) C(17)C(22) -120.5(5) C(21)W(1) C(18)C(23) -157.8(4) C(21)W(1) C(19)C(24) 160.3(4) C(21)W(1) C(20)C(25) 120.2(5) C(21)C(17)C(18)C(23) -173.1(4) C(21)C(20)C(19)C(24) 176.5(4) 239 Table A13. continued C(17)C(21)W(1) C(18) 37.5(2) C(17)C(21)W(1) C(19) 78.4(3) C(17)C(21)W(1) C(20) 114.3(4) C(17)C(21)C(20)C(19) -1.7(5) C(17)C(21)C(20)C(25) 172.5(4) C(18)W(1) C(20)C(19) -36.4(2) C(18)W(1) C(20)C(21) 80.6(3) C(18)W(1) C(20)C(25) -159.2(5) C(18)W(1)C(21)C(20) -76.7(3) C(19)W(1) C(20)C(21) 117.1(4) C(19)W(1) C(20)C(25) -122.7(5) C(19)W(1)C(21)C(20) -35.8(2) C(19)W(1) C(21)C(26) -162.0(4) C(19)C(18)W(1) C(20) 35.6(2) C(19)C(20)C(21)C(26) -171.3(4) C(20)W(1) C(17)C(21) -38.0(2) C(20)W(1) C(17)C(22) -158.6(4) C(20)W(1) C(18)C(23) 160.5(5) C(22)C(17)C(18)C(23) 3.7(7) C(22)C(17)C(21)C(26) -5.3(7) C(23)C(18)C(19)C(24) -3.6(7) C(24)C(19)C(20)C(25) 2.2(7) C(25)C(20)C(21)C(26) 3.0(7) C(20)W(1) C(21)C(26) -126.1(5) C(18)C(17)W(1) C(19) 37.2(2) C(20)W(1) C(19)C(24) 122.9(5) C(18)W(1) C(21)C(26) 157.1(4) Table A14. Fractional Atomic Coordinates in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 2.14 atom x y z B(eq) atom x y z B(eq) W(l) 0.69108(2) 0.374242(5) 0.17644(1) 0.809(4) H(l) 0.7341 0.4106 -0.0754 1.6577 0(1) 1.0037(4) 0.3335(1) 0.1614(4) 2.53(8) H(2) 0.5609 0.4255 -0.0626 1.6577 N(l) 0.8812(4) 0.3542(1) 0.1708(4) 1.18(7) H(3) 0.5197 0.4753 0.1420 1.8079 C(l) 0.6683(5) 0.4200(2) -0.0103(4) 1.40(8) H(4) 0.8939 0.5472 0.3819 2.1934 C(2) 0.7321(5) 0.4585(1) 0.0908(4) 1.21(8) H(5) 0.9623 0.4513 0.0778 1.6964 C(3) 0.6323(5) 0.4822(1) 0.1651(5) 1.47(8) H(6) 0.5934 0.5754 0.3475 2.9202 C(4) 0.6911(6) 0.5154(2) 0.2721(5) 1.75(9) H(7) 0.4768 0.5295 0.3168 2.9202 C(5) 0.8520(6) 0.5242(2) 0.3060(5) 1.81(9) H(8) 0.6157 0.5296 0.4530 2.9202 C(6) 0.9529(5) 0.5009(2) 0.2346(5) 1.72(8) H(9) 1.1668 0.4992 0.3742 3.3592 C(7) 0.8916(5) 0.4682(2) 0.1280(4) 1.39(8) H(10) 1.1817 0.4907 0.2154 3.3592 C(8) 0.5847(6) 0.5395(2) 0.3546(5) 2.4(1) H(ll) 1.1504 0.5447 0.2681 3.3592 C(9) 1.1287(6) 0.5094(2) 0.2774(6) 2.8(1) H(12) 0:8171 0.4331 0.3902 1.3378 C(10) 0.7563(5) 0.4030(1) 0.3944(4) 1.12(7) H(13) 0.6587 0.4113 0.4226 1.3378 C(ll) 0.8498(5) 0.3717(1) 0.5087(4) 1.19(8) H(14) 0.6933 0.3718 0.6384 2.3509 C(12) 0.7972(6) 0.3604(2) 0.6295(5) 1.97(9) H(15) 0.8478 0.3262 0.8225 3.2982 C(13) 0.8868(6) 0.3335(2) 0.7378(5) 2.8(1) H(16) 1.0954 0.2973 0.8001 3.6602 C(14) 1.0322(7) 0.3168(2) 0.7249(6) 3.0(1) H(17) 1.1935 0.3162 0.5992 3.1782 C(15) 1.0896(6) 0.3277(2) 0.6073(5) 2.7(1) H(18) 1.0391 0.3631 0.4175 1.8464 C(16) 0.9982(5) 0.3551(2) 0.5011(5) 1.58(8) H(19) 0.6658 0.2255 0.0910 2.0772 C(17) 0.5968(5) 0.2966(1) 0.1090(4) 1.15(7) H(20) 0.6923 0.2599 -0.0349 2.0772 C(18) 0.4961(5) 0.3294(2) 0.0191(4) 1.21(8) H(21) 0.8080 0.2637 0.1155 2.0772 C(19) 0.4125(5) 0.3572(2) 0.1038(5) 1.40(8) H(22) 0.3931 0.3550 -0.1752 2.6244 C(20) 0.4607(5) 0.3419(2) 0.2443(5) 1.43(8) H(23) 0.5664 0.3347 -0.1666 2.6244 C(21) 0.5779(5) 0.3047(1) 0.2488(4) 1.37(8) H(24) 0.4248 0.2970 -0.1724 2.6244 C(22) 0.6995(5) 0.2580(2) 0.0664(5) 1.72(9) H(25) 0.2458 0.4084 0.1258 2.8700 C(23) 0.4677(6) 0.3291(2) -0.1372(5) 2.2(1) H(26) 0.3265 0.4201 -0.0031 2.8700 C(24) 0.2844(5) 0.3940(2) 0.0471(6) 2.4(1) H(27) 0.1987 0.3773 \u00E2\u0080\u00A2O.0162 2.8700 C(25) 0.3901(6) 0.3580(2) 0.3628(6) 2.6(1) H(28) 0.3995 0.3936 0.3737 3.0709 C(26) 0.6486(6) 0.2727(2) 0.3720(5) 2.1(1) H(29) 0.2796 0.3485 0.3437 3.0709 H(30) 0.4451 0.3418 0.4493 3.0709 H(32) 0.6110 0.2390 0.3543 2.5166 H(31) 0.6183 0.2854 0.4565 2.5166 H(33) 0.7627 0.2735 0.3852 2.5166 240 Table A15. Bond Distances (A) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 5.10 atom atom distance W(l) N(l) 1.762(3) W(l) C(l) 2.186(3) W(l) C(7) 2.218(4) W(l) C(8) 2.363(4) W(l) C(12) 2.306(3) W(l) C(13) 2.398(3) W(l) C(15) 2.389(3) W(l) C(16) 2.306(3) C(7) H(6) 1.06(4) atom atom distance C(5) C(6) 1.401(6) C(7) C(8) 1.439(6) C(8) C(9) 1.365(5) C(9) C(10) 1.495(5) C(9) C(ll) 1.500(5) C(12) C(13) 1.411(6) C(12) C(17) 1.513(6) C(13) C(14) 1.409(7) C(19) H(21) 0.981 atom atom distance 0(1) N(l) 1.224(4) C(l) C(2) 1.406(5) C(l) C(6) 1.397(4) C(2) C(3) 1.383(5) C(3) C(4) 1.375(6) W(l) C(14) 2.430(3) C(4) C(5) 1.368(7) C(7) H(7) 0.91(4) C(8) H(8) 1.00(5) atom atom distance C(13) C(18) 1.510(6) C(14) C(15) 1.403(6) C(14) C(19) 1.501(5) C(15) C(16) 1.405(5) C(15) C(20) 1.489(6) C(12) C(16) 1.408(6) C(16) C(21) 1.502(5) C(19) H(22) 0.984 Table A16. Bond Angles (\u00C2\u00B0) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 5.10 atom atom atom angle atom atom atom angle atom atom atom angle N(l) W(l) C(l) 93.3(1) N(l) W(l) C(7) 92.1(2) N(l) W(l) C(8) 104.6(1) N(l) W(l) C(12) 95.4(1) N(l) W(l) C(13) 127.7(1) C(l) W(l) C(7) 130.1(1) C(l) W(l) C(8) 94.7(1) C(l) W(l) C(12) 133.1(1) C(l) W(l) C(13) 129.6(1) C(l) W(l) C(14) 95.8(1) C(l) W(l) C(15) 78.5(1) C(l) W(l) C(16) 98.2(1) C(7) W(l) C(8) 36.4(2) C(7) W(l) C(12) 95.5(1) C(7) W(l) C(13) 81.8(1) C(7) W(l) C(14) 103.8(2) C(7) W(l) C(15) 136.5(1) C(7) W(l) C(16) 131.1(1) C(8) W(l) C(12) 127.0(1) C(8) W(l) C(13) 100.5(1) C(8) W(l) C(14) 103.6(1) C(8) W(l) C(15) 133.4(1) C(8) W(l) C(16) 158.1(1) W(l) C(12) C(13) 76.1(2) W(l) C(12) C(16) 72.2(2) W(l) C(12) C(17) 121.1(3) C(13) C(12) C(16) 107.6(3) N(l) W(l) C(14) 149.5(1) C(8) C(7) H(6) 113(2) W(l) C(8) H(8) 106(3) C(12) W(l) C(13) 34.8(2) C(12) W(l) C(14) 57.8(1) C(12) W(l) C(15) 57.8(1) C(12) W(l) C(16) 35.6(1) C(13) W(l) C(14) 33.9(2) C(14) W(l) C(16) 57.6(1) C(15) W(l) C(16) 34.8(1) W(l) N(l) 0(1) 169.5(3) W(l) C(l) C(2) 123.0(2) W(l) C(l) C(6) 121.4(2) C(2) C(l) C(6) 115.5(3) C(l) C(2) C(3) 122.5(3) C(2) C(3) C(4) 120.3(4) C(3) C(4) C(5) 119.3(4) C(4) C(5) C(6) 120.4(4) C(l) C(6) C(5) 121.9(4) W(l) C(7) C(8) 77.3(2) W(l) C(8) C(7) 66.3(2) W(l) C(8) C(9) 92.0(2) C(7) C(8) C(9) 124.8(4) C(8) C(9) C(10) 124.3(4) C(8) C(9) C(ll) 120.6(4) C(10) C(9) C(ll) 113.5(3) W(l) C(16) C(21) 121.7(2) C(12) C(16) C(15) 107.7(3) C(12) C(16) C(21) 126.9(5) C(15) C(16) C(21) 125.2(5) W(l) C(7) H(6) 110(2) C(8) C(7) H(7) 116(3) C(7) C(8) H(8) 117(3) N(l) W(l) C(16) 92.3(1) C(14) W(l) C(15) 33.8(1) N(l) W(l) C(15) 121.7(1) C(13) W(l) C(16) 57.8(1) C(13) W(l) C(15) 56.4(1) W(l) C(16) C(15) 75.9(2) W(l) C(16) C(12) 72.2(2) C(16) C(15) C(20) 124.6(5) C(14) C(15) C(20) 125.7(5) C(14) C(15) C(16) 109.0(3) W(l) C(15) C(20) 129.5(3) W(l) C(15) C(16) 69.4(2) W(l) C(15) C(14) 74.7(2) C(15) C(14) C(19) 128.7(5) C(13) C(14) C(19) 123.8(5) C(13) C(14) C(15) 107.1(3) W(l) C(14) C(19) 128.1(3) W(l) C(14) C(15) 71.5(2) W(l) C(14) C(13) 71.8(2) C(14) C(13) C(18) 124.3(5) C(12) C(13) C(18) 126.7(5) C(12) C(13) C(14) 108.6(3) W(l) C(13) C(18) 128.8(3) W(l) C(13) C(14) 74.3(2) W(l) C(13) C(12) 69.0(2) C(16) C(12) C(17) 125.2(5) C(13) C(12) C(17) 127.1(5) W(l) C(7) H(7) 120(3) H(6) C(7) H(7) 115(4) C(9) C(8) H(8) 118(3) 241 Table A17. Dihedral Angles (\u00C2\u00B0) in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 5.10 (1) (2) (3) (4) angle W(l) C(l) C(2) C(3) 175.6(3) W(l) C(l) C(6) C(5) -175.9(3) W(l) C(7) C(8) C(9) 75.0(4) W(l) C(8) C(9) C(10) 82.3(4) W(l) C(8)C(9)C(11)-113.3(3) W(l) C(12)C(13)C(14) -64.2(3) W(l) C(12)C(13)C(18) 123.4(4) W(l) C(12)C(16)C(15) 68.2(2) W(l) C(12)C(16)C(21) -116.7(3) W(1)C(13)C(12)C(16) 65.9(2) W(l) C(13)C(12)C(17) -118.8(4) W(1)C(13)C(14)C(15) -63.2(2) W(l) C(13)C(14)C(19) 124.2(4) W(1)C(15)C(16)C(21) 119.0(3) W(l) C(16)C(12)C(13) -68.5(2) W(1)C(16)C(12)C(17) 116.0(4) W(l) C(16)C(15)C(14) 64.7(2) W(l) C(16)C(15)C(20) -124.5(3) Q(1)N(1)W(1)C(1) 114(2) N(1)W(1)C(16)C(21) 26.8(5) C(l) W(l) C(7) C(8) -15.8(3) C(l) W(l) C(8) C(7) 167.9(2) C(l) W(l) C(8) C(9) 40.5(3) C(l) W(l) C(12)C(13) 100.6(3) C(l) W(l) C(12)C(16) -13.4(3) C(l) W(l) C(12)C(17) -134.2(4) C(l) W(l) C(13)C(12) -111.3(3) C(l) W(l) C(13)C(14) 6.3(3) C(l) W(l) C(13)C(18) 127.9(5) C(l) W(l) C(14)C(13) -175.2(2) C(l) W(l) C(14)C(15) -59.3(2) C(l) W(l) C(14)C(19) 65.8(5) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(8) 61.4(3) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(12) -93.0(3) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(13) -46.3(3) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(14) -42.8(3) C(7) W(l) C(16)C(12) -1.3(3) C(7) W(l) C(16)C(15) -115.5(3) C(7) W(l) C(16)C(21) 121.6(5) C(7) C(8) W(l) C(16) -66.3(5) C(7) C(8) C(9) C(10) 20.0(6) C(7) C(8) C(9) C(ll) -175.5(4) C(8) W(l) C(12)C(13) -46.8(3) C(8) W(l) C(12)C(16) -160.8(2) C(8) W(l) C(12)C(17) 78.4(5) C(8) W(l) C(13)C(12) 143.7(2) C(8) W(l) C(13)C(14) -98.8(2) C(8) W(l) C(13)C(18) 22.8(6) C(8) W(l) C(14)C(13) 88.6(2) (1)(2)(3)(4) angle 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(7) -116(2) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(8) -150(2) O(l) N(l) W(l) C(12) -20(2) 0(1)N(1)W(1)C(13) -35(2) 0(1) N(l) W(1)C(14) 6(2) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(15) 35(2) 0(1) N(l) W(l) C(16) 15(2) N(l) W(l) C(l) C(2) 166.4(3) N(l) W(l) C(l) C(6) -17.7(3) N(1)W(1)C(7)C(8) -112.0(2) N(l) W(l) C(8) C(7) 73.3(2) N(l) W(l) C(8) C(9) -54.2(3) N(l) W(l) C(12)C(13) -159.7(2) N(l) W(l) C(14)C(19) 172.5(4) N(l) W(l) C(15)C(14) -154.0(2) N(l) W(l) C(15)C(16) -36.4(3) N(l) W(l) C(15)C(20) 82.1(5) N(l) W(l) C(16)C(12) -96.1(2) N(l) W(l) C(16)C(15) 149.7(2) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(15) -72.0(3) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(16) -100.8(3) C(2) C(l) C(6) C(5) 0.3(5) C(2) C(3) C(4) C(5) -0.1(6) C(3) C(2) C(l) C(6) -0.5(5) C(3) C(4) C(5) C(6) -0.1(7) C(6) C(l) W(l) C(7) -113.3(3) C(6) C(l) W(l) C(8) -122.6(3) C(6) C(l) W(l) C(12) 82.9(3) C(6) Q l ) W(l) C(13) 129.7(3) C(6) C(l) W(l) C(14) 133.2(3) C(6) C(l) W(l) C(15) 104.0(3) C(6) C(l) W(l) C(16) 75.1(3) C(7) W(l) C(14)C(19) -68.0(5) C(7) W(l) C(15)C(14) -18.5(3) C(7) W(l) C(15)C(16) 99.1(3) C(7) W(l) C(15)C(20) -142.5(5) C(8) C(7) W(l) C(13) 120.3(2) C(8) C(7) W(l) C(14) 94.2(2) C(8) C(7) W(l) C(15) 104.7(2) C(9) C(8) W(l) C(15) 119.0(2) C(9) C(8) W(l) C(16) 166.3(3) C(12)W(1) C(13)C(14) 117.5(3) C(12)W(1) C(13)C(18) -120.8(7) C(12)W(1) C(14)C(13) -36.8(2) C(12)W(1) C(14)C(15) 79.1(2) C(12)W(1) C(14)C(19) -155.8(6) C(12)W(1) C(15)C(14) -78.8(3) C(12)W(1)C(15)C(16) 38.8(2) C(12)W(1)C(15)C(20) 157.2(6) (1) (2) (3) (4) angle W(l) C(14)C(13)C(12) 60.9(2) N(l) W(l) C(12)C(16) 86.4(2) W(l) C(14)C(13)C(18) -126.5(4) N(l) W(l) C(12)C(17) -34.5(5) W(l) C(14)C(15)C(16) -61.3(2) N(l) W(l) C(13)C(12) 25.9(3) W(l) C(14)C(15)C(20) 128.0(4) N(l) W(l) C(13)C(14) 143.4(2) W(l) C(15)C(14)C(13) 63.4(2) N(l) W(l) C(13)C(18) -95.0(6) W(l) C(15)C(14)C(19) -124.5(4) N(l) W(l) C(14)C(13) -68.5(4) W(l) C(15)C(16)C(12) -65.7(2) N(l) W(l) C(14)C(15) 47.4(4) C(l) W(l) C(15)C(14) 119.2(2) C(7) W(l) C(8) C(9) -127.5(4) C(7)W(1)C(12)C(13) -67.0(3) C(l) W(l) C(15)C(16) -123.2(2) C(l) W(l) C(15)C(20) -4.7(5) C(7) W(l) C(12)C(16) 179.0(2) C(l) W(l) C(16)C(12) 170.2(2) C(7) W(l) C(12)C(17) 58.2(5) C(l) W(l) C(16)C(15) 55.9(2) C(7) W(l) C(13)C(12) 112.2(3) C(1)W(1)C(16)C(21) -66.9(5) C(l) C(2) C(3) C(4) 0.4(6) C(7) W(l) C(13)C(14) -130.2(3) C(7) W(l) C(13)C(18) -8.6(6) C(7) W(l) C(14)C(13) 51.1(3) C(l) C(6) C(5) C(4) 0.0(7) C(2) C(l) W(l) C(7) 70.7(3) C(7) W(l) C(14)C(15) 167.0(2) C(8) C(7) W(l) C(16) 153.1(2) C(7) C(8) W(l) C(12) -35.3(3) C(7) C(8) W(l) C(13) -60.4(3) C(9) C(8) W(l) C(12) -162.8(2) C(7) C(8) W(l) C(14) -95.0(3) C(9) C(8) W(l) C(13) 172.2(3) C(7) C(8) W(l) C(15) -113.5(3) C(9) C(8) W(l) C(14) 137.6(2) C(12)C(16)W(1) C(15) 114.2(3) C(14)W(1) C(16)C(15) -35.7(2) C(12)C(16)C(15)C(14) -1.1(4) C(14)W(1) C(16)C(21) -158.6(5) C(12)C(16)C(15)C(20) 169.7(3) C(14)C(13)W(1) C(15) 37.0(2) C(13)W(1) C(12)C(16) -113.9(3) C(14)C(13)W(1) C(16) 78.6(3) C(13)W(1) C(12)C(17) 125.2(6) 242 Table A17. continued C(8) W(l) C(14)C(15) -155.5(2) C(8) W(l) C(14)C(19) -30.4(5) C(8) W(l) C(15)C(14) 33.7(3) C(8) W(l) C(15)C(16) 151.3(2) C(8) W(l) C(15)C(20) -90.2(5) C(8)W(1)C(16)C(12) 44.9(5) C(8) W(l) C(16)C(15) -69.3(5) C(8) W(l) C(16)C(21) 167.8(5) C(8) C(7) W(l) C(12) 152.4(2) C(13)W(1) C(15)C(20) -161.0(6) C(13)W(1) C(16)C(15) -76.1(2) C(13)W(1)C(16)C(21) 161.0(5) C(13)C(12)W(1) C(14) 35.8(2) C(13)C(12)W(1) C(15) 76.0(3) C(13)C(12)W(1) C(16) 113.9(3) C(13)C(12)C(16)C(15) -0.4(4) C(13)C(12)C(16)C(21) 174.8(3) C(13)C(14)W(1) C(15) -115.9(3) C(14)W(1) C(12)C(17) 161.0(5) C(14)W(1) C(13)C(18) 121.6(6) C(14)W(1) C(15)C(16) 117.6(3) C(12)W(1) C(16)C(15)-114.2(3) C(12)W(1) C(16)C(21) 122.9(5) C(12)C(13)W(1) C(14) -117.5(3) C(12)C(13)W(1) C(15) -80.6(3) C(12)C(13)W(1) C(16) -38.9(2) C(12)C(13)C(14)C(15) -2.3(4) C(12)C(13)C(14)C(19) -175.0(3) C(12)C(16)W(1) C(13) 38.1(2) C(12)C(16)W(1) C(14) 78.5(2) C(15)W(1) C(12)C(17) -158.8(5) C(15)W(1) C(13)C(18) 158.6(6) C(15)W(1) C(14)C(19) 125.1(6) C(15)W(1) C(16)C(21) -122.9(6) C(15)C(14)W(1) C(16) 36.7(2) C(15)C(14)C(13)C(18) 170.3(4) C(15)C(16)C(12)C(17) -175.8(3) C(16)W(1) C(12)C(17) -120.9(5) C(16)W(1) C(13)C(18) -159.7(6) C(17)C(12)C(13)C(18) 4.6(6) C(17)C(12)C(16)C(21) -0.7(6) C(18)C(13)C(14)C(19) -2.4(6) C(14)C(13)C(12)C(16) 1.7(4) C(13)W(1) C(14)C(15) 115.9(3) C(13)W(1) C(14)C(19) -119.0(6) C(14)C(13)C(12)C(17) 177.0(4) C(13)W(1) C(15)C(14) -37.1(2) C(14)C(15)W(1) C(16) -117.6(3) C(14)C(15)C(16)C(21) -176.3(3) C(13)W(1) C(15)C(16) 80.5(2) C(15)W(1) C(12)C(16) -37.9(2) C(13)C(14)W(1) C(16) -79.1(3) C(16)W(1) C(14)C(19) 161.8(6) C(13)C(14)C(15)C(16) 2.1(4) C(16)W(1) C(15)C(20) 118.5(6) C(13)C(14)C(15)C(20) -168.6(3) C(16)C(12)C(13)C(18) -170.7(4) C(14)W(1) C(12)C(16) -78.1(2) C(16)C(15)C(14)C(19) 174.3(3) C(20)C(15)C(16)C(21) -5.5(5) C(14)W(1) C(15)C(20) -123.9(6) C(19)C(14)C(15)C(20) 3.6(6) Table A18. Fractional Atomic Coordinates in the Solid-State Molecular Structure Determined for 5.10 atom B(eq) atom B(eq) W(l) 0(1) N(l) C(l) C(2) C(3) C(4) C(5) C(6) C(16) C(17) C(18) C(19) H(3) H(4) H(5) H(6) H(7) H(8) H(9) 0.220191(8) 0.1084(2) 0.1631(2) 0.2966(2) 0.3756(3) 0.4186(3) 0.3852(4) 0.3088(4) 0.2649(3) 0.0701(3) -0.0063(4) 0.1734(6) 0.2871(4) 0.4164 0.2847 0.2105 0.261(3) 0.273(3) 0.412(4) 0.3064 0.87001(1) 1.1493(3) 1.0416(3) 0.9582(3) 0.8819(3) 0.9343(5) 1.0660(5) 1.1446(4) 1.0916(4) 0.7860(3) 0.7726(7) 0.5242(6) 0.5093(5) 1.1029 1.2387 1.1495 0.934(5) 0.750(5) 0.770(5) 1.1295 0.856033(7) 0.996(3) 0.8912(2) 3.09(7) 0.8786(2) 0.7523(2) 0.7140(2) 0.6454(2) 0.6119(3) 0.6473(3) 0.7167(2) 0.7913(3) 0.9316(4) 0.9481(4) 0.7896(5) 0.5633 0.6238 0.7408 1.015(3) 1.005(3) 0.922(3) 0.9658 1.70(6) 1.22(6) 1.91(7) 2.58(8) 3.12(9) 2.85(9) 2.10(7) 2.11(7) 6.0(2) 6.7(2) 5.4(1) 3.7031 3.4746 2.5032 2.7(8) 2.6(8) 3.7(8) 3.1228 C( l l ) CQ0) C(9) C(8) C(7) C(12) C(13) C(14) C(15) C(20) C(21) H(l) H(2) H(15) -0. H(16) H(18) H(17) H(19) H(20) H(21) 0.5013(3) 0.3722(3) 0.4069(3) 0.3738(3) 0.2805(3) 0.0714(3) 0.1521(4) 0.2026(3) 0.1500(3) 0.1643(5) -0.0076(4) 0.4011 0.4728 0042 1.0023(5) 1.1414(4) 0.9939(4) 0.8610(4) 0.8399(5) 0.7322(4) 0.6269(3) 0.6184(3) 0.7144(4) 0.7217(7) 0.8909(4) 0.7882 0.8605(3) 0.9393(3) 0.9097(2) 0.9379(3) 0.9807(2) 0.8701(2) 0.8782(3) 0.8055(3) 0.7519(2) 0.6644(3) 0.7530(4) 0.7368 2.87(9) 2.59(9) 1.89(7) 2.04(8) 2.47(8) 2.44(8) 2.46(8) 2.23(8) 2.02(7) 5.6(1) 5.5(2) 0760 1288 1.0118 1579 1.2462 2601 0.8770 0.8801 0.7437 0.5521 0.7210 0.4222 0.5327 0.4082 0.6202 0.9409 0.9124 0.9918 0.9817 0.9318 0.9661 0.7945 2.2738 3.1180 7.3304 7.3304 8.1366 7.3304 8.1366 8.1366 6.5712 Table A18. continued H(10) 0.4251 1.1804 0.9775 3.1228 H ( l l ) 0.3628 1.2098 0.8945 3.1228 H(12) 0.4877 1.0697 0.8152 3.4718 H(13) 0.5172 0.9032 0.8401 3.4718 H(14) 0.5603 1.0390 0.8933 3.4718 H(27) 0.0286 0.9761 0.7309 6.6209 H(28) -0.0473 0.8397 0.7103 6.6209 243 H(22) 0.3103 0.5239 0.7350 6.5712 H(23) 0.3454 0.5242 0.8276 6.5712 H(24) 0.2245 0.6619 0.6511 6.8006 H(26) 0.1757 0.8250 0.6489 6.8006 H(25) 0.1020 0.6835 0.6359 6.8006 H(29) -0.0553 0.9258 0.7932 6.6209 244 Appendix B. Plots of Kinetic Data and Corresponding Regression Analyses for Systems Studied Kinetically in this Thesis 245 Figure BI. First-Order Plot of Loss of Starting Material vs Time for the Thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)2 (1) in Benzene-*- Note that the slope of the regression line is -4.6(1) x 10\"5 s\"1 and R 2 = 0.9995. 246 Figure B2. First-Order Plot of Loss of Starting Material vs Time for the Thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(CH2CMe3) (2) in Benzene-*. Note that the slope of the regression line is -4.9(1) x 10\"5 s\"1 and R 2 = 0.9996. 247 Figure B3. First-Order Plot of Loss of Starting Material vs Time for the Thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)(C6H4-2-Me) (2.1c) in Benzene-*. Note that the slope of the regression line is -6.6(3) x 10\"4 s\"1 and R 2 = 0.9929. 248 -3 J time (s) Figure B4. First-Order Plot of Loss of Starting Material vs Time for the Thermolysis of Cp* W(NO)(CH2C6H5)(C6H4-2-Me) (2.2c) in Benzene-*. Note that the slope of the regression line is -1.9(1) x 10\"4 s\"1 and R 2 = 0.9997. 249 -3.5 A .4 J 1 time (s) Figure B5. First-Order Plot of Loss of Starting Material vs Time for the Thermolysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH 2CMe 3)(Ti 3-l,l-Me 2-C3H3) (5.9) in Benzene-*. Note that the slope of the regression line is -2.2(1) x 10\"4 s\"1 and R 2 = 0.9992.. 250 Appendix C. Optimized Geometries, Z-Matrices and Energies Calculated by DFT Methods for Toluene Activation by Methylidene C 251 Data for CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-CH 2C6H 5) (D) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(28) = 2.7056 W(l)-C(14)= 1.9474 W-H(31) = 2.0645 W(l)-H(30) = 2.5844 W(l)-H(29) = 3.3156 C(28)-H(31)= 1.1420 C(28)-H(30) = 1.0979 C(28)-H(29)= 1.0936 C(28)-W(l)-C(14)= 102.4 W(l)-C(28)-C(27) = 130.5 W(l)-C(28)-H(31) = 44.3 C(14)-W(l)-C(28)-C(27) = -60.7 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(28) = 9.2 H(\u00C2\u00AB) W(1) m 10(3) H(15) 4) \ H(16) Data for CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-CH 2C 6H5) (D) cont'd 31 s c f d o n e : -702. 044530 T h e r m a l : o r r . t o f r e e e n e r g y : 0.199358 w 0 .666802 0. 735765 -0 335071 N 0 .666802 0. 735765 1 446438 0 0 .725678 0. 735765 2 697692 c 1 .562466 0. 881085 -2 656192 H 0 .936777 1. 004927 -3 529048 C 2 .055370 - 0 . 369833 -2 132831 H 1 .835761 -1. 349988 -2 537480 C 2 .904698 - 0 . 100929 -1 015785 H 3 .435928 - 0 . 830653 -0 419830 C 2 .901831 1. 329467 -0 795968 H 3 .486159 1. 858697 -0 056833 C 2 .098257 1. 933963 -1 838867 H 1 .951955 2. 993755 -1 984809 C -0 .641328 2 . 163371 -0 542583 H -0 .819029 2. 664696 -1 506444 H -1 .215020 2. 628595 0 268035 C -2 .021907 -1. 526258 1 940350 H -1 .225066 - 0 . 900322 2 334076 C -3 .063069 -1. 940366 2 789981 H -3 .058327 -1. 631424 3 832425 C -4 .107485 -2 . 748625 2 298470 H -4 .910604 -3. 066345 2 959127 C -4 .105442 -3. 140840 0 946957 H -4 .907237 -3. 764183 0 557970 C -3 .064066 -2. 726404 0 094716 H -3 .069205 -3. 033044 -0 949951 C -2 .013999 -1. 920232 0 583595 C -0 . 892439 -1. 493593 -0 350259 H -0 .966302 -1. 972610 -1 330611 H 0 .084401 -1. 747383 0 081932 H -1.053906 -0.382606 -0.559441 253 Data For CpW(NO)(H2C\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABC 6H4-CH3) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(28) = 2.3960 W(l)-C(14) = 1.9705 W-H(31)= 1.8018 C(14)-H(31)= 1.7156 C(28)-H(31)= 1.4747 C(28)-W(l)-C(14) = 91.8 W(l)-C(28)-C(27) = 127.0 W(l)-C(28)-H(31) = 48.6 H(31)-W(l)-C(28) = 37.9 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 53.9 C(14)-W(l)-C(28)-C(27) = -H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(28) = H(11) 52.1 -1.3 N(2) l0(3) H(15) Data For CpW(NO)(H 2C\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00BBH\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00ABC 6H4-CH3) con'td 31 scf done: -702.027569 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.197909 One imaginary frequency: 1169.251 cm-1 w 0 602960 0 .688568 -0. 254987 N 0 602960 0 .688568 1. 523056 0 0 674625 0 . 688568 2. 771969 c 1 483569 0 . 832172 -2. 595430 H 0 844082 0 .747807 -3 . 463779 C 2 189081 -0 .249119 -1. 951910 H 2 161145 -1 .288212 -2 . 253202 C 2 962970 0 .289173 -0. 874387 H 3 617554 -0 .263845 -0. 214400 C 2 705351 1 .708891 -0. 813424 H 3 168254 2 . 408599 -0. 131699 C 1 809043 2 .040363 -1. 896807 H 1 451747 3 . 031892 -2 . 136791 C -1 094429 1 .661174 -0. 490942 H -1 450601 1 .990816 -1. 478232 H -1 793326 1 .934998 0. 306883 C -1 704460 -1 .791028 1. 872788 H -0 841174 -1 .380472 2 . 389999 C -2 816711 -2 .224528 2. 615413 H -2 795848 -2 .155146 3. 700453 C -3 955308 -2 .740023 1. 963902 H -4 814076 -3 .073135 2. 541855 C -3 972376 -2 .817683 0. 558725 H -4 845231 -3 .213775 0. 044470 C -2 857882 -2 .386541 -0. 185681 H -2 877666 -2 .456548 -1. 272396 C -1 709999 -1 .874170 0. 460681 c -0 511054 -1 .430221 -0. 358465 H -0 604526 -1 .746370 -1. 402610 H 0 399378 -1 .876970 0. 057652 H -1.023278 -0.052953 -0.483109 255 Data For CpW(NO)(CH 3)(CH 2C6H 5) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(28) = 2.1761 W(l)-C(14) = 2.1723 C(28)-W(l)-C(14) = 121.5 W(l)-C(28)-C(27) = 89.2 C(14)-W(l)-C(28)-C(27) = -4.0 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(28) = 46.0 Data For CpW(NO)(CH 3)(CH 2C6H 5) con'td 31 s c f done: -702.094021 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.203558 w 0 . 561877 0 . 099848 0 133479 N 0 . 561877 0 099848 1 904079 0 0 .682978 0 099848 3 150155 c 1 .705850 0 129013 -2 160179 H 1 .193871 -0 003919 -3 103482 C 2 284424 -0 911282 -1 355318 H 2 282974 -1 967431 -1 584612 C 2 875865 -0 312066 -0 192792 H 3 419574 -0 824474 0 588495 C 2 653639 1 116786 -0 274719 H 3 012983 1 854829 0 428534 C 1 939134 1 376126 -1 497359 H 1 617776 2 348069 -1 843207 C -0 625547 1 910749 -0 038164 H -0 921201 2 124483 -1 075417 H -0 059412 2 771196 0 348525 C -2 454832 -0 924142 1 037657 H -2 073276 -1 223208 2 010743 C -3 680771 -0 251137 0 937333 H -4 252475 -0 033135 1 835857 C -4 169187 0 150592 -0 324686 K -5 117764 0 677144 -0 398734 C -3 429481 -0 138781 -1. 488199 H -3 808234 0 160393 -2. 462491 C -2 203323 -0 816547 -1. 389742 H -1 643753 -1. 060943 -2. 290978 C -1 688742 -1. 223614 -0. 125499 c -0. 342440 -1. 873163 -0. 024186 H -0. 070922 -2. 431497 -0. 924018 H -0. 210072 -2. 490306 0. 867301 H -1.533498 1.817129 0.571375 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C 6H4CH3) (E), (ortho, anti) 257 Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.7562 W(l)-C(17) = 2.4741 W(l)-C(14)= 1.9516 W(l)-H(31) = 3.1117 C(14)-H(31) = 2.7885 C(30)-H(31)= 1.0829 C(17)-H(18) = 1.0886 W(l)-H(18) = 2.8235 C(14)-H(18) = 3.8367 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 77.9 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 61.9 W(l)-C(17)-C(30) = 85.4 C(14)-W(l)-C(17)-C(30) = -26.4 H-(31)-C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 35.3 C(17)-W(l)-C(14)= 106.0 H(18)-W(l)-C(14)= 105.5 W(l)-C(17)-C(18) = 106.3 C(14)-W(l)-C(17)-H(18) = 91.8 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6H4CH3) (E), (ortho, anti) con' 31 s c f done: -702.057827 Thermal c o r r . to fr e e energy: 0.200872 w -0 420106 0 472311 -0 188084 N -0 420106 0 472311 1 587729 O -0 376718 0 472311 2 840594 c 0 040374 1 314056 -2 528128 H -0 399497 0 884006 -3 417372 C 1 338599 1 003947 -1 985298 H 2 029325 0 274268 -2 387214 C 1 572286 1 833107 -0 847808 H 2 458928 1 848911 -0 228831 C 0 393143 2 644442 -0 643938 H 0 273071 3 415084 0 104220 C -0 535441 2 343676 -1 711120 H -1 488483 2 826426 -1 867844 C -2 351390 0 323789 -0 426040 H -2 843068 0 493882 -1 396786 H -3 081217 0 151527 0 375120 C 0 476066 -1 821905 -0 421715 H 0 674664 -1 780539 -1 491284 C 1 597280 -1 913219 0 485569 c 2 996348 -1 585549 0 004991 H 3 189606 -2 011981 -0 988332 H 3 147892 -0 500904 -0 069372 H 3 752001 -1 976629 0 694641 C 1 370386 -2 337108 1 798118 H 2 203587 -2 393351 2 494227 C 0 070562 -2 701679 2 237027 H -0 073573 -3 023833 3. 264849 C -1 013141 -2 674619 1. 356086 H -2. 001668 -2 980618 1 685143 C -0 818436 -2 247181 0. 017608 H -1.619022 -2.352439 -0.703902 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6H4CH3) (E), (meta, anti) 259 Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.8191 W(l)-C(17) = 2.4547 W(l)-C(14) = 1.9474 W(l)-H(31) = 3.1862 C(14)-H(31) = 2.8732 C(30)-H(31)= 1.0835 C(17)-H(18)= 1.0881 W(l)-H(18) = 2.7963 C(14)-H(18) = 3.6839 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 80.4 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 62.7 W(l)-C(17)-C(30) = 89.0 C(14)-W(l)-C(17)-C(30) = -37.9 H-(31)-C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 24.10 C(17)-W(l)-C(14) = 104.8 H(18)-W(l)-C(14)= 100.4 W(l)-C(17)-C(18) = 96.6 C(14)-W(l)-C(17)-H(18) = 81.5 H(11) < w WW Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C 6H 4CH3) (E), (meta, anti) con' 31 s c f done : - 7 0 2 . 0 5 9 4 3 8 T h e r m a l c o r r . t o f r e e e n e r g y : 0 .201754 w - 0 571597 0 357309 - 0 294731 N - 0 571597 0 357309 1 481375 0 - 0 493742 0 357309 2 734227 c - 0 317385 1 291348 -2 633475 H - 0 688527 0 791287 -3 517414 C 1 026362 1 229128 -2 120749 H 1 833872 0 646173 -2 545504 C 1 123924 2 076148 - 0 976247 H 2 005126 2 246380 - 0 372734 C - 0 182959 2 645901 - 0 738158 H - 0 430695 3 372495 0 022732 C -1 062583 2 182664 -1 789284 H -2 091393 2 480560 -1 925240 C -2 416289 - 0 210936 - 0 552989 H -2 916952 - 0 157001 -1 532322 H - 3 105896 - 0 525007 0 240477 C 0 759776 -1 684086 - 0 587077 H 0 776244 -1 666935 -1 674880 C 1 948295 -1 342099 0 143698 H 2 748929 - 0 818081 - 0 373537 C 2 102397 -1 673863 1 495451 c 3 332240 -1 258930 2 277702 H 3 740245 -2 096111 2 858756 H 4 124988 - 0 886444 1 618788 H 3 082275 - 0 459367 2 988729 C 1 055616 - 2 395788 2 136331 H 1 163586 -2 662601 3 185337 C - 0 101752 - 2 768343 1 446045 H - 0 886072 - 3 321127 1 954656 C - 0 264730 -2 419310 0 083846 H -1.123905 -2.775702 -0.471763 261 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6F\u00C2\u00A34CH3) (E), (para) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.8479 W(l)-C(17) = 2.4474 W(l)-C(14)= 1.9474 W(l)-H(31) = 3.2139 C(14)-H(31) = 2.8971 C(30)-H(31)= 1.0839 C(17)-H(18) = 1.0883 W(l)-H(18) = 2.7831 C(14)-H(18) = 3.6571 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 80.4 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 62.8 W(l)-C(17)-C(30) = 90.6 C(14)-W(l)-C(17)-C(30) = -38.6 H-(31)-C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 23.7 C(17)-W(l)-C(14)= 104.3 H(18)-W(l)-C(14) = 99.8 W(l)-C(17)-C(18)= 100.8 C(14)-W(l)-C(17)-H(18) = 81.1 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C 6H4CH 3) (E), (para) cont' 31 scf done: -702.060912 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.201210 w -0 558078 0 306070 -0 370055 N -0 558078 0 306070 1 404956 O -0 478139 0 306070 2 658847 c -0 533177 1 242825 -2 718387 H -0 782857 0 657889 -3 592730 C 0 790661 1 494198 -2 212670 H 1 708286 1 104132 -2 634911 C 0 696548 2 358422 -1 080008 H 1 518186 2 733509 -0 484732 C -0 704687 2 619773 -0 842229 H -1 108596 3 282168 -0 089659 C -1 459360 1 952846 -1 881121 H -2 529472 2 006133 -2 013951 c -2 213649 -0 687803 -0 622109 H -2 716469 -0 756286 -1 599402 H -2 805692 -1 156989 0 173563 C 1 201189 -1 376875 -0 619804 H 1 210008 -1 375988 -1 708059 C 2 275079 -0 754127 0 102974 H 2 931974 -0 061231 -0 416892 C 2 492917 -1 039680 1 450852 H 3 297110 -0 540112 1 985947 C 1 665879 -1 966986 2 147050 C 1 886036 -2 227183 3 620472 H 2 953430 -2 256429 3 872798 H 1 424994 -1 419453 4 204366 H 1 428135 -3 170540 3 938065 C 0 640433 -2 618890 1 439052 H 0 009618 -3 340539 1 950986 C 0 402064 -2 337679 0 076044 H -0.348800 -2.899515 -0.467506 263 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6H4CH3) (E), (meta, syn) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.7651 W(l)-C(17) = 2.4697 W(l)-C(14)= 1.9474 W(l)-H(31) = 3.0924 C(14)-H(31) = 2.8973 C(30)-H(31)= 1.0842 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 83.7 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 63.9 W(l)-C(17)-C(30) = 86.0 C(14)-W(l)-C(17)-C(30) = -50.0 H-(31)-C(30)-W(l)-C(14)= 12.3 C(17)-W(l)-C(14)= 104.3 C(14)-W(l)-C(17)-H(18) = 69.1 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6H4CH3) (E), (meta, syn) cont'd 264 31 scf done: -702.060383 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: W N 0 C H C H C H C H C H C H H C H C H C H C H C C H H H C H -0.167953 -0.167953 -0.115025 0. 439616 -0.165026 1.588559 1. 981298 2 .133549 3.002284 1.297369 1.471755 0.265631 -0.480356 -2 . 058721 -2.467321 -2.815625 0. 007593 -0.199892 , 326349 158791 531262 , 531735 0.438578 0.617944 -0.867074 -2.028249 -2.941897 -2.235902 -1.806831 -1.079923 -2.093815 -1.840226 0.574053 0.574053 0. 574053 1.390288 1. 192376 0. 640166 0.239340 1.253552 0.925965 384085 090094 481092 258685 0. 967075 1.283064 1.015539 1.856608 \u00E2\u0080\u00A21.794690 \u00E2\u0080\u00A22.199466 150578 616805 871380 712274 032716 399067 445914 821346 433794 079296 1. 984969 -0.117587 0.201617 -0.277104 1.500017 754426 599223 473561 172800 666851 003317 \u00E2\u0080\u00A20.448745 \u00E2\u0080\u00A20. 670046 0.129558 \u00E2\u0080\u00A21.679057 \u00E2\u0080\u00A21.744394 \u00E2\u0080\u00A20.527673 \u00E2\u0080\u00A21.499716 0.265397 0.677593 \u00E2\u0080\u00A21.744490 0.228976 0.925535 1.086432 1.426287 987017 010556 584331 552566 074860 926311 418856 0.238204 265 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH 2)(H-C6H 4CH3) (E'), (ortho, syn) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(14) = 1.9527 W(l)-C(30) = 2.5756 W(l)-C(17) = 2.6843 W(l)-C(25) = 3.3975 W(l)-H(31) = 2.8179 C(14)-H(31) = 2.8331 C(30)-H(31)= 1.0846 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 88.9 W(l)-C(30)-C(21)= 100.8 H(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = -33.3 H(31)-C(30)-C(17)-C(19)= 166.0 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C 6H4CH3) (E'), (ortho, syn) cont' 31 scf done: -702.058520 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.200707 w -0 024922 0 626555 0 369503 N -0 024922 0 626555 2 150421 0 0 044494 0 626555 3 402400 c 0 743746 1 277384 -1 919114 H 0 082876 1 290008 -2 774493 C 1 586710 0 186136 -1 515827 H 1 645903 -0 775324 -2 004864 C 2 339662 0 584241 -0 364297 H 3 065649 -0 015454 0 167339 C 1 925272 1 920540 -0 011476 H 2 324863 2 519829 0 794434 C 0 952512 2 355417 -0 990288 H 0 491756 3 331138 -1 027443 C -1 709586 1 594809 0 175752 H -2 010718 2 086450 -0 762381 H -2 404297 1 829269 0 992521 C -0 199745 -2 002912 0 880052 H -0 203697 -1 867920 1 956209 C 0 804424 -2 819763 0 278992 H 1 646949 -3 156100 0 877224 C 0 666277 -3 224393 -1 048985 H 1 409950 -3 879186 -1 497767 C -0 452363 -2 803110 -1 822380 H -0 547110 -3 138934 -2 852796 C -1 445696 -1 988560 -1 269334 C -2 668959 -1 570733 -2 054847 H -2 799509 -0 481172 -2 013614 H -2 602786 -1 876231 -3 104778 H -3 578900 -2 017530 -1 630523 C -1 320693 -1 583655 0 105263 H -2.187553 -1.164598 0.604537 267 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6H4CH3) (E')> (meta, syn) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(14)= 1.9480 W(l)-C(30) = 2.5027 W(l)-C(17) = 3.1300 W(l)-C(28) = 3.2439 W(l)-H(31) = 2.3620 C(14)-H(31) = 2.8086 C(30)-H(31)= 1.1001 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 100.2 W(l)-C(30)-C(21)= 121.1 H(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = -42.0 H(31)-C(30)-C(17)-C(19)= 168.0 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6H4CH3) (E'), (meta, syn) cont'd 31 scf done: -702.056457 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.1986640 w -0 054534 0 813443 0 419168 N -0 054534 0 813443 2 199166 0 0 034989 0 813443 3 452134 c 0 891511 1 129794 -1 883795 H 0 286690 1 130590 -2 779910 C 1 600757 0 000002 -1 335697 H 1 579981 -1 007472 -1 729437 C 2 331862 0 427091 -0 187152 H 2 963749 -0 188114 0 438806 C 2 036036 1 826688 0 026772 H 2 468473 2 458727 0 789394 C 1 172593 2 263951 -1 050849 H 0 823759 3 274002 -1 204859 C -1 587219 1 992090 0 184289 H -1 832074 2 445331 -0 789533 H -2 231493 2 379914 0 983155 C -0 250936 -2 265549 0 946636 H 0 006192 -2 098801 1 988317 C 0 319373 -3 324066 0 217247 H 1 045205 -3 981792 0 687864 C -0 062964 -3 542984 -1 122228 H 0 376538 -4 374253 -1 670884 C -1 014839 -2 719584 -1 769577 C -1 434335 -2 979810 -3 205048 H -1 246597 -2 105145 -3 842106 H -0 891389 -3 829112 -3 634276 K -2 507620 -3 202696 -3 269968 C -1 576934 -1 655973 -1 032483 H -2 324809 -1 009307 -1 486565 C -1 190063 -1 414086 0 308594 H -1.788279 -0.713652 0.910081 269 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6H4CH3) (E'), (para) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(14)= 1.9473 W(l)-C(30) = 2.4918 W(l)-C(17) = 3.2462 W(l)-C(28) = 3.1194 W(l)-H(31) = 2.3663 C(14)-H(31) = 2.7835 C(30)-H(31)= 1.0996 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 100.4 W(l)-C(30)-C(21)= 121.0 H(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = -37.8 H(31)-C(30)-C(17)-C(19)= 12.7 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C 6H 4CH3) (E'), (para) 270 31 scf done: -702.057786 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.199214 w -0 220293 0 896293 0 330005 N -0 220293 0 896293 2 110129 0 -0 131632 0 896293 3 363476 c 0 703062 1 244010 -1 977191 H 0 096497 1 196857 -2 870980 C 1 478584 0 164381 -1 417073 H 1 516522 -0 845989 -1 801157 C 2 184210 0 646942 -0 275171 H 2 850056 0 076606 0 358011 C 1 805615 2 028865 -0 076073 H 2 201799 2 694341 0 677792 C 0 918368 2 402415 -1 158586 H 0 508863 3 387824 -1 323085 C -1 814444 1 990181 0 097840 H -2 088600 2 429944 -0 874437 H -2 476224 2 341444 0 899421 C -1 496081 -1 702465 -1 138559 H -2 243839 -1 124514 -1 675182 C -0 814367 -2 752281 -1 769675 H -1 029212 -2 991005 -2 809116 C 0 148610 -3 518631 -1 063772 C 0 856076 -4 672884 -1 746100 H 0 188478 -5 542515 -1 826322 H 1 165750 -4 408720 -2 764854 H 1 744622 -4 988594 -1 188949 C 0 411449 -3 206910 0 290048 H 1 144174 -3 791263 0 841498 C -0 275652 -2 163131 0 936196 H -0 097782 -1 952655 1 986912 C -1 219142 -1 383710 0 217067 H -1.902053 -0.712530 0.757683 271 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C6H 4CH3) (E'), (ortho, anti) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W ( l ) - C ( 1 4 ) = 1.9453 W( l ) -C(30 ) = 2.5875 W( l ) -C(17 ) = 3.3895 W( l ) -C(28 ) = 2.6960 W( l ) -H(31) = 2.8146 C(14)-H(31) = 3.3932 C(30)-H(31)= 1.0858 C(30) -W( l ) -C(14)= 103.1 W(l ) -C(30)-C(24) = 100.8 H(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = -52.8 H(31)-C(30)-C(17)-C(22)= 166.3 Data For CpW(NO)(=CH2)(H-C 6H4CH3) (E'), (ortho, anti) cont'd 31 s c f d o n e : -702.059541 T h e r m a l c o r r . t o f r e e e n e r g y : 0.201471 w -0 191383 0 723892 0 066925 N -0 191383 0 723892 1 847972 0 -0 092272 0 723892 3 099697 C 0 801423 1 093894 -2 207322 H 0 242079 0 979561 -3 125393 C 1 620605 0 081823 -1 577821 H 1 745484 -0 932254 -1 928742 C 2 245168 0 646612 -0 428652 H 2 919487 0 142297 0 250010 C 1 763810 2 004161 -0 289611 H 2 074035 2 714832 0 463400 C 0 906942 2 285951 -1 421823 H 0 436389 3 235326 -1 629300 C -1 788681 1 813640 -0 145688 H -2 074953 2 255519 -1 113655 H -2 437870 2 163025 0 666482 C -0 104068 -2 565811 0 878706 C 0 300166 -2 759894 2 324119 H 0 573905 -1 803795 2 787069 H 1 145541 -3 450501 2 416615 H -0 534516 -3 166433 2 912399 C 0 478206 -3 299961 -0 161534 H 1 253028 -4 028180 0 067815 C 0 054798 -3 130910 -1 509458 H 0 503824 -3 740823 -2 290397 C -0 937230 -2 204713 -1 831166 H -1 272367 -2 083338 -2 857947 C -1 551102 -1 438577 -0 795104 H -2 441398 -0 859289 -1 009977 C -1 146347 -1 630447 0 556310 H -1.754646 -1.226932 1.360094 273 Data For CpW(NO)(H 2C\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00BBC 6H4-CH3), (ortho, anti) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.2673 W(l)-C(14)= 1.9827 W(l)-H(31)= 1.8493 C(14)-H(31)= 1.6961 C(30)-H(31)= 1.4472 C(30)-W(l)-C(14)= 91.8 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 52.4 H(31)-W(l)-C(30) = 39.5 W(l)-C(30)-H(31) = 54.4 W(l)-C(30)-C(28)= 120.6 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(28) = 87.4 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 3.1 Data For CpW(NO)(H 2C\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BBC 6H4-CH 3), (ortho, anti) cont'd 31 scf done: -702.008563 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.198850 One Imaginary Frequency: 1190.231 cm\"1 w 0 089585 0 781718 0 003536 N 0 089585 0 781718 1 779433 0 0 175931 0 781718 3 026753 c 1 050907 0 974158 -2 311631 H 0 460510 0 850636 -3 209510 C 1 805886 -0 054648 -1 639339 H 1 845934 -1 096952 -1 923533 C 2 491567 0 534002 -0 532310 H 3 147554 0 024369 0 160047 C 2 134141 1 932967 -0 483618 H 2 518883 2 662046 0 215692 C i 263667 2 202554 -1 604129 H 0 851185 3 167712 -1 862577 C -1 655982 i 694317 -0 222558 H -2 041489 1 991485 -1 209224 H -2 346955 1 969667 0 582069 C -0 982189 -2 062755 1 052697 C -0 825505 -1 456533 2 360536 H -1 431164 -0 553246 2 416854 H 0 221345 -1 202167 2 519671 H -1 149020 -2 158891 3 127316 C -1 225786 -3 444211 0 949980 H -1 288581 -4 046762 1 853352 C -1 391636 -4 049460 -0 308720 H -1 583488 -5 119342 -0 374446 C -1 327332 -3 278934 -1 493254 H -1 457230 -3 758338 -2 462388 C -1 084285 -1 896465 -1 375962 H -1 062767 -1 293588 -2 283539 C -0 881187 -1 263645 -0 117020 H -1.582189 0.002335 -0.129587 275 Data For CpW(NO)(H2C\u00C2\u00BB*\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABC6H4-CH3), (meta, anti) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.2673 W(l)-C(14)= 1.9824 W(l)-H(31)= 1.8499 C(14)-H(31)= 1.6954 C(30)-H(31)= 1.4469 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 91.8 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 52.4 H(31)-W(l)-C(30) = 39.5 W(l)-C(30)-H(31) = 54.5 W(l)-C(30)-C(28)= 120.8 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(28) = 87.5 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 2.9 H{7? H(11) m W3) W{1) X H(23) Data For CpW(NO)(H2C\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABC6H4-CH3), (meta, anti) cont'd 31 s c f done : - 7 0 2 . 0 3 9 7 7 0 T h e r m a l c o r r . t o f r e e e n e r g y : 0 .196342 I m a g i n a r y F r e q u e n c y : 1 1 3 1 . 9 8 1 cm\" 1 w 0 140883 0 910876 0 004828 N 0 205762 0 892969 1 779263 0 0 336080 0 874645 3 022881 c 1 020424 1 092366 -2 343292 H 0 392260 0 995430 -3 218562 C 1 766067 0 033579 -1 708158 H 1 761078 -1 007005 -2 001427 C 2 511861 0 589770 - 0 623387 H 3 174975 0 052458 0 040696 C 2 202729 1 999167 - 0 550312 H 2 637413 2 709152 0 139285 C 1 299135 2 306563 -1 634363 H 0 908134 3 286535 -1 869181 C -1 582534 1 878222 - 0 150638 H -1 993442 2 197070 -1 120142 H -2 236449 2 165840 0 680225 C - 0 983978 -1 903148 1 074802 H - 0 816414 -1 444289 2 046114 C -1 273332 -3 282705 1 016012 C -1 310305 -4 120276 2 282210 H -2 066497 -4 912369 2 218536 H - 0 340216 -4 606130 2 460515 H -1 533645 -3 505056 3 161113 C -1 510501 -3 869762 - 0 247638 H -1 746153 -4 930764 - 0 311693 C -1 461270 -3 092975 -1 420628 H -1 663473 -3 553392 -2 385296 C -1 166608 -1 721364 -1 347892 H -1 160930 -1 127410 -2 260103 C - 0 897119 -1 102328 - 0 096157 H -1.558402 0.184530 -0.078609 277 Data For CpW(NO)(H2C\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BB*H*\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABC6H4-CH3), (para) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.2625 W(l)-C(14)= 1.9827 W(l)-H(31)= 1.8508 C(14)-H(31)= 1.6910 C(30)-H(31)= 1.4494 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 91.8 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 52.1 H(31)-W(l)-C(30) = 39.7 W(l)-C(30)-H(31) = 54.7 W(l)-C(30)-C(28)= 121.1 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(28) = 87.5 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 3.0 Data For CpW(NO)(H 2 C\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABC 6 H4-CH 3 ), (para) cont' 31 s c f d o n e : -702.040158 T h e r m a l c o r r . t o f r e e e n e r g y :0.195989 O n e i m a g i n a r y f r e q u e n c y : 1154.271 c m \" 1 w 0 117599 0. 977454 0 127987 K 0 117599 0. 977454 1 903909 0 0 201104 0. 977454 3 151590 c 1 074869 1. 160196 -2 189575 H 0 489093 1. 004400 -3 085534 C 1 859545 0. 165021 -1 500341 H 1 930879 -0. 880077 -1 767939 C 2 526468 0. 791812 -0 403063 H 3 195506 0. 312392 0 298364 C 2 127773 2. 180387 -0 377264 H 2 490132 2. 931636 0 310477 C 1 250111 2 . 405469 -1 502220 H 0 809165 3. 353422 -1 776562 C -1 642954 1. 861671 -0 095276 H -2 034411 2 . 155007 -1 080745 H -2 336419 2. 125808 0 710920 C -0 904077 -1. 885057 1 178526 K -0 783383 -1. 427702 2 156445 C -1 130032 -3. 267778 1 090108 H -1 174144 -3. 859423 2 003078 C -1 303141 -3 . 906440 -0 159872 C -1 577161 -5. 396149 -0 241048 H -1 372233 -5. 789666 -1 243316 H -0 964068 -5 . 954788 0 477052 H -2 629447 -5. 615312 -0 009013 C -1 245515 -3. 108581 -1 324623 H -1 386389 -3. 572329 -2 299376 C -1 019172 -1. 724552 -1 241572 H -1 007449 -1. 137546 -2 158724 C -0 819370 -1. 078526 0 009464 H -1.545247 0.175907 -0.005732 279 Data For CpW(NO)(H 2C*\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABC6H4-CH3), (meta, syn) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l) -C(30) = 2.2672 W(l ) -C(14) = 1.9827 W ( l ) - H ( 3 1 ) = 1.8493 C(14)-H(31)= 1.6962 C(30)-H(31)= 1.4471 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 91.8 H(31)-W(l)-C(14) = 52.4 H(31)-W(l)-C(30) = 39.5 W(l)-C(30)-H(31) = 54.4 W(l)-C(30)-C(28) = 120.7 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(28) = 87.4 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 3.1 Data For CpW(NO)(H2C\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABH\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABC6H4-CH3), (meta, syn) cont'd 31 s c f done : - 7 0 2 . 0 3 9 4 0 2 T h e r m a l c o r r . t o f r e e e n e r g y : 0 .196508 One i m a g i n a r y f r e q u e n c y : 1 1 3 4 . 4 9 i c m - 1 w 0 121910 0 897702 0 247861 N 0 121910 0 897702 2 023758 0 0 208257 0 897702 3 271078 C 1 083217 1 090138 -2 067312 H 0 492811 0 966622 -2 965186 C 1 838211 0 061338 -1 395030 H 1 878267 -0 980965 -1 679228 C 2 523899 0 650000 -0 288012 H 3 179905 0 140377 0 404336 C 2 166477 2 048938 -0 239283 H 2 551224 2 778006 0 460033 C 1 295999 2 318533 -1 359804 H 0 883527 3 283696 -1 618250 C -1 623651 1 810313 0 021765 K -2 009147 2 107484 -0 964904 Ii -2 314626 2 085665 0 826388 C -0 949876 -1 946768 1 297025 H -0 832511 -1 492709 2 276578 C -1 193478 -3 328223 1 194313 H -1 256281 -3 930769 2 097687 C -1 359313 -3 933486 -0 064383 H -1 551162 -5 003368 -0 130108 C -1 294990 -3 162983 -1 248930 C -1 483590 -3 815702 -2 607656 H -1 536648 -3 068717 -3 407978 H -0 652103 -4 495534 -2 840824 H -2 406461 -4 409480 -2 640721 C -1 051937 -1 780514 -1 131649 H -1 030394 -1 177640 -2 039227 C -0 848857 -1 147662 0 127287 H -1 549857 0 118306 0 114726 281 Data For CpW(NO)(H 2 C\u00C2\u00AB\"H\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00AB\u00C2\u00ABC6H4-CH3), (ortho, syn) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l ) -C(30 ) = 2.2767 W ( l ) - C ( 1 4 ) = 1.9839 W ( l ) - H ( 3 1 ) = 1.8488 C(14)-H(31)= 1.6816 C(30)-H(31)= 1.4758 C(30)-W(l ) -C(14) = 92.0 H(31)-W(l ) -C(14) = 51.9 H(31)-W(l ) -C(30) = 40.3 W(l) -C(30)-H(31) = 54.1 W( l ) -C(30) -C(25)= 125.1 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(25) = 80.4 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 3.9 Data For CpW(NO)(H 2 C\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BBH\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BB\u00C2\u00BBC 6 H4 -CH 3 ) , (ortho, syn) cont'd 31 scf done: -702.035440 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.198789 One Imaginary Frequency: 1207.41 cm _ 1 w 0 142683 0 760497 0 203100 N 0 142683 0 760497 1 976919 0 0 245065 0 760497 3 223387 C 1 163187 1 102882 -2 079790 H 0 577955 1 136362 -2 987846 C 1 795329 -0 060244 -1 513315 H 1 751071 -1 065643 -1 909014 C 2 514017 0 338981 -0 341000 H 3 103915 -0 303173 0 298655 C 2 298760 1 753538 -0 151319 H 2 734361 2 362914 0 628053 C 1 478127 2 222205 -1 241658 H 1 162752 3 244345 -1 398729 C -1 567428 1 741843 -0 016328 H -1 940111 2 067303 -0 998927 H -2 242503 2 045530 0 791358 C -0 873189 -2 030144 1 290748 H -0 616304 -1 551040 2 229975 C -1 159841 -3 403793 1 290004 H -1 107275 -3 967295 2 218413 C -1 522945 -4 041248 0 088438 H -1 752743 -5 104302 0 076441 C -1 612448 -3 288278 -1 094205 H -1 924885 -3 774471 -2 016870 C -1 317613 -1 906264 -1 116880 C -1 478268 -1 161698 -2 431740 H -1 874765 -0 149960 -2 283584 H -2 161278 -1 698456 -3 099972 H -0 520035 -1 059683 -2 957972 C -0 907875 -1 256274 0 093018 H -1 566863 0 064242 0 099222 283 Data For CpW(NO)(CH 3)(C 6H4-CH 3), (ortho, anti) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.1095 W(l)-C(14) = 2.1415 C(30)-W(l)-C(14)= 109.9 W(l)-C(30)-C(25)= 110.4 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(25) = 50.2 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 56.3 Data For CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-CH3), (ortho, anti) cont'd 31 s c f done: -702.091840 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.201020 w 0 083544 0 .682488 0 039265 N 0 138575 0 .842825 1 799320 0 0 296372 1 .014807 3 028937 c 1 042863 0 .937947 -2 332834 H 0 474287 0 .766643 -3 236861 C 1 813008 -0 .038036 -1 622257 H 1 917144 -1 .080859 -1 886125 C 2 410720 0 .603403 -0 480394 H 3 084246 0 .149260 0 232953 C 2 016237 1 .995043 -0 498883 H 2 331885 2 .750866 0 206552 C 1 164882 2 .189679 -1 638720 H 0 697076 3 .121345 -1 924107 C -1 564682 2 . 030140 -0 191639 H -1 835353 2 .232063 -1 237034 H -1 419015 2 .985650 0 330336 C -0 528351 -2 .374696 0 903649 C 0 354296 -2 .289587 2 135772 c -1 299556 -3 .538771 0 695851 H -1 243536 -4 .345935 1 423976 c -2 144433 -3 .678646 -0 423434 H -2 730751 -4 .586304 -0 549651 C -2 212006 -2 .652699 -1 381535 H -2 847129 -2 .754344 -2 258299 C -1 423952 -1 .500461 -1 203559 c -0 602356 -1 .310288 -0 052504 H -2 406355 1 .521120 0 310280 H 0 391452 -3 .252314 2 658847 H 1 381385 -2 .002066 1 878482 H -0 014539 -1 .533783 2 839067 H -1.464056 -0.731862 -1.977838 285 Data For CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-CH3), (para) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.1069 W(l)-C(14) = 2.1394 C(30)-W(l)-C(14)= 108.9 W(l)-C(30)-C(28)= 120.2 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(28) = 77.4 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 33.0 Data For CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-CH3), (para) cont'd s c f done: -702.095728 Thermal c o r r . to free energy: 0.199403 w 0 405126 0 747698 0 168553 N 0 405126 0 747698 1 937264 0 0 520095 0 747698 3 183172 C 1 496051 0 925416 -2 146535 H 0 942203 0 934262 -3 075583 C 1 998371 -0 232647 -1 469706 H 1 882542 -1 259013 -1 787530 C 2 679341 0 201204 -0 276618 H 3 204038 -0 429230 0 427540 C 2 613187 1 645209 -0 233056 H 3 055897 2 275442 0 525569 C 1 871923 2 081908 -1 379756 H 1 633481 3 107599 -1 623130 C -0 861029 2 463650 -0 002585 H -1 035345 2 787473 -1 037650 H -0 524766 3 325280 0 590133 C -1 309959 -1 699861 1 084986 H -1 000719 -1 423658 2 089593 C -2 238933 -2 738066 0 920968 H -2 630868 -3 251971 1 797600 C -2 680459 -3 127303 -0 366486 C -3 689351 -4 247468 -0 532529 H -4 638904 -3 999082 -0 038671 H -3 901897 -4 445824 -1 588811 H -3 325010 -5 179504 -0 079559 C -2 152280 -2 444966 -1 484957 H -2 473259 -2 730002 -2 485379 C -1 210404 -1 414058 -1 321967 H -0 822721 -0 928791 -2 216927 C -0 770395 -0 989412 -0 030964 H -1.817026 2.130221 0.438901 287 Data For CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6JrL,-CH3), (meta, syn) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.1254 W(l)-C(14) = 2.1317 C(30)-W(l)-C(14) = 112.5 W(l)-C(30)-C(28) = 122.5 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(28) = 49.9 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 25.9 Data For CpW(NO)(CH 3)(C 6H4-CH3), (meta, syn) cont'd 31 s c f done: -702 .094580 Thermal corr. to free energy: 0.199477 w 0 346358 0 687192 0 281002 N 0 346358 0 687192 2 049474 0 0 463956 0 687192 3 294753 c 1 441689 0 873181 -2 034148 H 0 889861 0 889312 -2 964286 C i 942309 -0 290187 -1 364946 H I 825079 -1 313907 -1 690651 C 2 619890 0 133922 -0 167154 H 3 140922 -0 502599 0 534261 C 2 551674 1 577349 -0 110449 H 2 994069 2 201098 0 653620 C 1 814329 2 023638 -1 257071 H 1 577410 3 051379 -1 493362 C -0 940716 2 384541 0 101945 H -1 109540 2 706333 -0 934566 H -0 625971 3 250806 0 699519 C -1 259483 -1 837154 1 196032 H -0 912011 -1 590294 2 195579 C -2 166678 -2 897590 1 023265 H -2 505291 -3 466747 1 886330 C -2 643839 -3 221517 -0 260355 H -3 348109 -4 043247 -0 384270 C -2 217222 -2 495015 -1 396206 c -2 747991 -2 838342 -2 777741 H -3 809093 -2 568183 -2 873348 H -2 199175 -2 304003 -3 561925 H -2 667160 -3 913870 -2 983283 C -1 288999 -1. 450954 -1 206956 H -0 948990 -0. 908839 -2 090132 C -0 800592 -1. 075199 0 082767 H -1.894833 2.032651 0.534097 289 Data For CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-CH3), (ortho, syn) Selected Bond Distances and Angles W(l)-C(30) = 2.1069 W(l)-C(14) = 2.1394 C(30)-W(l)-C(14)= 108.9 W(l)-C(30)-C(25) = 120.2 C(14)-W(l)-C(30)-C(25) = 77.4 H-(31)-C(14)-W(l)-C(30) = 33.0 Data For CpW(NO)(CH3)(C6H4-CH3), (ortho, syn) cont'd 31 s c f done : -702. 089244 Thermal corr. to free energy: 0.200402 w 0 . 155645 0. 654281 0 207205 N 0 .155645 0. 654281 1 974795 0 0 .285000 0. 654281 3 217063 c 1 .286029 1. 032937 -2 099507 H 0 .767009 1. 063338 -3 047809 C 1 .840627 -0. 130760 -1 478271 H 1 .798928 -1. 140435 -1 861738 C 2 .457534 0 . 271955 -0 240104 H 3 .006228 -0. 364766 0 440029 C 2 .290005 1. 703510 -0 108564 H 2 .676821 2. 312824 0 696173 C 1 .555668 2 . 161411 -1 252052 H i .256583 3. 182722 -1 441776 C -1 .296807 2 . 203223 0 019587 H -1 .444413 2. 566525 -1 005701 H -1 .152476 3. 060174 0 689820 C -0 .380667 -2. 281323 1 028389 H 0 .258973 -2. 019141 1 867914 C -0 .871362 -3. 594475 0 940208 H -0 .599216 -4. 330264 1 693525 C -1 .732134 -3 . 944520 -0 118032 H -2 .125811 -4 . 955723 -0 195567 C -2 .090103 -2 . 975231 -1 071448 H -2 .768033 -3. 244736 -1 880139 C -1 .586671 - I . 656362 -1 007402 c -2 .063479 -0. 654097 -2 047794 H -1 .267313 0. 038705 -2 350008 H -2 .430467 - I . 160137 -2 948620 H -2 .886879 -0. 039135 -1 657024 C -0 .701879 -1. 284783 0 059450 H -2.217781 1.690149 0.360933 "@en . "Thesis/Dissertation"@en . "2001-11"@en . "10.14288/1.0061244"@en . "eng"@en . "Chemistry"@en . "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en . "University of British Columbia"@en . "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en . "Graduate"@en . "C-H activation of hydrocarbons by tungsten alkylidene and related complexes"@en . "Text"@en . "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13489"@en .